An exposition of certain difficult and obscure words, and terms of the laws of this Realm, newly set forth and augmented, both in french and English, for the help of such young students as are desirous to attain the knowledge of the same. whereunto are also added the old Tenors. ¶ In aedibus Richardi Tottelli. 1579. ¶ Cum privilegio. Le Table. ABatement de brief on plaint fol. 1 Abatement en terres 1 Abbe 2 abbettors 2 Abeyance 2 Abishersing 4 Abjuration 4 Abridgement de plaint on demand 5 Acceptance 5 Accessories 6 Action 7 Actions personals 7 Actions popular 7 Actions reals 8 Accord 8 Acquittal 8 Acquittance 9 Additions 10 adjournment 11 Administrator 11 Acts 11 Admiral 12 Aduowson 12 Age prier 12 Agreement 13 Aid 16 Alien 17 Alienation 17 Ambidexter 17 Amendment 18 Amercement 18 Amercement royal 18 An, iour, et waist 18 Annuity 19 Appel 19 Appellant 20 Appellor 20 Appendent et appurtenant 20 Apportionment 20 Appropriations 22 Approvement 23 Arditerment 23 Arrest 23 Arrearages 24 Assets 24 Assignee 25 Attainder 26 Averment 26 Auerpenie 26 Auncien demesne 26 Avowry 27 B ¶ bail 27 Baylement 28 Bailiff 28 Bakberind thief 28 Bargain et sale 29 Bar 29 Bastard 30 Battle 31 Bigamy 31 Blodewit 32 boot 32 Brodehalpeny 33 Brugbote 33 Burghbote 33 Burghbrech 33 Burgh English 33 Burglary 34 C ¶ Car●age 34 Session 34 Challenge 35 Champertour● 36 Charge 36 Charters de terres 36 Chattels 37 Childwite 37 Chimni 37 Choose en action 37 Circuit de action 38 Claim 39 Clergy 39 Clerke attaint, et Clerke convict 41 Colour 41 Colour de office 43 Coilusion 43 Common lcy 43 Common 45 Condition 46 Confiscate biens 48 Contract 48 Conusance 49 Corody 50 Coroner 51 Corporation 52 Corpse politic 53 Corruption de sangue 53 Covenant 54 Coverture 54 Covin 54 Counterplea 54 Cinque ports 55 D ¶ Damage fefants 60 Danegelde 61 Dcane et chapter 61 Declaration 61 Defendant 62 Domains 62 Demaundant 62 Demy sank ou sangue 62 Demurrer 63 Denizen 63 Deodande 64 Departure de son plea ou matter 64 Departure in despite del court 64 Deputy 64 Devastaverunt bona testatoris 65 Devise 66 Descent 70 Disclaimer 70 Dimes 70 Disparagement 71 Disseisin 72 Disseysin sur disscisin 72 Diss●ysour et disseisee 72 Distrcsse. 72 Divorce 75 Donor et donee 55 Double plea 75 Droit 76 Droit dentrie 76 Dures. 76 E. ¶ Eire Justices 77 Embrasour, ou Embraceour 77 Encrochment 77 Inheritance 78 Equity 78 Escape 80 Esplces 81 essoin 81 Estoppel 82 strangers 84 Estraye 84 Excommengement 84 Exchange 85 Execution 86 Executor 87 Extinguishment 87 Extortion 88 F. ¶ Failer de record 89 Fait 89 Farm on farm 95 Fee farm 96 Feoffment 96 Feffour et feoffee 96 Fir●bote 96 Fledwite. 97 Flemeswite 97 Fletwite 97 Forstal 97 Forstaller 97 franchises royal 98 Frankemariage 98 Franktenement 98 Freshsuit 99 G. ¶ Gager de deliverance 100 guard 101 Garden. 101 Garnishment. 102 Gavelate 103 Gavelkind 104 geld 135 Grithbrech 135 H. ¶ Hangwite 135 Hariot 136 Haybote o● hedgebote 136 Hidage 137 Hodgepodge 137 Homesoken 138 Homicide ou manslaughter 138 Hornegeld 139. Housebote 139 Hundred 139 Hundredum 140 I ¶ Idiot 140 Illoyal assembly 141 Imparlance 141 Imprisonment 142 Insangethe●e 142 Information 142 Jointure 142 L. ¶ Larceny. 144 Lastage 144 Lessor et lessee 144 Levant et couchant 145 Ley gager 145 Livery de seisin 145 Lother●it 148 M. ¶ Mahim 148 Mainprise 149 Manor 149 Ma●●ission 150 Maxims 250 Mayno●r 151 Misprision 151 Monstrans de faits on records 152 Mortgage on morgag 153 Mortmain 154 Mulier 154 Murder 155 N. ¶ Negativa preignans 155 Niefe 157 Nihil dicit 158 Nomination 158 Nonability. 158 N●de contra●t 158 O. ¶ Or●d●lfe 159 O●●fa●gthiefe 159 Oweltie 159 Oyer de records et faits 160 P. ¶ Pape 160 Partition 161 Parties 163 Patron 163 Perquisities 163 Plei●tife 164 Pledinge 164 Pound 164 Possession 165 Preamble 165 Prescription 166 Presentment 166 Pretenced drnt ou title 166 Privy ou privity et privies 167 Privileges 168 Prochen amy 169 Protestation 170 Purchase 170 Q. ¶ Quarentine 170 Quinzim 171 R. ¶ Regratour 171 Rejoinder 172 Relief 172 Remainder 174 Replication 175 Reprises 175 Resceit 175 Reservation 175 Retraxit 176 Reue 176 Reversion 177 Riot 178 Robbery 178 Rout 178 S. Sake 179 Scot 179 shewing 179 Sock 179 Sokemans 179 Spoliation 281 Stallage 183 Suit covenant 183 Suit custom 183 Suit real 183 Suit service 184 T. ¶ Tax et Tallage 184 Tenure in capitie 184 Testament 185 Them 186 Thesehoote 186 Title 186 Title de entry 187 Tolle ou tolne 187 Turn deal viscont 189 Treasure troue 189 U. ¶ U●●we. 190 Uiscount 190 Uoucher 19● Uses 19● Usury 193 Utlagaries 194 W. Waise 194 Waive 196 Wa●wite. 196 Wreck 197 FINIS. La table deal Tenors. Service de chivaler 198 2 Grand serieanty 198 3 Petit sergeanty 198 4 Ostrich 199 5 Homage auncestrel 199 6 Courtesy Dengle● 200 7 Fee simple 200 8 Frank tenure 201 9 Dower 201 10 Term dans 201 11 Mortgage 201 12 Burgage 203 13 Socage 203 14 Fee ferme 205 15 Frank fee 205 16 Base fee 205 17 Uillenage 205 18 Tail 208 19 tail apres possibility diss●e extinct 208 20 Fanke marriage 211 21 Frank almoigne 212 22 Elegit 213 23 Statut merchant 216 24 Rent service 218 25 Rent charge 219 26 Rent seek 221 27 Suit service 224 FINIS. Terms of the law. ¶ Abatement of a writ or plaint. ABatement of a writ or plaint, is when an action is brought by writ or plaint, wherein is lack of sufficient & good matter, or else the matter alleged, is not certainly set down, or if the plaintiff, or defendant, or place, are misnamed, or if there appear variance between the writ and the specialty, or record, or that the writ or the declaration be uncertain, or for death of the plaintiff or defendant, and for divers other like causes which I omit of purpose, for thereof alone, a man might make a large discourse, & I determine to satisfy you▪ (good brother Nicholas,) as well as I may, with as much brevity & as little trouble to myself as I can, then upon those defaults, the defendant may pray, that the writ or plaint may abate, that is to say, that the plaintiffs suit against him may cease for that time, and that he shall begin again his suite, and bring a new writ or plaint if he be so disposed to do. Abatement in Lands. ABatement in lands or tenements, is when a man dieth seized of landʒ or tenements, & a stranger, that is to say, one that hath no right, entereth into the same lands or tenements, before the heir maketh his entry: this entry of the stranger, is called an abatement, and he, an abator: But if the heir enter first after the death of his ancestor, and the stranger enter upon the possession of the heir, this Entry of the stranger, is a disseisin to the heir. Abbot. ABbot, was the sovereign head, or chief of those houses of popish religion, which when they stood, were called abbeys, and this abbot together with the monks of the same house, who were called the covent, made a corporation. abbettors. ABbettorʒ are indivers cases diversely taken, one kind of abbettors are they that maliciously without just cause or desert do procure other to sue false appeals of murder, or felony, against men, to the intent to trouble, and grieve them, and to bring them into infamy and slander. abbettors in murder, are those that command, procure, counsel, or comfort others to murder. And in some case, such Abettors shallbe taken as principals, and in some case but as Accessories. So in other felonies, And their presence at the deed doing, and their absence, maketh a difference in the case. There are abettors also in Treason, but they are in case as principals, for in Treason there are no accessories. Abeyance. ABeyaunce is when a leas is made for terms of life, the remainder to the right heirs of I S. which. I S. is living at the time of the grant: Now this grant of rem. passeth from the grantor presently, yet it vesteth not presently, nor taketh hold in the grantee, that is to say, the right heir of I S. but is said to be in abeyance, or as the Logiciens term it in power, or in understanding, and as we say in the clouds: That is to with in the consideration of the law. That if I S. die leaving a rightheire living, and living the Lessee for life, than this is a good rem', and now vesteth and cometh into that right heir, in such sort as that he may grant, forfeit, or otherwise dispose the same, and cesseth to be any more in abeyaunce, for that there is one now of Ability to take it, because that I S. is dead & hath left a right heir in life, which could not be living I S. for that during his life, noon could properly be said his heir. Also if a man be patron of a church, & presentethe one to the same. Now is the fee in the person, but if the person die, and the church is become void, then is the fee in abeyaunce, until there be a new person presented, for the patron hath not the fee, but only the right to present, & the fee is in that incumbent the is presented, & after his death, it is in no body, but in abeiance till there be a new incumbent as aforesaid. ¶ Abishersing. ABishersinge (and in some copies mishersinge) that is to be quite of amercements before whom soever of transumptyon proved. Abjuration. Abjuration is an oath that a man or woman shall take, when they have committed felony, and fly to that church or church yard, for safeguard of their lives, chosinge rather perpetual banishment out of the Realm, then to stand to the law, and to be tried of the felony. And this law was instituted by Saint Edward the confessor a King of this Realm before the conquest, and was grounded upon the law of mercies, and for the love and reverence, no doubt, that he and other his successors, did bear unto the house of God, or place of prayer and administration of his word and sacraments, which we call the church. But how uncomely a thing it was or is, and how far from the nature of the house of god, to make her a succorour and defender of horrible murderers & thieves, you may consider (brother Nicholas) and the rather when you remember what our saviour Chiste said, reprehending the Jews, and peraventure also propheseinge of this: My house shallbe called the house of prayer, but you have made it a den of thieves. Abridgement of a plaint or demand. Abridgement of a plaint or demand, is where one bringeth an assize, writ of dower, writ of ward, or such like, where the writ is, de libero tenemento, as in a writ of dower the writ is, rationabilem dotem que eam contingit de libero tenemento. W. her husband. And in a writ of ward the writ is, custod'terr' et hered' etc. and the plaintiff or demandant demandeth divers acres or parcels of land, and the tenant pleadeth non tenure, or jointenancy, or some other such like plea to parcel of the land demanded, in abatement of the writ: then the plaintiff or demandant, may abridge his plaint or demand to that parcel that is to say, he may leave that part out and pray that the tenant shall answer to the rest to which he hath not yet pleaded any thing: The cause is, for that in such writs the certainty is not set down, but the demand runneth generally, de libero tenemento, and notwithstanding the demandant hath abridged his plaint or demand in part, y●t the writ remaineth good still, de libero tenemento for the rest. Acceptance. ACceptance is a taking in good part and as it were an agreeing unto some act done before, which might have byne undone and avoided (if such acceptance had not been) by him or them that so accepted As for example if an Abbot lease land of his house for term of years reserving rend and dieth, and after an other is made abbot, who accepteth, that is to say, taketh or receiveth the rent when it is due, and aught to be paid: Now by this acceptance the lease is made perfect and good, which else the Abbot might very well have avoided and made frustrate. The like law is, i● a man & his wife seized of land in the right of the wife ●ome and make a lease, or feoffment reserving rend, and the husband dieth, she accepteth or receiveth the rent by which the feoffment or lease is made perfect and good, and shall bar her to bring her writ called Cui in vita. Accessories. ACcessories are in two. sorts, the one before the offence, the other after the offence is done. Accessory before the fact, or offence is he that commandeth or procureth an other to do felony and is not there present himself when the other doth it, but if he be present, than he is also principal. Accessory after the offence or fact, is he that receiveth, favoureth, or aideth a fellow, knowing well of the deed that he hath done. Also one may be accessory to an accessory, as if one feloniously receive an other that is accessory of a felony, there the receiver is an accessory. Action. Action is a svit given by the law to recover a thing, as an action of debt and such like. Actions personals. Actions personals be such actions whereby a man claimeth debt, or other goods or cattle, or damage for them, or damages for wrong done to his person. Action popular. Action popular is an action which is given upon the breach of some penal statute, which action every man that will, may sue, for himself and the Queen, by information, or otherwise as the statute alloweth and the case requireth, And of these actions there be an infintts number, but one for example is when any of the Jurye that are empaneled and sworn to pass between party and party indifferently, do take any thing of the one side, or other, or of both parties, to say their verdicts at that side: Then any man that will within the year next following the offence made, may sue a writ called Decies tantum against him or them that so did take to give their verdict, and because that this action is not given one man specially but generally to the Queen's people that will sue, it is called an action popular. Actions Reals. ACtions Reals, be such actyons whereby the demandant claymethe title to any lands ortenementes, rents or common in fee simple, fee tail or for term of life. Accord. Accordeiss an agreement between ij. at the lest, either to satysfie an offence, that the one hath made to the other: Or else, it is a contract, with divers articles, to be done, some on the one part, and some on the other, where there shallbe one thing for an other etc. The first is when a man hath done a trespass, or such like unto an other for which he hath agreed with him, satisfied and contented him, with some recompense already executed and done in deed. And because that this recompense, is a full satisfaction for the offence, it shallbe a good bar in the law, if the other should sue again any admiral for the same trespass. The other is, when as I S. letteth a chamber for years to H. G. and it is farther agreed béetwéene them, that the said H. G. shallbe at Board with the said I S. and shall for the same chamber and Board, pay to the said I S. a certain some etc. this is a contract and accord with articles on both sides. ¶ Acquittal. Acquittal, is where there is lord, mesne, & tenant, & the tenant holdeth of the mesne certain lands or tenements, in frankalmoigne, frankemariage or such like, and the mesne holdeth over also of the Lord paramount, (or above him.) Now aught the mesne to acquit or discharge the tenant of all and every manner of service, that any other would have or demand of him concerning the same lands or tenements, for that the tenant must do his service to the mesne only, & not to divers lords for one tenement, or parcel of land. The same law is, wherthere is lord, mesne, & tenant, as aforesaid, and the mesne granted to the tenant (upon the tenure made between them) to acquit, and discharge him of all rents services, and such like. This discharge is called acquittal. Acquittance. acquittance is a discharge in writing, of a sum of money, or other duty which aught to be paid, or done. As if one be bound to pay money upon an obligation, or rend reserved upon a lease, or such like, and the party to whom the money, or duty should be paid, or done, upon the resceit thereof, or upon other agreement between them had, maketh a writing, or bill of his hand, in discharge thereof, witnessing, that he is paid, or otherwise contented, and therefore doth acquit, & discharge him of the same, which acquittance is such a discharge and bar in the law, that he cannot demand, & recover that sum or duty again, contrary thereunto if he can show the acquittance. Additions. ADdition is that, that is given unto a man, but chiefly to the defendant, in actions where process of outlawry do lie, as in det, and such like, over and beside his proper name and surname, that is to say to show of what estate or degree, or mystery he is, and of what Town or Hamlet or County. Additions of Estate are these, yeoman, Gentleman, Esquire, & such like Additions of degree are those that we call names of dignity, as Knight, Earl, Marques, and Duke. Additions of mystery are such, Scrivener, Printer, Mason, Carpenter, Tailor, Smith, & so all other of like nature, for mystery is the craft or occupation, whereby a man getteth his living. Additions of towns as Sale Dale and such, and so of the rest. And where a man hath household in two. places, he shallbe said dwelling in both of them, so that his addition in one of them doth suffice. And this was ordained by a statute made in the first year of H. 5. cap. 5. to the intent that one man should not be grieved nor troubled by the outlawry of an other, but that by reason of the certain addition, every man might be certainly known, and bear his own burden. adjournment. adjournment is when any court is dissolved, and determined, and assigned to be kept again at an other place, or time. Administrator. Administrator is he to whom the ordinary committeth th'administration of the goods of a dead man, for default of an executor, & an action shall lie against him and for him as for an executor, & he shallbe charged to the value of the goods of the dead man & no further, if it be not by his own false plea, or for that that he hath wasted the goods of the dead, but if thadministrator die his executors be not Administrators: but it behoveth the Ordinary to commit a new administration, but if a stranger that is not administrator nor executoure take the goods of the dead and minister of his own wrong, he shallbe charged & ●ued as an executor & not as administrator in any action that is brought against him by any creditor. But if that ordinary make a letter ad colligendun bona defuncti, he that hath such a letter is not Administrator, but the action lieth against the Ordinary, as well as if he took that goods to his own hand, or by the hand of any of his servants by any other commandment. Acts. Acts of parliament are positive laws which consist of two parts, that is to say, of the words of the act, and of the sense thereof, & they both joined together make the law. Admiral. Admiral is an officer under the Queen that hath authority, upon the sea only to see the navy repaired, & maintained, to suppress, and chasé away robbers, and rovers and to deal in matters between party, and party, concerning things done there, and for that purpose hath his court called the Admirally: yet he may 'cause his Citation to be served upon the land; and take the parties body, or goods, in execution upon the land. Also he hath cognisance of the death or mayhem of a man committed i any great ship fléetinge in great rivers in the land beneath the bridges of the same next the sea, also to arrest ships in the great streams for the viages of the Queen & Realm, & hath jurisdiction in the said streams during the same viages. Aduowson. ADuowson is where a man, and his heirs have right to present their Clerk to the ordinary, to a parsonage, or other spiritual benefice when it becometh boide. And he that hath such right to present, is called patron. Age prier. AGe prier is when an action is brought against an infant of lands that he hath by descent, there he shall show the matter to the court, & shall pray that the action shall abide till his full age of one and twenty years, and so by award of the court, the svit shall surcease: But in a writ of Dower & in Assize, & also in such actions where the infant cometh in of his own wrong he shall not have his age. Also note well, that there be many diversities of ages, for the Lord shall have aid of his tenant in socage for to mary his daughter when the daughter of the lord is of th'age of seven. years, and also aid for to make his son & heir knight, when he is of the age of seven years. Also a woman which is married at the age of ix. years, if her husband die seized, shall have dower & not before nine years, Also xiv. years is the age of a woman that she shall not be in ward if she were of such age at the time of the death of her ancestor, but if she were within the age of xiiii. years and in ward of the lord, them she shallbe in ward till the age of 16. years & also xxj. years is the age of the heir male to ●ée in ward, and after y● out of ward, & also it is the age of male and female to sue & to be sued of lands which they have or claim by descent & to make all manner of contracts & bargains and not before: But if such an infant with the age of xxj. years give his goods, & the donee take them, he may have an action of trespass but otherwise it is if he deliver them himself. Agreement. A Gréement is after this sort defined or expounded in master Plowdens' commentaries: Aggreamentum is a word compounded of two words namely of Aggregatio, and Mentium, that is to say agreement of minds, so that agreement is a consent of minds in some thing done, or to be done, and by drawing together of the ij. words Aggregatio, & mentium, & by the hasty & short pronouncing of them, they be made one word, to wit, Aggreament ', which is no other thing, than a joining, putting, cuppling, & knitting together of ij. or more minds in any thing done, or to be done. See after in Testament. And this agreement is in iij. manners. The j is an agreement executed all ready, at the beginning. The second is an agreement after an act done, by an other, and is an agreement executed also. The third is an agreement executory or to be done in time yet to come. The first, which is an agreement executed already at the beginning, is such where of mention is made in the stat of 25. E. 3. cap. 3. of clotheses. in the iiij. statute which saith, that the goods & things bought by forestallers being thereof attainted shallbe forfeit to the Queen, if the huyer have therefore made gree with the seller, in which case, this word ('Gree) which is otherwise called agreement, shallbe understood agreement executed, that is, payment for the things. The secondmaner of agreement, is where one doth a thing, or act, and an other agrees or assentes thereto afterward, as if one do a disseisin to my use, and after I agreed to it, now I shalbe a disseisour from the beginning, & such agreement is an agreement after an act don. The iij. agreement is when both parties at one time are agreed, that such a thing shallbe done in time to come, and this agreement is executory, in as much as the thing shallbe done after, and yet there, their ●●indes agreed at one times, but because the performance shallbe afterward, and so the thing upon which the agreement was made remains to be done, the agreement shallbe said executory. And that the statute of 26. H. 8. cap. 3. doth prove, where it saith, that every vicar, person, & such like etc. before their actual possession or meddling with the profits of their benefice, shall satisfy, content etc. or agreed to pay to the use of the Queen, the first fruits etc. and if any such person vicar etc. enter in actual possession etc. this agreement is to be understood executory as the common use proves, for it is used, that he, with one, or ij. with him do make two, or three obligations for it, to be paid at certain days after. And this agreement executory, is denided in ij. points, One is an agreement executory, which is certain at the beginning, as is said last before of the first fruits. The other is, where the certainty doth not appear at the first, and the parties are agreed, that the thing shallbe performed, or paid, upon the certainty known. As if one cell to an other, all his wheat in such a tasse in his barn ●nthreshed, & it is agreed between them, that he shall pay for every bushel xii. d. when it is threshed cleaned & measured. Aid. Aid is when tenant for term of life, tenant in dower, tenant by courtesy, or tenant in tail, after possibility of issue extinct is impleded, then for that, that they have no estate but for term of life, they shall pray in aid of him in the reversion, & process shallbe made by writ against him, to come and plead with the tenant in the defence of the land if he will, but it behoveth that they agreed in plea, for if they vary, the plea of the tenant shallbe taken and then the aid prayer is void, but if he come not at the second writ, than the tenant shall answer sole. Also tenant for term of years, tenant at will, tenant by Elegit, and tenant by statute merchant, shall have aid of him in the reversion, & theseruant and bailie of their master when they have done any thing lawfully in the right of their master, shall have aid. Aid of the King is in like case as it is said before of a common person, and also in many other cases where the king may have loss, although that the tenant be tenant in fee simple he shall have aid, as if a rent be demanded against the kings tenant which holdeth in chief, he shall have aid, and so he shall not have of a common person. Also where a City or borough hath a fee ferme of the king & any thing be demanded against them which béelongeth to the fee ferme, they shall have aid for the loss of the king. Also a man shall have aid of the king in the steed of voucher. Also the kings Bailiff, the collector and purveyor shall have aid of the king as well as the officers of other persons. Alien. ALien is he whose father & himself were both borne out of the queens legiance, and if such an alien being noon of the Queen's enemies, but am alien friend, come & dwell here in England and have issue, this issue is no alien but English so if an English man go over the Seas with the queens licence, & there hath issue, this issue is no Alien. Alienation. Alienation is as much to say, as to make a thing an other man's, to altar or put the possession of land or other thing from one man to an other. Ambidexter. AMbidexter, is he, that when a matter is in suite between men, taketh money of y● one side & of the other, either to labour the svit, or such like, or if he be of the jury, to say his verdict. Amendment. AMendment is when error is in the process, the Justices may a mend it after judgement. But if there be error i● giving of judgement, they may not amend it, but the party is put to his writ of error: And in many cases where the default appeareth in the clerk that writeth the Record, it shallbe amended: but such things as come by Information of the party, as the town, mystery▪ and such like, shall not be amended, for he must inform true upon his peril. Amercement. AMercement most properly is that in a court Baron, Leete, or law-day, which in a court of Record before Justices, is called a fine. And is a penalty assessed by the homage for an offence doneagaist the same court, as for lake of svit of court or for not amending of some thing that he was appointed to redress by a certain time at the last court day before, or for such like cause. Amercement Royal. AMercement Royal is when a sheriff, coroner, or other such officer of the Queen is amerced by the Justices for his abuse in the office. An, iour, et waist. AN, iour, et waist is a forfeiture when a man hath committed petit Treason, or felony, & hath lands which he holdeth of some common person which shall be seized for the Queen, & remain in her hands by the space of one year & a day next after the attainder, & then the trees shallbe digged up, the houses shallbe razed and pulled down, & the pastures & meadows eared & ploughed up, a thing the more to grieve the offenders, and terrify others to fall into the like, in showing how the law doth detest their offence, so far forth as that it doth execute judgement & punishment even upon their doom & dead things. Annuity. Annuity is a certain sum of money granted to an other, in fee simple, f●e tail, for term of life, or for term of years, to receive of the grauntor or his heirs, so that no fréehold is charged therewith. Appel. APpell is where one hathdon murder robbery or felony, than the wife of him that is slain shall have an action of appeal against the murderer: but if he have no wife, than his next heir male shall have the appeal at any time within the year and day after the deed. And also he that is so rob, shall have his appeal with in the same time: And if the defendant be acquitted he shall recover damages against the appellour, & thabettors, and they shall have thenprisonment of a year, & shall make fine to the king. An appeal of mayhem, is in manner but an action of trespass, for he shall recover but damages, Appellant. APpellant is the plaintiff in the apple. Appellor. APpellor, or approver, is he who hath committed sun felony, which he confesseth, and now appelleth, or approveth, that is to say, accuseth other that were coadintours, or helpers with him, in doing the same, or other felonies, which thing he will approve, & therefore is called in latin, Probator. Appendent, et Appurtenant. appendent et appurtennt are things the by time of prescription, have belonged, pertained, and are joined to an other principal thing with which they pass, & go as accessary to the same principal thing, by virtue of these words, Pertinencijs: As land, aduowsons, Commons, Piscaries, ways, courts, and divers such like, to a manner, house, office, or such other. Apportionment. APporcionment is a dividing into parts of a rent (which is devidable and not entire) or whole, and for so much as the thing for which, or of which it was to be paid, is separated and divided, the rent also shallbe divided having respect to the parts: As if a man have a rent service issuing out of lands, and h●e purchaseth parcel of the land, the rent shallbe apporcioned according to the value of the land. So if a man hold his land of an other by Homage, Fealty, Escuage, and certain rent, if the Lord of whom the land is holden purchase parcel of the land, the rent shallbe apporcioned. Also if a man let lands and goods for years reserving rend, and after a stranger recovereth the land, than the rent shallbe apportioned, because the goods are not recovered but remain: And so it is if but part of the land be recovered the rent shallbe apportioned, that is to say divided, and the lessée shall pay, having respect to that which is recovered, and to that which yet remains in his hands, according to the value. But a rent charge cannot be apportioned, nor things that are entire, as if one hold lands by service to pay to his Lord yearly at such a feast a Horse, a Hawk, a Rose, a Cherie, or such like: There if the Lord purchase parcel of the land, that service is go altogether, because a Horse, a Hawk, a Rose, a Cherye, and such other, cannot be divided severed, nor apporcioned without hurt to the hole. Appropriations. APpropriatyons were when those houses of the Roomishe religion, and those religious persons, as Abbots, priors and such like had the advowson of any parsonage to them and to their successors, and obtained licence of their holy father the Pope, that they themselves and their successors from thence forth should be guns there, and serve the cure. And so at the beginning appropriations were made only to those personnes spiritual that could minister the sacraments and say divine service, as Abbots, P●●oures, Deans & such like, after by little and little, they were enlarged and made to other, as namely, to a dean and Chapter, which is a body corporate consisting of many, which body together, could not say divine service, and what more was to Nuns that were Prioresses of some Nunnery, which was a wicked thing, in so much as they could neither minister sacraments, nor preach, nor say divine service to the parishioners. And all this was upon pretence of hospitality, and maintenance thereof. And to supply these defects, a vicar was devised, who should be deputy to the prioress, or to the dean and chapter, and also at the last to the said Abbots and others, to say divine service and should have for his labour but a little portion, and they to whom the appropryation was made, should retain the great revenues, and they did nothing for it, by means whereof hospitalyty decayed in the place where it aught to have been chefelye maintained, namely in the parish where the benefice was, and where the profits did grow, & so it continueth to this day, to the great hindrance of learning the impoverishment of the ministry, & the infamy of the gospel & professor thereof. Approovement. Approvement is where a man hath common in the lords waste ground, and the Lord encloseth part of the waist for himself, leaping never the less sufficient common, with egress & regress for the commoners: This enclosinge is called approovement. arbitrement. arbitrement is an award, determination, or judgement, which one or more, maketh at the request of ij. parties at the lest, for, & upon some det trespass, or other controversy, had between the said parties: And this is called in latin Arbitratus, and arbitrium, and they that make the award, or arbitrement, are called Arbitri, in english Arbitrators. Arrest. Arrest is when one is taken and resirayned from his liberty noon shallbe arrested for debt, trespass, detinue, or other cause of action, but by virtue of precept, or commandment out of some court. But for treason, felony, or breaking of the peace, every man hath authority to arrest without warrant or precept, and where one shalbe arrested for felony, it behoveth that there hath been some felony done, and that he be suspected of the same felony, or otherwise he may have against him that so did arrest him, a writ of false imprisonment. Arrearages. Arrearages, are duties behind unpaid after the days, and times, in which they were due, and aught to have been paid whither they be rend of a manner orany other thing reserved. Assets. ASsets is in ij sorts, the one called Assets per descent, the other Assets enter maynes. Assets per descent, is where a man is bound in an obligation and dieth seized of lands in fee simple which descend to his heir, but maketh no executors, or if he make executors leaveth not sufficient goods to discharge this obligation, them this land shallbe called assets that is to say enough or sufficient to pay the same det, and by that means the heir shallbe charged, as far as the land so to him dyscended will stretch: But if he have aliened before the obligation be put in suite, he is discharged. Also when a man seized of lands in tail, or in the right of his wife, alieneth the same wit, warranty, and hath in value as much land in fee simple which descendeth to his heir, who is also heir in tail, or heir to the woman: Now if the heir after the disease, of his ancestor bring a writ of formedon, or sur Cui in vita for the land so aliened, than he shallbe barred by reason of the warranty & the land so descended, which is as much in value as that that was sold, & so thereby he hath received no prejudice, & therefore this land is called Assets per descent Assets ent'mains, is when a man indebted as before is said, maketh executors & leaveth to them sufficient to pay, or some commodity or profit is coen to them in right of their testator, this is said assets in their hands. Assignee. ASsignee is he to whom a thing is appointed, or assigned to be occupied, paid, or done, and is always such a person which occupieth or hath the thing so assigned in his own right, & for himself. And of assignées there be two. sorts. Nanely assignee in deed, and assignée in law. Assignée in deed, is when a leas is granted to a man & to his assignées or with out those words, assignées & the grantee giveth, granteth, or felleth the same leas to an other, he is his assignée in deed. Assignée in law is every executor named by the testator in his testament, as if a leas be made to a man & to his assignées (as is aforesaid) & he maketh his executors & dieth without assignment of the leas to any other, now the executors shall have the same leas because they are his assignées in law, & so it is in divers other like cases. Attainder. ATtainder is a conviction of any person, of a crime, or fault, whereof he was not conviet before, as if a man have committed felony, Treason, or such like, & thereof is indited, arraigned, & found guilty, & hath judgement: then he is said to be attainted. And this may be two. ways the one upon appearance, the other upon default. The attainder upon appearance is by confession, Battle, or verdict. The attainder upon default is by process. Averment. Averment is where a man pleadeth a plea in abatement of the writ or bar of the action which he saith he is ready to prove as the court will award: this offer to prove his plea is called an averment. Auerpeny. AUerpeny that is to be quite of divers sums of money for the kings averages. Auncien demesne. AUncien demesne, are certain tenors holden of those manours that were in the hands of saint Edward the confessor, and the which he made to be written in a book called Domes day. subtitulo regis, and all the lands holden of the said manors be auncien demesne, and the tenants shall not be impleded out of the said manor, and if they be, they may show the matter, and abate the writ, but if they answer to the writ, and judgement be given, than the lands become frank see for ever. Also the tenants in auncien demesne be free of tolle for all things concerning their sustenance & husbandry in auncien demesne, & for such lands they shall not be put or impaneled upon any inquest. But all the lands in auncien demesne that are in the Kings hands be frank fee, and pledable at the common law. See more after in the title Sokmanes. Avowry. Avowry is where one taketh a distress for rent or other thing, & the other sueth a replevin, than he that hath taken it, shall justify in his plea for what cause he took it, and so avow the taking, and that is called his avowry. Bail. Bail is when a man is taken, or arrested, for felony, suspicion of felony, indited of felony, or any such case so that he is restrained of his liberty: And being by law bailable offereth surety, to those that have authority to bail him which sureties are bound for him to the queens use in a certain sum of money, or body for body, that he shall appear before the Justices of jail delivery at the next session etc. Then upon the bonds of these sureties, as is aforesaid, he is bailed, that is to say set at liberty, until the day appointed for his appearance. bailment. bailment is a delivery of things (whither it be of writings goods or stuff) to an other, some times to be redelivered back to the bailor, that is to say, to him that so delivered it, sometimes to the use of that baily, that is to say of him to whom it is delivered, and sometimes also it is delivered over to the third person. This delivery is called a bailment. Bailiff. Bailiff is an officer that belongeth to a manor to order the husbandry, & hath authority, to pay quitrents issuing out of the manor, fell trees, repair houses, make pales, hedges, distreine beasts upon the ground, & divers such like. This officer is he whom the ancient saxons called a reeve: for the name (bailiff) was not then known among them but come in with the Normans, & is called in latin villicus. Bakeberinde thief. BAkberinde Thief, is a thief that is taken with the manner, that is to say, having that found upon him (being followed with the hue and cry, which he hath stolen whither: it be money, linen, woollen, or other stufe, but it is most properly said when he is taken, carrying those things, that he hath stolen in a bundle, or farthel, upon his back. Bargain and sale. Bargain and sale, is when a recompense is given by both the parties to the bargain. As if one bargain & sell his land to an other for money. Here the land is a recompense to him for the money, & the money is a recompense to the other for the land, & this is a good contract and bargain, and fee simple passeth, notwithstanding he doth not say, to have and to hold the land to him and to his heirs. And by such a bargain and sale, lands may pass without livery of seysin, if the bargain and sale be by deed indented sealed and enrolled, either in the county where the land lieth, or in one of the queens courts of Records at Westminster, within ujmonethes next after the date of the same writing endented according to the statute in that béehalfe made in the 27. year of H. 8. ca 16. Bar. Bar is when the defendant in any action pleadeth a ple which is a sufficient answer, and that destroyeth the action of the plaintiff for ever. Bastard. Bastard is he that is borne of any woman not married so that his father is not known by the order of the law, & therefore he is called the child of the people. But by the law spiritual if one get a child upon a woman which child is borne out of wedlock, & after he marry the same woman, them such a child shallbe said mulier & not bastard. But by the law of England it is a bastard: and for that cause when such special bastardy is alleged, it shallbe tried by the country & not by the bishop. But general bastardy alleged shalbe tried by the certificate of the Bishop. And if a woman be great with child by her husband who dieth and she taketh an other husband, & after the child is borne, this child shallbe said the child of the first husband. But if she were privily with child at the time of the death of her first husband, than it shallbe said the child of the second husband, but inquire farther, & see the opinion of Thorp. 21. E. 3. 39 Also if a man take a wife which is great with child by an other that was not her husband, & after the child is borne within the espousals, than he shallbe said the child of the husband, though it were borne but one day after the espousals solemnized. Battle. Battle is an ancient trial in our law, which the defendant in an appeal of felony may choose, that is to say, to fight with the appellant, for proof whither he be culpable of the felony or not: which combat if it fall out so well on the part of the defendant, that he do vanquish the appellant, he shall go quite, and bar him of his apple for ever. But if one be indicted of felony, and an apple is brought upon the same indictment, there the defendant shall not wage battle. Battle also may be in a writ of right. Bigamy. BIgamy was a counterplea (devised at the Council of Lions upon mislike of second marriage) to be objected when the prisoner demandeth the benefit of the Clergy, to with his book, as namely to say, that he which demandeth the privilege of the clergy, was married to such a woman, at such a place within such a diocese, & that she is dead, and that he hath since married an other woman, within the same diocese, or with in some other diocese, and so is Bigamus. Or if he have been but once married, then to say that she whom he hath married, is or was a widow, that is to say the left woman of such a one etc. which thing shallbe tried by the Bishop of the diocese, where the marriages are alleged. And béeinge so certified by the Bishop, the prisoner shall loose the benefit of the clergy. But at this day, by force of the Act made in Anno 1. E. 6. cap. 12. this is n●e plea, but that he may have his Clergy yet not withstanding. So is Brooke titulo Clergy placito 20. to the same purpose. And hereupon, if you be desirous, (Brother Nicholas) to see what reasons they have that persuade against second marriages, read, among many other, Fraunches Petrarch of Remedies for both fortunes the first book and lxxvi. Dialogue entitled of second marriage, which book now of late our brother master Thomas Twine hath very well and with good grace (as they that can judge do say) translated out of latin into english, and most aptly called it Physic against fortune. Blodewit. BLodewit, that is to be quite of amercements for blodsheding, & what pleas are holden in your court you shall have the Amercementes thereof coming, because (wit) in english is Misericordia in latin. boot. Boot is an old word, and signifieth help succour, aid, or advantage, and is commonly joined with an other word whose signification, it doth augment as these brighoot, burghboote, fireboote, hedgboot, plowboote, & divers such like, for whose significations, look in their proper titles. Broad halfpenny. Broad halfpenny (in sun copies Bordehalpeny) that is to be quite of a certain custom exacted for setting up of tables. Brugbote. BRugbote (and in some copies Brigebote) that is to be quite of giving aid to the repairing of bridges. Burghbote. BUrghbote, that is to be quite of giving aid to make a borough Castle, city or walls throne down. Burchbrech. Burghbrech, that is to be quite of trespasses done in City or borough against the peace. Burgh English. BUrgh English or borrow english is a custom in sun ancient borough, that if a man have issue divers sons, and dieth, yet the youngest son only shall inherit and have all the lands & tenements, that were his fathers whereof he died seized within the same burgh by dyscent, as heir to his father, by force of the custom of the same. Burglary. BUrglary is when one breaketh and entereth into the house of an other in the night with felonious intent to rob, or kill, or to do some other felony, in which cases, although he carry away nothing yet it is felony, for which he shall suffer death. Otherwise it is if it be in the day time, or that he break the house in the night, and enter not therein at that tyme. But if a servant will conspire with other men to rob his master, and to that intent he openeth his master's doors, or windows in the night for them, and they come into the house by that way, this is burglary in the strangers, and the servant is a thief but no burglar: And this was the opinion of the right worshipful Sir Roger Manwood knight, most worthy Lord Chief Baron of the Exchequer at the quarter Sessions holden in Caunterburie in January last 1579. 21. Elizabeth. Caruage. CAruage, that is to be quite if the king shall tax all hisland by Carves Note that a Carve of land is a plowland. Session. Session, is when an Ecclesiastical person is created bishop, or when a person of a parsonage taketh an other benefice without dispensation, or otherwise not qualified etc. In both cases, their first benefices are become voided, and to those that he had who was created Bishop, the Queen shall present for that time, whosoever be patron of them: And in the other case, the patron may present. Challenge. CHallenge is where Jurours appear to try an issue, then if any of the parties suppose that they are not indifferent, they may there Challenge and refuse them. There be divers challenges, one is challenge to the array, the other to the poles. Challenge to tharray is when the panel is favourably made by the sheriff or other officer. Challenge by the poles, are some principal, and some by cause as they call it. Principal is when one of the Juroures is the son, brother, or cosine to the plaintiff, or defendant, or tenant to him, or that he hath espoused the daughter of the plaintiff, & for those causes he shallbe withdrawn. Also in a plea of the death of a man, & in every other action real, & in actions personal, if the debt or damages amount to xl. marks it is a good challenge that he cannot dispend xl. s. by the year of free hold. Challenge by cause, is where the party doth allege a matter which is no principal chellenge, as the the son of one of the Jurrours hath espoused the daughter of the pleintif, & then he doth conclude & therefore he is so favourable, which shallbe tried by others of thinquest whither he be favourable or indifferent, & if they say that he is favourable and not indifferent, them he shallbe drawn out, otherwise he shallbe sworn. Also a fellow that is arraigned may challenge xx. Jurrours paremptory without any cause, & that is in favour of life, & as many as he will with cause, but then it shallbe tried if for such cause he be indifferent or not. Champertours. CHampertours be they that move pleas & suits, or cause to be moved by own, or others procurement, & sue them at their own costs to have part of the land, or gains in variance. Charge. CHarge is where a man granteth a rent out of his ground, and that if the rent be behind, that it shallbe lawful for him his heirs & assigns to distrain till the rent be paid, This is called a rent charge. But if one grant a rent charge out of the land of an other, and after purchase the land, the grant is void. Charters of lands. CHarters of lands, are writings, deeds, evidences, & instruments, made from one man to an other upon some estate conveyed or passed between them, of lands or tenements, showing the name, place, & quantity of the land, the estate, time, & manner of the doing thereof, the parties to the estate delivered and taken, the witnesses pres ent at the same with other circumstances. Chattels. CHattels are in ij. sortʒ that isto say, Chattels Reals, and Chattels personals. Chattels Reals, are leases for years, wards, and to hold at will etc. Chattels personals are all movable goods, as money, plate, household stuff, horses, kines, corn & such like. Childewite. CHildwite, that is that you may take a fine of your bondwoman defiled and begotten with child without your licence. Chimin. CHimine is the high way where every man goeth, which is called via Regia, and yet the King hath no other thing there but the passage for him and his people, for the free hold is in the Lord of the soil, and all the profit growing there, as trees and other things. Thing in action. Thing in action, is when a man hath cause, or may bring an action for some duty due to him, as an action of det upon an obligation, amnuity, Rent, Covenant, ward, goods, trespass, or such like. And because they are things whereof a man is not possessed, but for recovery of them is driven to his action, they are called things in action, & those things in action that are certain, the Queen may grant, & the grantee may use an admiral for them in his own name only. But a common person cannot grant his thing in action nor the Queen her fel●e cannot grant her thing in action which is uncertain, as trespass & such like. Circuit of action. Circuit of action, is when an admiral is rightly brought for a duty: but yet about the bush as it were: for that it might as well been otherwise answered, and determined, & that svit saved, and because that then same action was more than needful, it is called circuit of action. As if a man grant a rent charge of x. li. out of his manner of dale, and after, the grantee disseise the grantor of the same manner of dale, and he bringeth an assize, and recovereth the land and xx. li. damages, which xx. li. being paid, the grantee of the rent sueth his action for x. li. of his rent due during the time of the disseison, which if no disseisin had been, he must have had. This is called circuit of action, because it might have been more shortly answered, for where as the grantor should receive xx. li. damages, and pay x. li. rent, he might have received but the x. li. only for the damages, and the grantee might have cut of and kept back the other x. li. in his hands by way of detainer for his rent, and so thereby might have saved his action. Claim. Claim is a challenge by any man of the property, or ownershippe of a thing which he hath not in possession, but which is with holden from him wrongfully. Clergy. Clergy is an ancient liberty of the popish Church, which hath also been confirmed with us in divers Parliaments. And it is when a priest, or one within holy orders (as they term it) or any other whosoever, in whom is no impediment or impossibility to be a priest, is arraigned of felony or such like before a temporal Judge etc. and the prisoner prayeth his clergy, that is to say, to have his book, which is as much as if he desired to be dismyssed from the Temporal Judge, and to be delivered to the Ordinary to purge himself of the same offence. This privilege at the first was not so general, in respect of the parties that should take benefit thereby, as it afterward beecame to be, for at the beginning, being a popish invention the patrons thereof were very partial, and would not that any should reap commodity thereby, but their popish priests only and such as were within orders, as aforesaid: and this arose among them, partly through their great pride, dysdayninge to be under the obedience of their natural kings and temporal correction, and partly of policy, for shame jest the lewd manners of their spiritualty, should come to the open view & examination of the laity (as they distinguish them) no marvel at all for within a few of the first years of king Henry the seconds reign: the clergy of the Realm had committed above one hundred several murders upon his subjects, as the King was certainly informed, besides many robberies and other outrages, for remedy whereof, order was taken by the king, his nobility, and with much a do the Clergy consented thereto, that if any clerk from thence forth committed felony or treason, he should first be degraded, and afterward delivered to the lay power, there to receive as to his offence belonged etc. at the last in favour of life (a thing to be showed indifferently towards all mankind) and for the love of learning, it was granted to all men that could read, though they were neither priests, nor within orders. And since in parliament made upon good considerations, it hath been restrained and taken away in divers cases, as in wilful murder, Burglary, and such others. Clerke attaint. Clerke convict. Clerks are in two. sorts, that is to say Clerks attaint, & Clerks convict. Clerke attaint, is he which prayeth his clergy after judgement given upon him of the felony, and hath his clergy allowed, such a Clerk may not make his purgation. Clerke convict is he which prayeth his clergy before judgement given upon him of the felony, and hath his clergy to him granted, such a clerk may make his purgation. Colour. COlour, is a feigned matter which the defendant or tenant useth in his bar when an action of trespass, or an assize is brought against him, in which he giveth the demandant or plaintiff a show at the first sight that he hath good cause of action where in troth it is no just cause, but only a colour and face of a cause: And it is used to the intent that the determynatyon of the action should be by the Judges, and not by an ignorant Jury of xii. men. And therefore a colour aught to be a matter in law or doubtful to the common people, as for example. A. brings an assize of land against B. and B. saith that he himself did let the same land to one C. for term of life, and afterward did grant the reversion to A. the demandant, and after C. the tenant for term of life died, after whose decease A. the demandant claiming the reversion by force of that grant (whereto C. the tenant for life did never atturne) entered, upon whom B. entered, against whom A. for the entre brings this assize etc. this is a good colour because the common people think that the land will pass by the grant without attornment, where in deed it will not pass etc. Also in an action of trespass colour must be given, and of them are an infinite number, one for example: In an action of trespass for taking away of the playntifes beasts, the defendant saith, that before the plaintiff had any thing in them he himself was possessed of them as of his proper goods, and delivered them to A. B. to redeliver them to him again when etc. and A. B. gave them unto the plaintiff, & the plaintiff supposing the property to be in A. B. at the time of the gift, took them, and the defendant took them from the plaintiff, whereupon the plaintiff bringeth the action, this is a good colour, and a good plea. Colour of office. COlour of office, is always taken in the worst part, & signifieth an act evil done, by the countenance of an office, and it beareth a dissembling face of the right office, where as the office is but avail to the falsehood & the thing is grounded upon vice, and the office is as a shadow to it. But reason of the office, & virtue of the office are taken always in the best part, and where the office is the just cause of the thing, and the thing is pursuing to the office. Collusion. Collusion is where an action is brought against another by his own agreement, if the plaintiff recover, than such recovery is called by collusion: and in some cases the collusion shall be inquired of, as in a Quare impedit, an assize & such like: But in avowry, nor in a writ of entry, or any action personal, the collusion shall not be inquyred. Common law. COmmon law, is for the most part taken 3. ways, first for the laws of this Realm simple without any other law, as customary law, Civil law, Spiritual law, or whatsoewrr else law joined unto it, as when it is disputed in our laws of England, what aught of right to be determined by the common law, and what by the spiritual law, or Admirales Court, or such like, Secondly it is taken for the kings courts, as the kings bench, or common place only, to show a difference béetwéene them and the base courts, as Customary courts, courts barons, county courts, pipouders, and such like, as when a plea of land is removed out of ancient demesne, because the land is frank fee & pleadable at the common law, that is to say in the kings court, and not in auncien demesne, or in any other base court. Thirdly, and most usually by the common law is understood, such laws as were generally taken and holden for law before any statute was made to altar the same: as for example. Tenant for life, nor for years, were not to be punished for doing waist at the common law, till the statute of Gloucester ca 5. was made which doth give an action of waist against them: But tenant by the courtesy, and tenant in dower, were punishable of waist at the common law, that is to say by the usual and common received laws of the Realm, before the said statute of Gloucester was made. Common. COmmon is the right that a man hath to put his beasts to pasture, or to use & to occupy the ground that is not his own. And note that there be divers commons, that is to say common in gross, common appendent, common appurtenant, & common because of neighbourhod. Common in gross is where I by my deed grant to an other that he shall have common in my land. Common appendent is where a man is seized of certain land, to the which he hath common in another's ground, all they that shallbe seized of that land, shall have the said common only for those Beasts which compeste that land to which it is appendent excepting geese, goats, & hogs. And always this common is by prescription & of common right, and it is appendent to erable land only, and not to any other land or house. Common appurtenant is in the same manner as common appendent, but it is with all manner of beasts, as well hogs goats and such like, as horses, kine, oxen, sheep and such as compeste the ground. And such common may be made at this day, and may be severed from the land to which it is appurtenant, but so cannot common appendent. Common by cause of neighbourhood, is where the tenants of two lords which he seized of two towns where one lieth nigh another, and every of them have used from the time whereof no mind runneth to have comen in the other town, with all manner of beasts comynable. But the one may not put his cattle in the others ground, for so they of the other town may dystreine than damage pheasant, or may have an action of trespass, but they may put them into their own fields, & if so they stray into the fields of the other town, they there aught to suffer them. And the inhabitants of the on town aught not to put in as many beasts as they wil but having regard to the inhabitants of the other town, for otherwise it were no good neighborhoode, upon which all this matter doth depend. Condition. Condition is a restraint or bridle, annexed, and joined to a thing, so that by the not performance or not doing thereof, the party to the condition shall receive prejudice & loss, & by the performance and doing of the same, commodity and advantage. And all conditions are either conditions actual & expressed, which be called conditions in deed, orels they be conditions implied or covert & not expressed, which are called conditions in law. Also all conditions are either conditions precedent and going before the estate and are executed, or else subsequent & following after the estate & executory. The condition precedent, doth gain & get the thing or estate made upon condition by the performance of the same. The condition subsequent, doth keep & continued the thing or estate made upon condition, by the performance thereof. Actual and expressed condition, which is called a condition in deed: is a condition knit & annexed by express words to the feoffment, leas, or grant either in writing or without writing, as if I enfeoff a man in lands reserving rend to be paid at such a feast upon condition that if the feoffée fail of payment at the day, that then it shallbe lawful for me to re-enter. Condition implied or covert & not expressed which is called a condition in law, is when a man granteth to one the office to be keeper of a park, Steward, Bedle Bailiff, or such like, for term of life: & though there be no condition at all expressed in the grant, yet the law speaketh covertly of a condition, which is that if the grauntée do not execute all points appertaining to his office by himself or his sufficient deputy, them it shallbe lawful for the grantor to enter & discharge him of his office. Condition precedent & going before is when a leas is made to one for life upon condition that if the lessee for life, will pay to the lessor xx. li. at such a day that than he shall have fee simple: here the condition precéedes & goeth before the estate in fee simple, and upon the performance of the condition, doth gain and get the fee simple. Condition subsequent & following after, is when one grants to I S. his manner of dale in fee simple, upon condition, that the grantee shall pay to him at such a day xx. li. or else that his estate shall cease, here the condition is subsequent & following the estate in fee simple, and upon the performance thereof, doth keep and continue the estate. Confiscate goods. COnfiscate goods are goods to which the law entitleth the Queen, when they are not claimed by any other. As if a man be indicted that he feloniously stole the goodʒ of I S. where in truth they are his own goods, and they are brought into the court against him as a maineur, and then it is demanded, what he saith to those goods, and he denieth them, now by this denying of them, he shall loose those goods, although that afterward he be acquitted of the felony, and so in other like cases. Contract. COntract is a bargain or covenant between two parties, where one thing is given for an other, which is called quid pro quo, as if I cell my horse for money, or if I cavenant to make you a lease of my manner of Dale in consideration of xx. li. that you shall give me, these are good contracts because there is one thing for an other. But if a man make promise to me that I shall have twenty shillings, and that he will be debtor to me thereof, and after I ask the xx. s. and he will not deliner it, yet I shall never have any action to recover this xx. s. for that, that this promise was no contract but a bore promise, and ex nudo pacto non oritur actio: but if any thing were given for the xx. s. though it were not but is the value of a penny, than it had been a good contract. Conusance. conusance of plea, is a privilege that a city or Town hath of the kings grant to hold plea of all contracts, and of lands within the precinct of the franchise: & when any man is impleaded for any such thing in the Court of Westminster: the Maior and bailiffs of such franchises or their attorney may ask conusance of the plea, that is to say, that the plea & the matter shallbe pleaded and determined before them: But if the Court at Westminster be lawfully seized of the plea, before conusance be demanded, than they shall not have conusance for the suite, because they have negligently surcessed their time of demand, but this shallbe no bar to them to have conusance in an other action, for they may demand conusance in one action, and omit it in an other action at their pleasure. And note that conusance lieth not in prescription, but it behoveth to show the kings letters. Corody. COrodye, was a reasonable allowance of Meat, bread, Drink, money, clothing, Lodging, and such like sustenance, which of common right every founder of Abbeys, Priories, Nunneries, & other houseʒ of religion, had in the same house when any were standing, for his father, brother, cousin, or other man that he would appoint should take it, if it were a house of Monks, and if he were founder of a house of Nuns, or women, them the same for his mother Sister, Cousin, or other woman that he would direct thither. And always this was provided for that he that had Corody in a house of Monks, might not sand a woman to take it: Nor where Corody was due in a Nunnery, there it was not lawful to appoint a man to receive the same, for in both cases, such presentation was to be rejected. And this Corody was due, as well to a common person that was foundor, as where the king himself was foundor. But where the house was holden in frankalmoign there the tenure itself was a discharge of Corody against all men, Except it were afterward charged voluntaryly, as when the king would sand his writ to the Abbey for a Corody for such a one whom they admit, there the house should be charged for ever whither the king were foundor or not, Crowner. CRowner is an ancient officer of trust and of great authority, ordained to be a principal conseruator, or keeper of the peace, to bear record of the pleas of the Crown, and of his own sight, and of divers other things many in number, etc. But at this day, either the authority of the Coroner is not so great, as in fore time it was, whereby the office is not had in like estimation: Or else the Sheriff and those that have authority to choose the Coroner are not so careful as they should be in their election: & therefore, it is now almost come again into that plight, that it was in king Edward the first days, when this statute following was made. Forasmuch as mean men and undiscreet now of late are commonly chosen to the office of Coroner where it is requisite that wise men, lawful, and able should occupy such offices: It is provided that through all Shires sufficient m●n should be chosen to be coroners out of the most wise and discréetest knights etc. And although the letter of this statute be not precisely observed: yet at the lest the intend should be followed as nigh as might be, that for the default of knights Gentlemen furnished with such qualities as the statute setteth down (of which sort there be many) might be chosen: with this addition that they be virtuous & good known Christians. Corporation. COrporation is a permanent thing that may have succession: And is an assembly and joining together of many into one fellowship, brother hood and mind, whereof one is head & chief, the rest are the body: & this head & body knit together make the corporation. And of corporatyons some are called spiritual, and some temporal, and of those that are spiritual, some are corporations of dead persons in law, and some otherwise, and some are by authority of the king only, and some have been of a mixed authority, and of those that are temporal some are by authority of the king also, and some by the common law of the Realm. Corporation spiritual, and of dead persons in law, is where the corporation consisteth of an Abbot, and Covent, and these had beginning of the king and the man of Room when he had to do here. Corporation spiritual and of able persons in law, is where the corporation consisteth of a dean and chapter, and his corporation had béeginninge of the King only. Corporation Temporal by the king, is where there is a maier and commonalty. Corporation Temporal, by authority of the common law, is the assemble in parliament, which consists of the Queen, the head of the corporation, and of the lords spiritual and temporal, and the commons of the realm, the body of the corporation. Bodies politic. Body's politic are Bishops, Abbots, Priors, Deans, person of a church and such like which have succession. Corruption of Blood. COrruption of blood is when the father is attainted of felony or treason, than his blood is said to be corrupt, by means whereof his children cannot be heirs to him nor to any other auncestour. And if he were a noble man or gentleman before, he, and all his children thereby are made unnoble & ungentle, having regard to the nobility or gentry that they claim by their father, which cannot be made hole again without authority of parliament. Covenant. Covenant is an agreement had béewéene two guns, where every of them is bounden to the other, to parfourme certain covenants for his part. Coverture. Coverture, is when a man & a woman are married together: Now the time of the continuance of this marriage between them is called coverture, and the wife is called a woman covert. Covin. Covin is a secret assent, determined in the hearts of ij. or more, to the prejudice of any other: As if tenant for term of life, will secretly conspire with an other, that that other shall recover against the tenant for life the land which he holdeth etc. in prejudice of him in the reversion. Counterplea. COunterplee, is where one bringeth an admiral, and the tenant in his answer and plea, voucheth or calleth for any man to warrant his title, or prayeth in aid of an other, which hath better estate than he, as of him that is in the reversion, or if one that is a stranger to the action, come and pray to be received to save his estate, if the demandant reply thereto, and show cause that he aught not to vouch such one or that he aught not of such one to have aid, or that such one aught not to be received, this plea is called a counterplée. Cinque portes. CInque portes, be certain haven towns, five in number, to which have been long since, granted many liberties (that other port Towns have not) and that first in the time of king Edward called the confessor (who was before the conquest) & hath been increased since chief in the dates of the ij. Edward's the first, & second (since the conquest) as appeareth in the book of Doomsday, & other old monuments, which in this work being to long to cite I mean bro. N. to omit, & set you here down the copy of an ancient record in french which the worship full, our loving and very good father master john Twine of Caunterbury gave me out of his book called W. Biholt, sometime a monk of the abbey of Saint Augustine's, wherein you shall learn which were anciently accounted y● v. ports; & their memberz, what services they owe, where their court aught to be kept, before whom, and of what matters they may hold plea, with such like worthy to be known, & thereby you shall perceive also that the old rude verse doth falsely name the v. ports, in reckninge them up after this sort: Dover, Sandwicus, Rye, Runney, Frigmareventus, Dover, Sandwich, Rye, Rumney, Wichelsey which is menthy Frigmareventus etc. which record I will english as well, as my small skill in the old french will give me leave. And thus it is. These are the chief towns of the Cinque ports. 1 Mastinge. 2 Romney. 3 M 4 Dover. 5 & Sandwich. The members of the ports of Mastinge are these. 1. Pevenese. 2 Bolewareheth. 3 Petite James. 4 Bekesborne. 5. Breneth. 6 Rye. 7 et Winchelse. Some add to these the Seashore in Sefford, Hydeney, and Northye. The chief port of hasting, with the members aforesaid aught to find to the king from year, to year, if need be, upon the sea twenty & one ships: That is to say the town of hasting three ships, Pevenese one ship, will worcherye and Petite Ihamme one ship, Bekesburne one ship, Greneshe ij. men with two armours, with them of hasting, The Town of Rye five Ships, the Town of Wynchelsce Ten ships. The members of the port of Romney are. 2. 1. Old Romney, and 2. Lyde Some add to these, Prormhell, Oswardestone & Denge Marreis, Romney with the afore said members, oweth to the king as is before said five ships, whereof Lyde oweth one ship, The port of Heth with the member west Heth, aught to find five ships to the king as is aforesaid. The members of the port of Dover are these. 1. Folkestone, & 2. Faversham. Sun add Meregate etc. This part of Dover, with the aforesaid members, aught to found to the king. 21. ships, that is to say, Dover 19 ships Folkestone one ship, & Faversham one ship. The members of the port of Sandwich are these. 1. Stonor. 2. Fordwich, 3. Dale. 4. Seire. Sun add Reaculure. This port of Sandwich, with the memberz aforesaid, aught to found in the kings service as is before said, five ships, Some lvii. ships. When the king would have his service of the aforesaid ships, they shall have xl. days summons, & they shall found to the king in every ship. 20. men, and the master well armed, and well appointed to do the kings service. And the ships shall go at the proper costs of the Cinque portes thither whither they shallbe summoned. And when the ships are thither come, they shall continued xv. days in the kings service, at the proper costs of the Cinque portes. And after the 15. days are past they shallbe at the charges of the king: if he have any thing for them to do. The master of the ship shall take six pence a day, the Constable six pence, and every of the other mariners three pence. And it is to be known that the court of Shipwaye, which is the chief court of the Cinque ports where every Maior of every port, or 12. 10. 6. or 4. and the Maior of every port as they by letters of the warden of the Cinque ports have been summoned, and as the port is greater or lesser, without essoin aught to come, aught to be summoned by the letters of the said warden to all the ports that aught to do suit there. And the summons aught to be upon suit made to summon any comminalte to answer to any of any plea, containing 40. days from the day of the receit of the Letters of the said warden. And the aforesaid Court aught to be summoned chieefelye for Treason done against the king or kings: for counterfeiting of the kings seal: or of his money, for treasure found under the ground: For the kings service denied, or withholden, for false Judgement given by any commonalty. And no commoner to any plea against him brought shall answer but at the court aforesaid. And pleas there had against any Baron of the Cinque portes being challenged by the Bailiff of the same port of which the said Baron is: aught to be adjourned unto the port, whereof the same Baron is, (if it be not for trespass done against the king) because that the said Barons have conusance of all manner of pleas except pleas of the Crown. And when those Barons have failed to do right: The said warden at the complaint of him to whom they have failed to do right, shall go to the same port to do right, as is contained in the Charter. Moreover, the aforesaid court aught not to be holden from the feast of the nativity of saint Mary, until the feast of saint Andrew, because of the martes of Germany. Also when the Barons of the Cinque ports are in the Kings service upon the Sea, or at the king's summons, or at the kings commandment. Furthermore, it aught not to be holden but one day. And one essoin only yeth in the aforesaid Court in every plea. O f suit no Essoigne lieth, as is before said, and therefore if the mayor, who because of sickness or other sudden infirmity cannot come thither, an other may at that day keep his place, so notwithstanding that return be made by his Bailiff. Nor others principally aught to be charged of any judgement given in the same Court but those names who by the Bailiffs there have been returned. Besides all this, provision of ships & men as is aforesaid: I have seen in an other record (shortly written) that every ship aught to have a boy, which there is called a Gromet: so that in some the Cinque portes are charged with 57 ships 1197. men, & 57 boys or Gromets. Damage pheasants. DAmage fesauntes, is when a strangers beasts are in an other man's ground, without authority of the law, or licence of the tenant of the ground, and there do feed, tread, or otherwise spoil the corn, grass, woods, or such like: in which case the tenant whom they hurt, may therefore there take, distreigne, & impound them, as well if it be in the night, as in the day time. But in other cases as for rent and services & such like, noon may distreine in the night season. Danegelde. DAnegelde, that is to be quite of a certain custom which hath run some times, which the Danes did levy in England. This began first in king Etheldred's days, who being sore distressed by the continual invasions of the Danes, to purchase peace was compelled to charge his country and people with importable payements: for he first gave them at u several pays 113000 li. and afterward granted them 48000. li. yearly. Deane and Chapter. Dean & chapter is a body spiritual corporate, consisting of many able persons in law as namely the dean (who is the chief) and the prebends, and they together make the corporation. And as this corporation may jointly purchase lands and tenements to the use of their Church and successors: So likewise every of them severally may purchase to the use of himself & his heirs, as we daily see them do most abundantly. Declaration. Declaration is a showing forth in writing, of the grief and complaint of the demaundant or plaintiff against the tenant or defendant, wherein he supposeth to have received wrong. And this declaration aught to be plain & certain, both because it impeacheth the defendant or tenant, & also compelleth him to make answer thereto. Defendant. DEfendant is he that is sued in an admiral personal, & he is called tenant in an action real. Domains. Domains, or demesnes, is the lords chief manner place, which he & his ancestors have from time out of mind, kept in their own hands, and have occupied same, together with all buldinge and houses whatsoever, also the meadows, pastures, woods, errable land, and such like, béelonginge thereunto. Demaundant. demandant is he that suethe or complaineth in an admiral real, for title of land, and he is called plaintiff in an assize, & in an action personal as in an action of debt, trespass, deceit, detinue, and such other. Half blood. Half blood, is when a man marrieth a wife. and hath issue by her a son, and she dieth, and then he taketh an other woman, and hath by her also a son, Now these two sons are after a sort Brothers, or as they are termed, half Brothers, or Brothers of the half blood, that is to say brothers by the Father's side because they had both one father, and are both of his blood and not brothers at all by the mother's side, nor of blood ne kin that way, and therefore the one of them cannot be heir to other, for he that will claim as heir to one by dyscent, must be of the whole blood to him from whom he claimeth. Demurrer. DEmurrer is when any action is brought, and the defendant pleadeth a plea, to which the plaintiff saith that he will not answer, for that, that it is not a sufficient ple in the law, and the defendant saith to the contrary, that it is a sufficient plea, this doubt of the law is called a demurrer. Denizen. DEnizen is where an alien becometh the queens subject and obtaineth her letters patents to enjoy all privileges as an englishmen. But yet not with standing, he shall pay customs and divers other things as aliens do etc. Deodande. DEodande is when any man by misfortune is slain by an horse or by a cart, or by any other thing that moveth, than this thing that is cause of his death, and which at the time of the misfortune moved, shallbe forfeit to the Queen, and that is called deodande, and that pertaineth to the queens Almener for to dispose in alms & in deeds of charity. Departure from a plea or matter. DEparture from his plea or matter, is where a man pleadeth a plea in bar, & the plaintiff replieth thereto, and he after in his rejoinder pleadeth or showeth an other matter contrary to his first plea, that is called a de parter from his bar etc. Departure in despite of the court. DEparture in despite of the court, is when the tenant or defendant appeareth to the admiral brought against him, & hath a day over in that same term, or is called after without day in the same term, and doth not appear, but makes defant, this is a departure in despite of the court, & therefore he shallbe condemned. Deputy. Deputy, is he the occupieth in an other man's right, whither it be office or any other thing else and his forf▪ or misdemener shall 'cause the officer, or him whose deputy he is to loose his office or thing. But a man can not make his deputy in all cases, except the grant so be as if it be with these or such like words, to exercise or use by himself or his sufficient deputy: or if the words go further, by himself or his deputy, or the deputy of his deputy, than he may make a deputy, and his deputy also may make a deputy, else not. Devastaverunt. Deuastaverunt bona testatoris, is when executors will deliver the legacies that their testator hath given, or make restytutyon for wrongs done by him, or pay his debts due upon contracts, or other dets upon specialtyes, whose days of payments are not yet come etc. And keep not sufficient in their hands, to discharge those debts upon specialties that they are compellable presently by the law to satisfy: Then they shallbe constrained to pay of their own goods those duties, which at the first by the law they were compelled to pay: according to the value of that that they delivered or paid without compulsion: For such payments of debts or delivery of legacies, as is aforesaid, before debts paid upon specialtyes, whose days of payment are already come: are accounted in the law a wasting of the goods of the testator, as much as if they had given them away without cause, or sold them, and converted them to their own use. Devise. devise is where a man in his testament giveth or béequeaveth his goods or his lands to an other after his decease. And where such devise is made of goods, if the executors will not deliver the goods to the devisée, the devisée hath no remedy by the common law, but it behoveth him to have a cytation against the executors of the testator, to appear before the Ordinary to show why he performeth not the will of the testator, for the devisee may not take the legacy and serve himself, but it must be delivered to him by the executors. And here to the end to show you (Brother Nicholas) how much the laws of this Realm, and the wise dyscréete Judges of the same, who are the interpreters of the law, do favour wills, and testaments, and so devices in yielding to them such a reasonable construction, as they think might best agree with the minds of the dead, considering that wills & testaments are for the most part, and by common intendment, made when the testator is now very sick, weak, & past all hope of recovery, for it is a received opinion in the country among most that if a man should chance to be so wise, as to make his will in his good health, when he is strong, of good memory, hath time and leisure, and might ask counsel if any doubt were, of the learned, that then he should not live long after, and therefore they defer it, to such time, when as it were more convenient to apply themselves to the disposition of their souls, then of their lands or goods, except it were, that by the fresh memory, and recital of them at that time, it might be a cause to put them in mind of some of their goods, or lands falsely gotten, andso move them to restitutyon etc. And at that time, the penning of such wills, are commonly committed to the minister of the parish, or to some other more ignorant than he if y● may be, who knoweth not what words are necessary to make an estate in fee simple, fee tail, for term of life, or such like, besides many other mischiefs. I will therefore set you here down some of those cases that are most common in ignorant men's mouths, and do carry, by the wise interpretations of the Judges as is aforesaid, a larger and more favourable sense in wills than in deeds: first therefore if one devise to I S. by his will, all his lands and tenements, here not only all those lands that he hath in poss. do pass, but also those that he hath the reversion of by virtue of these words tenements▪ 〈…〉 ●e deui●ed to a man to have to him for evermore, or to have to him & his assigns, in these. two. cases the devisée shall have a fee s●ple. But if it be given by feoffment in such manner, he hath but an estate for term of life. Also if a man devise his land to an other, to give, sel, or do therewith at his pleasure or will, this is fee simple. A devise made to one & to his heirs males, doth make an estate tail, but if such words be put in a deed of feoffment, it shallbe taken in fee simple, because it doth it doth not appear of what body the heirs males shalbe begotten. If lands be given by deed to I S. and to the heirs males of his body etc. who hath issue a daughter, who hath issue a son, and dieth, there the land shall return to the donor, and the son of the daughter shall not have it, because he cannot convey himself by heirs males, for his mother is a let thereto: But otherwise it is of such a devise, for there the son of the daughter shall have it, rather than y● will shallbe void. If one devise to an infant in his mother's belly, it is a good devise, otherwise it is by feoffment, grant, or gift, for in those cases there aught to be one of ability to take presently, or otherwise it is void. A devise made (in fee simple) without express words of heirs, is good in fee simple. But if a devise be to I N. he shall have the land but for term of life, for those words will carry no gerater estate. If one will that his son I shall have his land after the death of his wife, here the wife of the devisor shall have the land first for term of her life. So likewise if a man devise his goods to his wife, and that after the decease of his wife, his son and heir shall have the house where the goods are, there the son shall not have the house during the life of the wife, for it doth appear that his intent was, that his wife should have the house also for term of her life, notwithstanding it were not devised to her by express words. If a devise be to I N. and to the heirs females of his body begotten: after the devisée hath issue a son and a daughter and dieth, here the daughter shall have the land, & not the son, & yet he is the most worthy person, and heir to his father, but because the will of the dead is, that the daughter should have itlawe and conscience will so also, And herein the very heathens were precyse, as appeareth by these verses of Octavius Augustus which Donatus reporteth, he made after that Virgil at his death, gave commandment that his books should be burnt, because they were unperfit, and yet some persuaded that they should be saved as in deed they very happily were, to whom he answered thus. But faith of laws must needs be kept, and what last will doth say, & what it doth command be done, the needs we must obey. Descent. Descent is in ij. sorts, either linial, or collateral. Linial descent, is when the descent is conveyed in the same line of the whole blood, as Grandfather, father, son, sons son & so downward. Collateral descent, is out in an other branch from above, of the whole blood, as the grand fathers bro. father's brother, & so downward. Disclaimer. DIsclaimer, is where the Lord dystraineth his tenant, and he sueth a replevin, & the lord avoweth the taking by reason that he holdeth of him, if the tenant say that he dysclaimeth to hold of him, this is called a dysclaimer, and if the lord thereupon bring a writ of right sur dysclaimer, & it be found against the tenant, he shall loose the land. Tithes. TIthes are in three sorts divided, to wit, Prejudicial tithes, Parsonal tithes, and Mixed tithes. Predial tithes, are tithes that be paid of things that come of the ground only, as Corn, Hay, fruits of Trees, & such like. Parsonal tithes, are tithes that be paid of such profits as come by the labour, and industry of a man's person, as by buying, selling, gains of merchandise: and of handicrafts men, labourers, and such as work for higher, as Carpenters, Masons and such like. Mixed tithes are the tithes of Calves, Lambs, Pigs, and such like, that increase partly of the ground that they be fed upon, and partly Disseisin upon disseisin. DIsseisin upon disseysin is, when the disseisor is disseised by an other. Disseisor and disseisee. DIsseysoure▪, is he which putteth any man out of his land without order of the law, & disseisee is he that is so put out. Distress. Distress is the thing which is taken & distrained upon any land, for rent behind, or other duty or for hurt done, although that the property of the thing béelongeth to a stranger, but if they be beasts that belong to a stranger, it behoveth that they be levant and couchant upon the same ground, that is to say, that the beasts have been upon the ground by certain space that they have themself well rested there or else they be not distrainable. And if one distrain for rent or other thing without cause lawful, than the party grieved shall have a replevin upon surety found to pursue his action, and shall have the distress to him delivered again. But there be divers things which be not distrainable, that is to say an other man's gown in the house of a tailor, or cloth in the house of a fuller, shereman, or weyver, for that, that they be comen artificers, and that the common presumption is, that such things belong not to the artificer, but to other persons which put them there to be wrought. Also victual is not distrainable, nor corn in sheaves, but if they be in a cart, for that that a distress aught to be always of such things whereof the sheriff may make Replevin, and deliver again in as good case as it was at the time of the taking. A man may dystrayne for homage, & fealty, and escuage, & other services: for fines and amercements which be assessed in a leet but not in a court baron: and also for damage pheasant, that is to say, when he findeth the beasts or goods of an other, doing hurt or cumbringe his ground. But a man may not distrain for any rent or thing due for any land, but upon the same land that is charged therewith, but in case where I come to distrain, & the other seeing my purpose, chaseth the beasts or beareth the thing out to the intent that I shall not take it for a distress upon the ground, them I may well pursue, and if I take it presently in the high way or in an others ground, the taking is lawful aswell there as upon the land charged to whomsoever the property of the goods be. Also for fines and amercements which be assessed in a leete, one may always take the goods of him that is so amerced, in whose ground so ever they be within the iurisdictyon of the court as it is said. And when one hath taken a distress, it beeh●●ueth him to bring it to the comen pound, or else he may keep it in an others ground so that he give notice to the party, that he (if the distress be a quick beast) may give to it food, and then if the beast die for default of food, he that was distrained shall be at the loss, and then the other may distrayne again for the same rent or duty. But if he bring the distress to a hold or out of the county, that the sheriff may not make deliverance upon the replevin, than the party upon the return of the sheriff, shall have a writ of Withernam, directed to the sheriff, that he take as many of his beasts, or as much goods of the other in his keeping, till that he hath made deliverance of the first distress. Also if they be in a forfelet or Castle, the Sheriff may take with him the power of the County, & beaten down the Castle, as it appeareth by the statute Westm. 1. cap. xvii. Therefore look the statute. Divorce. Divorce so called of divortium, coming of the verb divorto, which signifieth to return back. As when a man is divorced from his wife, he returneth her back home to her father or other friends, or to the place from whē●e he had her, & by such divorce the marriage is defeated and undone. Donor, & donee. DOnor is he which giveth lands or tenements to an other in tail, and he to whom the same is so given, is called donée. Double plea. DOuble plea, is where the defendant or tenant in any action, pleadeth a plea in the which two. matters be comprehended, and every one by himself is a sufficient bar or answer to the action, than such a doublee plea shall not be admitted for a plea except one depend upon an other, and in such case if he may not have the last plea without the first plea than such a double plea shallbe well suffered. Right. RIght is where one hath a thing that was taken from an other wrongfully, as by disseisin, or putting out, or such like. And the challenge or claim that he hath, who should have the thing is called right. Right of entry. RIght of entry, is when one seized of land in fee, is thereof disseised: Now the disseisée hath right to enter into the land, & may so do when he will: or else he may have a writ of right against the disseisour. Dures. DUres is where one is kept in prison or restrained from his liberty contrary to the order of the law, and if such a person so being in dures make any especialty or obligation by reason of such imprisonment, such a deed is void in the law: and in an admiral brought upon such an especialty, he may say that it was made by dures of imprisonment, but if a man be arrested upon any action, at the suite of an other, though the cause of the action be not good nor true, if he make any obligation to a stranger béeinge in prison by such arrest, yet it shall not be said by dures: but if he make an obligation to him at whose svit he was arrested to be discharged of such imprisonment, than it shallbe said dures. Eire justices. Heir Justices, or Itinerant as we call them, were Justices that used to ride from place to place through out the realm, to administer Justice. Embrasour or Embraceour. EMbrasour or Embraceour, is he that when a matter is in trial béetwéene party and party cometh to the Bar with one of the parties (having received some reward so to do) and speaketh in the case, or privily laboureth the Jury, or standeth there to furuey, or overlook them, thereby to put them in fear & doubt of the matter. But men that are learned in the laws, may speak in the case for their fee, but they may not labour the Jurye, and if they take money so to do, they also are embrasors. Encrochment. ENcrochment is said, when the Lord hath gotten seisine of more rent, or services, of his tonaunt, then of right is due, or aught to be paid or done unto him: As if the tenant hold slande of his Lord by fealty and ij. s. rend yerelye, And now of late time, the Lord hath gotten seysine of three shillings rend, or of homage, or Escuage, or such like, Then this is called an Encrochment of that rent or service. Inheritance. Inheritance, is such estate in lands, or tenements; or other things as may be inherited by the heir, whither it be of estate in fee simple, or tail, by descent from any of his▪ Ancestors, or by his own purchase. And Inheritance is divided into two sorts, that is to say, inheritance corporate, & inheritance incorporate. Inheritance corporate are messages, lands, meadows, pastures, rents, and such like that have substance in themselves, and may have continuance always. And these are called corporal things. Inheritance incorporate, are advowsens, villains, ways, commons, Courts, fish, and such like that are, or may be appendent, or appurtenant to inheritances corporate, Equity. Equity is in two sorts, differing much the one from the other, and are of contrary effects, for the one doth abridge, diminish and take from the letter of the law. The other doth enlarge amplify and add thereunto. The first is thus defined, Equity is the correction of a law generally made, in that part wherein it faileth, which correction of the general words, is much used in our law: As if for example, when an act of parliament is made, that whosoever doth such a thing, shallbe a sclon, and shall suffer death: yet if a mad man, or an infant of young years that hath no discretion, do the same, they shall be no felons, nor suffer death therefore. Also if a statute were made that all personnes that shall receive, or geue meat and drink, or other succour, to any that shall do such a thing, shall be accessory to his offence, and shall suffer death if they did know of the fact, yet not withstanding one doth such an act, and cometh to his wife who knowing thereof doth receive him and gives him meat and drink, she shall not be accessary nor fellow, for in the generalty of the said words of the law, he that is mad, nor the infant, nor the wife were included in meaning. And thus equity doth correct the generality of the law in those cases, & the general words are by equity abrydged. The other equity is defined after this sort, Equity is when the words of the law are effectually directed, & one thing only provided by the words of the law, to the end the althigs of like kind may be provided by the same. And so when the words enact one thing, they enact all other things that are of like degree. As the statute which ordeines that in an admiral of debt against executors, he that doth appear by distress shall answer, doth extend by Equity to administrators, for he of them that doth first appear by distress shall answer by equity of the said act. Because they are of like kind. So likewise the statute of Gloucester gives the admiral of waist and the pain thereof, against him that holds for life, or years, and by the equity of the same a man shall have an action of waste against him that holds but for one year, or half year, and yet that is without the words of the statut, for h● that holds but for half a year, or on year, doth not hold for years, but that is the meaning, & the words that enact the one by equity, enact that other. Escape. EScape is in two sorts, that is to say voluntary, & necligent. Uoluntary escape, is when one doth arrest an other for felony, or other crime, & after letteth him go where he will, this letting of him to go is a voluntary escape. And if y● arrest of him that escaped were for felony, them that shalbe felony in him the did suffer that escape, and if for treason, than it shalbe treason in him, and if for trespass, than trespass, and so of other. Negligent escape, is when one is arrested and after escapes against the will of him that did so arrest him, & is not freshly pursued and taken before the pursuer loseth the sight of him, this shallbe said a negligent escape, notwithstanding, that he out of whose possession he escaped, do take him after he lost sight of him. There is an escape also without arrest, as if a murder be made in the day, and the murderer be not taken, than it is an escape for the which the town where the murder was done shalbe amerced. Esples. ESples is as it were, the seysin, or poss. of a thing profit, or commodity that is to be taken. As of a common the esplées is the taking of the grass or common by the mouths of the beasts the common there: Of an advowson the taking of gross tithes: Of a wood, the selling of wood, of an orchard the selling of Apples or other fruit growing there: of a mill in taking of tol is the espleeses: and of such like. essoin. essoin is where an admiral is brought, and the plaintiff or defendant may not well appear at the day in court, for one of y● v. causes under expressed, them he shallbe essoined to save his default, whereupon note well that there be u manner of essoines, that is to say, essoin de ouster le mere, and that is by xl. days, the second essoin is de terra sancta, & that shalbe by a year & a day, & these two shallbe laid in the beginning of the plea. The iii. essoin is de male vener, and that shallbe at common days, as the action requireth, & this is called the common essoin. The iiii. essoin is de malo lecti, & that is only in a writ of right and there upon there shall a writ go out of the Chancery, directed to the sheriff, that he shall sand iiii. knights to the tenant to see the tenant, & if he be sick, to give him a day after a year and a day. The u essoin is de service le roy, and it lieth in all actions, except in Assize of novel disseisin, writ of dower, darein presentment, & in apple of murder: but in this essoin, it behoveth at the day to show his warrant, or else it shall torn into a default, if it be in a plea real, or he shall loose xx. s. for the plaintiffs journey, or more by the discretion of the Justices, if it be in plea personal, as it appeareth by the statute of Gloucester. ca Octavo. Estoppel. EStoppell is when one is concluded, and forbidden in law to speak against his own act, or deed, yea, although it be to say the truth: And of estoppels there are a great many, one for example is, when I S. is bound in an obligation by the name of Thomas Style, or any other name, and is after ward sued according to the same name put in the obligation, that is to say Thomas Stile, Now he shall not be received to say that he is misnamed, but shall be driven to answer according to the name put in the obligation that is to say T. S. for peradventure that obligée did not know his name, but by the report only of the obligor himself: and in as much, as he is the same man that was bound: he shallbe estopped & forbidden in law to say the contrary against his own deed: for otherwise he might take advantage of his own wrong, which the law will not suffer a man to do. Also if the daughter that is only heir to her father, will sue livery with her Sister that is a bastard: she shall not afterward be received to say that her Sister is bastard: insomuch that if her bastard sister take half the land with her, there is no remedy by law. Also if a man seized of lands in fee simple, will take a lease for years of the same land of a stranger by deed indented, this is an estoppel during the term of years. And the lessée is thereby barred to say the troth, for the troth is, that he that lessed the land had nothing in it at time of the lease made, and that the fee simple was in him that did take the lease: but this he shall not be received to say, till after the years are determined, because it appeareth that he hath an estate for years, and it was his folly, to take a lease of his own lands, & therefore shall thus be punished for his folly. strangers. strangers are they, that are not parties, nor privies to the levyinge of a fine, or making of a deed. Estray. EStray, is where any beast or cattle, is in any lordship, and noon knoweth the owner thereof, than it shallbe seized to the use of the Queen or of the Lord that hath such estray by the queens grant or by prescription: & if the owner come & make claim thereto, within a year & a day, than he shall have it again paying for his meat, or else after the year, the property thereof shalbe to the Lord, so that the Lord make proclamation thereof according to the law in two. market towns. Excommunication. Excommunication, is when a man by judgement in the spiritual court is accursed, them he is disabled to sue any action in the queens court, & if he remain excommunicate xl. days, & will not be justified by his Ordinary, than the Bishop shall send his letter patent to the Chancellor, and thereupon it shalbe commanded to the sheriff to take the body of him that is accursed, by a writ called de Excommunicato capiendo till he hath made agreement with the Church for the contempt and wrong, and when he is justified and hath made gréement, than the bishop shall sand his letters to the Queen, certifying the same, and then it shallbe commanded to the sheriff to devoir him by a writ called Excommunicato deliberando. Exchange. Exchange, is where a man is seized of certain land, and an other man is seized of other land, if they by a deed indented, or without deed) if the Lands be in one self county) exchange the lands, so that every of them shall have others lands to him so exchanged, in fee, fee tail, or for term of life, that is called an exchange, and it is good without lyvere and seysin. And in exchange it behoveth that the estates to them limited by thexchange be equal, for if one have an estate in fee in his land, and the other hath estate in the other land but for term of life, or in tail, than such exchange is voided, but if the estates be equal, and the lands be not of equal value, yet the exchange is good. Also an exchange of rent for Landes is good, so an exchange beetwene rent and common is good and that aught to be by deed. And it behooveth always, that these words (exchange) be in the deed, or else nothing passeth by the deed, except that he have livery and seisin. Execution. Execution is where judgement is given in any admiral that the plaintiff shall recover the land, the debt, or damages, as the case is, and when that writ is awarded to pute him in possession, that is called a writ of Execution, and when he hath the possession of the land, or is paid of the debt, or damages, or hath the body of the defendant awarded to prison, than he hath execution, and if the plea be in the county, or court baron, or hundred, and they defer the judgement in favour of the party, or for other cause, than the demandant shall have a writ of Executione iuditij. But in a writ of Debt, a man shall not have recovery of any land, but of that which the defendant hath the day of the judgement yielded. And of chattelles a man shall have execution only of the chattelles which he hath the day of execution sued. Executor. Executor is when a man maketh his testament and last will, and therein nameth the person that shall execute his testament, than he that is so named, is his executor, and such an executor shall have an admiral against every debtor of his testator, and if the executors have assets, every one to whom the testator was in debt, shall have an action against the executor, if he have an obligation or specialty, but in every case where the testator might wage his law, no action lieth against the executor. Extinguishment. EXtynguishement is, where a Lord of a manor or any other, hath a rent going out of land, and he purchaseth the same land, so that he hath such estate in the land as he hath in the rent, than the rent is extinct, for that, that a man may not have rend going out of his own land. And when any rent shallbe extinct, it behoveth that the land and the rent be in one hand, and also that the estate that he hath be not defesible: and that he have as good estate in the land as in the rent, for if he have estate in the land but for term of life or years, and hath a fee simple in the rent, than the rent is not extinct but is in suspense for that time, and then after the term, the rent is revived. Also if there be Lord, mesne, and tenant, and the Lord purchaseth the tenauncy, than the menaltie is extinct, but that mesne shall have the surplusage of the rent, if there be any, as a rent seek. Also if a man have a high way appendent, and after purchase the land wherein the high way is, than the way is extinct, and so it is of a common appendent. Extortion. EXtortion is a wrong done by an officer, as a Maier, Bailiff, Sheriff, Escheator or other office by colour of his office, in taking excessive reward or fee, for execution of his said office or otherwise, and is no other thing in deed then plain robbery or rather more odious than robbery, for robbery is apparent, and always hath with it the countenance of vice, but extortion being as great a vice as robbery is, carrieth with it a countenance of virtue, by means whereof, it is the more hard to be tried, or discerned, and therefore the more odious, and yet some there be, that will not stick to stretch their office, credit, and conscience, to purchase money as well by extortion as otherwise according to the saying of the poet Virgil. What can be told? or what is that that hunger sweet of gold doth not constrain men mortal to attempt? Failing of record. Failing of record, is when an action of trespass, or such like, is brought against one, and the defendant sayeth, that the plaintiff before this brought an action for the same trespass in an other court, & recovered damage etc. And demandeth judgement of the court, if he shall again have this action etc. And the plaintiff saith there is ●o● such record. Whereupon the defendant hath a day given him, to bring in the record, at which day he faileth or bringeth in such a one, as is nor bar to this action, them he is said to fail of his record, and thereupon the plaintiff shall have judgement to recover etc. Deed. DEode is a proof and testimony of the agreement of the party whose deed it is, to the thing contained in the deed: as a deed of feoffment is a proof of the livery of seysin: for the land passeth by the livery of seysin, but when the deed and the livery are joined together, that is a proof of the livery, and that the feoffor is content, that the feoffée shall have the land. And note that all deeds are either indented, whereof there be two, three, or more as the case requireth, of which the feoffor, grauntor, or lessour hath one, the feofrée, grantee, or lessee an other, and peradventure some other body also another etc. or else they are poll deeds or single, and but one, which the feoffée grantee or lessée hath etc. And every deed consisteth of three pryncipal points (and if those three be not joined together, it is no perfect deed to bind the parties) namely, writing, sealing, and delivery. The first point is writing, whereby is shelved the parties names to the deed, their dwelling places, their degrees, the thing granted, upon what considerations, the state limited, the time when it was granted, and whither simply, or upon condition, with other such like circumstances. But whither the parties unto the deed, writ in the end their own names, or set thereto their marks (as it is commonly used) it maketh no matter at all (as I think)▪ for that is not meant where it is said, that every deed aught to have writing. The second point is sealing, which is a farther testimony of their consents to that contained in the deed as appeareth by these words: In witness whereof etc. always put in the later end of deeds, without which words, the deed is insufficient. And because we are about sealing and signing of deeds, it shall not be a miss, (brother Nicholas) here to show you, for antiquities sake, the manner of signing & subscribing of deeds, in our ancestors the Saxons times, alfashion different from that we use in these ourdays in this, that they to their deeds subscribed their names (commonly adding the sign of the cross) and in the end did set down a great number of witnesses, not using at that time any kind of seal. And we at this day for more surety, both subscribe our names (although that be not very necessary as I have aforesaid) put to our seals, & use the help of testimony besides. That former fashion continued throughout, until the time of the conquest by the Normans, whose manner by little and little at the length prevailed amongst us, for the first sealed Charter in England, is thought to be that of king Edward the confessor to the Abbey of Westminster: who (being brought up in Normandy) brought into this Realm that, and some other of their guises with him: And after the coming of William the Conqueror, the Normans, liking their own country custom (as naturally all nations do) rejected the manner that they sounded here, and retained their own, as Ingulphus, the Abbot of Croyland, who come in with the conquest witnesseth saying: The Normans do change the making of writings, which were want to be firmed in England with Crosses of Gold, and other holy signs, into the printing wax, and they reject also the manner of the English writing. Howbeit this was not done all at once but it increased & come forward by certain steps and degrees, so that first, and for a season, the king only, or a few other of the nobility besides him, used to seal: Then the noble men for the most part, and noon other, which thing a man may see in the history of Battle Abbey where Richard Lucy chief Justice of England in the time of king Henry the second is reported to have blamed a mean subject, for that he used a private seal when as that pertained (as he said) to the king and nobility only. At which time also (as john Rosse noteth it) they used to engrave in their seals, their own pictures, & counterfeits, covered with a long coat over their Armours. But after this the Gentlemen of the better sort took up the fashion, and because they were not all warriors, they made seals engraven with their several Coats, or shyeldes of arms, for difference sake, as the same author reporteth. At the length, about the time of king Edward the third, seals become ver● common, so that not only such as bore arms used to seal, but other men also fashioned to themselves signets of their own devise, some taking the letters of their own names, some flowers, some knots, & flourishes, some birds, or beasts, and some other things, as we now yet daily behold in use. Some other manner of sealing béesides these have been herd of among us, as namely that of king Edward the third by which he gave, To Norman the hunter, the hop & the hoptowne, with all the bounds up side down, And in witness that it was sooth, he bitten the wax with his fore tooth. The like to this (Brother Nicholas) our reverend and good father, among other antiquities serving my purpose, showed me in a loose paper, but not very auntiently written, and therefore he willed me to esteem of it as I thought good, it was as followeth. I William king give to thee Powlen Koiden, my hope and my hoplandes, with the bounds up & down, from heaven to earth, from earth to hell, for thee and thin● to dwell, from me and my, to thee and thine, for a bow and a broad sagit quant ieo veigne pur hunter sur yarrow, En testmoigne que ceo est very, ieo mord cest cere oue madent, En la prence de Magg, Maud, & Margery. Et mon iij. fits Henry. Item ceo de Alberic de veer, conteinaunt le donation de Hatfield, al quel il fix un curt noyer haft cuttell semblable all un viel demi denierwhit tle, en stead de un sigille, oue diuns tiels semblables. Mes asc'peradventure voilent pense q' ceux fueront receive en common use et custom, et que ils ne fuerount les devifes & pleasures dun peu singular persons, such are no less deceived, than they that deem every charter and writing that hath no seal annexed, to be as ancient as the Conquest, whereas (in deed) sealing was not commonly used, till the time of king Edward the iij. as hath been already said. The third point is delivery, which although it be set last, is not the lest for after that a deed be written, and sealed, if it be not delivered all the rest is to no purpose. And this delivery aught to be done by the party himself, or his sufficient warrant, and so it shall bind him, whosoever wrote, or sealed the same, and by this last act the deed is made perfect according to the intent and effect thereof, and therefore in deeds the delivery is to be proved etc. So thus you see, the writing & sealing without delivery, is nothing to purpose, That sealing & delivery, where there is no writing, worketh nothing, Nor writing and delivery without sealing also maketh no deed. Therefore they all aught jointly to concur to make a perfect deed, as is before said. Farm, or farm. Farm, or farm, is the chief measuage in a village, or town, and thereto belonging great demesnes of all sorts, & hath been used to be let for term of life, years, or at wil Also the rent that reserved upon such or like leases, is called farm, or farm. And farmor, or fermor is he that occupieth the farm, or farm, or is lessée thereof. Also in some places, & counties every lessée, for life, years, or at will, although it be of never so small a cottage or house, is called farmor, or farmer. And note, that they a● called farms, or fermes, of the Saxon word Feormian, which signifieth to feed, or yield victual. For in the ancient time, their reservations were as well (or for the more part) in victuals, as money, until at the last, and that chiefly in the time of King Henry the first (by agreement) the reservation of victuals, was turned into ready money, & so hitherto hath continued among most men. Fee farm. FEe farm is when a tenant holdeth of his lord in fee simple, paying to him the value of half, or of the third, or of the fourth part or of other part of the land, by the year. And he that holdeth by fee ferme, aught to do no other thing than is contained in the feoffment, but only fealty, for that belongeth to all kind of tenors. Feoffment. feoffment is where a man giveth lands to an other in fee simple, and delivereth seiunn and possession orthe land, that is a feoffment. Feoffor, et feoffee. FEoffor is he that infeffeth, or maketh a feoffment to an other of lands, or tenements, in fee simple. And feoffee is he, who is infeoffed, or to whom the feoffment is so made. Fireboote. FIreboote is necessary wood to burn, which by the common law, less●e for years, or for life, may take in his ground, although it be not expressed in his lease● and although it be a leas by word only without writing: But y● sake more than is needful, he shallbe punished in waist. Fledwite. FLedwite, that is to be quite from amercements when an outlawed fugitive cometh to the kings peace of his own will, or being licensed. Flemeswite. FLemeswit, that is, that you may have the cattle, or amercementes of your man or fugitive. Fletwie. Fletwit (or Flitwit) that is to be quit from contention and conviets and that you may have plea thereof in your court & the amercements, for (Flit) in english is Tensone in french. Forstal. FOrstal, that is to be quite of amercements & cattles arrested within your land, & the amercements thereof coming. Forstaller. FOrstaller is he that buyeth Corn, cattle, or other merchandise whatsoever is salable, by the way as it cometh to markets, fairs, or such like places to be sold to the intent that he may sell the same again at a more high and dear price in prejudice & hurt of the common wealth & people etc. The pain for such as are convict thereof etc. is the first time, amercement, and loss of the thing so bought, the second time judgement of the pillory: The third time imprisonment and Ransom: The fourth time abjuration of the town etc. Franches Royal. FRanches Royal, is where the Queen grants to one and to his heirs, that they shalbe quit of Tolle, or such like. Free marriage. Free marriage, is when a man seized of lands in fee simple, giveth it to an other man, & to his wife, (who is daughter Sister or otherwise of kin to the donor) in free marriage, by virtue of which words they have an estate in special tail and shall hold the land of the bonor quit of all manner of services until the fourth degree be past accounting themselves in the first degree, except fealty, which they shall do because it is incident to all tenors saving free alms. And such gift may be made as well after marriage solemnized as before. And a man may give lands to his son in free marriage, as well as to his daughter by the opinion of master Fitzh. in his writ of Champerty. H. But it appeareth otherwise in master Litt ', and in M. Brooke ti. Frankmariage. P. 10. And so it was holden clear in Gray'S Inn in lent An▪ 1576. 18. El. by the right worshipful master Rhodes then Reader there. Freeholde. FRéehold is an estate that a man hath in lands or tenements, or profit to be taken in fee simple, tail, for term of his own life, or for term of an others life. And under that, there is no free hold: for he that hath estate for years or holdeth at will hath no free hold: but they are called Chattels. And of fréeholds there are two. sorts, that is to say fréeholde in deed, & fréehold in law. Fréehold in deed, is when a man hath entered into lands, or tenements and is seized thereof really, actually & in deed: as if the father seized of lands or tenements in fee simple dieth, and his son entereth into the same, as heir to his father, than he hath a fréehold in deed by his entry. Fréehold in law, is when lands or tenements, are descended to a man & he may enter into them when he will, but hath not yet made his entry in deed, as in the case aforesaid, if the father being seized of lands in fee simple die seized, & they descend to his son, but the son hath not yet entered into them in deed, now before his entry he hath a frehold in law. Freshsuit. FReshsuit, is when a man is rob, & the party so rob, followeth the fellow immediately, & taketh him with the manner, or otherwise, and then bringeth an appeal against him and doth convince him of the felony by verdict, which thing being inquired of for the Queen and found, the party rob shall have restitution of his goods again. Also it may be said that the party made freshsute although he take not the these presently, but that it be half a year, or a year after the robbery done, before he be taken: ifso be that the party rob do what lieth in him, by diligent inquire & search to take him, yea, & although he be taken by some other body, yet this shallbe said good freshsuit. And so freshsuit is when the lord cometh to dystreine for rent or service, & the owner of the beasts doth make rescous, and driveth them into other ground that is not holden of the Lord, and the lord followeth presently and taketh them: this called fresh svit, and so in other like cases. Gager of deliverance. GAger of deliverance is, where one sueth a replevin of goods taken, but he hath not delivery of the goods, and the other avoweth, and the plaintiff showeth that the def. is yet seized etc. and prayeth that the def. shall gauge the deliverance, than he shall put in surety or pledges for the deliverance, & a writ shall go forth to the sheriff for to redeliver the goods etc. but if a man claim property, he shall not gauge the deliverance. Also if he say that the beasts be dead in the pound, he shall not gauge etc. Also a man shall never gauge the deliverance before that they be at issue, or demurrer in the law. Warde. WArde is when an infant whose ancestor held by knight's service, is in the ward or keeping of the Lord of whom those lands were holden, And if the tenant hold of dyurrs Lords divers lands, the lord of whom the land is holden by priority, that is to say, by the more elder tenure, shall have the wardship of the infant, but if one tenure be as old as the other, than he that first happeth to have the ward of the body shall keep it, but in that case every lord shall have the ward of the land that is holden of him, but if the tenant hold of the Queen in chief, than she by her prerogative shall have the ward of the body, and of all the land that is holden of her, and of every other lord. Warden. WArden most properly is he that hath the ward ship or keeping of an heir, and of land holden by knight's service, or of one of them to his own use, during the nonage of the heir, and within that time hath the bestowing of the body of the heir, in marriage at his pleasure, without disperagment. And of wardens there be ij. sorts namely, garden in right, & garden in deed. Garden in right is he that by reason of his s●ry is seized of the wardship or keeping of the land, and of the heir, during the nonage of the heir. Garden in deed, is where the lord after his seisin, as aforesaid, granteth by deed, or without deed, the wardship of the land, or of the heir or of both to an other, by force of which grannt, the grantee is in possess. ●●● is the grantee called garden in deed. And this garden in deed may grant the heir to an other also, b●● that other is not preperlye called garden in deed for that is the grant tée of the garden in right only, and here you may see (Brother Nicholas) what misery followeth that tenure by knights service if the tenant die leaving his heir within age, how the poor child may be tossed, and tumbled, chopped and changed, bought & sold like a Jade in Smithfild, & y● more is married to whom it pleaseth his garden, whereof ensue many evils. W arning. Warning is when an action of detynue of charters is brought against one, and the defendant saith, that the charters were delivered to him by the plaintiff, and by an other; upon certain conditions, and prayeth that the other may be warned to plead with the plaintiff whither the conditions be performed or no, and thereupon a writ of Scire facias shall go forth against him. And that is called warning. Gavelate. GAuelate, is a special and ancient kind of Cessavit used in Kent where the Custom of Gavelkind continueth: whereby the tenant shall forfeit his lands and tenements, to the lord of whom they are holden, if he withdraw from his Lord his due rents and services, after this manner as followeth. If any tenant in Gavelkind, withhold his rent, & his services of the tenement which he holdeth of his lord, let the Lord seek by the award of his court from 3. weeks to 3. weeks, to found sun distress upon the tenement until the sowerth court, always with witnesses: And if within the time, he can found no distress in that tenement, whereby he may have i 〈…〉 of his tenant: Then are the fourth court let it be awarded, that he shall take that tenement into his hand, in the name of a distress, as if it were an ox, or a cow, and let him keep it a year, & a day, in his hand without manuring it: within which term if the tenant come, and pay his arrearages, and make reasonable amendss for the withholding: Then let high have, & enjoy his tenement as his auncest ours and he before held it. And if he do not come before the year, and the day past, then let the Lord go to the next county Court with the witnesses of his own court, & pronounce there this process, to have further witness, & by the award of his court (After the county court holden) he shall enter, and manure in those lands and tenements as in his own. And if the tenant come after ward, and will rehave his tenements, & hold them as he did before, let him make agreement with the lord according as it is anciently said. Hath he not since any thing given, nor hath he not since any thing paid, Then let him pay u pound for his were before he be come t'or holder again. There be some copies that have the first verse thus written. Nisith yield, and nisith geld. And others thus. Nighesith yield, and nighesith geld, But these differ not in signification, other copies have it after this sort. Nigondsith seld, and nigondsith geld. That is to say, let him ix. times pay, & ix. times repay. Gavelkind. GAuelkinde is a custom annexed, & going with lands in Kent called Gavelkind lands, held by ancient Socage tenure. And is thought by the skilful in Antiquities, to be called Gavelkind of give all kin, that is to say, to all the kindred in one line, according as it is used among the Germans from whom we Englyshmen, and chiefly of Kent come: Or else it is called gavelkind, of give all kind, that is to say, to all the male children, for kind in dutch signifieth a male child: and divers other like conjectures are made by them of the name (Gavelkind) which I omit of purpose for shortness sake, because that here you look (Brother Nicholas) as you desired me, that I should speak some what largely concerning other more needful matters for your purpose, which you are desirous to know as touching Gavelkind lands, both because you were borne in kent, & also are most abiding there, and therefore you think to be ignorant of the manners or customs of your native country were a foul shame. To satisfy your request in this: I have therefore set you here down, the ancient customs of Kent, as they have very truly & carefully of late been published, with some cases upon them, gathered out of those books, that make any mention hereof, which will I think, content your desire at full. And first you must know, that these gavelkind customs are of good antiquity, brought in hither by the Saxons, Intes, & Angles, Germans, from whom we Englishmen descend (as is aforesaid) and were by them used, and left here, and so continued in force, until William duke of Normandy, conquered all England (Kent only excepted) which he had by composition, and not by conquest: And in this composition the valiant Kentishmen obtained a grant of the continuation of their customs of Gavelkind, which ever sins they have used in the same country: and thus they are as followeth. The customs of Kent. THese are the usages, and customs, the which the communality of kent claimeth to have in the tenements of gavelkind, and in the men of gavelkind, allowed in Eire before John of Berwick, and his companions, the Justices in Eire, in kent, the 21. year of king Ed. the son of king Henry. That is to say, that all the bodies of Kentishmen be free as well as the other free bodies of England. This things hath been since confessed to be true as it appeareth in 30. E. I in Fitzh. titulo Uillenage placi●. 46. where it is holden sufficient for a man to avoid the objection of bondage, to say that his father was borne in Kent: But whither it will serve in that case to say, that himself was borne in Kent it is (for good reason) to be doubted. ●. And that they aught not the Escheator of the king to choose, nor ever in any time did they: But the king shall take, or cause to be taken such a one as it shall please him, to serve him in that which shalbe needful. 3 And that they may their lands & their tenements give and sell, without licence asked of their lords: Saving unto the Lords the rents and the services due out of the same tenements. 4 And that all, and every of them, may by writ of the king, or by plaint, plede for the obtaining of their right as well of their Lords as of other men. 5 And they claim also, that the commonalty of Gavelkind men which hold noon other than tenements of Gavelkind nature, aught not to come to the common summons of the Eire but only by the Borsholder, & four men of the Borrow: Except the towns which aught to answer by twelve men in the Eire. The like to this privilege is enjoyed at this day in the sheriffs Lathe, where many whole boroughs be excused by the only appearance of a Borsholder, & two, four or six other of the inhabitants. Borsholder is so named of the sa●ō words Borber caldor, that is to say, the most ancient or elder of the pledges. 6 And they claim also, that if any tenant in gavelkind be attainted of selony, for the which he suffereth Judgement of death, the king shall have all his goods, and his heir forthwith after his death shalbe inheritable to all his lands and tenements which held in Gavelkind in fee, and inheritance: And he shall hold them by the same services & customs, as his ancestors held them: whereupon it is said in Kentish. The father to the bough, And the son to the plough. But this rule holdeth in case of felony, and of murder only, and not in case of Treason at al● And it holdeth also in case where the offendor is iustised by order of law and not where he withdraweth himself after the fault committed, & will not abide his lawful trial. And because that this custom shall not be construed by equity but by a strait and literal interpretation: it hath therefore been doubted, whither the brother or uncle shall have the advantage thereof, because the words extend to the son only. See 22. E. 3. abridged by master Brooke tit. Custom. 54. 7 And if he have a wife, forthwith be she endowed by the heir, if he be of age, of the one half of all the lands and tenements which her husband held of Gavelkynd nature in fee: to have & to hold according to the form hereafter declared. And of such lands the king shall not have the year, nor waste, but only the goods, as is before said. The wife shall not loose her dower for the default of her husband, but in such case where the heir shall loose his inheritance for the offence of his father 8. Henry. 3. 8 And if any man of Gavelkind, either for felony, or for suspicion of felony, withdraw him out of the country, and be demanded in the county as he aught, & be afterward outlawed, or put himself into the holy church, and abjure the land and the Realm, the king shall have the year and the waist of his lands and of all his tenements, together with all his goods and chattels: So that after the year, and the day, the next Lord, or lords, shall have their Eschetes of those lands, and tenements, every lord that which is immediately holden of him. So is it holden in the books 8. E. 2. abridged by master Fitz. ti. Prescription 50. & 22. E. 3. abridged by master Brooke ti. Custom 54. 9 And they claim also, that if any tenant in Gavelkind, and be an inheritor of lands & tenements in Gavelkind, that all his sons shall part the inheritance by equal portions 10 And if there be no heir male, let the partition be made between the females, even as between bro. But the statut of Praerog. regis cap. 16. sayeth, That the females, shall not divide with the males, which is to be understood, of such as be in equal degree of kindred as Brothers and sisters, as in this ix. and. x. division. For if a man have issue iij. sons, & the eldest have issue a daughter, and die in the life of his father, and the father dieth. In this case the daughter shaljoine with the two other brethren her uncles, for that she is not in equal degree with them, as her father was, whose heir nevertheless she must of necessity be. 11 And let the messsage also be departed between them, but the Astre shall remain to the youngest son or daughter, and be the value thereof delivered to each of the parceners of the heritage, from xl. feet from that Astre, if the tenement will so suffer. By this word (Astre) is meant (as is conjectured) either the hall or chief room of the house▪ either else the well for water, or the south side of the building, for (Astre) being sounded without (s) may come of the latin word Atrium, which signifieth a Hall, or of Haustrum, whichbe tokeneth the bucket of a well, or of Austrum, the south side, every of which have their particular commodities above the rest of the house or tenement, Or otherwise being sounded with (s) it may be deduced from the french word (Asistre) by contraction (Astre) which is as much as a site, or situation, and with the article (le) before it (Leicester) a churchyard, or Court about a house. But at this day there is no such regard made in the partition, but only consideration had, that the parts themselves be equal & indifferent. 12 And then let the eldest brother have the first those, and the others afterward according to their degree. 13 Likewise of houses which shallbe found in such messages, let them be departed amongst the heirs by equal portyons, that is to weet, by foot if need be, saving the Covert of the Astre which shall remain to the youngest son, or daughter, as is beforesaid So nevertheless, that the youngest make reasonable amendss to his parceners for the part which to them belongeth, by the award of good men. 14 And of the aforesaid tenements, whereof one only suit mas wont to be made before time, be there not by reason of the partition but one sole svit made, as it was before accustomed, but yet let all the parceners make contribution to the parcener which maketh the sint for them. 15 In like sortlet the goods of Gavelkind persons be parted into three parts, after the funerals and the debts paid, if there be lawful issue on live, so that the dead have one part, & his lawful sons & daughters an other part, & the wife the iij. part. Where it is said here, that the dead shall have one part, it is meant for performance of his legacies by his executors if he make a testament, or by the discretion of the ordinary if he die intestate. 16 And if there be no law full issue on live, let the dead have the one half, and the wife on live that other half. The self same order that the custom here speaketh of in the xv. & xuj. division, is at this day observed in the City of London, and the same in effect, was long since used throughout the whole Realm. For it is evident both by the law of king Canutus, by master Glanuile, by the words of Magna carta ca 18. by master Fitz. in his Natura brevium in the writ d' Rationabili part bonor'f. 122. L. y● the wife & children had their reasonable parts of the goods by the common law of the realm, & that the common law was so, it appeareth also in 30. E. 3. 25. et 21. 30. H. 6. And it was said for law M. 31. H. 8. abridged by master Bro. ti▪ Rationabili part bonarum pl'. 6. that it hath been often put in ure as a common law, and never demurred upon, and therefore it seemeth that it is common law, howsoeever it come to pass at length that it was admitted for law, but in such countries only, where it was continued by daily usage, & that all the writs in the Register, de Rationabili part bonorum have mention of the special custom of the shire, in which the part is demanded, and so is the Book 28. Henrici 6. 4. But as at this day partition of Chattelles is not used throughout the whole Realm, though in the mean time it hath not lost the force of common law as many think, & as may be gathered by the opinion aforesaid holden for law an. 31. H. 8. So is it (as some think) vanished quit out of all ure within this Country of Rent also. 17 And if the heir or heirs, shalbe under the age of 15. years, let the nurture of them be committed by the lord, to the next of the blood to whom the inheritance cannot descend, so that the Lord take nothing for the committing thereof. 18 And let not the heir be married by the Lord but by his own will, and by the advise of his friends if he william. 19 And when such heir, or heirs, shall come to that full age of 15. years, let their lands and tenements be delivered unto them, together with their goods and profits of the same lands, remaininge above their reasonable sustenance: of the which profits and goods, let him be bound to make answer which had the education of the heir, or else the lord, or his heirs which committed the same education. The lord aught to take good heed, that he credit not the custody to any person that shall not be able to answer therefore. For if the heir at his full age of 15. years shall come to the Lords court, and demand his inheritance, although the Lord may distreine the garden to yield his account (as it appeareth 18. E. 2. Avowry 220,) yet in default of his ability, the Lord himself, and his heirs, remain charged to the heir for the same: But I do not hear, that the Lords take upon them at this day to commit the custody of these infants, but that they leave it altogether to the order of the next of kin, peradventure to avoid the danger in which they are, if they intermeddle as is a foresaid. 20 And this is to be understood, that from such time as th●se heirs in Gavelkind, be of, or have passed the age of 15. years, it is lawful for them, their lands or tenements, to give and cell at their pleasure, Saving the services to the chief lords, as is beforesaid. Although that this custom enable the heir to make away his lands and tenements very soon, namely at the fifteenth year of his age, by means whereof it might be thought unreasonable in giving such scope and liberty to so young years: yet upon the good consideration thereof it may appear, that the custom itself doth reasonably & carefully provide in the behalf of the heir for somuch as it licenseth him at that years not to give his lands, for that he might do for nothing, but to give and sell his lands, which it meaneth he should not do without sufficient recompense. Such like interpretation, the common law also seemeth to make of this custom both by the opinion of Vavasor & Keble 5. H. 7. 31. et 41. what said, that it was 〈◊〉 y● a releas made by w●●h an enfant was void, By the sentence of the b●oke 21. E. 4. 24. where it is said, that an infant can not declare his will upon such a feoffment. And by the judgement of Hank 11. H. 4. 33. who also held, that a warranty or grant of a reversion made at such age; was to no purpose at all, although a lease with release might haply be good by the custom, because that amounteth to a feoffment. And it is not fit that this custom should be construed by equity, for as much as it standeth not with any equity, to enable an infant, of little discretion, & less experience, to sell his land, and not to provide withal that he should have Quid pro quo, and some reasonable recompense for the same: for that were not to defend the pupil & fatherless, but to lay him wide open to every sly deceit & circumvention. In which respect, their opinion is very well to be liked of, who hold, that if an infant in Gavelkind, at this day will cell at xv. years of age, these three things aught of necessity to concur, if he will have the sale good & effectual. The first that he be an heir, and not a purchaser of the land that he departeth withal. The second that he have recompense for it: & the third, that he do it with livery of seysin by his own hand, & not by warrant of attorney, nor by any other manner of assurance. And these men for proof of the first and second point of their assertion, do build upon the words of this custom, where it is said from such time as those heirs in Gavelkind be of or have passed the age of fifteen years, it is lawful for them, their lands or tenements, to give and cell, in which the words (those heirs) do restrain the infant that cometh in by purchase. And (give & sell) in the copulative, do of necessity imply a recompense, forsomuch as selling cannot be without sun price or thing given for it. And for maintenance of the third matter, they have of their part besides the common usage of the country, the common law of the Realm also, which expoundeth the word (give) to mean a feoffment, & which not only disalloweth of any gift made by an infant, but also punisheth the taker in trespass, unless he have it by livery from the infants own ●●ndes as appeareth in 26. H. 8. 2. 9 H. 7. 24. 18. E. 4. 2. 22. H. 6. 3. and divers other books. 21 And if any such tenant in Gavelkind die, and have a wife that overliveth him, let that wife by and by be endowed of y● one half of the tenements whereof her husband died vested and seized by the heirs, if they be of age, or by the Lords, if the heirs be not of age, so that she may have the one half of those lands, and tenements, to hold so long as she keepeth her a widow, or shallbe attainted of child birth▪ after the ancient usage, that is to say, that i● w●● she is delivered of child, & the infant be herd cry, and that the hue and 〈…〉 be raised, and the country assembled, and have the view of the child so borne, and the mother, then let her lose her dower wholly▪ and otherwise not, so long as she holdeth her a widow, whereof it is said in kentish. He t●at doth wend her, Let him lend her. This custom hath been allowed of, by the common law long time since, as may be read, Praerog. regis cap. 16. & 2. H. 3. in Fitz. t' Prescription 59 etc. But it is a doubt whither a woman shallbe endowed by this custom of a possession in law or noah, for that the words be (of the tenements whereof her husband died vested & seized) which word (vested) enforceth a possession in deed, and not in law only. And therefore, if lands in Gavelkind descend to a married man▪ which dieth before he make his entry into the same, Inquire whither it be the manner to endow his wife thereof or no? A woman shall not be endowed by this custom of a bailliwike, or fair, or such like profit by the opinion of M. Parkins fo. 84. because the words of this customary dower be terres et tenements, and all customs shall found a literal and straight interpretation. And where she is to be endowed by this custom she may very well be endowed of a moiety, to be holden in common with the heir that enjoyeth that other half etc. It is a doubt whither that a woman entitled to dower in gavelkind may waive her dower of the half after this custom, & bring her action to be endowed of the 3. at the common law, & so exempt herself from all danger of the customary conditions or no? Sun have been of opinion that she is at liberty to take the one & refuse that other at her pleasure: & therefore inquire thereof etc. 22 And they claim also, that if a man take a wife which hath inheritance of Gavelkind, and the wife dieth before him, let the husband have the one half of those lands and tenements whereof she dieth seized so long as he holdeth him a widower, without doing any strip, or waste, or banishment, whither there were issue between them or no. And if he take another wife, let him loose al. 23 And if any tenement of Gavelkind do escheat (and that escheat be to any lord which holdeth by fee of Hawberke, or by Serieancie) by death, or by gavelate as is her after said, or be to him rendered up by his tenant which before held it of him by quite claim thereof made, or if his escheat be by Gavelate as is hereafter said, let this land remain to the heirs unpartable: And this is to be understood, where the tenant so rendringe, doth retain no service to himself, but saveth nevertheless to the other lords their fees, fermes, and the rents wherewith the aforesaid tenements of Gavelkind (so rendered) were before charged, by him, or them which might charge them. To hold by fee of Hawberke, or by Serieancie (if it be grand Serieancie) is to hold by knights service. Heahbeony in Saxon, is a high defence: and the Customs of Normandy call the fief or fee de Haubert which oweth to defend the land by full arms, that is, by horse, haubert, target, sword, or helm. And it consisteth of 300. acres of land, which is the same (as some think) that we called a whole Knight's fee. 24 And they claim also, that if any tenant in Gavelkind wythholde his rent, and his services of the tenement which he holdeth of his lord, let the lord seek by the award of his court from iij. weeks, to three weeks, to found some distress upon that tenement, until the iiij. court always with witness. And if within that time he can found no distress in the tenement, whereby he may have justice of his tenant, them at the iiij. court let it be awarded, that he shall take that tenement into his hand in the name of a distress, as if it were an Ox, or acowe, and let him keep it a year, & a day, in his hand without manuring it, within which term, if the tenant come, and pay his arrearages, and make reasonable amendss for the withholding: Then let him have and enjoy his tenement as his ancestors & he before held it. And if he do not come before the year, & the day past, them let the lord go to the next County court with the witnesses of his own court and pronounce there this process, to have further witness. And by the award of his court (after the county court holden) he shall enter, & manure in those lands and tenements, as in his own demeans. And if the tenant come afterward, and will rehave his tenements, and hold them as he did before, let him make agreement with the lord according as it is anciently said Hath he not since any thing given? nor hath le not since any thing paid: Then let him pay five pound for his were, before he become tenant or holder again. Some copies have the first verses thus. Let him ix. times pay, & ix. times repay. This custom is touched by the way by master Frowike 21. H. 7. 15. & by him thought to be good but whither it be at this day put in ure, inquire further. 25 Also they claim, that no man aught to make an oath upon a book, (neither by distress, nor by the power of the lord, nor his Bailiff) against his will, without the writ of the king (unless it be for fealty to be done to his Lord) but only before the Coroner, or such other minister of the king, that hath Royal power to inquire of trespass committed against the Crown of our Lord the king. 26 And they claim, that every Kentishman may essoin an other, either in the kings court, or in the county or in the hundredth or in the court of his lord where essoin lieth, and that aswell in case of common suit, as of plea. Moreover they claim by an especial deed of king Henry, the father of king Edward that of the tenements which are holden in Gavelkind, there shall no battle be joined, nor grand assize taken by xii. knights, as it is used in other places of the Realm: that is to wit, where the tenant & demaundant hold by Gavelkind: But in place of these grand assizes, let Juries be taken by xii. men being tenants in Gavelkind, so the four tenants of Gavelkind choose xii. tenants of gavelkind to be Jurors. And that Charter of the king of this especialty, is in the custody of Sir John of Norwood, the day of S. Elphey, in Caunterbury the year of king Edward the son of king Henry the xxi. These be the usages of Gavelkind, and of Gavelkindmen in Kent, which were before the conquest, and the Conquest, and ever since till now. The end of the customs. Having thus ended the customs as you see (Brother Nicholas) there remaineth now to be showed what lands within this Country of Kent, be of the nature of Gavelkind, and what not. First therefore, it is to be understanded, that all the lands within this Shire which be of ancient Socage tenure (as was said at the béegynning) be also of the nature of Gavelkind. And the lands holden by ancient tenure of knights service, be at the common law, & are not departible after the order of this custom except certain which being holden of old time by knights service of the Archbishop of Caunterbury, are never the less departible, as it may appear by the book 26. H. 8. 4. And that grew by reason of a grant made by king John, to Hubert the Archbishop there, the tenor of which is as followeth. John by the grace of God King of England▪ Lord of Ireland, Duke of Normandy, of Aquitane, and Earl of Angieu: To all Archishops, Bishops, Abbots, Earls, Barons, Justices, Sheriffs, Governors, and officers, and all Bailiffs, and his faithful subjects, greeting. Know ye that we have granted, and by this our present Charter have confirmed to our reverend and dearly beloved father Hubert Archbishop of Caunterbury, and his successors for ever, that it shall be lawful for them, to convert those lands which men of the fee of the Church of Caunterbury do hold in Gavelkind in to knights fee. And that the same Bishops & their successors, have the like power and liberty for ever, over those men and their heirs, that shall hold those lands so ●●uerted into knights see which the Archbishop hath, & his successors after him shall have, over other knights of the see of the Church of Caunterbury & their heirs. And that those men and their heirs have the same & all such liberty for ever which other knights of the see of the Church of Caunterbury and their heirs have. Provided always that nevertheless their accustomed rent of pence, be holy paid out of their lands as before time their gifts, averages, and other services which issued out of the same lands be converted into a rent of pence of like value. And y● the same rent be paid as that other rent of pence is. Wherefore we will & straightly command, that whatsoever the aforenamed Archbishop and his successors after him shall do concerning those lands which are to be converted into knights fee according to the form & manner above written, abide ratified and confirmed for ever. Forbiddinge any person to presume against the deed of the Archbishop or his successors in this behalf. Witness E. Bishop of Ely, & S. of Bath G. the son of Peter Earl of Essex, William Martial Earl of Pembroke, Ro. of Harecourt, Garine the son of Gerald, Peter of Stoke, Ric. of Revers Rob. of Tateshal, yeven by the hand of S. Archdeacon unto William at Rupem aurival, the 4. day of May the third year of our reign. But for asmuch as it is disputable, whither this Charter of King John, be of sufficient virtue to change the nature of Gavelkind land, or no, and for that the certainty of the lands so converted into knights fee, doth not any where appear, (save only that in the book of Aid levied in this shire, Anno 20. E. 3. it is four or five times noted, that certain lands in Kent be holden in knights service, by the new licence granted to the Archbishop) this shall suffice for that, and it shall follow to be proved, that all the lands of ancient tenure in knights service, be subject to the ordinary course of descent at the common law: And that may sufficiently be done both by the express words of a note in 9 H. 3. abridged by master Brooke ti. Customs 57 and in master Fitzherb ti. Prescription 63. And by the opinion of the Justices 26. H. 8. 4. as also by pleyne recital in the act of parliament made 31. H. 8. ca 3. by which statute, the possessions of certain gentlemen there were delivered from this customary descent, and incorporated to the common law, for (amongst other things) in that act it is said, That from thence forth such their lands shalbe changed from the said custom, and shall descend, as lands at the common law, & as other lands being in the said county of kent, which never were held by service of Socage, but always have been holden by knight's service, do descend. By which words, it is very evident, that the makers of that statute understood all lands holden by knight's service, to be of their proper nature, discendable after the common law, & that Socage tenure was the only subject, in which this our custom of gavelkind descent prevailed, & held place. But when mention is here made of Socage, & knights fee, it must always be understanded a tenure long since, and of ancient time continued, and not now newly, or lately created, for so it may fall out otherwise, then is already reported. As for example, if land auncientlye holden by knights service, come to the queens hands, who afterward giveth the same out again to a conon person, to be held of her manor of East Grene within Socage, this land (not with standing the alteration of the tenure) remaineth dis●●dable to the eldest son only, as it was before, as also, in like sort, if lands of ancient Socage seruite come to the Crown, and be delivered out again, to be holden either of the Queen in Capite, or by knights service of any manor, it aught to descend according to y● custde not withstanding that the tenure be altered, & if this be true in the grant of the Queen herself: then much less may the Archbishope by a new creation of tenure, make to his tenants any alteration of this old custom & manner, For as the pleading is, That the lands aforesaid, are of the tenure and nature of Gavelkind, even so the truth is, that the present tenure only guideth not the dyscent, but that the tenure and the nature together, do govern it. And therefore, as on the one side, the custom cannot attach, or take hold of that which was not before in nature subject to the custom, that is to say, accustomably departed: So on the other side, the practice of the custom, long time continued, may not be interrupted by a bore alteration of the tenure, as it was holden by the Justices, And 4. et 5. Phi, et Mary, as Judge Dalison hath left reported. And also as it appeareth by the book 26. H. 8. 4. where it is said, that if a man seized of gavelkind land holden in Socage, make a gift in tail and created a tenure in knights service, that yet this land must descend after the custom it did before the change of the tenure. Moreover, as the change of the tenure cannot prenaile against this custom: So neither the continuance of a contrary usage, may altar this prescription. For it is holden 16. E. 3. in Fitz. ti. Prescription 52. that albeit the eldest son only hath (and that for many descents together) entered into Gavelkind land and occupied it without any contradiction of the younger brothers, that yet the land remaineth partible between them, when soever they will put to their claim. Against which assertion, the which is said 10. H. 3. in Fitzh. titulo Prescription 64. namely of the issue taken thus. Whither the land were parted or not, is not greatly forcible. For all though it be foe, that the land were never parted in deed, yet if it remain partible in nature, it may be parted whensover occasion shall be ministered. And therefore, even in the form of pleading used at this day (That the land always etc. was partible, and parted) it is plainly taken, that the word (partible) only is of substance, and that the word (parted) is but a word of form, and not material, or traversable at all, yea so inseparable is this custom from the land in which it obtaineth, that a contrary dyscent (continued in the case of the Crown itself) cannot hinder, but that (after such time as the land shall resort again to a common person) the former old custom shall govern it. As if lands of Gavelkind nature come to the queens hands by purchase, or by Eschete as holden of her manor of Dale, now after her death, all her sons shall inherit and divide them. But if they come to her by forfeiture in treason, or by gift in parliament, so that her grace is seized of them in right of the crown, than her eldest son only (which shallbe king after her) shall enjoy them, in which case although those lands which the eldest son (being king) did possess, do come to his eldest son after him (being king also) and so from one to an other, by sundry discentes, yet the opinion of Sir Anthonye Browne was 7. Elizabeth, that if at any time after the same lands be grannted to a common person, they shall revolt to their former nature of Gavelkind and be partible amongst his heirs males, notwithstanding that they have run a contrary course in divers the discentes of the kings before. But much less may the unity of possession in the Lord frustrate the custom of Gavelkind descent as it may appear, 14. H. 4. in the long Recordare, abridged by master Brooke tit. Avowry 46. and tit. Customs 19 Now followeth to be spoken how far this custom extendeth itself within this our Country of Kent etc. It is commonly taken that the custom of Gavelkind is general, and spreadeth itself throughout the whole Shire into all lands subject by ancient tenure unto the same, such places only excepted, where it is altered by act of parliament. And therefore in 5. E. 4. 18. and 14. H, 4. 8. it is said, that the custom of Gavelkind is (as it were) a common law in Kent. And the book 22. E. 4. 19 affirmeth, that in demanding Gavelkind land, a man shall not need to prescribe in certain, and to show that the Town, Borough, or City, where the lands be, is an Ancient Town, Borough, or City, and that the custom hath been there (time out of mind) that the lands within the same Town, Borough, or City, should descend to all the heirs males etc. But that is sufficiently enough to show the Custom at large, and to say, that the land lieth in Kent, and that all the lands there be of the nature of gavelkind. For a writ of partition of lands in Gavelkind (saith M. Littleton) shall be as general, as if the lands were at the common law, although the declaration aught specially to contain mention of the Custom of the Country. This unyversalytie considered, and also the straight bond (whereby the custom is so inseparably knit to the land, as in manner nothing but an act of parliament can clearly dissever them) it followeth, that no place City, Town, or Borough within this shire, can be exempt from this custom although the same hath not at any time been there put in ure, no more than the Elder son (in the case before) may for the like reason prescribe against his younger brethren etc. Thus much being spoken touching the name, tenure, nature, generalty, and order of Gavelkind: it shall now be showed of what quality the rents, remainders, actyons, and such other things (of the which some b●e issuing out of these lands, some be annexed unto them, and some be raised by reason of them) shallbe. And of them some shall ensue the nature of the land, and other some shall keep the same course that common law hath appointed. And therefore if a rent be granted in fee out of Gavelkind land, it shall descend to all the males as the land itself shall do, as appeareth in 14. H. 8. 5. 26. H. 8. 4. & 4. E. 3. But if two. jointenantes of land in Gavelkind grant a rent charge out of that land to I S. & to his heirs: And I S. dieth having issue two. sons, this rent shall not descend to both the sons of I S. but to the heir at the common law because that the custom is in suspense during the jointure by the opinion of the right worshipful Christopher Yeluerton Esquire, at his reading in Gray's Inn in lent An. 1573. So if a tenauncy be of Gavelkind nature, yet the rent service by which it is holden may descend according to the common law, as Ald ' & Chart ' in 7. E. 3. were of opinion. If a remainder of Gavelkind land be tailed to the heirs males, they altogether shall inherit as Fitzherbert & Norwich thought 26. H. 8. 4. But that is to be understood of a descent only, for if lands of Gavelkind nature be leassed for life, the Remainder to the right heirs of John Style which hath issue four sons and dieth, and after the lessée for life dieth, now the eldest son only of I Style shall have this land, for he is right heir, and that is a good name of purchase 37. H. 8. in master Brooke ti. Done et Remainder 42. But if the lands had been given to John Style for life, the remainder to his next heir male, this had been an estate tail in John Stile himself, and then the land should have descended to all his sons, in so much as in that case the words (next heir male) be not a name of purchase. Howbeit it was greatly doubted 3. & 4. Phil. et Mariae (as Justice Dalison reporteth) if a remainder be devised by testament (to the next heir male) whither in that case the eldest brother only shall have it, in so much as (in the understanding of the law, which is a judge over all customs) he is the next heir male and therefore inquire of it. As touching vouchers, it appeareth 11. E. 3. that all the heirs in gavelkind shallbe vouched for the warraunty of their Auncester, and not the eldest only. But the opinion of Master Littleton li. 3. cap. 13. and of the justices 22. E. 4. is clear that the elde●● son only shalbe rebutted, or barred by the warranty of the ancestor, to be short, the eldest son only shall enter for the breach of a condition: But the rest of the brethren shallbe joined with him in suing a writ of Attaint to reform a false verdict, or Error to reverse an erroneous judgement: And they all shallbe charged for the debt of their ancestor, if so be that they all have assets in their hands. But if the eldest only have assets remaining, and the residue have aliened their parts, than he only shalbe charged after the mind of the book 11. E. 3. etc. And thus much for this part shall suffice. Now a word or ij. of other things confusely, yet apertaininge to this matter, notwythdinge not so necessary for your purpose to be known as those aforesaid. It appeareth in a written report at large of 16. Edwardi 2. which is also partly abridged by master Fitzherbert, titulo Prescription, that it was tried by verdict, that no man aught to have common in Lands of Gavelkind, howbeit the contrary is well known at this day, & that in many places the same book saith, that the usage of Gavelkind is, that a man may lawfully enchase, or drive out into the high way to their adventure, the beasts of any other person that he shall find doing damage in his land, and that he is not compellable to impounde them, which thing is practised at this day. The parliament 15. Henrici sexti cap 3. minding to amplify the privileges of Gavelkind, granted to the tenants of that land, exemption in Attaints, in such sort as the inhabitants of ancient demean, and of the five ports before had: But within three years after upon complaint of some of the Country which informed the Parliament house that there was not in the whole Shire thirty or forty guns, that hold to the value of xx. pound land, out of Gavelkind, who in default of others, and by reason of that exemption, were continually molested by returns in Attaints, that act was utterly repealed. The statute 14. H. 8. cap. 6. giveth liberty to every man (having highwaie through his land in the weld that is worn deep, and incommodious for passage) to lay out another way in some such other place of his land, as shallbe thought meet by the vyewe of two Justyces of the peace, and twelve other men of wisdom and discretion. The general law, made 35. H. 8. 17. for the preservation of Copeises woods through out the Realm, maketh plain exception of all woods within this wealde, unless it be of such as be common etc. And here an end of this matter. saving that I will make master Litteltons' annswere to such as happily will demand what reason this custom of gavelkind descent hath thus to divide land a 'mong all the males contrary to the manner of the whole Realm béesides: The younger sons (saith he) be as good gen telmen as the elder, and they (being a like dear to their common ancestor, from whom they claim) have so much the more need of their friends help as (thorough their minority) they be less able than the elder Brother to help themselves etc. geld. geld, that is to be quite of servile customs which were wont to be geeven, and are yet given, as hornegelde and such like. Grithbrech. GRithbrech that is the kings peace broken, because (Grith) in English is pax in latin. Hangwite. HAngwite, that is to be quite of a thief or relon hanged without judgement, or escaped out of your custody. Hariot. HAriot is in two. sorts the one hariot Custom, the other haryot service. Hariot service (some faith) is always expressed in a man's grant, or deed that he holdeth by such service to pay hariot at the time of his death, and this hariot is payable after the death of the tenant in fee simsimple. Hariot Custom, is where hariotes have been paid time out of mind by custom. And this may be after the death of tenant for life etc. But to speak thereof generally. Hariot is the best beast (whither it be horse Ox, or Cow) that the tenant had at the time of his death. And may be either seized, or a distress taken for it, whither it be hariot service, or hariot custom, to the Lords use of whom the tenant held, by his Bailiff, or other officer béelonginge to his manor. But of right the Lord, nor his officer should not take hariot before it be presented at the next court holden, that the tenant is dead, and that such a beast is due to the Lord for his hariot. Haybote, or Hedgebote. HAybote, or hedgebote, is necessary stuff to make and mend hedges, which lessée for years, or for life of common right may take upon the ground to him leased, although it be not expressed in his lease, and although it be a lease by words without writing. Haybote also may be taken for necessary stuff, to make Rakes forks and such like instruments wherewith men use in summer to tedde & make hay: and so a lessée for years took it, & it was allowed him by his lessor, the rather, as I suppose, for that such instruments are commonly made of slender under wood, which by the common law lessee for years may cut and take as is aforesaid. Hidage. HIdage, that is to be quit if the king shall tax all the land by hides. Note that a hide of land is a whole ploweland. And this kind of taxing by hides was much used in old time, as well for provision of armour, as payments of money, & that chiefly in king Etheldredes days (a king in this Country before the conquest) who in the year of Christ 1006. when as the Danes landed at Sandwich in Kent, taxed all his land by hides thus. That every 310. hides of land should found one ship fornished, & every 8. hides should found one Jacke & one salad, for the defence of the Realm. Hodgepodge. Hodgepodge, is a meddling, or mixing together, and a partition of lands given in frankmariage, with other lands in fee simple dyscended as for example, a man seized of 30. acres of land in fee simple hath issue two. daughters, & giveth with one of his daughters to a man that marrieth her x. acres of the same land in frankemariage, and dieth seized of the other 20. acres: Now if she that is thus married will have any part of the 20. acres whereof her father died seized: She must put her lands given in frankmariage, in hodgepodge, that is to say she must refuse that gift in frankemariage, and suffer the land to be commixed and mingled together, with the other land whereof her father died seized, so that an equal division may be made of the whole between her and her Sister: and thus for her 10. acres she shall have xv. else her Sister will have the xx. acres, of which their father died seized. Home Sokene. HOme soaken (or have soaken) that is to be quit of amercements for entering into houses violently & without licence, & contrary to the peace of the king. And that you hold plea of such trespass done in your court, and in your land. Homicide or manslaughter. HOmicide or manslaughter, is the kill of a man feloniously, without malice fore thought: It is also defined thus: Homicide is the kill of a man, by a man: and if such killing be done by a dog, ox, or other thing, it is not properly called homicide: for it is called homicide of a man, & to kill as y● kill of a man. Hornegeld. HOrnegeld, that is to be quit of a certain custom exacted by tallage thorough all the land, as of whatsoever horn beast. Housebote. HOusebote is necessary timber, the lessée for years, or for life of common right may take upon the ground to repair the houses upon the same ground to him leased, although it be not expressed in the lease, and although it be a lease by words without deed: But if he take more than is needful, he may be punished by an action of waist. Hundred. hundreds were devised by Alfred the king, after that he had divided the whole Realm into certain parts or Sections, which of the Saxon word Scynan signifying to cut, he termed Shires, or (as we yet speak.) Shares, and portions: These Shires he also broke into smaller parts, whereof some were called Laths of the word jelapian, which is to assemble together: others tithings so named because there were in each of them to the number of ten persons, whereof each one was surety and pledge for others good abearing: others hundreds because they contained jurisdiction over an hundred men or pledges, dwelling peradventure in two. or iii. or more parishes boroughs, or towns, lying and adjoining nevertheless somewhat near together, in which he appointed adminystration of Justice to be exercised severally among them of the same hundred, and not that one should run out disorderly into an others hundred, lath, or tithing, wherein he dwelled not. These hundreds continued to this day in force, although not altogether to the same purpose, whereunto at the first they were appointed yet still very needful both in time of peace for good order of government divers ways, & also in war for certainty of levying of men: as else for the more ready collections of payments granted in parliament to the kings and Queens of this Realm. Hundred. HUndredum, that is to be quit of money or customs to be done to the governors & hundredors. Idiot. Idiot is he that is a fool naturally from his birth, and knoweth not how to account or number twenty pence nor cannot name his father, or mother, nor of what age himself is, or such like easy and common matters: so that it appeareth he hath no manner of understanding of reason nor government of himself what is for his profit, or disprofit etc. But if he have so much knowledge that he can read, or learn to read by instruction and informatyon of others, or can measure an elle of cloth, or name the days in the week, or beget a child, son or daughter, or such like, whereby it may appear that he hath some light of reason, than such a one is no Idiot naturally. Unlawful assembly. Unlawful assembly, is where people assemble themselves together to do some unlawful thing against the peace, although that they execute not their purpose in deed. Imparlance. IMparlaunce is when an action of debt, trespass, or such like is brought against a man, and after that the plaintiff hath counted, or declared, the defendant prayeth the Court that he may have time to put in his answer, at an other day in the same term, or in the next term following, this stay of answer is called imparlaunce. Imprisonment. Imprisonment is no other thing, but the restraint of a man's liberty, whither it be in the open field, or in the Stocks, or Cage in the streets, or in a man's own house as well as in the common jail. And in all these places the party so restrained is said to be a prisoner, so long as he hath not his liberty freely to go at all times whither he will, without bail, mainprise, or other authority. Infangethefe. INfangethefe, that is that thieves taken with in your demesne or fee convicted of thefts, shallbe judged in your court. Information. INformation for the Queen is that which for a common parson is called a declaration, and is not always done directly by the Queen, or her attorney, but rather by some other man who sueth or informeth as well for the Queen, as for himself upon the breach of some penal law or stat wherein a penalty is given to the party that will sue for the same, but no action of det to recover it, than it must be had by information. jointure. Jointure is an estate and assurance made to a woman in consideration of marriage for term of her life, or otherwise, whither it be before or after the marriage. And if it be after the marriage than she may at her liberty after the death of her husband refuse to take or have the lands so assured for her Jointure, and demand her dower at the common law. But if it be made before marriage than she may not refuse such joiniure, nor have dower according to the common law, unless that when she bringeth her writ of dower, the defendant pleadeth such a plea that will not bar her of her dower, than she shallbe endowed As if he say in bar, that her husband was not seized of such estate where of she might be endowed, or any such plea, and doth not show that she h●th a ●●mture made etc. and therefore demand judgement of that action, or judgement if she shallbe also endowed, or any such like plea etc. and this was the opinion of the right worshipful master Brograve at his reading in Gray'S June in Summer Anno 1576. 18. Eliz. upon a branch of the stat made An. 27. H. 8. c. 10. concerning jointures & dowers. And by him of those things whereof a woman may be endowed, she may have jointure, as of mines, vesturam terr●, woods, Towns, Isles, meadows, and such like. Also of an advowson, of a reversion depending upon an estate for life, of a windmill, a high chamber, a rectory and such other, and they are called tenements, Also of a villain, for he is an heredytament, & of all these profit may come to the woman. But of those things whereof no profit will come, but rather a charge, a jointure cannot be made. Theft. THeft is a deceitful taking away of an other man's goods, but not from his parson, with a mind to steal them, a 'gainst his will whose goods they were. And theft is in two sorts, the one so called simply, & the other petty or little theft. The first is where the thing stolen exceedeth the value of xii. d. and that is felony. The other (which is called little or p●tiet theft) is where the thing stolen doth not exceed the value of xii. d. and that is no felony. Lastage. LAstage, that is to be quite of a certain custom exacted in fairs any markets for carrying of things where a man william. Lessor and lessee. LEssor is he that lesseth lands or tenements to an other for term of life, years, or at will, and he to whom the lease is made, is called lessee. Levant, & couchant. Levant, & Couchant is said, when the beasts or cattle of a stranger are come into an other man's ground, & there have remained a certain good space of time so long that they have well fed, & also rested themselves. Wager of law. WAger of law, is when an action is brought against one without especialty she wed, or other matter of record, as an action of debt upon contract or detinue, than the defendant may wage his law, that is to say, swear upon a book, and certain persons with him, that he oweth nothing to the plaintiff in manner and form as he hath declared. But in an action of debt upon a lease for term of years, or upon the arrearages of account before auditors assigned, a man shall not wage his law. And when one shall wage his law, he shall bring with him vi. viii. or xii. of his neighbours as the court shall assign him, to swear with him. And if at that day assign he fail of his law, than he shallbe condemned. Livery of seysin. Livery of seysin, is a ceremony used in conveyance of lands or tenements where an estate in fee simple, fee tail, or a fréehold shall pass: and it is a testimonial of the willing departing from all that which he who makes the livery hath in the thing whereof livery is made: And the receiving of the livery, is a willing acceptance by the other party of all that whereof the other hath dismissed himself: And was invented as an open and notorious thing, by means whereof the common people might have knowledge of the passing or alteration of estates from man to man, that thereby they might be the better able to try in whom the right and possession of lands and tenements were if they should be empaneled in Juries, or otherwise have to do concerning the same. The common manner of delivery of seysin is after this sort done: If it be in the open field where is no building or house, than one that can read taketh the writing in his hand, if the estate shall pass by deed, and declareth to the standers by, the cause of their meeting there together etc. and then openly readeth the deed in English, and after that it is sealed, the party who is to departed from the ground, taketh the deed in his hands together with a clod of the earth, & a twig or bow if any there be, and all this he delivereth to the other party in the name of possession or seysin, according to the form & effect of the deed, which before them was there read. But if there be a dwelling house or building upon the land, than this is done there at the door of the same noon being left at that time within the house, and the party delivereth all the aforesaid together with the ring of the door, in the name of seysin or possession, & he that receiveth the liberty entereth in first alone and shutteth to the door, and presently openeth it again, and letteth them in etc. If it be of a house whereto is no land or ground, the livery is made and poss. taken, by the delivery of the ring of the door & deed only. And where it is without deed either of lands, or tenements, there the party declareth by word of mouth before witness, the estate that he meaneth to departed with, and then delivereth seysin or possession in manner as is before say●e: and so the land or tenement doth pass as well where there is no deed as by deed, and that by force of the livery of seysin: It was agreed in Gray's Inn by the right warshipful master Snag, at his reading there in Summer an. 1574 that if a feoffor deliver the view of the land, in name of seysin, that it is good, because that he hath a possession in himself. But otherwise it is of an attorney, for he must go to the land, and take possession himself, before that he can give possession to an other, according to the words of his letter etc. And where livery of seysin is by view, if the feoffée do not enter after etc. nothing passeth, for he aught to enter in deed. Lotherwite. LOtherwite, that is that you may take amendss of him which doth defile your bondwoman without your licence. Mahim, or maim. MAhim, is where any member is hurt or taken away, whereby the party so hurt is made unperfect to fight: As if a bone be taken out of the head: or a bone be broken in any other part of the body: or a foot, or hand, or finger, or joint of a foot, or any member be cut: or by some wound the sinews be made to shrink, or other member, or the fingers made crooked, or if an eye be put out, or the foretéeth broken, or any other thing hurt in a man's body by means whereof he is made the less able to defend himself. But the cutting off of an ear, or nose, or breaking of the hinder teeth, or such like, is no may▪ him, because it is rather a deformity of the body, than diminishing of strength. And if the Justyces stand in doubt whither the hurt be a maihim or not, they use, and will of their great discretion take the help and opinion of some skilful Surgeon, to consider thereof, before they determine upon the case. Mainprize. MAinprise is when a man is arrested by capi as, than the Judges may deliver his body to certain men for to keep and to bring him before them, at a certain day, and these be called mainpernours, and if the party appear not at the day assigned, the mainpernoures shallbe amerced. Manor. Manor, is a thing compound of divers things, as of a house land, arable, pasture, meadow, wood, rent, avowson, court baron, and such like make a manor, & this aught to be by long continuance of time, to the contrary whereof man's memory cannot tell, for at this day a manor cannot be made, because a court baron cannot now be made, and a manor cannot be without a court baron, & suitors, or fréeholders, two at the lest, for if all the fréeholdes except one escheat to the lord, or if he purchase all except one, there his manor is go, for that it cannot. be a manor without a court Baron (as is aforesaid) and a court baron cannot be holden but before suitors, & not before one suitor, & therefore where but one fréehold or fréeholder is, there cannot be a manor. Manumission. MAnumission is in two. sorts, the one is a manumission expressed, the other a manumission implied or secret. Manumission expressed is when the Lord maketh a deed to his villain to enfraunches him by this word (Manumittere) which is as much to say as to let one go out of an other man's hands or power. The manner of manumittinge or infraunchising in old time most usually was thus. The Lord (in presence of his neighbours) took the bond man by the head saying, I will that this man be free, and therewith showed him forward out of his hands, and by this he was free without any more a do. Manumissyon implied without this wood (Manumittere) is when the lord maketh an obligation to his villain to pay him money at a certain day, or suith him where he might enter without suit, or granteth unto his vyllen an annitie, or lesseth land to him by deed for years, or for life, & in divers such like cases, the villain thereby is made free. Maxims. Maxims be the foundations of the law, & the conclusions of reason, and are causes efficient, & certain universal propositions so sure and perfect that they may not be at any time impeached or impugned, but aught always to be observed and holden as strong principals and authorities of themselves although they cannot be proved by force of argument or demonstrations logical, but are known by enduction by the way of sense & memory. As for example, it is a maxim that if a man have issue 2. sons by divers women, and the one of them purchase lands in fee and dieth without issue, the other brother shall never be his heir etc. Also it is an othermaxime that lands shall descend from the father to the son▪ but not from the son to the father for that is an ascension etc. & divers such like there be. Maynour. MAynour is when a thief hath stolen, and is followed with hue and cry, and taken, having that found about him which he stole, that is called the maynour. And so we commonly use to say when we find one doing of an unlawful act, that we took him with the maynour, or manner. Misprision. MIsprision, is when on knoweth that an other hath committed treason or felony, and will not discover him to the Q. or to her council or to any magistrate, but doth conceal the same. A chaplain had fixed an old seal of a patent to a new patent of non residence, and this was holden to be misprision of treason only, and no counterfeiting of the Q. seal. Also if a man know money to be counterfeit, & bring the same out of Ireland hither into England and utter it in payment, this is but mysprision of treason, and no treason, & so it is in divers such like cases. And in all cases of misprision of treason the party offendor shall forfeit his goods for ever, and the profets of his lands for term of his life, and his body to prison at the Q. pleasure. And for misprision of felony or trespass the offender shallbe committed to prison until he have found sureties or pledges for his fine, which shallbe assessed by the ducretion of that Justices before whom he was convict. And note, that in every treason or felony is included misprision, and where any hath committed treason or felony, the Q. may 'cause the same to be indicted and arramed but of misprision only if she william. shewing of deeds, or Records. shewing of deeds, or Records, is as if for example, an admiral of debt be brought against one upon an obligation or by Executors etc. there after that the pleyntife hath declared, he aught to show his obligation, or the executor the testament to the court, and so it is of Records. And the diversity béetwene showing of deeds or Records & herring of deeds or records is thus, he the pleads the deed or record, or declares upon it, to him it doth appertain to show the same. And the other against whom such deed or record is pleaded or declared, and is thereby to be charged, may demand hearing of the same deed or record, which his adversary brigeth or pleadeth against him. Mortgage or Mortgage. MOrtgage or Mortgage is when a man maketh a feoffment to another on such condition, that if the feoffor pay to the feoffée at a certain day xl. li. of money, that then the feoffor may re-enter, etc. In this case the feffée is called tenant in mortgage. And as a man may make a feoffment in fee in mortgage, so he may make a gift in tail, or a lease for term of life, or for term of years in mortgage. And it seemeth that the cause why it is called mortgage, is for that it standeth in doubt whither the feoffor will pay the money at the day appointed or not, and if he fail to pay, than the landlord which he laid in gage upon condition of payment of the money, is go from him for ever, & so dead to him upon condition: But if he pay the money, then is the gage dead as to the tenant, that is to say the feoffée, & for this cause it is called in latin mortuum vadium as master Littleton saith, or rather mortuum vas, as I think. Mortmain. Mortmain was when lands were given to a house of religion, or to a company which be corporat by the kings grant, than the land is come into mortmain, that is to say in English a dead hand, and the king or the lord of whom the land to holden may enter into them. Mulier. MUlier, is a word used in our law, but how aptly I cannot tell nor do well know how it should come in the sense as we there take it: For according to the proper signification, mulier is a defiled woman like as it is used by ulpianus in a certain place after this sort, if I thought that I had bought a virgin, when it was a defiled woman, the bargain was not good. Hereby you may see that multer is a woman that hath had the company of a man: But to leave the right signification: Mulier is taken in our law for one that is lawfully begotten and borne: and is always used in comparison with a bastard, only to show a difference between them, as thus for example: A man hath a son by a woman before marriage, that issue is called a bastard, and unlawful: And after they entermary, and have an other son, this second son is called mulier, that is to say lawful, and shallbe heir to his father: but that other cannot be heir to any man, because it is not known nor certain in the judgement of the law, who was his father, and for that cause is said to be no man's son, or the son of the people, and so without father, according to this old verse: To whom the people father is, to him is father noon and all. To whom the people father is, well fatherless we may him call. And always you shall found this addition to them (bastard eldest, & mulier youngest) when they be compared together. Murder. MUrder is a wilful killing of a man upon malice forethought, and seemeth to comeof the Saxon word Mordrens which so signifieth: And Mordridus, is the murderer even until this day among them in Sexonie, from whence we have most of our words as hath been often said. Negativa preignans. Negativa preignans, is when an action, or information, or such like, is brought against one, and the defendant pleadeth in bar of the admiral, or otherwise, a negative plea, which is not so special an answer to the admiral but that it includeth also an affirmative. As for example: if he in reversion enter upon tenant for life supposing that he hath aliened in fee, (which is a forfeiture of his estate) and the tenant for life saith that he hath not aliened in fee, this is a negative wherein is included an affirmative: for although it be true, that he have not aliened in fee: yet it may be that he hath made an estate in tail (which is also a forfeiture) and then the entry of him in the reversion is lawful etc. Also in a Quare impedit the Queen makes title to present to a Prebend for that the Temporaltyes of the Bishopric were in her hands by the death of W. late Bishop etc. The defendant saith that it was not void being the temporalties in the queens hands by the death of W. this is a negative preignans, for it may be in the queens hands otherwise then by the death of W. and it sufficeth the Queen if it be in her hands by any means etc. So it is where an Information was brought in the Cheker against John Style, for that he bought wool between shering time and the Assumptyon, such a year of John N. The defendant saith that he did not buy any of John N. as it is alleged etc. this is called a negative preignans, for if he bought it of any other, yet he is culpable for the buying. Niefe. NIefe is a woman that is bond, or a vyllen woman, but if she marry a free man, she is thereby made free for ever (although that her husband die and she survive him) because that she and her husband are but one person in law, and she aught to be of the same nature and condition in law to all intents that her husband is. But her husband is free to all intentes without any condition in law or otherwise, and so by consequens the wife aught to be, and is free according to the nature of her free husband, & then if she were once free and clearly discharged of bondage to all intents, she cannot be niefe after, without especial act done by her, as divorce, or confession in court of Record, and that is in favour of liberty, & therefore a free woman shall not be bound by taking of a villain to her husband. But their issue shall be villains as their father was, which is contrary to the Civil law, for there it is said, the birth followeth the belly. Bondage or villeinage had beginning among the Hebrews & his original proceeding of Canaan the son of Cham, who because that he had mocked his father No to scorn lying desolutly when he was drunk, was punished in his son Chanaan with penalty of bondage. Nihil dicit. NIhil dicit is when an action is brought against a man, & the defendant appeareth, the plaintiff declares, & the defendant will not answer, or pleads to the action, & doth not maintain his plea, but makes default, now upon this default, he shallbe condemned because he saith nothing. Nomination. NOmination is where one may in right of his manner or otherwise, nominate and appoint a worthy clerk or man to a parsonage, vicarage or such like spiritual promotion. nonability. NOnabylitye is where an action is brought against one, and the defendant saith, that the plaintiff is not able to sue any action, and demandeth judgement if he. shallbe answered. There are uj causes of nonability in the plaintiff, as if he be an outlaw, or an alien borne, but that dysabilitye is in actions reals and mixed only, and not in actyons personalles, except he be an alien enemy, or condemned in praemunire, or professed in religion, that is to say, the Roomish religion, or accursed, or a villain and sueth his Lord, but this last is no ple for an other that is not lord to the villain. Bore, or naked Contract. Bore Contract, or naked promise, is where a man bargaineth, or selleth his lands or goods, or promiseth to give to one money or a horse, or to build a house, or do such a thing at such a day, and there is no recompense appointed to him for the doing thereof: As if one say to an other, I sell or give to you all my lands or goods, and there is nothing appointed assigned or agreed upon what the other shall give or pay for it, so that there is not one thing for an other, this is a naked contract, and void in law, & for not performance thereof no action lieth, for of a naked contract cometh no action. Oredelfe. O Redelfe is where one claims to have the ore that is found in his soil or ground. Outfanthefe. OUtfangthiefe, that is the thieves orfelons of your land or fee out of your land or fee taken, with felony or a stealing, shallbe brought back to your court, and there judged. Owelte. OWelte is when there is Lord mesne & tenant, and the tenant holdeth of the mesne by the same services, that the mean holdeth over of the lord above him. As if the tenant hold of the mesne by homage, fealty, & xx. s. of rent yearly, & the mesne holdeth over of the lord above by homage fealty, & xx. s. rend also, this is called owelty of services. Hearing of Records and deeds etc. Hearing of Records & deeds is if for example an action of det be brought against a man upon an obligation, and the defendant appeareth to the action, and then prayeth that he may hear the obligation where with the plaintiff chargeth him. So it is when as executors bring an action ofdet, and the defendant demandeth to hear the testament, upon this demand it shalbe read unto the desendaunt, But if it be in an other ●erme or after that the defendant hath imparled, than he shall not hear it. And so as is said of deeds, is to be understood of records that are alleged against him. Pape. PApe is an ancient name falsely arrogated, or proudly usurped by the Bishop of the only City of Room in Italy, and is commonly englished the Pope, a name truly much frequented in our ancient year books, specially in the times of those kings, who to much abandoning their imperial authority, and abasing themselves far beneath their estate, were not a shamed, to suffer an alien & outlandish Bishop, that dwelled above fifteen hundred miles from them, to be sovereign over them in their own dominions, and to take from them not only the disposition of certain small trifles of noon account, but also the nomination of archbishops, Bishops, Abbots, Deans, provosts appropriations of benefices presenta● 'to personages, vicarages, & generally of all spiritual persons to their preferments sometimes by lapse, and sometimes otherwise whereby the king's princely prerogative was very much abridged within their own Realms. Partition. PArtityon is a dividing of lands descended by the common law, or by custom among coheirs or parceners where there be two. at the lest whither they be sons, daughters, sisters, aunts, or otherwise of hyn to the ancestor from whom the land descended to them. And this partition is made iiij. ways for the most part, whereof three are at pleasure and by agreement among them, the fourth is by compulsion. One partition by agreement is when they themselves divide the land equally into so many parts, as there be of them coparceners, & each to choose one share or part, the eldest first, & so y● one after other, as they be of age, except that the eldest by consent make the partition, than the choice belongeth to the next, and so to the eldest last according as it is said. Who so maketh the partition, the other must have the choice. An other partition by agreement is when they choose certain of their friends to make division for them. The third partition by agreement is by drawing of lots thus: first to divide the land into so many parts as there be parceners, then to writ every part severally in a little scrolle, or piece of paper or parchment, and to put the same scrolls up close into a hat, cap, or other such like thing, and then each parcener one after an other as they be of age to draw out thereof one piece or scroll wherein is written a part of the land which by this drawing is now severally allotted unto them in fee simple. The fourth partition which is by compulsion is when one or some of the coparceners would have partition and other some will not agree there to: Then they that so would have partition may bring a writ de partitione facicienda against that others that would not make partition, by virtue whereof they shallbe compelled to departed etc. We in Kent (Brother Nicholas) where the lands are of Gavelkynd nature, call at this day our partition shifting even the very same word that the Saxons used namely (Scystan,) which signifieth to make partition between coheirs, and to assign to each of them their portion, in latin it is called Herciscere. Parties. Party's to a fine, or deed, are those that levy the same fine, and also they to whom the fine is levied: And they that make a deed of feoffment, and they to whom it is made are called parties to the deed, and so in any other like cases. Patron. PAtron is he that hath a parsonage, vicarage, free chapel, or such like spiritual promotion béelonging to his manner, and may or aught to give the same beneunce when and as often as it falleth void. And this being patron, or patronage had beginning for the most part by one of these three ways, namely either by reason of the foundation, for that the patron or his ancestors, or those from whom he claims were sounders o● builders of the Church, or by reason of Dotation, for that they did endow or give iands to the same for maintenance thereof, or else by reason of the ground because the Church was set or builded upon their soil or ground: & many times by reason of them all three. Perquisites. PErquisites are advantages and profits that come to a manner by casualty, and not yearly: as escheats, Heriots, Reliefs, waifs, strays forfeitures, amercementes in Courts, wards, marriages goods and lands purchased by villains of the same manor, and divers such like things that are not certain but hap by chance, sometimes more often then at other times. Plaintiff. plaintiff is he that sueth or complaineth in an ass. or in an action personal, as in an action of det, trespass, deceit, detinue, and such other. Pledinge. PLeding is the which cometh after the count, namely the which is contained in the bar, replication, and rejoinder, and not that contained in the count itself, and therefore defauts in the matter of the Count are not comprised within mispleading, or insufficient pleading, nor are remedied by that statute of Jeofailes: But only that mispleading, or insufficient pleading, committed in the bar, replication, and rejoinder, are there provided for. Pound. Pounds are in two sorts, the one pounds open, the other pounds close. Pound open, is every place wherein a distress is put, whither it be common pound such as are in every Town or lordship, or whither it be backside, Court, yard, pasture, or else whatsoever, where the owner of the distress may come to give them meat and drink without offence for their being there, or his coming thither. Pound Close is such a place, where the owner of the distress may not come to give them meat and drink, without offence, as in a close house, or whatsoever else place. Possession. POssession is said two ways, either actual possession, or possession in law. Actual possession, is when a man entereth in deed into lands or tenements to him descended, or otherwise. Possession in law is when lands, or tenements are descended to a man, and he hath not as yet really, actually, and in deed entered into them And it is called possession in law, because that in the eye, and consideration of the law, he is deemed to be in possession, for asmuch as he is tenant to every man's action that will sue concerning the same lands, or tenements. Preamble. PReamble taketh his name of the preposition (Pre) before, and the verb (Ambulo) to go, see joined together, they make a compound verb of the first coniugatyon (Preambulo) to go before, and h●●●of the first part or beeginning of an act, is called the preamble of the act, which preamble is a key to open the minds of the makers of the act, and the mischiefs that they in tend to remedy by the same, as for example the statute made at West▪ minster the first, the 37. chapter which giveth an attaint, the preamble of which is thus. For as much as certain people of the realm, doubt very little to give false verdictes or oaths, which they aught not to do, whereby many people are disherited and loose their right, it is provided etc. Prescription. PRescription is when one hath had or used any thing sigh the time whereof no mind is to to the contrary. Presentment. PResentment is when a man which hath right to give a benefice spiritual nameth the person to whom he will give it, and maketh a writing to the Bishop for him, that is a presentation or presentment. Pretensedright or Title. Pretenced right or title is where one is in possession of lands, or tenements, and an other who is out of possession, claimeth it, or sueth for it. Now the pretenced right or title is said in him, who so doth sue or claim. And if he afterward come to the possession of the same lands, or tenements, his right or title is extinct, or suspendedin the land. Privy or privity and Pris vies. Privy, or privity is where a lease is made to hold at will, for years, for life, or a feoffment in fee, and in divers other cases, now because of this that hath passed between these parties, they are called privies, in respect of strangers between whom no such dealings, or conveyances hath been. Also if there be Lord and tenant, and the tenant holdeth of the lord by certain service, there is a privity between them because of the tenure, and if the tenant be disseysed by a stranger, there is no privity béetwéene the diss●●our and the lord, but the privity still remaineth béetwéene the Lord and the tenant th●t is disseysed, and the Lord shall avow upon him, for that he is his tenant in right and in the judgement of the law, Privies are in divers sorts, as namely privies in estate, privies in deed, privies in law, privies in right, and privies in blood. Privies in estate is where a lease is made of the manner of dale to A. for life, the rem●ynder to B. in see, there both A. and B. are privies in estate, for their estates were both made at one time. And so is it in the first case hear where a lease is made at will, for life or years or a feoffment in fee, the lessées, or feoffées, are called privies in estate, & so are their heirs etc. Privyes in deed is where a lease is made for life, and afterward by an other deed the reversion is granted to a stranger in fee, this grantee of the reversion is called privy in deed, because that he hath the reversion by deed. Privy in lawlis where there is Lord and tenant, the tenant lesseth the tenancy for life and dieth without heir, and the reversion escheats to the lord, he is said privy in law, because that he hath his estate only by she law, that is to say by escheat. Privy in right, is where one possessed of a term for years grants his estate to an other upon condition, & maketh his executors and dieth, now these executors are privies in right, for if the condition be broken, and they enter into the land, they shall have it in the right of their testator, and to his use. privy of blade is the heir of the feoffor or donor etc. Alsoe if a fine be levied, the heirs of him that levied the fine are called privies. Privileges. Privileges are liberties, and Franchises, granted to an office, place, Town, or manner by the queens great Charter, letters patentes, or act of parliament. As Tolle, sake, Sock, Infangtheefe, utfangethéefe, turn tolle, oredelfe, and divers such like, for which look in their proper titles and places. Next friend. NExt friend and warden in Socage is all one, and is where a man seized of lands holden in Socage dieth, his issue within age of 14. years, than the next friend, or next of kin to whom the lands cannot come or descend, shall have the keeping of the heir, and of the land, to the only use of the heir, until he come to the age of 14. years, and then at that years he may enter and put him out, and bring him to account: but in that account he shallbe allowed for all reasonable costs and expenses beestowed either upon the heir, or his land. And the next friend or next of kin to whom the inheritance cannot descend is thus to be understood: if the lands descend to the heir from his father, or any of the kin of his father's side: them the mother, or other of the mother's side, are called the next of kin to whom the inheritance cannot descend, for before that it shall so descend, it shall rather escheat to the Lord of whom it is holden: and so it is to be understood where the lands come to the heir from his mother or any of the kin of his mother's side: Then the father or other of the father's side, are called the next of kin to whom the inheritance cannot descend: but shall rather escheat to the Lord of whom it is holden. Protestation. Protestation is a saving to the party (that so pleadeth by protestation) to be concluded by any matter alleged or objected against him, upon which he cannot join issue: And is no other thing but an exclusion of the conclusion, for he that taketh the protestation excludes the other party to conclude him. And this protestatyon aught to stand with the sequel of the plea, and not to be repugnant, or otherwise contrary. Purchase. PUrchase is the possess. that a man hath in lands or tenements by his own act, means or agreement, and not by title of dissent, from any of his ancestors. Quarentine. QUarentine is where a man dieth seized of a manner place and other lands whereof his wife aught to be endowed, than the woman shall hold the manner place xl. days, within which time her dower shallbe assigned. But if she marry within the 40. days, she shall lose her quarentine. Fifteen. Fifteen is a payment granted in parliament to the Queen, by the Temporalty, namely the 15. part of their goods: And was used in ancient time, to be levied upon their Cattle going in their grounds, which thing was very troublesome, and therefore now for the most part, that way is altered, and they use to levy the same by the yard, or Acre, or other measure of land: By means whereof it is now less troublesome, and more certain, then before it was. And every Town, and country do know, what sum is to be paid among them, and how the same shallbe raised. We read that Moses was the first that did number the people, for he numbered the Israelites, and therefore the first tax, subsidy, tribute, or fifteen was invented by him among the Hebrews, as Polidore Virgil doth think. Regrator. REgrator is he that hath corn, victuals or other things sufficient for his own necessary need, occupation, or spending, and doth nevertheless engross, and buy up, into his hands more Corn, victuals, or other such things to the intent to cell the same again at a high rend dearer price, in fairs, markets, or such like places. Rejoinder. Rejoinder, is when the defendant maketh answer to the Replication of the plaintyfe. And every Rejoinder aught to have these two. properties specially, that is to say, it aught to be a sufficient answer to the Replication & also to follow and enforce the matter of the bar. Relief. Relief is sometimes a certain some of money that the heir shall pay to the Lord of whom those lands are holden, which after the disease of his ancestor are to him dyscended as next heir: sometimes it is the payment of an other thing, and not money: And therefore relief is not certain, and a like for all tenors, but every sundry tenure hath (for the most part) his special relief certain in itself: Neither is it to be paid always at a certain age, but varieth therein also according to the tenure. As if the tenant had lands holden by knights seruics (except great Sergeantie) and die his heir being of full age, and held his lands by the service of a whole knights fee, the Lord of whom that lands are so holden shall have of the heir 100 s. in the name of relief, And if he held by less than a knights fee, he shall pay less, and if more then more, having respect always to the rate for every knights fee an hundred shillings. And if he held by grand sergeanty (which is always of the Queen, and is also knights service) than the relief shallbe the value of the land by the year, besides all charges issuing out of the same. Relief that the lord shall have for lands held in Socage, is so much more as the rent that the tenant holdeth his land in Socage by, as if he hold by a penny rent and die, the lord shall have that penny rent, and a penny over for relief, of what age soever the tenant be, at the death of his ancestor. And note that in some cases the lord shall have his relief immediately after the death of his tenant, if it so be, that the time of the year will suffer the same to be gotten, as money, corn, flesh, fish, spices, or any such like, and for default of payment, the lord may therefore of common right presently distrain. But in some cases the Lord must stay for his relief a certain time, when necessity so constraineth. As if the tenant held by a rose, a cherry, a strawberry, or such like, & die in winter, he shall not have relief till roses, cherries, and strawberries are naturally fresh and ripe, which is about midsummer, & then he shall have one for rent, & an other for relief. There is an other kind of relief that is paid after the death, change, or alienation of fréeholders that hold in ancient demesne, and otherwise, & is paid as a knowledge of the tenure between the lord and the tenant. The same is not certain how much, But doth vary according to the custom of the manor, or tenure, and is to be presented by the homage or sutours at the next court day of the same manner. And note that always when the relief is due, it must be paid at one whole payment and not by parts, although that the rent be to be paid at several feasts. Remainder. Remainder of land is the land that shall remain after the particular estate determined, As if one grant lanoe for term of years or for life, the remainder to I S. that is to say, that when the lease for years is determined, or lessée for life is dead, that then the land shall remain, shalbe, or abide, with, to, or in I S. Replication. REplication is when the defendant in any action maketh an answer, and the plaintiff maketh an answer to that, that is called the replication of the plaintiff. Reprises▪ REprises, are deductions, payments, and duties that go yearly and are paid out of a manor. As rend charge, rend seek, pensions, corodies, annuities, & such like. Resceipt. REsceit is when an action is brought against the tenant for term of life, or tenant for term of years, and he in the reversion cometh in and prayeth to be received to defend the land, and to plede with the demandant. And when he cometh it behoveth that he be always ready to plead with the demandant. Reservation. Reservation is taken divers ways, & hath divers natures, as some times by way of exception to keep that which a man had before in him, as if a lease be made for years of ground reserving the great trees growing upon the same, now the lessée may not meddle with them nor with any thing that cometh by reason of them so long as it abideth in, or upon the trees, as mast of Oak, Chestnut, Apples, or such like, but if they fall from the trees to the ground, than they are in right the lessées, for the ground is set to him, and all thereupon not reserved etc. Sometimes a reservation doth get and bring forth an other thing which was not before. As if a m● lease his lands reserving yearly for the same xx. li. etc. and divers other such reservations thereby. And note the in ancient time, their reservations, were as well (or for the more part) in victuals whither flesh, fish, corn, bread, drink, or what else, as in money until at the last, and that chiefly in the reign of king Henry the first by agreement, the reservation of victuals, was changed into ready money, as it hath hither so since continued, Retraxit. REtraxit is the preterperfectence of Retraho compound of Re, and Traho, which make Retraho, to pull back, and is when the party plaintiff or demandant cometh in proper person into the court where his plea is, and saith that he will not proceed any farther in the same etc. Now this shalbe a bar to the action for ever. Reeve, Reeve is an officer, but more known in ancient time then at this day: for almost every manor had then a Réeve, and yet still in many copy hold manners (where the old custom any thing prevaileth) the name & office is not altogether forgotten: And is in effect that which now every Bailiff of a manor practiseth: Although the name of Bailise was not then in ure among us being since brought in by the Normans: But the name of reeve, anciently called Gereve, (which particle (Goe) in continuance of time was altogether left out and lost) come from the Saxon word Gerefa, which signifieth a ruler: And so in deed his rule and authority was large within the compass of his lords manor and among his men and tenants as well in matters of government in peace and war, as in the skilful use and trade of husbandry: For as he did gather his lords rents, pay Reprises, or duties issue out of the manner: set the servants to work, fell & cut down Trees to repair the buildings, and enclosures, with divers such like for his lords commoditity: So also he had authority to govern and keep the tenants in peace, and if need required, to lead them forth in war. Reversion. Reversion of land, is a certain estate remaining in the lessour or donor, after the particular estate and possession conveyed to an other. And it is called a reversion in respect of the possession separated from it: so that he that hath y● one hath not the other at the same time, for béeinge in one body together, there cannot be said a reversion, because by the vnitinge, the one of them is drowned in the other: And so the reversion of land, is the land itself when it falleth. Riot. RIot is where 3 (at the lest) or more do some unlawful act: as to beaten a man, Enter upon the possess. of an other, or such like. Robbery. RObbery is when a man taketh any thing from the parson of an other feloniousely, although the thing so taken be not to the value but of a penny, yet it is felony, for which the offendor shall suffer death. Rout. ROut, is when people do assemble themselves together and after do proceed, or ride, or go forth, or do move by the instigation of one, or more who is their leader: This is called a Rout, because they do move, and proceed in Routs and numbers. Also where many assemble themselves together upon their own quarrels and brawls, as if the inhabitants of a Town will gather themselves together, to break hedges, wales, ditches, pales, or such like to have common there, or to beaten an other that hath done to them a common displeasure or such like, that is a Rout and against the law although they have not done or put in execution their mischievous intent. Sake. SAk, this is plea and correction of trespass of men in your court, because (Sak) in English is Ache●ō in french, and Sak is put for Sik as to say for sik sak, also for what hurt, and Sak is put for forfeit. Scot SCot, that is to be quite of a certain custom, as of common tallage made to the use of the sheriff or his Bailiffs. shewing. Showing that is to be quit with attachment in any court and before whomsoever in plaints showed & not avowed. Sok. SOk this is svit of men in your court according to the custom of the Realm. Sokmans. SOkmans, are the tenants in ancient demesne, that hold their lands by Socage, that is by service with the plough, and therefore they are called Sokmans, which is as much to say, as tenants or men that hold by service of the plough, or plowmen. For Sok signifieth a plough. And these Sokmans', or tenants in ancient demesne, have many and divers liberties given and granted to them by the law, as well these tenants that hold of a common person in ancient demesne as those that hold of the Queen in ancient demesue: as namely to be free from paying tolle in every Market, Fair, town, and City throughout the whole Realm, as well for their goods and cattles that they sell to others, as for those things that they buy for their provision, of other. And thereupon every of them may sue to have letters patentes under the queens seal directed to her officers, & to the Maires, Bailiffs & other officers in the Realm to suffer them to be tolle free. Also to be quit of pontage, murage, and passage, as also of taxes and tallages granted by parliament, except that the Queen tax auncien demesne as she may at her pleasure for some great cause. Also to be free from payments towards the expenses▪ of the knights of the Shire that come to the parliament. And if the sheriff will distreine them or any of them to be contributory for their lands in ancient demesne, than one of them or all as the case requireth may sue a writ directed to the sheriff commanding him that he do not compel them to be contrybutories to the expenses of the knights, and the same writ doth command him also, that if he have already distrained them therefore, that he redeliver the same distress. Alsoe that they aught not to be empaneled, nor put in juries and enquests in the country out of their manner or lordship of auncyen demesne, for the lands that they hold there (except that they have other lands at the common law, for which they aught to be charged) and if the sheriff do return them in panelles, than they may have a writ against him de non ponen dis in assisis et iuratis. And if he do to the contrary, then lieth an attachment upon that against him. And so it is also, if the bailiffs of franchises that have return of writs will return any of the tenants which hold in ancient demesne in assizes or iures. And also to be exempt from leetes, and the sheriffs turn, with divers other such like liberties. Spoliation. SPoliation is a svit for the fruits of a church or for the church itself, and is to be sued in the spiritual Court, and not in our courts. And this suit lieth for one incumbent against an other incumbent, where they both claim by one patron, and where the right of the patronage doth not come in question or debate. As if a parsonne be created a Bishop, and hath dispensation to keep his be nefice still, and afterward the patron presents an other incumbent which is instituted, & inducted: Now the Bishop may have against that incumbent a Spoliation in the spiritual court, because they claim both by one patron, and the right of the patronage doth not come in debate, and because that the other incumbent come to the possession of the benefice by the cause of the spiritual law, that is to say by institution and induction, so that he hath colour to have it and to be person by the spiritual law, for otherwise if he be not instituted and inducted etc. spoliatyon lieth not against him, but rather a writ of trespass, or an assize of novel disseisin etc. So it is also where a person doth accept an other benefice, by reason whereof the patron presents an other clerk who is instituted and inducted, now the one of them may have spoliation against the other, & then shall come in debate if he have plurality or not. And so it is of deprivation etc. The same law, is where one sayeth to the patron, that his clerk is dead, where upon he presents an other. There the first incumbent which was supposed to be dead may have a spoliation against the other, and so in divers other such like cases. Stallage. STallage that is to be quite of a certain custom exacted for the street taken or assigned in fairs and markets. Suit covenant. Svit covenant is when your ancestors have covenanted with my ancestors to sue to the court of my ancestors. Suit custom. Svit custom is when I and my ancestors have been seized of your own suitand your ancestors, time out of mind etc. Suit rial. Svit ●●al is when men come to the sheriffs turn or léets, to which court all men shallbe compelled to come to know the laws, so that they shall not be ignorant of the things that shallbe declared there how they shallbe governed. And it is called rial suyt because of their allegiance, and this appeareth by common experience when one is sworn, his oath is that he shalbe a loyal and faithful man to the Queen. And this suit is not for the land which he holdeth within the County, but by reason of his person, and his abode there, and aught to be done twice a year, for default whereof, he shallbe amerced and not distrained. Suit service. Svit service is to sue to the sheriffs turn or leet, or to the lords court from iij. weeks to iij. weeks by the whole year, & for default thereof, a ●●● shallbe distrained and not amerced. And this svit service is by reason of the tenure of a man's lands. Tax and Tallage. Tax and Tallage, are payments as tenths, fiftenthes, subsidies, or such like granted to the Queen by Parliament. The tenants in auncien demean are quite of these texes & tallages granted by parliament except that the Queen do tax aunctent demesne, as she may when she thinks good for some great cause See ancient demesne. Tenure in capite. TEnure in capite is where any hold of the Queen as of her person being Queen, and of her Crown as of a Lordship by itself in gross, & in chief above all other lordships. And not where they hold of her as of any manor, honour, or castle, except certain ancient honours, which appear in the Exchequer. Testament. TEstament is thus defined or expounded in master Plowdens' commentaries, a testament is the witness of the mind, and is compound of these 2. words testatio & mentis, which so signifieth, truth is, that atestament is a witness of the mind, but that it is a compound word, Aulus Gellius in his vi. book ca 12. doth deny the same to an excellent lawyer one Servius, sulpitius, & saith that it is a simple word, as are these: Calciamentum, Paludamentum, pavimentum, & divers such like: And much less is aggreamentum a compound word of aggregatio, and mentium as is said before in that title, for there is no such latin word simple or compound, but it may nevertheless serve well for a law lattyn word. And therefore thus it may be better defined: A testament is the true declaration of our last will of that we would to be done after our death etc. And of testaments there be two. sorts, namely a testament in writing, & a testament by words, which is called a nuncupative testament. The first is always in writing as is said. The other is when a man being sick, and for fear lest death or want of memory, or of speech, should come so suddenly and hastily upon him that he should be prevented if he stayed the writing of his testament, desireth his neighbours and friends to bear witness of his last will, and then declareth the same presently by words before them, which after his decease in proved by witnesses, and put in writing by the ordinary, and then standeth in as good force (except for lands) as if it had at the first in the life of the testator been put in writing. Them. THem, that is that you shall have all the generation of your villains with their suits & cattle wheresoover they shalbe sounded in England ●●cent that if any 〈…〉 shall remain 〈…〉 year, and a day in any privileged town so that he shallbe received into their commmaltie or gild as one of them, by that means he is delivered from villeinage. Thefbote. THefebote is when a man taketh any goods of a thief to favour and maintain him: And not when a man taketh his own goods that were stolen from him etc. The punishment in ancient time of theefeboote was of life and member: But now at this day Master Stamford saith it is punished by ransom, and imprisomment but inquire farther for I think it be felony. Title. TItle, is where a lawful cause is c●e upon a man to have a thing which an other hath, & he hath no action for the same, as title of mortmam, or to enter for breach of a condition Title of entry. TItle of entry, is when one seized of land in fee maketh a feoffment thereof upon condition, and the condrtyon is broken: Now after the condition thus broken, the feoffor hath title to enter into the land and may so do at his pleasure, and by his entry the fréeholde shallbe said to be in him prepresently. And it is called title of entry, because that he cannot have a writ of right against his feoffée upon condition: For his right was out of him by the feoffment, which cannot be reduced without entry, & the entry must be for the breach of the condition. Tolle, or Tolne. TOlle or tolne, is most properly a payment used in Cities, Towns Markets, and fairs for goods & cattle brought thither to be bought and sold: And is always to be paid by the buyer, and not by the seller, except there be some custom otherwise. There are divers other tolls, as turn tolle and that is where tolle is paid for beasts that are driven to be sold although that they be not sold in deed. Also tolle travers, that is where one claimeth to have an halfpenny or such like tolle of every best that is driven over his ground. Through tol, is where a Town prescribes to have tolle for every best that goeth through their Town a certain: or for every score or hundred a certain, which seemeth not to be so unreasonable a prescription or custom assoon have thought, although it be through the queens high way (as they call it) where every man may lawfully go, if that there be one thing for an other, as if there be a bridge or such like commodity provided at the costs & charges of the Town, for the ease of travailers that drive that way, whereby their Journey is either shortened or bettered, why then may not tolle be lawfully, and with good reason demanded of them etc. But divers Citizens & towns men are free from paying tolle by grant of the Queen, or her ancestors, or do claim the same by prescription or custom. So also spiritual persons, and religious men (as they call them) were quit of paying tolle for their goods and merchandises bought & sold, but now the statute of king H. 8. will that they shall not merchandise: But inquire whither the intent of the statute be observed among them at this day or not, some say it is not. Also tenants in ancient demesne aught to be quit through the whole Realm of paying tolle, as appeareth before in the title Sokemans. And in all these cases where tolle is demanded where it aught not to be paid of them that should go, buy, and cell tolle free, there the party or parties grieved may have a writ, De essendi quietum de tolonio, against him or them that so demand tolle contrary to the Queen or her progenitors grant, or contrary to custom or prescription. sheriffs turn. Sheriffs Turn is a court of Rceorde in all things that parteyne to the turn. And it is the queens leet thorough all the County, and the sheriff is judge. And whosoever hath a leet, hath the same authority within the prcint, as the shrufe hath within the turn. Treasure found. TReasure found is when any money, gold, or silver, plate, or bolleyne, is found in any place, and no man knoweth to whom the property is, than the property thereof belongeth to the Queen, and that is called treasure trove, that is to say, treasure found. But if any ours of metal be found in any ground, that alway pertaineth to the lord of the soil, except it be a mine of gold or silver which shall be to the Queen in whose ground soever it be found. View. View is when any action real is brought & the tenant knoweth not well what land it is that the demandant asketh, than the tenantshal pray the view, that is to say, that he may see the land which he claimeth. But if the tenant hath had the view in one writ, and after the writ is abated by mysnaminge of the town, or by jointure, and after the demaundaunte bringeth another writ against the tenant, than the tenant shall not have the view in the second writ. Viscount. VIscount is a magistrate, and officer, of great authority, whom we commonly call (Sheriff) or to speak more truly (Shire reave) and was at the first called (Shiregereve) that is to say the keeper of the Shire, or the reave or ruler of the shire, for (Gereve) being derived of the Saxon word (Gereccan to rule) was first called (Gerecfa) and then (Gerefa) which betokeneth a ruler. And hereof cometh (Portreve) or rather (Portgereve) a nā● that in old time was given to the head officer of a town, and signifieth the ruler of the town for that (Port) coming of the Latin word portus) signifieth a port town, And (Gereve) being derived as is aforesaid, signifieth a ruler, so that (Portgereve) or (as we now shorter speak it) (Portreve) is the ruler of the town. And thus was the head officer or governor of the City of London long since (before they had the name of Maier or Bailiff) called, as it doth appear in divers old monuments: But chiefly in the Saxon Charter of William bastard the cenquerour, which thus beginneth. William cheking, greeteth William the Bishop, and Godfrey the portreeve, and all the Citizens that in London be etc. So also they of Germany (from whom we & our language together first come) call among them one governor burgréeve, an other Margreve, & an other landsgreve with such like etc. Thus much is said only to show the right Etymon and antiquity of the word (Sheriff) to which officer, our common law hath always accordingly given great trust, and authority, as to be a special preserver of the peace: and therefore all obligations that he takes to the same end, are as recognisances in law. He also is a judge of record, when he holds the Léetes or turns which are courts of record. Also he hath the return of writs, and impanelling of Juries, and such like etc. Voucher. VOucher is when a Precipe qd'red ' of land is brought against a man, & an other aught to warrant the land to the tenant, than the tenant shall vouch him to warranty, and thereupon he shall have a writ called Summonias ad warrantizandum, & if the sheriff return, that he hath nothing by the which he may be summoned, than there shall go forth a writ called Sequater sub suo periculo, & when he cometh he shall plead with the demandant, and if he come not, or if he come and cannot bar the demaundant, than the demandant shall recover the land against the tenant, & the tenant shall recover asmuch land in value against the vouch, and thereupon he shall have a writ called capias ad valenciam vers le vouch. Uses. Uses de terre ad son commencement apres que le custom de ꝓperty commence enter homes, Come ou un esteant seisie de terres en fee simple, fait un feffemnt al un aut 'sans ascun considerac', mes solement meaning q'le auter serroit seisie all some use, et q' il m voile prender le commodity et profits de les terres et q'le feoffee doit aun le possession et franketenement de ceo al mesme le use etc. Ore apres ceo, sur bone considerations, et pur avoider divers mischiefs & inconveniences, svit le statut of an. 27. H. 8. cap. 10. provided, which uniteth the use and possession together, so that who hath the use of land, the same hath the possess. thereof, by virtue of that statute. Usury. Usury is a gain of any thing above the principal, or that which was lent, exacted only in consideration of the loan, whither it be of corn, meat apparel, wares, or such like, as of money. And here much might be said and many cases might be put concerning usury, which of purpose I omit, only I wish, that they who account themselves religious and good christians, would not deceive themselves by colour of the statute of usury, because it saith that it shall not be lawful for any to take above x. li. in the 100 li. for a year etc. whereby they gather (although falsely) that they may therefore take x. li. for the lone of a 100 li. with a good conscience because the statut doth after a sort dispense withal (for that it doth not punish such taking) which thing it cannot do with the laws and ordinances of god, for god will have his decrees to be kept inviolable, who saith, lend looking for nothing thereby etc. By which words is excluded, either the taking of xl. li. v. pound, yea or of one penny above the principal: But rather let such think that that statute was made upon like cause that moved Moses to give a bill of divorce to the Isralites, as namely to avoid a greater mischief, & for the hardness of their hearts. Vilawrie. VTlawrie is when an exigent goeth forth against any man, & proclamation made at u counties, then at the u county if the def. appear not, the coroner shall give judgement that he shallbe out of the protection of the Queen, & out of the eyed of the law: and by such an outlawry in actions personals, the party outlawed shall forfeit all his goods and cattles to the burden or trouble of the goods: for his ease sake and more speedy travailing, without hu● & cry, flieth away, and leaveth the goods or any part of them behind him etc. Then the queens officer, or the reeve, or Bailiff to the Lord of the manor (within whose Jurisdictyon or circuit they were left) that by prescriptyon, or grant from the Queen hath the franchise of waif: may seize the goods so wayved to their lords use, who may keep them as his own proprr goods: except that the owner come with fresh suite after the fellow, and sue an appell, or give in evidence against him at his arrainment upon the indictment, and be attainted thereof etc. In which cases the first owner shall have restitution of his goods so stolen & wayved. But although as hath been said waif is properly of goods stolen: yet waif may ●ée also of goods that be not stolen: as if a man be pursued with hue, and cry, as a fellow, and he flieth, and leaveth his own goods etc. these shallbe taken as goods wayved, and forfeit as if they had been stolen. Waive. Waive is a woman that is outlawed, & she is called wayve, as left out or forsaken of the law: & not an utlawe as a man is: For women are not sworn in léetes to the Queen, nor to the law, as men are, who therefore are within the law, whereas women are not, and for that cause they cannot besaid out of the law in so much as they never were within it: But a man is called utlawe, because that he was once sworn to the law: and now for contempt he is put out of the law, and is called utlaw, as one should say without benefit of the law. Warwit. WArwite (or wardwite as some copies have it) that is to be quite of giving of money for keeping of watches. Wreck. Wreak or varech as the Normans from whom it came call it, is where a ship is perished on the sea, and no man escapeth a live out of the same, and the ship, or part of the ship so perished, or the goods of the ship come to the land of any Lord, the lord shall have that as a wreck of the sea, but if a man, or a dog, or cat, escape a live, so that the party to whom the goods belong come within a year and a day and prove the goods to be his, he shall have them a gain, by provision of the statute of Westminster the first cap. 4. made in king Ed. 1. days, who therein followed the decree of Henry the first, before whose days, if a ship had been cast on shore, torn with tempest, and were not repaired by such as escaped on live within a certain time, that then this was taken for wreck. FINIS. The old Tenors. Service de chevalier. TO hold by knights service, is to hold by homage, fealty, and escuage, and it draweth to it ward, marriage, & relief, and know thou that knights service is service of lands or tenements to bear arms in war in the defence of the Kealme, and it oweth ward & marriage by reason that noon is able nor of power, nor may have knowledge to bear arms, before that he be of the age of 21. years. And for so much that the Lord shall not lose that that of right he aught to have, and that the power of the realm, nothing be made week. The law will because of his tender age, that the Lord him shall have in his ward till the full age of him, that is to say xxi. years. Grand sergeanty. To hold by grand serieanty is as if a man hold certain lands or tenements of the king to go with him in his host, or to bear his banner with him in his wars, or to lead his host, or such like, and thereto belongeth ward marriage and relief, as it appeareth in the treatise of wards and reliefs in the statute made the 28. of Edward the I Petit sergeanty. ¶ To hold by petit sergeanty is as if a man hold of the king lands or tementes, yielding to him a knife, a buckler, an Arrow, a Bow without string, or other like service at the will of the first feoffor, and there belongeth not ward marriage ne relief. And mark well that a man may not hold by grand nor petit sergeanty, but of the king. Escuage. ¶ To hold by escuage is by knight service, and there belongeth ward, marriage, and relief. And mark well that a man may not hold by escuage, but that he hold by homage, for that escuage of common right draweth to him homage, as it was judged Termino H. 21. E. 3. cap. 42. fol. 52. Auowrye 115. And note well, that escuage is a certain somme of money, and it aught to be levied by the Lord of his tenant after the quantity of his tenure, when escuage runneth by all England. And it is ordained by all the counsel of England how much every tenant shall give to his lord, & that is properly for to maintain the warrrs béetwéene England, and them of Scotland or of Wales, and not between other lands, for that, that those foresaid lands should be of right belonging to the Realm of England. Homage auncestrel. ¶ To hold by homage auncestrel is where I or my ancestors have held of you & of your ancestors from time out of mind whereof no mind runneth, by homage, fealty and certain rent. And it is not to hold by knights service, and there belongeth not ward marriage, nor relief. And note well that homage may be said in two manners, that is to say, homage ancestral, and homage de faith. Homage ancestral is there, where you or your ancestors have holden of me and mine ancestors during the time of man's remembrance by homage, fealty, & rend. Homage de faith is there, where I enfeoff yourself, to hold of me by homage and rent, and in so much that this homage beginneth by my deed, it is called homage de fait. And note well that homage aū●●strel draweth to him voucher, that is to say, warranty of ancestors, but not homage de fait. Courtesy dengleterre. ¶ To hold by the courtesy of England is, there where a man taketh a wife inheritrix, and they have issue a son or daughter, and the wife dieth, whither the issue be dead or a live, the husband shall hold this land for term of his life by the courtesy of England, and by the law. And in this case the fee, and the right remaineth in the person of him of whom he holdeth. And for that this tenant may not alien in fee, nor for term of another's life, and if he do, it is lawful to him in the reversion to enter. Fee simple. ¶ To hold in fee simple is to hold to any man or woman, to him and to his heirs, and to his assigns for evermore. Frank tenure. ¶ To hold in free hold is to hold for term of his own life, or for term of an other man's life, And in this case the fee & the right remaineth in the person of him, of whom he holdeth. And for that this tenant may not alien in fee nor for term of life: And if he do, it is well lawful to him in whom the fee and the right abideth to enter. Dower. ¶ To hold in dower, is where a man inherit taketh a wife and dieth, the heir shall enter, and endow the wife of the third part of all that that was to her husband in his life, in fee simple or fee tail, and she shall hold these lands for term of her life as her free hold. Term dans. ¶ To hold for term of years is not but chattel in effect, for no action is mayntenable against the termor, for the recovering of the fréehold, for no fréehold is in him. A lease for term of years is a chattel real, and the other chattel personal, & all goods which are removable are chattelles personals. Mortgage. ¶ To hold in mortgage is to hold for a certain term upon condition, that if the lessour pay so much money at such a day, that he may enter, and if not, that the other shall have a fee simple or fee tail, or free hold. And in every case where lands or tenements be given to a manfor a certain term upon condition of the part of the lessor for to make the lessee to have more long time or term, if the other do not as the condition is, the lands and tenements until the day that the condition should be done, be holden in mortgage, as in a dead gage. ¶ And note well that if land be let to a man in mortgage in fee simple or in fee tail upon condition, that if the first lessour, as is before said, pay so much money at such a day that he may enter, & if not, that the lessée have the same estate in the lands, that the lessour did him grant at thee beginning. And if before the day assigned, the lessée be disseysed, he shall have assize of novel disseisin. And in case that if the lessée take a wife & die lessed before the day assigned, the woman shall be endowed. And note well, that if the lessour after the death of the lessée pay not the money at the day assigned, than the woman shall hold her dower, and the issue her heritage. And in case the lessour at the day assigned pay the money to the heir of the lessée, than he may put out the woman and the heir also, of all the land first let. And if a man géeve lands to an other in the tail, yielding to him a certain rent by the year, & one entre for default of payment, the donée taketh a wife and dieth seized the woman shallbe endowed. And in case that after the rent be behind, the donor may enter & put out the woman and the heir also. And note well, that if lands be let to a man in mortgage in fee upon condition, the lessée doth alien, the lessour shallbe charged to pay the money to the alienée, & not to the seffée as it is said. Burgage ¶ To hold in burgage is to hold as if the burgeis hold of the king, or of another Lord lands or tenements, yeldinge to him a certain rent by the year, or else there where another man than burgeis holdeth of any Lord lands or tenements in burgage yeldinge to him a certain rent by year. Socage. ¶ To hold in socage, is to hold of any lord lands or tenements yielding to him a certain rent by the year for all manner services. And note well that to hold by socage is not to hold by knights service, nor there longeth ward, marriage, nor relief. But they shall double once their rent after the death of their ancestors according to that, that they be wont to pay to their Lord. And they shall not be over measure grieved, as it appeareth in the treatise of wards and reliefs. And note well that socage may be said in three manners, that is to say. Socage in free tenure, Socage in ancient tenure, & Socage in base tenure. Socage in free tenure is to hold freely by certain rent for all manner of services as is before said, and of that the next kms body shall have the ward to whom the heritage may not descend, till the age of xiiii. years, that is to say, if the heritage come by the part of the father they of the part of the mother shall have the ward, & contrary wise. ¶ And note well that if the garden in socage do make wast he shall not be peched of waist, but he shall yield account to the heir when he shall come to his full age of xxi. years, and look the Statute of Marlebridge cap. xvij. for this matter. Socage in ancient tenure is that where the people in ancient demesne held, which use no other writ to have then the writ of right close which shallbe determined according to the custom of the manor and the Monstraverunt for to discharge them when their Lord distrayneth them for to do other service that they aught not to do. And this writ of Monstraverunt aught to be brought against the lord, & those tenants hold all by one certain service, & these be free tenants of ancient demesne. Socage in base tenure is where a man holdeth in ancient demesne, that may not have the monstraverunt, and for that it is called the base tenure. ¶ To hold in fee ferme is to hold in fee simple yeldinge to the lord the value, or at the lest the fourth part by year, and he ought to do no other thing, but as it is contained in the feoffment, and he that holdeth in fee ferme aught to do fealty and not relief. Frank fee. ¶ To hold in frank fee is to hold in fee simple lands pledable at the common law. Base fee. ¶ To hold in fee base is to hold at the will of the Lord. villeinage. ¶ To hold in pure vyllenage, is to do all that the Lord will him command. ¶ The definition of villeinage is villain of blood, and of tenure, And it is he of whom the Lord taketh redemption to marry his daughter, & to make him free, & it is he whom the lord may put out of his lands and tenements at his will, & also of all his goods and cattle. And note well that a sokman is no pure villeine, nor a villeine oweth not ward marriage nor relief, nor to do any other services real. And note well that the tenure in vyllenage shall make no free man villeine, if it be not continued sigh time out of mind, nor vyllayn land shall make no free man villeine, nor free land shall make no villeine free, except that the tenant have continued free sith the time of no mind, but a villeine shall make free land villain by seysin or claim of the lord. And note well that if a villain purchase certain land, & take a wife, & alien and dieth before the claim or seysin of the lord, the wife shallbe endowed. And note well, that in case that the lord bring a Precipe quod reddat against the alien the which voncheth to warrant the issue of the villain which is villeine to the Lord, he shall have the voucher, & by protestation the Lord may say that (notwithstanding that he plede with his villeine) yet his villeine shall not be enfraunchised. And note well that a bastard shall never be judged bylleyne, but by knowledge in court of record. And note well that if det be due by a Lord to a free man, and he maketh two men his executors the which be villeynes to the said Lord and dieth, the villains shall have an admiral of debt against their Lord, notwithstanding that he plede with them. And if he make protestation they shall not be for so much enfraunchised, for that that they be to recover the debt aforesaid to the use of an other person that is to say to the use of their testator and not to their own use. And if the tenant in dower have a villeine which purchaseth certain land in fee, and after the tenant in dower entereth, she shall have the land to her & to her heirs for ever more, & the same law is of tenant for term of years of a villain. And note well that the Lord may roble his villain, beat and chastise at his will, save only that he may not maim him, for then he shall have appell of maim against him. ¶ And note well, that a villain may have iij. actions against his lord, that is to say apple of death of his aunce stour, apple of rape done to his wife, & apple of maim. And note well, if two parceners bring a writ of Nyefe, & one of them be nonsute, the nonsuit of him shallbe judged that consuit of them both, so that if the nonsuit be after appearance, they shallbe put out from that action for ever, for the law is such in favour of liberty. And note well, if two have a vylleine in comen, & one of them make to him a manumission, he shall not be made free against both. And note well, that in a writ de Nativo habendo, it behoveth that the lord show how he cometh privy of the blood of the villeine of whom he is Lord etc. And if he, nor noon of his ancestors were not seized of noon of his blood, he shall not win by his action, if the villain have not knowledged in court of record himself to be his villain. And note well, that in a writ of Niefe may not be put more niefes than ij. & this was first brought in in the hatred of bondage. But in a writ de Libertate probanda, may be put as many nyefes' as the plaintiff william. ¶ And note well that if the villain of a Lord be in auncien demesne of the king, or other town privileged, within a year and a day, the lord may seize him, and if he dwell in the same town or other place franchised by a year and a day without seisin of the Lord, he hath no power to seize him after, if he go not in estraie out of the foresaid franchises. tail. ¶ To hold in the tail is, where a man holdeth certain lands or tenements, to him and to his heirs of his body béegotten. And note well, that if the land be given to a man and to his heirs males, and he hath issue male, he hath fee simple, and that was adjudged in the parliament of our Lord the king. But where lands or tenements be given to a man and to his heirs males of his body begotten, than he hath fee tail, and the issue female shall not be enheritable, as it appeareth the xiiii. year of Edward the third in assize. tail apres possibility. ¶ To hold in the tail after possibility of issue extinct is, where land is given to a man & to his wife & to the heirs of their two. bodies engendered, and one of them overliveth the other without issue between them béegotten, he shall hold the land for term of his own life, as tenant in the tail after possibility of issue extinct. And not withstanding that he do waste, he shall never be impeached of that waist. And note that if he alien, he in the reversion shall not have a writ of entre in consimili casu. But he may enter, and his entre is lawful per Robertum Thorpe chief Justice. Frankmariage. ¶ To hold in frankemariage is to hold in the second tail limit in the statute of Westminster second cap. 1. And the feoffor shall acquit the feoffée of all manner of services unto the 5. degree be past, and the feoffor shall do all the service and suits during the said term. And after the heirs of the feoffée shall do it, for that that the privity of blood is past. And if he be distrained for service, he shall have a writ of Mesne against him supposing that he held the lands of him, but he shall not have the forejudgement if it be not in advantage of his issues. And note well, that after the fourth degree be past, he shall be attendant of as much service to the donor, as the donor is attendant to the Lord paramount. And if he do felony for which he is attaint, the king shall have his lands for term of his life natural. And after his death, his issue shall inheryte, as by force of the tail. And in this case, noon shall have his lands by way of escheat, no more then in any other tail. And in case that the tenant die without heir of his body begotten, the land shall revert to the donor as it should in the common tail. And if a man let his land to another in frank marriage yielding to him a certain rent by year, he shall hold this land in the common tail, and not in frankemariage for by the rent reserved, these words (in liberum maritagium) be all utterly void, so that the tenure shallbe intended after the tenure in the common tail. And note well that the gift in frank marriage hath a condition annexed to it, notwithstanding that it be not openly declared in the deed of the gift as it appeareth by the statut of westin second, ca primo, de Donis condicionalibus. And note well that a man shall not give lands nor tenements in frankemariage, but where the woman is privy of blood to the donor, ● else the m●●●e nor the woman shall have no other estate by the feoffment but for term of life. Frank almoigne. To hold in frank almoigne is to hold lands or tenements for to serve God and holy Church to endow without doing any other manner of service. And note, well that in this case the donor is mosne, and oughtto acquit him freely against the chief Lord, and also they that hold in frankealmoigne shall do no fealty, but they that hold in frank marriage, shall do fealty. Elegit. To hold by Elegit is where a man hath recovered debt or damage by a writ against another or by confession or in other manner, he shall have within the year against him a writ Judicial called Elegit to have execution of the half of all his lands and cattles, (except oxen and beasts of the plough) till the debt or damages he utterly levied or paid to him, & during the term he is tenant by Elegit. And note well if he be put out within the term he shall have assize of novel disseysin, and after a redisseisin if need be, and this is given by the statut of Westminster 2. ca 18. and also by the equity of the same statute, he that hath his estate if he be put out shall have assize and a redisseisin if need be, and also if he make his executors and die, and his executors enter and after be put out, they shall have by the equity of the same statute such action as he himself before said, but if he be put out, & after make his executors and die, his executors may enter, and if they be stopped of their entre, they shall have a writ of trespass upon their matter and case. And note well if he do waste in all the land or parcel, the other shall have against him immediately a writ Judicyall out of the first record called a venire facias ad computandun, by which it shallbe inquired if he have levied all the money or parcel, and if he have not levied them money, than it shalbe inquired to how much the waist amounteth, and if the waist amount but to parcel, then asmuch of the money, as the waist amounteth shallbe abridged of the foresaid money which was to be levied. But if he have done more waste than the foresaid sum of money which was to be levied amounteth, the other shall be discharged by and by of all the said money, and shall recover the land, and for the superfluity of that waste made above that that amounteth to the said sum, he shall recover his damages single, and the same law is of his executors, & also of him that hath his estate. And note that if he alien in fee or for term of life, or in tail all or parcel of the land which he holdeth by Elegit, if the alienation be made within the term or after, he which hath right shalhave against high one assize of novel dis●cisine. And they both must be put in the advice the alienor and the alienée, and notwithstanding that the alienour die presently, yet he which hath right shall have an assize against the alienée alone as if the alienour had been a plain tenant for term of years, and that is by the equity of the statut of W. 2. cap. 25. for that that he hath not but a chattel in effect, and the same law is of his executors and of him which hath his estate as is aforesaid. And note well that in an Elegit, if the sheriff return that he had nothing the day of there conusance made, but that he purchased lands after the time, than the party plaintiff shall have a new writto have execution thereof, the same law is of a statute merchant. And note well that after a fiery facias a man may have the Elegit, but not contrary wise, for so much that the Elegit is of more higher nature then thefieri facias. And note well that if a man recover by a writ of debt and sueth a fieri facias, and the sheriff return that the party hath nothig where of he may make 'gree with the party, than the plaintiff shall have a capi as sicut alias, and a pluries, and if the sheriff return at the capias mitto vobis corpus, and he have nothing whereof he may make 'gree to the party, he shallbe sent to the prison of the Fleet, & there shall abide till he have made agreement with the party, & if the sheriff return non est inventus then there shall go forth an exigent against him. And note well that in a writ of debt brought against a person of holy church, which hath nothing of lay fee, & the sheriff returneth, that he hath naught by which he may be summoned, then shall the plaintiff sue a writ to the Bishop that he make his clerk to come, and the bishop shall make him ●o come by sequestration of the church. And note well, that if a man bring a writ of debt & recover, & make his executors & dieth, they shall have execution not withstanding that it be within the year by a fieri facias. Statut merchant. 6 To hold by Statute merchant, is where a man knowledgeth to pay certain money to another at a certain day before the mayor, bailiff, or other warden of any town that hath power to make execution of the same statute, & if the obligée pay not the debt at the day, & nothing of his goods, lands, or tenements may be found within the ward of the maior or warden before said, but in other places without, than the reconisée shall sue the reconisaunce & obligation with a certification to the chancery under the kings seal, & he shall have out of the chancery a capias to the sheriff of the county where he is to take him & to put him in prison, if he be not a clerk, till he be not a clerk, till he have made gréement of the debt. And one quarter of the year after that, that he shallbe taken, he shall have his land delivered to himself to make gree to the party of the debt, & he may selit while he is in prison, and his sale shalbe good & law full. And if he do not 'gree within a quarter of a year, or if it be returned that he be not found, than the reconisée may have a writ of the chancery which is called Extendi sacias, direct to all sheriffs, where he hath lands, to extend his lands and goods, & to deliver the goods to him, and to seize him in his lands, to hold them to him and to his heirs and his assigns, till that the debts be levied or paid, and for that time he is tenant by statut merchant. And note wei, that in a statute merchant the reconisée shall have execution of all the lands which the reconisour had the day of the reconisaunce made, and any time after, by force of the same statute. And note well, that when any waste or destruction is made by the reconisée, his executors, or by him that hath estate, the reconisour or his executors shall have the same law as is before said of the tenant by Elegit. And note well, if the tenant by statut merchant hold over his term, he that hath right may sue against him a venire facias ad computandum, or else enter by & by as upon tenant by Elegit. ¶ There be three manner ofrents, that is to say, rend service, rend charge and rent seek. Rend service is, where a man holdeth of an other by fealty, and for to do svit to his court, and yielding to him a certain rent by the year for all manner of services. ¶ And note well, that if the Lord be seized of the service & rent before said & they be behind, and he distrain, and the tenant rescue the distress, he may have Assize, or a writ of rescous, but it is more necessary for him to have assize than a writ of rescous, for that by assize he shall recover his rent & his damages but by a writ of Rescous, he shall not recover but the thing and the damages. ¶ And note well that if the lord be not seized of the rent and service and they be behind, and he dystrayne for them, and the tenant take again the distress, he shall not have assize but a writ of Rescous, and shall not need to show his right. And note well that if the Lord distreine his tenant in socage for knights service which is not denied him, & avow for the same service in court of record, he shallbe charged by the same service by Fynch termino Hillarij Anno xluj. And note well that if the Lord may not found a distress by two year, he shall have against the tenant a writ of Cessavit per biennium as▪ it appeareth by the statute of Westm. 2. cd. 21. And if the tenant die in the mean time and his issue enter, the Lord shall have against the issue a writ of entre upon the Cessavit, or if the tenant alien, the lord shall have against the alienée the foresaid writ. But if the Lord have issue and die, and the tenant be in arrearages of the said rent and service in the time of the father of the issue, & not in the time of the issue, he may not distrain for the arrearages in the time of his father, and he shall have noon other recovery against the tenant or any other, for that that such advantage is given by the law to the tenant. And note well that rent service is that to the which belongeth fealty, but to rend charge & rent seck belongeth not fealty, but it belongeth to rend service of common right. Rend charge. Rend charge is where a man granteth certain rent going out of his lands or tenements to another in fee simple, or in fee tail, or for term of life by deed upon condition, that at what time the rent be benehinde, it shall bèe well & lawful to the grantee to his heirs or assigns or distrayne in the same lands or tenements. And note well, that if the rent be behind, it is well lawful to the grantee at his election to have a writ of annuity, or else he may distrain, and if the distress be taken against his will from him, and he was never seized before, he hath no recovery, but by writ of Rescous, for the distress first taken, giveth not to him seysin, only if he ha● the rent before, for if he were seized of the rend before, and after the rent be behind and he dystraine, & rescous to him be made, he shall have assize, or a writ of rescous. And note well, that in every assize of rent charge and annual rent, or in a writ of annuity, it behooveth to him that bringeth the writ to show forth an especialty, or else he shall not maintain the assize, but in a Mordauncestour or formedon in the discender or other writs (in the which title is given or comprised) brought of rent charge, or annuell rent, it needeth not to show especialty. And note well that if a man grant a rent charge to an other, & the grantee purchase the half of the land whereof the rent is going out, all the rent is extinct, and if the grantee release to the grantor parcel of the rent, yet all the rent is not extinct. But in rent service the law is otherwise, for notwithstanding y● the Lord hath purchased the half of the land whereof the rend is going out, yet the rent is not extinct, but for the half, & the cause of the diversity is that rend service may be severed to one portion, but not rend charge. And note well that if rend charge be granted to two jointly, and the one release, yet the other shall have the half of the rent. And also if one purchase the half of the land whereof the rent is going out, the other shall have the half of the rent of his companion: And if the disseysour charge the land to a stranger, and the disseisie bring an assize and recover, the charge is defeated. But if he that hath right, charge the land, and a stranger feign a false action against him & recover by default, the charge abideth. And note well, that in case that purparty be béetwéene two parceners and more land be allotted to one then to the other, and she that hath more of the land, chargeth her land to the other and she happeth the rent, she shall maintain assize without especialty. And if the grantee have in fee simple or in fee tail, and hath issue and dieth, if the issue bring a formedon, or assize of mordauncester, he shall never be charged to show an especialty. Rend seek. Rend seek is where a man holdeth of me by homage fealty & other service, yielding to me a certain rent by the year and I grant this rent to another, reserving to me the service. And note well that in rent seck if a man be seized of the rent, and the rent be behind, he may not dystrayne, but he shall have assize of novel disseisin. And note well that if rend seek be granted to a man and to his heirs, and the rent be béehind, and the grantor die, the heir may not distrayne, nor shall recover the arrearages of the time of his father, as it is before said of rent service. And in the same manner it is to say of rent charge, or annuel rent. But in all these rents before said the heir may have for the arrearages in his own time such advantage as his father had in his life. And note well that in rent seek if a man be not seized of the rent, and it be behind, he is without recovery, for that that it was his own folly at the beginning when the rent was granted to him, or reserved, that he took not seysin of the rent as a penny or two pence. And note well that a man may not have a Cessavit ꝑ biennium or another writ of entre sur Cessavit for no rent seek béehynd by two. years, but only for rend service, as it appeareth in the statute. ¶ And note well that in rent seek it behoveth him that sueth for the rent seck for to show a deed to the tenant, or else the tenant shall not be charged with the rent, but where the rent seek was rend service before, as in this case, lord, mesne, and tenant, and every of them holdeth of other by homage and fealty, and the tenant of the mesne x. s. of rent, the lord paramount purchaseth the lands or tenements of the tenant, all the seign●orye of the mesne but the rent is extinict. And for this cause this rent is béecome rent seek, and the rent service changed, for he may not dystrayne for this rent, and in this case he that demanudethe the rent shall never be charged to show a deed. Also in a writ of mordauncestour, ayel, or besayle, of rent seek it needeth not to show a specyaltie for that these writs of possession do comprehend a title within themselves, that is to say, that the ancestor was seized of the same rent and continued his possession, by cause of which seysine the law supposeth that it is also averrable by the country, yet learn, for some suppose that it behooveth of necessity to show forth a deed, for that that rend seek is a thing against common right as well as rend charge. But in assize of novel disseisin and in a writ of entre sur disseisin brought of rent seek, it behooveth of necessity to show forth a deed, for that that rend seek is a thing against a common right, except in the case before said where it was rend service before. And assize of novel dysseisin, & a writ of entre sur disseisine conteygne within them no title, but suppose a disseisin to be done to the plaintiff, & of the intendment of the law the disseisin giveth no cause of auerment against comen right, but of necessity it behoveth to show forth a deed. Suit service. ¶ Suit service is to come to the court from three weeks to three weeks by the whole year, and for that a man shall be distrayned not amerced. Suit real is to come to the court of leet and that is not but two times in the year, and for that a man shallbe amerced and not distrained. Terms of the law. ¶ Abatement de brief ou plaint. Abatement de br'ou plaint, est quant un action est port perbr'ou plaint, en que faut suffic' et bone matter, ou auterment le matt▪ all', nest certeinement allege, ou si le pl', ou defendant, ou am, sont misnosme, ou sil appt variance ●enter le br' et le specialty, ou record, ou q̄ le brief ou declaration sount uncertain, ou pur mort del pl'ou def. et purdiuns aut's semblable causes qux ieo omise de pur●, car de c solement, un poet fair un grand discourse, et ieo det'm de satisfier vous, (bon frie●●●●ich.) ●●bn̄ q'ieo poy, ou●cy moult breuit', et cy petit troubls▪ a moy mesme conc ieo poy, donques sur ceux defaults, le def. poet pry, qle br'ou plaint abatera, cen adire, que le suite del pl' enuers luy cessera pur cest temps, et que il commencer a auter temps son fuit, et port'un novel brief ou plaint, sil soit issint dispose a fair. Abatement en terres. ABatement en terres ou tents, est quant un home morust seisie de terres ou tenements, & un estranger, cest adire, un que nad droit, entra en m̄s les terres ou tents, devant que le heir faith son entry, cest entry de le estraunger, est apple un abatement, et il un abator: Mes si le heir enter primes apres le mort de son auncestour, et le estranger enter sur le possession del heir, cest entry de le estranger, est un disseisin all heir. Abbe. ABbe fuit le sovereign, head, ou principal de ceux measons de papish religion, qux quant ils fuerent fuerent apple abbeys, et cest abbe enseble oue les moignes d' mesme le meason, queux fueront apple le covent, fount un corporation. abbettors. Abettors sount en divers cases diunsement prize, un kind de abbettors sont ceux, q̄ maliciousment sauns dr'turel came ou desert procur'aut's de sure faux appeals d' murd ' ou felony, enuns hones, all intent de troubler, & greever eux, & pur fair eux en infamy & slander. Abettors en murder, sont ceux q̄ command, procure, council, ou comfort auters de murder. Et en ascum case tiels Abbett 'serront prizes come principals, et en ascun case forsque come accessories. Issint en auter felonies, et lour presence a le choose fait, ou lour absence de la, faith un difference en le case. Il y ad Abbettoures auxi en treason, mes ils sount en case come principals, car est tres. il ny ad asc accessories. Abeyance. Abeyance est quamtun leas est fait pur term de vie, le remained 'all droit hr's de I S. le ql I S. est en vie al temps del grant: Ore cen grant de rem' passa horse del grant 'maintenant, vnc' il ne vesta maintenant, ne priest effect en le grantee, cen adire le dr'heir de I S. mes est dit deste en abeiance, ou come les Logitiens apple ceo, in potencia, ou in Intellectu, et come nous diomus in nubibus, cen a scavoier en le consideration d' le ley: Que fi I S. morust relinquens un dr' heir en vie, et vivan le lessee pur vie, don'que ceo est un bon rem', et a ore vest, et vient en le dit droit heir, est tiel sort, que il poit grant, forfeit, ou auterment dispose ceo, et cessa deste ore en abeiance, pur ceo que il est un a ore d' Abilit'pur prend' ceo, pur ceo q' I S. est mort et ad relinq'un droit heir'ē vie le quel ne puit estre vivant I S. car durant son vie, nul poit proꝑment eme dit son heir. Iten si un home soit patron dum esglise, et present aut' a c': Ore est le feein le person, mes si l' person morust, et le esglise est devenus voided, donque est le fee en abeyance, tamque il soit un novel person present. Car le patron nad le fee, mes tant ' le dr'de present, et le fee est en lencumbent que est present, et puis son mort, il nen en asc', mes en abeiance tanque il soit un novel incumbent come est avamdit. ¶ Abishersinge. ABishersinge (et en asc copies missher sing) hoc est quietum esse de amerciamentis coram quibuscumque de intransumptione ꝓbata. Abjuration. Abjuration est un serement que home ou femme preignont quaunt ils ont commise felony, et fue al esglise ou Cemitorie pur tuition de lour vies eslisant pluistost perpetual banishmnt horse del Realm, que a estoier a le ley, et destre try del felony. Et cest ley suit institute per Saint Edward le confessor un Roy d' cest Realm devaunt le conquest, et fuit ground sur le ley d' mcy, et pur le amour & reunence, sans doubt, q' il et aut's ses success. porteront all meason ddieu, ou am de prayers, et administrac'de son parol et sacramnts, le quel nous appellomus le esglise. Mes come unseemly chose il fuit ou est, et come distant de le nature de le mea son de dieu, de fair el un succouror et defender d'horrible murderers et larons, vous poys considerer (frere Nicholas) et l' meliour qnnt vous pensist quid nostre saviour Christ cont reprehendans les jews, et peradventure auxi ꝓpheseant de cest: Domus mea domus orationis vocabitur, at vos fecistis eam speluncan latronum. Abridgement deplaint ou demand. Abridgemnt d' plaint ou dd', est lou un port un assize, brief de dower, br' de guard, ou tiels semblables, ou le br'est, de libero tenemento, come en br' de dower, le br'est, rationabilem dot' q' eam contingit de libero tenemento W. son bar'. Et en un br' de guard, le br'est, custod' terr' & her 'etc. et le pl' ou dd'ant, dd' divers acres ou ꝑcels de terre, et le t' plead non tenure, ou jointenancy, ou ascum aut 'tiel semblable plea all ꝑcel del terre dd', en abatement del br', donques le pl' ou demanded poet abridger some plaint ou dd'all cest parcel, cest adire, il poet omit horse cest part, et pry q'let ' rnndera all rest a que il nad vnc'plede ascun chose. Le cause est pur ceo q̄ entiels br'esle certainty nest mice, le dd' est generalment, de libero tennto, et nient obstant le dd'dant ad abridge son plaint ou dd' en part, vnc'le brief demurt bone, de libero tenemento pur le residue. Acceptance. ACceptance est un prendrans en bon gree, et come un agreement al asc'chose fait devant, le quel peewit este avoid et unfayt (si tiel acceptance nad estre) per luy ou ceux que issynt accepta, Sicom● pur example un Abbot less t're de son meason pur ans reseruamt rend et morust, et puis un aut' est fait abbot, le ql accepta, cest adire, priest ou receive le rent qnnt il est due, et do't este pay, o'er ꝑ cest acceptance le leas est fait perfect & bone, le quel autermnt l' Abbot peewit assets bien, avoid et fair 'frustrate. Semblable ley est, si un home et sa sem seisie de terre en droit del femme, join, et fount lease, ou feoffment reseruant rent, et baron morust, el accept ou receyva le rent, per ql le feoffment ou leas est fait perfect et bon, et serra bar a luy de porter son brief apple un Cui in vita. Accessories. ACcessories sont en deux sorts, lun ante factum, laut 'post factum. Accessary ante factum, est celuy que commaunda ou procura auter de fair un felony, et nest la present quant lauter le faith, mes sil soit present, donques il est auxi principal. Accessary post factum, est celuy que receiva, favora, ou ayda un fellow conusant del fait que il ad fait. Auxi un peewit estre accessory deal accessory, sicone un felonisement receiva auter q̄ est accessory del felony, la le receiver est un accessory. Action. Action est un suite done per le ley de recoū chose, come acc de debt, et tiels semblables. Actions personals. Actions personals sont tiels' actions per qux home claim det ou auter bn̄s & chateux, ou dam pur eux, ou dam pur tort faith a some person. Action popular. Action popular est un action q̄ est don̄ sur le breach dasc'penal statute, le ql action chesc' home q̄ voet poet sure, pur lui m et le royne, ꝑ Informac', ou aut'm̄t, come le stat allow, et le case requir'. Et de ceux actions il y ad un infinite number, mes un pur example est quant ascum deliury que sont impanel et iure, de passer enter party, et party indifferentment, priest ascum chose de lun part, ou auter, ou de ambid'parties pur lour verdict dire all c'part, donques asc' home que voet deins le an prochein ensuamt le offence fait, puit suerun brief, apple Decies tantum, enuers luy, ou ceux q̄ issint pnst pur lour verdict dire. Et pur ceo q̄ cest action nest done all un home specialment, mes genalment al ascun les people del Royne qui voet sure il est apple un action popular. Actions reals. Actions reals, sō● tiels' actions per qux le dd't claim title a ascum terres ou tenements, rents ou common, en fee simple, fee tail, ou pur term de vie. Accord. Accord est un agreement perent'deux all meins, ou pur satisfy un offence, que le un ad fait al auter: Ou il est un contract, oue diuns articles, deum fait asc' sur le un part, et ascuns sur le aut', lou il serr' Quid pro quo, etc. Le primer est, qnnt un home ad fait un trans ou tiel semblable all altar pur le quel il ad agreed oveluy, satisfy et content luy, oue asc'recompenc' a or 'exec', et fait en fait. Et pur ceo q̄ cest recompense est un plain satisfaction pur le offence, il serr'vn bon bar en le ley si laut 'voit sure arrer'vn acc pur m le trans. Le aut'en quod I S. lessa un chamber pur ans al H. G. et il est oust'agre perent' eux, q̄ le dit H. G. serr'all board oue le dit I S. et pur le dit chamber et board il paiera al dit I S. un certain some etc. cost un contract et accord oue articles en ambideux partes. ¶ Acquittal. Acquittal est, quant il y ad snr, mesne, et t', et le t' tient de le mesne certain terres ou tents en frankalmoygne, frankmariage, ou tiels semblables. Et mesne tient ouster auxi de le snr paramount (ou de haut luy.) Ore doit le mesne acquit'ou discharge le t' de tout et chesc' man de service, que ascun auter voet aun ou dde de luy concernantmns les terres ou tents, pur ceo que le t' doit fair service a le mesne tantsolement, et nemy all diuns snrs pur un tent, ou parcel de terre. Mesme le ley est, ou il est snr, mesne, et t', come avantdit, et le mesne graunta all tenant (sur le tenure fait perenter eux) pur acquit', et discharger luy de touts rents seruic' et tiels semblables. Cest discharge est appell acquittal. ¶ Acquittance. Acquittance enun discharge en escript, dum somme d' money, ou aut'duty, quel doit een pay ou fait, Sicone un soit oblige de payer money sur un obligac', ou rent reserve sur un leas, ou tiel semblable, et le party a q' le money, ou duty doit eempay, ou fait, sur le resceit de c', ou sur aut' agreement perenter eux ewe, fait escript, ou bill de son main en discharge de c', testemoynant q̄ il est pay, ou auterment content, et pur ceo acquit, et discharge luy de c', le quel acquittance est tiel discharge et bar est le ley, q̄ il ne poit d●e er recover mle some ou duty auterfoits, contra a c', sil poet monstro lacquitance. Additions. ADdition est ceo, q̄ est done all home, mes principalment al def. en actions, ou ꝓces d' outlary gist, come en det, et tiels' semblables, ouster son ꝓper nosme et sirnosme, cest adire pur monstrer de quel estate, ou degree, ou mystery il est, et de que ville, ou hamlet, ou county. Additions de estate sount ceux, yeoman, Gentlehome, Esquire, et tiels semblables. Additions de degree sount ceux que nous appellomus nosmes de dignity, come Chivaler, Count, Marquis, et Dux. Addic'de mystery, sount ceux, Scrivener, Printer, Mason, Carpenter, Tailor, Smith et issint touts aut's de semblable nature, car mystery est le craft ou occupation, ꝑ que home gain son living. Addic'de villes, come Sale, Dale, ettiels aut's et issint de les auters. Et lou un home ad household en deux lieux, il serr'dit demr ' en ambid', issint qnson addition en un de eux suffist. Et cen fuit ordain ꝑ un estat'fait en le primer an de H. 5. ca 5. all intent, que un home ne serroit grieve ne trouble ꝑ l' outlawry dum aut', mes q̄ ꝑ reason de le cert'addic', chescum home puit een certeinmnt conus, et portera sa burden demesne. adjournment. adjournment est quant ascum court est dissolve, et determine et assign destre guard arrere all aut'am, ou temps. Administrator. ADministrator est celuy a que lo● dinary commit ●administrac'des bn̄s la mor●pur default de executors, & action gist vers luy et pur luy comepur execute, et serr' charge iesques all value des biens le mort et nient ouster sil n● soit ꝑ son faux plea, ou pur ceo que il ad waste les bn̄s le mort. Mes si le administrat'defy, ses executors ne sount Administrators, mes coviental Ordinary de commit novel administration, mes si un estrange q' nest administrator ne executor priest les biens le mort, & ministr' de son tort demesn̄, il serra charge et sue come executor et nemye come administ 'in ascun action q' est port vers lui ꝑ ascum creditors. Mes si lordinarie faith un brief ad colligendum bona defuncti, cestuy q' ad tiel letter nest administrator, mes laction gist vers lordinary auxi bn come sil priest les bn̄s a son main demesn̄ ou p le main dascum son servant per ascun auter commandment. ¶ Acts. acts de parliament sont leies positive, que consist de deux partes s. de les parols del act, et del sense de ceo, et ils ambideux joint ensemble font le ley. Admiral. ADmiral est un offic'south l Roigne, q' ad authority sur le mere tantum, pur voier le navy repair, et maint' pur suppress et chase dehors estumeurs de mere, et de fair 'en choses ꝑenter party et party, concernaunt choses faith la; et pur cest purpose il ad son court apple le Admiralty, uncore il poet causer son Citation deste serve sur le terre, et prender le corpse del party, ou biens en exec●c' sur le terre. Iten il ad cognis. del mort ou mayhem dum home fait est asc'grand niefe fleetant en grand riuns en l't'redebase les ponts de eux ꝓchein all mere. Auxi pur arrest' niefs en les grand streams pur les viages del Roigne et realm, et ad iurisdicc'en l's dists streams durant m̄s les viages. Aduowson. ADuouson est lou un hoe et ses hr's, ont droit de present'lour clerkal ordinary, all un psonage, ou auter espiritual benefice qnnt il devient void. Et celuy q' ad tiel dread de present, est appell Patron. Age prier. AGe prier est quant action est port vers len fant de terre, q̄ il ad ꝑ descent, la il mr'a la matt'al court, et prier q̄ lacc'demurra tanque a son plain age de xxi. ans, et issint ꝑ agarde d'court le suit surcessera: mes en brief de dower et en assize, & auxy en tiels actions ou lenfaunt vyent ey●s de son tort demesne ilnauna sa age. Auxi nota que sont plusoures diversities de ages. Car le snr auna aid de son t' in socage pur sa file maryer quant le file le seignior est del age de seven. ans. Et auxi aid pur fair son fites et heir chevalier quaunt il est dage de septe ans. Auxy feme que est espouse all age de ix. ans, si son baron murrust seisi auna dower et nemy devant ix. ans. Auxi xiv. ans est lage de feme quel ne serra en guard si el fuyt de tyel age al temps de mort son ancestor, mes si el fuyt deinsage de xiv. ans & en guard son signior, donques el serra en guard tamque all age de xuj. ans, et auxi xxj. ans est lage de heir male desire en guard et apres horse de guard, et auxi il est lage de male et female de sure ou deste sue des t'res q ils ont ou claim ● descent, et de fair touts mans contracts bargains, et nient devant: mes si tiel en fant deins age de 21. ans ●ō ses bn̄s, et le donee eux priest, il poit aun un acc'de tnns, mes autermnt il est sil delium eux. Agreement. A Greemnt est en cest man define ou expound en mr'Plowdens commentaries: Aggreamentum est un ꝑol compound de deux ꝑolx, cest a scavoier, de Aggregatio, et mentium, cest a dire agreement de mentes, issintq agreament' est aggregatio ment', in re aliqua facta, vel facienda: Et ꝑ le cōtracc' de les deux parolx, Aggreg. et mentium, et ꝑle correpc et br'perlance de eux, ils sont fait un ꝑol cen a scavoier Aggreamentum, le ql nen aut' chose q'vn union, collec', copulac', et coniunc'de deux ou plus, ments en asc chose fait, ou deste fait. Voies apres en Testament. Et cest agreement est en trois mans. Le prim̄ est un agremnt exec ' ●n fait al commencement. Le second est un agreement puis un act faith per aut', et est un agreement auxi. Le tierce est un agreement execut'ou deste fait en temps vnc'a vener. Le prim̄, que est un agreement execut' en fait al commencemnt, est tyel de q̄ mēc'est faiten le stat' de 25. E. 3. cap. 3. de pannis, en quart'stat' que dit, que les bn̄s et choses achates ꝑ forestallers que de c'serrōt attaints soient forfeits all Roigne, si le achat 'enter vst fait gree al vendor, en quel case, cest parol (gree) q'est aut'ment apple agreement, serra intend agreement execute. s. paimnt pur les choses. Le second manner de agreement, est lou un faith un chose ou act, et un auter agreed ou assent a ceo apres, come si un fait disseisin a mon use, et apres ieo agreed a ceo, ore ieo serra disseisor ab initio, et tiel agreement est un agreement puis un act▪ fait. Le tierce agreement est quant ambid'pties a un temps sount accords q' tiel chose serra fait en temps avener. et ceo agreement est executory entant que le chose serra faith apres, et vnc' la, lour ments accord a un temps, mes entant que le performance serra apres, et issint le chose sur q' lagreement fuit faith remain a fair, ceo agreement serra dit executory. Et c'le stat ' de 26. H. 8. ca 3. ꝓue, ou il dit q̄ chesc vicar person & tiels etc. devant lour actual possess. ou meddling oue les profits de lour benefice, satisfiera, conten etc. ou agreera a payer all use le Roigne, les prim̄ fruits etc. et si ascun tiel person, vicar, etc. ent'en actual possession etc. ceo agreement, est deste intent executory come le common usage ꝓue, car est use, q' il oue un ou ij. oue luy fair ' deuxvel trois obligations pur ceo, deste pay en cert'iours apres. Et cest agreement executory est divide en deux points, un est agreement executory, q' est cert' all commencement, come est dit darrain devamt del prim̄ fruits. Laut 'est, lou le certainty nap ꝑt all pri mes, et les parties sount accords q' le chose ser ra ꝑform, ou pay sur le certeinty conus come si un vend'al aut'tout son wheat en tiel tasse en son barn nyent threshe, et il est agreed perenter eux, que il payera pur chesc' bushel xii. d'. quant il est thrash clean et mea●. Aid. Aid est quaunt t' ● term de vie, t' en dower, t' ꝑ la courtesy, ou tenant en tail, ap̄● possibility dissue extinct, est impled', donques pur ceo q̄ ils nont q̄ estate pur term de vie, ils prayont aid de cesty en le reversion et process serra fait per brief vers luy, de ve ● & pleader oue le tenant en defence del terre sil voile, mes il covient q̄ ils accord en ple, car sils vary le ple le tennt serra prize, & donque laid prier est en vain: mes sil ne vient all second brief le tenant respondera sole. Auxi tenant a term dans, tenant a volunt, tenant per Elegit, & tenant per statnt merchant, averont aid de cesty en la reversion, et le servant & baily de lour master quant ils ount fait ascun chose loialment en le droit lour master, averont aid. Aide de Roy est en femble case come est dit devant de comen person, & auxy en plusours auters cases lou le roy puit aver perde comment que le tenant soyt tenant en fee simple il auer'aid. Come si un rent soyt demand vers tenant le roye: que tient en chief il avera aid, et issint navera de auter person. Auxi lou un city ou borrow ad un fee farm del roy, et ascum chose est demand vers eux que apptaine all fee ferme, ils averont aid pur le ꝑde l' roy. Auxy home avera aid de roye en am de voucher. Auxi le baillife de roy, collector, et purveyor averont aid de roy auxybyen come les officers de auters persons. Alien. ALien est celuy que pere et il m fueront ambideux nee horse de legiance le Roigne. Et si tiel alien, nesteant un enemy del roign, mes un alien amy, vient et demurr'cy en Engleterre et ad issue, cest issue nen alien, mes Angloys. Issint si un Angloys ala ouster le mere oue le licence del roign, et la ad issue, cest issue nest Alien. Alienation. ALienation idem est quod alienum facere, d' alter, ou mitte le possession de terre, ou auter chose de lun home al auter. Ambidexter. Ambidext'en cel●y q̄ qnnt un mat 'est en suit ●enter hones, priest money de lun part, et del aut', ou pur labour le svit, ou tiels semblables, ou sil soit del jury, pur dir'some verdict. Amendment. AMendemnt est qnnt error est en le ꝓces, les justices poient c amend'apres judge. Mes si error soit en iudgn t done, ils ne poient amend' ceo, mes le ꝑty est mis al br'de error. Et en plusours cases lou le de●. appiert en l'clark que escriera le rec, il serra amend. Mes tiels choses que vient per information del party, come le ville misteri, et huiusmodi, ne serr' amend, car il do't enformer very a son peril. Amercement. Amercemnt plus propermnt est c en un court baron, leete, ou law-day, ql en un court de rec devant lustices est apple un fin, et est un penalty assess ꝑ le home pur un offence fait encount'm l'court, come pur def. de svit de court, ou pur non amending de asc chose q'il fuit appoint d'redresser ꝑ cert'temps all darr' court iour devant, ou pur tiel semblabl'came. Amercement royal. Amercemnt royal est qn̄t un visc', coron ou aut' grand officer del roigne est a-mercy ꝑ les Iusti● 'pur some misdemening en l' office. An, iour, et waist. AN▪ iour, et waist, est un forf. qnnt un home ad faith petit treason, ou felony, et ad terres qux il tient de asc'common person, qux serra seisi pur le roigne, et remain en sa maines per le space de un an, et un iour ꝓcheine le attainder, et donques les arbres serr'defosse, les measons serra races, et l's pastures & prees arres, et ploughed. un chose le plus de greeun le offenders, et terrify auters de fall est tiel, en demonstrans comnt l' lei detestat' lour offence cy avant, issint que il execute judge. et punishmnt sur lour mute et mort choses. Annuity. Annuity est un cert▪ sum dargent grā● al auter en fee simple, see tail, pur term de vie, ou pur term de ans, a receium del grantor ou ses hr'es, issint que nul franktenemnt est charge de ceo. Appel. APpel est lou un ad fait murder, robbery, ou felony, donques la feme cesti qui est tue avera un action de appell vers le murderer, mes sil nad feme donques son procheine heir male auna le apple a ascum temps denies lan & iour apres le fact. Et auxy cesty que est issint rob avera son apple denies mesme la temps. Et si le def. soit acquit il recouna dam vers lappellour et labbettors, et ils aunont lenprisommet dun an, et ferrot fine all roy. un apple de mayhen nest en man forsque action de trans, car il ne recouna forsque damns. Appellant. APpellant est le plaintiff en le appell. Appellour. APpellour ou approver est cesty q' ad fait ascun felony, le quel il confess et a ore apple, ou ap ꝓue, cest adire, accuse auters q' fueront coadjutors ou helpers oue luy en fasans de ceo, ou auters felonies, le q'l chose il voet ap ꝓuer, et pur ● est apple en latin Probator. Appendent & Appurtenant. Appendent & Appurtenant, sount choses q' ꝑ temps de pnscription ount belong, pertain, et sount join all aut 'principal chose ovesque ql ils passont, et va come accessary all m principal chose, ꝑ virtue de ceux parols: Pertinentijs: come terr', aduowsons, commons, piscaries, chimins, courts et diuns tiels semblables, all un manner, meason, office, ou tiels auters. Apportionment. Apporcionmnt est un dividing en partes dum rent (le ql est devidable) et nient ent'ou whole, et entaunt q̄ le chos 'pur l'ql, ou horse de q̄, il fuit deem pay, est separate et divide, le rend auxi serr' divide ayent respect a les ꝑts. Sicone un home ad un rent seruic'issuamt horse de terres, et il purchase parcel de le terre, le rent serra apportion accordant all value del terre. Issint si home tient son terre dum auter per Homage, Fealty, Escuage, et certain rent, si le snr de que le terre est tenus purchase parcel de le terre, le rent serra apportion. Item si home lessa, terres et biens pur ans reseruaunt rent, et apres un estraunger recover le terr', donques le rent serra apportion, pur ceo que les biens ne sont recover mes remain: Et issint est si forsque part de terre soyt recover, le rend serra apportion, cest adire, divide, et le lessee payera, ayant respect a ceo que est recover, et a ceo que ore remain en ses maines, accordant all value. Mes un rent charge ne poet este apportion, ne choses q' sount entire, sicome un tient terres per service de payer a son seignior annuelment a tiel feast un chival un esperuer, un rose, un cherry, ou tiels semblables: La si le signior purchase parcel de la terre, cen service est tout ale, pur ceo q' un chival, esꝑuer, un rose, un cherry, et tiels auters, ne poyent even divide, severe, ne apportion sauns damage all entierty. Appropriations. Appropriations fueront quant ceux measons d' le Roomish religion, et ceux religious persons, ●ōe Abbes, priors, et tiels sembles, ount laduowson de ascun Parsonage al eux et a lour successors, et obtain licence de lour saint peer le pape que ils m̄s et lour succ'de ● ' en avant, doyent este persons la, et server le cure. Et issint all commencement appropriatyons suerount fait solement a ceux people spiritual, que puissoyent minister les●acramentes et fair divine service, ●●e Abbes, Priors, Deans, et tiels semblables: a pres per petit et petit, ils fu eront enlarge, et fait as auters, cestassavoir, all dean, et chapt', ql est corpse corporate consistant de plusors, quel corpse insemble ne puissoit dire divine service. Et q' pluis fuit al nuns, que fueront Prioresses, de asc' nunnery, ql fuit chose horrible, entaunt que ils ne puissoient minister sacramnts, ne preacher, ne dire al parochiens divine service. Et tout ceo fuit sur pretence de hospitality, et maintenance de c'. Et de supplyer les dits defects, un vicar fuit devise quel serroyt deputy all Priores, ou Deane et Chapter, et auxy all deraign all dites Abbes et auters, adire divine service, et il aunoit forsque petit porc et ils a q̄ le appropriation fueront fait, reteinont le grand revenue, et fefoient riens pur ceo, per quel means, hospitality fuit decay en le am, ou il doit estre chefement guard, nosment en le parish ou le benefice fuit, et ou les profits cressoient. Et issint il continued tanque a cest iour all grand hindrance de learning le empounishmnt d' le ministry, et l' infamy del gospel et professor de ceo. Approovement. Approvement est lou un home ad common en le waste terre del snr, et le snr enclose part del waist pur luy m relinquamt nient obstant sufficient common oue egress, etregresse pur les commoners. Cen enclosure est apple approvement. arbitrement. arbitrement est un award, determinac'ou judgement quel plusors font all request d' deux parties all meins, pur et sur asc' det, ●n̄s ou auter controversy ewe perent'les dits parties. Et est appell en latin, Arbitratus, et arbitrium, et ils q̄ font le award, ou arbitrement, sount apple Arbitri, en Engloys, Arbitrators. Arrest. Arrest est quant un est prise et restrain de son liberty, nul serra arrest pur debt, trespass, detinue, ou auter cause de action, mes per virtue dun precept, ou commaundmnt horse de ascun court. Mes pur treason, felony, ou debruser de peace, chesc'home ad authority de arrester sans garr' ou precept. Et ou un serra arrest pur felony, il couient q̄ asc felony soit fait, etque il soit suspect de m le felony, ou autermnt il poit aver enuersluy q̄ issint luy arrest un br▪ de faux imprisonment. Arrearages. Arrearages, sount duityes arrere nyent pay apres les iours, et temps, en quel ils fuerount dues, et doient aver este pays soient il rent de man ou ascun auter chose reserve. Assets. ASsets est en deux sorts, lun apple assets per descent, laut 'assets ent' mains. Assets per descent est lou un home est oblige est un obligae'et morust seisi de t'res en fee simple qux descend a son heir, mes il ne fist executors, ou sil fait executors ne relinquish sufficient bn̄s pur dischargencen obligation, donques cest terre serra appell assettes, cest adire sufficient de payer cen det, et per cest means le heir serra charge cy avant que le terre is●int a luy disc●d voile stretch. Mes sil ad alien devant q' le obligation soit mise en svit, il est discharge. Auxi quant un home seisie de terre en tail, ou en dread de sa feme, alien est oue garrantie, et ad en value tant t're en fee simple q' descend a some heir, q' est auxi heir en tail' ou heir 'all femme, ore si le heir apres le mort son ancestor ꝑt un br'de Form ', ou sur Cui in vita, pur le t're issint alien, donques il serra bar per reason del guarantee et le t're issint descend, q̄ est tant en value come ceo que fuit vend, et issint ꝑ ceo il nad receive ascum prejudice▪ et pur ceo cest terre est appell assets per descent. Assets ent'mains, est qnnt un home endet come devamt est dit, fait executors, ' et relinquist a eux suffic'de payer, ou asc'commodity, ou ꝓsit estvenus al eux en dread lour testat', cen apple assets est lour mains. Assignee. ASsignee est celuy a q̄ un chose est appoint, ou assign' deste occupy, pay, ou fait, et est touts foits tiel person, q̄ occupy ou ad le chose issint assign' est son droit dem̄, et pur luy m. Et d' assignees il y sont ij. sorts, nosmns Assignee en fait, et assignee en ley. Assignee est fait est qnnt un leas est grant al un et a ses ass. ou sans ceux ●ols, assignees, et l' grantee don grant, ou vend'le dit leas all altar, il est son assignee en fait. Assign en ley est chescum execut'nosme ꝑ le testa ' en son testament. Sicone un leas soit fait al un home et a ses assignees (sicone est avantdit) et il fait ses execut's et morust sans assignemnt deal leas all ascum auter: Ore les execut's auna m le leas pur ceo q' ils sount ses assignees en ley. Et issint est en diuns aut's semblables cases. Attainder. Attained 'est un cōuicc' dasc'person dum crime, ou faut, dount il ne fuit convict devamt: Sicone un home fait felony, treason, ou tiels semblables, et d' c'en endict, arr', et troue guilty, er ad judge. dōq's il est dit deem attaint. Et c'poet este deux voies, ●um sur appar', laut 'sur def. Le attainder sur appearance est ꝑ confession, battle ou verdict. Le attainder sur def. est per process. Averment. AVerment est lou un home pled'un ple en abatemnt de brief ou bar daction, ql il dist, il est priest de ꝓuer come l' court voit agard, cen offer de ꝓuer son plea, est apple un avermnt. Auerpeny. Auerpeny hoc est quiet'esse de diversis denarijs pro averagijs domini regis. Auncien demesne. AVnc'demesne, sont cert' tenors tenus de ceux manors qux fuer'en les maines de saint Ed. la confessor et les qux il fist escrier en un liver apple Domes day, sub titul' regis, et touts les terres tenus del dit mans sont aunc demesn̄, et les tenants ●e serront implede horse del dit man, et sils sont ils poyent mr'le mat ' et abater le br', mes sils rn̄d' all brief et plead et iudg'done, donque les terres sont devenꝰ frank fee a touts iours. Auxi toutes tenants en aunc' demesn̄ sont frank de toll pur touts choses concernant lour viand' & husbandry in aunc' demesne, et pur les terres ils ne serront mis ne impanel sur ascun inquest. Mes toutes les terres en auncien demesne queux sount en maines le roy sount frank fee, et pledable al comen ley. Voyes plus apres en le title Sokmans. Avowry. AVowry est lou un priest distress pur rent ou auter chose, & laut 'sua Replevin, dōq's celuy qui avoit prise, iustifiera en son plea pur quel cause il le priest, et issint avowa le prise, et ceo est apple son avowry. Bail. Bail est quant un home est prise, ou arrest pur felony, suspicion de felony, endict de felony, ou en ascum tiel case, issint q' il est restrain de son liberty, Et esteant ꝑ la ley bailable offer surety ●l eux q' ount authority a lui bail', les qux sureties sount obl' pur luy all use le Roign en un cnt 'somm d' money, ou corpse pur corpse, que il apperera devamt les justice de gaol' delivery all ꝓchein session etc. Donques sur les bonds de ceux sureties, come est avant dit, il est bail, cen adire, mise al liberty tamque le iour appoint pur son apparāc'. bailment. Balement est un deliuny de choses (soient il● de escripts, biens, ou stuff) all aut', asc': foits deem redeliūarer'all bailor, cen adire, al celuy q̄ issint delium ceo, ascun foits all use del bailie, cen adir', de luy a q' il est deliver, et ascun foits auxi deste deliver ouster a un tierce person. Cen delivere est apple un bailment. Bailiff. Bailiff est un officer q' appertient al un manor, pur order le husbandry, et ad authority de payer quitrents issuamts horse del man, succide arbres, repaiter les measons, fair pales, hays, distrein auns sur le t're et divers tiels' semblables. Cest officer est celuy, q̄ les aunc'Saxons ount apple un Reeve: car le nosme (Bailiff) ne fuit donqnsconꝰ ent' eux: mes vient eins oue les Normans, et est apple en latin, villicus. Bakberinde thief. BAkberind 'Thief est un lar' q' est prise oue le manner cest adire, ayant cen troue sur luy (emeant pursue oue hue et cry▪) le quell il ad emblee, soit il money, linen, woollen, ou auter stufe, mes il est plus properment dit, quant il est prise, portans tiels choses q̄ il ad emblee en un bundle, ou farthel sur son dorse. Bargain & sale. Bargain et sale, est quant un recompense est done per ambideux les parties all bargain Con si un bargain et vend'some t're all aut'pur argent. Icy le terre est un recompense a luy pur largent, et le argent est un recompense all altar pur l' t're, et cen un bon contract et bargain, et fee simple passa nyent obstant il ne dit, a aver et tener le terre a luy & a ses heirs. Et per tiel bargain et sale, terres poyent pass sauns livery de seysin, si le bargain et sale soyt per faith endent, seal, et enrolle, ou en le county lou le terre gist, ou en un des courts del Roygne de record al Westminster deins v. moyes procheyne apres le date de mesme le escript endent accordant all statut en cest case faith en le 27. An. de H. 8. cap. 16. Bar. Bar est quaunt le defendant en ascun action plead un plea que est sufficient respons, & ceo adnul laction del plaintiff a touts iours. Bastard. Bastard est celuy que est nee dasc'femme nient espouse issint q' son pere nest conus ꝑ order del ley, & pur ceo il est dit filius populi, mes per la ley spiritual si un engender un infant sur ascun femme que infant est nee horse deal espousals, & puis il mary m la femme: donques tiel infant serra dit mulier et nemy bastard, mes per le ley Dengleterre il est bastard, et pur ceo quaunt tyel especial bastardy est allege, il serra try ꝑ pais, & nemy per levesque, mes general bastardy serra try per certification del Euesque. Et si un femme soyt gross de infant, per son baron, que morust et el priest auter baron, et apres lenfant est nee, cest serr'dit lenfant le primer baron. Mes fi el fuit privemnt inseint all temps del mort son premier baron, donques il serra dit lenfant le second baron, sed quaere, et voyes loppinion de Thorpe 21. E. 3. 39 Auxi si un home prent feme que soyt grosement inseint per ascum auter que ne fuit son baron, et puis lenfant est nee deins les espousals, donques il serra dit lenfaunt le baron mesque il fuit nee forsque un iour apres les espousals solempnes. Battle. Battle est un ancient trial en nr'e ley quel le def. en un appeal de felony poit eslier, cestassavoir, a combater oue lappellant pur proof sil soit culpable del felony ou non: quel combat sil succeda si bien del part le defendant que il vanquish lappellant, il alera quite, et luy barrera de son apple a touts iours. Mes si un soit indite de felony et un apple est port sur m lendictement, la le def. ne gagera battle. Battle auxi poit estre en un br'de droit. Bigamy. BIgamy fuit un counterplea (devise all Council de Lions sur mislike de second marriage) deste object quant le prisoner demand le benefit del Clergy, cestassavoir, son liver come nosment a dire, que il que demand le privilege del clergy, fuit mary a tiel feme en tiel am deins tiel diocese, et que el est mort, et que il ad apres mary un aut'feme deins m le diocese, ou deins ascun aut'dioces, et issint Bigamus: Ou sil nad este forsque un temps mary, donques adire que el, que il ad espouse est, ou fuit un vief, cest adire le relict dun tiel etc. Le quel chose serra try per Leuesq' de le diocese, ou le espousals sount allege. Et esteaunt issint certify per Levesque, le prisoner perdera le benefit delclergie: Mes all cest iour, per force de le act fait en Anno 1. E. 6. cap. 12. cest nul plea, mes que il poet aver son clergy ceo nyent obstaunt. Issint est Br. ti. Clergy Pla. 20. all mesme purpose. Et sur ceo, si vous estis desirous (Frere Nicholas) de voyer queux reasons ils ount que persuade enuers second espousals, lege, enter divers auters, Frances Petrarch de Remedijs utriusque fortunae le primer lium et lxxvi. dialogue entite led de secund'nuptijs, quel liver ore tarde nr'frere mr' Thomas Twine ad bien et oue bon grace (come ils que poient judge er diont) translate horse d'latine en Englois, et moult aptment appell ceo Physic encounter fortune. Blodewit. BLodewit, hoc est quietum esse d' Amerciamentis d' sanguine fuso, et que teneantur placita in curia vestra et habeatis amerciamenta inde provenientia quia (wit) angl'misericordia latin. boot. boot est un viel pol▪ et il signify, help succour, aid, ou advantage, et est communement joint oue un auter parol, qui sig nification il augment come ceux Brigboote, Burghboot, fireboot, hedgeboote, ploweboote, et divers tiels' semblables, pur queux significations, voies en lour proper titles. Brodehalpeny. Broad halfpenny (en ase's copies Bordehalpeny) hoc est quietum esse de quadam consuetudine exacta pro tabulis levatis. Brugbote. BRugbote (et est ascuns copies Bridgbote) hoc est quietum esse de auxilio dando ad reficiendun pontes. Burghbote. Burghbote, hoc est qui etum esse de auxilio dando ad faciēd'burgū Castrum, Civitatem vel muros prostrata. Burghbrech. BVrghbrech, hoc est quietum esse de transgressionibus factis in civitate vel burgo contra pacem. Burgh English. BVrgh English ou Borow english est un custom en un ancient burgh, que si un home ad issue divers fits et morust, uncore le puisne● fits solement enheritera et avera touts les terres et tenements, que fuerent all son pier de que il morust seysie denies mesme le burghe per descent, come heir a son pier per force de custom de mesme le burgh. Burglary. BVrglarie est quant un debruse et enter en le meason dun auter en le nuit, oue felonyous intent de robber, ou occider, ou de fair auter felony, en queux cases nyent obstant il nemport riens, vncor'il est felony, pur que il serra pendue, Auterment est sil soit en le iour, ou que il debruse le meason en le nuit, et nentra pas en ceo a cest temps. Mes si un servant voile conspire oue auters de robber son master, et a cel intent il overt les doors et fenesters de son master en le nuit pur eux, et ils vyent en le meason per cest voye, cest burglary en les estraungers, et le servant est un laron, mes nemy burglar'. Et c'fuit loppinion de le right woorshipful Sir Roger Manwood chevalier, plus dign signior chief Baron de le Exchequer, a le quarter Session tenus en Caunterbury en januarie darrayne. 1579. 21. Elizab. Caruage. CAruage, hoc est qui etum esse si dns rex talliaverit totam terram suam ꝑ carueas, Nota q̄ un carve d' terre est un plough land. Session. Session, est quant un Ecclesiastical person est cree en Euesque, ou quant un person dun ꝑsonage pnst un auter bn̄fic'sans dispens. ou auterment nient qualify etc. En ambideux cases lour prim̄ benefices sont devenꝰ voided, et al ceux q' il ad que fuit cree Euesque, le roigne pnsentera pro illa vice, quicunque soit patron de eux: Et en lauter case le patron poet presenter. Challenge. CHallenge est lou jurors apperont pur trier un issue, donques si ascun des parties supposont q' ils ne sont pas indifferent, la ils poient eux challenge et refuse. Il y ad diuns challenges, un est challenge all array, lauter a le poles. Challenge all array est quant la panel est favourablement fait par le vicont ou aut'officer. Challenge par le polis sount ascuns principal, et ascum per cause come ils apple ceo. Principal est quant un des jurors est le fits, frere, ou cousin all plaintiff ou defendant ou tenant a luy, ou q̄ il avoyt espouse la file le plaintiff, et pur ceux causes il serra retreat. Auxy in plea de mort de home et en chescun action real et in actyons personel si se debt ou damages amount a xl. mark il est bon challenge que il ne puyt dispender xl, s. per an de frankt '. Challenge ꝑ cause, est ou le party all' un matter que nest principal challenge, come que le fits dum desiurad espouse la fil' le pl', & donqns conclude & pur ceo il est favourable, quel serra try per auter del enqnst si il soit favourable ou indifferent, et si ils diont q̄ il est favourable et nemy indifferent, dom qns il serra treit, aut'm̄t il serra iure. Auxi un fellow q̄ est arraygne, puit challenge xx. jurors paremptory sauns ascun cause, et ceo est in favorem vitae, et taunt que il voil' oue cause, mes donques il serra try si pur tyel cause il soit indifferent ou nemy. Champertours. CHampertours sount ceux que moova pleas et suits, ou cause deste move per lour, ou auters ꝓcuremnt, et sue a lour costages et charges demesne, pur aver part del terre, ou gains en variance. Charge. CHarge est lou un home graunta un rent issant horse del son terre, et q'si le rent soit arere, que list a luy ses heirs, et assigns a distrayne tanque le rent soit pay, cest appell un rent charge: mes si un grant un rent charge horse del terre un auter, & puis purchase le terre, le grant est void. Charters de terres. CHarters de terres, sont escripts, faits, evidences, et instruments, fait de un home al aut', sur asc' estat'conveyed ou pass perent'eux, d' terres ou tents, mr'ans l' nosm̄, lieu, et quantity del terr', le estate, temps, et manner del fesance de ceo, les parties all le estat' delium et prize, les testemoignes present all ceo oue auters circumstances. Chattels. CHattels sont en ij. sorts, cen adire, Chattels Reales, et Chattals ꝑsonals. Chattels reals, sount leases purans, Guards, et a tener a volunt. Chattels personals sont touts movables bn̄s, come argent, plate▪ bn̄s deal meason, chivals vaches, blees, et tiels semblables. Childewite. CHildwite, hoc est quod capiatis gersummam de nativa vestra corrupta et preignata sine licentia vestra. Chimin. CHimen est le haut voy ou chesc'hōe passa, q ● est apple via Regia, et uncore le Roy nad auter chose la, forsque le passage pur luy & pur son people, car le franktenement est en le signior del sole et touts les ꝓfits cressaunt la, come arbres & auters choses. Choose en action. Choose en action est quant un home ad cause, ou poit port'un action pur ascum duty due a luy, come un acc ' d' det sur un obligac', annuity, rent, covenant, guard, biens, trans, ou tiels semblables, et pur ceo que ils sount choses de qux un home nen possess, mes pur recovery de eux, est mise a son acc', ils sont apple choses en action. Et tiels choses en acc', qui sount certain, le Roigne poit grant, et le grantee poet user un action pur eux en son nosme demesne tātsolen̄●t: Mes un common person ne poet granter some chose en acc', ne le Roygne m ne poet grant sa chose en acc'le ql est un cnt ', come trans & tiels' semblables. Circuit de action. CIrcuit de action, est quant un action est droituralment port pur un duty, mes un c circum le bush come semble: pur ceo que il puit cybien eme autermnt respondu, et det'mine et le suit save, et pur ceo que m le acc'fuit pluis que besoigne, il est apple circuit de action, Come si home grant un rent charge de x. li. horse de son manor de dale, et puis le grantee disseisist le graunt' de mle manner de dale, et il port un assize, et recoū le terre et xx. li. dam ', le ql xx. li. esteant pay, le grantee del rent sue son acc' pur x. li. de son rent due durant le temps de le disseisin, le ql si nul disseisin ad een, il doit aun ewe. Cest appell circuit de action, pur ceo que il puit aver este pluis briefement respondu, car ou le grant 'doit receive xx. li. dam ', et pay x. li. rent, il puit aun receive force que le x. li. tantsolement pur les dam, et le grantee puit aver recoupe et tenus arrere le aut'x. li. en ses mains per voy de detain pur son rent, et issint per ceo puitaver save son action. Claim. claim est un challenge ꝑ asc'home del proꝑty ou ownership dun chose que il nad en possession, mes que est detain de luy per tort. Clergy. Clergy est un ancient liberty del esglise papisicke, le quel ad auxy este confirm oue nous en divers parliaments, Et est quant un prester, ou un deins holy orders (come ils apple ceo) ou ascun auter quicunque, en que est nul impediment ou impossibility desteun prester, est arraine de felony ou tiels semblables devant un temporal judge etc. et le prisoner pria son clergy, cest adire pur aver son liver, quel est a taunt sicome il vst pray deste dismiss deal temporal judge, et deste deliver all ordinary de purger luy mesme del mesme offence. Cest privilege al prim̄ ne fuit cy genal, en respect del parties que pendra benefit per ceo, come il apres devient, Car all comencement esteant un papish invention les patrons deceo fuerent molt partial, et voylent que asc'prendroit commodity per ceo, mes lour papistical presters solement et tiels queux fuerent deins orders, come est avantdit: et c' commence ent'eux, pur part per lour grand superbity disdeynance dēe south le obedience de lour natural Roies et temporal correction, et pur part de policy, pur hont ne le male manners de lour spiritualty doient vener all overt vyewe et examination del laity (come ils distinguish eux) et nul marvel, car deins un petit de les prim̄ ans del reign le roy H. le 2. le clergy del Realm ad commit plus que un cent several murders sur ces subjects, come le roy fuit certeinmnt inform, ouster moult robberies et aut's outrages: pur remedy de ql order fuit ewe per le roy, son nobility, et oue grand fair le clergy consent a ceo, que si ascun clerk de ceo en aunt commit felony ou treason, il do't primer este degrade, et apres deliver all lay power de receium la come a son offence appient etc. all darr'en favoured ' vie (un chose deste extend endifferentment al chescun hones) et pur le amour de erudic', il fuit grant all chesc' home queux puissent lieser, no obstant ils ne fuerent presters, ne deins orders. Et puis en parliament fait sur bon considerations, il ad este restraigne et repeal en divers cases, come en wilful murder, burglary, et tiels auters. Clerke attaint. Clerke convict. clerks sount en 2. sorts, cen adire clerks attaint, et clerks convict. Clerk attaint est cestuy q̄ pria son clergy apres judge. sur luy done de le felony, et ad son clergy allow, tiel clerk ne poet fair 'son purgation. Clerke convict est cestuy que prya son clergy devaunt judgement done sur luy de le felony, et ad le clergy a luy grant, tiel clerk poet fair some purgation. Colour. COlour, est un feigned matter le ql le def. ou tenant use en son bar, quant un acc'de trans, ou un assize est port enuers luy, en le quel il done le demaundant, ou pl' un show, prima facie que il ad bone cause de action, ou en verity il nen just cause, mes tauntsolement un colour, ou viso dun cause. Et il est use all intent que le determination del action do't este per les judges, et nemy per un ignorant jury de xii. homes. Et pur c'un colour do't este un matter en ley, ou difficult all lay gentes, come pur example. A. port un assize de terre enuers B. & B. dit que il mesme lessa mesme le terre al un C. pur term de vie, et apres grant le reversion al A. le demaundant, et puis C. le tenant pur term de vie morust, apres que decease, A. le demandant claimant le reversion per force del grant (ou C. le tenant pur vie ne unques atturne) entra, sur que B. entra, enuns que A. pur mesme entre port cest assize etc. cest un bon colour, pur ceo q' le ley gents pensant, q̄ le terre voile pass per le grant sans atturnemnt, ou en fait il ne voyle pass etc. Auxi en un action de trespass, colour do't este done, et de eux sount un infinite number, un pur example: En un action de trans pur prisel de avers del pl', le defendant dit, que devant le pl' riens avoit en eux, il mesme fuit possess de eux come de ses proper biens, et eux deliver all A. B. pur eux rebayler a luy quando etc. et A. B. eux done all plaintiff, et l' plaintiff suppose le property destre en A. B. al temps del done, priest eux, et le defendant eux reprist del pl', sur qle pl' port le action, cest un bone colour et un bone plea. Colour de office. COlore officij, est toutes dits prise▪ in malem partem, et signify un act malement fait per le countenance de un office, et il port un dissimulant visage del droit office, ou le office nest que vegle del fauxitie et l' chose est ground sur vice, et loffice est come un shadow al ceo. Mes Ratione officij, et virtute officij, sount pryses toutes foytes in bonam partem, et lou l' office est l' just cause deal chose, et le chose est pursuant suant all office. Collusion. Collusion est lou un action est port vers un auter per son agreement demesne, si le pleyntife recover, tiel recovery est dit per collusion: et en ascuns cases le collusion serra inquire, come en un Quar'impedit, assize, et tiels semblables: Mes en avowry, ne en brief dentre, ou ascun action personal, le collusion ne serra inquire. Common ley. Common ley, est pur le pluis part prise 3. voyes. Primerment pur les leyes de cest realm simply sans ascum aut'ley, come customary ley, Civil ley, Spiritual ley, ou quecunque auter ley join all ceo. Come quant il est dispute en nr'e leyes denglet're, quid do't de droit een determine ꝑ le common ley, et quid per le spiritual ley, ou le court del Admiral, ou tiels semblables. Secondariment il est prise pur les courts le roy, come le bank l'roy ou common place, tantsolemnt pur mr'un difference ꝑent' eux et les base courts, come customary courts, courts barons, county courts, pipowders, et tiels semblables, come qn̄t un ple d' terr'est remove horse de aunc'dem pur ceo que le terre est frank fee, et pledable all common ley, cest adir' est le court le roy▪ et nemy en aunc'demesne, ou en ascum aut' base court. Tiercement, et pluis usualment, ꝑ le common ley est entendue, tiels' leys que fuer'generalment prise, et tenus pur ley, devant q' ascum statute fuit fait pur alter ceo, come pur example. Tenant pur vie, ne pur ans, ne fuerent deste punish pur fesance waste all commonley, tanque le statute de Gloucester. ca 5. fuit fait le quel don̄ un action d' waste enuers eux: mes tenant per le courtesy, et tennt en dower, fuerount punishable de waste all common ley cest adire, ꝑ le usual, et common received leyes deal realm, devaunt le dit statute de Gloucester fuit fait. Common. Common est le droit que home ad de mitter ses beasts a pasture, ou de user et occupier le terre q̄ nest son proper sole. Et nota q̄ sont diuns commons. s. common in gross, common appendent, common appurtenaunt, et common per cause de vi●inage. Common in gross est lou ieo per mon faith grant a un auter que il auna common in ma t're Common appendent est lou home est seysie de certain terre, a que il ad common in aut 'soil, ettouts ceux que serront seisie del dyt terre averount le dit common solement pur ceux bestes que compest sa terre a que il est appendent except oysons, chyvers, et porceaux. Et touts iours cest common est per prescription, et de common droit, et il est appendent al terre erable solement, et nemy al auter terre ou meason. Common appurtenant est in m le manner come common append', mesen oues'que tants mans des auers cibien porceaux, chivers, et tiels semblabl' come chivals, vaches boefes, brebes, et tiels q̄ compester le terre. Et tiel common poit eme fait a cestiour, et poet een seune delt're a q̄ il est appurtenant, mes issint ne poit common append'. Common per cause de visinage, est lou les tenants de deux seignns q' sont seisies de deux villes dont lun gist pris lauter, et chesc' de eux ont use de temps dont memory ne court de aver common en auter vylle ovesque toutes beasts cominable. Mes lun ne poit mit ses auers en le terre lauter car la ceux de lauter ville poient eux distr'damage pheasant, ou aver action de tnns, mes ils eux mittera en lour camps dem̄, et sils estraye en les camps del altar ville, ils la doient eux sufferer. Et les in habitaunts de lun ville ne misterount euns taunts come ils voile, mes aient regard all franktenement del inhabitants de lauter ville car autermnt il ne soyt bon vicinity, sur que tout cest matter depend. Condition. Condition est un restraint ou bridle annex et join all chose, issint que ꝑ le non performance et fesans d' ceo le party all condien recouna prejudice et ꝑde et per le parformance et faired 'c', commodity et advantage. Et touts condic'sont ou condic' actual et express, queux sont apple condic'en fait, ou ils sont condic' implicit ou tacit, et nient express, les qux sont appels conditions en ley. Auxi touts conditions sount ou condic'precedent et vaount devaunt lestate et sount execute, ou subsequent et veniens apres lestate et executory. Le condition precedent, fait gain et obtain le chose, ou estat'fait sur condic' per le performance de m. Le condition subsequent fait guard et contenue le chose, ou estate fait sur condition ꝑ le performance de c. Actual et express condition q' est apple un condic'en fait, est un condie ' knit & annex ꝑ express ꝑols, all feoffment, leas, ou grant ou en escript, ou sauns escript, Sicone ieo enfeoff un home en terres reseruant rent deste pay a tiel feast 'sur condic. q'si le feoffee fail de payment al iour, q̄ donques il serra loyal pur moy de re-enter. Conditions implicit ou tacit, et nient expense qux sont apple condic'en ley, sont qn̄t un home grant all aut' le office deste guard 'dun pke, Seneschal, Bedle, bailiff, ou tiels semblables, pur term' de vie, et nient obstant que la ne soit asc' condic'express en l'graunt, vnc' le ley ꝑ le covertment dum condic', le q'l est q̄ si le grantee ne execute pas touts points appartainntal some offic'ꝑ luy m ou son suffic' depute, donque il serr'loyal pearl grantor dent' et disch. luy de son office. Condition precedent et vaant devant est qn̄t un leas est fait al un pur vie sur condic'que si le lessee pur vie voile pay all lessour xx. li. a tiel iour q̄ donques il auna fee simple: Icy le condic' preceda et va devaunt le estate en fee simple, et sur le pso●mance de l'e condic', gain et get le fee simple. Condic' subsequent et veniens apres est qnnt un graunta al I S. son man de dale en fee simple sur condition, q'le grantee paiera a luya tiel iour xx. li. ou auterment q̄ son estate cessera, icy le condition est subsequent et sequerens le estate en fee simple, et sur le performance de c', fait guard et continued lestate. Confiscate biens. COnfiscate bn̄s, sont bnns al queux le ley entitle le Roine, quant ils ne sont pas claim per asc'auter. Come si home soit indite que il felonisemnt emblea les biens de I S. lou en verity ils sont ses bn̄s dem', et ils sount mises en court vers luy come maineur, et donque il est dd'q'il dit all mns les bn̄s, et il eux deny, ore per cen denier de eux, il ꝑdra ceux biens, comment q̄ apres il soit acquit del felony, et issint en aut's semblable cases. Contract. COntract est un wreath ou covenant ꝑ enter ij. parties, ou un chose est don pur auter q̄ est apple quid pro quo, comesi lo vend mon chival pur argent ou si ieo covenant de fair lease a vous de mon man de dale est considerac'de xx. li. q̄ vous dones a moy, ceux sont bon contracts, pur ceo q' il ad un chose pur auter, mes si un home fait promise a moy que ieo avera xx. s. et que il voyle este debtor a moy de c, et puis ieo demand le xx. s. et il ne voile a moy deliver, uncore ieo navera iammes action pur recover cest xx. s. pur ceo que cest promise ne fuit contract, mes nudus pactus, Et ex nudo pacto non oritur actio, mes si ascun chose fuit done pur le xx. s. mesque il ne fuit forsque all value de un denier, donques il fuit bone contract. Conusance. conusance de plea est un privilege que un city ou ville ad del grant le roy, de tener plea de touts contracts, et des terres denies le precinct deal franchises: et quant ascum home est impled'pur ascun tiel chose en le court de roy, les maires ou bailiffs d' tiel franches, ou lour at ' poient dd'er conusance del plea. s. que le plea et le matt 'serra pled' et determine devaunt eux: Mes si le Court all Westminster soit loialment seisie del plea devaunt que conusance soit demand, donques ils naverount conusance pur cest svit, pur c'que ils ount negligentment surcease lour temps d' demand, mes ceo ne serr' bar all eux daū conusance en aut'action, car ils poyent demand conusance en un action, et omit ceo en auter action a lour pleasure '. Et nota que conusance ne gist en prescription, mes ils covient monster letters le roy. Corody. COrody, fuit un reasonable allowance d' meat, pan, boier, argent vestamnts, loggiss, et tiel sustenance, q̄ de common dread chesc'found ' de Abbeys, Priories, Nunneries, et aut's meas. de religion papistick, ount en m̄s les measons quant ils fuerent, purson pier, frere, cousin, ou auter home que il voyet, prendroit ceo, sil fuit un meason de moygnes, et sil soyt founder dun meason de nuns ou muliers, donqns c'pur sa mere, soer, cousin, ou aut'mulier q'il voile direct all ceo, et touts iours cest proviso fuit ewe, q' il que ad corodie en un meason de moignes, ne doit mittre un femme de prender ceo, Ne ou corodie fuit due est un Nunnery, la il ne fuit loyal de appoynter un home d'receiuer ceo, car en ambideux cases, tiel presentation fuit deste reject. Et cen corody fuit due cybn al un common person qui fuit founder sicone ou le roy m fuit founder. Mes ou le meason fuit tenus en frankealmoygne, la le tenure m fuit un discharge de corodie encounter touts homes, Sinon il fuit apres charge voluntariment, come ou le roy voet mister son br'e all Abbey pur un corodie pur un tiel, le quel ils admit, la le meason do't een charge a touts iours si l' roy soit foundor, ou nemy. Coroner. COroner est un ancient officer de trust et de grand authority, ordain deste un principal conseruat▪ ou guard 'de la peace, a porter record des pleas del corone, et de son view demesne, et de diuns auters choses, mult en number, etc. Mes all cestiour, ou le authority d'l Coroner nen cy grand, sicone en ancient temps il fuit, per que loffice nen ewe en semblabl' estimac'. Ou auterment le viscount et ils q' ount authority de elect le coroner ne sount cy careful sicome ils doient eme en lour election, et pur ceo il est a ore tantoft devenus arer' al mesme l' point, que il fuit en temps le roy Edward le primer, quaunt cest statut sequens fuit fait. Pur ceo q̄ petits gents & meins sages soient eslius ore de novel communelmnt all offic'del coron, et mestier serroit q̄ ꝓdes homes, loyals, et sages, se entermellent de cel offic': purview est, que per touts les counties soient eslues suffisantes homes coroners, des plus loyals et plus sages chyvalers etc. Et nyent obstant le letter de cen statute ne soyt precisement observe, uncore all meynes' le intent doit este sequor cy pres come poet que pur le default de chivalers, Gentle homes furnish oue tiels' qualities sicone le estatut mice (d' que il y ad diuns) poient este eslieu, oue cest addic', que ils soient virtuous, et bon conus christians. Corporation. COrporation est un chos 'ꝑmanent q̄ poet aver succession: Et en un assembly et joining ensemble de divers en un fellowship fraternity, et ment, d' que un est l' Test et principal, l's auters sont le corpse, et cen Test et corpse joint ensemble, fount le corporac'. Et de corporations ascuns sount appels spiritual, et ascuns temporal, et de ceux que sont spiritual, ascuns sont corporations de mort people en ley, et ascuns autermnt, et ascuns sont per authority del Roy solement, et ascuns ount este dun mixed authority. Et d' ceux qux sont temporal ascuns sount per authority d'l roign auxi et ascuns ꝑ le common ley del realm. Corporation spiritual, et de mort persons en ley, est lou le corporation consist dun Abbey et Covent, et ceux ount lour commencemnt del roy, et le home de Rome, quant il ad a fair cy. Corporation spiritual et de able people en ley, est lou le corporation consist dun dean et chapter, Et cest corporation ad commencement del roy solement. Corporation Temporal per le roy est, lou est un mair' et commonalty. Corporation temporal, per authority del common ley, est le assembly en parliament, le ql consist del roin, le teste del corporation et del snrs spiritual et temporal, et de les commons del realm, l'corps del corporac'. Corpse politic. Corpses politic sont Euesques, Abbes, priors, Deans, Person dun esglise, et tiels semblables qux ont succession. Corruption de sangue. COrrupc'de sangue est qnnt le peer est attaint de felony ou treason, donque son sangue est dit deste corrupt, per reason de ql ses enfants ne poyent este hr's a luyne a asc auter auncester. Et sil fuit noble, ou gentle home devant, il et touts ses enfants ꝑ ceo sont faits ignoble et ungentel eyant regard all nobility ou gentry q'ils claim per lour pier, quel ne poit este sane arrere sans authority del parliamnt. Covenant. Covenant est un agreement fait perenter ij. persons, lou chescun deux est tenus al auter, de perfourmer certain covenants pur son part. Coverture. Coverture, est quant un home et un femme sont espouse: Ore le temps de le continuance de cest marriage perenter eux, est apple coverture, et le femme est apple un feme covert. Covin. Covin est un secret assent, det 'my en les ceurs de deux ou plusors, all prejudice dun altar: Come si t'pur t'me d'vie, voile secretment conspire oue un auter, que lauter recover a verse le t' pur vie, le terre que il tient etc. en prejudice de celuy en le reversion. Counterplea. COunterplee, est lou un port un action, et le tenant en son respons, et plea vouch ou appell pur ascun home, pur garraunt son title, ou prayer aid de auter que ad meliour estate, come de cesty en la reversion, ou un estrange all admiral vyent & prayera deste resceu de saver son estate: si le demand 'reply a ceo et monster cause que il ne doit tyel home voucher, ou que il ne doit de tiel home aid aver, ou que tiel home ne doit este resceu, cest plea est apple un counterplee. Cinque portes. CInque portes, soon certain haven villes, cinque in number, as queux ad een grant long temps pass mults liberties (que auters port villes nount) et ceo primerment en le temps del Roy Edward apple le confessor (q' fuit devamt le conquest) et fuer'increase apres, et c' especialmnt en les iours de les deux Ed. l' prim̄, et 2. (apres l' conqnst) come ap pt en l'liund Doomsday et aut's viels monumnts qux en cen lieur emeants haut tedious d' cit', jeo intend frere N. d' omit, et mise vous cy le copy de un aunc' rec'en francois, le q'l l' worshipful, nr' loving et bon pier, mounsier I Twine, de Caunt 'done a moy horse de son lium apple W. Biholt, asc' temps un moigne de le Abbey d' S. Augustin en que vous scavois que fuer'auncientmnt account le Cinks ports et lour members, qux services ils devoient, ou lour court doit een tenus, devant q̄, et d' qux choses ils poient tener plea, oue tiels semble dign dēe conus, et ꝑ c' vous intends auxi q̄ le viel rude verse fait faux nosme d' les v. ports est nosmnt eux solō'que cen man, Dover Sandwicus, Rye, Rumney, Frigmareventus, Dover, Sandwich, Rye, Runney, Winchel say, q̄ est intend Frigmareventus etc. ql recordieo voile englois cibn come mon petite science en cen viel french voile done a moy congee. Et issint il est. Ceux sont les chief villes des Cinkes po●ts. 1 Hasting. 2 Romeney. 3 Heth 4. Dover. et 5 Sandwich. Les members del port de Hasting sont ceux. 1 Pevenese. 2 Bolewareheth. 3 Petite james, 4 Bekesbourne 5 Grenethe. 6 Rye. et 7 Winchelse. A scuns add a ceux le mere bank est Sefford, Hideney, et Nor thy. Le chief port de hasting one les members avant dits devient trover au Roy de an en an, si mestre soit per mere vint et une nefes. Ceo est a savoir, la ville de hasting iij. nefes, la Pevenese une nefe, will worchetie et Petite Ihame une nefe, Bekesbourne une nefe, Greneshe ij. homes, oue deux armours oue ceux de hasting La ville de Rye v. nefes, la ville de winchelsee x. nefes. La membres del ꝑt de Romenal sont. 2. 1. Vieu Romenal, et 2. jyde. Ascuns add all ceux Prormhel, Oswardstone et denge marreis Romenal oue les avant dits members devient a roy come avant est dit 5. niefes, dount Lyde doit un nief. Le port d'Hethe oue son member westheth devient troum 5. niefes au roy, come avant endit. Les members d'l port de Dover sount ceux. 1. Folkestone, & 2. Feversham. Ascuns add Meregate etc. Mesme cel port de Dover, oue les avamtdits members doit troum au roy 21. niefs, ceo est a seavoir Dover xix. niefes, Folkestone un nefe, et Favershan un niefe. Les members del port de Sandwyz sount ceux. 1. Stoner. 2. Forwich, 3 Dale. 4 Seire. Ascuns add Reaculure. Mesme cel port de Sandwich oue les members avauntdits doit troum en service le roy come avaunt est dit v. niefes. Sum lvij. niefs. Quant le roy vodra aver son service des avauntdits niefs, ils averont xl. iours de summons, et ils troveront au roy en chescum nief xx. homes, et le mastr'byen arm, et byen attire pur fair le service le roy. Et irrount les niefes en proper costages des cynke ports la ou eux serrount summons. Et quant les niefs serrount la venus, eux demurront xv. iours en service le roy all proper costages des Cynkes portes. Et apres les xv. iours passes ils demurrount au costages le roy, sil en ad a fair. Le mastr'de la niefe prendra le iour vi. deniers. Le Constable vj. deniers, Et chescum des auters mariners iij. deniers. Et est a saver que la Court de Shipweye que est chief Court des cynke portes, ou chescum Maire de chescun port, ou dusse, diz, syz, ou quater, et le Maire d' chescun port sicome eux par letters del garden des Cynke portes ount estre summonus, et sicome le port est greinder ou meinder sauns essoin doit vener, doit estre summonus per letters del dit garden a toutes les ports que illeoques suit devient enuoys. Et doit la summons a la suite fere et a summounder ascun comunant a responder a ascun, de ascun plea conteiner quaraunte iours deal iour d' la receipt des letters le dit garden. Et avauntdit court doit estre summons pryncipalment, pur treason fait encounter le roy ou royes, pur fausure de seal le roy, ou de sa money, pur treasure troue de south le terre, pur service le roy dedist, ou detenue, pur faux judgement per ascun communant rendu. Et nul communant al ascum plea vers mesme la comunant mesan respond'ne doit, forsque a la court avantdit. Et plea illeoques mesne vers ascun baron des Cinkes ports challenge per le bailiff de cel port de que bailie mesme le baron est, doit estre aiournee dekes all port dount icel baron est, sil ne soit de trans faith au roy, pur ceo q̄ les dits barons ount conisaunces de touts manners de pleas horspris pleas de corone. Et quant y ceux barons averount defailes endroyture fair. Le dit Garden a la plaint de celuy a qui ils averount defayles de droyture entranticel port a droyture fair sicome il est contenue en la chartre. Oustre c'la avauntdit court ne doit estre tenue de la feast del Nativity de saint Marie iesques a la feast de saint Andrew pur les fairs de German. Oustre ceo quant les Barons des Cynke portes sont en le service le roy sur mere, ou a la summons le roy, ou all mandment le roy. Oustre ceo ne doit pas tenue forsque per un iour. En un essoign tantsolement gist en le avauntdit Court en chescun plea. De svit nul essoign gist sicome il est avauntdit et pur ceo q' Maire qui de languor ou enfermete sudden illeoques venir ne purr, auter purra a cel iour son am tenir, issint ne pur taunt que return soit sait par son bailiff. Ne auters princypalment devient estre charges de ascum judgement rendu en mesm la Court forsque ceux nosmes queux par les bailiffs illeoques ounteme returns etc. Ouster tout ceo, provision de niefs et hones come est auaūtd●t, ieo aye view en un auter record (briefement escript) q̄ chesc'niefe doit aver un garsion, que la est appell un Gromet. Issint que en somme les cinques ports sont charges ovesque 57 niefes. 1197. hones, et 57 garsions ou Gromets. Damage pheasants. DAmage pheasants est quant les bests dum stranger, sount en auters terres, sans authority del ley ou licence del tenant de le terre, et la manger tread, ou auterment spoila les blees, grass, boys, ou tiels sembles, en ql case le tenant que ils issint damage, poet pur ceo la prender, distreine et impounde eux, cibien sil soit est le nuit come en le iour. Mes est aut's cases, come pur rent et services et tiels semblables, nul poit distrein en le nuit temps. Danegelde. DAnegeld, hoc est quietum esse de quadam consuetudine qui cucurrit aliquo tempore, quam quidem Danj leuauer'in Angl'. Ceo commence primen temps le roy Etheldred q̄ esteant en grand distress ꝑ le continual im vasion d'les' Danes, pur purchaser pax fuit compelled 'charger some pays et people oue importable paimnts: car il pmmermnt don all eux all u seunal pays 113000. li. et puis grant all eux 48000. li. annualmnt. Deane et Chapter. DEane et chapter est un corpse corporate spiritual, consistant de plusors able persons en ley, come nosmnt le dean (q'est le principal) et les Prebend's: et ils jointfont le corporation. Et sicone cen corporac'poient jointment purchase t'res et tents all use de lour esglise et successors: Issint auxi chesc'de eux seunalment poet purchase all use de luy et ses heir, come nous iournalm̄tvoiom' eux fair mult abundantmnt. Declaration. DEclaration est un monstrance en escript de le grief et complaint de le demaundant ou plaintiff, enuers le tenant ou defendant, en q' il suppose de auer receive tort. Et cest declaration, doit este plain, et certain, pur ceo que il impeach le defendant ou tenant, et auxi chase luy a responder. Defendant DEfendant est celuy que est sue en action personal, et il est apple tenant en action real. Domains. Domains, ou demesnes, est le principal manner place del snr, q'il et ses ancestors, ount ewe de temps horse de memory, en lour maines dem̄, & ount occupy ', ensemble oue touts edefices et measons qcunque, et auxi les prees pastures, boys, terre errable, et tiels semblables appartainant a ceo. Demaundant. Demand 'est celuy q' sue ou complain en un acc' real pur title de terre, et il est apple pl'en un assize & enun action personel come en action de det, trespass, deceit, detinue, & tyels semblables. Demy sank ou sangue. DEmy sank, est qn̄t un home mary un femme, et ad issue per luy un fites, et el morust, et donques il priest un auter femme et ad per luy auxi un fits, Ore ceux deux fites sount solonque un manner freres, ou come ils sount appels, demi freres, ou freres del demi sank, cest adire frere, per le part del pier, pur ceo que ils ount ambideux un pier, et sount ambideux de son sangue, et nemy freres per le part le mere, ne de ascun sanck ou clime cest voye, et pur ceo lun de eux ne poet este heir all altar, car il que voyle claim come heir al un per descent, doit este dentier sank a luyde que il claim. Demurrer. DEmurrer est quant ascun acc'est port, et le defend' plead un plea a que le pl'dit q' il ne voile respond', pur ceo que il nest suf ficient plea in le ley, & le def. dyt all contrary que il est sufficient plea, cest doub●e del ley est appell un demurrer. Denizen. DEnizen est lou un alien devient le subject del roigne, et obtain sa letters patents, pur enjoyer touts privileges come un ang joys. Mes uncore nient obstant, il payera eustones, et divers auters choses come aliens sont. Deodande. DEodande, est quant ascun home per misfortune est tue ꝑ une chival▪ ou per chariot, ou per auter chose q' movet, donques cel chose que est la cause de son mort, que al temps de la misfortune mova, serra forfeit all Roine, & ceo est apple Deodande, & pertain all Almener le Royne pur disposer in alms et acts de charity. Departure de son plea ou matter. DEparture d' son plea, ou matter, est lou un home plead un pleen bar, & le plaintiff reply a ceo, et il apres en son rejoind 'pled' ou monster auter matter contrary a son prim̄ plea en barr', ceo est apple un departer de son bar etc. Departer in despite del court. DEparter in despite del court, est quant le tenant ou defendant appear 'all action port enuers luy, et ad iour ouster en m le term, ou est demand apres fauns iour en mesme le term, et ne appear, mes fait default, cen un departure in despite del court, et pur ceo il serra condemn. Deputy. Deputy, est celuy q̄ occupia en aut'droit, soit ceo office, ou ascun auter chose, et son forfeiture, ou misdemen causer loffic', ou celui q̄ deputy il est de pard 'some office ou chose. Mes un ne poet fair son deputy en toutes cases, nisi le grant soit issint sicone il soit oue ceux ou tiels semblables parols, exercendo ꝑ se vel sufficientem deput' suum, ou si les parols va oustre, ꝑ se vel deputat', suum, aut deputat' deputati, donqns il poet fair un deputy, et son deputy auxi poet fair un deputy, autermnt nemy. Devastaverunt. DEuastauer'bona testator', est qn̄t les executors voyle delium les legacies q'lour testator ad done: ou fair restitution pur tortes faits per luy, ou pay ses debts due sur contracts, ou auter debts sur specialtyes, que iours de payment ne sount uncore venus etc. Et ne guard sufficient en lour mains, pur dyscharger tyels dets sur specialtyes, que ils sount compellable pnsentment per la ley de satisfier, donqns ils serront constrain de payer de lour biens demesne ceux duties, l' quel all primer per le ley ils fuerount come. pels de payer, accordant all value de ceo que ils deliveront ou pay sauns compulsion, car tyels payments de dets, ou delivery de legacies, come est avantdit, devant dets pays sur especialties, que iours de payment sount a ore venus, sount account en le ley un vastant del bnns del testator, cy taunt, come si ils ad done eux sauns cause, ou vend eux, et convert eux a lour proper use. Devise. Devise est lou un home en son testamnt don̄ ou graunta ses bn̄s ou ses terres a un auter apres son decease. Et lou tiel devise est fait des biens, si les executors ne voil'deliver les bn̄s a le devisee, le devisee nad remedy per l' comen ley, mes il covyent de aver cytation vers les executors le testator dappearer devant lordynarie de monstrer pur quoy il ne performer le volunte le testator, car le devisee ne poet prend' le legacy et luy m server, mes il do't este deliver a luv per les executors. Et ore al fin de mr'e a vous (frere Nich.) quant les leys de cest realm, et les sapient discreet judges de c, qux sont les interpreters de le ley, ount favour volunts et testaments, et issint devices en yielding all eux tiel reasonable cōstrucc', come ils pensant poet bn̄ agreer oue les mentes de les mor●s, considerants q̄ volunts et testamnts sont pur le plus ꝑt, et ꝑ common entendmnt, fait qn̄t le testat' est ore en grand languor, feeble, et pass tout spe rans de recouny, car il est un opinion en l'e pays enter le greind 'numbers, q̄ si un home ꝑ chance soit cy sapient, come de fair some volunt en son bone sane, qnnt il est strong, de bon memory, ad temps & opportunity, et poet dd' council, si asc'doubt soit de le learned, q' donques il ne doiet viver long apres ceo, et pur ceo, ils ceo deferre, tamque tiel temps, quant il soit plus convenient d'applier eux mesmns al' disposition de lour alms, q' de lour terres et biens, sinon que il soit, q' per fresh memory, et recital d' eux a cest temps, il poet estr' un came de mise eux en ment, de ascuns d'lour bn̄s, ou terres fauxmnt purch. et issint move cux all restitution etc. Et ac'temps, le escripture de tyels volunts, sont communement commit all minister del paroch, ou al asc' aut'plus ignorant q̄ luy, sil poet estre, q̄ ne scavoit qux parolx sont necessary pur fair un estate en fee simpl', fee tail', pur term de vie, ou tyels semblables, preter divers auters mischiefs. jeo voile pur c mise a vous cy ascuns d' ceux cases qux sont plus common en les bouches de les ignorant homes, et portount, ꝑ le sapient interpretations de les judges, come est avantdit, un larger, et plus favourable sense en volunts q̄ est faits: Et pur c primmmnt, si un devise al I S. ꝑ son volunt, toutes ses terres et tents, icy non solement touts ceux t'res q̄ il ad en possess. passont, mes auxy ceux de q̄ il ad le reversion, ꝑ virtue de ceux ꝑolx tenements. Et si t'res sont devise a un home, a aun a luy im ꝑpetuum, ou a aun a luy et a ses assigns: en ceux deux cases l' devisee avera fee simpl', mes si soit don̄ ꝑ feoffment, en tiel manner il nad forsqueestat' pur term de vie. Auxi si un home devise ses terres al auter, pur don̄, vend', ou fair de c a son will et pleasure, cest fee simple. un devise faith all un et a ses hr'es males fait un estate tail, mes si tiels parolx sount mise en un fait d'feoffem̄t, il serra prise en fee simple, pur ceo que que il nappiert de qui corpse les heirs males sirrah ingendre. Si terres sount done per fait al I S. et a les heirs males de son corpse etc. q̄ ad issue file que ad issue fits et morust, la le terre revertera all donor, et l' fits del file nauer'ceo, pur c' que il ne poet a luy mesme conueyer per heirs males, car sa mere est un obstacle a ceo, mes auterment est d'tiel devise, car la l' fits del file ceo avera rather que le volunt serra void. Si un devise all infant en venter matris sue, cest bone devise, auterment est ꝑ feoffment grant ou done, car en ceux cases, il do't estr'un de ability pur prend' maintenant, ou auterment il est void. un devise fait (en see simple) sans expense parolx de heirs, est bon en fee simple. Mes si un devise soit all I N. il auna les terres forsque pur t'me de vie, car ceux ꝑolx ne voil'porter greind ' estate. Si un voile q' son fits I auna son terre post mortem son femme, icy le femme deal devisor auna le terre prim̄ pur term de sa vie. Issint si home devise ses byens a sa feme, et que apres le mort sa femme, son fits et heir avera le meason ou les byens sount, la le fits navera le meason durant le vie de le femme, car il appiert que son intent fuit, q' sa feme doit aun le meason auxi pur term de sa vie, ni enter obstant il ne fuyt devise a luy ꝑ express parolx. Si un devise soit all I N. et a les heirs females de son corpse ingendres: apres l' devisee ad issue fits et file et morust, icy le file avera le terre, et nemy le fits, et uncore il est le pluis dign person, et heir all son peer, mes pur ceo que le volunt del mort est, que le file doit ceo aver, ley et conscience voit issint auxi Et en cest point les heathens fueront precise, come appiert per ceux verses de Octavius Augustus q' Donatus report, il fesoyt apres que Virgil a son mort, donoit commandment que ses livers doient estre combure pur ceo que ils fueront unperfit, et uncore ascuns perswadount que ils doyent estre save, come est a fit happiment ils fueront, a q̄ il respond issint. Sed legum servanda fides: supmma voluntas quod mandat, fierique jubet, parere necesse est. Descent. Descent est un deux sorts ou linial, ou collateral. Lineal descent, est quant le descent est convey en mesme le line dentier sank, come ail, pier, fits, fits deal fits, et issint debassa. Collateral descent, est dehors en un auter branch dehaut, dentier sank, come le frere del ail, frere del fits, et issint debassa. Disclaimer. DIsclaimer est lou le signior distrain son tenant, et il sua replevin, & le seignior avowa le prise, per reason que il tient de luy si le tenant dyt que il disclaima de tener de luy, cest apple une disclaimer, et si le seig niour sur ceo port brief de droit sur disclaim, et il soit troue encounter le tenant, il perdera le terre. Dimes. Dimes sont divides en troy's sorts, nosment, Prediall dimes, Parsonel dimes, et Mixed dimes. Prediall dimes, sont dimes, que sont pay de choses qux vient de le trrre solement, come, feign, fruits delarbors. et tiels' semblables. Personal dimes, sont dimes q̄ sont pays de tiels profits q' veigne ꝑ le labour, it industry del person dum home, come ꝑ empc', et vendic', gain de marchantdize, & de manuel craft hones, labourers et tiels q' labour pur fallery, come carpenters, masons, et tiels semblables. Mixed dimes, sont les dimes de victuals, agnes, porcels, et tiels semblables, q̄ increase ꝑtmnt del t'r ', sur q'ils sont depastures, et partmnt Disseisin sur disseisin. DIsseisin sur disseysin est, quaunt le disseisour est disseisie p●● un auter. Disseisour et disseisee. DIsseisor est celuy que mist ascun home horse de son terre sauns order de ley, et disseisee est celuy que estissint mis de horse. Distress. Distress est la chose que est pris et distrayne sur ascun terre pur rent arere, ou pur aut'duty, ou pur tort fait, comment que le ꝓperty del chose soit ●●eināt al estrange, mes si sount beasts que perteinnt a un estrange, il covient que sont levant & couchant sur mesme le terre. s. q̄ les beasts avoient een sur l' terre ꝑ certain space que ils ount eux bn̄ repose sur la terr' ou auterment ils ne sont distrainable. Et si un distrain pur rent ou auter chose sauns cause loyal, donques le party grieve avera un Replevin sur surety troue de pursuer son action, et avera la distress a luy redeliver. Mes sount divers choses que ne sont dystreinable, cestassavoir le rob dauter home en le meason de un tailor, ou drape en le meason dun fuller, shereman, ou weyver, pur ceo q̄ ils sont common artificers, et q̄ le comen presumption est que tyels choses ne perteynent all artificer, mes all auters persons que les mettont la a ou●●er. Auxi vitel nest pas distreinable, ne blees en garbs, sinon q̄ ils sount en un chareot, purc'que distress covient een touts foits de tiel chose, dount le vic' puit fair replevin, et redelium en auxi bon cas que il fuit al temps del prise. Auxi home puit distrain pur homage de son tenant, pur fealty et escuage, & aut's services, et pur fins et amercements q̄ sont assess en un let, mes nemy en court baron. Et auxi pur damage pheasant. s. quaunt il troue l's beasts ou b●● dum aut', fe●ant tort ou incumbrant some t're, mes home ne puit distrain pur ace 'rent ou chose due pur ace ' terre, mes sur in la t're q̄ est charge ovesque c, mes en case lou ieo veign a distr', et lauter voyant mon purp, chase les beasts ou port le chose de horse, all intent q̄ ieo ne prendra pur distress sur le terre, donqns ieo puisse bn̄ pursue, et si ieo le priest mayntenant en la haute changed min ou en auter soil, la prisel est loyal, auxi bn̄ la come sur la terr▪ charge a qcunque la property des bn̄s sont. Auxi pur fins et amerciaments que sount assess en un let, un puit toutes foits prendre les biens celuy qui est issint a-mercy in quecunque soil que ils sont denies la lurysdictyon del Court ut dicitur. Et quant un ad prise un distress, il couient a luy de amesn a le comen pound, ou auterment il puit garder in altar foil, issint que il don̄ notice all party que il (si le distress soyt un vive beast) puit don a luy viand, et donqns si le beast murrust pur default de viand', celuy que fuit distrayne serra a le pared, & donques lauter puyt distrayne auterfoytes pur mesme le rent ou duty. Mes sil amesna la distress a un forselet, ou horse del county, que la vic' ne puit bn̄ fair deliverance sur replevin, donques la party sur le return de viscount avera un brief d' Withernam direct all viscount que il preigne taunt de ses beasts, ou taunt des biens lauter en sa guard, tanque il ad faith deliverance de la primer distress. Auxy▪ sils sount in un forselet ou chateaw, le vicont puit prender ●ue●luy le power del county & abater le castle come appie●t per le statute westmonaster'1. C. 17. Ideo vide statutum. Divorce. DIuorc', issint apple d' divortium, veniens del verb divort ', que signify purret 'arrer', come quant un home est divorce de son feme, il luy retpur●e arrere al● sa pier, ou auter amies, ou al●ieu ou▪ il luy ad, et per tiel divorce le marriage▪ est defeat et destraye▪ Donor et donee. DOnor est celuy que done terres ou tenements all▪ auter en ●aile, et celuy a q̄ il est done▪ est apple donee. Double plea. DOuble plea, est lou le defendant ou tenant en ascun action plead un plea, in que ij. matters sont comprehendus▪ & chescun per luy m est un sufficient bar ou respons all admiral ou matter de bar, donques tiel double plea ne serra admit pur plea, si non que un depend sur lauter, et in tyel case, sil ne puit auer'l' darreine plea, sans le primer plea, donques tyel double plea serr' bien suffer. Droit. DRoyt est lou un ad chose q̄ fuit toll de auter per tort, come per disseisin, ou ejectment, ou tiels semblables, et ceo challenge ou claim que il ad que avoyt le chose, est term' droit. Droit dentrie. DRoyt dentrie, est quant un seisie de terre en fee, ēd'c' disseise: Ore le disseisie ad droyt dentre en le terre, et poet quaunt il voyle, ou il poet aver brief de droyt enuers le disseisour. Dures. DVres est lou un home est guard in prison ou restrain d' son liberty contrary all order de ley, et si tiel person issint esteant, faith in dures ascun especialty, ou obligation, ꝑ reason de tiel imprisonment, tyel faith est void en le ley, et in admiral port sur tyel especialty, il puit dire que il fuit fait per dures de son imprisonment: mes si home soyt arrest sur ascun action all suite un auter, mesque le cause del action ne soit bon ne voier, sil fait ascun obligatyon a un estrange esteant in prison pur tiel arrest, uncore il ne serra dit per dures, mes sil fait obligation a luy a que svit il svit arrest deste discharge de tiel imprisonment, donques il serra dit dures. Eire justices. Heir justices, or Itinerant, come nous apple eux, fueront justices que use de equitare de am all lieu, per tout le realm, pur administer justice. Embrasour ou embraceour. EMbrasour ou Embraceour, est celuy que quant un matter est en trial perenter party et party, vyent all bar oue un del parties (ayant receive ascun reward pur issint fair) et parle en le case, ou privemnt labour l' jury ou stat la pur surveyor ou suruieu eux, per cen means de mitter eux en pavour et doubt del matter. Mes hones que sount erudite en le ley, poient parle en le case pur lour fee mes ils ne poyent labour le jury, et sils preigne money a issint fair, ils auxi sont embrasors. Encrochment. ENcrochment est dit qn̄t le snr ad happa seisin de plus rent ou services de son tenant que de droit est due, ou do't este pay ou faith a luy: Come si le tenant tyent sa terre de son signior per fealty et ij. s. rent annuelment, Et ore de tardife temps, le snr ad happa seisin d' iij. s. rent, ou de homage, ou escuage, ou tielssemblables, donque cen apple un Encrochment de cest rent, ou service. Inheritance. Inheritance est tiel estat'en t'res ou tents, ou auters choses, que poient este inherit ꝑ le heir, soit ceo de estate en fee simple, ou tail per descent de asc de ses ancestors, ou per son purchase demesne. Et inheritance est divide en deux sorts, cenascavoir, inheritance corporate, et inheritance encorporate. Enhertance corporate sont messages, terres, prees, pastures rents, et tiels' semblables, q̄ ont substance en eux mesmes, et poient continuer tout temps. Et ceux sont apple choses corporal. Inheritance incorporate, sont advowsons, villes, voies, commons, Courts, piscaries, q̄ sont ou poient ●ēappēd', ou appurtenantes a inheritance corporate. Equity. equity est en deux mans, diuns moult lun del aut', et sont de contrary effects, car lun abridge, diminish, ou toll' de l' let 'del ley. Le aut' enlarge, amplify, et ad a ceo. Le primer est issit define. Aequitas est correctio legis generatim latae qua part dificit, le quel correction del genal parols est moult use en nr'e ley, sicome pur example, qn̄t act de parliament est fair, quecunque que fait tiel act serra fellow, et serr mise al mort, vnc'si home de non sanae memoriae, ou enfaunt de tend' age que nad discretion le faith, ils ne serront felons, ne mise al mort. Auxi si estatut fuit fait que toutes persons que recetteront ou doneront manger ou boier ou aut'aid aceny q' faiera tiel act, serront accessary a some offence, et serront mise al mort si conusteront del fact, uncore lun fait tiel act et veygne a sa proper feme que sciant ceo luy receive et done manger et boier a luy el ne serra accessory ne fellow, car en le generalty de les dits parols del ley ceny de non sanae memoriae, ne le infant, ne le feme fuerount include en intent. Et issint equity correct le generalty del ley en ceux cases, et les parolx general sont per equity abridge. Lauter equity est define en tiel manner, Aequitas est verborum legis directio efficiens cum una res solummodo legis cavetur verbis ut onnis alia in aequali genere eisdem caveatur verbis. Et issint quaunt les parolx enact un chose, ils enact touts auters choses que sont en semblables degrees. Sicome le statute que ordeygne que en action de det vers executors cesty que vient per distress respondera, extendera per equity all administrators, car cesty de eux que vyent primes per distress respondera per equity del dit act, Quia sunt in aequali genere. Issint le statute de Gloucester done le action de waste et le punishment de ceo vers cesty que tient pur vie, ou ans, et per leequitie de ceo home avera acc'd'wast vers cesty q' tient forsq' pur un an, ou demi an, et vnc'ceo est horse del parolx del statut, car ceny q' tient forsque pur demi an, ou un an, ne tient pur ans, mes c' est le intent, et les parols q' enact lun ꝑ equity enacteront lauter. Escape. EScape est en deux sorts. s. voluntary, et necligent. Voluntary escape est quant un arresta auter pur felony ou auter crime, et puis luy lesser aler ou il veult, cen lesser de luy aller est un voluntary escape. Et si larrest de cesty q̄ escape fuit pur felony ceo serra dit felony est cestuy que luy lessa descap, et si pur treason, il serra treason en luy, etsi pur tnns, donqns' trespass, etsic de singulis. negligent escape est quant un est arrest et puis escape encounter le volunt cestuy que luy arrest, et ne so it freshment pursue, et reprise devant que le pursuour perda le vieu de luy, ceo serra dit negligent escape non obstant que ceny horse de que poss. il escape luy reprist apres le view perdus. Il y ad un escap auxi sauns arrest, come si un murder soyt faith en le iour, & le murderer ne soyt pris, donques il est escape per q̄ le vill'ou le murder fuit fait serra a-mercy. Esplees. ESplees est sicome le seisin, ou poss▪ dun chose, perfect, ou commodity q' est a prender: come dum common les espleeses est le prender del grass ou common ꝑ les mouths de les beasts q' common la: dun advowson le prend'de gross dimes, dumbois, le vender de boys, dum orchard, le vender de pomes, ou auter fruit cressants la, dun molin est prisel de toll est les espleeses, et d' tiels' semblables. essoin. essoin est lou un action est port, et le pl'ou defendant ne poit bien appearer al iour in court pur un de v. causes de south expnsses, donques il serra essoin de saver son default, vnd ' nota que sont v. manners de essoin, cestaslavoir, essoin de oustre le mere et ceo est per xl. iours. Le ij. essoin de terra sancta, et ceo serra pur un an et un iour, et ceux deux serront gist all commencement d'l ple. Le tierce essoin est de male vener, et ceo serra al comen iours, come laction require et cest appell 'comen essoin. Le iiij. essoin est de malo lecti, et c est solement en brief de droit, et sur ceo issera brief horse de chancery direct all viscount que il maund'iiij. Chivalers' all tenant de voier le tenant, et sil soyt malade, de doner a luy ioure apres un an & un iour. Leu. essoin est de service le roy, et gist en touts actions forsqueen assize de novel disseisin, br' de dower, darreine presentment, et in apple de murder, mes in cest essoin, il covyent al iour de monster son garraunt, ou auterment il tornera in un def. sil soyt in plea real, ou il perdra xx. s. pur le journey del pl'ou plus per discrec' des justices, sil soit est plea psonel, ut patet ꝑ statut de Gloc. cap. 8. Estoppel. EStoppel est quaunt un est conclude et deny en ley de parler encounter son act ou fait demesne nient obstantil soit pur dire le verity. Et de estoppels il y ad un grand number, un pur example est, quant joh. Sti. est oblige en un obligac'per le nosme de Thomas Style, ou ascum auter nosme, et est apres sue accordant all m le nosme mise en loblig▪ cen adire, Thomas Stil' ore il ne serra receive adir'q'il est misnosm, mes serra chase a responder accordant all nosme mise en loblig. cest adir' Thom S. car peradventure lobligee ne scavoyt pas son nosme, mes il report tantsolemnt deloblig. m. Et entant q'il est m le home q̄ fuit oblig', il serr' estopp et deny est ley, pur dir'l 'contrary encounter son fait demesne, car autermnt il puit prend' advantage de son tort demesne, l' ql l ley ne voet suffrer un home de fair. Auxi si le file que est tantsolemnt lheire la son pier, voet sure livery oue sa soer que est un bastard, el ne serra apres receive pur dire q̄ sa soer est un bastard, entant q̄ si sa bastard soer priest le moiety del terre oue luy, il ny ad remedy per le ley. Item si un home seisie de terr' en fee simple, voet prender un le as pur ans de mesme le terre dun estranger per faith endent, cest un estoppel durant le t'me des ans. Et le lessee est per ceo bar adire le verity. Car le verity est, que il que lessa le terre nad riens en ceo al temps del leas fait, et que le fee simple fuit en luy que priest le leas, mes ceo il ne serra receive adire, tanque apres les ans serra determine, pur ceo que il appiert que il ad un estate pur ans. Et il fuit son folly de prender un leas de ses terres dem̄, et pur ceo serra issint puny pur sa folly. strangers. Estraungers' sount ils que ne sount parties, ne privies all fine levy, ou fesauns dun faith. Estray. EStray, est lou ascun beast ou cattle, est in ascum seignioury, et nul conust le owner de c donque il serra seisi al oeps le royne, ou le snr ● ad tiel estraye per grant l'royne ou per prescripc', et si le owner vient et fait claim a ceo denies un an et un iour, donqns il le reauna paiant pur son viand', ou auterment a●s an, la ꝓperty de c serra all snr, issint que le snr face proclamation de ceo accordant a le ley, en deux market villes. Excommengement. Excommengemnt, est quant un home ꝑ judgement en le spiritual court est accurse, donques il est disabl'de sure ascun action en le court le royne, et sil remain excommenge xl. iours, & ne voyle este justify ꝑ son Ordinary, donque levesque maundera sa letter patent all Chancellor, et sur ceo serra maund all vic. de prender le corpse lexcommengee ꝑ un brief appell de Excommunicato capiendo, iesque il ad fait gree al esglise pur le contempt & tort, & quaunt il est justify, & ad fait gree, donques levesque maunder'sa letter all royne certifient ceo, et donques serra maunde all viscount de luy delium ꝑ un br' apple de Excommunicato deliberando. Exchange. Exchange, est lou une home est seisi de certain terre, et un auter home est seisie de auter terre, si ils per un faith endent ou sauns faith (si les terres sount en une county) exchange lour terres, issint que chescun de eux avera aut 'terre a luy issynt exchange en fee, fee tail, ou term' de vie, ceo est apple un exchange, et est bon sans livery et seisine. Et in exchange il covient que les estates a eux limit per lexchange sount egals, car si une ad estate in fee in sa terre, & lauter ad estate in auter terre forsque pur term de vie, ou en tail, donquestiel eschange est void, mes si les estates sont egals, et ses terres ne sont de equal value, uncore lexchange est bō. Auxi un exchange de rent pur terre est bone. Issint exchange inter rent & comen est bon, et ceo covient este per faith. Et il covient toutes foits que ceux parolx (exchange) sont en le fait, ou auterment ryens passa per le faith sinon que il ayet liver & seisin. Execution. Execution, est lou judgement est done en ascun action que le plaintiff recovera la terr', le det, ou damages, come le case est, et quant ascun brief est agarde de luy mitter en possession, ceo est apple brief de execution, et quaunt il ad le possession de le terre, ou est pay de debt ou damages, ou ad le corpse le def, agarde all prison, donques il ad execution, & si le ple soit en county ou court baron ou hundred, & ils alyenont le judgement en favour del party, ou per auter encheason, donque le demaundant avera brief d'Executione judicij. Mes en brief de debt home navera recovery de null'terre, mes de cel que le defendant avoit ioure de judgement rendue. Et de chateux home avera execution solement des chateux, queux il avoitiour de execution Executor. EXecutor est quant home fait son testament et darreine volunt, et in ceo nosma le ꝑsō● executera son testament, donque cesty que est issint nosm̄, est son executor, et tiel executor avera action vers chescum debtor de son testator, et si lexecutor ad assets, chescun a ● le testator fuit in debt avera action vers lexecutours sil ad obligation ou especialty, mes en chescun case lou le testator puissoit gager son ley, nul acc'gist vers executor. Extinguishment. EXtinguishment est lou un signior dun manor ou ascun auter ad un rent issant dascun terre, et il purchase mesme la terre, issint que il ad tiel estate en la terre, come il avoyt en le rent: donques le rent est extinct pur ceo que un ne puyt aver rend issuant horse de son terre demesne. Et quant ascun rent serra extient, il covyent que le terre et le rent sount en une main, & auxy q̄ lestate que il ad ne soyt defesible, et que il ad auxi bon estate en le terre, come en le rent, car sil ad estate en le terre forsque pur term de vie, ou dans, et ad un fee simple en le rent, donques le rent nest extinct, mes est ere suspense pur cel temps, & donques apres le term le rent est revive. Auxy si soit signior, mesne, et tenant & le feigniour purchase la tenancy, donques le menalty est extinct, mes le mesne auna la surplusage de rent, si ascun soit come un rent seek. Auxi si home ad chimin appendent, & puis purchase le terre en q'le chimin est, donque le chimin est extinct, et issint est de un comen appenddant. Extortion. Extorc est un tort fait ꝑ un officer, come un Maier, Bailiff, Visc', Escheator ou auter officer, colore officij sui, en prendrans excessive reward, ou fee, pur execution de son dit office ou auterment, et nē aut' choose en fait q' plain robbery, mes plus odible q̄ robbery, car robbery est apparent, et toutes dits ad oue lui le countenance de vice, mes extortion emeant cy haut vice come robbery est, port oue luy un countenance d' virtue, per reason de que il est le plus dure deem try, ou discern, et pur ceo le plus odible. Et vncor'ascuns il y ad q' ne voilent demre, mes stretch lour office, credit, et conscience pur purchaser money, cybien per extortion, come auterment, accordant all disans de le poet Virgil. Quid non mortalia pectora cogit auri sacra fames? Failer de record. FAyler de record, est quant un action de trans ou tiels semblables, est port enuers un, et le def. dit, q' le pl'devant ceo, port un acc' pur m le trans, en auter court, et recover dam etc. Et dd'judgement del court sil avera arrere cest admiral etc. Et le plaintiff dit nul tiel record, sur que le def. ad iour done a luy, pur amesner eins le record, a q̄ iour il fail: ou amesne eins un tiel, q' nen barr' all cest action, donques il est dit de failure de record, et sur ceo le plaintiff avera judgement de recover etc. Faith. Faith est un prove, et testimony de le agreement del party que faith il est, all chose contain en le faith: Come un faith de feoffment est un prove del livery de seisin, car le terre passa per la livery de seysin, mes quant le faith et le livery est joint ensemble, cest un prove del livery, et que le feoffor est content que le feoffee avera le terre. Et nota que toutes faits sount ou indent, de q̄ il ad deux, troys, ou plusours, come le case require, de que le feoffor, grauntor, ou lessour ad un, le feoffee, grantee, ou lessee un aut', et peraduent' asc'auter person auxi un aut', etc. ou auterment ils sont fayts pol, ou single, et forsque un, le ql le feoffee, grantee, ou lessee ad etc. Et chescun fait consist de troys principal choses (et sils troys ne sount join ensemble, il nest perfect fait de liar les parties) nosment, escripture, sigillation, et delivery. Le primer point est escripture, ꝑ q' est declar'les nosmes deal parties all fait, lour habytation, lour degrees, le chose grant, sur qux considerac', lestate limit, le temps quant il fuit grant, et si simplemnt, ou sur condition, oue auters tiels' semblables circumstances, mes si les parties all faith, escript en le fine lour nosmes demesn̄, ou mise a ceo lour marks (come il est communement use) il ne fait ascum matt ' (come jeo suppose) car ceo nest intend ou il est dit que chescum fait covient de aver escripture. Le second point est Sigillation, que est pl'testimony de lour consents all ceo contain en le fait, come appiert per ceux ꝑolx: In cuius rei testimonium etc. touts foites mice en le fin d' fayts, shuns queux parolx, le faith est insufficient. Et pur ceo q' nous sumus est sigillat' et sinning de faits, il ne serra de horse (frere Nich.) icy a mr'e a vous, pur l' amour de antiquity, le man de signing et subscribing de faits en nr'ancestors les Saxons temps, un fashion different de ceo que nous use en ceux nr' iours, en c'q' ils a lour fayts subscribe lour nosmes (communement adding l' sign del cross) et en le fine mise un grand number des testimonies, nyent usant a cel temps ascun manner de sigil. Et nous a cest iour pur plus surety, auxibien subscribe nostre nosmes (nient obstant c nest mult necessar' come ieo aye devamt dit) mice nr ' sigils, et use le aid de testimoignes auxy. Cest primer fashion ount continuance per tout tanque al temps del conqnst per les Normans, que manners per petit et petit all darrayne prevail enter nous: Car le primer Charter sigil en Engleterre est pense deste ceo del roy Ed. le confessor all Abbey de West minster, que (esteaunt educate en Normandy) port en cest realm ceo, et ascun auter d' lour guises oue luy. Et apres le venians de Guillam le Conqueror, les Normans estemen de le custom de lour pays (come naturalment toutes nations fount) reject le manner que l●s trovont cy, et retain lour proper, come Ingulphus le Abbot de Croyland que vyent eins oue le conquest testimoygne, disens: Normamni, cheirographorun confectionem, cum crucib aureis, et alijs signaculis sacris, in Anglia firmari solitan, in cerae impressionem mutant, modumque scribendi Anglicum reijciunt. Mes nient obst'ceo ne fuit fait tout al un temps, mes il increase et vient eins ꝑ certain steps et degrees, issint que primes et pur un season le roy solement ou un peu auters d' le nobility oustr' luy use de sigiller, donques le noble homes pur le plus part et nul auters, ql choose un home poet voier en le history de Battle Abbey ou Richard Lucy chief justice de Engleterre en l' temps del roy Henry le second est report d' aver blame un mean subject pur ceo que il use un private sigil quant ceo pertain (come il cont) all roy et nobility sol'ment. Al ql temps auxi (come john Rosse note ceo) ils use de engrave en lour sigils, lour pictures demesn̄, et counterfeits cover oue un long tunicle super lour Armours. Mes apres ceo les Gentlehomes del meliour sort priest le fashion, et pur ceo q'ils ne fueront touts guerrours, ils fesoient sigilles engrave oue lour several coats, ou shields de arms, pur difference come m le author report. All darraigne, all temps del roy Edward le tierce, sigils fueront mult common, issint que non solement tiels' que portant arms, use de sigiller, mes auters hones auxi fesoyent al eux mns, signets de lour devise demesne, ascuns prendrans les letters de lour nosmes dem̄, ascuns flores, ascuns et flourishes, ascuns aves, ou beasts, et ascuns autets choses, come nous ore vnc'iournalment voier est use. Ascuns aut' man d' sigillac'ouster ceux ad een over enter nous, come nosment ceo de roy Ed. le 3. p ql il done, All Norman l' hunt ', le hop, et le hop ville oue touts le bonds upside down, Et en Testmoyne q' il soyt very, il morde l' cere oue son fong deut. Le semblable de cen (srere Nicholas) nr'e reverend & bon pier, enter auters antiquities pur ma purpose, monster a moy, en un lose cart, mes non moult auncientmnt escript, et pur c il voile, q' ieo esteema de ceo come ieo pense bien, il fuit come ensue. jeo Guillam King done a vous powlen Royden, ma hope et ma hop terres, oue touts les bounds up et down, de ceole all terre, de terre al infern, pur voy et vr'es a demrer, de moy et mes, all toy et urs, pur un ark et un broad arrow, when I come to hunt upon yarrowe In witness that this is sooth, I bite this wax with my tooth, In the presence of Magg, Maude, and Margery, and my third son Henry. Alsoe that of Alberic de veer, containing the donation of Hatfield to the which he affixed a short black hafted knife, like unto an old halfpenny whitle, in steed of a seal, with divers such like. But some peradventure will think that these were received in common use and custom, and that they were not rather the devices and pleasures of a few singular guns, tiels ne sont meines deceive, que ils q'pensōt chescun charter et escript q' nad sigille annex, dēe ey ancient come le conquest, lou (en verity) sigillation ne fuit communement use tanque al temps del roy Edward le iij. come ad este dit. Le tierce point est delivery, quel nient obstant il soit mise darraine, nest le meinst, car apres q' un fait soit escript, et sigil, sil ne soit deliver, tout le re sidue est a nul purpose, Et cest delivery doit este faith per le party m, ou son sufficient garrant, et issint il luy liera quecunque escript, ou sigille ceo, et per cest darraigne act, le fait est fait perfect accordant all intent et effect de c', et pur c' est faits le deliuny est dēe prove etc. Issint poys voier q' escript', et sigillac' sans deliunry est a nul purpose, Que sigillation et delivery, lou nen asc'escripture work nul chose, Ne escriptur' et deliuny sans sigillation auxi, fait nul fait. Et pur c'ils tout doient jointment concur pur fair ' un perfect fait, come est avantdit. Farm ou Farm. Farm, ou ferme, est le chief mesuage en un village, ou town, et a ceo appurtenaunt grand demesnes d'touts sorts, et ad even use deste less pur term de vie, ans, ou a volunt. Item le rend que est reserve sur tiel leas, ou semblables, est apple, farm, ou ferme. Et farmer, ou fermor, est celuy q'occupia le farm, ou ferme ou est lessee de ceo. Auxi en asc lieus, & counties, chescun lessee pur vie, ans, ou al volunt, nient obstant il soit dum petite cottage, ou meas, est appel pel farmor, ou fermor. Et nota, q' ils sount appels farms, ou fermes, deal Saxon parole, Feormian, q' signify pur feed, ou tender victual. Car est ancient temps, lour reservations fuer'cibn (ou pur le plus part) en victual come argent, tanque all darreine, et c principalmnt est le temps del roy Henry l' prim̄ (ꝑ agremnt) le reseruac' de victuals, fueront conunt est ready argent, et issint vnc'ad continued ent ' le plus homes. Fee farm. FEe farm, est quant un tenant tient de son seignior en fee simple rendaunt a luy le value del moiety, ou de tierce party ou quater party, ou de auter part del terre, pan, & q̄ tient en fee ferm ne doit fair auter chose, mes sicome est contain en le feoffment forsque fealty, car ceo appent a touts mans tenors. Feoffment. feoffment est lou un done terre a un ter en fee simple, & il deliver seisin et possession del terre, ceo est un feoffment. Feffor & feoffee. FEoffor est celuy q' enfeoff, ou fait fefment al aut'de terres outennts, en fee sim. Et feoffee est celuy, q'est en feoff, ou a q'le feoffment est issint fait. Fireboote. FIreboote est necessary boys pur arder, quel per le common ley, lessee pur ans, ou pur vie, poyt prender en son terre, nient obstaunt il ne soit express en son leas, et nient obstaunt il soit un leas par parol tantum sauns fait. Mes sil priest plus q̄ besoigne, il serra puny en waist. Fledwite. FLedwite, hocen quietum esse de amerciamentis cum quis utlagatus laxatiuus veniat ad pacem domini regis sponte, vel licentiatus. Flemeswite. FLemeswite, hoc est quod habeatis cattalla sive amerciamenta hominis vestri fugitivi. Fletwit. FLetwit (ou flytwit) hoc est quietum esse de contentione et convictis, et quod habeatis placitum inde in curia vestra et amerciamenta, quia (flit) anglice Tensone gallice. Forstall. FOrstall, hoc est quietum esse de amerciamentis et cattallis arrestatis infra terram vestram, et amerciamenta inde ꝓuenientia. Forestalier. FOrstaller est celuy q̄ achate blees, auns, ou aut'merchandise qcunque est vendibl', ple chimen qnnt il vient all mnkets, fairs, ou tyels femblables lieus deem vend all intent que il poet vender c auterfoits all un plus haut et chare price, en prejudice et damage de le common weal et people etc. Le penalty pur ceux qux sont convict de ceo, etc., en le pri●● temps amercement, et le pard del chose issint achat '. Le second temps judgement d'l pillory. Le tierc'temps imprisonment et ransom. Le quater temps abjuration del ville etc. franchises royal. franchises Royal, est lou le Roygne grant all un et a ses heirs q̄ ils serront quite de tolnet ', vel h●●odi. Frankmariage. FRankmariage, est qnnt un home seisie de terres en fee simpl'done c all auter home et a sa femme (q̄ est sil' soer ou aut'ment de kin all donor,) en frankmariage, per virtue d' qux parolx, ils ●unt un estate ●n special tail, et tiendra le terie del donor quite de touts manners d' services tamque le 4. degree soyt pass, accountants eux m̄s en l' prim̄ degree, sinon fealty, qux ils fieront pur ceo que il est incident a touts tenors forsque frank almoigne. Et tiel done poet een fait cy bn̄ apres marriage solemnize come devant. Et home poet don̄ terres all son fits en frankmariage cybien come a sa file ꝑ le opinion de master Fitzh. en son brief de Chamꝑtie H. Mes il apꝑt autermnt en mast' Litt', et en M. Broke Ti. Frākmar' P. 10. Et issint il fuit tenus clear en Gray's Inn est lent An. 1576. 18. El. ꝑ le dread woorshypful M. Rhodes donqns lector la. Franktenement. Franktennt est un estate q̄ home ad est terres, ou tents, ou perfect a prend', en fee simple, tail, pur term de son vie dem̄, ou pur term' dauter vie. Et south est il nen franktenement, car il que ad estate pur ans, ou tient al volunt, nad ascun franktenement, mes ils sont apple chattels. Et de franktenemnts, il y ad ij. sorts, cen assavoir, franktenement est fait, et franktenement en ley. Franktenement est fait, est quant un home ad ent'est terres ou tents, et est seisie de ceo, reallmnt, actualment, et en fait, Sicome le pier seisie de terres ou tenements est fee simpl' defy, et son fits ent'est eux come heir a some pier, donqns il ad un franktenement en fait ꝑ son entry. Franktennt en ley, est qnnt terres ou tents sont discend'all un home, et il poet enter en eux qn̄t a luy plest, mes nad vnc' fait son entry en fait, come en le case avantdit, si le pier esteant seisie de t're en fee simple defy seisie, et ils descend all son fits, mes le fits nad uncore ent'est fait en eux, ore devant son entry, il ad un franktenement en ley. Freshsuite. FReshsuit, est quant un home est rob, et le party issint rob, pursua l' fellow immediatment, et luy priest oue le manner, ou auterment, et donques port un appeal enuers luy, et luy convince del felony per verdict, le quel chose esteant inquire pur le roygne et troue, le party rob avera restituced 'ses bn̄s arr'. Iten il poet este dit q̄ le party fait freshsuit, nient obstant il ne priest le fellow presentment, mes q̄ il soit demi an, ou un an apres le robbery fait, devant que il soit prise, si soit is●int que le party rob faith taunt que en luy est, per diligent inquire, et search d' luy prend', nient obstant que il est prise per un aut' home, uncore ceo serra dit bone freshsuit. Et issint freshsuit est quant le snr vient pur distreigner pur rent ou service, et le owner des beasts faith rescous, et enchase eux en auter terre que nen tenus del fnr, et le signior ensuer presentment, et reprist eux, cen apple freshsuite. Et issint en auters semblables cases. Gager de deliverance. GAger de deliverance est, lou un sua replevin des biens prise, mes il nad deliune des bn̄s, et lauter avowa, et le plaintiff mr'e q̄ le defend'est uncore seisie etc. et pria que le defendant gagera deliverance, donques il mittera eyns surety ou pledge pur redeliverance, et br'e issera all viscount pur redeliver etc. mes si home claim property il ne gagera deliverance. Auxi sil dyt q̄ les auers sont mort' en pound, il ne gagera etc. Auxi home ne gagera iammais le deliverance avant que ils ils sont a issue ou demurrer en ley. guard. Guard est quant un enfant que auncestour tient per service de chivalry, est en le guard et custody de le snr de que ils fuerount tenus, Et si le tenant tient de divers seigniours divers terres, celuy seignyour de que il tyent per prioritie●s, per le plus auncyen tenure, avera la guard del enfant, mes si un tenure soit auxy auncyen que lauter, donques celuy que primes happa le guard del corpse, gardera ceo▪ mes en ceo case, chescun seignyour avera le guard del terr' que est tenus de luy, mes si le tenant tient de roine in chief, donques le roine per sa prerogative avera le guard de corpse et de tout le terr' que est tenus de el, & de chescun auter seygniour. Garden. GArden plus proꝑment est celuy q ad le guard ou custody dun hr', et de t're tenus ●er service de chivalry, ou de un de eux a son use demesn̄, durant le nonage del hr': Et deins cest temps ad le bestowing deal corpse del heir, en marige all son volunt sans disparagement. Et de gardens il y ad ij. sorts nosment, garden en droit, et garden en fait. Garden en droit, est celuy q'per reason de son s●ry est seisie del gardship ou custody del t're, et del heir durant le nonage del heir. Garden en fait, est lou le snr apres son seysin, come avantdit graunta per fait● ou sans fait, le gardship del terre ou del heir, ou dābideu● a un aut', ꝑsorce 〈…〉 grant, le grantee est en poss●. donque est le grantee apple garden en fait. Et cost garden en sait poit grant le hr'all ●u●er auxi, mes cest 〈…〉 ●erment apple garden en faith car ●●● est le grantee del garden en dread sole●●, Er icy poys voier (frere Nicholas) quel misery vient apres cest tenure per service de chivalry si le t'morust relinquauns son heir deins age, comnt le power inf●t poet even toss et tumble, chap et change, et achate et vend' semble un mal'chival en Smithfeelde, et que plus est il serra mary a que plest son Garden, de que ensue mult male. Garnishment. GArnishment est qnnt un action de detinue des charters est port vers un, & le defendant dit que les charters fuerount delium a lu y per le pleyntife, et per un aut', sur certain conditions, & prey que lauter ●oyt garneye de pled ' oue le plaintiff si les conditions sont perimples ou nemy, et sur ceo une brief de Scire facias isseravers luy Et ceo est appell un garnishmnt. Gavelate. GAuelate, est un special et ancient kind de Cessavit use en kent ou le custom de Gavelkind continued, per ql le t' forfetera ses t'res et tents all seignior de que ils sont tenus, sil deteygne de son seignior ses due rents & services solonque cest manner que ensue. Si asc tenant en Gavelkind retain sa rent, et son services del tenement quil tient de son snr, querge le snr per agard de sa court de trois semains en trois semains, d'troun distress sur cel tennt taunt que a la quart court, a toutfet ꝑ tesmoignages, Et si dedens cell temps ne truss distress en cel tennt, ꝑ queux il puisse son tent iustiser: Done a la quart court soit agard, ql preign cel tenement en sa main, en nosm̄ d' distress, auxi come boef ou vache et le tient un an, et un iour en sa main sans main overer, denies quel term, si le tenant vient, et rend ses arrearages, et fait resonables amendss de la detener, adone eit, et ioise son tenement sicome les ancestors et luy avant tiendront. Et sil ne vent devant lan, et le iour pass, donc avage le signior all prochein Count suiant oue test moinages de sa court, et face la ꝓnuncier cel process pur testmoynage aver, et ꝑ agard de sa court, apres ceo Count tenue, entra et meynovera en cells terres et tenements, sicone en son demesne, Et si la tenant vient apres, et voyle reaver ses tenements, & tener sicome il fist devaunt, face 'gree all seygniour, sicome il est auncyentment didst Neghe sth seld, & ne ghe sith geld, & v pound for the were: ere he become he alder. Ily ad ascuns copies que ad le primer verse issint escript. Nisith yield, and nisith geld. Et auters issint. Nighesith yield, and nighesith geld. Mes ceux ne differ en signification, auter copies ont ceo solōque cest sort. Nigond sith seld, and nigond sith geld. Cest a scavoier, paiera il novies foites, & novies foits repay. Gavelkind. GAuelkinde est un custom annex et cur rant oue t'res en kent apple Gavelkind t'res tenus est ancient Socage tenure. Et est pense ꝑ les erudite en antiquities, deste apple Gavelkind de give all kin, cest adire a touts les kin en un line, accordant come est use enter les Germans, de que nous Anglois, et especialmnt de Kent venemus. Ou il est apple Gavelkind, de give all kind, cen adir'al touts les males, car kind en dutch signify un male. Et divers aut's sēbl' conjectures sont fait ꝑ eux d'l nosm̄ Gavelkind, le qlieo omit de purpose pur brevity, pur ceo q' cy vous expectes (frere Nich.) sicone vous moy requirast, qieo escrivera largemnt concernnt aut'plus needful mat▪ pur ur 'purp, qux vous desirast de scavoir, concernant Gavelkind ter res, et pur c que vous lues nee en Kent, et auxi es plus demurrant la, et pur ceo vous penses, patriae res nescire dedecus. Pur satisfier vr'e dd'en cest: jeo aye pur ceo mise pur vous cy les ancient customs de Kent, sicome ils fuerount verament et carefully de puisne temps publye ovesque ascuns cases sur eux collect horse del ceux livers, q̄ fount ascun mention de cest, q'l voet ieo pense satistier vr'e desire alarge. Et primmmnt vous ●cauoies, q' ceux Gavelkind customs, sount de bon antiquity port eins cy ꝑ les Saxons, Intes, et Angles, Germans de q̄ nous Angloys descend (come est avantdit) et fuerount ꝑ eux use, et relic cy, et issint continued est force, tanq' Guillam Duke de Normandy conquer'tout Engleterr' (Kent ●auntsolement forsprise) le q'il avoit per composition et nemy per conquest. Et en cest composition, les valiant Kentois obtaineroit un grant de le continuation de lour customs d'Gauelkind, le ql touts temps puis ils ount use en m l' pais, et ils sont come ensuist. Les customs de Kent. CEs sont les usages, et les customs, les qux l' commur al●ie de Kent claimant aun en tents de Gavelkind, et en gents Gavelkendeis, all●● es en Eire john de Berwick, et ses companions, justices en eire, en Kent, le 21. an le Roy Ed. fits le roye Henry. Cestassavoir, que tovis les cors de Kenteys soyent Francz, auxi come les auters frauns cors Denglet '. Cest chose ad este puis confess deem very, come il appiert en 30. E. I en Fitzherbert titulo villeinage placit'46. Ou il est tenus sufficient pur un home de avoider lobiection de bondage, adire, que son pier fuit nee en Kent, mes sil voet server en cen case adire, q il m fuit ne● en Kent, il est (pur bo● cause) deste doubt. 2 Et que ils ne duinent le Eschet 'le roy eslire, ne unques en nul temps ne fesoient▪ mes le roy prengne, ou face prender, tyel come luy plerra, de ceo qui soit mistier a luy server. 3 Et quilz pusent lour t'res & lour tents done & vend', sans congee dd'er a lour seignorages, Saves a seignorages les rentset l's seruic' dues de mns les tents. 4 Et q̄ touse, et chesc'puseit ꝑ br' le roy, ou ꝑ pleit, pled'pur lour dread purchaser, aux●bn̄ de lour seignorages, come des auters gents. 5 Et claiment auxi, q̄ la commune de Gavilkind eis▪, q̄ ne tenent mes que tenements Gavilekendeis, ne devient venera le commune summons del Eire, mes q' per Borgesaldre, et iiij. homes de la Borgh, horspris les villes, que devient respond'per xii. hones en le Eire. Le●emble du cen privilege est enjoy a cest iour en l' Lath d'l viscount, ou diuns entire Borghes sount excuse ●l'appearance ●antsolemēt dum Borgesalder, et ij. iiij. ou size auters de les enhabitants. Borshold ', est issint nosme de les Saxon parolx Borher caldor cen adire, le plus aunc'ou eigne de les pledges. 6 Et claiment auxi, q si nul tent en Cavelkend soit attaint de felony, per que il suffer juise d'mort, eit l' roy rouz ses chateux, et son eire maintenant apres sa mort soit inherit de touts ses terres et tenements q̄ il tient en Gavelkind en fee, et en heritage, et les tiendra ꝑ mesmes les services et customs, sicome ses ancestors les tiendront dont est dit en Kentees. You father to ye bogh, You son to ye plogh. Mes cest rule tyent en case de felony, et de murder solement, et nemy en case de treason. Et il tient auxi en case ou le offender est justice per order del ley, et nemy ou il se suthtrey apres le fact faith, et ne voet permit son loyal trial. Et pur ceo que cest custom ne serra construe per equity, mes per un strict et literal enterpretation, il ad este doubt pur ceo, si le srere, ou uncle avera le advantage de ceo, pur ceo que les parolx extend all sits solement. Vide 22. Edw. 3. abridge per M. Brooke. tit'Custom. 54. 7 Et si il eit femme, meintenant soit dough ꝑ le heir ', sil soit dage, de la moiety, de toutes les terres et tenements q' son baron tient de Gavelkind en fee, A aver et a tener solon● la form de suthdyte. Et de tiels terres le roy ne avera an ne waste, mes tantsolement les chateux, sicome il est avantdit. Le femme ne perdra dower pur le default de sa baron mes en tiel cas ou le hr'●dera son inheritance pur le offence de son pere 8. H. 3. 8 Et si nul Gavelkind eis purfelon, ou pur ret de felony, se suthtrei de la pees, et soit en count dd'come il appent, et puis utlaghe, ou sil se met en saint egli●e, et foriure la terre oue le Reaume, le Roy avera lan et le waste de ces terres, & de touts ses tenements ensemblemnt oue toutes ces chateas, Issint que apres lan, et le iour, le plus prochein seignyour, ou seignyoures eynt lour eschetes de cells terres, & tenements, chescun signior ceo que de luy est tenus sauns men. Issint il est tenus en le liuns 8. E. 2. abridged per master Fitherb. ti. Prescription 50. Et 22. E. 3. abridged per M. Bro. ti. Custom 54. 9 Et claimentauxi, q' si ascun tenant en gavelkind murt, & soit enherit'de terres et de tents en Gavelkind, q' touts ses fites partent cel heritage ꝑ ovels portions. 10 Et si nul hr'male ne soit, soit la ꝑty fait ent' less females, sicone entries les freres. Mes ● 'stat ' d' Prerog. regis ca 16. dit, que faeminae non participabunt cum masculis, q̄ est deem intend, de tiels q̄ sont est equal degree d' kindred come freres, et soars, come come en cest ix. et x. division. Car si un home ad issue iij. fits, et le eigne ad issue un file, et morust en le vie son peer, et le pere defy: En cen case le file joinera oue les deux aut's freres sa uncles, pur ceo q' el nest en equal degree oue eux, come sa peer fuit, q̄ heir 'nient meins el do't de necessity este. 11 Et la mesuage soit antreci ent'eux depar ti, mesl' Astre demurra all pune ou punee, et la value soit de ceo lieure a chesc'des par ceners de cell heritage a xl. pees de cel Astre, si le tenement le peut suffrir. Per cest ꝑol (Astre) est ment (come est conjecture) ou le aule, ou principal am del mea some, ou autermnt le well pur ewe, ou le such ꝑt del edefice car (Astre) esteant sound sans (s.) poit ven' del latin ꝑol Atrium q̄ signify un aule, ou de Haustrum q̄ betokēl'bucket dum well, ou de austrum le south side, Cheese ' de q̄ ount lour particular commodities modities devant les auters del meas. ou tent. Ou auterment esteant sound oue (s) il poit een deduce de le french ●ol (Asister) per contrace ' (Astre) q̄ est tant, come tonsite, ou situation, et oue le article (le) devant ● (Leicester) un cimitory, ou court environ un meason, Mes all cen iour il nad ●iel regard fait en le partition, mes solement consideratyon ewe, q̄ les parts mns soient equal & indifferent 12 Et donqz le eisne frere eit la primer election, et les auters apres per degree. 13 Ensement de measons que serront trovets en tyens messages, soyent departie entre les heirs per ovel portioun, ceo est a savoyer pe● pei●s sil est mistier, Save le Covert del Astre, que remeynt al pune, ou all punee, sicome il est avantdist. Issi que nequedount q' le pune face reasonable gre a ces parceners de le party que a eux appent, ꝑ agarde de bon gents. 14 Et les avauntdits tenements dont un soul suit tant solement soleit estre fait avant, ne soit per la resoun de la partic force vn soul suit fait sicome soleit avant, mes que tous les parceners facent contribution a celuy que face le suite pur eux. 15 Ensement saint les chateus de Gavelkin des parties en treis apres les exequieses et les dets rendues, si ily eit issue mulier en vie, issint q̄ la mort eit la un party, & les fites & les files muliers laut 'party, et la femme la iij. party. Ou il est dit cy, que la mort eit une party, il est intend pur parformance de ses legacies per ces executors sil fait testament, ou per le discrec'deal ordinary sil devye intestate. 16 Et si nul issue mulier en vie ne so it, ey● la mort la moiety, et la seem en vie laut 'moiety. Mesme le order de q' le custom cy parle en le 15. et 16. division, est al cen iour observe en le city d' Londres et m en effect fuit en aunc' temps use ꝑ tout le realm. Car il est evident, et per le ley d'l roy Canutus, ꝑ M. Glanuil, per les parolx de Magna Carta cap. 18. per M. Fitzh▪ en son Natura brevium en le br'de Rationabili part bonor' fo. 122. L. q' lafene et enfants ad lour reasonable parts deal bn̄s ꝑ le common ley del realm, et q̄ le common ley svit issit, il ap●● auxi en 30. E. 3. 28. et 21. 30. H. 6. Et fuit dit per ley M. 31. H. 8. abridge ꝑ M. Brooke tit'Rationabili part bonorum pl'. 6. q̄ ceo ad estre sepe mise en ure come un comen ley, et nunquam demurr', et ideo videtur que ceo est le common ley, ꝑ q' means quicunque il vient all darrain q' il fuit admit pur ley mes en tiels countries solement ou il fuit continued per continual usage, et que toutes les briefs en le Register, de Rationabili part bonorum, ount mention del special custom del county, en q' le part est dd', et issint est le liver 28. H. 6. 4. Mes come all cest iour partition d' chattels nen use per toutle entier Realm, nyent obstant en le mean temps il nad pared le force du common ley come mults pense, et come poet este collect per le opinion avauntdit tenus pur ley Anno 31. H. 8. issint il est, (come ascuns suppose) vanish outerment horse de ure denies cest country de Kent auxi. 17 Et si le heir ', ou les heirs, soit ou soient de deins le age de xv. ans soit la nurture d' eux bail ꝑ le snr all plus ꝓchein del sank, a ● heritag' n● peut descend issint q' le snr pur l● bail rien ne preigne. 18 Et que il ne so it marry ꝑ le snr, mes per sa volunte demesn̄, et per le counsel de ces amies sil veult. 19 Et quant cel heir ou ceux heirs, sont de pleine age de xv. ans, soient a eux lour terres, et sour tenements lieures, ensemblement oue lour chateaux, et oue les en ꝓuemnts de cells terres, oustre reasonable sustenance: de quel enprovement, et chateux, soyt tenu a respondre celuy qui de luy avera la noryture, ou le signior, ou ses heirs, que cel noritur'avera bail. Le signior doit bien consider, que il ne credit pas le custody al ascum person, que ne serra able a responder pur ceo. Car si le heir, all son pleyne age de xv. ans, viendra all court del snr et demaundant son inheritance, nyent obstant le snr poet distreygno le garden pur fair 'account (coe il appiert 18. E. 2. Avowry 220) uncore en default de son ability, le snr m, et ses hr'es, demnt charge al le heir pur c': Mes ieo ne oyer, q̄ les snrs priest sur eux, a ceniour de commit le custody de ceux enfants, mes q̄ ils relinque c'oustrement all order de ꝓch. de amie, peraduentur' pur auoid'le danger est q̄ ils sont, sils ent'medle come est avantdit. 20 Et ceo fet a savoir, que del heure que ceux heirs Gavelkind soient, ou ount pass le age d' xv. ans, list a eux lour terres ou tents doner et vend', a lour volunte, Saws les services au cheese ' snrages come il est devant dit. Nient obstant q̄ cest cust●e enhable l' heir 'pur fair alienation de ses terres et tents mult soon, nosmnt all 15. an d' sa age, ꝑ means d'q' il puit este pense ni●t reasonabl'pur don̄ tiel scope et liberty all tiels june ans, vnc'sur le bon considerac' de c', il poet appear, q' l' custom m fait reasonabl' et careful provision, en l' behalf del heir, entant que il luy licence a tiel ans, non pur doner ses terres, car ● il poet fair pur nul chose, mes pur doner et vender ses terres, le quel il intend il ne do't fair 'sauns suffic' recompense. Semble interpretation le common ley auxi semble de fair de cen custom, et ꝑ l●pinion de Vauasoure● Keble. ●. H. 7. 31. et 41. qux diont, q̄●l fuit adjudge q' un fait per tiel enfant fuit void▪ per le sentence del lium 21. E. 4. 24. o● il est dit, que un enfant ne poet declare son volunt sur tiel feoffment. Et per le judgement de Hank. 11. H. 4. 33. q' auxi tient, que un garr', ou grant dum reū●▪ say't a tiel age, fui● anul purpose, nient obstant un leas oue puit paduenture este bon per le custom, pur ceo q̄ il amounta a un feoffment. Et il nen bon q̄ cest custom do't ●ē construe ꝑ equity, entant que il nestoit oue asc' equity denabler un enf. d' petit discrec', et meins ex perience, pur vend' some t'res, et non puruen oue c, q̄ il doit aun Quid ꝓ quo, et asc'reasonable recompense pur ceo. Car c ne fuit pur defender le pupil et sans pier, mes pur giser luy overt a chesc' subtle deceit et circumvention. En q̄ respect, lour opinion est deem bn̄ observe, q̄ tient, q' si un ●nf. en Gavelkind, a cen iour voet vend'all xv. ans de son age, ceux ●. choses doient de necessity cōcurr', si il vo et aun l' sal'bon et effectual. Le prim̄ q̄ il soit un heir et nemy un purch. del terres oue qux il dept. Le ij. q' il ad recompense pur c, et le tierce, q̄ il ceo face oue livery de seisin per son main dem̄, et nemy ꝑ garrant de attorney, ne ꝑ ascum aut' man de assurance. Et ceux hones pur proof de le prim̄ et second part de lour assertion, edify sur les parols de cen custom, ou il est dit, del heur'q̄ ceux heirs Gavelkind saint, ou ount pass le age de 15. ans, list a eux, lour t'res ou tents done et vend▪, en q' les parols, (ceux heirs) restrain le infant q̄ vient eins per purch. Et (done et vend') en le copulative, de necessity imply un recompense, entaunt que vendere ne po et este sine praecio. Et pur maintenance del tierce matter, ils ount sur lour part, preter le common usage del pays, le common ley del realm auxi, le q'l expound le parol doner de signifier un feoffment, et le ql non solement disallow de ascum done fait per un enfant, mes auxy punish le prend'en trans, sinon q'il ad c ꝑ livery deal maines deal enfant come apꝑt en 26. H. 8. 2. 9 H. 7. 24. 18. E. 4. 2. 22. H. 6. 3. et divers auters livers. 21 Et si asc tiel tenant en Gavelkind meurt, et eit feme q̄ survive, soyt cel feme maintenaunt dough de la moiety des tenements dont son baron morust vestu, et ssi ꝑ les hr's, sils soyent de age, ou per les seigniours, si les heirs ne soient pas de age, issint q' ele eyt la meit de celes terres et tenements, a tener taunt come ele se tyent veve, ou de enfanter soyt attaint, per le ancient usage, ceo est asavoir, que qnnt ele enfant, et ●en●āt soit oy crier, et ●● h●e et l'●ry soit leave, et le pais ensemble, et ayent view de lenfant en cy faunte, et de la mere, adonqns perde son dower interment, et auterment nyent, taunt come ele se tient veve, dont il est dyt en kenteyes. Se t'had sip wend, se sip lend. Est custom ad este allow per le common ley long temps puis, come poet cen vieu, Praerog. regis ca 16. et 2. H. 3. en Fitherbert ti. Prescription 59 etc. Mes il est un doubt, si un feme serra endow per cen custom, dun poss. en leyo, u nemy, pur ceo q' les parols sont (des tenements dont son baron morust vestue, et seisie) quel parol (vestue) enforc'un poss. en fait, et non in leysolemnt. Et pur c' si t'res en Gavelkind discend'all home marry, q̄ morust devant que il face son entre en ceo, Quer' si soitle man den dower sa feme de ceo ou nemy? un feme ne serra endow per cen custom, dum bailiwike, ou fair, ou tiel semblable ꝓfet ꝑ loppinion de M. Parkins fo. 84. pur c'q' les parols de cen customary dower sont terres et tents, et touts customs trouna un literal et strict interpretac'. Et ou el est deste endow per cest custom, el poet bn̄ este endow dum moiety, deem tenus en common ovesque le heir, q̄ enjoy laut 'moiety etc. Il est un doubt, si un femme entitle all dower en Gavelkind poet waium sa dower del moiety solōque cest custom, et port sa acc' deem endow deal iij. all common ley, et issint exempt luy m de tout danger d'l customary cōdic'ou nemy? Ascuns fuer'de opinion q̄ el est all liberty de p̄nd'lun, et wayve lauter al sa pleasure. Et pur ceo quaere de ceo etc. 22 Et claiment auxi, que home que prent femme, que eit heritage de Gavelkind, et la femme murge avant luy, eit le Baron le moiety de celes terres et tenements, tant come il se tyent vevers, dount il morust seisi sans estrepement, ou waste, ou exile fair, le quel kil y eyt heir ent'eux ou non Et sil prent femme, trestout perde. 23 Et si nul tenement de gavelkind escheat (et ceo escheat soit a nul signior q' tient per fee de Hawberken, ou per seriauncie) per mort, ou per Gavelate sicome il est suthdit, ou luy soit rendue de son tenant q' de luy avaunt le tient per quite clamans de ceo feet, o● soit sa escheat per Gavelate sicome il est de suthdit, remain cel terre as heirs impartable. Et c'est a savoir, la ou le t'ensi rendant nul service retent devers see, savet nequedont as aut's snrages, fees, fermns, et les rents dont les avauntdits tenements de Gavelkind (ensi rendus) avaunt fuerent charges per ceux, ou ꝑ celuy, que le charger poient ou poyet. A ten' ꝑ fee de Hawberk, ou per seriantie (sil soit grand serianty) et a ten' ꝑ servie 'd' chiual'. Heahbeony en Sax on, est un haut defence, Et les customs de Normandy apple ceo fief ou fee d' Haubert que doit defender le terre ꝑ pleine arms, ceo est ꝑ chival, haubert, target, espee, ou helm. Et il consist d' 300. acres de terre, q̄ est c (come asc pense) q̄ nous appellomus un entier fee de chiual'. 24 Et claimant auxi, que si asc'tenant en Gavelkind retain sa rent, et son service del tenement quil tient d' son seign: querge le snr per agarde de sa court de tois semains en trois semaines de troum distress sur cel tennt tant q̄ ala quart court, a toutefit ꝑ tesmoinage. Et si dedeis cel temps ne truss distresseen cel tenement per queux il puisse son tenant iustiser, donque a la quart court soyt agard, quil pigne cel tenement en sa main, en noum de distress, ausi come Boefe, ou vache, et le tient un an et un iour, en sa main sans over, main deins quel term, si le tenant vient, & rend ses arrearages, & feit ranmbles amendss de la detenue, a donq'eit, et ioise son tenement sicome ses ancestors et luy avaunt le tiendront. Et sil ne vient devant lan, et le iour pass, donq' ange le seignior all procheine Count suiant oue tesmoinage de sa court, et face la pronuncier cel process pur tesmoinage aū. Et per agard de sa court, apres ceo Count tenue, entra, et meynonera en celes terres et tenements, sicome en son demesne. Et si le tenant vient apres, & voile ces tenements reaver, et tener sicone ●● fist devant, face 'gree all signior, sicome ilest auncientmnt didst Neghe sith seld? and neghe sith geld? and fife pound for the were, ere he become healder. Ascuns copies ad les primer verses issint. Nigond sith seld, and nigond sith geld. Cest custom est touch per le voy, per master Frow. 21. H. 7. 15. et ꝑ luy pense deste bone, mes sil soit a cest iour mise en ure, quere plus. 25 Auxi ils claiment q̄ nul home doit serement sur liure fair ', (per distress, ne per poer de snr, ne de bayllife) encounter sa volunte sans brief le roy (sinon pur fealty fere a son signior) mesque per devaunt Coroner, ou auter minister le roy, qui real power eyant de enquerer de trespass faith encounter la Corone nostre signior le roy. 26 Et claiment auxi, que chescun Kentoys puit auter essoiner en la Court le Roy, en County, en hundredth, et en la court son signior, la ou essoigne gist, auxibien de common svit, come de plea. 27 Oustr'ceo ils claiment per especial fet le roy Henry, pier le roy Edward, que de tenements que sont tenus en Gavelkind, ne soit prise battle; ne grand assize per xii. chivalers, sicome ayllours est prise en le realm, ceo est a savoir, la on tenant et le demaundant tenent per Gavelkind: mes en am de ces graundes assizes soyent pryses jures per xii. homes tenants en Gavelkind, Issint que quater tenants de Gavelkind elisent xii. tenants de Gavelkind jurors. Et all chartre le roy, de cest especyante est en la guard Sir john de Norwood, le iour S. Elphegh en Caunterbury, le an le roy Edward le fits le roy Henry 21. Ces sont les usages de Gavelkind, et de Gavelkendeys en Kent, que fuerent devaunt le conquest, et en le eonquest, et toutes hours iesques a ore. Le fine del customs. Ayant issint finish les customs come vous veyes (frere Nich.) il demurt a ore deem monster quel terres denies cest pays de Kent sont del nature de Gavelkind, et qux nemy. Primerment pur c, il est desk intent, que touts les terres denies cen shire, queux sont de aunc'socage tenure (come fuit dit avant) sont auxi del nature de Gavelkind. Et l's terres tenus per ancient tenure de service de Chivaler, sont all common ley, et ne sount departible solonque le order de cest custom, excepta certain, queux esteant tenus de ancient temps pur seruic' de chevalier del Archievesque de Caunterbury, sont nient obstant departible, come il poet appear per le liver 26. H. 8. 4. Et c vient per reason d' un grant, fait per le roy john, all Hubert l' Archievesque, le tenor de qui est come ensue. johannes dei gratia Rex Angliae, Dominus Hiberniae, Dux Normaniae, Aquitaniae et Comes Andegaven Archiepiscopis, Episcopis, Abbat', Comitibus, Baronibus, Iusticiar', vicecom̄, Praepositis, ministris, et onibus ballivis, et fidelibus suis, salutem. Sciatis nos concessisse, et praesenti charta nostra confirmasse ven̄abil'patri nr'o ac Chro. Huberto, Cantuar' Archiepiscopo, et successor'suis in ꝑpetuum, quod liceat cis terras, quas homines de feod ecclesiae Cantuar' tenant in Gavelkind, convertere in feod'militum. Et qd' idem Episcop. et successores sui, eandenin onnibꝰ potestatem, et libertatem habeant in ꝑpetuum, in homines illos qui terras easden ita in seoda militum conversas tenebunt, et in haeredes eorum quam Archiepiscopus habet, et successores sui post eum habebunt in alios milites de feodo ecclesiae Cantuar', et in haeredes. Et homines illi, et haeredes eorum, eanden et omnem libertat' habeant in perpetuum, quam alij milites de feod'ecclesiae Cantuar', et haeredes eorum habent. Ita tamen, qd'nihilominus consuetus redditus denarior' reddatur integrè de terris suis, sicut prius, pmmia, averagia et alia opera, q̄ fiebant de terris ijsdem, conuertant'in reddit' denariorum aequivalentem. Et redditus ille reddatur, sicut alius redditus denarior'. Quare volumus, et firmiter praecipimus, qd' quicquid praedictus Archiepiscopus et successores sui post eum, de terris illis in feodo militum secundum praescriptam formam convertendis fecerint ra●um in ꝑpetuum et stabile permaneat. Et ꝓhibemus ne quis contra factum ipsius Archiepiscopi, vel successor'suorum, in hac part venire pnsumat. Teste E. Elience, et S. Bathan, Episcopis. G. filio Pet', Comite Essex, Wilhelmo Marestallo, Comite de Pembrock, Rob. de Harecourt, Garino fil' Geraldi, Petro de Stoke, Ric'de Reverus, Ro. de Tateshal. Datum ꝑ man S. Archid. Wilhelmi apud Rupem aurival iiij. die Maij▪ An. regni nr'i tertio. Mes entant que il est disputable, si cest charter del roy john, soit de sufficient virtue, pur changer le nature de Gavelkind terr', ou nemy, Et pur ceo que le certainty des terres issint convert en fee de Chivaler, ne appiert en ascum am (save solement q̄ en le liver de aid levy en cen come An. 20. E. 3. il est quater ou cinque temps note, que certain terres en Kent, sount tenus en fee de Chivaler, Per novam licentiam Archiepiscopi) cest sufficera pur cen, et il serra prove, q' touts les terres de ancient tenure en service de chevalier, sount subject all ordinary course de descent all common ley. Et ceo poet este sufficientment fait et ꝑ les expense ꝑolx dum note en 9 H. 3. abridge per master Br. ti. Custones 57 et en master Fitz. ti. Prescription 63. Et per le opinion deal justices 26. H. 8. 4. come auxi par pleine recital en le act de parliament fait 31. H. 8. ca 3. per que stat', les possessions de certain gentelhones la fuerount delium de cest customary descent, et incorporate a le common ley, car (enter auters) en cest act il est dit. Qui de cest temps en avaunt, tiels lour terres serra change del le dit custom, et dyscendera come terres all comen lay, et sicome aut's t'res esteant en le dit county d' kent, qux ne vnque●ueronttenus per service de Socage, mes touts temps ont este tenus ꝑ service de chiual', descend. Per qux parolx, il est evident, q̄ les feasors de cest estat'entendount touts terres tenus per service de chiul', dēe de lour ꝓper nature, discendable solonque le conon ley, et q' Socage tenure fuit solement le subject, in que cest nr'custom de Gavelkind descent prevail, et tient lieu. Mes qunt mention est cy fait de Socage, et fee de chiual', il do't touts foits este intend un tenure long puis, et d' ancient temps continued, et nein a ore novelmnt, oudarrainemnt creat, car issint il poit happen autermnt, q'est devant report. Come pur example. Si terr' auncientmnt tenus per service de chivalry, vient all maines le roigne, q' apres done ceo arrere al un common person, dēe tenus de sa manor de East Greenwich en Socage, cent're (nient obstant le alterac' del ten●r ') demurt discen dabble all eygnee fites solement, come ill svit de●●t come auxi, en m le man si t'res de ancient Socage service vient al corone 〈…〉 ●eliūar rear, de●●●●s ou del Roine en 〈…〉 te, ou ꝑ service de ●hiual' de asc'man, i● doit descend accord' all custom, nient obstant q̄ le tenure soit alt', et si cen soit very en le grant de le Roine m: donque mult meines poit le Archieveqsue per un novel creation de tenure, fair all ses tenants asc alteration de cest viele custom et man. Car sicome le pleading est, qded ' rae praed'sunt de tenura et natura de Gavelkind, issint l' verity est, q̄ le present ten' solement ne guide le descent mes que le tenure et le nature ensemble, govern ceo. Et pur ceo, sicone sur lun part le custom ne poit attach, ou aun am en c' que ne fuit pas devamt en nature subject al custom, cen a dir'accustomablement departed: Issint sur lauter part, le practise de le custom, long temps continued, ne poet este interrupt per un nude alteration de le tenur' come il fuit tenus per les justices, An. 4. & 5. P. et M. come judge Dalison ad relinque est report. Et auxi come il appiert ꝑ le lium 26. H. 8. 4. ou il est dit, q'si un home ssin de Gavelkind t're tenus en socage, fait un done en tail et created un tenure en service de chevalier, que vnc'cest terre doit descend solonque le custom, sicome il fuit devant le change de le tenure. Oustre ceo, sicone le change de le tenure ne poet puaile encounter cen cuftone: Issint le contin dun contrary usage, ne poet alter cest p̄scripc'. Car il est tenus 16. E. 3. en Fitzherb. ti Prescription 52. q' nient obstant le eigne fits solement ad (et c'per diuns descents ensemble) ent' en Gavelkind t're, et occupy c̄s●s asc contradice 'de les puignes freres, que vnc'le terre remainera deste part perenter eux, qnnt ils voille● fair lour claim. Encont' quel assertion, ceo que est dit 10. H. 3. in Fitz. ti. Prescription 64. nosment de le issue issint prize. Si terra illa fuit ꝑtita necne, nē grand ment all purpose. Car nient obstant il soit issint, q' le terre ne fuit unque part en fait, unc sil demurt partible en nature, il poit este pt a quel temps occasion serra minister. Et pur ceo, en le form de pleading use a cest iour (Quod terra illa a toto t●pore etc., partibilis fuit, et partita) il est pleinment prise, q̄ le parol (partibilis) solement est d' substance, et q' le parol (partita) nest forsque parol de form, et nemy material, ou traunsable, Verament issint inseparable est cest custom de le terre en q' il obtain, que un contrary descent (continued en le case d'l Corone m) ne poet hinder, mesque q' (apres tiel temps que le terre resortera arrere al un common parson) le former viel custom governera ceo. Come si terres de. gavelkind nature vient al mains le Roign, per purchase, ou ꝑ Eschete come tenus de sa manner de Dale, ore apres sa mort, touts ses fits enheritera, et devidera eux. Mes sils veigne a luy per forfeiture est treason, ou per done en parliament, issint que sa grace est seisie del eux in iure Coronae, donques sa eigne fites solement (q' serr'roy apres luy) avera eux, en quel case, nient obstant ceux terres qux le eigne fites (esteant roy) ad possess, vient all son eigne fits apres luy (esteant roy auxi) et issint de un al auter per sundrey dyscents, uncore loppinion de Sir Anthony Brown fuit 7. Eli. que si a ascum temps apres, ceux terres sont grant all un common person, ils revertera a lour primer nature de Gavelkind, et een partible enter ses heirs males, nient obstant q̄ ils ad cur un contrary course, en divers les descents de les royes devaunt. Mes mult meines poet le unity de possession en le seignior, frustrate le custom de gavelkind descent come il poet appear. 14. H. 4. en le long Recordare, abridge ꝑ M. Brooke tit' Avowry. 46. et ti. Customs. 19 Ore sequitur deste parl'come long cest custom extend luy mesme deins cest nostre pays de kent etc. Il est communement prise, q̄ le custom de Gavelkind est general, et extend luy mesm per tout l' entier county, en toutes terres subject per ancient tenure all ceo, tiels' lieus solement except, ou il est alter per act de parliament. Et pur ceo en 5. E. 4. 18. et 14. H. 4. 8. il est dit que le custom de Gavelkind est (come) un common ley en Kent. Et le liver 22. Edwardi quarti 19 affirm que en demandant Gavelkind t're, un home ne besoign de prescribe en certain, et de monster que le ville, borrow, ou City, ou les terres sount, est un ancient ville, borrow, ou City, et que le custom ad este la (temps horse de memory) que les terres deins mesme vill', borrow, ou City doit descend a touts les heirs males etc. Mes ceo est sufficient de monster le custom a large et dedire, que le terre gist en Kent, et que toutes les terres la sount del nature de Gavelkind. Car un brief de partition de terres en Gavelkind (monsieur Littleton di●) serra cy general, sicome les terres fuerount all common ley, nyent obstant le declaration doit specyalment de contain mention de le custom del pais. Cest universality consider, et auxi le strict band (per que le custom est cy inse perably unite all le terre, que en man nul chose forsque un act de parliament poet clerement dissever eux (il sequitur, que nullieu, City, ville, ou borrow, deins cest shire, poet este exempt d' cen custom nyent obstant c nad a ascum temps este la mise en ure, nyent plus q' le eigne fits (en le case devaunt) poet pur semble reason prescribe encounter ses punees freres etc. Cest taunt esteant parle touchaunt le nome, Tenure, Nature, generality, et order de Gavelkind: il serra ore monster de q̄ quality les rents, remainders, actions, et tyels auters choses (de q' ascuns sount issuamt horse de ceux t'res, ascuns sont amnex al eux, et ascuns sount raise per reason de eux) sirrah. Et de eux ascuns ensuera le nature del terre, et auters retaynera m le course q' commonley ad appoint. Et pur c si un rent soyt grant en fee horse de Gavelkind terre, il discendra a touts ses males sicone le terre m ferra come appiert en 14. H. 8. 5. 26. H. 8. 4. et 4. E. 3, Mes si 2. iointenants d't'res en Gavelkind grant un rend charge horse de ceo terre al I S. et a ses heirs, et I S. morust ayant issue deux fites, cest rent ne discendera al ambydeux les fits del I S. mes all heir all common ley, pur c q̄ le custom est en suspense durant le iointur', per le opinion de le droit woorshipful Christopher Yeluerton Armiger, all son lecture en Gray's Inn en lent Anno. 1573. Issint si un tenauncy soit d' Gavelkind nature, vnc'le rent service ꝑ que il est tenus poet descend accordant all common ley. Come Ald' & Chart'en 7. E. 3. fueront de opinion. Si un rem de terr' en Gavelkind soit tail'all heirs males, ils touts ensembl' inheritront, come Fitzherbert et Norwich pensount 26. H. 8. 4. Mes c est deem intent dun descent solement, car si terres de Gavelkind nature soyt lease pur vie, le remainder all droyt heirs de I Style que ad issue quater fits et morust, et apres le lessee pur vy morust, or 'le eignee fits solement de john Style avera cest terre, car il est droyt heir, et ceo est un bon nosm̄ de purchase. 37. H. 8. en monsieur Brooke ti. Done et Remainder 42. Mes si les terres ount este done all john Style pur vie, le rem all son procheine heir male, cest ad een un estate tail en joh. Style mesme, et donque le terre doit aver descend all toutes ses fits, entant que en cen case les parolx (prochein heir male) ne sont un nosme d' purch'. Mes il fuit graundmnt doubt 3. et 4. P. & M. (come justice Dalison ad report) srun remainder soit devise ꝑ testament (ꝓximo haeredi masculo) si en cest case le eigne frere solement avera ceo, en taunt q̄ (en lentendement d'l ley, que est un judge sur touts customs) il est le ꝓch 'heir ' male, et pur ceo quere d' c. Concernaunt vouchers, il appiert 11. E. 3. que touts les heirs en Gavelkind serra vouch pur le guarantee d'lour ancestor et nemy le eigne solement. Mes le opinion de mounsyer Littleton libro. 3. cap. 13. et del justices. 22. E. 4. est clear que le eigne fites solement serra rebut, ou bar ꝑ le garranty de le ancestor, briefement, le eigne fits solement ent'pur le breach dun condition. Mes les auters de les freres serr'ioine oue luy en suiant un br'de Attaint pur un faux verdict, ou Error, pur reverser un erroneous judgemnt. Et ils touts serront charge pur le debt de lour ancestor, si is●int soit que ils touts ont assets en lour maines. Mes si le eigne tant solement ad assets demurrant, et les auters aunt alien lour parts, donque il solement serra charge, solōque loppinion del liver 11. E. 3. etc. Et cest tant pur cest part sufficera. Ore un vel deux parols de anters choses confusedment, uncore appertainant all cel nient obstant non tout cy necessary pur vr'e purpose dēe conus come ceux devant dit. Il appiert en unescript report alarge d' 16. E. 2. que est auxy en part abridge ꝑ M. Fitzherb. titulo Prescription, que il fuyt try per verdict, q̄ nul home doit aun common en t'res d'Gauelkind, mes le contrary est bn̄ conus a cest iour en ceo en divers lieus, m le liver dit, q' le usage de Gavelkind est, q' un home poyt loyalment enchase, ou chase horse en la haut chimen a lour adventure, les auers de ascun auter person que il trovera damage feasauntes' en ses terres, et que il nest compellable de impounde eux, ql choose est practise a cestiour. Le parliament 15. Henrici 6. cap. 3. vo▪ lens de amplifier les privileges de Gavelkind graunta a les tenants de ceo terre exemption en Attaints, en tiel sort come les inhabitants de ancient demesne & les cinqueports devant ad, Mes deins iij. ans apres sur complaint de ascuns del pays queux inform le parliament meason que il ne fuyt pass en lentier county 30. ou 40 persons, que tiental value de xx. li. terre horse de Gavelkind q'en default de auters, et ꝑ reason de tiel exemption, fueront continualmnt mo jest per returns en attaints, cen act fuit tout repeal. Le statute 14. H. 8. cap. 6. done liberty a chesc'home (ayant haut chimin per ses terres en le wealde que est worn profound, et incommodious pur passage (pur mise horse un aut'voy, en ascun tiel aut'lieu de sa terr', come serr'pense convenient ꝑ le vieu de deux justices de le peace, et xii. auters homes de wisdom & discretion. Le general ley fait 35. H. 8. 17. pur le preservation de Copeises boys per tout le Realm fait plain exception de toutes boys deins cen wealde sinon il soyt de tiels queux sount common. Et issint un fine de cen matter, savant que ieo voile fair master Lit. response as tiels q̄ voylent demand, quel reason cest custom de Gavelkind descent ad issint pur divide terre ent'touts les males contra all manner de tout le Realm aylours: Les punees fites (dit il) sount auxi grand gentelhomes, come le eignee, et ils (esteants cy char a lour common ancestor, de que ils claim) ount taunt le plus beesoigne del aid lour amies come (per reason de lour minorytie) ils sont meins able q̄ le eigne frere pur aider lour mns etc. geld. GEld, hoc est quiet'esse de consuetudinibus seruilibus que quondam dare consueverunt et ad huc dant', sic hornegelde et hijs similibus. Grithbrech. GRithbrech, hoc est pax dni regis fracta, quia (Grith) angl'pax latine. Hangewite. HAngwite, hoc est quietum esse de latrone suspenso sine judicio, velextra custodiam vestram evaso. Hariot. HAriot est en deux sorts, lun hariot custom, lauter hariot service. Hariot service (ascuns diount) est touts foytes express en le grant dun home, ou en son fait que il tient ꝑ tiel service pur payer hariot all temps de son mort. Et cen hariot est payable apres le mort de le tenant en fee simple. Hariot Custom, est lou hariots ount este pays temps horse de memory per custom. Et ceo poet este apres le mort de tenant pur vy etc. mes a parler de ceo generalment. Hariot est le meliour beast (soyt il chival, Boef, ou vach) q' l' tenant ad all temps de son mort. Et poet este ou seisi, ou un distress prise pur ceo, soyt il hariot seruic', ou hariot custom all use del snr de que le tenant tyent, per son bailiff, ou auter office de son manner. Mes de droit le signior, ne some officer ne do't prender hariot, devant que il soit present all ꝓcheine court tenus que le tenant est mort, et que tiel beast est due all snr pur son hariot. Haybote, ou Hedgebote. HAybote, ou Hedgbote, est necessary stuff pur fair'etamēd'hays, q̄ lessee pur ans, ou pur vy, de common droit poet prend' sur le terre a luy less, nyent obstant il ne soyt express en son leas, et nient obstant que il soit un lease ꝑ parols sauns escript. Haybote auxi poet este prise pur necessary stuff pur fair Rakes, forks & tiels' semblables instruments oue qux hones usount en Summer d'tedder et fair feign. Et issint un lessee pur ans priest c', et fuit al luy allow ꝑ son lessour, le rather come ieo sup, pur c' q̄ tiels' instruments sont communement faith de slender subboys, q̄ per le common ley lessee pur ans poet succid' & pnnder come est avantdit. Hidage. HIdage, hoc est quietum esse si dns Rex talliaverit totam terram per hidas. Nota que un hide de t're, est un entier plowland. Et cest kind de taxing per hides fuit mult use en viel temps, cybn pur provision de armour, come payments de argent, et cmprincipalmnt, en les iours deal roye Etheldred (un roy en cen pais devant le conquest (q̄ en l' an de Crist 1006. qn̄t les Danes priest land as Sand which en Kent, tax tout some t're ꝑ hides en cest man. Que chesc 310. hides d' t'r 'doient troum un nyefe furnish, et ches● ' 8. hides, doient troum un jack & un shall let, pur le defence del Realm. Hodgepodge. Hodgepodge, est un meddling, ou mixing ensembl', et un party ' de t'res done en frākmar', ovesque aut's terres en fee simple discendus. Come pu● example, un home ssi● de 30. acres d' terre en fee simple, ad issue ij. files, et done ovesque un de ses files all un home que luy mary x. acres d' ceo terre en frankmariage, et morust seisie de les auters xx. acres: Ore si el que est issint marry voil' aver ascun part de les xx. acres de que son pier morust seisie: El doit mise sa t'res done en frankmariage, en hodgepodge, cest adire, el doit refuser cen don̄ en frankmaryage, et suffer le terre deste commixed, et mingle ensemble ovesque l' auter terre de q̄ son pier morust seisie, issint q̄ un equal division poet este fait de lentiert ꝑenter luy et sa soer. Et issint pur sa x. acres, el avera xv. auterment sa soer voet aver les xx. acres, de q̄ lour pier morust seisi. Homesoken▪ HOmesoken (ou hane soken) hoc est quietum esse de amerciament', d' ingressu hospiciorum violent' et sine licentia, et contra pacem dni regis. Et qd'teneatis placita d' huiusmodi transgressione facta in curia vestra, et in terra vestra. Homicide ou manslaughter. HOmicide, ou manslaughter, est le occid'dum home feloniousment, sauns malice prepence. Il est auxi define issint, homicidium est hominis occisio, ab homine facta, si au●em a cane, 'bove, vel alia re, non dicitur ꝓprie homicidium, dicitur homicidium ab homine, et caedo quasi hominis caedium. Hornegelde. HOrnegelde, hoc est quietum esse de quadam consuetudine exacta per tallage per totāterr', sicut de qua cunque bestia cornuta. Housebote. HOusebote est necessary timber, q̄ lessee pur ans, ou pur vie, de common dread poet prend'sur le terre, pur repair les measons sur m l' t're a luy lessa, nient obstant il ne soit expense en le lease, et nient obstant il soyt un leas per parolx sauns fait: Mes sil pnst pluis q besoign, il poet este punish per un action de waist. Hundred. HVndreds fuerount devise per Alfred le roy, apres que il ad divide lentier Realm en certain partes ou Sections, le quel d'le Saxon parole Scynan, signifiant de scinder, il term Shires, ou (sicome nous uncore ꝑle) Shares, et portions, Ceux Shires il auxi infringe en petytes partes, de qux ascuns fuer'apples Laths de le parol jelapian, que est, de assembler ensemble, auters Tithings, issint nosm̄, pur c q̄ la fuer' en chesc'de eux all number de x. persons de que chescun fuit surety, et pledge pur auters bone behavyour. Auters hundreds pur ceo q̄ ils contain jurisdiction sur un 100 hones, ou pledges demurrant peradventure en 2. ou 3. ou plus paroches, boroughs, ou villes, esteant et adjoinants nient meins ꝓchein ensemble, en le quel il appoint administrac' de justice deem exercise severalment enter eux de m le hundred, et nemy que lun irra horse▪ disorderment en lauter hundred, lath, ou tithing, en q̄ il ne demurt. Ceux hun dreads continued all cest iour en force, nyent obstant non en tout al m le purpose pur q̄ all primerils fuerount ordain uncore a ore mult necessary, et en temps de peace pur bon ord' de government divers voyes, et auxi en guerre pur certainty de levying the homes, come auterment pur le plus spedye collections de payments grant en parliamnt al les Royes', et roignes d'cē realm. Hundredum. Hvndredun, hoc est quietum esse d' denarijs vel consuetudinibus faciendis prepositis et hundredarijs. Idiot. Idiot est celuy que est un sot natural de sa neysture, et ne scavoit de accompter ou number xx. d'. ne poyt nosmer son pere ou mere, ne d'ql age il mesme est, ou tiel semblable plain et common choses, issint q' il appiert q' il nad ascum man d' intendmnt d'reason ne gounnement de luy ●, q'l est pur son ꝓsct, ou disprofet etc. Mes sil adtant entelligence que il poit liar, ou apprender de liar per instruction et information de auters, ou poet measure un ulme d' drape, ou nos me les iours en le semaine, ou engend'vn enfaunt, fites ou file, ou tiel semblable per q' il poit appear, q il ad asc'lumen de reason: donque tiel nen Idiot na turalment. Illoyal assembly. ILloyal assembly, est lou people eux assemble insimul pur fair illoyal chose encounter le peace, nient obstaunt que ils ne execute lour purpose en fait. Imparlance. IMparlance, est quant un action de debt, trespass, ou tiels semblables, est port enuers un home, et apres q' le plaintiff ad count ou declare, le defendant pria le court que il poit aver temps de mise eins son respons al auter iour en mesme le term, ou en le procheine term, cest stay de respons est apple imparlance. Imprisonment. Imprisomment nen auter chose forsque le restraint del liberty dun home, so it ceo en le overt champ ou en le Cippes'▪ ou Cage en les estrets, ou en le ꝓper meason dun home, cybyen come en le common jail. Et en touts ceux lieus, le sty issint restraint est dit deste un prison cy longement come il nad son liberty frankemnt de ire a touts temps lou il voit, sans bail, mainprise, ou aut'aucthoritie. Infangethefe. INfangthefe, hoc est qd'latrones capti in dnico vel in feod' vr'o de latro cinijs convicti, 'in curia vestra judicet ' Imformation. INformation pur le Roine est c q̄ pur un common person est apple un declarac', et nen toutes foites fait directment per le Roigne, ou sa attorney mes per un aut' home, Qui tam pro dna regina quam pro se ipso sequitur, sur le breach de ascun penal ley ou statute, en que un penalty est done all party q' voet sure pur ceo, mes nul acc'de det pur recoū ceo, donque il doit este ewe per Informatyon. jointure. Jointure est un estate et assurance fait al un feme en considerac'de marriage, pur term de sa vie, ou auterment, soitil devant ou apres le marriage. Et si soit apres le marriage, donque el poit a son liberty apres le mort de son baron refuser de prend'ou aver les terres issint assure pur sa jointure, et dd' sa dower al le comen ley. Mes sil soit fait devaunt marriage donque el ne poit refuser tiel jointure, ne aver dower accord'all common ley, sinon que quant el port sa brief de dower, le defendant plead tiel pleque ne voile luy barrer de sa dower, donques el serra endow: sicome il dyten bar, que sa baron ne fuit seisie de tiel estate de quel el doit este endow, ou asc'tiel ple, et ne mr' que el ad un iointur'fait etc. et pur c dd'iudgemnt del acc'ou judgement si el serra auxi endow, ou ascum tiel semblabl ple etc. Et ceo fuit loppinion de le droit worshipful master Brograve all some lecture en Gray'S Inn en Summer Ann 1576. 18. Elizabeth, sur un branch del stat' fait Anno 27. H. 8. cap. 10. concernant jointures et dowers. Et per luy de ceux choses de q' un feme poit este endow, el poit aun un jointure, come de meins, vesturan t'rae, boys, villes, Isles, meadows, et tiels semblables. Item dun advowson, dun reunsion dependent sur un estate pur vie, dum Windmill, un haut chamber, un rectory et tiels aut's, et ils sont appels tents, Item dun villain, ca● il est hereditament. Et de touts ceux perfect poet vener all fem. Mes de ceux choses de q' nul perfect voet ven', mes plus toft un charge, un ioint'ne poet cen fait. Larceny. LArceny est un deceitful prysel des biens dun auter home, mes nemy de son person, oue un ment de eux embleer encounter son volunt que biens ils fuerount. Et larceny est en deux sorts, lun issint apple simplement, et lauter petite larceny. Le primer est lou le chose emblee exceda le value de xii. d. et ceo est felony. Le auter (que est apple petit larceny) est lou le chose emblee, ne exceda le value de xii. d. et c'nest felony. Lastage. LAstage, hoc est qui etum esse de quadam consuetudine exacta in nundinis et mercatis pro rebus cariandis ubi homo vult. Lessor et lessee. LEssor est celuy que less terres, ou tenements all altar pur term de vie, ans, ou al volunt, et celuy a que le lease est fait, est apple lessee. Levant & couchant. Leuant & Couchant est dit, quant les beasts, o● cattle dum estraunger sont venu en le t're dum auter home, et la ount remain un certain bone space de temps, cy long q̄ ils ount bien manger, et auxi eux mesmes rest. Ley gager. Lay gager est quant un acc'est port vers un sans especialty mr'e, ou auter matter d'recorde: come action de debt sur un contract, ou detinue, donques le defendant puyt gage saley sil voile. s. juror sur un liver, et certain persons ovesque luys, q̄ il doit riens all plaintiff en le manner & form come il ad declare: mes en action d'det sur un leas pur term dans, ou sur arrearages de account devaunt auditors assign, home ne gagera sa ley. Mes quaunt un gagera sa ley, il amesnera ovesque luy vj. viii. ou xii. de ces vicines, come le court luy assignera de juror ovesque luy, & si all iour assign, il faut de sa ley, donque il serra condemn. Livery de seisin. Livery de seisin, est un ceremony use en conveyance de terres ou tenements lou un estate en fee simple, fee tail, ou un franktenement passera. Et il est un tesmoigne d'le voluntary departing de tout ceo que il que fait le livery ad en le chose de que livery est faith: Et le resceyt del livery est un voluntary acceptance par le auter party, de tout ceo de que lauter ad luy dismiss. Et fuit invent come vn overt et notorious chose, per means de que le common people poyent aver intelligence de passing ou alteration de estates de home all home, q̄ per ceo ils poyent estre le meliour able pur trier en que le droit et possession de terres et tenements fueront sils doyent este impanell et juries, ou auterment ount a fair concernant ceo. Le common manner de livery de seisin, est en cest sort faith: Si il soit en le overt champ ou nen edifices ou mea son, donques un que poet liar priest le faith en son main, si lestate passera per faith, et declare all eux que la sount, le 'cause d' lour venir la ensemble, et donques overtment lia le faith en Englois, et apres que il est seal, le party que est a departer oue le terre, priest le faith en ses maynes ensemble ovesque un clod del terre, et un twig ou bow, sil y ad ascun la, etitout ceo il deliver all altar party, en le nosme de possession ou seisin accordant all form et effect d'l faith, que devant eux fuit la lie. Mes sil soyt un habitation ou edifice sur le terre, donques ceo est faith la al le door del ceo nul esteant relinquish a cest temps deins le meason, et le party deliver tout les avamtdits ensemble ovesque le annuel del door en le nosme de seysin ou possession, et il que receyva le livery entra prymes sole et shotta le door, et presentment overt ceo, et lessa eux eyns etc. Sil soyt dun meason a que est nul terre, le livery est faith et possession prise per le delivery del annuel del door et faith solement. Et ou il est sauns faith de terres ou tenements, la le party declare per parole devaunt tesmoign, lestate q' il intend de departed oue, et donques deliver seisin ou possession, en manner come est avantdit, Et issint le terre ou tenement passera▪ cybyens love il nad faith, come per fait, et ceo ꝑ force del livery de seysin: Il fuit agreed en Gray'S Inn per l' droit worshipful M. Snag, all some lecture la en Summer Anno 1574. que si un feoffor deliver le faith en view del terre, en nosme de seysin, que il est bon, pur ceo que il ad un possession en luy mesme. Mes auterment est dun atturne, car il doit aler all terre, et prise possession luy mesme, devaunt que il poet doner possession all altar, accordant all parolx de son letter etc. Et lou livery de seisin est per le view, sile feoffee ne entra pas puis etc. nul chose passa, caril doit enter en fait. Lotherwite. LOtherwite, hoc est quod capiatis emendas ab ipso qui corrumpit nativam vestram sine licentia vestra. Mahim ou Maim. MAhim est lou ascun member est damnify ou tolle, per que le party issint damnify est fait imperfect a combatier. Come si un osse soit prise horse del test: ou un osse soyt debruse en ascun auter part del corpse, ou un pee, ou main, ou digit, ou joint dum pee, ou ascum member soyt scyer: ou per ascun plague, les nerves sont faith de shrinker, ou auter member, ou les digits fait curue, ou si un oil 'soit mise horse, ou les auteriour dentes debruse, ou ascun auter chose en le corpse dum home, ꝑ reason de q̄ il est fait le meines able pur defender luy m. Mes l' scier dum orail, ou nese, ou lenfreind 'deal dents moliers, ou tiels semblables, nē ascum maihem, pur c q̄il est pluis un deformity d' l'corps, q̄ un defect d'l strength. Et si les iustic' sont en doubt si le dam soyt un mayhem ou nemy, ils use, et voylent de lour grand discrec'prend' le aid et opinion de ascun erudite Surgeon pur consid'de c' devant q' ils determine sur le cas. Mainprize. Mainprize est quant un home est arrest ꝑ Capias, donque les judges poient deliver son corpse a certain hones pur garder, et de luy amesn devant eux a cntaine iour, et ceux sont appels mainpernors, & si le party ne appear all iour assign, le mainpernors serront amercies. Manor. Manor, est un chose compound de diuns choses, come dum meason terre arable, pasture, pray, boys, rent, avowson, court baron, et tiel semblable font vn man, et ceo doit este ꝑ ancient continuance de temps, cuius contrarium memor'hominum non existit, car a cest iour un man ne poit een fait pur ceo q̄ un court ba ron ne poet een fait a ore, et un man ne poit even sans un court baron et suitors, ou frankt ', deux almeins, car si touts les frankt 'pret ' un escheat al le snr, ou sil purchase tout, pnt 'un, la son man est ale, pur c' que il ne poit este un man sans un court baron (come avantdit▪) & un court ne poit este tenus mes devant suitors, et nemy devant un sut ', et ideo lou forsq un franktenement, ou franktenant est, la ne poet este un manner. Manumission. MAnumission est en deux sorts, le un est un manumission explicita, lauter un manumission implicita. Manumission explicita, est quant le seignior fait un fait al son villain pur luy enfrancheser per cest parol manumittere, quod idem est quod extra manum, vel extra potestatem alterius ponere. Le manner de Manumitting ou enfranchesing en temps pass plus usualment fuit isissint. Le seign your (en ●sence de ses vicines) priest le villeine ꝑ l' test disant, jeo voile que cest home soyt frank, et oue c'il luy mise avant horse de ses maines, et per c' il fuit frank sans asc'pluis fair. Manumission implicita sans cest parol (Manumittere) est qnnt le snr fait un obligac' a some villain a paiera luy money al un cnten iour, ou luy sue, ou il poytent'sans svit, ou grant all son villain un annuity, ou lessa terre a luy per fait pur ans, ou pur vie, et en diuns tiels sembles cases, le villain per ceo est fait frank. Maxims. Maxims sont les foundations del ley, & les conclusions de reason, et sont efficient, et certain universal propositions, cy sure & perfect que ils ne poient een a asc'temps impeach, ou impugn, mes doit touts foyts este observe et tenus come fort principles et authorities d' luy m, nyent obstant ils ne poyent een prove per force d' argument ou demonstrations logical, mes sount conus per enduction per le voy de sense & memory. Come pur example il est un maxim que si un home ad issue ij. fits per divers ventures, et le un de eux purchase terres en fee et morust sauns issue, lauter fits ne unques serra son heir etc. Item il est un auter maxime que t'res discendra del pier all fits, mes nemy del fits all peer car est un ascension etc. et divers tyels semblables il y ad. Maynour. MAynour est quant un laron ad emble et est pursue oue hue et cry, et prise, ayant ●eo troue ouesq'luy q̄ il ad emble, ceo est apple le main. Et issint moisc ommunemnt use pur dire qn̄t nous trovomꝰ un fairans de un unloial act, q̄ nous luy priest ovesque le mainor, ou man. Misprision. MIsprision est quant asc'sceit q'vn auter ad fait treason, ou felony, et il ne voile luy discoun al Roigne, ou sa Council ou a ascun magistrate, eins concela son offence. un Chaplain ad fix un ancient seal dun patent, a un novel patent d' non residence, et c'fuit tenus dēe misprision de treason tantum, et nul counter feiter del seal del Roygne. Itê si un aut ' sciet money deste faux, et port c horse de Ireland en Englet ', et vtt' ceo en paymnt, c'est forsq misprision de treason, & nemy treason, et issint est en diuns tiels semblables cases. Et en touts cases de misprision de treason, le party offend'forfetra ses bn̄s a toutes iours, et les profets de ses t'res pur term de son vie, et soncorps all prison all pleasure del roine. Et pur misprision de felony ou trans le offender serr'commit all prison, tanque il ad troue sureties ou pledges pur son fine, que serra assess ꝑ le discrec' de les Iustic'devaunt q̄ il fuit convict. Et nota q̄ en chescum treason, ou felony, est include misprision, et lou asc'ad fait treason ou felony, le Roygne poit causer luy deste indit' et arraign forsque d'misprision solement sil voile. Monstrans de faits, ou Records. MOnstrans de faites, ou Records, est sicone pur example, un acc'de debt soit port enuers un sur un obligac', Ou per execut'etc. la apres que le pl ' ad declare, il doit mr'son obligac' ou le executor le testament all court, Et issint est de Records. Et le diversity perenter Monstrauns de faits ou records, et oier de faits et records est issint. Il que plead le fait ou record, ou declare sur ceo, al luy il appertain de mr'e ceo. Et laut 'vers que tiel fait ou record est plead ou declare, et est ꝑ ceo deem charge, poet demand oyer de ceo fait ou record, q̄ son adversary port, ou plead vers luy. Mortgage ou Mortgage. MOrtgage ou Mortgage, est quant un fait un feoffment a un auter sur tiel condic'q̄ si le feoffor paya all feoffee a certain iour xl. li. dargent, q̄ adonques la feoffor puit re-enter etc. en c case le feoffee est apple tenant en mortgage. Et sicome un home puit fair feoffment en fee en mortgage, issint il puit fair ' done en le tail'ou less pur term' de vie, ou pur term dans en mortgage. Et il semble que la cause pur que il est appell mortgage, est appell mortgage, est pur c' q̄ il estoyt est aweroust si le feoffor voile payer all iour limit le argent ou non, & sil ne pay p, donqns la t're q̄ il met en gage sur condition de paymnt de le money, est al' d' lui a touts iours, et issint mort a lui sur condic', et sil pay le money, donques est le gage mort quaunt a le tenant. s. le feoffee, et pur cest cause il est apple en latin mortuum vadium, come M. Littleton dit, ou mortuum vas, come ieo pense. Mortmain. Mortmain fuit qnnt terres fuer'dones a un meason de religion, ou a un company q̄ sount corporate ꝑ le grant le roy, donqns cen terre est devenꝰ en mortmain, cen dir' en Anglois a dead hand, et le roy ou l' seignior de q̄ le terre est tenus poet enter en eux. Mulier. MVlier est un parol use en nostr'ley, mes come aptment ieo ne poy dire ne scay bn̄ comnt il doit venir en tiel sense come nous la ceo prendromus▪ Car accordant all proper signification, mulier est foemina corrupta, siconi il est use per Vlpianus en un certain am en tiel manner, Quod si ego me virginem emere putaren eum esset mulier, emptio non valebit. Per c poys voyer q̄ mulier est un femme que ad ewe le company dun home, mes a relinquisher le droit signification: mulier est prise en nostre ley, pur un que est loialment engender et ncc: et est toutes dit's use en comparison ovesque un bastard, solement pur monster un difference perenter eux come pur example: un home ad un fits ꝑ un femme devamt marriage, cen issue est apple un bastard, et illoial: Et apres ils entermary, et ount un auter fytes, cest second fits est appell mulier, cest adire, loyal, et serra heir all son pier, mes le auter ne poet este heir al ascun home, pur ceo que ●i nē conus, ne certain en le judgement del ley, q̄ fuit son pier, et pur cest cause est dit deste nullius filius, ou filius populi, et issint sans pier accordant all cen viele verse. Cui pater est populus, pater est sibi nullus et omnis. Cui pater est populus, non habet ipse patrem. Et touts foits vous troves cen addic'al eux (bastard eigne, et mulier puisne) quant ils sont compare ensembl'. Murder. Murder est un voluntary occider dun home sur malice pretence, et semble de ven' d' le Saxon parol Mordrens q̄ issint signify. Et Mordridus est le murderer tanque all cest iour enter eux en Saxony, de q̄ nous avomꝰ mult de nr'parols come a deem sepe dit. Negativa preignans. Negativa preignans est quant un action, ou information, ou tiel semblable est port enuers un, et le defendant plead en bar del action, ou autermnt un negative plea, q' nest cy special answer all action mes que il include auxy un affirmative. Com̄ pur example, si cesty en reversion enter sur tenant pur vie supposant que il ad alien en fee, (que est un forfeiture de son estate) et le tenant pur vie dit que il nad alien en fee, cest un negative en que est include un affirmative. Car nient obstant il soyt very que il nad alien en fee, uncore il poet este que il ad faith un estate en tail (le quel est auxi un forfaitur') et donques lentrie de celuy en le reversion est loyal etc. Item en un Quare impedit le Roygne fist title de present a un prebend ratione que les Temporalties levesque fuerount en sa mains per le mort de W. nuper Episcopi etc. Le defendant dyt que ne voyda pas esteantes les Temporalties en les maynes del Royne ꝑ le mort de W. cest un negative preignans, car il poet este en les mains del royne auterment que per l' mort d' W. et il suffist all roigne si soit en sa maines ꝑ ascun means etc. Issint est ou un information fuit port in scaccario vers I S. pur ceo que il achate laynes enter shering temps et le Assumption tali anno de I N. Le defendant dit quod non emit de I N. come il est allege etc. ceo est appell un negative preignans, car sil c achate d' aut, vnc'il est culpable pur le achate. Niefe. NIefe est un feme q' est bond ou un villain feme, mes si el mary un frank home, el est per c'fait frank a toutsiours (comnt q' le baron defy, et el survive) pur c' q̄ el et son baron sont forsque un person est ley, et el covient este de m le nature et condic'en ley a touts intents come son baron est. Mes son baron est frank a toutes intentes sans ascun condition en ley, ou auterment, et issint per consequens le femme couient este, et est frank accord' all natur'de some frank baron, et donque si el so it un foits frank et cleremnt disch. d'villenage a touts intents, el ne poit estre niefe apres sans especial act fait ꝑ luy▪ come divorce, ou cognisance en court de record, et ceo est en favour de liberty, et pur ceo un frank femme ne serra villain per prisel del villain all son baron. Mes lour issue serr'vil lens come lour pere fuit que est contrary all le ley civil, car la est dit partus sequit ventrem. Bondage ou villeinage ad son commencement en t' les Hebrews et son original ꝓceding d'Chanaan le fits d'Cham, q̄ pur c' q'il derisee son pere No giisant dissolutemnt qnnt il fuit e▪ briee, fuit puni en son fits Chanaan ovesque penalty de bondage. Nihil dicit. NIhil dicit, est quant un acc'est port enuers un home, et le def. appear, le pl' declare, et le def. ne voile respond', ou plead al le acc', et ne maintain son ple, mes fait default ore sur cest default, il serra condemn, quia nihil dicit. Nomination. NOmination, est ou un poit en dr'de son manor ou auterment nominate, et appoint un abl' clerk, ou home all un parsonage, vicarage, on tiel spiritual promotion. nonability. nonability est lou un action est port vers un, & le defendant dit que le plaintiff est nonable de sure ascum action, et demand judgement sil serra respond. Il y ad vj. causes de nonabilitye en le pl', come sil soyt utlage, ou un alien nee, mes cest disability est en actions reals & mixed solement, et non ●n actions parsonals, sinon que il soit un alien enemy, ou condemn en pmmunire, ou profess en religion, cest a scavoyer le Romish religion, ou excommenge, un villain et sue son snr, mes cen darraine nest ple pur auter que nest snr all villain. Nude Contract. NVde Contract, ou nude promise, est lou un home bargain, ou vend ses terres, ou biens, ou promise pur don̄ al auter money, ou un chival, ou a edefier un meason, ou fair tiel chose a tyel iour, et nul recompense e appoint a luy pur le fair de c'. Come si un dit al aut, jeo vend ou done all vous touts mes terres ou bn̄s Et la est nul chose appoint assign ou agreed que le aut' dona, ou paiera pur c', issint ● il nad quid pro quo, cest un nude contract, et voided en ley, et pur non ꝑformance de ceo nul action gist, car ex nudo pacto non oritur actio. Oredelfe. O Redelfe, est lou un claim de aun le ore que est troue en son soil ou terre. Outfangthiefe. OVtfāgthiefe, hoc est qd'latrones de t'ra vestra vel feodo vestro extra terram vestram vel feodum vestrum capti cum latrocinio ad cu riam vestram revertantur, et ibidem iudic'. Owelte. OWelte, est qnnt il y ad snr mesne et tenant, et le t' tient del mesn per mns les services que le mesne tient ouster de le snr paramount. Come si le t' tient del mesne ꝑ Homage, fealty, et xx. s. de rent annuelmnt, et le mesn tient ouster d' le seygn paramount per home fealty et xx. s rent auxi, cest appell Oweltie de services. Oyer de records et faites etc. OYer de Records et faits, est si pur example un acc'de det soit port enuns un home sur un obligac', et le defended apꝑt all acc', et donqns pria q̄ il poet oier lobligac' ovesque q' le pl'charge luy. Issint est qnnt executors port'un admiral de debt ', et le defendant demand oyer del testament: sur cest demand il serra lectu all defendant, Mes sil soit en un auter term, ou apres q̄ le defendant ad imparle, donqns il navera le oyer. Et issint come est dit de faites ●st deste intent de records que sount allege enuers luy. Pape. PApe, est un aunc'nosme fauxment arrogate, ou hautmnt usurp per le Euesque de le sole City de Rome en Italy, et est communement apple en Angloys le Pope, un nosme veraymnt mult frequent en nr'e auncien annales liuns, specialmnt en les temps de ceux roys, qux graundment abandonans lour imperial authority, et abasans eux mesmns mult debase lour estate, ne fuer' hont de un alien et outlandish Euesque q̄ inhabit oust 'cinque diz cent miles d' eux, deem souer' d'haut eux en lour dominions demesne, et de toller de eux non solement le disposic'de cert' petit trifles d'nul account, mes auxi l' nomination d' Archevesqns, Euesqns Abbeys, deans, provosts, appropriations de benefices presentations all personages, vicarages, et generalment de touts spirituel persons a lour preferments, ascum temps ꝑ laps, ascun temps aut'mnt ꝑ q' l' prerogative perish del Royes fuit moult abridge denies lour realms demesne. Partition. PArtition est un division d' terres discendus per le common ley, ou per custom perent'coheirs, ou parceners, ou ils fount deux all meynes' soient ils fites, fil's, so ers aunts, ou auterment de kin all ancestor de que le terre descend all eux. Et cest partition est faith quatuour voyes pur le plus part, de q' troys lontal pleasure et per agreement perent'eux, le quart est ꝑ compulsion. un partition per agreement est quant ils mns divide le terre equalment en taunts parts, come la sont d' eux co ꝑcenns, et chescun de eslier share un ou part, leignee primerment, et issint lun apres lauter, come ils sont de age, sinon que le eignee per consent faith le partic', donque le election appertyent al prochein, et issint al le eignee darreignement accord come il est dyt. Cuius est particio, Alterius est electio. un aut'partitiō● agreement est qn̄t ils eslieu cert' de lour amies de fair division pur eux. Le tierce partition ꝑ agree●t est ꝑ ti abens de lots issint: primerment de divider le t're en tant des parts come la sount parcenns, dō●s a scriver chescun part seu●ralmēt en un petit scrolle ou piece de paper ou parchment, et de mitt'ceux scrols close en un hat, cap ou auter tiel semblable chose, et donques chescun parcener un apres lauter come ils sount de age atraher horse de ceo un piece, ou scrolle en que est escript un partt d'l terr' que per cest trahens est a or ' severalmnt allot all eux en fee simple. Le quater partition, q' est per compulsion, est lou un, ou asc'de les coparcenns voylent aun partic et aut's ne voilent agreed all ceo, donqns ceux q̄ issint voylent aver partic poient porter un br' de Partitione facienda enuers les auters queux ne voylent fair partition, per virtue de que ils ferra compelle de departed etc. Nous en Kent (●reere Nicholas) ou les terres sount de gavelkind nature, appellomus a cen iour nostre partition, shifting, il mesme parol quel's Scyftan Saxens use, nosment que signify pur fair partition perenter coheirs, et pur assigner a chesc'de eux lour portion. En latin il est appell Herciscere. Parties. Party's all fine, ou faith, sount ceux queux levy le fine, et auxi ils a que le fin est levy. Et ils que fount un fait de feoffment, et ils a que il est fait, sount appels parties all fait, et issint en auters semblables cases. Patron. PAtron est celui q̄ ad un ꝑsonage, vicarage, frank chapel, o● tielsēblabl'spiritual ꝓmoc' appurtennt all some man, et poet, ou do't doner ceo benefice quant et cy toft que il devient void. Er cen esteant patron, ou patronage ad cōmēc'mnt pur le pluis part ꝑ un de ceux troys voyes, nosmnt ou Ratione fundationis, pu●● que le patron ou ses ancestors, ou ceux de q'il claim fueront foundours, ou edesiers de le esglise, ou Ratione dotationis, pur ● que ils endow ou done ter ●es al ceo pur maintenance, ou auterment Ratione fundi, pur ● q' le esglise fuit mise, ou edify sur lour soil' ou terre, et diuns temps per reason de ils trois, Perquisites. PErquisites sount advantages et profits queux vyent al un manner per casualty, et non annulement, come escheats, hariots, reliefs, waives estraies, forfeitures, amerciames en courts, guards, marriages, bn̄s et terres purchase ꝑ villains de ● le manner, et diuns semblables choses qux ne sount certain mes happen ꝑ chance, ascun temps pluis often q̄ a altar temps. Plaintiff. Plaintiff est celuy q̄ sue ou complaint en un assize, ou en un action ꝑsonel, come en un action de det, trans, deceit, detinue, et tyels semblables, Pleading. PLeadinge est ceo que vyent apres le count, nosment ceo que est contain en le bar, replication, et rejoinder, et non ceo contain en le count mesme, et pur ceo defauts en l' matter del count, ne sount comprise denies myspleading, ou insufficient pleading, ne sount remedy per le statute d' leofailes, Mes solement ceo mispleading ou insufficient pleading, commit en le bar, replication, et rejoinder, sount la provide. Pound. pounds sount en deux sorts, lun pounds overt, les auters pounds close. Pound overt, est chescun am en q̄ un distress est mice, soit ceo common pound tiels' que sont en chesc'ville ou Signiory, ou soit ceo backside, court, yard, pasture, ou aut' ment quecunque, lou le own del distress poit vener a doner eux viande sans offence pur lour esteant la, ou son ven' la. Pound close, est tiel am, lou le owner del distress ne poyt vener a don eux vyande sans offence, come en un close, meason, ou quecunque auter lieu. Possession. POssession est dit two. voies, ou actual possession, ou poss. en ley. Actual poss. est qnnt un home enter en faith en terres, ou tenements a luy descend, ou auterm enter Possession en ley est quant terres, ou tenements sount descend all un home, & ill nad vnc'realment actualment, et en fait ent'en eux. Et il est appeareth pel possession en ley, pur ceo q' en le oil, et consideration del ley, il est pense dēe en possession, entant q̄ il est tenant a chescun action que voet sure concernaunt mesmes les terres, ou tenements. Preamble. PReamble ad some nosme de le preposition (pre) devant, et l' verb (Ambulo) pur va, issint joint ensemble, ils font un compound verb de le primer conjugation (Pream bulo) pur vadevamt, et de c'l' i part ou commēce●t dum act est apple le pamble del act, le ql pamble, est un cliff de ount'les ments deal fesors deal act, et les mischiefs q'ils intent de remedy ꝑ c, come pur ex ampl' lestat'fait all W. le prim̄ le 37. c q'don attaint, le preamble d' q'est issint. Pur c' q̄ ascuns gents de la terre doutent meines faux seremnt fair, q̄ fair ne duissent, per q' multes des gents sont disherites & perdent lour droit, puruieu est etc. Prescription. Prescription est quant un adewe ou use asc chose depuis le temps dount nul memory al contra. Presentment. PResentment, est quant un home q' ad droit a don un benefice spiritual nosme le person a q̄ il voit le doner, et fait un letter al evesque pur luy, ceo est un presentation ou presentment. Pretenced droit ou Title. Pretenced droit ou title, est lou un est en possess●d 'terres, ou tents, et un auter que est horse de possession, claim ceo, ou sue pur ceo, ore le pretenced droit, ou title, est dit en luy que issint sue ou claim. Et sil puys vient a le possession de m le t'res, ou tenements, son droit, ou title est extinct, ou suspend en le terre. Frivie ou privity, & Privities. Privy, ou privity, est lou un lease est fait a tener a volunt, pur ans, pur vie, ou un fef fement en fee, et en divers auters cases, ore pur c'de ceo q̄ adpasse perent'ceux parties ils sont appell privies, en respect de strangers perent' qux nul tiel conveyances ad estre. Auxi si soit snr et tenant, et le tenant tient del snr per certain service, il y ad un privity perent'eux per cause d'tenure, et si le tenant soyt disseyse per un stranger, il ad nul privity perent' le disseisour et le snr, mes le privity unc▪ demurt perenter le snr et le tenant que est disseisie, et le signior avowera sur luy pur ceo q' il est son tenant en droit, et en le judgement del ley. Privies sont en diuns sorts come nosment, prives en estate, privies en fait, privies en ley, privies endroit, et privies en sange. Privies en estate, est lou un leas est fait del manner de Dale all A. pur vie, le rem al B. en fee, la & A. & B. sount privies en estate, car lour estates fueront ambideux al un temps. Et issint est en le primer cas ou un leas est fait al volunt, pur vie ou ans, ou un feoffment en fee, les lessees, ou feoffees, sont apple privies en estat', et issint sount lour hr'es etc. Privies en faith, est lou un leas est fait pur vie, et apres per un auter faith, le reversion est grant al un estranger en fee, cest grantee del reversion est appell privy en faith, pur ceo que il ad l' reversion per fait. Privy en ley, est ou il ad seignyour et tenant, le tenant lessa le tenancy pur vie, et morust sans heir, et le reversion escheat all signior, il est dit privy en ley, pur ceo que il ad son estate solement ꝑ le ley cest adir'per escheat. Privy en droit, est lou un possess dun term pur ans grant son estate al un auter sur condic', et faith ses executors et morust, ore ceux execut' sont privies en droit, car si le condition soyt enfreint, et ils enter en le terre, ils avera ceo en le droit de lour testator, et a son use. Privy de sank, en le heir del feo●four, ou donor etc. Item si un fine soit levy, les heirs de celuy q̄ levy le fine sount appell privies. Privileges. Privileges sount liberties & franchises, grant all un office, lieu, ville, ou manner ꝑ le grand charter del roign, letters patents, ou act de parliament come tolle, sake, sock, Infangthiefe, utfangthiefe, turn tolle, oredelfe, et divers tyels semblables pur qux voies en lour ꝓper titles et lieus. Procheine amy. PRocheyn Amy et garden en socage est tout un, et est lou un home seisie de terres tenus en socage morust son issue denies age de 14. ans, donques le procheine amy, ou procheine de sank a que les terres ne poyent vener ou descend, avera le guard del hr▪ e, et d'l terre, all use solement del heir, tanque il vient all age de xiv. ans, et donque a tiel ans, il poet ent'et luy ouste, et port luy d' accompter, mes en cest account, il avera allowance pur touts reasonable costs et expenses bestow ou sur le heir, ou son terre. Et le prochein amy, ou prochein de sank a que le inheritance ne poet discender est issint deste intend, si les terres descend all heir de son pier, ou ascun del sank del ꝑt son pier, donques le mere, ou aut'd'l part le mere, sount apple le procheine de sank a que lenheritance ne poet discender, car devaunt que il issint discendera, il pluis tossed esch●ter' all snr de que il est tenus: Et issint est deste intend ou les terres vient all heir de sa mere, ou asc'auter de sank de part sa mire: donques le pier ou auter del part son pier sount appelle ꝓchein de sank a que le inheritance ne poet descend, mes plus toast eschetera all signior de que il est tenus. Protestation. Protestation est un salvation all party (que issint plead per protestatyon) deste conclude per ascun matter alledg'ou object encounter luy, sur que il ne poet joiner issue: Et nest auter chose que exclusyon del conclusion, car il que priest le protestation exclud' laut 'party de conclude● luy. Et cest protestation doit estoier oue le sequel del plea, et nemy deste repugnant, ou auterment contrary. Purchase. PVrchase est l' possession q̄ un home ad en terres, ou tents per son act demesne, means, ou agreement, et nemy per title de descent, de ascum de ses ancestors. Quarentine. QVarentine est lou home devy seisi dum manner place et auter terres, dount sa femme doit este endow, donques la femme tyendra le manner place ꝑ quarantiours, dey●●s quel temps son dower serra a luy assign', mes si el mary infra les xl. iours, el perdra son quarentine. Quinzime. QVinzime est un payment grant est parliament all roigne, per les lays, cestassàuoir le quinzime part de lour biens: Et fuit use en ancient temps deste levy sur lour avers' esteants en lour terres que fuit mult troublous, et pur ceo a ore pur le plus part, cest voye est alter et ils use de levy ceo per les verges, ou acre, ou aut'measure d' t'r '. Per reason de que il est a ore meins troublous, et plus certain, que devaunt il fuit. Et chescun ville, et pays scient, quel somme est deste pay perent' eux, et comment ceo serra raise. Nous legimus que Moses fuit l'primer que number le people, car il number les Israelites, et pur ceo le primer▪ Tax, Subsidy, tribute, ou Quinzime fuit invent per luy enter les Hebrewes, come Polidore Virgil suppose. Regrator. REgratour est celuy que ad blees, victuals, ou auters choses sufficient pur son necessary oeps, occupac', ou expēc', & nient obstant engross et achate en ses maynes plus blees, victuals, ou auters tyels choses, all intent de vender ceo arrere al un plus haute et chare price, en fairs, markets, ou tiels semblables lieus. Rejoinder. Rejoinder est quant le defendant faith respons all replication del plaintiff. Et chescun rejoinder doit aver ceux deux properties specialment cen a scavoir ll doit este un sufficient respons all Replication, et auxi de subsequer et enforce le matter del bar. Relief. Relief est ascun foytes un certain somme de money que le heir paiera all seignior de q' ceux terres sont tenus, qux apres l' disease de son aunc'sont a luy descend come ꝓchein heir, asc foits il est le payment dun altar chose, et nemy money. Et pur ceo relief nest certain et semble pur toutes tenors, mes chesoun sundry tenure ad (pur le pluis part) son special relief certain en luy mesme: Neque est ceo deste pay toutes foytes al uncertain age, mes il vary en c auxy accordant all tenure. Come si le tenant ad terres tenus per service d' chevalier (foreprise grand sergeanty) et morust son hr' esteant de plain age, et tient ses terres per le service dun entire fee de chevalier, le snr de que ceux terres sont issint tenus, auna del hr'100 s. nomine relevij Et si il tient ꝑ meines q̄ un fee d' chiual', il paiera meines, et si plus, donque plus, aient respect touts foites all le rate pur chescun fee de ehivaler un cent souse. Et sil tient per grand serieanty (●▪ est touts foits del roign et est auxy service de chevalier) donque le relief serra le value del t're ꝑ an, pret 'toutes charges issuaunt horse de ceo. Relief q̄ le snr avera pur terres tenus en Socage, est tant plus come le rent que le t' tient son terre en Socage per, come sil tient ꝑ un denier rent, et morust, le snr auna cen denier rend, et un denier ouster pur relief de quecunque age le t' soit, al mort de son ancestor. Et nota que en ascuns cases le snr auna son relief maintenant aprés le mort de son tenant, si il soit issint que le temps del an voit suffer ceo dēe ewe, come money, blees, carne, pish, spices, ou ascun tiel semblable, et pur default de payment, le signior poit pur ceo de common droit presemment distraigne. Mes en ascns cases le ●●r doit demur pur son rel'un cert' temps, qn̄t necessity issint constraint, come si le t' tient ꝑ un rose, un cherue, un strawberry, ou tiel semblable, et defy on winter, il nauna relief tamque Roses, cherues, et strawberries sont naturalment fresh, et ripe, q̄ est al temps d' Mid summer, et donqns il auna un pur rent, et un aut 'pur relief. Il y ad un aut'kind de relief q̄ est pay apres le mort, change, ou alienac' de franktenants que tyent en aunc'dem̄, et autermnt, et est pay come un cognusance del tenure ꝑenter le seignior et le tenant, Ceo nē certain quant: mes il vary accordant all custom del manner, ou tenure, et est deste present ꝑ le homage, ou suitors, all ꝓchein court iour de m le manor. Et nota que touts foits qnnt le relief est due, il doit este pay al un entier pamit, et nem● per parties, nient obstant q' le rent soit deste pay all several feasts. Remainder. REmainder de terre est le terre que remainera apres le particular estat'det ' my Come si un grant terre pur term de ans, ou pur vie, le remainder all I S. cest a dire, q' qn̄t le lessee pur we est mort, que donque le terre remainera, serra ou abide oue, al, ou en I S. Replication. REplication est qnnt le def. en asc'action fait respons, & le pl' fait un respons al ceo, ceo est appell le replication del plaintiff. Reprises. REprises sount deductions, paymnts, & duties, que va annuelmnt et sont pay horse dun manor. Come rend charge, rend seek, pensions, corodies, annuities, et tiels' semblables. Resceit. REsceit est quaunt un action est port vers tenant pur term de vie, ou tenant a term dans, et cesty en la reversion vient eins et pria deste receive pur defend'la terr'▪ et pur pled' ovesque l'demaund '. Et qnnt il vient, il covient q' il soit touts foits priest a pleader oue le demaundant. Reservation. REseruac'est prize divers voies, et ad divers natures, come ascun foits ꝑ voy de excepc' de reserve ceo q̄ un home ad devant en luy, Come si un leas soit fait pur ans de terr' reseruamt les grand arbours cressants sur ceo. Ore le lessee ne poyt meddle ovesque eux, ne ovesque asc'chose q' vient ꝑ reason de eux cy long come il demurt en, ou sur les arbours, come mast de oak, chestnut, pomes, ou tiels' semblab les, Mes sils chient deal arbours all t're, donq' ils sont en dread le lessees, car le t'r 'est less a luy, et tout sur c' nient reserve etc. Asc'foits un reseruae ' obtainteh et port horse un aut'choose q̄ ne fuit devant, come si un home less ses t'res reseruamt annuelmnt pur c xx. li. etc. et diuns aut ' tyels reservations y sount. Et nota q en aunc'temps, lour reseruat ons fueront cy bn̄ (ou pur l' plus part) en victuals, soit ceo, carne, pish, blees, pane, boier, ou autermnt, come en money, tamque all darraine, et especialment, en le temps del roy Henry le prim̄ per agreement le seruationde victuals fuit change en priest money, come il ad tanque cy continued. Retraxit. REtraxit est le preterperfectence den Retraho, compound de Re, et Traho, q' signify Retraho pur ewlser arrere. Eten qnnt le party pl', ou demandant vient en proper person en le court ou son svit est, et dit q̄ il ne voet ulterius ꝓsequi in placito illo etc. Ore c serra un bar all action a touts iours. Reeve. Reeve est un officer, mes plus conus en ancient temps que a cest iour. Car chescum manner ad donques un reeve, et vncor'en divers coppyholde manors, (ou le viel custom asc' chose puaivaile) le nosm̄ et of●●● nest en tout obli●e. Et est en effect ceo q̄ a ore chescun bailiff dun manner practise: nient obstant le nosm̄ de bailiff ne fuit donques en ure enter nous esteant puis port eins per les Normans. Mes le nosine de Reeve auncientment appell gereve, (quell particle (Goe) en continuance de temps fuit ousterment omise et pard) vient del Saxon parol Gerefa, q̄ signify un ruler. Erissint veras●t some rule or authority fuit large deins le compass del manner son ●●r et enter ses homes et tenants cy bien en choses de government en peace et guerre, come en le skilful use et trade de husbandry. C●r sicone il collect les rents del snr, payer reprises, ou duties issuamts horse del manner, appoint les servants de worker, succide et decoup arbres pur repairer les edifices, et enclosures, ovesque divers tiels semblables pur le commodity del seygour: Issint auxy il ad authority de governor, et server les tenants en peax, et sil besoigne, de conductor eux en guerre. Reversion. Reversion de terre, est un certain estat'remainant en le lesser ou donor, apres le particular estate et possession convey all un auter. Et est apple un Reunsion en respect del possession separate de c, Issint que il que ad le un, nad laut ' al mesme le temps, car esteant en un simul, la ne poet este dit un reversion, pur ceo que per le uniting, lun est merge en lauter, Et issint le reversion del terre, est le terre mesme quant il eschuest. Riot. RIot est lou troys (all meynes') ou plures font ascun illoyal act come de barer un home, Enter sur le possession dun altar, vel huiusmodi. Robbery. Robbery est qnnt un home prent asen chose deal parson dun auter felonysement, comment que la chose prise ne soyt all value forsque dun denier, uncore il est felony pur quel le ●offendour suffera mort. Rout. ROut est quant people assemble eux mesmes, et puis procedunt, ou chivauchant, ou allant avant, ou movent per instigation dun ou plures que est conductor de eux: Cest apple un rout, pur ceo que ils movent, et proceed en routs et numbers. Item ou plures assemble eux sur lour quarrels et brawls demesne, come si les inhabytaunts dun ville voyle assembler eux pur debruser heis mures, fosses, pales, ou tyels semblables, daver comen la, ou de bater un auter que ad faith al eux un common displeasure, vel huiusmodi, cest un rout et encounter le ley, comment que ils nount faith, ou mice en execution lour male intent. Sake. SAke, hoc est placitum et emenda de transgr'hominum in cur' vestra, quia (Sak) Anglicae est Acheson Galice, et dicitur for sick sack idem quod pur quel ac●●son, et sak dicitur pro forfeit. Scot SCot, hoc est quietum esse de quadam consuetudine, sicut de communi tallagio facto ad opus vic' vel ballivorum eius. Showing. showing hoc est qui etum esse cum attachiament'in aliqua cur', et coram quibuscumque in qrelis ostensis et non aduocat'. Sok. SOk hoc est secta d' hominibus in curia vestra secundum consuetudinem regni. Sokmans. SOkmans sont les tenants en aunc'demesne ●ux tient lour terres ꝑ socage, cest adire, per service deal carve, et pur ceo ils sount apple Sokmans, q' est taunt adire come tenants ou homes qux tient per service deal carve, ou homes deal carve. Car sok signify un carve. Et ceux Sokmans ou tenants en ancient demesn̄, ount plusors et divers liberties done et grant a eux per le ley, Cybien ceux tenants queux tyent dum common person en ancient demesne, come ceux queux tient del roign en ancient demesne, come nosment deste quite de payer tolle en chescun market, fair, ville, et city ꝑ tout le realm, cy bn̄ pur lour byens et chattels que ils vend as auters, come pur ceux choses que ils achat 'pur lour provision, de auters. Et sur ceo chescun de eux poet sure daver letters patents de south le seal le Roygne a ses officers, et all Mayres, bailiffs, et auters officers en le realm d' suffer eux deem quite de tolle. Item deste quit ' d' Pontage, murage, et passage, et auxi de taxes et tallage grant per Parliament sinon que le Roygne tax ancient demesne, come el poet al sa pleasure 'pur grand cause. Auxy deste quite d' payments as les expenses deal chivalers deal shire queux vient all parliament. Et si le vic' voile distreign eux ou asc' de eux destr'cōtributor' pur lour terr' en auncien dem̄, donqns lun de eux ou touts come le case require poyt sure un br'e direct all vic' luy command q̄ il ne compel eux deste contribut oris all expen ses del chivalers. Et celuy br'luy command auxy, que sil ad distrayne eux pur ceo, que il redeliver mesm cest distress. Item que ils ne deuer'estre enpannell, ne mis en juries & enquests en pays horse de lour manor ou signory de auncien demesne, pur les terres que ils teygne la (sinon que ils ount auters terres all common ley, pur queux ils deuer' estre charge) & si le vicont return eux enpanelles, donques ils poient aun un br'enuns luy de non ponendis in assisis et iuratis. Et sil face all contrary, donque gist un attachment sur ceo enuers luy. Et issint est auxy si les bailiffs de franchises qux ont return de br'es' voile return asc'del t' qux teigne en aunc' dem̄, en ass. ou juries. Et auxy deste exemptes deal letes, et d'turnes del vic', ovesque divers aut's semblables liberties. Spoliation. SPoliation est un svit pur les fruits dum esglise, ou pur lesgl'm: et est deste sue en le spiritual court, et nemy en nr'e courts. Et cest svit gist pur un encumbent enuers un auter encumbent, ou ils ambideux claim per un patron, et lou le droit del patronag ne vient en question ou debate. Come si un person soyt cree en Euesque et ad dispensation de tener son rectory, & puis le patron present auter encumbent que est institut' et induct: Ore levesque poyt aver enuers cesty encumbent un Spoliatyon en le spiritual court, pur ceo que ils ambideux claim per un patron, & le droyt del patronage ne vyent en debate, & pur ceo que lauter encumbent vyent all possess▪ del benefice per le course del ley spiritual, cen ascavoier per institution & induction, issint que il ad colour de aun ceo, et destre person per le spiritual ley. Car aut'ment sil ne soit institute & induct etc. spoliation ne gist enuers luy, mes un br 'd' trespass, ou un assize de novil disseisin etc. Issint est auxy lou un parson accept aut'benefice per reason de que, le patron present un aut'clarke, que est institute et induct, ore lun de eux poyt aver spoliation enuns le auter, et donque viendra en debate sil ad plurality ou non. Et ifsint est de deprivation etc. Mesme le ley, est lon un dit all patron, que son clerk est mort sur que il present un auter. La le primer en cumbent, que fuit surmise deste mort poyt aver un spoliation enuers le auter. Et issint en diuns aut's semblables cases. Stallage. STallage hoc est quietum esse de quadam consuetudine exact'ꝓ platea capta vel assignata in nundinis & mercatis. Suit covenant. SVit covenant est quaunt voster ancestors ount covenant oue mes ancestors de sure a le court mes ancestors. Suit custom. SVit custom est qnnt ieo et mes ancestors ount estre seysies de ur 'suit demesn̄ et vostre ancestors de temps etc. Suit ryal. SVuit rial est quant honesvient all turn de viscount ou leete, a q' courts touts hones serra compel de vener a conuster l' leys, issint que ils ne serra ignorant de les choses qux serra mr's la comnt ils serra governs. Et est appell rial suit per cause de lour allegiance, & ceo appiert per common experience quant un est iure son oath est que il serra loyal & foial home all Roigne. Et ceo suit nest pur le terr' que il tient deins le county, mes per reason de son person, et pur son rest la, et doit estre faith deux foites per an, pur default de que, il serra amerce et non distreign. Suit service. SVit service, est a sure all turn del viscount ou leete, ou all court del seignior de troys semeynes en troys sameynes per lentier an: Et pur default de ceo, un home serra distreigne et non amerce. Et cest svit service est per reason del tenure del terres dun home. Tax et Tallage. Tax et Tallage sont paimnts, come dimes quinzimes, subsidies, ou tiels semblables grant all roigne ꝑ parliamnt. Les tenants en aunc'dem̄ sont quites d'ceux taxes, et tallages grants ꝑ parliament, sinon que le roigne tax auncien dem̄, come el poet quant a luy pleast pur grand cause, Voies ancient demesne. Tenure in Capite. TEnure en capite est lou ascun tient del Roigne come de sa person esteant roigne, et de sa Corone, come dun seygniourie per luy mesme en gross, et en chief de suis touts auters seygniories. Et nemy lou ils tient de luy come de ascun manner, honour, ou Castle, sinon certain ancient honours, ut patet in Seaccatio. Testament. Testament est issint define ou expound en M. Plowdens' commentaries. Testamentum est testatio mentis, et est compound de ceux deux parolx. Testatio et mentis q̄ issint signify very il est, q un testament est testatio mentis, mes q̄ il est un compound parol, Aulus Gellius en son vj. liver cap. 12. deny ceo al un excellent Lawyer un servius Sulpitius et dit q̄ il est un simple▪ parole, come sount ceux, Calciamentum, Paludamentum, Pavimentum, et diuns tiels semblables. Et mult meynes' est agreament'un compound parol de aggregatio, et mentium, come est dit est m title, car il ny ad nul tiel latin parole simple ou compound, mes il poet nient obstant serve bien pur un ley latin parol. Et pur c il poet issint een melior defin. Testamentum est ultimae voluntatis justa sententia de eo quod quis post mortem svam fieri vult etc. Et de testaments il y ad deux sorts, cestassavoir un testament en escript, et un testament ꝑ parolx, q̄ est apple un nun cupative testament. Le prim̄ est touts foits en escript come est dit. Le auter est quant un home esteant malade, et pur pavour ne mort, ou faut de memory, ou de ꝑler voet ven' c● suddeinmnt, et has●iuem̄t sur lui q̄ il serr ' prevent, sil demurt le scripture de son testament, request ses vicines et amies de porter tesmoigne de son darrayn volunt, et donqns declare ceo presentment per parolx devamt eux▪ q̄ apres son decease est ꝓue ꝑ testemoignes, et mise en escript per le ordinary, Et donqns il est en cy bone force, (sinon pur terres) sicone il ad all primer en le vy del testator este mise en●script. Them. THem, hoc est quod habeatis totam generationem villanorum vestro●ū cum eor sectis et cattallis vb●●●quein Anglia fuer'inventa, excepto si qd' aliquis no●iuus quiet ꝑ vn̄ annum et diem in aliqua villa privilegia manserit, ita quod in eor'communian vel gildam tanquam unus illarum repertus fuerit, eo ipso a villenagio liberatus est. Thefbote. THefboote est qnnt home priest byens dun laron de luy favourer et maintainer. Et nemy quant home priest ses byens demesne que fuerent emblees de luy etc. Le punishment en aunc'temps de Theefebote fuit de vie et de member: Mes a ore M. Stamford dit q̄ il est punish per ransom et imprisonment, sed quaere, car ieo pense ceo este felony. Title. TItle est lou loyal came est veign a un home de aver chose q̄ auter ad, et il nad ascum acc'pur ceo, come title de mortm, ou dentry sur condic' enfreynr. Title Dentrie. TItle Dentrie est quant un seisie de terr' en fee sait feoffment de c sur condic, et le condic'est enfreint: ore apres le condition issint enfreint, le feoffor ad title dent' en le terre, et issint poet qnnt a luy pleist, et person entry le franktenemnt serra dit en luy maintenant. Et est appell title Dentrie pur ceo q̄ il ne poet aun br▪ de droit enuns son feoffee sur condition, car son droit fuit horse de luy per le feoffment, le ql ne poit een reduc▪ sans entry, et le entry doit cempur l enfreind 'deal condition. Tolle, ou Tolne. TOlle ou Tolne est plus properment un payment use en cities, villes, markets et fairs pur biens et cattle port la destr'achat ' et vend, Et est touts dits deste pay per le achator, et nemy per le vendour sinon que soyt ascun custom all contrary. Il y ad divers auters tolls, come turn tolle, et ceo est lou tolle est pay pur auers queux sount drives deste vendus, comment que ils ne sount vendus. Item tolle travers, ceo est ou un claim daver un ob. ou tyel ●●blable toll', d' chesen beast que est drive su● son terre. Through tolle, est lou un ville prescribe de aver tolle pur chescum best que ale through lour ville un certain, ou pur chesc'vint ou cent, un cert', q̄ ne appiert deem cy unreasonable p̄scripc'ou custom come ascuns ount sup nient obstant il soit p le haut chimin del roine (come il c apple) ou cheson poet loyalment pass: sil y ad quid pro quo, come si la soit un pont ou tyel semblable commodity purview all costs et charges del vill' pur le ease d' travailers que chase m voy, per q' lour journey est ou abridge ou fait l' meliour: pur que donques ne poet tolle este dd'loialment et oue bon reason de eux etc. Mes diuns cyttizens' et burgesses sont quite de pay tolle ꝑ le grant del roigne, ou sa ancestors, ou claim ceo per prescriptyon ou custom. Issint auxy espiritual persons et religious homes (come ils fuerount appels) fueront quite de tolle pur lour byens et merchandises achate et vendus etc. Mes a ore le statute de Roy H. 8. voet que ils ne marchandiser, sed quaere si lentent de cen statute soit observe ent' eux all cen iour ou nemy, ascuns diont que non. Item tenants en aunc'dem̄ doient este quite per tout le realm de payer tolle come appiert devant en le title Sokemans. Et en touts ceux cases ou tol est deēdd', ou il ne doit este pay de eux q̄ doient aler, achate, et vend'quite de tolle, la le party, ou parties grieve poyent aver un brief de essendi quietum de Tolonio, enuers luy ou ceux que issint demand tolle contra all grant le Roygne ou sa progenitors, ou contra all custom ou prescription. Turn del viscount. Turn del viscount est un court de record en touts choses q̄ ꝑtain all turn. Et est l' leete l'Roigne ꝑ tout le county, et le vicont est judge. Et quecunque ad un leete, ad m le authority deins le precinct, sicone le vic'ad deins le turn. Treasure troue. TReasure troue est quant ascun money ●re, argent, plate, ou bolion, est troue en ascum am, & nul conust a que le property est, donques le property de ceo appertyent al Royne, et ceo est dyt treasure troue. Mes si ascun mineral de metal soyt troue en ascun terre, ceo toutes foites pertient all signior del soil, forsque que il foyt mineral de ore, ou de argent, queux serrount toutes foits all Roigne en quecunque soil q̄ ils sont troves. View. View est quant ascun action real est port, et le tenant ne scavoit bien quel terre il est que le demaundant demand, donque le tenant priera la view. s. q̄ il puit voier le terre que il claima. Mes si le tenant ad ewe le view en une brief, et puis le brief est abatus per mysnosmer de ville, ou per jointenure, et puis le demandant port une tyel brief vers le tenant, donques le tenant navera le view en le second brief. Viscount. Viscount est un magistrate et office d'graund authority q̄ nous communement appellomus (Sheriff) ou d' ꝑler plus veraymnt (Shire reave) et fuit all primes apple (Shire gereve) cest a dire custos comitatus, ou l' reave ou ruler del county, car (gereve) esteant derive del Saxon parol (Gereccan pur ruler) fuit al pmmes apple (Gerecfa) et donques (Gerefa) que betoken un ruler. Et de ceo vient (Portreve) ou (portgereve) un nosme q̄ en viel temps fuit done all chief officer dun ville, et signify le governor del ville pur c'que (Port) veniens de le Latin parole (Portus) signify un port ville. Et (Gereve) esteát derive come est avantdit, signify un ruler, issint que (portgereve) ou (come nous a ore briefemnt parle c) (Portreeve) est le governor del ville. Et issint fuit le chief officer ou governor del city de London long temps past (devamt que ils ad le nosme de Maire ou Bailiff) appell, come il appiert en divers viel monumnts, mes principalment en le Saxons charter de Guillam Bastard le conqueror, que issint commence. William Cyng greit Will'Bisceop, And Godfrey Ges port Gerefan, & dalle tha Burwaren the on Lounden beon. Issint ils de Germany (de q' nous et nostr'language ensemble primmmnt vient) apple ent'eux un governor Burgreve, un auter Margreve, et un aut'landsgreue, oue tiels' semblables etc. Cest tant est dit tantsolemnt pur mr'e le droyt Etymon, et antiquity del parol (Sheriff) a quel officer nr' common ley ad touts soits accordant done grand confidence, et authority, come de estre un special pnseruer del peace: et pur c toutes obligations q'il priest a m le purpose, sount come Recognisaces en ley, Il auxi est un judge d' record, qn̄t il tient les leetes ou turns, les qux sont courts d' rec'. Item il ad le return des br'es, et impanelling de juries et tyels semblables etc. Voucher. VOucher est qnnt un Prec'qd' redd'de terre est por●e vers un home, & un auter doit garraunty le terre el tenant, donques le tenant luy vouchera a garrauntie, & sur ceo il avera un brief apple summonias ad warrantizandum, & si viscount return que il nad ryens que il puyt este some, donques issera brief apple, sequatur sub suo periculo, & quaunt il vien●●l pleder' ovesque le demandant, & si il vient & ne puyt bar le demaundant, donques le demaundant recovera la terre vers le tenant, & le it recovera tant de t're in value vers le vouch, et sur c'il auna un brief apple capias ad valentiam against the vouch. Uses. Uses of land had béeginninge after that the custom of property béeganne among men. As where one being seized of lands in fee simple, made a feoffment to an other without any consideration, but only meaning that the other should be seized to his use, and that he himself would take 〈◊〉▪ commodity and profits of the lands, and that the feoffée should have the possession and franketenement thereof to the same use etc. Now after this upon good consideratyons, and to avoid divers mischiefs and inconveniences, was y● stat statut d' An. 27. H. 8. cap. 10. purview, quel unite le use et possession ensembl', issint q̄ il q̄ ad le use de t're, il mesme ad le possession de ceo, per virtue de cest statute. Usury. Usury est un gain de ascum chose ouster le principal, ou ceo que fuit lent, exact solement en consideration de le loan, soyt il de corn, vyand', apparel, wares, ou tyels semblables, come de money. Et icy mult puit estre dit et divers cases poyent estre mise concernant usury, le quel de purpose ieo omit, solement ieo pria, q̄ ceux q̄ account eux mns religious et bon christians, ne voilent deceive eux mns ꝑ colour de le statut de usury, pur ceo q̄ il dit, q̄ il ne serra loyal pur ascum de prend' ouster x. li. en le 100 li. pur un an etc. per que ils collect (mes fauxment) que ils poient per ceo prender x. li. pur le lone dun 100 li. oue un bon conscience, pur ceo q̄ le statut solonque un man dispense oue ceo (pur ceo que il ne punish tiel prendors) quell chose il ne poet fair 'oue l's joys et ordinances de dieu, car dieu voile aver ses decrees observe inviolable, que dit, lend expectens pur nul chose per c' etc. per queux parolx est exclude, le prisel dex. li. ou v. li. d' un denier ouster le principal, Mes plus pensant tiels, que cest statute fuit fait sur tiel cause que mova Moses de doner un bill de divorce al les Israelites, come nosment, pur avoider un greinder mischief, et pur le durytie de lour ceurs. Vtlagarie. VTlagari est quaunt exigent issist vers ascun home et ꝓclamac'fait all u counties donques a l' v. county si le def. nappier, l'coroner donera iudgmnt q̄ il ferra horse de protection d' roign, et horse del eide le ley, et per tiel utlagary in actions personels le party utlage forfetera toutes ses byens et chateux le burden ou trouble des biens, pur son ease et plus speedy travail sauns hue et cry fua, et wayva les biens ou ascun part de eux arrere luy etc. Donques le officer del roign, ou lereeve ou baylise all seignyor del manner (denies que jurisdiction ou circuit ils fuerount waif) que per prescription, ou grant del roygne ad le franchise de wayfe, poyent seyser les biens issint waif all use de lour seignyour, que poet retain eux come ses proper byens sinon que le owner vient ovesque fresh suit apres le fellow, et sue un appell, ou done en; evidence enuers luy all son arraynment sur lendictment, et il attaint de ceo etc. En queux cases le primer owner avera restytution de ses biens issint emblee et wayfe. Mes nyent obstant come ad este dit, waife est properment de biens emblees, uncore waife poet este auxy de biens nient embles, Come, si un home soit pursue ovesque hue et cry, come un felon, et il fua et relinquish ses biens demesn̄ etc. ils serra prise come biens waife, et forfeit come sils ad este emblees. Waive. Waive est un feme q̄ est vtl', etest apple waive, quasi relicta ab lege, et non vtlag' come home est, car femes ne sount iures en leetes all roigne, ne all ley come homes sount, queux pur ceo sount denies le ley ou femmes ne sount, et pur cest cause ils ne poyent este dyt horse del ley entaunt que ils ne unques fuerount denies ceo. Mes un home est dyt utlage, pur ceo que il fuit un foytes iure all ley, et a ore pur contempt il est mis horse del ley, et dictus utlagatus quasi extra legem positus. Warwite. WArwite (ou wardwite come ascuns copies ad ceo) hoc est quietum esse de denarijs dandis ꝓ wardis faciendis. Wreck. wreak ou varech come les Normans de que il vient appellant ceo, est quant un niefe est perish sur la mere, et nul home escap vive horse d' niefe & la niefe ou part del niefe issint perish ou les biens en la niefe vient al terre dascun signior, le snr les avera come une wreak d' mere, mes si un home ou un chien ovechate escape vive issint q' la party a que les biens sont veigne deins lan et iour, et ꝓue les bn̄s dest'ses, ilauna eux arr', ꝑ provision del stat' de W. le prim̄ ca 4. fait en les iours del Roy Ed. le 1. q' en c'followed le decree de H. 1. devaunt queiours, si un niefe ad estre mise surl' shore, torn oue tempest, et nemye repair per eux q' escapont en vie deins un certain temps, que donques ceo fuit prize come wreck. The old Tenors. Service de chevalier. TEnir per service d'chiualer est a tener per homage fealty, et escuage, et treit a luy guard marriage et relief. Et nota que service de chiual'est service de terre ou de tents pur arms port' en guerre en defence 'd' royalme, Et doit guard marriage per la reason q̄ nul est able ne de power et ne puit aun conusance darmes porter avaunt que il soit dage of xxi. ans. Et pur taunt que le signior ne perdera c'▪ q̄ de droit doit aver, & que la power de la royalme de ryens ne soit enfeeble: Laley voet per cause de son tender age que son seignyour luy auna en sa guard tanque al plain age de luy cen assavoir xxi. ans. Grand sergeanty. 2 Tenir per grand sergeanty, est sicome un home tyent certain terres ou tenements de roy dal'oue luy en son host, ou de porter son banner oue luy en ses guerres, ou amesn son host, ou tyel semblable, et a c appent guard marriage et relief, sicone il appiert en la treatise de guards et relief enter lestatutes. 28. E. I Petit sergeanty. 3 Tenir per petit sergeanty est sicome un home tient de roy terres ou tenements, rendaunt a luy un cottel un escue, un sete, un ark sauns cord, ou auter service semblables, a la volunte le primer feoffor. Et la nappent guard marriage ne relief. Et not 'que home ne puit tener per grand serieanty, ne per petite serieanty, sinon del roy. Escuage. 4 Tenir per escuage est a tenir per service de chevalier. Et la appent guard, marriage, et relief. Et nota que home ne puit tenir ꝑ escuage, sinon que il teygne per homage, pur ceo que escuage de common droyte treit a luy honage come il fuit aiuge in t' H. 21. E. 3. c. 42. f 52. avowry 115. Et nota q̄ escuage est une certain somme de argent, et doit estr leave ꝑle snr de son tenant solonque le quantity de son tenure quant le escuage courge ꝑ tout Eng●●. Et ordain est ꝑ tout le counsel Denglet ', qn̄t ches● tenant dona a son seignior, et ceo est ꝓperment pur susteiner la guerre ꝑenter Englet r● et ceux de escoce ou de Galeys, et non pas ꝑenter auters terres, pur ceo q̄ les avauntdits terres serrount de droyt appendent a la royalme Dengleterre. Homage auncestrel. 5 Tenir per homage auncestrel est lou ieo & mon ancestors ont tenus de vous et de vostr'ancestors de temps dount memory ne courge, ꝑ homage, fealty, & certain rent. Et nest pas a tener per service de chiual', et la nappent guard, marriage, ne relief. Et nota q'homage puit este dyt in deux manners, cestascavoier, homage auncestrel, et homage de fait. Homage auncestrel est la ou vous & voster ancestors ont tenus de moy et mes ancestors puis le temps de non memory, per homage, fealty, & certain rent. Homage de fait enla ou ieo enfeoff vous mns, a tenir de moye per homage & rent, et entaunt que cest homage commence per mon faith, il est homage de fait. Et nota que homage auncestrel treyt a luy vouch. cestascavoir garr'del auncest's, mes non pas homaged ' fait. Courtesy dengleterre. 6 Tenir per la courtesy Dengleterre est, la ou un home prent femme inherit, & ont issue fits ou file, & la feme devy soit la issue mort ou en vie, le baron tiendra cest terre a term de sa vie per la courtesy Dengleterre, et per la ley. Et en cen case le fee & le droyt remaint in le person celuy de que il tient. Et pur ceo cest tenant ne puit alien en fee ne a term' dauter vie, Et sil face, by en list a ecluy en l' reūc'dent ' Fee simple. 7 Tenir in fee simple est a tenir a ascun home ou feme, a luy et a ses heirs et a ses assignns pur touts iours. Frank tenure. 8 Tenir en frank tenure est a ten' a term de sa vie demesne, ou a term de auter vie, Et en cest case le fee & le droit remaynt in la person celuy de q̄ il trent. Et pur ceo ●el tenant ne puyt pas alien en fee ne a term de auter vie: Et sil face, bien list a celuy in ql le fee & le droyt demourt, de●●rer. Low●●. 9 Tenure in dower est, lou home inherit prent feme et defy, lheire entra et endowera la femme de la tierce party de tout ceo que fuit a son baron en sa vie, en fee simple ou fee tail, et el tyendra cells terres pur term 'd' sa vie come son franktenement. Term dans. 10 Tenir a term' dans nest fors●● chattel en effect, car nul admiral est mayntenable enuns l' t●●●●● quant a recoverer de franktenement, car nul franktenement est a luy. Lease a term'dans est chattel real, Et lauter chattel est personal, et toutes bn̄s movables sont chattels ꝑsonals. Mortgage. 11 Tenir in mortgage est a ten' a cert'term' sur condic', q' si le lessour paia tants den̄s a tyel iour, q̄il puit enter, et sinon q̄ laut'eit fee simple ou fee tail, ou franktenement. Et en chescun case lou terres ou tenements sunt dones a home a certain term sur condie 'de part le lessor pur fair le lessee avoir plus long temps ou term, si lauter ne face sicone la condic' est, les terres et tenements tanque le iour q' la condic'serroit fait, sont tenus in mortgage, quasi in mortgage. Et nota q̄ si ●err'soit less a un home en mortgage en fee simple, ou in fee tail sur condien, q̄ si le premier lessor come devamt est dit, pay tā●s des den̄s a tiel iour q̄ il puit enter, et sivon q̄ le lessee eyt m lestate en les terres, que le lessour luy grant adeprimes. Et si devant le iour assign, ie lessee soit disseisi, il avera assize de novel 〈…〉. Et en case q̄ si le iessee prent feme Scurvy seisie devant le iour assign, sa feme serra endow. Et nota que si le lessour apres le mort le lessee ne pay les de 〈…〉 s al' iour assess, adonques la feme tyendra sa dower, et liss●e son heritage. Et en cas q̄ le lessour al' iour assess paia les deniers all heir de le lessee, donques il puit ouster la femme, et le heir auxi de tout le terre primiermnt less. Et si un home done terres a un auter en le tail, rendant a luy certain rent per an, et un enter pur faut de paymnt, le donee prent feme & defy seisie, la feme serra endow. Et en cas q̄ apres le rent soit aderere, le donor puit entre et ousta le feme & ●heire auxy. Et nota q̄ si terres soient loesses a un home en mortgage en fee sur cntein conditions, l' lessee alien, le lessour serra charge d'paier les deniers all alienee et non pas a son feoffee come il est dit. 17. Ass. 2. Burgage. 12 Tenir in burgage est a ten' si come les burgeiss teygnent de roy ou de auter snr terres ou tenements rendant a luy un certain rent per an, ou auterment la ou un auter home que burgeis tient dascum seygniour terres ou tenements en burgage rendant a luy un cert'rent ꝑ an. Socage. 13 Tenir en socage est a tenir dascum signior terres on tenenits rendant a luy un certain rent per an, pur touts manners des services. Et nota que tenir per socage nest pas tenir per service de chiual'ne la appent guard, marriage, ne relief, mes ils doubleront un foites lour rent apres la mort lour auncester solonque ceo q̄ soleint payer a lour seignyour, et ils ne serrount oustre measure grieves, come il appiert en la treatise de guards et d' reliefs. Et nota que socage puit estre dit en trois manners, cestassavoir socage en franktenure, Socage en ancient tenure, et socag' en base tenure. Socage en frank tenure est a tenir fraunchement per certain rent pur toutes manners des services come devant est dit, & de ceo le procheine amye aueral'guard a que lheritage ne purra my descender tanque all age lheire de xiv. ansses cestassavoir si lherytage veign ꝑ le part le pier, ceux de part la mere averont le guard & econtra. Et nota q̄ si garden en socage face waste il ne serra my empech de waste mes rendra account all heir quant il viendra a pleyne age de xxj. ans. Et vide lestatute de Marlebridg capitulo xvij. pur cest matter. Socage de ancient tenure est ceo ou gerts en ancient demesne tenoyent, que no soilent auter brief avoir que le brief de droit close q̄ serr' termine secundum cons. manerij, Sc le monstraverunt pur eux discharge quaunt lour seignior eux distreine put fair auters services que fair ne duis sent. Et cēbr'de monstraverunt doit estre port enuers lour signior, et ceux tenants teignent touts per un certain service. Et ils sont franktenants dauncien demesne. Socage in base tenure est lou home tient en ancient demesne que ne puyt aun l' mōstrauer' et pur ceo il est apple d' base tenure. 14 Tenir in fee ferm est a tener en fee simple rend'a le snr le va lue ou la moiety ou all meins le iiij. part ꝑ an, et ne doit auter chose fair, mes sicone est conteign en le seffemnt. Et q̄ tient en fee ferme doit fair fealty et nient relief. Frank fee. 15 Tenir en frank fee est a tenir en fee simple terres pleadable a la comen ley. Base fee. 16 Tenir en fee base est a ten' a la volunt le snr. villeinage. 17 Tenir in pure villeinage est a fair tout ● que le seignior luy voit commander. La definition de villeinage est villeine de sank, et d' tenure. Et il est de que son snr prent redempc'd 'sa file marier ou soym enfraunchise, Et le seign puyt luy ouster des terres ou tents a sa volunt, & auxi de toutes ses bn̄s et chateaux. Et nota q̄ sokman nest pas pure villain, ne villain doit pas guard marriage ne relief ne fair aut ' ser vices reals. Et nota q̄ tenur'en villeinage ne ferr' nul frank home villain sil ne soit continued puis le temps de non memory, ne villeyne terre ne ferra frank home villain, ne frank terre ne ferra villeine frank, sinon q̄ le tenant soit continued franchement puis le temps de non memory, mes villain ferra franket're villain per seisin ou ꝑ claim de son seign. Et nota que si villain purchase certain terre et prent feme et alien & defy devaunt le claim ou seysin de son snr, la femme serr'endow. Et nota q' en cest cas q' le snr port Precipe quod reddat enuers lalien son villeyn le ql vouch a garrauntie le issue la villeine que est villain a la seign, il avera la vouch. Et ꝑ protestation le seignior puit saver (que non obstant que il pled' oue son villeine) vncor'son villeine ne serra my enfraunchise. Et nota que bastard ne serra iammes adjudge villain sinon per conusance en court de record. Et nota que si det soit due per un seignior a un home et il face two. home ses executors les queux sount villeins all dit seignior et defy, les villains averount action de debt enuers lour seignior, nient obstaunt que il pled ovesque eux. Et sil face protestatyon ils ne serront pur tant enfraunchise, pur ceo que ils sount a recoū le debt avauntdit all use dune auter person, cestassavoir all use lour testator et nyent a lour use demesne. Et si le tenant in dower eit un villain le quel purchase certain terre en fee & puis le tenant en dower enter, el avera la terre a luy & a ses heirs a touts iours, & mesme la ley est de tenant a term dans dum villeine. Et nota q̄ le snr puit robber son villain, naufrer et chastiser a sa volunt, salve q̄ il ne puit luy mayhime, car donques il avera apple de mayhime enuers luy. Et nota q̄ villain puit aver iii. actions enuers son seign, cestascavoir, apple de mort son aunc', apple de rape fait a sa femme, et appell de mahim. Et nota si deux ꝑcenns portent brief de N●iftie, et lun de eux soit non suy, le nonsuit de luy serra adjudge la nonsuyte de am bydeux, issint que si le nonsuyte soyt apres appearance, ils serrount oustes de cest admiral a toutes ioures, car la ley est tiel in favorem libertatis. Et nota si deux ount un villeine in comen, & lun de eux face a luy un manumission, il ne serra my enfranchise enuers ambideux Et nota que en br' de Nativo habendo, il covient que le seignr monster comment il aveigna privy de sake a celuy villain de que il est seignior etc. Et sil, ne nul de ses ancestors ne soit seisi de nul de son sank, il ne gaynera per son action si le villeine nad pas conu en court de rec'luy estre son villeine. Et nota que en brief de Niefe ne purront este miss plusoures niefes que deux tant solement, & hoc introductum fuit prius in odium servitutis, Mes en brief de Libertate probanda, purrount estre mis taunts niefes come le pl' voudra. Et nota que si le niefe de seign soit fue en ancient demesne de roy ou auter vill'privilegie, deins lan & iour le seignior puit luy seyser, & sil demourt en la dit vil▪ ou lieu franchise per une an & une ioure sans le seysin de son seygniour, il nad my power de luy seyser apres, sil ne va en estray de horse le suisdit franchise. tail. 18 Tenir en le taile'en lou home tient certain terres ou tenements a luy et a ses heirs de son corpse engendres. Et nota que si la terre soit done a un home et a ses heirs males, et il ad issue mal', il ad fee simple, et ceo fuit adjudge en le parliament nost ' signior le roy. Mes lou terres ou tenements sount dones a un home & a ses heirs males de son corpse engendres, il ad fee tail, et lissue female ne serr'my inherit, ut patet Anno xiv. Edwardi tertij en un Ass. 18. Edwardi 3. 45. tail apres possibility. 19 Tenir en le tail'apres possibility dissue extinct est, lou terre est done a home et sa femme et a les heirs de lour ij. corpse engendres, lun d' eux survive laut ' sans issue entre eux issant, il tiendra sa terre a term de sa vie dem̄ come tenant en le tail apres possibility dissue extinct. Et nō●obstār q̄ il fac waste, il ne serra iammays empeche de cel waste. Et nota sil alien, celuy en la reunsion nauna brief dentre in consimili casu. Mes il puit entrer, et son entre est congeabl'per Ro. Thorp chief justice. 28. E. 3. 96. et 49. E. 3. 25. Frankmariage. 20 Tenir en frank marriage est a ten' en l' second tail'limit en lestatut de Westm 2. ca 1. Et le feoffor quiteral' feoffee d' touts mans des services tamque le quart degree soyt pass, et le feoffor ferra toutes les services et suits durant la dyt term. Et puis les heirs le feoffee le ferrount, pur ceo que le privity de sank est pass. Et sil soit distreine pur service, il avera brief de mesn enuers luy supposaunt que il tyent les terres de luy, mes il navera pas le fore judgement sil ne soyten advantage de ●es issues. Et nota que apres le quart degree soyt pas il serra attendant des tants des services a le donor, come le donor est attendant al seignyour paramount. Et sil face felony pur quoy il est attayn●, le roy auer'sa terre pur term de sa vie natural. Et apres la mort, son issue serra inherit come per force de la tail. Et en cest case, nul avera sa terre per voye deschete, nyent pluis q en auter tail. Et en case que le tenant defy sans heir de son corpse engendres, la terre revertera a le donor, come serroit en le comen tail. Et si home lessa sa terre a un auter en frank marriage, rendaunt a lay un cntayn rent per an, il tiendra cest terre en le comen tail, & nient en frank marriage, car per le rent reserve, ceux paroix, (in liberum maritagium) sont tout oustrement voids, issynt que la tenure serra entendus solonque la tenur' en le comen tail. Et nota que le done en frank marriage ad condition annex a luy non obstant que il nest pas expressement declare en la charter del done, ut patet per statutum westin second, cap. I de Donis conditionalibus. Et nota q̄ home ne donera pas terres ou tenements en frank marriage, forsque lou la feme est privy de sank a le donoure. Car auterment naveroit home ne femme ascum estate ꝑ tiel feoffment forsque a term de vie. Frankalmoione. 21 Tenir en frank almoign est a tenir terres ou tenements pur dieu seruir et saint esglife dower sans fair nul auter manner de service, Et nota que en cest cas le donor est mesne & luy doit acquiter franchement enuers le chief signior, & auxi ceux q̄ teygnont en frankalmoigne ne ferroyent fealty, mes ceux que teignont en frankmariage, ferront fealty. Elegit. 22 Tenir per Elegit est lou home ad recover det ou damage ꝑ br'e deuers un auter, ou ꝑ conusanc'ou in auter manner, il avera denies le an devers luy un brief judicial nosme Elegit, daver execution del moiety de toutes ses terres & chat ' (excepts boefes, et affers a sa carves) tanque le det ou le dam soient oustrement leaves ou pays a luy, & duraunt cest term il est tenant per Elegit. Et nota sil soyt ouste day ns le term il auna assize d' novel disseisin & apres un redisseisin si besoign soit, & cest donc per lestat 'd' W. 2. cap. 18. et auxy per lequitie de mesme lestatute celuy q̄ ad son estate sil soit ouste auer' assize et redisseisin si besoignnsoit. Et auxi sil face ses executors & devye, et ses executors entrount & puys soyent oustes, ils averount per lequitie de mesme lestatut admiral come luy mesme suisdit, mes sil soyt ouste et puis face ses executors & devye, ses executors purront entrer & sils soient estoppes de lour entre ils averount un brief de trespass sur lour matter & case. Et nota sil face waist en tout la terre, ou en parcel, lauter avera enuers ivy mayntenaunt un brief judicial horse de la primer record nosme venire facias ad computandum, per force de quel serra enquyse sil ad leave toutes les deniers ou parcel, & sil nad leave les deniers, donques serr'enquise a quaunt le waste amount, Et si le waste amount sinon a parcel, donques taunts des deniers que le waste a mount serra abridge de les suisdits den̄s qux fuer' estre leaves. Mes sil ad fait pluys waste q̄ le avauntdyt somme dargent q' fuit a estre leave amount, lauter serra discharge maintenaunt de toutes les deniers suisdits et recovera sa terre. Et pur la superfluity de waste fait ouster ceo que amount a le dyt sum il recovera ses damages singles, et mesme la ley est de ses execurors, et auxy de cestuy que ad son estate, Et nota sil alien en fee, ou a term de vie, ou en le tail, tout la terre ou parcel d' la terre que il tient per Elegit, si le alienation soit fait deins le term ou apres, cestuy que ad droit avera vers luy un assize de novel disseisin. Et couient q' ils soient mise en lass. ambideux, auxibn le alienee come le alienour et non obstant que lalien defy maintenant uncore cestuy q'ad droit auna vers ●alienee sole ass. come sil vst estr'son simple t' a term' dans, Et ce● est per lequity del statute de Westminster 2. ca 25. pur ceo que il nad sinon chatel en effect, et m la ley est de ses execut' & de cestuy q' ad son estate come est suisdit. Et nota que en Elegit, si le vicont retorn que il avoit ryens iour de la reconisance fait, mes que il purchase terre puis le temps, adonques la party pl ' avera novel brief daun execution de ceo, mes me la ley est dun statute merchant. Et nota que apres le fieri facas un nome puit aver le Elegit, mes non econtra, entaunt que le Elegyt est de pluis haut nature que le fieri facias. Et nota que si home recoū per brief d' det, et sue un fieri facias & le vicontretourne que le party nad riens dont il puit fair gree a la party, donqns le plaintiff avera une Elegyt ou un capias sicut alias & pluries. Et si le viscount return a le capias mytto vobis corpus & il nad riens dont il puit fair gre a la ꝑty, il serra mand all jail de Fleet, & illonque demourra tanque il ad fait gree all gty, et si le vic' return non est inventus, adonque issera lexigent enuns luy. Et nota q' en br' de debt port deuers person de saint esglise q' nad rien de lay fee, & le viscount return que il nad riens ꝑque il puit estr'some, adonques suera le plaintiff brief all Euesque que il sace venir son clerk ●● levesque luy ferra venirpers●● estration del esgli●e. Et notu q̄ home si port br' de det & rec', & face ses execut' & defy, ils averount execution non obstaunt que il soyt deins lan per ●n scire facias. Statut merchant. 23 Tenir per lestat ' merchant est lou home conust a payer certain deniers a un auter a certain iour devaunt le maire, bayllye, ou aut' garden dasc'ville q̄ ad poiar de fair execuc'de m lestat', & si l' obligeene paia l' det a le iour asses & rien de ses bn̄s, terr', ou tenements ne purront estre troves deins la guard le maire ou garden avantdyt, mes en auters lieus dehors, donques le reconisee suer'le reconisance & obligation oue un certification all chancery desouth le seal le Roy, & il avera horse de la chaūc' un capias al vic' de ql county il est de luy app̄n̄d'et metre en prison sil ne soit clerk tanque il ad fait gree de la debt. Et un quart▪ de lan apres c q̄ il serra pris, il avera sa terre liver a luy mesme pur fair gree a le party de debt. Et il puit vender tanque il est enprison, & sa vend serra bone & loyal. Et sil ne face gree deins le quarter dun an, ou si soit return que il nen troue, & sil ne soit clerk, adonques le reconisee puit aver brief de la chancery queest appelle Extendi facias, direct all touts vic'lou il ad t'res dextender ses terres et biens, et ses bn̄s a luy delium, et luy seiser en ses terres, pur les tenir a luy et a ses heirs et a ses assigns tanque le debt soyt leave ou pay, & per cel temps il est tenant ꝑ statute merchant. Et not a queen lestatute merchant, le reconisee avera execution de toutes les terres que le reconysour avoyt iour de la reconisaunce faith, et unques puis per force de mesme lestatute. Et nota que quaunt ascum waist ou destruction est fait ꝑ le reconisce, ses execut's, ou ꝑ celuy qui ad son estate, le reconysour & ses executors averont mesme la ley come est suisdit de le tenant ꝑ Elegit. Et nota si tenant per lestatut merchant tient ouster son term, celui qui ad droit puit sure enuers luy venire facias ad computandum, ou entrer tantost ut sur tenant per Elegit. Trois mans de rents y sount, cestassavoire rent seruic, rend charge, & rent seek. Rent seruic est love un home tyent dun auter ꝑ fealty, & pur fair suite a sa court, & rendant a luy un certain rent per an pur touts manners des services. Et nota, que si le seignyour soyt seisie des services & rend avauntdits, & ils soyent aderere, et il distrein, et le tent rescue le distress, il puit aver assize, ou brief de Rescous. Mes il est pluis necessary pur luy aver assize que brief de Rescous, pur tant que per Assize il recovera son rent & ses damages, mes per cest brief de Rescous, il ne recovera mes les reprises & les da●●. Et nota que si le signior ne soit my seysie deal rend & service, & ils sount aderere, & il distrey ne pur eux, et le tenant reprent la distress, il ne puyt my aver assize, mes brief de rescous, et ne couient mi all signior de mr'son droit. Et nota que si le snr distreine son tenant en socage pur service de chiual' ql il suppose estre tenus d' luy, & avow pur mes●●s les services en court de record, il serra charge per tiels' services, per Fynch. termino Hillarij And xlvi. Et nota que si le signior ne puit my trover distress per deux ans, il avera vers le tenant brief de Cessavit per biennium, ut patet per lestatut de westm̄. 2. cap. 21. Et si le tenant defy en le mean temps & son issue entre, le seign your avera vers lissu brief dentre sur Cessavit, ou si le tenant alien, le signior auna vers lalyenee lavant dit brief. Mes si le signior ad issue et defy, et le tenant so it en arrearage de dyt rend & services de le temps le pyer del issue & nemy en temps del issue, il ne puyt my dystreyne pur arrearages en temps son pyer, & il navera ascun auter recovere vers le tenant ou ascun auter, pur ceo q̄ tiel advantage est done pur le ley all tenant. Et nota q̄ rent service est, a quel appent fealty, mes a rent charge & rent seek ne appent pas fealty mes il appent a rent service de comen droit. Rend charge. 25 Rent charge est lou home grant certain rent issant de ses terres ou tenements a un auter en fee simpl'ou in fee tail, ou a term de vie ꝑ faith sur condic', q̄ a ql heure q̄ le rent soit aderere, bien lirra a le grantee ou a ses heirs ou assigns a distrein en m la terres ou tenements. Et nota que si le rent soit aderere, bn̄ list a le grantee ꝑ election daver brief danuitie, ou il puit distreyner, & si la distress soit rescue de luy, & il ne fuit my seysie adeuaunt, il nad my recovere forsque per brief de Rescous, car la distress primiermnt faith, ne done a luy seisin, forsque●il hap le rent adeuaunt, car sil fuit seysie del rent adeuaunt, & puis le rent soit aderere, & il distreine, & rescous a luy so it faith, il avera assize ou brief d' Rescous. Et nota q̄ en chescum assize de rent charge & dannuel rent, & en brief de Annuity, covyent a celuy que port le brief de monster avaunt especialty, ou auterment il ne maynteynera ass. mes en mortdauncestour ou Formedon en la descender, et auters bryefes' (en les queux title est done ou compris) port de rent charge, ou damnuel rent, nest my besoygn de monster especialty. Et nota q̄ si home grant rend charge a un auter, et le grantee purchase le moiety de la terre dount le rent est issant, tout le rent est extinct. Et sile grantee release a le grantor peel de le rent, vncor'tout le rent nen extinct. Mes en rent service, le ley est autermnt, car non obstant q̄ le snr ad la moiety purchase de la terre, dount le rent est issant', un c le rent nest pas extinct forsque a le moiety, et la cause de diversity est pur ceo que rent service puit estre severe a un portion, mes nemy rent charge. Et nota q̄ si rend charge soyt grant a▪ deux jointment, et lun release, uncore lauter avera la moiety del rent. Et auxy si lun purchase le moiety de la terre dont le rent est issant, lauter avera le moiety del rent de son companion. Et si le disseysor charge la terre a un estrange, & le disseisie port lassise & recover, le charge est defeat. Mes si celuy qui ad droyt, charge la t're, et un estrange feign un faux admiral enuers luy que nad droit et recovera per der le charge demurra. Et nota que en cas que un purparty soit parenter deux parceners et pluis terre soit allot a lun, que a lauter, et celuy que ad pluis de terre charge sa err a lauter, & el hap le rent, el mainteinera assize sás especialty. Et si le grantee lavoyt en fee simple, ou en see tail, & ad issue & defy, si lyssue port un formedom, ou assize de mortdauncester, il ne serra iammes charge de monster especialty. Rend seek. 26 Rent seek est lou home tient de moy per home, fealty, et auters seruic', rendant a moi un certain rent per an, et ieo grant cest rent a un auter reseruaunt a moy le service. Et nota que en rent seek si home soit seysie del rent, & le rend soyt aderere, il ne puit my distreine mes il avera Assize de novel dysseysin. Et'nota que si rent seck soit grant a un home et a ses heirs, et le rent soit aderere & le grauntor defy, lheir ne purra my distreiner, ne recovera les arrearages de temps son pyer, sicome est avantdit de●rent service. Et en mesme l' man est adire en rent charge ou annuel rent. Mes en toutes les rents avantdits lheire purr'aver pur arrearages en son temps demesn̄ tiel advantage come avoyt son pier en sa vie. Vide statut' 32. H. 8. 37. Et nota que in rent seck si home ne soit seysie del rent, & il soyt aderere, il est sans recouere, pur ceo que il fuit sa folly demesne adeprymes quaunt le rend fuist grant a luy ou reserve, que il ne priest my seisin del rent sicome un denier ou deux. Et nota qhom ne puit my aver Cessavit per biennium, ou auter brief dentre sur cessavit pur nul rent seck aderere ꝑ ij. ans, mes ils purrount tout solement pur rent service ut patet in stat. W. 2. cap. 21. Et nota q'en rent seek il covient pur luy q' sue pur le rent seek pur monster fait all tenant, ou autermnt le t' ne serra my charge del rent forsque lou le rent seek fuyst rend service adeuaunt, come en cest case, seignior, mesne, & tenant, & chescun deux tyent dauter per homage et fealty. et let 'del mesne x. s. de rent, le signior paramount purchase les terres ou tenements de le tenant, tout le signory del mesne, forspris le rent est extinct. Et pur cest cause cest rent est devenꝰ rent seck et le rent service change car il ne puyt dystrein pur cest rent. eaten cest case celuy que demand le rent ne serra iammes charge de monster fait. Auxi en brief de mortdauncester ayell ne besayle de rent seek il ne besoigne monster especialty pur c que ceux briefs de possession compreehndont une title deins eux mesmns, cestassavoir que launc fuit seisie de mesme le rent & continua sa possession per cause d' quel seisine le ley suppose que estauxi averrable per pais, tamen quaere, car ascuns supposont que il covient a fine force a monstrer avaunt fait, pur ceo q' rent seck est une chose enconter comen droit auxibyen come rend charge, mes en Assize de novel disseisine et en br' dentre sur disseysine port de rent seck, il covient de fine force monster avaunt fait pur ceo que rent seek est un chose encont'comen droit sinon en le case suisdit ou il fuist rent service adevant. Et assize de novel disseisin, et br'dentre sur disieisin ne conteygnent deins eux nul title, mes supposent un disseisine estre fait a le pleintise. Et dentendement del ley la disseisine ne done nul cause daverment encounter comen droit, mes de fine force il monster avant especialty. Suit service. 27 Suit suruice est a venir a la court de iij. semaignes en trois semaignes ꝑ an entire, et purceo serra home distr' & nyent amercye. Suit real est a venir a la courtdel leete, & c' nest forsque deux foits en an, et pur ceo home serra a-mercy et non pas distrain. ¶ Imprinted at London. in Fleetstreet within Temple Bar at the sign of the hand and Star by Richard Tottel. 1579.