AN HISTORICAL AND Geographical Account OF THE MOREA, NEGROPONT, AND THE Maritime Places, AS FAR AS THESSALONICA.  
Illustrated with 42 Maps of the Countries, Plains, and Draughts of the Cities, Towns and Fortifications.  
Written in Italian by P. M. Coronelli, Geographer to the Republic of Venice.  
Englished by R. W. Gent.  
London, Printed for Matth. Gillyflower at the Spread-Eagle in Westminster-Hall, and W. Canning at his Shop in Vine-Court in the Middle Temple, 1687.   

THE PUBLISHER TO THE READER.  
Reader,  
THis Book having been Published in Italian in the Year 1685. by the Ingenious Coronelli, and the last Year in French with Additions, 'twas thought a Present not unacceptable to give our Nation the Translation of it in English, which how performed here we leave to thy candid Judgement. The Draughts of the Cities, Towns and Fortifications, having already received sufficient Approbation.  
As to the Book itself, we dare promise the Reader Diversion and Pleasure mixed with Profit, let his Genius be what it will. The Sons of Mars will with Warmth and Action read of the glorious Victories, and even envy the glittering Fame of those Noble Hero's that sleep in the Bed of Honour. The Poetic Fancy will be diverted with the old Fictions, like sweet Flowers strewed over the whole, and the grave Mythologist with their Morals. The Antiquary and Historian will find Entertainment in the Melancholypleasing Remains of past State and Glory, that were once the Scenes of the greatest Performances the Mind of man joined to active Bodies is capable of, and reflect on the Fate of human Affairs subject all to Time and Chance. The Naturalist will meet with the Descriptions of the Labours and Sports of Nature, and find some Account of the hitherto puzzling Tides of the Euripus. Nor will the solid Mathematician lose his Time, but with satisfaction behold the Views of Cities, Plains of Fortifications, and Charts of Shores, Rocks and Seas: But we refer to the Book itself. Farewell.   

An INDEX of the Draughts, Maps and Plains inserted in this Work, in the order that they ought to be placed.  

THE General Map of the Morea Page 1.  
Patras p. 47.  
castle Tornese p. 52.  
Navarin ibid.  
Modon p. 55.  
Plain of Coron p. 61.  
Plain of Coron, with the Incampments p. 74.  
Two Prospects of Coron ibid.  
Standard taken before Coron ibid.  
Horse-tails taken with the Standard ibid.  
Calamata, and the Battle before it p. 84.  
Plain of Zarnata p. 87.  
Profil of Zarnata ibid.  
Height of Zarnata ibid.  
Plain of Chielefa p. 88  
Plain of Passara p. 92.  
Mysitra or Sparta p. 93.  
Plain of the Ruins of Maina p. 102  
Cape of Matapan ibid.  
View of Malvasia p. 111.  
Two Views of Napoli di Romania p. 117.  
Isle of Corfu p. 132.  
Plain of Santa Maura p. 147.  
Santa Maura, with the little Isles round it p. 149.  
View of Cephalonia and the Chart of the Isle p. 151.  
Fortress of Asso p. 157.  
Isle of Zant, and Fortress of Zant p. 162.  
Port of Cerigo and Plain of Cerigo p. 179.  
Megara p. 190.  
Port Lion p. 195.  
City of Athens p. 197.  
City of Negropont p. 204.  
The Ebb and Flow of the Euripus. p. 212.  
Plain of Volo p. 220.  
The Dardanelles of Lepanto p. 225.  
Lepanto p. 228.    

 map of Morea   

OF THE MOREA.  

PART I. Wherein is shown, That the Morea is a Peninsula; the different Names by which it has been called; its Extent and Figure; the Divisions that the Ancients and Moderns have made of the Provinces contained in it: with a Discourse of its Confines and Frontiers; and at the End, several Curious Relations are added upon the same Subject.  
IF a Land surrounded by the Sea, except a small Isthmus, that joins it to the Continent, may be called a Chersonesus, or Peninsula, the Morea may justly be so reckoned, since being on all sides environed by the Sea, 'tis at the North only joined to Achaia, by the Isthmus of Corinth.  
This pleasant part of Greece has not always had the Name of Morea, as 'tis now commonly called; but formerly, Argos, Apia, and Peloponnesus. It's Figure well enough resembling the Leaf of a Mulberry, or Planetree, gave sufficient ground to the later Emperors of Constantinople to entitle it Morea; tho' some will not assent to this, but pretend to derive the Name from Romea, which by a transposition of the Letters was changed into Morea, grounding themselves upon this, That the Greeks, while subject to the Empire of Constantinople, and that City was styled New Rome 
* Which Name it kept till Constantine the Great. , were themselves also called Romei, as much as to say, Romans. Doglioni thinks that it took this Name when invaded by the Moors. Strabo insinuates, that it was anciently called Argo, or Argos, from a famous City of that Name within its Confines; and Aegialea from Aegialus, a renowned King of the Sicyonians. According to 
* Compend. Hist. Vniv. di Nic. Vdogl. p. 11.  Apollodorus, and Pliny, it had the Name of Apia from Apis, the Third King of the Argives, who reigned from about the year of the World's Creation, 2307. to the year 2342. that is 1647. years before the Nativity of Christ. This Apis was the Son of Egialus. Four hundred and twenty years after, it had the Name of Peloponnesus, from Pelops, Son of Tantalus, King of Phrygia and Taygeta, a Man sufficiently famous for his Ivory shoulder, and Incests with his own Daughters. Its bounds (which, as we said, are of the shape of a Planetree Leaf), are sixth between the end of the 35. degree, and beginning of the 38. degree of North Latitude, and at the Extremities of the degrees 37, and 51. of Longitude, taking the most West part of the Isle of Ferro for the first Meridian.  
As to its Circumserence, Authors disagree, some making it bigger, others less. Isidore allows its Circuit to be 363. Miles; Bourdon extends it to 563. Porchacchis adds Ten more, assuring us, that it is 573. Miles round: Blean, Sagredo, and Vianoli, assign it 600. Baudrand, a Geographer, of our time, makes it but 550. Miles.  
Strabo makes its length 1400. Stadia; and Sagredo agrees with him, making 170. Miles from the Isthmus to Modon. Baudrand makes it five Miles longer from the Cape of Schilli to the Castle Tornese, and takes its breadth, which, according to him, exceeds not 150. Miles between Corinth and the Cape of Matapan.  
The most skilful Geographers describing this delicious Peninsule, have employed the greatest accuracy in distinguishing those parts from the rest, whereon Nature has been at the greatest expense for Embellishments, that they might the more advance its Glory and Reputation. As Pausanias' reports, it was once divided into five parts, the first containing Arcadia, the second Achaia, the third Doria, etc. Ptolemy, and others, divided it into Eight Provinces; viz. Achaia, properly so called, Arcadia, Argos, Corinthia, Elis, Laconia, Messenia, and Sicyonia, or Sicyonis.  
Achaia was bounded on the North with the Gulf of Lepanto, on the West with the Ionian Sea, on the South with Elis and Arcadia, and on the East with Sicyonia. Patras was then its capital City.  
Arcadia being up in the Country, and by consequence distant from the Sea, had for its Eastern boundaries Argos and Laconia, with the Mountain Oronio; Elis and Mount Flora for the Western; on the North, Achaia proper, and Mount Skinfali; and on the South, Messenia, and the Mountain Taygeta. It's principal City was Megalopolis; that is, the great Arta situated at the foot of Mount Coronio, called at this ●ime El Cesal Londari.  
Argos he●●● the East the Gulf of Napoli di ●●mania, and the Aegean ●ea; on the West, Arcadia; on the ●outh, Laconia, and on the North, the Gulf of Engia, or Sinus Sardonicus. Ar●os was its chief City.  
Corinthia, which was the most Northern part of Peloponnesus, was extended between Sicyonia Westward, and Argos ●outh and Eastward; and was separated from Achaia by the Isthmus and Gulf of Lepanto. It took its Name ●om Corinthus, the Son of Jupiter, or ●● Ephipeus, who also gave a Name to ●e Capital City.  
Elis bordered on the North upon Achaia, properly so called; on the East upon Arcadia, on the South upon Messenia, and on the West upon the Ionian Sea. Polybius and Strabo name this likewise Elea and Cauconia. It's principal City was also called Elis.  
Laconia had for its Southern Limits partly the Gulf of Colochina, and partly that of Coron; for its Eastern, the Gulf of Napoli di Romania; for its Northern, Arcadia; and for the Western, Messenia. Sparta was its chief City.  
The South of Messenia was between Laconia towards the East▪ ●nd Elis towards the West: it had Arcadia on the North, and contained all that space between the Gulfs of Coron and Zonchio. Messene was the principal City.  
Sicyonia, or Sicyonis, which was the least of the Provinces, took the Name from its capital City called likewise Sicyon. It bordered Eastwards on Corinthia, Westward on Achaia; the Gulf o● Corinth was on its North, and Arcad●● on the South.  
Pomponius Mela divides the whol● 
Lib. 2. cap. 3.  Morea into six Provinces; viz. Argo● Laconia, Messenia, Achaia, Elis, and Arcadia.  
At this time Morri and Baudrand make but four Provinces of it: and this Division is likewise approved of by the Learned Cautelli, in his Geography, received with general Applause.  
The first of th●se four Provinces comprehends the whole Extent of Achaia proper Sicyonia, and Corinth, and is called the Duche of Chiarenza. It's Northern bound is the Gulf of Lepanto; and on the South the Province of Belvedere. This Province has several Cities and Towns. Patras is its chief City, after which Chiarenza, Caminitza, Castel-Torneso claim their places: but we shall reserve their description to the Second Part, where we will give particular Informations of the whole Country.  
It's most noted Promontories are the Cape de Rio, of which we will speak when we come to treat of the Gulf of Patras.  
Another is the Cape by Bourdon, called the Cape de Chiarenza, and by Pto●emy and Strabo, Araxis Promontorium, which extends itself into the Ionian Sea, not far from the Mouth of the River Larissus, between the Gulfs of Patras and Chiarenza.  
The last, lying Southward, is Cape Torneso, which Strabo called Chelonates Promontorium, Thevet Cape Thorice, and Sophianus Cape Chlumutzi. This likewise stretches itself into the Ionian Sea, between the Gulf of Chiarenza and that of Arcadia.  
The second Province termed Belvedere, reaches where Elis and Messenia were formerly: It confines Northward on the River Carbon, which also divides it from the Province of Chiarenza; and on the South it is bounded by the Gulf of Coron; on the East it has Braccio di Maina; and on the West the Gulf of Arcadia and Zonchio. It contains several Countries and Cities, amongst which Modon is the principal, than Coron, Calamata, and Navarin, follow in dignity.  
The most celebrated Promontories are Cape Jardau, which is the Ichtus Promontorium of Ptolemy, and is the most Northern of all.  
Cap de Zonchio, which Pausanias calls Coryphasium Promontorium.  
Cap de Sapienza, or Cap Gallo, by Ptolemy named Acritas Promontorium.  
The third Province is called Saccania, or the lesser Romania, and contains all the Ancient Argos. It has its North Confines on the Gulf of Lepanto, the Gulf d' Engia, and the Isthmus; its South on Braccio di Maina, and the Gulf of Napoli di Romania; its West in part on the Duche of Chiarenza, and part on Traconia. Napoli di Romania is the capital, the other chief Towns are Argos and Corinth.  
The Palus, or Morass of Lerna, where Hercules killed the Seven-headed-Hydra, is a place very remarkable in this Province.  
Though this Monster was but a Fiction, yet it is true, that there were Seven Brethren that lived in this place, and pillaged all Passengers, making the Country desolate; against these Hercules undertook the Combat, and having killed the first that encountered him, he dispatched the rest two by two, as they came under his hands. Whence the Poets took occasion to feign an Hydra with Seven Heads, and its Death from that of the Seven Brethren sacrificed by Hercules his Rage to the just Revenge of the Country.  
This Province has but one Promontory, but that very famous, and known by several Names. It is called Cape Shilli, in Pliny Scylaeum, and in Pausanias Plethon Promontorium, by Ptolemy Scillium, by Favolius Sigillo, by Sophianus Scylli, by Villanova Damala. This Promontory with its opposite, called Colonne in Attica, makes the entrance of the Gulf of Engia.  
The fourth Province, which has changed its Name, Laconia for Zaconia, is the Braccio di Maina, and is at this day indifferently called by those two Names. It much surpasses the bigness of either of the three former, as it is also more extended on the South along the Seaside. It was at first called Lelegia from Lelex, who first ruled there as King. Virgil, and other Poets, call it Oebalia from Oebalus, Lord thereof; and, according to Strabo, 'twas likewise termed Argos. 'Tis washed on the South by the Gulf of Calamata, and in part by that of Colochina; on the East by the Gulf of Napoli di Romania; its West bounds on the Province of Belvedere, and some part of it on the Duché of Chiarenza.  
This Province has many high and dreadful Rocks and Precipices, whence 'tis subject to frequent Earthquakes. The most of its deep Caverns are found about Mount Tageta, at this time called, on the side of Misitra, Voutri tis Misitras, and on the side of the Main, Voutri tis Portais.  
It breeds Dogs of good esteem: Zaiman Bassa, or the Grand Signior's chief Huntsman, chooses a great number of them yearly for the Sultan's use and diversions: and there is scarce a Turk that lives at any Rate, but has one of them.  
The principal places of this Province are Malvasia, Misitra, Sarnata, Chielefa, Vitulo, Paslava, and others; of which in their places.  
Its Promontories are the Cape of Matapàn, of which we will give a particular description when we come to speak of that of Maina. The Cape Onugnato, or Ass' Jaw, distant from Cape Rampant about 200. Stadia; there stood once the Temple of Minerva, built by Agamemnon. The Cape of Malea brushed by the South Wind from the Sea of Candia: It is famous not only for its exquisite Wines, but also for its Shelves and Shoaly ground, dreadful to the Mariners. Ptolemy calls it Malea, Pliny Maleum, Hesychius Promaleum, Sophianus Capo Malio. The Seamen (as Bredebachius says) name it Ale di San Michael, Saint Michael's Wings. Brichus calls it Capo Malio di Saint Angelo: according to Baudrand 'tis Ten Miles distant from Cerigo, 90 from Napoli, 70. from Sparta, and 60. from Candia. Mention 
Aeneid. lib. 5. Amor. l. 2. Baudr. let. M. Laur. p. 164.  is made of this place by Virgil, Ovid, in the Universal Geography of Baudrand, and in the Greek of Laurembergius.  

Of the Mountains of the Morea.  
AMongst the Mountains of this Peninsula is reckoned that of Foloe, near which was once situated the City of Olympia, so much famed by the Poets for the Country of the Centauris. The rise of this name was thus, Hercules having slain the Nemaean Lion, and being Victorious over the Lernaean Hydra, and the Boar of Erymanthus, happened to go to this Mountain, where he retired into the Cave of the Centaur Foloeus, who treated him with a great deal of Civility, and entertained him with excellent Wine which he kept there hid from the rest of the Centauris; it chanced while they were thus Carousing, some other Centauris passing by, were drawn by the smell of the Wine, and running to the Den endeavoured to enter by Violence. Foloeus' chief endeavour was for an hiding place, so that Hercules was left alone to engage with all the Centauris; he than played his best, and gave them such terrible Effects of his Rage, that having killed some, the rest betook themselves to flight to carry away a wretched Life. The Combat ended, Foloeus crept out of his hole, and sufficiently admired the Valour of his Guest; but by misfortune handling the Arrow wherewith Hercules killed the Hydra, he let one of them fall on his Foot, the wound was so deep that he fell down and died on the spot; Hercules much grieved at this accident, and in acknowledgement of his kind Entertainment buried him in his own Cave, and named the Mountain from his name Foloeus.  
The other most noted Mountains are Cyllene, Lyceus, Parthenius, Menalus, and Sepia; of all these Cyllenius is the highest, 'tis near that of Calidoria, at the Top whereof are yet to be seen the remains of the Temple of Mercury, from thence called Cyllenius; yet some will have that name to be derived from Cyllenus' Son of Aleates. The Mountain Lyceus taking its beginning in Zaconia, is memorable for the place where the Tyrant Aristarchus was made an offering to the public Rage of the Lacedæmonians, who there stoned him. It joins to Mount Menalus, which is covered with green and shady Groves and pleasant Pasturage for ; a place for the coolness of its Shades, and refreshing briezes of serene Air dedicated to the God Pan, as Mount Cyllene, whose name signifies Maiden, was Sacred to the same Deity. Mount Sepia is that where, as Pausanias' reports, Epites, the Son of Eleates was stung to death by a Serpent. The Duché of Chiarenza has on the North the Mountain now called Poglizi from Diana's Temple which once adorned it; it was at first named Geronte, then Skinfale from the name of a Nymph, the Daughter of Arcas, or from certain large Birds of Prey called Stymphalides, that live in these quarters in great flocks: These devoured Men, wherefore they were either chased away, or the Species quite destroyed by the slaughter Hercules made of them.  
On the East side between Saccania and Tzaconia lies Mount Cronie commonly called Grevenos, on whose farthest Northern part stood the Temple of Lucina and Fesipoli, so named from the Idol to which the Eleans offered Sacrifices. Where is found the Stone called a Cylinder which may be taken from the Rock, when the thunder rumbling in the Clouds causes an agitation of the Air.  
In the Province of Belvedere Mount Mintia or Mente now Olonos comes in view; its South has a Prospect of the Gulf of Coron, on the North rises the River Alpheus; it took its name from Pluto's Mistress, when Proserpina Jealous of her Husband, sought after her and found her in this place, and changed her into the Herb Mint, a great quantity of which grows wild on this Mountain; and in Memory of this Act of the Infernal Goddess, the proud Fanes of Pluto and Proserpina once stood there.  
The little Mount Neris lifts itself up in Saccania and Nonacris in Tzaconia, at the foot whereof roll the fatal Waves of Styx, fatal to those that taste the otherwise clear and tempting Stream. The Poets make this one of the infernal Rivers; Inachus also has its source in this Province. There is likewise Mount Artemisius, thought to be Mount Parthenius; 'twas named Artemisius, from the abundance of the Herb Artemis, wherewith it is covered.  
The most considerable and famous of all the Grecian Mountains, and that which Polybius compares with the Alps is Taygeta, bearing another name now of Orta, it extends itself in the Province of Tzaconia not far from the River Taenarus, very near the Eurotas that runs by Misitra; 'tis stocked with Deer, Bears, Boars and other wild Beasts: It took its name from Taygeta, the Daughter of Lacedaemon, who being ravished by Jupiter, out of shame and grief for her lost Virginity, killed herself there. At different times this Mountain has been Sacred to Bacebus, Ceres, Apolle, and Diana; and in its Entrails are found excellent Whetstones.   

Of the Streams and Rivers of the Morea.  
HAving discoursed of the most remarkable Mountains of the Morea, it seems natural to descend from them with the Streams and Rivers that water the lower Grounds of this Kingdom. Amongst these is reckoned that in the Duché of Chiarenza commonly called Carbon, and by Sophianus Orsea; Strabo names it Alpheus, Ptolemy Alpehius, others Strimphalus and the River Nyctimus; into this stream One hundred and forty Torrrents, whose Virtues are so extolled for taking away Tetters or other deformities in the Skin. The Poets have sung a thousand strange things of this River; they would persuade us that its Waves have a peculiar subterraneous Channel under the Sea, and that passing the Arcadian Gulf without mixing with it; beyond the Strophades they haste to unite with their beloved Fountain Arethusa, which is in the Territory of Syracuse a City of Sicilia: This River receives several lesser into it, as Celadon, Erimantus and Amarinthus: It's name was derived from Alpheus. Tebba after the Death of his Brother Cercafus, flying from the sury of the Arcadians and despairing of escape, his Enemies being at his Heels, drownded himself in this River. It formerly had the name of Strimphelus from one of the Sons of the God Mars; one may well term it the Antaeus of Rivers, for after having several times ingulfed itself in narrow Passages under the Rocks, it breaks out at last and slides with a serene Majesty within its own Banks.  
The River Eurotas is also in great Reputation, at this day called Vassali Potamos: Niger names it Iris, Plutarch Hemerus and Martathon; it passes through the middle of Misitra, and falls into the Gulf of Colchina; it has its source from the same place as the River Carbon. The name of Eurotas, so celebrated by the Ancients, was given to it from Eurotas the third King of the Lacedæmonians, either, as, Pausanias' reports, for that this Prince made a new Bank to this River to keep in its Waters, that sometimes used to overflow the Country to their great damage; or as Plutarch says, because that this King having lost a Battle he had engaged in before the Full Moon, in scorn of the superstitious Custom of the Lacedæmonians, carried on by the height of Despair, cast himself into this River; which from so Tragical an Event changed the name Himerus to Eurotas. As for the name Vassali Potamos, the Inhabitants say it signifies the Imperial River, which name was imposed on it by the Despots of Morea, who descended from the Imperial Blood, and for the most part resided at Misitra, for the pleasant Diversions of Hunting, etc. on the Banks of Euretas, which the Lacedæmonians called the Imperial River in flattery, and to enhanse the Glory of these Despots and Despoenes, a name given to the Princesses the Despots Wives. This Stream is still adorned with Silver Swans, which here come in great flocks to sport themselves; these are the more admirable for their extraordinary Beauty and Size, besides their extreme whiteness; possibly the Poets on this account called this River Olorifer, upon which Statius sings,   

Taygetique falx & oloriferi Euro●ae.  
And since its Banks were clothed with Laurels, 'twas dedicated by the Poets to Apollo; all the Summer it deserves not the name of a River, for 'tis so shallow, that it may rather be taken for a pretty large clear purling Brook; but in Winter increased by the Rains, it proudly lifts itself up, and sometimes overflows its bounds. It once had on its left the Country of Ormoas, which Strabo and Pliny call Acria.  
There is also in Tzaconia the River Inachus, taking its source from the Mountain Crovia; 'tis at this time called Planizza, once Cramavor, than Haliacmon; in fine, Inachus, from the name of a Son of Occanus and Thetis. The cause thus, Inachus not being able to take the Ravishing of his Daughter by Jupiter, without repining and murmuring against the deflowering God, in punishment for his Murmurs was so tormented by a wild Beast, that he became besotted, and precipitated himself into this Stream, which took its name from his death.  
Between Inachus and Saccania are seen the Rivers Lynceus, Asteria or Stella and Erasinus, which rapidly▪ wash the Foot of Mount Strimphalus.  
We must not forget the River Spirnazza, which is not the least considerable: Styled by Niger, Stomius; by Strabo and Pliny, Pamylus; and by Ptolomey, Panysus; it discharges itself into the Gulf of Coron near Calameta.   

Of the Confines and Frontiers of the Morea.  
THe Morea is bounded by the Ionian Sea, that of Sapienza and the Aegean; which are known by several names, as we shall show in their order in the second Part of this Treatise.  
We may take as a part of the Mediterranean, 
Plin. l. 8. c. 11.  that Sea which Strabo and Pliny call the Ionian, and which was likewise named the Grecian, bounding Northwards upon the Mouth of the Gulf of Venice, on the West upon the Borders of Calabria and Sicilia, beginning from the point of Santa Maria, and so on to the Cape of Passaro; its Eastern bounds are the Shores of Epirus, and the Morea from Cape Lenguetta to Cape Matapan, and on the South it has the African Sea.  
This Sea on its Western extent, on which side it washes the Morea, comprehends the following Gulfs:  
The Ionian Sea comprehends The Gulf of Lepanto. The Gulf of Patras. The Gulf of Chiarenza. The Gulf of Arcadia. The Gulf of Zonchio.  
The Sea of Sapienza, which is also a part of the Mediterranean, takes its name from the Isles near Modon, and has on the West the Ionian, and on the East the Aegaean Seas: its South beating upon the Morea includes these Gulfs.  
The Sea of Sapienza includes The Gulf of Coron. The Gulf of Colochina. The Gulf of Beatico.  
The Aegean Sea a part likewise of the Mediterranean, contains within its whole extent a great many Gulfs, we will only mention those on the Morean Shore.  
The Aegean Sea towards the Morea comprehends The Gulf of Napolidi Romania.  The Gulf of Engia.  
All Europe affords not a place comparable to this pleasant Peninsula, enriched by Nature with so many rare Qualities: It's fruitful Plains flourish with plenty, adorned with the charms of Variety; and its high Hills, which might be thought an unpleasing Object for their cragginess, are yet made agreeable by the Verdant Crowns they wear of rare and excellent Plants and delicious Fruits. Its Inhabitants have a Genius fit for great Undertake, and are inspired with a Martial Soul: Its Cities have all once had glorious Founders; and its Climate is soft, serene and temperate.  
This Place has still had the Prerogative, and been chief over all Greece, and indeed its main Bulwark; a thousand Illustrious Monuments present our Eyes with Objects of Beauty, Grandeur, Magnificence, Splendour, and Glory; on the one side Sumptuous and Stately Buildings raise their once proud Heads; on the other side we have the Melancholy pleasing view of the Imperial Seats of the My●enians, Corinthians, Lacedæmonians, Si●yonians, Elians, Arcadians, Pyleans, and Messenians. Arms and Learning have always been the two famous Pillars set up here amongst this People, of ● Ne plus ultra to others. The Athenian School had here its Foundation, ●n whose Front were engraven these words Mater Sermonum, the Mother ●f Eloquence: Here likewise, as in ●he true Field of Mars, the most He●●ick Captains of Greece have poured ●ut their Blood, for neverdying ●ame. War has here either been perpetual, or at least frequent.  
Amongst all, the Athenians have ●●ew'd themselves the valiantest con●enders for Liberty; for from the year ●23. in the LXXXVII. Olympiad, ●o the year 350. they still defended themselves, though they had then lost ●ome of their Power. This little Republic (its Government being only altered) became after some Ages a ●reat and powerful Kingdom; when ●aving passed through several hands, it at last met the beginnings and causes of its future Ruin under Emanuel the Grecian Emperor: For that Prince, ignorant of that Maxim, That the power of a Monarch is maintained by the Union of the Princes, and that a failure in this brings on the Ruin of Kings and Kingdoms, through a fatal Policy equally divided his Realms amongst his seven Sons; and by that sowed the Seed of discord and intestine Broils, which in the end produced the entire destruction of that Empire.  
The Princes that had the Government of this Province were styled Despotes; and though there happened a frequent alteration of Governors, and those of different Extractions, yet the Despotate was still continued in its Prosperity; for the Election depending on the Emperor's pleasure, he seldom promoted any to this Eminent Employment but his Brothers or his own Sons, or some other of his Relations, or great Favourites, who by their good Services merited so high a Recompense.  
Constantine Surnamed Dragares, Brother to Theodore the Second, was Despot when Amurath the First made an irruption into the Morea, and began to exercise Acts of Hostility; a stop was for some time put to the proceed of this terrible Enemy, but 'twas upon this Condition, which the prudent Emperor proposed, of paying an annual Tribute, and with that price bought his Peace; a while after this having taken the Imperial Crown in the City of Constantinople, he divided the Morea between his two Brothers Demetrius and Thomas; Thomas had for his share the Despotate of Carinth, and Demetrius that of Sparta; there arose between these two Brethren an irreconcilable Enmity and Division; possibly being both equally swayed with a secret wicked design, that by embroiling the Affairs of the Empire, they might lessen its Glory, and thereby increase their own, and obtain by its Ruin the independence of their Government: Thomas had gained to his Party the Albanians and Latins, who were equally at his devotion: Demetrius was assisted by the Turks, and Turchan Beglerbey of Romania desired nothing more than to procure and forward the Ruin of this Empire.  
These unfortunate Princes went one after another to make their complaints to Mahomet the Second; whose aid they implored, and did him Homage, never considering that thereby they lost so much of their Power; and gave it up as a Sacrifice to him who wished but to devour them both: At last they came to be sensible of their Error, but too late; for Thomas perceiving that the Turks made Inroads even to his Borders, and justly suspecting a design to surprise him, was forced to provide for his safety by flight; and Demetrius was made an example of the Turks cruel perfidiousness, and would have thought it a great Felicity if he could have prevented a miserable Captivity by a glorious Death. The first fled for refuge to Rome, where in consideration of his Royal Extraction, and the Present which he brought of the Head of the famous Apostle St. Andrew, he received an honourable and advantageous Entertainment. The other transported to Adrianople, by a malicious surprise of the Ottomans, was forced not to think it his greatest Misfortune to Espouse his own Daughter, so to free her from the danger of losing her Honour with her Liberty.  
The Virtues which have rendered Greece so famous, have indeed had ●heir Birth there, but they could never have grown to that height, if the Republic of Venice had not assisted and sustained them; for she has al●ays been a good Mother, and signa●z'd her tenderness, by that strict al●ance she has always had with Greece. 'tis an unquestionable Truth as appears by the Histories of Venice, and which any one may be easily satisfied ●n, that there is no Empire, Realm or province in all Greece where the Vene●ans have not left some marks of ●heir Dominion. In the declining of ●he Grecian Empire, when it suffered several dismemberings, the greatest parcels thereof submitted to the Venetians; for under their dependence ●ere Arcadiopolis, Rodesto, Adriano●e, Gallipoli in Thrace, and therewith all the County about Prevesa and Arta part of Macedonia, the Province of Lacedaemon, and a great deal of the Morea; besides, they were acknowledged Sovereigns of most of the Isle● of the Archipelago. In fine, these were the Titles of the Venetian Empire born by the sole Person of the Doge Dux Venetiarum, Dalmatiae, Croatiae, Dominus quartae partis & dimidiae toti● Imperii Romaniae; and if these Testimonies were not sufficient to evince the vast extent of the Venetian Empire, in Greece we need only bring an Epitome of what Historian● have related in several great Volumes.  
The designing Turk's having go● footing in the Possessions of the Provinces of these two Princes, desire● nothing more than to invade the rest of the Country, so to become sol● Masters of the Peninsula. The Venetians only could put a check to the height of Ambition, which was altogether unjust, especially since they went about to violate the Faith o● Treaties, and break the Peace concluded. But 'tis a Maxim of the Barbarous Nations, to count nothing inviolable, but the advancement of their Interests by any means whatsoever, and take occasion then to make War, when their Enemies think themselves most secured by Peace. Thus the Turks never making themselves Slaves to the Religious observance of the Peace, surprised Argos, and then behaved themselves as declared Enemies. The Republic found by this first Attempt of the Enemy, that it was full time to provide for their defence; and it being an Enterprise of great Importance, and that from Heaven only we expect the most powerful Aids and an happy Success, it was above all things resolved that the Standards should bear the Ensigns of our Redemption. Then Troops were raised, and the General Command given to Bertoldo d' Este: This great Captain armed with his utmost Courage for so great an Attempt, set sail for the Morea, and landed with his whole Army between the Gulfs of Engia and Lepanto. He at first applied himself to get a perfect knowledge of the place, and to find means of putting a stop to the frequent eruptions of the Enemy; to which end he began that memorable Work, and in few days finished it, the famous Wall called Eximile; after which he employed his whole Forces in the defence thereof, and in a thousand glorious Actions, gave Proof of his great Courage, and perfect Experience in the Art of War: Neither his Head nor his Hands were idle, he was the first in all perilous Encounters, undervaluing his Life, so he might Sacrifice it to the Service of his Country, and at the same time forward the loss of his natural and sworn Enemy. He was arrived to the height of his hopes, and his Troops animated by his Example, had already gained several advantages promising a glorious Victory, and entire defeat of his Enemies; when God, whose Thoughts are not as our Thoughts are, and who when he pleases can give the greatest Conquerors their defeat, and Death in the Field where they expected to be Crowned with Victory, and ride Triumphant; permitted by the secret orders of his Providence, or Effects of his Justice upon us, that our General sunk and died of several Glorious Wounds. The Head being thus cut off, the Members soon languished, and the Enemy becoming more sierce through the weak resistance they found, renewed the Combat with greater Fury, and gained the Victory; after which setting no Bounds to their unjust Ambition, they ravaged and became Masters of all the Country, possessed for so many Years by our August Republic.  
After which they establish there a Governor of some Quality with the Title of Sangiac, or Morabegi, as much as to say, Lord of the Morea, and allowed him an Hundred thousand Asper's a year, obliging him to keep a thousand Horse with all necessary Equipage, to be at the disposal of the Beglerbey of Greece.  
For all the advantages which this Sangiac enjoys, yet he is not without his Thorns in his side; for there happen frequent Disputes with the Dins, the Beglerbey or Bassa of the Sea, about certain rights he pretends to in all Maritime places, upon all Merchandizes imported or exported.  
Modon is the usual place of the Sangiac's Residence: the Republic of Venice, who only to maintain their Rights in this Kingdom, hath ever Valorously been at War with the Turk, has been the first that have attempted its Re-conquest: and its Arms had so great Success in the Campagne in 1685. as to be Victorious over almost all the Southern places, reckoning amongst these Conquests the City and Fortress of Coron, the Towns of Calamata, Zarnata, Passava, and Chielefa: besides the frequent in roads made by the Troops up in the Country, that were sent to secure any Fortress that was vigorously attacked; the Venetian Army will make this next Campagne a more advantageous Progress; which we are the more assured of from this hopes, that its Arms are employed only for the great Glory of the Catholic Religion, and to promote the Ruin of Infidels.    

OF THE MOREA.  
PART II. Wherein is given a particular Description of the Maritime Towns, the Gulfs, Rocks under Water, and of the Isles, not only those on the Morea side, and which are in this Sea, but likewise in the Ionian.  
AFter having in the First Part of this Work treated of the Morea in general, I design here to Discourse in particular, and with all the exactness agreeable with my proposed Brevity, of all the Maritime Places, of the Gulfs, hidden Rocks, and Isles, as well on this side, as in the Ionian Sea. My Readers may take notice, that after having shown the different Divisions that have been made of the Morea, I agree with the Sentiment of those who divide it into four Provinces, and that I shall refer to one of these Provinces each of the places whereof I shall have occasion to speak.  

The Isthmus of Corinth.  
THe Isthmus of Corinth, otherwise 
Geogr. Reform. Ricioli. l. 1. c. 16.  called the strait of the Morea, or the Argolique strait, is a tongue of Land very rough and Stony; situated between the Gulf of Lepanto, and that of Engia, uniting the Morea with Achaia.  
This Isthmus is famous for the Isthmian Games, instituted by Theseus here, and which were Celebrated every five years or Lustrum; as likewise for its Theatre, its furlong of white Marble, its Temple Dedicated to Neptune, and its Forest of Pines whose Branches Crowned the Victorious Combatants.  
It were a great advantage to Navigation, and which would make it easy and safe, if a Channel of communication were cut between the two Seas; and what might promote this Design and encourage its Execution, is that it has been thought practicable, and attempted by several Princes; as Alexander 
Pausanias, Rannus. Nero would himself give the first stroke with a Mattock, to make this famous Channel. Zonora. p. 200.  the Great, Pitias, King Demetrius, Caesar, the Emperor Caligula, Nero, Herodes the Athenian. 'Tis true indeed, these Princes, diverted from this Design by more important Affairs, or disheartened by the tediousness of the Work, have given it over, and desisted from bringing it to an End, that would much have advanced their Glory.  
To supply in some sort the want of 
Corinth was the first City which put great Vessels to Sea. Sabel. Hist. di Venet. deca. 3. l. 8.  this Channel, the Emperor Emanuel in the Year 1413. caused a Wall to be there raised, by Volateran and Niger, called Hexameli, by Hermolaüs' Heromilion, and by Nischius Dioclos, which beginning at Port ‛ Lecheé 16. Stadia from Corinth, 50. from the Gulf of Saronica (which according to Baudrand, who differs from Lauremburgh is that which we now call Least Jocori) situated at the Western edge of the Gulf of Corinth, was extended to Six mile's length to the Port of Cenchrea, on the East towards the Gulf of Engia; the Commodiousness of these two Ports much advanced and facilitated the Eastern Trade.  
Amurat the Second after the Siege of Constantinople in the Year 1424. notwithstanding the Peace with the Greek Emperor, caused the Eximile to be demolished. The Republic o● Venice highly resented these Infringements of the League, and the Violences of Amurat, perceiving that by this Action the Enemy had an open Liberty of invading all the Neighbouring Countries. Wherefore Luigi L●redano General at Sea, had orders to land at this place with his whole Army, who joining his Forces with Bertoldo d' Este, they employed 30000. 
There were 3600. according to Sagr. 69.  Men with so much heat, that in the Year 1463. they finished the Wall in fifteen days, and added to what was before, several very broad double Ditches, and 136. Towers, which made his Wall of much greater strength ●nd more tenable than it was before; ●o implore a particular Blessing, and ●s it were an Establishment to this Edifice, and an happy success to the Arms of the Republic from Hea●en, Bertoldo in the middle of the Wall caused an Altar to be Erected, where the whole Army assisted at Mass which was there solemnly sung. The General at Sea and Bertoldo lea●ing a sufficient number for the defence of the Wall, went to Encamp near Corinth, and there busied themselves in planting Artillery, and fitting them for Service When the Spies brought word that Amarbei Flambular of the Morea, had made an Inroad near them with a Party of 1200 Men: They immediately upon this advice, made a detachment of a good part of the Army, which was Encamped for the defence of the Eximile, and made so hot a firing with their great Artillery on the Turkish Forces, that their Commander was obliged to Retreat farther out of Gun-shot; though he again shown himself about Noon to the Venetians, and took his Lodgments not far from thence. Bertoldo observed all the motions of Armabei while the other General went to prosecute the Siege: But perceiving that the Turk seemed to desist from his design, through the difficulty there was of executing it without too great a hazard, Bertoldo slighted him, and went to join himself with the other General to advance the Siege; it happened by a Misfortune, the forerunner of many others, that as soon as the General arrived at the Camp, he was struck dead upon the place with a blow of a Stone, such was the end of this great Captain; and Bettino da Calcinato who succeeded him in the Command of the Troops, found them so discouraged by this fatal Accident, and was himself so frighted at the approach of the Beglerbey with an Army of Fourscore thousand Men, that he not only left the Camp before Corinth, but neglected also the defence of the Eximile, after that Wall had been raised with so great a charge to the Republic.   

Corinth.  
THe City of Corinth, which Strabo and Polybius call Corinthus, Laurembergh Ephyro, the People Coranto, and the Turks Gerame, had its beginning and foundation from Aletes, who lived in the time of Cecrops King of the Athenians Anno 3066. 'Tis situated as it were in the midst of the Isthmus, in the place where the Ionian and Aegean Seas commix their Waves: It is the See of an Archbishop, distant from Patras 80 Miles, 50 from Athens, 85 from Mysitra, 25 from Argos. It is Commanded by the Fortress of Acrocorinthus, which is near to it; it is so advantageously seated, that some have thence taken occasion to term it the Eye of Greece, others the Band thereof, and the Bulwark of Peloponnesus: Plutarch judged it the most excellent, and Cicero the most beautiful City, the splendour of all Greece; nay it arrived to that height of Glory, that Syracuse and Corfu thought it an Honour to be its Colonies.  
The Romans under a pretence of revenging themselves on this City, for some violences committed upon some Roman Citizens sent the Consul L. Mamius Anno Mundi 38 18. to abate, as they said, their Pride, with express Order to raze the City to its Foundations, and that giving the Spoil and Pillage to his Soldiers, the Women and Children should he made Slaves.  
By the Bounty and Care of Augustus it was rebuilt and repeopled, and again flourished in Riches and Beauty; but through the hard fate of the Times and continual devouring Wars, it can now only show the miserable Remains of its past Glories, whose Ruins are now the Asylum to a few poor Inhabitants, forced by Necessity rather than Choice to live here. It has been twice the Theatre whereon the Barbarity of Amurat the Second and his Son Mahomet has been Acted; where the Turkish fury has been so Merciless, that at this day not above a score of Houses, or rather Huts, remain; the sad Image of its ancient Splendour: we may add that we yet see entire with their former Beauty, 12 Columns of 5 Foot Diameter, with a simple Cordon, or List for its Capital about 15 Paces from each other, standing on a little Hill in the Figure of an Amphitheatre, at about a Miles distance from the Sea; from this Hill there goes an easy descent to Port Leché, where as yet stands a Tower, formerly a Lantern or .  
The Corinthians embraced the Catholic Religion by the preaching of St. Peter and Paul, and were therein confirmed in the year 169 by the careful diligence of St. Denis the Second Bishop of this place, which they persevered in, till the time that the Greek Emperors refused longer Obedience to the See of Rome.  
Roger of Normandy King of Naples took Possession of this City, and might have raised his Glory to a great height, if he could have added this Flower to his Crown, and gained the Hearts of the Corinthians to a willing Obedience, and have made them pay him the same Homages that they did the Emperor Emanuel; but when he was in the greatest hopes of obtaining this desire, the Army of the Venetians with the Troops of the vanquished Greeks, so opposed his Conquests, that after a defeat of the greatest part of his Forces, he was constrained to consult his own safety by a hasty flight. The Rout of this Prince's Army, and the Disadvantages he thereby received were of great consequence to his Enemies, as the rich Spoil of his Camp was very considerable, which was divided amongst the Auxiliary Troops, there being but little need to put them to more necessary uses after the regaining of Corinth. Scarce two Ages were passed before this City submitted itself to the Despotes of Greece; they would willingly have yielded it to the Venetians, in consideration that they could not otherwise possess it than by usurpation, the just right thereof belonging only to the Venetian Republic, who had employed its own Forces and the Blood of its Subjects to deliver it from the hands of Strangers.  
Mahomet the Second could not make so just Reflections, whose mind was uncapable of any thing but a boundless Ambition, he retook Corinth; after several great endeavours made by the Venetians to regain this Conquest, they were not able to overcome the fury of the Barbarians, whose long resistance made them at last sensible of the necessity of desisting from their Design.   

A Table of the Kings of Corinth.  
Year of the World.  2862. A Tletes the first King. 
Compend Vnivers. di Nic. Dogl. p. ult.  2897. Trion. 2934. Agilas. 2971. Primina. 3006. Baci. 3041. Agelas. 3071. Eudemus. 3096. Aristomedes. 3131. Egennomes. 3147. Alexander. 3172. Felesteus. 3184. Ansomenes was the last who ended his Reign in the Year of the World 3185.   

Acrocorinthus.  
THe famous Fortress of the Acrocorinthus must not be passed by with out a particular remembrance, that i● has remained a long time Victorious over the Forces of the Enemy that attacked it, though at the last it wa● forced to yield to its assailants, tire● out with the length of the Wars; its Situation was very advantageous for it overlookt and commanded the City, being built upon the point of a high Rock, where it had a sufficient space of Ground strengthened with a very stout Wall, having within it several Wells of excellent clear Water, taking its fource from the Pyrene●● Fountain, of which the Greek Poet 
Homer in Odyss.  makes honourable mention. Nature and Art conspired to render this Castle strong and impregnable; 'twas accessible only on the side of the Port of Cenchrea, yet being but ill Garrisoned it has been several times taken, and in particular by the Sicilians, under the command of Nicephorus Calufo, in 
PATRAS   view of Patras ●●e time of the Emperor Emanuel ●●mnenes.   

Patras.  
NEar the Cape of Rio appears an high Mountain, and on the ●op thereof a Fortress, North of ●hich is seated Patras, a very An●●ent City, and an Archbishops See. ●he Turks call it Badra and B●labu●a; it has formerly had other Names; ●●r in the first Age of its Foundation ●● was termed Roas, and afterwards ●paired by Pater the Son of Preuge●s, it for a long time bore the Name ●● its Benefactor: Afterwards about ●●e beginning of the Roman Empire, ●●s Beauty increased with the number ●f its Inhabitants, besides it was blessed with a most advantageous Situation, both for the goodness of its Territories, and its commodiousness for Traffic and Navigation. The Ro●ans knew it by the name of Augusta Aroe Patrensis; at other times it was ●alled Neupatria. It lies about 700 Paces from the Gulf of the same Name or from the Port Panorme. The Emperor Augustus made choice of thi● place, as most proper for the retreat o● his Navy; and as a mark of his Lov● to the People of Patras, he permitte● them to live as a free People, enjoying all the Privileges, and exempt●ons, as the true Citizens of Rome.  
The Goddess Diana was Adored i● this City, under the Title of Dia●● Latria, and a Grove and Temple wa● there dedicated to Diana Triclaria, ●● whom every year a young Man an● Maid, the most beautiful that coul● be chosen out of all the People, wer● Sacrificed in expiation of the Crim● committed by Melampue and Scimitar who also were first Sacrificed themselves, for being married to one another, in the time of Diana, against the Will of their Parents. This cruel Sacrifice had an end when Euripil● came to Patras, and was there converted to the Christian Religion by the preaching of St. Andre● the Apostle. Patras at that time was very well peopled, as at this day 'tis not thin; there are especially a great number of Jews who much promote its Trade; and it is almost the ●nly Maritime Town on this side, ●here the Greeks of the neighbouring islands, the English and the French ●ome to Traffic. The Air is not very ●holesome by reason of its nearness ●o Mountains that are covered with ●now, and the great quantities of Wa●●r wherewith it is environed: The territories once comprehended under ●s Rule in the time of the Greek Emperor's bore the Title of a Duché, ●hich it kept till the Prince that en●yed it, in the year 1408. not having efficient Forces for its guard and de●●nce, delivered it for a great Sum to ●e Venetian Republic, from whom ●e Turks took it.  
In the Year 1533. the General Do●a attempted to make himself Ma●er thereof, which he easily gained ●rough the bad Condition of its For●ications, with an absolute Victory, ●hen at the same time the Castle surrendered which Commanded the ●ity, though it once for a whole year ●●sisted the Forces of Constantine Pa●logus.  
The Victor used great moderation towards the Garrison, convoying them to Lepanto, whither they desire● to go with their Wives, not one o● them recieving the least ill Treatment from the Victorious Troops, no● without their repining against the General, for taking out of their hands ● Prey justly due to their Valour and Fortune.   

Chiarenza.  
ON the right side of the River Inachus by Ptolomey called Penae●, and on an Hill towards the Gulf o● Patras is seen the City Chiarenza thought to be the Ancient Cyllene th● Country of Mercury, whom the Po●● thence called Cyllenius Heros. Thi● was the Capital City of the Duché o● that name, and under the Government of its Princes; it was as Illustrious as its name Chiarenza speaks it▪ The Venetians justly possessed it, and although at that time it was in a flourishing Estate, yet it has now undergon so great a change, that its Moats ●nd some slight Traces of it are all ●at is visible. The Port belonging to ● called likewise Chiarenza, which ●as near to it, a very commodious ●aven, capable of receiving many ●eat Vessels, is now quite choked up ●ith Sand.   

Caminitza.  
●N the middle of the way, between ● the Cape of Chiarenza and Patras, ●● the right hand of the River, by ●e Ancients called Pirus; we see ●●minitza which Strabo and Ptolomey ●me Olenus, and Pliny Olenum; 'tis ●ree Miles from the Gulf of Patras. ●enus the Son of Vulcan founded it, ●t though 'twas once a great City ●th a Bishop, who was Suffragan to ●e Archbishop of Patras, yet it is ●w reduced to a little Borough.   

Castle of Torneze.  
Castle Torneze is a Fortress built ● on the outmost Promontory ● the Duché of Chiarenza, on that side t● looks towards the Province of Bel●●dere, between the Gulfs of Chiare●● and Arcadia, 'twas called as Bawdry says, Chelonates, the same name whi●● Strábo gives to the Promontory whe● on it stands. The Turks call it O●mourzi; 'tis on a very high place ●bout three miles from the Sea, as ●● be plainly seen by the Draught ● have here given of it, taken upon ● place by the Illustrious Neovin a Gentleman near the Person of his Highness' Prince Maximilian William D●● of Erunswick.   

Zunchio or Navarin  
ZUnchio, which Ptolomey calls Pyl● Steven of Byzantium, Coryphas●● and Navarin, Ten miles distant fro● Coron is built upon a rising Groun● 
NAVARIN   view of Navarin 
CASL. TORNESE.   view of Castle Tornese at the foot whereof is its 
The 21. of June 1245. Selistar Bassa was taken the Port of Navarin, with a great number of Ships which he commanded for the Siege of Candia.  Port, wherein two thousand Vessels may ride at Anchor; on the right hand of the same stands the new Navarin: The Ancient is a Fortress, which lying so much in the Eyes of the Enemies, has been no small Temptation to them, upon which account it has more than once changed its Master.  
In the Year 1498. while subject to 
Baudrand calls Navarin Albaxinus, Nelea, Albarinos' & Javarin; 'tis thought to have been the Country of Nestor.  the Venetians it underwe●●● furious assault of the Turks, who sound there such resistance, that far from triumphing as they had flattered themselves, they were forced to put off their Enterprise to another Opportunity, when they might succeed better by surprise, as indeed they did some time after; for being made Masters of Modon, the Inhabitants of Zunchio rendered themselves as soon as they had Encamped before it: But the Venetians soon regained it from the Turks, by the means of one Demetrius of Modon, who with one of his Friends, an Albanian, undertook to put the Garrison to the Sword, by opening the Gates of the Fortress; yet the Turks stood obstinately to the defence of a place they had so lately gained, came with a re-inforcement on the side toward the Land, with a great Detachment of Cavalry, and with fourteen Galleys and five Fustes, under the Command of a Turkish Officer called Gamali. The Republic had before ordered three Galleys for the guard of the Port. But those who ought to have been watchful, never thinking the Enemy would have taken the first opportunity of repossessing the place, and being in a great uncertainty what to do, when they saw themselves just ready to be attacked, left the Entrance free to the Turk, who with a great deal of frankness declared himself the Patron and Defender of any that would submit themselves to his discretion. But those who seemed to be of his Party, in great consternation at the change of their Fate, exposed themselves to the hazard of their Lives, embarquing themselves in little Boats, and they were happy that got aboard five great 
MODON   view of Modon Galleys that returned from Baruty, laden with Merchandizes, and had cast Anchor within sight of the Port. The news of so strange an Adventure, gave them the alarm to provide for their safety by an hasty flight. The Inhabitants of Zunchio were Spectators of all this Catastrophe, and finding themselves attacked by Land, found no other expedient but to deliver themselves up to the Enemy.   

Modon.  
IN the Frontiers of the Province of the so fertile and pleasant Belvedere, lying in that part of the Peloponnesus which was the Ancient Messenia, amongst the rest of the Cities in the Archbishopric of Patras the Episcopal and Staple Town, which Sophianus calls Modon, is reckoned: The Turks name it Mutum, and Pliny Methone, in Memory of Methena the Daughter of Honer: It is ten Miles off of Coron, an hundred and twenty from Napoli di Romania, and seventy two from the Cape of Matapan: Its Situation favoured in several particulars by Nature and Art, makes it very strong, and is upon a Promontory advanced into the Sea of Sapienza, fronting the Coasts of afric; at its Foot is a safe and Commodious Haven, where usually resides the Sangiac of the Morea, much respected at the Port for his good Government.  
In several Ages this place has been exposed to the Assaults of those who, intending to make themselves Masters of the Realm, have thought of gaining this City and Province; from hence it has happened that the famous Wall built at its entrance, and which for its breadth and solidity makes a considerable Opposition, has been oftentimes attacked and gained, and by that means the whole Province subdued, and forced to pay a Tribute to keep themselves in any show of Command. The People of Naples by means of the Spartans', made themselves Masters of Modon, and to subject it more easily to their Rule, they placed there a Colony of their own People.  
Some time after the Illyriaus entertaining an Ambitious design of enlarging their Dominions by conquests, chose them a King, and having got together a very numerous Army, made an irruption into the neighbouring Countries. When they came near to Modon, they gave its Inhabitants to understand with feigned shows of Amity, that they desired but to buy the necessary Provisions which they wanted. Those of Modon believing the matter to be so without any deceit or trick, took care to provide for them accordingly, some bringing them Bread, others Wine, and others Provisions. When the Illyrians saw a great number of them without the Gates, they thought (as it really was) that they were so foolhardy as to leave but a few to guard the Fortress, so they ran all at once to seize on all the Posts and Avenues, and fell on with their whole Army with that fury, that they put a great many to the Sword, and made the rest their Slaves, making the City a sad Example of their Perfidy and Devastation. The Emperor Trajan touched with the Misfortune of those poor People that, escaping from the fury of their Traitorous Enemies, were returned thither, gave them Proofs of his Generosity, granting them several Privileges and Freedoms. After this manner they lived in a kind of Aristocracy till the time of the Emperor Constantine, who left Rome for Constantinople; yet when subject to the Empire they kept so much of their first immunities, that the same form of Government remained; and as to the Homages paid the Emperor, they were rather protected by him, than entirely subjected to him.  
In the year 1124. this City was Attacked, and taken by the Doge Dominico Michael, when he returned the third time Triumphant from the Holy-land, over the Conquests of Tyre and Ascalon in Soria, and of Rhodes, Scio, Samos, Lesbos, and Andros, in the Archipelago; and to these memorable Exploits may be added the entire defeat of the Army of the Infidels, when he raised the Siege of Zaffo. And though the next year this place returned under Dominion of the Emperor of Greece, yet in the Division of the Empire, Anno 1204. it again came under the Republic, out of whose hands it was forced by Leon Vetrane, a Genoese by Nation, who was a famous Pirate; he kept it not long, for soon after being made Prisoner on the Hellespont, he was transported to Corfu, and there received a violent Death from the hands of the Hangman, as a just reward for all his Rapines. This Death of their Head disheartened the whole Party, and by that means the Captains Dandolo, and Promarino without much trouble became Masters of this Town.  
CORON   plan of Coron 
It happened, for the common good of 
This was in the French Translation.  Christendom, that whilst these Memoires ●ere printing in French, we received the agreeable news of the taking of Modon ●rom the Turks by the Venetian Army, ●nder the wise Conduct of the Valiant General Morosini. This will much advance the Conquest of the whole Morea, which justly belongs to that Triumphant Republic.   

Coron.  
COron has a strong and advantageous Situation in the Province of Belvedere, the most Fertile and Rich in the whole Kingdom, and which was part of the Ancient Messenia, at about ten Miles distance by Land, and twenty by Sea from Modon; on the right side of Cape Gallo, by Ptolomey called Acritas Promontorium; Strabo and Pliny knew it by the same name, which was given it upon the account of what happened when its Foundations were laid; for in digging they found a Sea Swallow, by the Greek● called Coronis, and as an happy Presage of future Prosperity, they named this City from the Bird, Coron.  
It was once a Bishop's Seat, Suffragan 
Strabo l. 9 Plin. l. 4. c. 7. Giou. Bemb. Giust in Ferrari sub L. C. Baudrand Moreri Hofm. Verdizz. Sagredo.  to the Bishop of Patras, and at another time 'twas reckoned a Colony of the Thebans, which the Poets called Pedosus; Laurenberg, Nisi: and Pausanias, Epea, and all the Ancient and Modern Historians make honourable mention thereof.  
It makes the Figure of a Scalen● Triangle, and in one of its Angel's i● a great Tower, built by the Venetians Anno 1463. for a Magazine; the other two sides, which are not was●● by the Gulf of Coron, leave a sufficient space fit for the Tower of th● Fortress, which is encompassed with an old Wall of an unequal thickness flanked with great Towers, and a● some Paces from thence on the North ●de there is a Suburbs of 500 Houses.  
Since it has been several times exposed to the Assaults of the Enemy, so it ●as been often forced in different Ages ●o pay Tribute to different Nations. Baudrand has thought it was yielded up to the Venetian Republic by the Despotes, Princes of the Morea; and Verdizotti says that at the time of the Division of the Grecian Empire, and in the same year that this glorious Republic, having made Alliances with several Princes, thought upon the gaining of this Kingdom, Coron was assigned for its Portion.  
It was surprised Anno 1204. by Leon 
Lexic. Geogr. Baudr. sub lit. C. Verdizz. fatti Ven. l. 7. p. 152.  Veteran, a Genoese by Nation, and Pirate by Profession, who enjoyed not long his unjust Triumph, for being taken on the Hellespont, as we said before, he was put to Death by the common Hangman at Corfu; whose death being known to his Companions, all in amazement and disorder, they sought safety by an hasty flight; at whose dispersion the Inhabitants of Coron after some slight Attempts submitted themselves to the Venetians.  
Bajazet the Second Emperor of the East, all inflamed with the desire of extending the Bounds of his Empire Anno 1498. marched with a powerful Army straight to Modon, which having gained, he turned his Victorious Arms against Coron, which he could not otherwise win but by force.  
In the Year 1533. the General Doria, who had under his command a Spanish Armado of 35 great Vessels, and 48 Galleys with a design of environing this City, caused a great number of Troops as well Spaniards as Italians, the later under two Captains, Girolamo Tuttavilla and the Count Sarno, and the Spaniards Commanded by Girolamo Mendozza. These three Commanders following the order of their General, began with fourteen Cannon to batter the City, and to gain Entrance by a large breach; but this Enterprise had not the Success that was hoped for: The Turkish defenders obstinately withstood the Attack, and killed 300 Christian Soldiers; nevertheless those Forces by Sea performed what the Troops by Land failed in: for vigorously following the Attack they got the Wall, and obliged the Defendants to hang out the white Flag; so the Turks were permitted upon Capitulation to go out, Bag and Baggage, and the Troops of Mendozza took Possession of the Place: some time after the Turks attempted to form a Blocus, so to regain the Town: it than fell out that the Spanish Garrison being unwilling to endure a Siege, shown a resolution of going out to meet the Enemy, and what opposition soever Maccian Novarese, who Commanded in Mendozza's place, made thereto, endeavouring to divert them there from, by putting them to the greatest Labours, yet he found himself constrained at last to yield to their Importunity; wherefore he marched out for that bold Attempt to attack the Enemy, near Andrusa, where they lay encamped with an Army of 3000 Foot, amongst which were 500 Janissaries, Commanded by Casan Aga.  
The Spaniards being come near the Enemy's Camp, to give them the greater amazement, thought best to set on fire the Stables of the Horses, who being enraged to free themselves from the Flames, made a strange noise, which soon gave the Turks the alarm; who putting themselves in a Posture of defence, and finding the Christian Army weak and few in number, endeavoured to encompass it; then was begun a very bloody Combat, and in the midst of the Press the Valiant Captain Maccian fallen down dead of several Wounds; after that blow the Spaniards began to sink, and had been utterly routed if one of their Musquetiers had not returned to the Turkish Commander, the like Fate which their own had suffered; by whose Death the Turkish Courage began to cool, and the Spaniards made an Honourable retreat back to Coron, where they took a Resolution to embark and abandon the Place; and so the Emperor was willing not to raise new difficulties that might obstruct the making of the Peace in Hungary: After this manner that unfortunate City returned under the Barbarian Yoke.  
In the midst of this Calm, and whilst the Forces of the Republic were not employed about any great Erterprises, the Procurator Francisco Morosini, Captain General of the Republic, touched with the Sentiments of Honour and his great Courage, conceived the design of making use of the present opportunity to regain those places in the Morca, which the Ottomans had ravished from the Venetians; for which purpose, considering that if once they were Masters of Coron, which was no difficult matter, a means might be found of carrying on their Conquests; he set sail for this City Anno 1685. and sat down before it, but scarce had the Venetians approached the Place, when a great Body of Turks came down from the Country, and took up their Lodgments within Pistol-shot of the Christians; by this bold Act the besieged were animated to a more Vigorous resistance, and it proved a great hindrance to the Valour and Designs of the besiegers, who nevertheless desisted not from doing what ever they thought might advance the Siege and promote the taking of the Place. They gave Fire to a Mine of 100 Barrels of Powder, and were prepared for the Assault, if any Breach should be made, as they hoped there would; and notwithstanding the bad Success of their Mine, they proceeded to advance their Lodgments, and repulse the Turks with an extraordinary impetuosity. In this far advanced Post they defended themselves by their Dragoons, and were reinforced with some Troops of Malta; but in the end, after above three hours' Combat, they were beat back and routed, and must all there have perished, had they not found a means of escaping the Pursuit and Sword of the Enemy; yet for all this they carried off from the Turks Seventeen Colours, and a Trophy of other rich Spoils: Being returned into their Retrenchments, to discourage the besieged, they set up at the end of their Pikes 130 Turks Heads; yet this abated not the Ardour of the Turks, who, although in continual Action, that they had scarce time to breath, yet would entertain no thoughts of Rendition, nor so much as Capitulation, so much were they encouraged by the hopes of receiving a speedy Succour; and indeed a great number of dispersed Fugitives and others got together from several parts of the Kingdom; or sent from the Turkish Army, came down, so that they were considerably increased; and then they thought upon the readiest means to procure a speedy deliverance of the place. But their Efforts turned against them, for having attempted to force the Besiegers in their Retrenchments, they were briskly repulsed by a terrible Volley of Musket-shot and Granado's; and being then pursued by a Regiment, and 200 Dragoons, they left 400 of their Men upon the place, and their Visier Calil Bassa was found amongst the rest of the Dead.  
After this blow, which was not a little advantageous to us, our General making Reflection, that the Enemies were often refreshed with new Supplies, to the great disadvantage of his own Men, whereof he had lost a great number, without any hopes of recruiting them, he at last concluded that the whole Success depended upon the Defeat of the Turkish Camp; wherefore he applied himself to whatever might contribute to make this Attempt successful and advantageous, he animated his Troops, took his Measures, gave Orders and saw them Executed so well, that he not only forced the Ottomans from their Camp, but put them to so great a rout, that flying with precipitation, there were a great number of them cut in pieces by our Forces in the pursuit. They left the Christians a considerable Booty, consisting of six Brass Guns and much other Arms, all sort of Ammunition and Implements of War, 300 Horse, a great many Tents and Colours, amongst which the General-Standard, showing, by the Horse Tails that adorned it, the Quality of the Commander, who was Machumat Bassa, who had the entire Conduct of the Army, and was killed, as we said before.  
After so fortunate an Adventure, the Venetians found themselves freed from the great Obstacles of the Turks that were encamped without the Place; and being Masters of the Field, they had hopes of soon putting the Besieged out of all thoughts of defence. They prepared for a general Assault, springing a Mine, whose Effect ●rought them to an Attack for three Hours; the besieged withstood them with an incredible Valour and Opposition, fatal to a great many Nobles and Valiant Soldiers, who perished there. This considerable loss gave a few moments breathing to the Attack, put the Courage wherewith they again fell on made the besieged think it high time to come to a Capitulation, as they testified by hanging out a white Standard on the Rampart: Arms than were laid down to regulate the Articles of the Capitulation, but this was only a trick of Ottoman Perfidiousness, who made a feigned show of Rendition, to procure a greater loss to the Besiegers, by a brisk and unexpected Assault: The Venetians also took a more firm Resolution than ever to put an end to the Siege, which had already continued Nine and forty days, and having swept the Ramparts with their Shot, mounted the Walls and entered the Town, where being heated as they were with the Assault, they made a dreadful slaughter of all the Inhabitants, without regard of Sex or Age. They found there 128 Pieces of Canon, of which 66 were Brass, besides a great quantity o● Ammunition and Victuals.  
There happened during the space of so long a Siege several Remarkable matters that would make a great Volume. I shall but touch at some of the most Considerable, and for those, my design is rather to beget an admiration of the extraordinary Valour there shown by its Assailants, who were distinguished either by Birth or their great Employs, and fell there a Sacrifice for Glory; than to open our Wounds and renew our Grief for their loss and our Misfortunes: amongst others was the Death of la Tour, Commander General by Land, and Knight of Malta; of the Prince of Brunswick, and of the Prince of Savoy: These Illustrious Warriors gave in the face of the Enemy sufficient Proofs of the greatness of their Courage, answerable to the deserved high Thoughts conceived of their Merit.  
To these great Persons we may add, as he justly deserves a more than ordinary remembrance, that excellent captain Francisco Ravagnini, but 34 ●ears old, Brother to Girolamo; ●e have been informed of this particular Circumstance of his Death, ●hich alone merits an eternal remem●ance amongst Men. At the last Pe●ods of his Life, after having made ●s Will for the distribution of his ●state, he earnestly desired, that after ●s death, his Body might be buried ●o where but in Coron, testifying, by ●at, his assurance, that the place ●ould be taken; and nothing can ●ore demonstrate with what ardour he ●ust necessarily go to the Attack, ●an this firm persuasion of their be●g Crowned with an happy success.  
After being a little recovered of the ●reat fatigues of this Siege, the General raised a Trophy of the great Stan●ard taken from the Enemies, and an Explication was made of the words ●hat were upon it; with a general Applause the Ornament of the Golden ●tar was conferred by the Republic on his Brother Lorenzo, as a recompense for his great Services. The taking of Coron gave the People a perfect joy and satisfaction, testified p●lickly by them, especially in their ●ving Thanks to the God of Arm● and Supreme Triumpher, who ●● given them so great a Victory o● the Enemy's of his Faith. The ●● accompanied by the whole Sen●● with an Infinite Concourse of People went to the Church of St. Mark, a● after a Solemn Mass, Te Deum was sun● and the same was done in all ●● Church's with all imaginable Po●● and Ceremony.   

The Relation of the Battle befog Coron, by the Venetian For● against the Ottomans, the 7th. Aug. 1685. With the Description and Draught of the Standard and Horses Tails, taken from t● Turks.  
PLAN DELA VILLE ET FORTERESSE DE CORON  
Avec les Campem●●s de 〈…〉   plan of Coron 
VEVE DE CORON   view of Coron 
VEVE DE CORON DU CÔTÉ DU GULF   view of Coron 
DESSEIN DES QUEVES Prizes avec L'ENTENDARD par les VENE TIENS Sur les Tures a'la Bataille DEVANT CORON l'an. 1685.   depiction of horse tails 
E●endart pris Sur les Tures par l'arm o● des Venetiens à la Bataille donneé devant Coron. 1685.   depiction of standard 
There were not above an hundred and thirty Christians killed and wounded, amongst which the Gene●l by Land ended his days; Commander la Tour, of the Order of Mal● a Captain, well meriting the Grief ●f the whole Army; notwithstand●g the loss sustained by the Turks, ●ey were not less obstinate in their defence: Ours on the other side to ●ve them more terrible Effects of ●eir Power, made a furious discharge ●f their Cannon, Bombes, and ●ones; at the same time the Turks 
July 30.  allied again after their slight, and ●creased by a great number of Shoulders got together from all Parts of the ●orea, and with the Forces of the captain Bassa, again attempted with ●eater impetuosity than before, to ●row themselves into the Venetian ●renches; but so great a discharge of ●usket and Granades was made upon ●em, that they were obliged to re●eat, and were followed by the Regiment of Colonel Bianchli with 200 Dra●ons up to their own Retrenchments: ●● this Action 400 of them were left ●ead; but what most increased their ●ss was, that a Cannon Shot took off kalil Bassa Visier Commander General of the Ottoman Army, and we lost but forty of our Men, yet all these losses would not abate the Turkish Pride, and bring them to yield; for they knew where to gather a recruit of fresh Troops, and omitted not daily to disturb the Venetians in their Trenches. These frequent Attacks had much lessened our Men, who were besides much harrased with continual Action; so that doubtless 'twas very needful for the General to encourage them, which he did, showing himself a fearless Example of Valour, being the first in all Dangers and fatigues.  
In the end this prudent Commander finding the only means to reduce the place, was to force the Enemy's Camp, proposed the Design to the Council of War, which was approved of by them. He drew out of the Galleys 1500 Volunteers, who under the Command of Lieutenant Colonel Magnani landed about Midnight, and next day being the 7th. of August 1200 of them filled off to the left of the Enemy's Retrenchments by the Entrance of a Valley, and the rest of them went to the right; at the same time the other Troops had order to follow their Motions, to be ready to give them a speedy Succour at necessary places, so to favour and promote the design.  
Twilight of the next Morning being come, two Barrels of Powder were fired, as a Signal, which was immediately followed with a discharge of all the Cannon, and surious Salvo of all the Musketeers, with a continual siring on the Front and Flank of the Enemies Camp. This brisk and unexpected Assault put the Turks into an extreme disorder, and the forwardest of them began to give back and sly, without being able to be retained by the Example of the most fearless, or the Commands of their Officers; all yield, and the Venetians find no more resistance, but make a continual Butchery of the Turks, scarce any escaping their Swords. The Event was such, that the Victory which the Venetians gained in a very short time, was accompanied with the entire Defeat of their Enemies, and the Ground was all covered with dead and dying Men, and Streams of the unbelieving Blood ran down; in this Action but few of the Christians were lost or wounded.  
A very rich Booty was found in the Turks Camp of Artillery, Arms, Ammunition and Provision, with above 300 Horses, Tents, Standards, six Brass Guns, three whereof were marked with St. Mark of Venice, besides these the Imperial Standard adorned with Horse Tails, the mark of a general Command and a numerous Army.  
By the order of the Senate this Monument of their Victory was designed for the Church of the Tolentins of Venice, to be there for ever exposed to the Eyes of the People, over the Altar of St. Gaetan, as an Eternal Memorial that this Saint's Festival was the day whereon the Venetians had so Glorious a Success against the Infidels; and at the same time it was Decreed that every year on the same day, this Festival should be kept with all the Solemnity possible, conformable to what was then done. The most Serene Doge, with the whole Senate and a general Concourse of all the City, went on Wednesday the Twelfth of September, carrying the Standard with the Tails to that Church, where they sung a Te Deum, and a solemn Mass was Celebrated in Thanks to God, to the great Comfort and Edification of the People.  
The Figure which we have given represents the Magnificence of the Standard, and form of the Batons and Tails; the whole was designed and graved with so much care and exactness, that one who has the Skill of Blazonry, will easily comprehend not only its Grandeur, but likewise the Colours of this Standard; wherefore 'tis needless to particularise it here: It was thought best to oblige the Curious with the interpretation of the Turkish Characters that make the Moon, and the Faces of the Lance on the end of the Standard.  
On the right side of the Standard are read these Words,  
In the Name of the most High and Almighty God, God the Lord of all, and of the holy Prophet above all other Saints, Mahomet Abubechir, Homer, Osman, Ali.  
On the Reverse.  
There is no other God but one only God, and Mahomet is his Prophet: Our God; thou art the God of Nations; thou art the Sovereign Good and Dispenser of Good. Kalil Bassa.  
On the Face of the Standard are seen these Words repeated,  
There is no other God but one only God, and Mahomet is his Prophet.  
The Turks show these Tails as a sign of their Resolution, to make new Levies, and that a great Army will march; and afterwards they give them to him that is to be the Commander in chief, as a sign of good Augury. This Custom took its rise amongst them, from an Adventure that happened to them, when they first began to establish their Tyrannic Rule out of their own Country. In a Battle their Enemy made 6000 of them Prisoners, who took occasion to throw off the Victor's Yoke, and set themselves at Liberty; and wanting Standards to range themselves under, they thought upon, and made use of some Horses Tails for that purpose, since which time they have still continued the Custom; calculating the future by their first Success, and think themselves, under these Colours, able to deal with the most Courageous of their Enemies, and resist their most furious Onsets. But as once when the Sabins, a proud and fierce People, planted their Standard in the Face of the Romans to affront them, with these words; Sabinis Populis Quis Resistet; Who dares resist the Sabin People. The Romans answered them with an equal fierceness, in words beginning with the same Letters. Senatus Populus Que Romanus, The Senate and Roman People. So the Perfidious Ottomans will find their vain and ridiculous Sign opposed by the Sign that is revered in Paradise, which will one day procure their final Ruin, when we shall have made ourselves worthy of this Favour from Heaven by our constant Prayers.   

Calamata.  
CALAMATA   view of Calamata 
BATAILLE DEVAN● CALAMATA   depiction of battle at Calamata 
In the Year 1659. there was a very strong and numerous Garrison, who hindered Six thousand of the Magnotes who performed the Greek Rites, from shaking off the Barbarian Yoke, as they designed; they offered themselves to General Morosini, and testified their great Zeal that they always had toward the Republic. The General respecting their Generous inclination, and to take away all impediment of their deliverance, caused a sufficient number of Forces to land, under the Command of Chevalier de Gremoville, who caused them to advance to Attack the Castle; it happened at the time when our Troops drew near it, that they were met by a great Body of Turks that hasted to its Succour. Captain Georgio Cornaro had the Fortune to rout them, and that this Success might procure another of more importance, he caused some Venetians to enter into the Castle, together with the Turks, as if they had been all one; those of the Garrison never perceiving the Stratagem till it was too late to hinder its sad Effects, so that they thought only upon flight; and thus they became Masters of the place without striking a blow. They found in the place a great Provision of Victuals, and after they had taken as much as they could dispose of, and burned the rest, with a good part of the Country, they left the Castle and returned to their Ships, leaving the place to be reinhabited by the Turks.  
This place was again taken by the Venetians, on the day of the Exaltation of the holy Cross, Anno 1685. under the command of the same General Morosini; he made Governor there, Baron General Degenfeld, who ●fterwards had Orders to raze it to the Ground. The Plan we give thereof represents it as it was when it was taken.  
ZARNATA   view of Zarnata 
VEVE DE ZARNATA.   view of Zarnata  

Zarnata.  
ZArnata is a Fortress much favoured by Nature, but made much ●ore considerable by Art; its Figure ● almost round, and its Situation on ● very pleasant Hill: in the Year 1685. ●he Captain Passa encamped within ●ive Miles of this place, and though he had a numerous and powerful Army, yet he contented himself in being an admirer of the Valour and Forces of the Venetian Army, without daring to attempt any Act of Hostility; willing rather to expose the place to the Enemy without Succour, than himself by defending it to a Ruin, which he thought inevitable: After this manner the Garrison delivered itself up to General Morosini, upon Conditions that were upon that account exactly observed; that they should carry off their Lives and Baggage untouched; for 60 of them who went out of the place the eleventh of September, were convoyed to a certain place prefixed, without receiving the least violence or insulation from our Part. The Aga that Commanded them had no mind to go with them, for fear of losing his Head; but chose rather to submit himself to the Generosity of the Christians, and being retired into their Camp, he obtained of Angelo Michieli Captain of the Slaves to stay aboard his Galley.  
The General gave the Government of this place to two remarkable Volunteers, in Qality of Representants, named Bartolomeo Contarini, and Angelo Emo, leaving a Garrison of One hundred and fifty Soldiers, under the direction of Lieutenant Colonel Prastini.   

Chielefa.  
CHIELAFA   plan of Chielafa 
It is not far from the place where once Vitulo stood, a famous Trading Town, from whence the Port that is near it took and retains the name of Vitulo, though it is now but little frequented, being neither commodious nor safe.  
When General Morosini was upon his expedition by War, to increase the Venetian Conquests, he presented himself with his Army before this Fortress, and began to Attack it with great Vigour; but the Garrison thinking itself not in a Condition to oppose so great a Captain, endeavoured to procure a favourable Capitulation.  
The fearful Turks made humble request to the General to spare their Lives, and permit them to go out without suffering any Violence from the Christians. Assar Passa, who resided there in quality of Commander of the whole Province, went first our, carrying the Keys of the Place to the General's Galley, followed by a thousand Persons, whereof Three hundred and fifty embarked themselves on the Ships of Pisani, sometime director of this Fortress, who transported them, with what Baggage they had saved, to the Isle of Staggs.  
After they had returned Thanks to Heaven, and planted the Standard of the Cross, and the glorious St. Mark, the General established for Proveditor ordinary Bernardo Balbi, and Lorenzo Venier for extraordinary.   

A Relation of the Victory obtained by the Venetians, over the Turks; Before the Fortress of Chielefa, on the first of April 1686.  
THe Ottomans have now made Proof of what often happens, when by endeavouring to regain what we have lost, we draw upon us new and sometimes greater Losses. They intended at the beginning of the Campagn, to retake the Fortress of Chielefa, which the Venetians had justly taken from them the year before; confiding in an Army which they had gotten together of Ten thousand Foot and fifteen hundred Horse: with a great number of Pioniers, they began to Attack the place, playing upon it with six great Pieces of Ordnance, fully persuaded that they durst not, or at most could not maintain the place long; nevertheless they were ten days without much advancing their Works, or finding the Besieged any thing inclined to Rendition; it fell out that the Venetian Army hasting to their aid Encountered the Turks, and the Attack was so brisk and furious, that the Insidels betook themselves to their Heels as their only refuge. The Defeat was so hasty, that they left a very Rich Booty to the Conquerors; and a great many of their Men dead upon the place.   

Passava.  
PAssava is a Fortification seated in the Province of Maina, near the Shore of the Gulf of Colochina, upon Cape Matapan, opposite to Chielefa and Port Vitulo; its Figure is as we have represented it in our Draught thereof; it is built upon an Eminence, but is altogether irregular, and not in a condition to hinder the inroads of the Enemy into the Province.  
Captain General Morosini caused a 
Twenty fourth of September 1685.  great Party of Magnotes to make an halt before this Fortress, at the same time that the Turks went out of Chielefa, to set up the Standard of St. Mark, but perceiving the Garrison ready to march out, and stayed but to transport the great Guns of the place, he sent a Detachment of five hundred Foot, under the Command of Sergeant Major Gregorevick a Foreigner, to reinforce the Magnotes, and hinder their design. The Turks discovering at a distance the Venetian Colours, in a great fright and disorder ran and left their Post. So we became Masters of the place without a stroke: It was not judged worth the leaving a Garrison to maintain it; but on the contrary it was resolved to raze it, which was the more readily concluded on, in that it was an useless place, and that there was very near to it a straight passage where a few Men might put a stop to, and engage a very numerous Army.   

Mysitra.  
AS this place has had several appellations, so some have chose to call it rather by one than another; it was at the first called Sparta, than Lacedaemon, and at last Mysitra; it is one of the most famous of all the Grecian Cities, and has been of so vast an extent, that in 
Forty eight Stadia make 5440 Geometric  Polybius' time it contained a Circuit of Eight and forty Furlongs. It's Figure was almost round, and its Situation was partly upon an Eminence, and partly upon the declivity of the Hill. The Mountain Taygeta commands it on the West.  
From that vastness it once had, it is now shrunk to a little Town, scarcely showing any remains of its former Glory: Although it had no Walls for Eight hundred Years, yet it maintained itself very well against its Enemies, and of those that afterwards encompassed it, though they have been often rebuilt; there is now only the Castle and the Foundations, where they once stood, to be seen. It has but two great Gates, one on the North side towards Napoli di Romania, the other on the West towards Exokorion, to which answer two Highways or great Roads, one called Aphetais or grand Bazar, the other Hellerion.  
The Inhabitants are exposed to excessive heats during the Summer: for besides that the City lies full South, being seated at the Foot of the Mountain, the Sun's Rays by this opposition are reflected and redouble the heat.  
The Learned Monsieur La Guilletiere being some years ago upon the place, took the height of the Pole three several days one after another, viz. the 19 20, and 21, of June, and regulating himself by the Meridian height of the Sun, by the Shadow of a Cylindrical Body, divided into a thousand equal Parts, the difference of the Shadows at these three Observations was unperceivable, and the length of the Shadow was still found to be 211 Parts of the Cylinder; whence he concluded the Sun was 12 degrees and 56 Minutes from the Zenith, and the Latitude of Mysitra 35 degrees and 26 Minutes.  
The City is divided into four Quarters, each of which being separated from the rest, makes of itself a disunited Body. The Castle is one of them, the City another, and two Suburbs the other; whereof the one is called Melokerion, that is to say the middle Suburb, and the other is called Exokorion or the outward Suburb, by the Turks named likewise Maratche.  
The Exokorion is separated from the other three by the River Vas●li Potamos, and has no Communication with them but by a Stone B●●●ge.  
The Castle named to Castron is seated on an Eminence, is of a conical Figure, and has good Walls; it had some years since Ten Pieces of Artillery, and a Garrison of Eighteen or Twenty Janissaries Commanded by a Disdar that seldom resides there.  
There are always Magazines well stored with Corn for the Armies use, for each Turkish Family is obliged to bring his Corn in to renew the Store every year. There are also some Cisterns, and in the midst of the Castle a Mosque, once a Christian Church.  
This Citadel is so advantageously situated, that Histories assure us it was never taken, though Mahomet the Second and the Venetians have Attacked it with great Vigour.  
It was a work of the Despotes in the declining of the Greek Empire, and that because the old Castle seated on the opposite Hill, whereof now the Ruins are only to be seen, did not sufficiently Command the Town.  
It is not certain who was the first Founder of Sparta, Historians not yet agreeing thereon: Some say 'twas Spartus the Son of King Amiclas; others, the Princess, King Lacedaemon's Wife, who was called Sparta; many affirm 'twas Cecrops, who likewise founded Athens; and again others attribute its Foundation to Spartus the Son of Phoroneus, King of Argos, Contemporary with Jacob the Patriarch, 1763 Years before the Birth of Christ, since according to the Calculation of Father Petau, the Patriarch Jacob was born 1876 Years before the Year of our Redemption, so that to this present Year 1687, there are 3422 Years since the building of this City; therefore it is older than Rome 983 Years, than Carthage 867, than Syracuse 995, than Alexandria 1405, than Lions 1639, and than Marseilles 1136.  
There never was any Nation in the whole World that may be compared to the Lacedæmonians for Polity, and they never had a King but one of their own People; and these People only have seen upon their Royal Throne two Virtuous and deserving Heads circled with the same Diadem; and often amongst them have been sound Prodigies for Wisdom and the Art of Governing, that they have been thought the only Politicians; and upon these Foundations 'tis that it could endure and flourish 800 years; it declined in its Prosperity and Glory, when it lost Colemanes the third King of that name.  
Finally, the Eastern Empire having been divided into Temata or general Governments, Lacedaemon was made an Appendent to the Emperor's eldest Son; since when it lost its name of Lacedaemon, and was only called Sparta; and its Princes who had under their Dominion the whole Morea were called Despotes.  
The Despote Theodorus, who Espoused the Daughter of Renier Prince of Athens, and was Brother to Andronicus and Emanuel, who succeeded each other in the Empire; finding himself unable to attempt to resist Bajazet, treated with Philibert de Naillac Prior of Aquitain, and great Master of Rhodes, about the Sale of Sparta and Corinth; which Treaty was almost concluded, when Tamerlain Triumphing over Bajazet, the Spartans' were so encouraged thereat, that they absolutely refused to consent to Theodore's Alienation of Tzaconia, and the People being in a Tumult, the two Deputies for the great Master, that were to take possession of the Government had notice that it was their best way to retire, or otherwise they should be treated as Enemies; and so they lost Corinth again, when they were already in possession thereof, and Theodore was not well pleased to refund the Money he had so lately singered.  
At last he dying, left the Despotate to one of his Nephews of his own name, Son to the Emperor Emanuel: this new Despote married an Italian Lady of the House of Malatesta, upon which that Family grounds a right to the Duché of Sparta. Theodore the Second took a Resolution to go to Constantinople, to succeed his Brother John in the Empire, leaving his Despotate to his Brother Constantine; it was at this time that Amurath the First made an irruption into Tzaconia. Constantine being raised to the Imperial Throne, Sparta fell to Demetrius, out of whose hands 'twas ravished by Mahomet the Second, who barbarously sawed the Governor of the Castle in two.  
In the Year 1473 Benedetto Colleone, who had the command of the Venetian Army conquered Sparta, and had well nigh reduced the Citadel. Sansovino shows us in his History, that this City together with the whole Province was under the Republic, at the time that Henry Dandolo was Prince of the Senate.   

A List of the Kings of Lacedaemon, in their Order, with the Years of their Reigns.  

Anno Mundi.  2862. Euristes' the first King. 
Compend Hist. Vnivers. de Nic. Doglioni Part. ult.  2904. Agides. 2905. Achestrates. 2940. Labotes. 2977. Dosistes. 3006. Agesilaus. 3050. Archelaus. 3110. Telecus. 3150. Alcanenes, whose Reign ended in the Year 3187.   

Maina at Cape Matapan.  
OF all the Promontories of Peloponnesus, that which shoots itself farthest into the Sea is the Cape of Matapan, which was once called 
* Pliny, Senec. Ptolom.  Promontorium Taenarium, in the Bowels whereof is the Cave Taenarus, whose dreadful Mouth gave the Poet's occasion to call it the entrance of Hell; and they added that the invincible Hercules came forth at this passage, Triumphant over Cerberus; from whence they say amongst other Titles it had that of Taenarus, though others again will have its name from Taenarus, who sprung from Elaphus the Son of jeanus, who married Elemanda the Daughter of Damasicles.  
PLAN DE MAINA   plan of Maina 
CAP. DE MATAPAN.   view of Cape of Matapan 
In the Year 1570. The Captain of the Gulf, Quirini, setting sail from Candia with twenty four Galleys, came to Anchor at Corfu, where being informed that this Fort was built upon that motive we have declared, immediately designed to Attack it; but before he attempted it he went into these two Ports, giving the Magnotes advice of his 
* Magnati Campana.  Design; who indeed on this occasion gave good Proofs of their good Will and Courage. After a very sharp and brisk Combat, wherein the Turks had the worse, the Captain became Master of the Fort, and would not stir out of the Gulf, till he had taken away this Eyesore from a People so well inclined to the Republic: so having taken out whatever might be serviceable, he caused it to be demolished.   

Malvasia or Malvoisie  
THe City commonly called Malvasia, which Ptolemy named Epidaurus Limera, and Baudrand after 
Thucydides.  others Monembasia, is situated on a Rock, from whence is a pleasant Prospect Eastwards over the Ancient Laconia, a Region rude and uneven, yet as Fertile as any part of Peloponnesus, this Province is at this day known by the name of Braccio di Maina, because it extends itself on the left side of that Arm where gins the Gulf, by Ptolemy called Argolicus Sinus, now the Gulf of Napoli di Romania.  
It has the Title of an Archbishopric; being blest with a very advantageous situation, for it is built on the Top of a Rock whose Bottom is washed by the Waves of Archipelagus; yet it enjoys this benefit of Nature, that it has several sources of sweet clear Springs, which by watering the little Ground that is about it, makes it so Fertile as to maintain the Garrison of the place, consisting of 50 or 60 Men, it is inaccessible on all sides, but one place where it is defended with a very thick triple Wall, at which place is joined to it a Suburb or Lower Town, of a considerable number of Houses, strengthened with a strong Rampart at that place, where the Inhabitants issue forth to go to the main Land, which is separated from the ground whereon this Town stands, and is united thereto by a Wooden Bridge of a good length; it has likewise a very spacious Port which is better defended than the Fortress.  
It's Territory bears a great quantity of Raisins, and incomparable Wines are there made, not a whit yielding to any of the Wines of Candie.  
In times past the Grecians came from all Parts to this little Isle, to adore the God Aeculapius, whose Worship made the place famous through the World.  
The People of Epidaurus when they were once deputed by their Commonalty to this place, as they sailed from Argos, which was their Country then, had several Dreams which made them hope for an happy and prosperous Success in their Enterprise; and so being arrived at the Port, they determined there to settle a Colony and build a City, which they called Epidaurus; the Buildings are now wholly ruined by tim, that has been no more kind to that place than others, and the name is all that now remains.  
It is true that time and chance rules all things, an example whereof is seen in the Fate of Malvasia or Epidaurus; for though its situation ought to render it invincible, yet it has for all that often by ill Fortune undergon several changes of Government.  
In the time when it was subject to the Emperors of Constantinople it was taken from them; when the French and Venetians having made themselves Masters of that Empire, and Baldwin Count of Flanders was Emperor, this place was given in 
Ann. 1204.  Fee to a French Baron, called Guillaume, as a recompense for his great Services performed in that War; but at last Michael Paleologus having dispossessed the French, and being re-installed in the Empire, he made the said Guillaume Prisoner, who at that time made a renunciation of all Right and Title to Epidaurus; the Baron being so escaped out of the Emperor's hands came to Venice, and there made a donation of the same Rights and Pretensions to the Republic, affirming what he had done to Paleologus was extorted from him, and upon that account invalid, that Act being not voluntary, but forced. So the Venetians relying on this donation, set a great Army to Sea, and made themselves Masters of Malvasia, which they kept till the year 1537. when Solyman began to pass the bounds of Thrace, to invade the Grecian Empire, and endeavour the ruin of Christendom.  
The Venetians most resented these Usurpations, and the Barbarous Conqueror not contented to have put several parts of their Dominions 
Ann. 1536. Paruta, p. 2. l. 9  to pay him Tribute, gave order to Cassin, Sangiac of the Morea, to lay Siege to and to reduce this People; who getting together a numerous Army began to execute his Orders. When Solyman reflecting upon the design, that to Attempt this place were to hazard the Reputation of his Forces and lose time, changed his mind and turned his Arms another way; yet sometime after he 
Ann. 1537.  returned thither, and reduced the place not by pure force but by assurances of Peace.  
During the Wars of Candia and Dalmatia, when the Venetians, as much as in them lay, opposed the eruptions and violent inundations of the Enemy; General Foscolo being near Epidaurus with a Squadron of Twenty two Galleys, Eight tall Ships, and six Galleasses, went to Attack the Fort which the Ottomans had built without the Suburbs. This Attack was very brisk, and the Venetians became Masters of the Fort in one day: but it happened as they put the Enemy to flight with loud shouts and cries, that a Mine took Fire under the Victorious, and left an Hundred and fifty of them dead, with as many hurt and wounded. The Venetians revenged the Death of their Companions, entering the place with their Swords in their hands, and having demolished the Fort, they left it, taking away with them Twenty two Cannons, wherewith the Enemies covered and defended the Saicks that came there to Anchorage in the Port, waiting till a fit time to set sail for Candia offered.  
MALUASIA   view of Maluasia  

The Explication of the Letters in the Draught of Malvasia.  

A. THe old Tower.  
B. The Castle.  
C. The Gate of the Fortress.  
D. The steep Rocks environing the place.  
E. The Suburb or lower Town.  
F. The Gate of the Suburb.  
G. The Wooden Bridge which was broken by the Venetians.  
H. The Fort built by the Venetians to hinder all Succours.    

Napoli di Romania.  
AMongst the celebrated Cities, once the glory of Argia, at this day called Saccania or Romania Minor, a very rich Part of the Morea, Napoli preserves to this time the remains of its former Beauty; it is named by Sophianus, Napli, by the Greeks 
* M. Spon. Voyage de Grace, l. 2.  Anaplia, and by Ptolomey, 
* Herod. Xenoph. Strab.  Nauplia; this strong and trading Town was built by Nauplius the Son of Neptune, and Amimone in the innermost part of the Gulf, commonly called di Napoli, and by Ptolomey Argolicus Sinus, on the point of a little Promontory which extends itself on two sides; that which is towards the Sea makes a large Port and very safe, and the other is a great hindrance to the Commerce of those that pass that way, because they cannot climb up it but by one very steep narrow Path, which lies between mount Palamedes and the Sea.  
The City is situated near to this place, and with very considerable advantages which it has on three sides, puts as it were a Bridle on the Waves of the Sea; whose Shores are so high and steep, that in all hazardous Attempts they absolutely hinder the Enemy not only from landing, but likewise from battering the Walls of the City from their Galleys; the Bay is very spacious within, but it is stopped up at its entrance, and no Galleys can get in till they have passed through a Channel, where they are exposed to the great Artillery. The City is defended by a Citadel well provided, and which being built upon a Shelf or Rock, about 300 Foot out in the Sea, cannot be Attacked on that side toward the Land, and the Rocks that surround it prevent all surprise: In fine, on which side soever one looks upon the Town, one shall find that Nature and Art have conspired as much as possible to render it strong: Nor 
Baudrand. Hoffman. Lauremberg.  has it wanted its honourable Titles, for it was once a Bishop's Seat, whose Metropolis was Corinth; and at this day it is an Archbishops itself, and one of the Chief. It is distant Fifty five Miles from Athens; sixty from Mysitra; Thirty six from Corinth: It is the Residence of the Governor of the Province, in which are reckoned to be Sixty thousand Greeks, besides a great number of other Inhabitants, which according to Pausanias were anciently Egyptians, who inhabited there with Danaus, as in a Colony of their own. Napoli has tasted of the same Fate with other places, to pass under the Rule of several Princes and forms of Government.  
As Paulus Ranusius reports, it was 
Paulo Ranusio querra di Const. 1. 5. p. 160.  taken Anno 1205. by the Venetians joined with the French; but some time after King Giovanissa turning his Arms against this City, though he found it well furnished with Ammunition and Men, yet he gave so Vigorous an Assault to it, that he carried it; where at his entrance he gave terrible Marks of his Rage, for he put the Commander and the whole Garrison to the Sword, and Sacked the Town, which was at that time rich, powerful, and seated in the best part of the whole Romania.  
Verdizzoti is of Opinion, that in the 13. Century this City being in the Possession of Marie of Erigane, the Widow of Peter, the Son of Frederic Cornarus Piscopia, this Lady not finding herself able to oppose so many powerful Enemies, that had a mind to the place, especially Bajazet above the rest, made a grant of it to the Republic; under this new Rule Napoli quietly let some Ages pass over, yet not without often tasting those Misfortunes, whereto all places are subject, that are the aim of the Ottoman desire; for being several times Attacked by those Barbarians, it often proved the Misery of want and Famine, together with the eating and tearing Misfortune of seditious Persons, caused by these frequent alarms.  
Mahomet the Second greatly thirsted to ravish it out of the Arms of its lawful Prince; and thinking there was no other way to obtain his end, but by Arms, he gave Orders to Macmut Bassa, to go and Besiege it with a powerful Army; but this Siege was not Successful; for having found the Defendants very Valiant and able to resist him, armed with a constant resolution to withstand all his violences, he was obliged after several Attempts and great Losses sustained to quit his Enterprise.  
VEVE DE NAPOLI D● Roman●e du cot● du Port   view of Napoli di Romania 
NAPOLI DE ROMANIE   view of Napoli di Romania  

The Explication of the Letters in the Draught of Napoli di Romania.  

A. THe Fortress on that side towards the Sea.  
B. The Chain which shuts up the Port.  
C. A Cavalier raised upon the Fortress of the Sea.  
D. The Port capable of a Great Fleet.  
E. Another Chain to hinder the Entrance into the Port.  
F. A Battery of great Artillery.  
G. The Mosques.  
H. The City.  
I. Another Battery of great ●●tillery.  
K. The Channel three 〈◊〉 broad.  
L. Part of the Gulf of Roman●.  
M. Mount Palamedes.  
N. The Fort upon the main Land, to which the Chain that shuts up the Port is fastened.    

Argos.  
AS Baudrand the famous Geographer of our times reports, there have been three Cities called by the same name of Argos; one which Pliny calls Argos Amphilochium which is in Epirus. The 
* Strabo.  Second Argos Pelasgicum in Macedonia, and the Third Argos Peloponnesiacum. Of the two first we will make mention each in their place; at present we will speak of the third, which was once called Phoronia of Phoroneus; Hippobote from the great numbers of Horses bred ●●ere; Jasia from the name of a Vaunt Captain; besides these it was ●lled Diposia and Jappia; it is the capital City of the famous Argia, and ●ckoned amongst the noblest Cities ● Peloponnesus. It is seated on the ●iver Planissa which the Latins name ●achus, at Thirty six miles distance ●om Corinth, Sixty from Sparta, and ●ive from Napoli di Romania, it is the ●at of a Bishop, Suffragan to the archbishop of Corinth; it has on the West the Mountain Cronia, on the North Cleone, and on the South the Ruins of the Ancient Mycenia, raised ●n the Ruins of some other Neighbouring Cities, it vaunted that the World could not show its like for Magnificence; and there is a Tradition that from her all the Greeks took the name of Argives, as if to testify that she alone was enough to maintain the Glory and honour of the whole Nation at the greatest height desirable.  
It's Rule began with Inachus its first Founder, in the year of the World 2197. and continued for 546. years till Acrisius who was slain by his Nephew Perseus An. 2742. several Authors, a Patena, Clemens Alexandrinus, etc. ●●firm that this Inachus was contemporary with Moses; but Eusebius sh●● the contrary, and proves that he li●e 346 years before the Children of Isra●● went out of Egypt.   

A Chronological Table of the King● of Argos.  

Anno Mundi.  2197. I Nachus Reigned 50.  2247. Phoroneus Reign. 60.  2307. Apis Reigned 35.  2342. Argos Reigned 70.  2412. Ciraso Reigned 54.  2466. Phorbas Reigned 35.  2501. Triopas Reigned 46. Years. 2547. Crotopas Reigned 21.  2568. Sthenelas Reigned 11.  2579. Danaa Reigned 50.  2629. Lynceus Reigned 41.  2670. Abbas Reigned 23.  2693. Proeto Reigned 17.  2710. Acrisius Reigned 31.  2741. Perseus was the last King.    
There are Authors who besides these, ●ake mention of Megaphentas, Anax●goras, Melampus and Bias, which they ●dd to the Kings of Argos.  
After having been for a long time ●he principal City of the Morea, it be●ame a Commonwealth, and in that quality had a part in all the Grecian Wars, as is seen in Pausanias, Moreri ●nd Lauremberg: At this day 'tis but a miserable hole giving shelter to a very few Inhabitants, and retains only the name of its past Glory. Now that this City belongs to the Venetians several Historians affirm, and the Decrees ratify; and if they agree not as to the manner, yet they all unanimously conclude it has been justly enjoyed by them. Baudrand pretends that the Duke of Sparta offering it to sale to them that would give most for it, 'twas purchased by the Republic for a great Sum of Money.  
It appears by a Decretal of the Senate in the sixteenth of March, Anno 1383. which we have here rehearsed, That Peter, the Son of Frederick Cornaro, at the same time possessed Argos and Napoli di Romania. Verdizzoti assures the same, adding that Marie d' Anguien, ●● Enguien, by corruption called d' Erig●no, being left without Children, t●● Widow of Peter became Governess of Argos, as pretending a right to it; but not being in a condition to defend it against so many powerful Enemies, especially the ambitious Bajazet, who was the most to be feared, she offered to deliver it to the Senate: and this Act of Marie d' Erigano happened in the Month of December, Anno 1388. as we shall prove by a Copy of the Original that is in the Library of that Noble and Honourable Seigneur Giou. Baptista Cornaro Piscopia, Proveditor of St. Mark, the worthy Descendent of Peter, and the Father of that Illustrious Helena, the Beauties of whose Mind were much more surprising and admirable, than those of the Body of the fair Grecian Helen: who though cut off in the 
* She died in the 31. year of her age, on the 26. of July, 1684. at Badova and is there buried in the Church of St. Justin.  Flower of her Age, yet shown the World prodigious Effects of her Knowledge and Parts.  
In the Year, 1463. the Republic sent to make its Complaints against Mahomet the Second then reigning, for that, contrary to the Faith of their Treaties, he shown himself as an Enemy, by putting Argos under the Government of the Flambular or Sanza●hei of Corinth. These Complaints produced no good effect with that barbarous Prince; wherefore deliberating on the Means to obtain Justice upon this his infringement of the Peace, War was concluded upon; and Bertoldo d' Estée, who commanded the Army of the Republic, was sent before the Place with fifteen thousand men, who soon won the Fort: The Citadel made some resistance, but that likewise in a short time delivered up itself. It happened afterwards that this General dying, Dauch Passa soon put to rout the Venetian Army, his own consisting of twenty four thousand men. Thus Argos was presently retaken again by him, and threescore Cross-bow-men of Candia made Prisoners and cruelly put to death.   

The Copy of the Writing before mentioned taken from the Original of the Act, contained in the Manuscript History of Raphael Caresini Great Chancellor of Venice, added as a Continuation of the Chronicle of the Doge Andreas Dandola.  
NObilis vir Petrus Cornario quondam domini Federici, dominabatur Terris, Castris, & Fortiliciis, Argos, & Neapolis, vigore dotis uxoris suae egregiae dominae Mariae, siliae quondam egregii viri domini Guidonis de Engino, quo quidem Petro Cornario florida aetate, absque liberis defuncto, ipsa loca manifesto discrimini subjacebant, ne ad manus Turcarum, seu Graecorum pervenirent, in evidens damnum praefactae dominae Mariae, ad quam de jure spectabunt. Quare Ducalis excellentia, 1388. indictione XII. die Sabbathi 12. Decembris, ad instantem supplicationem ejusdem dominae, ipsa loca, & terras emit ab ea jure proprio, ducatorum boni auri, & justi ponderis quingentorum solvendorum omni anno in perpetu●m ipsi dominae Mariae de Engino, & suis ●aeredibus descendentibus. Ipsa potest te●tari, & per testes dimittere singulis, & ●uibus sibi placuerit de pecunia Commu●is Venetiarum ducatorum 200. auri: & in ipso casu illustrissimus dominus Dux, & Commune Venetiarum sint abso●uti ab omni debito, & prestatione alicui ●acienda de pecunia, vel alia re pro dictis, ●uae remaneant, & sint, perpetuò, & liberè, & absolutè praefacti domini Ducis, & Communis Venetiarum. Insupèr praeliba●us dominus Dux & Commune Venetia●um promisit ipsi dominae Mariae dare, & solvere omni anno, in vita sua tantùm du●atos 200 auri de provisione, ultrà suprascript. duc. 500 auri. Si verò ipsa loca ●erderentur, illustrissimus dominus Dux, & Commune Venetiarum non teneatur in ●liquo haeredibus ipsius dominae Mariae, do●ec ipse dominus Dux, & Commune Ve●etiarum reacquisiverint, & iterum possederint ipsa loca, & utrúmque eorum. Insupèr ipsi dominae Mariae non potest impo●i per excellentissimum dominum Ducem, & dominum Venetiarum aliquod gravamen, sive onus faciendi imprestita, aut alias impositiones, occasione istarum pecuniarum quantitatum: Veruntamen remane● in libertate Ducalis dominii providendi disponendo tantam pecuniam Commu●● Venetiarum ad officium Imprestitorum, a●alibi, ex qua habeatur de proprio suo redi●● annuatim summa septingentorum ducat●rum auri, scribendo ipsum capitale cùm ge●tibus suprascriptis.  
Caeterum praefata domina Maria de Engino motu proprio, spontè, & certa ani●i scientia, considerans salutem, & conservationem personae, & status sui post dictum consistere in benignitate illustrissimi Dutalis dominii Venetiarum, à quo velut Fili● benignissimè tractata est, & tractari dignoscitur, promisit, & juravit absquè requisitione alicujus, provido viro Marco de Raphaelis Notario, velut publicae Personae, & per eorumdem fieri fecit publicum instrumèntum 1388, die 17. Decembris, se toto tempore vitae suae non accipere maritum, sive conjugem, nisi nobilem civem originarium Venetiarum, sub poena perdendi statim ipso facto totaliter praetium, & provisionem praedictam ducatorum 500 annumeratim pro praetio dictorum locorum; & supra scriptos ducatorum 200 auri de provisione, & suprascripta 200 ducatos, quos per testamentum legare potest in casu, quo ipsa moreretur absque haeredibus ab ea descendentibus.  
Exemplum.  
Mixtorum num 38. ad Cartas 14.   

1383 Die 16. Martii in Rogatis, CAPTA.  
Cùm loca nobilis viri Ser. Petri Cornario quondam Ser. Phaederici, scilicet Argos, & Neapolis fuerint, & sint ad honorem nostri dominii, & pro omni bono respectu, pro statu nostro faciat, quod dicta loc● conserventur in manibus dicti Ser. Petri ad honorem nostri dominii, & sicut sentitur, ad conservandum dicta loca expedit, ut Persona dicti Ser. Petri vadat ad dicta loca propter pericula, quae possent occurrere.  
Vadit pars, quod concedatur dicto Ser. Petro Cornario, quod ipse cùm illo numero Personarum, & familiae, quae videbuntur Dominis Consiliaris Capitibus, Sapientibus Ordimon, vel majori parti dicti Collegii possit ire, & conduci super Galeis Culphi in proximo exituris ad loca sua praedicta. Etiam quia in numero istarum Galearu● Culphi, quae armantur, erit una Gal● grossa, potest ei optimè, & de nostra grati● complaceri.   

Of the Confines of the MOREA.  
The Confines of this Peninsula are (as we have said) the Ionian Sea, that of Sapienza and the Aegean: To this we will add the Descriptions of the Gulfs of these Seas.  

The Gulfs of the Ionian Sea.  
AMongst the Gulfs of the Ionian Sea, that of Lepanto shall have the first place, which the Ancients called Crisaeus; Strabo, Halcyonius; others Corinthiacus Sinus; and Sophianus the Gulf of Pedras. It is an hundred miles long, and reaches on the North ●o the very Borders of Achaia, and on the South to those of the Morea.  
The Gulf, called that of Patras, from the name of a Maritime Town of the Morea, situated within the Duchy of Chiarenza, being in part environed by the firm Land, and in part by the Isles that are opposite thereto, resembles a great Lake. Taking its length Northwards, it is 24 miles long, from the Isle of Santa Maura, to the mouth of the Gulf of Corinth. On the East it extends itself almost as much from one side of the Morea, beginning at the mouth of the said Gulf quite on to the Promontory of castle Tornese. On the West, over against it at a distance from each other, with a Straight of seven mile's Sea between them, are seen the Isles of Cephalonia and Santa Maura; this of fifteen, the other of forty mile's length: The end of the Isle of Cephalonia comes within twelve miles by Sea of the Isle of Zant; and this is separated from the utmost Cape of the Morea by a space of twenty five miles.  
The Gulf called that of Chiarenza, from the name of an Ancient Maritime Town, has its length from the Cape of Chiarenza to castle Tornese.  
The Gulf of Arcadia which Ptolemy calls Chelonates' or Chelonites Sinus, and others Locardian, reaches from the Cape of Tornese to Cape Jardan.  
The Gulf of Zonchio, otherwise Cyparisius Sinus, extends itself from Cape Jardan to the Cape of Sapienza.   

The Gulfs of the Sea of Sapienza.  
THe Gulf of Coron which washes the City of that name, is likewise named that of Calamata, from a place not far distant from its Shores. Ptolemy and Pliny call it Meseniacus Sinus, because it was contiguous to the Ancient Province of Messenia; Strabo, Messenius, and others Coroneus and Asineus Sinus: It is between Cape Gallo and Cape Matapan.  
The Gulf of Colochine, or of castle Rampant, or of Fleos, which Strabo and Ptolemy entitle Laconicus Sinus, beats upon Luconia with its Waves, and reaches from Cape Matapan to Cape Malio. Though this Gulf be usually comprehended in the Sea of Sapienza; yet ●audrand places it to the Sea of Can●ia.   

The Gulfs of the Aegean Sea on the side of the Morea.  
THe Gulf of Napoli di Romania named from the Town so called, extends itself a great way along the Morea, between the Capes of St. Angelo and Schilli. It once bore the name of Argolicus Sinus, washing the Ancient Argia.  
The Gulf of Engia is divided from that of Lepanto, by the Isthmus. It comprehends a great number of Isles and Rocks: 'Tis named Saronicus Sinus, from the River Saron that discharges itself into it. Ptolemy and Pliny call it Salaminiacus, from the Isle of Salamis: By Strabo 'tis named Eleusinus; and if we credit Pintianus, 'twas also called Hermonicus Sinus, at last 'twas named Egena, from an Isle of that name, that lies about the midst of the Gulf, and is extended North and South between Attica and Saccania, of twenty four miles circumference, according to M. Spon. This is bounded by the Capes of Colonne and Schilli.    

Of the Isles and Rocks that are round the Morea, and in the Ionian Sea.  

The Isle of Corfu.  
AMongst the Isles of the Ionian Sea that are under the Venetians, the Island of Corfu is not the least considerable. It lies at the extremity of the Gulf of Venice in the Ionian Sea.  
ISLE DE CORFV   map of Isle of Corfu 
This Isle is divided into four Parts, which those of the Place call Balie. The first towards the East is named Lefchimo by Marmora, Leuchino by Porcacchi, and Leucimne by Thucydides. The second towards the West is named Laghiro or Agiru. The third Mezzo. The fourth Loros or Oros: Each of these Parts has its Territories. There is spread over all a very pure clear Air, and exceeding wholesome, as may be gathered from the Forests of Oranges and Cedars that there flourish: And with some reason the Poets sung so much of the Gardens of Alcinous, who dwelled in this Isle. The Country is also very fruitful in all kinds of Grain, and Honey, and Wax, with Wine and Oil of an extraordinary goodness; nor does it want pleasant Flats in its Northern Parts.  
In the first Territory of Lefchimo, where yet remains some Tracts of the Ancient and Episcopal City of Gardichi; at two mile's distance from the Sea of Garbino there is a Fountain which made it famous, which after making a small River, runs down to the Sea; on which Stream are several Mills. This Territory contains about ten thousand Inhabitants in twenty five Burroughs, the biggest whereof is named Potamos from a Canal that divides it in two. It is inhabited by very civil and gentile People. From thence is a Canal for Vessels down to the Sea.  
The Territory of Laghiro or Agiru on the East of the Isle abounds in all sorts of necessaries. It has eight thousand Inhabitants in twenty Villages. It had had more if the Africans had not come and demolished a City built in a Peninsule, where at present stands a Monastery with a good number of Religious, whose Church is dedicated to the Holy Virgin, and is called Palio Castriza. The Castle called Angelo Castron, built by the Emperor Michael Comnenes upon the Promontory Palachrum, is at this time named St. Angelo.  
The third Territory called Mezzo, in which stands the City of Corfu, had once a larger City. In an extent of sixty mile's Possession there are thirty Castles or Lordships and Villages, which together with the Capital contain twen●y five thousand Persons.  
The fourth Territory called Loros ●r Oros in forty five miles Country, and ●wenty five Towns, has about eight ●housand Inhabitants. Cassiopa now ●assiopo, a very famous City was ancient●y its Capital. The whole Isle has properly no Rivers; for though on the ●ide of Garbinio there seems to be one which they name Mesongi, that takes ●ts source near the Fortress Cardicchi, yet it ought rather, as well as all the rest, to be reckoned a Brook than a River.  
Historians agree not as to the Original of the Inhabitants of this Isle, as may be seen in the History of Corfu, writ by Marmora: yet all or most of the People at this day are Greeks, and observe the Rites of the Greek Church.  
One Historian observes, that this Isle was once of a considerable force 
Eustachio Sopra Dionigi.  by Sea, and that, in the time of the War between the Greeks and Persians, it put thirty armed Galleys to Sea. The Greek are not the only Historians that make honourable mention of this Isle; for besides what Thucydides say● of it, speaking of the Wars of the Moreae, in which the Corcyreans had often their part, we find that Titus Livius makes them to receive Orders in the Army of Q. Fulvius Flavus, to guard the Coast of Calabria, and that they went in pursuit of the Ambassadors of Carthage, who at the solicitation of Hannibal were sent to make a League with Philip King of Macedon; and that these Ambassadors having been brought before the Captain General, he se●● them to Rome.  
The People of this Isle after having been long subject to the Kings of Naples, weary at last of being still subject to the frequent Commotions of that Kingdom, offered to put themselves under the Obedience of the Venetian Republic. This their Design they communicated to Giou. Penelasco, then residing at Corfu in quality of Consul for the Venetians, who gave advice thereof to the Senate: and because the Prince of Tarentum made some pretences, they sent to him the Secretary Pietro Compitelli or Campitelli, to show him the danger that would ensue, if the Isle should fall into the Enemy's hands, and so with a good sum of money they found means to satisfy that Prince.  
As Porcacchis reports, the Isle became subject to the Republic in the Year 1322. though Giou. Miani, Captain of the Gulf, did not take the Possession thereof from the hands of Riccardo Altavilla and Giou. Alessio Cavalila, till the ninth of June, 1327. yet Marmora assures that Possession was taken on the twentieth of May, 1386. which last Author pretends he had it from the authentic Archives. This whole Affair was managed and transacted by a Religious of the Order of St. Francis, called Padre Maestro Giulio Vanello, a man of good parts and much esteemed. He so brought the business about, that he assembled the chief men of the place in the Church of the Convent, then called St. Angelo, and there caused the Keys of the Gates to be delivered into the hands of Captain Miani, with a grant of the Authority over the City. The Representants of the Republic come every Year on the same day into this Church, accompanied with the Body of the Officers, before whom the Protopapa renews the memory of this Action. I might add that the Prince has assigned to this Church, as a Mark of his acknowledgement to the Order, two Ducats, yearly to be taken out of the Fiscale Chamber of Corfu.  
The Venetians were after this manner possessed of it, till the Year 1401. when Ladislaus King of Naples, the Son of Charles, for thirty thousand Ducats left it quite free to the Republic.  
It has been still maintained under the Venetian Government, who have guarded and defended it, as a place very necessary for the conservation of their Empire by Sea; for it has several very good Ports where the Navy may refresh itself commodiously; besides it has a convenient Situation for the Defence of the other Isles and States of the Levant, and can hinder a great Army from entering the Gulf, who will hardly venture to pass by and leave so powerful an Enemy behind in so advantageous a Post. Wherefore 'tis well named the Gate of the Gulf and the Rampart of Italy against the barbarous.  
In these last Ages that the Ottoman Forces are much increased, the Republic has, for the common benefit of Christendom, been at great expenses in Works and Fortifications in this Isle, to make the Fortress impregnable: Wherein they have hitherto succeeded. On the middle of the Circle of the Isle, there raises itself up a solid Rock, on which is built the old Fortress, encompassed on all sides with the Sea, except on that part which faces the Land, where 'tis Flanked with two Bulwarks, with their Curtain, and a good Ditch cut from one side of the Sea to the other. Under this Fortress is situated the City, joining to which stands the new Fortress raised on the Mount of St. Mark, with infinite charge to front Mount Abram, that lies over against it, and which for some time has been much leveled.  
The City glories in the birth of Aeneas, and has now the Title of an Archbishopric. The Republic sends thither six Nobles, who remain in their Government two years. The first has the Title of a Bail; the second of a Proveditor; the third of a Captain, who with the fourth are the Councillors One dwells in the Citadel of the ol● Fortress, the other in the City; th● fifth is the Grand Captain, and has the new Fortress for his Lodgement, and the sixth is Lord Castellain of the Cast called Della Campana, in the old Tow●.  
In the year 1537. Barbarossa shown himself before Della Campana, with an Army of five and twenty thousand Turks, which he commanded by the order of Solyman. They had thirty great Guns, with which they planted a Battery against the place, but by reason of the great distance they were at, their Bullets were not able to make a breach in the Walls. But the Artillery of the great Fortress made terrible Destruction in the Army and Fleet of the Turks; five of their Galleys went to the bottom, and even that of Barbarossa was not out of the Cannon's reach. During thi● Siege, the Republic sent an extraordinary Ambassador to Rome, to represent to the Pope, and by him to the Emperor, of what consequence the loss of Corfu would be to the Kingdom of Naples, to Sicilia and all Italy. He endeavoured all he could in this Embassage, that the Emperor would send Fifty Galleys with Fifty other Ships as he had done once before against the Turks, to join with 100 Galleys and the Galleasses, and three Galleons and a good number of other Vessels that the Republic had then in the Sea.  
At first the Pope applied himself to this affair, to procure so great a benefit to Christendom; but his endeavours were unsuccessful; so that the Republic were left alone to withstand the Ottomans, and they obliged them shamefully to raise the Siege: And thus that important place, Corfu, was delivered.   

The little Isles or Rocks that lie round about Corfu.  
FAnari, or Ottonus, is a little Isle on the West of Corfu, to which it is subject; it lies at 15. Miles distant from Cape Agiru of that Isle, and from that of Santa Maria or Otranto 50. 'Tis 8. Miles in Circuit, and contains 200. Inhabitants, in a Fertile Land.  
La Serra is a Rock in a straight towards Cassiopo, between Corfu and Epi●● It raises itself up above the Wav● and at its Foot lie several other craggy hidden Rocks, very dangerous ● those that Sail by them.  
Saint Vido, or according to the Ancients, the little Isle Pitia is a Rock fa●●ing the City of Corfu, from whence ●t is but a Mile and half: it is covered ●ll over with Olive Trees.  
Condilonisi, is a Rock on the West 
Or West-North-West.  of Corfu, of solid Stone, whereon formerly grew Canes, which they used to write withal. There is a Church on it dedicated to the Holy Virgin.  
Saint Demetrio, is a small Island, in which is a Lazarhouse, with all conveniences for those of Corfu, in case of necessity. Near this Isle is seen a white Rock above the Water, which at a distance shows like a Ship under Sail: which figure gave ground to the Fable, that this Rock was form of Vlysses' Ship, which being sunk in this place, was by the Gods turned into a Rock.  
Paxo, is a little Isle not inferior to the rest that encompass Corfu, either as to Fruitfulness of any necessary for life, or as to the number of its Inhabitants. Bourdon calls it Pacsu, Porcacchi ●achiso, Pliny Ericusa, and others ●axu Major, 'tis seated on the South ●f Corfu, at 100 Miles distance from Cape St. Isidore in Cephalonia, and 12. ●rom Epire. Porcacchi takes it to be ●en Miles about, others make it five ●nd twenty. On the West-North-West ●de of it, is Port St. Nicolas, whereinto ● Ship of any burden may enter; at its ●ntrance lies a Rock. On the West at Garbin is the Valley of St. Andrew, a commodious Haven for Galleys. The other Valley at Siroc, is called Vromo Lincione: On the side of Siroc, is the ●sle called Antipaxu, a Fertile but uninhabited place: between these two ●ittle Isles is a very deep Sea. In the Channel between these Isles and the firm Land lies a dreadful Rock almost even with the Waves, two Miles from Paxo. It has been thought by some, that Paxo was once joined to Corfu, and was thence separated by the beating of the Waves.   

The Isles called Curzolares.  
THE Curzolares, which Strabo and Pliny name Echinades, and S●●phanus Echinoe, are five Isles of the Ionian Sea, in the Gulf of Patras, the largest of which are Samos and Dulichium. These being not above a Mile from the Continent, look towards Lepanto on the East at 35. Miles distance: on the West 45. Miles off, is seen the Isle of Santa Maura, and in a straight Line the Canal Guiscardo, 60. Miles from it. On the North they respect the firm Land, and on the South they lie just over against the Channel of Zant, at a space of twenty four Miles. The smallness of them would doubtless have let them remain unregarded, if the glorious Expedition of the Army, in the year 1571. had not made them famous.  
S. MAURA   plan of Santa Maura 
In the time of the Trojan Empire, as we find in Homer, these Isles were possessed by Megetes with the rest of the Isles thereabouts.   

The Isle of Lefcade, or Santa Maura.  
THE Isle which we at this day call Lefcade, or Santa Maura, Ptolemey named Leucus, Strabo, Pliny, and Mela Leucadia. It lies in the Ionian Sea, nine Miles distant from Cephalonia, and twenty five from the Curzolares. It was once United to Achaia, but was divided thence by the People that inhabited it, though it remained not long so separated; for the Impetuosity of the Winds filled up the space between with Sand, which made a kind of Isthmus by which it was reunited, so it became a Peninsula. This Isthmus having bee● worn away, 'twas supplied by a wooden Bridge over several little Islets, that are separated from each other by little Channels. This Isle is 70. Miles round; it brings forth abundance of Grain, Wine, Oil, Tabaco, and all kinds of Fruits. Besides Santa Maura, to which it is joined, it contains 30. Villages, the Principal of which are, Trini, Apolpena, Sfarchiotes, Caria, Azzani, Vurnica, Scuiro, San Pietro, Englovi, Dragano, Englimento; and still as they have been left by the Fugitive Turks, they have been and daily are repeopled by Greeks from the main Land. It has many Ports, which are, Demata, Santa Maura, Scivoto, Englimento, Vallone of Vasilichi; the two first of these are the most considerable. Beside these, this Isle has a Haven which serves for a Retreat to the Galleys and Galleasses of the Venetians in their present Wars with the Turks. There shoots forth likewise from its Continent three Promontories, 
fortress DE S. MAURA   map of Santa Maura one called Angusci, the two others, Cape Englimento, and Cape Du●ato. Round about it are the Rocks ●f St. Nicolas of Sparta, of the Scorpion, of Figlia, of Magnisci, and of Sessola, whereon is found great numbers of Rats; wherefore 'tis also called Scoglio de Sorci, or the Rock of Rats.   

The City and Fortress of Santa Maura.  
THe City and Fortress of Santa Maura is encompassed with the Waves of the Sea, and is seated between the Isle Lefcade, and the main Land, to which it is joined by several little Islands, by Bridges from one to another, and by its own Bridge, and a sumptuous Aqueduct of Stone about a mile long, sustained by three hundred and sixty Arches. On the East there is a little Tongue of Land, which extending itself along makes the Port of Damata; its Walls make an irregular Heptagon flanked with five great Towers. 
* Sancta Maura's distant from Provisa, 19 mil from Po●t Damata, 6.   
It has endured divers Sieges in its own Defence, and although it has vigorously withstood its Enemies, yet has it often been forced to endure the Turkish Tyranny, and been as often subject to the Venetians. Anno 1479. it was attacked by the Turkish Forces, and then taken from certain Greek Princes that possessed it.  
CEFALONIA   view of Cephalonia  map of Cephalonia  

The Isle of Cephalonia.  
THat Isle in the Ionian Sea, called Cephalonia, was not long since by the Greeks named Cassa or Chieffali, to show that it was the head of the Isles in that Sea: and because it once had four Cities, 'twas called likewise Tetrapolis.  
Besides these different names, Authors have given it several others; as Pliny calls it Melena, Porcacchi and others Samo; some again Dulichium and Tilebi. 'Tis seated between the thirty seventh and thirty eight Degrees of North Latitude, and the forty sixth of Longitude, the West part of Ferro being the first. According to Porcacchi 'tis a hundred and sixty miles round: but it is indeed 170. It is of a triangular Figure, its most advanced Angle being Northwards at Cape Guiscardo, otherwise called Capo Capra: On the East it regards Chiarenza in the Morea, and on the North Corfu, on one side with the Point Schinori of the Isle of Zant; being at 18 mile's distance, it forms the Channel of Zant, subject to frequent and dangerous Tempests; and on the other from Cape Viscardo to Samo it makes with the Isle of Teacchi the Channel called that of Viscardo, which is three miles broad in the narrowest place, and very deep. There are several Creeks where Galleys may safely ride, tho' there be a good number of them man'd with a great Army; for the Bay of Alessandria, Port Argostoli (which is very considerable, and whereof we will treat apart) the Port of Viscardo and that of Asso will each receive two or three; and have, as likewise the whole Channel, a sound Bottom.  
The whole Isle is divided into seven principal parts, which are Argostoli, Liscuri, Finea, Erisso, Pillaro, Samo, Luceto. In these are several large Burroughs which take their Names from the chief Families that dwell in them. The least of these contains about 50 Houses: They are a very valiant and ingenious People.  
Under the Isle of Cephalonia lies that of Teacchi, it affords great Quantities of Raisins, whereof the English yearly take their Cargo, yielding a considerable Revenue to the Republic; and from thence come extraordinary large Citrons. The Corn that they sow in the Spring is reaped again in June; the Vines grow very low, near the Ground, they gather their Fruits in April and in November, but the latter are smaller than those of April: It produces also beautiful Narcissus' and Hyacinths, and it is common there to see Roses and Pinks all the Winter.  
When the South Wind blows there in the Summer it causes excessive Heat, which is tempered by the North.  
The Republic keeps a Noble Venetian there as Governor, with the Title of Proveditor; and two other Noble Men as Counsellors, who keep the public Assizes alternately each their Month under the Proveditor; their Office lasts for two years. The City is a Bishop's Seat, and the Church belongs to Zant; in the twelfth Age it was raised to a Bishopric by Marquis Rizzardo de Tochis Prince of Achaia, and of these Isles, who gave the Bishop the Tithes of several Possessions, as well of Cephalonia as of Zant, and to the Canons he gave the Tithes of several Lands in Cephalonia.  
Strabo says that in his time Caius Antonius the Uncle of Mark Antony being banished from Rome (after his Consulship, which he officiated together with his Colleague Cicero) went to Cephalonia, and being there as Sovereign, he laid the Foundations of a City, where he made his Residence, but he had not time to bring these Designs to Perfection, for he was recalled from his Exile and employed in more important matters.  
Titus Livius reports, that the Consul Marcus Fulvius having overcome the Etolians, turned his victorious Arms against the Isle of Cephalonia, and being arrived near to it, he sent to the Islanders to know if they would deliver it up freely into his Hands or try the chance of War in its Defence; they were all presently for delivering, except the People of Samo, who valiantly sustained four months' Siege, at the End of which the Romans became Victorious and left dreadful Marks of their Rage against the Samians; for having pillaged the City, they sold all the Inhabitants for Slaves.  
In the Year 1224, the Isle was given to the 
† Verdizzotti fatti Ven. l. 8. p. 163. And Morosini in a little Treatise of Cephal says it was given 1214.  Republic of Venice by a generous and free Act of Gaius who was Lord and Governor thereof.  
Anno 1479, there came from Gallipoli into the Ionian Sea, a great Ottoman Army which invaded Cephalonia, then in the Possession of a petty 
* Toccho Napo.  Prince, and took it out of his hands.  
fortress D'ASSO.   plan of Fortress of Asso 
He also sent a great Vessel to Junoo to transport some of those People that in great numbers were retired thither, to re people and cultivate this Isle. There came besides several other People voluntarily to dwell there; and so the hard and tyrannic Government of the Island was changed into a more mild and just; whence ensued a meliorating of the Place and manuring of the Grounds.   

The Fortress of Asso.  
THE important Fortress of Asso or Nasso in the Isle of Cephalonia, was built by the Venetians an. 1595 for the Defence of the Inhabitants, who in time of War could not all secure themselves in the City of Cephalonia: It is seated upon a Rock whose Point is very high and steep, environed with the Sea; so that 'tis hardly accessable by some narrow Paths; its Fortifications were made to answer the Situation of the Place, which is altogether uneven, so that 'tis very irregularly built. There is a Tongue of Land about 20 Paces long, whereby 'tis joined to the Isle, and which makes the way to the Fortress: It was once proposed to cut through it in the narrowest place and so to make a good Ditch there.  
It is composed of 60 public Houses and 200 particular Habitations.  
At the Foot of it is a little Port which may shelter three Galleys, but it grows daily worse and worse, by reason that when ever any tempestuous and great Rains happen, the violent Torrents bring down with them from the Mountain a great deal of Sand and Stones which choke it up, for which there is no Remedy.  
The Republic sends thither a Patrician for Governor, with the Title of Proveditor, whose Office lasts thirty two Months; the first of them was sent thither on the 23 d. of June, an. 1596.   

Argostoli.  
WE must not pass by the Port of Argostoli in Silence, since it is of some Importance to the Republic; it took its name from the Ship Argo and the Argonauts, who came to land there. It has a Circuit of thirty Miles, and may contain the most numerous Army. The Venetian Galleys and the Proveditor Generals usually make a Descent there when they are upon any Expedition in these Quarters. There is no Fortress upon it, so that it is free for all Vessels to Land there: It has been proposed to build a Fort there which may command the Port and the Entrance into the Isle, and if ever the Design be put in Execution there is a very advantageous Situation for it upon a steep Rock. There is yet to be seen in the farthest part, the Remains of the ancient City built by the Corinthians, once called Cranea: Near to it towards the Sea is the Place now called i'll Cutego, where are to be seen the Foundations of great Caverns in the Earth, thought to have been once the Arsenal for the Port of Argostoli.   

The Isle of Teacchi.  
THIS Isle has almost as many Names as it has had Authors who have described it. Strabo and Pliny call it Itaca, Porcacchi and Denis the African Nerieia; Niger, Val di compagno; and Sophianus, Val di compare; the Greeks at present name it Thiachi; the Turks, Phiachi; and usually we call it Cefalonia Picciola, the Little Cephalonia.  
It looks towards Cephalonia, from which 'tis separated by the Arm of Viscardo, which is a very deep Channel, 20 Miles long and five broad, and in the narrowest place, three. The Shape of this Isle is irregular and longer than broad; it is 40 miles round with several Gaps and Creeks; it has several little Ports very necessary for taking in Firewood: But of all the rest that of Vathi has the best Anchorage, the firmest Bottom, and very deep, which will receive a great number of Vessels. There are two others little inferior to this, called Gidachi and Sarachinicco. I will not stay to give the Particulars of the others, being they are of so little Use and so bad Anchorage that it is not worth the while to treat of them.  
This Isle is thought to have been the Dwelling place of the chaste Penelope and the Country of Ulysses; upon this Tradition the Cephalonians have a Veneration for certain Remains that are thought to be in the place where that illustrious Couple dwelled. It had once a City called by Plutarch Alalcomene, but there are now but some Villages, the chief of which are Vathi, Annoi, Oxoi. The Inhabitants are about 15000, a good part whereof are banished People from the Isles of Zant, Corfu, and Cephalonia.  
The Citizens of Cephalonia elect every year one whom they call the Captain of Teacchi; but he cannot enter upon his Charge without the consent of the Rectors, who are obliged once in the Year to go to that Island, which they do in the month of March, to which time they remain in Office: the Authority of this Officer extends but to hear and decide Causes.  
Andrew Morosini the Son of Peter, who was Proveditor of Cephalonia, anno 1622, tells us, that this Isle was taken by the Confederates of Michael, the Son of the Emperor Paleologus, out of the Hands of that Emperor, after he had taken it himself from Charles Tocco a Neapolitan; this Person had so great a kindness for the Republic, that he remitted to them as to the supreme Judges the Hearing of all Causes as well criminal as civil.   

The Isle of Zant.  
ISLE DE ZANTE   map of Isle of Zant 
fortress DE ZANTE   plan of Fortress of Zant 
This Isle has the Morea on the East at 80 mile's Distance, on the West it borders on the Isle of Cephalonia, from whence 'tis 12 miles, on the South is the Coast of Barbary 150 miles off, and on the North it has another Part of the Morea about castle Tornese at 16 mile's Distance, and a little lower it looks towards the Country del Dichiamo, where are Natolico, the Curzolares, and Drago Mestre, Places at above 50 mile's distance.  
The whole Isle is divided into three Parts, called Montagna, Pedimonte, and Pianura. Montagna gins on the East side, where lies Port Chieri, and makes the Circuit of the whole South and West side of the Isle even quite to the North, having in its middle a very beautiful plain called Neruli, in the mid● whereof was a great Lake of water● from the Hills, till the Noble Angelo Barbarigo took the pains and care to drei● it. At this time 'tis a fair and fruitful plain 10 miles long and five broad, and borders on two sides upon the Sea shore. Here stands the City Chieri giving name to the Port: from the waters of which comes the black Pitch, and there is an opinion among the Inhabitants that the Lake was anciently all of this Pitch. There are besides seen here the Towns called Littachio, Pigadachita, Sculicado with fourteen more, whose names for brevity I omit. On that part called Montagna are Ambelo, Chilomeno, Agelo, San Leo, Santa Maria, and other Towns to the number of nine. The farthest of them is called Volimes, lying towards the West. It contains above one thousand houses.  
There are besides in this part three Monasteries of Greek Caloieroes called San Giovanni in Lancada, La Madonna Spiliotissa or Anafontria, and San Georgio di Grebani, which is the most considerable and commodious for situation.  
In that Part called Pianura, which is on the North of the Isle, are the Towns ●f Gaetani, Curculidi, San Quirico, Farao ●nd San Dimetrio. Besides the great ●oted Mountain making a principal ●art of the Isle, there are two others which encompass the Isle, one on the East, the other on the North: On the first stand two Towns called Xerocastello, and Lambettis; on the other are four, Geracario, Bellusi, Calenzi, and Tragacchi. In the whole Isle there is but one River named the Camura, whose waters are brackish, being mixed with the waters of the Sea; but there is below the Castle, not far from the Sea, a source of fresh water, with all the qualifications of an excellent spring: It is at all times so plentiful, that all the Ships that pass for Constantinople and Alexandria, as well going as coming, take fresh water there.  
On the North, the Isle is all precepitious and steep, and on the South covered with all sorts of fruit-trees. On the Greek shore is built a Castle on an Eminence which commands the whole Isle; where reside the Rector and the Governor. At the foot whereof lies the Town which stretches itself for two miles along the shore, and one mile in breadth towards the Mountain. The● are in this Town a great many houses which belong to the Citizens, Merchants, Artisans, or Mariners. They cure great Quantities of Raisins there and make very strong wines, and excellent oil, which one year with another yields them the sum of fifty thousand Ducats. There is also abundance of as delicious fruits and rare Plants, as in any other place. It's Port is likewise called Chieri, of good anchorage for all sorts of Vessels, Ships or Galleys.  
On the North side is Cape Schinan and the Rock called San Nicolo, where neither great nor small Vessel can enter, except on the East side; the shallowness of the water and the want of a good bottom hindering that on the West. On the East is the Valley of the salt-Pits where Ships come to take in their Lading of Salt. A little nearer to the City is the Rock called fra Filippo, at present Trenta Nova; and a little farther is the point Laugun very near to the Town.  
It is believed that Saint Veronica came to plant the Christian Faith in this Isle, and that she converted the Inhabitants by showing them the Holy Handkerchief, and thence preaching to them the Death and Passion of our Saviour.  
The Republic sends thither a Noble Man with the Quality of Proveditor, and two others for his Councillors, who all keep their charge two years. But the Inhabitants hold their Councils apart where they regulate Provisions, health, and other matters that concern the Policy of the City. They have power also in civil causes to give Judgement under a certain Sum, and there lies an appeal from them to the Proveditor.  
The most part of the Inhabitants are Greeks and live according to their rites; and there are but few Latins, comprehending amongst them even the Soldiery. There are about a thousand Jews who have three Synagogues. Their business is trade, and they grow very rich all of them.  
The People of this place are more inclined to Arms than Learning but of the few that apply themselves to the Sciences, the brightness of that Eloquence shines forth, which is so natural to the Greeks; and by a little study ●● the Laws and Rights, they soon become great Orators and skilful Lawyer● The People are in continual broils an● Suits with one another; those of th● Country hate the Citizens, the most o● which live upon Traffic; the meane● of the people are Seafaring men an● are always in their frigates going to th● Morea, and other places that depen● on the Turk, to get their living.  
The Isle is subject to Earthquakes which destroys what ever is good and beautiful. Some years since they felt in one night sixty shakes, which were preceded by a terrible noise: This noise usually lasts half a quarter of an hour, and is communicated to the Rocks, that are standing out of the Earth: and sometimes there happens an infectious stink. When the Earthquake is very great it raises an exceeding boisterous wind, upon which score their buildings are but low and of few Stories.  
There is a Bishop that makes his Residence in the Isle with the Title of Bishop of Zant, conferred on him by the Holy See: yet by the patents from the Senate of Venice, he is entitled the Bishop of Cephalonia. At first this Church acknowledged the Pope of Rome, till ●uch time as the Church of Constantino●le had a Patriarch of her own; and ●hen the Patriarch, strengthened by the favour of the Emperor, caused several of the Greek Churches, and some of the ●talian to submit to his See.  
At the time, when several of the Western Princes associated themselves to war upon those that possessed the Holy Land, the Church of Zant returned to the obedience of the See of Rome. Several very noted persons have flourished there, by reason of the great Revenues of the Bishopric, which has amounted, as is seen in the Archives, to more than six thousand Crowns. Possibly the Bishops had then the force of the Laws and secular Arm, more than the Authority of their See and zeal of their preaching, to assist them. Two Bishops of this Church successively went to the Council of Trent, where they were much distinguished by their merit.  
The first was John Francis Comendon, who died during the time of the Council, who was succeeded by Petro Delfino, a Noble Venetian. The Parish Churches of the Greeks comprehending those of the City, the Citadel, and others that have been founded out of devotion are about forty four. There are likewise a great number in Cephalonia that place being well Peopled. There are fifteen in the City, in each of which is a plain Altar, with the Altar-piece towards the East, adorned with paintings after the Greek fashion, who permit no Images in Relievo, in their Temples. The Altar is of stone enclosed with a Rail, whose entrance is forbidden to Laics and Women. Nay the Women presently after Childbed, and the Men that are found in any ill action, are forbidden the Churches; but this custom is now neglected.  
When the Archbishop happens to die all the Greek Curates, of which there is a good number, assemble themselves; and according to a very ancient custom, authorized by the Holy See, they give their suffrages in secret, to proceed to the election of another. The Bishop has no fixed Revenue and maintains himself upon Casualties, which the Greeks yearly present to him as in a Quantity of Wheat and other Grain: He likewise has a considerable gain by Ordinations; and by one way or other his Revenue is very large.  
As a Qualification of a Bishop of this City, a man must have been a Monk of the Order of St. Basil, upon which account there are so many Monasteries of that Saints in these Isles. The most considerable of which is built on the Rocks commonly called the Strophades; of which in their place. This Monastery has several Revenues in Zant and Cephalonia; and the Greeks have these Monks in Great Veneration, because they live very retired from secular affairs.  
These Monks of St. Basil fast the whole year, except in case of infirmity or sickness, when they may have a dispensation for three days in the week, Monday, Wednesday and Friday they eat nothing but milk, fish and oil. They keep four Lents in the year; the first is that of Easter called, i Megali Tessara-costi; which lasts seven weeks; for which time they are not permitted to eat either fish or oil, except two days in the week, viz. Saturday and Sunday, nor that, on Holy Saturday. Their nourishment then is only fish that have no blood, as oysters, dried fish, Caveer, which is the Rows of fish salted; Botargo, which is made of the Row of a Sturgeon dried and salted, etc. There are two other days on which they may eat, that is the 25 of March, being Annunciation-day, which they call Euangelismos, provided it happen before the Holy week; the other is Palm-Sunday, which they name Tou Vaghiou.  
The Second Lent, is of the Agioi Apostoloi, in honour of the Holy Apostles, which lasts from the Monday seven-night after Whitsuntide, till the Vigil of St. Peter and Paul; so that some years it lasts three weeks, others more.  
The Third is called 'tis agias Parthenou, dedicated to the Virgin Mary, which lasts from the first to the fifteenth of August, in which time they eat no fish except on the sixth, being the feast of the Transfiguration of Christ, which they observe with Solemnity, and call it Metamorphosis tou Sotiros.  
The Fourth is called tun Christogenon, which gins forty days before Christmas, to wit on the fifteenth of November and continues till the twenty fifth of December, for which time they may eat fish except on Wednesdays and Fridays.  
The Caloieroes, besides these four, observe three other Fasts; the first before St. Demetrius, which lasts twenty days; the second gins on the first of September, fourteen days before the Exaltation of the Holy Cross; the third eight days before the feast of St. Michael, Beside these all the Greeks in general fast on Wednesdays and Fridays, and several of the most zealous on Mondays also. Moreover on the day of the Exaltation of the Holy Cross, and the Decollation of St. John the Baptist, they keep a more severe Fast. Except these times they eat flesh all the week after Easter-Sunday, and that whole week after Whit-sunday, and for twelve days together after Christmas, and a week before the great Lent. They keep likewise three other Vigils in the year, That of the Epiphany, which they name Paramoni, on which day the Greeks baptise the Sea with a great Ceremony; the second is the Vigil of St. John the Baptist, and the third that of the Cross whereon they are forbid to eat fish. Thus those Greeks, that are not Monks, fast about a hundred and thirty days in the year.  
All the Monasteries of the Religious, observe the Rites of the Greek Church, and if there should be one amongst them of the Latin Church; yet they must observe the Greek Rites. It is permitted to these Religious, on divers occasions, to visit their sick Relations; and to go about the Cities, living without any Cloister; which doubtless is contrary to the Institution of a Monastic Life.  
There is not in these Isles any kind of Hospital for the Poor. Except only in Zant there are two little poor Almshouses, one for the Men and another for the Women, under the direction of the Citizens of the Place: They used to receive into these houses Foundlings and Bastards; but that custom is now left off. There are also, in these Isles, many Protestants, most of them English. There are four Convents, one of Preaching Friars, two of Friars Minors Conventuals, one in Zant, the other in Cephalonia; and one of Minors Observants in Zant, without reckoning the Parish Church of Argostoli, which is a jus patronale of the most Serene Republic; which it has bestowed on the Minor Observants.  
These People live willingly under the obedience of the Republic, which watches continually for their defence against the powerful eruptions of the Turks: And besides for that they permit them to live conformable to their own Rites, of which they are so zealous, being persuaded of their ancient and pure Institution.  
There grows in this Isle very extraordinary Fruit; and that in as great abundance as any Isle thereabouts.  
Caroldi reports, that the Isle of Zant was sold with the other Isles by Robert Prince of Tarentum, Anno 1350. 
Tarante.   
In the Year 1571. Vluzzali Passa sacked the City, wasted the Country, and laid the whole Isle extreme desolate.   

The Isles Strivales.  
THe Strivales are two Isles, by the Mariners called Stamfane, and which Authors have known by several names, for Strabo, Pliny, and Apollonius name them Strophades, Pausanias Strivali, Suidas Stromphides, and Camerarius Calydnes. They are low, almost level with the water; their Port is distant from Zant above fifty miles; they are but of small extent, the bigest not above three or four miles in circuit. And though they are so small, they produce a Prodigious quantity of Grapes; and the wine of them is extraordinary good. There are also many fresh Springs, all along which are found a great deal of Planc-Tree leaves; though the nearest place, where any of those Trees grow, is in the Morea, at thirty mile's distance; wherefore doubtless they must be brought thither by subterranean passages.  
The Inhabitants are all Greek Caloieroes, who for their defence against the Turk, have built their Convent in form of a Fortress, well provided with Cannon, with a Portcullis at the Gate.  
The Poets feigned that Aello, Ocypite, and Celaeno, born of Thaumas and Teletra, inhabited the infernal Pit in the shape of Harpies, whence they went to torment wicked men at the command of the Gods: And they paint us these Harpies with lean, though beautiful faces like Women; the rest of their bodies being like horrible Vultures, with large wings and pointed talons. The Fable adds, that Phineus King of Arcadia, like an inhuman Father, having plucked out his own children's Eyes, the Gods returned the same punishment upon him, by tearing out his, and leaving him to the terrible pursuit of the Harpies, which defiled his food with their ordure and stink. Jason touched with compassion for the miserable King, and willing to relieve him, caused Zetes and Calais to drive these Monsters from tormenting him and force them to retire into the Strophades.   

The Isle of Prodano.  
PRodano is a little Isle or Rock, which Pliny and Ptolemy call Prote, and other Proud, near the Morea, with which it makes a Channel of seventeen or eighteen foot water, where Vessels may, commodiously ride safely under the Wind.   

The Isles in the Sea of Sapienza.  
THere are three Isles in the Sea of Sapienza, the first which Bordon calls Sphagia or Sphateria, and Porcacchi Sfragia, and which is commonly named that of Sapienza. This gives name to the Sea which flows by its side, and washes the South part of the Morea. It lies directly over against Medon, and exceeds the two others in extent.  
The Second named Cabrera or Fuschella, or Teganusa and Cauriera, is but at a small distance from the First, and is much less than it.  
The Third called Venetico fronts Cape Gallo. It is so enclosed on all sides, that it may rather be accounted a Rock than an Isle. There lie about it several other Rocks, where the Pirates of Barbary lie in wait for the Ships that come from the Gulf of Venice and Sicily.  
PORT DE CERIGO   view of Port of Cerigo 
fortress DE CERIGO   plan of Fortress of Cerigo  

The Isle of Cerigo.  
ON the West of the Archipelago lies the Isle at this day commonly called Cerigo. Ptolemy named it Cythera from Cithaeron, the Son of Phenicus; Aristotle calls it Porphyrusa, from the great store of Porphyry dug out of its Mountains; and others again Scothera. 'Tis just against the Laconian Gulf, but five miles off the Morea, forty from Candia, and has sixty in circumference. It has several Rocks roundabout it, and good Ports on its sides. On the South is the Port of the Fortress, which is but little frequented, because 'tis but a narrow Bay, and lies much exposed to the winds: The other, which is on the other side the Dragoniers, twelve miles from the Fortress, has a good bottom, is deep, and will contain a great Fleet: Above all things the natural shape of the Bay is wonderful, which may be shut up, and where forty Galleys may lie in safety. There is a Church dedicated to St. Nicholas, though no body dwells there. On the West at 25 mile's distance from this Port, there is another little one called San Nicolo de modari, proper for Galliots and small Barks, where is also a Church dedicated to St. Nicholas.  
There is in this Isle great quantities of wild fowl, but little corn, wine or oil; and food is there very dear. There are several Villages, but of small or no account: And some Monasteries of Hieromonachi and Caloierros, of which one stands upon a Rock on the right side near to the Fortress, which they call San Giovanni della Grotta. It has been hewn out of the Rock by pure labour with the mattock. Tho 'tis very difficult to get up to it; yet the Greeks refuse not that pains,  the Religious are to perform their Vows, which they have made to God. The steep points of the Rock, affright all that look on them, for they hang over so, that they threaten to fall and overwhelm those that approach them. But for all this the Inhabitants have a great Veneration for the place, upon a belief, that St. John began his Apocalypse there.  
The City of the same name with the Isle has the Title of a Bishopric: It stands upon a steep Rock in a very advantageous situation, having towards the Sea an Esplanade well mounted with Canon, where they keep Guard.  
The Republic of Venice has had the 
Some say ever since the Despots of Greece.  Command of it ever since the division of the Empire of Constantinople, and sends thither, every two years, one of her Noble Men, in Quality of Chastelain, and Proveditor. Selim attempted with a powerful Army, commanded by Hali and Portau to conquer it, but he soon gave it over, finding his endeavours but vain.  
Some fabulous Writers say, that the Goddess Venus had her Birth in this place, others that she passed her first days there. And was there acknowledged for a Goddess, and there was a beautiful Temple dedicated to her; under the name of Cytherea in the most Eastern part thereof: In which Temple was her Statue like a beautiful Woman holding in her right hand a Sea shell, and as if ready to leap into the Sea. She was all dressed with blushing Roses and snowy Pigeons flying around her, which seemed to follow and attend her motion. Three young Virgins, representing the three Graces, hand in hand, went round her to serve her; two whereof were in action, as if they were adorning her head, the third waited on her behind. Her Son Cupid was before her, armed with his bow, who, though blind, yet wounded the God of Light, Apollo, with an Arrow from his bow.  
'Twas in this Temple, that Paris, the amorous Son of Priam, met the fair Grecian Helen; and here they tempted each other to the fatal Rape, which armed the jealous Menelaus, and revenging Greece for the utter destruction of Troy.  
The Isle is of no great extent, being not above sixty miles; yet 'twas of great consequence to the Spartans', when they were Masters of it; for it was to them as it were a Rampart and a shelter to their ships, which they sent to Egypt. They sent thither every year a Precedent to regulate civil and military affairs; and the keeping of this Isle was then so necessary, that in the eighth year of the Peleponnesian War, the Athenians having won it, Sparta was without defence, and its Country lay open to the Enemy, till they hasted to fortify and put Garrisons in the neighbouring places.  
The little Isle, or rather Rock, called de Cervi, lies between Port Rapini and Cape St. Angelo, where with the firm Land it makes a Channel, unnavigable by Reason of the Banks of Sand that are in it.  
The nearest Rocks to Cerigo are the Dragonier, which have a good Anchorage, and may be sailed from with any Wind, the others that are seen between this Isle and Candia, are Ovo, otherwise called Eple, Oso, Doi, Poro, Poressa, Cicerigo, or Cerigotto, which the Ancients called Egila, or Egiale; it is the nearest to Cape Spada, and the largest of all. But there is none of all these that deserves a particular Description, and serve only as Marks to the Sailer, being of no other use.   

The Isles of the Gulf of Engia.  
THE Isles in the Gulf of Engia, and which are a great Ornament to it, are first (beginning at Cape Colonne) Patrocleia, which the People call Gaïdronisi, and Macronisi: It has likewise the Name Ebanonisi, from the Ebany that grows there in great Plenty.  
On a high Place there is a Marble Stone set up, which may be seen a great way, and serves for a Signal to the Mariner. On the side blowed on by the Greek Wind, near to the Isle lie several dangerous Shelves of Sand.  
Sailing towards the Attic Shore we find the Isle of Elisso, thought to be the Eloussa of Strabo.  
Then is the Rock of Phlega, with five others contiguous to it, called Cumbonisa.  
Between the Isle Culuri and Attica is the Isle Lipso Coutalia, or Psyttalce near to Port Lion, where there is a prodigious Number of Hares and Foxes.  
Between Culuri and Egena is seen the Isle called Laufa, near to which are three little Rocks.  
Between the Isle of Egena and the City of Corinth, are these Isles, Argios, Thomas, Diaporia, Ebroeo, Agiolani, Platonisi, and another little Rock that has no Name.  
Between Egena and the Continent of Saccania, lie Angistri; Metopi, Dorousi and Moni.  
Between Cape Colonne and Cape Skilli, are seen the two Isles called Kelevinais; but of all these Isles we have named, Egena, Culuri, and Poros, are only inhabited. ● Culuri, so called by Sophianus, is by the Seamen named Santa Bursia, and is the same which was once called del Dragone, from a Dragon in this place that was killed by Ceroneus, the Son of Neptune and Salamona, the Daughter of Asopus, who gave to the Isle the Name of Salamis, by which Pliny and Strabo knew it: There is in it a Village of its own Name, Culuri, of 200 Houses, situated on its South side, at its Port; which, as Monsieur Spon says, is one of the bigest in the World, being two miles broad, and seven long; at its Entrance lie two Rocks, called Canuli, and Prasuli. Baudrand, who gives the Isle three. Names, Cychria, Scinar, Pityussar, says 'tis 10 miles off from Egena, and two from Attica: It produces abundance of Wheat, Pitch, Rosin, Coals, Sponges and Ashes, all which they carry to Athens to sell.  
The Islanders are much inclined to Fishing, and the rather for that their Shores are usually full of Fish.  
The old City of Salamene, once a Bishop's Seat, Suffragan to the Archbishop of Athens, is situated four or five Miles off, a little Village of about 20 Houses, called Ambellachi, which has a small Port over against Athens, near which is seen a Building like a Monastery, which has the Title of a Metropolis, joined to another House.  
The Circuit of the Isle is 35 miles, containing about a thousand Inhabitants.  
Megalo-kira, and Micro-kira, that is, the great and little Kira, are two Rocks between Culuri and the Terra firma of Attica. Over against Cape S●●nio, otherwise Cape Colonne, is the Rock called Macronisi, which Homer mentions in his Iliads under the Name of Cranae. Its first Name was Helen, being the place where that Beauty of Greece was embraced by her enamoured Ravisher, Paris.   

The Isle of Egena.  
EGena is an Isle distant from the Attic Coast 18 miles, 25 from Port Lion, 12 from the Morea, and 21 from Culuri. Strabo calls it Egina from Egine, the Mother of Aeacus, the Daughter of Asopus: Baudrand, Aerose; Brietius, Myrmidonia; and the Mariners, Engi; though this Isle has 36 mile's Circuit, yet has it never a Port to receive any Vessels, and they are obliged to cast Anchor between Augistri and Dorusa, or between it and Moni; as the Venetian Navy did during the Wars with Candia. Partridges there increase so, that the Islanders are forced to search over the Island in the Spring to destroy their Eggs, lest so great a Production of this Game devour up their Corn.  
There are yet to be seen two fair Monuments of Antiquity, which are two Temples, the one situated in the North Part of the Isle, by Pausanias' thought to be that, once dedicated to the goddess Venus; the other slands in a grove upon a little Hill of an admirable Aspect; 'twas built in the Honour of Jupiter, by Aeacus, the first King of this Isle; there is still to be seen 20 Columns of the Dorique Order, canellated or fluted with their Architraves, placed in a good Proportion.  
The City of the same Name with th● Isle, Egena, was once honoured with a Bishops Seat suffragan to the Archbishop of Athens, and famous by the Birth of Paul de Medicis, but is now reduced to a small Burrough joined to the Fontress, considerable only for its situation upon a very high steep Rock, whence are discovered many of the Isles of the Archipelago, even to Amimilo.  
This Isle was once subject to Duke Galeotto Malatesta, by his Marriage with the Daughter of Anthony, King of Boeotia; whence it came afterwards to be under the Venetians. But Frederic Barbarossa, having entered the Isles of the Archipeldgo, advanced as far as Egena, intending its Conquest, thinking doubtless, that all the rest would bring but little glory in Comparison of this, which was then full of People and well. descended under the Government of Francisco Sorian, who there ruled for the Republic.  
Anno 1674, Franoesco Morosini, Captain General of the Army of the Republic, setting Sail in the Archipeldgo, for the Exaction of the Contributions, being to refresh the Slaves of his Galley, ●as informed that Egena was full of a ●ort of barbarous People who waited ●ut for an opportune Season to transport themselves in small Barks to Ca●●a: This, backed with the refusal they ●ade of paying the Imposition, made ●im take up a Resolution to reduce ●hem by Force; wherefore having landed his Forces, and begun the Attack, ●e soon repressed the boldness of the Defenders; and having brought them to yield at Discretion, he pillaged the Place, and then demolished it, condemning 300 of the Greeks, and 40 Turks to the Galleys.    

Of the maritime Places between the Morea and th● Negropont.  

Megara.  
MEGARE   view of Megare 
During the Reign of Codrus, those ●f Peloponnesus, having declared War ●gainst the Athenians, without gaining ●ny Fruit of their Attempts, in their Return surprised Megara; and so it become subject to the Corinthians, for ●hose that took it gave it to the Corinthians and others of their Confederates ●hat would go to dwell there; from which time the Megareans changed their Customs and Dialect into the Dorique.  
Authors speak diversely of the Original of the Name; and there is an Opinion, that it was called Megara in the Reign of Carus the Son of Phoroneus, who were the two first that consecrated Temples to the Honour of the Goddess Ceres. The Boeotians repot that Megarus the Son of Neptune, wh● dwelled in Onchesto, hasting with an A●my to the Succour of Nisus, beat ●● Minos', was killed in the Combat, an● being buried in this place, gave the nam● of Megara to the City before calle● Nisa. The Chronicles of the Meg●rians otherwise relate the Story o● Megarus; for they affirm that he succeeded Nisus in the Government, having espoused his Daughter called Finoes: So that 'tis not strange the● should be named Megarians from their King, they being once called Lelegian● from Lelegus, another of their Kings who coming from Egoto, was crowned King of this Place.  
On the North of the Town in the Plain, stand nine or ten Churches, about which stood once a Village called Paloeochorio, the old Village which is now forsaken and suffered to fall to ruin. If time had not worn away all that anciently was great and beautiful, we should yet see standing a great number of stately Edifices, once the Glory and Ornament of Megara, and whose broken Remains now surprise those that look on them. Amongst others there was a Fountain, where the Workman had bestowed all the Delicacies and Beauties of Art Not far from this Fountain was a Temple, in which stood the Images of the twelve Gods, the Work of Praxiteles, together with the Effigies of the Emperors, the stateliest Show in the World. Megara also boasted in the brass Statue of Diana, by the name of Salvatrix, by them erected to her, in acknowledgement of the aid they believed they had from her, when their City was dangerously attacked by the Army of Mardonius. For it fell out, that this General marching in the Night lost his way, and in his error taking a Mountain for his Enemies, which he sought after, he sent all his Arms and Warlike Machines' that way: So the Megareans falling upon him without Arms, had the advantage that might be expected from such a mischance. Near this was also the Magnificent Temple of Olympic Jupiter, in which was the admirable Figure of that false God made of Gold, Ivory, and Clay; though that Statue was not brought to its perfection, the Megar●ans so unwillingly bearing the Athenian Yoke, that they could not thin● upon any Work of Glory; and indeed they were unable, being so charged wit● Subsidies and Impositions, which th● Athenians laid on them, to provide a● new for the Peloponnesian War. Th● rich Works that were to be the Ornaments of this Statue remained imperfect, and were laid in the back part o● the Temple, where hung as a Troph● the Rostrum of a Galley, which thos● of Megara had won from the Athenians, when they retook the Isle of Salamina, which had been forced from them.  
At Megara also one might have th● Curiosity to go into the Rock called Caria, of Carus the Son of Phoroneus▪ where one might discover the Temple of Bacchus Nitelius, and at the same time that of Venus Epistrophia, called the Oracle of the Night.   map  

Port Lion.  
POrt-Lion or Porto-Lione, is so named from a marble Lion, ten foot high, that stands on the Shore of the Port. The Modern Greeks call it Porto Draco, and Cicero and Strabo Piraeus Portus. It has likewise had the name of Athenarus Portus, and is the Northern Part of the Gulf of Engia.  
The entrance into this Port is narrow, so that scarce two Galleys can get in at a time; but when one is in there is every where a good bottom, except in one of its Creeks, which is almost filled up. 'Tis capable of a great 
Pl. l. 7. c. 37. Portolane is a Book in Folio of the description of the Ports.  number of Vessels, Pliny says a thousand, and Sirabo four hundred, and the Portalane of the Mediterranean five hundred, allowing it ten braces depth, but Monsieur Spon, an exact Author, and of good reputation, has remarked, that as our Vessels are much larger than those of the Ancients, so now scarce above forty or fifty can be ranged there.  
The greatest Trade of this Port is of the Velanede, that is gathered from the green Oaks of Eleusis, and of Goat● hair.  
Before Themistocles was Prince of the Athenians, they kept not their Vessels in this Port, but in that of Phalerus, because it was not far from their City▪ And from this Port they say Menesteus set sail with a Fleet for Troy: and before him Theseus when he went to revenge himself on Minos for the death of Androgeus. But Themistocles being chosen Prince, and judging that the Pireus was the most commodious, for that it had three distinct Ports for Vessels, he fell to work to make it teneble, and made a wall three miles long, which reached quite to the City: these walls were called Macra Teichi, which were thrown down by Sylla, and of which yet the Foundations are to be seen. On the great Port of Pireus once stood the Tomb of Themistocles; the Place dedicated to Pallas and Jupiter, being a very long Lodgement for those that dwelled along the Sea side, and several other Antiquities, as may be seen in Pausanias.  
VILLE D'ATHENE   view of Athens  

ATEHNS'.  
AThens is one of the most Ancient Cities of Greece, the Seat of an Archbishop, and the Capital of Attica. It's Situation is not far from the Gulf of Engia, which makes part of the Ionian Sea. King Cecrops first laid the Foundations, and called it from his own name Cecropia; but its perfection was owing to Theseus, who enlarged it, obliging those in the Country to come and dwell there. The Citadel still kept the name of Cecropia, till at last 'twas named Acropolis. 'Tis built upon a living Rock precipitious on all sides, except on the West where the entrance is. The East and South walls make two sides of a Square, the rest is not so regular, but answers to the Points and Wind of the Rock. 'Tis a thousand two hundred ordinary paces round; but at the bottom of the Hill plainly appear the Foundations of another wall, which encompassed it almost round, and rendered it the more difficult to scale. The Soldiers of the Garrison are in pay during their whole Lives, and dwell there with their Families. They still are upon the watch against all surprise, by reason of the frequent inroads of the Pirates. The Citadel is almost at an equal distance, between two high Hills; one of an equal height with it on the South-West, about a Falconet shot off, is called Museum; the other is Mount Anchesmus, which is so rugged, that 'twere hard to plant a Battery of great Guns thereon against the City and Citadel; besides there is no Plain upon it, only sharp Points of the Rock; upon one of which is the Chapel of Agis Georgios, where once stood the Statue of Anchesmian Jupiter. The lower part of the Town is on the North of the Citadel, and when one comes from the Seawards it is so covered by it that the Houses of the Citadel only can be seen, whence several, not having the curiosity to land, have thought, that of all the Grandeur of Athens the Castle only now remained. This Situation is very advantageons for it, as to the health of its Inhabitants; for the Climate being hot, 'tis much better to lie open to the refreshing North Winds, than to the Southern Burn.  
After all its Revolutions there is yet to be seen very fine Antiquities, the chief whereof are, the Temple of Victory of the jonick Order; which the Turks make now their Magazine of Powder.  
The Arsenal of Lycurgus of the Doric Order, in which they lay up their Arms and Artillery.  
The Temple of Minerva of the Doric Order changed now into a Mahometan Mosque.  
The Lantern of Demosthenes, now serving as a Receptacle to the P. P. Capuchins.  
The Tower of the Winds of an Octogonal Figure, whereof Andronicus Cyrrhestes gave the Model, and Vitruvius has described.  
The Temple of Theseus.  
The Foundations of Areopagus, etc.  
There is in Athens eight or nine thousand Inhabitants, three quarters whereof are Greeks, and the rest Turks, who have four Mosques in the City, and a fifth in the Castle. No Jews are permitted there, for the Athenians are as cunning as they, whence the Proverb, God defend us from the Jews of Salonica, the Greeks of Athens, and the Turks of Negropont.  
The Habit of the Greeks of Athens is very different from that of the Turks, for they wear only straight Garments of black, or some dark Colours.  
The City at present is divided into eight Parts, called Platomata, which are  

Placa  
Sotiras tu Cotaki  
Mono Calusi  
Roumbi  
Boreas Platoma  
Psiri Platoma  
Gerlada  
Agioi Colymboi, or Olympoi.   
As to its Terretory, it once contained an hundred seventy four Burroughs or Villages, whereof some were as big as Cities; at this time the most of them are in the Plain of Mesoia or Mesogia, wherein are the following Villages;  

Metropis  
Keratia  
Misochori near to Rafti  
Chovarades near to Rafti  
Elada  
Marcopoulo, there is another Marcopoulo  
Coursala  
Phyglia  
Carela  
Alopeki  
Cocla  
Balambafi  
Boura  
Arvato  
Agoupi.   
And these that are almost ruined, and are now called only Zeugalatia or Farms;  

Pikerni  
Bafi  
Lecambafi  
Lambriano  
Lambrica in the way to Athens, at Cape Colonne  
Palaeo Lambrica, the Ruins of the Ancient Lampra  
Elimbo  
Egnapyrghi  
Spitia  
Vraona   
In the other Territories of Athens, are,  

Caramamet, at the foot of Mount Thymettus  
Marousi, near Penteli deserted  
Calandris, in the way to Penteli  
Gifissia, in the way to Marathon, formerly Cephyssia  
Basi Coumaria, behind Penteli  
Stamati, in the way to Marathon, now ruined  
Belousa, deserted  
Chiourka  
Grammatico  
Calingi, as you go from Marathon to Negropont  
Varnada on the Euripus.  
Limico on the Euripus.  
Calamo on the Euripus.  
Marcopoulo on the Euripus.   
Near to Athens amongst the Olive Grounds.  

Sepollia or Sopollia  
Mainidi  
Cacovaones  
Patischa  
Ambelokipous, in the way to Penteli  
Callirhoe, a few Houses near the Fountain.   
This City was once an Academy of Arts and Sciences, and a School of Virtue; and all the Princes that have possessed it, have been ambitious to leave their Names upon some Monuments, thereby to gain an immortality in the Memory of man. Thus we find out upon a Portal, a Greek Verse, signifying, that this is the City of Adrian, and not of Theseus.  
In the course of Time it has been subject to several Princes by divers Misfortunes, to which it has yielded. Sylla after a long Siege took it, and 
Anno 687. from the Foundation of Rome.  made it subject to the Commonwealth of Rome. Bajazet triumphed over it when it was under the command of Aristonicus the Epicurean Philosopher. After that Renier Acciaioli having the Dominion of it, yielded it to the Venetian Republic; but it returned again under the Government of the same Acciaioli, who at once possessed Attica and Boeotia.  
In the Year 1455. it was besieged by Mahomet the Second, and reduced for want of Succours; since which it has still remained under the Ottomam Empire.   

The Isle and Kingdom of Negropont.  
THE Isle of Negropont is the most considerable of all the Isles in the Archipelago. It has had divers Names, and that of Negropont has by corruption been changed into Egripont; the Turks call it Egribos, the Latins Euboea, either from the Retreat of the Daughter of Asopus, or of Inachus thither, whom the Poets feign to be turned into a Cow; which from its lowing is named Euboea.  
It has also been called Macris from the Channel called so in Greek, Abantias from the People Abantides, Calcis and Chalcondantis: Pliny likewise gives it the name of Asopis, and Strabo says 'twas called Oche, and that once 'twas called Ellopia from Ellopus the Son of Jupiter.  
NEGROPONT.   view of Negropont 
Some have thought that this Isle was once joined to Boeotia, and thence separated by Earthquakes; or as others say, by the swift and impetuous course of the waves, which make the Canal called Euripus. The Isle is three hundred sixty five miles round, in length, from South to North ninety miles, and forty broad, and twenty in the narrowest part. At which place it is joined by a Bridge to the main Land.  
It is, as it were, encompassed with two Promontories, Cape Lithar, and Cape dell' Oro. The first facing the Gulf of Volo is by Ptolemy and Strabo, called Cenaeum Promontorium, by Pliny Caeneum, and by Niger Canaia. Near this Promontory was the coast of Artemisia, so called from a Temple of that name there erected: At which place the Greeks sheltered their naval forces, during their wars with the King of Persia. The second looking toward the East part of the Archipelago, Ptolemy calls Caphareum Promontorium, Sophianus Chymium, Niger Capo figera, Stephanus Cathereus, Lycophron Zarax, Isacius Xylophagos. Upon the Top of this Promontory, Nauplius King of Negropont made fires, that the Grecian Army returning from Troy, might by the light thereof arrive safely at the Haven. There was formerly three cities in the Isle, which made it famous, Ellopia, Histiaea and Oraeus Cities, that were joined together by reason of their vicinity.  
The Capital City of the Kingdom of Negropont was at first called in the Athenian Tongue Calcis; and than it took the name of the Kingdom itself. It was once the seat of a Bishop, Suffragan to the Archbishop of Athens; afterwards 'twas raised to an Archbishopric.  
'Tis situated on the banks of the Euripus: The compass of its walls is about two miles, but there are more houses and people in the Suburbs, where the Christians dwell, than in the City, inhabited by Turks and Jews. The Turks have there two Mosques, and two others without, where the Christians also have their Churches. The Jews have an house, where they instruct the Youth. All the Inhabitants make about 15000. The City is divided from the Suburbs by a great Ditch with a flat bottom, in a smooth and even ground.  
There is a Captain Bassa that commands the whole Isle, and part of Boeotia, who has in his absence his Kiaja or Lieutenant, and his Subkiaja. There is also a Bey or Lord, who has some Revenues, and is obliged to maintain a Galley. At the place where the straight of the Euripus is narrowest to pass over into the Isle, they go over a stone bridge of five little Arches not above thirty paces long, and so under a Tower in the middle of the Channel, built by the Venetians, where St. Mark is yet seen over the Gate. From the Tower to the City is but one Draw-bridge about twenty paces long, built on sharp bottomed boats, which is raised half to the Tower, and the other half to the City, to give passage to the Galleys and other Vessels, which cannot easily be done without taking in their Oars.  
There is also to be seen the Episcopal City, at present called Carisso, once Chironia, which Strabo names Caristus and Caristos, Sophianus castle Rosso, and the French Chateauroux, it acknowledges Calcis for its Metropolis, being sixty miles distant. It stands near Cape Caefareo. There was besides another Episcopal City Eretria, which Moletius calls Rocho, which in his time was not less famous than Calcis, which once was an Athenian Colony built on the banks of the Euripus before the first destruction of Troy: both these Cities have perished by the falseness of their own Inhabitants; So that now their names only remain: They were once pillaged and burnt by Darius.  
The soil of the Isle is stony and sandy, but this is only upon the top, for digging deeper they find it very good. There are several Forests, where good ship timber may be cut. Near Caristus is a Mountain of the same name of very beautiful marble: And near to it is found the Asbestos stone, which may be spun and made into cloth, which by putting in the fire grows white. There were formerly in the Territory of Calcis Iron and copper Mines, which are now lost. The Isle produces cotton enough to make Sails for a great Navy. There are several hot baths. It is watered with two Rivers, Fimileus and Cereus, of which the Poets said, that one made the Sheep have black wool, the other white. In sine the Isle abounds in all things; and Pope Pius the fifth advised several great Captains to go and begin the War with the Turk in this Kingdom; because it is capable of maintaining a whole Army, besides it has good Ports on the side of the Continent. It is true indeed, that when one is once there, he can by no means get out to save himself. There are several places on the South part, the most considerable whereof is called Spiritus.  
When Pietro Zany was Doge, the Republic enlarged their Dominions by this beautiful Kingdom, which was yielded to them by the Emperor of Constantinople, as a reward for the good services they had done him. The first Governor that was sent was Pictro Barbo, named i'll Zanco.  
Anno 1469. the Turks attempting the Conquest of it, came with three hundred Sail. At first they made a Bridge upon the Euripus, that so they might land their Troops upon the Campaign of the Isle; but those of the Country so vigorously opposed them, that they were forced to return to their Galleys. Within a a Month Mahomet came himself with an Army of twelve thousand Men: He made a new Bridge over the Channel, from the Church of St. Mark, a mile off of the City, and by this means made himself a way to attach Negropent. This City was in some sort fortified at that time, and had in it in Garrison twenty four thousand Men under Ludovico Calbo and Paolo Erizzo Commanders. The last had been Governor of the City, and though his time was expired, yet he would not leave the place, when he might contribute by his Arms and Counsel, to its defence, and signalise his zeal for the Service of his Country. The Turks raised several Batteries in divers places, and continually played upon the Walls. And four times marched to the assault, where four thousand Turks were killed. The Place was besieged by Sea and Land, and extremely pressed on all hands; yet the besieged still defended themselves with advantage, and had already sustained a month's Siege, when a treasonable practice was discovered. For a little Girl found a letter, wherein was mentioned the means and way of delivering up the place to the Ottomans. This letter was directed to Thomaso Schiava. Luigi Delfino transported with indignation against the Traitor, attacked him openly, and by mere force made him discover all the base Intrigues he had with the Turks.  
The besieged still animated more and more in their defence, gave daily notable proofs of their courage and constancy; but at last they were almost wearied out with continual labour and fatigue. In these extremities, they, who had the Guard of Porte Bureliana, ran away from their Post, and left the place the twelfth of July, 1649.  
The Enemy soon perceiving the place deserted, and the entrance of the Gate free for them, entered the Town, and gave in all places dreadful marks of their Barbarity. Calbo was killed in the Place, and Bondulmiero in his house. Paolo Erizzo being retrenched in an advantageous Post valiantly defended himself, and the Sultan promised him life if he would deliver himself up, which having done the cruel Turk broke his word, and caused him to be sawed in two. One of his Daughters a very beautiful Virgin chose rather to be stabbed than receive the Sultan's caresses. All were murdered above twenty years old. This done Mahomet left the City with a Garrison for the Guard of the whole Isle and Kingdom.    

Of the Ebb and Flow of the Euripus.  
THe Euripus is a straight of the Egaean Sea, so narrow, that scarce one Galley can pass it (under a Bridge that is made over it) between the Citadel and the Tower or Dungeon of Negropont. It has been called Euripus Eubolcus, from the old name of the Isle, or Ghalcidicus from the ancient City Chalcis; the Latins named it Euripus, those of the place Egripos, the Italians Stretto di Negreponte, and the French l' Euripe de Chalcidoine, or le detroit de l' Euripe. It is about sixty miles long with little Gulfs in divers places.  
It's Ebb and Flow is doubtless one of the greatest wonders in the World, and it is fabled, that Aristotle drowned himself in it out of grief that he could not find out the cause thereof.  
Antiphilus, a Native of Byzantium, says in a Greek Epigram, that the Euripus rises and falls six times; Strabo, Pliny and Suidas, with several others, hold, that it flows and ebbs seven times a day.  
Pomponius Mela assures us, that this is done fourteen times a day, though it seems by his words, that he means, that the Euripus continually ebbs and flows fourteen times in 24 hours. These are his words, lib. 2. cap. 7. Mare rapidum et alterno cursu septies nocte fluctibus invicem versis, adeo immodicè fluens, ut ventos etiam ac plenis velis navigia frustretur. That is, the Sea is there very rapid, running sometimes one way, sometimes the other seven times in a night, and as oft in the day with returning waves, with that violence that they prevail against the winds, and put a stop to ships under Sail.  
Seneca seems to be of the same Opinion in one of his Tragedies, where he thus speaks:  Euripus undas flectit instabilis vagas, Septemque cursus flectit, & totidem refert Dum lassa Titan mergat Oceano Juga. 
Swift Euripus receives within his breast  
Seven times the stoods, as oft are outward pressed,  
While Titan drives his weary Steeds to rest.  
It seems also that Pliny would express the same, that it flows and ebbs seven times a day, and as often at night, though his words are not very clear. Quorumdam Aestuariorum privata natura est, velut Taurominitani saepius et in Euboea septies die ac nocte reciprocantis: That is, there are Currents of a very peculiar Nature, as that of the Taurominians, which often goes, and returns, and that of the Euripus, which does so seven times in a day and night.  
Titus Livius thinks he has hit the truth better, than the rest. The Euripus, says he, has not seven regular ebbs and flows in a day, as the common report is, but it runs sometimes one way, sometimes another, like the wind, as a Torrent, falling with precipitation from a mountain. This agrees very well with the irregular days, but he is mistaken when he adds, that there is no Port worse, than that of Calcis, by reason of the Current; for this ebbing and flowing, does not at all disorder the Vessels, which have room enough to keep themselves from the Current, either in the great Port, which is covered with the walls of the Citadel, or in that on the other side of the Bridge, as Father Babin the Jesuit observed, Anno 1669. when the Turkish Navy wintered at Negropont.  
The same Father, considered the course of the Euripus, at several times. There are eighteen or nineteen days each month, or to say better each Moon, whereon 'tis regular; and eleven others, wherein 'tis irregular, and broken. Such are the Terms, they use at Negropont, to describe this wonder of Nature.  
It is in its force and vigour, or to speak plainer, it is regular from the three lasts days of the old Moon, till the eighth of the new, and on the ninth 'tis irregular and broken, and remains so troubled, till the thirteenth inclusively. On the fourteenth it comes to itself again, and resumes its Forces; but grows disorderly again, from the twenty first to the 27, as will be better understood by the following Table.  

A Table of the Regular, and Irregular flowing and ebbing of the Euripus, according to the Age of the Moon.  
New Moon. 1. Regular, as the Ocean.   2. Regular.   3. Regular.   4. Regular.   5. Regular.   6. Regular.   7. Regular.  First Quarter. 8. Regular.   9 Irregular. of 12. 13. or 14. Ebbs and Flows.   10. Irregular. of 12. 13. or 14. Ebbs and Flows.   11. Irregular. of 12. 13. or 14. Ebbs and Flows.   12. Irregular. of 12. 13. or 14. Ebbs and Flows.   13. Irregular. of 12. 13. or 14. Ebbs and Flows.   14. Regular.  Full Moon. 15. Regular.   16. Regular.   17. Regular.   18. Regular.   19 Regular.   20. Regular.   21. Irregular.  Last Quarter. 22. Irregular.   23. Irregular.   24. Irregular.   25. Irregular.   26. Irregular.   27. Regular.   28. Regular.   29. Regular.   
So each Moon there is eleven days of irregularity, and 18 or 19 others, that are regular. It is then irregular from the first Quarter, to about the full Moon, and after the last Quarter it gins again to be irregular.  
During the time of its Irregularity in one natural day, that is, in twenty four or twenty five hours, there is eleven, twelve, thirteen, and sometimes fourteen Floods and Ebbs, according to the observations of the same Father; and as those assure us, that are daily at the Mills, and find the wheels altar often in a day, as the Stream turns. So that the Flood does not come only seven times in a day, as the Ancients wrote, but much frequenter.  
When the Course of the Euripus is regular for the other eighteen or nineteen days; 'tis like the Ocean, and Gulf of Venice, that is in twenty four, or twenty five hours, it has but two Floods and Ebbs, and every day retards it one hour; as in the Ocean, it is six hours coming in, and as long going out, whether in Summer, or whether the wind be violent or calm. On the irregular days, it flows about half an hour, and ebbs three quarters of an hour.  
All the Tides of the Euripus, whether regular, or irregular, differ in two particulars, from those of the Ocean; first, that in high water, it rises not above one Foot, and very rarely two, whereas the Ocean rises sometimes eighty cubits, as in the Ports of Britain, though in the Isles of America, it mounts not higher, than in the Euripus.  
The other difference, is that in the Ocean, when the water sinks and abates, it retires into the deep Sea, as on the contrary, it raises itself, and covers more ground, when it approaches the sides. The Euripus is quite after another manner, for its Flood happens, when its waters run towards the Isles of the Archipelago, where is a much greater Sea; and its Ebb is when it runs towards Thessaly, and through the Channel, by which the Galleys pass to go towards Thessalonica, as a shorter and safer way to Constantinople.  
Between high and low water, there is a short interval, when the water seems quiet and still, and like standing water so that straws and feathers lie upon the water without motion, provided there be no wind.  
Caesar d' Arcons, who printed in French a Book in Quarto, concerning the Ebb and Flow of the Sea, has a particular Paragraph of the Tides of the Euripus.   

The Explication of the Draught of Volo.  

A. The Mole.  
B. The Magazines.  
C. The Gate on the Sea side.  
D. The Towers flanking the Fortress.  
E. The Mosque.  
F. The sides of the Gulf of Volo.    

The Fortress of Volo.  
THE Fortress of Volo, known to the Latins by the name of Pagasa, is situated in that Part of Thessaly, which is most joined to Magnesia, a small Country of Maoedonia, nine miles from Dimetrias; or as Livy and Pliny Demetrias and at the edge of the Gulf commonly called deal Volo. Pliny names it Pagasi●cus sinus, Pelasgicus sinus, Ptolemy Pagasi●licus, Strabo Pagasaeus, Mela Jolciacus, O●vid Demetriacus, Lucio Macedonicus, Oro●sius Golfe d' Armiro.  
The Fortress is built after the old fashion, and takes up a great space, a few paces from the Sea, where it has a larg● Port, and of good Anchorage. I● is according to 
* Bleau. vol. 2. l. 7. pag. 9  Bleau at 31 deg. 31 min Lat. and according to Cast aldol at forty deg. fifty min. lat. and forty eight deg. forty min. Longitude.  
VEVE DE VOLO.   view of Volo 
fortress DE VOLO   plan of Fortress of Volo  

The Gulf and City of Salonichi or Thessalonica.  
THE Gulf of Salonichi has an Extent of 140 Miles length; it is bounded by a very beautiful Plain, whence it is necessarily exposed to the Winds, and therefore very dangerous to the Seaman: In that Place where it most wears away the Land, is a very advantageous and spacious Port. There is situated, partly on an Hill, and partly on a Declivity, as the Ground goes, the famous City of Macedonia, called usually Salonichi, or otherwise Thessalonique; near it, on the West side, glides down the River Vardar, which Ptolemy and Strabo call Axius Fluvius, others Bardarus and Bardarius Fluvius, very full of Fish, and its Banks covered and adorned with goodly Trees. The Walls of the City are flanked with several Towers, and as to its circuit some make it ten, others twelve miles. It has three Forts to defend it; the first, being the least, comes first in view at the Entrance or Landing-Place at some distance from the old City; 'tis Mouted with 20 great Guns. The two others are situated within View of the Sea, at the highest Part of the Wall, furnished with 30 or 40 Cannon; on the Land side is a Fortress like that of the seven Towers at Constantinople; this commands the whole Town, being built on a little Hill, at the Foot whereof is a very great Number of Houses making a Suburbs, encompassed with a Wall apart, but which joins to the City.  
There are in this place a numerous People, and the great Number of Habitations that are built in the Plain are but low and base, and not sufficient to contain the great Numbers of Jews that dwell in them: Besides they are not a little incommoded by the horrid stink that is in the Streets, they are so narrow.  
There is a considerable Trade, as well from the commodiousness of its Situation, as for the great Quantity of Silk, Wool, Skins of all sorts, Wax, Gunpowder, Corn, Cotton, and Iron. The Jews most busy themselves in Traffic, and have to themselves the Manufacture of Stuffs to  the Janissaries; and by this means they find a Way to employ the Tribute they are obliged to pay the Grand Signior. There are in it 48 Mosques, in which is comprehended the Church of St. Demetrius, of three Isles, born up with very fair Pillars, where St. Paul Preached once; and that of St. Sophia, built by the Emperor, Justinian, thirty Greek Churches, thirty six great Synagogues, and many other small ones. The Governor has the Title of Mulà, and his Place makes him very considerable at the Port.  
LES DARDANELLES DE LEPANTHE   map of Dardanelles of Lepanto 
In the Year 118, when Andronicus would have got the Empire, Thessalonica was taken by William, King of Sicily; but at the end, being returned under the Dominion of its lawful Sovereign, the Emperor of Constantinople, Andronicus Paleologus; he, to unite himself the more nearly to the Venetian Republic, gave them all the Right he had to this City: But scarce two years passed  the Turk seized on it without much Difficulty, by reason of its Distance, and the ill State of Affairs in Italy, and the small Defence the Inhabitants were able to make.   

The Gulf, and the Dardanelles of LEPANTO.  
THIS Gulf reaching on the North to the Shores of Achaia, and on the South to those of the Morea, divides from each other these two great Parts of Greece. It has had several Names which Authors have given it according to the different Times and particular Occasions they had to speak of it. The Ancients called it Cri●sus; Strabo, the Sea of Altion; Sophianus, Golfe de Pedras; some, Corintiacus Sinus, from the City Corinth; the Mariners, (as Niger reports) the Shores of the Bostria, and now commonly Lepanto: It contains four Rocks in it, and receives its Water from the Ionian Sea by an Entrance between two Promontories, standing far out from the Continent, whereof one joining to the Morea, is by Strabo called Anthirium Promontorium, and usually Cape Antirio, upon the top of which is a Fortress called of Morea, or of Patras; the other joining to Achaia, which Strabo calls Rhium Promontorium; and the Vulgar, Cap de Rhio, or Rio; this also is provided with a Fort called Romelie.  
These two Castles are otherwise called the Dardanelles of Lepanto: They are both built of a square Figure, encompassed with good Walls, and a strong Battery, levelly with the Water; there is no Fault to be found with them, but that the Ground being Sandy, they admit of an easy Approach from the Enemy. There is no landing any Forces on the side of Romelie, within two Italian Miles of the Fortress, but it may be approached in small Barks within 100 Paces. The Plain to the little Hill is very large, but it grows less and less as you come nearer to the Castle. At the Foot of the Mountain is a great Valley, where those that design to attack the Fort may march forward undiscovered.  
All Merchandises brought out of the Gulf, as Skins, Oils, Tabaco, Rice, and Barley, pay three per cent. to the Emin, who is likewise obliged to disburse six thousand Crowns a year, into the Coffers of the Grand Signior.  
Once all Merchandises that came from the West, as likewise those from the East, after having passed the Gulf of Engia, were brought into this Port; but at this time the Entrance is forbid to all stranger Ships, which upon that Account are obliged to stay at Patras; and the most of those that put in here are Corsairs, and indeed one calls Lepanto the little Algiers. The greatest part of the Inhabitants of this Place are Moors that have black Children like those of Barbary.   

The City of Lepanto.  
THE City of Lepanto is by the Latins called Naupactus; by the Vulgar, Epactos; and by the Turks, Einebachti; 'tis situated in the Country of Livadia, on the Edge, not far from the Mouth of the Gulf of the same Name, environed with an high conical Mountain, on the Top of which is built a Fortress with four strong thick Walls round it, separated from each other by little Distances, where the Inhabitants have their Dwellings; the Port is not above 60 Foot big, and which may be shut up with a Chain being but narrow at its Entrance, upon which Account, but a few Vessels can lie there; and at sometimes also they cannot get out of it for want of Water: And if the famous Pirate, Durach Bey, used to shelter himself there with his Galleys, he must have taken a special Care to keep it clear.  
LEPANTHE   view of Lepanto 
Under the Empire of the Turks 'tis governed by a Vaivode. There are seven Mosques, two Greek Churches which are held in great Disdain by the Turks, and three Jewish Synagogues.  
If the Inhabitants want pleasant Places within the Town, they have, without, on the East side near the Sea, a plentiful Stream of Water, which after having served the Powder-Mills and the Tanners of Leather, in which consists the Riches of the Place, waters about a dozen very great Plains, and makes the Place very delightful. There is likewise round about very pleasant Gardens and Fields covered with Lemons and Orange Trees: The Soil produces a Wine that surpasses all the Greek Wines in Goodness.  
The taking of this Place was very Difficult, before the Use of great Guns. In the Year 1408, it was subject to the Emperor of Constantinople, but the Emperor, Emanuel, finding it too hard a Task for him to keep it, delivered it into the Hands of the Republic of Venice. Under this new Dominion, it received a new Form, and was fortified so as to be able to resist a powerful Army; and indeed, being besieged anno 1475, it destroyed thirty thousand Turks, and their Army was forced shamefully to raise the Siege, after having sat down before it above four Months. The Inhabitants could not be better pleased with their Rulers, nor ever made more ardent Vows to be kept there and preserved from the barbarous Tyranny of the Turks, when Bajazet, 2. came to attack them by Sea and Land, with an Army of an hundred and fifty thousand men, and brought them to the most deplorable State that can be imagined. There is yet to be seen St. Mark of Venice, to show us, that the Rights of the Republic are as well founded there as its Arms ineffaceable; and to give us Hopes, that triumphant Republic will add to the Conquests it has made these last Years, that of this Place; which will be crowned with Glory and immortal Fame.     
FINIS▪   

ADVERTISEMENT.  
ANgliae Notitia; or the present State of England complete, with Reflections on the ancient State thereof, by Edward Chamberlain, Doctor of Laws; the sixteenth Edition, with Additions and Alterations, down to this time. Printed for Matt. Gillyflower, at the Spread-Eagle in Westminster-Hall; and James Partridge at the Posthouse between Charing-Cross and White-Hall.