THE Present State OF CAROLINA WITH Advice to the Setlers.  
By R. F.  
LONDON, Printed by John Bringhurst, at the Sign of the Book in Grace-Church-Street, 1682.   

THE Present State OF CAROLINA, etc.  
CAROLINA is part of the Main in America, and so much celebrated by monsieur Laudonere, that he entitles it Florida, because of her florid, and fragrant fields, embellished with flowers, that perfume the air: whose sweet situations, by reason of most delicious and pleasant meadows (and flourishing savana's) adorns the Continent; and whose benevolent breast sends daily supplies to the planter, and hourly relief to the poor and necessitous native: whose spacious arms (●s if circulating the Ocean) proclaims her shores sanctuary to distressed Mariners; and a generous protection to deplorable Seamen, that solicit refreshment from her replenished Harbours, which extend themselves southward to the River St. Matheo, in twenty nine degrees, odd minutes; so dilates to Luck Island, near Roanoak on the promontories of Virginia, in thirty six degrees north latitude (now called Albemarle) a large and spacious settlement, consisting of some two or three thousand inhabitants; upon a fertile Soil, and a rapid River, whose Bar by reason it's so straight and shallow, a Vessel of considerable port and burden is denied admittance into the bowel of the Colony.  
But the late and flourishing settlement lies yet more southerly, in and about thirty two degrees, odd minutes; parallel with Jerusalem in Palestine: and equals the height of Bermudos, upon the navigable Rivers of Cooper, and Ashly, formerly known by the names of Wando, and Kiawah●. And there is a Bar also, though undeservedly calumniated by prejudicated persons, who would if possible unhinge the settlement when because to emulate and envy their Neighbour's prosperity. But to clear that Objection, this Bar has several Channels, and the deepest at low water is eighteen foot; and the shallowest about eleven, and twelve foot; which is depth enough for any navigating Vessel of three or four hundred tun; since at high water the tide swells to six and eight foot perpendicular.  
This is that famous CAROLINA, which his Majesty the King of Great Britain has united to his Imperial Crown; & by his Royal Grant established it a Province; and has dignified it a Principality: which by consent amongst the Lord's i● transferred to the eldest Proprietor. But the Proprietors are eight in number, and their Names and Titles as followeth. Lord Chancellor Clarendon, Lord Duke Albemarle, Earl of Craven, Lord Anthony Ashley Cooper Earl of Shaftsbury, Lord John Berkly, Sir George Carteret, Sir William Berkly, and Sir John Colleton Knight and Baronet. These are the Lords Proprietors, whose Laws and Government (because to proceed in my description) is suspended till farther Opportunity presents to usher them in.  
So that now to describe the present strength of the southern settlement of the flourishing Carolina (by modest computation) we calculate their Artillery to fourteen, or fifteen hundred resolute, and gallant fight men; under excellent conduct, and discipline; as well armed as most men, & as well as any Colony provided with Ammunition. Their Women also are healthful, and fruitful; and their Children generally beautiful, and strong. Nor have we hitherto considered the Negro Slaves, whose labour proclaims the Setlers' plenty; and whose service doubles their security, if provided a Foreigner should attempt to invade them. Moreover it enervates the feminine Native, if at any time he conspires against the Inhabitant, who can never be insensible of the natural antipathy the Native, and the Negro has one against another; which the rather confirms the Setlers' security.  
Moreover, the Heavens shine upon this famous Country the sovereign Ray of health; and has blest it with a serene Air, and a lofty Sky, that defends it from noxious Infection; nor is there any known Distemper incident to the inhabitant whereby to terrify, and affright him; who for the most part lives by the law of plenty, extended to the utmost limits of sanity: This blessing one would think was encouragement enough; when if barely to contemplate the consideration of health. But Heaven, that always attends our mortal felicity, directs to stars more propicious; pointing out to us the beaten path of the Patriarches, and led on by a glorious view of the Apostles, makes shine the blazing torch of the Gospel; whereby to promote the unity and harmony of piety in Religion, that Virtue may grow up into divine practice, and the purity of every pious profession blossom, and flourish to the utmost ends of the settlement in Carolina.  
Now for as much as the motives of health and riches are inducements strong enough to summons people from the ends of the earth; who so ridiculous to repute them vain and unprofitable Arguments to encourage the people of Europe, since from divers Inland Towns (and various Ports of England) several Natives, and Foreigners have directed their course by prosperous Stars to the florid, and flourishing Fields in Carolina.  
So in America (to my own observation) several Families have transported themselves from the ports of Barbados; but what from the rest of the Caribes, I know not: yet am credibly informed (and from very good hands) that divers are gone, and going from thence: as also from New-Providence, Bermudos, New-York, New-Jersey, New-England, Long-Island, De-la-ware, Maryland, and Virginia; but great numbers from Scotland, and several from the borders of Ireland: besides divers good Ships, with some eminent Families that are lately gone off from the Kingdom of England; of whom we have an account of their safe arrival in Carolina, blest with a prosperous Passage. But the hopeful progress of this flourishing Country invights some Northern Americans to emulate such sacred sanctuary as without sacrilege is tolerated to people of tender Conscience. Moreover, it's a salubrous Air to the sick, and diseased; and a generous retrivement to necessitous, and abject Families; as also the assurance of such as study to be rich. Engines strong enough one would think to induce mankind to hope the prosperity of this famous Settlement.  
But the settlement of Albemarle (otherwise called Roanoak) presents first to our view; and is the oldest, and remotest northern County in the fair Province of Carolina; situated about thirty five degrees, and odd minute's north latitude: from whose replenished Meadows (as also from the more southern inhabitants) as good Beef, and Pork is saved, and sent off to Barbados, and other the Caribe Islands; as art and industry can husband.  
Now Ashley County is yet more southward, and lies situated thirty two degrees, forty five minutes; where the Setlers and Inhabitants toil not in summer to accommodate themselves with winter's provision: because hitherto they have considered it useless, and altogether unnecessary for the Planter to employ his hands, and strength, where Nature so liberally stocks them with Herbage: & the winter, because so softened with a moderate Air, represents it much of the cast and temperament with our March in England; and that's as much as to consider it the relic only of a mild, and short winter; or rather the surprisal of an approaching spring, that breathes forth to iniciate the summer: which if barely to contemplate, reanimates the vital senses; and solidly to possess, refreshes both Native and Inhabitant. And here it is that their Ships are built, and dressed up by Bermudian hands, the most approved Mariners; and a general error if not the best navigating Ships in America.  
And now by way of Advice; the first thing requisite and necessary for the settler to embrace, is to fall Timber, and to clear the Ground (which is reasonably undertaken, as by an Advertisement in the last Paragraph) as some already have done, and planted Potatoes, the Cassaida Root, Yams, Eddies, Carrots, Cabbidges, Onions, Turnips, Parsnips, Shelots', (but they grow naturally there) cauliflowers, Artichokes, Musk-Melons, and Water-Melons; besides Wormwood, Nep, Scurvygrass, Rue, Meadsweet, Trefoil, Cinquefoil, Elecampane (Annis, Cububs, and Cardamome Seeds) Radishes, and Horse-Radishes; Mellelot, Angellica, Archangel, Rosemary, Thime, Lettuce, spinach, Sweetmarjarum, Summer & Wintersavory, Endive, Succory, Hopps, Water Cresses, Cena, & China Root, with other Drugs, & Saxafrage, Sassafras, and Sassaperrilla: besides divers other Vegetables without number: & Licoris beyond dispute must of necessity thrive admirably well there; for in many places its a moist bottom, and an open ground, because lying so near the Springs, and in a gravelly soil, little or nothing differing from Worshop in Nottinghamshire; where they dig up the best Licoris in England.  
Moreover, all sorts of English Grain, as Wheat, Rye, Barley, Peas, Beans, Oats, Lentils, Fitches, and Indian Corn, with other European and American Roots, and Plants; which Carolina beyond dispute with small industry will produce as large, and as good as the World has. For you are to consider, what by Art, and the Law of Necessity we compel to grow in a cold climate; nature of herself protrudes, and thrusts forth there; because of the sovereign warmth from this generous latitude. Nor is the heat at any time so predominant whereby to suffocate the air with intemperance, because destinated under the temperate Zone, which partakes neither of the Extremes of the one, or the other; and which also invights every thing to vegetate with admirable success.  
The next thing worthy our consideration, is their plentiful Eating; because having their accommodation very cheap within themselves; where Beef two years since was sold at twelve shillings a hundred, and Pork at the rate of sixteen: so that  (you may read) gins to be plentiful, and Hogs of a prodigious increase. There is a Gentleman, one Mr. Andrew Percival, the now present Agent to the Earl of Shaftsbury (I know the Gentleman very well) who by his own industry (Providence guiding) has raised and advanced from One Hundred Head of , to more than One Thousand, in less than seven years; and most of those  very fair, and large-headed Beasts, now grazing up and down in beautiful Savana's; little or nothing inferior to our English Meadows. Yet besides Mr. Percival, there are several other industrous Setlers, and Planters, that prosper very well; though not having by much so large, and so considerable a stock to begin with.  
Moreover, there are Barrows (which by reason of the superabundant plenty of Mast, and Roots in those parts) that some have weighed three, and four hundred weight apiece; and such had the Lady yeoman's, as I am credibly informed who had Four Hundred Hogs in a Herd, and Five Hundred Turkeys in a drove; besides Dunghill Fouls too numerous to relate without suspicion. And which Plantation of hers, consisting of one thousand five hundred Acres, was by the industry of one Mr. James Moor (an English Gentleman) cleared from Charge in some three years' time; and with the natural produce of the Country only: which amplifies the great fertility of the soil, that together with the increase of Beef, and Pork, which if well saved, and sent off to other Parts (as some has already been sent to Barbados) must of necessity bring in considerable Profit.  
So that now since the arrival of Captain Dunbar (dispatched from England with Passengers in the Richmond Frigate) the Vineroons and Inhabitants there busy themselves very much about planting of Vineyards, to make Wine; and dressing of Oliveyards, to get Oil. But some go upon Cotten, and other some propound to go upon Silk, because having the Mulberry Tree in every angle of the Province: and upon Tobacco, some already have made their attempts, with admirable success; for upon due examination, its little or nothing inferior to Virina. Hempseed, and Flax also has been sowed, and yields admirable produce; which greatly encourages the Manufacture for Linen, as also for Sail-cloth and Cordidge.  
Upon Honey some have strong inclinations, when because having such variety of Flowers (and Blossoms) that invights to accommodate the Laborous Bee; where, as by experience, they become so prolific, as frequently to swarm four times in a year; and such was the increase from one single Hive, brought over from Bermudos (though Half of them were lost at Sea) that within less than two full years, Captain Morris Matthews (an industrous Gentleman, who mannages Lieutenant Colonel James Colleton 's Plantation) had a produce of more than Ten Hives; besides a Presentation made to the Governor and others.  
Now some are thinking to entangle themselves with the consideration of Rape, and Linseed for Oil: but the Indian-Natives get a sweet Oil out of the Hickery Nutt, which is much of the nature of our English Walnutt; but not so racy, nor the Kernel so plump, and pleasant; and this Oil they sell for Beads and Trifles of little or no value: which Oil may be much more improved, and substituted in lieu of Oil Olives. So that staple Commodities of Carolina will be Wine, Oil, Silk, Hides, Wool, Tallow, Honey, Bees-wax, Tobacco, Hemp, Flax, Linen and Wolling Cloth; Pitch, Tar, Cordidge, and Masts for Shipping: besides an additional Manufacture is that of the Camlet Goat, intended thither by the Right Honourable the Earl of SHAFTSBURY, as a new Encouragement to animate the people to Industry.  
Here are very tall, large, and straight Timber-Trees (the World has not better) and such is the Ash; the White, the Red, and the Live Oak: but the Cyprus Tree grows to an amazing bigness; as also the Walnutt, and Hickery or American Walnutt, already expressed. Here also are stately and tall Cedars, both White, and Red, that cover the Earth. And the Pine, with the Asp, and Poplar, that grow to an incredible magnitude: besides several other Timber Trees, that I cannot at present remember. There is also the Birch, the Beech, the Willow, the Sallow, the Alder, the Elm, the Sicamore, the Mulberry, and the Fig Tree; but they grow every where: and the Maligatoon, & Peach is common, without Cultivation; yet no better Stone Fruit is observed in Europe, than what naturally grows wild in America. Vines also spread themselves to enamour the Trees in every Wood: and Strawberries strew themselves in every Field. But Violets, I had almost forgot them, because the Inhabitants depress them, by treading them under foot; yet they, with various other Flowers, perfume the Air. And Roses, they sprout up so plentifully in every Plantation, that the Planters themselves are thinking therewith to make Fences. And where all other Roots and Fruit Trees thrive to a Miracle; as the Orange Tree, Lemon Trees, and China Orange Trees, Quince Trees, Cherry Trees, Apple Trees, Pear Trees, and Prickle Pears, that bear twice a year. Then there's the Almond, lately sent over to plant; and Tamerinds, Eldern, Goosberries, Curran Trees, Rassberries, Pomecitrons, Pomegranates; and some say Plantins, and Bonano's. Certainly this Climate is destinated to solace the Native American, and with the Blessings of Heaven to refresh the solicitous European.  
But it may be some will expect a Collection or Breviary of those Indian Kings on the Main of America; meaning such Nations as are most Considerable (and border upon the English Settlements) which I shall readily impart unto them, as far as my Observation and Information directs to: but the Extent of the Province of Carolina, from Luck Island northward, to St. Matheo southward, is Seven or Eight Degrees: and in that space there are many small Nations remote from the Settlements, of which no account hitherto hath reached us. However, I'll first begin with Albemarle River, that lies in Roanoak, and is the extreme Northern Settlement in Carolina; upon which head of the River the Tuscarories dwell; and he's a Sagamore, or great Emperor of many Kings. But towards May River (and St Matheo) were the Westoe's, a potent and warlike people, whose Kings are called Paracousa's, and Warawanses: but the Native Indians inhabiting in & near to the present Settlements have only Cockawases, and are an effeminate people, and inconsiderable as to number. A Person of Honour that has traveled amongst them, musters them up but to seven, or eight Nations; and of several & different Languages; supine, and of a soft Nature; yet of good natural Parts, when to consider their savage Education, and the little advantages they have of Conversation: a broken uncultired, and unpolished People in Government; and such as formerly were chased from the Mountains, and compelled to seek sanctuary in solitary Places; nor does any Nation amongst them exceed Fifty Bowmen, as by the following Account.  
The Santeahs, which inhabit northward upon the rapid River Santee; they muster but thirty Bowmen. And the Itawans upon Cooper River, formerly known by the Name of Wando; they consist but of twenty Bowmen. Next to them are the Kiawahs, that dwell upon the skirts of Ashley River; they reckon themselves but forty Bowmen. More southward to them are the Stonoes', upon the River Stonoh, adjoining to Edisto; which muster but sixteen Bowmen. And those upon Edisto to southward, they seldom or never exceed ten Bowmen. But the Cusso's to the southward of them, and planted upon Ishepoo (now called Colleton River) are the greatest Nation hereabout: yet they report of themselves to be, but not to exceed fifty Bowmen. Then there's the Helena's, and they are a Nation yet more southerly, that border upon the Banks of the Navigable River, St Helena; under conduct of a Warrawansaw. And these Warriors by computation are but thirty Bowmen, and no more. (In all) Two Hundred and Fourteen Bowmen; and peradventure to live One Hundred Miles distant from North, to South; nor do they converse, nor well understand the Language of one another. Nor dwell they in Towns, but in straggling Plantations; often removing for the better conveniency of Hunting, for that's their general Exercise, and a great part of their Maintenance; and which also so propagates their Health, that some of them live to see their Third, and Fourth; nay their Fifth Generation.  
Yet it's improbable they should ever grow numerous, because the Women destoy their Bellies with the decoction of a certain Bituminous Root, that naturally and plentifully grows every where amongst them; which Root occasions Stirility. And this ancient Custom, because practised from Generation to Generation, is so riveted into the faith of their Females; that neither Art, nor Argument can prevail upon them to relinquish this Barbarity of destroying their Bellies, till arriving at the Age of twenty seven (or thereabouts) and then they fancy to themselves that their Children (at such years) will grow most active, vigorous, and valiant; when their best Advance is but preferment to Bowmen. So that to me this seems an odd Practice; but who shall reclaim it, except otherwise heaven itself reduce them. Yet I'm convinced this Relation is true from the certainty of a worthy and honourable Person, that assured me such are their Principles (and their Native Discipline) and because conveyed from the Loins of Posterity, it's received as an Oracle amongst them; by which you may guests they are somewhat Superstitious, without Idolatry: but that's remitted to the Reader to contemplate at leisure.  
The Winter here in this southern Latitude is moderate, and short, and never exceeds one fifth of the year; and much of the temperature with our March in England; but never burdened with those Distracting Blustering Easterly Winds, that beat back the Spring, and disappoint the Laborious Husbandman. For the Setlers in South Carolina, viz. upon Ashley, & Cooper Rivers. &c they keep forth their  all the year about, without occupying any hands to store up Winter's Provision, as those in New-England, and New-York do: but New-Jersey, and Pennsilvania must expose themselves to Expense, Trouble, and Labour under a Chargeable Toil to get in their Winter's Fodder; which if to neglect by timely industry, their Stock, and  must of necessity starve. By which you may collect from the sweet, and temperate Situations of Carolina, that her Inhabitants (as it's certainly true) usually feed upon good and wholesome Fat Beef, in the months of November, December, and January. &c Nor do they slaughter it from the Crib, or Stall; because when only to drive it from the flourishing Savana's, where the Ox, and the Cow are all the year grazing.  
This I should think (with other Advantages) were enough to compensate the modest Care, and Industry of the Setlers; besides the natural propensity of Love the Natives have, as if their Souls lived only in the bosom of the English by natural instinct, because when to prostrate both themselves and services to fish, and hunt their Game for a Trifle; to fall Timber, to plant Corn, and to gather in their Crop: as also to pilot, and convey them from one Settlement to another. So that in many respects, the simple poverty of these indigent Natives aught by the Law of Kind (and Humanity) to be sweetened, and encouraged; if because when to consider their moral Civility, and innate Simplicity; which I hope the English Inhabitants in this fortunate southern Latitude will consider, & mingle with so much Discretion, and Moderation of Piety, as not to contrive them Hypocrites; fatal to the Practice of New-England, because when designing to convert them to Christianity.  
Here in these parts you may expect to meet with abundance of Navigable Rivers; but of their Soundings I shall particularise more in my next: as also of their Rivulets, whose crystalline streams are clear, and transparent. But their embellished Meadows, sertil, and flourishing Savana's, are guarded with pleasant and solitary Woods: besides delicious Fields, and Pastures that direct to Admiration. Which to numerate, as also to frame a Catalogue of the various Families of Fish, and their store; whose prodigious increase here to insert, I cannot. However, some of them be Shad, Sturgeon, and Salmon; omitting Whale, which are numerous in these Seas; so is the Seel or Selk, the Bottlenose, and the Porpus; besides many other unctous Fish: but the Shark to Admiration, wants Courage here, as indeed all other Ravenous Creatures do; for if they see but the Face of an Infant, they immediately fly. Another Classis are Drum, Porgee, Bass, Boneto, Dolphin, Albechore, Sheepsheads, Oldwives, Catfish, Cavalle, Herein, and Mullets the largest in AMERICA. Trout also they have of two foot long, besides the Pike, the Eel, and the Perch; with several other fresh water Fish omitted (without consent) in this Catalogue. And their Shellfish are Crabs, better than those in England; but Lobsters they have none that I hear of. However, Cokles, and Mussles they have; and Banks, nay Mountains of Oysters (and some with Pearl) that seem to barocade the Cricks. Besides prodigious Prawns, and Shrimps in the brackish, & salt Waters, but Crawfish in the freshes; which are various Entertainments, both to the Native, and fortunate Planter. But their Amphibions are Turtle, Beaver, Otters, Manitee, Alegators, etc.  
And their Flesh's are Beefs, Veals, Porks, Stagg, and Fallo Deer, Raccoons, Apossoms, Muttons, Lamb, Kid, Hare, Rabitt, etc. But Ravenous Creatures are Wolves, Foxes, Bears, Panthers, Tigers: And their Venomous Creature is the Rattlesnake. Then there's Wild Fowl to Admiration; as Signets, Swants, & Wild Turkeys of incredible weight; besides teems of Geese, and of several sorts. There is Pheasant also, Cranes, and Heronshaws; the Woodcock, and Teal, with Snite, Jud, Poot, Morefowl, Curlue, and Covies of Partridges; besides Plover great store, green, and grey: There also are Turtle Doves, Feldivers, Sea Larks, Sande Levericks, Widgins, and Pigeons numberless; besides the Mockbird, with diversity and variety of Singing Birds, and other feathered Fowl, that I cannot account for. Moreover, they have plenty of Dunghill Fowl, as the Cock, and Hen; the Goose, the Turkey, the Muscovy and English Duck, & Drake. Where also the Savana's are crowded with Deer, and large and stately Herds of  patrole the Meadows, as Sheep the pleasant Pastures; and where every Field is replenished with Corn, as are the Gardens in Asia, and Europe enriched with choice Stone Fruits; but Almonds, Nectarines, Aprecot-Trees, Malagatoons, and the Musslin Plumb (the richest Stone Fruit in England) With divers other Trees, as the Bone Critton gone, and the Burgamy Pear; besides Pippin Trees, Pearmains, Golden Russitins, Harvey, Lady-finger, and Red-streak, with various other Fruit Trees, now sent over by the Honourable Sir Peter Colleton Bar. one of the Lords Proprietors. And several Fruit Trees, Flowers, and Roots, by divers other able Gentlemen, and Merchants, that have already laid a Foundation in this southern latitude of CAROLINA. Which I persuade myself will in a very few years, for Agriculture, and Tillidge, vye with the Glory of the whole World.  
Moreover, this beautiful Aurora, or the Rising Sun of America (known only by the Name of Carolina) is already courted by almost every Country: where note, it gins to depopulate some American Settlements, by reason of those Encouridgments propounded to all such as studiously solicit frequenting her florid Fields. For in the first place, there's no Imposition of an Oath. Then in the next place, there's Toleration, and Liberty for people of Tender Conscience; besides Fifty Acres (but it formerly was One Hundred Acres) of Free Land, pointed at by the Constitutions; but that Inconveniency is taken away, because it hindered Community, and Society; and made the Setlers swell with great Plantations, when Unity and Popularity are the Nerve that combines preservation. And Naturalisation also is confirmed to every Individual and single Person of any Kingdom, or Nation whatsoever (Male or Female) that transports him or herself from any part of Europe; whereby they stand in an equal Capacity with the King of England's Subjects, and enjoy the English Privileges in the aforesaid Province of Carolina; paying only the yearly acknowledgement of One Penny an Acre, as a Quitrent to the Lords Proprietors; commencing in the year One Thousand Six Hundred and Ninety; and not before.  
Now to such other necessitous persons, as stand in no capacity capable to discharge their own Passage; yet is there Fifty Acres allotted unto them, notwithstanding they come over as Servants; and their Provision and Accommodation the Disposition and Charge of another: which proportion of Fifty Acres is ratified unto them after the expiration of the time contracted, and covenanted for by Indenture, or otherwise. But in case there be no Indenture, nor any visible Contract; then in such case that Servant usually serves Four years, according to a Law of that Country, made practicable in all his Majesty's remote Governments, and Settlements in America.  
And this Encouredgement ensues; that during the Service of such Servant, be it Male, or Female; he or she shall also be accommodated as the rest of the free people are, with decent, and convenient Clothing; and with all other things requisite, and necessary. And further to strengthen the Obligation, when their Contract expires; the Master, or the Mistress to whom such Servant has served his time honestly (and Conscientiously) is by the Custom of the Country to have Twelve Bushels of Indian Corn, and a Firelock to enable him whereby to live, and defend himself, and the Country; as also to lay a Foundation for his future Maintenance: the like accommodation has every Woman-servant; save only the Fire Arms excepted.  
Moreover, in their time of servitude; here is no hard Imposition put upon them, when Satturdy in the Afternoon is allowed them for Recreation (for Decency) and Repair of Apparel. And the Negro Slaves also have a share of Liberty to keep themselves, their Houses, and their Plantations sweet, and clean; because the Lord's Day ought not to be profaned, nor is any Person whatever privilidged to violate the Sabbath. These are sovereign Rules, and wholesome Precedents, that direct towards a Religious Reformation; and if I mistake not, becomes the Duty of every Christian; whose good Example of Piety and Virtue, will put a Spurr to others more remiss; and encouridge all such as seek their own future Welfare, in propagating the present Wellbeing of the Settlement and Setlers in Carolina.  
But Europe nor the World has better Beefs, nor Sheep than what feed and graze in the Province of Carolina. Nor has any part on the Main of America greater variety of Fish, and Fowl (besides Fruits, Plants, Roots, and Drugs) so that nothing is wanting to complete it happy. But lest peradventure this Relation seem tedious to any, as its possible it may to some, more especially to praevaricating Judgements (envious in Opinion) that would even subvert if possible the Fundamentals themselves, and asperse the Country, by insinuating their Malice into the Mouths of Opposers; which would inevitably render the Colonies there but mean, and contemptible; and the truth of my Relation that also would they bring into suspicion, whereby the Reader might suspect the whole: for that end I thought requisite to remonstrate the particulars as above expressed, to avoid all subtle Tricks, and Evasions of such as might otherwise incense the plane; and ignorant Countryman, by telling him, That to relinquish his Native Climate, would expose him to more Misery abroad, than Poverty and Penury would have made him Comfortless at home.  
And now I proceed to tell you, that the most useful people adapted and fitted to carry on the Settlement, are Mechanics, and Artificers of all sorts; as Gunsmiths, Lock-smiths, Blacksmiths, Whitesmiths, Farriers, Saddlers, Sailors, Tanners, Felmongers', Glover's, Shoemakers, Tailors, Nailors, Joiner's, Cooper's, Carpenters, sawyer's (but no Lawyers) Brickmakers, Bricklayers, Potters, Hempdressers, Husbandmen; and all such as are skilful in , and Agriculture: besides Florests, Simplers, Druggist's, Distillers, Bever, Castor, and Feltmakers. Of another rank are Vineroons; Gardeners, Silkmakers, Throsters, Darymaids, Weavers, Spinsters, Knitters, Sempsters, good Housewives, etc. These are the People that may enrich themselves, and build up Estates in a short time, whereby to make their Lives, and Posterity happy; and by God's Permission, for aught I know; live long enough to enjoy them.  
For the Lords Proprietors (of whose Laws and Government I'll only touch upon) have thought it so much their own Interest, and Preservation to make the people of Carolina as easy as possible can be consistant with any Government; and have parted with so much of their Rites, and Powers (which his Majesty by his Patent Royal has conferred upon them) that should it so happen they could forget their own Interest; yet is it out of their Power (meaning the Proprietors) to do the meanest Settler any wrong. For the principal Power is lodged in an Assembly; and this Assembly is called the Grand Council, and Parliament; in which the Power of the Proprietor is so cautiously balanced by the Nobility, and Commons elected into the same (by themselves) that it would be more than difficult even in the executive part of the Government for the People thereby to receive any Detriment.  
Nor is there any Court of Justice in Carolina but what has its proper Judges by themselves elected, and sitting there to dispense them Justice; in which every state and condition of the people finds redress. So that other Nations may seem to envy such Blessings, as not only to be tried by their Peers, in point of Fact; but also in point of Law: though not entirely, yet in a sufficient number to engage the Court to a Tendemesses of the state, and condition so tried. And where as formerly by the Concessions, the major part of the Jury had the proper right of bringing in their Verdict; it's now agreed upon, that all Juries chosen shall be grounded upon the same Basis with our English Laws; and are the same virtually in point of Justice, save only the Juries in England are empanelled by the County Sheriff, his Deputy, or the Clerk of the Court: but those in Carolina are chosen by Lot out of the freeholders, which beyond dispute is the most equal, and impartial way that wise men could have thought of.  
All these, and other Rites (which are many more) guarded by the primitive unalterable Constitutions of the Country, to which every new Settler subscribes at his first arrival, if provided he approve thereof; and which by direction of one of the Fundamentals is publicly, and solemnly to be read at the opening of every Parliament; to fix them steadfastly in the Hearts, and Minds of all the Members, that they may do nothing in dimunition; nor contrive any Alteration of those Fundamentals, which before they approved of: to which purpose they are also numbered, that at least there may be none added, nor any embezzled.  
So that the Parliament consisting of the Proprietors; & Nobility; who are either Landgraves, or Casica's, made by collation of a certain number of privilidged Lands under Grant from the Lords Proprietors; having an Hereditary Right of Session in Parliament, as also the Representatives of the Commons elected have, that are sent to sit in Parliament. These therefore have it fully and amply in their own Breasts (or any one state thereof) to hinder and prevent any thing new, or unsafe, which shall be offered to be put upon them.  
And the Parliament thus qualified, and constituted out of the precedent Dignities, and Commons aforesaid; have Power to enervate bad Practices, and encouridge good Laws; to study and contemplate the Promotion and growth of the Manufacture of the Country; to reform Ill manners, to stifle Vice, and suppress the Barbarity of ill Customs: to prohibit practice of Pleading for Reward; that neither directly, nor indirectly any Council shall be retained by Fee, nor flattered by the hope of a Gratuity; lest peradventure Law Suits be made chargeable, and vexatious; or a false Gloss imposed upon the Text, whereby to pervert a good Cause by privious and foreign Interpretation; or insinuate a bad one, by preposterous and delatory Interrogations.  
These are some of the sovereign Privilidges of Carolina, whose Grandees to illustrate, I shall only superscribe the Lords Proprietors first; then the successive Dignities, those of the Landgraves; after them the Casica's, or Baronies; which with the praecedent Dignities are the Hereditary Nobility of Carolina, and are of the Council, and Parliaments; and are Delegates, Magistrates, and public Ministers of State.  
These are the peculiar Dignities that stand in the prospect of CAROLINA, whose Estates are all entailed upon Hiers Male; but for want of such, upon Hiers Female; and when to consider they are destitute of both; then in such case it's established upon Heirs general. But presupposing there be no general Higher, than such Estate devolves to the Lords Proprietors; and the reason is, because these Dignities from the greater to the lesser are in a Capacity to be made Proprietors themselves: for when a Lord Proprietor dies without Issue, or as it may happen without a general Higher; then in such case out of the inferior Dignities, a Lord Proprietor (by the Fundamental Constitutions) is always elected.  
But Fortune (some will object) made not all men of one pitch ' nor has she ranked every man in one station; nor prescribes she to every man a Co-equality in degree answerable to the praecedent Qualifications; what then, because we are not all Lords, must we therefore be denied the benefit of the Concessions. No surely, any man may better inform himself, if when to consult the KING'S Royal Grant to the Lords Proprietors; which explains to every Subject an inherent Propriety, and Birthright entailed upon him; to which the Fundamental Constitutions agree: and where it's well enough explained without Fraud, and Ambiguity; that the Electors, and Setlers in Carolina, are by virtue of his Majesty's Royal Grant made capable according to the Tenor, and Soccage of East-Greenwich in Kent; which enables them thereby to give, bequeath, alien, entitle, or dispose of all, or any part of Lands, Goods, Chattels, and Heriditaments; when, and where, and to whom they please.  
Another Branch of the Government is, that a general Liberty for people of tender Conscience be always tolerated without exception, or limitation. And the rather to strengthen the nerve of this Toleration, the Lords Proprietors have confirmed it in their Fundamentals: and where further Provision is also made, That no man Compel another to his Worship: nor gives it encouragement that any man double his own Faith whereby to digest the Formalities of a foreign Profession.  
Where note, all Civil and Religious Rites are granted without prohibition to all People, Nations, and Languages whatever professing Piety, Virtue, and the Christian Religion; to own One God (or Supreme Being) the Maker of Heaven, and Earth; and that Jesus Christ, the everliving Son of God, is the divine Saviour of Mankind, and the World. So that as the Fundamentals have cautiously provided for a Pious, & Christian Profession; they have also made provision that no Professor give another Interruption; so that they have balanced their Clemency as equally as they could, whereby to dispense to all alike.  
And where the Form (out of an implicit Faith) it zealously adorated, presupposing it Life; whereby the Venerator consolates himself by the Contemplation of so dark a Vision; yet so great is the Charity, and Law of the Concessions in such case, that the Peaceable Professor of this different Persuasion, may use it as an Argument to defend his Confession; so that when to satisfy himself with his own Approbation, it matters not though probably indispencible with another man's Opinion.  
And to these Privilidges of a pious Profession, the Concessions themselves are Arguments, and Inducements strong enough to encourage the modest, and sober Professor, whose Faith if it stand firm on the Basis of Scripture; or if framed by the Principles of moral Precepts; the good precedents of such as practise Self-denial; the Oracles and Inspiration of the holy men of God; as the Apostles, the Patriarches, and the Prophets, whose sublime Speculation surmounted the glittering Orbs, to the beautiful seraphic society of Angels, where the Divinest dwells; who also dwells in the Hearts of Believers, to dismember and break down the Monarchy of Sin: which glorious Victory gives us Triumph over Death, and leads Captivity captive. These are sacred Privilidges, and the Warfare of the Saints; and aught to be the Contest of every pious Professor, who has freedom to profess as granted by the Concessions; but withal, that he interrupt not another at the time of Devotion, as he himself would not be interrupted; which if any does, he lies liable to Reproof, and the Penalties already laid down in the Concessions.  
And this I admonish by way of Advice; that whosoever premeditates transportation to Carolina: that he or she if in the City (or the Suburbs) address him or herself to the Carolina Coffe-house, in Birchin-lane, London; there they may be entertained, or advised by some worthy and intelligeable Gentlemen, that will point out to them the illustrious Path to this salubrious Settlement: where the Rivers, and Rivulets, together with pleasant Pastures, and shady Savana's, most generously refresh the Setlers. And besides the comfortable issues of Health, they may also expect from thence Prolongation of Life (as by observation upon the Native) because when to consider the florid temperament of this southern latitude, destinated to sanity, by reason of an equality of Heart, and Cold so contempered together; that neither predominates.  
And what if it be objected I have published a Description of a Country whereof hitherto I have only inspected by Relation, without ocular Proof. Yet so great is my Credit, and Reputation for those worthy Gentlemen that ushred it to me, as my faith confirms me that Jerusalem's in Palestine. Where note, I recommend this Relation as the lively Emblem (and Character) as well as I can draw it of the now inhabited, and flourishing Carolina, the most hopeful Settlment the King of England has in America: which short Prospect may somewhat lessen the Glory of so famous a Country, that may write itself inferior to none on the Continent; if when to consider her minority, and the small contingent Charge wherewith to lay a Foundation.   

Advice to Carolina.  
Gentlemen;  
THE fundamental Being, and Wellbeing of all good and wholesome Government, depends merely upon the Providence of God; to which when subjoined the Piety of the Magistrate, it admits of a double Duty; to God first, then to the Magistrate, under whose Government we propound, and expect peaceably to live, and enjoy the Blessing of Liberty; which Liberty consists in the propriety of what God in his Wisdom intails upon Posterity, and entitles the inherent Birthright of every man born into the World; which hereafter I shall endeavour to explain, and the rather because none amongst you shall pretend to that implicit Plea of Ignorance.  
Give me leave therefore to advice you to consider the Footsteps of Age, that invades our prestine flourishing Youth, whereby we cannot with vigour (and agility of Body) perform that in act, and power; which in Youth we accomplished almost as soon as projected. But those Defects are supplied by sober, and moderate advice of Council; and the Scriptures tell us, that in the multitude of Counsel there is safety; yet not that I think myself worthy to advice you, though peradventure the Characters of Age have superscribed a legible date; and time if I mistake not has superannuated this mortal Fabric, whereby what I intended to have told you by word of Mouth, constrains me now to commit that to paper; lest retention of the one part, deprive you the opportunity of the other.  
Inasmuch therefore as every single Subject is, or aught to be a Ruler, or Governor over his own Domestics; more properly such is he that stands in a public Capacity; and such is the Magistrate, who by the Law of Religion, and Justice is bound in principles of Honour, and Conscience to sacrifice his Estate, and if need require his Life too, for the good of his Country: for that end, we ought to consider those proper and adequate mediums that entitle us to these supereminent Privilidges, which as English men we claim: and then to ruminate and contemplate such pious Means, and Endeavours by the Law of Virtue, and Christianity, as are most requisite, whereby to accomplish them. On the other hand, omitting to challenge them, they by little and little will dwindle away, so in process of time seem less; and at last become totally obliterated, that the future Generations will not know them to be.  
No man therefore in my Opinion is born only to gratify himself, but is made in one capacity or other instrumental to serve the Country wherein he inhabits. The Piety whereof if seriously to consider, as a gnomen directs the Patient to its proper Agent. And since Ends, and Beginnings have a like fate, and period. The appropriated ends therefore and the beginnings of our Blessings spring properly and spontaneously from pious indications; which assigns it a Duty to our divine Creator. Then to express our Loyalty without Hypocrisy to our Sovereign Lord the KING, as also our Fidelity to the Lords Proprietors; when because to entail upon us (and Posterity) the flourishing Fruits of an Inheritance in Carolina; which we may as naturally and properly expect, as the ends of the Creation predestinates Life the glorious Prospect, and survey of the Creature.  
And Gentlemen, since so great and sacred are the Ends of Government, & the Privileges of Parliaments as sacred, wherein every Member, and Delegate thereof is permitted to speak, and freely to speak without hesitancy what he in himself shall hononrably think in reference to the good, and well far of his Country whereof he himself is a Member. I exhort you therefore as English men to challenge to yourselves this Native Privilidge, and the rather because when to consider your loyal Qualifications to such inherent Rites, which all English men in Carolina naturally have, and are freely born there to; or if otherwise, they arrive from foreign Ports, and not those of Great Britain, yet they equally stand in the prospect of this Blessing, though modestly to think themselves in the remotest capacity.  
And this royal Privilidge naturally springs from a Prerogative Grant of our gracious Prince, as in the Patent; and not only to the English-born in England, but such others also as fall in with the Concessions of Carolina. For you are to consider that in his Majesty's Charter or Royal Grant to the Lords Proprietors, the King there makes no distinction betwixt those his native Subjects born in England; and those others implanted and born in America. And as there can be no inter Regnum in Kingship, so the Lords Proprietors have provided in the Fundamentals, and upon serious consideration the Council and Parliament have resolved, That no man be disinherited his Birthright, except his Offence exceed the limit of a Pardon. And because this Privilidge shines from the Prince himself, the more it confirms and strengthens the Obligation; except to disloyal, and superlative ingrates and others, whose perfidy detects their fidelity, and would nourish themselves with Infamy; were not such deprived the natural encouridgment of the Country.  
Now peradventure some such Antichristian Runagadoes of Religion and Loyalty, tacitly reside concealed amongst you; meaning Pretenders to Sanctity who shelter, and hid themselves under the Government, till opportunity presents to display their more infamous Lives. Such Loyalty hangs merely on the Slit of a Pen, and the best of their Religion stands on the Tip of their Tongues. These men therefore when discovered, it's not amiss I think that all such Heretics of the Weal Public be expunged all virtuous Society. So that if when discountenanced by the Magistrate, and the well-meaning Planter; their Hypocrisy will make but a slender progress, and get as small growth in the Colonies of Carolina, as the boasting Roman thought to gain Honour from the Senators of Rome, when to magnify his own illustrious Extraction; and decry Cicero's, because to spring from the shrubs of a Cottage. Now its true, every thing must have a beginning; and Carolina though but now in the blossom, yet she may live to bring forth more Cicero's, than boasting Thrasoes; and in time grow up to such complete maturity, that her Prosperity will be emulated by those on the Continent.  
Where note Gentlemen, you are to consider, that as the King's Royal Grant gave Birth to Carolina; so it gives Power to the Lords Proprietors to make what suitable provision they themselves think fit whereby to conduct, & improve the Province. Which rightly to interpret; the Lords Proprietors have already given demonstration of the●● good endeavours in settling the Colonies there; which appropriates a double obligation, if the people wise enough to improve it; and I hope they will, otherwise they forfeit their Gratitude to their Prince; and their Reputation if any to the generous intention of the Lords Proprietors.  
And Gentlemen, as the Lords Proprietors have unanimously corresponded to settle this Province of Carolina; so by the Constitutions they do promise the Planters to establish such good, and wholesome Laws amongst them; whereby the Government, as the People, may be blest. Which if answered by the Careful Industry of the Planter; the issue may alike prove profitable: and the rather if they propose to proceed upon Wines, Oils, Smyrna Cotten, Rice, and Indego; as already begun upon. And as Silk, Almonds, Dates, Currants, Rasins, Sena, Jessemy, and Rhubarb are intended. But the Province naturally produces the China Root, Sassafras, Sassaperilla, Snakeweed, and that famous Vegetable called Calubria (in whose seedy Pod the Coochenial Fly germinates) is already transported, and thrives beyond Report. Besides which, there are many and various other profitable Plants, Drugs, and Roots designed the ensuing progress of some of the principal Projectors; which in due time may fall in with the reason of the people in general, to make them more Rich, and Happy; than otherwise their present Prospect directs to: which to inspect, its necessary they consult the natural propensity of the Soil, whereby to enable the Planter, if solicitous after the Profits.  
But Gentlemen, whereas one material circumstance was omitted in the Present State of Carolina; I thought requisite and necessary to insert it in the Advice; and that is, whereas the present Lords Proprietors of Corolina out of a singular tenderness to encourage the people coming on, as also the Planter already settled there, have ratified, and confirmed fifty Acres of Land to be estated for ever upon every individual Settler, or Setlers; he or they paying only one penny an Acre as a Quit Rend to the Lords Proprietors after two years' time, So out of a serious and judicial consideration, and respect to the Settler, and others intending to settle there; the said Lords Proprietors have agreed among themselves, that whosoever sets dowm as a settler in Carolina may contract with them here to become purchasers, at the rate of five Pounds Sterling for one hundred Acres; and so to take up as much as they please, and stand acquitted forever of any Quit Rend, by the bare acknowledgement only of a Pepper Corn (or one Grain of Indian Corn) once a year, if when thereto required.  
So that Gentlemen, if you stand obleiged in more than a single capacity, in a double acknowledgement you ought to answer it; and the Expedient will hardly prove grievous; for if when to consider that the Lords Proprietors acquire only the reading the Fundamental Constitutions at the general Session, or opening of every Parliament; the reason you are to consider is, That the Laws being read, and made public; the Interpretation thereof will appear the more easy. And often to imprint them in the minds of the people, their frequent and constant use will insinuate into the Ignorant. Otherwise, how can he be said to sin, that never transgressed: nor can that People be manifest Transgressor's, where there's no known Law to offend.  
The Fundamental Constitutions therefore being to be read at the opening of every Parliament, it's my Advice Gentlemen that you observe this Decorum, That his Majesty's Royal Grant be also praecedently read before the Constitutions; and the rather, because to furnish every Magistrate, and other inferior Officer with Arguments to enervate the Prejudicated (if any) and such Emulators of Ve●oue as study to arrest, and would if possible subvert the Fundamentals themselves. Moreover, it will strengthen the Nerve of Unity, and Friendship of such as labour to promote the Prosperity of Carolina; and suppress the Endeavours of malicious Agents, that would stifle if possible the Welfair of the Settlement. So that as the tenor of this Formality nothing in itself degenerates from Loyalty; the Clemency, and Benignity of your Prince were a Sin to suspect: consequently an Evil unpardonable to dow the Honourable Intention of the Lords Proprietors.  
The residue Gentlemen are only some indigested Particulars that point to the Growth, Conveniency, and Manufacture of the Country; the Regularity of Living, and Reformation of Life: the Medium for Manners, and the good and happy issues of Prosperity to the Settlement, and its long Duration. The Incorporating of Towns, and enabling them with such sovereign and whosome Laws, and Privilidges as may neither hurt the Planter, nor terrify the Country man; nor raise ambitious hopes in Artisan or Cirizen to swell Corporations with unbounded Charters, that may bring an inconeniency upon the bordering Colonies.  
The introducing of Studds (from a good strain of Horses) are of absolute Necessity; where note, every man of Abibility ought to endeavour it. And such also as cultivate, and labour the Ground for increase of English Grain, deserve a signal Encouragement. The building of Ships, and other Vessels for Transportation: and erecting Bridges for Horses, Carts, and Carridges; are also worthy your serious consideration. So to lay out large, and regular High Ways, and to raise formidable, and durable Fortifications; with many other requisite Circumstances, and Conveniences merit a respect. But these will fall in course; and are more properly transmitted to the mature Gravity, and deliberate Consideration both of Council, and Parliament; so draw on to a Conclusion.  
But I hope Gentlemen, you'll excuse my Brevity (and my Errors too, when you meet them) its true, I present you but with a short prospect of so glorious a Country, that beyond dispute is inferior to none on the Continent. And truly such were my Cautions, as cautiously kept me close to the truth of discovery; which has been handed to me by several good, and worthy Gentlemen; but principally from a Person of Honour, and Quality (a Settler amongst them) whose generous nature, and freedom to discourse the Country (and furnish me with all or most of his Discoveries) deserves a Recompense beyond my Acknowledgements: which with Gratitude I would readily publish to the World, but his Commands obleidge me tacitly to conceal him.  
Now Gentlemen, I shall leave you but one Caution more, (the rest I'll huddle in silence) and that is, to be cautious of yourselves, whereby to think no dishonourable Thought; for I reckon it a Maxim in Philosophy, and I'm sure it's within the Rules of Christianity: That every man study the Principles of Honesty. For to be dishonest within ourselves, is to doubt the Faith of others; so at last our Scruples redounding too oft upon us, honesty itself will be brought into suspicion; and the Prudence and Justice of men in Government, but Toys, and Trifles of the times to play with. This contagion let every man labour to suppress, because its a Child of Ingratitude; and Ingratitude's a Sin of that nature, that Heaven can hardly pardon. Wherefore Carolina beware of Ingratitude, and think no thought dishonourable; nor doubt the Faith of those that streneously labour to do you good. Reverence your Creator with a holy Fear; and with a natural Love be charitable to your Country: with an awful respect give your Services to the Proprietors; and with a Loyal Duty your Obedience to your Sovereign, whom 〈…〉 preserve to enlarge his Empire, and strengthen the hands of the present Undertakers.  
FINIS.   

Advertisement.  
THere is one Mr. Nathan Sumers' Engineer for Carolina, that hath undertaken [by a new Engine of his own] with the Lords Proprietors, and others, to unburden, and clear the Ground to fit it for Cultivation at 12 d. a Tree, if not exceeding 6. foot diameter; and for 6 d. a Tree from one foot to more than 5 inches diameter. And that the said Proprieters have contracted with the said Summers, to secure to him and his Hiers the sole use, and benefit of the said Invention for 14 years, as certified.   

Omissions and Erratas.  
Pag. 7 line 3 for salubrous read salubrious. p 13 l 10 f Cockawases r Cockarouses. l. 17 f uncultired r uncultivated. p 22 l 7 r Powers as to decline their Negative Voice. l 26. Concessiors, but those Concessions were falsely printed.