SCOTLAND'S HERALDRY.  
By Sr. GEORGE MACKENZIE of Rosehaugh Knight.    

THE SCIENCE OF HERALDRY, Treated as a part of the CIVIL LAW, AND LAW of NATIONS: WHEREIN Reasons are given for its Principles, and Etymologies for its harder Terms.  VIRGIL. 
— Antiquam exquirite Matrem.  
EDINBURGH, Printed by the Heir of Andrew Anderson, Printer to His most Sacred Majesty, Anno DOMINI, M. DC. LXXX.   

To my Countrymen.  
HEaring, when I was beyond Seas, Heraldry looked upon as the Science of Gentlemen, and finding it taught as such in the Academies, I resolved to know somewhat of it, upon design, rather to serve my Country, then to satisfy my Curiosity: For it was justly admired, that We only of all Nations had never published any thing, to let the World know what marks of Honour our Predecessors had gained. And having had great Intimacy with a most learned Advocate at Bourge in France, who was admired over all Europe for his skill in this Art, it was easy for me to find that there was one Book yet wanting upon this Subject; for some had treated this Science as mere Law, without understanding the practice of Blazoning, as Bartolus, Chassaneus, &c▪ whilst others handled it as a part of the Civil Law, as Guilim, Menestrier, Colombier, and others, without being bred to the Law, which requires a whole Man, and his whole Age. To reconcile which two, I was induced to write some Observations, whilst I was young, to join the Theory with the Practice, and to examine and polish the Principles and Terms of that excellent Art: And if these serve to Please or Instruct you my Countrymen, I have satisfied my Ambition, and got my Reward. Having also designed to learn from our old Rights and Evidents, the Origin and Progress of our Styles, and by what steps they arrived at their present Perfection, (in which Work I have made considerable Progress) I did from the original Papers I saw, and from the old Chartularies of our Abbacies, draw an account of our Families; But because I want time to fit them for the Press, I resolve to leave the Manuscript, as a new Testimony of my kindess, to my native Country.   

The Heads of the Chapters.  

CHAP. I. THE Origin and Use of Arms, where of Seals.  
CHAP. II. Who can give or bear Arms.  
CHAP. III. Of the Shield.  
CHAP. IU. Of Colours and Metals.  
CHAP. V. Of Furs.  
CHAP. VI Of the principal points of the Shield.  
CHAP. VII. Of Lines used in Heraldry.  
CHAP. VIII. Of the partitions of the Shield.  
CHAP. IX. Of the honourable Ordinaries in general.  
CHAP. X. Of the Chef.  
CHAP. XI. Of the Pale.  
CHAP. XII. Of the Bend.  
CHAP. XIII. Of the Face, or Fess.  
CHAP. XIV. Of the Cheveron.  
CHAP. XV. Of the Bordur and Orle.  
CHAP. XVI. Of the Cross.  
CHAP. XVII. Of the Saltyr.  
CHAP. XVIII. Of such Figures, square and round, as are only used in Heraldry.  
CHAP. XIX. Of living Creatures, Trees, Flowers, etc. and the general Laws of Heraldry, relating to them. Where, 1. of Planets, etc. 2. of the parts of a Man; 3. of fourfooted Beasts; 4. of Beasts, and their several parts; 5. of Fowls; 6. of Fishes; 7. of Trees, and Plants, etc. 8. of Castles, and Instruments of War; 9 of Utensils, Crowns, and others, used in Armoury.  
CHAP. XX. Why Arms are changed.  
CHAP. XXI. Marks of Cadency, and Differences.  
CHAP. XXII. Of Bastards.  
CHAP. XXIII. Of Abatements.  
CHAP. XXIV. Of Marshalling.  
CHAP. XXV. Of Achievements in general.  
CHAP. XXVI. Of the Helmet.  
CHAP. XXVII. Of Mantlings.  
CHAP. XXVIII. Of Wreaths.  
CHAP. XXIX. Of Crests.  
CHAP. XXX. Of Crowns.  
CHAP. XXXI. Of Supporters, where likewise of Compartments.  
CHAP. XXXII. Of Mottoes, or Devises.  
CHAP. XXXIII. Of Slughorns, or the Cry of War.  
CHAP. XXXIV. Of Devises.  
The Blazon of the Achievement of the King of Scotland, and the reasons of that Bearing.  
The Blazon of the Achievement of His Majesty of Great-Britain.    

ERRATA.  
Though the Sheets were carefully revised, yet some Escapes have been committed: The most material mistakes are to be corrected as followeth; the rest are obvious to the considerate Reader.  
PAge 3. l. 20. for and Fife, r. in Fife. p. 5. l. 22. r. in pale for. p. 6. l. 2. r. for their Arms. p. 14. l. 16. dilatione, r. delatione. p. 15. add Chap. 3. p. 16. l. 3. j'escu, r. l'escu. p. 19 l. 1. r. Topaz. l. 8. for Taoyth, r. jacynth. l. 9 r. metellorum. l. 14. Cartwright, r. Carter. l. ult. for pointeo, r. pointed. p. 23. l. 22. r. caeruleis. p. 24. Ch. 6. l. 25. for E, r. F. p. 28. fig. 4. l. 2. r. counterchanged. p. 30. Ch. 9 l. 23. deal or. p. 40. l. 37. r. diminutive. p. 43. l. 6. the r. an. p. 45. fig. 12. marg. r. straloch. ibid. deal aliter. p, 47. l. 1, 2, & 3. for Argent, r. Or. Ch. 18. l. 17. for obsturcir, r. obscurcir. l. 18. for ce, r. je. p. 48. l. 8. r. besantée, l. 9 for bestanted, r. besanted. p. 54. marg. for lochcow, r. lochnaw▪ fig. 11. l. 4. parting, r. piercing. p. 57 fig. 6. l. 4. for hearts, r. an hearts. p. 61. fig. 4. l. 2. for with, r. within. p. 66. fig. 11. l. 3. for oars, r. raes. p. 68 fig. 6. l. 5. Bears, r. Boars. p. 70. l. 7. heir, r. heirs. l. 37. Tailye, r. entail. p. 71. l. pen. it's, r. ills. p. 72. l. 1. their, r. these. p. 73. l. 48. r. convenire. p. 74. l. 32. Kings, r. King. p. 75. l. 10. r. arms of. p. 77. l. 33. r. nam. p. 79. l. 30. caur, r. caeur. l. pen. for of two sex, r. two of sex. p. 81. l. 3. cressets, r. crosslets. p. 84. fig. 8. l. r. oars, r. raes, p. 88 l. 22. for shields, r. helmets. p. 90. l. 36. west, r. waist. p. 92. l. 21. r. Dolphins. l. 40. farm, r. favin. p. 94. l. 11. for Baronet, r. Banneret. p. 98. l. 15. r. cry it out. p. 100 l. 16. r. verberantem, and r. significantem. l. 41. r. thus, The Standard bearing the St. Andrew 's cross, etc.  
Nota, These three Ordinaries Chef, Band, Face, are (in compliance with the received Customs) indifferently written and termed throughout this Treatise Chef, Chief, or Chief; Face, Fasce, or Fez; Band, or Bend.  
Nota, The Arms of Straiton of Lowriston, and also the Arms of Stirling of Keir, are blasoned in several parts of this Book by divers ways, and that conform to the old Records of Arms, where they are to be seen in all these differing forms.  

Errors in the Plates.  
In the Royal Achievement of Scotland, the Lion in the Banner ought to look to the Staff. In the Plate of the Partitions, third Coat, the parting of the Chef, is contrary. In the Plate of the quartered Achievements, the first and last Coat of the Earl of Kelly, should be Gules. The Field of the Coat of Bruce, in the same plate, should be Or.    

THE SCIENCE OF HERALDRY. BOOK 1.  
CHAP. 1. The Origin and Use of ARMS.  
HERALDRY is that Science, which teacheth us to give or know Arms; suitable to the Worth or Intention of the Bearer.  
Arms may be defined to be Marks of Hereditary honour, given or authorized by some Supreme Power, to gratify the Bearer, or distinguish Families.  
The first name given to such Bearings, was, Imagines, scutis qualibus apud Troiam pugnatum est, continebantur imagines, Plin. lib. 35. c. 3. The Grecians called them, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Conan. l. 9 come. jur. civil. c. 2. n. 3. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, as Cujac. observes, ad l. 13. f. ad l. Cor. de falls. The Civilians call them, Insignia; l. 2. in princip. f. de his qui not. infam. l. eos. sect 2. f. defalsis. But Bart. is taxed for, insigniis & insigniorum; whereas the true Latin is, insignibus & insignium, used in the former texts. Some call them, Insignia Armorum, the Latin of which is also doubted by Tiraquel. cap. num. 19 Others call them, Tesserae Gentilitiae; and in the civil Law they are called, Tituli, arg. Rub. & l. un. C. de his qui potent. nom. & ibi Bart.  
The Germans call them Wappen, or Clenodia: The Italians, Carmas: The French, Armoiries: The Scots and English, Arms; from the Latin, Arma, which was used in this sense even amongst the Romans, Virgil, Et genti nomen dedit, armáque fixit Troiae.  
These Arms are distinguished from Hieroglyphics, Symbols, Emblems and Devices, in that, these require no fixed colours, as Arms do.  
The Emblem represents some moral lesson, but Arms are the testimony of some noble action: Arms are Hereditary, but these are assumed, and altered at pleasure.  
Some think, that the giving of Arms arose from the example of jacob blessing his children; in which he gave them Marks of distinction; as judah, a Lion, etc. And certain it is, that the Tribes did bear these upon their Ensigns. Others ascribe their invention to the Germans, and some to the Romans. Some think, the Goths and Vandals gave the first Arms, to excite their Soldiers to noble actions, upon their invading Italy. Others ascribe the exactness of this Invention to Charles the Great; Aldrovan. l. 1. Others to Henry I. in Anno 986. Hop. cap. 3. But by comparing all these opinions, it is clear, that the wearing their Marks of distinction, is a jure Gentium, and a part of the Law of Nations: For even the barbarous Nations, such as the Cimbri, Teutones, etc. were observed by Plutarch in vita Marii, gessisse in armis pictas ferarum imagines: And hoping asserts, That he hath seen a shield from China, charged with a Panther in a field, Orr: yet certainly, the digesting these Customs into an Art, and the subjecting them to Rules, must be ascribed to Charlemaign and Fredrick Barbarossa; for they did begin and grow with the Feudal Law, Paul, jov. & Mart. Crus. lib. 2. part. 2. cap ult. And I cannot here forget, that some learned men have ascribed the first wearing of coloured Shields, to the Scots and Picts: And that the wearing of Clothes of divers colours, rose from their conforming their clothes to the variety of their shields, Limneus lib. 5. the jur. pub. cap. 6. num. 6. Speidel in not. jurid. histor. verb. Wappen.  
The reasons of inventing this Art, and giving such Marks of distinction, and the advantages arising from the knowledge of Heraldry and Arms, are,  
1. The great design that men had to perpetuate their own great Actions.  
2. The desire that Governors had, to encourage others to do great things by rewarding with a cheap kind of Immortality what their deserving Subjects did. Thus Marshals predecessors got three Pales gules, on a chief, Orr, by the Kings dipping his finger in Camus the Danes blood, and drawing three Pales gules upon his shield, after that Camus was defeat in a battle, in which the first Keith fought most generously, Anno 1006.  
3. The advantage of distinguishing Friends from Enemies, who could not be better known, then by their several Bearings, and thus Vegel lib. 2. de re milit. tells us, That the Roman Legions were thus distinguished, Virgil. lib. 2.  Mutemus clypeos, Danaumque insignia nobis Aptemus. 
4. To show a respect to Religion. Thus the Christians bore the Cross, at their expeditions into the Holy-land, which were therefore called, Croissads: And the Pringles and others, bear Escalops, to show their devote Pilgrimages: Of which these shells were the Badges, and for which Pilgrimage, the Pringles were first called Pilgrims, and thereafter by corruption Pringle. For the same reason doth the Dowglass carry a Heart, in remembrance of the Pilgrimage to the Holy-land, with King Robert the Bruce's heart; which was to be, and is buried there, at the special command of that pious Prince, about the year, 1328.  
5. To show from what Country the Bearers came: Thus the Maxwels and Ramsays bear the Eagle, to show their descent from Germany. The Ruthvens the Arms of Portugal; from which King they are said to be descended: And the name of Marjoribanks bear the Cushion, to show that they were johnstouns originally.  
6. To show their Alliances. Thus we quarter Arms; and by this means, the memory of great Families, and even of Clans and Surnames, are only preserved. Thus Scotland, by bearing a double Tressour flori, and Country flori, is remembered of their League betwixt France and them in the Reigns of Achaius and Charlemaign. Thus there is no Monument of the Randolphs, but by quartering their Cushions with the Arms of the Dumbars; nor of the Pepdies, but by the Pepingoes, born by the Earl of Hume: Nor of the Giffords, but by the three Bars Ermine, born by the Earl of Tweddail, as their Arms: Nor would have any known that there had been a Lord Brechin of the name of Wishart, if the Marquis of Dowglass had not quartered his Arms, as having married the Heretrix.  
7. To remember Princes of their obligations to some Families. Thus King Robert the Bruce gave the house of Winton a falling Crown supported by a Sword; to show, that the seaton's had supported the Crown when it was in a distressed condition: which Seaton of Barns yet bears, because he got the Land which was disponed, with the Arms: And to Veitch, a Bullocks head, to remember posterity, that the Bearer had assisted that King with Aliment, in bringing some Bullocks in His great distress.  
8. To instruct descent by blood; and therefore Arms are called Tesserae Gentilitiae. Thus the Weems and Fyfe, are known to be Cadets of Macduff, and the Colquhouns and Mcfarlans Cadets of the Family of Lennox, by their Arms; and these are surer Marks of Consanguinity than the Surname, as may be known by many instances; and among others the Shaws in the North, are known to be Mcintoshes by their Arms.  
9 To show, that the Bearers possessed once great Employments. Thus the Earl of Southesks Predecessors did bear a Cup in an Escotcheon, upon the Eagles breast, to show, that his Predecessors were Cupbearers, Regi olim à Pateris, ut praelibaret & auro, Ista notis certis perhibent insignia gentis.  
And Wood of Largo two Ships, to show, that his Predecessors were Admirals. Thus Burnet carries a Hunting-horn in his shield, and a High-lander in a hunting garb, and Grew-hounds for his supporters; to show, that he was His Majesty's Forester in that northern Forest, as Forester of that ilk is in the South: for which he also carries three Hunting horns. The Earl of holderness, Ramsay, carried a sword Palewayes, to show, that he and his Successors had right to carry the Sword of State, the day of Gowries Conspiracy, as a reward for killing Gowrie.  
10. These show ofttimes to the Bearers, to whom they have been obliged. Thus the Dundasses' bear for their Supporters, the Lion, which was the Arms of the Earls of March, to show, their Support they got from that Nobleman; and they show the intimacy and friendship of the Giver. Thus King Robert the Bruce having carried as a private Badge three Laurel leaves, with this word, Sub Sole, sub Vmbra virens: He gave to Irvin, Drum's Predecessor, who had been constantly His Armour-bearer, the three holen leaves, which is a kind of Laurel.  
11. These show the Bearers Antiquity, and thus Macdowal (for though Macdougal may be Macdonald, yet Macdowal is not) is known to be amongst the ancientest Surnames of Scotland, because he bears a Lion collard, with a broken Crown about his neck, in remembrance of Dovallus, his Predecessors (as is alleged) killing Nothatus, who was a Tyrant, and who lived many years before Christ: which (if true) are the ancientest Arms I ever saw, belonging to any private Family in Europe.  
12. These let us know, if the Bearers be Noblemen or Gentlemen, and what their Dignity is; as will appear by several Casques and Crowns.  
13. The Shield, and ofttimes the Signet, made the Bearers, who were killed in the crowd, to be known, that they might be honourably buried.  
14. They being appended, inform us of the true Surnames of the Granters, which are become illegible; and thus by the Seals I have found some Charters to be granted by Menzies of Weems, when we could hardly read the Name: and I have been in Processes, wherein Charters were alleged to be false and forged, because the Granters true Arms and Seal were not appended.  
15. By these Arms, we are instructed of the right Originations, and writings of Surnames: And thus we know the name of Tarbet to be wrong writ; and that it should be writ, Turbett, seeing they have three Turbetts, fretted proper, for their Arms. And thus we find that Buchannan erred, calling the Winrams, Viniramus; which gave occasion to some of that name lately, to take a Vine branch for their Arms; for the old Arms is a Ram passant, and were given the first of that name, for being incomparable at a Game wherein men were to wind and turn a strong Ram from the sheep with one hand: whereupon he was also called Winramme. Thus the Trumbles are Turnbulls to their names; and Boëtius says, That they were so called, because the first of that name, did turn and divert a mad Bull from kill King Robert the Bruce. Of which Antiquities and Games there is no Record but Heraldry.  
16. These Arms show who have been Founders of Towns, Castles or Churches. Thus the Church of Durham is known to be built by the Kings of Scotland, and the Town of Erfort is known to be built by the French King, because it bears their Arms, Dresser pag. 227.  
17. These infer a presumptive right of Superiority, Quando Arma in Portis vel Curiis pinguntur, Bart. tract. de insig. And thus when the Milliners did engage to be Vassals to the Emperor Fredrick the first, they undertook to carry the Arms of the Empire upon the Steeple of their chief Church, Limn. dejure publs. cap. 6. num. 126. And when Orknay and Zetland were fully resigned to the Kings of Scotland, it was agreed, that the Arms of Scotland should be affixed in their public Courts: And thus the Dukes of Venice are known not to have an absolute Jurisdiction, because they are not allowed to represent the Arms of their Family upon the Coin of the public, Alberi. ad l. Si qui C. de oper. publs. And one of their Dukes was severely censured by the State, for having contraveened this rule in Heraldry, Tessaur. decis. 270. Arms do presume Propriety in moveables especially, to which men have only right by Possession, and not by Writ, hoping, cap. 13. And this is an ordinary Presumption in all Judicatures, Nam sicut ex signis signatum, ita ex insigniis Domini rerum cognoscuntur, Tusk. tom. 1. conclus. 516.  
18. These Arms are also most necessary for signing Articles of peace amongst Princes, and Contracts and other Writs amongst private persons; and by them also Knights and Warriors did find out one another in Battles and Tilt: An example whereof our History gives, in the Lairds of Drum and Mclean at the Battle of Harlaw.  
19 By these the Ships of Enemies are known, and are accordingly confiscated, if taken at Sea; which Lawyers extend so far, that if a Ship carry the Flagg of an enemy, it will be declared Prize, though it belong to a Kingdom in amity with the Taker, jason. consit. 163. h. 19 Many likewise took a part of their Superior or Over-lords Arms, as is observed in Camden's Remains, Pag. 157. And thus most of the Surnames in Annandale carry the Arms of the Bruce; in Murray, some part of the Murrays Arms; and in Tevidale, the Dowglass Arms, or some part thereof.  
20. I confess that Arms are sometimes derived from the Names of the Bearer, as Peacock bears a Peacock, Cockburn a Cock, etc. And these are called, Arma cantantia, by the Latin; 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, by the Grecians; Des armoiries parlants, by the French; rebus or canting Arms, by the English: and are never presumed to be Noble Arms, because, it is presumed that if the Bearer had done any generous actions, which deserved Arms, they had never recurred to their Names; yet this Rule holds not still true: for of old, some men got their lands as rewards of great Acts, and Surnames came not in the mode with us, till the Reign of King Malcolm Canmor, who gave Surnames to all his Nobles, and then many took their Surnames from their Lands they possessed, as the Cockburns and others, and suited their Arms to their names to the end it might be known that they were Heritors of such places: For which cause likewise we find, that Chiefs of Families are ordinarily of that ilk, that is to say with us, That their Names and Lands are the same. Some also derive their Names as well as their Arms from some considerable action: and thus a second son of Struan Robertson, for killing of a Wolf in Stocket Forest by a durk in the King's presence, got the Name of Skein, which signifies a durk in Irish, and three durk-points in for Pale for his Arms. Some likewise got Names from their Arms, for being strangers, the people amongst whom they came, not knowing their Arms, gave them names from their Symbols or Arms they did bear. Thus, the Fowllis were called, from the leaves they carried: Monsieur Des Feules, and the Herrises or Herrisons, with us got their names from the Porcupine, or Herrison in French, which was their Arms, as Brothers of the House of Vendosm: And Historians observe, that the French were called Galli, ex eo quod gallos in conis galeae, seu pro cristis gerebant: And therefore, Limneus, cap. 6. num. 1. concludes, That Omnia arma quae cantant, non sunt insignia illiberalia, sive vilium hominum. Arms are ordinarily assumed by Kingdoms, and Towns, either to represent what they glory most in: Thus the Kingdom of Granada, take a Pome-granate. Thus the Earl of Buchan, took three garbs, or sheaves of corn, because Buchan was more fertile in Corn than other places of Scotland; which though very fertile now in grain, yet were then full of Woods: or else Kingdoms, and Towns take something which resemble the Situations of their Country. Thus Holland takes a Lion, and Paris a Ship, because the ground upon which it was built, represented the figure of a ship: and ordinarily with us, Towns took for their Arms the most remarkable thing belonging to their Towns; as, Edinburgh and Dumbarton, their Castles: or else the Saint, which was their Patron, as Pittinweem, St. Adrian; and Tayn, St. Duthacus; or else the badge of that Saint, as St. johnstoun, the Holy Lamb, which is the badge of St. john: and Dundee, the Pot and the Lilies, which is the badge of the Virgin Mary. Which invention was borrowed from the Ancients, for we find that Diana was represented upon the coin of Massilium, now Marsels, because that City was founded by Phocea. Alexandria, Napoli, (now Naples) and other Towns built by the Romans had, in memory of Romulus and Remus, a wolf sucking two young ones upon the reverse of their coin. In imitation of which custom, I find, that not only the Roman Medals did thereafter bear reverses, but some of even our Towns do bear them till now. Thus Aberdeen gives their for Arms three Towers, triple towered; and for their reverse, St. Michael, standing in the Porch of a Church.  
I have seen the Books of Arms of most Nations, and I have in general observed, that every nation hath showed their humour, as much in Heraldry, as in their other Characters: For the Arms of almost all the Families in Spain, are given, to signify some undertaking for the Christian Religion, against its enemies, the Moors, Turks, or other Heretics. And their Shields of late are filled with Ave Maria's, I. H. S. and such other devote Characters. The Arms of the Italians are ordinarily Emblems and witty Hieroglyphics. The Germane Achievements consist of multitudes of Coats, marshaled in one, to gratify the humour of their Country; who are vain of nothing so much, as of their Pedigrees. Those of Poland and Denmark, are as wild and monstrous as the People are who bear them. But the French, who are great Artists, wherever they study, do suffer their natural volagenesse to be consigned and fixed by Rules of Art. And the Scots, to express their friendship to the French, have of old, imitated them in their Heraldry, as much, as we do the English, since we were happily united with them under one Monarchy. The Turks take oftentimes Letters of the Alphabet, as a cognizance; because their Religion discharges them to use Images. And it is observed, that the Spaniards use oftentimes Letters, in imitation of the Turkish Moor their Neighbours: or else, these have been left with them since the Moors possessed their Country.  

OF SEALS.  
BY the Civil Law, Testaments and all Writs of importance were to be Sealed. And by our Law, Quilibet baro, vel alius tenens de Rege habere debet sigillum proprium, ad serviendum Regi, ut de jure tenetur. Stat. Rob. 3. cap. 7. num. 5. and by the 130. Act. 9 Parl. I. 1. Every freeholder should compear at the Head-court with their Seals; and if he cannot come, he should send his attorney with the Seals of his Arms: and these who want such seals, are to be amerciat by the foresaid Statute: Rob. 3. And therefore till of late, every Gentleman sent his seal to the Clerk in Lead, which the Clerk kept by him; many of which are yet in their hands. Examples whereof, I have set down, Chap. Supporters, fig. 5. & 6. Of old, the appending of the seal was sufficient in Charters, without the subscription of the party. Reg. Maj. lib. 3. cap. 6. Si recognoscit sigillum suum in Curia, debet illum warrantizare, suae autem malae custodiae imputetur, si damnum inde incurrat, per sigillum suum ex insolentia, aut negligentia custodum: Whether the seal affixed be the Granters Seal, that then the truth shall be searched; for by comparing many sealings together, per comparationem plurium sigillorum, & alias chartas eodem sigillo signatas. It was lawful amongst the Romans, for such as wanted seals, to append the seals of others, §. Possunt Inst. de test. And this was very ordinar with us; but then the Nottar behoved to express, that this was so done. Thus I have seen an Charter granted by the Lord of the Isles to the Abbacy of Aberbrothock, which says, Et quia meum sigillum est minus notum in Scotia, ideo apposui sigillum Episcopi Rossensis. Commissions from Shires, to their respective Commissioners in Parl. were also to be sealed, Act. 101. Parl. 7. I. 1. and this custom of sealing Papers without subscriptions, continued in vigour till March, 1540 At which time, King james the 5. by the 117. Act. 7. Parl. did ordain, that because men might lose their seals, or their seals might be counterfeited; that therefore all Evidents should for the future be subscribed, as well as sealed. And yet Queen Mary did thereafter, Parl. 6. Act. 29. appoint that all Reversions, Bands, and Discharges of Reversions should be sealed: and thereafter, I. 6. by the 80. Act. Parl. 6. appointed all papers importing heritable title, to be both sealed and subscribed. And though by the 4. act. Parl. 9 james 6. Papers which are to be registrated, need not be sealed, because the seal was supplied by the Registration. Yet, I see no posterior Law dispensing (without Registration) in other cases: and it would be a further check upon forgers of Papers, that the Granters seal were to be appended. For many can forge a subscription, who cannot forge a seal. So that each forger, behooved to associate at least another with himself; which would discourage them before the cheat, or help to discover the forgers after the cheat were perpetrat: But Retours must yet be sealed with the seals of the inquest, Satut: Rob. 3. cap. 1.4. and Decreets of apprisings, with the seals of the Assizers and Verdicts of the Justice-courts, are also to be sealed by the Regulations, 1670.  
I cannot here forget to inform, that of old, Our Acts of Parl. had oftentimes the King's great seal appended to them: Upon the right hand were appended all the seals of the ecclesiastics, and upon the left, all the seals of the Nobility; with which the whole Act was surrounded. Of these I have seen many, and particularly, a ratification, granted by King james 4. to Hepburn, Earl of Bothwel, upon the forfeiture of the Ramsay, Anno 1480. Which bears, In quorum omnium fidem, ac corroborationem, & laudationem earundem praefatus supremus Dominus noster Rex, & regni status per se singulariter requisiti sua sigilla, quorum nomina sigilla representant, praesentibus appendi jusserunt.  
I conceive that Seals, may very well represent, not only the bearing itself, but the colours; which I first ordered to be practised: for the Seal may be varried in its cut as the other figures of this Book are, which may be very useful, seeing many men's Arms differ only in the colours.    

CHAP. II. Who can give, or bear ARMS.  
OF old, Emperors, or Senates only gave Arms, Laz. lib. 9 cap. 17. But thereafter they did choose an old expert Warrior, on whom they bestowed the power of rewarding, with Coats of Arms, such as had deserved well: and these were called Foeciales by the Romans: but now are called Heraldi, or Herawldi. For Heer, signifies an Army, and alt, an Elder, Senes in armis: or from here, an Army, and Alda, which in the Hungarian tongue, signifies a common servant, hoping. cap. 6. part. 9 The chief of that Society is called Lion, King of, or, at Arms, with us: Rex armorum in Latin. Which name he bears from the Lion, which is the Royal charge with us: and Konning, Van Wappen by the Germans. Ibid. Garter in England; and Montjoy, St. Denis in France: and His Patent in Scotland runs thus.  
CAROLUS, Dei gratia, etc. tenoreque praesentium facimus, creamus, constituimus & ordinamus memoratum Carolum Aereskin, Leonem, & nostrum Foecialem, Regem armorum, etc. Dedimus & imposuimus, tenoreque praesentium damus, & imponimus ei, nomen Leonis nostri Foecialis, Regis armorum. Una cum stilo, titulo, etc. ac per praesentes ordinamus eum in dicto officio actualiter investiri, & secundum praxin coronari, etc. & similiter, munimus pranominatum CAESAR. tanquam Leonem, Regem armorum, plenâ potestate, libertate, licentiâ & authoritate, personis, virtute praeditis, & de nobis benè meritis, diplomata armorum, secundum ordinem, & constitutiones eatenus praescriptas, concedendi.  
But though this power be bestowed upon Heralds, yet Princes have not so denuded themselves of it, but that they may and do ordinarily grant Coats of Arms: And thus, when Noblemen get their honours by Patent with us, there is either a command given therein, to the Lion, King at Arms, to grant Arms, Crest, Crown and Supporters, or else, they are specified in the Patent. And it is a rule in the Heraldry of all Nations, and in use with us, that no part of the Royal bearing can be bestowed by the Lion, without a special order from the Prince, Colomb. cap. des brisurs, pag. 74. and this may reprehend the error of some of our Heralds, who have given the Tressure-flori, Conter-flori to private persons, without a warrant.  
The Lion in Scotland did formerly direct his Patents thus.  
TO all and singular, to whose knowledge these presents shall come: james Balfour of Kinnaird, Knight, Lion, King of Arms, through the whole Kingdom of Scotland, and Islands thereto adjacent: sendeth his due commendations and greeting: Know you, That Sir james Galloway, Knight, Master of Requests to Our dread Sovereign, CHARLES, King of Scotland, England, France and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, etc. One of His Majesty's most Honourable Privy Council in this Kingdom, hath requested me, by virtue of my Office, to give and assign unto this his ancient Coat-armour, being arg. a Lion rampant, azure, languid, and armed Gules; a Crest, with Escrol and Motto; which he may bear without wrong doing to others. To whose reasonable request I have condescended, and for Crest, does assign him to bear above his Helmet, upon an wreath arg. and Azure, A mound Bespread, with the rays of the Sun proper, embraced betwixt two Corn ears, Saltoir ways Or; and above all, in an Escrol this motto, Higher, as here in the margin adjected is to be seen. All which Arms, Crest, Escrol and Motto, I the said Lion, King of Arms, doth by these presents ratify, confirm, give, grant and assign, unto the said Sir james Galloway, Knight, and to his posterity for ever, to use, bear and show forth the famine, in Signet, Shield, Coat-armour, Ensign, or otherwise, at all times, and in all places, at his and their free liberty and pleasure. In witness whereof, I have to their presents, affixed my hand and seal of Office at Holy-rood-house, the nineteenth day of December, in the sixth year of the Reign, of our Sovereign Lord, King Charles', and of our Redemption, 1631.  
james Balfour, Lyon.  
The Concessions by the Lion do now run thus.  
TO all and sundry whom it effeirs. I Sir Charles Areskine of Cambo, Knight and Baronet, Lion, King of Arms; Considering, That by several Acts of Parliament, as well of Our dread Sovereign Lord, CHARLES' the Second, By the Grace of God, King of Scotland, England, France and Ireland, Defender of the Faith; as of His Majesty's Royal Predecessors: especially, by the twenty one Act of the third Session of this Current Parliament, I am impowered to visit the whole Arms and Bearings within this Kingdom, and to distinguish them, and matriculate the same in my Books and Registers, and to give Extracts of all Arms, expressing the Blazoning thereof, under my hand and seal of Office: And which Register, is by the forecited Act, ordained to be respected, as the true and unrepealable Rule of all Arms and Bearings in Scotland, to remain with the Lion's Office, as a public Register of the Kingdom. Therefore, conform to the power given to me by His Sacred Majesty, and according to the tenors of the said Acts of Parliament; I testify and make known, that the Arms of old, belonging to the Royal Burgh of Aberdeen, and now confirmed by me, are matriculate in my said public Rigister, upon the day and date of their presents: And are thus blazoned, viz. The said Royal Burgh of Aberdeen, Gives for Ensigns Armorial, Gules, three Towers triple towered, within a double Tressure counterflowered Argent: Supported by two Leopards proper: The Motto in an Escrol above, Bon-Accord, (the Word Bon-Accord was given them by King Robert Bruce, for killing all the English in one night in their Town, their word being that night Bon-Accord.) And upon the Reverse of the Seal of the said Burgh is ensculpted, in a Field Azure, a Temple Argent, Saint Michael standing in the Porch mitered and vested proper, with his Dexter hand lifted up to Heaven, praying over three Children in a boiling Cauldron of the first, and holding in the Sinister a Crosier, Or. Which Arms above-blazoned, I hereby declare to have been, and to be, the true and unrepealable Signs Armorial of the Burgh Royal abovenamed. In testimony whereof, I have subscribed this Extract with my hand; and have caused append my Seal of Office thereto.  
Given at Edinburgh, the twenty fifth day of February, and of Our said Sovereign Lords Reign, the twenty sixth Year, 1674. CHARLES' ARESKINE, Lyon.  
The Concessions of ARMS, granted by the Emperor, called Wappen-Brief, run thus.  
RUdolphus Secundus, etc. Fideli, nobis dilecto, Hieronymo Megiserio, liberalium àrtium, & Philosophiae Magistro, gratiam nostram Caesaream & omne bonum. Cum constet, ex liberalium artium & bonarum literarum cognition, tanquam fonte quodam perenni pulcherrimarum virtutum scaturientes rivulos in animos hominum diffundi, quibus alioquin rudes naturae humanae sensus irrigati, ad producendos utiles humanorum fructus feraciores efficiuntur. Nos sanè Caesareae benignitati nostrae omninò convenire arbitramur, ut musis & bonis literis deditos atque addictos clementer suscipiamus fovendos atque ornandos, tùm ne ipsi frustra in arena Virtutis desudasse videantur, tùm & alii honoris & premii spe illecti, eundem vitae cursum alacrius ingrediantur. Edocti itaque, te suprà dictum Hieronymum Megiserum, adjecto ad literarum studia animo, quod gnavi & strenui milites facere solent, omnibus nervis eo incubuisse, ut reliquis commilitonibus neutiquam inferior, said superior potius videri, optatosque laborum tuorum fructus consequi posses, ac hâc quidem spe, te neutiquam frustratum, sed meritis tuis exigentibus juvenili etiamnum aetate florentem magisterii gradu atque dignitate insignitum esse, nobisque persuasum habentes, te deinceps etiam tui neutiquam dissimilem futurum, sed expectationi concitatae undiquaque satisfacturum. His equidem rationibus adducti pretermittere non potuimus, quin benignam nostri erga musarum alumnos animi propensionem insigni aliquo argumento, quod aliquando posteris etiam tuis honori atque ornamento esse possit, testatam redderemus. Motu itaque proprio ex certa nostra scientia animo benè deliberato, Ac de Caesareae potestatis nostrae plenitudine, tibi supra dicto Hieronymo Megisero legitimisque liberis, haeredibus, posteris & descendentibus tuis, utriusque sexus ex te perpetua deinceps serie nascituris infrà scripta armorum insignia clementer dedimus, donavimus atque elargiti sumus, sicuti vigore presentium damus, concedimus, donamus atque elargimur. Scutum sc. nigrum, à bas● surgentem habens colliculum tricipitem lutei coloris, quorum intermedio, reliquis duobus collateralibus, aliquantulum eminentiori insistat cygnus croceus sive aureus ad dextram conversus, rostro hiante, collo sinuoso ●●exu sursum porrecto, alisque latè explicatis ad plausum quasi compositus, ex utroque autem colliculorum collateralium prodire videatur surculus, lauri foliis undiquaque virescentibus insignis. Scuto imposita sit Galea clausa, ornata serto laureo, phalerisque seu laciniis nigris & croceis sive aureis ab utroque latere mixtum circumfusis ac molliter defluentibus. Ex cujus vertice promineat alius Cygnus itidem crocei sive aurei coloris, ac per omnia similis illi, qui in clypeo descriptus habetur, quemadmodum haec omnia in medio praesentis nostri diplomatis suis coloribus rectiùs elaborata & ob oculos posita conspiciuntur. Volentes & Caesareo Edicto nostro firmiter decernentes, quòd tu suprà dicte Hieronyme Megisere, omnesque liberi, haeredes, posteri & descendentes tui, utriusque sexus, legitimo conjugii foedere, perpetuis deinceps temporibus orituri, jam descriptis armorum insigniis, eoque ut in superioribus habetur modo, in omnibus & singulis honestis & decentibus & actibus tam serio quam joco, in scutis, sepulchris, sigillis, monumentis, annulis, & supellectilibus, tam in rebus spiritualibus, quam temporalibus & mixtis, in locis omnibus pro rei necessitate & voluntatis arbitrio, liberè uti possitis & valeatis. Aptique sitis & idonei ad ineundem & recipiendum omnes gratias, libertates, feuda & privilegia, quibus caeteri armigeri & feudorum capaces atque participes utuntur, fruuntur, potiuntur & gaudent, quomodolibet consuetudine vel de jure. Quocirca mandamus universis & singulis Principibus, tam Ecclesiasticis, quam Secularibus, Archiepiscopis, Episcopis, Ducibus, Marchionibus, Comitibus, Baronibus, Militibus, Nobilibus, Clientibus, Capitaneis, Vicedominis, Advocatis, Praefectis, Heroaldis, Officialibus, Questoribus, Civium Magistris, judicibus, Consulibus, Civibus, Communitatibus, & denique omnibus nostris & sacri Romani Imperii subditis atque fidelibus dilectis, cujuscunque status, gradus & conditionis exstiterint, ut te saepé nominatum Hieronymum Megiserum, omnesque liberos, haeredes, posteros & descendentes tuos legitimos, utriusque sexus, suprà scriptis armorum insigniis perpetuis deinceps temporibus, pacificè, quiet & sine impedimento aliqu●, uti, frui, potiri & gaudere sinant, idemque etiam ab aliis fieri curent. Si quis autem praesens diploma nostrum transgredi & temerario ausu violare conatus fuerit, praeter gravissimam nostram & sacri Imperii indignationem, viginti quinque marchas auri puri mulctam se noverit ipso facto incursum. Harum testimonio literarum, manu nostrâ subscriptarum, & Caesarei sigilli nostri appensione munitarum.  
Datum in Civitate nostra Vienna, die 21. mensis Januarii, Anno Domini, 1578. Regnorum nostrorum, Romani tertio, Hungarici septimo, & Bohemici itidem tertio. Rudolphus.  
SOme Lawyers (though versed in Heraldry) have been of opinion, that every man can assume Arms to himself at his pleasure, without authority, providing he assume them not, in emulationem alterius, to the prejudice of another: and if this judgement were, Bartol. tract. de arm. num. 5. and Panorm. c. delectis, de excess. Prelate. because (said they) every man may choose a name for himself, seeing this is not forbidden in any written Law. but Tiraquel and others, have very justly maintained, that none can assume Arms, but that all must owe them to Authority: For as Magistrates of old only bestowed, jus imaginum, ita hodie Tantum illi jus insignium vel armorum conferre possunt: Anno. Rob. lib. 3. Sunt enim Arma Tesserae, & Symbola dignitatis, & nemo potest dignitatem sibi arrogare sine Principis licentia, l. nemo f. de dignit. & licet hoc jure scripto, non sit interdictum, est tamen rationabili consuetudine, & communi Gentium consensu interdictum; & ideo observandum, per. l. quod non ratione f. de legibus. But to quiet all debate in this controversy, most of Nations have discharged the carrying of Arms to any, save Gentlemen, or such who have a special warrant. Which is also done in Scotland, by the 125. Act. 12 Parl. jacob. 6. The words whereof are,  
OUR Sovereign Lord, and the Estates of this present Parliament, considedering the great abuse that has been amongst the lieges of this Realm, in their bearing of Arms, usurpand to themselves such Arms as belong not unto them; so that it cannot be distinguished by their Arms, who are Gentlemen of blood by their Antecessors, nor yet may be discerned what Gentlemen are descended of noble Stock and Lineage: For remeid whereof, his Highness, with advice of the said's Estates, has given and granted, and by this present Act, gives and grants full power and commission to Lion King of Arms, and Brethren Heralds, to visit the whole Arms of Noblemen, Barons and Gentlemen, born and used within this Realm; and to distinguish and discern them with congruent differences, and thereafter to matriculat them in their Books and Registers, and put inhibition to all common sort of People, nought worthy by the Law of Arms to bear any signs Armorial; that none of them presume to take upon hand, to bear or use any Arms in time coming, upon any their insight and houshold-gear; under the pain of escheating their Goods and Gear, so oft as the 'samine shall be found, graven or painted, to our Sovereign Lords use: and likewise, under the pain of one hundred pounds, to the use of the said Lion, and his Brethren Heralds; and failying of payment thereof, that they may be incarcerat in the nearest Prisonhouse: therein to remain upon their own Charges, during the pleasure of the said Lyon.  
From which Act, we may draw these Conclusions, 1. That only such as are Gentlemen by Blood can carry Arms; which opinion is also received now into the Law of Nations, hoping, cap. 6. Par. 10. But it was first enacted by Frederick the Emperor, lib. 2. feud. tit. 27. De pace tenenda.  
2. It is observable, that the Lion cannot give Arms to such as are not Noble by descent: for the reason inductive of this Statute, is, That there may be a difference betwixt such as are Noble, and such as are not; but there would be none, if it were lawful to the Lion to give Arms even to such as are not Gentlemen by birth: For as he cannot Nobilitate, so neither can he bestow the marks of Nobility. Likeas, by that Act, he is commanded to inhibit all such as are not Noble to carry Arms. But yet the Prince may still bestow Arms, without any restriction, though he cannot properly make a Gentleman: for that comes by Blood, and not by Patent. And Camden informs us, That of old there was a distinction betwixt Gentlemen of Blood, and Gentlemen of Coat-armour; and that the third from him, who first had Coat-armour, was to all effects and purposes a Gentleman of Blood, pag. 157.2. Albeit the Letter of that Law doth only forbid, to wear, and use Arms without Authority, as said is, upon Insight, or Houshold-gear; yet, per paritatem rationis, they cannot use them upon Tombs, Seats in the Church, or elsewhere: & de praxi the Lion with us, doth raze and deface all such Arms: But whether the users of false Arms, do incur the penalties in such cases, may be doubted; seeing penae sunt restringendae, and are not to be extended beyond the Letter of the Law.  
3. By that Act, the Lion is to distinguish, and discern Arms with congruent differences; from which words it may be inferred, that not only Arms must be originally given by the Lion, but that marks and differences amongst the Cadets, and Descendants of the same Family, should be given by the Lion; and that these Cadets cannot assume them: And this is suitable to the opinion of the Doctors, who teach, that non solum Potestas conferendi nova insignia, sed Potestas augendi, mutandi, diminuendi, & confirmandi insignia Vetera, est penes Principem & ejus Heraldoes, hoping, cap. 8. membro 5. But it may be doubted, if prescription of Arms by Predecessors, be not sufficient to infer a right to the bearing of Arms, and to defend against the penalties of this Act: as to which points, the Doctors deliver these conclusions.  
1. That no man can prescrive the right of using Arms belonging to another Noble Family without immemorial possession, but that they may prescrive a right to bear indefinitely, or to bear the Arms of any other private person, per spatium decem annorum inter praesentes, & viginti annorum inter absentes, vult. consil. 17. volume. 3. But by our Law, where prescription is not allowed, except in the cases wherein it is introduced by a special and express Statute, It is probable, that prescription might well have defended before that Act, jacob. 6. But since that time it should not, seeing that Act ordains all Arms to be matriculate in the Lion's Books, and Registers.  
The penalty appointed by that Act, to be inflicted upon such as carry false Arms, is, That the Movables and Furniture whereupon these Arms are graven, and painted, shall be confiscated: which words must be taken disjunctively, and not copulatively, notwitstanding of the Particle (and;) for if the Arms be either graven or painted, they are to be escheated: as also, the Contraveeners are to pay one hundred pounds to the Lion, and his Brethrens Heralds: But by the Civil Law, he who bears and uses another another man's Arms, to his prejudice, vel in ejus scandalum & ignominiam, is to be punished arbitrarily at the discretion of the Judge, l. eorum f. de falso; But he who usurps his Prince's Arms, loses his head, and his goods are confiscated, l. sacri asflatus, C. de divers. rescript.  
Suitable to which Law, the Duke of Norfolk was forfeited, and execute by Hen. 8. for no other crime, but because he did bear the Arms of Enland, though his Predecessors had born them 100 years.  
How sacred the Lion's Office is with us, appears among many other instances from this, That the Lord Drummond was in anno, 1515. (as Leslie observes in his story) forfeited, for striking the Lion, vita ac dignitate aegrè concessis.  
But seeing the Patent given to the Lion gives him power, to give Arms to such a● are Virtuous, and worthy Persons; And since, by the foresaid Statute, the Lion is only discharged to suffer any to bear Arms, who are not worthy by the Law of Arms, to bear any signs armorial: It is therefore worthy of our enquiry, to know who are such Persons, as may by the Laws of Heraldry have Arms given them by the Lion, without a special commission from the Prince. And first, it is uncontraverted, that a Gentleman may bear without a warrant the Arms of his Predecessors, and such as are descended by three generations from him, to whom Arms were given are Gentlemen. But this holds only in the eldest, for Cadets must have marks of Cadency, and differences assigned them by the Lion, and cannot assume them as was formerly observed.  
2. Though the Patent allows the Lion to give Arms, Personis virtute praeditis, and Philosophers, Poets, and Orators say, That Virtue is the truest Nobility, which is allowed by the Cannon Law, cap. nos. qui, & cap. pen. ext. de praeben. Yet Lawyers distinguish betwixt Nobility Politic or Civil, which they assert; is not bestowed by Virtue only, and Moral Nobility which Virtue doth destow. Bald. in l. Nobiliores, C. de commerciis: From which Text, they prove clearly this distinction. And therefore▪ the Patent joins these two Persons, Virtute praeditis, & de nobis meritis; for certainly, such as have deserved well of the Prince, may have Arms given them by the Lion: For the first institution of that Office was (as I formerly proved from Laz.) designed to reward such as had done great service to the Prince: and the Lion is Judge competent to the bearers merit, in order to this effect; nor can the Law presume, that the Lion will transgress so grossly, as to assert that he has served the State, who never did: For that were in him, crimen falsi.  
3. Riches do not Nobilitate, nor do they warrant the Lion to bestow Arms upon the Possessors. Tiraqueil de Nobilitat. cap. 3. though, as jerom observes, Nobility is nothing oftimes but ancient riches.  
4. The being an Heritor of Land doth not Nobilitate in all cases, even though the Heritage be very considerable; for else a Rich man might Ennoble himself: but these feuda only render the possessors Noble, which are bestowed by the Prince, or confirmed by him. For a few in either of these cases make the receivers Noble, seeing the Prince is the Fountain of Honour. And a few in those cases is a sufficient warrant to bear Arms, Tiraqu. cap. 7. And this remembers me of a custom in Scotland, which is but gone lately in dissuetude, and that is, That such as did hold their Lands of the Prince, were called Lairds; but such as held their Lands of a subject, though they were large, and their Superior very noble, were only called Goodmen, from the old French word, Bonne homme, which was the Title of the Master of the Family; and therefore such Fews as had a Jurisdiction annexed to them, a Barony, as we call it, do ennoble: For Baronies are established only by the Prince's erection or confirmation. And thus it was found by the Parl. of Grenoble, That qui possident castrum cum territorio, & omnimoda jurisdictione sunt exempti à contributione subsidiorum, ut Nobiles, licet non sunt à Nobili Progeny, Guid. pap. decis. 385.  
6. The employment of a Soldier doth ennoble, if it be honoured with any considerable Command, l. 2. C. de Primicier, calls it, Praeclarem nobilioremque militiam; & l. 2. c. ut nemo prim. aliter miles, aliter plebeius punitur.  
7. Church-Employments do nobilitate, Bart. Council 180. pertext. in l. 2. C. ut nemo private. And generally, it is a Law in Heraldry, that Doctors, Orators, and Laureate Poets may be honoured with Coats of Arms. The rule runs thus, Doctores, Oratores & Poetas (laureatas) togatam militiam profitentes, à dilatione insignium, galea aperta fenestratorum, & cristis, vexillis, laciniis, condecoratorum, citra laesae Majestatis crimen arcendos non esse. hoping. pag. 443. and Vaschal. pag. 712. warrants this by a decision of the Courts of France.  
Nobility and the right of bearing Coat-Armours, being thus acquired, is lost many ways; as First, By leading a vicious and profligat life, l. Si qua c. de secund. nupt. Where it is ordained, that ob scelera & vitae turpitudinem, honestae nobilisque decore privetur. And the reason given for this is, quia nulla sine honestate est Nobilitas: and Nobility thus is not reassumable by their Children: but this, with many other virtuous Laws, is gone in dissuetude: For only Crimes and a Sentence, do now take off the Sacred Character of Honour. And with us, upon reading the Sentence of Forfeiture, the Arms are torn, and the Decreet of forfeiture bears an order for this, but no other sentence for other Crimes discharges the bearing of Arms with us: albeit by the Civil Law it seems, that all Crimes discharges the bearlng of Arms, Statuas detrahendas scire debemus, l. 24. f. de Pen. cap. 1. c. decis. 130. Nor can such as are condemned for capital Crimes get Arms, Tresser. de existim. l. 3. c. 25. And whatever renders the Bearer infamous, doth likewise render him incapable of getting Arms, though every infamy forfeits them not.  
2. This right is not lost by poverty, even in the longest course of time, Tiraquel, cap. 5.  
3. This right is lost by exercising mean Trades, Viles & Mechanicas arts, l. nobiliores, c. de Comer. But when they leave off these, they return to their former Dignities, pap. decis. 196. But the being an Advocate is accounted no such Trade: For an Advocate is noble by his profession, l. providendum, c. de postulat. & l. Advocate. c. de Advocate. div. juà. And Spartian speaking of julian the Emperor, saith, That he was descended of Salinus julianus, who was twice Consul, and twice Governor of Rome, but was much more noble by being a learned Advocate: And therefore in France, they, as all other Gentlemen, are exempted from paying taxes, Pap. decis. 388. Physicians likewise, and their posterity have a right to bear Coat-Armours, Tiraquel. cap. 31.  
Though Merchants be most worthy members of the Commonwealths, yet they are not noble nor Gentlemen by their profession, l. nobiliores, c. de Comer. nor should they have Coat-Armours; but the Laws of Heraldry, and the general custom of the World allows them a Merchant's mark, called by the Doctors, marcha mercatoria: And as no man may bear another man's Arms, so no merchand may put his mark upon another man's goods, Nam balla mercatorum ex signo cognoscuntur, Feret. lib. 15. de re naval: and he who puts another man's mark upon his own goods, or balls, loses his own, Mascard, v. l. 1. conclus. 1. because that he would occasion a confusion in Trade, and because the Law presumes that to be done to conciliat to the Users goods, the privileges or advantages due to another's; and for the same reasons, one Tradesman cannot hang up another Tradesman's sign, whereby his customers may be withdrawn, or strangers may be cheated to give their sale to one who deserved it not: it being ordinare for people to go to such signs, where they have heard others to have bought excellent commodities: and therefore Monar. observes a decision, whereby the Parl. of Paris found, 1612. That a merchand, who had assumed lately the mark of a red cross, which his next neighbour, who was a Rich Merchand had long used, should desist in all time coming from using that sign. From this rule are excepted the Merchands of Paris, whom Charles 5. Anno 1371. ennobled, and allowed to bear Coat-Armours, and by their examples the chief Burgesses of capital Towns pretend to the same privilege, L' Osean. pag. 65.  

Of the SHIELD.  
ARms were ordinarily painted or engraven upon the bearers Shield, which Shield was called by the Ancients, Scutum, which was called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Sculpere: quod imaginibus illustrium virorum, ipsorumque insignibus sculptus esset, Plin. l. 35. c. 8. vel Scutum, à Graeco, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, corium, because their Targets were covered with Skins, or parma. The Scutum was long, and four square, the other two round: and our Shield is made up of the figure of both▪ of old, the Soldiers did bear their cognisances upon their Shields, that they might be known. Veget. de re milit. l. 2. c. 18. And thence it is, that we bear now our cognisances upon Cuts, like to their Shields: the Shield was made of Wood, covered with Leather, but the Buckler was of Brass: This Shield now is called by the French; Escu, by the Italian scudo, by the English a Shield: and what space is within the Shield, is called a Field, by the English, and Campo by the Italian, Spanish, and by the Latins, Area, fundus, campus: The ancientest form of a Shield, was oval, which shape the Italians still retain, after that they were worn in Heraldry in the shape, fig, 1. and all our Charters have such Seals appended: but the latest form used both here, and in France, is fig. 9 the lines whereof are strait till they come very near the bottom. The Italians, and Germans carry them ordinarily, as fig. 3. Because they allege that this form of a Shield did give most ease to the bearer in giving a thrust, but surely it agrees not so well with the charge which is put upon the Shield.  
Some Families carry their Arms in a Banner represented by a Shield, that is quadrangular: as the Family of Perez in Spain, for having recalled the Army, by putting up his handkerchief as a Standard, and the Sieur de Coucy in France, for recalling the Army, by raising the Banner, hoping, cap. 5. subdivis. 12.  
The Shield uses ordinarily to be placed upright, yet sometimes it is hung by the right, or left corner: This is ordinarily in Scotland, and I have seen the Prestons Arms so hung in a Shield above the gate of Craigmiller. This the French call, I'escu pendu; the Italians, scudo pendente: and the reason given for it, is, That when Tilt (torneamenta) were proclaimed, there were two Shields hung upon an Oak, or other Tree, at the place where the Tilt were to be: and he, who offered to fight a foot, did touch the Shield that hung by the right corner, and he who was to fight on horseback, touched that which was hung by the left corner: For in these days, it was judged more honourable to fight on foot then on horseback, Columbier, cap. 43. The Shield is also called by the English, an escutcheon, from the word escusson, for so the French call a little Shield.  
That which is born upon the Shield is called the Charge, and the Shield is said to be charged with it: and the Field and Charge together are called the Coat of Arms, the French call it, un cotted arms: and the reason why Arms are called Coats of Arms, is, because of old, men wore those symbols upon Coats above their Arms, as Heralds do at this day: So great desire had men in those days to have their personal Valour and Courage known in Battles, and Combats, by the ensigns armorial which they bore.  
I have here set down several forms of Shields, to show how various figures were employed for that use by the Ancients; but that fig. 9 is the ordinary form now in use for men's Arms, as the Lozenge fig. is for women, which (as Loyseau observes) is allowed only to the Wives of considerable Persons, who had no power to raise their own Banner. I find that Mur●el, Countess of Strathern, carried hers in a Lozenge, Anno 1284. Which shows how long we have been versant in Heraldry.  
If there be but one Shield, or Coat of Arms to be descriv'd, that is called to Blazon: but if there be more Coats joined in one, that is called, Marshalling: The French or Italian have no such distinction.  
To blazon a Coat, is to descrive what the things born are, and what their colour is: in which these rules are to be observed.  
1. It is fit to use the ordinar terms, and not to be too inventive and curious; for else every one out of vanity should invent a peculiar way, and new terms: and not any two Heralds should understand one another.  
2. There must be no reiteration of words in Blazoning the same Coat; and therefore the English say not, He bear's argent▪ a Lion gules, collard, argent, but they say, Collard of the first, because argent was the first colour; yet the French repeat the colours after, and observe not this rule, and it is the better way for eviting confusion: for when there are many pieces in the Shield, it is most difficult and tedious to remember always what is first, and second, third, and fourth; and all this trouble serves to no purpose, and it is not at all natural.  
The Third Rule is, to evit as much as is possible, the words, of, or, and with.  
4. In blazoning a Coat, you must begin with the Field, and then proceed to the charge; and if the Field be charged with more things, you must name first, that which lies nearest the Shield. The English say in blazoning, he beareth azure, but the French never say, he beareth azure, and the word, beareth, is superfluous: the English sometimes say, the Field is argent, vid. Guilims, pag. 285. But that is likewise superfluous: and it is better, with the French, and Latin, to express, 1. The bearers name, and then to express the colour of the Field, v g. Winram, gules, a Ram passant, argent, whereas Guilims would have blazoned these Arms thus, he beareth gules, a Ram paussant, argent, by the name of Winram: which way of blazoning sounds not so well as the first, nor is so short and proper. Naked Shields were sometimes born without any Charge, upon many accounts: Thus Alphonsus' King of Portugal, did take five Shields placed ●altier-wise, in remembrance of 5. Sarasen Kings, whom he killed Chassan, council 17. part. 1. And the first of the name of Hay, got three Shields in a Field argent, because He and his two Sons did gallantly defeat the Danes at the Battle of Loncart, 942. After which Battle, they were brought to the King with their Shields all coloured with blood, as Buchanan observes: and Balliol gave for his Arms G. an escutcheon Or.    

CHAP. IU. Of COLOURS and METALS.  
Herald's do not express all Colours by our ordinar terms, nor do they admit all Colours in blazoning but they use ordinarily two Metals, to express two of the ordinary Colours, viz. white by argent, and yellow by or; and that because silver is white, and gold is yellow. The Spaniards call such fields as are all Metal, Campo de Plata.  
The use of their Metals and Colours, and the difference betwixt them, did in Coat-armours arise, from the several Colours used by Soldiers, and others in their habits whilst they were in Armies, as Pet. Sanct. proves by many Citations. And because it was the custom, to embroider gold or silver upon silk, or silk upon cloth of Gold, or Silver; therefore the Heralds did thereafter appoint, that in imitation of the clothes so embroidered colour should not be used upon colour, nor metal upon metal.  
The colours used by them are only Blue, which they call azure; Red, which they call gules, from the Hebrew word gulude, a piece of red cloth, or from the Arabic word, Gule, which signifies a rose, which are ordinarily red, as Menestier observes. Black, which they call sable, because the best sable furs are black; and green which they call vert: which is the French word of green, or sinople; for so the French term green, never using the word vert: and the reason why it is called sinople, is from a Town in the Levant, called Sinople, where the best materials for dying green are found, and not from the Greek words, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, because it being controverted at Constantinople, whether green was a proper colour to be used in Heraldry, It was determined, that it suited with Heraldry, cum armis. Menestier derives sinople from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, green arms, by suppressing the first syllable as the Greek often do. The French admit purple in Heraldry, though Favin and some Heralds in that Nation, think that Purple is but argent worn, which by ocular inspection turns purple: they likewise allow carnation or flesh colour Colomb.  
The French observe, that the English use tawny, which Heralds call ten; and is composed of gueuls and sable: and the English observe, that the French use it, Guilims, pag. 21. But Guilims is here in a mistake; for the French use it not, but the English do. Colombeir likewise observes, that the English use sanguine; which is made up of pure lacque and orange, which is composed of lead and tin: But Colombeir is mistaken here, for the English use not orange, but the Germans do sometimes. The ordinar colours and metals in use, are, or, argent, gules, sable, azure, vert and purpure.  
Why Heralds choosed these five colours only, I can give no surer reason, then that they thereby resolved to fix the uncertainty of vagrant and capricious Artists; even as Lawyers have fixed prescription to forty years, and minority to twenty one; but yet there are some original colours. Aristotle reduced them to four, White, black, yellow and red. Cardan makes them seven. Albus, Croceus, Purpureus, Puniceus, Viridis, Caeruleus, niger. Scaliger chooses, album, flavum, rubrum, purpureum, viridem, caeruleum, & nigrum, Exercit. 325. But the Chemists observe, that white, blue, red, green and yellow, are the original colours, and from them Heralds have choosed their.  
These colours have their own mystical representations in Heraldry. For Or is used to express the bearers faith, justice, temperance, riches, generosity, or prosperity: Argent, his humility, innocency, beauty: and a white Shield was given to novices, when they went to the War, and before they had done any glorious action, Virgil. Parma. inglorius, alba azure: his charity, victory: Gules, his magnanimity, courage, love and charity: Sable, his grief, prudence, honesty. Sinople or Vert, his courtesy, civility, youth and abundance. Yet sometimes these colours are used to disguise and conceal the bearers Origin. Thus, some were originally Murrays, but being forced to change their Name, and leave their Country, they retained their Arms, but changed their Colours. For whereas the Murrays bore azure, three stars argent, they bear now arg. three stars azure: and yet colours have been changed upon very honourable occasions: And thus Ker of Cesfoord did bear G. Till their chief was killed at Gambspath, upon the border fight valiantly for his Country: whereupon King james the fourth appointed, that for the future, the House of Cesfoord should carry Vert, in remembrance of that Green Field whereupon he was killed. Sometimes also Colours were chosen by Knights to their Arms, because at Tilt, they used to appear in that Colour; and for that reason, the first Crichtoun choised his Lion that he bears to be Azure. Sometimes also the things born are allowed in their natural Colours, if they be of many Colours, and then the things born are said to be born proper. As the Peacocks in Scotland, bear three Peacocks proper, that is to say, in all their ordinar Colours. But though this be allowed in the charge, yet it is not allowed in the field; for that must be of either the ordinar metals, or colours. Yet this suffers some exceptions, as in the Arms of the Count de Prado in Spain, who bears a meadow proper, that is to say, a green field charged with flowers of several colours. Or is writ, O; argent, are Gules. G. azure, az; Sable, S. vert. etc. Sin; purpur, P. Some fantastic Heralds have blazoned not only be the ordinar colours and metals, but by flowers, days of the weeks, parts of a man's body, as le feron and Bara, and have been condemned for it by the Heralds of all Nations: Yet the English have so far owned this fancy, that they give it for a rule, That the Coats of Sovereigns should be blazoned by Planets, those of Noblemen by precious Stones, and have suited them in the manner here set down.  
Or. Topax Sol Arg. Pearl Luna Sab. Diamond Saturn Gul. Ruby Mars Azure. Saphir jupiter Vert. Emerald Venus Purpur. Amatbist Mercurii Ten Taoyth Dragons head Sanguine Sardonix Dragon's tail.  
BUt I crave leave to say, that their are but mere fancies, and are likewise unfit for the Art in which they are employed: which is clear from these reasons, 1. The French, from whom the English derive their Heraldry, and to whom they conform themselves, not only in principles and terms of Art; but even in extrinsic words of the French language, do not only not use their different ways of Blazoning, but constantly treat them en ridicule.  
2. The Italian, Spanish, and Latin Heralds, use no such different forms: But Blazon by the ordinary Colours▪ and Metals, Non variari nomina debent mettallroum, vel colorum in Magnatum, aut in Regum insigniis pro hac re provoco ad scriptores caeteros, qui Gallice, Germanice, aut Latine hac de re disseruerunt, Pet. sanct. pag. 58.  
And one of the great designs in Heraldry, is to have the Art universal, and to have the Arms they describe generally understood in all Nations▪ yea, and even Mr. Cartwright, their Country man, does condemn this way as fantastic.  
3. Art should imitate nature, and as it were an unnatural thing in common discourse, not to call red●punc; red, because a Prince wea●s it: So it is unnatural to use these terms in Heraldry: and it may fall out to be very ridiculus and unnatural in some Arms. As for instance, if a Prince had for his Arms an ass couchant under his burden, gules: It were very ridiculus to say, that he had an ass couchant mars, for the word mar will agree very ill with asses, Sheep, Lambs, and many other things which are to be Painted red in Heraldry. And a hundred other examples may be given, but it is enough to say, That this is to confound Colours with Charges, and the things that are born with Colours.  
4. As this is unnecessar, so it confounds the Reader, and makes the Art unpleasant, and deters Gentlemen, and others from studying it, and strangers from understanding what our Heraldry is: Nor could the Arms of our Princes, and Nobility be translated in this disguise unto the Latin, or any other language.  
But that which convinces me most, that this is an error, is, because it makes that great Rule unnecessar, whereby Colour cannot be put upon Colour, or Mettle upon Mettle; for this cannot hold, but where Metals and Colours are employed.  
It was of old impossible to know the Colours of Arms, except they had been Blazoned, or Illuminated; and yet Arms differ only by their Colours: As we see in our Lion, which Scotland carries Red; Kinghorn, Blew; Rosse of Balnagoun, White; and therefore, the French have found out this device, for discovering even in Taliduce, or Carving what the Colours are. For they make or point O, arg. plain, Azure is represented by Lyns in Fasse, gules by Lyns in Pale, Vert, by Lyns in band, Purple by Lyns in Barr, sable by Lyns in Pale, and Face ●punc;  
I have thought fit, to represent ten, by Lyns in Band and Barr, and Sanguine by Lyns in Face and Barr; as will more clearly appear by the figures: and I could wish that Gentlemen would cause cut Seals in this fashion, So that not only the bearing, but the colours of the bearing might be known by the Seal.  
It is an uncontraverted rule in Heraldry, that colour cannot be put immediately upon colour, nor metal upon metal: that is to say, That if the Field be argent, the immediate charge must not be either, Or, or argent; but must be of some colour, as Azure, Gules, etc. And if the Field be of any colour, as Azure, Sable, etc. then the immediate Charge must be either, Or, or arg. The reason why I add the word immediate here, is, because, though the Field be or, yet the immediate Charge may be a Lion, or any thing else: If that Lion be Charged with another Charge (which Heralds call Super-charge) then, that Super-charge may be Or: This rule was not observed amongst the Romans, as Pier. observes, cap 19 nam Herculeani Seniores gerebant ceruleam aquilam alis utrimque expansis in parma rubra. But this Law was first authorized by Charles the great, and thereafter improved by Henry surnamed Aucuper velser, lib. 4.  
And it is now Stated in this form by Heralds. In Legibus Heraldicis, Non convenit Metallam supra Metallam ponere, ita quoque non decet colorem supra colorem pingere, Hoppin. cap. reg. 2. vid. anton. thessaur. decis. 270. and thereafter, Trissin Italia Liberata says.  
Ond' essi non poneano in alcum secundo,  
Metal supra Metal, ne mai colore  
Sopra eolor, ma vi poneano sempre  
Eli' uni, eli' altri mescolati insieme  
Talche sél campoerad' argento od'oro,  
Vandava il colour sopra, é sell colore  
Teneva i'll campo, era●l metal sorr'esso.  
Where he shows us, that the Origin of differencing Metals, from Colours, was from the differences which fell out in the Trojan Wars, betwixt the followers of Achilles, and Ulysses: Whereupon Achilles friends Blazoned only Metals, and Ulysses his friend's Colours. And in commemoration of that difference, Heralds appointed that▪ Metals, and Colours, should thereafter be no more divided, lest Heraldry should become, or be made a Badge of discord, in Courts or Armies: but I prefer Petr. Sanct. his conjecture above related.  
Albeit this rule be very Universal in Heraldry, yet it suffers its own exceptions, as 1. Heralds gave to Godfrey of B●lloigne, King of jerusalem, Crucem auream majorem, cum quatuor cruciculis aureis, in scuto argenteo, Chass. de glor. mundi. consil. 38. conclus. 70. To the end that men seeing His Arms should inquire after them, and so learn the Fame of the bearer. And the French call, to this day, such Irregular bearings, des arms, a enquerir, Arms to be enquired into. The 2. exception is, of the extremities of Beasts, such as their Horns, Tongues, Nails, and their Crowns upon their Heads, which may be Metal upon Metal, or Colour upon Colour. The 3. exception is of marks of cadency in Royal Families: Thus the House of Bourbon, carry Battons Gules, on a Field azure: The like is in our private marks to younger Brothers, of cadency, such as our mollets, crescents &c. given.  
The 4. exception is, of the Colour Purpure; for purple, is accounted Metal, when it is upon Colour; and Colour, when it it is upon Metal: The reason of which exception seems to be, either because is a Royal Colour, and therefore to be privileged, or more probably, because Purple is thought by some Heralds (as was formerly observed) to be oftentimes, argent worn off by use, and time. So that it is hard to know when it was at first designed to be a Metal, and when a Colour. Sometimes also a Chief will appear to be so contrived, as to be Metal, upon Metal or Colour, upon Colour: but then the French call it Cousu, a Chief sewed to the Shield. And thus they evite that objection, The French also claim the privilege to their Flowerdeluce, as Desvarennes observes, because it being given frequently by the Prince, to such as had formerly Fields of Colour, or Metal: the rule could not be observed. But in this I differ from them; For it may still be placed upon some other figure, so as to salve the Rule; and if they plead this privilege to their Flowerdeluce, The Scots may to their Lion, and the Germans to their Eagle: but in my opinion, it is better to shun the breaking of Rules, then to be vexed making apologies.  
Some Herald's debate what Colours are Noblest in Heraldry, and Bart. de insig. num. 29. gives it for a Rule, aureum esse nobiliorem, posteumque purpureum, & tunc rubeum, sequi hunc azorem, hunc album. Caeteros vero esse nobiliores, aut ignobiliores, quo, de albedine, vel, nigredine plus participant. But I humbly conceive, that this debate is impertinent to many cases: for colours are choised to express the humour of the bearer, or the nature of the bearing. And therefore, there can be no precedency. For that colour is best, which is fittest; but otherwise it seems, that those colours which have most resemblance to light, are the best colours; seeing light is the author and cause of all colours: And therefore white is preferable to all colours, but in Heraldry Or is preferred to it, seeing white is not a colour in Heraldry, but an Metals and Metals are by the principles of this Art still preferred to colours, and Gold is preferable to Silver.  
Though ordinarily colours are not only preferable, as they suit best with what is represented; as for instance, in the Keiths' Arms, three pales, Gules: being to represent three bloody draughts drawn by the King, and a hand Gules in the Mcfersons Arms for killing the Cumming, could not have been so honourably represented by any other colour; yet if the bearing require no special colour, it is given as a Rule, that the Shield should be of a nobler colour than the bearing: and if the Shield be composed only of different colours, as will be seen hereafter, in Shields, parted per pale, or per fez, that the Nobler should be in the upper part, or upon the right side: quoties arma fiunt ex diversis coloribus, semper nobilior color nobiliori in loco ponendus, hoping, cap. 11. lex. 4. The old Scots used still to express colour by the Word tincture.   

CHAP. V. Of FURS.  
SHields were anciently either Painted, or covered with Skins, as the Targets, or Shields of our Highlanders, yet are: The Painting gave occasion to the Colours formerly treated of, and the covering to the Furs, or Skins mentioned in this Chapter. And this I take to be a better rise for their being in Shields, then to say, that they were used in Mantles and Garments; and that therefore Heralds use them as Guilims observes: For this may be a good reason why they are used in Mantlings, but not in the Shields. Pet. Sanct. calls these Furs Vellera.  
There are two Furs allowed by Heralds, viz. Ermine, and Vair. Ermine is a little Beast, less than a Squirrel; so called, because it lives ordinarily in the Woods of Armenia; the colour of its body is a pure white, and its tail is black: And therefore our Heralds make Ermines to be a Fur, whereof the ground is white, distinguished with black spots; but it is not naturally of the form represented in this figure, the disposal of these black spots being only invented by Furriers, who mix for beauty the blackness of the tail with the whiteness of the body. But because the black spot of the tail, was not sufficient, to spot the whole Skin; therefore Furriers do take the wool of Italian Lambs shorn out of the Bellies of their Dames, by which they beautify the Skin with various spots, as Varennes observes, pag. 8. It is hotly debated by Menestier, and his nameless adversare, whether these be whole Skins of Ermines, or only the tails of Ermines, that are; represented in blazoning: But I think both err, for it cannot be the entire Skin, with its own natural spots only, for some are very frequently spotted: nor can it be the tails of Ermines only, as Menestier asserts; For these tails are so little, that they would make ill Furring: But I think that these spots are added by Heralds, not only in imitation of the spotted Furs used by Ladies, for these are regularly spotted, and in Heraldry they are not, but to diversify the many Coats of Arms: And thus some bear one spot in the middle, some two, some three, some one in chief; some dispose them as a Cross, etc. They are called by the Italians, Armelini, and the Latin express them per maculas nigras muris pontici.  
Where the Ground or Field is black, and the pouldring white, we call it Contre-Ermine, Colomb. pag. 52. Though Guilims call it more improperly Ermines: making no difference, betwixt the names, but the addition of the Letter s. But the French write still Hermins, Guilims says, that where the Field is Or, and the pouldring black, it is called Erminois, and citys for this Bara, pag. 14. But there is no such thing to be found in Bara. and where the Field is black pouldered with Or, He calls it Pean: but I find no such term used in the French; for they call Furs, or doublings, des pans or pens, which possibly gave occasion to this mistake, and many others, in such as understand not the French tongue; for the French say only Hermine, if it be proper, viz. white pouldered with black; but if the colours alter, they express the same as Sable powdered with Ermines, Or; as also they say, Or powdered, with Ermines sable, semé D. Or. Hermins' de sable, Bara. pag. 14. and Colombier, pag. 53. If there be but one hair of red in each side, Guilims calls it Ermenits; but these are but fancies, for Erminits signifies properly little Ermines.  
The other Fur is called Vair, vellus petasite, where all the several pieces are made in form of little Glasses, and, as some think, are called Vair, from the French Verre, a Glass; or as some say, from the Variation of the colours; and therefore, the Latin say, Arma variata ex pellibus albis & cerulis. The Field of it is arg. and az. and if so, it is simply called Vair; but if the colours alter, or be moe, the alterations must be expressed: And therefore our Heralds have ill Blazoned Straiton of Lauristons' Arms, verri arg. and az. for here the naming the colours was superfluous.  
This Fur must be still of Metal and Colour, and in Blazoning, you must begin at the Metal as he carries Verry Or, and Sinople: Nor is there any difference betwixt these words, Vair, Verry, and Verrey, though Sir john Fern, pag 86. assigns to every word its particular difference; but Guil. pag. 28. condemns this justly as a mere fancy, and founded upon no Authority; and I wish he had adverted to this himself in other places. Vair is ordinarily of six ranks▪ if they be more or fewer they must be expressed: This rule the French still observe.  
The French likewise observe, that if the pieces be of Metal, and made not in form of a Glass, but of a Bell, than they are to be called Beffroy Colomb. pag. 58. et on dit a la band de Beffroy de Vair: d, une seul tire, that is, of one rank.  
The origin of Vair in armoury is from the Fur of a Beast, called Varus, whose Back is a blew-gray, its Belly being white: and therefore Heralds have expressed it in blue and white colours, and when the Head and Feet of that Beast is taken from its Skin, it resembles much the figure of Vair, used by the Heralds, vid, Aldrovand de quadruped. lib. 2. cap. 24. And the reason why they are never used in Heraldry, in the natural colour of blew-gray, is, because Heraldry admits no mixed colours; and therefore it has chosen blue, because that is the nearest colour to blew-gray: and the reason why it is never used all blue, or all white, is, because the whole Skin is parted into these different colours: the first use of them in Heraldry is said to be from le Segneur de Coucies', fight in Hungary, and seeing his Army flee, did pull out the doubling or lining of his Cloak, which was of those colours, and hung it up as an Ensign: whereupon the Soldiers knowing his courage, and confiding in it, did return to the battle, and did overcome their enemy. Colomb. pag. 58. Leigh, fol. 132. is of opinion that Ermine is not a colour, but may be looked upon, and should serve in Heraldry as a metal: But Guilims, pag. 24. taxes him in this of an error, (saith he) it is used as the doubling or lining of mantles, and metal is not fit for that employment: and therefore he concludes that it must be a colour: but in this I think they err both, for seeing it is a compound of Metal and colour, I think it should be looked upon, as neither the one nor the other, and so may be put indifferently upon Metal or colour without offending the rules; for seeing it is Metal and colour, it can no more be put upon colour then upon Metal, and so it must be used indifferently as both, or not put in a Coat with either Metal or colour, which were impossible: but in the practice of Heraldry, they are indifferently used, as may be seen by the tresor armorique de France, and in Scotland Ermine is born sometimes with colour, as in the Arms of the Mcculloches.   

CHAP. VI Of the Principal Points of the SHIELD.  
BEfore I descrive the Charge, that is to say, the things born in the Shield, I must advertise my Reader, what the several points of the Shield are; for the same things make different Arms, according as they are placed, and therefore, by the Doctors called, Alveoli, seu Cellulasoli.  
The reason of the Names, and designations of the several points, is from the several parts of a man, who is in Heraldry, Architecture, and Painting, the true measure of all Simetrie, and Perfection: Imagine then a man standing in the Field, his highest point is his head, which in French is Chef, and so chief Point is not so called in Heraldry, because it is the most excellent, but because it is the head of the Shield; and the English writ it wrong, for it should be writ Chef: It is allowed three Points A, B, C.  
The second Point, is called Honour Point, because a man wears all the Badges of his Honour, about his Neck: As is to be seen in the Knights of the Holy Ghost, Saint Esprit, and even in the Knights of the Garter, who wear their Choler about their Neck, on St. George's day; though for conveniency they wear it otherwise, at ordinary occasions.  
The third Point E is called caeur, or centre Point, the heart Point; but by Guilims', and other English Heralds, is erroneusly called fez Point: and yet in this they follow Bara, as I conceive: but he calls it fez, or face: which last is more proper, because face, which is one of the ordinaries, as shall be said hereafter, passes through this Point: For fez signifies the flank, or the buttocks, and these are not the middle part of a man: And the Italians call Ceur Point, il centro, and the Latin, centrum parmae.  
The use of these Points, is, to difference Coats exactly: for Arms having a Lion in Chief, differ from these who have a Lion in nombrill Point and all the Points have their different significations: For bearings which argues Precedency, or Wit, are placed in Chief Point: These which are given as additions of Honour, are placed in honour Point: These which are given to reward Courage, are given in caeur Point, or centre Point: These that are given in Reward of Supply, or Support, are given in one of the flank Points; because a man's thighs or flanks are his great Supporters, etc.  
The learned Spelman divides the Shield in three Regions, the highest, he calls cephalica, the middle he calls centrica; and the lower perigaei.  
1. But these (not being followed by other writers and differing only from others in the way of expression) are not to be used.  
Menestrier the jesuit divides the Shield in 16 points, distinguished in five three, and a single base point. The first three, he calls the three points of the chief, the second three, he calls the three points of honour, the third three, he calls the heart points, the fourth three, he calls the nombril or navel-points, the fifth three, he calls simply the points. And the single and lowest point he calls the base point. And thus he designs the several situations of any Bearing expressed in the Shield, by saying it is placed in such a point, or in the canton dextre or sinister of such a point: if it possess all the three, he terms them couched, or laid alongst the chief, or nombril, etc. sometimes also they are said to be placed in Pale or pale-wise, or Saltire-wise, etc.  
When Arms are described without relation to, or expressing the point where they are to be placed, they are then understood to possess▪ the centre of the Shield called by Plutarch, Homer, and others 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the seat of the Arms.   

CHAP. VII. Of Lyns used in HERALDRY.  
THe Charge or Bearing is composed of several and different forms of Lyns, of which, though the French do not treat separately; yet seeing they are common to all Bearings, I thought fit to premise to the knowledge of them an explication of different Lyns; of which they are composed, following Guilims, Cartwright, and the English Heralds.  
The figure explains itself.  
The chief reason why the Lyns are thus used in Heraldry, Is to difference Bearings, which would be otherwise the same; for a chief waué differs from a chief simple, as much as if the one bore a Chief, and the other a Lion Rampant: But though this be the general reason, yet there are particular reasons for these differences, as shall be observed hereafter.  
The difference betwixt invecked and engraild, is, that they are opposite, the one being the other turned out, indented and daunsette, differ, in that the one is the other inverted; but I think them all one: And so the French and Latin calls them promiscuously dentatus, vid. Skinner. But for difference, because the one is large and the other small, therefore indented is termed dentata absolutely, and daunset dentes decumani in Latin, and di non ordinaria grandezza by the Italian, Pet. Sanct. pag. 181.  
Invecked, is so called by the English from the Latin Invehor; because it carries in its corners upon the thing whereupon it borders; But I find no such word used by the French: yet I think it is useful, seeing ingraild which they make use of, to signify both, is of a contrary figure. The word ingraild, is said by Upton and Guilims, to come from ingredior, quia ingreditur rem circumscriptam: But this is a mistake, for then invecked and ingraild should not differ, though they be contrair in their figure; but the true origination of it, is from the French word graile, which signifies hail, and engraile in ordinary French, signifies struck, and cut by hail: which hail, being round, pinches and cuts the leaves of trees, or any thing else in the form represented by that line, which is called, Linea striata, in Latin, and Skanellata, by the Italians. Waved is so called, from the waves of the Sea, which it represents, and is therefore called undê; and is used for signifying that the Bearer got his Arms for service done at sea: Thus the Drumonds bear three faces undé, or waué, because the first of that name came with Queen Margaret, as Master of the Ship, and having suffered great storm, through which he by his skill conducted them; he did thereafter get three faces waué, representing those great waves: The Latin call it, Vndiformis or Vndulata, Pet. Sanct. pag. 163. Neb●lé is so called, because that Lyne represents a cloud; for which cause, French Heralds call it, nuancé, Colomb. page 102. Linea nubilosa, and is given to such as have been eminent for their skill in Navigation and Pilotry: for that Employment oblidges them to understand Clouds, Storms, and Winds: Crenelae is a French word, signifying the battelement of houses, as the figure of this line signifies, which is called, Linea pinnata, and it is used on the Arms of such as have defended Castles for their Prince or Country, or of such as are skilful in Architecture.   

CHAP. VIII. Of the Partitions of the SHIELD.  
AFter Battles were ended, the Shields of the soldiers were considered; and he was accounted the most deserving, whose Shield was either most, or deepliest cut; and to recompense the dangers wherein they were known to have been by these cuts, Heralds did represent those cuts upon their Shields. And those Bearings in general, are called the Partitions of the Shield.  
The ordinar Cuts did give names to the ordinar Partitions, of which the others are made by several conjunctions: If the Shield was cut from the chief to the base, it is called by the French, parti; if all over, coupé; if from the right high angle, to the lowest left angle, tranché; if from the left high angle, to the right low angle, taillé: But the English observe not these terms, nor have they followed the French in this; but they name the Partitions by the honourable ordinaries, and what the French call parti, they call parted per pale; for coupe, they say parti per fez; for taillé they say parti per bend sinister; for tranché they say, Parti per bend: for a be●d dextre, needs not be called otherwise then a bend simply, as in the figure herewith annexed will appear, and in this I prefer the English to the French, because they in this use not many superfluous terms, and hereby avoid much confusion; likeas they in this agree better with the Latin and Italian Heraldry.  
But where the Lynes cannot describe the several Cuttings of the Shield, there must be new terms, and there only they should have place; and therefore gyrons, quarters and cantons were first invented. A gyron is the French word of bosom, and these partitions are called gyrons, because they meet in the bosom: They were of old called, contrarie-conid, because they did meet in in cono; portat arma contra conata ex octo partibus, vid. Fern. 211. They are in the latin called, pinnulae octonae, and merli octango-laxi, by the Italians: And therefore if they be eight, they need not be expressed, but the number must be expressed if there be moe, or fewer: And Berengarius was so called, quia ejus arma erant benè gyronata.  
But the Earl of Argil's Coat should not be blazoned gyroné, for it may be blazoned by the ordinary Lyns: and therefore I choose rather to blazon it thus parted by pale, face, bend dextre, and sinister, or, and sable; and as this is suitable to reason, so I desire any person to consider if the Earl of Argyl's Coat does not differ from that of Grolle in Colomb. page 80. Why then should they not differ in the terms of art: and for authorising me in this, I recommend the Reader to Colomb. fig. 11. & 12. pag. 81.  
A quarter is the fourth part of the Shield, and is called canton from the French word canton, which signifies a corner. It represents the Banner that has been given to the Bearer, as a reward of his service, or at least is equivalent, as if a Banner had been given him. A pile in Heraldry represents that engine whereby soldiers and others secured the foundations of their buildings; and have been given since to such as had been very useful in founding Commonwealths, Colonies, or Families: But three piles are ofttimes mistaken (as I conceive) both in England, and with us for the passion nails; which where ordinary simbols, assumed by such as went to the Holy-land· And thus I blazon the Wisharts' Arms, arg. three passion nails, gules meeting in point, For they resemble exactly the Jesuits cognizance, which are three passion nails. And generally in France and Spain, where these piles are gules, and meet in point, they are called passion nails: And I rather believe this because Spelman pag. 572. relates, That the Wisharts got this name out of malice from the Saracens, whom Robert the first of that name, did much persecute, about the time of the Norman conquest.  
We express still the place from which the pile takes its beginning, by the word; issuing as issuing out of the chief, issuing out of the corner dextre.  
A flasque is the segment of a circle stretched alongst the strait side of the Shield. It is given as a reward for Learning, as Guilims' alleadges, and has its name, as Skinner observes, à similitudine uterum antiquorum: animicandorem notat, Herodian. in severo, pag. 223. But Spelman asserts, That they are the face of gowns, which were of old so shaped. Others also there are wno think these flasques to be the proper rewards given by Princes, to such as have served them as domestic servants: for the voider which is the diminution of the flasque, is acknowledged by Guilims, to be the reward for domestic service, & eadem est ratio totius, & partis.  
The flanch is yet as much larger than the flasque, as the flasque is than the voider.  
It is a general Rule in blazoning all these partitions, that we must begin with that Colour or Metal which possesses the highest part or corner dexter, descriptio harum partitionum (says Pet. Sanct. pag. 194.) inchoari debet ab eo fulgore, seu coloris, seu metalli, qui primus obversatur oculis in superiore loco, vel in angulo dextro. Sometimes one colour is said to be cut upon another, which Bearing has been invented in imitation of clothes, wherein stuffs of one colour were ordinarily cut out after that fashion of old, in sumptuous varieties: But I likewise imagine, that this way of blazoning has been fallen upon to save some of the received Rules of Heraldry; for we then only say, That one Colour is cut upon another, when there is a Border, and any honourable Ordinary of one colour; which Ordinary does not reach the extremities of the Shield, as it ought to do: An example whereof, Upton gives, pag. 248. where he calls such Coats, Arma duplicia & jaggata, gules voided, Or by the three Barrs, portat de rubeo ablato, sive evacuato super aurum, ad modum trium barrarum.  

The description of the PLATE belonging to the eight Chapter  
I.  
THis kind of Bearing is blazoned by the French, party coupé, tranché, taillé.  
II.  
With us, parted per pale, face (or fez) bend and bar: Or parted per pale, fez, bend dexter, and sinister.  
III.  

Ker Earl of A●erum.  Ermine on a chief parted per pale Gules and or, a lion passant counterchanged: quartered in the second place with the Coat of Ker.  
IV.  
Parted per fez, or, and gules, a lion rampant within a double tressur, 

Midleton Earl of Midleton.  
One Family of the name of Richardsone gives.   counterflowered, and countercharged.  
Per fez, argent, and azure, a lion rampant, counterchanged.  
V.  
Parted per fez, argent, and sable, a cheveron counterchanged, 
Banlnewis of  and in base, a cinquifoil of the first.  

Drumond of Kincraigie.  Perfesse, waved, argent and gules.  
VI  
Parted per bend argent and azure, a crescent counterchanged. 
Addair.   
Per bend, indented, argent and gules, a crescent in chief of the second, 
Allen.  and a mollet in base or.  

Spot.  Per bend indented argent and sable, in chief a spur-revell of the second.  

Alison.  Per bend Gules and Or, a Flower de-lis tending towards the sinister chief counterchanged.  
VII.  

campbel Earl of Argyle. campbel of Glenurquhy. campbel Earl of Lowdoun. campbel of Gargunnock.  Parted per pale, fez, bend, dexter and sinister, Or and sable; but I shall let it pass in the terms generally used in this kingdom, viz.  
Gyronie of eight pieces, Or and sable: quartered with the Coat of Lorn.  
The same quarterea with the Coats of Stewart and Lorn.  
Some Cadets of Argyle, give the lyns of the Gyrony, engrailed, others waved, for a difference.  
Gyrony of eight Ermine and Gules.  
The same, and in each of the last 4 pieces, a Bee volant en arriere argent.  
VIII.  

Alexander Earl of Stirling, as his paternal Coat. Laing.  Parted pe-pale, argent and sable, a cheveron, and in base a Crescent counterchanged.  
Per pale argent and sable, a chief indented counterchanged.  
IX.  

Bruce Earl of Elgin.  Or, a saltire and chief gules, a canton of the first charged with a lion rampant as the second,  

Drumond Lord Madertie.  Or, three bars waved gules, on a canton of the first, a lion's head erased within a double Tressure counterflowr●d as the second, languid az●r.  

Livetennent General Drumond of Cromlix.  The same, and over all a scimitar in pale argent, hilted and pomelled of the field.  
X.  
Argent two flasques azure; This says Guilford, is given for Virtue and Learning, and especially for service in an Ambassage.  
XI.  

Wishart. Hacket of Pitfirren.  Or, three piles Gules (or rather passion nails) in point. Sable, three piles conjoined in the nombrill argent, on a chef Gules a lion passant guardant Or, if these issue from any other part than the chef it is necessary to express it.  
XII.  

Young of Lennie. Young of Auldbarr formerly of Seaton, who gives,  Argent on three piles sable als many annulets Or, but the paternal Coat of this name, belongs to.  
Argent three piles sable, on a chef of the second, als many annulets Or.  
Argent three piles sable.  

Astruther of that ilk. Graham of Fintray. Polwart.  Or three piles within a double tressure counterflowered sable, on a chef of the second, als many E●salaps as the first.  
Argent three piles engratled Gules: This is quartered in the second place by Hume of Polwart with his paternal Coat, being vert, a lion rampant argent, within a border Roses Gules, by the name of Hume, 
lovel sometime of Ballumbie.   
Argent three piles sable, surmounted of a fez waved Gules.    

CHAP. IX. Of the Honourable ORDINARIES in general.  
THe Bearing which is charged upon the Field, is either an Fowl or other creature, Tree, Flower, or some such thing, which depends not upon Heraldry, but has its name, and being independent from that Art, and these are called Common Charges: Or else it is one of these pieces which is properly invented, and has its Name, and Being from Heraldry, and those are called the Proper Charge. And such pieces are called the Honourable Ordinaries, because Heralds do ordinarily bestow them upon deserving persons. But Leich and Guilims do err in calling them the most worthy Partitions, for Partitions, and Ordinaries are different, as shall be shown hereafter.  
Their Honourable Ordinaries (or Pieces Honorables, as the French call them) are numbered by the French to be ten, Chief, Pale, Band, Fasce, Bar, Cross, Saultoir, Cheveron, Bordre, and O●le; and express all the several parts of a man's entire Armour. as the Chef, the Helmet; the Pale, his Lance; the Band and Bar, his Sword and Belt; the Fasce, his Scarf; etc. But this is but a Conjecture, or Fancy: and I rather think that these have been invented to be different Marks of different Qualities in the Bearer. As for example▪ the Chief reward those actions which are the product of Wit, the Cross Religious Exploits, etc. The English make the Border, nor Orle, no Honourable Ordinaries, and so make them nine, viz. 1. Cross. 2. Chief. 3. Pale. 4. Bend. 5. Fez. 6. An Inescucheon. 7. A Cheveron. 8. A Saltyr. 9 A Bar.  
Each of these do in the French Heraldry fill a third part of the Shield; But the English give them more or less, or as shall be hereafter observed. In this the French agree with the Italians and Spaniards, as Pet. Sanct. observes, and seeing all the honourable Ordinaries are of the same quality, I see not why they should not have equal room in the Field.   

CHAP. X. Of the CHIEF.  
When there is a Partition in it, if the Partition be in the upper part, it is called a Chief surmounted of another, but if it be divided in its lower part, it is called a Fillet, as Guilims observes, who derives that word Fillet, from the Fillet that is put about the hair; but it is indeed a French word, signifying a small thread.  
A Chief covered by any thing which hangs over it, is called by the French un chef couvert, and sometimes the covering is like an Episcopal Chapperon: this Mr. Guilims not understanding the French, calls shapournet, or shapernet, as Cartwright writes; and by this, and many other errors it appears how different languages have occasioned many mistakes in the terms.  
Sometimes it is blazoned a Chief crenelé, sometimes waué, etc. according to the lyns which compose it.  
There is much notice to be taken to the several ways of Blazoning this Ordinary, as will appear by the examples hereeo subjoined.  

The description of the Plate belonging to the tenth Chapter.  
I.  

Menzies of that ilk, or of Weem. Carron. Dewar. Airth.  ARgent, a chief gules.  
Gules a chief Or.  
Or, a chief azure.  
Argent, a chief sable.  
II.  
Gules, a chief Or, surmounted of another argent: Such a chief, says Guil. denotes a double reward given by the Sovereign. 
The paternal Coat of Graham Marquis of Montrose. Simpson of Udoch. Squire.   
III.  
Or, on a chief sable, three Escallops of the first: This is quartered with, argent, three roses gules, by the title of Montrose.  
Argent, on a chief vert, three crescents of the first.  
Or, on a chief sable, two mollets argent.  
IV.  

Dalmahoy of that ilk.  Azure, in chief three spur-revells argent.  
V.  

Burnet of Lees.  Argent, three holin leaves in chief vert, and a hunting horn in base sable garnished gules.  
VI  

Keith earl Marishal  Argent, on a chief gules, three Pallets (or Pales) Or: Some Painters have of late done this chief, Pallie of 6; but that is an error.  

Dickson of Bughtrig.  Azure, three moll●ts argent, on a chief Or als many pallets gules: Thus he bears the Keiths' chief counterchanged, as deriving his origin from that noble Family, the dickson's having been Keiths.  
VII.  
This is a French Coat, and by them blazoned, de vert, au chef d'argent, couvert d'azur. Couvert, i. e. shadowed by the foot of hangings or tapestry, for that is the reason of that Bearing.  
VIII.  
The French blazon this, the sable, au chef d'hermines chapperonné d'or: In our language, Sable, a chief ●rmine hooded or.  
IX.  
According to the French, d'argent au-chef mantellé de sable; but according to us, parted per chief cheveron ways sable and argent.  
X.  
D'azur au chef cousu de gueules, bordé d'or, i. e. Azure, a chief gules embordured or.  
XI.  
D'or au chef d'azur chappé a dixtre d'argent: Or a chief azure parted per bend sinister in the dexter canton argent.  
XII.  
D'azur au chef d'or à dextre de gueules: Azure, a chief or, and dexter canton gules.    

CHAP. XI· Of the PALE.  
THe Pale is that ordinary, which stands perpendicular in the Shield: and it comprehendeth in the opinion of all, the third part of the Shield. A Pallet is, as says Guilims, The half of the Pale, and an Endorse is the fourth part of the Pallet.  
The French say. That Soldiers of old carried Pales of wood to encamp them, which they fixed in the earth, and as Varenus observes, they are bestowed on him who empaied a City for its defence. For Palus signifies these Pales with which Cities or Camps were guarded L. 1 68 f. de verb signifis. Pali & Perticae in numerum mat●eriae re●igendae sunt, & ideo lignorum appellatione non continentur and, Aul. Gell. Lib. 5. c. 6▪ observes, That Castra & fossarum supercilia palis precinger● moris fuit.  
Betwixt these they fixed or tied small rods, and therefore the French express no diminutive of a Pale, but a Verget, which is their ordinary word for a small rod; and we should call it a rod, and what the English call an Endorse, they call a Pale charged with another little Pale or Verget. But I believe Endorse is also an old French term, and signifies to put upon the back of any thing, in dorso; and therefore Executions of Summons are called Indorsations in Scotland, because they are writ upon the backs of the Summons.  
If there be more Pales, they are numbered as Pales, four or eight; But if there be only six pales, than the French say simply palé arg. and azure, etc.  

The description of the PLATE belonging to the 11. and 13. Chapters  
I.  

Areskine or Erskine Earl of Mar.  ARgent a pale sable; this is quartered in the second place with the Coat of Mar, being, azure a bend betwixt six cross Crosslets fitched or.  

Carnegy Earl of Northesk, as an Coat of augmentation by the title of Northesk. Sawers. Esplin.  Argent a pale Gules quartered in the second place with his paternal Coat by the name of Carnegie, Or, an Eagle displayed Azure armed and membered sable.  
II.  
Or, a pale Engrailed Sable.  
Parted per fess Gules and Ermine, a pale counterchanged, and three Mascles, two in chief and one in base Or.  
III.  

Lord Ruthven.  Argent three pallets (or pales) Gules: Some will have it pallé of six,  

Skirven of that ilk.  Or, three pallets Gules, over all on a cheveron engrailed Azure, als many Buckells of the first,  
IU.  
Azure a pallet Argent. V.  
Or, an Endorse Gules. VI  

Cunningham Earl of Glencairn.  Argent a Shak-fork sable. This is called a Shak-fork with us, and should not touch the corners of the Escutcheon. It relates to some office about his Majesty's stables, this being an instrument whereby hay is thrown up to horses: And some think that it was given to the Family of Glencairn as Master of horses to one of our Kings; But the French call it, une pairle from the Latin parilis, though a late Author makes it to be pallium Archiepiscopale, albeit it differs from that in somethings, as it is described by Innocent c. de pallo 62. Sometimes also the letter Y is taken for it, as in the Arms of the Town of Yssodun, who took this for their Arms, as the first letter of the name of their Town, Menest. art. du blazon. paege 168.  
VII.  

Lundie of that ilk.  Pallé of six (Or simply according to the French pallé) Gules and Argent, on a bend azure three Cusheons Or.  

Murray Marquis of Athol.  Pallé of six sable and Or: Guarterly quartered with the Coat of Stewart:  
Or a fess checkie azure and argent, and with the Coat of Murray,  
Azure, three stars within a double Tressure counterflowered, Or.  

Jaffray of Kingswells  Pallé of six argent and sable, on a fez of the first, three mollets as the second.  
VIII.  
Gules two Flanches Ermine.  
IX.  
By the French, d'azur au pal d' or bordé de gueules: By us, azure, a pale Or imbordured Gules.  
X.  

Melvill of Raith.  Argent a face (or fez) Gules: Now quartered in the Achievement of the Lord Melvill, who gives Gules three Crescents argent, within a bordur of the second, charged with eight roses as the first, likewise by the name of Melvill.  


Charters of Hempsfield.  
Charters of Kilfaunes.   Argent a fez Azure.  
Argent a fez azure, within a Tressure counterflowered Gules.  

Lindsay Earl of Crawfurd. Stewart.  Gules a fez checkie argent and azure, as his paternal Coat, quartered with the Coat of Abernethie.  
Or a fez checkie azure and argent.  


Sir William Sharp of Stonnyhill. Carmichael Lord Carmichael.  
Carmichael of Ballinblae.  
Drumond Earl Pearth Auchinlek of that ilk.   Argent a fez azure, betwixt two cross Crosslets in chief, and a mollet in base sable, within a bordur Gules.  
XI.  
Argent a fez wreathed azure and Gules.  
The same within a bordur of eight Crescents.  
XII.  
Or three bars waved Gules  
Argent three bars sable.  

Fothringham of Powrie.  Ermine three bars gules    

CHAP XII. BEND.  
THe Bend (or Band as the French write) is that honourable Ordinary, which passes from the right angle of the Shield, to the lower left angle. the Bar is just contrare, for it passes from the highest left corner, to the lowest right corner; and is therefore called by the English a bend sinister. Both comprehend a third part, according to the French; but according to the English, it comprehends the fifth part only of the Shield, when i● is uncharged, but the third part when charged, But I see no reason why this should hold in the Cross, Saltyr and Bend, and not in the other Ordinaries, nam ubi eadem ratio, idem jus est statuendum.  
This Bend represents the Belt of a Knight, and is called Baltheus in Latin, and in Italian, Benda or cingulo, and is born of different colours, and in different forms by sundry Nations: For the French wear their sword belt, as a Bend; the Germans as a face about their middle. The French wear their Bend white, the Spaniard red, the English Scots and Danes blew, the Barbarians black· Such French as wear a bend in their arms with us, wear it white, to show their origine. According to some Amorists it represents a Ladder, and is given to such as Scaled first the walls of Castles or Towns. Guilims' marks its divisions thus, The half of the Bend is called a gartier, from the French word gartier; a Cost is the fourth part of the Bend, and half of the gartier; a Ribbon is half the Coast. Cartwright differs in this from Guilims', but the French use no such fancies, but call all diminutives of the Bend, Cotisé, from Coste the side, because these Cotices are margined upon the side of the Bend. And if there be more or less than six Bends in one Shield, they express the number. Guilims' observes that the Bendlet differs from Bend; in that it is still limited to the sixth part of the Shield, and in that it still begins at the corner, where the Bend is in the middle corner betwixt the Lyns.  
The French have no such word as scarpe, but what the English call Scarp, they call counter cottice, and if any thing should be called a Scarpe, it should be the Bend, for it looks likest to a Scarf; and a Bend in English, is un escarpe, in the French, or a scarf. I find bend sinister used but very seldom with us in Scotland, so much we have hated every thing which looked like bastardy.  

The desription of the PLATE, belonging to the 12. Chapter.  

Vaus' Lord Dirleton of old. Bisset of Lesindrum sandiland's Fenton of that ilk. Wallop. Monteith.  OR, a bend Gules: Or according to some, Argent a bend Gules.  
Azure, a bend argent.  
Argent, a bend azure.  
Gules, a bend engrailed argent.  
Argent, a bend waved sable.  
Or, a bend checkie, sable and argent.  


Leslie earl Rothes his paternal Coat.  
Stirling of Keir.   II.  
Argent on a bend azure, three buckels Or: quartered with the Coat of Abernethy.  
Argent, on a bend sable, three buckels Or.  
I●I.  

Scot Duke of Buccleugh, as the paternal Coat of that name. Scot of Harden.  Or, on a bend azure, a Star betwixt two Crescents of the Field.  
The same, and in the sinister canton, a rose Gules, stalked and barbed proper, for difference.  

Scot of Scotstarbet  The same, within a bordur ingrailed Gules, for difference.  

Scot of Harwood.  The same, with an Oak tree vert, suppressed of the bend, for difference.  

Scot of Whitslaid.  The same with a broken Lance in chief Gules, for difference.  


Tours of Innerleith. Liddel.  
Dishington sometime of Ardross Kinneir of that ilk.  
Turring of Foveran. Binning of Carlowriehauch.  
Haliburton of Egliscairn.   IV.  
Argent, on a bend azure, three mollets of the first.  
Gules, on a bend argent, three mollets sable.  
Argent, on a bend sable, three Escalops of the first.  
Sable on a bend Or, three Cannarie birds vert.  
Argent, on a bend sable, three Boar heads couped Or.  
Argent, on a bend ingrailed sable, a Wagon of the first.  
Or, on a bend waved azure, three Lozenges of the first. His second brother gives the bend waved on the upper, and engrailed on the nether side.  
V.  

Sandersone.  Argent, three bendlets sable.  

Hony-man. Porterfield  Argent three bendlets coticed, and engrailed on the outer side Gules.  
Or, a bendlet 'twixt a stags head, erased in chief, and an hunting horn in base sable, garnished gules.  
VI  

Auchmouty. Dempster of Pitlover  Argent, a broken spear in bend, betwixt two spur revels azure.  
Gules a sword in bend argent, hilted and pomelled Or, surmounted of a fess as the third: This is quartered with the Coat of Abernethy.  
VII.  

Whytford.  Argent, a bend coticed sable, betwixt two garbs Gules.  

Cant.  Argent, a bend engrailed betwixt three Crescents sable.  
VIII.  
Azure, a bend Or, issuing out of two Lion's mouths or throats of the second: In French, d'azur a la band d'or mouvante de deux testes & gueules de lyon de mesme; some term this bend in French, la band engoulee: It's called by Syl. Pet. Sta. Balteus fluens ex hiante rictu Leonum, and is a Spanish bearing.  
IX.  
Argent, a bend sable, betwixt two other demi-bends, couped or broken off, the upper issuing from the sinister flank, and moving towards the dexter chief, the nether from the dexter side to the sinister base, and two Martlets, one in the chief, the other in base, all of the second: This is a French Coat, and by them blazoned, d'argent à la bande de sable accompagneé de deux autres demi bands retraites, celle qui tend verse le chef mouuante du flanc senextre, & celle, qui tend verse la point, mowante, du flanc dextre, & de deux merletes de mesme l'vne enchef & l' autre en point.  
X.  

Haliburton of Pitcur.  Or, on a bend azure betwixt three Boar-heads erased sable, als many Lozenges of the first.  

Brand of Baberton.  Argent, on a bend sable, three mascles of the first, a chief of the second, charged with als many Spur-revells Or.  
XI.  

Weston or Waston, Kay or Cay  Gules, on a bend sinister argent, three Crescents sable.  
Argent, a bend sinister sable, 'twixt an annulet in chief Gules, and a Gryphon-head, erased in base sable, in his mouth a key azure.  
XII.  

Wigmer.  Argent, a bend sable charged with another waved of the first.  

eliot of Stobs. eliot of Laringston  Gules, on a bend engrailed Or, a batton, or (according to some) a flute azure.  
Gules, on a bend Or, a flute of the Field.    

CHAP. XIII. Of the FACE.  
THe Face is that honourable Ordinary, which by two Lyns traverses the Face of the Shield, keeping the centre equally distant from both the Lyns, and comprehends a third part of the Shield. The Italians and Latins call it Fascia, or Benda.  
The English writ it Fez, and derive it from the loins of a man; But Fez is a French word, signifying the buttocks, which are much lower than the centre, and therefore the French (Bara excepted) writ it still face, and it represents the Scarf of a Warrior, un Esharp, Colomb. Pag. 118. and from bearing arg. a face azure, The first of the Sharps who came from France with King David, was called Monsieur De l' esharp, and by corruption Sharpe.  
The face hes no diminutive in the English Heraldry, which I admire, seeing they assign so many diminitives to other Ordinaries: but the French call little Faces, trangls, if they be equal in number; but burels, if they be unequal in number, as five or seven: In our Scotish the Face is called a Bar, as in the Earl of Perths' Arms, who is said to bear O. three Barrs waué G.; those should be called Faces according to the French, and Fesses according to the English; and yet it appears that a Face of old was truly called a Bar, and it represents in its shape one of those Barrs which are used all over some doors; and therefore the Latin Authors call it Verris, Skinner verb. Bar. As also the name of Dempster carry a Sword arg. surmounted of a Bar Or, to show that they were heritable Dempters, who are criminal Officers; and therefore carry a Sword for power in criminals, and it is called Ius gladii: and because the Dempster used to stand at the Bar, and pronounce the Verdict; therefore they got the Bar; and this Ordinary does in effect represent in its shape the Bars, which lie alongs in Judicatures.  
The House of Austria carry G a Face arg. because Leopold 2 Duke of Austria in the first Battle of the Holy War had his Coat, which was Cloth of Silver, so covered with blood, that it was all red, except that part which his Scarf covered, which remained still of its native colour: this shows that this Ordinar represents the Scarf, and shows why it is given by Heralds.  
When the Bar is above any Charge, so that the Charge in so far is not seen, we say he carries V. G. a Sword surmounted of a Bar, as Dempster does.   

CHAP. XIV. Of the CHEVERON.  
A Cheveron is an ordinar French word, signifying a couple, by Vitruvius Capreolus, and therefore this Ordinar represents a couple in its Shape, fig. 1. by the Latin now it is called tignum or cantherius; by the Italian, capriolo or caviletto, and is given by Heralds to such as have supplied their Prince, Country, or Family: and thus the Hepburns' carry G on a Cheveron arg. two Lions pulling at a rose: the reason of which was that when the Scots were near beat at the Battle of two Brothers of that name came in with a fresh Supply and recovered the Battle; (as Holins-bead also confesses) for which they got the Cheveron, to signify the Supply they brought, the two Lions to represent the two Brothers, and that they were Scots pulling at a Rose, which is the Arms of England. As also Robertsone of Struan got a Cheveron added to his Shield, for taking Graham, who killed King james the First; but he has not used it of late, because he thought it a mark of Cadency. Leigh says, That a Cheveron represents a woman's attire for her head; but the conjecture is very groundless, and proceeds from wa●● of French, and for the same want of French some use to say, a Cheveron rompé, for a broken Cheveron, which is in French, un cheveron rompu, or brisé. Spelman well observes, That it is given to men for completing, and having brought any great design to perfection, since the putting on of the couple shows the work to be completed: And therefore the Greeks used to say, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. It comprehends also the third of the Shield, and the reason why a Cheveron is taken broken in its top, is because the Principle House was ruined and sold, and therefore the Cadets, to show that they are fallen from the original height of the Family, take the Cognizance bruised in its top.  
If there be more Cheverons, they are called Cheveronells, of which Leigh and all the English write, that there can be three in a Field; but the French say three Cheverons, and why not three Cheverons as well as three Bends, Bars, etc. the French mark 1.3.4. or 5. Cheverons' at pleasure, and in this, as in many other things we follow the French: For the Mclellans bear, Or, two Cheverons sable.  
A Couple close contains the fourth part of a Cheveron, and are not born but by pairs, except there be a Cheveron betwixt them.  
If the Cheveron be turned down with the point to the base, it is called a Cheveron inverted.  
If two Cheverons be joined together, the English call them Brazed from the French word Bras, as I conceive, which signifies Arms, because they are interlaced as Arms; the French, accrochete.  

The description of the PLATE belonging to the 14. Chapter.  
I.  

Fochhart. Tailzefer. Masterton of Parkmilne. Lidderdale of St. Marry Isle.  ARgent a cheveron sable.  
Ermine a cheveron Gules.  
Argent a cheveron Gules, and chief azure.  
Azure a cheveron Ermine.  
II.  

Ker Lord Jedburgh. longland's of that ilk.  Gules on a cheveron argent, three mollets of the first.  
Argent on a cheveron Gules, three mollets of the first.  

Hepburn.  Gules on a cheveron argent, a rose betwixt two Lions (or Lion cells as some will have it) combatant of the first.  
III.  

Branch. Bannatine of Keams.  Argent a cheveron sable, betwixt three mollets Gules.  
Gules a cheveron argent, betwixt three mollets Or.  

Elphingston Lord Elphingston.  IV.  
Argent a cheveron sable, betwixt three Boar heads erased Gules armed of the first.  

Cochran Earl of Dundonald Nisbet of Dean.  Argent a cheveron Gules, betwixt three Boar-heads erazed azure, armed and languid of the first.  
Argent a cheveron Gules, betwixt three Boar-heads erased sable.  
V.  

Sempill lord Sempil  Argent a cheveron checkie Gules and of the first, betwixt three Bugles sable, garnished as the second.  

Howston of that ilk.  Or, a cheveron checkie sable and argent betwixt three martlets (or kaes) of the second.  

Wedderburn of Easter-Powrie. Brown of Colstoun.  VI  
Argent a cheveron betwixt three roses Gules.  
Gules, a cheveron betwixt three Flowers de lis Or.  
VII.  

Mclellan.  Or, two cheverons sable.  

Pakston. Carruthers of Howmains.  Or, two cheverons sable, and three mollets in pale Gules.  
Gules two cheverons engrailed, betwixt three Flowers de lis Or.  
VIII.  

Mushet. chiefly of Kersewell.  Ermine two cheverons Gules.  
Gules, a cheveron voided betwixt three cinquefoils Or.  

Main of Lochwood  Argent a cheveron voided Gules betwixt three pheons in chief, and an Unicorns head erased in base sable.  

Cowper of Gogar  Argent a cheveron Gules surmounted of another Ermine, betwixt three laurel slips vert.  
IX.  

Pearson of Balmadies.  Argent two Swords cheveron-wayes azure piercing a man's heart in chief proper, and in base a cinquifoil of the second.  

Pearson of Kippenross.  Argent, two daggers azure, the pomells divided in chief, and the points conjoined, piercing a man's heart in base proper, in the honour point a cinquifoil sable.  
X.  
In French, de sable aù cheuron d'argent brisé où eclatté par le haut. i e. Sable a cheveron argent, burst or split on the top: by Syl. Pet. Sta. Capreolus fractus, diminutus capite, mutilus, etc.  
XI.  
Gules, a cheveron reversed argent.  
XII.  
Argent, three cheverons brased (or rather interlaced one with the other) in base, a Sun in chief azure.    

CHAP. XV. Of the BORDUR and ORLE.  
SHields had Bordurs for their ornament, and sometimes for their difference, as vestments had fringes, and thence did the Bordur grow an honourable Ordinary amongst Heralds: It possesses the fifth part of the Shield amongst the English, but the third amongst the French. An Orle is a little Bordur, from the Latin word Orula, which signifies a little Bordur; but both the one and the other are given to recompense such, as have given protection and defence: For the Bordur defends what is within it, and therefore Scotland got the Orle Flower deluced from the French, to recompense the assistance, the French got from the Scots in all the Wars: At which time, and for the same reason, the Scots got the guarding of the French King's body, which honour they retain to this day.  
It is now used as a mark of distinction by Cadets, because they ought to defend their elder Brother's Family, as the Bordur defends the Shield.  
All nations use few terms in describing Borders, except the English, who use very many, and such as are unnecessar, and have proceeded from affecting French words for terms of art: For if the Bordur be charged with dead things, it is called a Bordur entoire, as of Annulets, Besants, etc. which word is from the French word entoure (about) corrupted; this word is also improper; for all Bordurs go about the Shield.  
If the Bordur be charged with Fowls, it is called by them enalauron; if it be charged with other beasts, it is termed enurny; if with Flowers, Fruits, or Leaves, verdoi; and then the particulars, and their numbers are expressed, as Verdoy of eight 〈…〉 if with fur, it is called Purflew generally, and then the Fur is specified, as he bears G. a Bordur purflew ermine.  
The French say only, G. a Bordur Ermine, as also they say, he bears Or, a Bordur of 8 Pigeons.  
If the Bordur be of more colours, it is said to be componed of such and such colours, when there is but one range of them: But if there be more ranges, and these be counterly placed chequer wise, the Bordur is said to be componed, and counter-compounded.  
Skinner in his Dictionary thinks, that enalauron is a corruption of inorulatus; but I think it comes from the French, who say, un bordure en alerions, to describe a Bordure of martlets, so that enalauron is the corrupti- of en alerion.  
The Fiblier is the French diminutive of a Bordur; but the English have no diminutive of it.  
He translates likewise a Bordur purflew, fimbria acu puta nam pourfiler is profilare, id est, aureo filo intexere, so that purflew is rather a Bordur embroidered, than furred.  

The description of the PLATE, belonging to the 15. Chapter.  
I.  

Wallace of Ellerslie.  GUles, a Lion rampant argent within a bordur componed (according to the English gobbonated) azure and of the first.  

Stewart Earl of Murray.  Or, a Lion rampant within a double tressure counterflowered gules, a bordur componed azure and argent: quartered with the Coats of Stewart and Randolph.  

Spence of Aberdeen. of old.  Argent, a Lion's head erased gules, within a bordur componed azure and of the first.  
II.  


Grace, Lord Grace.  
Mure of Caldwell.   Gules, a Lion rampant within a bordur engrailed argent.  
Argent, on a fez azure, three Mollets of the first within a bordur engrailed as the second.  
III.  
Azure, a bordur with these words, AVE MARIA GRATIA PLENA.  
IV.  

Andrada in Spain.  Azure, on an Orle Or, eight decrescents of the first, all within a bordur argent, charged with four Lions rampant gules. Or according to others, azure, within two bordurs, the outmost argent charged with four Lions rampant gules, the inmost Or, of 8 decrescents as the first.  
V.  
Or, a bordur gules.  


Randeil. campbel of Aberuchill.  
Nairn of Strathuird one of the Lords of Session.  
Nairn granchyld to the old Nairns of Sandford.   Or, a bordur azure.  
Gyronie of eight, Or and sable, a bordur embattled vert.  
VI  
Per pale sable and argent, on a Chaplet, four quarterfoiles counterchanged.  
Per pale sable and argent, on a chaplet four cinquefoils all counterchanged.  

Nairn now of Sandford.  Per pale sable and argent, on a chaplet four Mollets counterchanged.  
This by the French is termed un orle rond.  
VII.  
Argent, an orle gules, and in chief 3. Martlets' sable.  


Rutherford.  
His Royal Majesty's coat as King of Scotland   VIII.  
Or, a Lion rampant within a double tressure counterflowered (with flowers de lis) gules, armed and lingued azure.  
IX.  
Argent, a cheveron gules, betwixt three Cross Crosslets fitched sable, 
Kennedy Earl of Castils.  within a double tressure counterflowered of the second.  

fleming Earl of Wigton.  Gules, a cheveron within a double tressure counterflowered argent: quartered with the Coat of Frazer, being, azure three frazes argent.  
X.  

Lion, Earl of Kinghorn  Argent, a Lion rampant within a double tressure counterflowered azure, armed and lingued gules.  
Or, a Lion rampant sable, armed and lingued gules within a double tressure counterflowered of the second. 
Buchanan of that ilk.   
XI.  

Randolph sometime Earl of Murray.  Or, three Cusheons within a double tressure counterflowered gules: now born by some of the name of Dumbar, and by Stewart Earl of Murray.  

Seaton of Winton.  Or, three Crescents within a double tressure counterflowered gules: quartered with the Coat of Cumming, azure three garbs Or.  

Murray Marquis of Athol.  Azure, three Stars within a double tressure counterflowered argent, quartered with the Coats of Athol and Stewart.  
XII.  

Landell. Landell of Cowl.  Or, an Orle azure now born in the achievement of the Earl of Hume.  
Or, an Orle indented upon the innerside azure.    

CHAP. XVI. Of the CROSS.  
THe Cross has been in great esteem, since our Saviour's death did make it so venerable amongst Christians: for the Egyptians did engrave it upon the breast of their god Serapis: And Caelius Rod teaches us, That the ancient, Philosophers and Mathematicians did highly esteem that Figure. But that which made this Ordinare so considerable in Heraldry, was the expeditions unto the Holy lands, and the Holy war; for both the Pilgrims after their Pilgrimage took the Cross for their Cognizance, and the Ensign of that War was the Cross; And therefore these Expeditions were called Croissads: And in these Wars, the Scots carried St. Andrews Cross argent, the French a Cross arg. the English a Cross Or, the Germans sable, the Italians azure, the Spaniards gules, as Colomb. observes. Thus Montmorancy carry the Cross, because they were the eldest Christians amongst the Gauls; and the Dukes of Savoy, because they did assist the Rhodes against the Turks: And the Sibald, who are come from Sabaudia, carry the Cross, because Savoy or Sabaudia, from whence they came, carried the Cross; for Sibandas or Sibaldus is but the corrupted name of Sabaudus. Before the Holy War, the Cross was blazoned four Cantons or Quarters.  
It has several Denominations, according to the several Persons, who did originally bear it: Thus the Cross of Calvary is long in the Pale, and short in the Arms, fig. 8. A Patriarchal Cross (or a Cross of Lorraine, bacause Lorraine wears it) as in the fig. 7. A Cross of Maltha, is that which is born by he Knights of Maltha for defending the Christian Religion, fig. 19 A Cross Crosslet, is that which has all corners of it crossed as is the fig 9 A Cross Patee, is that which has large Extremities, though they be not fimbriated or doubled, as Guilims' alleadges, pag. 90. A Cross fitched, is that, whose lowest point is sharpened, and fit to be fixed in the Earth, as in the figures 11. and 12. Fitched comes from Fichée, which signifies fixed in the French Language; but the writing it fitchees with a 't is the Error: But such words though unnecessar, vex the Reader to purpose: and therefore it were better to say, a Cross fixable; and for the same reason it were better to say, a Cross crouch-wise, than to say, a Cross potent, or potence: For a potence signifies a crouch in the French, but potent and potence are the same terms: Nor could the French understand their own terms in those Books.  
I cannot here pass by a ridiculous remark made by Upton an English Writer, otherwise learned, the reading of whom might have possibly occasioned some mistakes. Nota, quod istae cruces non sunt propriè signa, sed differentiae signorum. Quare dic quod Rex Haraldorum videns aliquem cupientem portare arma, ignorans aliquam bonam, vel malam conditionem in eo, vel proprietatem, debet asignaere sibi de crucibus supradictis, quam crucem portare, signat portantem non habere aliquam causam, vel conditionem secundum quam possent sibi arma assignari, sed signant hominem brutalem.  
The reason of Crosses fitched (or fixable, as I term them) was that the primitive Christians did always carry crosses with them as marks of devotion; and when they settled themselves in their journey at any place for devotion, they fixed these portable crosses in the ground.   

CHAP. XVII. Of the SALTYR.  
THe Saltyr crux transversalis seu decussis, is a Saint Andrews Cross, and is very ordinary in Scotland, because St. Andrew was our patron Saint; for St. Andrew appeared to Achaius our King upon that Cross, when he fought against the Picts. It was of old one of those Instruments which were used as Ladders, to scale the walls of Towns; and therefore it is called sautoir by the French, from sauter to leap, because it did help the soldiers to leap over walls: The English write saltyr, but I know no reason for that word: the former reason has in my judgement occasioned that the Saltyr is with us, and all other nations born ordinarily engrailed, or ragged, as we call it, because the Soldiers used to cut so those trees, for helping them to climb, and to support their feet or hands, upon its nicks.  
Upon the account, that the Saltyr is a St. Andrew cross, therefore the anderson's carry ar. a Saltyr engrailed sable betwixt four stars gules.  
When five of any thing, as leaves, beasts, etc. are born like a cinque, they are said to be born in Saltyr, because of its shape, from the aggreement of a cinque and Saltyr in their shapes: And by the Italians it is called figura, a forma della lettera, X. and what we call Saltyr-wise, they call Incrotiato a foggia della lettera X. and we in Scotland use the word Saltyr, or St. Andrews equally oft; because the Saint Andrews Cross is one of the Badges of our Nation.  

The description of the PLATE belonging to the 16. and 17. Chapters.  
The Latin terms of most of the Crosses following, are set down as Syl. Pet. Sta. Vpton, and others have them.  
I.  
A Plain cross; this is called, Crux simplex & plana.  

Corsby. Bannatyne of Corhouse Rind.  Or, a cross gules.  
Argent a cross betwixt four Mollets azure.  
Ermine, on a cross gules, a crosslet fitched Or, and in the sinister quarter argent two Mollets azure.  

Guthry of that ilk.  Argent, a plain cross sable quartered with the coat of Cumming.  
II.  
A cross engrailed. Crux striata, cannaliculata, seu crispata, By some Ingradata. By Dion in macrino, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  

Rait of Hallgreen. Sinclair of Roslan.  Or, a cross engrailed sable.  
Argent, a cross ingrailed sable. Sinclair Earl of Caithness bears this cross over all dividing his other coats. Sinclair Lord Sinclair bears the same in an Inescutcheon, others of that name gives, this cross azure.  

Aiton of that ilk.  Argent, a cross engrailed betwixt four Roses gules.  
III.  
A cross waved. Crux undosa.  

Sinclair of Olbster.  Argent, a cross engrailed on the outer, and waved on the inner side sable.  

Glendinning of that ilk.  Quarterly argent and sable, a cross parted per cross indented, counterchanged of the second and first.  
IV.  
A cross Raguled. Crux arbori similis quae decussis ramalibus undique asperatur, vel Crux truncata, seu undique asperata.  
V.  
A cross voided. Crux secta introrsim, seu perforata. It is said to be voided, when the Field appears throughout; but if it be of another colour or mettle, It is said to be charged with another of such a colour.  
VI  
A cross potent. Crux patibulata. The French call this, la croix potancée.  


Miller. Butter of old.  
But now Butter of Gormack gives.   Argent, a cross potent azure, betwixt four men's hearts proper.  
Argent, a cross potent sable, betwixt four men's hearts proper.  
Argent, a plain cross sable, 'twixt 4 hearts.  
VII.  
A cross patriarchal. Crux patriarchalis, or as some call it, The cross of Lorraine.  
VIII.  
A cross calvary. This cross by Morgan pag. 8. is set upon three degrees or steps.  
IX.  
Crosslet. Crux recruciata, seu cruciata.  

Spalding.  Or, on a cross azure, five cross-crosslets of the first.  
Argent, a cross-crosslet gules, on a chief azure, a Mollet in the dexter canton of the first.  
X.  
Cross crosslet fitched. Recruciata cuspidata, vexillaris, or according to Vpton, cruciata, figitiva.  

Mar.  Azure, a bend, betwixt six cross-crosslets fitched Or. This is quartered with the coat of Areskine by the Earl of Mar.  

Robertoun of Carnock  Argent, a cross-crosslet fitched sable: quartered in the second place with gules, a closely helmet argent.  
XI.  
Patée, Crux patula ad scapos, seu crux pateus.  

Bennet. Dawson. Duiguid of Auchinhuiff.  Gules, a cross patée Or, betwixt three Mollets argent.  
Gules, three crosses patée argent.  
Azure, three crosses patée argent.  
XII.  
Patée fitched. Crux patula desinens in cuspidem oblongam, seu cu●pidata.  

Lord Chein of old. Chein of Straloth. Bennet aliter.  Gules, a bend 'twixt six crosses patée fitched Or.  
Azure, a bend ar●ent 'twixt six cross patée fitched Or.  
Gules, a cross patée fitched argent, issuing out of the base undie Or.  
XIII.  
Patée fimbriated, patula fimbriata.  
XIV.  
Tau, or cross of St. Antony, Crux Sancti Antonii.  
XV.  
A cross florie, florida.  


An●y of Dolphington.  
Fletcher of Salton.   Or, a cross florie gules.  
Sable, a cross florie betwixt four Escallops argent.  
XVI.  
A cross patonce. This is called by the English, a cross patonce, and by Colomb. pag. 142. Croix enhendée.  

Milne.  Argent, a cross patonce gules, betwixt three Mollets sable.  
XVII.  
A cross flurrie, according to Morgan, and by some, patens florida, But Colomb. pag. 136. calls it, Croix flowerdelisée.  
XVIII.  
A cross avelane, avellana, the ends thereof resembling the husk of a Filbert-nut.  
XIX.  
A cross anchored, anchorata, But Colomb. calls this, The cross of Maltha, or a cross patée of eight points: and that Cross which the French call a cross anchored, is much like to that figure 22. called by Morgan, Molin.  
XX.  
A cross patonce voided, florida, perfossa seu introrfim secta.  
XXI.  
A cross sarcel● or resarcile by Morgan; by Vpton pag. 219. termed dupla partita flo●ida: but that which the French call croix ressercellée Colomb. pag. 138. differs much from this.  
XXII.  
A cross moline, according to Morgan; by Upt. mollendinaris: but by the French as is already said, Croix ancrée.  

Colvil lord Colvil of Ochiltry. Sibbald of Ranke●llor  Argent, a cross moline sable.  
Argent, a cross moline within a bordur azure.  
XXIII.  
A cross mil●ine by the English.  
XXIV.  
A cross crennelle or embattled on both sides, undique pinnulata, by the French crenellée & bastillée.  

Auchinlek of Balmanno.  Argent, a cross counter-imbatled sable.  
XXV.  
A cross furchie, furcata.  
There be many other kinds of crosses little differing in form from some of these before mentioned, but none of them are in use in Scotland.  
XXVI.  
A cross of St. Andrew, the Patron of Scotland, by some termed a saltire Crux Sancti Andreae, decussis, seu crux decussata.  

Maxwell.  Argent, a St. Andrews cross sable.  
Sable, a St. Andrews cross argent.  

Little. Colquhon. Powrie of Wood cocksholm Betson of Contle. Dalrymple of St●ir, now President of Session. Carse of Fordelcarse.  Argent, a saltire ingrailed sable.  
Arg●nt, as saltire ingrailed gules, surmounted of another Or, betwixt four Bugles sable.  
Or, a saltire verrey.  
XXVII.  
Or, on a St Andrews cross azure, nine Lozenges of the first; This aught to be an plain cross, and not ingrailed as in the Plate.  
Argent, on a saltire vert, betwixt four crosse-crosslets fitched gules, five Crescents of the Field.  
XXVIII.  

Kinnaird of Inshture.  Gules, a saltire betwixt four Crescents Or; quartered with the Coat of Kirkaldy of Inshture being, Gules, three stars argent: The saltire should also be plain in this gentle man's bearing.  

Mcferlan of Kertone Napeir, lord Napeir  Argent, a saltire waved betwixt four roses gules.  
Argent, a saltire ingrailed betwixt four roses gules.  

Lennox of Woodhead Smyth of Gibliston.  Argent, a saltire betwixt four roses gules.  
Argent, a saltir azure, betwixt two Crescents in chief and base gules, and als many garbs in fez of the second banded Or.  
XXIX.  


Bruce of Clackmannan.  
Bruce of Balcaskie Bruce of Newtone Kirkpatrick of Closburn. Johnston Earl of Annandale   Argent, a saltire, and chief gules.  
Argent, a saltire gules, and chief waved of the second.  
Argent, a saltire gules and chief embattled of the second.  
Argent, a St. Andrews cross azure, on a chief of the second, three cusheons Or.  
Argent, a saltire sable, on a chief gules, three cusheons Or.  
XXX.  
Argent, a saltire couped gules.  

Currie. Gorran.  Argent, a sword in pale azure, hilted and pomelled Or, surmounted on the point of a Mollergules, overall a saltire couped sable.  

Richardsone of Smeiton  Or, on a fez azure, betwixt a bulls head couped in chief, and a Galley her oars erected saltir-wayes in base sable, a St. Andrews cross argent.    

CHAP. XVIII. Of such FIGURES square and round as are only used in Heraldry  
THere are besides the Ordinaries many other figures, which are proper to Heraldry: and therefore I have insert them here next these; and before I begin to treat of the common Charge.  
These are either round or square.  
The round get from the English various names, according to their various forms, which I have here set down from Guilims.  


if they be 1 Or, than we call them 1 besants,  
if they be 2 argent, than we call them 2 plates,  
if they be 3 vert, than we call them 3 pomeiss, the French word for apples  
if they be 4 light blue, than we call them 4 hurts,  
if they be 5 sable, than we call them 5 pellets or ogresses  
if they be 6 purpure, than we call them 6 golpes,  
if they be 7 ten, than we call them 7 oreges,  
if they be 8 sanguine, than we call them 8 guzes,  
if they be 9 gules, than we call them 9 torteauxes.    
But the French allow no such multiplicity, nor confusion of terms; and Colomb, says, c' est plustost obsturcir la Science que l' éclaircir, c' est pourquoy ce ne scaurois apprower ces terms begearres d' angleterre.  
The ordinar round figures approved by all Nations, are,  
The besants, which were the money of Constantinople, and had their Name from that town, which was called Byzantium, and have been generally born of old by such as were at the Holy War; of late they are born by such as have been raised, by being Thesaurers or Customers: For these besants are still of Metal.  
If these Roundlets be of colour they are termed, torteauxes, generally by the Scots and French.  
If they be half Metal, half colour, they are called besant torteaux, if the Metal be in the highest place, or in the dexter side; if otherwise, they are called torteaux besants: This word torteaux is in Latin called limba torta & rotunda (round Cakes) and thence sprung the term torteaux Leigh: calls them wastals. It is given by Chassaneus conclus. 75. as a Rule, That besantae numerantur usque ad octo, si excedant dicentur besanteae & tortellae numerantur sicut besantae: That is to say, If the besants exceed six, you should say, bestanted, and need not specify their number.  
If these Roundlets be shadowed, they are called Bowls; and the first who bore these, was the Family of Medicis now Duke of Florence, because the first of that name, Edward de Medicis, who served under Charles the great, killed Mugel a Giant, who wasted all about Florence, and murdered Passengers by a mace of iron, at which were hung five iron bowls, and did thereupon take five bowls for his Arms.  
The four corner'd figures, are either Lozanges, which are exactly four squared para-lello grammata, and are born by Mathematicians, and ofttimes are the symbols of exact Honesty, and Constancy; that being a figure whose right side is always highest, homus quadratus, Chas lib. 1. conclu 75. tells us, That Lozangiae factae sunt ad modum lozangiorum in vitriis.  
The fusil is longer, and has its highest and lowest angles sharper than the Lozanges: it was the form wherein women carried their Arms of old, and by the old shape of it, and the present name, it represents a Spindle: If there be many of these, than we say, lozaned or fusilled.  
The Macle is also four square, but it is voided as in the fig. 3. some think they resemble the mashes of a net, and if so, they must still be voided, as Guilims' well observes, pag 317. and they signify the Bearer to have been politic, and fit to take others in his net, as Sir john Fern observes▪ but if the Macle represents a Mash, why was it cut as a Macle? and therefore I do rather believe Colomb. pag. 149. Who asserts, That these Macles were first used in the Arms of the House of Rohan, who choosed them, because all the Carp, and Flints also of their Lands in the Duchy of Rohan, are all marked with this Figure, which being a thing very extraordinary, and singular, gave occasion to them to use these in their Arms, and these Spots are called Macles in that Country from the Latin Macula: Whereupon the Dukes of Rohan have for their Motto, Sine Maculâ, Macla. In my opinion they look like Mirrors, and seeing the Name of Purves carries three Macles, and that their Name in France is Purvoir, I think these Macles represents Mirrors in their Arms.  
The English call their Figures Macles, without distinguishing whether they be voided or pierced; but if they be pierced round, the French call them rustres.  
I have also set down the form of a Fret, which should consist of six pieces, if of more, we say Fretted.  
Billets are also four corner'd, but are longer in the sides, than at the ends; they represent a Brick, and therefore are called Laterculus by the Latin Heralds: Some ancient Families bear these, to show the antiquity of their Families, as Varreus observes, for of old all houses were built of Brick. Some Families with us use them, to show their Original was from England, where brick tiles are much used.  
I have added the Earl of Errols Coat as an Example of Inescutheons.  

The description of the PLATE, belonging to the 18. Chapter.  
I.  

Beton, Beton of Balfour.  Azure, a Fez betwixt three Lozenges Or.  
The same quartered with the Coat of Balfour, Argent on a cheveron sable, an Otters head crazed of the first.  
Argent, a cheveron ensigned on the top, with a cross pateé betwixt three Lozanges sable. 
Strang, of Balkcaskie.   
Argent, three Lozanges sable, on a chief of the second, als many Lion's passant guardant as the first. 
Ogston, of that ilk.   
II.  

Leith of Restalrig. Leith of Overbarns. Leith, of Leith-hall.  Argent, a Fez fusiliesable (or five fusils in fez)  
Or, a cheveron betwixt three fusils azure.  
Or, a cross crosslet fitched sable betwixt three Crescents in chief, and als many fusils in base gules.  
III.  

Purves, Purves, now of that ilk.  Azure, on a Cheveron betwixt three Mascles argent, als many cinquefoiles Gules.  
Azure, on a fez betwixt three mascles argent, als many cinquefoiles of the first.  
Gules, six mascles Or, 3, 2, and 1. quartered in the second place, in the achievement of Cockburn of Langtoun, 
Weapont.  with his paternal Coat argent, three Cocks Gules.  

Wardlaw, of that ilk.  Azure, three Mascles, Or.  
IV.  

Mercer, Mercer of Adie.  Or, on a fez, betwixt three Crosses, Pateé Gules, als many bezants.  
Or, on a fez, betwixt three Crosses, Pateé in chief Gules, and an star in baze Azure, als many Bezants.  

Fountain, Hope of Craighall.  Argent, on a fez azure, three Bezants.  
Azure, a Cheveron, betwixt three bezants.  
V.  


Mcculloch, Mcculloch of Myretoun.  
Mcculloch, of Piltonn. Lyll.  
Lauderdale.   Ermine, a fret Gules.  
Ermine, fretté Gules.  
Ermine, a fret ingrailed Gules.  
Gules, a fret Argent.  
Sable, fretted Or.  
VI  
Sable, a bend betwixt six billets Or: This is quartered in the achievements of the Earls of Linlithgow and Callender. 
Calender.   
VII.  

Hay, Earl of Errol.  Argent, three Shields (or inescutcheons) Gules.  

Balliol.  Gules, an inescutcheon Or,  

Mcnaught of Kilquharitie. Straiton of Lowriston.  Sable, an inescutcheon, chekie argent and azure, betwixt three Lion's heads erased of the second.  
Argent, four bars embattled azure, over all an inescutcheon, Gules.  
VIII.  


Blair of Balthayock.  
Myrton of Cambo.   Argent, a Cheveron Sable, betwixt three Torteauxes, (or three roundles) Gules.  
Argent, a cheveron, betwixt three pellets, (or three roundles) Sable) This may serve for roundless of other colours; of each of which, there want not instances amongst the Bearings of this Kingdom.  
IX.  

Hutton. Eglington.  Or three annulets Gules.  
Gules, three annulets or stoned Saphire: quartered in the second place in the achievement of Montgomery Earl of Eglingtoun.    

CHAP. XIX. Of living Creatures, Trees, Flowers, etc. and the General Laws of Heraldry relating to them.  
THere are some things proper to Heraldry, as the honourable Ordinars, and of these I have treated particularly: but there are other things, which have only relation to Heraldry, as they are expressed as bearings in the Shields of particular persons; as Planets, Meteors, Animals, Trees, Flowers: And thus, all things may be here comprehended, and Heralds to swell their Books, treat of those, either to show why such things are born: (But since that depends upon the actions done by the bearers, that is rather the part of an Historian, than a Herald: But however in the second part of this work, wherein I have given an account of our Families and Arms, I have set down the reason of every Coat, as far as my enquiry can reach) Or else others make long discourses of the nature of the things born; but that belongs rather to a natural Philosopher, then to a Herald.  
I am then resolved only to trouble myself with the general Laws to be observed in bearing these things, which I have reduced to these Rules.  
1. The first is, that every thing be placed in its natural form, if there be no special reason for doing otherwise. For nature is the chief model, and pattern of Art in all things, and Art only imitates Nature.  
2. That if a rapacious creature is to be set down, it is to be expressed in the posture that is most devouring; because than it is presumed to show most strength: and thus a Lion is to be expressed, rampant, etc. Bart. de insig. num. 16. animalia fera debent exprimi in acts ferociori.  
3. Other creatures that are not wild and ravenous, aught to be expressed in their noblest position, as a Horse salient, a greyhound running, etc.  
4. Creatures, that are remarkable for any posture, aught to be born in that posture, as a Lamb passant, because it is naturally simple; a Serpent noué, or circling in a knot, because it is remarkable for that form.  
5. All Creatures must be looking to the right side of the Shield, and must have their right foot first; Which things Bartol found'st upon, L. Qui clavum § item sciendum F. de aedilit. edict. Yet I found it rather upon the general opinion that men have, that the heart is in the right side, and that therefore the right side in man is strongest, and so he has made it the noblest side in all other things.  
6. As the right side is nobler than the left, so the upper part is nobler than the lower: and therefore things that must look either up, or down, ought rather to be designed looking upward.  
7. But if two Creatures or things be looking to one another, than these Rules are not to be respected, Bartol. num. 22.  
8. When beasts are to be painted upon banners, the noblest position is to look to the staff; because that is the support of the banner: If upon houses that have chimneys, the noblest position is to look to the fire, because generally the worthiest persons are placed next to the fire: if there be no chimney, the noblest posture is to be placed, looking from the door: if upon Caparasons, they ought to look to the head of the horse, or beast that bears them.  
IX. If they be born to express a History, they are to be painted in the posture that best expresses the history.  
X. In some things custom has allowed a peculiar position in Heraldry; which ought to be observed: as two Keys are to be born like a Saint Andrews cross, because the Keys born by the Pope, are so painted: A Sword is to be born in pale, because the Sword of Honour is so carried before Kings and Magistrates. But these postures, and the special terms are to be found in Guilims, Carter, Morgan, and others; and many of them may be known by the explication of the Coats here set down.  

Of PLANETS, etc.  
I.  

Ker, Earl of Lowthian, as an coat of Augmentation.  Azure, the Sun in his glory. This is quartered with per fez gules and vert, on a Cheveron argent betwixt three mascles in chief Or, and an Unicorns head erased in base of the third, as many mollets as the first, be the name of Ker.  
Azure, The Sun in his splendour, betwixt two Crosses pateé fitched in chief, 
Gilchryst.  and a mollet in base argent.  

Brownhil.  Azure, The Sun in his glory, betwixt three flowers de lis argent.  
II.  

Inns, of ilk.  Argent, three Stars azure.  

Inns, of Blairtone.  Argent, a fez, betwixt three Stars azure.  


Murray Earl of Tillibardin.  
Murray of Philipshauch.  
Sutherland Aberbuthnot, Viscount of Aberbuthnot.  
Aberbuthnot, brother to the said Viscount.   Azure, three stars within a double tressure, counterflowered argent; now quartered in the achievement of the Marquis of Athol.  
Argent, an bugle sable, garnished gules, on a chief azure, three Stars of the first.  
Gules, three Stars Or, quartered in the achievement of Gordon, Earl of Satherland.  
III.  
Azure, a crescent, between three Stars argent.  
Azure, a frasier, issuing out of a Crescent, betwixt three Stars argent.  
IV.  

Murehead of Stanhope. Die.  Argent, on a bend azure a mollet betwixt two accornes, Or.  
Argent, a fez waved azure, betwixt three mollets Gules.  

One family of the name of 〈◊〉 own.  Ermine, on a chief Gules, three mollets argent.  
Argent, on a Cross azure, a Crescent betwixt four mollets of the first. 
Binning of Baird.   
V.  
Gules, an increscent Or,  

Delaluna in England. Durham of Duntarvie.  Azure, a Moon decrescent proper.  
Or, on a fez azure, betwixt two Crescents: The upper inverted Gules, three mollets argent.  

Oliphant▪ Lord Oliphant.  VI  
Gules, three Crescents argent.  
Gules, three Crescents argent within a bordur of the second, charged with eighth Roses, 

Melvil, Lord Melvil.  
Edmistone of Ednam.   as the first: quartered with argent, a fez gules, be the name of Melvil of Raith.  
Or, three Crescents Gules.  
VII.  

Kathcairt.  Azure, three Cross crosselets fitched, issuing out of als many Crescents argent.  

Monypenny, of Pitmillie.  Gules, three Cross-crosselets fitched, issuing out of (or within) als many Crescents argent.  
VIII.  

Bailzie of Lamington  Azure, nine stars Or, 3, 3, 2, and 1.  
Sable, the Sun in his glory, betwixt nine stars argent, three, two, 
Bailzie of Jeresword  three and one.  
IX.  

Pont.  Argent, a Rainbow proper.  
X.  
Azure, jupiters' thunderbolt in pale Or, inflamed at both ends proper, 
Carnagie, Earl of Southesk, gives for his Crest.  shafted saltir-wayes, and winged in fez argent.  
jupiters' thunderbolt winged as the former, but of old he gave ane and throwing the thunderbolt.  
XI.  

Seaton, Earl of Winton, as an coat of Augmentation.  Azure, a Star of eighth Rays, within a double Tressure counterflowered Or: This he gave over all on an Shield of pretence; but has lately laid it aside.  
XII.  

Cartwright.  Azure, a Comet or blazing Star in the dexter corner, and straming in Bend Or.   

Of the Parts of a MAN.  

Dalzel Earl of Carnwath Dalzel of Glenea.  SAble, an naked man his arms expanded proper.  
The same, within a border argent:  
II.  

Gladstains of that Ilk.  Argent, a Savage head couped distilling drops of blood, and thereupon a Bonnet composed of Bay and Hollin-leaves all proper, within an Orle of vl Martlets' Sable.  


Gladstains of Whitelaw.  
Edington of Balbartan.   Argent, a Savage head full faced, distilling drops of blood within an Orle of eighth Martlets Sable, a bordur invecked Gules.  
Azure, three Savage heads couped argent.  
III.  

Moir of Scotstoun.  Argent, three Negroes heads couped proper with a ribbon about the brow knit behind of the first.  
IV.  
Azure, three Sarazen heads conjoined in one neck proper, the faces looking to the Chief, 
Morison.  dexter and sinister sides.  

Morieson of Bognie.  The same, with this difference, that the uppermost head was affixed by a wreath to the other two.  
V.  

Nevoy of that Ilk. Nevoy now designed of Nevoy, one of the Senators of the College of Justice.  Sable, a Chevalier armed at all points, brandishing a Scimitar aloft, and mounted on Horseback argent.  
The same, within a bordur Gules.  
VI  

Aikman.  Argent, a dexter arm issuing from the sinister-side, holding an Oak-tree eradicat and broken asunder near to the branches proper, betwixt a Crescent in the sinister Chief, and a mollet in the dexter base gules.  

Aikman of Cairnie  Argent, a sinister hand holding an oaken-battone palewayes proper, surmounted of an bend ingraised Gules.  

Agnew of Lochcow.  Argent, three sinister hands couped and erected in pale 2. and 1. Gules.  
VII.  

Turner.  Two Coats quarterly, First sable, a Catharin-wheel argent. Second argent, three gut de sang. (or drops of blood) proper. Third as the second, the fourth as the first·  
VIII.  

Blackhal:  Gules, a dexter hand couped fessewayes, and thereon a hooded Falcon parched Or, on a chief argent three mollets of the first.  

Neilson of Craigeaw.  Argent, three sinister hands tending to the sinister chief-point Gules 2. and 1.  

Neilson.  Or, an dexter hand holding an dagger betwixt three Hearts Gules.  
IX.  

Naesmith.  Gules, a dexter hand couped fessewayes proper, holding a sword in pale argent betwixt two broken Hammers Or.  

Naesmith, of Possow.  Quarters the same with the Coat of Baird.  

Hardy.  Gules, a dexter hand couped, holding a dagger-point downward argent, and in chief two Spur-revells Or: Others give it a dexter-hand issuing out of the sinister-flank, holding a Scimitar in Pale.  
X.  

Baine.  Sable, two Leg-bones in Cross argent.  
XI.  

Rule. Heart.  Or, three Man's hearts within a bordur ingrailed Gules.  
Gules, on a chief argent, three men's hearts of the first.  
Argent, three nails (according to some arrows) fastened in, or parting a heart Gules. 
Logan.   
XII.  

Birnie.  Gules, on a fess betwixt a bow and arrow in full draught in Chief, and three legs couped at the thigh in base argent; a Lion's head crazed Sable.  

Bonyman.  Argent, an naked Savage proper, shooting an arrow out of an bow Gules.   

Of four footed BEASTS.  
I.  

Ogilvie.  ARgent, a Lion passant guardant Gules crowned Or: But now,  

Ogilvie Earl of Airlie.  Argent, a Lion passant guardant Gules, crowned with an Imperial Crown, and collared with an other open Crown Or.  
Argent, a Lion passant guardant Gules, crowned with an Imperial Crown Or: 
Ogilvie Earl of Finlator.  quartered with, argent a cross engrailed Sable by the Name of Sinclair.  

Ogilvie of Boyne.  Argent, a Lion passant guardant Gules; quartered with Edmistoun, Or three Crescents Gules: and over all dividing the Coats a cross engrailed Sable, by the name of Sinclair.  

Ogilvie of Newgrange.  Argent, a Lion passant guardant Gules crowned Or, within a bordur indented of the second.  
II.  

Mortimer Mcdowal sometime of Galloway.  Or, a Lion Rampant Sable degoutte.  
Azure, a Lion rampant argent crowned Or; quartered in the achievement of the Marquis of Dowglas.  


Maitland, Duke of Lauderdale.  
Chrichton, Earl of Dumfreis.   Or, a Lion rampant Gules, couped in all joints of the first.  
III.  
Argent, a Lion Rampant Azure armed and languid Gules: quartered with azure, three waterbudgets Or, by the Name of Vallange.  


Dundas of that Ilk Edgar.  
Colonel William Urrie.  
Chambers now Baron of ●artas in France, descended of Chambers of that ilk in Scotland.  
Scot of Balweirie Badzenoch.   Argent, a Lion Rampant Gules.  
Sable, a Lion Rampant argent.  
Argent, a Lion Rampant Gules crowned, and chained Or.  
IV.  
Argent, a demi-lyon rampant Sable, issuing out of a fez with a flower de lis in base Gules, all within a border of the second.  
V.  
Argent, three Lions heads erased Gules, languid azure.  
Or, three Lions heads erased Gules: quartered in the achievement of the Marquis of Huntly.  
VI  
Gules, three Lions Rampant argent, now born by the Laird of Baluagowan. 

Ross, Earl of Ross of old. Gleg.  
Hepburn of Humbie.    
Sable, two Lions counterpassant argent, collared Gules.  
Gules, on a Cheveron argent, a Rose betwixt two Lyoncells combatand of the first.  
VII.  

Guthrie of Halckerton.  Or, a Lion Rampant regardant Gules; quartered with the Coat of Cuming.  

Scrimzeor, Earl of Dundie  Gules, a Lion Rampant Or, armed and languid azure with a Sword in his dexter paw proper hilted, and pomelled of the S●cond.  
VIII.  

Preston of old.  Argent, three Unicorn-heads Couped Sable.  

Preston now of that ilk.  Argent, three Unicorn-heads erased Sable.  

Ker Earl of Roxburgh.  Vert, on a Cheveron betwixt three Unicorn-heads erased argent; also many Stars Sable.  
IX  


Baird of Auchmed den.  
Baird of Newbyth, one of the Senators of the College of Justice. Gordon Marquis of Huntly. Gordon of Pitlurg. Gordon of Rothiemay.  
Gordon, Viscount of Kenmure. Hog of Bogend.   Gules, a Boar passant Or.  
The same, and on a Canton Ermine, a Sword in pale proper.  
X.  
Azure, three Boars heads couped Or.  
The same within a bordur of the charge.  
The same with a Saint-Andrews Cross in the Centre.  
Azure, a bend betwixt three Boarsheads couped Or.  
Argent, three Boarsheads erased azure, armed Or.  
XI.  


Forbes, Lord Forbes.  
Forbes Lord Pitsligo.  
Forbes of Tolquhon Forbes of Monimusk.   Azure, three Bears-heads couped argent, muzzled Gules.  
The same quartered with the Coat of Frazer.  
The same quartered with the Coat of Preston.  
Azure, on a Cheveron, betwixt three Bear-heads couped argent, muzzled Gules, a Man's heart proper.  

Sir Arthur Forbes, now Viscount of Grannaird in Ireland.  Azure, three Bear-heads couped argent, muzzled Sable; above the Shield a Viscounts Crown, and over the same, on an Helmet befitting his quality, mantled Gules, doubled argent, and wreath of his Colours is set for his Crest, A Boar passant argent, overspread with drops of blood; supported on the dexter by an Unicorn Or, powldered with Ermine Sable; and on the sinister by a Dragon Ermine: With this Symbol, Fax mentis incendium gloriae.  
XII.  

Windrahime.  Gules, a Ram passant argent.   

Of fourfooted BEASTS, and their several Parts.  
I.  

Fullerton. Fullerton, of that ilk bears.  ARgent, a fez betwixt 3. Otters-heads erased Gules: But.  
Argent, 3. Otters-heads erased Gules.  

Balfour Lord of Burleigh.  Argent, on a Cheveron Sable, an Otters-head erased of the first.  
II.  

Lethingtoun.  Argent, a bend ingrailed Gules, betwixt two Otters heads couped Sable: But other Books, especially the latest, gives the Coat of Livingtoun (which it seems is all one with Lethingtoun) of Saltcoats, argent, an b●nd ingrailed Gules, and in chief a bears-head erazed azure, muzzled of the second.  
III.  

Cleland of that ilk.  Azure, an Hare salient argent, with an hunting-horn about his neck Ve●t garnished Gules.  


One of the Name of Forester.  
Clayhills of Innergowrie   Argent, a Ratch hound current, betwixt three hunting-horns Sable.  
Parted per bend Sanguine and Vert, two greyhouds current bend ways argent.  
IV.  
Azure, the Holy Lamb carrying a staff and flag argent, and thereon a Saint-Andrews cross Gules. 
Lamb. Town of Perth, alias, St. johnstoun.   
Gules, an Holy Lamb passant regardant Staff and Cross argent, with the banner of Saint-Andrew proper; all within a double tressure counterfloured of the second: The Escutcheon being surmounted on the breast of an Eagle with two necks displayed Or.  
V.  

Calder of Asloune.  Or, a Stags-head couped, attired with sex-tynes on every horn Sable.  
VI  

Mckenzie Earl of Seaforth. Sir Geor Mckenzie of Rosehauch. Porteous Calder of that ilk.  Azure, a Dears-head cabossed Or.  
The same within two lawrel-branches disposed Orle-wayes.  
Azure, three Dears Heads cabossed Or.  
Or, Heart's head cabossed Sable, attired Gules.  
VII.  

Ballenden Bellenden Lord Ballenden  Gules, a Bucks head couped Or.  
Gules, an Heart's head couped and attired with ten tynes, betwixt three Cross-crosselets fitched, all within a double tressure counterflowered Or.  
VIII.  

Mcgie.  Sable, three Leopard heads erased argent.  

Liberton of that ilk.  Azure, a Leopard's head erased Or.  
IX.  

Rae.  Argent, three Roe-bucks in full course Gules.  

Troup.  Vert, three bucks passant argent, attired and unguled Or.  

Torrie.  Argent, a horse passant proper furnished Gules.  
X.  

Robertson of Strowan. Robertson of Newbigging  Gules, three Wolf heads erased argent, armed and languid azure. Some of the old books give the Field azure.  
The same within a bordur ingrailed of the second.  
XI.  

Turnbul.  Argent, a Bulls ●ead erased Sable.  


Turnbul of badrule.  
V●itch of Davick.   Argent, three Bulls heads erased Sable, armed Vert.  
Argent, three Cows heads erased Sable.  
XII.  

Schives of Muretoun  Sable, three Cats A mountain passant in pale argent.   

Of FOWLS, etc.  
I.  


Ramsay, Earl of Dalhoussie.  
Carnegie, Earl of Southesk. Bickerton Panther of Pitmedden.   ARgent, an Eagle displayed Sable.  
Or, an Eagle displayed azure, armed and membered Gules.  
Argent, an Eagle displayed Gules.  
Or, an Eagle displayed Sable.  
II.  

Maxwel, Earl of Nidsdale.  Argent, an Eagle displayed with two heads sable: but now, he gives the Eagle surmounted on the breast of an Inescutcheon argent, charged with a Saltire sable. And most of the Name gives only the saltire.  

Atchison of Gossesurd.  Argent, an Eagle displayed with two heads sable, on a chief vert, two spur-revells Or.  

Barrie of that ilk.  Azure, an Eagle with 2. heads displayed argent over all on a fez Sable, two mollets of the second  

Dunlop of that ilk.  Argent, a double Eagle displayed Gules.  


Monro of Foulis.  
Sir Geor Monro, Lieu. General.   III.  
Or, an Eagle perching on a helmet Gules.  
The same within a bordur embatled of the second.  

Blackhall.  Gules, an hand issuing out of the sinister flank, and thereon an Hooded Falcon parched Or, a chief argent charged with three mollets azure.  
IV.  

Lawder of Halton.  Argent, a Gryphon Salient sable winged, be●ked and armed Gules.  

Lawder of Bass.  Gules, a Gryphon salient within a tressure counterflowered argent.  

Forsyth of Tailzerton.  Argent, a Cheveron engrailed Gules, betwixt three Gryphones Salient Vert, armed and membered of the second.  
V.  

Mcgil of Rankillor.  Gules, three Martlets argent.  

cairn's.  Argent, three Martlets Gules within a bordur Or.  

Bounten of Kilbryd.  Argent, three bounten birds proper on a chief azure a Sword fessewayes of the first hilted and pomelled Or.  

Kinneir of that ilk.  Sable, on a bend Or, three Cannarie birds Vert.  

Winton of Strickmartine.  Argent, a Cheveron betwixt three Turtle-doves azure.  
VI  


Cranston, Lord Cranston. Cranston of Meckrie.  
Fythie.   Gules, three Crans Argent.  
Gules, three Crans within a bordur invecked argent.  
Azure, a Cranmer argent.  

Fin.  Gules, a Cranmer without head argent.  
VII.  

Falconer.  Or, a falcons head issuing out of a Man's heart proper, betwixt 3. mollets azure. But the Lord Halkertoun has changed this bearing lately.  

Sir John Falconer  Or, a Falcon's head issuing out of a Man's heart proper, betwixt 3. mollets azure, on a chief of the second also many bezants.  
VIII.  

Cockburn of Langtoun.  Argent, 3. Cock's Gules: quartered with the Coat of Weapont, Gules, 6. mascles Or, 3, 2, and 1.  
Argent, a fez chekie azure, and of the first, betwixt 3. Cock's Gules. 
Cockburn of Ormiston. Ogill.   
Argent, on a fez Gules, 3. Cock's passant Or.  
IX.  

Paterson.  Argent, in nests Vert, 3. Pelican's feeding their young Or.  

Crawmond of Auldbar.  Azure, a bend betwixt two Pelicans in their nests feeding their young argent: in some old books azure, on a bend, Or, 3. Pelicans vulned proper.  


Ormiston of that ilk.  
Fenwick of that ilk.   Argent, three Pelicans vulned Gules.  
Gules, a Phoenix Argent in flames proper.  
X.  
Parted per Cheveron embatled Vert and Gules, 3. Craws argent, aliter argent, 
Craw.  a Craw feeding on a garb both proper.  

Cornwall. of Bonhard.  Gules, on a fez argent, three Cornwall (or Cornish) Kas sable becked and membered of the first, betwixt also many Mollets Or.  

Corbet.  Argent, a Raven (or Corbie) proper.  
XI.  

Norvell.  Sable, on a bend argent, betwixt two Cottises or, three Cornish Craws of the first. Some call these fowls Martlers, and give them azure, as in the explication of the Plate of the bends.  
XII.  

Kilgour.  Argent, a Dragon with wings displayed within a bordur inwardly circular sable, charged with 3. Crescents of the first.  


Brymer of Wester town.  
Seton Viscount of Kingston, as an coat of augmentation.   Or, a fez Ermine, betwixt three Dragon heads erased Gules.  
Argent, a Dragon Vert spouting fire: quartered in the second place with the Coat of Seaton.   

Of FISHES.  
I.  
A Sea argent waved sable in French Vnémer d' argent ondoyée ou agitée de Sable, and is the Coat of Sadoc de Vencon chevali●r de la Table Ronde. 
Craigdallie.   
Argent, a Rock Sable betwixt three Fountains proper.  
II.  

Meldrum.  Argent, an Otter issuing out of a bar waved sable; But,  

Urquhart of Meldrum, gives.  Argent, an Otter issuing out of a bar waved sable, crowned Or, as the Coat of Meldrum: quartered with the Coat of Seaton which is Or, three Crescents within a double tressure counterflowered Gules.  

Meldrum, sometime of Fyvie.  Argent, three Otters issuing forth of a bar wave sable: quartered with the Coat of Preston.  

Meldrum of Segie.  Argent, three Otters heads couped Sable.  
III.  

Loch.  Azure, a saltire ingrailed betwixt three Swans najant in a loch proper, 2. in fez, and 1. in base argent.  

Loch of drylaw gives.  Or, a Saltire ingrailed Sable, betwixt two Swans najant in fess Undié (or in a loch) proper.  
IV.  
Argent, an Dolphin najant azure: quartered with the Coat of Cathcart, 
Moniepennie of Pitmille.  viz. azure, three Crescents with as many crosse-crosselets fitched, issuing out of the same argent: or azure, 3. cross-crosselets fitched with also many Crescents argent.  
V.  

Fisher.  Azure, three Salmond najant fessewayes in pale argent.  

Garvie.  Azure, three Fishes called Garvine-fish najant fessewayes in pale argent. The middlemost looking to the sinister, and the other two to the dexter.  
As the fourth in their achievements, parted per fez waved argent. and vert in the centre a Salmond naiant proper. 
The Mc-Donalds.   
VI  

Foreman of that ilk. Foreman aliter.  Sable, a Cheveron Or, betwixt 3. Trout hauriant argent.  
Azure, three Trout fretted in triangle: One looking to the base, and two to the dexter and sinister chief argent: quartered with argent, an horse head couped sable furnished Gules.  
VII.  

The Royal company of fishing.  Azure, an Imperial Crown, and under it two Herring in form of a St. Andrews cross Or.  
VIII.  

Tarbet.  Argent, three Turbets fretted proper, one fessewayes looking to the sinister, and two to the dexter chief and flank.  
IX.  
Gules, an Inescutcheon argent, betwixt 3. Pike or ged heads couped Or. 
Geddes of Rachin.   

Ged of that ilk.  Azure, 3. ged or Pyks hauriant argent.  
X.  

Pringle of Gallowshiels.  Argent, on a St. Andrews cross ingrailed sable, five Escalops Or. This Pringle of Whitebank, as his representer bears.  


Pringle of Torwood lie.  
Pringle of Stitchel.   Argent, on a Saltire engrailed azure, five Escallops as the first.  
Azure, three Escallops Or.  
XI.  
Per pale argent and gules, a Bordur of eighth Escallops counterchanged. 
Maull Earl of Panmure. Maul Doctor of Medicine.   
Per pale waved argent and Gules, a Bordur of eighth Escallops counterchanged.  

Crab of Robslaw.  Azure, a Cheveron argent, betwixt two flowers de lis in chief, and a Crab in base Or.  
XII.  

Hamilton of Hags.  Gules, a Salmond head couped fessewayes argent, with an annullet through the nose proper, betwixt 3. Cinquefoilles of the second.  
Gules, three Salmonds (some say Trout) hauriant palewayes in fez with a ring through each of their Noses argent. 
Sprottie.    

Of TREES and PLANTS, etc.  
I.  
Azure, an Oak-tree accorned Or, growing out of a Mount in base proper, 
Wood of Boningtoun.  betwixt two Cross-crosselets fitched of the second.  
The Oak with two keys hanging on the dexter side azure, being fastened to one of the branches with strings Gules. 
Wood of Balbeigno gives.   
A Bugle Sable, hanging on the branches of the Oak stringed Gules, 
Wood of Craigie gives.  within a Bordur engrailed argent.  
The Oak tree, betwixt two ships under sail; and some of the Woods give the tree eradicated. 
Wood of Largo bears.   

Forrest.  Argent, three Oak Trees Vert.  

kid of Craigie.  Argent, a Pinetree eradicated proper with a bugle pendent upon one of the branches Or.  
Argent, a Vine-tree growing out of the base leaved and fructed, betwixt two Papingoes endorsed standing at the foot, 
Winchester.  and feeding upon the Clusters all proper.  
Argent, a firtree growing out of the middle base Vert, surmounted of a Sword in bend, 
Mcgregor.  bearing upon the point an Imperial Crown proper.  

Calderwood.  Argent, a Palmtree growing out of a Mount in base proper, surmounted of S. Andrews-cross Gules, on a chief azure three mollets of the field.  
II.  
Argent, on a Cheveron Gules, betwixt three Oak-trees vert, a Boars head couped of the field. 
Spotswood.   

Mosman.  Azure, a Cheveron betwixt three Oak-trees Or.  

Watson of Sauchton.  Argent, an Oak-tree growing out of a Mount in base proper, surmounted of a fez azure.  

Walkinshaw of that ilk.  Argent, upon a Mount in base, a grove of trees proper.  
III.  

Scroggie.  Azure, a Cheveron Or, betwixt two Scrogs or starved branches in chief, and a man's heart in base argent.  

Blackstock of that ilk.  Argent, three Trunks or Stocks of Trees couped under and above 2. and 1. Sable.  

Dalgleish.  Argent, a Tree eradicated and lying fessewayes vert, betwixt three Pheons azure.  
IV.  


Fowlis of Collington.  
Lowis of Merchiston.   Argent, three Edock-leaves slipped 2. and 1. vert.  
Argent, three Lawrel-leaves slipped vert.  
V.  
Argent, three Hollin-branches, each consisting of also many leaves proper, 
Irwin of Drum.  banded together Gules.  

Irwin of Bonshaw.  Argent, three Hollin-leaves slipped Vert.  
VI  
Argent, on a bend azure three accornes in the seed or.  

Ralston of that ilk. Aikenhead.  Argent, three accorns slipped vert.  
VII.  

Sydeser●e.  Argent, a Flower de lis azure.  

Broune of Colstome. Royal burgh of D●ndie. Kello.  Gules, a Cheveron betwixt three Flowers de lis or.  
Azure, a Pot of growing Lilies argent.  
Gules, an fez or, betwixt two Lilies slipped in chief argent, and an annulet in base of the second.  
VIII.  

Primrose.  Argent, on a fez azure, three Primroses of the Field.  
Or, a Lion rampant Vert armed and languid Gules, over all on a fez purpure, 
Primrose of Caringtoun.  three Primroses of the field.  

Livingstone, Earl of Linlithgow.  Argent, ●hree Gellie-flowers Gules within a double tressure counterflower delised vert: quartered with the Coat of Calender being sable, a bend betwixt six billets Or, and over all on an shield of pretence, He gives the Coat of Linlithgow, viz. azure, an Oak-trre or, within a bordur argent, charged with eighth Gellie-flowers. Livingston, Earl of Callender gives the Gellie-flowers eradicated, and Livingston, Viscount of Kilsyth gives them slipped.  

Wedderburn of Eastpoury Aiton of that ilk.  IX.  
Argent, a Cheveron betwixt three Roses Gules barbed vert.  
Argent, a Cross engrailed betwixt four Roses Gules.  

Cumming sometime Earl of Buchan.  X.  
Azure, three Garbs Or. 
Riddel.   

Cheap of Rossie.  Argent, a Cheveron gules betwixt three Ears of Rye slipped and bladed vert.  
Argent, three Ears of Wheat slipped in fez vert.  

Hamilton, Duke of Hamilton.  XI.  
Gules, three Cinquefoilles Ermine: quartered with the Coat of Arran. 
Frazer.   
Azure, three Frasiers (or frases) argent; These are Strawberrie-leaves, but the Painters have of a long time done them like to Cinquefoils, making no difference, which certainly is an error: They are the paternal bearing of the Lords Salton, Lovat and Fraser; and are quartered in the achievements of the Marquis of Huntly, Earls of Wigton, and Tweddal, and Lord Pitsligo.  
XII.  

Wordie of Torbrecks.  Argent, an hand issuing out of the dexter side holding an garland ensigned with an Imperial Crown proper, on a chief Gules two Thistles of the first. 
Bayne Sheriff Clerk of Fyfe.   
Azure, a Garb Or banded of the first betwixt three Thistles as the second. The Thistle is the Badge of the King of Scotland.   

Of Castles and Instruments of War.  

Mcleod of that ilk.  Azure, a Castle argent Gates and Windows Gules: But,  

Mcleod of the Lewes  Or, a Mountain azure inflamed proper, quartered now by Sir George Mckenzie of Tarbet with the Mckenzies arms.  

Braig of Nether-Auquharsk. Mcaben of Knockdolian. Royal Burgh of Aberdeen  Sable, two barrulets engrailed betwixt also many Tower's treeple towered in chief argent, and three Crescents in base Or.  
Azure, on a Rock proper a Castle argent.  
Gules, three Towers triple towered within a double tressure counterflowered argent. Several names of this Kingdom bear Churches, Bridges, Pillars, and such like for their Ensigns Armorial which I omit.  
TWO▪  

Lord Rae.  Azure, on a Cheveron betwixt three Bear-heads argent, muzzled Gules, a Bucks head betwixt two hands couped, each grasping a dagger proper.  

Findlay.  Argent, on a Cheveron betwixt three Roses Gules, two swords points downward, and conjoined at the pomells of the first hilted and pomelled Or.  
III.  

Dempster of Pitlover.  Gules, a Sword in bend argent, hilted and pomelled Or, surmounted of a fez as the third: quartered with the Coat of Abernethie.  

A Family of the Name of Scrimgeor.  Gules, two Swords points downward crossing other Saltirewayes argent, hilted and pomelled Or, and a sinister hand couped in base pointing upward of the second.  

Scheires.  Gules, three Swords in fez palewayes with their points downward argent, hilted and pomelled Or.  
IV.  

Hutcheson  Argent, a fez azure surmounted of three Arrows, The middlemost in pale, and the other two in bend with the points downward, and meeting in the base counterchanged of the first and second; in chief a Boars head erased sable.  

Cuthbert, Provost of Inverness.  Vert, a fess engrailed betwixt four mollets argent, over all in pale, an arrow point downward Gules, feathered and headed of the second. The arrow is given here as a difference from Cuthbert of Castlehil chief of the name.  
V.  
Argent, on a bend cottised and engrailed Vert, three Buckels Or; but of late they have given the bend engrailed azure, 
Stirling of Keir.  and sometimes engrailed sable.  

Leslie, Earl of Rothes. Leslie of Balguhan.  Argent, on a bend azure three Buckels Or, quartered with the Coat of Abernethy.  
Argent, on a fez azure three Buckels Or.  

Leslie of Wardes.  Argent, on a bend azure betwixt two Laurel leaves slipped vert, three Buckells Or.  
VI  

Skein of that ilk.  Gules, three daggers (or Skeins) palewayes in fez argent pomelled Or, surmounted of also many Woolf-heads couped of the third.  
Gules, a Cheveron betwixt three Skeins argent, hefted and pomelled Or, 
Skein of Fintray.  surmounted of also many Woolf-heads couped of the third.  
VII.  

Toshauch  Gules, three Pole-axes in fess palewayes argent, surmounted of a fess checkie of the first and second.  

Eccles of Kildonan.  Argent, two Halberds crossing other in saltire azure.  
VIII.  

Elleis▪  Per bend sinister argent and gules, a hand couped and grasping a Lance bendwayes, bearing on the top thereof an helmet proper in the sinister chief angle, a Spur-revel of the first, and in the dexter base a Horsehead couped Sable.  

Eccles of Southside  Or, three Helmets bavers open proper.  
Gules, three Boarsheads erased argent, betwixt a Lance issuing out of the dexter base, 
Rankine of Orchardhead.  and an Lochaber-axe issuing out of the sinister, both erected in pale of the second.  

Robertoun of Bedly.  Gules, a Closs Helmet argent.  
IX.  

Seaton of Barnes.  Or, a Sword erected in Pale, surmounted on the top with an Imperial Crown proper, betwixt three Crescents within a double tressure counterflowered Gules.  

Patton of Kinaldie.  Azure, a Sword in pale argent, hilted and pomelled Or, betwixt three Crescents of the second.  

Spalding of Ashinillie.  Or, a two handed Sword in pale azure.  
X.  

Wright.  Azure, three Broad axes argent 2. and 1.  
XI.  

The Earl of Caithness by the Title of Cathness, as the third coat in his achievement Craik.  Azure, a Ship under sail argent: And the same Earl for the first Coat, as representing Spar, sometime Duke of Orkney, bears Azure, a Ship at anchor, her Oars in Saltire within a double tressure counterflowered Or.  
Azure, in the sea vert, a Ship in full course Or, Masts, Sails, and Taiklings proper flagged Gules.  

Earl of Arran of old.  Argent, a Ship with her Sails trussed up sable: quartered in the achievement of the Duke of Hamilton.  
XII.  

Mcintosh as the chief of the Clanchattan.  Or, a Lumfad her oars erected in Saltire Sable, in chief a dexter hand couped fessewayes, holding a man's heart palewayese (according to some a flower de lis, Gules. But Mckintosh has altered this, and gives now four Coats quarterly first Or, a Lion rampant Gules, as being come of Mcduff. Second argent, a dexter hand couped fessewayes, grasping a Man's heart palewayes Gules, Third, azure, a Boars head couped Or. Fourth Or, a Lumfad her oars erected in Saltire sable.  

Lord of Lorn of old.  Argent, a Lumfad with her oars in action sable: now quartered in the achievements of the Earl of Argyle and Glenurqhie.  
Argent, an ark in the waters proper surmounted of a dove azure, bearing in her beck an olive-branch vert. 
Gallie.    

Of Utensils, Crowns and others used in Armoury.  
I.  


Johnston Earl of Annandale.  
Kirkpatrick of Closburn. Marjoribanks of Bowbardie.  
Melvil, sometime of Carnbie The ancient Coat of Randolph is now born by some families of the name of Dumbar. Sprewl of Coldoun.   ARgent, a Saltire Sable, on a chief of the second, three Cusheons Or.  
Argent, a Saint Andrews Cross and chief azure. The second charged with three Cusheons Or.  
Argent, a mollet (or rather a Spur-revel) Gules, on a chief sable a Cushion Or.  
Or, three Cusheons Gules, each charged with a Crescent argent  
Or, three Cusheons within a double tressure countefloured Gules.  
II.  
Or, a Cheveron betwixt three purses Gules. Some give the Cheveron checki● azure and argent. Others give a fess checkie.  
III.  
Gules, on a fess Or, a mollet azure, betwixt three quadrangular locks argent. 
Grierson of Lag.   
Gules, a Sword in pale proper, hilted and pomelled Or, betwixt three Padlocks argent. 
Dun of Taar●●e.   
IV.  

Lockart of Lee.  Azure, a fetterlock argent, on a chief of the second, three, Sanglier heads as the first. But others give it argent, a man's heart proper within a fetter-lock sable, on a chief azure, three boars heads erased of the first. And there are lately some other alterations made in this Coat.  

Lockhart of Bar.  Argent, on a bend sable, three-fetterlocks. Or.  
V.  


Gibson of Durie.  
Gibson of Paintland   Gules, three keys barrwayes Or; or as the English blazon fessewayes in pale.  
The same within a bordur Verry.  
VI  

RossLord Ross.  Or, a Cheveron checkie sable and argent, betwixt three water budgets of the second: quartered with the Coat of Melvil.  
Azure, three water Budgets Or: quartered in the second place in the achievement of the Earl of Drumfreis. 
Vallange.   

Ross of Kilravock Ross of Auchlossin.  Or, a bears head couped Gules, betwixt three Water budgets sable.  
The same within a bordur.  
VII.  
Azure, three covered cups Or 2. and 1.  

Shaw of Sauchie. Shaw of Sornbeg.  Azure, three mollets in fess betwixt also many covered cups argent.  
Gules, two cups covered Or, and in the middle chief a Star argent. 
Mcilvain of Grimet.   

Lowry of Maxweltoun.  Sable, a Cup argent with a garland betwixt two Lawrel-branches, all issuing out of the same Vert.  
VIII.  
Sable, a Catharine-wheel argent: quartered in the achievement of Sir james Turner with argent, 
Turner.  three gut. de sang. proper.  
IX.  

Bell of Kirkonel. Bell of Provesthauch. Kyle.  Azure, there Bells Or.  
Azure, a fez betwixt three Bells Or.  
X.  
Or, three Candlesticks Sable 2. and 1.  
XI.  

Orrock.  Argent, a Cheveron gules betwixt three Chess rooks sable; But now he gives sable, on a Cheveron Or, betwixt three mollets argent, also many Chess rooks of the field.  

Smyth of Methven.  Azure, a burning cup betwixt two Chess rooks in fess Or.  
XII.  


Grant of that ilk. Grant of Bellindalloch. Fraser, Lord Lovat.  
Lord Garrioch of old.   Gules, three Antique Crowns Or.  
Gules, a boars head couped betwixt three Antique Crowns Or.  
With his paternal Coat by the name of Fraser gives, Second and third argent, three antique or open Crowns Gules.  
Or, a fez chekie azure and argent▪ betwixt three open Crowns Gules.    

CHAP. XX. Why ARMS are changed.  
ARms once taken ought not to be changed without a sufficient cause. The ordinary causes of changing Arms are six. First, When the bearer becomes subject to another, and thus William the Conqueror changed the arms of England. 2. The succeeding to a greater Fortune, and thus the Family of Stewarts arms were changed by our Kings, when they succeeded to the Crown 3. Adoption, as by Tailies with us. 4. Some considerable new exploit, and thus a Savoyard having preserved Francis 1. at the Battle of Pavia craved liberty to change his arms, and take a sword arg. accompanied with a flower de luce. 5. Some new devote enterprise, as those who went to the holy War. 6. Marks of cadency, and defamation, and marriage: of which three last, I shall treat in separate Chapters.  
What was meant by a Gentleman of Name and Arms in ancient Records is doubted: For some interpret this of those, who made profession of arms: Others do more justly interpret this of these, who came to the honour of having surnames, and Coat-armour; for till William the Conqueror's time in England, and King Malcome, Canmor's Reign in Scotland, there were no surnames; but men were called by their Father's name, as Gulielmus, filius jacobi: but thereafter they got surnames from the lands they possessed: and therefore it was a mark of Nobility in those days, to have a Few, or Lands. But now a Gentleman of Name and Arms, is he, whose Name and Arms are registrated by Heralds, as Menestier observes.   

CHAP. XXI. Marks of cadency and DIFFERENCES.  
ARms are sometimes given upon a personal account by a Prince; thus Kings give sometimes to such Strangers, who have mediate happily as Ambassadors, betwixt them, and their own Masters, the Arms of their Kingdom in a Canton; and generally in these cases, Arms are personal, and descend not to his Successors: And such Arms are called insignia personalia, Noal. de Transmis. casu 33. and Cartwright, pag. 20. gives an instance of this in the person of S. Henry, St. George, who got the Arms of Swede in a Canton, when he was Ambassador there: and the Italians give many instances of this Rule, in arms given by Princes to Cardinals: But if Successors be not secluded; then Arms descends to his Heirs, though they be not expressed, Bart. ad l. 1. c. de dignit. Hoping. c. 7. §. 1. and these succeed to their arms, though the arms were bestowed upon the Father after their birth, even as they would succeed to a Crown falling to their father after their birth, Tiraquel. c. 15. Hot. quaest. illust. 2.  
But when they are given by the Prince to a man, or to his posterity, than his Successors, who are descended of him, do carry the Arms, and have right thereto, and that though they renounce to be Heirs, Noal. ibid. Because these are marks of their Prince's favour, and no lucrative parts of succession: And therefore, possibly it is that our Nobility bear the Titles, and enjoy the honours of their Predecessors, though they renounce to be Heirs, and though these Honours and Titles were given at first to their Predecessors and their Heir.  
But it is here questioned by the Doctors, whether Daughters have right to bear arms of the Family: as jason observes, consil. 63. Virile officium est arma & insignia defer, the carrying Arms belongs only to men; yet it is generally concluded, that Women who were never married, may carry their Predecessors arms, Tiraquel. de noble. cap. ult. & Tacit. lib. 3. annual. de funere juniae ait, Viginti clarissimarum familiarum imagines antilatae sunt, sed praefulge●ant Cassius atque Brutus, eo ipso quod effigies eorum non visebantur: idem probatur per l. mulieres, C. de dignitat. and the Custom both in France and Scotland is, That they bear the Paternal Coat in a lozenge, limneus: de jure Reipublicae, cap. 6. But they should be born in a fusil, which is a figure longer than a lozen, and signifies a Spindle in French, which is a womanly Instrument: Yet when women have been once married, they can no more carry their paternal Coat or Arms, because, by marriage, transeunt ex familia patris, in familiam mariti, Bart. ad l. quoties C. de privil. Scholar menoch consil. 197. and yet to show whence they sprung, they carry their paternal Coat marshaled with their husbands, as shall be hereafter observed: But the children born by them cannot carry their grandfather's Arms, Noal: ibid. No man can bear his Mother's Arms; for Children follow the condition of their Father, not of their Mother; and yet the mother may by Paction or Testament provide, that they shall not succced, except they bear her Arms, in which case they may be forced to carry them if the Prince consent: For He only can bestow Arms; and without this the Son cannot bear them, Peleus act forens: c. 96. Whither agnati transversales, such as Nephews, Uncles, etc. have right to carry the Arms that are given by the Prince to their Uncles, and those of his family may be doubted: and that they may is concluded by the Doctors; nam agnati intelliguntur esse de familia, l. pronunciatio, f. de verb. signif. But if the Arms be granted to a man and these descending of his body, they will thereby, or by any such express concession be secluded.  
It is most ordinar in Scotland to tailye Estates to the eldest Heir fernal, she marrying one who shall bear the name and arms of the disponers family: but whether the person who marries that Heretrix or Heiress, as the English speak, may lawfully carry the disponners Arms, according to the Laws of Heraldry, wants not its scruple; seeing Arma gentilitia, which are presumed still to be granted to a man and his Heirs, non transeunt ad extraneos; else any man might give Arms, as well as the Prince or Heralds: Yet Lawyers are very positive that their pactions are lawful, & qui liber●s non habet, potest in alium transferre suum feudum ea conditione, ut adoptatus nomen & arma & insignia ferat. Former. tract. feud tit. de his qui feudum accipere possunt; and that because Arms are given, not only to reward the Receivers virtue, but to distinguish Families, & quia adoptatus transit in familiam & agnationem adoptant●. Some Lawyers do here distinguish betwixt him, who is so assumed or adopted by one of his own Predecessors, or Family; for these surely may bear the Arms of the adopter; And these who were strangers before the adoption; and they conclude that these cannot have right to the Arms: and this is asserted by hoping. de jur. insig. cap. 7.5. num. 251. to be the common opinion of the best Lawyers. But I think it may be more justly distinguished▪ whether the disposition be made to a daughter, she marrying one who shall bear the Name and Arms; for in that case certainly, the children may bear the Arms, for she was Heiress herself: But if Lands were disponed to a mere stranger, not upon condition that he should marry a daughter, but that he should bear the Name and Arms; it may be in that case asserted, that the Receiver of the disposition cannot bear the Arms: for that was not in the disponners power to bestow, except the Prince consent. And suitable to this it is observed by Co. 4. inst. 126. that Edmond de Eincourt obtained from E. 1. a liberty under the great Seal to assign his Name and Arms: but that the Parliament of England did find that such an assignation without the King's consent, was void. And with us, if the King either confirm a right made of Name and Arms, or accept a Resignation upon that condition, this is thought equivalent to an original right. Though the descendent of him, to whom the Arms were first granted, may bear them; yet the eldest Son who represents the Receiver of the Arms, properly can only bear them entire by the Laws of Spain, Molim. l. 2. the hisp. primog. The same is observed in France, Colomb. tit. de Brisurs: and Expilly relates à decis. of the Parliament of Grenoble, anno 1496. wherein they found that the Cadets of the family, could not bear the Arms of it simply, and without distinction: the like was found by the Parliament of Tholouse, anno 1509. in Scotland and England the same is observed. In Piemount all the Sons of Counts bear the same Arms, without any other distinction, save that the eldest carries the Crown of a Count, but the Cadets do not tessaur decis. 270. nu 6.  
In Germany, the several branches of great Families distinguish themselves only by different Crests, without inserting any addition in the Arms themselves: as Menestrier observes, pag. 389. The eldest also of the three secular Electors, use in each of their Coats, the badge of their office as a mark of their office, rather than as a distinction, Hop. c. 7. and Gaspar. Bombaci observes, that there are few or no differences used in Italy: che vuole essempi frequenti di arm di un medisimo liguaggio ln vary guise non sostantialment maaccidentalment diversificate; bisogna que esca fuori d' Italia. And I think that the reason, why the Germans use none is, because all succeed equally there to the Honours and Estate. Likeas, it seems that in Italy the reason of frequent omitting them is, because there, the cadets are ordinarily Churchmen; and these use, nor need no marks of difference or cadency; because they are to have no succession, and because ofttimes the cadet by his office, is greater, and more honourable than the eldest is by his birth, Menestrier, pag. 390. But our Churchmen being allowed succession ought to use these differences.  
These marks, whereby the Cadets or younger Sons do distinguish their Arms from those of the principal House, or the chief House, as we say in Scotland, are called Brisurs by the French: because Its brisent, they break the principle bearing of the Family. By the English, they are called differences, and of late are called marks of Cadency by both when their differences were first instituted, is not easy to be determined; but that they are very old, may be conjectured from this, that Paradin makes Robert Count of Anjou who lived, anno 870. to bear the Arms of France within a bordur Gules, for a difference.  
By Fern, pag. 155. Arms were divided into perfect, and abated Arms. Perfect were called abstract: But Arms fixal, and terminal were these of Cadets: This Guilims', and others have not noticed, and here he makes embording, as he calls it to be the difference of the second Son·  
Colombier relates, that in the Bibliotheck of the Count of Brien, he found those differences set down for Cadets, which are now received by the English, and ascrived to Vpton: to the eldest▪ unlambeaux à Trois pendants, a file of three Lambeaux: Which is not only a corruption, but a mistake of the French; for the beam is the Lambeau: But Guilims and others call the pendants lambeaux. Bartol. call them candela, and Upton lingulae sive labellae: This is given to the eldest son whilst his Father lives, to signify that he is but the third person, his Father being one, his Mother another, and himself being the third. I find amongst our Arms, some bear this constantly; though they never were the eldest sons of their Families: as the Earl of Abercorn, who was at first but a second Son of the House of Hamilton: and Findaury, who was a second Son of the Family of Arbuthnet. I find also, that at an Indentor betwixt David Prince of Scotland, and David Earl of Cranford, anno 1399. the Prince's Coat is hung upon an oak tree, having no other Supporters, and the Coat is the ordinary Coat of Scotland, with a file of three labels; and I conceive that these files of three pendants, should be expunged out of these Coats: For though they be born sometimes as ordinary charges, and not as marks of difference; yet here they were originally given as marks of difference, as is clear from their blazone.  
The second Son has a Crescent, to show that he should increase the Family, by adding to the Estate and Repute of the Family. The third an Mullet or Spur Ryal, to show that he should follow Chivalry. The fourth, a Martlet, because expecting no Patrimony, he should become a soldier, and defend Castles, which were the only old Fortifications, in which Castles Martlets use to make their nests. The fifth, an annulet d' or, to remember him to achieve great actions: the Badge whereof was in old times, jus aureorum annulorum. The sixth, a Flower de juice, to remember him of his Country and Prince. The seventh, a double Rose, to remember him to endeavour to flourish like that excellent Flower. The eighth, an Cross Moulin, or the anchoring Cross, to remember to grip when he can fasten▪ seeing he has nothing else, to which he may trust. The ninth, a double quater foil, or a Flower of eighth leaves, to express that he is removed from his eldest Brother, and the Succession by eight degrees.  
The modern French, and generally all Nations do now reprobat these affected forms; and allow every private person to take what mark of distinction, can suit best with the Coat, which his Chief bears. Against the former differences these Arguments may be brought.  
First, that the French, from whom these were borrowed, have rejected them.  
2. No other Nation uses them: and uniformity should be very much studied in Heraldry, to avoid confusion; and that our Arms may be the more universally understood.  
3. These, nor no constant differences can suit with all Arms; for if the Bearer had three Crescents proper, two, and one; it were very irregular to adject a fourth, which would wrong both the beauty and regularity of the former bearing. Sometimes also the whole Shield is semé de fleuer de lis, all covered with flower de luces: In which case it were impossible that a flower deluce could be a distinction.  
4. It is appointed by that Rule, that the mark of cadency shall be still placed in the centre of the Shield; as Colombier relates of that old form, pag. 74. whereas in many Coats paternal, or in Coats Armours of chief Families, the Centre point is naturally charged with some of those same marks, as Crescents, Flower deluces, Annulets; etc.  
5. The only reason why it is pressed, that the differences should be known is, to the end that the degrees of Consanguinity may be clearly instructed; whereas if the degrees be not remote, than they are easily known without such cognisances; but if they be remote, than their cognisances are ineffectual: for no ●emoter degree than the grand child of the first Sons can be thus known: for though the second Son (for example) who is descended of a former second Son, may take a Crescent upon a Crescent; yet it is not conceivable how this second Son, or his second Son can be thus distinguished by his Arms.  
6. This confounds all the ancient Coats, and has absurdly filled ours with more Crescents and Mullets than are in the Arms of all Europe besides.  
7. These differences do respect France in some things, which are not communicable to Britain: For the Flower deluce was given at first to remember the bearer of his Country; that Flower being the ordinary cognizance of France: But seeing the Flower deluce is not the cognizance of Scotland or England; therefore that ground ceases with us.  
8. Colomber does very well observe, that the old forms were contrare to the Rules aloud in Heraldry, by the consent of all Nations; for no subject can take that for his Arms, much less for a distinction or diminution, which is a part of the Sovereign's Coat; and therefore the Flower deluce being a Royal Bearing with us, no subject ought to bear it as a mark of difference.  
And lastly though these may show that they were once second Brothers, yet they are not perfect marks of difference: Because many Cadets wear the same difference, and thus many Families do bear Crescents, as Second Sons of Huntly: and there have been twenty second Sons of that Family, which no Crescent could distinguish: whereas if they had taken another difference at pleasure, they might have shunned that confusion; and the registrating the mark given Cadets in the Lion's Register, with the reasons why they are given to that son, and at what time, will clear much better the degrees of Consanguinity, than these differences can: and yet that was the only reason, why these differences were invented. And therefore Colomb. concludes thus, mais quant à m●y je tiens toutes ces contra in tes inutiles, pource quelles ne peuent pas conveniru à toute sorte d' arms▪  
The French have constantly, and the Scots frequently taken such differences, or brisurs as might express at once some considerable alliance, or action, and might likewise distinguish their Families from that of their Chief; for so we call the representative of the Family, from the French Word chef, a head: and in the Irish with us the chief of the Family, is called the head of the Clane. Thus the Lord Balmerrinoch cha●ges the Cheveron, which the Elphinston carries, with three Buckles; because his mother was Monteeths, and daughter to the Laird of Carse, whose charge these are: and the Lord Couper, Brother to Balmerrinoch did charge the Cheveron, with three hearts, because his mother was daughter to Maxwel of Newark.  
Sometimes also they changed only the colour of any one part of their chiefs bearing, and sometimes they altered the ordinaries, taking on a bend these cognisances, which the Chief carried in chief, or upon a Saltire what he carried on a Cross, etc. as is to be seen in the Families descended of the Craufoords, Rutherfoords, Purvesses, etc. Our Predecessors also took marks of difference from their Employments: and thus Forbes of Corse, a Cross fitché, because they were Learned-Church-men for many generations: Bruce of Earls-hall a Flower deluce, given him as a reward by the French King; which the Patent yet shows: and there are no better differences▪ than any one of the ordinaries, or to alter the ordinary lines: Thus Sir William Bruce of Balcaskie got the lowest line of the Chief in the Bruces Arms waved, to show his kindness to, and his Skill in the art of Navigation. Sometimes also Cadets add to the number of what is born by their Predecessors; as if he carry two Stars, they add a third: and sometimes they diminish the Number, otherwise alter the position, so that if the eldest have five Crescents saltirewayes, the Cadet will dispose them on a Bend, etc. Albiet every person may take any Cognizance he pleases to difference his own Arms, from these of the Chief, and all others of the name; yet there are some Rules here to be observed: as First, that they take no part of their Prince's Arms, without his Majesty's licence: Such as Lions, nor the double tressure flower deluced, and contre flowerdeluced, nor the flower deluce simple: for though his Majesty bears not these, as Kings of Scotland, yet they are still a Royal bearing: and the Doctors assert that this Rule holds in Spain, as to all the Kingdoms under that King's subjection.  
The bearing, or charge of the Chiefs house should not be altered, as many Families in Scotland have done: Thus Auchinleck of Balmanno gives arg. a Cross embatled Sable; whereas Auchinleck of that Ilk gives arg. three Bars sable: and Scot of Balwyrie bears different Arms from these of Balcleuch. But this was occasioned by Cadets, their marrying Heretrixes, whose Arms they assumed without using their own, seeing they got no Patrimony from their Predecessors.  
2. It is irregular to alter the Chiefs Colours, as Campbel of Lundy does, who bears gyronie of eight pieces Er. and Sa. whereas the Earl of Argyle bears gyrone of eight pieces (as we erroneously blazen) O. and Sa: yet this was allowed of old by our Custom, which may defend what was done, though it should be no precedent for the future, seeing all Nations do now endeavourvery justly, not to differ, that so all Arms may be universally understood.  
3. It was thought irregular to diminish any part of the Chiefs bearing, as Campbel of Cesnock has done, who filled the room of one of the Gyrons with a Cheveron: for how can he be said to bear the Chiefs Arms with a difference, who diminishes them, and how can it be known that he is descended of that Family when he bears not the Arms of it: For either of the alterations makes the bearings very different, and there are original Families who differ only so; and yet such differences are ordinar abroad.  
4. These Cadets, who have their Arms quartered with other Arms, need no difference: for the quartering, or empaling is a sufficient difference: as is clear in the example of Campbel of Glenarchie, Hoom of R●nton, and others: And therefore it was unnecessar for the Earl of Kellie to have born a Crescent for a mark of difference, as Second Son of the Earl of Mar, seeing he bears quarterly with the Arms Aerskine 1. and 4. an Imperial Crown within a double Tressure Or: bestowed upon him for his assistance given to King James in Gauri's conspiracy.  
5. It is observable, that though a Cadet be descended of a Cadet, yet I think, he needs not express the difference of that Family, out of which he is immediately come; for else the Coat should be filled with differences, and the use of differences, is only to distinguish from the chiefs Family. Albeit there be no stated, and constant differences in France, yet the Cadets of the Royal Family have their certain and constant differences: Orleans carries the label, anjou a bordur Gules, Alencon a bordure G, charged with eight besants, etc. for by these they are known to the people in Coaches.  
It is also observable, That the Heralds of all Nations aggree, that Sisters should carry no mark of difference; the reason of which is by Guilims' said to be, that when they are married, they loss their surname, and receive that of their Husbands. But I crave pardon to think this reason not sufficient; for it would only prove that they should not at all bear their paternal Coats, and yet I have formerly demonstrated, that they may in some cases; nor does the reason prove, that daughters before their marriage, should not bear their paternal Coats with difference, seeing till than they lose not their own surnames. But the true reason of this rule is, that albeit amongst Sons, the eldest excludes all the younger from the Succession, and therefore differences are given for clearing the right of succession amongst Brothers; yet Sisters succeed equally, and are Heirs Portioners, and so there is no use for their differences amongst them, seeing Seniority infers no privilege.  
It is generally believed, that their differences are excepted from that general Rule, whereby it is declared false Haraldry to place colour upon colour, or metal upon metal (though Guilims' nor Carter have not observed it) But yet seeing the instances of this exception, are only given in Royal Bearings, I conceive it is safer to avoid the exception in Coat-armours of private persons: Sunt enim Principes legibus soluti.  
In what part of the Shield these differences should be born, is not certain: But the point of Honour is the most proper place, in my opinion, to receive diminutions or additions of honour; and yet Guilims, Morgan, and others give us many different examples as to the place: for Wingfield bears for a difference a flower deluce in the sinister point of the Chief, jenne a Crescent for a difference in the middle point of the Chief, pag. 243. and in Scotland it is generally received, that the differences should be placed upon the point of honour; but to place them at liberty, may lessen much the easiness of knowing, when the things designed for difference are not so; and yet it is impossible to place them in one fixed place in all Shields, because that place may be charged with some figure in the paternal Coat, which cannot well admit the difference to be supercharged. But to evite all their difficulties, it were to be wished, that the differences should still be appended to the base without the Shield; for by that means neither should the Shield be confounded, nor should we mistake the original charge for a difference, nec è contra: or at least that exact Registers were kept of their distinctions, which would much better clear the degree of Consanguinity.   

CHAP. XXII. Of BASTARDS.  
SUch as are not born in lawful marriage, are divided by Lawyers in naturales, spurios, & ex damnatis complexibus procreatos: but by our ordinar Style, all of these go now under the general name of Bastards, Bartol. in l. Pronounciatio f. de verb. signif.  
It is a received rule amongst Heralds, that Bastards should not bear their paternal Coat, nam de jure patrem demonstrare nequeunt: and therefore seeing the common law determines not who is their Father, it were absurd that the Laws of Heraldry should allow them to bear any man's Arms, as their paternal Coat: This rule is allowed by hoping. de jure insign. cap. §. 3. Colomb. cap. 11. Guilims', pag. 72. Farin. lib. 1. tit. 2. quaest. 13. Menoch. council 117. lib. 2. Boer decis. 127. But though this hold in Germany, where Bastards are not at all allowed to bear the Arms of their supposed Fathers; yet it is otherwise in some Country's, as in France, Britain and Italy; in which their Heralds have allowed, that they may bear the Arms of him who is alleged to be their Father with the difference of a Baton.  
Some Lawyers call this Baton Barra, sive baculum, Sintag. jur. cap. 6. num. 6. lib. 45. some tinea lutea, hoping, Some linea Tepat. cap. 5. Some call it divisè Mar: quest, 1140. The Germans call it strich, and Bachovius most improperly calls it tignum; for tignum is a Cheveron.  
This Baton is the fourth part of the bend sinister according to Guilims', and should extend to the Corners of the Shield: but it should be cupé, or cut short of both, it represents a cudgel, and is given to Bastards to show that they were not free men, but liable as slaves of old were, and servants yet are, to be beat and cudgelled: And though in France the Brisurs, or differences of Princes of the blood differ from these of private persons, yet Bastards have in both the same cognizance as the French G: In England the Brisur of Royal Bastards is still of Metal; but I think it may be varied in its colour, according to the colours or metals of the Coat, lest there be colour upon colour, or metal upon metal: For, albeit some say that Brisurs should be excepted from that Rule; yet I think that the note of Bastardy deserves no such privilege.  
I cannot be so partial here, as not to reprove an error of my own countrymen, who make the mark of Bastardy to be a Ribbon Sable, and make it to extend from the dexter Corner of the Shield to the sinister: For the mark of Bastardy should still be sinister, nor is it called a Ribbon in any Nation, and though we have received an opinion, that the Bastard's distinction may be after three generations born dextre, or omitted; yet I conceive the opinion is most unwarrantable: For jura sanguinis nunquam praescribuntur, and in the bastards of great Families this were very dangerous, for the bastards might pretend to the succession by this means, albeit that mark was invented to exclude them.  
Yet, it is certain, that such as were once Bastards, but are Legittimated by subsequent marriage, may bear the Father's Arms without any such Diminution: Menoch, Council 128.  
Whether such as are Legittimated by Letters of Legittimation, per rescriptum Principis, may carry their Paternal Coat, is much debated: Some think that they cannot: because the Prince cannot bestow the right of blood, as he cannot make a stranger an agnat, and the bearing of Arms is only competent to such, nor can such as are Legittimated, per rescriptum Principis succeed in the feudal rights belonging to the defunct, lib. 2. Feud. cap. 15. nor do such Legittimations as these, ennoble the children of noblemen, who were formerly Bastards: Tiraquel. de nobilitat. cap. 15. num. 16. Others conclude that any Legittimation, empowers the person Legittimated to bear his father's Arms; nam pro legittimis habentur & jus sui●atis obtinent, Nou. 24. cap. 2. & Nou. 189. cap. 9 But a third sort unwilling to extend favours done to Bastards, beyond what is necessary, and yet unwilling to bond the power of Princes too narrowly, in the matter of honour, which flowed originally from them, have concluded, that Legittimations by the Prince does not empower the person, who is Legittimated to bear his Father's Coat, except that power were expressly contained in his Legittimation, nisi Legittimatio express ad delationem armorum facta fuerit, hoping de jur. insignium, cap. 7.  
Albeit, Bastards be absolutely excluded from bearing the Arms of their supposed Father plain, and without a diminution; yet it is doubted if they may not bear their mother's Arms: Gothofred ad l. 2. the muncip. thinks they may because (says he) the Law must allow them some original, and the marks of it: But so it is, they are not allowed to bear their father's Arms. 2dly Bastards are admitted by the succession of the mother equally with her lawful children, l. pen. C. ad S. C. Orf. But so it is that insignia inter bona reputantur: But Tiraquel conclud's very justly that they cannot, cap. 15. nam respectu matris agnationis nominisque gentilitii nulla est consideratio, l. 10. F. de grad.   

CHAP. XXIII. Of ABATMENTS.  
AS the Law was ready to honour such as deserved well, so it had not been just, if it had not punished such as transgressed by removing not only them from their employments they possessed, but by removing their honour from them.  
This was done either by Deposition, I. aut damnum F. de panis: or exauctoration, l. 4. F. dear milit. or by degradation, l. 3. the offic. mag. schol. Deposition, was a verbal laying them aside; degradation and exauctor●ation was real, taking from them the marks of honour: But degradation wa● the throwing them down from an higher to a lower degree, l. 2. C. Theo. de curs. publs. and this was by the Grecians called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  
And that which was called amongst soldier's exauctoration, is as to others called degradation.  
When Soldiers were exauctorated, their arms were taken from them, and in imitation of that, the Coat of Arms is taken from others, or it is dishonoured with some mark of infamy; which by the English, and us, is called an abatment▪ and by the Latin, and French diminution of Arms.  
Some think, that this diminution of Arms took its origine, from throwing down of Images used among the Romans: For most of them had their Statues standing in the mercat-place, and when they were convict of crimes, these Statues were thrown down, l. eorum F. de paenis: But I think that this is more immediately founded upon, L. judices, & l. quoties C. de dignitat.  
These who writ as Lawyers upon this subject, do remark, that Arms are diminished, or lost, for murder, falsehood, oppression, false witness, and a profligat life; and that they are many several ways defaced, or diminshed, such as abrasion, perforation; but the most ordinary way is by reversing and ryving: which Far. observes to be ordinary in the case of treason, the crim. les. maj. cap. 16. which punishment is in observance by the Laws, and Customs of Scotland; for when any person is forfeited in Parliament, the Lion, and his brethren Heralds come in with their Coats, and formalities, and the Lion does publicly tear the Arms of the person forfeited, and if he be a Cadet of a Family, he says openly that the tearing of these Arms shall be without prejudice to the Nobleman or chief, whose Arms these are; after which he and his brethren go to the Cross, and there he hangs up the Shield reversed, turning the base, or lowest point upwards: Which Decian tract. crim. lib. 7. c. 31. asserts to be used in imitation of the old form of hanging traitors by the fear.  
It is debated amongst Lawyers, whether the children of forfeited traitors lose thus the Arms of their predecessors, and the ordinar resolution is, that either the Father who was forfeited, was the first who got Arms, and then he being forfeited, his Arms are not transmitted: But if his Arms pertained formerly to his Family; then his crimes does not debare his posterity from using them: For cryms should only infer punishment against the committers, vid. ant. Fabr. l. 9 tit. 29. & Tiraquel de noble. c. 35. But they advise them to crave restitution as the safer way. With us the children of forfeited parents do use their predecessors Arms without being restored.  
Not only in treason, but in other cryms this is allowed, as in the crime of barratrie, or perverting of justice, Gigas quest. 2. n. i. and in the crime of ambitus, or unjust acquiring of an office, Tiraquel. de nobilit. c. 6. And of murder, Laur. per. pag. 45. and in the crime of falsehood, where any man does falsely assume other men's Arms, l. ●os. F. de falso, or commits falsehood otherwise, Rochenga. cons, crim. 127.  
With us, only treason forfeits Arms once given, except the sentence provide otherwise.  
In these abatments, the French differ from the English, both in the form, and colour of their abatments: for the English assign a delf- ten to him who revocketh a challenge.  
An inescutcheon reversed sanguine, for deflowering a Maid.  
A point dexter for too much boasting in Martial Acts.  
A point in point sanguine, due to a Coward.  
A point Champion ten, to him that killeth his prisoner.  
Two gussets sanguine, for adultery.  
A gore sinister ten, for him that flieth from his colours.  
A point plain sanguine, for telling lies to a Sovereign, or General.  
The whole Coat of Arms reversed is proper only to a traitor.  
Menestier calls these English fancies: for who would bear such abatements, nor have I ever seen such abatements born by any: and therefore I rather think, that less remarkable Figures are to be used, and possibly beasts looking to the left hand, or broken cheverons, have at first been diminutions: and I find that the Family of Tiepoli were for a conspiracy in Venice, by the Senate forced to quite the Tour arg▪ they carried, and take a Viper's Tail, anno 1310. And one of the Family of Fastrzenbeir in Pole for being accessary to the murder of St. Stinslaus, anno 1279. was forced to bear the horse shoes he bore pointing downward, whereas they pointed upward formerly.  
The French call these abatements, des marquess d'infamie, and call the Arms wherein these are born, des arms deschargees & rompues, and to a Rodomontado or Hector, who boasts injustly of his pretended courage, they do gild the dextre point of the chief of his Shield.  
To him who killed his prisoner, the blunted point of his Shield.  
To him who broke his paroll, they gave a delft (which they call un-tablet) gules in caur point.  
To him who lied betwixt the Prince, and his Subjects they coloured the point of his Shield gules.  
To him who was a coward they gave a gore sinister.  
Sometimes Princes do for an abatment, diminish a part of the principle bearing: Thus St. Lewes King of France ordained, that jean A'vesnes should bear no more a Lion armed, and languid; because he had abused his mother in his discourse before the King: And Edward the third of Enland ordained of two sex Stars, which a Gentleman had in his Arms to be effaced; because he had sold a Seaport, of which he was made Governor.   

CHAP. XXIV. MARSHALING.  
TIll now, I have only treated of distinct Coats Armours, and other abatments: in the next, my method obliges me to consider more Coats Armours joined together, the disposing of which is called to marshal. The French allow more Coats to be marshaled, to the number of 32. and the English, and Germans to the number of 40. as Colomb observes, cap. 8. but I find not the number expressed by any English Heralds in their own books. In Scotland we exceed not six; only the Viscount of Falkland (who was an English man) did bear 33.  
Coat-armours are marshaled together either to signify an additione by marriage, by estate, by office, or by dignity.  
The learndest Antiquaries, and Lawyers (who call quartering cumulatio armorum) do observe that the quartering of Coats, did proceed at first from the vanity of Kings and Princes, who added the Arms of the conquered, or acquired Kingdoms to these which they bore formerly, Bart. tract, de insign. num. 13. the first instance whereof is given, in the arms of Castill, and Arragon, and they conclude, that when a person leaves his Estate to another, upon condition that he shall bear the disponers name, and arms; he who is to succeed, is not by condition obliged to lay aside his own name and arms: but may quarter his own arms, with these of the disponer, except the disponer do, in the institution, prohibit the bearing of any arms, beside his own, Fachin. lib. 2. Concil. 6. num. 3. and the Heir in Marshalling his own, and the disponers arms, may use what order he pleases, by giving the first quarter either to his own, or to the disponers; except the contrair be expressed in the institution, Thessaur. decis. Pedemont. 270. upon which condition Percy got the Estate of the Lucy's in England, Cambd. Brit. page 630.  
When a man joins in the arms of his wife, with his own in one Shield, he does it by dividing the Shield per pale, in two parts; on the right side the man's, and on the left the wife's are placed; and therefore this form of bearing is called impaling, from the pale that divides the arms, and Baron and femme from the different arms that are born; Baron signifies a man, and femme is the only French word for a woman: So that Baron, and Femme is a mixed expression; and man and wife would do much better: for now neither French nor English understand it.  
Sometimes also there are four, or more Coats marshaled together upon this account, according to the number of the Heretrices, whom the Bearers predecessors have married, and then all the Coats are not twice born.  
Sometimes also (says Guilims') he who marries an Heretrix, may carry her Arms in an Inescutcheon upon his own; because the husband pretends, that his heirs shall one day inherit an Estate by her; it is therefore called an Escutcheon of pretence: but this way of Bearing is not known abroad upon that occasion.  
With us in Scotland, and in France also it is ordinar, where many Coats must be Marshaled, That the Bearers own Arms are born in an Inescutcheon, as the English and we term it improperly; for an Inescutcheon is properly that which is born within the Shield; but the French do better term it Sur-tout, a Shield over all, because it covers some piece of all the other Shields which are placed about it: Thus the Marquis of Dowglass beareth 4 Coats, 1. azure, a Lion Rampant arg. crowned Or, for the Name of Mcdowald. 2. Or, a Lion Rampant gules, surmounted of a Ribbon Bend-wise sable, by the Name of Abernethy. 3. Azure, 3 Pyles in point gules, for the Name of Wishart; I call them rather Passion-Nails; born by the jesuits also, and an ordinar Bearing among such as went to the Holy-war. 4. Or, a Fez checkie azure and arg. surmounted of a Bend sable, charged with three Buckles, above all his paternal Coat, which is arg. a crowned Heart in the point of Honour on a Chief azure, three Mollets of the first. I must here take notice of an error in some of our Heralds, who call, a Shield above all, a Shield of pretence: for it is absurd to say, that a man carries his paternal Coat, as a Shield of pretence; and therefore I say only above all; this of old was called, a Fez Target, Fern. 207.  
Sometimes the Arms of one of the Heretrices are born in a sur-toutes, or above all: thus the Earl of Sutherland bear Huntley's four Coats; and above all gules, three Mollets Or, for the Name of Sutherland; this our Heralds term erroneously, a Shield of pretence also, for a Shield of pretence is only born by him who marries the Heretrix; but not by the Heirs procreate of the marriage, who should quarter the Arms. Here there seemed a necessity to place the Sutherlands in a sur-tout, or above all, because there were four Coats born by him, as a son of the Earl of Huntly; but this is lately altered, and that of Sutherland is placed first and fourth, and the Coats of Huntly in the second and third place. I find this Bearing used, where the Shield above all might have been in one of the Quarters: thus the Earl of Hume bears quarterly 1. and 4. vert, a Lion Rampant arg. by the Name of Humes 2. and 3. three Pepingoes, by the Name of Pepdie, above all Or, an Orle azure, by the Name of Landells; but these Coats might have been better marshaled thus, 1. and 4. Pepdies, 2. and 3. Landells, and the Humes Arms in a sur-tout, or above all; or 1. and 4. Hume, 2. Pepdies, and 3. Landells, either of which had been more proper.  
When the Arms which are quartered, are the Arms of private Families, we say not, That he bears the Arms of that Family in general, but we Blazon the particular Bearing; but when the Quarters are the Arms of great, and well known Families, than it is good Heraldry to say in general, He bears the Arms of such a Family in general, without Blazoning them: as in Blazoning the Earl of Sutherland's Arms, we say, he bears the Arms of Huntly, without Blazoning the particulars of Huntlys Coats.  
That the Terms of Marshalling may be know in Latin, I have blazoned the Earl of Wintons' Coat thus, In solo quadrifido gestatur primo Setonius, nempe in auro tres Lunae crescentes Ambiente teniâ gemellâ exlil●is utrinque florente rubicundâ, in secundo Buchania, Umboni superinducitur Vintoniae cerulius insignitus Cometa ignescente tenia gemella florida aurea concepta.  
If the Shield above all had been an Escutcheon of pretence, the Latin had said, Pretenditur Clypeus.  
It was very ordinar in Scotland not to quarter the Heretrix's Coat, but to take a part of it into the Husband's paternal Shield; and thus Hamiltoun of Innerveik did take the Face checkie, when he married Stewart Heretrix of Bancreef: And this seems very proper, when the Husband is not tied to bear the Father in Law's Arms by tailzie or express paction.  
Sometimes the Husband did of old assume only the Wife's Arms who was an Heretrix, as Scot of Balcleuch the Arms of Murdiston, and Naper the Arms of Lennox, and did not bear their own native Arms.  
Coat-Armours are Marshaled sometimes for Honour, and signify not Alliances, nor an Estate come by Heretrices; but when Earls are created, they get honourable Additions, which are quartered or impaled with their paternal Coat, of Impaling I formerly gave an example in the Earl of Holderness Coat.  
As to quartering we have many instances; Thus the Marquis of Montrose bears two Coats quarterly, first and fourth arg. on a Chief sable, 3. Escalops Or, by the Name of Grahame, second and third arg. three Roses as Montrose.  
Sometimes the Coats of Augmentation are placed first, and fourth, and sometimes the paternal Coat is first placed; as to which these Rules should be observed, 1. If the person whose Coat is to be augmented be a person of an old Family, and its Representative, he ought to keep his own Coat 1. and 4. as Montrose doth; but a Cadet may place his Coat of augmentation 2. and 3. because his Honour is above his Birth: But if His Majesty bestow any part of His own Arms, even upon an ancient Family in their Coat of Augmentation, than the Coat of Augmentation is to be first.  
Some when they are advanced to dignities, if they be not obliged to quarter the Coat of some Heretrix, they do for a difference take Crest or Supporters of the Family out of which they are descended, and quarter with their paternal Coat: As the Viscount of Kingston bears 1. and 4. the Arms of Seatoun, in the 2. and 3. arg. a winged Dragon vert. vomiting fire, which Dragon is the Crest of his eldest brother the Earl of Winton: But I approve not this way of Marshalling, and I would rather allow a second Brother, or any Cadet, when nobilitated, to bear the Arms of the house with a difference, except he were obliged by his marrying an Heretrix, to quarter her Arms, or had got some Symbol of his Majesty's Favour to reward some great service done him.  
Some get Cognisances and Rewards of Honour from their Prince, not by way of impaling, or quartering, but in a Canton; thus the Earl of Annandale got from King james the sixth in a Canton, arg. a Thistle vert. crowned Or; and the Earl of Elgin got in a Canton, a Lion rampant Gules, armed azure.  
Sometimes also a Shield over all is given, as a reward of Honour: thus the Earl of Stirling did bear two Coats quarterly, and over all, an Inescutcheon of Nova Scotia, because he was the first Planter of it.  
When any Nobleman at his creation, takes or gets a new additional Symbol, as Earl, (as Montrose carries the Roses, not as Grahame, but as Earl) I think that these Coats, or Symbols, should not be transmitted to their Cadets; but are incommunicable, as the Honours are, to signify which they were granted. And such as are descended from the Dukes of Lennox, may as well take the Symbol, which he bears as Admiral, as such as are descended from the Earl of Montrose, may take these Roses, which he bears as Earl: And yet custom has prevailed against this Rule.  

Follows the Blazon of the Coats in the Plate of the quarterings.  
I.  
QUarterly, first and last, azure, three flowers de lis within a bordure ingrailed Or, 
Stewart late Duke of Lennox.  by the title of Obignie in France; 2. and 3. Or, a fess checkie azure and argent within a bordur Gules, charged with 8 buckles as the first, by the name of Stewart; On a Shield over all Argent, a Saltire ingrailed (some give it plain) betwixt 4 roses Gules, by the name of Lennox.  
II.  
Four Coats quarterly, first azure, 3 boar heads couped Or, 
Gordone Marquis of Huntly.  by the name of Gordone; Second Or, 3 Lion's heads erased Gules lingued azure, by the name, or title of Badzenoch; 3. Or, 3 Crescents within a double tressure counterflowered Gules, by the name of Seaton; fourth azure, 3 frazes argent, by the name of Frazer.  
III.  
Quarterly, viz. first azure, a Lion rampant argent, crowned Or, 
Dowglas Marquis of Dowglas.  by the name of Mcdoval; Second Or, a Lion rampant Gules, surmounted of a ribbon (by some a cost) Sable, by the name of Abernethie; Third argent, three Pyles conjoining at the point Gules, by the name of Wishart; Fourth, Or, a fess checkie azure and argent, surmounted of a bend Sable charged with 3 buckles of the first, by the name of Stewart; Over all, his Paternal Coat being argent, a man's heart crowned Gules on a chief azure, 3 Stars of the first, by the name of Dowglas.  
IV.  
Two Coats quarterly, first Or, on a chief Sable, three Escallops of the Field by the name of Grahame; 
Grahame Marquis of Montrose.  second argent, three Roses Gules, by the title of Montrose; third as the second, the fourth as the first.  
V.  

Gordone Earl of Sutherland.  Gave the Coats of Huntly, and over all, that of Sutherland; but it is now changed thus, Quarterly quartered first, Gules, three stars Or, by the name of Sutherland; second and third, the Arms of Huntly, viz. Gordone, Badzenoch, Seaton, and Frazer (as may be seen before in Huntley's Achievement) the last as the first.  
VI  

Lesly Earl of Rothes.  Two Coats quarterly, first argent, on a bend azure; three buckles Or, by the name of Lesly; second Or, a Lion rampant Gules, surmounted of a ribbon sable, be the name of Abernethie; third as the second, the fourth as the first.  
VII.  

Montgomery Earl of Eglintone.  Two Coats quarterly, first and last azure, three flowers de lis Or, by the name of Montgomery; second and third, Gules, three annulets or stoned azure, by the name of Eglinton; third as the second, the fourth as the first; all within a bordure Or, charged with a double Tressure counterflowered Gules.  
VIII.  

Stclair (or Sinclar, Earl of Caithness.  Quarterly, first azure a Ship at anchor, her oars erected in saltire within a double tressure counterflowered Or, by the name of Spar; second and third Or, a Lion rampant Gules, by the name of fourth azure, a Ship under sail Or, (by some argent) by the title of Caithness; over all dividing the Coats, a Cross ingrailed sable, by the name of Stclair.  
IX.  

Home Earl of Home.  Quarterly, first and last, vert. a Lion rampant argent, by the name of Home; second and third argent, 3 Pepingoes vert becked and membered Gules, by the name Pepdie; over all on a Shield Or, ane Orle azure, by the name of Landel.  
X.  

Areskine Earl of Kellie.  Two Coats quarterly, first Gules an Imperial Crown within a double tressure counterflowered Or, as a Coat of augmentation for his good service against the Earl of Gowrie; second argent a pale sable by the name of Areskine; third as the second; the fourth as the first.  
XI.  

Weems Earl of Weems.  Two Coats quarterly, first Or, a Lion rampant Gules, by the name of Weem, or Mcduff; second argent, a Lion rampant sable, by the name of Glen; third as the second, fourth as the first.  
XII.  

Bruce Earl of Kincardin.  Two Coats quarterly, first and fourth argent, a Lion rampant azure armed and languid Gules, as the old Arms of the Bruces when they were Earls of Carrick, second and third Or, a saltire and chief Gules, by the name of Bruce.  
The reason why Bishops, and other Officers have their own Coats impaled with those of their Office, is because they are in Law, in place of Husbands to their Office: and therefore the Canon Law calls a Bishop, or other beneficed person, maritus Ecclesiae: But if so, It may be asked, why the Bishops proper Coat, is not impaled on the right side, as the Husbands is, when his wife's Coat is impaled with his own: to which the proper answer is, that the Church's Arms take place as the more noble● and the Bishop is Husband by a figurative speech only.  
The Guarter of England, who is the principle King at Arms, bears the Arms pertaining to the Office, which is argent, a cross Gules on a chief azure; a crown environed with a Guarter, buckled and nowed betwixt a Lion passant gardant, and a flower de lis impaled with his own Coat.  
Sir Charles Areskin Lion King of Arms, gives the Coat of the Office, being argent, a Lion sejant full-faced Gules, holding in his dexter paw a thistle slipped vert, and in the sinister, an Escutcheon of the second, on a chief azure, a St Andrews cross as the first, likewise impaled with that belonging to himself, as the second brother of the Earl of Kellie.  
But sometimes the Office has no known Shield, but ane other Symbol which is placed without the Shield: thus the Admiral carries an Anchor, the Chancellor a Purse, the Theasaurer a Whit rod, the Lord Chamberlain a Key, The Constable two Swords, and the Marshal Battons.    

CHAP. XXV. Of ACHIEVEMENTS in general.  
AN Achievement is, the whole Arms adorned with their exterior parts and ornaments; which are the Helmet, Wreath, Crest, Mantlings, Supporters, and Mottoes, or Words: and because these are but accidental parts of the Arms, and of late institution, as Farm observes: Therefore we are not tied superstitiously, to all the nice Rules of Art; but may speak of, and express one colour twice, and use, and, within, or such relative particles, as oft as we please. I shall first treat of such of these exterior parts separately, and then I shall show how they are marshaled together, in blazoning a complete Achievement.   

CHAP. XXVI. Of the HELMET.  
ONe of the chief parts of Armour is a Helmet: because it covers the chief part of man, which is his Head; and therefore it is made by Heralds, one of the chief ornaments of their Coat Armours.  
It was of old called Galea, from the Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, a Cat's skin whereof it was made; Cassis by the Romans: It is now called Helm, by the Germans, from the Dutch word Helm, which signifies the Head; hence comes the French word Heaume, the English word Helmet, and the Italian, Elmo.  
Who should bear Helmets, and in what manner they should be born, is much controverted; And whole Nations, rather than private Authors, do here disagree amongst themselves: and yet most of them agree in this, that it is nobler to bear an open Helmet, than a closely one; because the open Helm is given to, and is only fit for, such as have command, and so must see what others do, and must speak to them, and tell them what they ought to do; Whereas, such as are obliged to thrust themselves into all dangers, and need little to see others, and speak none, should bear a Helmet close: Nostri mores (says Besold thesaur. Pract. duplicem faciunt stech-und▪ Thermer helm) illam plebeiorum, & clausam; hanc nobilium, & opertam: and yet this Rule is not without all exception, for hoping. cap. 9 & Aldrovand. tom-1. pag. 91. observe, that in Spain and Italy, some great Families bear no Helmets upon their Coat Armours; and others bear their Helmets closely; and gives an instance in the Dukes of Brunswick: but generally all Nations use Helmets in their Heraldry, and distinguish betwixt open and closely Helmets.  
Because the English and French do differ so much in their Rules here, I resolve to give an account of both their principles, and to begin with the English.  
The English allow a Gentleman to bear, a side-standing Helmet with the baver closely: which was the Roman custom, as appears by juvenal.  Et statue meditatur Praelia Lusca. 
To a Knight, a Helmet standing direct forward, with a baver open without guards.  
To all Persons above the dignity of a Knight, and below that of a Duke, a side-Helmet with an open-faced guard visure.  
To Dukes, and all above them, a Helmet which is full forward open-faced with guard visures.  
To a Knight they allow, a side-standing Helmet, with 5 Barrs in his Guard vizur: Fenestras distinctas clathris seu cancellis.  
To a Baron, they allow, to carry his Helm half side-wise, half in Front, en Tiers, as the French call it, with 7 Griles or Barrs.  
To Counts, Vidames, and Viscounts, a direct standing Helmet, with 9 Barrs.  
To Marquesses, a direct standing Helmet, with 11 Barrs.  
To Kings and Emperors, a direct Helmet, altogether open.  
Though Scotland agrees with England, in the Bearing of their Helmets, yet I must confess, that both by the consent of all other Nations, and in reason also, it were fitter to give Kings Helmets fully open, without Garde visurs (as the French do) than to Knights, as we do; for Knights are in more danger, and have less need to command; and seeing all Nations agree that a direct standing, is more noble than a side-wise standing, I see not why the Helmet of a Knight should stand direct, and a Dukes only side-wise: Sculptura, sive ornament●m quod in front est, plus prae se fert, quam illud quod a latere est; nam oculum habet ubique. Limneus, lib. 6. cap. 6.  
There is likewise this difference betwixt them, that the English make no difference, betwixt the Bearers, from the Metal of which the Helmets is made; whereas the French allow only the Knights, a Helmet adorned with Silver; to Counts, and all above them, they allow Helmets adorned with Gold; and to Kings, all the Helmet damasquined: But Limneus, lib. 6. cap. 6. says thus, Altora est differentia, quod Duces uti possunt aureis, Comites argenteis, reliqui verò ferreiss, Ovid.  Scuta sed & Galeae gemmis radientur & auro. 
Timbre is ordinarily used amongst the French and Italians, for a Helmet, and was frequently used by the English of old. It is a general word which comprehends all sorts of Ornaments of the Head, and comes from la forme d'un timbre de cloche, the shape of a Bell, which it resembles somewhat: And as L'oseau observes, des ordres des gentils-hommes, cap. 5. Gentlemen did not adorn their Achievements with Helmets, till they found that the Burgesses of Paris, did by warrant from Charles V. bear Coat-armours: Whereupon, to distinguish themselves from those, Gentlemen did assume Helmets; and by the 200 Article of the Statutes of Orleans, all who were not Gentlemen by birth, were discharged to bear Helmets on their Arms.  
Helmets being a part of the Soldier's Arms, it is only used by Swordmen, or Gentlemen. Bishops use Mitres, Cardinals a Hat, and therefore L'oseau, cap. 5. remarks justly, That Gownsmen should not bear a Helmet, but a Corner'd Cap; and my reason allows rather his Judgement, than our Custom, which is contrary.   

CHAP. XXVII. of MANTLINGS.  
OF old, Knights, and such as did wear Helmets, took great pains to keep them very neat, and clear; and therefore they did cover them with Linen, or Stuff doubled with Silk, which served also to distinguish them in the Battle: And when they went to Battle, these Cover being very much cut, and torn, they did thereafter paint them with their Casques in their Achievement, or Arms; and these we call Mantlings in English, which hang down cut now with Art and Curiosity: The French call them, Lambreqains, from the Latin, Lamberare, (it may be) which, as Festus observes, signifies to cut or tear, because these were torn; the Germans, Helm-de●ken, and Helmzter; the Latin, Fascae, seu Lacinlae utrinque dependentes; & Paul. jov. oiim hae nihil a●iud quam galearum teg●ina, Crus. pag. 477. and that their Institution was very old, appears from Diod. Sieul. iib. 5. cap. 30. And that such were used by Knights, appears from all the old Seals, Menest. cap. 8.  
Sometimes Skins of Beasts, as Lions, Bears, etc. were thus born, to make the Bearer more terrible; and that gave occasion to the Doubling our Mantlings with Furs.  
In Scotland, all the Mantlings of Noblemen, are G. doubled with Ermine; because the Robes of our Earls and above, are Scarlet doubled with Ermines: and therefore oftentimes in Blazoning we only say, With Crown, Helmet, and Mantling befitting his degree, without expressing the Colours: But since Mantlings represent only the Coverts of Shields, and must be represented all torn, I see no reason why they should with us represent the Robes of our Noblemen: and of old with us, our Mantlings were of the colour of the Coats, lined or doubled with the Metals, which was more proper than that we now use.  
Sometimes the Achievement stands within a Pavilion, as that of the Emperor, and King of France; this Petra Sancta calls, Tentorium, and is, as he observes, competent only to Princes, though all use them not. But I admire, why the Kings of England did not assume as well the Pavilion, as Arms of France; seeing that is one of the special Honours of that Kingdom. But yet Subjects use Mantlings in form of a Pavilion, as is to be seen in the Achievement of Belchier of Gilsborough, represented by Guilims, pag. 409. And these Pet. Sanct. calls Chlamys, Vmbella, or Palliolum, pag. 642. where he also informs us, that the General of the Pope's Armies, carries, ratione Officii, his Arms within a Pavilion or Tent.   

CHAP. XXVIII. Of WREATHS.  
ABove the Helmet, immediately did stand the Wreath, which the French call, Burlet; and in our ancient Scots Heraldry, it was called the Roll, or Row, because of its shape: Sometimes the English, and we in imitation of them, do term it, a Torse, à torquendo. It was a Cord of their Mistress' Colours, as Favin relates, pag. 1. cap. 3. fol. 24. and did hang and dangle to the very Cruppers of their Horses, the Extremities being tassled, and enriched. The use of it was, to fasten their Mantlings to their Helmet. Now these Wreaths should be of the colours of the Field, and Charge; and the Rule is, That the first should be that of the Field, and then that of the immediate Charge, and after that, the next mediate, and so forth, if there be more Charges than one; yet some old Wreaths with us, differ from these, and possibly these have been at first Mistresses colours.  
Though the Earl Marshal bear, arg. on a Chief Or, three Pales gules; yet his Wreath is, Or, and Gules, whereas it should have been, Arg. Or, and Gules. The Earl of Nithisdale, arg. a double Eagle sable, membered gules, yet his Wreath arg. and sable, yet this may be ascribed as an error of the Painter, but it should be reformed. When more Coats are quartered, the Colours of the Paternal Coat are only to be twisted in the Wreath, and this Rule is observed in all our Achievements, two or three excepted, which may be reformed, without naming the Bearers.  
If the Field be charged with a Fur, and colour, than some make the Wreath to be of that same Fur and Colour; Thus the Earl of Low●on bears, Gyron●e of 8 pieces Ermine and Gules, and his Wreath is, Ermine and Gules; but I think, that the Wreath should never consist of any Fur; for Fur is not fit to be twisted in a Wreath, nor to bind the Helmet, which was the use of a Wreath, nor did I ever see any such Wreath in approven Authors, and we say constantly, On a Wreath of his colours, but never of his Furs; so that these who carry only Furs in their Shield, should carry a Wreath of these Colours; as if Ermine, then White and Black, etc.   

CHAP. XXIX. Of CRESTS.  
THe Ancients did wear the shapes of several Creatures, or some such things above their Helmets, called Crista, to make them appear terrible, Virg. lib. 8. Aen.  Terribilem Cristis Galeam, flamasque vomentem. 
Or to distinguish them in Battle;  
Sed cum centuriones Galeas haberent ferreas, transversis tamen & argentatis Eristis, quo facilius agnoscerentur à suis, Veget. lib. 2. cap. 16.  
Or to adorn their Helmet, Stat. lib. 2.  Interdum Cristas hilaris jactare comantes. 
That these are juris Gentium, in use amongst, and approven by all Nations, is clear from, Limn. lib. cap. 6▪ num. 74. and now all such as are allowed to wear Helmets, are allowed to adorn them with Crests; and for Crests, men choose what they fancy; only it is not proper to choose such things, as could not stand, or be carried by Warriors upon their Helmets, such as Balances, or such other things, which cannot either stand fixed, or wave with Beauty.  
The French call the Crest, Cimier, because it stands upon the top of the Shield, sur la Cime de L'escu; but the old and proper term used in Scotland for a Crest was, a Badge, because our Noblemen in riding Parliaments, and at other Solemnities, do bear their Crest wrought out in a Plate of Gold or Silver upon their Lackeys Coats, which are of Velvet: And now the Crest is used upon all Seals and Plates, and therefore, it is necessary for Noblemen amongst us, to carry differing Crests from the chief Family out of which they are descended.  
It is ordinar to bear for a Crest, a part of what is born in the Charge; thus the Crest of Scotland, is a Lion; the Crest of England, is a Leopard; the Crest of France, a double Flower de lis: And with us the Earl of Dumfermling carries a Crescent, and the Earl of Lothian, a Sun in his Glory: sometimes also the Crest is a part of the Supporters; thus the Earl of Linlithgow carries for his Crest, a Demy-Savage proper, holding a Batton in Hand dexter, and his Supporters are two Savages with Battons.  
The Earl of Weems carries for his Crest, a Swan proper, and his Supporters are two Swans.  
Sometimes also the Crest is bestowed by the Prince, as a Reward of Service done to the Crown; and the Royal Crest cannot be born without special warrant; and thus the Earl of Lauderdale, bears the Crest of Scotland for his Crest, having a Flower de-lis in place of the Sceptre.  
Sometimes it is relative to Alliances, and thus the Earl of Kinghorn bears for his Crest, a Lady to the West, holding in her right Hand, the Royal Thistle, and enclosed within a Circle of Laurels; in memory of the honour that Family had in marrying King ROBERT the second's Daughter. Sometimes it represents some valiant Act done by the Bearer, thus Mcclelland of Bombie did, and now the Lord Kirkcudbright does bear a naked Arm, supporting on the point of a sword, a Moors head; because Bombie being forfeited, his Son killed a More, who came in with some Saracens to infest Galloway; to the Killer of whom, the King had promised the Forfeiture of Bombie; and thereupon he was restored to his Father's land, as his Evidents yet testify. Sometimes it respects the Title of the Bearer, thus the Lord Ross of Halkhead bears for his Crest, a Falcon's head erased.  
Sometimes it relates to an Office or Employment, thus the Lord johnstoun, being Warden of the Marches, and very famous for repressing Robbery, took for his Crest, a Spurr with Wings.  
Sometimes it is à rebus, that is to say, something borrowed from the Name; thus the Lord Cranston has for his Crest, a Crane sleeping, with her head under her wing. And sometimes Crests are taken by Noblemen from the Name of the Country, as the Earl of Sutherland takes a Cat for his Crest, because Sutherland is called Cattu in Irish, and was so called from the great number of Wild Cats, which were of old, and yet are to be found, in that Shire. Sometimes Crests are taken from some considerable Deliverance: Thus the Laird of Anstruther gives two Hands grasping a Pole-axe, with the Word, Per●issem ni peri●ssem; because his Predecessor (as is commonly reported) did strike off the head of the Laird of Barns with a Pole-axe, when he was coming to his house with an intention to kill him.  
It is lawful to change the Crest, and Colomb▪ pag. 4. tells us, that it is lawful for such as change their Arms, to retain a part of their old Arms as a Crest. Cadets also do, and may change their Crests: Thus Dumfermling keeps not the Crest of Winton, nor Kellie the Crest of Marr; but it is most proper for Cadets, when they take Crests, to take a Member, or some small part of their Chiefs Crest, or Arms; as Ogilvie of Birnies has taken the Lion's Paw, though it be ordinar to retain the Chiefs Crest, marked by the ordinar differences, or of a different Colour.   

CHAP. XXX. Of CROWNS.  
THe first Origine of Crowns in Arms, was from the Romans, App. lib. 2. de Bell. Civil. For they rewarded the great Actions of their Citizens and Warriors, with different and suitable Crowns, which I have set down out of ingenious Mr. Cartwright. Corona Muralis, this was due to him that was first seen upon the Wall of the Enemy. Corona Castrensis, for him that made a breach in the Wall of the Enemy; The first, a Crown embattled, or made with Battlement, being of Gold; the other, of Towers. And then they had Corona Navalis, garnished with Forecastle, for Service at Sea, made of Gold too.  
Then Corona Ovalis, of Myrtle, for Victory gotten with little hazard; Corona Obsidialis, which was made of Grass, for him that preserved an Army besieged. Corona Civica, for him that saved a Citizen from the Enemy, made of Oaken boughs. Corona Olivaris of Olive leaves, for Victory in the Olympic Games; and Corona Populea, for young men that were found Industrious, and Studious in the Exercises of Virtues: But I find that amongst these Rewards of Honour, that of Ivy, called Corona Hederalis, was only appropriated to the Poets.  
Crowns were still the infallible Mark of Kingly Power, and therefore Sue●on in Calligula's Life, observes, Parum abfuit, quin Diadema sumeret, & speciem Principatus, in Regnum converteret; which Expression I have set down, to show, that the Roman Emperors were then less than Kings in their Titles, though greater in their Power.  
As to the Crowns now born, they differ not only according to the Quality of the Bearers, but according to the Nation wherein they are born; for England and France differ much in this, though the English acknowledge that they owe their Heraldry to the French.  
I have here set down the different Shapes of the English Crowns.  
The first whereof is the Crown of the Empire of Germany, which is but little different from that of England, in the second, which is Imperial too▪  
The third is a Coronet of the Prince, which is the same with the Kings, only the Arches, Mound, and Cross, wanting.  
The fourth is a Crownet of an Archduke, which is the same with a Duke, the Arch only added.  
The fifth is a Crownet Florial, only proper to a Duke  
The sixth is the Crownet of a Marquis, which differs thus; It is of Leaves and Points, the Leaves or Flowers above the points.  
The seventh is proper to an Earl, which hath Points and Flowers; but the Points are above the Flowers.  
The eighth is due to a Viscount, which is a Circulet pearled, and neither Flowers nor points.  
As to the French, the French Kings Crown is closely above, like the Imperial, and raised into eight Demy-Diadems, enriched with Diamonds, etc.  
The Dolphin Crown differs only from the Kings, in that it rises upon four Demy-Diadems, the Kings upon eight.  
The Circle of their Ducal Crown is enriched with Stones and Pearls, and is raised with eight Flowers.  
Their Marquis Crown has its Circle adorned only with Pearls (tempest) de Perls, and raised into four Flowers betwixt 12 Points or Pearls, as the French call them.  
Their Counts carry only a Circle of Gold, raised unto nine Points, ane Cercle d' or garny de pier reries rehausse de 9 grosses pearl de Comte.  
The Viscount has only a Circle of Gold plain or enambled, and raised unto four Points, or as the French term them, four Pearls.  
Barons have also in France, a Circle of Gold enambled, mounted by a Bracelet of Pearls.  
Of late, both the Barons in England, and Lords in Scotland, have got Coronets by His Majesty's concession.  
The Bannerets carried only a plain Circle of Gold, adorned with three ordinar Pearls. Our Baronet's carry no crown nor circled  
The Regal Crown of Scotland hath Arches, Mound, and Cross, like to that of England, adorned with precious Stones and Pearls, and having four Flowers. de. lis, and as many Crosses pat●é interchanged, Farm, pag. 79.  
The ninth Figure here represented, is by Silvanus Morgan said to be than Crown which is born by Homager Kings, and by john Balliol, when he held the Crown of Scotland of Edward the First; but I beg the Gentleman's pardon to tell him, that of old the Roman Emperors carried no other than these, after their Apotheosis, and being numbered amongst the the gods, Lucan.  Fulminibus Manes radiisque ornabit & Astris. 
A Lords Coronet.   

CHAP. XXXI. Of SUPPORTERS.  
SUpporters are these Exterior Ornaments, which are placed without the Shield at its side, and were at first invented (as Pet. Sancta observes) to represent the Armour-Bearers of Knights; but why then are they ordinarily two? and therefore I rather believe, that their first Origine and Use was, from the Custom which ever was, and is, of leading such as are invested with any great Honour to the Prince, who confers it: Thus when any man is created a Duke, Marquess, or Knight of St. Andrew, of the Garter, or any other order, either in Scotland, or else where, he is supported by, and led to th● Prince, betwixt two of the Quality, and so receives from him the Symbols of that Honour, and in remembrance of that Solemnity, his Arms are thereafter supported by any two Creatures which he chooses; and therefore, in the received Opinion of all Heralds, only Nobiles Majores, who have been so invested in these Honours, are allowed to have Supporters: And albeit Chiefs of old Families have used Supporters with us, yet they owe these to Prescription, and not to the original Institution of Heraldry, as shall be observed. Others, as Menestier, think that when Knights hung up their Shields to provoke all Passengers to the Combat, they placed their Pages, or Armourbearer under the disguises of Wild-men, Lions, Bears, etc. to watch who offered to touch them, and thereafter they used these Figures as Supporters; but beside, that this Fancy seems as wild as the Supporters, it may be asked, why some Men use Fowls, or Fishes? to which nothing can be answered, save that Beasts being once allowed, each man choosed thereafter any living creature he pleased.  
Shields are ofttimes supported either by Living Creatures, and these are properly called Supporters, or by things inanimate; and these Arms are said to be cotised, not from costa, the ribs, as Guilims' alleadges, but from coté the side, an ordinar French word; for else they would be pronounced, costis●d. The proper word for Supporters in Scotland is Bearers.  
Colomb and the French distinguish not betwixt Supporters, and Cottises; nor did I ever see a Shield Cottised by things inanimate, and I believe these Cottises are mistaken for the lower parts of the Mantlings; but the French distinguish, entre les Supports, & les tenans, and call these only Supporters which raise up the Shield somewhat, whereas these are Tenans, or Holder's, which hold the Shield, but do not raise it; and such are ordinarily Angels, Men or Women; whereas Brutes, such as Lions, Unicorns, etc. are said by them to be the proper Supporters. I acknowledge neither the one nor the other Distinction, following in this, Chass. paict. 1. Num. 36. conclus. 49. Hopp. cap. 9 § 4. and the other Civilians, who call all things which support Arms, Sustentacula: And albeit the Germans assert, That Supporters are only due to persons who are invested with the highest Jurisdiction, and to great Princes, and that Guilims thinks that none under the degree of a Knight Baronet, and that it is believed now that none under Knight Baronet's can have Supporters; nor do some Lawyers allow these to any, save such as have a particular warrant from the Prince, habendi Delatores sive Sustentatores, Zippaeus ad L. 12. C. de dignitate. Yet Chassaneus observes, that, Non interest sint ne alicujus ordinis Nobiles, vel minus, sed sufficit ut in magnâ aliquâ Dignitate sint constituti: so that according to his opinion, an heritable Sheriff, or an eminent Judge may take Supporters; and I crave liberty to assert, that all our Chiefs of Families, and old Barons in Scotland, may use Supporters: For besides that, to be a Chief, was of old, and is still, repute an Honour, though it be adorned with no mark of Nobility; yet these Chiefs have prescribed a right to use Supporters, and that such a right may be prescribed, I have proved formerly, and what Warrant is for most of our Rules in Heraldry, but an aged Custom: and that they have constantly used Supporters past all memory of man, even when they were Knights, is clear from many hundred Instances; Thus the Lairds of Pitcur, did, and do use, two wild-Cats, for their Supporters; Fothringhame of Powrie, two naked Men; Irwin of Drum, two Savages, wreathed about head and loins with holin, and bearing Battons in their hands; Moncreiff of that ilk, two Men armed at all points, bearing Picks on their shoulders: And many of our Noblemen have only retained the Supporters which they formerly had: And that of old, Barons might use Supporters, de jure, seems most certain; for they were Members of Parliament with us, as such, and never lost that Privilege, though for their convenience, they were allowed to be represented by two of their number, and therefore such as were Barons before that time, may have Supporters, as well as Lord Barons; nor should we be governed in this by the custom of England, seeing there is Dispar ratio; and this is now allowed by the Lion to such.  
Supporters are not Hereditary, but they may be altered at pleasure, Colomb. pag. 42. and it is fit, that these extrinsic Parts of Achievements should not be Hereditary, to the end, men may have somewhat to assume, or alter, upon considerable Emergents; but it Cadets keep their Chiefs Supporters, they use to adject some difference, as is to be seen in the Earl of Kellies' Achievement.  
Sometimes also, a part of the Benefactors Arms are taken as Supporters: And thus the Lairds of Dundass did take the Lions, which was the Earl of Marches Arms, to testify how much they were obliged to that Family. Sometimes they are taken to signify the Employment and Humour of the Chooser; Thus the Lord Rae, when he went to Germany with his Regiment, did take his Arms supported on the dexter side by a Pick-man armed, at all parts proper, and on the sinister, by a Musketeer proper. By Supporters, sometimes the occasion of the Bearers Honours is signified; and thus the Earl of Panmure changed his old Supporters to two Grew-hounds, because he was first noticed by King james upon the occasion of his entertaining him with excellent sport in the Moor of Monrowman.  
Some use to adorn their Supporters with a part of the Charge; and thus the Earl of Monteith adorns the collars of the Lions, which are his Supporters, with Escalops, which are a part of his charge; and the Laird of Inns, the collars of his Grew-hounds with three Stars, which are the Charge.  
The Germans and Spaniards sometimes want Supporters, and sometimes takes Supporters, which seems very irregular; for sometimes they have the head of a Lion, or other Beasts, at the opposite corners of their Shields; and sometimes their Crest is a Serpent, whose body surrounds the Shield; and sometimes their Shields are surrounded with the Banners which they have taken from the Enemies.  
It is given as a Rule by the French Heralds, that only sovereign Princes, can use Angels for their Supporters; but I see no reason for that Rule, nor find I it in the Authors of any other Nation; so that I believe this Rule holds only in France, where Angels are the Supporters of the Prince, and so should not be used by any subject without permission: But in Scotland, the Lords Borthwick and jedburgh, have long had Angels for their Supporters, which were their old Supporters before they were Noblemen.  
The Compartment is that part of the Achievement, whereupon the the Supporters stand, and though none have offered to conjecture what gave the first occasion to Compartments in Heraldry, yet I conceive that the Compartment represents the Bearers Lands and Territories; though sometimes they are bestowed in Recompense of some honourable Action: And thus the Earls of Dowglass got the privilege of having their Supporters to stand within a Pale of Wood wreathed, because the Earl of Dowglass, in the Reign of King Robert the Bruce, did defeat the English in jedburgh Forrest, and that they might not escape, cause wreath and impale in the night that part of the Wood, by which he conjectured they might make their escape.  
These Compartments were ordinarily allowed to sovereign Princes only, nor know I any subjects in Britain, whose Arms stood on a Compartment, save those of the Marquis of Dowglass above set down, and that of the Earl of Pearth, who hath for his Compartment, a Galtrap used in War; albeit of late, Compartments are become more common: And yet some Families in Scotland have certain Creatures, upon which their Achievements stands, as the Laird of Dundass, whose Achievement has for many hundreds of years, stood upon a Salamander in flames proper; and Robertsone of Strowan gives, a monstruous Man lying under the Escutcheon chained, which was given him for his taking the Murderer of King james the first.  
Women generally use no Supporters; but they surround their Shields with a Cord of their colours, which the French call, Cordeliere, or las d'amour, the Lace of Love, Cingulus laqueatus in se insertus, born first by the Relict of Charles VIII. as some say, in veneration to St. Francis, Patron of the Cordeliers, Pet. Sanct. pag. 639. I find Muriel, Countess of Strathern; to have carried her Shield, Anno 1284. with one Supporter, viz. A Falcon standing upon the Neck of a Duck, which with the Neck lies under the Escutcheon, and both Shield and Supporter are within a Lozenge.   

CHAP. XXXII. Of MOTTOS, or DEVISES.  
OF old, Men did choose some Sentence or Word, whereby they expressed somewhat, and yet concealed somewhat of their genius and inclination: This being carried by Knights upon their Arms, and being ordinarily relative to them, or explicatory of them, did give occasion to Heralds to account these as fit Ornaments of Armouries. The English call this a word; the French, a Devise; the Italians, a Motto; the Scots, a Ditton; the Latin, Epigraphe; the Grecians, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  
It is placed by the French, in a scroll above the Achievement; but in my opinion, if it relate to the Crest, it should be placed above; but if it relate to the Armour, it should be placed under the Achievement, that so it may be near to the Armour to which it relates.  
That Dittons or Words relate sometimes to the Bearing, is clear by many instances; Thus the Earl of Glencairn bears, Arg. a Shake●fork sable, and his Word is, Over fork over. Sometimes, and most ordinarily, to the Crest, as the Earl of Kinghorn has for his Crest, a Maid, holding a Thistle vert in her hand, within a Garland or Wreath vert, and or; and his Motto is, In te Domine speravi, for having gained the affection of King Robert the second's daughter, he was much crossed in his Match, but having at last married her, he took that Crest, and the Motto relative to it.  
The Earl of Galloway has for his Crest, a Pelican feeding her young ones in a nest, or; and the Motto is, Virescit vulnere Virtus.  
And yet Burnet of Burnetland, who has for his Crest, a Hand holding a pruning Knife, pruning a Hollen-tree all proper, hath the same Motto: and having pursued Burnet of Lees before Lindsay of the Mount then Lion, to change his Motto; Lees did thereupon take for his Motto, Alterius non sit qui potest esse suus, alluding to the occasion.  
Sometimes it is relative to the Supporters: Thus the Supporters of Buccleugh, were two Ladies in rich and antique Apparel az. their looks over their shoulders, and the Word is, Amo, which was assumed by his Predecessors, when he got his first Estate by marrying the Heretrix of Murdistone. Sometimes it relates to the Supporters and Compartment: Thus the Earl of Pearth gives for his Supporters, two Savages with Battons on their shoulders, and under their feet, a Galtrap, with this Motto, Gang warrily.  
Sometimes it is relative to the difference or mark of cadency: Thus the Earl of Kellie, a brother of the Earl of Mar, gave for his Word, Decori decus addit avito.  
Sometimes the Word is relative to some considerable Action, and to neither Arms, Crest, nor Supporters: And thus the Earl of Stirling, having planted Nova Scotia, the Word he took was, Per Mare per Terras.  
Sometimes they are but a mere Rebus, alluding to the Name,  
Sometimes to the Bearers Office, as Forester's Motto is, Blow Hunter thy horn; The Lord johnstoun, when Warden of the Marches, Light thiefs all, id est, Light from your Horses and render yourselves. Sometimes they serve to remember a family to be ware of a misfortune: Thus the Lord Maxwell being forfeited, and thereafter restored, took for his Motto, Reverisco, I stand in awe to offend.  
Sometimes they show the Bearers Origine more than the Arms do: Thus the Mcphersons have for their Motto, Touch not the Cat gloveless, to show they are of the Clanchattan.  
These Dittons serve ofttimes to instruct us, what is the true Bearing: Thus the Earl of Glencairn's Ditton, Fork over fork, shows that his Bearing is a Fork, and not an Episcopal Pale, as some would have it: and though Bailzie of Lamingtons Arms are by some blazoned Mollets, (Spurryals) yet that they are Stars appears from the Motto, which is, Quid clarius astris.   

CHAP. XXXIII. Of SLUGHORNS, or the Cry of War.  
NOt unlike these Mottoes are our Slughorns, which are called Cris de guerre in France. The use of them is either to serve as a Watchword to all of one Family, or are the name of the place at which a Family should meet in time of War: And thus the Mckenzies have for their Slughorn, Tulloch Ard, which is the place at which this Clan does meet; and the Name of Hume have for their Slughorn (or Slogan, as our Southern Shires term it) a Hume, a Hume: For it is most ordinar to have either the Name of the Family who do meet, or the Name of the Place at which they do meet: And this Word or Cry was proclaimed everywhere, by a person who carried a Cross of wood burning, or a fiery Cross, as we call it, by which and by the cry of War or Slogan, all the Cadets of the Family were advertised to meet at the ordinar place; For of old, all of a Family did dwell in a Neighbourhood. From which we may conclude, that these Words are the Marks of Greatness and of Antiquity; nor were they of old allowed to any but to the Chiefs of Clans, and to great men, who had many Followers, Vassals, and Dependers; and in effect they are useless to all others. Menestier allows them only to such as had power of carrying a Displayed Banner, and says, that they were taken from the Name of the Princes, or Great Men who did command. 2. From the chief place where they were to rendezvous. 3. Some used the Name of the Family out of which they were descended. 4. The Name of the Saint they adored. 5. The Design they were about. 6. Some remarkable and happy Accident relating to the Family, and these Slughorns were not only used in public Rendezvouses, but in private Combats, upon which occasions the Heralds used to cry aloud the Slughorn of the Combatant, when he entered the lists, and the beholders used to cry out cheerfully when he prevailed.   

CHAP. XXXIV. Of DEVISES.  
THough we confound Devises and Mottoes, yet they differ much; for a Devise properly is a painted Metaphor, Metaphora in fatto, as the Italians call them, wherein one thing is represented by another to which it resembles: The painted Resemblance is called the body of the Devise, and the Word whereby these are explained, the souls of the Devise: And thus it appears, that a Devise comprehends somewhat like to both Crest and Motto, and that some Authors are mistaken, who make Devises to be either such as are all soul, such as the Pathetic Sentences used by some, to express their Inclinations; or those that are all Body, such as the ancient Hierogliphics; or such as are composed of Soul and Body, which are indeed the true Devises.  
Some believe that Devises are as ancient as Antisthenes, who gave Cephisolode for his Devise, Incense burning, with this Word, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, that is to say, I please whilst I consume. But others think that Devises were no older than Paulus jovius; and yet Petra Sancta, lib. ●. simbol. heroic. asserts, That the Thistle taken by Achaius King of Scots, when he made his Alliance with Charlemaigne, with the Word, Nemo me impunè lacesset, is the ancientest Devise now upon record and all praise it as very regular and pretty. But some think it ought to be Lacessit, because the present time shows best the nature of the thing, yet Lacesset has more of daring and Gallantry.  
NEMO ME IMPUNE LACESSET  
The Rules relating to the words of the Devise are, 1. That they be not too general, and such as might be used to almost any thing. 2. That the words do not express as fully the things represented, as if you saw the thing itself; for else the representation were useless, as una Hirundo non facit ver; and this is called an Emblem, and not a Devise: And therefore the words of a Devise must have still something that is mysteriously imperfect, as ut vivat, under a Phoenix burning; and cominus & eminus, to a Porcupine, without adding the word ferit. 3. We must not for the same reason express the thing represented in the words of the Devise, so we must not say, ita Phoenix, or ut vivat Phoenix. 4. The words must relate to the thing, and not to the person, and thus where the Devise was gold in a Furnace, these words, Domine probasti me, are censured, because they are not applicable to the Gold. 5. The words must not be clenching, or equivocal, for that were to make Devises mere Aenigmata.  

The Blazon of the Achievement of the King of SCOTLAND, and the Reasons of that Bearing.  
THe Most High and Mighty Monarch, CHARLES the TWO, gives, as the Sovereign Achievement of His Ancient Kingdom of SCOTLAND, Or, a Lion Rampant gules, armed and languid azure, within a double Tressure flowered, and counterflowered with Flowers de lis of the second. Encirled with the Order of Scotland, the same being composed of Rue and Thistles, having the Image of St. Andrew, with his Cross on his Breast; above the Shield, an Helmet, answerable to His Majesty's High Quality and Jurisdiction, with a Mantle Or doubled Ermine, adorned with an Imperial Crown, beautified with Crosses patee, and Flowers de lis, surmounted on the Top for His Majesty's Crest of a Lion sejant, full faced gules, Crowned Or, holding in his dexter paw, a naked Sword proper, and in the sinister, a Sceptre, both erected palewayes: supported by two Unicorns argent, crowned with Imperial, and gorged with open Crowns, to the last chains affixed, passing betwixt their fore Legs, and reflexed over their Backs Or, he on the dexter embracing, and bearing up a Banner of cloth of Gold, charged with the Royal Arms of Scotland, and he on the sinister, another Banner azure, charged with a St. Andrews Cross argent, both standing on a Compartment placed underneath, from which issue two Thistles, one towards each side of the Escutcheon, and for His Majesty's Royal Mottoes in an Scroll above all, In Defence, and under, in the Table of the Compartment, Nemo me impunè lacesset.  
The Historians of our own and Foreign Nations assert, That Fergus took this Lion for his Arms, when he did beat the Picts: And thus Hopingius, cap. 6▪ pag. 3. § 3. tells us, That cum Picti in agros Scotorum copias primum ducerent, quibus haud minus cupidè, quam strenuè obviam ivit Fergusius sublatis Signis, & rumpendo ipsorum claustra, assumpsitque Leonem rubeum erectum, aurea facie descriptum, cauda tergum, ut fere mos est, dum se ad pugnam incitat, verberans, eoque generosam iracundiam significans. Vid. etiam Beyerlink. Tom. 4. Theatr. vit. tit. signa pag. 324. Pet. Gregor. de Republ. lib. 6. cap. 16. Limneus de jur. publs. lib. 6. num. 86. Memen. Ord. Equit. Card. pag. 146. It is observed by Boetius lib. 1. hist. cap. 7. & lib. 10. that the Crown with which the Lion born as a Crest, is crowned, is Corona vallaris, though our Painters crown him with an Imperial Crown; and certainly a Corona vallaris agrees better with the breaking of the Picts Barriers, for which this Crest was at first assumed.  
The double Tressure flowered, and counterflowered, was bestowed upon our Kings by Charlemaigne, when he entered in a League with Achaius King of Scots, to show that the French Lilies should still defend and guard the Scottish Lion: The word is Trescheur in the French, which comes from Tressover or Tressoir, a tressing; and I conceive that these Tresses were introduced in Heraldry, upon Coat-Armours, to represent the Silver and Gold Laces, with which Coats are usualy adorned. Hoping▪ also in the place formerly cited, tells us, That Charlemaigne adorned our Crown (being then Emperor as well as King of France) with four Lilies and four Crosses, as a Reward for, and an Encouragement to the Scots, to continue in the Christian Faith, Acceptis in Coronae circo, quatuor Liliis aureis, cum salutiferae Crucis quatuor aureis signis paulo eminentioribus, paribus intervallis discretis, ut inde Scotiae Gentis Christianae Religionis, inviolataeque fidei observatio omnibus dignosceretur.  
The Royal Badges and ordinary Symbols of the Kingdom of SCOTLAND are,  
A Thistle of Gold crowned.  
The white Cross of St. Andrew in a blue Field. The Standard Bearing.  
DIEV ET MON DROIT  
The Collar of the Order is composed of Thistles, interwoven and linked with Sprigs or Leaves of Rue all of Gold, having thereunto pendent on a blue Rundle, the Image of St. Andrew, his Vesture of Cloth of Gold, with the white Cross of his Martyrdom on his Breast, and in a circle environing the Figure beautified with pearls, This Epigraph written, Nemo me impunè lacesset; Though some think that it should be, Nemo me impune lacessit, in the present time, as all other Mottoes are; but albeit the present time marks more the nature of the thing: yet the future is more menacing, and expresses more of courage, and this Thistle is choosed not for its nature, but for its aptness to express this effect of courage.  
The ordinary and common Ensign worn by the Knights of the Order, was a green Ribbon, whereat hung a thistle of Gold crowned with an Imperial Crown, within a Circle also of Gold, bearing the foresaid Motto, Nemo me impunè lacesset.  
Likeways upon the Feast of St. Andrew yearly, being the 30 day of Noeumber, when the Knights met solemnly in the Cathedral Church of the Town of St. Andrews for celebrating the feast, they were, during the Solemnity, richly apparelled, and wore their Parliament Robes; having fixed on their left shoulders an azure Rundle, on which was embroidered St. Andrews Cross argent, environed in the centre, with a Crown beautified with Flowers de lis Or.   

The Blazon of the Achievement of His Majesty of Great BRITAIN.  
THe Most High and Mighty Monarch CHARLES the II. by the Grace of GOD, King of Great Britain, France, and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, etc. For His Majesty's Achievement, and Sovereign Ensigns Armorial, bears these Royal Coats quarterly quartered, viz. First, Or, a Lion Rampant, within a double Tressure counter-flowerdelised gules, armed and languid azure, as the Royal Arms of Scotland: Second, quartered, first and last azure, three Flowers de lis Or, as the Royal Arms of France: Second and third gules, three Lions passant guardant in pale Or, for the Royal Ensigns of England: Third, azure, an Irish Harp Or, stringed argent, for the Ensign of His Majesty's Kingdom of Ireland: Fourth and last, in all points as the first. All within the Orders of St. Andrew and of the Garter. Above the same an Helmet answerable to His Majesty's sovereign Jurisdiction, and thereon a Mantle of Cloth of Gold doubled Ermine, adorned with an Imperial Crown, surmounted on the Top for His Majesty's Crest of a Lion sejant full faced gules, Crowned Or, holding in his dexter paw, a naked Sword, and in the sinister a Sceptre, both erected: supported on the dexter by an Unicorn argent, crowned with an Imperial, and gorged with an open Crown; to this a gold chain affixed, passing betwixt his fore Legs, and reflexed over his Back: and on the sinister, by a Lion rampant guardant or, crowned also with an Imperial Crown as the other; the first embracing and bearing up a Banner azure, charged with a St. Andrews Cross argent, and the last another Banner argent, charged with a Plain Cross (called of St. George) gules▪ Both standing on a rich Compartment; from the middle whereof issue a Thistle and Rose, as the two Royal Badges of Scotland and England: and for his Majesty's Royal Mottoes in an Escrol above all, In Defence, for Scotland; and in the Table of the Compartment, Dieu et mon Droit, for England, France, and Ireland.  
The Royal Badges are, a Thistle of Gold crowned, for Scotland,  
A Rose gules for England,  
A Flower de lis or, for France,  
An Harp or stringed argent, for Ireland.  
Besides these, there are Badges peculiar to the Kingdoms of Scotland and England, represented on the Banners in the Royal Achievement, and advanced in His Majesty's Standards by Land and Sea▪ viz.  
Azure, a Cross of St. Andrew argent, for Scotland, St. Andrew being Patron thereof.  
Argent, a Cross of St. George (or plain Cross) gules, for England, St. George being Patron thereof.  
Thus have I for the Honour and Satisfaction of my Country, interrupted so far the course of my ordinary studies at spare hours, nor was this Book only necessary for them, but for all such as love this Science; since the Theory of our Civilians was not hitherto sufficiently illuminated by the knowledge of Blazoning, nor the practical and common knowledge of Blazoning rightly founded upon the civil Law and Law of Nations; our ordinary Practicians in this Art having been such as cited the civil Law without understanding it; and as it is much nobler to raise a Science, than to be raised by it; so having writ this Book as a Gentleman, I design as little Praise or thanks, as I would disdain all other Rewards.   
FINIS.   

An Alphabetical TABLE of the Surnames of these Noblemen and Gentlemen, whose Achievements, or any part of the same, are made Patterns of Bearings in this Science of Heraldry.  


A  
ABerbuthnet Page 52.  
Earl of Abercorn, vide Hamilton.  
Aberdeen Town 9, 65.  
Abernethy 80, 81.  
Addair 28.  
Agnew 54.  
Aikenhead 63.  
Aikman 53.  
Ainsly 45.  
Airth 31.  
Aiton 44, 64.  
Alexander 29, 97.  
Alison 29.  
Allan 28.  
Andrada in Spain 41.  
Anstruther 29, 91.  
Areskine 32, 75, 81, 84, 85, 91, 94, 97.  
Arran 67.  
Atchison 58.  
Auchinleck 34, 46, 74.  
Auchmoutie. 36.    


B  
Badzenoch 55.  
Bailzie 52, 97.  
Bain 54, 64.  
Baird 56.  
Balfour ibid.  
Balliol 17, 49.  
Balnewis 28.  
Bannatine, alias Ballanden, 38, 44, 57  
Barrie 58.  
Bell 68  
Bennet 45.  
Beton 49.  
Betson 46.  
Bickerton 58.  
Binning 35, 52.  
Birnie 54.  
Bisset 35.  
Blackhall 54, 59  
Blackstock 63.  
Blair 50.  
Bonyman 54.  
Borthwick 95.  
Braig 65.  
Branch 38.  
Brand 36.  
Lord Brechin of old, vide Wishart.  
Brown 39, 52, 63.  
Brownhill 51.  
Bruce 2, 3, 29, 47, 74, 83, 84, 94.  
Brymer 60.  
Buchanan 42.  
Buckleuch vide Scot  
Bunten 59  
Burnet 3, 31, 96.  
Butter. 44.    


C  
cairn's 59  
Caithnes 66, 84.  
Calder 57  
Calderwood 63.  
calendar 49, 64.  
Campbel 29, 41, 74, 89.  
Cant 36.  
Carmichael 34.  
Carnagy 33, 52, 58.  
Carron 31.  
Carruthers 39  
Carse 46.  
Cartwright 53.  
Cathcairt 52.  
Cay, or Kay 36.  
Chambers 55.  
Charters 33.  
Cheap 64.  
Chein 45.  
Cheislie 39  
Clayhills 57  
Clealand 57  
Cochran 39  
Cockburn 59  
Colquhoun 46.  
colvil ibid.  
Corbet 60.  
Cornwall ibid.  
Corsby 44.  
Cowper 39  
Crab 62.  
Craigdallie 60.  
Craik 66.  
Cranston 59, 91.  
Craw 60.  
Crawfurd 74.  
Crawmond 60.  
Crichton 55.  
Cumming 64.  
Cuninghame 33, 96, 97.  
Currie 47.  
Cuthbert. 65.    


D  
Dalgleish 63.  
Dalmahoy 31.  
Dalrymple 46.  
Dalzel 53.  
Dawson 45.  
Delaluna in England 52.  
Dempster 36, 65.  
Denham 88  
Dewar 31.  
Dickson ibid.  
Die 52.  
Dischington 35.  
Dowglas 2, 81, 83, 95.  
Drummond 28, 29, 34, 95, 97.  
Duiguid 45.  
Dumbar 3, 42, 95.  
Earl of Dumfermling, vide Seaton. Dun 67.  
Dundas 3, 55, 95, 96.  
Dundie Town 63.  
Dunlop 58.  
Durham. 52.    


E  
Eccles 66.  
Edgar 55.  
Edington 53.  
Edmiston 52.  
Eglington 50, 84.  
Earl of Elgin, vide Bruce. Elleis 66.  
eliot 36.  
Elphingston 38, 74, 88  
Esplin. 33.    


F  
Falconer 59  
Fenton 35.  
Fenwick 60.  
Fin 59  
Findlay 65.  
Fisher 61.  
Fishing-Company Royal ibid. fleming 42.  
Fletcher 45.  
Fockhart 38.  
Forbes 56, 74.  
Forman 61.  
Forest 62.  
Forester 3, 57, 97.  
Forsyth 59  
Fotheringham 34, 94.  
Fountain 49.  
Fowlis 63.  
Fraser 64, 68  
Fullerton 56.  
Fythie. 59    


G  
Galley 67.  
Galloway 8.  
Earl of Galloway, vide Stewart. Lord Garrioch 68  
Garvie 61.  
Ged ibid.  
Geddes ibid.  
Gibson 68  
Gifford 3.  
Gilchryst 51.  
Gladstains 53.  
Gleg 55.  
Glen 84.  
Earl of Glencairn, vide Cuninghame.  
Glendinning 44.  
Gordon 56, 83.  
Gorran 47.  
Graham 29, 31, 82, 83▪  
Grant 68  
Grace 41.  
Grierson 67.  
Guthrie. 44, 55.    


H  
Hacket 29.  
Halyburton 35, 36, 94.  
Hamilton 62, 64, 72, 82, 95.  
Hardy 54.  
Hay 17, 49, 85.  
Heart 54.  
Hepburn 7, 38, 55.  
Hog 56.  
Home, Hume, or Hoom, 3, 75, 81, 84, 97.  
Hony-man 36.  
Hope 49.  
Howston 39  
Hutchison 65.  
Hutton. 50.    


I  
jaffray 33.  
Lord jedburgh, vide Ker.  
Inns 51, 95.  
johnston 2, 47, 67, 97.  
Irwin. 3, 63, 94.    


K  
Keith 2, 21, 31, 89.  
Kello 63.  
Earl of Kelly, vide Areskine Kennedy 41.  
Ker 28, 38, 51, 56, 95.  
Kilgowr 60.  
Viscount of Kilsyth, vide Livingston.  
Earl of Kinghorn, vide Lyon.  
now Strathmore, vide Lyon.  
Viscount of Kingston, vide Seaton.  
Kinnaird 46.  
Kinneir 35, 59  
Kirkpatrick 47, 67.  
Kid 62.  
Kyle. 68    


L  
Lang 29.  
Lamb 57  
Landell 42, 81, 84.  
Lauder 59  
Lauderdale 49.  
Duke of Lauderdale, vide Maitland.  
Leith 49.  
Lennox 46, 82, 83.  
Leslie 35, 65, 80, 84.  
Lethington, or Livington 57  
Libberton ibid.  
Liddel 35.  
Lidderdale 38, 95.  
Lindsay 34.  
Earl of Linlithgow, vide Livingston.  
Little 46.  
Livingston 49, 64, 90.  
Loch 61.  
Lockhart 68  
Logan 54.  
longland's 38.  
Lorn 67.  
Lord Lovat, vide Fraser.  
Earl of Lowdoun, vide Campbel.  
lovel 29.  
Lowis 63.  
Lowry 68  
Lundin, or Lundie 33.  
Lyll 49.  
Lion 42, 90, 96.  
Lyon-Office. 85.    


M  
Macaben 65.  
Macculloch 49.  
Macdonald 3, 61.  
Macdowal 3, 55, 81.  
Macduff 3, 88  
Macferlan 46.  
Macgie 57  
Macgill 59  
Macgregor 62.  
Macilvain 68  
Mackenzie 57, 85, 97.  
Mackintosh 67.  
Macky 65, 95.  
Maclean 4.  
Maclellan 39, 90.  
Macleod 64.  
Macnaught 50.  
Macpherson 21, 97.  
Main 39  
Maitland 55, 90.  
Mar 32, 45, 81.  
Earl of Mar, vide Areskine.  
Earl of March, vide Dumbar.  
Earl Marischal, vide Keith.  
Marjoribanks 2, 67.  
Masterton 38.  
Maule 62, 88, 95.  
Maxwell 46, 58, 89, 97.  
Meldrum 60, 61.  
Melvill 33, 52, 67.  
Menzies 4, 31.  
Mercer 49.  
Midleton 28.  
Miller 44.  
Milne 45.  
Moir 53.  
Moncrieff 94.  
Monro 58.  
Monteeths 35, 74, 95.  
Montgomery 84.  
Marquess of Montrose, vide Graham.  
Monypenny 52, 61.  
Morison 53.  
Mortimer 55.  
Mosman 63.  
Mowbray 95.  
Muir 41.  
Murehead 42.  
Muriel 96.  
Murray 33, 42, 52, 82.  
Mushet 22, 39  
Myreton. 50.    


N  
Naesmyth 54.  
Nairn 41.  
Napier 46.  
Neilson 54.  
Nevoy 53.  
Earl of Nithsdale, vide Maxwell.  
Nisbet 39  
Norvell. 60.    


O  
Ogill 59  
Ogilvie 54, 55.  
Ogston 49.  
Oliphant 52.  
Ormiston 60.  
Orrok. 68    


P  
Packstoun 39  
Earl of Panmure, vide Maule.  
Panther 58.  
Paterson 59  
Patton 66.  
Pearson 39  
Pearth Town 57  
Earl of Pearth, vide Drummond.  
Pepdie 3, 81, 84.  
Laird of Pitcur, vide Halyburton.  
Polwart 29.  
Pont 52.  
Porteous 57  
Porterfield 36.  
Powrie 46.  
Preston 55.  
Primrose 64.  
Pringle 2, 61, 62.  
Purves. 49, 74.    


R  
Rae 57  
Lord Rae, vide Macky.  
Rait 44.  
Ralston 63.  
Ramsay 2, 3, 7, 58.  
Randeill 41.  
Randolph 3, 41, 42, 67.  
Rankin 66.  
Richardson 28, 47.  
Riddle 64.  
Rind 44.  
Robertoun 45, 66.  
Robertson 58, 96.  
Ross 6, 55, 68, 90.  
Earl, now Duke of Rothes, vide Lesly.  
Rule 54.  
Rutherfoord 41, 74.  
Ruthven. 2, 33.    


S  
See of Saint Andrews 85.  
Lord Salton, vide Fraser.  
Sanderson 35.  
sandiland's ibid.  
Sawers 23.  
Scot 35, 55, 74, 82, 97.  
Scrimzeor 55, 65.  
Scrogie 63.  
Seaton 3, 42, 53, 60, 66, 82, 90, 91.  
Sempill 39  
Sharp 34, 85.  
Shaw 3, 68  
Shires 65.  
Shives 58.  
Skein 66.  
Skirven 33.  
Sibbald 46.  
Simpson 31.  
Sinclair 44, 84.  
Smyth 46, 68  
Spalding 45, 66.  
Spar 66, 84.  
Spense 41.  
Spot 29.  
Spotswood 63.  
Sprewl 67.  
Sprottie 62.  
Squire 31.  
Stewart 34, 41, 82, 83, 96▪  
Stirling 35, 65.  
Straiton 23, 50.  
Strange 49.  
Sutherland 52, 81, 84, 91.  
Sydserf. 63.    


T  
Tailzefer 38.  
Tarbet 4, 61.  
Torrie 58.  
Toshach 66.  
Tours 35.  
Troup 58.  
Turnbull ibid.  
Turner 54, 68  
Turring. 35.    


W  
Vallange 68  
Vaus 35▪  
Veitch 3, 58.  
Vrquhart 60.  
Vrrie. 55.    


W  
Walkinshaw 63.  
Wallace 41.  
Wallop 35.  
Wardlaw 49.  
Watson 63.  
Weapont 49.  
Wedderburn 39, 64.  
Weems 3, 84, 90.  
Weston 36.  
Wigmer ibid.  
Winchester 62.  
Winram, or Windraham 4, 56.  
Winton 59, 82.  
Earl of Winton vide Seaton.  
Wishart, or Wiseheart 3, 27, 29, 81, 88  
Wood 3, 62.  
Wordie 64.  
Wright 66.  
Whytfoord. 36.    


Y  
Young. 29.    
FINIS.