Florus Anglicus: OR AN EXACT HISTORY OF England, FROM THE REIGN OF William the Conqueror to the Death of the Late KING.  
By Lambert Wood Gent.  
LONDON, Printed for Simon Miller at the Star in St Paul's Churchyard. 1657.6  
The History of England.   

TO THE READER.  
FRIENDLY READER,  
THou hast here a short Compendium of the Affairs of England, yet written with so much Care and Diligence, that there is nothing almost that is wanting in it, but circumstances, or things not useful. By this means, I suppose I have spared the Reader both labour and time. For, what will it profit a man to spend his Age in searching out of that, which he may have represented to him at an instant? You may with one glance of your Eye run over all the Writings and Pains taken by many Authors. And that nothing might be wanting, I have drawn forth the History from the very Infancy of it, even unto the Death of CHARLES the First, not following my own Advice, but directed by the Testimony of them, who, setting aside all Envy, were Real and Eye-Witnesses of this Tragedy. I have offered no Violence to the Truth, by siding with any part. If I loved the one, I did not hate the other. And if perhaps any Man (which in Novelties is much desired) by his future Experience, shall bring forth the hidden Causes of things to the clearer Light, I will not refuse to give Credit to it, so fare is it from me from believing my own Report before the Relation of other Men. That which pleased me, I think shall not be distasteful unto thee. And I hope to reap the fruit of my Labours in it, your kind Acceptance, which if I may obtain. I aim at nothing else. Judge moderately of the Style, and censure it courteously. It will not cause your Admiration shining forth in a Scholastic Brightness, it will not retard curious Eyes, with the Elegancy of words, and glorying in the witty choice of Sentences. What can I say more? It must be excused. The desire of Praise could not carry me aloft, who want Wings for it. Moderate things please me, when I can reach no higher. Only I abhor the envy of Detractors, and the quarrelling of carping Momus. Having premised thus much, I shall remain  
A true Friend to my Country Lambert Wood   

Courteous Reader, These Books following are printed and sold by Simon Miller at the Star in St Paul's Churchyard, near the West end.  

Folio.  
The Civil Wars of Spain in the Reign of Charles the fifth Emperor of Germany, and King of that Nation, wherein our late unhappy Differences are paralleled in many particulars.  
The History of this Iron-Age, with the Original and Causes of all Wars and Commotions that have happened throughout Europe from the Year 1500 to this present.   

Quarto.  
Abraham's Faith, or the good old Religion, proving the Doctrine of the Church of England to be the only true Faith of God's Elect, by J. Nicholson Minister of the Gospel.  
Mr Boltons' Directions.  
The Anatomy of Mortality, by George Strode.  
Mr Ainsworth on the Canticles.  
Mr Paul Baynes Diocesans Trial.  
The Supreme Power of Christian States Vindicated from the Insolent Pretences of Gulielmus Apollonii, by E. Gralle.  
Politic and Military Observations of Civil and Military Governments.  
The Birth, Increase, Decay of Monarchies, the Carriage of Princes, Magistrates, Commanders and Favourites, by D.P. Esq  
Mr Pinchin his meritorious Price of Christ's Redemption.  
Astrology Theologised, showing what Nature and Influence the Stars and Planets have over men, and how the same may be diverted and avoided.   

Octavo.  
The Reconciler of the Bible.  
A View of the Jewish Religion, with their Rites, Customs and Ceremonies.  
Edward Waterhouse Esquire, his Discourse of Piety and Charity.  
A short View and Defence of the Reformation of the Church of England by King Edward and Queen Elizabeth, wherein her Doctrine, Liturgy and Discipline are considered and preferred before all others.  
Mr Peter du Moulin, His Antidote against Popery, published on purpose to prevent the delusions of the Priests and Jesuits, being seasonable for these times.  
Herbert's Devotions, or a Companion for a Christian, containing Meditations and Prayers, useful upon all occasions.  
Mr Knowls, His Rudiments of the Hebrew Tongue.  
A Book of Schemes or Figures of Heaven, ready set for every four Minutes of time.  
The Poor man's Physician and Chirurgeon.  
Florus Anglicus, or an exact History of England, from the beginning to the death of the Late King.   

Duodecimo.  
Dr Smiths Practise of Physic.  
Grammar War.  
Posselius' Apothegms.  
Fuciculus Florum.  
Crashaws' Visions.  
Robinson's Essays.  
The Christian Soldier, his Combat with the three Arch-enemies of Mankind, the World, the Flesh and the Devil, together with his Conquest and Crown.   

Vicessimo quarto.  
The New-Testament.  
The third Part of the Bible.   

Plays.  
The Ball.  
The Conspiracy.  
The Tragedy of Chamlet.  
Example.  
Gamester.  
Duke's Mistress.    

THE CONTENTS.  

COncerning the first Kings of the Britan's, 1  
Of the first Norman King. 9  
William the Second. 16  
Henry the First. 20  
Stephen King of England. 25  
Henry the Second. 33  
Richard the First. 38  
John the First. 45  
Henry the Third. 53  
Edward the First. 64  
Edward the Second. 71  
Edward the Third. 85  
Richard the Second. 100  
Henry the Fourth. 115  
Henry the Fifth. 122  
Henry the Sixth. 131  
Edward the Fourth. 149  
Edward the Fifth and Richard the Third. 161  
Henry the Seventh. 172  
Henry the Eighth. 182  
Edward the Sixth. 200  
Queen Mary. 206  
Queen Elizabeth. 214  
King James. 223  
King Charles the First. 230    

AN Exact History OF ENGLAND.  

Concerning the first Kings of the Britan's.  
BRitany of old, was subject, not to one, but to divers Kings. The Names of four of them are called by Caesar, Cingelarix, Carvilius, Taximagalus, and Segonax; whereupon the Conquest of the Romans over them was more sure, though it were longer in doing; for whilst they fought all severally, they are generally overcome: Yet the Britan's did ever now and then make some resistance, hardly submitting their necks to another's Government: Amongst whom, for her Noble enterprise, Vaodicia the Queen was most remarkable; who, with her two daughters, Virgins, having formerly been forced by the Roman Soldiery, in revenge for her chastity abused, raised a mighty Army, and overthrew the Enemy with a great slaughter; yet the fortune of the War changing afterwards, she escaped bondage provided for her, by drinking poison. This Island was subject to the Roman Government five hundred years: but discord creeping in at home, they left this place of their own accord, which they had won with so much labour; yet they took such Britan's along with them, which they thought most fit for War, part whereof were slain in the War, part were consumed with hunger and want, and part of them transported themselves into that place in France for their safety, which from them is called Britain.  
The Picts and Scots they strive to enter upon the Country thus forsaken; whom to resist, they chose Vortigernus' Earl of Cornwall for their King, and implored the help of the Saxons or Anglo Saxons, a Warlike Nation in Germany, who were promiscuously called by that Name: These with Hengist and Horsus their Leaders, made haste into England with an Army of 9000 men; by whose Valour, the Scotch and Picts were overcome in a pitched Battle. From hence arose so great an opinion of the Saxons, that they were held for Angels, as it were, sent from heaven; and they were received into society, by granting part of this Island unto them.  
Also Vortigernus being taken with the beauty of Rovena the Daughter of Hengist, easily obtained her for his Wife. Hengist, not a little elevated by this success, forgetting his own Country, supposed himself to be King of Britain; calling therefore not a few of his Countrymen out of Saxony, he attempted to gain the Land by force. But the Nobility of the Land foreseeing these undertake, they thrust Vortigernus, an Uxorious King, from his Throne, and they create his son Vortimer King. He suddenly picking up what Soldiers he could, went against the Enemy, near Alesfort, where in a single fight, on one side Caligarnus Brother of Vortimer, on the other side Horsus Brother to Hengist were slain. The Saxons were compelled to forsake all Britain, or else a Territory was granted to them in Tennet, where they found no quiet. Vortimer, to whom Britain now was indebted for her liberty, having reigned four years, was poisoned by Rovena, the Wife of Vortigernus; and the Nobility are persuaded by a crafty woman to recall their former King Vortigernus. This being done, Hengist growing more bold by the favour of his Son in Law, levies a new Army, and again attempts to invade Britain, cunningly pretending that he came not to wage War with the Britan's, but to fetch Rovena, and to make a continual League with them. The false Name of League displeased not, the Britan's came unarmed to the place appointed, but the Saxons came armed with short skeens under their garments; by this fraud these unprepared people were overcome without great contest, 300 of the Nobility were slain, the King himself was taken, and obtained his liberty by the Provinces of Kent, Suffolk, Sussex, and Norfolk, but he himself fled into Wales In the mean while an infinite number of Saxons arrived in Britain, and they over flow the whole Island like a sudden Deluge: until such time as Aurelius Ambrose a Roman born, yet very affectionate to the Britan's, landed in Britain with a great multitude of people; and at first, he sets upon King Vortigernus suddenly, who was doubtless the cause of all these troubles; and besieging him in a certain Castle, he put fire to it, and consumed him with the Fort. After this he holds the Saxons play enough, not in one Battle alone; but at length he is miserably destroyed by a Saxon, that was suborned to give him poison to drink, when he had been Ruler over the Affairs of Britain 32 years.  
Uter succeeded him in the Kingdom, or as some will have it, Pendragon the Britain, so called, because he was wont to wear the Dragon's Head of Gold in his Banner, which is at this day an Ensign of honour to the English. He also overthrew the pride of the Saxons in divers Battles, until the eighteenth year of his Reign, poison being cast into a Well (the water whereof he daily drank of) he was killed also.  
Arthur succeeded him, who was born of a fair and Noble Woman, which was Wife to the Duke of Cornwall. This Arthur being of wonderful force, killed 800 Saxons with his own hand, and did many other admirable things; he also set up the order of the round Table, but afterwards being wounded in Battle, he died in the twenty sixth year of his Reign.  
Constantirus succeeded him, and Aurelius Conanus Nephew to Arthur followed him, Vortiporus followed Conanus, then Malgo Conanus, afterward Carelicus, Cadvanus succeeded Carelicus, and after him Cadwallus, and Cad●alladar, who was the last of the British Kings; for leaving his Grandfather's Kingdom of his own accord, he sailed into Britain in France, by whose absence the courage of the Saxons grew so great, that coming in with great multitudes, they vanquished the Britan's, that were now without a King, and they easily brought the whole Island under their Jurisdiction. Cadwalladar striving to stand against their violence, was admonished (as it is supposed) from heaven, to go to Rome, and to betake himself to a spiritual life, where he died a Monk. The Saxons being now Masters of all, divide this vast Island into seven Kingdoms, and as many Kings; yet he that was most powerful was called King of England, so that it is apparent enough that in this Heptarchy there was a Monarchy. And now the Christian Religion had taken no small root, (the clouds of Heathenish Errors being dispersed) by Dr Austin, the English Apostle, as they called him; And this light was received by the English men with so great zeal, that they strove to enter their Names, built Churches, and performed Divine duties.  
The Saxon Government flourished exceedingly under this Heptarchy for a long time; until that intestine War risen amongst them, and brought all things under the power of the West Saxons. For Egbert, King of the West Saxons, when he had by Arms subdued four Kingdoms, and was in hope to overcome the other two; in memory of his Country, after the Name of Britan's and Saxons, he commanded that all the Inhabitants should be called English men, and the Country England.  
Now the affairs of the English seemed to be at the height, when they were next to their ruin; so false is the appearance of all humane things, that when they glitter most, they may be supposed to be in the declining. For the Danes playing the Pirates about the English Coasts for a long time, at last by force they enter the Land, Angarus and Hubo being their Captains, and they wasted the Country miserably, sparing neither sacred nor common, which is apparent by a most famous example of the holy Virgins of Coldingham, who to preserve their purity, dismembered their bodies. For foreseeing the violence of the mad soldiers every where, they cut off their own nostrils and their upper lips, that being like to Monsters, they might mitigate the dishonest lasciviousness of an unbelieving Nation. The Kings of the Mercians and Eastern English were killed by them; and their Kingdoms were possessed with no small part of Northumberland: at last to repress the insolency of these Danes, a great Tribute was laid upon the people, which was commonly called Dan or Dans gelt. At length they were valiantly repulsed by Alfred King of the West Saxons, and are driven out of all Mercia. Upon his Victories Edward his Son succeeding, subdued the East part of England, driving out the Danes. But Adelstan this King's Bastard Son, cast such a fear upon them, that they yielded not only Northumberland, but also all England unto him; and some of them became his subjects willingly. But Ethelrede a weak and sluggish King reigning, taking heart again, they once more invade the Land, spoil and waste it miserably, whereby the English were provoked to conspire together, and so in one night they killed all the Danes, through the whole Island, and quenched so great a fire with the blood of the Authors of it. Swain King of Denmark, being urged with this great slaughter of his subjects, invades England with a mighty Army. He puts ethelred to flight, and brought the whole Land under his obedience, and by his death he passed it over to his Son Canatus, who fought with Ethelrede (who came back again with his Son Edmundus) upon a changeable fortune, and left his two Sons to succeed him, Harald his bastard, and Canutus the Bold; but when they were dead, the Kingdom returned again unto the English, who shook off the Danish Yoke: and Edward Son to Ethelred was made King. Now it was that England began to take breath; but as it commonly falls out, idleness became the ruin of many: The lazy Priests, for the most part, being at ease, took care of all things but their Office. The people being more dissolute with Luxury, grew contemptible by sluggish dulness; Learning decayed, the Commonwealth wasted with divers Vices, Pride and Negligence had made a ready path for their Ruin.   

Of the first Norman King WILLIAM the Conqueror.  
Anno 1067.  
EDward the Confessor last dead, whilst he lived in Normandy, had promised after his decease, the Kingdom of England to William Duke of Normandy, as he was his Kinsman and near of Blood, yet that William was a bastard Son of Robert King of Normandy, begot on a Country Maid. But Harold the Son of Godwin Earl of Kent, a bold man and a good Soldier, possessed himself, by force, of the Kingdom, during the Interregnum, not waiting for the consent of the Nobility, though his Brother Tosto strove against him all he could, and made War with him; but at York he lost his life in a pitched Battle. In the mean while, William Duke of Normandy, depending on his right, raising an Army, came for England to the South Saxons: Harold hearing of his arrival, though his Soldiers were tired with a late fight, sets up his Standard against his new guest William. Not fare from Hastings they fought a sore Battle; but fortune turning against the English, Harold driven forward with a Warlike fury, riding into the midst of the Enemies, and fight valiantly, was slain, and a great number of his men were slain with him. William the Conqueror presently brings his Conquering Banners to London, and is proclaimed King by the people that remained, having got a Kingdom by a lawful Victory, which (as he said) was given him by God. This King (which is the use for Conquerors to do) abolishing forthwith all the Customs of the English Nation, and the greatest part of their Laws, brought in immediately his own Country fashions, and commanded that all Causes whatsoever should be pleaded in French: And excluding all the English that had born Arms against him out of their Patrimonies, he disposed of all their Demeans, Lands, Fields, and the rest of their Goods amongst his Soldiers for a reward of their Victory; but reserving to himself the direct Principality and Homage, held to Himself and his Heirs, as a tenure from the Crown; so that none but the King should be the right and true Lord of any thing. Also he caused a seal to be made for himself, wherein was engraved, By this acknowledge William of Normandy to be your Patron: but on the other side was engraven, By this seal you must know that the same is King of England. Having thus subdued the power of the Laity, he turns himself to the Clergy, and made an Edict, that no English Monk should be capable of any secular Dignity, disdaining the facilness of Canutus, who was formerly King, who had continued the honours entire to the people whom he had subdued; by which lenity the inhabitants growing bold, after his death easily expelled foreigners, and recovered their former Liberty.  
Then he appeased the approaching War of the Danes, by giving them money, that he might enjoy it peaceably upon any rate. And hence it was that the English were in no fear at all of the Danes that formerly so much infested them: yet they were not so free from troubles, but that here or there, there were some tumults amongst the people, that were hardly suppressed and overcome, but the windy faction was soon dispersed.  
The greatest matter was the Rebellion of his Son Robert in Normandy, because it was most against Nature. This Son at the instigation of Philip King of France, demanded this Dukedom of his Father as his proper right; and without more words enters upon Normandy by force of Arms. It is true his Father had promised him this Territory, but the Son was weary of delay, nor would he longer forbear from the Government he hoped for. The King hearing of his Son's Enterprise, suddenly goes against him with a gallant Army; They meet in Battle, the Son unhorses his Father, and wounds him in the Arm. But when he knew his Father's voice, alighting from his own horse, he raised his Father from the ground, and kneeling down before him, craved pardon for his boldness, which he obtained presently, his Father embracing him in his Arms. However he seemed thus to have appeased his Father's wrath, yet God never suffering such faults to go unpunished, he had no good luck ever after. William, by such clemency, was miraculously eminent, in other cases, raising not a few of his adversaries, (a rare example) to the greatest Dignities, as if he endeavoured by his gentleness to mitigate their fierce spirits, and to calm their rebellious minds, that they might be eminent in their duty to their Benefactor, as he was in bestowing benefits on his enemies, and should blush to deny obedience unto him, whom they had offended, without danger. Having conquered therefore the Rebels, partly by good turns, partly by the Sword, he at length endeavours to enlarge his Kingdom, bringing Wal●s under his command, and causing Malcom King of Scots to do him Homage, and so adding new Countries, he rewarded England for the Crown they granted to him. Yet lest the frowardness of his newly conquered subjects should grow insolent, he laid upon them Taxes and Tributes that were not very light, and for the honour of his own Country, he made the Laws to be debated in the French tongue, and be bridled the haughtiness of the Monks. Only the men of Kent held their old Customs: For the King upon a certain time journeying toward Dover, was handsomely circumvented by the Inhabitants of Kent, carrying boughs cut down from the trees, and they would not let him departed until he had granted them the enjoyment of their Ancient Customs. Also he was indulgent to the Londoners, to let them enjoy the privileges they had in the time of Edward the Confessor; but he forbade the Nobility from hunting of Deer, reserving those sports for himself only.  
He disposed no less of Church affairs, composing a difference between the Archbishops of Canterbury and York, for that this was subject to that; and ever after the Archbishop of York was called Primate of England, and the Archbishop of Canterbury, Primate of all England. Also he made the Churches of Scotland to be under the Primate of York, as the Churches of England were under Canterbury.  
Though he seemed to curb the insolency of the Clergy, he had them yet in great esteem: For Aldred Archbishop of York being angry because he could not obtain what he asked, and offering to go away in a fury, the King not enduring the hatred of that Prelate, fell down at his knees, and humbly asked forgiveness of him. The Bishop being admonished to raise up the King, answered, No, but said, He shall feel what it is to offend St Peter. By the largeness of his Benefits he shown forth the love he bore unto Church men, building innumerable Churches for the service of God, with Monasteries and other sacred Houses.  
About the end of his life and Kingdom he placed his two Sons Robert and Henry, almost in equal power over Normandy. There arose on a day a quarrel between Henry, and Lewis the Dolphin of France, playing at Tables, which was the cause of a great contention between the French and the Normans: The Dolphin drawing Robert on his side, enters Normandy with an Army. William forthwith having his Navy ready, sails into Normandy, and with no difficulty, reducing his Son Robert to his former obedience, he marched to Rouen, that he might find the French men work; when he was weary with toiling, being very fat, he made an halt a while: The French derided William because he was sick, and by reason of his fat belly, speaking scoffingly, That he was with child and ready to be delivered. When this jeer was told to William, he answered, If please God that I ever recover of this childbirth. I will burn a thousand lights to God in token of my thankfulness. Nor was it long before he entered the Territories of France, and wasted all with fire and sword. Yet shortly after, falling into a relapse of the same weakness, he died at Rouen: His followers not only forsaken him being dead, but spoilt him of what he had. And his Body unfortunately, being thrice forsaken, at last, was let down into his own Monument, but not entire.   

WILLIAM the second King of England.  
Anno 1088.  
WIlliam whose surname was Rufus, the third Son, succeeded the Conqueror. The beginning of his Reign was unquiet and troublesome, his Brother Robert being offended with him, for taking the succession from him; the Nobility being divided, and conspiring his destruction. But he freed himself of all this danger, partly by force, partly by rewards, and partly by Arms, so that he pacified them all.  
But the greater Tempest was threatened from Scotland, now ready to arise, for Malcom King of the Scots, though he ought homage to the English, conjecturing, amongst so many troubles, that he had now a fit opportunity to be prosperous in his business, with great force entered Northumberland, and with fire and sword he consumed all he met with; and loaded with spoils, he returned into his Country. But William having provided an Army, invaded Scotland, and subduing Malcom, brought him at last to his obedience, and made him give Hostages for security.  
Robert the King's Brother, once more proclaims War against him, because he paid him not the money they were agreed upon; and the King of France taking his part, he took some Towns by force from his Brother, which of right belonged to him. But William bribed the French King, and so depriving his Brother of all help, easily compelled him to crave pardon for his Retractayners.  
But that all things might take their turns, Malcom, taking occasion of raising Arms from the contempt of the English, provoked William by a new injury, spoiling his Country: But when, being loaden with the spoil, he thought to return home, by chance being intercepted by Ambush, he lost both his life, and the Prize he had got. But yet this put not an end to the Troubles, for the Welsh setting upon the King already encumbered, depopulated his Territories in the way, whom at last William overcame in a successful Battle.  
In the mean while Robert Mowbray, by whose valour Malcom was subdued, supposing himself to be despised, or not so much honoured as he deserved, procuring some other Noble men to join with him, riseth up against his Sovereign; but the King suddenly falling upon the small number of the Conspirators, easily put an end to this tumultuous War, taking Mowbray prisoner. Yet lest the Welsh should rise again afresh, however their stubborness was beaten down, and should occasion greater danger, William now endeavours wholly to Conquer them, invading their Kingdom, and building of Bulwarks; but when this War proved to be tedious, the business being recommended to Hugh Earl of Shropshire, and to the Earl of Chester, the King left them: They cruelly handled the Wolsh, cutting off their nostrils and their ears, until such time as the Earl of Shropshire being slain, Hugh Count of Chester killing the King of Wales, obtained a full Victory over them.  
Whilst Lanfranc Archbishop of Canterbury lived, he was ruled as with a bridle, but after he was dead, being, as it were, freed from all bands, the state of the Church being oppressed, he began to rage with immoderate Tributes, and hard Laws: Now was the first time that all Ecclesiastical preferments were set to sale, and any thing was lawful for money. Yet the Tyranny of this King was not wholly void of doing good, for he gave freely to a poor Monk a Benefice, for which two others contended violently, beating the bargain with great sums of money.  
However all these vices were made good by his great Magnanimity, for hearing of the siege of the Town of Mantium, breaking through a Wall, that he might the sooner enter, none following him but such as were courageous like himself, and despising the danger of the turbulent Sea, he came unexpected, and freed the place, putting the enemy to flight, and taking their Captain prisoner, who was Helias Earl of Flescia. That Earl when he saw himself captivated, imputed this his misfortune to the unlooked for arrival of the King, threatening great matters against the King if he were once at liberty, whereupon he was set free to do what he could.  
Also he shown a wonderful example of notable courage at a Fort called St Michael's Mount, for he was suddenly set upon by three Cavaliers, and although he was already unhorsed, he defended himself valiantly with his Saddle for a Target, and his drawn Sword, until such time as he was rescued by his followers. When as those that accompanied him found fault with his too great care for his Saddle, Yes, saith he, I would rather have lost my life, than have left that to the scorn of the Enemy.  
He was faithful in his promise; betwixt both in continence, he neither despised nor yet adored Religion, but he was extreme covetous. This was the first King of England that would look into the faults of the Clergy, and reserved to himself the punishing of them, neglecting the Bishop of Rome.  
Last of all, being much given to hunting, he was unhappily slain by an arrow that rebounded from the back of a Stag. The foreshowing signs of his unhappy end being foreseen, but not regarded.   

HENRY the first, King of England.  
Anno 1101.  
HEnry the first succeeded his Brother, born of William in England, not a Duke but a King. Who in the absence of his elder Brother Robert, either invaded the Kingdom, or procured it with money, or obtained it by the favour of the people; for he was more Learned than all his Brothers, and was so much the more dear to the people. He made good the Kingdom he had got with fraud, by good deeds, gentleness, and just punishments: He every where preferred Learned men for places in the Church; he removed such as were unlearned and unworthy from their places: He mitigated the more severe Laws, and abolished hard Customs. He granted the Nobility free leave to Hunt; and with his bounty he so won the hearts of all. And because he knew that the Scotch were his ill-willers, he made peace with them, and to bind the League the faster, he took Maud the sister of King Edgar to be his Wife. That which happened to his Father and to his Brothers, happened to him, to have the first success of War from his own kindred. Namely the Bishop of Durrham being the first mover of it, (whom he had cast into prison for exacting too great Tributes) who had escaped his Keepers by reason of their neglect, his Brother Robert Duke of Normandy is stirred up to wage War with Henry, and to recover his right. Robert was now ready in England with an Army, and the day for the Battle was appointed, when as the Heralds were sent up and down, at last peace is agreed upon, 20000 Franks being granted yearly to Robert, and hopes of succession, should he out live his Brother Henry.  
This danger scarce dispelled, another falls upon the neck of it: For Robert Bellamy Earl of Shrewsbury, for no other cause but envy, inviting the Welsh to his aid, makes War against the King: But this stopped him not, for raising an Army suddenly, he put the Welsh to flight, he intercepted Robert, and confiscating all his Goods, sent him into banishment: For to punish Traitors with death was not yet the fashion.  
The third tempest arose from William Earl of Mortane and of Cornwall, the King's Uncle, he being angry with his Cousin for denying him the County of Kent, endeavours by treachery to draw the Shire unto himself; but his Treason being discovered, for one County that he thought to win he lost two.  
Henry that was hitherto on the defensive part, now takes up Arms willingly against his Brother Robert, being offended at some scoff of his, and levying an Army he entered Normandy, and became Master of it all, scarce leaving so much as Rouen to his Brother, and so he retreated for England. Robert had made trial of his severity, and was resolved to make proof of his levity, whereupon he follows after his Brother into England, and very submissive desires pardon for his sauciness. But Henry, either offended with the now fresh injury of his Brother, or else affecting the Dukedom of Normandy, neglected the prayers of his Brother. Robert being impatient of this scorn returns for Normandy, and once more raising an Army, attempts a War against his Brother; but he coming successfully upon Robert with a sufficient force, providently suppressed the mischief in the birth, but not without blood; and he carried his Brother Captive into England, and putting out his eyes, he held him prisoner to the day of his death.  
By this success he grew Magnificent, whence arose envy against him: For Fulck Duke of Anjou, Baldwin Earl of Flanders, and Lewis surnamed the Gross, King of France, entering a League, with joint forces, they endeavour to restore to William the Son of Robert the Land of his Grandfather. Henry presently transports his Forces into Normandy, and encountering the Battle, put the French to flight, and after that he had diversely made trial of fortune, in fine Peace is confirmed between the Duke of Anjou and Henry, which is confirmed by Marriage between William the King's Son, and the said Duke's Daughter. After this Peace followed between both these Kings, the Dukedom of Normandy being granted to William the Son of Henry, doing Homage for it. And thus by continuance of time all the firstborn Sons of the Kings of England are styled Dukes of Normandy. But Charles Earl of Flanders, being wickedly slain at Brussels, leaving no other Heir, William the Son of Robert, who was the next right Heir to it (for that he was from the blood of Maud Daughter to Baldwin, and Wife to William the Conqueror) was elevated to this Dignity, who growing insolent with this prosperity, endeavours to recover Normandy his Patrimony by his Grandfather; which he brought to pass with no great difficulty, by assistance of the French King; but receiving a wound in one of his hands, which was very small, and afterwards rankling, he lost both his life and Patrimony by it.  
Peace being confirmed abroad, yet Henry was tossed at home with civil commotions, Wales being entered into a Conspiracy, whereupon he pursuing the Rebels, erring in his passage, he fell into a strait place, and redeemed, yet not without danger, a thousand sheep and oxen from them. And these were the Wars he had both at home and abroad.  
He seldom or never Taxed the Land: He made none but good Laws: He was the first that ordained the convening of the several Orders, which is now called a Parliament. He punished Thiefs, and false Coiners with severe justice: He diminished the power of the Pope in his Dominions, and such suits as were decided in England, he forbade to be called back to Rome without his cognizance thereof, the Pope not speaking any thing against it. But a greater Controversy arose concerning Ecclesiastical Promotions, both of them standing stoutly for his own Interest: But the King not regarding the Pope, held in his own hands the power of disposing and confirming Offices.  
If he were over luxunious, yet he was noble in his choice, not loving every one in extremes.  
He had not lawfully begotten Sons, but he had many bastards, whereupon he endeavoured by all means to establish the Government in Maude and her Daughters, but all in vain; Stephen succeeding, who was born from Adela, Daughter to William the Conqueror, excluding Maude his Wife and Daughter, which first married Henry the fourth the Roman Emperor, and he being dead, she was married to Jeffrey Plantagenet, the Son of Fulc the Duke of Anjou.  
At last, by reason of some quarrel with the Duke of Anjou he fell into grief of mind, whence followed a great weakness of his body, by over-eating of Eels, and thence he fell into a burning Fever, and so died after he had reigned 35 years, being the last of the Norman Kings.   

STEPHEN King of England.  
Anno 1136.  
HEnry being dead, Stephen upon a doubtful Title, and his elder Brothers delaying, first possessing, succeeded. He won the English partly by promises, partly by benevolence, to which was added his Title of Inheritance. Having laid hold on the Kingdom by promises, he endeavours to make it good by courtesy. He took off the heaviest Taxes, and granted his own right to the Clergy, which the former Kings kept to themselves. Also he would that Churchmen should be free from yielding obedience to the temporal Magistrate: Thus he won the people and the Churchmen, and the Nobility, by granting them free leave to Hunt, and liberty to build Castles. His Brother Theobald, who by his Birthright was next to the Crown, he pacified by a yearly Pension.  
Moreover, to win the good will of strangers, he obtained for his Son Eustachius, Constance the Daughter of Lewis King of France: yet he did not more by that Marriage, than by Treasures strengthen himself in the Kingdom of King Henry, which he spent not luxuriously, but to levy Soldiers, and to wage War with.  
He was scarce Crowned, before he was forced to fall to his Arms; for David King of Scotland, striving to assert the Interest of Maud the Empress, proclaimed War against Stephen, and possessed himself of the Towns of Carlisle and Newcastle. Stephen marched against him with a great Army, and granting Cumberland to David, and the County of Huntingdon to his Son, he put by a Tempest that was coming on, without any bloodshed at all.  
Not long after he was shaken with Civil Commotions, greater than before, for when he was sickly, he was reported by some to be dead; whereupon the Nobles, abusing their Castles to the King's ruin, conspired together, and endeavour to get the Kingdom into their own power. Stephen, lest by delay the danger should get strength, partly by his Captains, partly with his own hand, he subdued the boldness of the Rebels. He marched against Baldwin the ringleader of the Conspirators, and driving him out of Oxford, he pursues him as fare as the Isle of Wight, and forcing him from thence, he enjoined him perpetual banishment. He was scarce quiet at home, but a War from abroad puts him to further trouble. For Jeffrey Plantagenet, relying on the Title of Maud his Wife, invades Normandy with offensive Arms, and strives to possess himself of his Grandfather's Territories. Stephen quickly levying an Army hastens thither, they having fought in divers small skirmishes, come to an agreement, namely, that Jeffrey should abstain from all Title and Right, Stephen paying to him an annuity of 35000 Franks: When he returned, he found the Kingdom full of War and Tumults; for the Nobility enter upon a Conspiracy, because the King kept not his promises, and every one of them makes War in his own Dominions. Also David King of Scotland, forgetful of his Covenant, enters upon Northumberland, and miserably made havoc of all by fire and sword, he neither spared women nor innocent children, he kills the Priests before the Altars, the sacred Virgins are ravished in the Churches.  
The King to oppose himself against the greatest danger, first bends his forces against the Scots. But the War during long, giving command to Thurstin Archbishop of York to wage War with the Scots, he returned home that he might tame the rest of the Rebels, which by force of Arms, by Promises, and by his Benevolence, he at last reclaimed. Thurstin in the mean time, joining Battle, subdued the Scots, and slew them with a great slaughter, for eleven thousand Scots were slain in the fight, besides those that ran away and were killed in the pursuit. The King being made more bold by this success, enters now with Arms upon Scotland, and afflicted David with a sore loss, and compelled him to beg for peace, which at last he yielded to; Stephen taking Henry the Son to David for Hostage. Stephen returning laid siege to Ludlow, the receptacle for the Conspirators, and with his own hand he freed Henry whom he had taken for a pledge.  
The most cruel tempest followed this fortune, for Maude requiring her Right, arrived in England: Stephen hearing this, lays siege to Arundel Castle, where by chance she harboured herself; but in this desperate siege, water being all spent, Maude delivers up the Castle, having leave given her to retire towards Bristol.  
In the mean while he quickly removes to Lincoln, taken by Randulph, Son to Robert Earl of Gloucester, and environs it with a siege: The Earls of Chester and Gloucester, endeavouring to free the City, fight with Stephen hand to hand, in which fight, Stephen is taken prisoner, after that he had given wonderful arguments of his prowess; and he is brought before Maud, who sent him toward Bristol to be imprisoned, and she in the mean while possesseth the Kingdom, entering London as Conqueror in Triumph.  
But Maude or Mathilde, the wife of Stephen, hearing of the King's misfortune, humbly entreated Maud, that she being of a long time weary of the Government, might have liberty to live with her Husband a private life. Also the Londoners, they require their ancient Laws which they enjoyed under Edward the Confessor; but Maud would grant neither. Maud not enduring the high stomach of Mathilde, and detesting ignoble servitude, calls for Eustachius her Son, with a select company of Soldiers out of Kent to London, who joining with the Londoners, that were wonderfully offended that their suits were denied them, also fortifying himself with the help of the Bishop of Winchester, they fall upon the Army of Mathilde, which fled privately to Oxford, and asked not help in vain of David King of Scotland, by whose assistance her Army being increased, she besieged Winchester: But the Queen with her Son Eustachius, falling on her fortress, overcame Mathilde in a pitched Battle, and took Robert Son to Mathilde, but Mathilde herself escaped luckily. A Treaty for Peace followed this fortune, whereby Robert on the one hand, Stephen on the other are set at liberty; but there was no other condition agreed upon, wherefore the Trumpet sounds again to War, and Stephen being now free, besieges Mathilde at Oxford, but she despising danger, passed through his Army in the night. Yet she was so frighted with the present danger, that she ever after forbore to make War with him, leaving the charge of the whole business to her Son Henry.  
In the mean while the City of Lincoln was valiantly defended against the King. But at last the Earl willingly yielded to the King, desiring reconciliation; yet Stephen entertained him not so courteously, but spoiled the miserable Earl of all his Estate; by which perjury he did not a little alienate the minds of his subjects.  
Henry by the death of his Father Jeffrey, having got the Dukedom of Anjou and of Aquitan, and with his Wife Eleonar the County of Poicteirs, by a fresh attempt, but with a few Soldier's sails for England, hoping at last to regain his Grandfather's Kingdom. He was no sooner landed, but his friends came flocking to him every way, and being fortified with new helps, he lays siege to Malmesbury, but the King coming upon him with more forces, overcame the sewer forces of the Enemy.  
Here is a thing to be rightly wondered at, amongst drawn swords Peace began to show herself, Stephen procured rest by granting, which he could not obtain by Victories; and Henry obtained that Kingdom peaceably, which he sought for by War: For whilst here and there, with equal endeavours they wage War, Eustachius suddenly died, and Stephen being deprived of an Heir to succeed him, being overcome with mourning, he willingly entered conditions of Peace with Henry and Mathilde, whereby he assigned his Enemy to be his Successor, and adopted him for his Son, being he had none nearer of blood unto him; so little faith or constancy is there in humane affairs, they that but now fought with all their might, do now embrace one the other, and Stephen recovers his lost Son, by adopting his Enemy. So Henry seeking so great a Kingdom by War, found both the Kingdom and a Father in Peace.  
The affairs of England were too troublesome for Stephen to exact Tribute from his subjects, yet he abundantly recompensed this loss, by storing the Exchequer with the goods of the Rebels. He made no Laws, when as by reason of a continual War, he seemed more ready to receive than to give: Yet he had no greater Victory than over the Clergy, whose obstinacy and pride he regulated, and made them good subjects. He that had lived in War and contention, ought not to die without trouble and neglect; for he had scarce made Peace with Henry, but he was afresh seized on by his old disease of the emrod's and the Colic, having not been free from War one year, he died at Dover.   

HENRY the second, King of England.  
Anno 1155.  
STephen being now dead, Henry Duke of Anjou succeeded him in the Throne, as he and King Stephen had agreed. He behaved himself wisely when he began to Reign, choosing the wisest men for his Counselors, expelling strangers that came in hopes of rapine, especially those of Flanders, demolishing the Casties that the Nobility had built, at the connivance of King Stephen, which they had often abused to sedition. The Laws also that were faulty during the time of War, he reduced to their former integrity, and he banished some of the Nobility for perjury. The Demeans which were bestowed upon those that were unworthy of them, by Licence from King Stephen, he took to himself, and so he spared his subjects from Tributes, thinking it safer to offend a few than many. He had yet no Competitors, and so was safer from Incursions and Rebellions. The Welsh made some rude commotion, who were no sooner up, but he subdued them. He made offensive War against Malcom King of Scots, and drove him out by force from Northumberland, the City of Carlisle and Newcastle, which King Stephen had granted him.  
He left him Huntingdon to do him homage for it, for David King of Scots sake, who was dead. He took by force from his Brother Jeffrey, after his Father's death, the Dukedom of Anion which his Father had granted him upon entreaty, having the Pope's indulgence to break his Oath.  
Then he attempts to take to himself, from Raymundus Earl of a place consecrated to Saint Aegidius, the Dukedom of Tholouse, which of right belonged unto him, and when Lewis the King of France would help Raymund, he wages War with them both. Now the Armies were ready for battle, but at the mediation of friends peace is at last concluded, and the County of Tholouse is granted to Raymund for a time, a Marriage being made between Henry King of England's Son, and Margaret Daughter to King Lewis.  
If he managed all things wisely hitherto, now he doth order his matters as foolishly, taking his Son Henry into the Government with him. For Lewis scorning the pusillanimity of his Son in Law, that he would permit his Father to be equal with him in the Kingdom, and would himself be a titular King only, he easily inflamed his youthful mind that was ready to take fire with unlawful desires. This envy had now broke forth into open hate, and the Son began to cavil at all the Father either did or said. Nor was the Son's ingratitude unknown to the Father; wherefore messengers being sent to Lewis, he endeavoured to oppress and extinguish those beginnings of discord. But Lewis laughed at the words of the Ambassadors, ask scornfully why they called him their Master, who had freely delivered up his right to his Son, and so dismissed them without any other answer. To this there was joined the malice of Queen Eleoner that she bore him, by reason that he loved whores, whereby she instigated her other two Sons, Richard and Jeffrey, that they should assist the Son against the Father.  
They fled to Henry into Normandy, and conspire jointly against their Father. Also William King of Scotland, Hugh Earl of Chester, Roger Mowbray, Hugh Bigot and others fell from him, Henry with this augmentation grew more bold, and now provides open War against his Father: Fortune was changeable in divers Battles, both courage and fraud being employed in the Wars. But Richard who had fallen off from his Father, repenting of his error, came to him, and craved pardon, which he easily obtained; at last some of the Rebels being taken, and the Scotch vanquished, Peace is confirmed between the Father and the Son, at the Mediation of Richard, Adela the Daughter of Lewis being married to Richard. And so Henry returned into England with his Sons, where Henry his eldest Son died, and his Relict is sent home again into France to her Father, and afterwards she was married to the King of Hungary.  
But Richard taking it ill that his Marriage was so long deferred (for the Father by his unlawful lust was supposed to keep Adela for himself, continually putting off the Matrimony) fell again into the same Rebellion which he had renounced by Oath. And being confederate with his Brother John, and with Philip then King of France, he makes War with his Father, and at Ments he besieged the old King, who slipped away in the night, and thought, though in vain, to raise the siege, at last the Town is delivered into the enemy's hands, to his greater loss, because King Henry was born in that Town: Wherefore, either by reason of his power broken, or by the loss of his native City, his Majesty being eclipsed, he that had hitherto given Laws, was now forced to take Laws from the enemy. And these are the Wars that he waged.  
This King subdued Ireland without spilling blood, Pope Hadrian an English man commanding it, and he built a magnificent Palace at Dublin for the use of his Posterity.  
He augmented his Treasure more by Confiscations and Parsimony, than by Tributes and Imposts. Because he was too sparing toward his children, it is supposed that gave them occasion to revolt, but he left an infinite Treasure when he died, and recompensed abundantly the want they had sustained.  
In the beginning of his Reign he cut off something from the severity of the Laws, and he erected new Tribunals for the use of his subjects, and he first commanded the Lions to be kept alive in the Tower of London, which custom is continued to this day.  
He brought the Clergy under the Magistrate, though Thomas Becket stood stiffly against it, who for that was banished, and received into favour again by the Intercession of the Pope and the King of France, but when he would not yield to the King's pleasure, he was miserably butchered by four Soldiers of horse, but after his death he was consecrated for a Saint. Henry also being wrapped up with the love of luxury and of whores, had his Wife always his enemy, which he at last imprisoned, because she had suborned her Sons to Rebel.  
The French King sent him a Catalogue of all those Rebels that conspired his death; and when first of all he saw the Name of his younger son John, he sunk down half dead with grief, and the affliction increasing he died of it, being above threescore years old, and had ruled the Kingdom of England thirty five years.   

RICHARD the first, King of England.  
Anno 1189.  
THis King was Crowned at Westminster, the 3d of Septemb. Anᵒ 1189. namely on that day which was notable for an accidental slaughter of the Jews, whose insolence he abundantly restrained by giving licence to weed out that odious kind of men. He was famous for benefits toward his Mother and Brother, receiving her as it were into society of the Government with him, and augmenting the other with six Counties at once. He sent Adela that was long before betrothed to him, yet as his Father's Concubine, back again into her Country, but not without a reward of her Virginity, and in her place, that he might not with an incestuous Wedlock defile his Father's Bed, he took to Wife Berengaria the Daughter of Garsias King of Navar.  
Now at last he resolved to perform his expedition, long intended for the holy Land: Collecting every way great Treasures, and selling Privileges, Demeans, Immunities, and Cities, London itself being scarce left out of the sale. For the time of his absence, he trusted the Kingdom of England to Hugh Baldulph Bishop of Durrham, and to William Prunellus, and William Long Scampius Chancellor of the Kingdom, dividing to each his part: He set Robert Earl of Leicester, a man of Integrity, over Normandy and Aquitan. Yet to prevent the Ambition of his Brother John, he was minded to send him away for Normandy, but his Mother interceding for him, and becoming surety for his fidelity, he was left in England. Lastly, appointing Arthur his Brother Jeffreys Son to be his successor, in case he should die in this Expedition, he entered upon his Voyage.  
Richard thus armed with five thousand Horse, and thirty thousand Foot, goes forward on his Journey. He went by Land through France to Marseilles, with some choice Soldiers to wait in that City for his Fleet, and to Embark himself there, but the wind being long troublesome it came too late; wherefore being impatient of delays, he hired Ships, and takes his Passage for Messana, whither Philip King of France was gone with his Navy before. At last also arrived the English Fleet; They are received by Tancred King of Sicily, with a great show of courtesy, but he by reason of some old quarrel was not friends with Richard, and laid snares for Richard, and for all the English, and by a confederacy of the Citizens, shut him and all the English Soldiers out of the Town: Richard offended with this affront, drew up his Soldiers against the City, and easily became Master of it, and had made a great slaughter on the King and the Citizens, had he not pacified Richard by paying the Dowry which he had unjustly detained from Joan, Richard his Sister, who was married to William King of Sicily deceased, and had also espoused his Daughter to Arthur, Nephew to Richard. Philip King of France first set sail, and came to Prole mais, which City the Christians had a long time besieged, with those he adjoined himself and his Forces. Richard after that weighed Anchor with a 190 Ships and 50 Galleys. But by a contrary wind he is driven into Cyprus, which Island, when he was kept from landing by the Inhabitants, he invaded by force of Arms, and became Master of it, and leaving Richard Canvil and Robert Turnham in it with a sufficient Garrison, he also sailed toward Ptolemais; which City, after it had been besieged two years, was delivered up to the Christians by Saladin.  
Other Cities also he became Master of, all which he neglected, only Joppa he made a Garrison of. In the mean while Guido Lusinianus invades Tyre, and with it he takes upon him the Title of King of Jerusalem, which he afterwards changed for the Kingdom of Cyprus. And hence it was that the Kings of England for a long time, were called Kings of Jerusalem. But Philip envying this Glory of Richard, and emulating him, because he could not equal his virtue, forsaking the War, sailed back for France; leaving the business to Odo Duke of Burgundy, to wage War with Saladine in his absence. Yet Richard would not let him departed, till he had taken his Oath to attempt nothing against the Dominions of Richard in his absence. But he was no sooner got home, but against right and equity he invaded Normandy; with which injury Richard being offended, and much weakened by the departure of Odo with his Forces, Richard resolves homewards, making Peace with Saladine upon unjust Terms. His Navy sailing homewards, he went by Land, through Dalmatia and Germany, at last he came to Vienna, where being unknown he desired to be concealed; at last being discovered by Leopoldus Archduke of Austria, who was angry with the English for the injury was done him in the taking of Ptolemais, he was cast into Prison, and was sent to the Emperor, who demanded him, and after a hard Captivity, he was forced to Redeem his Liberty with a mighty Ransom, which injury afterwards cost the Emperor his Life, and Leopoldus, first the breaking, and lastly the losing his Leg. But he after four years returned to his Kingdom.  
He found his Kingdom full of troubles and contentions, for William Longoscampius Bishop of Ely, who in the King's absence managed, as it were, the whole Government, being unaccustomed with so great an Office, (though he had otherwise enough to do of his own business) grew insolent and over-proud: Hence arose a Controversy between him and Duke John the King's Brother; the King took his Brother's part; whereupon he was put out of his Authority, the Archbishop of Rouen being put in his place. When therefore he could no louger make resistance in the Kingdom, he bethought himself to make an escape beyond Sea, disguised in woman's apparel, but being discovered, the Women did punish him sufficiently by deriding him for counterfeiting his Sex, and so being much disgraced he fled into Normandy to complain to King Richard; and when he had complained of the injury done him, he sought in vain for his lost dignity.  
Also Philip King of France invaded Normandy with an Army as he had promised. He sought to draw John the King's Brother to his side, but could not, his Mother Eleoner dissuading him. But though he openly did nothing to his Brother's prejudice, yet privately, a false rumour being spread of the King's death through England, he endeavours to wrest the Kingdom from him, whereby afterwards he lost all the favour he had with his Brother, together with his Honour. The King after this goes against King Philip with a great Navy, and first he freed the City Vernowle, and afterwards Vandosme from his Leauger so hastily, that the French man leaving for fear all his Baggage, ran away. At last a Peace being made between both, they are forced to abstain from War, though against their wills.  
In the mean while his Kingdom was tossed with various commotions. First, by Thiefs, the chief whereof being killed, that faction was easily suppressed. Secondly, by a greater commotion from the Jews, arising from one that had forsworn the superstition of his Ancestors; for the rest of the Jews being offended at it, who continued in their error, could hardly tolerate their converted Brother, they meet him in the highway, and fine him sorely, whence first grew a Faction, than a Tumult, and slaughter of the Jews every where. Nor was this rage shut up in one Town, but passing the bounds, it went first to Stamfort, then to Lincoln, then to York, where the Jews flying into a Castle, killing first their Wives and Children most barbarously, and casting their dead bodies out of the windows on the enemy's heads; putting fire to Gunpowder, they were almost all blown up, a cruel example of their stubbornness.  
Lastly, It is a question whether the King were more angry with the commotion, or with the punishment of Covetousness, whereby he found an end for all his troubles. A certain Soldier who received wages from King Richard had found a mighty Treasure, and fearing least the King should demand it, he went to Lemosin, and hide it in the Town of Calacum, when the Towns men prolonged to let the King come in, he laid siege to it, whereby receiving a wound in his Arm, he died shortly after of it, having won the City, but not found the Treasure.  
He was of a reasonable Stature, of a pleasant and graceful countenance, he was commendable in manners, famous more for his Virtues than Vices, sparing of Tribute, but very cunning to raise Money. He was the first that subjected the City of London to Aldermen and Sheriffs, blotting out the Name of Potent Earls.  
JOHN the first, King of England.  
Anno 1201.  
RIchard being dead, John invades the Kingdom by right of Anticipation, shutting out his Cousin Arthur, to whom the succession was due by right of Inheritance, and also by the prerogative of his age, for Arthur was not yet over thirteen years old. Also trusting to his Bribes (for he had rob those Treasures his Brother had compiled) he entered the Government of his own accord, (not caring any thing for the envy of his subjects) his friends in England not a little helping him.  
The first Tempest was depending from his Cousin Arthur, whose Kingdom he had not only taken from him, but also had drawn the Dukedom of Normandy to himself, leaving only the Dukedom of Anion to the child. Also his Mother Constance finding herself too weak for the English, flies to the French King, and craves aid of him, who promised not only to restore all Normandy, but all England also to Arthur, and received the young man into his protection: Wherefore Philip listing an Army, first made good the Duchy of Anjou to Arthur, and then he invaded Normandy.  
But John sailing into Normandy, upbraids Philip with his perfidiousness, because he had foully broken the Peace he had made with his Brother Richard: Yet they went not to Arms, for while they discourse and each defends his right, they agreed on fifty day's cessation of Arms, Baldwin Earl of Flanders being against it, who therefore forsaking Philip, made his Peace with the English, and taketh Counsel by what means, when the Truce was ended they should wage War with the French. But when John was free from the care of War, he strikes hand with Philip upon unjust terms, and Baldwin hating his sluggishness, joined with the French once more, and restored the War of Jerusalem. The English man was glad, and returns for his Country, yet was very ill received by the Nobility, which hated those base conditions. John now free from War, turns all his care to Pole his subjects and to follow his pleasures. Also he deprived his Brother Jeffrey Archbishop of York of all his fortune, because he dehorted him from such injury. Then going into Normandy, he Divorced his Wife Avis, and married Isabella, Daughter and Heir to the Earl of Engolesme. She was Crowned at Canterbury. But the oppression and violence of King John prevailed so fare, also his base luxury, not without murder and manslaughter (for he destroyed Matilda, a beautiful Maid) causing her to drink poison, because she would not yield to his entreaty to be corrupted by him, and William Brause with his Wife for speaking something freely, he killed with famine, taking all their Estate from them. But when he asked Subsidy, all the Nobility as one man, denied to follow him forth to Wars, unless he would remove the heavy Imposts, and free them from those cursed injuries. Yet he went afterwards into Normandy, and then to Paris, with his Wife, where they are to outward appearance friendly received by King Philip.  
But Hugh Earl of Marsh, to whom Isabel the King's Wife was first betrothed, being angry with the King for taking his Wife from him, joined with Arthur, and make a new War. Philip took their part, and so jointly those of Tours first, than they of Anjou invade, and they take the Town Mirabellum, with Eleoner the Grandmother to Arthur, who had fled thither for security, which was notwithstanding received by Arthur with great piety and obedience.  
John reproves King Philip for his falseness, and began to think seriously of revenge, and coming suddenly and unlooked for upon the Forces of the Enemy, destroyed them with a great slaughter, taking those Captive which could not run away, amongst whom was Arthur, who shortly after died in prison of hunger, on going to make an escape was drowned in the River, or as it is vulgarly thought, he died of grief and sorrow. His Sister Eleoner died the same way shortly after.  
All Commotions are not extinguished with Arthur, but War springing out from War, now here, now there arise new causes of disagreement: For Constance Mother to Arthur, complaining to Philip of her Son Arthur's death, she easily instigated him to a just revenge, who was of his own accord the greatest enemy to John. He presently sends his Heralds to John, and sets him a day of hearing to appear before him, as one that ought him Homage: But John refusing, he entered his Territories by Arms, and in short time he subdued all Normandy, as it were in the face of John, who stayed sluggishly at Rouen, and afterwards doing nothing, he returned into England, the Nobility gnashing their teeth at it in vain. To this may be added the second and third loss, for Eleconer, the King's Mother died, who did the Kingdom as much good by her virtues, as the King did mischief by his vices. Hubert Archbishop of Canterbury followed her, who was another Ornament of the Kingdom.  
And now John seemed to be in possibility to recover his loss, so his subjects would bring Subsidies to help him to wage War, which they strove who should do it most: So he marcheth toward Portsmouth, and suddenly set sail, not waiting for the Noblemen that came after him; but he had no sooner left the shore, but he presently returned, and upbraiding the Nobility (because they followed him not) with sluggishness and disobedience, he fined them with a vast sum of money, and so being the richer by his double Usury, neglecting the War, he returned home.  
Philip in the mean while, that he might expel all the English out of his Kingdom, takes Chinon by force, and he had quickly put an end to the War, unless Guido the Husband of Constance, falling off from Philip, had joined with John, by whose help he levied a new Army, whereby he took Mountalbans, a Town otherwise impregnable, with wonderful celerity, in fifteen days, and after that storming Anjou he gave the Plunder to his Soldiers, rasing the Walls of the Town, but he repent it afterwards, and perchance because he was born in that City, he built it again more firm and beautiful than it was. And now Philip and John were in Arms, now on this side, now on that, the Army expected the word to fall on, and nothing but blood and slaughter was to be expected, but at the Intercession of friends, a Cessation was granted for two years.  
John therefore returns for England, but upon his return he enters the borders of the Scotch, and kills multitudes of them, and brought King Alexander to his obedience, and those Irish that he found to have revolted, he sailed with his Fleet thither, and easily brought them under; So he made the Rebel Welsh upon his return, become Subjects, taking eight and twenty Nobleman's children for pledges, which when the Welsh rose again, he commanded to kill them all. So much prevails unadvised desire of wrong, though sometimes it may oppose good examples to unsatisfied cruelty, and so John was more cruel and valiant against none than toward his own Subjects. He returned afterward into France, that (as we said) he might repair the walls of Anjou, when those of Poictou revolted to him. But Lewis the son of Philip mustering an Army presently, not only mastered and punished the Rebels, but also put all Johns Army to flight, and destroyed them, taking the chief Nobility, by which loss, he was brought to desperation, yet making peace, he returned for England to vex his Subjects, and to pour forth all his malice on the innocent.  
In the mean time the Nobility of England, because they could obtain from the King no release of their burdens, conspiring together, wage war against him. The King when he was too weak, for them, attempted to proceed by subtlety, and calling the Nobility together, granted them their requests. But afterwards being discharged by the Pope from his promises, he takes up arms against them, and spoiling almost all England, he threw down the Castles and Forts of all the Conspirators every where. There was a Bull sent from the Pope against all the Nobility that disobeyed his Commands. The Nobility being too weak for the King in Arms, they commit an unjust and heinous wickedness, calling in the son of the French King to their assistance, and promising obedience to him, as to their King: He stayed not, but sailed for England with a Navy of six hundred ships. The conspired Nobility joined with him, and so joining their forces they came for London, where Lewis with a fair speech won the Citizens to his side. Also the Scotch entered England with a mighty Army, destroying all things in the way, whereby Lewis, as also by the other Forces being strengthened, overruns all England with ease. John in the mean time, lest he should seem to do nothing, gathering together a great many vagabonds, spoils miserably the Lands of his Subjects, at last in the passing of some Rivers, not a few of his followers being drowned, and being overweakned for want of help, falling thereby into grief of mind, and so into a Fever, he died within a few days.  
Great controversies arose between the King and the Pope during his Reign in Church-matters, about the choice of some Bishops: The Pope got the upperhand, and made the King do him homage, after that the business of the Church had stood still six years, and three months.  
He was immoderate in blasphemies and execrations; Also he is thought to have sought aid from Mirammula King of Africa, whilst he was in his troubles, promising to him the Kingdom of England, if he conquered, and to renounce the Christian Faith. He was sad and dark of countenance, he was tall and fat, sluggish and idle of Nature, he seldom conquered the enemy, but by force, being inconstant, in adverse fortune he was easily dejected. He was false in his promises, burdensome to his Subjects, troublesome to his neighbours, and hated of all.   

HENRY the third, King of England.  
Anno 1517.  
AFter John's decease his first born son Henry, not yet passed nine years old, obtained the Kingdom, not without some controversy of the Nobles: Some of the Nobility falling off to him, who a little before had made a defection, and swear to King Lewis, yet Lewis with those that followed him from London, with an Army of twenty thousand men, won many Towns, till at last he came to the Castle at Lincoln, which a certain noble woman did manly defend, and caused him to stop, and an Army of the English coming on in the mean time, he was repulsed and conquered. Many of the English Nobility being taken that stood with him, besides the Count of Perch, who preferred an honourable death before a dishonourable life, yet he did not despair, but sent for new forces out of France, which were all almost destroyed in a fight at Sea. By these misfortunes he was forced to take Conditions, whereby there were granted to King Lewis in respect of his charge he had been at, a hundred and five thousand franks, he renouncing all Right to the Kingdom of England, and promising faithfully to prevail with his Father to restore all the Provinces in France that belonged to the English. But the King restored to the Rebel Nobility all the Lands that belonged unto them, and so Lewis leaving England set sail at Dover for France, having waged war unhappily in another's Land.  
The union and rest of the Kingdom being thus established for a time, suddenly there arose a new faction of the Conspirators. It was known to all what the intention was, but what hopes they had was unknown to none, because it was fortified but with small forces, and was unprosperously suppressed, those being punished that refused to submit. At last all care is converted to the recovering of those Provinces in France, that belonged to the English, large Tributes and Imposts being granted to the King. For though the French had promised restitution of them, yet he would not yield them up, but by force of arms, yet it was deferred until the King being of riper years, should stand upon his own Right, and should govern the whole matter himself. In the mean while, those fields that were fenced in for Parks by his Ancestors, he laid them open, and restored them for husbandry, and to the common good. But when he was grown up, he recalled again those grants, and what he gratified the people with in his minority, he revoked, turning those fields for his pleasure into Parks again. And not content with this injury, he alienated the hearts of his Subjects from him by many more unlawful acts. He abolished the old Seal, and made a new one, and so extorted a great sum of money from his Subjects; Also he greatly drained them under a pretence of a war with France, and managing the matter slothfully, he returned without a victory, bringing with him out of France many of Poictou, that what reward they had not desired in France, he might pay them in England, whereby the best men were discharged of their Offices, and these vagabonds and strangers were possessed of them. The King being now of ripe years took to wife Eleonor the daughter of Raymound Earl of Province, whereby there grew no profit to his affairs, but rather by reason of a threadbare and beggarly Family, and her Kindred coming from all parts, as Crows to the prey, he suffered great detriment, which yet were highly esteemed by him, the people much murmuring at it.  
But whilst the King thus goes about to overthrow his Subjects Rights, which they labour to preserve, all the Nobility being offended at the promotion of strangers, they enter into a conspiracy; The Ringleader whereof was Richard Martial, who durst freely tell the King of his injustice, and required satisfaction. But the King to punish their arrogancy, mustered a great Army of strangers, and withal calls a Parliament, which is an Assembly of several Orders. The Nobility refuse to be present, unless he would command the Bishop of Winchester Peter de Rupibus of Poictou, and all his gang to forsake the Court, threatening withal, that unless satisfaction were made unto them, they would depose the King, and all strangers that were his Adherents, and would choose another King, the King therefore commands all that were upon Knight's service, and the Nobility to be present to fight for him, which they all refuse to do, whereupon he confiscated all their goods, and distributed them amongst those of Poictou, and their persons to be banished, wheresoever they could be found. By which threats they being frighted or corrupted by rewards, the chief of them fall off, whereby the rest were weakened, and fly into Wales, to the Prince of that Country Lionel, drawn to hold part with them, to whom Hugh Burgies came, escaping out of a Castle where he was unjustly imprisoned. The King follows those fugitives into Wales, but came back with disgrace doing nothing. But Richard Marshal when he would not return into the King's favour, being drawn cunningly into Ireland, to look to his Estate, and there being accused of Treason, was killed, though the King strove to remove the envy of that deed from himself.  
A Parliament being called, some men that had care of the Commonwealth, were those that persuaded the King to leave off war, and to make Peace with his Nobility, the King harkened to their council, and recalling the Nobles out of Wales, he treats with them, whereby they are restored to their former dignities, and strangers that possessed their places, were removed from all places, and a great penalty laid upon them, yet some of them (as Fortune is inconstant) were readmitted into the King's favour.  
The King then feigning that all favour was for his own Subjects, extorted a great Sum of money from them; which yet he distributed amongst the poor kindred of the Queen, and her Father a poor Prince: And having promised before to exclude all strangers from favour, (and always to take counsel of his Subjects) he began now to esteem them more; with which indignity the Nobility offended, enter upon a new conspiracy, to which, as the Leader and Chief, Richard the King's brother had given his Name, who being so bold as to tell the King of his faults to his teeth, doth forcibly dehort him from such fallacies. The King was much incensed with this, and seeing the inclination of the Londoners toward the Conspirators, calling a Parliament, and publishing the Conditions, he treats with them for Peace. But before it was come so far, the Earl of Cornwall the King's brother was drawn off to the contrary part, whereby the Nobility urged their matters more faintly, and so the Treaty could come to no conclusion. The King now free from all impediments, tyrannizeth more over the Nobles, the chief of the Conspirators were banished, or turned out of their places. Nor did he less oppress the Clergy, putting strangers into Church-Offices, at the Pope's request, dispossessing the Nations, and laying heavy Taxes upon them, so that all hated him.  
Henry purposing to make a new expedition for France, asks Subsidies from his Parliament, which being denied, he was forced to borrow otherwhere; Nor yet did he spend it successfully, after a years delay, and having done nothing well, concluding a disgraceful peace with the French.  
But returning for England, he tyrannised over the Jews, and wrested a great Sum of money from them, which he yet consumed with unseasonable gifts very indiscreetly; And so his Exchequer being consumed, and Subsidies denied him from the Parliament, gave him occasion of new oppressions, and so drawing the means of the Church to himself, was a cause of great differences between him and the Pope. But the King being inconstant laid down the Bucklers, and yielded to the Pope, who recovering his goods in England, did again pole the poor people of the Kingdom with continual sucking.  
To this may be added, that there was a daily conflux out of France, and other parts into England of this new Family, having some relation to the King, this or that way, whose wants must be magnificently supplied to the great detriment of the Commonwealth. The King grew still poorer by it, and so applied himself to rapines and extortions, and sold such furniture as belonged to the Crown, wresting all the moneys he could to pay those he stood indebted to.  
Then when he could no longer do it by such inconvenient ways, he obtained a small Sum of money from the Londoners, by threats and violence. And then turning to the Nobility, he asked a Subsidy of them in vain, and he found his Churchmen as backward, with whom he could do little or nothing.  
Then enterprizing an Expedition to the holy Land to free the King of France, he called an Assembly of his Bishops and Peers, from whom when he could not obtain one mite of money, being like a mad man, he drove them all out of the Chamber; The Bishop of Ely for that injury was excepted against by him. At last some help was afforded him, whereupon he was forced to confirm solemnly Magna Charta, but that money which he had appointed for the holy War was quickly wasted, partly by gifts, partly by banqueting, and other frauds invented for his own destruction. Also he had upon a vain hope redeemed the Kingdoms of Sicily for his son Edmund, paying a great sum of money to the Pope.  
In the interim, the Welsh vexed with great injuries, fall away from the Prince, and to suppress these, and reduce them to obedience, he stood in need of a new supply of money, which at last by neat devices and inventions he wrung from them.  
In the mean while Richard Earl of Cornwall the King's brother, at the suit of the Princes of Germany, is chosen King of the Romans, but shortly when he grew insolent with importunate oppressions and revenges, he was put out of the place, and returned for England a poor Emperor, who went out a rich Earl.  
But Henry that he might make up that money which the Pope had wiped him of, by a vain boast of the Kingdom of Sicily, he asks once more a Subsidy from his Nobles, who refusing stiffly, and the King pressing for it, they fall to odds, afterwards calling a new Parliament, which the Lords had procured for the safety of the Kingdom, he was compelled by Oath, and his Son also to confirm it. At which time it was Enacted that the King's Brother, with the men of Poitiers that remained in England should presently departed the Kingdom. But a contagious pestilence arising, either naturally, or by some venom these strangers scattered when they departed. Many of the Nobility died, whereupon many were put to death out of bare suspicion, some are cast into prison, and some are banished. Nor did less evils for this afflict the English, for they that had the charge of correcting the errors of others, did with all cruelty weed up the miserable English, that now so many Lords as there were, so many Tyrants there were, and the servants were grown like their Masters. And that they might stir up the envy of the subjects against the King, they cast all the fault upon him, which he endeavoured to free himself from by his public Writ, but all in vain, when he was compelled in a solemn Parliament to give that power he had given to twenty four chosen men before, to the Earls Montfort, and of Gloucester, and to Spencer, taking an Oath to confirm it unto them.  
In the mean while, Richard King of the Romans being landed in England, Henry growing bolder by the return of his Brother, though he were poor, first demands a discharge of his Oath from the Pope; then he opposed himself against the insolency of the Nobility: He flies to help from the French King, who is chosen Umpire between Henry and his Nobles, to end the controversy, but when he did nothing they break forth on all sides into open War. The Count of Leicester drives forth the Earl of Gloucester and storms his Castle, and laid a great fine upon the Citizens. Then he took the Fort at Worcester, and afterwards the Isle of Ely, and the Castle of Windsor. But the King fearing lest he should come so fare as London, thought it concerned him to make peace with him. They agreed at last on these conditions, That all the Castles should be delivered up to the Lords, and all strangers at a day appointed, should forthwith departed the Kingdom, only those excepted who had a Licence given them to stay.  
But the King calling a new Parliament, he drew some of the Nobility, especially his own sons to his party, to whom John Comminus, Bayly, Robert Bruse, and others from Scotland joined themselves: with these being not a little confirmed, he denounceth War against the Earls of Leicester and Gloucester, who did not at all excuse themselves: who seeing the King daily increase in Forces, levying a sudden but fare less Army, oppose the King; and here fraud supplied the parts of virtue, for setting their Banners behind without Soldiers, they made a show of a greater Army than they had. And fortune helped a good cause, for the King's Forces being dispersed, the greatest part of them was oppressed and slain, the rest saved themselves by flight: But the King, the Prince and Earl of Cornwall, and his Son Henry, and all the Scotch Nobility fell into the enemy's hands.  
There had been an end of the King and his fortune, lest a contention arising between the Earls of Leicester and Gloucester, had given cause to a hot contest, and afterwards to a sharp War, where Leicester being too weak, yet fell valiantly with wonderful glory.  
By the same fortune, Simon and Guide Montforts, the Sons of the Earl of Leicester, were banished one into Italy, the other into France, where afterwards they gave their name to most illustrious families. Also their Mother a gallant woman, being gone a little before into France, ended her life in a Nunnery.  
A new contention being risen amongst the Nobles, they sound the Trumpet to Battle again; also the Welsh who had helped Earl Monifort, are remanded to be slain. But peace being confirmed on all sides, this trouble abated without blood.  
Rest now obtained at home, Edward Prince of Wales, at the request of the French King, goes forth toward the War in Palestina: but Richard once King of the Romans died in the mean time, whom Henry himself followed shortly after, whilst he studied to repair the losses he sustained by War.   

EDWARD the first, King of England.  
Anno 1272.  
WHen Henry died, Edward stayed in Palestina, being intent about the holy War, where he underwent a grievous danger, having received three wounds from his adversary with a poisoned weapon. But he was cured by the wonderful piety of his wife, who with her mouth in time sucked out the venom from the wounds. In his way, being made more certain of his Father's death, he came at last over-land into his Country, and was inaugurated King.  
At the beginning of his Reign he used the Nobility well; but he to abate the insolence of the Clergy, commanded their wealth to be brought into his Exchequer, and he afflicted them by other means, and so drew upon him their envy. The Welsh, whose custom it was on all occasions to make new Commotions, now afresh under their Leader Lionel, rise up against Edward, and rage with wonderful pride, but this tempest soon vanished, for Eleoner the Daughter of Simon Monifort espoused to Lionel, whilst she came out of France by Sea to her Husband, was taken in the way, whom he was forced to redeem at a great ransom, promising also to Edward continual Homage, and granting his Brother David to the English, who was highly esteemed by Edward. But Lionels obedience lasted not above three years, for his Wife Eleoner being dead, he breaks forth into new rebellions. Also David forgetting the great love of King Edward to him, fell off presently to his Brother, and so with joint Forces they enter England, and did some mischief to Edward; both wonderfully inflamed by a false Prophecy of Merlin, whereby the Crown of Brutus was promised to Lionel; But the Battle being set, Lionel was killed by a private Soldier, and his Head was brought to the King, who caused it to be fastened on a pole, and to be Crowned with joy, and set up on the Tower of London. The lot of David was like to his Brothers, who being taken in Wales, was drawn with a Horse to the place of execution, and there beheaded, and his Head set by his Brothers, and his four quarters were sent to the four principal Cities of England. So Edward revenged the Rebellion of the Welsh, and the death of Alphonsus his first born, who was killed in the same Battle.  
But a greater cloud hung over his head from Scotland. For Alexander the third, King of Scotland, whilst he road the Great Horse, fell with him, and so died, leaving his Daughter Margaret to inherit; but she, shortly after her Father, died also, leaving the Kingdom to ten Corrivals who strove for it. Edward was chosen Umpire by them all to search their Titles: but he reduced all their pretences to two especially, namely John Bayly and Robert Bruse, who with equal right affected the Kingdom; whilst the matter sticks between them, Edward sets on Bruse, promising to him the Kingdom of Scotland for ever, so he would do him Homage for it: But Bruise refused it, preferring his Country's Liberty before his own Honour; but Baily yielded to those conditions, and so gained the Kingdom of Scotland, but the ill will of all his Country men. Envy against him increased for refusing justice upon the death of the Earl of Fife, who was slain, for Bailie exempted Albermeth that slew him from punishment; whereupon Baily was cited to appear before Edward's Tribunal, was forced to plead his cause. He was angry for this disgrace, and returns to his Kingdom, and afterwards denied Homage to Edward, and proclaimed War, making a Covenant with the French King. Hence arose the cause of a most bloody War between the two Nations, which lasted for 300 years, only some feigned cessations passing between.  
Armies are Mustered on both sides, and the English giving the first onset on the Scotch, slew abundance of them, and won many Cities and Castles; by which loss Brusius was constrained to beg for Peace, which was granted, but he himself was carried Captive into England, and being afterwards set at liberty, he ended his days in France, expecting in vain the restitution of his goods. And so Edward returned for England, leaving after him John Varamius Earl of Sussex his Ambassador, and Hugh Chrysingamius his Treasurer, to take care of the Scotch business. But a little after this, the Scotch, when the King was gone into France, making head against the King's Ministers, having William Valla for their Captain, they killed Hugh Chrysingamius, and with him 6000 English. But the King came back for England, commanded that his Court should be held at York; and presently levying an Army, he assaulted the Scotch afresh at Fonkirk, and though he himself were dismounted from his Horse, that was frighted with the hollow of the enemy, and was dangerously wounded, two ribs being broken in his body, yet he made a great slaughter amongst them, 40000 Horse and Foot of them being slain: Only Vallas with a small handful of men escaped by flight from the fury of the enemy. All the Noble men's goods are made forfeit to the English, and they were all made Tributaries, and to swear the third time to be true to King Edward.  
But the false Scot kept his word but a very short time, for Brusius the Son of Robert being made King in a Turbulent manner, new commotions arise, for he fearing the power of John Cuminus, caused him wickedly to be murdered in the Temple of Dumfrise. When Edward heard this, he was wonderfully incensed: Presently having raised a gallant Army he marcheth into Scotland, not meaning to cease, till he had brought down the usurper of that Kingdom. The Earl of Pembreke, who was marched before with his Brigade, lighting suddenly on Bruse, destroyed all his men, from whose hands the King himself hardly escaped, he led a dishonourable llfe in Caves, Dens, and Crags of Mountains, seeking his fortune in other matters. His Brothers falling into the power of the enemy, were put to extreme tortures as Traitors.  
The King fierce with the madness of Revenge, spared no man's life, but slew all he met withal. The Earl of Athol also, though he were of the King's blood, was sent to London and hanged there: so and by such like ways were the followers of Bruse punished. Yet Bruse, though he wanted almost any to follow him, did not give out, but collecting a handful of soldiers, he sets upon the Earl of Pembroke suddenly, and put him to the worst with great loss and slaughter, and he drove the Earl of Gloucester into the Castle of Airs, and besieged him there, until Edward coming to his relief, he was forced to fly to his old skulking holes.  
In the mean time a new War breaks forth with the French King Philip the Fair, by a controversy between the subjects of either King, and arising from pretended injury; for Kings that envy one the other do easily break into open hatred. The King of England also was justly angry, and sought all occasions of wrong greedily, by reason that Henry his Cousin, Son to Richard the Emperor, was killed by the Earl Montfrots Son, at which wickedness the French connived. In a fight at Sea first a great destruction was brought upon the French at the entrance of the River Zion and elsewhere. And Edward when a day was appointed for him as a stipendiary to plead his cause before King Philip, he refused to appear, and the Homage he did willingly before, he now refused to do: whereupon a great Army being raised, Philip enters upon the Territories of Edward in France by force of Arms. The King of England, by the assistance of neighbour Princes, the Earl of Flanders, the Duke of Brabant, and others, to which was joined ●he help that came from Adolphus of Nassaw the Roman Emperor, who had promised it, presently marched against the King of France, but finding the French divided into parts, and defrauded of the assistance promised them by the Emperor, when he had held his Winter Quarters at Gaunt, not without murmuring of the Citizens, and great want amongst his Soldiers; at the beginning of the Spring, truce being made with the French for three years, the King took Margaret the Duke's sister to Wife, (for Leoner died in the former expedition against the Scot) and the Daughter of Philip being betrothed to King Edward's Son, he retreated for England.  
Lastly making his incursion into Scotland, when he held his Winter Quarters at Carlisle, where being taken with a dysentery in the way, and the disease increasing, he died at Burgh upon sands, when he had reigned thirty four years.  
He was taller than all the rest, of a sorrowful countenance, for chastity like to his Father, but in fortitude fare before him; he was excellent for Judgement and Continence.   

EDWARD the second, King of England.  
Anno 1308.  
EDward surnamed Carnarvan, by succession came to the Throne when his Father was dead. But he at the very beginning shown what his future Tyranny would be, especially in turning upside down what his Father had left in command by his Will; and calling Gavestone from banishment, a young man of a most base life, who for his insolency was exiled by his Father's order, and in his last words forbade him not to recall him, who afterwards gave cause of great dissensions; for when the King bestowed, immoderate gifts upon him, he made the Nobility envious against him, and himself poor. But his Father being yet not interred, he endeavoured to conclude the Matrimony with King Philip's Daughter, that was contracted when King Edward lived, which is performed with great preparation of the Nobles, and especially of Gavestone, four Kings being present, and three Queens except the Bride. The Dowry was the Dukedom of Aquitan, which the French King had possessed himself of. But he being returned into England, the Nobles were offended by reason of the too great power of Gavestone, they deny the solemnity of the Coronation, unless he would banish this insolent odious man from his Court and Kingdom. The King seemed to hearken to it, and so is inaugurated with his Queen in the Kingdom by the consent of all. But whenas he should banish Gavestone, he highly promoted him, the Nobility not a little murmuring at it.  
In the mean while the chief power was in Gavestone, the Nobles had no authority; and that he might precede the rest in glory, a Tilting was appointed, where he obtained the greatest praise. His valour was worthy of reward, but that the insolent man turned all to the contempt of the Nobility. In the mean while a Parliament was called, wherein, amongst the rest, it was Enacted, That the Decrees of Magna Charta should be observed; Strangers should be put out of their Offices, and that all things should be done in a solemn sitting of the Senate, nor should the King go out of the Land, the Parliament being ignorant of it or against it, nor should make War against any, and that Gavestone should be banished.  
Whereupon he is sent away for Ireland, not as a banished man, but as Precedent of the Island, where also behaving himself well he had deserved commendation and reward. But the King by preposterous counsel, a contract being made for him with the sister of the Earl of Glocister, being impatient of his absence, called him back from his banishment, and presently settled him in his former grace and favour. But he to give the King thanks, by cunning flattery, sucked the King of all he had, that he left him scarce sufficient for his necessity. The Nobles in the mean while hating his insolency, threaten a general revolt from the King, unless he would send away his proud subject. But Gaveston, when he had wandered some time in France and Flanders, returns privately into England, being generally hated, being the more confident by reason of the Kings and his Father in Law the Earl of Glecesters' favour. The King received him most friendly, and that his arrival might be concealed from the Nobles, the King takes a journey with him toward York. The Nobility that had knowledge of it enter a Conspiracy, to which all subscribed but the Earl of Gloucester: And they make Thomas Earl of Lancaster the head of the faction; and so they laid a necessity on the King, either to deliver up Gaveston into the hands of the Lords, or else to send him out of the Land. But Edward being blind with foolish favour, would not hearken to the Lords, but shut him up in a strong Castle, that so he might escape the envy of the Nobility. But they being sworn together, besiege the place, and compel him to surrender miserably, and having taken him they cut off his head. Three things were left in charge to Edward by his dying Father, and were commanded in his Will, namely, That he should carry his Father's bones along with him, till he had conquered Scotland: That he should expend 50000 upon the holy War: And that he should not recall Gaveston. He obeyed not the two later, for that money decreed for the Holy War he bestowed on Gaveston when he was come back, for the third we shall see what he did. The King of Scots Brusius, who had long since intelligence of King Edward's slothfulness, would not pass over such an opportunity of well managing his business, levying an Army, presently reduced all Scotland into his power. And not therewith content, he enters the borders of England and destroys all by fire and sword. Edward to repulse force by force, raised an Army of an hundred thousand Soldiers, better fitted with furniture than valour, which was easily vanquished by the Scotch, that were scarce 30000, joining craft and valour together. The chief of the Nobility in this fight were either slain or taken Captives. The Earl of Gloucester himself, when he had given sufficient tokens of his fortitude, fight valiantly in the head of the Army, was killed, the rest saved themselves by flight. This made the hearts of the English to fail, and a great part of the Nobles and Commons revolted to the Conquerors, by a fearful example of perjury punished. Bruse following his Victories, enters upon Ireland with an Army, a great part of it he over-runne, and depopulated it very fare: Also he was saluted King of the same Island, the inhabitants falling to him abundantly. And he ruled three years, until the Primate of Armath, and Berningam the chief Judge in Ireland, raising a great Army, set upon the Conqueror, and take him with a great slaughter of his men, and cut off his Head. The Scots almost mad with the death of their King, waste the Borders of England so fare as York with sword and fire. To moderate their Insolence, a great Army was raised of the English, who marched toward York. But discord growing between the Commanders, before they saw the Enemy, they either slipped away, or returned home. Then Barwick by the Treason of Peter Spalding was delivered up to the Enemy's hands, which Edward presently laid siege to. But the Earl of Lancaster falling away with his men, by reason of a quarrel, the Scotch in the mean time making havoc of all, and conquering divers Cities and Castles, he was forward to retreat. To this it fell out that the Yorkshire men raising a great power of the common people, and setting upon the Scots, were unhappily beaten and killed by them. The King removing his siege from Barwick, following the Scots that were laden with the prey and the spoil, but he was frustrated of his end, they having marched another way. The next year entering Scotland, because the Enemy had wasted all before his coming, by reason of hunger and want, was compelled to return back again. But the Scotch following him, and coming suddenly upon him, he suffered a great loss, and hardly escaped himself, and so finding himself too weak for the Enemy, he begged a Truce for two years. But he was vexed with fare greater troubles than these at home; For Gaveston being dead, the younger Spencer succeeded in the King's Grace and Favour, who after he had obtained the Government of the Commonwealth in as high a manner as Gaveston had, he could not choose but fall under the same malice of the Nobility. But the cover of this envy was too unjust that it could be hid by a public contest, some other occasion must be sought for. They all with one consent ask of the King, that he would keep entire the Conditions formerly granted, threatening him with a revolt, and so they raise great Forces for War, but the Prelates interposing, they made Peace on both parts.  
But shortly after a Parliament being called, the King complains openly of the wrong they had done him, and of Gavestons' death; But the Nobility say they had committed no sin in so doing, but growing remorse by the admonitions of the Queen, and the Earl of Gloucester, they ask pardon of the King upon their knees; They easily obtained it, which was granted to them under the King's Broad-Seal.  
Now all the dissension seemed to be laid asleep, but as fire raked up in ashes, is kindled by any little wind, sometimes into a great flame, so there needed but a small blast to produce the former troubles. The first occasion of defection was given, because the wife of the Earl of Leicester, with which he had a long time lived quietly, was taken from him with the Counties of Lincoln and Salisbury, by Richard Sanmartin a very deformed man, who said he had conjugal custom with her before, which thing she openly confessed when she was demanded concerning it. Another occasion was given, when at Whitsuntide a certain woman riding ridiculously on horseback in fools habit, did go into the Court and upbraid the King with his ingratitude toward his faithful Ministers. A third, when a certain Knight that had a packet of the Kings was intercepted, wherein was written a desire to the King of Scots to cut off the Earl of Lancaster, whereupon not a few fell from the King to that Earl. A fourth, when a certain mad man John Poudras counterfeiting himself to be King Edward, and feared not to say, that Edward they mistook for their King was falsely supposed to be so, which madness he paid dearly for by the torture he was put to. But the greatest of all was, that a certain Baron, William Brevisius, who had spent the greatest part of his Estate in riot and whoring, would needs sell the rest by Port-sale, which Humphrey Bobun gaping after, ask leave of the King, did transact with William. for them. Also both the Roger Mortimer being ignorant of other Competitors, cheapened the Bargain, and Spencer had obtained immediate leave from the King to buy them, and was preferred before any other. It is a wonder what hatred he drew upon himself by this matter. Now all the Nobility came together, and entered a conspiracy, crying out, that the Spencers both Father and Son were Traitors, Corrupters of the King, and Plagues to the Commonwealth, and at last they fell to their Arms. They come in haste to London with their Army, and with leave granted, they enter the City, and make their complaints to the King, which he yielded to by the Intercession of many. Lastly, The Spencers were banished, but shortly after, when the Archbishop of Canterbury contended in a Common-Councel of a London Senate, that that banishment was unjust, the Spencers are called home again, the King being no ways unwilling to it. This drove the Nobility on, but another mischief moved the King. For the Queen taking her Progress toward Canterbury, whenas she would have diverted towards the Lord of Baldesmire, she was dishonourably shut out, and was forced to turn away to some other place. Of which matter she complained to the King, and it made him extreme angry, who now doth think of nothing but revenge for that injury, collecting suddenly a Band of Soldiers, he assaulted that Castle, which when he had overcome, the Governor of it Thomas Culpeper, was hanged, and Baldesmire with his wife and children was cast into Prison, and all his goods Confiscate. And the King's Blood being now hot, he proceeded farther, and resolved to make War upon the Nobles, but they finding that his Army increased, part returned to their Obedience, and part fell to their Arms; But their Army being either slipped away or vanquished, some were killed in the fight, the rest were taken, amongst whom was the Earl of Lancaster, who was beheaded before his own Castle, the rest were either hanged or beheaded, that England was never more sorrowfully wet with Noble Blood.  
Now the last and worst mischief of all hanged over his head, for the King of France for the Possessions that Edward had in France, required Homage from him for them, but Edward refusing, he entered his Provinces with an Army. At length Queen Isabel, Edward's wife was sent to entreat him not to waste his Country: she went willingly, partly to perform the King's Commands, partly to complain to her Brother. For Edward by the Instigation of Spencer was no little estranged from her, and had offended her with great contempt. Roger Mortimer went with her, with whom the Queen held unlawful Familiarity, which when the King understood, he sent to the French King some that should desire him to send home the Queen with the Prince her Son. But she not returning is banished out of all the King's Dominions and Garrisons made to drive her off, if she came against the Kings Will. But she flying to the Earl of Hannonia, Matrimony being contracted between Prince Edward, and the Earls Son, she procured a good Army from him, John the Earls Brother being General; Setting sail they land about Harwich, to whom immediately Henry Earl of Lancaster, and other Nobles joined themselves. The King receiving news of it, was wonderfully frighted, he left London without stay, the City being addicted to the Queen, and purposing to fly into Lundy Island, by a Tempest he was driven into Wales. In the mean while the Londoners, that they might show their loves to the Queen, cut off the Heads of Gualther Stapleton Treasurer of England most cruelly, because he was addicted to the King, and some others also. Nor did the Queen do less at Bristol, killing Hugh Father to Spencer, who was ninety years old, causing him to be dragged to Execution, pulling his heart out alive. Then she sent part of her Army to find out the King, Henry Earl of Lancaster being the chief, and Rice Paulinus a Welshman, who because he knew every passage of the Country exactly, he lead the Earl to the Monastery of Neth, where the King hid himself, where presently both he, with Spencer, Robert Baldoch, and Simon Reding, is delivered into the hands of his Enemies, and is left to the Custody of the Earl of Leicester, who entertained him with all respect, as it was fit a captive King should be. But Edmund Earl of Arundel, John Daniel and Thomas Micheldem, are beheaded at the request of Mortimer. But Spencer who was now Earl of Gloucester, is now with Simon Reding drawn to Execution, and being first hanged, they were afterwards beheaded and quartered, and their Heads set up on London Bridge, the quarters were sent to the chief Cities, but Baldoch was famished to death in prison. Then a Parliament is called, wherein they consulted to depose the King, and to Crown the Prince his Son Edward. But he being fare more Religious than his Mother, would not accept the Crown, unless his Father would resign it willingly. Some are sent to persuade this miserable King, and the unhappy man did yield easily to it. A day is set for the delivering up his Title, and Edward clothed in black, comes into the Chamber, where they were gathered together that should receive his Abdication, but he scarce saw the provision made for his renunciation, but he sunk down half dead in a swound, and with much ado being refreshed by the Earl of Leicester, and the Bishop of Winchester, he came to himself. But when he heard the cause of the Assembly, he answered, That as it was displeasing to him that his Subjects were so much offended at him, so he was well pleased that they had made his Son Edward King in his stead; and so the Solemnities being rightly performed, the business was at last accomplished. Then an allowance being granted to Edward, he remained in the Custody of the Earl of Leicester, and was well used. Also so great a stipend was granted to the Queen-Mother, that there was scarce any thing left for the King and Queen. Nor was the furious woman yet pleased, but went about to infringe the Liberty her Husband enjoyed with the Earl of Leicester, and by the counsel of Adam Torleton Bishop of Hereford, power is granted to two Knights Thomas Gorney and John Matrevers to carry the King to some other place. They hewed him filthily, cutting his hair most ridiculously, and his herd also, that he might not be known, at last they brought him to Barclay-Castle.  
After he had lost his Kingdom, they consult concerning his Life. First, They thought by unwholesome food to destroy him, then by filthy stinks of carcases, and lastly by poison, but neither prevailed. Then the Letters of the Bishop of Hereford the most wicked Counsellor, were sent to his Keepers, by which he checks them heavily for dealing so well with him that was not fit to be so kindly used, adding in the end, Do not fear to kill Edward, 'tis good; which was interpreted by them, as they pleased, who thereupon fell upon the miserable King in his Bed, and strive with the Blankets to strangle him. Nor were they content with this, but they thrust a hot Iron into his Fundament, and so burned his Bowels (a most hideous Example of Cruelty) and destroyed him in a doleful manner. But these Parricides when they looked for a Reward for their Villainy, they received a just Reward of it; For being called in question for their Lives, they were banished. Afterwards Gorney lost his Head, Matrevers after a long banishment at last died miserably.  
This King was of an excellent Stature of Body, wonderful strong, but too much given to drunkenness, and so not secret of his Counsels, he was immoderate toward those he loved; For Love, if it be with Moderation is a most noble affection of the soul, and if that be wanting, it is the worst passion of all the rest. He was more unhappy than unfortunate. He exceeded all in Chastity, for he left no Bastards behind him; In Moderation, for he used no unjust ways to pole his Subjects of their Moneys. As his Subjects hated him in his life time, so his memory was dear unto them after his Death.   

EDWARD the third, King of England and France.  
Anno 1328.  
HIs Father being deposed, Edward was saluted King, surnamed Windsor, not yet having passed his fifteenth year, and therefore he had Governors that should Rule the Kingdom in his Name. But the chief Power remained in the Queen and Mortimer, either the Nobility winking at it, or allowing it. The first care was to fall upon the Scotch, for Robert Bruise despising the young King, entered the Borders of England with his Army, whereupon an Army is raised, joining those of the hanse Towns, which the Queen brought with her. But when divers people hardly could be held together in respect of the diversity of their Manners, there grew in a short time a great discord between both Nations; so nothing succeeding well, they came back again, and afterwards the English consented to base Conditions of Peace, A Marriage being contracted between David Prince of Scotland, and Joan Sister to Edward. Also Edward Married his Wife that was promised him, Philippe the Earl of Hannonia's Daughter, being yet in their Nonage. Then the Soldiers of Hannonia, who caused the Discord, are sent home. And Edmund Earl of Kent accused of Treason, because he had endeavoured to restore the Kingdom to his Brother Edward, was condemned, and lost his Head. But the great Revenues of the Queen, which she had drawn to herself by a Grant of Parliament were restrained to a thousand per annum, and she was imprisoned in a Castle, and Mortimer being convicted of Adultery with her, and being taken in the act, was presently hanged: In the mean while Philip the Fair King of France died, and the Kingdom was devolved to his Sons, Henry, Lewis, and Charles the Fair, who all reigned in their turns, but Charles dying without an Heir-male, lawful Succession failed in him. Edward who was of kin by the Sister of Charles, who was the Daughter to Philip the Fair, supposing that the Kingdom fell by descent to him, found Philip Valesius, Brother to Philip the Fair to be his enemy, for women by the common rule of France are excluded by the Salic Law. Wherefore Philip was preferred before Edward, and the King of England was forced to do him Homage for the Lands he possessed in France. But these things gave cause afterwards for a grievous War and a sharp Contention.  
In the mean time Edward Baily Son to John, affecting the Kingdom of Scotland, descending from his Ancestors, Robert Bruse being now dead, made War upon the Scots, and by a successful fight, (or else helped by the Forces of Edward) brought almost the whole Nation under him (whilst David a young King trifled the time away in France) and so doing Homage to the King of England, he held it as from him in Chief.  
In the said time the Isle of Man is Conquered by William Montacute Earl of Salisbury, who therefore was honoured with the Title of King of Man.  
Edward now come to age, by the Instigation of Robert Atrebas, who was fled out of France into England, intends a War with France, making a Confederacy with the Dukes and Earls of Gelderland, Gulic, Cleave, and the Hanse Towns, and of Brabant. The French also foreseeing this Tempest, made friendship with the Bishop of Liege, John King of Bobemia, the Earl of Lutzenburg, the Palatine Albertus, Otho of the House of Ostrich, and Amesius Earl of Genoa.  
Wherefore Edward sailed into Flanders, bearing the Title of the King of France, (those of Flanders being the cause of it) and then he entered the Borders of France. Philip also invaded Aquitan, and though the Armies of both Kings were in sight one of the other, and ready to fall on, yet they both departed without fight. Edward in the mean while to see to his business at home, returned for England, leaving William Montacute, and the Earl of Suffolk to take care of the War, both of them behaved themselves valiantly, yet were taken and brought to Paris.  
But Edward supposing it was in vain to stay at the report of this news, provided for his return for France, and finding a strong Navy of King Philip's in the Haven of Sluse, he collecting a great Fleet set upon the French, and utterly destroyed their Navy, killing then 30000 French with those that were drowned and came to their ends other ways.  
Then he laid siege to Tourney, which Town was so well defended by the Duke of Burgundy, and the Earl of Armeniac, that his whole Army being dispersed, he lost about 4000 men; Edward was much enraged with this loss, and challenged Philip to fight a Duel with him, but the business came not so fare, because it was taken up.  
Yet the befieging of Turney was no whit neglected, and Philip did what he could to free the City, but Robert King of Sicily interceding, and especially Joan Valois, Philip's sister, there is a cessation made for two years.  
In the interim the Scots that were enemies to Bayly's Government, calling their King David out of France, they make War upon Edward, and invading Northumberland with a strong Army, they miserably destroy all by fire and sword, sparing no sex nor condition. But at the sudden approach of William Montaente, they are afflicted with some loss, and being frighted at the coming of Edward, sounding a retreat, they returned for Scotland, but Edward following their Armies overtook them, and wearying them with some light skirmishes, he forced them to a cessation for two years.  
John Earl Montfort, whilst he strives to make good his Title to Britain, is taken by King Philip; but his Wife seeking help from King Edward, easily procured it, (Marry the King's Daughter being espoused to the Earls Son) the care of that expedition was first committed to Gualther Mani a valiant Gentleman, and then to Robert Atrebas. In the mean time Baily being driven out of his Kingdom of Scotland, and by Edward made Governor of Barwick, tells Edward that the Scots had not kept their Covenants; whereupon Edward moves suddenly with an Army against the Scots, but there was nothing done but the cessation of Arms renewed.  
In the interim, Robert Atrebas, with Gualther Mani, and some other Nobles, after a great tempest, and Sea-fight, arrived at a Town of Britain (which is commonly called Vannes) and going on Land, set on the City that was a Garrison in a Hostile manner, and suddenly became Masters of it; but by the desperate violence of some of the Nobility, the French won it again, and wounded Robert, whereof he died shortly after in England. But Edward himself moving into Britain, laid a new siege to the Vannes; and John Duke of Normandy coming suddenly, they both make themselves ready for Battle, but by the intercession of Pope Clement the sixth, Truce was made for some few months, yet it lasted not, who was the cause of it is uncertain; they again prepare for their Arms, by which means Henry of Lancaster subdued many Towns in Guyan, and in other Provinces, and then he removed to Bordeaux for his Winter Quarters.  
Philip that he might not lose his Country by sloth, levying a great Army, regained Miremontium a Franc Town, and Engolesm. But when Lancaster was too weak for the great Army of Philip, Edward came to his assistance with more Forces, bringing with him his Son Prince of Wales, that was yet in his Nonage (for he was scarce 15 years old) that he might be trained up in the Wars, who presently took many Towns, and then he marched toward Picardy and Pontium, and he either vanquished or destroyed all places in the way. Then he passed over Somes, a wonderful example of his Valour, the enemy looking on, and he discomfited Gondemar more by fear than force.  
In the mean time Philip stayed with his Army at the Temple of St Germans, and being enraged with so great a loss of his men, sets Edward a day to sight with him in Battle; he had pitched his Camp at Cressen, expecting with his Ensigns Philip his enemy: The Armies both meet, and the Trumpets sound to Battle, wherein appeared the wonderful courage of Edward's both Father and Son, that day the English got the Victory, and the French were routed and ruined, the King hardly escaped himself, and there were found slain about 30000 men, the chief whereof were John King of Bohemia, Charles Alencon, and other chief Nobles 1500. Another loss fell after this Victory, upon the Archbishop of Rouen, who lost about 7000 Soldiers.  
Nor was this the end of their Victories, for it went successively in England against the Scots in the King's absence, their King David with the greatest Noble men were taken prisoners, and 15000 Soldiers were slain in the fight, and the rest were dispersed.  
Nor did the General Thomas Dagovort fight with less good fortune in Brittany, for the Countess of Montfort, the principal of the French Nobility being taken and killed.  
Edward being more high by so many and great Victories, neglecting Amiens and the Town of Abbas, he laid siege to Calais, that was of great moment, and most convenient for the English affairs, whilst Lancaster over-ran all Guyan, vanquished those of Xanton and Poitiers, and being loaded with the spoil, he returned to Bordeaux. In the mean while Philip going about to relieve those of Calais, drew near with his Forces, and when he had in vain provoked Edward to Battle, having done nothing, he returns toward Paris: So they of Calais being out of hopes of relief, began to treat for Conditions, and it was agreed upon on both sides, that six of the principal Citizens, should come with nothing on but their shirts, with Halters about their necks, and submit themselves to King Edward, all the rest to have free pardon. These, though they did most humbly upon their knees crave for pardon, yet were condemned to be hanged, but at the Queen's request they were set at liberty, and sent away with money to defray their charges as they went.  
The King and Queen enter the City in Triumph, they command the old inhabitants to leave the City, and kept the place stocked with English families.  
The French strive to regain by craft what they had lost by Valour, for Godfrey Charnus the Governor of St Odomar, had corrupted with money Almeric Papiensis, which Edward had made Captain of Calais, to deliver up the City, but the matter being disclosed, Almeric is called for into England, who coming, and confessing his fault, at last he obtained pardon, but upon that condition that he should deceive the French of their expectation, and deliver them up to the hands of the English. At the time appointed came Charnus, and brought the Gold with him he had promised, but he was circumvented by Edward's Forces; yet he stoutly defended himself, and made work enough for Edward and his Son both, that were present until all were slain that he brought with him, and he (with a Cavalier of Ribomantium, who had twice dismounted Edward, but at last was vanquished by him) was taken prisoner.  
But the business succeeded more happily, for the English got the Castle of Gnyan by bribing the Governor, and so played the French the same trick.  
Philip the French King now died, leaving his Son John Heir of the Kingdom, also Humbert Prince of Dauphine died, who left the same successor, and from that time the first born of the French King is called the Dolphin.  
But when the Treaties of Peace began, succeeded not, Edward Prince of Wales is sent again into France, who overrunning Aquitan, Septimania, Tolonse, Narbon, Bourges; heavy with the spoil came back to Bourdeaux. Edward no less on the other part vexed France with new Forces, also he set Lancaster to assist the King of Navarre, who also Conquered many Castles and Cities, wherefore the French man raising what force he could, first lays hold on Normandy, and recovered many Towns there, and had won all the Province, unless he had been diverted by the insolency of Edward Prince of Wales, who came against him, but when Edward was too weak for the French Army, he soon retreated to Bourdeaux. The French followed him, and forced him to fight, not willing to forbear the hopes he had of the Victory, although Legates came from the Pope, and submissively desired peace. But the Prince of Wales scorning the base conditions sent him by the French (namely, That he should yield himself and his Army to the mercy of the French) made himself ready to fight, and making choice of some places that were Vineyards, and overgrown with briers, that he might avoid the violence of the Horse, there he planted his Bowmen, who easily troubled the Horsemen that came improvidently to offend them, and so began the Battle, and following their success, they dispersed and routed all the French Army presently; King John himself, with his younger Son Philip, and an innumerable Nobility of France were taken prisoners; seven thousand were slain, amongst whom were many chief Noble men. The rest with three Sons of the King escaped by flight. The King of France though he were captivated, was used with all respect by Prince Edward, and when he had wintered with him at Bourdeaux, at the beginning of the spring he is brought into England, and is entertained richly by King Edward; who being content with one Captive King, he released David King of Scotland, at the request of Queen Joan, sister to Edward, when he had lived in England eleven years, first paying his Ransom that he had promised. But by the intercession of some Cardinals, there was a Treaty of Peace between both Kings. And John being now weary of his stay in England, easily yielded to those conditions which Edward propounded. But his eldest Son the Dolphin Prince, and the Counsel of France, were not content with them, saying they were heavy and unjust. Whereupon Edward impatient of delays, attempts to make good by Arms, that he could not obtain in Peace. He leaving the charge of the Kingdom to his younger Son Thomas, with 1100 Ships, and the Flower of the Nobility of England, sails to Calais, where he divided his Army into three parts: The first Body he trusted with the Prince of Wales, the second to Lancaster, the third he kept for himself. Then overrunning Picardy, he won many Towns, till he sat down with his Army before the Walls of Paris, waiting in vain for the coming of the Dolphin, wherefore he retreated toward Lions. But in the way he was overtaken with so great a tempest, in the year 1360, that being mightily frighted, he made a vow to make peace with the French, and not long after it was confirmed at Lions: In which conditions the French King was also included with his Son, and is released from his Captivity, and great part of France, with a vast sum of Money is granted to Edward, but the French King the next year, (the cause why is not certain) came for England, and after he had languished long, he died there.  
Edward about this time instituted the Order of Knights of the Garter, with great solemnity.  
The fame of the Prince of Wales was now spread through the world, wherefore if any were oppressed with injury, or wronged by their enemies, they fled to him for to be their Protector, and to revenge their wrongs: Amongst the rest, Peter King of Castille was restored again to his Kingdom, who returned him very small thanks for his labour, for Peter refused to pay the Soldiers their wages they deserved. The Prince got nothing by it, but grief of mind and body, (if you set aside the fame and glory he acquired of his great virtue.) The Soldiers in the interim, being enraged for lack of their Pay, that they might not want necessary provision, overrun all the Territories round about, and commit rapine in all places where they came; whereupon the inhabitants complain to the King of France, therefore the French King sets the Prince a day to give an account of this insolence: He denied to come unless he came armed with 60000 Soldiers; so this controversy broke forth into open War, and they on both sides take by force many Towns, and abundance of men are slain, the English for the most part having the best of it, conquering the Towns of Bordeaux and Belloperch, where they took the Mother of the Duke of Borbon, and the Queen of France.  
About this time Philippe Queen of England died, yet her death put no stop to the English proceed in France.  
For the Earl of Pembroke falling upon the people of Anjou, won many Towns, and when he endeavoured to take and spoil the French Navy, by the industry of the Earl of Sant-Paul, he was frustrated, and so he returned for Calais, plundering all in the way. In the mean time the men of Angiers and Bourges wasted the borders of the Prince of Wales, which when he endeavoured to oppose, receiving news of Lemoges taken, making haste thither, he won it again, killing all every where, but observing the Valour of three Centurions, who by their Gallantry checked his Conquering sword, for their sakes he spared the City, and the Lives of all the inhabitants that were left. David King of Scots died in the mean time, leaving no heir, besides his Cousin Robert Stuart, who succeeded him, and was Crowned at Scone. Robert Canolns' was now sent into France with a great Army, behaved himself more boldly than fortunately, for he was circumvented by Bertrand Gesquinus, and lost the greatest part of his men.  
Edward Prince of Wales, the most famous for his Valour and Chivalry, died at Bordeaux about this time, and Gualther Mani a valiant Captain, died at London. Also the Earl of Pembroke who had married his Daughter, being now Governor of Guyan, when he was going to his charge of Government, was taken by the Spaniards and carried into Spain. All those possessions which the Prince of Wales had won followed, and were recovered again by Charles the fifth, King of France, so that the chance of War now began manifestly to alter. Edward indeed went thither with mighty forces, but by a contrary Tempest he lost his labour, and Lancaster was careful of his business but did nothing prevail.  
Edward when he had lost, (together with his hopes he conceived of his Son Edward,) all the fruits almost of his travel in France, fell into so great grief of mind and body, that he died about ten months after the Prince of Wales, when he had reigned fifty years. He was the most valiant of all the Kings, a comely person, excellent for the gifts of his body and mind, living as one may say after his death, having had a Wife and a Son that were incomparable.   

RICHARD the second, King of England and France.  
Anno 1378.  
RIchard surnamed of Bordeaux, the Son of Edward the Black Prince of Wales, appointed to succeed by Edward his Grandfather, came to the Crown after his death, not yet being past eleven years of age. Wherefore he had Governors assigned to him, John Duke of Lancaster, and Edmund Earl of Cambridge, his Uncles by his Father's side. The Scotch and French taking occasion to win from him by reason of his Nonage, provide Armies for invasion. The French Conquer the City Rye, and being encouraged by their success they fall upon the Isle of Wight, and spoil all with fire and sword, wresting from the Inhabitants great sums of Money, and so spoiling all the Frontiers of England, they are enriched with a vast prey. The Scotch take the Castle of Barwick, but by the Valour of the people of Northumberland and Nottingham the Fort is recovered, and all the Scots killed. Also Hugh Calverley Governor of Calais burned 26 Ships of France in the Harbour of Bononia, casting fire amongst them. So John Philpot Citizen of London, preparing a Fleet at his own charge, took all the Ships of Mercerus a notable Rover, who played the Pirate on the borders of England, and robbed all the English Merchants Ships. When he returned, in stead of a reward, he is accused of high Treason, because he had fitted his Navy without the King's knowledge, he defended his cause so well, that he not only excused what he did, but is famous for it unto this day. The King said, That public actions may be privately traduced, yet they may not be publicly examined, since Authority would in such a case commit a fault, and in place of an error raise a tumult, and since the loss is general and common, every one affords weapons for revenge, and though it were against reason to exceed the Commission, yet it cannot be held a criminal matter, to engage for it with hazard of ones life. With good and bad fortune they laboured much on both sides. The Scotch waste with fire Rupisburg, but the Earl of Northumberland entering Scotland, spoiled the Territories of Merchia with sword and flame likewise. The Northern English attempting to invade Scotland also are unhappily slain. And afterwards the Duke of Lancaster, with Buckingham, Warwick, Stafford and others, the chief of the Nobility, arrive in Britain with a great Fleet, thinking to lay siege to St Malos, but finding the Garrison too strong, they return home again. The Scotch in the mean while setting scaling ladders to the Castle of Barwick, overcame it in the night, and killed Robert Baynton Governor of it. But the Earl of Northumberland coming suddenly with an Army, regained the Castle after he had beleaguered it two days. William Montacute the King's Ambassador at Calais, was successful in his business both by Sea and Land. But John Clark was as unfortunate, though he behaved himself valiantly, being conquered and taken by the enemy, both he and his Ships. And so here and elsewhere they strove with doubtful fortune.  
In the mean while Thomas Cartonius is accused for Treason by John Ansler, that he had for money given up to the French the Castle of St Saviour. Cartonius denying the fact, is challenged by Ansler to fight a Duel with him, wherein Carton, though he were fare stronger in Limbs and force than Ansler, is killed by him; At the beginning of the fourth year of King Richard's Reign, the Earl of Buckingham was sent with others, and a small Army into France, to assist the Duke of Britain, but the French King dying about that time, Peace was confirmed between the new King and the Duke. But the Spanish and the French Galleys did wonderfully spoil the Sea-Towns of England at that time, and many Towns were either plundered or consumed by fire, so laden with the prey they returned home.  
The Kentish men by reason of the deadly burden of Tributes, grew mad, and are enraged with an implacable hatred against the Nobility, taking all occasions they could find, for the basest dregs of men commonly being uncapable of honour themselves, which they cannot sustain, are envious against those that are. They report that Wat Tyler was the Author of it, who killed the Collector of Tribute that behaved himself arrogantly with his own staff, that he took from him. To whom other seditious fellows, and whole Provinces joined themselves. This tumultuary Faction increased mightily, came to London with his Army, and kills first of all Richard Lion a London Doctor with an Ax. And putting his Head on the top of his Spear carries it for a Trophy of his valour. Then all of them the next day run to Lancaster-Hall, and set it on fire, they take away the rich Hang, and throw them into the Thames, carefully looking to it that no man should keep any thing for himself, and when one covetous fellow had hid a silver Cup in his bosom, they take the man and threw him into the fire alive, with the Cup. Part of them got into the Wine-cellar, who being half oppressed with the House falling down, lived seven days after the great downfall, imploring no succour to help them. After this manner, plundering up and down, they run madding to every place; At last they hasten to the King's Court, and to the Tower of London, and they quickly overcome the Tower, the King not daring to make opposition against them, where the Queen-mother, suffering an affront by a certain insolent fellow that offered her a bone, fell down half dead, Simon Bishop of Canterbury, being haled out of the Tower, had his Head cut off at Tower-hill by them, Robert Hallius endured the same death, and so did many others; They neither regarded Churches nor public places, they destroy all in their fury like mad men. The King thinking what remedy he should use to suppress these tumults, granting a Pardon for what they had done, endeavours to pacific the Rabble. The Inhabitants of the County of Essex are obedient, and return home. But the Kentish men persist in their stubbornness, Tyler being their Leader: To whom, in the King's Name John Newton was sent, that he might by entreaty reduce these insolent people to their Duty, or else should inquire what they would have; He coming riding on Horseback, was commanded by Tylor to alight, and to deliver his Message on foot (so much Authority did he arrogate to himself in this fury) the Knight refused to come from his Horse, whereupon Tyler comes at him with his Sword: The King loath to have the Knight endangered, entreats him to alight, the Knight refusing it, and Tyler urging him, at last came William Walworth the Mayor of the City, and with the staff he had in his hand he gave Tyler a grievous wound on the Head, and according to his Office bid him submit to the King; Whilst he stood reeling with this blow, he was killed by the King's followers with innumerable wounds. The Captain being slain, the maimed faction seemed to prepare for to be revenged; But the King, though he were yet under fifteen years of age, passed on to them with a ready mind, promising that he would be their Commander, and bade them follow him, and all should be as they desired. In the mean while Walworth had gathered together about a thousand Citizens, the Captain whereof was Robert Conolus, and coming upon them as they were in a Tumult, he put them in such a fright, that they cast away their Arms, and were glad to submit. The Citizens had fallen upon the Rebels, but the King would not suffer them, lest they should kill the Innocent with the offenders: That the tumult might be wholly ended, he gave each man leave to return home to his habitation. But elsewhere the same quiet was not procured; For in Suffolk they ran madding up and down unmeasurably, and pulled down some Judge's houses, and so at Cambridge and in other places, killing, cutting off the Heads, and otherways miserably massacring the Nobility; Their Captain was John Littester a Diar, who was grown so lofty that he behaved himself like a King. But he with all his followers was suppressed by Henry Spencer Bishop of Norwich an industrious and valiant man, who took him prisoner, and brought him to Execution. At London also, and elsewhere they proceeded against the guilty, where John Straw, and others are put to death, and so all this Tumult was ended. Lancaster in the mean while was sent against the Scotch, that he might perpetually observe them, if they should attempt any thing upon the occasion of these disorders. But he so wisely managed the matter, that before they had any rumour of his March thitherward, there was a Cessation granted for two or three years. In the interim, Anna the Sister of Wenceslaus the Emperor came to London to be married to the King, where the Marriage was solemnised with a wonderful pomp.  
Henry Spencer about that time had obtained an Army from the King, which he led against the French, and chief for Pope Vrban against Clement the Antipope; And first coming into Flanders, he besieged Iper, but by a greater force marching out of France, he was constrained to raise the Siege, and when they came beside Gravelling, he writ to the King, that there was now a fit occasion to defeat the Enemy, but Lancaster who had the command, making delays, it fell to nothing; so Spencer having done no business returns home again, and shortly after Truce was made between the French and the English.  
In the mean while the Scotch entering the Borders of England, consumed many Towns and Castles with fire and sword: But Lancaster with Buckingham going against them, when they could not force the Scots to fight, for revenge of the wrong they had done, set fire to some of their Cities and Villages, and so retreat for England.  
But Richard to suppress their Insolence, to whom also the French had sent aid, he with his Army marched into Scotland, and finding Edinburgh without a Garrison, he set that on fire; The Scots to divert the English Forces, fall into Cumberland, and lay siege to Carlisle, but hearing of Richard's approach, they giving warning to their fellows, return for Scotland.  
Lancaster at that time with a choice number of Soldiers makes a Voyage into Spain, King Richard bestowing on him the Title of the King of Spain, where he did conquer some Towns, and married his Daughter to the King of Portugal, but the English being impatient of that Country, and the heat of the Air, fell into all kind of diseases, and so made a Truce, which a Peace followed shortly after.  
On the Coasts of France, the Earls of Arundel and Nottingham being the Leaders, an hundred French Vessels laden with wine were overcome, and Breast freed from a siege. But a grievous Controversy grew at this time in England between the King and the Nobility, the Duke of Gloucester, the Earl of Arundel and others; the Duke of Ireland, the Earl of Suffolk and many other malicious men setting them on. They fell to their Arms, but by the milder counsel of others they grew friends again. The Duke of Ireland leaving the Court of his own accord fell amongst the Forces of the Earl of Derby, and not daring to fight, swimming the River with his horse, he landed at Bauvais, where like a banished man he lived some years at Lovane. And the rest who were Authors of the War against the King at a famous sitting in Parliament, were commanded to forsake the Court and Kingdom, and some were put to extreme tortures.  
In the 15th year of Richard's Government, the Londoners fell to Mutiny, for a very light cause, and the King being wonderfully offended at them for a small sum of Money they had refused him, he punished them with the loss of their chief Privileges, and with the payment of a great sum of money. This is the effect of offending Kings.  
After this in a solemn meeting of the Kings, peace was ratified between England and France, Isabel the Daughter of the French King, a Maid of eight years old, being betrothed to King Richard. For Anna his former Wife was deceased. The Duke of Gloucester by an importune word blaming the King's negligence, fell into his displeasure, and fearing some ill issue of it, with his Brothers, forsook the Court, and entering into a Conspiracy with some friends he attempted to change the state of the Kingdom. But the King under-feeling it, with his Brother the Earl of Huntingdon, took a progress to the Castle of the Duke of Gloucester his Father's Brother, when he came there at night he found the Duke rising out of his Bed, and presently going to meet him, he was taken by the Earl Martial, and carried Prisoner to Calais, and there was hanged miserably. Also the Earl of Arundel the chief conspirator, and some principal Noblemen, are east into Prison. And he afterwards in a Parliament being questioned for his life, had his head cut off, the rest being condemned either to be banished, or to perpetual Imprisonment; And thus Richard by the blood of the Nobility thought to make good his Kingdom.  
The Dukes of Norfolk and Hereford without any other witness, appeaching one the other of Treason, are admitted to fight a Duel, but when they were both ready to fight, they were commanded to forbear, and so to spare blood, they were both sent away to divers places into Banishment. Norfolk went first for Germany, then to Venice, where he died of mere sorrow and grief. But Hereford who had sailed into France, and there being instigated by the Counsel of the Archbishop of Canterbury, who was banished for the same Conspiracy, returned privately home, under a pretence of his Patrimony to be redeemed (which the King had brought into the Exchequer after his Father's death against all Right and Equity) but indeed, that joining with the Nobility he might order the King's Insolence. He was scarce landed, but the Nobility came from all parts to him, and he waxed very strong. And having now a sufficient Army, he took some Cities, and beheaded the King's chiefest Counselors Richard in the interim was in Ireland, and did his best to subdue the Irish; When a Messenger came to him of the Commotions in England, he was troubled at it, yet made no haste, according as the danger required. At length the Earl of Salisbury was sent into England, before him, that he might levy what Forces he could, the King promising in six days to be with him. As soon as the Earl set foot in England, he raised with ease a mighty Army of Welsh, but the King not appearing, a rumour was given that he was dead, so part of his Forces went one way, some another, but a few stood to their Colours; The King at last, so soon as contrary winds would let him, came to them. But when he found so much of the Country to be fallen to Hereford, and the Duke of Lancaster also by the death of his Father, he quite fainted in his mind, and bad all those men that came to help him to go whither they pleased, yet they continuing their fidelity, he with the Earl of Exeter, and some others, fled to the Castle of Conve, where he found the Earl of Salisbury. Here the Duke of Worcester, who was Governor of the King's House, breaking his white Staff, a sign of his Office, and so renouncing his fidelity, fell off from the King to the Lords Conspirators. Then the Earl of Northumberland is sent to the King, who from that Castle conveyed him to another place, saying also that he came to treat with the King for Conditions of Peace, which the King did not refuse. But in the way the Earl of Rutland coming upon him, he is forced to go to Flint-Castle, whether shortly after Henry the Duke of Lancaster came, who was guilty, and friendly received by the King, and then he related the cause of his coming, which was, that he might receive his Rights and Goods. The King granted, and ratified all, so they went to drink together, and afterwards mounting on Horseback, they ride towards London in a continued voyage, in so great haste, that the King had no leisure given him to change his . Then was the King put into the Tower, the Castle for the Nobility, and was diligently watched there. And a Parliament was called by the Command of Lancaster, though it were falsely given out in the King's Name, wherein Richard was accused of divers crimes, Namely, That he had wasted the goods of the Kingdom. That he had borrowed a vast sum of Money, and not yet repaid it. That he had made all the Laws Arbitrary, as he pleased. That he had changed the Members of Parliament when he would. That he had Tyrannically taken Power to himself over the Subject's Estates. That he had corrupted the Judges. That he had caused his Uncle Earl of Gloucester to be barbarously murdered at Calais. That he had imprisoned the Members of Parliament. That beyond Right and Equity he had put the Earl of Arundel to extreme Terture. That be had depopulated his own Kingdom. That be had pawned the Ornaments of the Kingdom and Kings out of the Kingdom, and so forward. For which faults they thought fit to deprive him of all his Honours and Title of King; But he that he might seem to desire what he would have avoided, willingly resigned all his Right to the Kingdom, and freely gave it to Henry of Lancaster, whom he nominated to succeed him, which was ratified and confirmed by the Great Seal. Then Richard being brought to Pomfret-Castle, was discharged of his Crown.  
Henry having thus got the Kingdom, and not enduring any Competitour, one day lamenting, was heard to cry out, Is there any man will free me from that hateful man? And presently one Peter Exton a Knight, that he might win the King's favour with such a wickedness, went with eight more unto Richard, whom he set upon to kill him, being at Dinner, but Richard rising hastily, wresting the Axe out of the hands of one of his Executioners, killed four of them, and at last by this Peter Exton he was knocked down dead himself, by an unhappy blow on the Head, which the Parricides lamented when it was too late.  
Thus the unhappiest and most wellfavoured of the Kings of England, ended his life and Kingdom.   

HENRY the fourth, King of England and France.  
Anno 1399.  
HENRY of Lancaster, who was nominated to succeed, was crowned King, but that he might not be thought to usurp that Kingdom which he had by Election, he endeavoured to be established in his own Right, vaunting that he was the next Heir, being directly descended from Henry the third, but that was false and counterfeit, for Roger Mortimer Earl of Marsh, deriving his Pedigree from the eldest Son of Henry the third, had a better Title. To this he added, his Right of Force, whereby he made good the Succession he could not have done by Inheritance; Be it what it will be, he maintained it by his Sword. He gave good example when his Right held but weakly, for he made it up by good turns, granting a General Pardon of all the wrongs had been done unto him, but those that were guilty of the death of the Duke of Gloucester, he brought to a shameful end, abhorring so great wickedness.  
But after that the Fame of Richard being deposed, was divulged in France; King Charles was purposed to revenge his Son in Laws wrongs, and to re-establish him in the Throne. But when it was certainly understood that he was dead, all that business came to nothing.  
Also those of Aquitan and other places rising about the rumour of the death of their Duke, were pacified by Messengers sent to them in time. When he had got the Kingdom by troubles, it could not be but that he must hold it with troubles also. For John Earl of Exeter with John Montacnte, Thomas Earl of Kent his Nephew, Hugh Spencer and others conspired to invite Henry to Oxford under pretence of Running a Tilt, thinking to kill him treacherously at this exercise. But the matter was discovered and became void. thou what by fraud they could not do, they attempt to do by open War, carrying about with them a certain counterfeit Richard (for he was not yet slain) and they labour to restore him, as one that was miserably wronged, but their Forces running from them, either by fear or distrust, the Authors of it were taken, and cruelly put to death. The Welsh also about that time, as their custom was, make new Commations, but the King came opportunely with his Army, and easily dispersed them, punishing the chief of them. Whilst these things were in motion George Dumbar fled into England to the Earl of Northumberland, craving assistance against David the Son of the King of Scotland; for he had Divorced the Daughter of this George, that was betrothed to him, and had married another Wife, not restoring the Dowry of the former. Wherefore both of them making a Sally into Scotland, fought first on equal terms with the Adversaries, but at last they routed them, and came back loaded with great spoil.  
In the mean while Thomas Earl of Worcester, knowing that the King was taken up with the Commotions in Wales, joining to himself Henry Earl of Stafford, his Cousin by his Brother's side, with an Army, and the Scotch to boot, who naturally hated the English, beyond measure, makes War against the King; But the King, least by delays the mischief might increase, leaving Wales came in time to oppose them. When both Armies were now ready, they fell to it fiercely, and fought long on equal terms, until such time as the perfidious Welsh came to assist Thomas, and began the Battle afresh; Yet Henry, Father and Son, gave wonderful testimony of their invincible Courages, running Thomas of Worcester through with a Lance, and killing him, whereupon they vanquished the Enemy that was now in such fair hopes, and glorying of the Victory. Henry Piercy the King took Prisoner, and causeth his Head to be cut off, Anno 1401.  
Also the Earl of Northumberland who was one of the partakers, to save his Life, fled to George of Dumbar Earl of Marsh, who was now restored to his Estate in Scotland. After this Conquest Prince Henry makes an inroad against the perfidious Welsh, and easily put an end to a mutinous War, subduing the Rebels, banishing Owen the Ringleader, a very valiant man, but seditious, who was so brought to great want, and ended his life miserably.  
In the mean while the French came to help the Rebel Welsh with thirty Ships, their Leader was James Borbon Earl of Marsh, they set Sail, but by a Tempest were brought upon some other Coast of England, and they got into Cornwall, upon which occasion they posfessed themselves of Plymouth Haven, and coming on Land, they ruin all places they meet, with fire and Sword; But storms suddenly arising, twelve of their Ships were drowned, so they began to think how to return back, and hastily giving warning to the rest, laden with their prey they came again to France. But Thomas the Son of King Henry, with his Navy brought together, depopulated the Frontiers of France, and taking many Merchants-men, sufficiently requited this Injury. But the Kings of France and England, being full of troubles at home, and so thinking less of revenge, made a Truce for some Months. The King until that time being a Bachelor, took to Wife Joan that was formerly married to Duke Montfort, and espoused her Daughter Blanch to the Son of the Duke of Bavaria.  
At that time William Plunton, a valiant warlike Knight, conspired against the King, with the Friends of Mowbray, who (as we said lived banished at Venice) To these the men of Northumberland, and lastly the Scotch united themselves. The King being certain of this matter, comes presently with an Army, and easily defeated them: Plunton and some of his Followers, with Richard Scroop Archbishop of York, who was said to have had a finger in this Rebellion, was taken prisoner. Plunton by the general vote lost his Head for his insolence, and afterwards the rest were put to death, being convicted of this wickedness.  
The King to extinguish Rebellion quite, sent his Son Henry Prince of Wales against the Scots, who were coming on to assist Plunton, but they, when they had heard that the Conspiracy was detected, and the Authors of it executed, were not come from their places. But Henry that he might not lose his labour, enters Scotland, and wastes it miserably with fire and Sword, and struck a wonderful terror upon the Scots, so loading himself with the spoil and booty, he returns back to his Father to London, who was vexed to the purpose with new Commotions daily rising one out of another upon every occasion. And now again some body had raised a Rumour amongst the People, that Richard was yet alive, whereupon the common people, that always gape after novelties, being moved, had made dangerous troubles, if their faction had not been wisely and timely suppressed. Also the Earl of Northumberland making a Covenant with George Earl of Marsh, and raising some thousands of Scotch and English, he entered the Borders of England, and prey's in an hostile manner on the Territories of Yorkshire; The King went against them, and overthrew all their Forces, routing them in a tumultuary battle. Some of the principal who fell into the King's power were brought to York and executed there.  
In the mean while Edmund Earl of Kent, to suppress the French Pirates, was set to Sea with a gallant Navy, but not lighting upon the Pirates, being hot with desire to fight, he sought for them in the very Haven, at the Temple of Brio●; and when he could not fight at Sea, he entered the City by Land, but the Earl himself was killed by an unhappy blow with a stone; yet his soldiers took the Town, rifled it and burned it, and killing most of the inhabitants, they returned again for England. Also the English at the same time, the Earl of Arundel being in chief, did do their business prosperously for the Duke of Burgundy, and being highly rewarded, they went back for their Country, the War being as than not ended between the Burgundian and the Duke of Orleans. But he, knowing that the hearts of the English were therefore set against him, requesting their assistance, obtained it from King Henry, but when there was a scattered report that they were both agreed, the auxiliary English staying by the Loire, expected their wages, which when they could not obtain, they being incensed, plundered a Town that was hard by, called Bellilocum, and the Monastery; and after that being called away by the Duke of Clarence, they march toward Gasconye for the Duke of Orleans, and plunden all as they go along, and when the Duke of Orleans had paid them their wages, they were pacified, and returned for England.  
But Henry now for a good while having ended his Civil War, and intending an expedition for Palestina, preparing a Fleet for that purpose, died very suddenly at Westminster, when he had reigned about 14 years. About the time of his death, James Stuart, the eldest Son of Robert (for David was dead) whilst he was taking a voyage into France, was taken by the English, and was brought to London, being exceedingly entertained by the King, but his Father supposing his Son was now lost, died for mere grief and sorrow shortly after; whom his Brother Robert succeeded in the Throne.   

HENRY the fifth, King of England and France.  
Anno 1413.  
THis King was inaugurated with a wonderful applause and desire of the Lords and Commons; and he not willing to disappoint his subjects of the hope they conceived of him, gave presently a sign of his excellent Government, sending away from him those ministers of lascivious youth, amongst whom he had been formerly bred; and least by sluggishness his valiant heart should languish, he sets his whole care how to recover his right in France, having narrowly looked into it. First he sent Heralds, and demanded his Kingdom from King Charles, promising to Marry his Daughter, and threatening also, that if Charles would not do it, he would come with an Army and take his Patrimony by force. Charles laughed at his Ambassadors, whereby he so enraged the mind of Henry, that he presently mustering a mighty Army, with about 1200 Ships, he sails into France; first he besieged Harflet, and in a few days compelled it to yield: Then passing to Somma, at the Temple of Maxentius, the enemy met him, wherefore he pitched his Tents: But when he saw the enemy not very greedy to fight, he skirmished lightly, and so passed on to Calais. The French man in the mean time, when it came into his mind, sent Heralds to Henry to challenge him to fight, who was not unwilling to accept it, he dismissed them with rewards, and passing over a River, presently news came that the enemy was at hand, wherefore he hastily makes himself ready for the Battle, though he were fare inferior in forces; they presently fall on, but Henry joining industry to his virtue, giving such a violent charge, that after a terrible fight on both sides, he put the French at last to their heels. He himself being in the midst of the enemy's forces, dismounted the Duke of Alenson, who was presently slain by the English soldiers; they had so many prisoners, that they fare exceeded the conquerors, wherefore he commanded to kill them all, lest they should rise against them that had subdued them. There was a wonderful multitude of Dukes, Earls and Lords that were destroyed, and not above 600 of the English wanting, amongst which, one was the Duke of York. This Battle was fought at Dagincourt, which gave a good omen to great Victories afterwards. Henry by this Victory cast such a terror on the French, that Lewis the Dolphin, taking grief of mind died shortly after. Such was the constancy of Henry's heart, that he forbade his soldiers on pain of death to sing any scurrilous songs in derogation of the French, but rather to sing Psalms and Hymns to the glory of God.  
In that time Sigismond the Emperor came to England to treat of Peace between the French and the English, nor was Henry slow in the business; but when the French in the interim besieged Harflet, he was so angry, that no man afterwards durst mention peace, and presently sending the Duke of Bedford to raife the siege, with the Earl of Marsh, Oxford, and other Earls, and 200 Ships, he fought a bloody Battle at Sea at Harflet Haven, with Borbon the French Admiral, wherein the English won the day, sinking 500 Ships of the French, and so freed the Town. But Caesar finding the perfidiousness of the French, did not only forbear ever after to make mention of any peace, but made a firm League with the English against all opposers, and so returned back into Germany. The French in the mean time, not to be idle, hired some great Ships of Genoa, and besieging the Haven of Harflet, endeavoured to hinder all relief from the Town. But the Earl of Huntingdon coming suddenly upon them, after a fierce fight dispersed them, and vanquished the rest. He took the Duke of Borbon a Bastard, and so returned Conqueror for England. Then the King with his chief Nobility sailed into Normandy, and Conquered the Fort Tucha, whilst the Earl of Salisbury wan Albervill, which place the King gave freely to him and his heirs. After that he won Caen, which City when the Towns men defended with great obstinacy, he made mines secretly, through which the most forward of the soldiery entered the City, the Duke of Clarence leading them on, and setting on the Guard, put them all to flight, and so the whole Army found entrance, some of the principal for their perverseness were put to death, and the plunder of the City was given to the Soldiers. The Governor had not yet yielded the Fort, but when the King swore he would spare none if they continued resolute, at last he gave it up. The French in the mean while being in Civil broils, all things went with the English as they pleased. He sent the Duke of Clarence to besiege the Town of Bayon, which he quickly wan, whilst he stayed at Caen, he restored to the people of Lions a mighty mass of Treasure, that was found in the Castle, which the frighted people had brought thither, upon condition that they should be constant in their obedience for the future: This was a pattern of his wonderful piety. Then he removed to Corfen, and in three days won the Town. Then he subdued Argentanians, after that Alencon, than Falesia, and so returned Victor to Caen. He had almost the like success at Sea, vanquishing many Ships of the enemy; but his own Fleet was tossed long in a tempest whilst he strove to sail to South-hampton, yet he lost but two Ships. In the mean while the Earl of Warwick and Talbot conquer the Castle of Dumfrise, and Clarentius mastered Curton and many other Towns. Then the King lays siege to Rouen, and at last by famine he forced the obstinate Citizens to submit, which Town being the chief was an example for the rest to follow, so that shortly he won all Normandy, which was lost by the carelessness of his Predecessors. The Duke of Burgundy finding all the English desired to succeed, thought it concerned him to procure peace between both Kings, and at last he obtained a meeting between Henry and the French Queen, (for the King was fallen into his usual doting) yet there was nothing enacted. The Queen had brought her most beautiful Daughter Katherine that she might ensnare the King's mind with her allurements, nor was it in vain, for Henry when he saw her was wonderfully taken with her; and when they departed doing nothing, the King laid a charge on the Duke of Burgundy, that unless all he asked, together with the King's Daughter, were granted him, he would by force take from the Duke his Dukedom, and from the King his Kingdom. They were so frighted with these threats, that they fell to a new Parley. But the Dolphin, by reason of this newly conceived hatred, and burning with former envy, commanded the Duke of Burgundy to be killed basely, not long after, though he begged his life from him on his knees, and so the slaughter of the Duke of Orleans, committed before by Burgundy was expiated. Nor is peace yet concluded, until the French were forced to it by a further loss. A meeting was appointed at Trecas, and there was Katherine betrothed to Henry, and the right of succession was confirmed to him after the death of Charles; whereupon all the Nobility of France swear to be Loyal to him, and so the Salic Law in France was broken. The Dolphin who had not consented to these conditions, is made War against by the Kings of France and England, and divers Towns that took part with him are conquered, and when as he came not upon his citation to appear at Paris before the Marble Table (as they call it) upon the day appointed, he was banished. Henry also using his Authority, commanded Money to be coined with the Arms of France and England, which he called the Sovereign. Then leaving the Duke of Clarence Governor of France and Normandy, he returned for England. But Clarence making an expedition against Anjou, and spoiling them, as he came back laden with the prey, he was betrayed in his passage by one Andrew Fogosus, and though he fought valiantly, yet was he slain by the Duke of Alenson, with the chief Nobility, and 2000 English men. The Earls of Somerset and of Suffolk, and other Lords were taken prisoners. The King to revenge his Brother's death, lands in France with a mighty Army, and freed Charters from a siege of the Dolphin, for when he heard of the King's approach, he retreated to Towers, whilst the Scotch King with the Duke of Gloucester conquer Drocas, Henry pursues the Dolphin from place to place, yet could not overtake him, though he took all Towns in his way, so that he joined in a short time all the Island of France to the rest.  
In the interim the Queen was delivered of a Son at Windsor, who was Christened Henry, of whom King Henry spoke as a Prophet, Good God, saith he, I Henry of Monmouth shall have but a short Reign, and shall prevail much, but Henry of Windsor shall Reign long, and shall lose all, but the will of God be done.  
About that time the Dolphin had besieged those of Narbon, Henry marches quickly thither to free them, and making too much haste, he took a Fever by over-heating himself, wherefore he was forced to stay, but the Duke of Bedford was dispatched, who not only freed them of Narbon, but also drove the Dolphin towards Aquitan, who from thence in mockery was called King of Aquitan. But a flux of the belly coming upon Henry's disease, which increased every day, he was carried to Boy de Vincennois, where within a few days he died Christianly, Anno 1421. first giving to his Brother the Duke of Bedford the Title of Regent of Normandy and France, and his other Brother the Duke of Gloucester he made Governor of England. He was not yet over 36 years old, and so he died in the top and flower of his age and honour, having reigned nine years and five months: The most famous Conqueror of all the Kings, and best beloved of his subjects, that he was so lamented of them, which is not usual, that they could not forbear to weep for him. The Doctrine of Wytcliff was eminent in this King's reign, for which John Huss and Hierom of Prague, were at Caesar's command afterwards burnt alive.   

HENRY the sixth, King of England and of France.  
Anno 1422.  
HEnry of Windsor the sole Heir of Henry the fifth, obtained the Kingdom after his Father's death, being nine months old, who when he came to years, was not like to his Father, either for Virtue or Fortune. He was proclaimed King at Paris, by the Authority of the Duke of Bedford, all the Lords of the Kingdom swearing fidelity to him. But King Charles the sixth dying a little after Henry, his Son Charlis the seventh hoped to regain by Valour and Industry, what the French had lost by cowardice. First he won the Pont Malanus, which City by Montacute his virtue was again won from him. Then they fought with a doubtful success at Crepan, where about 2000 French were slain, amongst whom were many Nobles, and the Town was taken. But Charles overcame many of the English, driving a great Herd of Cattles toward Normandy, and took the prey from them, and freed the Temple of St Michael from a siege. Then the chance of War being altered, he is again put to the worst at Vernols. But the fidelity of the men of Orleans was notable, who levelling their Suburbs with the ground, held play with the Earl of Salisbury a most valiant Commander, who had beleaguered them, and when they were almost famished, and were ready to yield themselves to the Duke of Burgundy, Salisbury disdaining the honour should be taken from him, refused the conditions, but he whilst he was not wary enough in viewing the situation of the City, was slain with a bullet from the Walls.  
In the interim the Duke of Gloucester, did not a little stain his Honour, marrying Jacoba the Countess of Holland, which had formerly married to John Duke of Brabant; but she being surprised by craft, was brought back to her Husband, but again disguising herself in man's apparel she escaped into Holland, and there she waged War against her Husband, and when she was too weak for him, and the Pope would not grant her a Divorce, the Duke of Gloucester rejected her, and she afterwards married to Francus Borsely a Dutch Knight, but he being cast into prison by the Duke of Burgundy, she afterwards led a miserable life. In the mean time the English were often fortunate in Battle against the French, and recovered divers Towns; but those of Orleans having help as it were from God brought to them, did not little strengthen the French proceed; for Joan a Country Maid, which had spent her youth in keeping Sheep, desiring to free the Kingdom of their enemies the English, was brought to the King, who admired the Maid's courage, when he saw that she was a Maid indeed: She putting on men's Armour, brought provision into Orleans with the Forces she had received from the King, and with many assaults at length she raised the siege. Then she wonderfully weakened the English with many though less Battles; three thousand English were slain in Belsia: Nor was Charles wanting to his own affairs, but the Maid being Leader he went to Rheims, and recovered the Ensigns of the Kingdom. Then he marched to Paris, whilst Bedford was careful enough, and suffered no occasion to slip to manage his business as he ought. The Maid at the siege of Compienna, thinking to relieve the place, received a wound in the leg, and so was fain to retreat. Yet this Warlike Maid broke into the City, and sallying forth again upon the Enemy, she was taken prisoner, and being convicted (as they report) of Art Magic, she was burnt alive. Yet Compienna was freed from the siege, and Melun Corvolium and other places were recovered. But the English to gain honour to their side, calling King Henry to Paris, now but twelve years old, they Crown him King of France, the Lords of that Kingdom who were present, swearing fealty unto him. In the mean while Charles by the craft of a certain Carter, giving fish to the watch, recovers Lions, and so he followed the success he had. But the Kingdom all this time was wonderfully ruinated, there was nothing left in the field, and a miserable lamentation was made every where. At last both the Leaders of the War having their full, began to Treat of Agreement, at Artoys they meet, the English being baited with the sweetness of the Kingdom of France, could not be pacified, but Burgundy, Matiscan, the Temple of Gingon, Altissidore, and other Towns being yielded to him, they were content. Then the English took high indignation, deeply resenting that the Duke of Burgundy their faithful companion in the War was fallen away from them. Their anger thus incensed would have been the ruin of the Frenck, but being laid down it was their safety, for in a short time they shook off that heavy yoke: For the Parisians suddenly took courage and drove out the English from Paris; and on the other side Burgundy with the same earnestness he helped the English before, now assists the French: To this there happened the death of the Duke of Bedford the Governor of France, which did a little damnify the English: Then other places taking example by Paris, fell off to Charles, and the Normans scarce continued their fidelity, but by the slaughter of five thousand of them, they were either frighted or pacified. The English affairs thus declining in France, they did not assault Cities and fenced places as formerly, but Castles and poor Forts. Also Burgundy waged offensive War with the Duke of York who succeeded Bedford, and besieged Calais, but he retreated in time, for the Duke of Gloucester arrived the next day with a great Army, who finding the enemy gone, ruined all with fire and sword. In the interim the Scotch laid siege to the Castle of Rapesburg, but being certified of the return of the Duke of York and the coming of the Earl of Northumberland, he quickly raised his siege.  
In the mean while Harflet was delivered up to the French at a price, the Garrison soldiers being corrupted with money. But the Duke of Somerset and Talbot, besieging the City afresh by Sea and Land, regained it once more, the Duke of Orleans with his Army being come only to look on. In the mean time James King of Scotland, after he had been prisoner ten years in England, was restored to his liberty, placed with a rich Matron, but being at length ingrateful, he was treacherously slain in his chamber; the authors of the fact were severally executed. All this while the business went diversely in France on both sides; and what by Valour, what by Policy, many Towns were won and recovered again. In England a contest fell out between the Duke of Gloucester and a Cardinal his Uncle, the Wife of the Duke of Gloucester was accused by the Cardinal for Witchcraft, as if by Magic Arts she went about to take away the King's life: She was forced publicly to satisfy for that wickedness she had not attempted, though others that were guilty in their very sufferings excused the Duchess of it. Now by the intercession of Christian Princes they began to treat of Peace between the French and the English; Peace was not ratified, but a cessation was granted for eighteen months. In the mean time the Earl of Suffolk, by his own Authority contracted a Marriage between King Henry, and Margaret the Daughter of the Duke of Angiers, boasting much of the Maid's Beauty and Dowry; at last he persuaded the King, though passed his word to the Daughter of the Earl of Britain. This Matrimony Contracted gave but small help to the English affairs, when for commutation great part of Normandy was yielded to the French: Also the Duke of Britain revenging the wrong done to his Daughter, drove all the English out of Aquitan.  
Now the hatred that had long grown between the Duke of Somerset and York, began to bud again. He by fraud and injustice deposed this York from his Authority of Viceroy, though he had behaved himself gallantly in France, and made himself Viceroy in his place; York being not a little offended at it. For the King did nothing less, than taking care of his Kingdom, all the Authority was between Queen Margaret and the Marquis of Suffolk. Also by the contriving of his adversaries, the Duke of Gloucester, who was so well esteemed of by all the people, that they pointed at him by the name of the good Duke, was put out of his place, and unknown to the King, a Parliament being called privately, they question him for his life, he was cast into Prison, where the next day (how it is not known) he was miserably murdered.  
By a stratagem the City of Fulger was taken by the English, and the Town Larcha by the French, so they break out into War again. The French despising Somerset for his negligence, who (as we said) had now all the power, won many Towns, and in Guyan divers willingly fell off to the French, amongst which was Rouen, following the example of the rest, and more mischief befell the English. Also the Cities of Harflet and Caer, though they were valiantly defended, yet by the carelessness of Somerset the Governor, were delivered up to the French, who so almost with no pains won all Normandy, and made good all France for themselves, except Calais. The Duke of York who should now help the English in France, was fain to go to still the Irish that were up, he quickly pacified them, whereby he won the people's hearts very much, and much augmented his own affairs.  
But when all things went not as they should do in France, and Somerset was held to be the cause of all, and after him Suffolk. Many complaints by consent of the Lower-House of Parliament were alleged against him, whereof he was found guilty, and cast into Prison, but he is suddenly set at liberty: But a new sitting being summoned at the instance of the Lower-House he was banished for five years, but whilst he sailed into France, he was intercepted by the English, and his Head cut off, leaving his Body disgracefully on the shore, and so the death of the Duke of Gloucester was paid for. Richard Duke of York in the mean time having won the Irish hearts, gave the first step to end the differences between the White Rose and the Red, and for a beginning of his own Right to the Crown, for he descended from Lyonel Duke of Clarence, the third Son to the third Edward. Nor was it difficult to change the state of the Kingdom, when so many abuses and errors that were so well known to the common people, were crept in. And King Henry wholly unfit for the Government, as the people would say, by whose foolish negligence, France and Normandy were lost. The men of Kent by the persuasion of York, gave their Votes to John Mortimer, and with a great and well-appointed Army they march toward London, Mortimer himself commanding them. The Army made a stay between Eltham and Greenwich, and then they sent up their Complaints to the King and Parliament, concerning the present state of the Kingdom, and amongst the rest they petition That the Dukes of York, Buckingham and Exeter may be restored to their places, and former favour, there was no answer given, but a crying out to their Arms. But the men of Kent, when they were come to the Battle, killing both the Staffords, who commanded the Army, they put the King's Forces to flight, whereupon the greatest part of the King's men fell off, for they came running by companies to Mortimer, whose Forces thus increased wonderfully; wherefore the King fled to Killingworth Castle in the County of Warwick, expecting the issue. By his departure Mortimer grew more bold, and came to the Suburbs of London, and then possessing himself of the Bridge, he came into London, doing no wrong to any man, for his Army was very well disciplined, to keep down the violence of the Soldiers, whereby he won the affections of many, but afterwards the Men of Kent, being sharpened with hope of the prey, fell upon some of the richer Citizens, which was very ill resented by all. Mortimer was now Master of London, and he cut off the Heads of some of those that were the Ministers of those Errors, as John Say Chief-Treasurer of England, and his Son in Laws, and some others. But the Londoners detesting his haughtiness, arm themselves, and craving help from Scales the Lord Lieutenant of the Tower, with such Forces as they had collected, Matthew Gogthus being their Captain, in the night they fall upon Mortimer's Army, that were in the Suburbs of St Georges on the other side of the Thames; But the Kentish men repulse them with such violence that the Londoners were forced to give ground, and to leave the Bridge to the Conquerors; who hereupon being enraged, fell to cast in fire to burn the Houses upon the Bridge, and so put a great fright upon the City, and made a great slaughter. At last their heat began to remit, and these men of Kent began to detest the wickedness Mortimer had done, and desired to return home again, which when the King understood, he sent his Seal for their Pardon, and for all his men being gone from him, Mortimer was left without a Guard, who thinking to escape by flight, was taken and slain.  
This Tumult was appeased, but a far greater arose shortly after, for York depending upon his Right comes to London, under pretence of Complaints against his Adversaries, and especially against Somerset (who had lost France, and was now come home) but the truth was to make a Party, he obtained the help of Norfolk, and the Earls of Sarisbury and Devorshire to assist him, and so marching into Wales, he quickly raised an Army. The King hearing this, prepares his Forces also, and collecting Forces he made haste thither with the Duke of Somerset; Both the Armies meet at last, and the King sending messengers, asked York, What should be the cause of so great a Tumult? Who cast all the fault on the King's evil Counselors, and chief upon Somerset, promising that if he were cast into Prison, until such time as he might be tried, that then he would disband all his Army.  
Hereupon Somerset is cast into Prison under a colour, and York gave his Passport, which being done, the King went toward London with York; But Somerset who before was cast into prison, being now set at liberty; accompanied the King, and in his stead York was brought like a Prisoner before the King. At last they come to London, and there grew a hot dispute between these two Dukes, before the King's Council, the one accusing the other of Treason, the matter came at last to this head, That York should take a solemn Oath to be true to the King, and should go toward his Castle Wigmore, for the report was that Edward Earl of Marsh, Son and Heir to York, was now drawing up with an Army. And in the mean time a Messenger came from Bordeaux, craving help against the French, John Talbot Earl of Shrewsbury is sent thither, who after he had behaved himself gallantly, was slain with a Gun. The French by his death recover all they had lost except Bordeaux.  
In the mean while the Duke of York did his best to allure the minds of the Subjects, and then gaining the Nobility to his side, who were all offended with Somerset, and joining the Earls of Sarisbury and Warwick with him, he prevailed so fare that Somerset in the King's absence was sent to the Tower. But Henry when he heard that, though he were sick, and returning to London, he not only sets him at Liberty, he makes him Governor of Calais, and of all the other places in France, which thing so provoked York, that he and his Assistants March to London with a great Army. The King with Somerset, Buckingham, and his Son Humphrey, the Earl of Northumberland, and a sufficient Army goes against them. At St Alban the Armies came in sight one of the other. York sent Letters in the Morning to the King, requiring Somerset to be delivered up to him, that he might be tried, the King refusing this, he makes the first Onset, Somerset, and with him the Earl of Northumberland and Humphrey Earl of Stafford fell in the Battle, and five thousand men with them. Many were wounded and taken: The King himself, who had fled into a Countrey-mans house for fear of the weapons, was taken by the Conspirators; This Battle fell on May the 23th, and the 13th year of his Reign. But York, when his Adversary was dead, commands his Followers to abstain from fight, and goes with the King to London. Then a Parliament was called, and he is freed from all fault, and made Protector of the King and Kingdom. The Earl of Sarisbury was made Chancellor, and Warwick Governor of Calais. For procuring which places, every one was very watchful. But the Queen not enduring the Authority of York, she never left urging Buckingham with the Death of his Son, and young Somerset with the Death of his Father; and when she had sufficiently incensed them, she goes to Greenwich, and there she holds a Council, commanding York and his Confederates to renounce their Places; But they refused to do it. Then with subtlety mingled with flattery she intercepts them, and did all the mischief she could, but all in vain, yet they, lest they might give cause of greater troubles, retire themselves, some to one place, some to another. But sending Messengers one to another, they came all to London with their Forces provided, and by the Mediation of the Archbishop of Canterbury, and others, there was an Act of Oblivion granted for all that had been done, and Peace was concluded on both sides, and all is confirmed with a solemn Show of Religion; Yet they held not long, for occasion being taken from a quarrel that happened between one of the Kings, and of the Earl of Warwick's Servants, they endeavoured to lay hold on Warwick, but he foreseeing the danger, with Post-horse, makes haste to York to the Duke, and to his Father Earl of Sarisbury, whom he acquainted with the business, but he going on board the Navy that was ready by the shore (for he was Admiral of the Sea) made haste to Calais.  
In the mean time Sarisbbury goes to the King with 5000 soldiers, that he might acquaint him with the injury done to his Son, and of the inveterate hatred of the Queen which was now apparent. But Audley, who at the command of the Queen and of the Duke of Buckingham, had raised an Army of 10000 men, went against him, and was beaten, 2400 were slain, the rest fled to save themselves.  
York supposing it was in vain to dally any longer, raising an Army, with the Earls of Sarisbury and of Warwick, he provides for War, but a Treaty being had between both sides, and a pardon granted by the King for all faults, many forsook the Dukes, and all the Counsels of the Conspirators were detected, with which York was brought to desperation, and fled with his younger Son Earl of Rutland first into Wales, then into Ireland. When the private soldiers had procured pardon, the Earls of Marsh, Sarisbury and Warwick took their voyage for Calais, but some of the principal were put to death, and a Parliament being called, they were all convinced and condemned for Treason. Also Somerset at the Queen's intercession was made Governor of Calais, but when he thought to enter upon his Government, he was shot at from the Town, and was forced to betake himself to some other place. The Queen hearing this began to rage, and commanded all the Ships that were in Sandwich-Haven to be fitted for Calais: But John Dynham for the Earl of Marsh his sake, took them all, and with Riverius their Admiral brought them to Calais.  
The Earl of Warwick also sailed into Ireland to York, and consulting with him, returned safe for Calais. Simon Montfort was Warden of the Cinque-ports, and guarded all the Inroads that Warwick might not come into England, but he being admonished of it by the Spies he had, fastening upon his Navy not yet ready, he plundered Sandwich, and brought Simon with a great booty to Calais. And when he understood that the Kentish men desired his presence, he came the second time to Sandwich, where the Lord Cobham with a great multitude of the Nobility joined with him; Wherefore being appointed with an Army of 25000 Men, be marched presently to London, and possessed himself of the Tower, whereby he afterwards did the Londoners a great deal of mischief. But hearing that his Father the Earl of Sarisbury was coming on, he passed over the Thames and joined with him.  
The King with the Dukes of Buckingham and Somerset, and a well appointed Army, marches against them, at Northampton he came in sight of the Enemy. The Battle began on both sides, and they fought vehemently, Humphrey Duke of Buckingham, with John Talbot, the Earl of Shrewsbury, Thomas Lord Egremont, John Bellomont, and others were slain, and on one and the other side ten thousand men. This was in the year 1460. The Queen escaped with the Duke of Somerset and his Son, but the King more mindful of his prayers than of the Battle, was taken and brought prisoner to London. Warwick presently got possession of the Tower, and Scales the Lieutenant, whilst he thought to get away crossing the Thames in a disguise, was discovered, taken and beheaded. The Duke of York receiving Message of this Success, leaving Ireland, came Post for London, where at a solemn meeting, he lays open his Right to the Crown of England, deriving his Pedigree from Lyonel the third, Son of Edward the third, the elder brother of John of Gaunt, the Father of Henry the fourth the Usurper. But he desired not the Kingdom, unless his Right were made clear to all men; Wherefore a Council being held, the Title of a King is granted to King Henry so long as he lived, and York is named to succeed him. The Queen all this while mustering an Army in Scotland, invades England daily; York with his younger Son of Rutland, and with the Earl of Sarisbury went against her, leaving for a Guard to King Henry the Earls of Warwick and Norfolk, but he being circumvented by treachery, was slain, and 3000 of his Soldiers with him; nor did she spare the Earl of Rutland a child of twelve years old, though he begged for his life with tears. Sarisbury, who was taken alive, and as many as were taken with him, were by the fury of a Woman, all beheaded. This was the end of Richard Plantaganet Duke of York.  
The Earl of Marsh hearing of his Father's death, managed his business with more vehemency now than before, raising an Army of 23000 Men, he overcame the Earls of Pembroke and Ormont alive, he took Owen Tewdor alive, who had married Katherine, Mother to Henry the sixth, and chopped off his Head. But the Queen insulting at the death of the Duke of York, marched toward London with her Forces, and was met by the Duke of Norfolk and the Earl of Warwick, who durst have given her Battle, but by the treachery of their followers that forsook them, they were forced to fly for to save themselves. King Henry by that Victory came again into the Queen's Power; But in the mean time Edward Earl of Marsh by the general Vote of all Orders was crowned King, according as it was enacted in Parliament, and gathering a great Army at Tanton, he met the King and the Queen, and joining Battle with them, he overcame their Forces, the most valiant fell in the fight, the rest fled to save their lives. The King and Queen escaped into Scotland, leaving the Kingdom to Edward the fourth of that Name.   

EDWARD the fourth, King of England and France.  
Anno 1461.  
EDWARD having got the Crown at last, could not peaceably enjoy it; For Henry that had fled into Scotland, by the assistance of the Scots, makes a new War upon him; Edward meets him with equal Forces, and fought him at Exham, putting Henry and his Soldiers to their heels, thirty thousand men were slain on both sides, Edward giving the Command to spare none. The Duke of Somerset who formerly had fallen from Henry to Edward, despairing of the success, presently changed his mind at the report of so great an Army, and revolted to Henry, was taken and beheaded. Henry again retires for Scotland waiting for another opportunity for his business; But afterwards returning for England in a disguise, he was taken by the English, and delivered up to Edward, and by him, that the state of the Kingdom might be the more quiet, he was cast into prison.  
In the mean time Edward took care of his household affairs, and he married his Sister Margaret to Philip Duke of Burgundy's Son Charles, the Earl of Warwick being not a little mad at it, who hated Burgundy worse than the plague, whence and from other causes a grievous quarrel risen between them. For Warwick hating the King, drew to his faction his Brothers the Archbishop of York, and the Marquis Montacute, by a set speech, and after that George Duke of Clarence the King's Brother, marrying his Sister to him, and with the Duke he takes his voyage toward Calais, for he was yet Governor of the City, giving order to his Brothers in his absence to raise Tumults in Yorkshire. They carefully observed what they had in charge, and quickly causing a Tumult, the common people, as it usually happens, in a blind rage, though they be raised against the innocent, march to London armed, that there they might seek for remedy of mischiefs, they knew not what. Edward hearing of this sedition, sends William Herbert Earl of Pembroke, hoping to subdue the people, who was no sooner come, but they put him to flight. In the mean while Warwick upon this rumour, with the Duke of Clarence arrived in England from Calais, and so with joint Forces they provide for another Battle. Edward no way dismayed with the first loss, sends Pembroke again with a new Army to fight them. But when they fought his Army was beaten, and he was taken prisoner, and he was beheaded at Warwick with the other Nobility that fell into their hands. Then there was a Treaty of Peace, and Messengers being sent on both parts, the King being animated with hopes of Agreement, dealt the more securely, which Warwick was not ignorant of, and therefore falling upon the King's Tents at night, killing the Guard, he takes the King prisoner, who never dreamt of it, and sends him first to Warwick, then into Yorkshire to Middleham Castle to be secured. But the King flattering the Keepers, and bribing them with money, by their connivance shortly came to York, where the Citizens received him lovingly, and so raising an Army by the assistance of Hastings, he came safe to London. Then there began a Treaty at London for Peace, whither Warwick and the Duke of Clarence were come, but this had no effect. For they being stomachful, and very furious, the matter could not come so fare as Peace, wherefore all being left undone, they depart, and Warwick musters new Forces, of which he makes Robert Wells son to Richard, Commander in Chief. But the King when he found he must engage again in Battle, besides his expectation, sent for Robert's Father Richard, and his Kinsman Thomas Dimoke Knight to come to him, who came upon the King's promise of free Conduct; The King commanded them to call off Robert from taking Arms, and mustering Forces suddenly, he goes against them with Thomas and Richard, and when they were come to the Enemy, and found that Robert would not hearken to his Father's admonitions, but held up his Arms still, he contrary to his promise (a most wicked example) causeth both the Father and Kinsman to lose their Heads. They fell to fight, and Robert's Forces were discomfited, he himself was taken alive, and immediately was beheaded. Warwick at the news hereof, with the Duke, not knowing what course to steer●, presently sailed into France to King Lewis, who entertained him magnificently, Queen Margaret, Wife to Henry came also presently with Prince Edward, who took counsel together and made a Covenant between the King, the Earl and the Queen (Edward in vain dehorting from it) and Warwick's Daughter was betrothed to Edward, and promise made on both sides, that they would never cease until the Kingdom should be restored either to Henry, or to Edward his Son. A mighty Army is raised, and a vast Fleet road at Anchor in the mouth of the Sienna. Warwick invited by Letters from his friends, with part of his Army, and a Navy prepared, with the Earls of Oxford and Pembroke came safe to Dartmouth. (The Queen, who was not yet ready, was to follow when she heard good news) though the Duke of Burgundy observed his motion. So soon as he was landed, and it was published that he was arrived, 'tis wonderful what multitudes of people ran to him, with which being fortified, he presently moves toward London. But Edward not expecting an Enemy, and leaving the care of raising Forces till another time, with his Brother Richard Duke of Gloucester, took shipping at Lyn a Sea Town, and sailed into Flanders to Charles of Burgundy, to his own great disadvantage. Queen Elizaboth being near to her travel, fled to Westminster, and made that her Asylum, where she was delivered of her Son Edward. Warwick in the interim without any opposition came to London, and marching to the Tower, set King Henry at liberty; and clothing him in his Kingly Ornaments, attending him through the midst of London to St Paul's Church, after thanks given to God, he sets him in his Throne. Then a Parliament was called, and all King Henry had Enacted was ratified, and the Acts of King Edward were maid void: Edward with his followers was banished as an enemy of the Kingdom.  
Edward in the mean time nothing dismayed at this change, raising an Army (by the help of Charles) of 12000 Men, and with 18 Ships, landed in Yorkshire. His Army was so small, that he durst attempt nothing, only sent to persuade the people there, but all in vain, for they either by fear or for respect to Warwick, would not falsify their promise; but when he gave out that he was come not for the Kingdom, but to recover his Patrimony the Dukedom of York, many running to him, he grew somewhat stronger, and so goes to York. But the Towns men being warned by Letters from Warwick, would not let Edward come in. He spoke fairly to the Citizens, and desired them that they would help their Lord, not to get the Kingdom, but his ancient Inheritance, and so taking a solemn Oath that he would attempt nothing against King Henry toward getting the Crown, he was admitted to enter within their Wals. But shortly after it appeared more clearly what his intention was; for great ones use to pretend Religion to serve their turns, which they make light of, that with the greatest perjury they may compass what they desire. He presently put a Garrison to secure the Town for himself, and then hearing that the enemy made no great haste, he marches to Nottingham, to whom many Noble men came, when they saw him fortified with a strong Army. The very Duke of Clarence distrusting Henry's side, under a pretence of a Parley with his Brother, came willingly to join with him.  
Warwick also was solicited to fall off, but he stuck fast to King Henry. Then Edward in full confidence of his Army came up to London. The Citizens were all frighted, hearing that the Duke of Clarence was revolted, and the people presently ran to meet Edward, and with a great applause saluted him for their King. Somerset and the rest that followed Henry shift for themselves by flight, leaving Henry in a Bishop's Palace, who was presently taken by Edward and committed to his former custody. Then giving a general pardon, he won all the people's hearts.  
Warwick in the mean while mustering a gallant Army, leads them to London, and finding that Henry was cast into prison, he stopped at St Albon. Edward presently goes against him with a mighty power of men, which augmented daily by the coming of more forces; when both Armies came in sight, at the break of day the Trumpets sound to Battle. They fight stoutly on both sides, Edward with more men, Henry with more virtue, yet Valour is vanquished by Force; Warwick when he despaired of the Victory, rid into the midst of the enemy, and died gallantly with his Brother the Marquis, ten thousand are slain, Somerset with Oxford flies into Wales.  
The Earl of Exeter takes asylum at Westminster. Edward like a Conqueror, with King Henry (for he brought him along with him) enters London.  
In the mean while the fame was that Queen Margaret was landed in England with a great Army, and was corroborated for War by the Earl of Somerset, Devonshire, Pembroke and others that joined with her. Wherefore Edward being sure to meet the enemy every where, removes to Oxford with his Army. At length he pursues Margaret, whilst she thought to march into Wales, and she by the unexpected coming of Pembroke, which was very material, taking counsel with Somerset what to do, gave him Battle; the fight was fought at Teucksbury, and the dispute was long and doubtful, at last Edward prevailed, and all Margaret's men almost were killed. The Earl of Devonshire, and Sommerset's Brother, and many Nobles were slain; Margaret, Prince Edward, the Duke of Somerset, and others, about twenty Knights were taken, and all of them except the Queen and Prince Edward, were beheaded in two days. But Edward when he was brought to confer with the King, and he answered more boldly than was convenient, he was most cruelly slain by the standers by, George Duke of Clarence, Richard Duke of Glecester, Thomas Grace Marquis of Dorset, and William Hastings. The Queen afterwards was set free for a Ransom, and sailed into France, and lived always a sorrowful and languishing life. Edward having thus got the Victory, comes in Triumph to London.  
In the interim Faulconbridge Son to the Earl of Kent, who was made Admiral of the Sea by Warwick, when he had long played the Pirate, coming into Kent, raised a great force of Kentish men, and entered into Londou: But the Mayor of the City raising an Army, fell suddenly upon him, and took all his booty from him, chase him away, and killing many of his men. Faulconbridge was taken afterwards and his head cut off. Pembroke when he saw all was lost, shifting away from the snares that were laid for his life, and being more at ease by the death of Wagham, who lay in wait for him with Henry his Nephew by his Brother Earl of Richmond, and some few of his new friends arrived in France. Edward, that all things for the future might be more calm, tamed the audacionsness of the Kentish men, who had last taken up Arms against him, partly by punishment, partly by threats. Also King Henry that he might give no occasion to new rise, was killed in the Tower by the Duke of Gloucester; his Body was buried with no pomp, but the Parricides, and the Authors of his death, (as it shall be rehearsed) were afterwards punished for murdering him.  
He had reigned thirty eight years and six months, he had an honest mind, a comely personage, and was more like a Saint than a King.  
Edward to blot out all the footsteps of Rebellion, cast George Archbishop of York into prison, who was afterwards set at liberty, yet died of grief of mind. Also he cast the Earl of Oxford into prison, where he kept him twelve years. Others in other places were either captivated or put to death. Then that the Rebels might not fly away to neighbour Nations, he made Truce with James King of Scotland for twenty years. The Earls of Pembroke and Richmond escaped into France, where they were courteously entertained by the Duke of Britain. But afterwards, when as Edward required that they should be delivered up to him, and could not prevail, they were kept more carefully by the Duke. Then a Parliament being called, Henry's Decrees were nulled, and Edward's confirmed, and those that were banished their Country for his sake, as enemies, are called home again; and the King's Exchequer being extremely wasted, Subsidies are requested. In the interim War burning between Lewis the King of France, and the Duke of Burgundy (to whom many Princes of France joined themselves) abhorring the manners of Lewis that were grievous to them; Edward himself, that he might not be wanting to assist his friend that he was bound unto for so many courtesies, provided an Army and a Fleet and sailed to Calais. Charles was presently with him, and congratulates his Victory over the Rebels, and invites him that was willing to enter upon a new War: But Lewis being mightily afraid of two such potent enemies, sent Ambassadors to Edward. The two Kings held a large Conference, who met at Pictuigny, where a League was made for many years, 70000 Ducats being paid to Edward for his charges, and 50000 to be paid yearly, and Elizabeth Daughter to Edward was married to Charles Son to Lewis: And so Peace being agreed upon, Charles and Luxenburg that joined with him in the War, being not a little vexed at it, Edward came first to Calais, and from thence to England. Luxenburg was afterwards taken in fight and lost his Head at Paris. Edward though he had settled Peace at home and abroad, yet thinking nothing safe enough for him, whilst Henry Earl of Richmond was alive, whose right to the Crown he much feared; wherefore sending messengers to the Duke of Britain, what by gifts, what by promises, he prevailed to have the Earl delivered: But the Duke repenting what he had yielded to, called back the gallant young man that was now gone on his journey to be put to death, and preserved him from it, sending Edward's Ambassadors without their prey home again. Edward who was bountiful to all, shown himself cruel to none but his Brother the Duke of Clarence, whom he suffered to be drowned in a Pipe of Malmsey. The War began again with the Scots, the Duke of Albany the brother of King James being the cause of it. Richard Duke of Gloucester was sent into Scotland, but the Scot not trusting to his small forces, sued for peace. The Duke of Albany, who was the Author of the War, and knew that he was hated by his Brother for it, fled into France, and was killed there in a fight on Horseback. Now it remained that Edward should make War with the French, who had not kept the Articles of agreement, but he was conquered by another enemy which he foresaw not, for falling into a new disease not understood by the Physicians, he died in a few days, in the 50 year of his age, and of his Reign the 23, In the year of our Lord 1483.   

EDWARD the fifth, and RICHARD the third, King of England and France.  
Anno 1483.  
EDward the fourth being dead, his eldest Son Edward succeeded; but he in his Reign was under Governors, Antony Riverius his Uncle, Thomas Wagham Chamberlain, and Richard Grace, Knights, who being sent for by the Queen's Letters, came in haste to London with the Prince. Also Richard Duke of Gloucester, who after his Brother's death had the chief power, was at York, but hearing of the King's death, he came to London with a small Army: For he by order from his Brother Edward was to govern the Prince in his Nonage. So soon as his Brother was dead, he was minded to usurp the Kingdom: He coming to London overtook this young King Edward on the way, whom he presently took into his charge, and sent his Tutors, Riverius, Wagham, and Grace, to Pomfret Castle to be kept safe, which thing being known at London, the Queen, who well knew the perverse mind of Richard, with her other Son Richard and her Daughters, fled to Westminster for refuge, that she might be the more secure from Richard's violence.  
Richard in the mean time came to London with Edward, and went to the Bishop of London's house to reside. But he not content with Edward's being in his power, that he might the more safely look to his business, endeavours to get the other Brother that was fled to Sanctuary with his Mother, under a colour of comforting the King's sorrowful mind; and drawing the Lords to be of the same opinion, he sent thither, amongst others, Thomas Archbishop of Canterbury, who with fair speeches mingled with threats, brings the innocent child from his Mother's arms.  
Richard now having got what he aimed at, sent him to the Tower in great pomp, but with great lamentation. He in the mean time, what by rewards, what by Religious dissimulation, and an affected proneness of his own mind, laboured to knit unto himself the minds of the Lords and Commons, to cover the great desire he had of the Crown deeply rooted in his heart, so that no man could tell whither his purposes tended. But Hastings, a man of an honest heart, did daily press that due Honour should be given to the King; whom Richard, either because he was troublesome to him, or else saw too fare into the business, labours to dispatch above all the rest, and so craftily charging him of that he was no way guilty of, he commanded the soldiers that were ready for such service, to kill him presently, he being neither questioned nor found guilty. The fault was laid on this worthy man, that he had committed adultery with one Joan King Edward the fourth's Concubine, whom Richard accused purposely, as though with the Queen-mother he had made the King impotent by Magic Art. Also he cast into prison the Prelates of York and Ely, with Stanley: but this man was shortly released. He sent others away to other places, that they might not obstruct his rising to the Crown. Then by Letters he gave warning to the Keeper of Pomfret Castle, that he should behead Riverius, Grace, and Wagham, who was over-obedient to the command. Also he secured himself with a strong Guard, (as the manner is for Tyrants to be afraid of every thing) and to deceive the credulous people, he had a consultation with one Ralph Shaw, a very famous Divine, whom the people much admired, stoutly boasting that he was the true Son of his Father Richard, but that his Brother Edward was a Bastard, and he farther desired him that he would say so much in the Pulpit concerning his right, unto the people; and that he was a Man, Edward but a Child, unfit for Government, and by his imbecility the Commonwealth might be ruined, and so forth. Ralph whether for fear or madness, easily yields to him, and having made a Sermon from a Text fit for the purpose, he began to speak freely to the people, threatening great unhappiness to those men who should prefer a bastard before lawful succession. The people deceived by the Authority of the Preacher, and frighted by threats, did wonderfully waver this way and that way, and began to prefer Richard a Man, before Edward a Child, to wish for a change of the Governor, to forespeak all the worst, to accuse the innocent Mother for a Whore. But Ralph being admonished of this thing by his friends, and returning to a better mind, was so much ashamed of it, that afterward he lived privately and died of grief. Also the Duke of Buckingham a little after making a speech to the Londoners in Counsel, did not spare to exhort them, and to admonish them of their duty, boasting moreover highly of Richard's goodness and mildness of mind; to him a great part consented, part followed their leaders, not daring to resist, part thought it necessary to obey the time and the reason of things, and so all swore fidelity to Richard. In the year 1483. Presently they go to Richard, and acquaint him what was done, he began to refuse it, and to exhort them to continue faithful unto Edward their young King, to detest such a damnable wickedness, but at last, as it were, against his will, he received the Ensigns of the Kingdom, and with his Wife Anne was Crowned King.  
He labours to make that power good by force which he got by craft, for being compassed with a choice number of Soldiers for his Guard, he thought himself safe enough from all injury. Yet he feared the multitude of the Londoners, for Tyrants think themselves safe in no place, wherefore he resolves to go to York, having settled the business at London. But in the way (when he hoped for no quiet whilst his Nephews were alive) he writ Letters to the Lieutenant of the Tower, Robert Brakenbury, that so soon as he could, by any means, he should destroy the young King Edward and his Brother in the Tower, when he refused and delayed, he gave that charge to James Tyrel, who coming to London in great poverty, he stifled the young children, cafting pillars upon them. The children's death was divulged, Richard not being against it, it is wonderful how great amazement seized on the minds of all men, every one lamented the unhappiness of the children, and pitied them, and they began to speak what hopes they had of him, who spared not his own near kindred, but shed their blood, to say nothing of the Mother and her Daughters. Certainly immortal God, who will not suffer great sins to go unpunished, revenged on the innocent Children the perjury of their Father committed at York, and the death of the Duke of Clarence, whom he wickedly murdered.  
But the Duke of Buckingham, who had taken such pains for Richard, began now to detest his horrid wickedness, and sell away from him, took counsel with the Bishop of Ely, who was committed to his custody, how to restore Henry Earl of Richmond (to whom the Kingdom of right belonged next unto, for that he descended from John of Gaunt Duke of Lancaster, his great Grandfather) and to root out Richard a monster of men: These therefore disclosed their business to others, they presently send away Hugh Conway, and Thomas Ranmey into Britain, who should acquaint the Earl of the combination, and he should impart it to the Duke of Britain.  
The Duke, though he were much importuned by Richard's Letters to keep Henry in prison, promised assistance.  
Richard in the mean time who had notice of the consultations of Buckingham, sent for him again and again to come unto him, but when he refused to come, they fall to their Arms on both sides. The Duke mustering presently some Welsh forces and others, came to Gloucester over the River to meet Richard that had a mighty Army with him. But the soldiers which he had procured voluntarily, rather than for their pay, were not very firm, but ran from him before he came in sight of the enemy. The Duke was now almost left all alone, only his Lackey remained with him, who was forced to fly to shift for himself, and went to Humphrey Baunisters, he unmindful of all former favours, delivered him afterwards to Richard, who cut off his Head. When this was commonly reported, all the Conspirators ran one one way, and another another way, some to places of refuge, some to the Duke of Britain to the Earl.  
Richard had heard in the mean time, that the Duke did not only not hurt the Earl, but had resolved to assist him, wherefore he presently provides a Fleet, that if perhaps the Earl should come, he might repulse him every where from the English coasts.  
Henry in the mean time with 40 Ships, and 5000 Britain's sailed for England; but a tempest arose and scattered his Ships, and he almost was quit of all his Forces, and was driven to Cornwall, where coming on Land, when he saw a great Army he retreated to his Shipping again, weighed Anchor and sailed to Sea. And being very pensive when he heard of Buckingham's death, void of all counsel, he returned again to Britain in France. But by the coming of the Nobility he took heart once more, and promised before the Altar, to marry Elizabeth, Edward's Daughter, if the business should succeed to his mind, and so afresh an Oath of fidelity was taken by them all.  
Richard in the mean time did rage fiercely against all those that followed the Earl, wheresoever he could lay hold on them. Thomas Earl of Dorset, who had fled to him, was banished both by Sea and Land.  
Also he made a Covenant with the Scotch King, and confirmed it, giving his Sister Anne to the Scotch King's Son. Richard in the interim lays new traps for Earl Henry, by corrupting the Duke's Treasurer with money. But he escaped them, the matter being detected by Bishop Morton. When the fraud was known to the Duke himself, he was so enraged against the Treasurer, that he caused this wicked man, for that and other wicked deeds to be hanged. The Earl Henry was now come into France, where the Earl of Oxford escaped from his imprisonment, came and joined with him, and promised his faithful endeavour in all affairs: To whom some Noble men, that studied at Paris, came to assist, willingly offering their aid, amongst whom was Richard Fox the famousest Scholar in those days, whom the Earl took to be of his privy-counsel, and when he had gained the Kingdom afterwards, he made him B●shop of Winchester.  
But Richard to hinder Earl Henry's Marriage with Elizabeth, partly by flattery, partly by fear, partly by promises, he prevailed so fare with Queen Elizabeth, that she should entrust her Daughters with him, and should write her Letters to her Son the Marquis of Dorset, who was near to Earl Henry, whereby she should command him to return home without delay, leaving the Earls society. That all things were now pacified, and that her family was received into the King's favour. Richard all this while having gotten the Queen's Daughters, that he might totally destroy the intention of Henry, he thought himself to marry Elizabeth his Brother's Daughter, his former Wife also was yet alive: But she also when other projects would not suit, was taken privately away by poison. In the mean while he tries all means to win Elizabeth to affect him, and if he could not obtain her, he was resolved to join violence to his prayers. But he was so much urged with care and foreign fear, that he had no time for lust to show itself. In the interim Stanley had a command to Muster an Army, but he must not go forth, before he had given unto Richard for a pawn and pledge of his fidelity, his eldest Son the Lord Strange. A fame was also spread on purpose that Henry had implored help from the French in vain, and that there was no fear of his coming. Richard dealt something carelessly and unwisely, discharging the Navy he had sent to scour the English Coasts.  
Henry was advertised how things stood, and arrived in England with but 2000 soldiers in pay. Presently Rice Thomas and John Savage, two the most Potent men in Wales, having collected some Forces, came to join with Henry. Pembroke with some others did the like. Stanley though he wished well, yet fearing lest his Son should be miserably tortured by the King, delayed his intention until some other opportunity.  
Richard all this time was wonderful sluggish and careless, but when he heard of the revolt of his subjects, he raised what men he could scrape up, and went against Henry.  
He pitched his Tent at Bosworth field, when he saw the enemy intended to fight, he also made ready his men: At last they fall on, and fought a sharp Battle on both sides. But Stanl●y who came later, in the heat of the Battle, brought fresh Forces and joined with Henry, whereby he was not a little animated, for otherwise he was fare inferior to Richard in men, and so takes heart again. The King himself at last entered the fight, who after he had given wonderful tokens of his Valour, had killed Henry's Standard-bearer, put Henry himself in danger, he was surrounded by multitudes of soldiers, and fight valiantly, was slain. Henry got the Victory by Richard's death, for the Earl of Northumberland, who brought up the tear of Richard's Army, as he came against his will, so he refused to fight any longer. Not above 1000 were slain of the King's side, and of Henry's side, hardly 100 The Nobility that yielded were pardoned, and Henry had forthwith the Crown set on his Head, which they had taken from Richard's Head, and he is saluted ●ing by all with a general acclamation. Richard's body was found amongst the dead, and was buried with no Honour at Leicester.   

HENRY the seventh, King of England and France.  
Anno 1486.  
HENRY came to the Kingdom both by Right and Valour, and was Crowned at Westminster, Anno 1486, the day before the Calends of November.  
Then calling a Parliament he is discharged of the Treason Richard laid to him, and he gave Rewards and Honours to some that were grieved.  
He married Elizabeth the Daughter to Edward the fourth, and by that Marriage the old quarrel between the White Rose and the Red was ended. At his first entrance he kept a strong Guard about him, either for his power or Majesty; which custom is continued to our days. The English Sweat was rife about this time, a disease never known before, it destroyed abundance of men, but the sharper the disease was, the shorter time it lasted. Then new troubles arose in the North of England, which were easily vanquished by Lovels flight, and Staffords death.  
But a new tumult that grew from mere opinion and persuasion, gave cause for new cares, for one Simon a Priest reports falsely that a Scholar of his, who was very like, (which made the Priest the bolder to give it out) was the Son to Edward Duke of Clarence (which was cast into prison a little before by Henry) and he said with him into Ireland, and prevailed so much amongst the Peers there, that the youth was saluted King at Dublin. Then obtaining help from Margaret wife to Burgundy, he comes in●o England, to whom those Lords that favoured the cause of Plantagenet joined themselves, though they knew the fraud, yet they hoped to bring on the design. But Henry went against them in time, and after a most eager fight he slew the Earl of Lincoln, and other of the chief men that followed him. But he spared Lambert this counterfeit Earl, by reason of his youth and innocency, and he was made the King's servant; Simondus escaped because he was a Priest.  
Then sending Ambassadors into Scotland, he treated for peace, but when he could not procure it, in regard of the malice of the subjects, a Truce was made for seven years. But a difference rifing between Charles King of France, and Francis Duke of Britain, Henry that he might displease neither side, being engaged to both, made himself Umpire to end the quarrel between them, but when he could do nothing by his Ambassadors, they fell to Arms.  
Edward Lord Vdevill the Queen's Uncle, without the knowledge of the King, assisted the Duke of Britain with 400 choice men, but the French afterwards getting the Victory, the Duke and they were all slain. The Duke being dead the contest ended. In the mean time in Yorkshire troubles arose, because of Tribute required, one John Chambers was the Author of them. Henry Earl of Northumberland, Governor of that Country, was basely slain by one of the factions multitude, than they came on by Troops, John Egrimont Knight being their Leader. But the King fell on them presently, and easily dissipated the tumultuous rabble, punishing severely the Authors of it: But Egrimont fled to Margaret into Burgundy, which was the common place of refuge for the Rebels; yet there was nothing abated of the Tribute to be paid.  
A great Tumult about that time fell in Scotland, the subects rising against James King of Scotland, and they forced his Son James to take part with them. Henry King of England, Charles King of France, and the Pope, could not reconcile this quarrel, and when the subjects gave a harsh answer, the Battle began at Strevelin, where the subjects got the Victory, and the King himself, though his Son was against it, was cruelly slain in a Mill. Then a jarring arose between Frederick the Emperor, and some Cities in Flanders; the French came to assist the Emperor: But Henry not enduring the French so near to Calais, sent the Lord Morley with a supply of a thousand men, who with two thousand of his soldiers vanquished eight thousand of the enemies, but he himself was slain. The French to revenge this loss, had almost won Newport, but being frighted at the coming of the English, they lost the Victory. Maximilian the Emperor, when he endeavoured to marry Anne Daughter to Francis Duke of Britain, which he had betrothed by Ambassadors, he is hindered by the French King, to whom he had espoused his Daughter Margaret, for he divorcing Margaret, gaping after the Dukedom of Britain, by force got Anne into his power, and solemnly made her his Wife. Henry was wonderfully offended at this fraud, and asked Subsidies from his Parliament, taking counsel to make a War upon the French King. At length he landed at Calais with a small Army, and besieged Bononia, but finding Maximilian unprepared, for whose sake he had undertaken this War, he easily yielded to make Peace, (obtaining from the French a great sum of money, and a yearly revenue) and so returned for England. Margaret Wife to the Duke of Burgundy always studied mischief against the English, for she bred up for some months in her Court, a tertain young man who was called Peterkin, or Perkin Warbech, and obtruded him upon the English Nation, for Richard the Son of Edward the fourth, who, was said, to have been stifled. Many of the Nobility of England, either deceived by the appearance, or because they desired innovation, join with that supposed Richard; amongst whom was William Stanley, who helped Peter with money, Stanley was taken, convicted, and lost his Head, though he were the principal cause whereby Henry came to the Crown.  
Peter in the mean time having got a tumultuous number of men, landed in Kent, where there were taken of his men 160, amongst whom were five Captains, who first landed, they were hanged at London and other places. Peter, when he little prevailed there, sails into Ireland, where he was magnificently entertained by the Inhabitants, who much honoured the name of the Plantagenets. But when he could expect little help thence from a poor weak people, he makes haste into Scotland. The Scot had him in high esteem, and being deceived by his presence or courtly Carriage, which Margaret had bred him to sufficiently in her Palace, he gives him in Marriage, Katherine the Daughter of the Earl of Huntley, and sent him toward the Borders of England with a great Army to do what he could, in hopes to attain some of the Subjects to him, either by fear or affection, but all proved in vain.  
Henry being wonderfully offended by reason of the Scots invasion, musters an Army, and marches against the Scots under the Command of Danby, but he was called back again to suppress a Rebellion that risen in Cornwall by reason of Tribute to be paid. The Cornish, the Lord Lieutenant Audley being their Leader, march for London, but when they came thither, they were vanquished and scattered by the Royalists, two thousand of them being slain, and many taken, the greatest part of them were pardoned, except the Ringleaders, for Audley was ignominiously drawn to Execution, and lost his head; and others that put the people forward, as Thomas Flammok, Michael Son to Joseph a Blacksmith were hanged up.  
The Scot takes occasion hereby during these Tumults to go forward on his enterprise, and spoils the Frontiers of England again, and then besieged the Castle of Durrham, but the Earl of Surrey, collecting an Army of 20000 Men, and with a great Navy, not only raised the siege, but pursued the Enemies into Scotland, ruined many of their Forts and Castles, and when they would not stand to fight with him, he returned to Barwick.  
By the Mediation of the King of Spain truce was made between England and Scotland for some years, but on this condition that Perkin Warbech must leave Scotland. He when he was gone from thence, hearing that new Tumults were up in Cornwall, came thither with a few Soldiers out of Ireland, whether he had transported himself and his Family, and what by fair words, what by pretences, he drew some of the Inhabitants to his side, and so mustering about three thousand Soldiers, he beleaguered Exeter; but when he heard of the King's March, he forsook his Army, and fled to the Altar; The King in the mean time being now certain of his flight, caused diligent search to be made for him, his Wife Katherine a very beautiful woman, and of a most noble Family, was taken and delivered up to the King, who by reason of her Beauty and Descent, assigned to her a yearly Revenue. Then Henry punished the Rebels, but he laid only a small Penance on them, and so set them at liberty. Peter when he had long stayed in Sanctuary, and found no place of safety, at last yielded up himself voluntarily, and was sent Prisoner to the Tower.  
In the interim, Sebastian Gabat a Citizen of Genoa, but born at Bristol, procuring from Henry one or two Ships, sailed to new Countries in the West, and after two years returned again into England. Peter who (we said) was cast into Prison, made his escape shortly after, and went to Richmond, he was taken again, and made a public shame, and once more imprisoned in the Tower, but when he began a new Conspiracy with the Earl of Warwick, whose name Lambert had taken, and with some other familiar Friends of the Lieutenant of the Tower, he was drawn to Execution, and was hanged, together with two of the Lieutenant's Servants. Also Warwick that he might give no more cause for new troubles, was beheaded after a short time. This was the eldest Son of the Duke of Clarence, and the last male offspring of the Family of the Plautaganets, who was put in prison from his very childhood, a thing beyond the knowledge and memory of man. Hence arose a new sedition, and of the same kind; For Patrick an Augustin Friar, counterfeiting a new Earl of Warwick of one of his Scholars, stirred up the people to Rebellion in his Pulpit, but he and his Scholar were taken. The young man was hanged, Patrick was cast into perpetual imprisonment, such was the reverence they gave at that time to holy Orders, that they would never put to death any of them, though they were guilty of high Treason. Marriages were made about this time between Katharin the King of Spain's Daughter, and Arthur Prince of Wales, and between Henry's Daughter, and James King of Scotland. From this last Marriage proceeded at length Mary Stuart, Mother to King James, who was Father to Charles, and the Kingdoms were united. Arthur five months after his Marriage died in Wales. But Henry that he might not be defrauded of the Dowry and Friendship of the King of Spain, married Katharin (by the Pope's Indulgence) to Henry his second Son, who was unwilling to it.  
Edmund Pool Earl of Suffolk, Son to Elizabeth Sister to Edward the fourth, being offended with the King at that time for some private injury, conspired against him in Flanders; The matter being discovered, and the Conspirators taken, he only escaped to Philip Arch duke of Austria. But Philip by the death of Ferdinand King of Spain, having got the Kingdom (in the name of his Wife Joan, who was the King's Daughter, Sister to Katherine, which (as was said) was married to Arthur Prince of Wales) took his journey thither, and by a contrary Tempest was brought into England. King Henry went to meet him with all honour, and obtained from him the Earl of Suffolk upon the Condition that no violence should be offered to his Life. Henry cast him into Prison, and spared his Life, but after he lost his Head in the Reign of Henry the eighth.  
Henry being now in the height of his glory, had procured his Subject's fidelity, and respect from his Neighbours. He was very happy, had he not about the end of his Reign and Life been so greedy after the goods and wealth of his Subjects.  
He was long sick of the Gout, and afterwards he fell into an Asthma also, in the 52 year of his Life, and the 23 year of his Reign, he died in the year 1508.   

HENRY the eighth, King of England France and Ireland.  
Anno 1508.  
HENRY the Eighth having got the Kingdom, at the beginning he behaved himself with great Obedience, Prudence and Justice. Marrying Katherine his Brother's Wife, which his Father had betrothed; He chose the wisest Counselors, and he executed the cursed Ministers of his Father's exaction. He spent then the first year of his Reign in Tilting and other Recreations. But at the request of the King of Spain the Queen's Father, an expedition was undertaken into Spain against the Moors, but before the English came, there was a Peace made with the Moors, and so it was but lost labour, and nothing being done, only the Captain receiving honours from the King, returned again for England.  
Edward Poining a Knight was sent with 1500 Bowmen to Charles Prince of Spain to assist him against the Duke of Gelderland, he succeeded prosperously, and loaded with rewards he came back again.  
In the mean time a Scotch pirate one Barton, who was wonderful bold and valiant, did great mischief about the Coasts of England, the Admiral of the Sea was sent out after him, after a doubtful and a notable fight, he was conquered and slain, but his followers were pardoned; A great Example of the King's Mercy.  
In the mean time War grew between the French King and the Pope; Henry admonished the French man to desist, and when he could not prevail with him, he proclaimed War against him, and made a Confederacy with Maximilian the Emperor, and with Ferdinand King of Spain. The Spaniard had entreated Henry to send an Army into Biscay, and joining his Forces with his, that he should make the French work from that part; Whereupon presently Thomas Grace Marquis of Dorset is sent thither with other Nobility, and 10000 Soldiers, he, when he came thither, did not long wait for the Spaniards assistance; For the Duke of Alba took in the mean time by Force the Kingdom of Navarre from the French, endeavouring the profit of his own King. But the English that they might not seem to do nothing in Guyan, subduing some Towns that were not considerable, fell into that necessity of provision (the Spaniard affording them none) that many of them died miserably for hunger, contracting also diseases by such unusual diet, and the rest break forth into open Rebellion. The Lord Howard, who had the disposing of all affairs, whilst the Marquis was sick, hardly escaped from being slain; Wherefore he was forced to provide Ships, and to bring these factious people home again.  
Edward Howard Admiral at Sea, did wonderfully depopulate Britanny by fire and sword, and vanquished the Forces of the Britan's in Battle, though they fare exceeded those he had, and so with his Ships laden with the spoil, he sailed towards the Isle of Wight, whilst Henry at London recreated himself with Tilt and other courtly delights.  
In the mean time in France in the British Sea, there was almost an equal fight for loss between the English and the French Ships, and the Victory was doubtful. After this the English set upon the French Ships very indiscreetly in the very Haven, with a great loss to themselves and their Admiral, whereby they were forced to sound a retreat and be gone. Whereupon the French began to wax more insolent, to do mischief on the Coasts of England, and to burn some Cities, until by the vigilancy of Howard, who was put into the others place, they were kept in.  
Henry was resolved to make a War indeed with France, and sent George Talbot before with the principal Nobility, and 8000 Soldiers only to Calais, than he sent Charles Somerset, and other Lords with 6000 Soldiers, he himself being to come after them. When the Admirals met they fell upon Tarvenne with joint Forces. Henry shortly after came to them with 9000 Soldiers, and with a great number of Pioners. Also Maximilian the Emperor, which was a rare example, took Pay under King Henry. Yet though he served under the English, he was received as an Emperor should be, and for the honour of his Majesty. Then the French Horse purposing to relieve the City with provision, were repulsed by the English, the Duke of Longovil being taken, and 240 more, whereupon a wonderful fear and despair fell upon the Townsmen; so the English pressing them sore, they were forced to surrender. The Soldiers had leave to departed with their Arms, the Walls were laid level with the ground, the City, excepting the chief Church, and the Palace, were consumed with fire. Then he marched to Tourney, and beleaguered the City, they refusing to yield, he quickly became Master of it, causing the Citizens to take an Oath of fidelity. And when he provoked the French to fight, and could not make them accept of it, because the Winter was now hard by, he made Poyning Governor of it, and returned himself for England.  
In the mean while the Scotch at the instigation of the French fell upon the English Frontiers. Their General was the Lord Humes, who with seven or eight thousand men wasted the Borders. But Edward Bulmer suddenly came upon him, and took all the booty from him, he himself hardly escaped, six hundred of his men being slain, and four hundred taken. But James with an Army of sixty thousand men, entered the skirts of England, who was met by the Earl of Surrey, Henry his Deputy in those parts, at Bramston with six and twenty thousand men, and joining Battle, the English won the day by their great valour, and the Scots lost it by their great confidence, James himself with two Earls, three Bishops, and eight thousand Soldiers was slain, no fewer was taken; nor was this Victory wan by the English without loss of blood, it was fought in the year 1513.  
Henry coming out of France, made the Earl of Surrey, because he had so well managed his business Duke of Norfolk, and other Lords who had done good service, received Honours as they deserved. He gave also to Thomas Wolsey the Bishopric of Lincoln. This man to be often named by us, came from a poor parentage to great Honour, and at last was made a Cardinal, and governed the Commonwealth of England very wisely.  
Pope Julius the second at this time gave to H●●ry great Honour, sending unto him a Cap of Maintenance, a Sword, and the Title Of the most Christian King, which Grace Henry received with Tilt, and other pompous Shows, wherein he himself did always bear the principal part.  
In the interim Mary the King's Sister was espoused to the Prince of Spain, but because the Ambassadors of Spain made delays, she was betrothed to the French, desiring it, and having had their fill of War. But before the matter was published, John the Admiral of the French first ruined one Village in England, and John Wallop in revenge of this injury burned one and twenty in France; But at last a League was made, and they ceased from War. The French man lived not above three months after his Marriage, and the lascivious old man being dead, Mary (by Henry's consent) was married to the Duke of Suffolk. Wolsey about this time was honoured with a Cardinals-Cap, and is created by the King Chancellor of England. And Cardinal Campeius was sent to Henry to desire assistance to make War against the Turk, but he lost his labour, for that cheat of raising money was grown stolen. But Mathias the Cardinal being sent by the Emperor Maximilian for the same purpose, prevailed at the request of Wolsey.  
At that time Henry was in great danger of his life. For as he went a Hawking, the Pole broke that he leapt over the Ditches withal, and he was almost smothered in mire and dirt, but his L●ckey drew him out in time, and saved his life. In the mean while a Sedition grew at London between the Citizens and strangers, not without bloodshed, which was qualified by the death of the Ringleaders, and pardon to the rest.  
Tourney at this time, upon Conditions, and under colour of Matrimony between the Dolphin and Mary King Henry's Daughter, is delivered up to the French, and Hostages being given, a League is confirmed between them. Maximilian being dead, the Empire descended to Charles King of Castille the fifth of that Name.  
Henry in the mean while was idle for lack of War, spending his time in Tilt, Dance, Pleasures, and other Courtly Delights. Then that Peace might not be without its Glory, a solemn Meeting was appointed between the two Kings of England and France. For that purpose a magnificent Palace of Wood was built in France. At last they met in wonderful start, they applied themselves to Tournaments, running at the Ring, and other such Recreations, and an Agreement was renewed between the Emperor, and the Kings of England and France.  
Wolsey in the interim did what he pleased, he found no hindrance in his attempts whatsoever. He charged the Duke of Buckingham of high Treason, whether it were to, or out of envy is uncertain, but the Duke lost his Head for it.  
A new cause is given for a War between the Emperor and the King of France, wherefore Wolsey is sent Umpire between both, who did not behave himself so prudently as loftily, whereby he incurred the French Kings displeasure. Hugh of Moncada besieged Tourney, and though the French did his best to relieve it, yet he became Master of it.  
Henry in the mean while, because he had written a Book against Luther, had the Title given him, to be Defender of the Faith, which hath passed to all his Successors.  
At that time cause was given of a War between the French and the Scotch King, by occasion of the Duke of Albany, and by reason the French had not paid the Money which he promised to Mary Henry's Sister, so the Covenant being broken, they fell to War. William the son of William a Knight, the Admiral-Lieutenant, with eight and twenty Ships, spoiled the Coasts of Scotland, burnt their shipping, and so returned home.  
Charles the Emperor in the mean time came to London, where he was received in great State and Honour, and with a solemn Ceremony was graced with the Order of the Garter. Then under pretence of conducting the Emperor into Spain by shipping, the Earl of Surrey the King's Admiral sets upon Britain, and conquers Morleys, who also was again sent into France with a great Army, and he ruined many Towns and Castles, and consumed them by fire, but he attempted the Fort Heding in vain, having left his great Gu●s at home, and so could make no Battery; but having behaved himself honourably, he retreated to Calais. Also the Marquis of Dorset destroyed by fire and Sword an innumerable company of Villages and Forts in Scotland, but could not come to join Battle with them. Sands sallied out of Calais, and skirmishing with the Enemy, after he had ruined many of their Castles, he came back to the City.  
When therefore King Henry understood, that the Duke of Albany, who commanded all in Scotland, had a choice Army in France, he sent William Son to William with a Navy, that he should set upon him in his coming back again, but when he had scouted up and down at Sea in vain, he at last set his men on Land, and with a handful of his, he overthrew a great Army of the French, and obtained thereby both the Victory and the Prey, and burning the Suburbs of Triport, he returned for England.  
Henry now thinks seriously again of a War with France, and sends Suffolk, and many principal Nobility with a great Army into France, who at first assault overcame Bell-Castle, and made William Scevington the Governor of the Garrison. In the mean time the Duke of Bourbon, Constable of France, revolted to the English King with ten thousand French, who being strengthened by these new Forces, enter upon Picardy, and conquers many Towns and Castles; but Winter coming on, and scarcity of provision, and the Soldiers murmuring, not waiting for the supply that Henry sent, he was necessitated to retreat to Calais, yet he had done a great mischief to the Enemy.  
The Scotch in the mean while supposing the English to be over-busied with the French Wars, lift up their Heads again, and assaulting the Borders of England, they win divers Towns.  
But the Earl of Surrey entering into Scotland with six thousand Soldiers, wan divers Forts, and joining a light Battle with the Scotch, he returned Conqueror, not without great loss to the Enemy, besides the Castle of Judworth, and the Town that he burned up.  
So with uncertain Fortune the business being acted in those parts, there was a conclusion for a Cessation of Arms, that so they might have time to treat of Peace.  
Francis the first, King of France, at that time was conquered by the Emperor Charles the fifth at Papion, and was taken Prisoner, which was no small happiness for the English affairs, but a sad loss for the French. Then Peace was ratified between the Emperor and the French, and the English agreed with them also. But the Emperor and the French shortly fell to a new War.  
Peace being confirmed abroad, England began to be in an uproar with greater Troubles in Civil Dissensions; For Henry who had lived twenty years peaceably with his Wife Katherine had a scruple of Conscience put upon him, whether he could without Incest live with his Brother's Wife? (for as we said, she was first married to his Brother Arthur) Judges were chosen to end this Question. But Cardinal Wolsey, who had not prudently dealt for Henry, had all his Authority taken from him, and his Estate was Confiscate. But at last other new Dignities being granted to him, his great loss was somewhat repaired. Then a Parliament was called, and he was charged with many faults, and amongst the rest, that he was wont to write in his Letters, I and my King, and had caused the Cardinal's Hat to be stamped on the King's Coyn. He was convicted of all these things, and deprived of all his Estate; which shows a wonderful example of the inconstancy of all humane affairs, for he that but lately ruled all and the King too, as he pleased, made Laws, and swayed Courts of Justice, rooted out the Nobles at his pleasure, burdened the subjects with great Taxes, deprived both Clergy and Laity of their goods, he is now cast down from his high Pinnacle of Honour, hated by all, and made no way like himself. Afterwards when he was sent for to the Court to answer his charge, he died of grief by the way. In the mean time the business for a Divorce was transmitted to Clement the Pope of Rome, at the suit of Queen Katherine. But the Pope fearing to displease King Henry, who had lately the Title of Defender of the Faith given him by Leo the tenth, nor did he think it safe to provoke the Emperor who ruled in Italy, spun out the business with delays by his Legate Campeius; who at length with a great disgust to the English, after many hasting and procrastinations, departed from England, leaving the business uneffected. The King in the interim burning with new flames of love, and so admitting no delay, Warham being dead, created Thomas Cranmer Archbishop of Canterbury, who stood for a Divorce of Queen Katherine. The Pope in the mean time gave his Judgement for Katherine. But Henry, who had now Divorced Katherine (by the Authority of many Divines, and of those at Paris, who were as it is supposed corrupted by money) married Anne of Boloyne privately, and being thereupon angry with the Pope, he abolished all his Power over the English Church, making it high Treason for any man, to prefer the Pope's Authority before the Kings, or should pay Tribute to him, which he had no right unto, and caused them to be denied unto him for the future, and made it a penalty for their life, if any man should maintain the Pope to be the supreme Head. Then he made all the Churches of England and Ireland take an Oath to him, that they should acknowledge him to be Head of the Church next under Christ. The Discipline was thus changed, but nothing in the Doctrine, which he confirmed by a Synod called at London. For he put to death many of those that followed Luther and Swinglius. So Henry behaved himself in the rest of his life, that had the Popes not been unjust against him, he would willingly have submitted himself under their power. The Pope being offended that he had lost his Authority, sending out his Writings or Bull as they called it, he Excommunicated Henry King of England, but when it was known that it was procured by Queen Katherine, it was the less regarded, and she shortly after being deprived of friends, lost her life for her contumacy. In the mean time Sir Thomas More, once Chancellor of England, and John Fisher Bishop of Rochester, who both refused to take the Oath of the King's Supremacy, lost their Heads. Henry now using his own Authority, invaded the goods of the Church, and expelled the Monks out of their Monasteries: Nor was he content with that, but he cut off the Heads of his second Wife Anne of Boloyne, Daughter to Thomas Bolen Earl of Wiltshire, accusing her for Incest and Adultery, together with the Lord Rochsfort her Brother, and others that were of the King's Bedchamber.  
Then he married Jane Semare, who died afterwards in Childbirth of Edward the sixth of that name, who succeeded King. Then he Divorced from him Anne of Cleve, newly married, and for her sake he beheaded Thomas Cromwell, who made the match, who was risen from a mean estate to a vast power by the success of Fortune. Also Thomas Howard Duke of Norfolk had his Head chopped off, being charged of Treason, because he had privily married Margaret Daughter to the King of Scots, and Henry's Niece. Margaret was first detained, than she was set free, after that she was married to Matthew Earl of Leven, King James his Grandfather. In the mean time seditions arose in the North parts of England, here and there by reason of the change made of Church Ceremonies; some were punished for it, some were sent home, and some were subdued by force of Arms; the troubles were happily assuaged, yet not without some danger: for it was a matter of great concernment to keep all quiet under new customs.  
Henry now married his fifth Wife Katherine Howard, but her he beheaded shortly after, with the Lord of Rochsfort, condemning her for Lasciviousness.  
At that time Henry had the Title of King of Ireland, when as before he was called only Lord of it. In the interim Arthur Plantagenet, bastard to Edward the fourth, is accused of Treason, but when he was proved not guilty, he was received into the King's favour, but Arthur took so much joy at it, that he died the next night of mere rejoicing.  
The Scotch now entering the Frontiers of England, and spoiling them, compel Henry to take Arms, who sent the Duke of Norfolk with an Army into Scotland, who ruined many Villages and Houses, and not seeing any enemy, he returned to Barwick. The Scot would not suffer this violence to be unrevenged, but musters an Army suddenly and falls into England, but his men being scattered and killed, the Scot fell into such grief of mind, and then into a Fever, that he quickly died of it, leaving Marry Stewart his Daughter but eight days old, Heir of the Kingdom. Henry to put an end to so great dissensions, by the union of these two Nations, dealt with the captive Lords to Espouse this Inheritrix of Scotland to his Son Edward, who were set at liberty to press the business.  
But by the mediation of the Cardinal of St Andrews, this Treaty was made void, the Daughter being married to the Dolphin. Henry was enraged at this, and sent a valiant Army into Scotland, and burned Leeth, which pacified his wrath. Then he made peace with Charles the fifth, the Emperor, and he married his sixth Wife Katherine, Latimers' Widow, who was brought in danger of her life upon suspicion of the change of her Religion, but by her prudence and humility she escaped. Now Henry by his Covenant with the Emperor proclaims War against the French King, and sent an Army unto Calais, under the command of John Wallop, which joining with the Forces of Charles, besieged the City Landreice. But the French making show of a Battle, called the Emperor off from the siege, and when he had brought provision into the City, he retreated, having deluded Charles. Then Henry mustering a mighty force sails himself into France, and besieging Bononia won the place.  
In the mean time the English Ships which they had taken from the French, are filled with provision at London: but the English had bad success in their fight in Scotland, and Henry's men were vanquished, by which Victory, and new forces they had recruited themselves with from France, the Scots grew insolent and invade England: But the English by the good success of the Earl of Hereford, destroyed an innumerable company of Villages in Scotland, and returned home conquerors, though otherwise they sustained a mighty loss by the Scots.  
The Admiral of England with a Fleet did mischief on the coasts of Normandy, and destroyed a multitude of the enemy; but shortly after there was a Treaty made between the French and the English, and the conditions of agreement were, that the French should redeem Bononia with eight hundred thousand Crowns.  
In the mean time Thomas Duke of Norfolk, and Henry Earl of Surrey, his Son, are accused of Treason, because they had engraven something in their Coats of Arms that seemed to be peculiar to the King, and though they did defend their Titles very abundantly, yet the Earl lost his Head. But the Duke was kept in prison till the Reign of Queen Mary. Henry died about this time, in the year 1547, when he had reigned 38 years, and was 56 years old. He was a Prince adorned with all gifts of Nature, and in whom, had he not too much loved his pleasure, there was no defect. He was a great favourer of Learning.   

EDWARD the sixth, King of England, France and Ireland.  
Anno 1547.  
HENRY dying, left his Son Edward born of Seymer, by his Will to succeed him in the first place, and next to him Marry, Katherine's Daughter, and last of all Elizabeth, which he begat of Anne of Boloyn. Young Edward was Crowned at nine years of age, in the year 1547. Because he was young he had sixteen Overseers appointed for him, the chief was the Duke of Somerset, Brother to Jane Seymere, a man of great integrity. The death of Henry being heard of by Francis King of France, did exceedingly grieve the old man, who being about the same age, did presage his own death to be near. He kept a Funeral solemnity for him, as the manner is for Kings, and not long after that he followed him that was gone before him.  
Henry at his death, had commanded his Council before all things, that they should press a Marriage for his Son Edward with the Queen of Scotland. Messengers are therefore sent to treat of conditions, and to obtain their consent; but when the faction of the Papists prevailed for the Dolphin, a great Army was presently raised, and sent into Scotland, under the conduct of the Viceroy Somerset. The Scots also came to meet him with a powerful hand, they joined Battle at Muskelburg, but they were beaten down and put to flight, the chief of their Nobility being slain or taken prisoners. After this Victory many Cities yielded, and the Nobles fell off from them in greater numbers: But that there might be an end made of this War and difference, they send the Maiden Queen by advice of the Peers, to be Educated and Espoused in France. In the mean time there was a great change of the old customs in the Churches of England. Images were cast out of the Churches, by the Authority of Somerset, who was addicted to the Reformed Religion; The Sacrament was exhibited under both kinds, and the other old Ceremonies were abolished, all that made opposition were either cast into prison or lost their places. Upon this ground a wonderful sedition arose in divers Countries of England, though the Rebels had several intentions, some came to pillage, others under pretence of Religion set forward other designs; the smallest number made it any matter of conscience. There was a Proclamation made whereby all were pardoned if they would lay down their Arms; but the more mildly they were dealt withal, the more did this mad rabble increase. They besieged Exeter, but the Citizens did resist them with wonderful Valour, enduring great famine and scarcity. At length Grace coming with an Army, after some small Bicker, raised the siege. The Rebels recollecting their Forces, began a new fight, but they were put to flight, or taken presently and hanged. When this sedition was quelled, another as great rose in Norfolk; for Robert Ket a base fellow, had drawn twenty thousand men to his party, who guarded him that he might deliver up some complaints to the King. The King, though he disdained to treat with Rebels, answered them that their Petitions should be granted at the next Parliament. They were not content with this, but they laid siege to the City of Norwich and won it. The Earl of Northampton went against them with a small Army, and was worsted by the factious rabble, and the Lord Sheffeld and others were killed. But being strengthened with new forces, he went once more against them, and holding forth to them the King's pardon, they threw away their Arms and left their Colours, returning every man to his place. Ket and the rest of the Ringleaders suffered for it. Another tumult risen about the same time, which fell of itself, only the Ringleaders were executed.  
The French in the mean while breaking their League, proclaimed War with England; and providing a Fleet when they had assaulted Garnsey, Jersey, and Bononia in vain with an Army, they left off of their own accord. In the mean time the Viceroy of England being deceived, beheaded the Admiral his Brother, being circumvented by the femine fraud of his Wife, and condemned him for nothing that was laid to his charge; upon which occasion both he and his Authority committed an egregious fault: For they that favoured the Admiral were offended with the Viceroy, and they that did honour him, would trust him but a little, so they all fell from him at once, though upon divers ends. Also the Viceroy was taken up with building a stately Palace, (which is to this day called Somerset House.) And he had demolished divers Temples, Towers, and sacred places, by which injury he had alienated from him not a little the minds of all men. Warwick who was of his own inclination the Viceroy his greatest enemy, made use of this occasion, and procured some Lords to stand with him, and they conspired together against the Viceroy, and sending messengers to the King, who sojourned at Windsor, to certify him of the good intention of the Lords, they desired his consent to cast the Viceroy into Prison. But the Viceroy, when he would not or could not answer the crimes objected against him, he submitted himself to the Kings will and pleasure, by which humility he obtained pardon, and was received into grace. Also the Duke's Daughter (to make the friendship lasting by Marriage) was betrothed to Warwick's Son, and Warwick was made Admiral of the Sea.  
Then Peace being ratified between the English and the French, Bononia was delivered up to the French King, 400000 Crowns being paid to the English.  
The Emperor in the mean time, because the profession of the Romish Religion was not allowed to his sister, denounced War against England, but he was pacified by such an Answer as was seasonable to that time.  
Also there was a Treaty for a Marriage between Elizabeth the King's sister, and the King of Denmark's Son, but Elizabeth could not be persuaded to be married to any man.  
A speech there was further concerning a Marriage between Edward and the French Kings Daughter, which was ratified, and the Dowry agreed upon.  
In the mean time the Earl of Northumberland, that he might bring to pass what he intended, endeavours by all means to root out the Duke of Somerset. But he to prevent his snares, came one day into his Chamber armed, and found him naked in his Bed, and whether he were pacified by his false or friendly show of Love and Humanity, he spared him, and departed doing nothing to him. But afterwards Somerset was accused by him for high Treason, and lost his Head for it, being a forerunner of the Accusers destiny. Northumberland, when as thus fare all things had succeeded as he desired, was resolved to follow the success, and persuaded the King at length, that if he would have the Reformed Religion, that was then generally received in England, to be confirmed, he should pass over his sister Mary, who was so strongly addicted to the Church of R●me, and should nominate Joan Grace for his successor, Wife to his Son Gilford Dudley, who was next of blood after his Sisters. The King who was resolved by all means to preserve the Reformed Religion, easily yielded to this, some others in vain opposing it. The King died shortly after of a Consumption, by whose death the Duke of Northumberland being now made partaker of his desire, took to himself the Rule of the Kingdom, and commanded his Daughter Joan to be publicly proclaimed Queen by King Edward's Testament.   

MARY Queen of England, France and Ireland.  
Anno 1553.  
MARY, so soon as the fame was spread of her Brother's death, came with Post-horse from Hovesdon, where she than resided, into Suffolk, to whom presently came divers Lords, who had first compacted to preserve the Reformed Religion. Then she sent by her Letters to the Senate of London, that they should proclaim her for Queen. But the Lords in the Name of all the people made Answer, that by the Testament of King Edward, Joan was to succeed, and they asserted that Mary's Mother was Divorced; whereupon they fly to Arms. The Earl of Northumberland with a small Army went against Mary, but as he proceeded but slowly, Mary's Forces increased mightily: Also Edward Hastings, who was set with four thousand soldiers and six Ships, to prevent that Mary might no ways escape, revolted to her, by which loss the Londoners and Lords were not a little dismayed, and grew at odds one with another. The London Counsel, when they did not hold fast together, was commanded openly to proclaim Mary Queen, and the same was done in all other places. Northumberland when he was certain that his companions had fallen from him, that he might not run the hazard alone, called a Counsel at Cambridge, and he for want of a Herald proclaimed Mary Queen of England, casting his Cap up in token of joy. But that did not at all help his cause; for the Earl of Arundel, who a little before did not decline to venture his life for Joan, coming to Cambridge, in Mary's Name takes the Duke, who in vain entreated for his life, and casts him into prison. Joan, at the command of her Father Duke of Suffolk, when the case was altered, laid down the Ensigns of the Kingdom with more cheerfulness than she had taken them up.  
The Queen coming to London, met her Sister Elizabeth with a thousand Horse, and Thomas of Norfolk, Edward Contener, Stephen Gardner Bishop of Winchester, and Sommersets Wife, which she received into grace, giving them her hand to kiss. Then entering upon the Church affairs, she abolished those Bishops and Ceremonies that Edward had confirmed, setting up others in their room (the people were not a little enraged at it) and then she punished severely all those that were enemies to the Church of Rome.  
In the interim the Duke of Northumberland, the Earls of Northampton and Warwick, are Indicted of high Treason, she spared Northampton, but Northumberland was beheaded, abjuring the Religion he professed before in hope of pardon. His Body was buried by the Duke of Somerset his Capital enemy, between Anne of Boloyne, and Katherine, who all suffered the same death. The rest persisted and did not renounce the Faith they had professed.  
Joan afterwards with her Husband Dudley, Ambrose and Henry Sons to Northumberland, was condemned to lose her Head, but she was reprieved for a time.  
Then a Marriage was Contracted between the Queen, and Philip Son to Charles the fifth, who was afterwards King of Spain, which matter was very ill liked by some, who did foresee from hence a dangerous consequence to the Kingdom of England: Amongst whom was Thomas Wyatt, who took up Arms to Rebel by the advice of Suffolk Father to Joan Grace, drawing some of the Nobility to side with him. Also Bres who was sent against him with five thousand men, revolted to him, by which success he grew more bold, and marched toward London, and put the Citizens into great fear, so that the Lawyers pleaded in their Armour.  
In the mean while the Earl of Suffolk had an Army raised in the County of Warwick, but the Earl of Huntingdon was sent out against him, who terrified the feeble Duke, that he was forced to fl●e in haste, and to shelter himself in Woods and by-places. At last he was discovered by his Host, and sent with a strong guard to London, and cast into prison. Wyatt in the mean time coming to London, was shut out of the City, but he passed over the Thames at Kingston, and provided to offer violence to the Citizens. After some light skirmishing with the Queen's Forces, he was overborne by the power of his Enemy, and when he had yielded, he was sent to prison, his Soldiers being scattered or taken. The Queen being enraged with that boldness of the Subjects, began seriously to consider how to punish the guilty; Gilford Husband to Joan was first beheaded, than Joan herself, within the Walls of the Tower of London, with a wonderful Courage, Piety and Constancy, had her Head chop● off. She was a Princess for her Learning and Wisdom, worthy of immortal praise. It is reported also that Morgan, who had given sentence of Death against Joan, fell into madness shortly after her Death, and died mad, always crying out, That they should take Joan Grace away from him. Then Suffolk was beheaded, and the same day Wyatt, the cause of all these mischiefs (for Joan had been pardoned, had not he with a furious Tumult enraged the Queen.) Those that followed him, some were punished in other places, and at several times, amongst whom was Thomas Grey, and some were pardoned. Also Elizabeth was cast into Prison by the malice of Gardner Bishop of Winchester. Without doubt her Life was at stake, had she not wisely answered Questions propounded to her concerning her Faith; They did severely at that time punish all those that were Enemies to the Religion of the Church of Rome, amongst whom was Cranmer Archbishop of Canterbury, Nicholas Ridley Bishop of London, and Hugh Latimer Bishop of Worcester, these refusing to abjure their Faith, were burnt to ashes.  
The Queen's Marriage with Philip was now solemnised, and Cardinal Pool being sent from the Pope, all the Errors of the English are purged, as it were, and all confessing their sins are received under the Pope's Tuition.  
The fame was at this time, that the Queen was with Child, she was so glad of it, that she commanded to let lose many who were prisoners in the tower; Amongst which were the sons of the Duke of Northumberland, who were before condemned to lose their Heads. But all this hope vanished, when the Queen's Conception proved to be but a Tympany.  
That there might not lack Examples of Piety, the Queen restored to the Church all the Goods she possessed belonging to the Church, and when she was told, That by so great bounty the Crown-Lands would be much wasted: She answered piously and prudently, That she preferred her souls health before all the world's good.  
Philip in the interim went to Brussels to his Father Charles, and obtained from him the Kingdom of Spain, and his other Dominions before his Death, than he returned for England; Then again he went to Calais, to wage War with the Frenchman, and he stayed upon that business above eighteen Months, the English murmuring, and the Queen lamenting for his absence.  
Thomas Stafford at that time was instigated by the French to make War against the Queen, and landing in England with an Army, he won the Castle of York, but he was soon conquered, and taken by the Earl of Westmoreland, he was then beheaded at London, and his followers were hanged.  
The Queen, though it were against the Articles agreed upon, put her finger in to assist her Husband, and sent an Army, under the Command of Pembroke, to assist him to beleaguer St Quintius. The French attempting to relieve the place with victuals, were forced to fight, and they were beaten, and the chief of their Nobility were taken, amongst whom were the Dukes of Momorancy, Mompensier and Longovill, John Borbon Duke of Anion was killed, whereupon the City yielded. This Victory was imputed chief to the English, but it was recompensed with a greater loss, for Calais having more Forces drawn out of it, than could be spared, was assaulted by the Duke of Guise, who would not let such an opportunity slip, and being repulsed, he came valiantly on again, so long, until it was forced to yield, after this City had been in the hands of the English two hundred years; Guyna followed this, though it were gallantly maintained by the besieged, and so the English were thrust forth of all France. The Queen was wonderful grieved for the loss of Calais, she sent a great Fleet, and burned some Villages, but had small comfort for her great loss. Peace then was confirmed between both Crowns, but Mary sought not for it, who took such grief of mind for the loss of Calais, and was so weak of body by reason of her Dropsy, that she ended her days, in the year of our Lord, 1558. the fifth year of her Reign, and the three and fourtieth year of her Life.   

ELIZABETH, Queen of England, France and Ireland.  
Anno 1558.  
ELIZABETH Daughter to Henry the eight by Anne of Bullen, succeeded her Sister Mary, being raised to the Throne from the Prison; By her Coronation the Papal Authority fell again the second time. All the Ceremonies Mary had brought in she abolished, and Reform all according to the Rule of her Brother Edward  
Being she was of a flourishing age, and had a most flourishing Kingdom, it could not be but she should be sought unto by many Lovers, that were at emulation for her. For at once, Maximilian the Emperor, the Kings of Spain and Sweden, the Archduke of Austria, and the Duke of Angirrs, sent to woo here, but they were all put by; First, because the Queen would not marry, for at her Inauguration, the Condition was, That she should marry no stranger, whereby there was hopes left to the Natives for so great a Match.  
The French and Scotch they hoped to prevail much by reason of her tender years, being also she was a woman, whereupon they invade and spoil the English Frontiers, for Mary Stuart Daughter to James the fifth, had married to Francis the second, King of France, and the French King pleaded his Right thereupon to the Crown of England, because his Wife was allied to Henry the seventh, and Elizabeth was born by a second venture; Henry the eighth his first Wife being alive, and so was accounted as a bastard by her Enemies. But Elizabeth to win the Love of her Neighbours, lent help to the Subjects of Scotland, who by the malice of the Guisians were extremely afflicted, and the business was drawn to this head, that Peace was ratified between Elizabeth, the Scotch and the French, and all the Roman Catholics that nesled in Scotland were commanded to be gone, and the English Colours that the Frenchman had taken up wrongfully, were wrested from him. Marry when Francis was dead returned for Scotland, and made a firm Agreement with Elizabeth, until such time as Envy and Ambition growing up, the Agreement was violated by the ruin of one of them, and their Sister-like Concord was dissolved. For Mary her second Husband she was married to, was Henry Darley, Kinsman to the Stuarts, and one that was the most beautiful amongst Princes, who being afterwards slain, as 'tis supposed, by Feminine fraud, she fell into the hatred of all her Subjects, and when after that in spite of the Nobility she made Bothwill partaker of her bed, and for his cause made War upon her Subjects, she fell into all misery, and being captivated, she was kept so a long time, but at length she made her escape, and fled into England to Elizabeth who received this miserable woman in her Arms. She was at first liberally entertained, but after, when she began to move Dissension in England, where she was entertained, being a most bitter enemy to those of the Reformed Religion, she was kept more narrowly. For eighteen years she was held in prison, sometimes with more, sometimes less liberty, until such time as she grew fierce by reason of her Captivity, and to riot in hopes of the Kingdom, laying snares for the Queen's Life, for that cause, at the request of the several Orders of England, she was beheaded. Also the Duke of Suffolk, who had secretly gone about to obtain Mary for his Wife, was put to the same death before her. Elizabeth in the mean while sent assistance to those of the reformed Religion in France that were in trouble, and for a pledge the strongest City in France, Haver de Grace, was delivered up to her; but when she refused to quit it again, the French King laid siege to it, and won it from her.  
At that time a sharp Dissension sprang up between Philip the second, and the Low-countrieses, which grew to a War; and Elizabeth led by the affinity of the Religion, and the nearness of those countries', assisted the United Provinces with Men and Money. For Leicester was sent with Forces into Holland, but when he exceeded his Commission, and arrogated too much power to himself, and by fraud attempted to make himself Master of the principal Towns, he lost the State's goodwill, and returned without honour into England. The Queen for this assistance was hated by the Spaniard, who had privately before laid snaret for her life, but now he breaks forth into open War. For he raised a mighty Fleet both in Spain, and in the Low-countrieses, it being the best Navy for provision of men and munition that ever the Ocean bore, and carried the presumptuous Title of Invincible, it consisted of one hundred and thirty Ships, in which were nineteen thousand two hundred and ninety Soldiers, eight thousand three and fifty Mariners, two thousand and eighty Galleyslaves, two thousand six hundred and thirty great Ordnance, and the 19th of July 1588. they came within sight of England, and was in hopes to devour it. But by the valour of the English and the Dutch, the Fleet was partly hindered, partly worsted, but especially by a Tempest that risen against it, the Spaniard was disappointed of his hopes. From that time they break forth on both sides into a fiery War, especially by Sea, and in the West-Indies and Portugal, the English did mischief to the Spaniard, and received the like.  
The Queen, when those Clouds of a Tempest at hand were dispersed, caused a public Thanksgiving to be made unto God, who had delivered her, and in Triumphant manner she rid through London.  
She was not for all this free from Troubles, but by the Queen's Wisdom and Masculine Valour, they were even strangled in the birth; and England was made the receptacle of persecuted and afflicted men, who fled by companies out of France and Holland by reason of the Wars there.  
In the mean while Sir Francis Drake was sent toward Hispaniola, who made the Spaniard work enough in those parts, taking Cape Verde, wasting Hispaniela, and he skirmished in divers small fights, with the Spanish Forces. But when there was no occasion for a fight on the continent, he returned home with the spoil and honour. The next year also, the said Sir Francis Drake, burnt and took six and thirty Spanish Ships laden with great riches that lay in the Haven at Calais, and brought them for England.  
With the same Success almost the Earl of Essex, with a vast Fleet of English and Dutch, wasted the Coasts of Spain, and landing his men wan Gades, and plundering the City, and burning thirty Ships that road in the Harbour, he came back for England laden with the spoil. After that the English Fleet, watching the Spanish Navy that came fraught with rich Merchandise that came from the West-Indies, was disappointed by their flying into the Isle Tercera.  
France being involved in troubles, the Queen was pleased to assist the King of France with men and money.  
The King of France having reduced his Subjects to their Obedience, endeavours to mediate a Peace betwixt the Spaniards and the Queen, the Queen to satisfy the French Kings desires, sent an Ambassador into France to consult about it; But the States of Holland sent Ambassadors to Queen Elizabeth to dehort her from the Peace.  
In the year 1598. Philip King of Spain died, in the seventieth year of his age: He aimed at great matters, but was unfortunate in most of them, whereupon it came to pass, that the three Keys of the Spanish Empire (which his Father so called, and willed him above all things to keep diligently) to wit, 1. Gulet in Africa, Flushing in Holland, and Cadez in Spain, were neglected; The first taken in by the Turks, the second by the Confederates of the United Provinces, the third much impaired in its strength, and impoverished by the English, which his Father foreseeing in his life time, admonished to make Peace with the English, and the United Provinces.  
Anno 1599 died that Reverend and famous Divine Mr Richard Hooker, a man moderate, temperate, meek and virtuous, even to the best imitation, and left behind him a living monument of his real worth, his Book entitled Ecclesiastical Polity.  
Then Peace was confirmed between the Spaniard and the French? but the English and the United Provinces refused to be comprehended in it, because they held it disadvantageous to their business, but making a Covenant, with joint Forces they invade Spain. The Spaniard stirs up the Earl of Tyrone, who made a great rebellion in Ireland. Essex was sent thither to subdue the Rebels, and to make them conformable, but he scurvily neglected an opportunity of conquering the Enemy, and beyond his Commassion treats with the Rebels concerning Peace. He was therefore called home, and commanded to answer for his fault, by his submission he found the Queen's favour. Afterward prompted on, either by shame, or his ambition of the Kingdom, he raised an Army, and entered London, and when he purposed to have forced the Queen, his Forces ran away from him, and he was taken prisoner, accused of High-Treason, and lost his Head for it.  
Charles Blunt was sent in his place, who in divers fights wonderfully subdued the Forces of the Rebels, though the Spaniard had sent many supplies to relieve them; In a set Battle he overthrew Tyrone, and the Auxiliary Spaniards, and then made Conditions, driving them out of Ireland. Tyrone afterwards when he tried all ways, submitted, and humbly entreated the Queen's Pardon. In the mean time Richard Levison and William Monson, with eight great Ships, and some small ones, went and spoiled the Spanish Coasts, and meeting the Spaniards Fleet coming from America with abundance of wealth, he set upon them, but was too weak for them, for he was disappointed. After that he mastered a very great rich Ship riding at Anchor in Portugal, and burning some lesser Ships, he returned for England with her.  
At that time the Seminaries of the Church of Rome, and chief the Jesuits were banished out of England, because they caused croubles, and could not live quietly.  
At last the Queen being feeble with age and hot disease, she died in the year 1602. and she departed a very good Christian, having named King James of Scotland Son to Mary Stuart to be her Successor, when she had reigned forty four years and four Months, A Queen that was most endowed with all the Benefits of Nature, a comely Person, for her Body, but more comely in her Soul, she was an excellent Scholar, to be commended for her Goodness and Justice, She was a Mother to her Subjects, and a Subject to the Laws.   

JAMES, King of Great-Brittany, France and Ireland.  
Anno 1602.  
THe loss that England sustained by the death of Elizabeth, was abundantly recompensed by her Successor King James, and the union of the two Kingdoms England and Scotland. He was inferior to her, neither for Religion, nor any thing else, and by new rejoicings he extinguished that grief the Subjects had conceived. He was a King the more happy, because he obtained a Kingdom by lawful succession, that was no ways embroiled with Wars and Tumults, but settled in exceeding great Peace. But as in the calmest weather ofttimes clouds rise suddenly, and it falls to thundering and lightning, so the affairs of Britain, though most peaceably, were endangered by the malice and conspiracy of some. The Ringleaders were Henry Cobham and George his Brother, Thomas Grace of Wiltshire, Walter Raleigh, and others. Their purpose was to kill the King but newly crowned, to change Religion, to raise Tumults, to let in Foreigners: A terrible design. But this flame vanished into smoke, the principal being either put to death, or condemned to perpetual imprisonment, or having their pardons granted to them. But least Peace should be disturbed by new Wars, he made Peace with the King of Spain, who was a sworn Enemy to the English Nation, it was solemnly confirmed on both sides.  
Though Peace were settled abroad, yet there was occasion for new Troubles at home; For when the King had called a Parliament, a very horrible Conspiracy was detected, the chief Author of it was one Catesby a Roman Catholic; He having hampered some other men in the same business, endeavoured at one stroke to root out all the English Nation, as it were by Lightning from Heaven. For hiring a Cellar under the , be laid in a vast deal of Gunpowder, which he purposed to set fire to, and so to blow up at once all the , together with the King, the Prince and all the Nobility; but the matter was discovered by the importunate care of the Conspirators, who gave warning of the danger to the Lord Mounteagle, Son to the Lord Morlay, a Member of the Parliament, and one that they loved very well. In this Vault there were found terrible Instruments of this damned wickedness, that a man would wonder at, which were presently taken away. Then the Conspirators were executed, Catesbey with his companions, John and Christopher Wright, and Thomas Pierce flying to his Arms was killed with a shot, others were taken and executed: Amongst whom was Everard Digbey, who was unwillingly drawn into this Conspiracy, for otherwise he was a man of excellent parts. And thus that heinous wickedness that had troubled the devils themselves, was purged away.  
In Northampton and Warwickshire new tumults arose, first by Fines, then by John Reignold that led them, but this faction was soon allayed, and the Authors were punished.  
In the mean time Frederick Count Elector Palatine, came to London to marry Elizabeth King James his Daughter. The Marriage was solemnised with wonderful pomp; but all these joys were over-shadowed with clouds of sorrow, for on the sixth day of November 1612, Prince Henry departed this life. Various reports were spread abroad by the vulgar, as if indirect means had been used, but his Physicians gave it under their hands, that he died of a violent, malignant Fever. Charles the King's second Son succeeds him in the Principality of Wales.  
About this time that Gallant and Noble Spirit. Sr Walter Rawlrigh, after fourteen year's imprisonment, made addresses to the King to get leave to visit the New-found-World in America, to which he gave him liberty and a Commission under the great Seal to set forth Ships and Men for that Service; his Reputation and Merit caused many Gentlemen of quality to venture their Estates and Persons on the Design: Many considerable adventures were performed, though with great difficulty, but more especially that of the taking and burning St Thomes. Information being sent to Gendimer who was Ambassador here in England, never rested assaulting the King with importunity for reparation. Raleigh no sooner comes a shore at Plymouth, but he had secret information, and did endeavour to get from thence in a Bark for Rotchell, but being apprehended by Sr Lewis Stukly, he is brought to London, and committed to the Tower. Gondimer that looked upon him as a man that had not only high abilities, but animosity to do his Master mischief, being one of those scourges that Queen Elizabeth had made use of to afflict the Spaniards. Having now gotten him in the Trap he laid his B●its about the King: In October he was brought to the King's Bench-barre at Westminster before the Lord Chief-Justice, where the Records of his arraignment at Winchester were opened, and he demanded why the judgement should not be put in execution: Ralwrigh. replied that Judgement was void by the King's Commission for his late expedition; The Lord Chief-Justice replied, the opinion of the Court was to the contrary: He required time to prepare for death, but it was answered, the appointed time was the next morning. Accordingly on the morrow he lost his Head on a Scafford in the Palace-yard.  
The Earl of Buckingham, as great in Title as favour, was now grown a Marquis, and lying in the King's bosom, every man paid tribute to his smile: Worcester and Nottingham are taken off, for him to be Master of the Horse, and Admiral of England.  
Queen Anne about that time fell sick and died. She was a Queen to be had in everlasting memory for her Noble Virtues. The King also fell sick, but by God's affistance he recovered.  
The Palsegrave in the mean time, who had married Elizabeth, by the prompting forward of some of the Germane Princes, was chosen King of Bohemia. The Emperor was wonderfully enraged at this Election, and proclaimed War against him, driving him first out of Bohemia, and afterwards out of all Germany, who in Holland, the common refuge for all wretched people, found a bountiful and safe entertainment. But James, that he might help his Son in Law, made a motion for a Marriage of his Son Charles, and the Spaniards Daughter.  
Charles is sent into Spain through France by Land, where he saw upon his journey, Marry Daughter to Henry the fourth. He was received in Spain, in outward appearance, magnificently, but a dissension arising between the Duke of Buckingham and Count Olivares, the principal Don of the Spanish Court, the Treaty for the Marriage was drawn out at langth, but Charles being impatient of delays, was called home again by his Father, and arrived safe in England, and afterwards he married Mary, whom he had affectionately beheld in France.  
What remains to be spoken of King James, is either scarce worth recording, or not so consonant to the truth. He died at last of a disease of the Spleen, though there were false reports spread abroad that he was poisoned, when he had reigned twenty two years, and was fifty nine years of age, in the year 1625. He was a true Platonic Prince, a Husband worthy of his Wife, an honest Father to his Children, a good King to his Subjects, because he was a Prince he was the Most Learned, and he was the Best Prince by reason of his Learning.  
When this King reigned, the English Plantations were settled in the Indies, as in Virginia, which Country Sr Walter Raleigh first discovered, and in the Barmudoes, whither an infinite multitude of inhabitants presently resorted, building public and private houses, and made a Commonwealth. The same was done by others in New-England, to the great comfort of such as were distressed and fled thither.   

CHARLES the first, King of Great-Brittany, France and Ireland.  
Anno 1625.  
CHARLES the first succeeded his Father, being twenty five years of age. The first design he had was to marry Henrietta Mary, Daughter to Henry the fourth King of France, as he purposed before, who landed in England the 22 day of April, and was received magnificently.  
Then a Navy was prepared against the Spaniard, (for all friendship was grown stolen between these two Kings, by reason of the breach of the Marriage, and the business of the Palatinate) he joined with the Ships of Holland, and sent away toward Spain, and first assaulting Cades and not prevailing, they set up sail to Sea, and spoiling all the Spanish Vessels they met, they return for England.  
Now a Covenant was made between the English and the United Provinces, and they resolved with joint Forces to tyre out the Spaxiard, but Charles, whose Exchequer was empted by reason of his great Expense of his Spanish Voyage, and setting forth of his Navy, was forced to call a Parliament, but Buckingham the King's chief Minister of State, and most dear unto him, had yet given no answer to his Charge, whereupon they denied to supply the King with Subsidies, wherefore he was forced to find out some other ways to raise moneys, wherewith he provided a mighty Fleet once more, wherewith, assisted by the Flemish Ships, he spoilt all the Spanish Ships they met, either coming from Spain, or sailing thither, and did wonderfully annoy the very Spanish Coasts; but when the French were not spared, a stop was made in France of some English Vessels, and the Merchant's Goods were Confiscate. The Ministers of the Church of Rome had heightened the indignation, those that came into England with the Queen, and these did what they could privately to trouble the English affairs. They were commanded to leave the Land, but they were sent away with good gifts and rewards. The French offended at this as an injury, sent monsieur Bassempeir Extraordinary Ambassador into England, who prevailed so fare that some were recalled.  
The French was not satisfied with this, but forbade all Commerce with the English subjects, and Charles did the like. Envy increasing, Lewis oppressed the Rochellers; Charles sent relief to the besieged, though he prevailed but little, some men's hearts flagging, who returned for England, and for their sluggishness, they were cast into prison. But chief sharp complaints were charged by the Parliament against Buckingham, who was the Commander of this Expedition: That he had delivered some Sea Towns to the Custody of some Soldiers that received no pay from the English, and had made strangers Commanders of them in Chief. That to the great detriment and hazard of the Kingdom, he had brought Germane Soldiers into England. That by his persuasion one Parliament was called after another and nothing done. That he had put many worthy Noble man from their places undeservedly, and put men less deserving into their places. That Warlike Expeditions undertaken imprudently had always an ill end, as was fresh in memory by the Rochel business. That Merchandise failed by this means. That he had turned another way such preparations as were made for War, and had destroyed a multitude of Shipping by his ill managing of business, etc.  
Charles to stop all farther proceed against Buckingham, presently dissolved the Parliament, and being overcome with the continual prayers of the besieged, he raised new Forces to send to assist the Rochellers, under the command of the Duke of Buckingham, but when he was ready to Embark himself, he was stabbed with a Knife by Felton an English man (who by this act did sacrifice himself for his Country) but he was taken when he had done it, and was hanged for his pains.  
Then a new Parliament was summoned; the King complained that Tonnage was denied him, the answer was made that such supplies were never granted to the Kings but upon urgent necessity, and therefore it were better that he should look to prevent the wrongs that were every where crept in, whereupon the Parliament was once more Dissolved.  
Then there was a supersedeas to all business, for if any man did not pay that Custom he Incurred the King's displeasure, and if any did pay, than he incurred the displeasure of the Parliament, and hereupon grew cause enough for following mischiefs. The King offended at the mallepartness of the Parliament, cast Sr John Eliot and some other Members of Parliament into prison, and appointed Judges to take cognizance of their Fact, they supposing themselves chosen besides the custom, deferred to meddle with the business, being doubtful what to do, the King pressed them on one hand, and the people on the other. The King's Officers sent messengers to the Merchants, whom they call usually Adventurers, exhorting them that they would set their Merchandise to sale, as they were wont, saying the King would take care of all, only let them pay their Custom, which thing they refused to do, without consent of Parliament.  
The other Merchants did the same, for it was fresh in their memories, that about an hundred years before, the Merchants had a penalty set upon them, who paid their Custom, the Parliament being against it, in memorial whereof, that posterity might not plead ignorance, a Chapel was built, which at this day is called Alderman-Bury; and a stranger Merchant, who paying the Custom, had set his Merchandise to sale, was excluded from all Commerce. And for this reason there was cause given for both sides to be displeased. In the interim Peace was ratified with France, and the Queen was brought a Bed of her firstborn Charles. The Spaniard also was hampered with divers Wars, and want of moneys, and therefore he thought it better to make Peace with Charles, than to be brought to a final desperation, yet the King and his subjects were never the better agreed.  
New and greater causes of dissension arose: The King had taken care that the Book of Common-prayer should b● reprinted, that such as had not the same gift of mind, might have something for their imitation, and by a set form should be stirred up to more attentiveness. This form was read in Churches and Houses at that time through all England. But the Scotch, a scrupulous people in their opinion, who are more afraid of the, name of yielding, than resisting, and would sooner offend against Religion than the Ceremonies of it, did publicly refuse it, but they especially, who held forth affected purity, were called Puritans.  
Charles to regulate the obstinate, presently musters an Army to invade Scotland. James Hamilton was the cause of it, who was sent into Scotland to allay the people's minds before it should come to a War, but he dealt deceitfully, for having a desire to the Crown of Scotland, he endeavoured to raise dissensions, and hoped to fish best in troubled waters. The Scotch on the other part, that they might not idly wait for their own destruction, meet the King with their Forces, but their Banners and Ensigns were not displayed, and in token of humility they laid their Arms down before him on the ground. But when both Armies stood now ready, the English, that they might not strive with their Brethren, refused to fight, wherefore he was forced to make peace with the Scots upon no good conditions, which being ratified, he came back to London.  
He was scarce returned, but some factious fellows, and such as by troubles and War hoped to make their own advantage, speak against the King's sluggishness, and stirred him up; who was already prone enough to make a new War against the Scots; whereupon he goes once more with an Army into Scotland, and by the same contumacy of his soldiers, as before, he was frustrate of his intentions.  
The Scotch also made a nearer agreement amongst themselves against the King, which they called their [Covenant.] The King therefore when he was distressed for want, calls a Parliament, and asks Subsidies of them, but it was in vain, wherefore he was forced to fly to other Artifices. The Queen that was pressed with the same care the King was, dealt with the Earl Charles Rosset, and with other Ministers of the Barbarians, Pansanius and Cunaus, to procure a supply out of the Pope's Treasury (yet it is supposed that the King knew nothing of it) promising if she prevailed, that the Catholics in Ireland should have greater liberty in their Religion. But Rosset denied that any such assistance could be granted to any, unless to a Catholic Prince, (as they term it) but if the King would abjure the Reformed Religion, and cleave to the Church of Rome, he promised all assistance; but he hating such a sacrilege, nothing was done.  
Rosset for this business was in great danger; for the English, who after they had renounced the Roman Religion, hated his name more than the Plague, or death itself, when they saw that his followers had more freedom, and were not ignorant of Rosset, who was the Author of it, they make a tumultuous head against him, that they might tear in pieces this hurtful instrument of so hateful superstition; but he hardly escaping in disguised apparel, hide himself amongst the friends of the Queen Mother, Mary de Medicis, who at that time was in England, and afterwards he escaped all danger, by the assistance of John Justinian the Venetian Ambassador, and Embarking himself he sailed into Flanders; but when he came to Rome, Pope Vrban the eighth rewarded his good service with a Cardinals Cap.  
The Irish in the interim were broke forth into a new Rebellion, and the Parliament used all means to find a remedy for such a mischief. And the King being not at quiet, caused the Liturgy to be new printed, which he imposed upon all the Churches in England, and forbade all Ceremonies to be used otherwise than they were in Queen Elizabeth's days. In the mean while, that no new cause of divisions might be wanting, seven Romish Priests are cast into prison, and are condemned by the Parliament to suffer death; but the French Ambassador pitied their miserable condition, and sued to the King for their pardon, the King answered he could grant nothing in that business, without consent from his Parliament. Then it was motioned to the Parliament who presently yielded to it. The King when he knew this, thought by an importunate anticipation to gain the thanks of that business to himself, and of his own accord commands the Priests to be freed from the prison. The Parliament was angry at the King's over-forwardness, and changed their former Decree of freedom into a Sentence of condemnation: The King he began to urge their discharge, and to stand upon it, resolving never to leave the business until the Parliament were met in a full number, and should give their final determination. They of their own accord cause one or two of these Monks to be put to death. It is wonderful how great good will of the people they procured to themselves by this deed, especially when by their public Writings they began to infringe the King's Authority, using such sweet words to the people, that might win their good liking of it. The King in the House of Peers complains of the insolence of the Lower House, and by a sharp Speech inveighed against their stubborness, saying that he neither could nor would wink at so great affronts. Others again complain against the Kings too great Power, and desire remedies.  
The King in the mean time strove to put out some from their places of public employment, and to put in others; amongst the rest, he put out Montjoy from his Lieutenant's place of the Tower, and put in another that stood fast to his part. The Lower House interprets this business, as if the King strove to draw all the power of Government to himself, and accused this new Lieutenant before the Upper House, for a factious person, and who was before condemned by the Judges to die, and therefore a man unfit for so weighty an employment. They added farther that this matter could not be without danger, for he having the command of the Tower might destroy all the City of London. The Upper House answered, That unless they would put their sickle into another man's Corn, it were wickedness in them to hinder the King in that matter, for it was an ancient and received prerogative of the Kings, openly refusing their consent.  
Nor was it long ere a multitude of Servants (which they call Apprentices) and a rabble of other people, came to the Hall door, crying out and thundering, that unless they would remove out of that place the Lieutenant of the Tower, who was a Papist, a factious, a wicked and unworthy man, they would turn all upside down; and they prevailed by this means so far, that both the King and the Lords were forced to consent.  
Nor was this furious multitude of the people content with this, but they made a fresh onset to abolish the Government of Bishops, and would have them all to be forewarned the Parliament House, for that they were addicted (as they pretended) to the Church of Rome, and to force them to it, they run like furies into Westminster Abbey, that was venerable for its Antiquity, and they fall in their rage upon the sacred Garments, Organs, Sepulchers, and spoil all that was either comely for its Ancientness, precious for cost, or to be valued for curious Workmanship; they hardly spared the Bones and Ashes of the dead, their impure purity had hurried them so fare. Then they run to the King's Court, crying, urging and thundering out the same things. The King had them all go about their business, threatening them with severe punishment that refused, and lest the next day they should terrify him with greater multitudes, he fortified himself with a stronger Guard. The Parliament either fearing themselves (or because they would not be inferior to the King) require a strong Guard of Soldiers to defend them, the Earl of Essex might be the Captain of it. The King neither granted nor denied it. Then they attempted a new business, and that was not usual, appointing an extraordinary Assembly in the City, that should manage all weighty and great occurrences, and this they did, without the King's leave or knowledge. And to weaken his Majesty the more, or rather to satisfy the insolence of the people, they cast twelve Bishops into prison, because they went about to maintain their privilege by the public Charter. That business much troubled the King, and all those that loved the public quiet above all things, but they that hoped to find some good for themselves out of these toss and tumults, did laugh in their sleeves, fomenting the troubles, and turning every stone, until such time as the Earl of Bristol, and his son were involved in the same danger (Strafford the year before lost his Head to satisfy the people, who was a man of a commendable and most approved understanding) William Laud Archbishop of Canterbury, and Primate of England followed him. But now they touched his bowels, for they began to accuse the Queen's Majesty, as if she had privately caused the troubles in Ireland, and had secretly moved that people (that are of themselves inconstant enough) to rebel. The King moved with this, accused five of the Lower House, and one of the Upper House of High Treason. Their Names were, the Lord Viscount Mandevill, Mr Pym, Mr Hambden, Sir Arthur Haselrig, Mr Hollis, and Mr Strewed, clearly demonstrating that they were the men, that had given occasion for these Tumults and Dissensions.  
The Articles of their accusation were these:  
That they endeavoured to overthrow the Fundamental Laws, and the King's Authority.  
That they strove to alienate the hearts of the Subject from him.  
That by the same Artifice they had solicited the King's soldiers to revolt.  
That they had procured strangers to help them to possess the Kingdom.  
That they attempted to cast down the Parliament and the Privileges of it.  
That they contrived to bring both Houses to themselves, and to their Opinions, and therefore they caused that concourse and commotion of the People.  
Lastly, That they had blown up this fire of War against Majesty.  
These Articles being read to the Lower-House, the King required that some should be sent to seize presently on their Writings, but some were sent to the King to dissuade him from it, and in the name of the Parliament, they would be Surety for the fidelity of the Members accused. But the King answered, That he required Obedience from his Subjects without enquiring into his Reasons. Others again urged, That the King by this Act had overthrown the Privileges of Parliament, and noted this Accusation to be a famous Libel.  
The King was resolved to oppose Force against Force, he requires assistance from the Soldiery, and hasteneth to the Hall with five hundred armed men after him, and commanding them all to wait at the door, he only entered into the House with an angry Countenance, and when he saw none of those that were accused, he seriously relates his good Intentions to the Parliament, and to the Laws and Privileges thereof, requiring that those Memcers he accused might be delivered up to him, and so he went back to his Palace the same way as he came, and sent a Herald once more to find out those he had charged. Then he goes again himself to the House, where the rest of the Members late, and did renew his discourse, whereby he expressed his good Inclination, and laboured to remove the envy from himself, that lay upon him, saying, That he would change nothing, nor do otherwise than what was done in Queen Elizabeth's days; Then he went to Dinner to one of the Sheriff's houses, and was in some danger by reason of the enraged multitude. But the Lower-House taking Counsel with the Upper, resolved by all means to revenge this rigour of the King that he had used against their Privileges, they presently put the City in Arms, caused them to shut up their Shops, and the sitting was adjourned for five days. Also the Parliament for bad the Citizens, that no man should help the King to find out those that were accused, rendering the King as hateful to the People as they could, and shaking his Authority. The King, when he might have made use of this Division between the two Houses to overthrow the attempts of the People, breaks forth into violent anger, sets a. Guard upon the Tower of London, and once more declares the accused to be guilty of High Treason, forbidding all men either to conceal them, or to convey them away, promising their Estates to any that should discover them, either alive or dead. But men were so fare from obeying the King, that the accused Members, guarded with a multitude of Citizens, took their places again, as before in Parliament, yet this was not sufficient, for the Parliament published through the City, That the King intended to ruin the Citizens, That his Forces were now ready to do it, which did not a little exasperate the minds of the Citizens. But the Aldermen of the City took a better course, and humbly certified the King, That the Communality were too much incensed already, and therefore he should let pass bitter counsel, and find out some way to compose the matter. The King answered them with the greatest moderation, greatly complaining that his Authority was violated.  
But the Parliament, when they had brought the business so fare, thought not fit to give it over, but on the 16th day of January, in the Year 1642. raised a vast multitude of Citizens, and others, as it was pretended, to defend the Houses, that they might assemble freely, and Latters were forthwith sent to other neighbouring Counties, whereby they were commanded to draw up in Arms all the Forces they could, under colour to defend the Laws and Liberties: Upon this occasion there came together a mighty Army, so that at least 20000 were ready at a beck.  
The King having timely notice of it, leaving the City, makes haste to Hampton Court, commanding his Counselors to follow him, especially the Earls of Essex and Holland, but they refused, wherefore the King with a small company, took his journey like one that fled, so that for haste, being he had no Purveyors, to provide room for him sufficiently, He, his Wife and Children the first night, were constrained to tumble all in one Bed.  
He being now escaped from out of their hands, by Proclamations endeavoured to maintain his own Cause before the whole world, but he wanted help.  
It was otherwise with the Parliament, for all London now stood against the King, ready in Arms. The Streets and cross-ways were stopped with Chains, and Bars, and Cannon mounted; Also the Parliaments Forces were augmented by an addition of four thousand Horse Soldiers that came to them. The Boats and Barks were fitted for the War, and most of the Citizen's servants and Apprentices, were at a call to join with the Parliament, and being armed what with Clubs, what with Sticks, what with Swords, and other Weapons, they came and guarded the , at Halberd-men; And from that time the meeting was not at Westminster, as before, but in the City, that they might the better win the minds of the Citizens to themselves, and be nearer to their business. Though the King being asked his opinion thereof by Essex, did flatly deny it, wherefore they are resolved to set upon the King's stubborn mind (as they said.) They commanded the Governors of Sea-Towns, not to obey the King's Orders, unless they were confirmed by the Authority and Seal of the Parliament, at one blow almost cutting off all the King's Authority. This might have been prevented, had he by good counsel taken possession of those Towns, and put in Soldiers to keep them for him.  
The King, when he saw they provided Force, and that he was not safe at Hampton Court, rides presently to Windsor, thither came the French Ambassador to him, who offered to be Umpire between the King and his Subjects, but when neither King nor Queen would give any great credit to his words, he did prevail but little. But now the King first saw that he was deceived of his hopes, when he imagined that Wales and Yorkshire were revolted from him, at the Report of what was past, and for fear of them his counsel was troubled.  
But the Parliament (which the King in his straits was not ignorant of) thought fit to proceed, and did prescribe Conditions to the King, namely, That the English should be governed the same way as the Scotch were, and to that they might call a Parliament as often as they pleased, and assign Offices to whom they thought fit, That the Bishops should be ejected out of the Parliament, whom they found more addicted to the King's side, and many such like Propositions.  
In the mean time, the Houses take into their Power the Towns of greatest concernment, amongst which Hull was one; The King had sent the Earl of Newcastle thither before to demand it for himself, but the Townsmen, who had first received order from the Parliament, being doubtful what to do, were between hope and fear, but then being confirmed with a farther order from the Parliament, they excluded the King. Wherefore being defrauded of his hope, he resolves upon more mild counsels, and sent Letters to the two Houses, desiring them not to proceed so harshly, to leave off their violence, protesting his Innocence and sincere intention before God and man. But the Parliament little moved by these words, take care in the mean time for the business of Ireland, giving Licence to Martin Tromp the Admiral of Holland to search all Dunkirk ships, even in they very English Havens. Also Digby and Lunsford that were addicted to the King, are accused of High Treason, the one was taken, the other escaped into Holland. Then they send Messengers to the King, and gave him thanks for his Letters, desiring his Majesty to return to London. The King, though he were pleased with their gratitude, yet refused to come to the Parliament, lest the people by their Insolence should again put him in danger. The Parliament was much displeased with this refusal of the King, because the traffic did not proceed well, and because they could not press their designs as they would. Whereupon the Lower House drew up an Humble Remonstrance, Whereby they desired Power to bestow all Places of Government both by Sea and Land, upon whom they thought fit, and to fortify Towns with Ammunition and Provision necessary, as they pleased. And proceeding yet farther, They asked that the old Servants of the Queen, both English and French, and such as were her Priests might be banished, and the Bishops and Lords addicted to the Popish Religion, might be excluded from the . That a Synod of fifty Ministers might be called. That the Princes and Lords should be forbidden to go out of the Land, or to make any Covenant with foreign Princes or Commonwealths, without the Parliaments consent. Lastly, They desired that the King should take an Oath to hold no counsel with the Queen in Church or State affairs.  
The Lords of the Upper House were not well pleased with these Propositions, for that the King's Authority was palpably infringed by them. The Lower House was angry at that, and fell to their former Artifice, and threatened to raise the people, and incite them against the Nobility, as Enemies to the Commonwealth, and addicted to the King's side. The Lords regarded not their threats, until they saw the Commons uniting themselves by counsel from the Lower House, and (which is to be admired) they found the Commissioners of Scotland, to join with them against the profit of their own Country. At last they were terrified with these things, and foreseeing greater dangers, they consent, though it were against their wills. Twenty chosen men therefore are sent to the King with these Conditions, which when the King beheld, he undertook to ask Counsel thereupon, and to deliver his mind in writing. But when he was pressed with straits on all sides, he yielded to these Conditions, namely, That the Parliament should store the Cities of the Kingdom with provision, upon this ground that the King should first be made acquainted what provision they would make, and to bestow the Offices, so that of three men chosen, the King might choose one. As for the Bishops and the rest, as being matters of great moment, he would advise farther. The King's Consent was received by the Parliament with great applause, though they could have desired the terms of his Grant had been larger, for by this Authority they increased in power as much as the King decreased. They brought the business so fare, that the power should be in their hands so long as the Parliament sat, which they meant for ever: For the King by a dangerous Indulgence, had granted them leave before to sit so long as they pleased, they being not to be dissolved without their own Consent. And that this power granted to them might not prove unfruitful, they presently put out some Governors, and put in others. Nor are they content with this, but being higher by the King's Grants, they petition that the six Members should be cleared from all guilt, and to be freed from attainder, the King was resolved to yield to all, and did grant what they asked.  
The King's courage was so fare weakened, that he lifted up the Power of his Adversaries, and pulled down the hopes of his friends, who trusting but little to his over great lenity, thought it best to avoid the strokes or misfortune now hanging over their heads, Part of them forsaking the Parliament, went home to their houses; Part of them preferring voluntary banishment before continual fear, went out of the Land, for they had now got the power of all into their hands, and did what they pleased, no man daring to whisper against it.  
And now that plenty of Parliament-members was so diminished, that in the Upper House there were left not above five and twenty, in the Lower House scarce fourscore, the King's friends still falling off, that at last there were hardly sixteen in the House of Lords. In the mean time they raged fiercely against those that were addicted to the Romish Religion, and they provide a Fleet with the King's Treasure, to defend the Mediterranean Sea upon all occasions, whereby his Power was diminished, and his Authority broken. The Queen also was so tired out with so many calumnies and aspersions, that she resolved to sail into Holland, and to accompany her Daughter to her Husband the Prince of Orange to whom she was espoused. And the Parliament to leave the King naked of that succour easily yielded to it. The King that he might clearly demonstrate that he by his presence had been no cause of any of those evils, before his departure had consented to the Petition of the Parliament, to exclude the Bishops out of the House, (which was not the least of his failings) And to discover his mind plainly toward the Reformed Religion, he caused a severe Statute to be published against the Papists, and banished all their Priests out of the Kingdom. 'Tis marvellous with how great joy the people accepted that, Bonfires were made in triumph at London, and in other places, it may be it was done, because the King's Power was now ended.  
The Queen in the mean time embarked at Dover, and with true tears took her last farewell, foreseeing that this departure of hers was an omen of a most sad Divorce.  
The Parliament in the interim asked the King's consent upon some Governors of the Kingdom they had chosen. But the King who was now sensible of his errors, began to draw back, and to delay the business. They impatient of all delays, send Commissioners to him, to let him understand, That the Parliament must fly to their Arms, and defend their Authority by force, unless the King would presently grant their just Petitions, (as they said.) And when the King resolved to remove farther from London, they entreated him not to do it, but rather if he would not, he should let his Son live at London. The King not wondering a little at this Petition, answered, That he was by these Propositions much amazed, but what to answer he knew not. He would have them lay their hands on their hearts, and would search whether of the two gave the cause now of mischiefs that would arise from a Civil War. As for his Son, he would as a Father provide for him, and that neither of them would go from London, unless they were afraid of the Insolency of some people there. And that he desired to procure Peace by all means, not caring who took up Arms, for he would rest on God's providence. So their Messengers were dismissed.  
But the Parliament, supposing they were not now to demur, command all the Lieutenants of the Counties by their Edicts, to fly to their Arms, and to compel all their Subjects that were fit to bear Arms to repair to their Colours. And forthwith they unpoured all those Officers the King had made, and made new ones by their own Authority. The most excellent and the wisest men were of opinion, that all that provision of the Parliament would dissolve into smoke The London Counsel also thought themselves wronged by this unusual and unheard of boldness in the Parliament, for by this means they were stripped of all their Authority. They complain of it to the King, but what should he do, whose hands were already bound, and he did not strive to unbind them. Then they put up their humble Petitions to the Parliament, to which the principal Citizens of London subscribed their hands.  
But when they waited for an Answer, as it was requisite, the principal of the Subscribers were punished. So all things grew worse and worse. The King in the mean time, who was not ignorant of the Parliament Attempts, called all his Nobility to him, that he might put a stop to the Parliament proceed; The Parliament to lull the King asleep with fair words, used all devices, and when this would not do, they over-weigh him with complaints and crimes, As that he had harkened to a change in Religion, and given cause for the uprears in Ireland, especially they that were most powerful with him, secretly bespotting the Queen.  
They added, That the Instruments of the Pope, of the Kings of Spain and France, were resolved to restore the King to his former Authority, and other things that served to justify their own proceed, and to make the King faulty.  
The King published his Declarations, labouring to remove these aspersions from him, and to decline the hatred of them, yet prevailed nothing, for the Parliament by a new Declararation, did both support and augmented the former Articles, complaining that the greatest injury was done to themselves by the Kings forsaking them.  
The King in the mean time takes his journey for York, together with the Prince, the Palsgrave, the Duke of Richmond, and some other of the Nobility, being resolved to be deluded no farther, but to oppose Force against Force, and the Right he could not maintain by yielding, to maintain by Arms.  
The Parliament did not sit still, but fortified the chief Towns with Ammunition and Soldiers, especially Hull, a City of greatest concernment.  
Also the Earl of Warwick was sent with thirty men of War, to guard the English Coasts, and they call Vice-Admiral Pennington back again by speedy Messengers, who had transported the Queen into Holland, and under pretence of subduing Rebellion, they gather a mighty mass of money.  
Charles in the mean time to overthrow their Commands, prohibits what they would have by Edicts to the contrary; but they disobeying the King, did their work by frighting him with threats, which was a great grief to moderate men.  
The King when he was come to York, was received with the highest affection of his Subjects, and before them all he removeth all that envy of Popery that was charged upon him.  
But the Parliament, who were not well pleased with the Yorkshire men for this, sent Letters to the King, inserting fair speeches, to pacify his anger. They writ a counterfeit Letter in the name of Elizabeth Countess Palatine, as written by her, wherein they did foully defame the States of Holland for her ill entertainment amongst them. To avoid the hatred of this business, Joachimus, the State's Ambassador, complained to the Parliament of the falsity of that report, because his Master's Honours were much shadowed by it, whose splendour and benevolence toward strangers, was sufficiently known to all the world; and he prevailed so fare that these counterfeit Letters were publicly burnt.  
A Rumour also as false as the former was scattered abroad, that a great Fleet was made ready for King Charles in the Denmark Havens, and thus each on both sides strive to draw reputation and authority to their party. They had long enough banded in words, they must now come to blows. Ere long they break forth into open War. The King calls all the Knights of the Garter, and all others that by the band of Nobility held from the Crown, to come to him to York. The Parliament contrarily made it death for any of them to go to the King, yet of the Lower House twenty Members revolt to the King, making more reckoning of the King's commands than of the Parliaments.  
In the mean time there followed an humble Petition of the men of Kent, to the Parliament, wherein they humbly desired,  
That nothing should be done without the King's consent.  
That the Liturgy might not be altered.  
That the Bishops might be restored.  
That they would not suffer the Fundamental Laws of the Land to be antiquated without the King's permission, nor Arms to be raised without his command.  
That some good means might be found out to make an agreement, etc.  
But the Parliament not only denied to answer them, but they severely punish him that brought the Petition, and the Earl of Bristol that received it, casting both of them into Prison, to cut off for the future all way for such requests, their fellows not a little raging at it, and saying openly that that liberty was unjustly taken away, whenas they had listened to other Petitions that were fare more unequal than that was.  
The Parliament in the mean time, when they found nothing done by the Commissioners they had sent to the King, resolve to execute their former commands, they command the Lieutenants of Counties to perform what they formerly had enjoined them, and presently to raise such an Army, who willingly went about it, hoping from troubles to find occasion to do their business, yet some looking deeper into it, refused to raise Arms without the King's Order.  
Also the Houses purposed to remove Pennington that was come back again, because they found him more inclined to the King than to the Parliament, but he denied to yield to them unless the King should force him to it. The King trusting to his fidelity, refused to discharge him, and to receive Warwick whom they would substitute. But the Lower House (the Upper House being against it, who held it unfit to proceed without the King's consent) pressed the business, and confirmed the first Election, and being exasperated by the King's inclination, resolved seriously for to make a War of it. All the provision of Hull or other Garrisons, they commanded to be brought to London, fearing lest the King should at some time possess himself of the Town and Ammunition: But they to whose trust these things were committed, would not deliver them without command from the King. They valued not all their threats and commands to have the Governor of the Town delivered up unto them.  
In the mean time the Sommersetshire men detesting the obstinacy of the Parliament, by example of the Men of Kent, presented an humble Petition to the Parliament; but they offended with their boldness, command it to be burned by the Hangman, to deter the Sommersetshire men from proffering any more such Petitions, who were charged to come in no greater multitudes than was requisite.  
The King also desired to sail into Ireland with a sufficient Army to tame the Rebels. But the Houses fearing lest he should allure the Rebels to join with him, and being strengthened with their Forces, should return for England, denied him his request, and preferred their own fears before the relief of so many miserable men. He in the mean time deposed the Earl of Essex from being Chamberlain, and Leicester from being Deputy of Ireland, and the Earl of Holland, for their disobedience. But the Houses on the contrary forbidden all of them to do any such thing without their prohibition, on penalty of their lives; also they confirmed Warwick's Authority. And that they might fortify the minds of all men the more, and exasperate them against the King, they spread a report, that there was a great provision made by him for War against the Commonwealth and the Laws, saying that all the subjects were therefore freed from their Oaths. The King holds forth the contrary in his Declarations: And when some Lincolnshire men came to him in Troops, and offered to defend the King's Cause, he forbade them stiffly; and to manifest to all his love of Peace, he commanded them all to go home again, upon the condition that they should return to assist him when they were called. He detained only 500 Foot, and 50 Horse for his Lifeguard. Many of the Nobility were drawn by this lenity of the King to revolt to him. The Lord Keeper of the Great Seal, that had done him so many injuries, ask pardon of the King, was friendly received by him. This was the cause that many others fell away, so that in the Upper House there remained not above fifteen, and they the most bitter against him. These with new representations concerning the Education of his Children, the Offices of the Kingdom, and such like questions wearied the King's mind. But they prevailed nothing, for those Captains and Soldiers that were mustered against the Rebels in Ireland, leaving their Colours freely, fled to the King at York: Whereupon the King augmented his Lifeguard to 1200 Foot, and 200 Horse, all descended of Noble Families, and for the greater Honour to them, he made the Prince of Wales their Captain. These being required to manifest their fidelity, did all swear unanimously to defend the King's Cause, but all the Nobility offered willingly to rais● severally 200 Foot in Arms, if occas 〈…〉 By which constancy of the subject, and by a small sum of money he received out of Holland, the King began to be cheered with new hopes.  
Then he appointed the Yorkshire men to meet him at a certain place, on the 13th day of June, not fare from York, who accordingly came with about 60000. The King with his Son, some Lords, 600 Horse, and a considerable party of Foot, met them there, and with a premeditated Speech, he declared his good intention toward Religion, the Parliament, and to defend his own Rights and Kingly Dignity. Also he made an Apology for the good of his Soldiers that were present; then he shown unto them the Acts of Parliament. Lastly he promised good pay, if any man would assist him, because he desired to use the help of his subjects rather than strangers. This Speech was received by some with great applause, others made their humble Petition that the King would hold a good correspondency with his Parliament, and desired that he would send those Lords back to the Parliament who had revolted from them. But the Earl of Lindsey the King's Chamberlain, and Lovel foreseeing the dissension might rise from this Petition, suppressed this faction at the beginning. Where 〈…〉 they were displeased, and divers men went away from the King. But the King accompanied with twenty thousand men came to York, and commanded them all to return to their houses.  
The Parliament was not ignorant of this business, they accuse the said Lords of Treason, because they had hindered the subjects from Petitioning freely for relief of their grievances, not remembering what example they had given by refusing the Petitions of the Men of Kent and Sommersetshire, and not only so, but had severely punished them for offering their Petitions.  
Then they raised an Army of 10000 Foot, and 2000 Horse, and send them towards York, hoping they would increase by others coming to them: And they borrowed a sufficient sum of Money from the Londoners, who strove who should bring most of their silver and guilt Plate, and whatsoever precious things they had, hoping of great advantage they should receive by it. But the King's misfortune began, when 20000 pounds were detained by the Exchange, being published at London, which the Queen had borrowed with the Crown Jewels laid to pawn; this was a mighty stop to the Kings proceed. The Houses increased the more, who (some in vain being angry at it) endeavoured to raise a great Army. The King also, who had with advice made delays, and spun out the time, could no longer wink at these preparations for War, but by Letters, by Policy, by open War, he did press the business uncessantly, and with great impatience. And he politicly attempts to take Hull, having obtained the consent of some of the Garrison. But Hotham who commanded the Garrison, refusing to let him in, though many Soldiers ran away, yet by a fresh supply of the Scots, he was disappointed. Because this succeeded not, he turns about to make conditions for Peace, and he offered the Houses to come presently to them, and to punish severely the Authors of disagreement, so they would leave London that seditious City, and chose some other place, as Oxford, Winchester, Cambridge, York, Bristol, Nottingham, for to assmble at. But the Houses would name no other place, lest the City of London should be displeased at it, for they had more need of the Londoners than of any others. The King, when that would not take, proclaims all men guilty of Treason, who should assist the Houses with Money, or any other supplies; and he threatens the Londoners that if they did it, they should lose all their privileges (as they have very great ones.) The Houses on the other side set as good a gloss upon their Cause as they were able to do. men's minds and inclinations were distracted by these means. The people who are easily led by blind error, and outward appearances, stuck fast to the Parliaments cause. Others who were of a higher rank, by reason of their Families, paid Tribute freely, lest the Houses should send men to strain on their Shops, under a colour of necessity: All the Nobles almost held with the King.  
The King in the mean while fortifies Newcastle and Barwick with Garrisons of English, wherein doubtless he hurt himself, and alienated the hearts of the Scots from him. For it was agreed upon before to have them kept by the Scotch soldiers, and not by the English. But when help came from other parts, and the Scots were undervalved, they studied to advantage themselves only, and though by holding forth Peace, he had won many men's hearts, yet being driven by despair, he attempts by force to gain Hull, which he could not do by Policy. First he possessed himself of their Falso of Waters, and then of their public Ways, that the Towns men might want necessaries, but by their Courage and Valour he lost his labour. The Houses now Proclaimed openly Wars; and they made the Earl of Essex General of the Foot, Bedford of the Horse. The King makes the Earl of Cumberland, a very Noble man, and faithful to his Sovereign, General of his Horse, and in the mean time set forth his Declarations to the world, and requiring Hull to be delivered up to him, that he might punish the insolence of the Governor, but nothing prevailed. But that War Proclaimed might not want its solemnities, the King set up his Standard first at Nottingham. But when he saw a smaller concourse of men than he believed would have been, he again turns about to make conditions. He sent Messengers to the Houses to excuse the fact, and to desire Articles of Peace. But the Houses, who knew that this proceeded more from his necessity than love, made use of all advantages, causing the King's Commissioners to be brought as Delinquents before the Parliament, overthrowing by this means the Law of Nations.  
Then they send to the King that unless he came speedily to London, and sent away those Nobles to the Parliament that were fled from them, that they might be tried for their Lives, and their Estates might be confiscate to maintain their Army, they would never lay down their Arms. A very hard condition, and no ways to be answered but by the sword. Some there were that counselled the King to yield to this, but he had yet courage remaining. After so many great preambles, at length War is denounced.  
But we shall pull in our sails, unfolding the causes of these dissensions briefly and succinctly as we resolved at first, and so hasten to a conclusion, least entering afresh into a large field, we should tyre both ourselves and the Reader. Pardon therefore this long digression, and I shall proceed.  
It was now come to open War, and the Victory was doubtful, sometimes falling on this side, sometimes on that, with no small loss of blood on both sides. All the particulars are set down at large in Books written to this purpose, whither I remit the Reader that desires further knowledge of it.  
Essex was General of the Parliament Forces, Fairfax he succeeded in his place. Divers Battles were fought here and there, many Towns vanquished: For the greatest part the King had the worst of it, who was afterwards also besieged at Oxford by Fairfax, and was constrained to fly away in a disguised habit, and he came to the Scots that were at Newarke, hoping to be received with great humanity by such good subjects as they boasted themselves to be.  
But when both Fortune and Fidelity failed, and there was no care taken for him in his affliction. They when they could not be good, would not be bad, and to keep their hands clear, they delivered the King to the English, under those conditions (as they say) that no violence should be offered to his Majesty.  
The English being now Masters of their desires, carry the King to Holnbey Castle, from thence to Hampton Court, whither he had fled before for Refuge, now a Prison. Which place seeming not safe enough for him, he went away to the Isle of Wight, to be guarded by the Waters and Colonel Hammon: using a crafty excuse, for a certain Letter was left on the Table, whereby the King was advertised, that there were some that laid wait for his life, whereby he was frighted, and fled to a safe place in the Isle of Wight.  
The people, though before they were enraged against the King, now pitying his case, and seeing their errors, resolved to plead his Cause: They offer their humble Petitions to the Houses, that they would not refuse to condescend to make peace with the King, and they prevailed so fare, that at last the business came to a Treaty, with a great deal of seeming satisfaction on both sides with great applause, both of the King, the Houses and the People; but afterward there was an humble Petition exhibited to the Parliament, wherein they desired that the King might be tried by the Laws and Justice, and all further Treaties with him to be laid aside, to which they denied to give an Answer.  
The Army and some of the Parliament not being satisfied, they march partly toward Newport, to the King, who now was a Prisoner at large, and conveyed him into Hurst Castle; Then marching toward London again, they possessed themselves of the City, and cast some of the Houses into Prison, whilst the rest who foresaw this Tempest, saved themselves by flight. Here we may see an example of God's judgement, for they that before had ill treated their Master, are now compelled to suffer.  
All that consented to the non-addresses, are restored to their Honours and Places. Then the King, in the year 1648. was taken as a Prisoner of War, and carried to Windsor. The remainder of the Parliament with others, erect a new and unheard of Tribunal, to take cognizance of the King's case. Judges were chosen, whose Names are generally known.  
This was done in the year 1649. in January. The King was brought before the High-Court of Justice, and was accused of these Crimes:  
That he gave the cause of the cruel bloodshed in England and Ireland.  
That he had born Arms against the Parliament.  
That he had given Commissions to his Son and others to wage War, that he might exalt his own Authority, with the high detriment of the Commonwealth, whence they concluded, that he was guilty of Treason, and so he was a Traitor, a Tyrant, and an Enemy to the Commonwealth.  
The King smiled at all these things, and gave no answer: being further urged, he refused to give any answer.  
Whereupon they proceed to Sentence, That he was fallen from all his Dignities, was guilty of High-Treason, and therefore was to lose his Head for being a Tyrant, a Robber, and an Enemy to the Commonwealth. Some making a great shout.  
The Sentence given, they proceed to execution, though the Holland Ambassadors, Adrian Paw, and Albertus Joachimus, with the Scots, did their best to hinder the proceed. He obtained leave for Dr Juxton Bishop of London, and two of his Children to be with him, these for his bodies, him for the comfort of his soul. At length he sent away his Children with Gifts and Tears: only he kept the Minister by him, to the last moment of his life. The Prince Palatine and the Duke of Richmond came to bid the King their last farewell, but the King refused it, lest they should interrupt the present joys of his soul with new lamenting. At last the 30 day of January was appointed for his execution: And the King ascended the Scaffold erected before his Banqueting-house; from whence he made his last Speech to the People there present, and when as now he had sufficiently professed his Innocency, he then prepared himself for death, and laying his neck on the Block, his Head was cut off by a disguised Executioner, and he changed a troublesome life for a quiet death: In the Year 1649.   
FINIS.