Political and Military OBSERVATIONS, REMARKS AND MAXIMS, OF Charles V Late Duke of LORRAINE, General of the Emperor's Forces. From a Manuscript left by him, and never Printed before.  
Justum bellum quibus necessarium, & pia arma quibus nulla nisi in armis relinquitur Spes.  Tit. Liv. hist. l. 9 
London, Printed for J. Jones at the Dolphin and Crown in S. Paul's Churchyard, and W. Hawes at the Rose in Ludgate-street. 1699.   

TO THE Right Honourable ARNOLD JUST, Earl of Albemarle, Viscount of Berry, Baron of Keppel and Ashford, Master of his Majesty's. Wardrobe, General of the Swissers, and Major General of the Horse in the Service of the State's General of the United Provinces.  
My Lord,  
NOT only the Persons of Princes, but the greatest Monuments of their Glory, have perished, excepting their good Works, and wise Say, which Fame hath handed to Posterity from one Age to another.  
Thus are come to light the Papers of Charles the V late Duke of Lorraine, General of the Emperor's Forces Writ by him. I, thought it Injustice to confine them amongst my Papers, therefore have adventured to give his Thoughts an English Dress, they were never Printed till now. This Country, where he was a Stranger, is the first Place in which they see light; where having need of a Noble Protector, I took the Liberty to present your Lordship with the Translation in Manuscript, and thereby had recourse to your Lordship's Favour, that this Illustrious Stranger's Spare-hours might find that shelter and Countenance, which his great Character calls for.  
This Prince was so active, that he could never find leisure to be idle, even in his Retirements from Affairs he would have some Subject to employ himself. It is observable that the noblest Works of the Creation are most Active: Activity was so innate to him, that the Sun might as well stand still, or the Sea cease from its Motion, as this Prince desist from giving himself Employment.  
You will find, my Lord, that Variety that may divert; they being Miscellanies that give more delight, than a continued Series of Matter. These will be acceptable to many, especially to such who to this day, make his Actions the Subject of their Conversations.  
His Notions and Maxims carry Worth in them, so may deserve your Lordship's Protection, they need no Encomiums. And though some may not have the like Apprehensions of this Prince's Works, yet it may suffice, that he was a Soldier, and that they dropped from the Pen of a Prince.  
The Scotch History tells us, That one of their Kings, while confined, did scratch with his Nails the History of our Saviour's Passion on the Wall; which rough Draught being done by Princely Hands, was more preferable, than what might have been done of that kind by the most celebrated Masters.  
He was not only valued for his Illustrious Birth, as being of the best Blood of Christendom, but reverenced for his great Qualities, for which his Person was had in so great Esteem, and entitled to double Honour; for he was not only born a Prince, but was also an experienced Captain. Such was his Conduct and Perfections, that each were so many Immortalizers of his Fame; and, with the old Hero's, he hath scattered his Trophies in the Fields of Victory, of whom Fame hath mustered Catalogues, and with them he hath filled the World with Applause; so that the Chronicles are so many standing Records to his and their Glory: For the Exploits of War have something of more splendour in them, than those of Peace.  
These retired Thoughts, which his Memory hath regist'red from Observation and Practice, are given to the Public, as I found them, to change their Form, would have been presumptuous. The Courage, Civility and Humanity, that appeared in the course of his Life, discover themselves here in this Treatise. In his own Country, they need no Protection; his Fame being so celebrated, though his Conceptions are Strangers there. As his Person fled for refuge to Germany, so his Works do now to your Lordship for Sanctuary from the ill Usage of a Censorious and inhospitable World; though his Actions are so many Monuments of his Fame, yet they need your noble Protection; which I am the more encouraged to supplicate, in that you will find many Things not unknown to your early Experience. And though Things have daily improved since his Time, yet here are never dying Observations, that will be ever of Use in all Ages.  
My Lord.  
You are one of those from whom this Age expects great Things; for you did early promise so much, which makes that, the Eyes of all are upon you, who with me wish, that Fortune may always smile upon you: That as you have advanced in the Temple of Honour, so you may in Favour with God and our great King, to the Good of the Nation, the Honour of your Ancient and Illustrious Family, and the great Joy of,  
My Lord, Your Lordship's most humble, and most obedient Servant, Rupert Beck.   

TO THE READER.  
THis Work is of that Nature, that generous desires may thereby be engendered in the Reader. The Subject is Peace and War, Civil and Foreign, with Observations according to the Nature of the Subject. Here are also Maxims drawn from Experience.  
Each may here find what is required in their different Stations, from the General to the Common Soldier, who through a generous Emulation may raise his Fortune.  
Here are Precepts for Peace and War, amongst which are several Things, that speak our Prince displeased, and in a complaining Tone of some hard Usage, which he thought he had received from a Great Monarch, between whom there was some Misunderstanding. Without doing wrong to his Memoirs, I could not omit his Expressions; but some Grains of allowance may be had to the Circumstances he laboured under, having to do with so Potent a Neighbour, That not only our Author, but even all Europe hath been alarmed at the great Progress his Arms have made. And to speak the Truth, Great hath been the Advantage that the House of France hath had from this their present Monarch's so long Reign; who, to do him justice, were he not a King, yet is he Great in his own Person, and wonderfully qualifyed to sit at the Helm of Empire, being so much Master of the Art of Reigning.  
By the Observations that are found here, all Persons, in whatever Province they move in, may find that which will affect them, so as to be fearless in War, happy in Peace, and to reign in the Hearts of Friends and Enemies: And to be loved, honoured, and feared, so that they may say with M. Aurelius, That where Virtue hath acquired the Love and Affections of the Subjects, that there can be no want of Men or Treasure.  
To conclude, the whole here may be seen, how to act in Peace and War, so that in Adversity or Prosperity they may neither presume, nor despair.   

Political and Military Observations, Remarks, AND MAXIMS, OF CHARLES V Late Duke of Lorraine, etc.  
PEace is that tranquil, and sedate State, where all things did breath gently, lived quietly, and moved in an harmonious Order; till it was interrupted by Lucifer, when he rebelled against his Maker, and seduced Man; and as he lost Heaven for himself, so he occasioned Man to be turned out of his primitive peaceable Condition, who, by siding with the Seducer, did entail misery on his Posterity, who were made Slaves before they knew what Liberty was.  
Thus Adam entailed on his Posterity, to be exercised with all manner of Evils; so that Happiness seems but a Shadow, an airy, imaginary Nothing, which while we think we grasp, it escapes us. These are the sad Effects of inherent Corruption, from whence came all the Dissensions private, and public, that justle out Peace at Home, and Abroad, with God, and with Man; so that never any Country could boast of being exempted from this sad Fate, but sooner or later hath had the turn of the Wheel from Peace to War, which by intervals have succeeded each other: This is the Subject on which I will make some Reflections in their Order. And first  

Of Peace.  
WHich is one of the Sovereign Blessings of this Life, as being the Treasury of temporal Felicities, and is as Youth to Age, Light to Darkness, and as Health is in opposition to Sickness: It is the Heavenly Blessing, and was our Saviour's last Legacy, my Peace I give unto you. The Angels could not find a better Wish for Mankind in their Anthem to the Shepherds, than that of Peace, which is the Calm in opposition to Tempest, and order to Confusion, and is the Summer that makes every thing Flourish. This Sovereign Blessing, where it is extended, spreadeth its Wings not only over particular Persons, but even whole Nations are Influenced so by it, that their Rivers Flow with Milk and Honey; and through its bonds of Concord, and Union, People and Countries are kept and linked together in Amity; and every thing where it Reigns is thereby increased so, that each may enjoy themselves, and their Families under the Shadow of their own Vine, and Reap the benefit of their Labours, and so Live on the Fatness of the Earth, by which they are Nourished and Maintained; whereas War is the Consumer and Destroyer of all. Peace is so Valuable, that Triumphs are not to be compared to it, which though it were an unjust one, yet is it more desirable than a just War; so that they who have two Dwellings, would part with one to procure it, that thereby they may Live in quiet. This Peace is a Blessing never valued till gone: It is like harmony in Music, the Disturbers of which, ought to be Cut off as Enemies to Mankind, and numbered amongst the Wicked, whose Death is the safety of the Good. No Treasure can be better employed than for its Preservation; such only desire not Peace, that would profit by Fishing in troubled Waters: It makes small things increase, when by discord Men are hurried and precipitated to the greatest Destruction.  
They deserve Censure that involve themselves in an uncertain War in expectation of an uncertain Good; by changing Peace for War, in expectation of a common Good, they expose to Misery all that are Embarked in it with them. This is turning our backs against our own Happiness, and opening a Door to Destruction. But such is Man's unhappy transitory State, that there is nothing so desirable but time may find a cause to dislike it; nor is any so in Health, nor so Strong, but they may expect a change: There is not such a preservative in Nature that can banish Corruption, but it will grow in the Body politic as well as in the Humane; so that one Hour hath sometimes produced great alterations: Therefore as the one hath its Prescriptions for Health, so hath the other its Preservative which is Religion; wherefore it is here recommended, as the best bottom, to establish the Health and Peace of the Commonweal; for where Religion does Reign, there good Government and Peace is likeliest to Flourish.  
Though there be no fence against Vicissitudes, yet a well-constituted Government may conduce much to prevent alterations, whether in respect of its  
Ecclesiastical, Civil, or Mililitary State. All which have a natural Dependence on each other; and though Religion be out of the Province of a Soldier, yet shall I adventure to Speak my Thoughts of its use, as being so necessary an ingredient to obtain the desired End, viz. good Government.  
Religion is the foundation of a Commonwealth, without which, a Government cannot Subsist, but will fall to Decay; there can be no surer sign of its Ruin, than when it is Contemned: It is the true and well-tempered Cement that links, unites and binds together, and aught to be the first thing that should be imbibed by Men. Without Religion, there can be no settled Government Established, which may sufficiently evidence its Necessity.  
Therefore those that intent to be obeyed, must before all things prefer the settling Religion in their Country, as being that which hath the greatest influence upon the Spirits of the People to charm them to Submission; It is a holy Policy to make Men stoop to the Magistrates, and is the Bridle, and a Restriction even to Heathens, who are more Zealous Observers of their Laws, and more obedient, which may same Christian Rulers as well as People. It may not be a Digression to observe here, That though a Prince may descent in matters of Religion from his Sujects, yet Prudence requireth of him, for his and their interest, to suffer the Religion of the Country; for men's Conscience are gently to be let, not driven and imposed on. The little Foxes that spoil the Vineyard are to be taken, not destroyed, Arguments, and good Examples are better Nets to take the Multitude, than Fire and Faggots; the imposing on men's Consciences is a sort of Tyranny, and a vain attempting to scale Heaven by worldly Ladders. But where a Prince is  by his Levites, he is carried away even to the eclipsing and unmanning of his Person, by whose Instigations he becomes a Tyrant over Consciences, and is an Usurper of God's Prerogative, who will only Reign there. A Prince ought not to be possessed with the Spirit of Persecution, as being not at all becoming his Character: For there is no Religion that hath not those that would not Sacrifice their all in testimony of the Truth, of what they profess; and though they differ, yet they all agree in this, that their Scope and ultimate End is Heaven; neither is it material whether we go one way, or the other, so we get but thither. To show a Traveller the best and safest way to his Journey's end, is not to use Compulsion or Blows; but with Humanity and Gentleness, and by well-wishing Motives, showing the advantages of the one, and the dangers, and inconveniences of the other, and rest there, without being so anxiously concerned that any particular Sentiments be followed above the rest. Also it may be an inducement to consider, That the Toleration of Religion is a great benefit to trading Countries. If you disturb the Bees, they will leave of carrying in Wax and Honey, and betake themselves to another Place, where they may do it with more safety. Thus, as by not suffering Liberty, many flourishing Countries have been Impoverished and Depopulated; so, on the other hand, Liberty is the Inricher and Incourager of Nations, and the Increaser of Wealth, and number of People, in which consists a Prince's Riches, as well as Safety.  
And to speak as a Man of the World unacquainted with tender Sentiments for Piety that Duty requires, who beholds all Religions a like, and looks upon them to be no more than a jolly Invention, contrived to muzzle the Subjects, and keep them in Awe, yet ought he not to slight those sacred Artifices, though his Conscience may not move, yet let Policy induce him. For it is a Prince's Worldly, as well as Spiritual interest to be moderete in enjoining his Sentiments in matters of Religion; and if he thinks that Religion is prejudicial to his Prerogative, yet let him at least retain the shadow of it, and consider that external Holiness procures awful Regards, and that it is both an inward and outward Charmer. Therefore let a Country always have such Spiritual Leaders as are true, and not pretended Chaplains to the Prince of Peace; such Torches as are saving Lights, not Firebrands, whose Tempers are mild and soft, and whose Breathe are pacificatory.  
A good Government is a good foundation for Peace, which is likeliest to flourish, where Reason and Religion Reigns; it requires no less Prudence to preserve Peace, than Valour to obtain it. That Country is likeliest to be best preserved, where the Prince knows how to Govern, and the People to Obey: That place is Happiest where the Subject feareth to offend, without which restraint, Commonwealths would prove but so many unweildly ungovernable Bodies. In order to a well constituted State, two things are required, viz.   

Rewards and Punishments.  
WIthout a due Distribution of which, according to the Merit or Demerits of the Persons concerned, Virtue will flag, and Vice predominate. That Prince who Rewads nothing, Purchases nothing: Where Valour and Merit meets not with due encouragements, Men will be unwilling to attempt notwithstanding all their Courage; for it is certain, that Benefits well bestowed establish a Kingdom, when Services unrewarded unhinge it: For as Wisdom and Courage begets admiration in a Prince, so Veracity, Courtesy, and Liberality do stir up and awaken the Subjects Affections.  
Also Princes and Magistrates should encourage noble Actions, Arts and Inventions, and promote Trade, as being the true means to enrich the People. Thus the Princes and Subjects Interest should be the same, without by respects; the Prince's good being the People's, and the People's the Princes.  
He Reigns best that Reigns as he ought, and though placed aloft in the seat of Sovereignty, yet should he condescend, and take cognizance, and look down on the Humble and Oppressed; the redressing whose Grievances is as much his Honour as Safety. His Ear should be always open to the Cries of Complainants, to deliver them from the rapine of Oppressors, and his Heart full of Compassion; lending one Hand to support, and the other to avenge their Injuries. It is a most unhapy thing for a Prince, when the People are always upon the complaining Key; he must needs be in a perpetual Anxiety and Fear, and constantly upon the Tenters, seeking ways to secure himself. For God hath been so Merciful to Mankind, that nothing is safe for a Prince, but what is Honest and Just; whose Security depends on his good Government, by which means Glory is acquired, and his worldly Interest secured: When on the contrary, from Evil conduct accrue Disgrace and Shame, and thereby all is exposed to Ruin. It is very justly, that good or evil Managements are attributed to the Prince; he being the Soul to the Body, from whom the rest of the Members receive Light and Vigour, or as the Spring that gives Motions to the rest of the Work.  
In order to Reign Peaceably and Honourably, with security to both Prince and People; there must be a strict Hand of Justice Maintained: For where that is Obstructed there necessarily follows a depravation of Manners, and a justling out of Faith, Honour and Morality; by which a Door is opened to Licentiousness; to prevent which Trajanus' Example is a great expedient, who would make choice of none to sit at the Helm, but the Wise, Prudent and Good; nor would he place in Military Employments any, but such as were experienced, and of known Courage and Conduct: Even his Courtiers had the Character of being Modest, Debonair and Courteous.  
But it is too Common to have such put in Places of Trust as are Unfit; the Observation of which caused Caligula to propose the making his Horse Burgermaster of Rome; alleging, That so beautiful a Beast might as well become that Station, as some of those placed there; and would be a less detriment to the Public, whose Faults they need not fear would hurt the Citizens. A modest Reproof, and an Advertisement for time to come, to make choice of more fit Instruments, than that of Men that act like Beasts. Experience hath shown in all Ages, how fatal the Choice of unfit Instruments hath been to the common Good, of which the Avarice of those that have had the disposal of Places was the occasion: For as they have purchased at a dear Rate, and came in without consideration of personal Merit; so they sell Offices by retail: Thus Money is the Qualification, and the greatest Ignorants may thus be preferred before Men of desert: But great Good accrues to that Government where useful Instruments are chosen, whose Business shall be to promote the public Good, in opposition to Flatterers, such who are , whose Fidelity neither promises, nor Threats can unhinge. But where those Caterpillars, called Flatterers, bear sway, no Good can be expected; much better it is to fall amongst ravenous Birds, than into the Clutches of such Harpies: It may be said of some, as it was said of Caesar, that he governed the World, but that Fostina governed him; so Flatterers, when they have gained an ascendant over the Prince, that though he governs the People, yet they overrule him. It was Pope Pius II.'s complaint on his Deathbed, when his Sycophants gave him hopes of Recovery, that the misery that attended Princes was great, since they could not hear Truth from those about them, though at a time when the Knowledge of it was most useful. These flattering Hypocrites are the Plagues of Prince's Courts, and with Justice deserve the Epithet, as having no Religion but Self-interest, and worship for God their Mammon, to whom they are more faithful than to their Sovereign. It is to that Idol, and to Greatness, that they pay Adoration, nor will they Know any other Deity, but they make them their ultimate End. How do Princes hereby make themselves contemptible? And are exposed to the censure of being pusillanimous for being thus led at pleasure; which speaks their want of Courage as well as a Deficiency of other Regal and Princely Qualifications; which occasions that Remissness, and Lenity by which they are exposed to be cheated: It is also an inlet to Irregularities, that gives an occasion to think as if they feared to do Justice, lest they offend thereby their Parasites; thus not only the injured Subject suffers, but also the Prince in the Opinion of his Subjects.  
It is also very essential to the Preservation of the Peace, and Prosperity of a People, that Princes be their example of good, as being their Looking-glass, whose Examples are Precepts, whether good or evil; which work more upon the Vulgar than National Laws. Therefore they should be bright and shining Lights, to lead the way to Virtue; the same should be all those they intrust with Power, without which they will be but so many Ignes fatui, that lead the Ignorant a-stray; where Virtue is not the Standard, there Commonwealths are made the feat of Vice, which might have been the stage of Virtue.  
It is the Stay of a Commonwealth, that the Magistrate knows to use his Authority; for the Eyes of each are on him as a public Dial that regulates adjacent Clocks; so Subjects steer their Actions according to their Morals; and though there may be Reasons for repealing and changing Laws, yet while they stand in force, they should not be suffered to be broken, that it give not occasion to have them contemned; and so become of no more effect, than so many Scare-crows with which those Birds, whom they should banish, become familiar even to perch upon the Head of what before was their terror; having by experience learned, That they are no more than toothless Bugbears. It is not sufficient to have wholesome Laws, but they must be put in practice to restrain the Disorderly. For there are a sort of restless Men never satifyed, no not even with their own Choice, such who like the Rainbow always oppose the Sun Be the Government what it will, they are for contradiction still, aspiring after what they enjoy not. These are the eternal Exclaimers against all reigning Establishments, and are the Diseases in a Commonwealth, which, as gangrened Members, aught to be removed, or cut off for the good of the Body. They are the Vermin, Excrements, and Nuisances, of whom Nature should discharge itself as of a common grievance; following the precedent of that Prince who, would have that Horse killed, whose fiery Temper gave disquiet to his Comrades. With more Reason, factious Men ought to be examplarily punished, as being the more dangerous sort of Brutes, whose restless Tempers would be of worse consequence were they suffered to take Root, therefore should be early mowed down, or nipped in their Bud: Or at least their Sting should be taken from them, that their Poison may not swell that Part they would affect. Lenity in a Prince on such Occasions, may be of ill consequence to the Public; and as Tyranny may be fatal, so may Lenity be the ruin of a Government: And though a Prince may not find it necessary to see, nor hear all he may see, or hear, and that Prudence will, that he dissemble the Knowledge of many Things; yet there is a time that Justice must take Place, That evil may be restrained, but so as to prevent Despair; lest the Exasperated finding all hopes excluded should awaken Revenge to the desperately overturning all before them: For as Oppression weakens the Government, so that Prince loses his Reputation, when he retaineth no more of the Regal Qualities than the name, and pomp of State, that outward appearance gives him. Where a Prince is loved, feared and obeyed, there the Government thriveth and Flourishes; for in Union consists the Strength of the Body Politic, who as our Bodies are composed of several Parts, each having assigned them their different Offices for the good of the Whole, to which order they all submit and agrees; so that if one Part or Member is offended, the other participates, and are not angry at each others Acts: But if a foreign Power wound an Eye, tread on a Toe, or hurt a Finger, the whole Body shall be affected so, as to discover each their Resentments. How will the Eye show its anger, the Nose shrink, the Mouth exclaim, and the Hands fly to the assistance of the grieved Part? The Feet, even the whole Body, according to the danger, take the alarm. Thus each Part sympathises, in the common Good or Evil that relate to the whole: Thus each one should be concerned for the common Good of that Republic of which they are Members. It is observable, That amongst irrational Creatures, there is not found that discord as amongst Men; they do not devour and destroy those of their own kind, in which Men are worse than the worst of Brutes; for they tear and devour each other, in which their Shame they glory.  
For the promoting this Union, the Prince should be circumspect, patiented, and quick in dispatches, showing his Power and Justice to some, and his Humanity and lenity to others, and not fly out when Things answer not the proposed Ends, but to be armed against Disappointments: For no Ship, though steered by a skilful Pilot, will in bad Wether always answer the Helm.  
Therefore since every Country hath its mixtures of good and bad, such Caution ought to be taken, as to connive at what cannot be helped; and seem not to see, when seeing may eclipse Authority if not exercised. It was our Saviour's Advice in the parable, That the Tares should not be rooted out, lest it endamaged the Wheat. Therefore Prudence would rather yield to Fate, and shut the Eye and Ear, and bend rather than hazard breaking. The Emblem of Hercules his boisterous managing the Rudder till it broke, may be of use to show how the Steersman may spoil the Ship's sailing for the want of a prudent compliance; and yielding to the circumstances of times, is the interest both of Prince, and People. Machiavelli tells us, That he who cannot dissemble knows not how to reign; not that Insincerity and Hypocrisy is proposed to be the Standard for the Prince to walk by: But here is intended such a Compliance only as may consist with Honour, and the People's Interest. There is an honourable Condescension, or yielding, till a fit Opportunity may offer itself. Prince's sometimes deal with their Subjects as with Children, whose weaknesses are born with, till can be got from them that hurtful Play-thing, they so passionately cry after.  
Neither should a Prince heap riches to the unease of his People; let them shear, but not flay their Sheep. Where is the Honour to have a beggarly Subjects? As he is the Head of the Body, he ought to have a Regard, that they that represent his Authority, do not abuse it by wounding the Feet; for when they are enfeebled what shall support the whole? To prevent which, Covetousness is to be discouraged; for a Prince is never so rich as when he hath his People's Hearts, than he needs not question their Purses. The public Interest is to have none placed in Authority, but such as are deserving; none should be impowered for favour nor affection; and when the Prince hath made a fit choice, they should have due encouragements to answer the Character they bear in the Government; That to support their Grandeur, want may not tempt to take Bribes. But where Virtue is found, there suitable Rewards ought to be given according to the Character born; that the Salary and liberality may be spurs to Virtue, as their Prince's favours are encouragements: There is no greater balk to Emulators, than to see Recompenses wrong placed on the Heads of the Undeserving: It is a great encouragement when a Prince shall of himself make Observations of the fidelity of his Subjects. To accumulate riches on the Rich, because they are such, is like carrying Water to the Rhine, or Gold to Peru. But Wisdom will direct when and where to place Favours proportionable to the Character of the giver and Person to whom the Largess is made, that exceptions may not be taken that merit was not recompensed, and that regard was rather had to Favour, and By-respects, than to Desert; which is not only a shame to the giver, but a Discouragement to such that have deserved well. Thus regard is to be had both how, and to whom, as well as what, gifts are disposed of: For such may liberalities be, That the giver may be impoverished, and instead of gaining Friends may draw upon himself Enmity; so that even those to whom he hath been liberal to save their Stakes may join with Exclaimers, and turn to ridicule that bounty shown them; and that Gift they called liberality, when they received it, shall with the common Vogue be styled a profuse wasting that Treasure, that might have been preserved for better purposes: Such lavishing merit rather the Name of Squandering than Liberalities, and in a Prince, as condemnable as Covetousness: But where liberality is guided with prudence, it redounds to the benefit of both Prince and People.  
It is also conducible to the public welfare that proper Instruments for council be chosen, such as are wife and faithful, in whom Covetousness doth not predominate; for where that reigns no good can be expected, as being the Gangrene of the mind, that eateth out Love, Duty, and Honour; therefore should have no more a Place at the Helm than Pride, or Envy: Also such aught to be removed as shall not from a peak and spite, in opposition to an others sense, seek out Reasons to overthrow the best advice given, and that because it was not first proposed by themselves. Where there is passion there is bandying, and clashing with Words; and no good success can be expected from these, no more than from those that can not see, but with such Spectacles as are handed to them at the Board by some leading Oracle, without further weighing matters; being wholly Biased by the Opinion they conceive of their Friends Parts, though many times the wisest may not always be in the right. There are also some that see no farther than that Counsel they take upon trust: These are Echoes, while others are for fetching Reasons a far off, in order to the effecting what is proposed, overlooking more easy methods at hand. These know not how to approve any thing, that carrieth not some thing of extraordinary in it. But none are more dangerous at the Council Board than these that wait to catch at the Prince's Sense, which they are sure right or wrong to approve, and make his Thoughts Theirs. These Flatterers eaten not sufferable in that station where none but the  and sincere should take Place, and not Sycophants. But there are few Princes whose Courts swarm not  these; also who have not their particular Achitophel's, yet will not believe they are so influenced. But a too over-weeing Opinion of any, how acute soever, may befatal. But there are others so opinionative of their own Sense, that they will call a Council only for fomality sake; though at the same time they resolve to take no Measures, but what their own Judgement dictates: Methinks I hear such say, with Xerxes, I called you that I might not seem to follow my own Advice, but it is rather to enjoin your obedience than ask Counsel. There are also some that, with St. Peter, after the act is over, are for consulting, and with him crying out, Shall 1 draw? When before he had cut of Malchus' Ear, but none are so wise but may need advice; for in the multitude of Counsellors there is safety. For Strength, Riches, and Diligence do not always succeed, but it is by Counsel? and Prudence, that great things are compassed. Such Persons therefore should be made use of, as are skilled in the Nature and Distemper of the Body Politic; such that like true Physicians of State may prevent Weeds from taking root, that the public Peace be not destroyed; such as can foresee State-Diseases by their Symptoms, before they become incurable otherwise than by violent Remedies. Such as are of Frederic the Third's Stamp and Approbation, who valued those Counsellors most, that feared God more than himself, who had for end, the Peace and Welfare of his Empire. There is no greater safety for a Prince, than to have the Government stored with such: Then will he be obeyed, and Peace secured; which Peace, how desirable in itself soever it may be; yet it hath attending it Pride, Idleness, and Danger: For under a long Peace, Princes and Subjects become secure, and Effeminacy, Lust, and Prodigality creep in; so that even the most disciplined Armies lying still may degenerate, and like the best of Horses pampered; and through want of exercise, do lose their good Qualities. Nothing contributes to ruin a Nation, like lust, and Pleasure: When Princes grow potent under a long Peace, they usually confide in their Strength, and are tempted to unjust Enterprises, whose sinister Effects fail not to follow sooner, or later.  
Thus far of Peace, how it may be kept at home against the Snakes of their own Bosom, which may prevent War from abroad; yet something may be spoken in particular of Peace, as it relates to neighbouring Princes.  
He that will live in Peace with his powerful Neighbours especially, must suffer, and not take every thing in the worst Sense; but give a grateful Twine to that, which at another Time, and under other Circumstances, might be called an Injury; therefore all Occasions of Contentions are cautiously to be avoided. Also he that will enjoy Peace with his Neighbours, must always be prepared for War: The Hedgehog is ever armed against his Enemies, and there are few. Animals that carry not their offensive and defensive weapon about them: As the Ox his Horn, the Bear his Tooth, and the Lion his Paw.  
The prudent Prince will lay up Treasures against the time of need, by such insensible Methods, that the People be not oppressed, and that occasion of Discontent be not given, and that what shall be accumulated, be not wasted by worthless Persons, not misemployed in fruitless, and unprofitable Contrivances; but regard is to be had, that all Opportunities be improved: Lose no time, was great Caesar's Motto, for delays are dangerous; and as Health, and fair Wether, are succeeded by Sickness and Storms; so War succeeds Peace. Solomon tells us, of a time for every Thing; therefore when Peace gives leisure, store your Magazines with warlike Munitions, that nothing be wanting upon a Surprise. It is the Security of a State, always to have an Eye on War, in time of Peace. Keep therefore a Nursery of Officers of Known personal Merit: It is the unhappy Fate of many deserving, to be laid aside in Peace, as if never more to be needed; and like Stoves in Summer, are not regarded. But though the Sun shines now, yet stormy Wether is to be expected, and a regard ought to be had to past Deserts. Also an Inspection ought to be made into the Condition of the standing Forces, that there be no imposing false Musters: A minute Account should be had of them, as also of the Stores, and that from time to time aview be made, also trials, and draughts should be frequent, the better to know what is to be relied on. Thus to preserve Peace at home and abroad, is to be always ready, and by the help of able Ministers, Inconveniences may be foreseen, and approaching Dangers prevented, by administering Suitable Remedies answerable to the present Pressures  
Also in peaceable Times to fortify Places, may secure the Country from Wars at home and abroad; the Reputation of being armed, may prevent both. It is strange how. Men are diffident of God, yet dare confide in sinful Men; and by a Remissness in that kind, give Opportunities to their Countries Ruin. It is the simplicity of the Lamb, or Goose, that lets them fall into the Wolf and Fox's Paws. The Tortoise, diffident of a foreign Shelter, carrieth her House, by Sea and Land, wherein she places her safety. It is not in our Days as in Noah's, Ark where Men and Beasts could sociably Live and trust each others; he that never trusts, stands on a Guard, and is not easily deceived. It is observable, That Peace lasts no longer than it consists with the Aspirers Interest. There are some restless Spirits that will not be quiet till beaten into good Manners, to the unease of their unhappy Subjects. But we must not only consider Peace as a long enjoyed Rest, where there hath been for many Years no Hostilities, but as it immediately succeeds War; and show, how after both sides are wearied by War, the usual Methods of procuring it, are by the project of Treaties.   

Of Treaties, and Negotiations of Peace.  
TO manage which, such proper Instruments are to be chosen, such as are well acquainted with their Neighbour's Interest as well as their own; and also with the Genius of those they have to treat with. If it be a powerful State that holds the Rod over you, than a Confederacy of neighbouring Princes is necessary to prevent being swallowed up a prey to Ambition. There are some Ministers so well versed in politic Strokes, and Conter-pates to know how to turn and wind matters, that they shall gain more by Treaties, than Conquerors shall effect by Feats of Arms. Many time's Peace hath retrieved those Advantages, which the Sword had lost: But in Treaties Clergymen are the worst choice; who, like evil Spirits, aught to be conjured out of the circle of Negotiations, and from having a share in managing the Civil Government, lest they confound all measures of Peace: For they make the worst Statesmen, who though they have the Voices of Doves, and have nothing less than Peace in their Mouths; yet they bear Stings in their Tails; they come with Olive-branches in their Beaks, but Experience hath taught that wherever they come to sit at the Helm, they occasion Discord and Confusion.  
Many times to serve a turn, Shame Treaties are set on Foot to gain time, where much is offered, though little intended more than delusory Amusements to compass By-ends; of these blinds, the prudent Plenipotentiary is watchful, lest instead of a Cordial, he meet with a purgative Potion. All State-engines ought to be considered, as so many Buyers of Wares, who to compass their desired Commodities, seldom speak as they think; but this our Statesman, being acquainted with the Interest of each Power, and the Politics by which they steer their course, will know how to turn the Mill that way, that may best answer that Quarter the Wind sits in. Lesser Potentates should Act with potent Neighbours circumspectly; especially when they have to do with such whose Maxims are, That their Princes ought not to be Slaves to their Word; and that Truth and Sincerity are but vulgar Virtues: It is those that are to be suspected, let their manner of acting appear never so frank and oepn: For such can stteer their course by all Winds, and will scruple at no means, how illegitimate soever, to compass their Designs of crushing others, and clothing themselves with their Dominions. These are they, whose Ambition hath no Bounds, but what necessity compels them too; against whom, as Common Enemies to Property, all adjacent Potentates should arm and unite, to support each others Interest. Nothing can be more uneasy, than when a Prince, or State, is placed between two Emulators for Empire; to carry even betwixt them, and to give jealousy to neither, is a hard Game to play; and those so concerned run a Hazard of being ground in pieces between such Rocks. It is therefore requisite to be always in good Intelligence with those they may have occasion to use as Confederates, or Mediators, that the power of over-growing Greatness may be balanced; that they may not, after the example of greater Fishes, devour the lesser fry of States, that lie in their way; which, if suffered, may be of ill consequence to such, as stand by as Spectators; lest their turn be next to put on that Yoke they suffer their Neighbours to be yoked with. It is surely the common Interest of Princes, to be jealous of Incroachers and Encroachments; being evil Precedents that in time may affect themselves as well as their Neighbours, who by stopping that current they serve themselves. If two Powers, Emulators for Empire, should jar and justle each other; than it is the common Interest to let them clash and contend to their weakening, provided standing Spectators lay not a Foundation for future Breaches. Such surely was the reserved Policy of Innocent X. when desired to mediate a Peace betwixt two Contenders for Empire, gave Cardinal Panzirolo to remark out of his Window, two Porters fight, whom he would not suffer to be parted till they thought fit to leave off themselves; saying, Thus will the contending Princes do, when wearied, they will leave off without a Mediator.  
Amongst the many Cautions to those that treat, something might be said of the Interest of such lesser States as have contests with Neighbours of their own Rank, who ought to avoid janglings, so as their Differences arise not to an open Rupture. Some proper Mediator therefore aught to be found, to accommodate Differences; so as the Honour of each may be preserved: For if the Contest arise to Hostility, it may prove of fatal consequence to both, and give occasion for a predominant Power to profit by the Difference, and annex them both to his Dominions; and serve them as the Bird of prey in the Fable did the Frog and Mouse, who seized of both. Neither should lesser States call a superior to be an Assistant, lest he serve himself, and not the Proprietor; of which History hath on Record various Examples, of those that made ill use of such Opportunities, and instead of serving the Interest of those that called them as Assistants, they made themselves Masters. Therefore it is best to avoid all Occasions of difference, and not be obstinate to wreak a Spite, but to accept of such Terms as may be obtained, and suffer the loss of a part rather than expose the whole.  
But there are sometimes such Peace's proposed, that an open War is more desirable, and less to be feared. Neither can Peace founded on unjust Conditions be long-lived; which are like ill cured wounds that fester and prove the Patients greater Disease.  
Neither is a new reconciled Enemy to be trusted, especially if he hath been the Aggressor; for such seldom pardon the Injuries they have done themselves; because they believe they can not be forgiven. Let the Fox cover himself never so artificially with a Lamb's Skin, yet the wary will dread him. Neither let any Inducement charm the Sword into its Scabbard, nor persuade to a too early disbanding Forces: That Shepherd deserves Censure, that will hearken to the Wolf to send away his Dogs.  
Having said something of Peace at Home, and of preserving it by necessary Cautions with neighbouring Potentates, and of security by Treaties, the desired hope; and though occasionally something hath been hinted at about making Leagues, yet it may be necessary to make further some addition on the same Subject.   

Of Leagues.  
ALthough Alliances are good yet those are to be pitied that stand in need of them; and should consider with whom Leagues Offensive, and Defensive are made. Unequal Powers in affinity may be of ill Consequence; for the weaker Lies at the mercy of the stronger, and is tempted to seek redress from another Power capable to protect him: For Confederates have divers Faces; it is their Tails only that are twisted together. When the Sheep become the Lion's Associates, their Skins usually pay for it; for between Unequals there can be no equal Confederacy. The Great have great Designs, the Lesser such as are suitable to their different Stations; one gives, the other takes. Disparity makes the unwilling unwillingly condescending, and as with the dividing the Spoil got in hunting, in a common Confederacy of the Beasts, the Lion will claim so many Parts and pretended Rights, that he will leave his Companions to stand by as Spectators, silently to dispense with their Rights, and suffer their irremediable Losses, without discovering the least Resentment. For what can be alleged, when the Character of a King, Merit and Prowess is pleaded, and after that of his Will not to be controlled? What can his modest Companions do less than make a Virtue of necessity, and suffer their Rights to be disposed of, how unjustly soever Ravished from them? Thus the powerful profits to the loss of the weaker Competitor. This comes by being tied to the Interest of a Potent Allye; who instead of a Helper finds a Master, such will know no Partners. Therefore it is of ill consequence for lesser Powers to be reduced to join with the Stronger; though it may sut a present occasion. Alliances with such Confederates contribute to Augment that Power, that when time serves, may be made use of, to enslave themselves: For when such Confederates have secured their ends, what can they expect more than that Fate, that Polyphemus gave Ulysses, of being Devoured the last?  
Another Inconveniency annexed to lesser Powers, when embarked in League with a more powerful, is that, whenever the same greatness comes to justle, and contend as Competitor with another of equal might; then the lesser by Virtue of the Confederacy, is exposed to all the straits and Desolations, that attend Hostilities. And if the formidable Power suffers, and bends under the Weight of the Adversaries Arms, what less can be expected, than to be Sunk, and Buried in his Ruins? Therefore a prudent Diffidence is to be had of all Compacts, wherein Safety is Exposed. It is true, that to prevent foreseen Evils, necessity doth sometimes oblige to Embrace for Allye a more powerful Party; and when a Prince's Word is once Engaged; it is confessed, That it is very Disingenuous, not to say worse, to break Covenants Solemnly Stipulated; but that is not here the Question: For as they can not be justified, so shall I not wholly Condemn the Breaking those Leagues, which encroaching Confederates have Necessitated: For there may be such Reasons drawn from Self-preservation, and the hard Termsimposed, that though the breach of Oaths can not be justified; yet they may admit of a most favourable Construction: For Oppression and necessity may extort such Terms, that the Prince would Sin against his Person and Subjects, should he inviolably keep them, so that though the making them at first was an evil; yet the breaking of them seems a less, than that of their keeping: So that although the breaking sinful Oaths may not be Scrupled; yet the making any Illegitimate ones is to be Condemned; as being that which with Honour and Justice can not be Maintained.  
It may be observable, That those with whom Leagues are made, aught to be such, that we may be assured they are Friends, that in distress will be a reciprocal Help, and not be Biased by Fear or Lucre. A true Friend, like Blood, springs forth as soon as the Wound is made. It is observed, That Swine, when they hear their Follows cry, will fly to their assistance in Danger: Therefore the Lion would make no League but with that Herd, that in Necessity is so faithful. Leagues are never so likely to be Religiously observed, as when made with such, as are not too much superior in Power; they are nice Things, and though a Remedy against Danger; yet themselves are a Danger, though present Circumstances sometimes call for them. In such Junctures, the Prince is to arm himself with Caution, that he repent not, and seek to break Compacts so solemnly exchanged. But God ought to be consulted; for if he ties not the knot, the bond of Peace will soon be unloosed.   

Of War.  
AS Peace vanishes, so War takes Place, each followeth the Heels of the other; as the one sets, the other overspreads the Horizon; and as Darkness succeeds Light, so War succeeds Peace.  
Amongst the many infinite perfections God discovered of himself to Man, that of Immutatability is only peculiar to the Deity; since no created Being's, how excellent soever in their Nature, but were made liable to change, and left to a possibility of falling from that State in which they were placed. Thus Lucifer from a glorious Angel became a Devil; it is matter of Astonishment, That in Heaven, where he was placed in the highest Orb of Happiness and Peace; that he could not be content, but must rebel against his Maker. It is matter of Wonder, That even Heaven, where the God of Peace reigns, should not be exempt from Rebellion, and since the Fall, it seems, as if Opposition were the very Essence of all created Being's. How are the Elements in Hostility? How doth the Earth quake? The Sea roar? the Air thunder, and the Brutes wage War against each other? The Greater devouring the Lesser. And no wonder, That Men are drawn in, having such Prompters as the Devil, and their own perverse Natures, that they can not without jarring, live in neither City, nor Neighbourhood. How early did this Enmity show itself? For, even in the Womb, Jacob and Esau struggled for Mastery, and when born, what feuds were there betwixt these two Twins in their Father's Family? That, not agreeing, they were forced to be separated, till length of Time had worn out their Animosities. Also a Father and Son, David and Absalon; a Kingdom could not contain them, but one must Rival the other for Empire: And which is more, Cain and Abel, though they had the World betwixt them; yet was their Discord Fatal. Thus Satan as from the beginning, so to this Day, he persists in fomenting Dissensions; setting Man against Man, Family against Family, and Nation against Nation; putting all into Confusion by Broils and Wars; through which Riches are exchanged for Poverty, and Sorrows are introduced in lieu of those Delights that accompany Peace; who as it is the Health of a State, and a Nourisher and Incourager of Arts; so is War its Sickness, and the Discouragement of Ingenuities: For in the midst of Noise and Hurry, none can expect suitable returns of Virtue, where Dissoluteness seems to be let lose, to make way for Pride, Strife and Contentions, and where every one labours to make his Neighbour his Prey. Thus where War is, there Misery overflows, like an impetuous Torrent, carrying away even to the very marks of Prosperity that Peace had formerly left its Inhabitants.   

There are two kinds of War, viz. Civil, and Foreign.  
CIVIL War is usually the Daughter of a bigoted Zeal for a public Good, and feigned Liberty and Property; it is from intestine Broils that proceeds Irreverence and Disobedience, and through the depravetness of Nature and manners justice, Majesty and Laws are trodden under Foot to make way for Spoil, and setting up some private Interest; or to wreak some conceived spite: Such are like those Fishers that find advantage by casting their Nets in troubled Waters. Intestine Heats, if not timely quenched, may prove the Destruction of Empires, and are worse than foreign Wars. And as Diseases within the Body, are more to be feared than remoter Griefs; so Civil War is attended with more sinister Effects, than that from Enemies abroad; for where the Bowels of a State are disaffected, there the Father is against his Son, and every Man's Sword against his Fellow; and as a House divided cannot stand; so the Ruin of that State may be expected, where one Member wounds the other, to the Hurt of the Whole. These Wars, called Civil, are the most Uncivil; for than is laid aside all respect and consideration, with reference to Affinity, Consanguinity or Friendship; for Friend knows not his Friend, nor Relation Relation, neither doth the Son know his Father, nor Servant his Master, no more than the Subject knows his Prince. Thus States and Commonwealths have their Diseases as well as Men. It is the wise Physician's part, to find out its Cause; for when known, the Malady is half cured: And as Purging and Bleeding is requisite to full Bodies, where Blood abounds, and ill Humours are grown to a ferment; so Phlebotomy in a State, is necessary when Malcontents are risen up, and become the Disease of the Place, so as to affect the Body Politic. Let the Evil proceed from what cause soever, it matters not; nei-neither is it material from what quarter the Wind Blows, if it endangers the House. Therefore let the Discord proceed from what Cause or Persons soever; whether from a foreign designing Power or from Poverty, Oppression or Idleness, or from the popularity of some particular endeared One to the People, as Absalon was in his time; all which being so many Rock's or Shelves, the Pilot, who sits at the Helm, aught to steer his Ship so as to avoid the threatened Danger; and though he hath formerly escaped, yet is he not to rest secure; for though every Vapour may not turn to a Storm, yet it is good that the Ship's Tackling be ready to weather the Tempest, that she may be safely steered into the Harbour of Peace.  
Civil War ordinarily hath these following Pretences; as Religion which is of great weight to influence a bigoted Commonalty, an invasion of Properties, which annexed to the former, will go a great way to unhinge all. Thus if Laws be broken, Privileges infringed, and Subjects oppressed, whether by Taxes, or by the Irregularity of Soldiers. Also when Persons of no merit are impowered, any Thing will serve malcontents to exclaim and take occasion to gratify their Spite; though the secret Cause of their Inveterateness proceeds from their not being preferred, and that their imaginary Merit is not answered: But whatever the inducements may be, they are but a wild sort of Executors of Justice, who taking pet at the World, will choose rather to revenge themselves on themselves, than not gratify their Humour; but these hereby involve also the ignorant Commonalty, that like Tinder are subject to take Fire; such, rather than sit still, under those Bounds that Providence hath prescribed them, will run the hazard of their own Destruction.  
Also Prince's Austerity to their Subjects may be a means to bring on themselves, as well as People, many Evils. The same may be said of private Feuds in great Families, that they are the Forerunners of Tumults in a State; especially when they arise to that height, as to form themselves into disorderly Assemblies, from such Sparks are often kindled Civil Dissensions. Likewise want of Bread may be an occasion; for nothing makes more desperate than a Dearth, and the more, if there be no prospect of a Remedy.  
The Remedies of Civil War may in some measure be effected; when its Causes are known, then suitable ways may be found to appease the incensed Ones. If the imperious Humour of the Prince be occasion, then let him change his Conduct; for such may be the churlish Austerity of a Master, that his Dogs may be so incensed, as to show their Teeth, and Snarl, though they may not always By't: Soft Words, and a debonair Carriage, cost nothing. Had Rehoboam practised this Rule, he had not lost Ten Tribes; but if any public Ministers abuse the Power they are entrusted with, then let them be removed, and made, public Examples to deter others. Doth penury, and want of Bread, cause Exclaimers, and Hurricanes are thereby raised amongst the People? Then let Monopolisers of Provisions be obliged to bring forth their Stores, and Sell at a regulated Price; for private Interest should give way to the public Good. In order to which let Husbandry, Mechanics, and Merchants be encouraged; and suffer not Money to lodge in a few Hands, but find ways to make it Circulate, lest it be said, That Want reigns where Riches abound.  
Commonwealth's are composed of two sorts of People, Nobility and Commonalty, under which general Heads are several Classes of Men. The latter is a great Body, slow of Motion; therefore as a spur to quicken them, the Nobility is necessary; not only to excite, but also to steer them in their right Bias, for the Example of the Nobility doth wonderfully influence those more heavy Masses, and by a sort of Sympathy infuses in them new Spirits, and giveth Courage to undertake, and execute generous Enterprises: For the Nobility wanting Numbers can not effect, what necessity might require from more numerous Bodies. Thus Nature hath wisely ordered each degree of Men to be necessary to the other, that reciprocally they might be the stay and support of the Body Politic, without which Union it could not subsist.  
It is the Wisdom of those that sit at the Helm to use means to keep up that noble Heat, with which the Multitude may be inspired, and not suffer their laudable Resolutions to cool; in order to which, hopes of future Recompenses are the great Engines of use on all occasions: For let Hopes die, and you may bid farewell to Successes, and conclude that both will sink together; for Hope is the life of Enterprises, it sets all Wheels on going, even from the crowned Head to the Dunghill; each have their Aims and Ends with which they flatter themselves into an imaginary Happiness, though they never live to see it compassed.  
But as hath been before hinted on an other occasion, That as all humane Bodies are subject to vicious Humours, so the Body Politic hath its Diseases and Tumours, which ought to be redressed by a timely prevention: For amongst the Nobility, of whom more reasonably might be expected fidelity from their Birth and Education, are found those that are drawn away, though they possess the Prince's Favour, or at least enjoy his Presence, to which by their Quality they are entitled unto, that one would think might be sufficient to steer them in the right way. But unhappy for them, and also for the Government, where such Disorders happen, for these prove the most dangerous Tools of Mischief, and the more, in that their Education hath given them acquired Qualifications by which they are capacitated to be more effectually good, or evil Instruments: But let the Cause of Discontent be what it will however justifyable in the prepossessed Apprehensions of such disaffected Ones, that is not here the subject, but to show how to quench, and extinguish those Firebrands, and Ringleaders to mischief.  
The first Remedy therefore proposed is, That the discontented Party by fair means be drawn to their Duty and Allegiance, from a true apprehension of their own Interest, with that of their Countries; in order to which, Reasons may be taken with respect to the one, and the other, and that by some proper In strument such honourable Satisfaction might be proposed as may consist with the Prince's Character of Sovereign, when he treats with his Subjects.  
But if fair Means fail, and that the Offenders are inexorable, then eclipse that supposed Merit, by which the Head of the Faction is boyed up in the Vulgar's Opinion: To promote which, insinuate Fears and Jealousies, that the fervour with which the Tumult is excited to Sedition, may be cooled; to compass which, let the Prince have in his Eye such, whose known desert hath not made them the Subject of the People's envy; such, whose Integrity and Faithfulness, annexed with their Experience in military Affairs, may carry on awful fear, and veneration for their Person.  
Also David's Policy may be of use, by sending a Hushai to countermine their Achitophel's, that by Intelligence, and a Diffidence insinuated, the Enemy may be weakened, and divided into Factions; on such Occasions not only Policy, but Money may be a proper Bait: For what can not Gold effect? What hath it not done in such Cases? It is as Oil to the Wheel, that makes all Things Easy; opens Closet-doors, discloses Secrets, imposes Silence, or makes the Priest's Mouth Speak; it inflames Zeal, creates Friends, and makes those that were Enemies, such, as they would sacrifice all to carry on that Interest, which before was their Aversion: So wonderful is the operation of this Metal, that it blinds the Eyes of the Seeing, and opens those that before could not discern; and makes the difficultest Enterprises easy by removing all Obstacles.  
But when all Means fail, and that suppressing Sedition is the Question, then let a Door timely be opened to those that by Repentance shall come in, and take hold of Pardon; which, when proposed, ought most Religiously to be observed: Offenders are not to be abandoned to Despair; that makes those the inveteratest Enemies, which, by prudent Management, might have become useful Friends. Let not Machiavel's Assertion be countenanced, That to the end Designs may not be abortive, it is necessary to be perfectly Wicked: But since Princes and Subjects are Mortal, why should their Passions be immortal? Neither is it good to penetrate too far into the Nature of Offences, especially when the Sore is spreading. But as Corruptions increase, and ways found to evade the Law, so should Justice be awakened to the exstinguishing of growing Evils.   

Of Foreign War.  
FOreign War is a less Evil, and a generouser Contention than the Civil, which may be reduced to that of Offensive, and Defensive.  
The Offensive is either Unjust, or Just. The occasions taken for an Unjust War are sometimes so trivial, as may rather be lamented than inquired into, and so with reason is called Offensive.   

Of , Offensive War.  
THe Opinion, that Right consists in that we are stronger than our Neighbours, or that God takes the strongest Part, is a Tenent to be abhorred: For he is a Supporter of justice, and the giver of Victory; which may be reasonablier expected, when Justice and Necessity compel to take Arms for Refuge. Having Self-preservation, and Peace for End, success may better be expected; but they have reason to be jealous of their good Fortune, when Ambition and Covetousness set them on work.  
This Unjust, Offensive War is the legitimate offspring of Pride and Ambition, and managed by such who are Scourges in God's Hands by whose means Countries are depopulated, and Devastations made. Such are Beasoms in God's Hands, with which he sweeps Nations. This sort of War is, in its Nature, offensive to Mankind, whose Undertaker seems to design the Destruction of his Species.  
This is the most unnatural of Enterprises, and looks as if Men had forgot they were Men, and that they had divested themselves of their Understanding and Humanity; and were become more cruel, each to other, than irrational Brutes are to those of their own Sort, who wage not War, one kind against those of the same. The Lion ordinarily tears not the Lion, nor the Tiger and Wolf those of their kind; they assemble not in Herds, and form not destructive Projects by gathering Parties against Parties. Also our Lord gives us to believe, That though the Devils are Enemies to Mankind, yet that they are not divided amongst themselves; for if so, their Kingdom could not stand.  
Is it not Folly and Frenzy to seek Occasions to be a Plague to the Age, and an Instrument of torment to others? To effect which, they will run through all Hazards by Sea and Land, and for Uncertainties court Death and Destruction; and with so much fierceness embark others with themselves, to endeavour the Ruin of those they neither hate, nor know: As it is with every hired Soldier that invades the Persons and Properties of such who never gave him offence. Thus these mercenary Champions contribute, as far as in them lies, to the promoting the Disorder and sad Effects of such Debordements, even to which themselves they bear their share. Those mercenary Ones, who regard not the Justice of a Cause, but fight for the empty Name of being Valorous, and the inconsiderable recompenses entailed on them, rather deserve to be styled Madmen, who give themselves up a Prey to the Sword, and hazard for trifles their All to the Mercy of incensed Ones; who will have no consideration to reduce such, either to their first Nothing, or to render them useless by loss of Members, which is more deplorable than Death itself: And this to serve the passion of an ambitious One in an unjust Cause; and perhaps such an one, who neither knows, nor cares, for their Persons, farther than to obtain his End; nor would Scruple, when occasion offered, to serve himself of their dead Bodies, as a Pedestal to heighten his Stature to take the farther view.  
But when God, and Reason, calls for the Defence of their Country, Prince, and Properties, then to die, or suffer, in such a cause, is honourable, and a Duty incumbent on the Subject. It is deplorable, the sad Reflections that may be made of the Effects incident to Wars; which in themselves are sufficient to deter the Promoters of unjust Ones. The hardening themselves against such Considerations are Aggravations of their Crimes; for from that time they are launched from the Shore of Peace, they also involve themselves, and others, into a Sea of Troubles, with whose angry Waves they wrestle, and are tossed, and hurried by the Wind of Fortune into a Gulf of Misery; which hath a Mouth wide like Hell, and refuses no Comers, but Preys mostly on the Valiant, and such as are fittest for noble Achievements: The most robust and daring, and those likeliest to live, are more immediately its Objects; and like the Lion, the King of Beasts, disdains a mean Prey, and as he spares none, but crushes all that come under his Paws. So this King of Terrors, when riding in Triumph on his Chariot of War, than the impotent, the base, the Coward, are not so immediately the Object of his lure, as the bold and daring, such as with courage can look Death in the Face; thus like the generous Hawk, he takes his flight on the noblest Quarry.  
But such is the misery incident to Man, that sometimes God suffers in an Age a Scourge to arise, who being given up to a boundless Ambition, is unsatiable even to the ravishing his Neighbour's Properties; which after he calls his, and that for no juster reason than that such was his pleasure; and after an illegitimate Possession, claims a right to adjacent Places by virtue of their Reunion. Thus some men's desires are boundless like the Ocean, and as the Grave are never satisfied; for presuming on their Power and Strength, they insult their Neighbours. But where is the generosity: To seek occasions of Contest where none is given, and that on frivolous, and often on no pretext surprise the disarmed, or at least upon such a disarity of Force as makes them no proper Objects for a generous Undertaker? But such run the Hazard of this Censure, That as the lesser Hectors, where, they have an advantage, will, on every slight Occasion, quarrel, and draw; and wanting matter for Contest, will rake it out of nothing. Thus the greater to serve their turn wage War, and tell the reason afterwards. But so abstruse are the Inducements for their irregular Proceed, that even Oedipus himself, how clearsighted soever, had he been living, could not have discovered whence, nor why were such Hostilities; yet such are the Parasitical Humours of many, that after a success obtained, they will sing the Encomiums of Praises of those whom they know have dishonoured God, and done the Devil's Business.  
Thus unwarrantable Actions take a new Name, and bury that of Usurpation in the Bowels of Victory, that it seems as if Success and Right were indissolvably knit together. Thus the Glory of overcoming, or being overcome, denominates the Enterprise good or evil; and, accordnig to the common acceptation of things, Fame Echoes forth Praise or Dispraise. Thus little Robberies are called Thefts, while those great ones of Principalities and Countries are styled Conquests, and Heroic Actions. Thus Usurpation changes its Name, and the Usurper is become the lawful Prince; whose fortunate Success is adored by the gazing World, while the Sufferer is despised and contemned. Thus the small Fry in the Seas is made the prey to greater Fishes, and the lesser Fowl to Birds of prey. Thus powerful Princes emboldened by their strength like Wolves, seize on their Neighbour's Flocks, and hug themselves with this impious Maxim, That wicked Enterprises change their Nature with their Names, and become Virtues, when attended with Success. Thus is he exalted to pride himself whose Blood boiling in a high Ferment of Glory, is emboldened to farther Insolences though he runs the hazard of Eternal Vengeance; for the  is not tied to Means, but with the Usurper's own Weapons, whetted to Destroy his Neighbours, he may thereby himself be made a Victim, and the measure he meated to others, may be accumulated on him.  
But what can we expect, when the Reflections of a Superior Vengeance will not take Place, that any more inferior Consideration should be available? Or that he should be induced to moderation, from any Reason drawn from his Honour, that is eclipsed by oppressing such who have not might to Subsist, but under the shelter of a more Auspicious Wing. But it is not thus amongst irrational Animals; for the generous Lion disdains to make the Mouse his prey; nor will the Eagle catch Flies.   

Of Just Offensive War.  
IT may be presumed that none will undertake such Enterprises, unless well-provided with necessary Requisites; it concerns not less such who have a legal Reason to begin a Just Offensive War, than those who want that Title to justify their Actions, especially since Honour, Reason, and Justice alarm them to action.  
It may be with justice denominated Offensive, yet not from the same Reason that the Unjust War is so called; for in this War Justice is implied, and is a Right that the Prince doth himself, and his People, who is supposed to be the Sufferer of wrong, either from omission of right expected, or from a Commission of wrong done. Thus, though cause be given for a Just Offensive War, yet before embarking therein, let the reasons of the undertaking be scrutinously looked into, and not take fire at every alarm, though there may be Amusements, and that Returns of just Demands may be dilatory and delusory, and Encroachments may be made on various Pretences, and that Words in Treaties may be wrested: Also such may Circumstances of Time and Place be, as to furnish matter for Contest; all which the Prudent Prince will not immediately resent, and take the alarm at every disgust, but rather by moderation Calm Heats, using means to reconcile Misunderstandings, giving right Ideas of Things by placing matters indispute in their true Light; for the events of War are like casts at Hazard, where the Dice commonly runs contrary to expectation, in which Fate hath a greater share than Reason: Though the Enterprise may be plausible, and easy at first Undertaking, yet there will be found Difficulties, and the End uncertain, if not Fatal; and oftentimes the Victor hath occasion to say with Pyrrhus, when he had vanquished the Roman Forces, to those that congratulated his Success, That their Transports of Joy ought to be moderated by Silence, since such another Victory would have undone him. Thus it may happen, that the Conqueror profits not by his Conquest: Those are surely most unhappy Undertake, where neither Party can promise themselves to profit by their Enterprises; but that there is an indubitable necessity, that both must be Losers; as it happens in all warlike Undertake; there being never Tears wanting in the greatest Solemnities of Triumphs. The Armour is soon put on, the City is soon in a Flame, but the Remedies of Conflagration are not easily effected; and Fortune, who is inconstant, is never so eminently such, as in her dispensing her Laurels. Prince's may be said to be like Fishers, who angle for a Prize, though they use the golden Hook, yet sometimes they not only miss the Prey, but even Bait-hook, and all are often lost; so that though the Gainer of the Bait hath dearly purchased the swallowing that Morsel, yet hath the Angler little Cause of Triumph; and many times gazing Spectators have seen their Heads crowned with unexpected Trophies and Honour, whom they expected should have been made Victims. It is very disingenuous not to say worse, on every slight Occasion, to place the welfare of the Subject on the Sword's Point. But some, like Gamesters, that have so itching an humour for Play, that rather than stand out, will hazard all.  
It is not prudent, at all Times, to begin a just War, especially when the Evil that accrues by it, is greater than the Good that can be expected from a reasonable Compliance. Let soft and healing means be used with such honourable Condescensions, as may consist with the Prince's Character. But if Necessity compels, and that Reason and Justice countenance his Cause, then let Diligence and Vigilancy be awakened, to prosecute effectually what shall be begun. For since nothing less than Fire and Sword will be available, use them as the last Remedy to procure that Peace, which fair means could not effect. Which having first essayed may give occasion with more reason to expect a a prosperous Success. By which we see how the use of Arms is necessary, and that the Military Profession ought to be honoured, and encouraged; but however laudable it is in itself, yet such ill use hath been made of it, as to give occasion for the unthinking Multitude to exclaim against it, as one of the Plagues of Mankind, and as a Science hatched in Hell for the Destruction of Humane Society. But as the best of Food turns to ill Humours when it lights upon a vicious and a disaffected Stomach: So the military Profession may be misused; and as skill and Weapons in the Hands of Robbers are hurtful and destructive, but commendable, when lodged with the honest Traveller, who employs them to defend his Person, and Effects.  
Thus the Military Art, and its Professors, recommend themselves to the World as the stay of Lives, Laws, Liberties and Properties. There is no Profession so honourable as the Military, nor more useful in its Place, when managed by a prudent Conduct. It is noble in its Cause when legitimate, as also in its Execution, by which its Professors are ennobled, and capacitated for the highest Honours; so that thereby they are adorned with Purples, and many times their Merit recompensed with Crowns and Sceptres. Even from private Sentinels some have raised themselves to the highest pitch of Preferment, and by their Virtue and Prowess have commanded such, whom before themselves have obeyed. No Characters of Men whatsoever, deserve more from the Hands of their Prince, not only in respect of their present Use, but also in regard of the Antiquity of their Profession. For we read of Hostilities before Learning had polished, refined, and dignified Men; for after the Person of their Sovereign, they are the noblest, and the more in this respect, That the Prince prides himself in the glorious Epithet of being styled a Soldier; and it is the Prince's peculiar Province, to ennoble and recompense Valour, by Military Honours. Also in many respects, they exceed the learned Heads, however crowned with Bays: For they are not only the preservers of Laws and Religion, and the Protectors of Persons and Properties; but that Country, where the Military Art is encouraged, becomes a Nursery of all Sciences, and under their Wing, Trade Flourishes, and Riches increase, to the Honour and Strength of that State and Government, where that Profession is kept on Foot; but where it lies dormant, a Door is opened to the first Ambititious One, that shall find himself at leisure to insult their Security.   

Of Defensive War.  
HItherto War hath been our Subject, so far as regards the offensive Part, whether Just, or Unjust; in the latter the Innocent is assaulted, and reduced to defend himself. It is time now to give some Hints, with reference to the Defensive Part of War, where Self-preservation calls for the Vindication of invaded Rights of the Innocents', who are therein passive, and by an impulse of Fate hurried on to defend themselves; like those harmless Clients, who fly to the Law for refuge from their litigious, vexatious Neighbours. It is from this verbal War, that the more bloody one, made by Fire and Sword, may have derived its Name; and as a Metaphor, drawn from defending the Cause, hath taken its name of a Defensive War, when the assaulted is necessitated to arm in his own Defence against the Aggressor.  
It is Natural to all sublunary Creatures, animated with Life, to seek their Preservation; and God hath imprinted it in the very Nature of irrational Animals to preserve themselves from an invading Foe, and for that end hath furnished each with suitable Weapons: Some have their Horns, some are taught the use of the Heel, others have their Teeth and Claws for Weapons; even the very Reptiles and Infects have their Stings, which they use when provoked.  
Since Self-defence is a Dictate of Nature amongst irrational Creatures; so it is in Man, even the Laws of Nations will that Force be repelled by Force: Yet some are of Opinion, That Self-defence is but a Faculty, and not properly termed a War; but we will not stick at the Name, but leave it as inserted, and call the Faculty of Self-defence to be a waging War. And as Fencers, where the one attacks, and the other paryeth, yet both are styled Fencers, and the Exercise is called Fencing. So those that wage a War offensive, and they that defend themselves, are reciprocal Wagers of War.  
It is not to be questioned, but a Prince may take Arms to defend his own and People's Rights; for God, Man, and Reason, calls him to it, and are Incouragers of Self-preservation, and to have recourse to Extremities. When nothing else will prevail, than the Offender must be Offended, and Force must repel Force. Yet though it be concluded reasonable, and a Duty incumbent upon each to defend themselves; nevertheless God hath endued Man with Wisdom, by which greater Things have been effected than by Force; for Prudence finds many ways to wind itself out of Trouble, and suits Remedies to the Circumstances then occurring. To give particular Observations for each case, is impossible since intervening Affairs can only direct, for New Accidents require New Counsel. But there are Methods always of use, as Beacons to direct Travellers. Amongst the general Heads of Advices observe, That when you find you shall unavoidably be attacked, and that all Means for accommodation avail not, then begin the Game yourself, and by way of prevention, if possible, assault your Enemy; for the surest Defence, is Offence. Thus hurting, and being hurt, are near Neighbours. Besides what Measures Prudence may have directed, try also (even in the time of Action) what Money will do; part with it rather than with more Essentials. Let the Sheep be Shorn rather than part with their Skins; the Fruits of the Earth, and Money, are easilier retrieved, than Liberties and Patrimonies. And though Ambition may not be charmed down by Money, yet through the Means of Favourites, a Change hath many Times been compassed: Therefore Plough with the Aspirers Heifers; for though the Ambitious one disdain, Golden Showers, yet he may be overcome by a Dalila, or some Favourite.  
Use therefore Gold as being an Engine of great use; it is a most Sovereign Mistress that makes the Blind See, and gives Strength to the Weak, and Feet and Wings to the Slow. By it Peace is sometimes purchased, and it is the cause of much Good, and much Evil; it is the Spring that sets all Wheels on going, from the Prince to the meanest of his People.  
The Prince therefore should not want this so admirable a Cordial suitable to all the Grievances incident to a languishing and threatened State, and is the best Bulwark to fence off approaching Evils; whether Famine, Fire, or Sword; it is so desirable, that the Business of Mankind in all Ages hath been to acquire it. How hath it penetrated Rocks, Stony Hearts, melted Metals; and without other Key, hath caused to fly open the strongest Gates to pay it homage, though tied upon an Ass' Back?  
If the Tempest cannot be diverted by Gold, then see what Stores and Provisions have been laid up. Lose no Time, it is an advantage to be soon in the Field; and if there be no want of Money, Counsel, nor other Requisites, than he that gives the first Blow, being so provided, is liklier to renew his Stroke; than those whom a Surprise hath brought into disorder. Thus meet danger, else it will find you out, and give Reputation to your Courage and Strength; and may be of use to bring the Enemy to consider, That a War built on Injustice may endanger his own Ruin. But let not him who values himself for Might, Situation, Numbers, Riches, and past Successes, be too assured; for Success doth not always serve the same Master, for sometimes it hath happened that Victory hath waited on those, whose Forces were Inferior to the Assailant, whose numerous Multitudes threatened to Swallow all before them; yet as the small Sands stop the Career of the raging Seas, and set bounds to its proud and insulting Waves, That so far they shall go and no farther, so should all bordering concerned Ones, nay even all Europe, endeavour to chain up the never-satisfied Lion with prey, that thereby he may be confined to his due Bounds: But some presume that Fortune will always favour their Purposes, so they continue Plagues in their Age.  
But when neither Money, prudent Measures, nor Force can rescue from Ruin, than the Giant must be let alone, and other Requisites used to calm that Heat: For when Courage is not available, a prudent Shelter from approaching Danger may be commendable, and ought not to be styled Cowardice; for though Virtue be most demonstrated by wrestling with the greatest Difficulties, and that Courage is ready to frame Ideas, That all Dangers are less, than what their Fears suggest them to be, whose false Images have often fetched Disasters from far, even to cause Armies to Fly when none Pursued; yet it is Fool-hardiness to run precipitately into them, rather than seek a timely Remedy answerable to Circumstances, as by calling in Succours; which, if failing, than the Generous will choose rather to die gloriously, than tamely lie down to be enslaved; better it is to die free by hazarding all in trusting Providence, than to be trodden under Foot. The All-powerfull is not tied to Strength, or Numbers, but can place the Laurel on the Head of the weakest. And though Supplies be wanting, and that they exceed in number of Men, yet they may not in number of Soldiers: For a good Cause, and Courage, answers all Defects. As Almanzor, Son of an Arabian King, told his Father, That no Weapon was too short for a Man of Courage; since what it wanted in Length, it might be supplied by Valour, and stretching forth the Arm.  
And though Expectations may not immediately be answered, yet the Generous will persevere in magnanimous Resolutions to the last, and not prescribe a time for Deliverance; for he who is the Protector of the oppressed, usually takes the Opportunity to deliver, when Extremity calls loudest. For there is no Fire, how great soever, but may be either quenched, or an entire Conflagration prevented: Few Wounds but find Plasters proper for their Sore. Besides, Time wonderfully changes the Face of Things, and makes our very Passions alter, that that which once was the Object of our Hate may in time become that of Love, or at least Indifferency; even the Persons of the Assailants are not immortal, though their Passions may appear so.  
Thus Hopes should bear up the Courage of the Generous, what either is or may be in prospect, any thing rather than despair; imagine that the Assailant, or his Animosity may die, or his Passion for Empire cease, or that some unforeseen Accident may turn the Scales; for though Towns, Cities, and Countries may suffer, be Stormed, and Taken, yet they can not carry them away; and Time may either see them rendered, or retaken.  
Neither is it morally impossible, but that even the Conquerors may be Conquered by those they oppresed; for the greatest Things are many times brought about by small Accidents: There needs but the want of Water, or a too great Inundation of the same, to change the face of things; for when God will deliver a People, his Methods are usually attended with surprising Circumstances, the better to show that his Finger operated therein. Yet let not the expectation of some surprising Deliverance, render secure, but be armed for Accidents, and use all probable means. However averse Fortune may appear to be, yet keep Courage awake, and persevere patiently: For there is nothing more inconstant than the events of War; the knowledged of which, may be improved so, as in Prosperity never to be secure, nor in Adversity to sink. But hope still, and be diligent, and active as fire, and with the Eagle quicksighted, Argus like, looking every way; and, as if possessed of Briareus' many Arms, bestir yourself to frustrate all Enterprises.  
The Foresight of events is necessary, and prevents many Evils, for by seasonable notices, Places are fortified, and People's Effects secured. This may detect the Imprudence of those, who through a parsimonious Principle of sparing lie still, as the unconcerned Object of Prey to those, who are upon no other score an Enemy, than that their Ambition and Power makes them such. It concerns all who are Neighbours to such a Danger, to stand on their Guard, and to strengthen themselves by joint Confederacy, against a common Oppressor, who hath given the World occasion to know, he will never want Pretences to offend, if thereby he may clothe himself with the Spoil of others; who is never in the wrong, nor yet true to his Promises; and will never want ensnaring ways to involve the Unwary; who like the Fox, or Wolf are for making all a Prey they can Surprise. Therefore by Union, and Counsel strengthen each other; for sometimes Counsel answers the want of Force. Being thus armed by Resolution, go on and Prosper; for that is the best Armour of Proof.  
Upon all occasions where Hostile Actions are necessary, as many useful Hands are to be secured as possible; but let few Heads be privy to what shall be the Enterprise. Affairs of War ought to be deliberated by many, but the Results known to few. When all lies at Stake, as Life, Liberty and Safety, than it is high time to stand up for them; especially having to do with One, who regards not such trifles as Honour, and Conscience; and looks upon Justice, and the keeping Promises, to be plebeian Virtues, offensive to a squeemish Conscience, and a stop to the Career of accummulating Provinces, as so many Annexes to his Territories; but how far it consists with Justice, that is never made the Question.  
Thus it appears reasonable, that in time of Peace, Forces should be maintained, and Disciplined; who ought not to be considered by the Inhabitants, as their Disease; but rather as those in whom consists their Safety and Happiness: For a competent number of standing Forces, kept in due order; instead of giving Jealousies, and being a Terror, aught to be considered as the Bulwarks of the Country; and as the great Encouragement to Industry. For what Courage can the Husbandman have to Plough and Sow, or the Merchant to venture his Stock, to Traffic, when they know not who shall reap the Fruit of their Industry? Thus under God the Soldier is the Subjects shelter, from Fears at home, and from Enemies abroad; by whose means Trade Flourishes, and the Age is Crowned with Plenty. By what hath been said, it appears, That a standing Army kept in good Order and Discipline, may be a promoter of Justice, and the Protector of the Sovereign's Authority; by which he bears the Character of God's Vicegerent on Earth.  
My spare Hours, have given me occasion to speak of Peace and War, which I intended for the private use of my Successors, who are not in Election tomeet with a favorabler Reception from the World, than my Predecessors, and self have had. I hope my Neighbouring Princes, from the same Inducement, may find Reason to join in Confederacy, against formidable Incroachers; in after Ages, as well as in these our times, which will strengthen this received rule, That from others Harms, and past Dangers; it is wisdom to take Warning: And most certain it is, That in the Union of lesser Powers consists their Strength. For though War, like some Physic is never to be Administered, but upon unavoidable Occasions; yet it is necessary to Bridle the exorbitant Desires of the Ambitious, and to preserve Peace. Thus War though a necessary Evil, yet hath this Good in it; in that it protects the Weak from threatened Violence, secures Justice to each Proprietor. Thus taking up Arms, may be sometimes a most necessary Refuge; when by Tyrannical Inundations the Prince is Insulted.  
I might here have concluded, but having observed the frailty of Peace when Unarmed; and that security is a temptation for Insulter's to profit by their lying so exposed: Therefore the use of Arms, is of absolute Necessity, even in time of Peace, and that the Military Art be encouraged. For which Reason, I shall further add some thing with reference to Military Professors, and will decipher the Qualifications requisite in each of its Members; for as the Military Employment exceeds all others, so its Professors deserve the greatest Honours and Encouragements. There is no Virtue in Civil Society that heaps so much Glory on the Heads of those it adorns, as that of the Military, and Experience hath taught Men to know, That it is necessary to have an established Policy, with suitable Encouragements answerable to the great Undertake of military Men; that according to the different Spheres they move in, they may have suitable Returns, without which few would be found to court so dangerous a Mistress, that cannot be obtained but by wading through Blood, Sweat, and Labour, whose Rivals for Honour never flourish so gloriously, nor ride in Triumph so pompously, as in the midst of Fire and Smoke. To proceed, let some thing be first said of the Infantry in general, and after, of each of their Stations in particular.   

Of the use of Infantry.  
THe Foot is useful in all Places, though rough, narrow, or strait Passages, whether Hilly, Rocky, or Boggy Grounds, and is of less charge in raising and keeping; and its Stores lie in less room, and require fewer Carriages, and are easilier disposed of, and secured, than Forage. When the Foot is well Disciplined, and in good Heart, they will maintain their Ground against the Horse, and are best in Combat, Sieges, and Ambushes, and will bear the brunt of the Day, with more Obstinacy; and though they are not so expeditious in gaining Victory, nor so useful in pursuing; yet they are not so soon vanquished, but will stand the hottest Brunts longer, and endure Fatigues, with Resolution and Patience; when the Horseman cannot be Master of his own Intentions, if hurried away by these strong-headed Animals, to the dishonour of their Riders, and many times loss of Victory. In the Infantry are more Preferments, and is the readiest way to the highest Military Honours.   

Of the Common Soldier.  
HE is the Stock upon which all Cions are engrafted, where the Product sometimes exceeds its Parent, who from thence have risen to the highest Degrees of Honour; even Princes have honoured that Station, either by shouldering the Musket, or trailing the Pike.  
The Common Soldier ought to be young and vigorous, of a healthy Constitution able to endure Fatigues; such who have been enured to Labour and Hardships are most desirable; the Climates that they are born under, may contribute much to endure Hardships; for more are killed for not being able to suffer Fatigues, than have lost their Lives by the Sword. His Stature should be rather tall than little; his Limbs clean and strong; his Feet good, and of a nimble and active Body; cleanly in his Person  and Arms; well Shod, and careful of his Necessaries, That he may encounter Want, with the longest. He must not hazard at Play, what he hath, lest it becomes another's Propriety, and so be tempted to irregular Ways, to supply his Wants; which may expose him to suffer military Discipline. Thus the bravest in a Herd have been untimely cut off, as Examples to others, which but for evil Precedents, hath been desired, that they might have been spared.  
Also Wine and Women, are the bane of an Army, and unfit the Soldier for Duty; the first bereaves him of Senses, and the second of Strength, and both are Triflers away of time, and Obstructions to Advancement.  
The Character of a Soldier is, That he have Courage as to dare Look Death and Danger, in the Face. One who is armed with Resolution, either to vanquish, or Dye. It hath been observed, That some Men, who have Courage in the Field, will fight like Heroes in a Crowd, when animated by numbers; yet will want that mettle in private Quarrels. It were to be desired, our Soldier were of that rugged Mould, not to suffer Affront, nor give occasion for Quarrels; but when insulted over, then let him only right himself by generous Repulses, thereby he gains esteem, and shuts the Door against after Broils and, Quarrels.  
His Character is accomplished if he Knows to carry himself debonairly to his Equals, obediently and humbly to his Superiors, and can give Instances of his Humanity to all.  
He is haughty to the Proud and Insolent: With his Enemies stout and valiant; but is meek and gentle, and affable, when Time, Persons, and Place call for it.  
He is also vigilant, and a strict Observer of his Duty, fearing to be surprised, either by his Superiors or Enemies, and never questions why, or what are the Reasons; but with an implicit Obedience, without murmuring, discharges those Commands enjoined him.  
He will keep his Arms in good order, and readiness; and, with the many good Qualities requisite, he is endued with Patience, a most necessary Ingredient in a Soldier; so that Money is not more useful, to supply the Necessities of the Poor, nor Wisdom to answer the Defects of Folly, than Patience and Perseverence is, in the course of a Military Life; for by this Virtue the greatest Difficulties are overcome.   

Of the Corporal.  
HE is promoted to that Station, from that of the Common Soldier; so ought to have his Qualifications, with improvements; as he exceeds him in Ttrust reposed; so he ought to go beyond him, in Diligence and Capacity. That he may the better discipline the private Sentinels, and keep, Peace he is to give information of Things to his Superiors, and carry the List of such as are to mount the Guard. It is he that distributes Ammunition, and Provision, and provides necessary Fire and Candle, and gives the Word handed to him; and in a particular manner his Duty is, to be acquainted with the Persons, and merit of each Particular, that he may place them accordingly.  
The Trust reposed in a Corporal, is of that consequence, That on his Fidelity, depends the Security of those Avenues where he is placed; for to have corpse de guards surprised, is of that importance, that sometimes it hath occasioned the Destruction of an Army.   

Of the Sergeant.  
HE is one chosen by the Captain, from amongst the best of his Men, for known Fidelity, Experience, Courage, and Diligence; he is the Corporal's Elder Brother, whose Place differs in this, That he Hands to him his Instructions, and gives out those Ammunitions and Provisions designed, and with the Corporal, taketh cognisance of the merit of each particular Person; and their Lodging, and Necessities, of which an Inspection ought to be taken, as also into their Behaviour; to assign Quarters, which he is to visit from time to time. The Care of the Company lies on him; he is the Captain's Eyes and Ears, by whom he receives Information of both Sick and Well, and other necessary Circumstances. In short, the Sergeant ought to be brave and stout every where, Night and Day, moving, walking the Rounds, visiting Sentinels; and, when upon Duty, he is to be personally present with the Superior Officers, at the opening, and shutting of the Gates.   

Of the Ensign.  
IT is a Post for a Gentleman; he ought to be endued with Sentiments of Honour for his Country, and Person. He should be Young, a Man of Courage, well made, with a good Presence. His Duty is, to carry the Colours where commanded, and choose rather to part with his Life, than with them. In the absence of his Captain, and Lieutenant, his Duty is the same with theirs, whose Instructions being in common these do refer.   

Of the Lieutenant.  
IN the Captains Absence, he is his Representative; so requires all his Qualifications, their Duties being the same. He disciplineth the Men, hath regard that the Sergeants discharge their Duty. The Care of the Company lieth in a great measure on him; therefore he should be Prudent, and a Man of Courage, as well as of Experience: For if the Captain falls in Combat, he leaves the rear to the next Sergeant, to take his Sword and Post, at the Head of the Company. It is his great Interest to keep a good Intelligence with his Captain; being the way to Prefrement.   

Of the Captain.  
HE should be a Person of Honour, Courage, and Experience; prudent in Matters, neither too rough, nor too indulgent, that he incur neither Hatred, nor Contempt. He ought to be informed of his Men's Names, and of their merit, and should know their Necessities. He marches at the Head of his Company, and leads them on and off in Action, and he is to know the Quantity of Arms, Time when, and Place where, and all other Circumstances, according to the Nature of the Occasion Also he should be skilled in Fortifications.  
This Post is the usual Step, by which the greatest military Honours are ascended; therefore he ought to be a Man of worth, such as shall disdain the consulting his own Ease at a time when his Men are incommoded; he should be qualifyed with Wisdom, carrying always a Face of Prosperity, even in the midst of Discouragements, that none be disheartened. He should have a Spirit above mean Things, as that of making advantage of his Men by false Musters; but with the Centurion in the Gospel, keep his Company complete; it being upon Record to his Honour, that he had a Hundred Men. By which it appears, as if there had been no False Musters in those Days. Also to assist his Men by little Advances, may keep them from Irregularities, and gain their Love. He should be ambitious of honourable Undertake, and not encourage by his Example any excess, but punish Drinking, and the Quarrelsome, with all Makers of Parties; Theft and the Seditious, are to be discouraged, or cut off for Example, by a solemn and public Execution. Small Faults need not be observed, and when such as you would spare are guilty, so that the Eye cannot be shut, without incurring the Censure of being partial, than Severity is to be used, answerable to the Nature of the Crime without respect of Persons; and as a Parent, who, though he may have a secret tendency to some of his Children, above the rest; yet he wisely conceals it, and with Caution incourages all, and disobliges none.   

Of the Major.  
HIs Character is in common with other Commissionated Officers, viz. That he have Courage, and be qualifyed with Knowledge; and that he be diligent, and active; for in the Major's Power is included that of all the Officers in the Regiment, which gives him authority over the Captains, and other inferior Officers, as well as Soldiers, in Garrisons, Villages, and in the Field. If there be not a Major in the Garrison; then he receives the Word, and directions from the Governor, as to Hours, Place and Quarters, which he communicates to the Sergeants, the same as if in Villages, or in the Field, whose Duty, and Instructions vary, according to the disposedness of Places, and the time when, whether of Danger, or otherwise. He appoints detatchments, and Places for Rendezvous, and marks out their Incampments, and hands to the Officers their Orders, before whom he is to be at their assigned Quarters, where he detaches corpse de Guards, and appoints Places for Sentinels. His Orders are not to be altered but by himself as being the ordinary Conduit for conveying them, either from the General, or his Colonel. He should discourage useless Persons, and see the Regiment march in due order, and that thy keep their Ranks, and carry their Arms, except weary, or sick; for whose relief, his care is, That carriages be provided to follow, that such as lag behind may be received. It is also his place to give out Provisions to each Company their Dividend, and to answer the necessity of the Sick, by suitable supplies of Food, Physic, and Shelter.  
In Sieges he advertises the Officers of his Regiment when to mount the Guard, and Trenches, and commands the bringing off and on Labourers; he keeps a List of the Men, and taketh Cognizance of the Officer's Baggage. He is obliged to be every where, and so for Expedition's-sake rides; he should be often with his Superior Officers to receive Instructions. He sets Prizes on what Sutler's bring in the Camp, and provides for their safe Conduct, and that they may not want he doth encourage their being paid.  
His Business consists more in giving Orders, than in executing Exploits; and though the practical part be requisite, yet a thorough Knowledge of the Theory is of absolute Necessity.   

Of the Colonel.  
HE is supposed to have eminently all the Qualifications of a brave Captain, who hath gone through those Degrees of Command, which have capacitated him for that Post, lest a conscienciousness of Demerit occasion his envying of more experienced Commanders that act under him. He is to attack, and defend, and lead his Regiment to engage, to make Retreats and Intrenchments; he relieves Posts, visits Works, causes Orders to be observed, and hath the Care of the wounded Officers. He hath Power to arrest, and suspend those in Commission under him. He should be of an attractive and obliging Comportment to gain Love, and to preserve his Esteem he must act with Bravery, Courage, and Prudence, and be ever armed with Foresight.   

Of the Major-General.  
HE is to the Army in a great Character that which a private Major is in a Regiment; he ought to have the General's Ear, and to be ready to receive, and with Expedition to convey Orders received.   

Of the Field-Marshal.  
IT is of absolute Necessity that he that moves in this Post should be a Person of Worth, Honour, and Experience, since good or evil Accidents may happen, or be prevented, according to his managing his Orders received from the General: He appoints Guards, Convoys, Parties and Marches, and distributes his Instructions amongst the Majors. He should be informed of the Country through which the March is intended; the Care of lodging the Army lies on him, where he is to be the first and last mounted: This is so necessary and painful a Post, that in all Armies accordingly as they are numerous an Augmentation of them is required, they being an Ease to the General, who are to see Orders kept, and Justice administered. As the Majors and other Officers Care are of those lesser Bodies under their Command, so the Field-Marshal's Care is required of the whole Army; so that Experience and Conduct seems as necessary to one in this Post, as to that of the Lieutenant-Generals.  
He is also the Protector of Sutler's, the Moderator of Rates, that the one may be encouraged to bring Supplies, and yet the Soldier not oppressed. He order the Marches of Foot and Horse, their Quarters, and their Form of Battle, according to the then disposal of Things in reference to Place, Time, and numbers of Horse and Foot, the better to prevent what Evil may happen, or to make the best of the worst of Accidents. This Place of Field-Marshal is exposed to Envy, and Censure, so is a Station of more Honour and Care, than Satisfaction.   

Of the Lieutenant-General.  
THis Post, and the Generals, and Field-Marshals, have so great an Affinity, that there is requisite the same Capacity, Experience and Qualifications; for what the General commands, the other executes, and that sometimes in separate Bodies, and on several Occasions, as with Flying Camps, at Sieges, Attacks, and with Detachments and Convoys. The General as the Spring doth cause the Motion of all the Wheels, the principal of which are the Lieutenant-Generals, so should be Persons of tried Fidelity, Courage, and Ability. Their Numbers are incertain, they act according to the General's Orders, which they hand to others, as in relation to Marches, assigning Incampments, Decampments, ordering Engagements, commanding Retreats and Pursuits; therefore Foresight, Prudence, Courage, Knowledge, and a presence of Mind in the greatest Hurry, are their requisite Qualifications.   

OF THE CAVALRY.  
HORSE is so requisite in an Army, that good Success in a great measure depends thereon, for all Places are first possessed by them, and those that exceed in their Numbers are likeliest to become Masters of the Field; for by them Garrisons are victualled, the Army provided with Forage, Convoys, Parties, and Quarters beaten up, surprised, and sometimes carried away: By the Horse it is that the Enemy is streightened, the Country ravaged, and harrassed by Incursions. There is not an Enterprise of Hazard and Difficulty where the Horse is not concerned; by their means Designs are compassed, facilitated, and expedited.  
The Horse being so necessary, so many of them are to be had as may answer the proportion of your Foot, as well as that of the Enemies. According to whose different Characters and Usefulnesses they are ordered, whether as Cuirassiers, Light-horse, Dragoons, Croates, or Heydukes. By these Passes are seized, Blocades made, and Contributions raised, Marches expedited, Pursuits and Surprises given; in the expeditious executing of which they are more necessary, and exceed the Foot, whose slow Motions are often Impediments, and cause Disappointments, while the Horse by their quick and long Marches are the great Advantage, though attended with Inconveniencies, as being a greater Care and Charge.   

Of the Trooper.  
THis Post, though the lowest, yet from thence some have ascended to the highest Degree of Honour in Military Employs; and as the same Soil produces Grain of several sorts, so the Bush and the Palm hath the same Origine, for Virtue is not always found in elevated Fortunes, nor will that Illustrious DAME be confined to Palaces, but the Country Cottage doth sometimes afford the World Heroes, who from their Clods of Earth, their Ploughs and Spades, have ascended to the height of Honour.  
These Considerations ought to quicken those in the most inferior Station to be Emulators of those Ensamples of Virtue gone before them, and encourage themselves with Hopes, that by a patiented persevering in Welldoing, treading in their Steps, having Encouragements with Opportunities, they may justly aspire at that Honour and Glory, that others before them have compassed.  
But as his Mind should be aspiring, and qualified with Courage and Bravery, being undaunted, fearing nothing but Shame; and as his Inside is adorned with generous Virtues, so his Outside should also have that of a comely Presence, strong and manly, rather tall than little, and used to the Fatigues of riding; not such as are taken from Towns or Cities, where, by an effeminate Life, they are made tender, and unfit for the Hardships of a Camp. He should be young in Years, from Twenty to Forty; for Nature gives such Impressions to Age, that ill Habits are not easily rectified; but an old Trooper is a useful Member if grown so under Service, whose Skill in Horsemanship need not be questioned, which Knowledge all should at first bring with them. As the choice of the Man is made, so should also the Horse in some measure correspond; who should neither be young nor old, but strong-set, well-limbed, and not of a great heavy make, yet large, and full chested, short, and strongly coupled and jointed, of clean Limbs, and good Feet, such as will stand Fire: It is in Germany where Horses fit for Military Service most abound nor will any stand Fire like them.  
As the Horseman is to be under the Command of his Superior, so he ought to have the Command of his Horse, that neither Gun nor Drum shall disorder nor make him break his Rank. Our Trooper should be as careful of his Horse, as of himself, and by being diligent, careful and obedient to Order, fearing his Captain more than his Enemy, he may come to attain to that Preferment that his Merit calls for.   

Of the Brigadier, or Corporal.  
THE Captain singles him out from among the eldest of the Troopers, as judging him best qualified and experienced; he is to the Horse, what a Corporal or Serjeant is to the Foot; in the Quartermaster's Absence he supplieth his Place. To discharge his Duty well he must be no Stranger to Writing: It is from him that the Captain expects an Account of all Omissions and Disorders, with a List of the Horse and Men, and of the Condition they are in. When upon Duty, by the Major's Order, he sets the Vedetes, whom he directs; to prevent Remissness he often visits, and in due time relieves them. It is his Province to instruct the Troopers, also what Forage and Provisions are handed to him from the Quartermaster, he distributes.   

Of the Quartermaster.  
HE is as a Steward to the Troop, so should be prudent, intelligent and faithful, being entrusted with their Subsistence. Courage, Resolution and Diligence, aught to be his Qualifications; from him is expected a particular List of the men's Names, and Places from whence they are, with whom he is to reckon, pay, and discount. He sets down the Orders given him by his Officers, and visits the men's Quarters and Stables, and doth see that all be in Order from the Horseman to the least of his Accoutrements, that from the Bridle to a Girth there be nothing wanting. The Ammunition also is his Care, which he distributes, whether in the Field or Garrisons, and takes Care that their Quarters be ready before their arrival. He is to be at the Captain's Quarter's Morning and Evening, to carry the Orders he hath received from his Major. He commands Detachments, and conducts them to their Place of Rendezvous.  
His great Business is to see that the Troopers live in their Quarters in good order, and that Complaints be silenced, and Grievances redressed.  
Thus by keeping good Quarter, and assigning Quarters, he hath given him the Name of Quartermaster.   

Of the Cornet.  
THis Post is the first Step to Honour, being expensive is fit only for such as have Estates, or are Gentlemen. This Station is not so troublesome as honourable, and should be filled up by a Man of Quality, as his first Essay; and if he hath before made a Campaign as a Volunteer, he is the fit for this Post: But tho' Favour should have introduced him, yet if his Inclination were the moving Cause, Success may be expected; for where generous Sentiments do put upon quest for Glory, there Obedience will become easy, and he will readily execute his Superiour's Orders, and will set all his good Qualifications on work to compass his desired end.  
There is in a natural Propensity to a desired Object an occult quality that leads Soul, Body, and all its Faculties, like a Torrent with Impetuosity to it, so that when Military Honour is the Thing aimed at, from thence may reasonably be expected great Things.  
It is the Cornet's Duty to carry the Standard when the Troop marches, as at Musters, at the Guards, and in Battle he is to bear it himself, and Death should rather be his Choice, than part with that Badge of Honour, since his Personal Reputation, and that of his Troop, depends thereon. If at any time he suffers it to be carried, it ought to be by one of the stoutest, and comeliest in the Troop. In the Lieutenans' Absence he commands. He is to show submissive Respects to his Superiors, and to carry himself obligingly to all; for to make Friends, and to have no Enemies, is the way to Preferment.   

Of the Lieutenant.  
HE is the Captain's Substitute, in whose Absence he hath the Care of the Troop, so should have Courage, Experience and Prudence to know how to act in his place. He gives Information of Omissions or Commissions, and of all that relates to the Troop. To make the better Inspection he visits the Men, and views their Horses, and recommends to them the care of their Arms as well as Horses, and should carry himself so as to be loved and feared. The Brigadier and Quartermaster are to be encouraged and countenanced by him in performing their Duty, that nothing be suffered to be amiss.   

Of the Captain of Horse.  
With the Qualification of Courage and Conduct, he is to have Experience in his own, and others Business; he leads his Troop where commanded, and accordingly gives Orders to those under him; he instructs, and leads his Men on, and off, and taketh Care they be well mounted, and armed, that all be in good order. He discourages Debauchery as the Weakener of Purse and Body, and the inlet to Pilfering and Effeminacy; to prevent which, hard Duty and frequent Exercises may be conducing. The good Captain will therefore himself see that his Men be duly exercised, that upon any sudden occasion they may be fit to be drawn out for Service▪ He will encourage Well doers, and give public Marks of Favour to provoke Emulators to make themselves worthy of the like, by which means he will gain Love, especially when his Men perceive that they are personally by Name taken notice of. Our Captain, if endued with a generous Soul, doth influence those about him to give him Respect and Esteem; for whose Heart would not run after him that values Virtue and Honour more, than all the World besides, even than Life itself, which he regards not when the Public Interest and his Reputation is the Question?  
It is not to be doubted but he that moves in this Station, hath by long Service and Personal Merit attained this Post, where before having learned to obey, he knows the better to command, and upon all Occasions how to behave himself whether under good or bad Events, so as that he will not give opportunity, nor suffer any to be let slip, but will take hold of all Occasions, and give the Enemies none.  
Being thus qualified he will be feared, and obeyed, which in Military Affairs is of absolute necessity; for though some Injunctions may seem to be but of small moment, and that their Nonobservance may appear to be a Matter of no Consequence, yet little Omissions often prove fatal; therefore all Orders should be punctually observed,   

Of the Colonel of Horse.  
IT is expected he be a Man of Honour, Merit and Experience; if he hath formerly commanded in the Foot Service, he is the fit for this Station. He leads the Regiment to Action whether in the Van, Rearguard, or main Body; and if Merit hath introduced him, than he marches with the more assurance. His great Care should be, that all under his Command discharge their Duty, that nothing be wrongs, but that his Prince be well served, and that Things be so carried, that his Honour may not suffer any Reflection, therefore he will have the Men often drawn up, exercised, and mustered, and will rather have Supernumeraries, than that his Numbers should not be complete.  
It is the Honour of a Colonel that it should be so; it is his Credit to have his Regiment well Manned, mounted and armed; some would choose rather to retrench from their own Property, than suffer any defect in their Power to redress: Which honourable Pride is not prejudicial to their particular Interest; for when the time of disbanding comes, those Regiments are likeliest to be retained, where each Man looks like an Officer, and each Officer like a General Commander; and upon a View they will have not only honourable Encomiums from their Prince, but in likelihood will be of those that shall be retained when other Regiments shall be broken. Thus by making others do their Duty, he discharges his own, and thereby deserves the Name of Colonel.   

Of the Major-General of Horse.  
IT is highly conducible for the good of the Army, that those in this Post be qualified, for the executive part depends on him, which is the more difficult from intervening Accidents, change of Place, and from Reports; therefore good Sense, Courage and Conduct, should not be wanting, for the receiving and giving Orders is his Province, and upon good Grounds he gives Information of all Proceed even to small Accidents; all which, to prevent Mistakes, should be set down in writing.  
Thus the Major-General must join with Force Wisdom, and with his Courage Skill, and couple the Fox's Tail and Lion's Skin together.   

Of the Lieutenant-General of Horse.  
HE should be a Person cut out by Nature for great Things, one whose Experience and Judgement should be such, that all Things may be easy to him, who being versed in every Man's Duty, and having Courage, is placed thereby above being in a Hurry tho' in the midst of Confusion; than it is that Judgement may be of greater use than the Sword.  
When Persons are elevated to this Station, if they have Personal Merit their Authority will be much more advanced, than if Birth, Quality, or Eldership had preferred them. Persons thus qualified are deservedly styled the General's Eyes and Hands, for they do act as Occasion and Prudence requires, as well in reference to offend, as defend, or to secure the Camp, and answer Supplies. His Care is awake Night and Day for Camp and Quarters, to surprise or prevent Surprises, which being regularly performed whatever the Success may be, yet he loses no Honour; and though Envy speaks well of none, yet his Courtesy, Affability and Humanity to all, with Generosity and seasonable Liberality, accompanied with a free and an open Table, will conquer even Malice itself, and make the most malevolent join in Echoing forth the Commendations of this our Captain, who in this shows himself great, in that he acts and lives like himself, as well in Quality as Merit.   

Of the General.  
IT may be said, That he is not only one of ten thousand, but even sometimes the one of more than a hundred thousand; and so deserving he may be, as to be more worth than many thousands of the rest. Such was the Voice of the People in David's time, they very well knew that the Body must suffer in common with their Head, therefore their Care was in a particular manner to preserve that, as the Means on which their Preservation depended. As he is the greatest so he ought to be the most excellent in all Heroic Qualifications, and Noble by Birth. Tho' this Post may be conferred as a Recompense to Virtue and Merit, where noble Birth is not, yet this Place is best adorned when filled by a Person of Honour, and one that is born great, whose Quality shall give him a Reputation, which when therewith endued with Virtue, Experience, Conduct, Liberality, and Affability, and these accompanied with an awful Majestic Mean, he shall thereby influence Love and Fear in all concerned with him. As he is the greatest so he ought to be the most deserving, which Desert will set a Lustre on all his Commands and Actions. This eminent Post in which he moves, makes all good and evil Successes to be most remarkably his, and as the Honour, so the Faults lie at his door. There are few Faults, but the Consequences of them are small in comparison of those committed in Military Affairs; for where an Army is routed, and thousands cut down, Countries and Towns pillaged, destroyed and burnt, besides the dishonour of a shameful Flight, and sneaking into Holes and Corners, whilst the Enemy rides in Triumph over Bag and Baggage, and the Honour and Reputation of the Conquered, which sinister Accident is attended with so many Discouragements, that the Lost and Dishonour is seldom or never retrieved, except Despair gives new wings to Action.  
But when Success followeth our Hero at the Heels how honourable is it in particular to himself, and how useful to his Prince, and Country, which gives occasion for his being registered in History, where Posterity finds him a Monument of Fame left on Record for future Ages to imitate. In short, as his Faults are irreparable, and cause Sadnesses, Sorrows, Tears and Lamentations, Miseries and Slaveries; so the contrary gives Joy even to Transports, and fills the Mouths of each with Acclamations, and Expressions of Praise; and whereas the one hath Death and Desolations writ in the Countenance, so the other hath painted Joy and Gladness, to which every Motion of their Bodies are so many Contributes to express it.  
Thus it appears requisite, That the General be not only great as to his Birth, but also as to his Personal Merit; and to say all, a Soldier, who with these Qualifications if attended with Success, will have his Head crowned with Honour. But if Fortune prove unconstant, than the most reasonable Attempts will be condemned, though he may deserve by his Conduct more Honour than the Conqueror. But why speak I of Fortune, as if Providence did not predominate over Human Affairs? This Fortune is no more than a Chimaera, the Idol of Fools, for though Success be attributed to her, yet it is God that gives the Victory; it is not always, to the Wise, nor the Strong, nor yet to Numbers, to whom Success is given, God reserves to himself the disposal of Victory that none might boast. But single Instances of God's Power are not to be relied on; for tho' he hath been pleased to give Victory by disproportionable Means, as that one should kill a thousand, and a few put ten thousand to Flight, yet in our Days we have no Reason to expect such Miracles, but rather Deliverances, by a course of means which God himself hath appointed, and recommended by his Examples to Mankind, not suffering his own Armies (among whom he had set up his Standard) to enter upon Action in their promised Land, till they were become a Multitude; and we may as well expect Health and length of Days, without Food and Physic, as Preservation in War without necessary Preservatives; among which Preservatives, the wise General deserves the first Place, as being the chief Means, if qualified, and for those other Necessaries required they must be had in readiness in time; thus being well supplied, and armed, and the Duty wisely and faithfully discharged, the Success must be left to God.  
Since Military Means are so necessary, and that the General is the Head, therefore he is supposed to have Qualifications to fit him for Action, and to command People, and Countries at home and abroad, and that he have a Tincture of Literature and Arts, that he be not imposed on by bold Recommenders of Trifles▪ Also to be provident and liberal, are requisite Qualifications. He should be a Prince in his Temper, yet sparing where Reason calls for it, not believing himself lessened by taking Cognizance of the minutest Things relating to good Husbandry, that Stores be not wasted: The preventing Spoil and Havoc is as much the Province of a General, as those more sublime Actions of Battles, Sieges and Surprises; by good Husbandry, and a provident Care, Multitudes may be preserved from Want and sinister Accidents. Also the General, with his other Acquirements, should know the Country where the Seat of War may be carried on, therefore in time of Peace Rural Recreations, as Hunting and Hawking, may inform his Knowledge; by which means he may be acquainted with Enclosures, Uneavenness of Ground, the Champion Country, Marches, Roads, narrow Passages, the Knowledge of which is useful to all Military Men. To be an accomplished Captain is obtained by great Labour and Industry; and though they may be born Soldiers, yet Experience is not attained but by Care and Application, as appears by the great Work he hath to do; on which depends his Care in reference to   

Incampments, or Lodgings, Marches, Engagements, Sieges, which are a mixture of Encamping and Engaging.  
All which fall to be spoken of in the next Place in their Order. And First   

Of Incampments or Lodgings, of which there are three sorts.  
THE First is when an Army is on the Wing, waiting every moment for Orders to march.  
The Second is when an Army hath surrounded a Place in order to a Siege.  
The Third Incampment is when the Army is in Apprehensions of an Enemy, and so obliged to regulate its Motions with Caution; then where Nature is found defective, Art should supply by casting up proper Works for Security.  
To which end he is to have in his Eye not only the Place where he is to Incamp, or Lodge, but also to consider the number of his Enemies with reference to his own, and to regulate his Motions to Offend and Defend; so that in Incampments or Lodgments he must have a regard to the Situation of Ground, whether Mountainous, Champion, or replenished with Villages: It is not always in the choice of a General to incamp where he desires, but is necessitated to take such Measures as present Circumstances will permit, though he aims at the being Master of rising Grounds, and to have the Benefit of Water and Wood, and if possible of all narrow Accesses situated near him, and accordingly he causes Intrenchments. A Champion Country is much more to be desired, than to have the Army dispersed in Villages, being more healthful, and less exposed to Incursions and Surprises, and thereby better capacitated through the means of Intrenchments, to Offend and Defend. Also Incampments should be chosen for the Conveniency of conveying Supplies; for Obstructions on such Occasions have caused the Ruin of great Bodies, and occasioned unseasonable Decampments, and so given that Victory to those, which otherwise might have lest expected it, had the Passages been open and free.   

Of Marches.  
HERE is Secrecy required, whether it be to surprise an Army, a Party, or Place, or that it be to prevent being surprised in Marching, to which Speed, Diligence and Secrecy is recommended; for the being outdone, or the outdoing an Enemy in Marches, may prove the unhinging of Affairs for that Campaign to the one or the other, and sometimes proves the loss of advanced Troops, or of the Rear; and many ill Consequences attend such whose Unhappiness it hath been to be surprised. All Marches are regulated according to the Country, either in order of Battle, or in different Bodies; and if they cannot come to their appointed Place by several Ways to lodge in one Body, than they are to lodge as they march, for sometimes Rivers and Hills, with other Inconveniences of Ground, may cause a greater Compass to be made, than desired, so no express Rules can be given: Therefore Care is to be had in Marching for the Preservation of the Men, and Safety of the Artillery and Carriages, and to be armed against any Accident. It may be sometimes advisable to take different Roads; and if Decampments are made in the sight of the Enemy, then secure the Out-Quarters to prevent being surprised; and though the Enemy were distant, yet Caution and Diligence is to be used according to the Nature of the way the Army marches as if he were at hand; for the manner of Marches varies according to the Places through which they are to pass, with respect to the Enemy's distance, and number of Carriages, no Rules can be given, such are the numerous intervening Accidents; though some have laid down Methods for all sorts of Marches, yet none can be tied up to them, so that they are increased or diminished as may best answer the ends of securing the whole. Also by Marches and Counter-marches, there may accrue to the General as much Honour, as if he had gained a Victory, for an Enemy may thereby be baffled without Fight.   

Of Engagements.  
THE Gain or Loss of a Battle is of the greatest Consequence, and is attended with such various Circumstances, that it is hard to say any thing where so many Accidents may change the Scene, and call for new Methods.  
Engagements are not to be undertaken without the greatest Consideration, and that there be a Necessity drawn from Reason to defend or assault; the wise Captain will be always armed against Accidents, and if possible will secure such Ground as may best suit his Number of Horse and Foot, with the Advantages of being Master of Rivers, Woods, narrow Passes, rising Grounds; and if the Wind and Sun will favour the Cause, it is so much the better. He will also have regard to the manner and form of Battle, and to the times of Ingagings whether by Night or Day, good or bad Wether, and that with respect to the Place; also the Numbers and Condition of the Enemy, with their manner of Practice.  
But seeing nothing contributes more to a Conquest than Stratagems, therefore good Intelligence is necessary, and Spies useful, that Discoveries may be made of their Affairs and Motions, as the manner of their Incampments, their Numbers, Intentions, Supplies; also setting active Spirits awork to disperse Reports and promote Disorders, may be necessary: No Money is better employed than what is spent on Spies and Guides, for by their Intelligence Measures are taken; and accordingly Horse and Foot are disposed so that they may best secure each other: To effect which, a Foresight and Presence of Mind, with an Eye every where, is requisite to regulate Affairs for the Benefit and Security of the Army, which ought more to be regarded than to offend an Enemy by destructive Measures; a Fault of which some great Men have been guilty, not caring so they did but attain their Ends how dearly it was purchased, nor how many perished, so the Victory were but obtained.  
What need more be said than that, whether there be occasion for retiring or pursuing, there is always required Virtue, Industry and Courage, never to appear but with such Resolution as may give Hopes though in the midst of Dispair? A regard also is to be had to the Pursurers, and Pursued, of the Captives and Wounded, as well Enemies as Friends, for Mercy and good Quarters should ever be the Portion of the Unhappy.  
After the Engagement is over, Thanks should be returned by both Parties; for the greatest Sufferers may find Matter of Thanks, that Things are not worse, and that they are left Monuments of Mercy at a time when Death reigned so, that perhaps there mighc not have been left living sufficient to bury their Dead, which makes the return of Praise more reasonable in those that remain living.   

As to Sieges, they are a mixture of Encamping and Engaging.  
TOWNS as well as Persons have a Fate that hangs over them; for as there is none which first or last have not been more or less besieged with Humane Infirmities incident to them, so there are few Towns that ever escaped the Fate of being besieged, though Time may have worn out the Memory thereof. Such Designs ought to be carried on with Secrecy, and feigned Marches and Counter-marches, amusing the Enemy by giving a Jealousy to adjacent Places, as if the Storm were to fall on them each in particular, that through Incertainties, not knowing where the Storm will fall, they may be obliged to divide their Forces, which may give opportunity to surprise the Enemy, when they shall not know where to send Supplies. After having secured the Avenues, then with Diligence proceed to Action, for the sudden setting down before a Place gives Terror; which being invirioned, than Egress and Regress is to be prevented, and the Camp is to be secured by Lines of Circumvallation and Countervallation, which are a Shelter from the Enemy's Sallies, and from Attacks from without. Also Provisions are to be secured coming to the Camp, which cannot well be effected if the Besiegers be not Masters of the Field.  
Early Information is to be had of the Situation of the Place, how Manned, and stored, and of its various sort of Works and Avenues, with the manner how the Ground and Rivers lie, that Approaches may be Regular, and the Enemies prevented being relieved; that Heights be secured that the Camp be not annoyed. Also Portable Bridges are to be provided for passing Rivers, and to facilitate Communication. The chief Commander being versed in the Inginier's Business, can the better satisfy himself in all Advances made, whether of Approaches, Lodgments and Works, of what Nature soever. As to Mines, though necessary, yet are they to be suspencted, for Countermines make them perilous, and often prove the Grave of those who designed them for their Enemy's Destruction. That Labour in that kind may not be lost, Care aught to be taken to dispose them so, that instead of being a Service, they may not prove a Prejudice to the Enterpriser. In all respects Precaution is necessary, whether it be to carry on a vigorous Siege, or a linger one by Blocade.  
Believing our Commander accomplished, and that his Merit, not Character of Great only placed him in that Station of Trust, and that he hath more essential Virtues to recommend him than barely his Birth, so needs no Intimations as to Particulars, for Methods daily vary according to Place and Times, new Meastures are taken, so that express Directions cannot be given. And every Age improves, and new Discoveries are made, that what may be advisable at this Day, may be laid aside in time to come; general Ideas are only here given. What follows to be spoke of is of defending Places when attacked.   

Of defending Places.  
THERE is no Place impregnable; for as was replied by a Warlike Prince, to one who boasted of the Strength of a Fortified Town, That he never questioned Success if open at the top. Delays may be made, and by Courage and Resolution Time may be prolonged; but when an Army comes armed with Resolution and Strength, the strongest Place at last must yield; though many time's Providence hath frustrated Intentions from the lateness of the Year, the coldness or wetness of the Season, and from unforeseen Wants or surprising Accidents. Necessity hath taught Men the Art of Fortification, to supply the defects of Nature by additional Works, which Art hath from Time to Time improved; and though no Place can be made impregnable, yet Fortified Garrisons are Hindrances to the progress of an Enemy.  
Seeing Bulworks are thus necessary to Frontiers, and rubs in an Enemy's way, which amuse while Time is gained: Therefore Fortified Places should be timely supplied with Necessaries, and such Governors as have Qualifications for their Trust, of known Fidelity and Merit. Favour and Affection ought not to take place in such Cases; a Sovereign may be deceived by a Favourite's Recommendation, who for Money, or Affection to his Friends, may introduce unfit Objects, who as they bought their Trust with Money, may sell the Place for the same Metal; sometimes a Mule loaden with Gold hath taken such Fortresses, that have been reckoned amongst the number of impregnable ones. The Sovereign's own Experience of the Governor ought to take place, he should be induced therefrom to make his Choice, for without Treachery Garrisons are sufficiently exposed to Accidents; the Men may be wearied, spent, and sick, through over hard Duty. Also Magazines may be blown up, and Want may reign, that Friends within may become a part of the Danger, as well as the Enemies from without.  
Another Inconveniency is that Princes are often deceived, and made believe that Places are better stored than they really are; therefore Inspection should be made, that what is intended as a Garranty against unforeseen Accidents, may not be employed in Luxury and Ostentation; for such is the Prodigality of some, and Covetousness of others in Trust, that to gratify their Vice they will rather have full Bags, than see their Prince's Magazines well stored; and care not, though the Soldiers be clothed with Rags, and beg for that Bread that their detained Pay would have given them. But some will choose rather profusely to spend, than supply the Wants of these miserable ones. It is not only Money that is aimed at, but they exhaust the very Stores, and Powder, and that on Saints Days, and at other times of Jollities also, without regarding the Consequence to have Magazines emptied, whether through Covetousness, Vanity or Zeal, for some Tutelar Saint. But they hope the evil Day may not come in their time.  
To prolong a Siege Outworks are necessary to keep the Enemy at a distance, in which one Man is sufficient to answer ten without. There should be a sufficient Strength of Horse and Foot, and proportionably Stores for both, with Requisits to make new Works, and for repairing Breaches. Let frequent Sallies be made, but by a few; it is better than with great Numbers, for it prevents Disorders in retiring. A few resolute Men in two Hours may destroy, what great Numbers cannot repair in many Days. They should be frequent, and at uncertain Hours; if vigorously carried on, they may keep the Enemy at a distance. All Fortifications without, and Provisions within, should be timely effected, that the Enemy may find the Place provided, and in good order. Let the useful Inhabitants be employed, and the useless sent away; have a Scrutiny made into all Stores, and let Care be taken that nothing be concealed nor imbezel'd; that the Soldiery be spared from working, allotting them their Hours of Rest, with Encouragements to attack or defend their Works and Breaches.  
When a Governor hath done all possible, and that no Succours comes, and that the Garrison is straightened, and no appearance how to prevent falling into the Enemy's Hands, having discharged his Trust, it is then his Duty timely to capitulate, as much as it was before to maintain the Place; after which he may with Honour appear before his Prince, from whom he deserves Encomiums for his Fidelity and good Conduct, and for his timely saving himself, and those that remained with him by a timely Rendition, reserving himself and them for better Fortune, than to be exposed to be sacrificed in a Storm by the Enemy.  
Faults in War are irreparable, for the Commander hath but that moment of Action to manage, which if let slip, or is mis-implied is not retrievable, therefore he is concerned to consider what sort of People he hath to do with, that accordingly he may arm himself with Resolution. There are some of such hot fiery Spirits, that to stand their first Brunt requires great Resolution, which Ardency being allayed, are much easilier managed. Such Furioso's meeting with Discouragements become so unspirited, that they often with their Courage lose the Honour of the Day; such can hardly if ever be got to rally again; while others more obstinate will weather their Difficulties, whose Courage increases by opposition, and will maintain their Ground, or sell every Inch at a dear Rate.  
Some Nations have signalised themselves in making brave Attacks, falling on with Vigour and Gallantry; and others by a persevering Obstinacy have shown their Courage standing like Rocks, and bearing the Shock and Storms of the Assailants. As some have the Reputation for taking Places, so others have signalised themselves in defending them. Also there are those which are very expeditious in making Incursions and Inroads, of incredible lengths. Some make speedy Conquests, but let them go as soon; like the Northern People, who have overrun Nations, yet never established any Empire; they were great Enterprisers, but their Government like a Morning-Dew soon vanished, and like Thunder and Lightning they gave Terror and Amazement, but was of no continuance.   

Of the Artillery, and the Officers belonging thereunto.  
ARtillery in an Army is a great Contributer to Victory, though a Cumber and a Charge, that formerly the World was not acquainted with; but now is become so essential to the carrying on a War, that no Victory can be expected where it is not; therefore great Provisions are made of Guns and Powder, whose Invention surely was borrowed from Lightning and Thunder, both having the same effects to give Terror and to do Mischief; but their Noise animates the Spirits of those engaged in Action.  
The Charge is great, for many are the Materials of which an Artillery is composed; for besides Guns of all sizes, with Powder and Ball, there are Mortars, Petards, Bombs, Grenadoes, and other Engines of Destruction, with Combustibles for Fireworks; all which require Carriages that have their Drivers, and Artificers at hand, as Gunners, smith's, Carpenters, etc. Also Instruments for breaking Ground, raising Batteries, making Trenches and Mines, etc. And with the number of Necessaries, there must be found ponton's, Ladders, etc. that whatever Accident arrives, there may bee nothing wanting. Also for Subsistence there must be Grain of all sorts for Horse and Men, with Mills, and Ovens; all which, when together, swells to so great a Bulk, that this Warlike Retinue alone looks like an Army, and is under the Conduct   

Of the General of the Artillery.  
WHO ought to be a Man of Quality, having Experience of the particular Offices and Business of every one under his Command, and to know what is necessary for the undertaking any Enterprise, whether in the Field, or at Sieges, among the rest that of the Duty of the Ingenier, therefore he should be versed in the Mathematics, the better to judge of the Merit of those in that Post; whether they have Courage as to dare expose themselves; and also in Arts, if able to improve Fortifications, to mend Faults, and to make a true Judgement of Heights, Depths and Distances, and to point accordingly to the best: Advantage; also how to make Approaches and Lodgments, and to place and raise Batteries, and with safety advance his Works.  
It is the General of the Artillery's Care that none be in Posts, but such as are capable to discharge them; as also, that there be no want of necessary Munitions of War, nor Provisions of any sort; that Stores be not imbezel'd nor decayed, but that timely Recruits be made in all Particulars.   

Of Provisions.  
WIthout Provisions great Bodies cannot be kept together, who are a continual Consumption of Stores, whose particular numbers ought to be well known, and additional Allowances made, lest there be a falling short. That there may be no Waste, there is a Purveyor appointed who procures also Supplies, and appoints proper Places for Stores, with the times when they are to be delivered out; and that he see there be a proportionable number of Bakers, who with all the other Officers relating all the Stores, are under the Command of a   

Commissary-General.  
WHO ought to be a Man of Authority, not covetous, but faithful, vigilant, and skilled in buying and choosing the best, and disposing all to the best Advantage, for the Good, Ease, and Conveniency of the Army; and that what is procured may be conveyed under safe Convoy: This Care is the more necessary, in that the Welfare of an Army depends thereon; for Want destroys more than Fatigues, or ranged Battles. Therefore Supplies are made before the Army march; and all Things are to be regulated, that there be no occasion for Complaint.  
The ill managing this Trust may ruin the hopefullest Enterprise; the Thoughts of finding Supplies on the Place are not to be relied on, but he is to arm himself for the worst, for the Enemy may have either carried of or destroyed the Effects. Therefore Magazines are to be dispersed for the best Advantage for the recaption of Stores, of which there should be provided beforehand in the Camp a competent Provision for a certain time, that Disappointments may not bring Disorder. Therefore Supplies should never move without strong Convoys, who should have their Marches appointed at uncertain times. Also Inspection is to be taken that there be no Abuses from the Keepers, nor Deliverers of Stores, nor from Sutler's, and that such as are found Offenders in that kind be made public Examples.   

Of the Baggage  
AS the Artillery is a cumbersome Body, so we may say of the Baggage that it is a very troublesome Equipage, which in some Places exceeds more than in others, and that from the Negligence of those that should see Abuses regulated, by reducing the Bulk to a less Compass.; to effect which, each Soldier with his Arms and Budget should carry some Days Provisions with him, for those most enured to Fatigue are the likeliest to obtain Victory; for it is observable, that as those who can keep fresh Troops for Action to the last, so those that can weather Want, and endure Labour longest, are likeliest to obtain the Victory. But where Idleness reigns, so that every Soldier must have his On-hanger, what can be expected from such slothful Companions? Therefore that lose Gang that follows Camps should be discouraged, for from these it is that Effeminacy, Want, and Diseases, are engendered. But seeing there is so great Trouble to preserve this so cumbersome Luggage, and that when lost is attended with so much Dishonour, and is so prejudicial, bringing such irremediable Disorders, therefore it is advisable, that the Baggage be reduced to as small a Retinue as possible.   

Of the Master of the Wagons.  
HIS Business is to take charge of all Carriages, to order their Marches, to see them quartered, and supplied with Necessaries for Horse and Man. He should have under his Command Persons skilled in the Roads, and in driving with such a number of Artificers as may answer any Misadventure that may happen in the way.  
He ought to have been brought up to driving, and himself to understand the Roads through which he is to pass. His Business is to take daily Inspection into his Crew, and timely to supply Defects of both Man and Horse, and that all be kept in good order.   

Of the Subservients to the Army; as Aides de Camp, Chaplains, Physicians, Surgeons, Provosts, Guides, Spies.  
Of Aides de Camp.  
THIS is a Post for a Gentleman, whose Business is to attend the General. He is as an honourable Messenger that carrieth his Orders, which are not to be questioned. It is requisite that he have Courage, Wit, and Fidelity, which with the Annex of Prudence, by improving himself and being faithful, he may procure his Advancement.   

Of Chaplains.  
THEY are Spiritual Guides to regulate the Immoralities. As there are Directors for the disciplining and using Arms; so each Regiment should have its Chaplain to direct them in Principles, and Conduct of good Manners. He ought to be a Man of good Example, one that carrieth in his Front the Character of Virtue, that his very Presence should be an Awe, and a Restraint to Licentiousness.   

Of Physicians, Apothecaries and Surgeons.  
THEY are that to the Body which the Priest is to the Soul; for the Health of both they are consulted, with this difference, the one gives his Moral Lectures in Health, as well as Sickness, while the others Business is only when Sick or Wounded, than they make Applications, and apply their Remedies. Each Regiment should have of these a competent number, as so many Supplements of Health, that none be neglected; that it be not said, That more die for want of Skill, Means, and due Attendance, than by Sword or Shot. These Functions are honourable, and useful, and require suitable Encouragements; under which Head it may be no Digression to say, That it is the physician's Duty to have an Inspection into the Medicines, that he see they be good, and of Quantities sufficient to answer all Contingencies.   

Of Spies and Guides.  
THEY are so necessary that without them the General would be, in the dark, as to what Measures he should take in reference to he Enemy. There aught to be many of both sorts, each a Stranger to the other; and as one gives Information of the Country, its Ways and Passes, so the other doth of the Enemy's Motions, and Actings, and what is intended; these aught to be encouraged, but their Intelligence should not much be relied on, for sometimes false Informations and shame Intentions are spread abroad to amuse; and though among so great a number of Informers some may be unfaithful, yet Truth may be picked out, and Use may be made of their different Informations; what Money is spent on these Occasions should never be regreted.   

Of the General-Provost.  
IN the Army he is the Minister of Justice, by him Vice is restrained, and the Irregular kept in order: He is both the Informer, and Punisher of Offences; it is in his Province to regulate the Prices of Goods. He ought to be of an even Temper, , and one that dares do right without respect of Persons.   

Of an Army.  
IT is a confused Chaos of armed Hirelings, a moving World, whole Business is to destroy; it is their Trade, and the Work which Nature seems to have cut them out for. This their so boisterous Employment hath qualified them with unpolished Minds, as well as with rough Bodies, with which they are capacitated to assault, defend, and pursue; to carry on which Work there is requisite, with their Strength, personal Courage and Valour.  
This unwieldy Bulk is a most unsatiable, ravenous Animal composed of Horse and Foot, under the Command and Conduct of a Chief, by whose Care it is supported by the Use of Gold and Silver, with Provisions for the Mouth, and War, without which Helps this great Bulk would soon melt and dwindle to nothing. Therefore the General's Care is to pay, and feed them, and to find them Action. But though they call them Men of Mettle, yet their Substance is neither Brass, Iron, nor Steel, for their Nature calls for a wherewith to support them answerable to their Stations, whether Foot or Horse, without which Courage will droop, and their Spirits will sink, and die with their hopes. But it is not sufficient to care for the Subsistence of this unwieldy Body; for it must be made useful by Discipline, and to keep it in order, Justice must be exercised, without which Confusion will follow: Which leads us to the next Head, viz.   

Military Discipline.  
DIscipline is the Ligament that binds great Bodies and Societies, so that they hang together and become Corporate; the World could not continue without Discipline, it being in the Body-Politick as Nerves and Sinews are in the Body-Natural, that makes Bones, Joints and Limbs hang together, and thereby useful to the whole Man.  
If Discipline in Civil Society is necessary, it will appear much more in reference to Armies, where are assembled such numbers of the Dregs of Mankind, many of them being such that it seems as if the Places where they lived had spewed them out as Nuisances, even as the Stomach doth that which offends it; for Armies are the common Receptacle of all sorts, by which Ages from time to time are purged from their so vicious Humours. It may therefore then be asserted, That to such a Body that is composed of so many lose Corn and Chaff, (tho' there may be some good Grain among them, yet seeing that the other makes the most numerous part) it is necessary there should be appointed a rigorous Discipline, without which instead of being useful they would become the Plague, and Ruin of that Country and Place that raised them for their Safety. Therefore Military Laws should be kept up, that Virtue may be encouraged and recompensed, and Offenders find exemplary Punishments; to prevent which Grievance, let the Soldiers be kept in Action, and be enured to the daily Practice of Military Exercises, as the several Motions of their Bodies, the Use of their Arms; which should be practised by Horse and Foot, as being essentially conducible to Victory.  
It is of absolute Necessity that Soldiers be enured to Labour, for there by Health is preserved, and Money not only spared, but gotten; let therefore their idle Hours be filled up by Labour, whether in Fortifications or other Work; it is good in Peace or War to keep them employed, thereby Wants may be supplied, and by often using their Arms they are kept from Rust: Also the Soldier by Labour and Exercise, is preserved from many Evils and Irregularities, and sinful Shifts. By Industry not only Corporal Punishments are prevented, but even Death itself; for when Men are given up to Idleness, it exposes them to Shame and Extremity. But Labour is a bitter Root, tho' it bear happy Fruit, and hath Salutary Effects, for Victory is more likely to be the Lot of the Laborious, than the Effeminate and Idle; the former hath a right to it from Merit, it being the Portion of the Diligent and Industrious.  
But to proceed further, the inducing Causes why such great Bodies are gathered together, are either from Necessity, Ambition, Honour, or Lucre, and some through hopes thereby to live uncontrolled licentiously, to bridle such, and that Necessities may be supplied, and Opportunities given to gratify Emulators of Honour, and that Virtue may not be unrecompensed, nor Vice unpunished. Therefore it is that Military Laws are made, and Obedience enjoined, and a severe Discipline established, which cannot be infringed without the Offenders sinning against himself, and his own Interest, nor can any thing, go well without an observance to Order; for on that Hinge Obedience, it is that all the parts of that great Body do move, without which nothing can be effected, and for want of which all would go to Ruin and Confusion.  
The Benefits of a Military Discipline consist in this, in that it injoins the observation of Laws, prevents Disorder, gives Honour and Recompenses compences to the Deserving. By the Terror of Punishments inflicted on Offenders it is that they are made to fear, by which means many are saved from Shame and Punishments; even Death hath thereby been prevented, for Fear, Shame and Death, are Barricades that prevent committing many Evils. But it is not reasonable that those who have listed themselves, and receive their Prince's Pay, should be obedient and conformable to Orders, especially since thereby they are entitled to those Advantages and Encouragements assigned as Recompenses to Virtue; therefore it is but just that those Punishments, they draw on themselves by transgressing, should be their Portion for their Demerits.  
But there are not wanting those, who are possessed with this Opinion, That in Camps the Laws lie dormant, as if the Sons of Mars and Morality, were incompatible: They allege, That Armies, for the generality, are composed of the Lees of the People, such whom the Civil Government hath cast off as useless Members, and ungovernable: But this their Reason showeth a greater necessity for having an established Government to restrain the Vicious, that of useless they may become profitable Instruments, that what the Civil Law could not effect, the Military might produce: Some like Trees in good Ground are fruitless, but when transplanted (though to a more hungry Soil) become more beneficial to their Proprietors.  
But in so mixed a Multitude there are always some found, who have had a Tincture of a generous Education, and are such as will despise sordid Precedents. Herein is the Use of Military Discipline, in that it restrains the Evil from bad Acts, and preserves the Good from a Degeneracy. Let it not seem to be a Digression to inveigh against that crying Evil, Swearing, that reigns among the Soldiery, and is one of the roaring Crimes in this Age, and calls for Vengeance: It were well if the Officers would by Example refrain this so unprofitable a Vice, which is the less excusable in not having those Inducements that attend other Sins, as Pleasure or Profit. But in Swearing there is neither Honour nor Advantage, nor can there be expected less than some tremendous Judgement for defying Heaven, and calling for Confusion to themselves and others, and that upon every trifling occasion. What shall we say? the Murderer gratifies his Revenge, the Adulterer his Lust, the Robber his Covetousness; but the Swearer and Curser sell their Souls at the cheapest rate of all other Sinners.  
But to proceed; since Armies are the common Receptacle of Libertines, and the Place (in the Opinion of most) where Vice rides in Triumph, therefore to rectify Disorders, a severe Discipline is set on foot to punish Vice, and encourage Virtue; for every one hath a natural Propensity to desire Good to himself, and to be preserved from Hurt, who being informed of proposed Rewards for generous Actions, and that a good Demeanour is the way to obtain Honour and Profit, and that thereby the Door is shut against Penal Inflictions; and as Transgressor's meet with due Punishments, so Virtue finds its Rewards, Thus by these Reflections they encourage themselves in doing well, and hereby the Licentious in Armies are restrained, and Recompenses made Inciters to Obedience. Therefore such as do well have Marks of Honour assigned them, and that with more Reason, when the Pay beareth no proportion with the Service performed, and for considerable Nothings they venture their Lives: Therefore that Prince that recompenses not Courage shown on perilous Occasions, may be said to have neither Ears, Eyes, nor Ingenuity; much more those that refuse to give them their ordinary Pay, but instead of Praise and Money, recompense these unhappy ones with Hunger and Want, having served their turns, send them away with discouraging Disappointments. Such Disrespects to Merit, may discourage courage their future exposing themselves. Also others, when they hear of such ill Usage, will never consent to list themselves, unless drawn in, for who will fetter themselves to such Masters?  
Those deserve the Epithet of Fools, who for the transitory Pleasures found in committing Evil, expose themselves to Justice; though in Obedience to Laws, particular Criminals may be punished with Regret, yet Military Chastisements must be executed without by respect, that others thereby may be deterred from Evil.  
Every Man hath a natural Propensity by which he is biased to his desired Object, whether Good or Evil, so accordingly deserves Rewards or Punishments, as the predominating Passion shall lead them; for to do Good or Evil are separate Acts of the Mind, and are as opposite one to the other, as that of looking up or down. It is thus accordingly to the Choice made, that Punishments or Rewards are entailed, though inflicted sometimes very unwillingly; yet as thePhysician order Physic to recover Health, and to preserve Life, so Military Punishments, according to the Nature of the Fault, aught to be appointed for Chastisements, not Slaughters, in managing the which not only the Nature of the Offence, but the Circumstances of the Person are to be considered; for with some Shame or a private Reprimand, will have a greater Influence to reform some, than more severe Corrections with others. But some are so hardened, that they are incorrigible, such are only fit to be made public Examples; to spare some sort of Offenders would be a Sin against the Public, and a showing Mercy to such as ought to be made Monuments of Terror, which may be a Precedent of fatal Consequence to the Public; for unseasonable Mercies may be reckoned sinful Gommiserations, which may occasion Repentance when the Evil is passed being retrieved. Peace and War have hitherto been our Subject, let us now say something of that which participates of both, and is neither which is that called a Truce.   

Of a Truce.  
A Truce is a Respite, or a Cessation of Arms limited for a certain Time, and for divers Ends, as to bury the Dead, or in order to Peace, etc. Some call it a Camp-Peace, or the Army's Holiday, where Hostilities cease, though the War doth not. A Truce between Turks and Christians differs only in length of Time, and is in effect a Peace, though it carries not the Name.  
But with whom soever it is made, it ought to be religiously observed, though it is best to make no Truce at all, it being but to grant a breathing time to an Enemy that is weary, and desires leisure to recruit Strength, to pursue the War with more Vigour. Truce is neither Peace nor War, but participates of both, and is as the Intervals between Night and Morning, and Day and Night, so it may be called the dawning of the Day, if a Peace succeeds. A Truce hath commonly a Pretence to be in order to a Peace, and to promote it is proposed, though little less is intended than to be a Stratagem to circumvent. Also Experience hath shown, That Fight by Stratagems hath often had Success, when open Force could not prevail. Thus a Cessation of Arms hath been fatal to those, who by open Force were thought invincible; these Intervals between Peace and War are not so desirable, could they be avoided, since thereby no Peace is obtained, nor yet is Hostility suffered. This space of time between Peace and War is more vexatious and uneasy than War itself, so that even Extremities are more to be desired, than dilatory Truces,  
I question whether it be not better to fall down right, than to hang in suspense? To go on with Resolution is better than to make a stop, since a Pause may not be less dangerous than a Fall; and those that seek a Cessation do give occasion to suspect they are in a miserable Condition, when reduced to that Necessity that they can suffer neither Peace nor War.  
In Offensive and Defensive War are two opposite Parties; but there is a third sort that espouses neither Interest, but stand by as Spectators, who are called Neuters.   

Of Neutrality.  
THOSE who will be Neuters will find Reasons to countenance their Neutrality. Some are influenced from private, and some from public Motives. Also Ambition makes some Neuters, and Covetousness others, and there are those that from Necessity are so; and some are for blowing the Coals, and cause Clashing between Neighbours, that with the Frog and Mouse they may by the Bird of Prey be seized on with more Ease, and so reap the End designed of profiting by their difference, when wearied with Fight. Thus, as is said, Covetousness also may promote Neutrality, having for end to monopolise to themselves an uninterrupted Commerce, while their Neighbours are imbroiled; for which Reason it may be said, That they feed and profit by their Neighbour's Hurt.  
It is a most unhappy Case when Necessity compels to a Neutrality, that like Janus they are forced to carry two Faces. It is hard to be reduced not to know on which Crutch to rest. They are very unhappy who through Necessity are obliged to a Neutrality, for thereby they run a hazard to lose all, through on over-desire to keep all Parties, that instead of securing a Friend they entail on themselves a certain Enemy, and become the Object of the Victor's next Conquest. The Case is truly to be lamented when obliged to this hazardous Fate, either to sink or swim with one of the contending Parties, or else to be exposed to be crushed for standing by Spectator, instead of being useful to facilitate the Conqueror's end. It may in some Cases be said, That those that are not against us are for us; yet it is not always so taken, for Occasions for Quarrel are usually grounded from denying seasonable Assistances.  
And the Truth is, Neuters are seldom counted otherwise than Enemies to both Parties, since for not siding with neither Party they are sure to have one for Enemy; though their Condition at present is sweet, yet like the Book given to eat was luscious in the Mouth, but proved bitter in the Belly; yet however evenly Neuters may carry it, there will be always secretly something of an Inclination to one side more than to the other.  
It is to be confessed that sometimes a Prince is obliged in point of Honour to stand still, and not assist those whom, according to his Inclinations, he may be biased to appear in their Favour; and such may be the Case, that Honour and Gratitude hath tied his Hands so, that he cannot but stand Neuter.  
It concerns those who find themselves thus hampered to carry evenly, and to use Prudence and Temper in so ticklish an Affair, waving all secret Tendencies that may be had to one more than to the other, that things be so managed that each Party be satisfied, and please themselves with this Belief, that if biased on any side, it is of theirs.  
To hinder Neutrality is as impossible, as it is for some to avoid the Shame and Danger they incur thereby. There are also such that desire to stand Spectators, that they may the better see which way the Game will go: There are those that will condemn with an artificial Grimace the Rupture made, censuring the one as well as the other, as wanting Foresight and Moderation, though it may be themselves have been the secret Incendiaries: Such Reflections surely were the Cause that the Romans would never allow any to be Neuters, but they must either make themselves declared Friends, or be proclaimed public Enemies.  
It is confessed that those that are Neuters, while in that State, seem to have the Advantage of the upper and nether Springs to enrich themselves, while their Neighbours are exhausting each other; but to hold the Scale so even requires Art, and may be of great Advantage, if they can perform officious Favours that are allowable to one, yet inoffensive to another, and so obliging in Deportment to both, that may give occasion to say, these are the Neuters, that neither lose their Friends, nor procure to themselves Enemies.   

Of GERMANY; its Strength and Power.  
GErmany is a vast Body composed of many Provinces, and replenished with a Warlike, Strong-bodied People: It lies in the Heart of Europe, and looks upon the rest of his Neighbours with Disdain, as so many lopped off Members, and Upstart Powers, its Haughtiness will not allow a Corrival; though its Fate be such, that it hath for Emulator France, between whom great Contest hath been for Empire, they being the two most transcendent Powers of Europe, who give Peace or War to their Neighbours, and are the two Corrivals for Empire, who for Ages have had Contests to the alarming all Europe, who were glad to take their Measures according to their Rise, or Fall, ever labouring to support the sinking State of the Decliner.  
Had Germany the same Advantage that attends France, of being under one absolute Sovereign, it needed only its own Strength to support its Grandeur; but where there are many Heads, there the Feet are uneasy; neither can that Country be rich, where the Commonality is kept at under; which Grievance, if remedied in Germany, that Country would be richer, and the People more easy▪ It is to be wished, That the Condition of those who labour under such Difficulties, were made more tolerable.  
In times past Germany was the Romans Terror, but since the Seat of Empire hath been transferred to that Warlike People, who are the Bulwark of Europe, and the Turks Dread, who but for them might long since have overrun all Europe.  
Did this great Continent know how its Strength consists in the Union of its Parts, it would be no less a Terror to Europe, than if under one Sovereign; for Germany hath all the Advantages for War within itself, beyond any Nation in the World; what in respect of its great Numbers of Men, Arms, and Horse, with their long Experience from many Ages, and natural Disposition to War, that even Nature seemeth to have cut them out for that purpose, having given them strong brawny Bodies capable to endure Hardships; who are also bold, courageous, and fearless in Danger. Cornelius Tacitus tells us in his 13th Book, Tat no Nation exceeds the Germans in Warlike Exploits, and downright Honesty. They are Lovers of Honour, and have had since many Ages, the Character of a most Noble and Heroic People. They were Rome's Plague, and gave that Mistress of the World more Disquiet for many Centuries than the Carthagenians, or any other of her Enemies.  
They have within themselves the Sinews of War, viz. Mines of Gold and Silver, and other Minerals, with all necessary Munitions for Men and Horse. And what is most admirable is, That notwithstanding their many Discouragements, yet they persist unweariedly in supporting their Miseries, even for thirty Years together, and that in their own Bowels; which had they been united, they might with much more Advantage to themselves have directed their Strength against their common Enemy the Turk, or his Confederate, though the latter be the more formidable for Situation, Strength and Discipline. And though upon extraordinary Occasions they have called to their Assistance the Northern Crowns, who for that Reason may be styled the Germans little Tartars, yet probably that they were called to Assistance, was more Policy, than Necessity. For it is not only the Commonalty of Germany, but the Nobility, and their Princes also, have at all times been renowned for War, having never wanted occasion to signalise themselves, either through the Differences that arose among themselves, or from what Work was cut out for them by these two formidable Powers the Turk and France, between whom they are seated; the latter following his Ancestor's Steps, who ever opposed the Austrian Family, as having a Jealousy of its Greatness, so used Means to foment a Suspicion of the Growth of that Power, lest it should swallow all like a common Inundation; for which end, to keep it under, Leagues were contracted with the Turks. Thus did Francis the French King enter into League with Solyman, and under pretence to save himself, he pleaded Necessity, seeing that the Netherlands, Spain, and part of Italy, became so many Members of its Greatness, which were the Pretences with which he varnished over his so unchristianlike Policy of joining with Infidels, to shelter himself from a supposed Danger; however, it is this Confederacy, and the Fears thereof, that have restrained Germany from putting in execution those great Designs it had framed.  
Also Henry the Son of the said Francis followed the same Methods, who by such Leagues endeavoured to divert the Germane Arms. And this present King, though for a different end, doth the same; for he knoweth that to keep his Subject's active Spirits busied abroad, is the way to prevent their looking for Matter to work on at home; for his Subjects being numerous and poor, and the Nobility many, he finds ways to give them Employment, and by keeping them low, their Fortunes depend on their Sword, and the King's Favour, who having in his Hands the absolute Government of Persons, and disposal of Estates, he is capacitated thereby arbitrarily to take such Measures as may best answer his Ends; and having these Advantages above his Neighbours, it is no wonder that his Dominions and Power is increased as it is at this Day, which has given him occasion to let the World know the Native and Intrinsic Strength of France, which till this King's Reign was not known, no not to itself.  
But what Satisfaction and Honour can oppressed Subjects have to see their number of Slaves is increased? Can Conquests be due, where Acquests are made by Breach of Faith? Surely those Countries that are taken illegitimately, aught to have another Name given them than that of Conquests. It may be said of some, That they are to Europe, what Hannibal was once said to be to Rome, and Scipio to Carthage, that they were their Hammer, and Scourge.  
It is to be lamented, That Christians cannot be content with those Boundaries that God and Nature seems to have assigned them, but they must make Encroachments. Is not the Turk an Enemy sufficient to bandy against? but that there must be found out Pretences to cloak ambitious Ends, to join in Confederacy with him. It were to be desired rather, that all Christian Powers would join as One against that so common Enemy the Turk, of whom it may be said with much more Justice what was spoke of Antony, That he delighted to Mangle, Murder, and Wallow in the Blood of Innocents'. How can Christian Princes so long endure that Power to reign, that holds their Christian Brethren in the Chains of Servitude? Would France join in this so good a Work, or at least stand Neuter, the Controversy would soon be decided; but that great Prince is so intent on the accumulating Trophies of Honour, and aggrandizing his Fame and Dominions, that there seems not room left for any other Thoughts to take place, than what tends to the gratifying that his so aspiring a Passion for Glory.   

MAXIMS.  
NOne without just Provocation, and Reasons drawn from a good Cause, should enter into open Hostility.  
To seek Peace by War, is like Angling for Fish with a golden Hook.  
When-Ambition is the Foundation of War, Success may be doubted.  
Those necessitated to defend themselves, may more reasonably expect Success than the Aggressor.  
Hasty Erterprises are repent of at leisure.  
A General hath not only to contend with Men, but with Contingencies, as Want, Hunger, and Discontent, which are Enemies hardly to be vanquished.  
It is safer to build on prudent Measures, than on Fortune.  
He that hazards least, plays the safest Game.  
It is better to defend a Country by Justice, than to conquer one by Force.  
By Circumspection in Peace the Disasters of War may be escaped.  
The noblest Conquest is where Love and good Offices obtain the Victory.  
He conquers that doth good Offices, and those are vanquished which receive them.  
He that defends his Country by the Sword deserves Honour, but he that maintains it in Peace deserves more.  
Good Counsel and Intelligence is sometimes of more use than Arms.  
War seldom answers the proposed end.  
Purchase Peace with Money, rather than acquire it by a long War.  
An Enemy is not to be contemned.  
The Conqueror ought not to refuse Proposals of Peace.  
Enemy's ought not to be slighted, tho' few in number.  
Contempt had of an Enemy's Strength or Merit, should not cause Security.  
Tho' an Enemy be weak in Power, yet is he not to be undervalved, for an animated Atom may incommode the stoutest Man.  
A desperate Enemy is not easily beaten.  
Enemies in Despair are to be feared, though they are inferior in number.  
Necessity hath no Law; when compelled to Action to stand deliberating then is out of doors, there being only a Presence of Mind required, which being backed with Resolution, the Undaunted, in the midst of Discouragements, doth dare boldly aspire to Victory.  
Disgrace is augmented if overcome by a lessened Enemy, and no Honour is gained by such a Victory; therefore despise not an Adversary, lest you increase your Shame if overcome by him, or lose that Honour which might have been gained by Conquest; which are necessary Consequences.  
Know an Enemy before thou despise him.  
He that feareth not an Enemy knows not what War is.  
Prudence is necessary in undertaking, and Resolution in execution.  
Preparations secure a lasting Peace, and make way for Victory.  
Never use Arms where you can conquer with Money.  
Overcome your Enemy by Policy rather than Fight.  
When an Enemy cannot be opposed, then tolerable Conditions of Peace are welcome.  
To penetrate the Designs of an Enemy is a Mark of a piercing Capacity, but to conceal our own is to excel in Prudence.  
Wise Parleys do sometimes more than armed Forces.  
He that will not hear Reason is not fit to reign.  
That Prince deserves to reign long, whose good Actions exceed his Works.  
He that hath no Friend, cannot be said to reign.  
Vice make Princes odious, when the meanest Man is made honourable by Virtue.  
Those that excel not in Virtue, deserve not to command.  
Good Actions recommend more than Riches.  
Examples of Virtue are of greater efficacy than Instructions.  
A good Opinion is of more use than Riches.  
He that will be esteemed must always do well.  
A Kingdom may be thought invincible, when Immoralities are banished.  
A Prince ought to be armed against all Accidents.  
One may begin a War, but the Victorious only can end it.  
A prudent Jealousy is a commendable Qualification, the excess is of ill consequence.  
That Prince may do what he pleases, when he wills nothing but what he ought.  
That Prince that compasses his ends by Treaty, deserves more Honour than he that overcomes by Battle.  
Where a Prince hath lost his Authority, there Obedience cannot be expected.  
Revenge is not laudable in a Chief, and often is the cause of fatal Consequences.  
A good Prince makes good Subjects.  
A Friend in an Enemy's Council, is more advantageous than thousands in the Field.  
All Contests, like Cockatrice's Eggs, are to be crushed in the Shell.  
Opprobrious Words may incense, but not beat an Enemy.  
Let a Door be open for a desperate Enemy to enter, either by Composition or Quarter.  
Severity as well as Clemency are prejudicial, and may excite Rebellion.  
Enemies are not to be insulted, nor triumphed over.  
Let your Enemies arming cause you to arm.  
Use as Friends those you would make yours, for Fire and Sword doth but quicken Resistance.  
Some profit by Differences fomented among Neighbouring Princes.  
Small Shrubs by bending weather a Storm, when great sturdy Oaks are torn up by the Roots.  
There is neither Prudence nor Profit in being of too open a Conduct.  
Great Souls, like Rocks, are .  
There is no Policy in having more Enemies than one at once.  
Expose not to hazard more than what cannot be avoided.  
Right Intelligence is requisite, as well in reference to ones own, as the Enemy's Strength.  
Set a good Face on a bad Matter, in the greatest Exigencies show Courage and Constancy.  
To be first ready is advantageous.  
Ambition and Covetousness break Leagues and awaken War.  
Fortune sporteth itself in making great little, and little great.  
To boast over an Enemy is insulting, and provokes to Insurrection.  
Where Want reigns, no Discipline is observed.  
The Commonalty is more prompt to Rebellion, than Battle; and apt to Talk, than Fight.  
It is the Bane of Armies when Quality, and not Merit, are the Foundation of Preferment.  
Trust not where you have been deceived.  
It is needless to declare War against those prone to it from former Successes.  
Breakers of honest Confederacies deserve Censure.  
He is in the wrong that gives the Cause of War, not he that seeks Redress.  
Delays in Danger are the Mother of ensuing Evils.  
Failings of Superiors make them in the Eyes of Inferiors contemptible.  
Well-weighed Counsel seldom fails.  
There is a happy Minute more worth, than all the Policies of War.  
Fortune is not where so inconstant, as in War.  
One Hours Disaster may overthrow the Honour gotten, and ruin future Expectations.  
Faults in War are irreparable.  
Though Money be the Sinews of War, yet by Science, Prudence, and Personal Valour, Victory is obtained.  
Success is not to be expected where Money is scant, and Enemies abound.  
He that gets by Conquest doth much, but he that can keep what he hath gotten doth more.  
Numbers are little available where Fear reigns.  
The Captain's end should be Glory, not to be a Scourge, seeking by Conquest to build up, not to confound.  
Those that are unfaithful to their own Interest, will not be true to another's.  
Awe makes Tyrants obeyed, and Love Sovereigns.  
Many Things are lost for not being attempted.  
Courage and Courtesy are great Ornaments to a Captain.  
As Rewards are necessary, so are Chastisements.  
A Captain ought to be diligent, watchful, and of a resolute Spirit; wise to command, liberal to reward, and valiant to defend.  
Happy is that Country where Men of Merit are not discouraged, and where Favours are not ill placed.  
It is Valour's Badge neither to fear, nor to be too confident.  
Fortune never waits on the Fearful.  
Fear stifles generous Undertake in their birth.  
Fear is honourable when it proceeds not from a personal Concern, but for the welfare of the whole.  
Tameness in Officers is a Discouragement, and causes Deserters.  
Nothing unarms a People like Effeminacy, Lust, Pleasure, and Idleness.  
Fortune and Prudence are usually Companions.  
He that is feared by many, hath reason to fear many.  
He hurts the Good that spares the Ill▪  
Though a Wound may be cured, yet the Scar remains.  
No Danger is overcome without Danger.  
Despair sets on edge Courage, and makes Cowards valiant, and spirits them in Combat.  
The Effects of Despair are surprising, and have the same product which true Courage hath in others.  
Great Souls are capable of great Things; and if Power be annexed, then may be reasonably expected great Performances.  
The Soldier should not only be daring, and bold, but have also a Faculty of contriving; for Invention is as necessary as Valour.  
It is not safe to Disband Forces, while the Enemies are on foot.  
When an Enemy is secure, then attack him.  
Let the Intelligence of your Enemy's Motions be at hand, tho' they be far off.  
Early inure an Army to Hardships, before Necessity reduces them to it.  
Let Courage increase with Danger; for by losing the one, you hazard all.  
It is necessary in Officers to have a natural Propensity to great Actions.  
To stand the Enemies first Fury is the way to overcome.  
Fortresses should be Nurseries to undisciplined Soldiers.  
The more Enemies the more Honour.  
Cowards have Lion's Mouths, but Hearts like Hares.  
A prudent Retreat is as honourable as a Victory.  
Spend not time in Plunder till the Work is done.  
The Generous will not be discouraged, tho' their Merit meets not with due Applause.  
He deserves not the Name of Victor, that conquers basely.  
Generosity is never so commendable, as when exercised towards an Enemy.  
Victory moderated by Prudence, is splendid and safe.  
The falling on the Spoil hath often been the Bane of Armies.  
To be sedate in a Hurry, and calm in Confusion, to preserve a Presence of Mind in the greatest Exigencies, are necessary Requisits in a General.  
Disciplined Soldiers, without good Officers, will not answer the end.  
Temerity is seldom successful; but upon necessity Boldness exceeds Counsel.  
Encounter not Enemies in their height of Fury.  
Those have gained Honour from the want of Courage in an Adversary, that else would have had Disgrace.  
Ill use is made of Victory when none is spared.  
Old Veteran Troops ought not to be chosen for desperate Erterprises, but young Years, and boiling Youth, who have no Thought but that of Success and Glory.  
He that hath most Courage is least cruel.  
Private Men should have public Marks of Honour, as a Precedent to incite others to desire that their Heads may be crowned with such Laurels.  
There may be as great Cruelty in sparing all, as to spare none.  
Victory should not thirst after Blood, nor be cruel to obtain it.  
What Power and Policy cannot bring about, Gold may effect.  
The Question ought rather to be where the Enemies are, than how many, lest it give to think that Fear, rather than Valour, made the Query.  
The Sword dispatches quickly, but Fear strikes down like Thunder.  
He is soon hurt, who feareth most.  
Great Souls, in glorious Enterprises, have no sense of Danger.  
The more Danger the more Glory.  
The Foundation of Military Knowledge should be laid even from Youth.  
The time for Battle is, when Men are most spirited for Action.  
An Army kept idle degenerates, and are troublesome Guests where quartered.  
Never be confident of Victory, nor yet despair of Success.  
Intestine Animosities ruin the greatest Bodies.  
Aim at Numbers, but trust not in them.  
Courage makes all Erterprises easy.  
Delays may turn the Scales, so that the Conqueror may become the Conquered.  
It is an unprofitable Victory that is obtained by the Ruin of ones own Country.  
That Victory is not perfect where the Heart is not made Captive as well as the Body.  
To overcome by Clemency is more honourable, than to subdue by the Sword.  
Courage is shown more in the choice to die free, than to suffer a languishing Captivity in an Enemy's Country.  
An unlimited Power is of great use to capacitate the General to do great Things, which he that waits for Orders cannot effect.  
There is Encouragement to attempt a Siege, when the Governor is known to be capable of being corrupted.  
The Knowledge of a Garrisons being over-stored, may as soon draw on a Siege, as when its Wants are discovered.  
Palliate Disgraces, and call Flights Retreats.  
Let Spies be rather your Enemy's Subjects than your own.  
Spies are the General's Ferrets which are gained by Money, and preserved by Hope.  
Fortified Places, Armies and Fleets, are vain Things, when God lends not a Hand.  
Perjury calls for Judgement, but more eminently when found in Princes.  
He that can turn Revenge into Mercy, and Hatred into Love, is Praiseworthy.  
A mean spirited Prince is rather the Object of Contempt than Fear.  
Religion is the usual Cloak for Rebellion.  
Furious Spirits are seldom appeased by soft Words, nor Submissions.  
It is best for Princes to judge only according to Equity, to do nothing but what is expedient, and labour not so much to show their Authority, as their Justice.  
Vindicative Spirits are their own Torments.  
No Game is too great for Looker's on, say Neuters.  
Greatness and Care are Twins.  
Sovereign's are Judges here, yet they are judged themselves, and arraigned at the Tribunal of every private Man's Censure.  
Though Sovereigns are Gods on Earth, yet they see and hear with others Eyes, and Ears, and are obliged accordingly to take Measures.  
The Wise proceed to Action with Caution, but the Unexperienced are rash in their Erterprises.  
Sometimes Temerity is of more Use, and a greater Advantage, than more prudent Measures.  
The General's Staff is an Ornament, but it loads as well as it adorns.  
The Enemy's Quarters are easilier beat up and surprised, when their Distances have made them secure.  
Let Ambushes be a Secret, lest the being circumvented make designed for the place of Victory.  
The Wise never wonder, nor are surprised, for nothing happens to them, but what they expected, and are armed for its reception.  
FINIS.    

Books Printed for, and sold by John Jones, at the Dolphin and Crown in Saint Paul's Churchyard.  
POpery, Superstition, Ignorance and Knavery, very unjustly by a Letter in the General pretended; but as far as was Charged, very fully proved upon the Dissenters that were concerned in the Surey Imposter. By Zach. Taylor.  
The Surey Impostor: Being an Answer to a late Fanatical Pamphlet, entitled, The Surey Demoniac. By Zach. Taylor, A. M. and One of the King's Preachers for the County- Palatine of Lancaster.  
A Sermon of Good Works. Preached at Feckenham, in the County of Worcester, on Thursday in Whitsun-week, May 17, 1697. at the Yearly Meeting of the Feofees, appointed by Sir Thomas Cooks Baronet, to manage the Charity given by him, for Educating and Providing for Twelve poor Children there, and for Maintaining a Schoolmaster to Instruct them in Learning and Piety. By John Jepthcott, D. D. Prebendary of Worcester, and Rector of All Saints in the Burrought of Evesham.  
A View of the Dissertation upon the Epistles of Phalaris, Themistocles, etc. Lately published by the Dramatic Dr. Bentley. Also of the Examination of that Dissertation by the Honourable Mr. boil. In order to the Manifesting the Incertitude of Heathen Chronology.  
Eight Chirurgical Treatises, on these following Heads, viz. 1. of tumors. 2. Of Ulcers. 3. Of Diseases of the Anus. 4. Of the King's Evil. 5. Of Wounds. 6. Of Gun-shot Wounds. 7. Of Fractures and Luxations. Of the Lues Venera. By Richard Wiseman, Serjeant-Chirurgeon to King Charles the Second. The Third Edition. Fol.  
The General History of England, both Ecclesiastical and Civil, from the earliest Accounts of Time, to the Reign of his present Majesty King William III. Taken from the most ancient Records, Manuscripts, and printed Historians, with Memorials of the most eminent Persons in Church and State; as also, the Foundations of the most noted Monasteries and both Universities. Vol. I. By James Tyrrell, Esq Fol.  
Treatises upon several Subjects, viz. Reason and Religion, or the Grounds and Measures of Devotion. Reflections upon the Conduct of Humane Life. The Charge of Schism continued. Two Treatises concerning Divine Light. Spiritual Counsel, or, the Father's Advice to his Children. Written by John Norris, M. A. Rector of Bemerton near Sarum. Octavo.  
Practical Discourses upon several Divine Subjects, viz. Of Religious Discourse in common Conversation. Of the Fear of Death. Concerning the Extent of Christ's Satisfaction. Concerning practical Atheism. Of walking by Faith. Concerning Charity to the Poor. Concerning the right Use of the World. Concerning the successive Vanity of Humane Life.— An Admonition concerning two late Books, called, A Discourse of the Love of God. Vol. IU. Written by John Norris, M. A. Rector of Bemerton near Sarum. Octavo.  
Ars Chirurgica, or a Compendium of the Theory and Practice of Chirurgery, in Seven Books. Containing, 1. The Instruments and Operations of the Art. 2. The Removal of Defilements. 3. The Cure of tumors. 4. The Cure of Wounds. 5. The Cure of Ulcers. 6. The Cure of Fractures. 7. The Cure of Dislocations. Showing the Names, Causes, Signs, Differences, Prognostics, and various Intentions of Curing all kind of Chirurgick Diseases, from Head to Foot, happening to Humane Bodies. To which is added, Pharmacopoeia Chyrurgica, or, The Medical Store, in Latin and English; which contains an absolute Sett of choice Preparations or Medicaments, fitted for the complete and universal Practice both of Physic and Chirurgery. The whole Work Galenically and Chemically performed; the like yet never published in any Language whatsoever. By William Salmon, M. D. living at the Great House by Black-Friers-Stairs, London. Octavo.  
Poems upon several Occasions. By Daniel Baker, M. A. sometimes of Gonvil and Caius College in Cambridge. Octavo.  
Reformed Devotions in Meditations, Hymns and Petitions, for every Day in the Week, and every Holiday in the Year. Divided into Two Parts. The Fourth Edition, Corrected. Twelve.  
The present State of the Universe, or and Account of 1. The Rise, Births, Names, Matches, Children, and near Allies of all the present chief Princes of the World. 2. Their Coats of Arms, Mottoes, Devices, Liveries, Religions and Languages. 3. The Names of their chief Towns, with some Computations of the Houses and Inhabitants, their chief Seats of Pleasure, and other remarkable Things in their Dominions. 4. Their Revenues, Power and Strength. Also and Account of Commonwealths, relating to the same Heads. The Second Edition much amended and enlarged, with the Addition of the Styles or Titles of the several Potentates and Republics. Twelve.  
Political and Military Observations, Remarks, and Maxims; of Charles V late Duke of Lorraine, General of the Emperor's Forces; never Printed before, Octavo.  
Archaeologiae Graecae, or the Antiquities of Greece. Volume the Second, containing 1. The Military Affairs of the Grecians. 2. Some of their Military Customs. By John Potter, M. A. and Fellow of Lincoln-College, Oxon. Octavo.  
History of Portugal, from the first Ages of the World, to the late great Revolution under King John iv in the Year, 1640. Written in Spanish by Emanuel de Fasia y Sousa, Knight of the Order of Christ; Translated and Continued down to this present Year, 1698. By Captain John Stevens.   

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A Short Discourse upon the Doctrine of our Baptismal Covenant, being an Exposition upon the Preliminary Questions and Answers of our Church-Catechism, proper to be read by all young Persons, in order to their understanding the whole Frame and Tenor of the Christian Religion, and to their being duly prepared for Confirmation; with Devotions preparatory to that Apostolic and useful Ordinance. By Thomas Bray, D. D. The Second Edition.  
The great Law of Consideration, or a Discourse wherein the Nature and Usefulness, and absolute Necessity of Consideration, in order to a truly serious and religious Life, is laid open. The Seventh Edition, Corrected and Amended. By Anthony Horneck, D. D. late Prebendary of Westminster, Minister of the Savoy, and Chaplain in Ordinary to His Majesty.  
FINIS.