THE COURT OF ROME. Wherein is set forth the whole government thereof; all the Officers belonging unto it, with the value of their Offices, as they are sold by the Pope Also the Original, Creation and present condition of the Cardinals: Together with the manner of the now Pope Innocent the tenth's Election; Coronation, and riding in State to take possession of his Lateranense Church. Besides many other remarkable matters most worthy to be known. And a Direction for such as shall Travel to Rome, how they may with most ease, and commodity view all those Rarities Curiosities, and antiquities, which are to be seen there. Translated out of Italian into English By H. C. Gent.  
London, Printed for Henry Herringman, and are to be sold at his shop at the Anchor in the Lower walk of the New Exchange. 1654.   

To the most worthily honoured Sir Justinian Isham Knight and Baronet.  
SIR,  
HAving met by accident with this ensuing Treatise in Italian, and read it over, I judged it, in respect of the rarity and curiosity of the matters therein contained, so little known to our Nation, worth my labour to translate it into English: Whereupon, having in the best sort my ability could extend unto performed the same accordingly, and purposing to Publish it in print, the powerful custom of Dedicating works of this kind to some worthy person, hath induced me thus to present it unto you, as well in regard of the particular obligation, wherein I stand so deeply engaged unto you for your many noble favours from time to time conferred on me; as of the general esteem is had of your virtuous & generous inclination to grace and cherish all that may any way conduce to the advancement of knowledge and good Arts. Be pleased then, Sir, to receive in the same manner, as it is with all affection tendered unto you by him, who, I cannot doubt but you are assured, is really  
Your no less faithful, then humble servant HENRY COGAN.   

The Table.  

OF the sacred College of the Cardinals. p. 1.  
Of the Secretary of the sacred College. p. 3.  
Of the Nationall Clerk of the sacred College. p. 4  
Of the caster up of accounts of the sacred College ibid.  
Of the Masters of the Ceremonies to the Pope. ib.  
Of the Master of the sacred Palace p. 6.  
Of the Pope's Lord vestry-Keeper p. 7.  
Of the Pope's Secretary, & under Secretaries. ibid.  
Of the Master of the Pope's horse; and others of the said Court p. 9  
Of the Pope's Secretaries of State p. 15  
Of the Secretary of Brieves that go under taxation p. 17  
Of the Secretary of the sacred Brieves p. 18  
Of the General of the Pope's Guard p. 19  
Of the General of the Holy Church p. 20  
Of the Prefectship of Rome p. 24  
Of the governor of the Castle St. Angelo. p. 25.  
Of the General of the Pope's Galleys. p. 26.  
Of the Pope's Vicar. p. 27.  
Of the chief Penitentiary. p. 28.  
Of the Vicechancellor p. 30.  
Of the Chamberlain. p. 35  
Of the Perfect of the Signature of Justice p. 37  
Of the Perfect of the Signature of grace. p. 39  
Of the Perfect of the Brieves. p. 40.  
Of the Library keeper. ibid.  
Of the congregations of the Cardinals, and first of the Cong regation of the holy Office. p. 41.  
Of the Congregation concerning the affairs of Bishops and Regulars. p. 42.  
Of the Congregation of the Council. ibid.  
Of the Congregation of the Ecclesiastical immunity. p. 43.  
Of the Congregation of State. ibid.  
Of the Congregation for the propagating of the faith. p. 44.  
Of the Congregation of Rites. p. 45.  
Of the Congregation for waters. p. 46.  
Of the Congregation for fountains and streets. ibid.  
Of the Congregation for printing of Books. p. 47  
Of the Council for the Government of the State of the Holy Church ibid.  
Of the Congregation for the easing of the People, et de bono Regimine p 49  
Of the Congregation concerning the mint p. 50.  
Of the Congregation for the examining of persons destined to Bishoprics. ibid.  
Of the congregation for consistorial affairs. p. 51.  
Of the three Archpriests which are in the persons of Cardinals. p. 53.  
Of the Ruota. p. 54.  
Of the reverend Chamber Apostolical. p 57  
Of the Lord Governor of Rome. p. 59  
Of the Lord Treasurer General p. 60.  
Of the Lord Auditor of the Chamber. ibid.  
Of the Lord Precedent of the Chamber. p. 62.  
Of the Advocate of the poor. ibid.  
Of the Advocate of the Exchequer. ibid.  
Of the Proctor of the Exchequer. p. 63.  
Of the Commissary of the chamber ibid.  
Of the Marshal of Rome. ibid.  
Of the Senator of Rome. p. 64.  
Of the conservators of Rome. p. 65.  
Of the Masters of the streets of Rome. p. 67.  
Of the Chamberlain of the Water-bank. p. 68  
Of the Referendaries both of the one and the other Signature. p. 69.  
Of the Governor of the Burrow. p. 71.  
Of the datary. p. 72.  
Of the Under-Dater. p. 73.  
Of the Summist. p. 80.  
Of the participant Pronotaries. ibid.  
Of the consistorial Advocates. p. 81.  
Of the Perfect of the provision of corn. p. 83:  
Of the General visitation of the prisons. p. 84  
Of the Perfect of flesh and white-meats. p. 85.  
Of the Judge of Confidences. p. 86.  
Of the Auditor of the contradictions: ibid.  
Of the Apostolical Subdeacon. p. 87.  
Of the solemn Benediction, which the Pope useth to give three times in the year. p. 89.  
Of the solemn Benediction of the Agnus Dei by the Pope ibid.  
Of the Benediction of the Golden Rose, by the Pope. p. 92.  
Of the manner of the Canonization of a Saint by the Pope. p. 95  
Of the Pope's washing of poor men's feet. p. 101:  
Of the Cardinals, and their Original. p. 102.  
Of Deacons, and priests Cardinals. p. 105:  
Of Bishop's Cardinals. p. 108:  
Of the Cardinal's Titles. p. 110:  
Of the creation of Cardinals. p. 114:  
Of those that are made Cardinals being absent from Rome: p. 117.  
Of the order which is observed when a Cardinal dies. p. 127.  
Of the manner of the shutting and opening of a new Cardinal's mouth: p. 130.  
Of the election of the Apostolical Legate de Latere. p. 132.  
Of the election of Arch-Bishops and Bishops. p. 134:  
Of the Arch-Bishors Pall, and the tradition thereof. p. 141:  
Of the public Consistory: p. 146:  
Of the secret Consistory: p. 151:  
Of the Conclave. p. 152:  
Of the vacant Sea of Rome, & the manner of the election of the now Pope Innocent the tenth: p. 155:  
Of the manner of the coronation of the said Pope Innocent. p. 169.  
Of the manner of the said Pope Innocent's riding in state to take possession of his Lateranense Church. p. 184:  
Of the sickness death and obsequies of the Pope p. 191.    

A RELATION Of the Court of ROME.  

Of the Sacred College of the Cardinals.  
THe High Bishop hath for his colaterals Seventy Cardinals, that is, Six Bishop-Cardinals, Fifty Priest-Cardinals, and Fourteen Deacon-Cardinals: This number being determined by a Bull of Pope Sixtus Quintus, are all of them togethe called the Sacred College of Cardinals; And amongst these Cardinals there is always one, who is Chamberlain of the Sacred College; an Office distinct from his Holiness Chamberlain of whom in its place shall be spoken: That being granted for life, and this of the Sacred College but for one year. The Cardinals which are resident in the Court, succeeding unto it by order of seniority, have during the said year the charge of the revenues of the sacred College; and at the end of his Office he gives to every Cardinal his portion, which they that are absent do not enjoy longer than six months after they are parted from Rome. Their eminent Lordships make a Secretary of the College, a Nationall Clerk, and a caster up of accounts. The Secretary is always an Italian. The Clerk exercises his Office one year only, and so long, and no more, do every one of the following Nations hold it in their turn, namely the Germans, French, Spaniards, and the English; but the English do not enjoy it at this day. All these have good and honourable Entertainment from the Palace, and each of them hath of the heirs of every Cardinal that dies five and twenty ducats of the Chamber a piece, and as much of every new Cardinal.   

Of the Secretary of the Sacred College.  
THe Office of the Secretary is to enter into the Conclave, and write the letters in the name of the Sacred College, which are subscribed by three Cardinals, Heads of the Orders, that is, the first Bishop-Cardinall, the first Priest-Cardinal; and the first Deacon-Cardinal; which letters are sealed with their three seals. He is present and assists in the general congregations which are made every morning at that time; and in the Congregations of the Heads of the Orders, setting down all the Orders and Decrees which are made in those Congregations. He keeps a Register also of all the resolutions, which are taken in the secret Consistories, given unto him by the Cardinal Chamberlain of the sacred College, in which consistory he officiates in a long red habit down to the ground, and with an hood of the same colour on his shoulders, but at the extra omnes, he also goes out of the consistory.   

Of the Nationall Clerk of the Sacred College.  
THe Nationall Clerk is simply the Secretary's substitute, in whose absence he is to supply his room, who also stands in the Consistory with the same habit as the Secretary doth.   

Of the caster up of the accounts of the Sacred College.  
THe Caster up of the accounts, is to keep good reckoning of the revenues and incomes of the Sacred College, and render an account thereof to the Cardinal Chamberlain abovesaid.   

Of the Pope's Masters of the Ceremonies.  
THe Pope hath four Masters of the Ceremonies, whereof two are called participants. These have good entertainment from the Apostolical Palace, and the heirs of every Cardinal that dies pays them fifty ducats of the Chambers, and they have likewise an hundred and twelve Ducats of every Cardinal that is newly created, so that their Office yields them seven hundred Ducats yearly a piece: The others are called supernumerary, unto each of whom is given by every new Cardinal twelve ducats of the Chamber; and of them the most ancient only hath entertainment from the Apostolical Palace: nevertheless they are all four Masters of the Ceremonies to the Pope, and the Sacred College, and have equal authority in ordaining the Pontifical functions, advising the Lords Cardinals what they are to do, and commanding every person. They all of them likewise are present in the Congregations of Rites, and one alone in the Ceremonial Congregation, entering all of them into the Conclave. When the Pope sends any Gardinall Legate de Latere, he putteth unto him one of those Masters, who are continually attired in Purple, after the manner of the secret Grooms of the Chamber to his Holiness, amongst whom they are numbered, but whilst they are in their habit, they do not give place unto any other, but to the Master of the Chamber, and the Pope's Cupbearer.   

Of the Master of the Sacred Palace.  
THe Master of the Sacred Palace inhabits continually in the Palace of the Vatican, with two followers. An Office that always belongs to the Fathers of the Religion of St. Dominick, whose charge it is to oversee all the works that are to be printed in Rome; of which after he hath approved of them, he keeps a copy; and when they are subscribed by the Lord U cegerent, his Reverend paternity sets his hand also unto them, or one of his fellows, who are Masters, and Fathers of quality, of the same Order. The said Master is present also in the Congregation of the judge, & hath place in his Holiness Chapel under the Lord Deacon, or the most ancient Auditor present, della 
* Ruota is the Exchequer house in Rome.  Ruota. There is given him daily from his Holiness entertainment of his own person, the Fathers his fellows, and divers servants, together with a Coach, and other commodities.   

Of the Pope's Lord Vestry-keeper.  
THere lives also in the said Palace the Lord Vestry-keeper, the which charge always belongs to the Fathers of the Order of the Augustine's, who have the care of the Pope's Vestry, wherein is stuff of great value. He always serves his Holiness at Mass whensoever he celebrates, either pontifically or privately; and it appertains unto him to provide the Wine, the Water, and the Host, that are to be consecrated. When he is a titular Bishop, he hath place in the Chapel amongst the Bishop's assistants and if he be not a Bishop, he goes notwithstanding in the habit of a regular Prelate. He sits in the Chapel above the Dean, and Auditor della Ruota, waiting upon the Pope's Mitre, who gives to him daily great entertainment, in the very same manner, as he doth to the most reverend Master of the sacred Palace.   

Of the Pope's Secretary and under Secretaries.  
THe Pope Keeps a noble and numerous Court, divided into divers Classes; The sirst is the Secretary, which is always the Cardinal Nephew, or Nephews, who hath many Secretaries under him; and this Cardinal writes, and subscribes the letters made by his Holiness Order to all Princes, Nuncio's, and others. He signs also the Patents of many Governors, Podestates, provosts Marshals: & other officers of the State-Ecclesiastical: But the provisions of the Goverments of Cities, and great Territories, Presidentships, Vicelegations, & Legations of Provinces, & all dispatched by Brieve sub annulo Piscatoris: And all those on whom these charges are conferred do take their oath before the Lord Cardinal Chamberlain, in the presence of a Notary of the Chamber, & swear on the Brieve itself; they that are absent do it by their Proctor. All the Ambassadors of Princes, at their deparure from negotiating with the Pope, give an account of their negotiation to the said Cardinal Nephew, and the like do all the Ministers of Rome. The said Nephew uses to have the Title of Superintendent General of the State Ecclesiastical, which his Holiness gives to him by Brieve, and by Prieve also he gives him the Title of Secretary.   

Of the Master of the Pope's House, and others of the same Court.  
THere is moreover the Master of the House, who is always a Praelate; (for you must know, that the Pope never gives the title of Majordomo to any) as also the Master of the Chamber; the Cupbearer, the Sewer; the chief Harbinger, the Carver; the under-master of the Chamber; the under cupbearer; the under-Sewer; & the under-Master of the House; together with secret Chamberlains, of whom the Pope declares seven or eight participant-chamberlaines, as seemeth good to his Holiness. And one of these secret Chamberlains is always secret Treasurer, who bestows his Holiness Donations and Alms. There is besides an other secret Chamberlain, that is Wardrobe-keeper, who hath an under-Wardrobe-keeper, and goes in purple. There are other Adjutants likewise. Now it is to be noted, that the said Wardrobe-keeper hath not in his charge, either hang, beds, or other such like stuff, but only jewels, Relics, Gold, Silver, and other things of great value. They do also distribute daily the blessed Agnus Dei's, which are made in the said Wardrobe. The Popes were wont to make the Agnus Dei's every seven years, but Pope Clement the eighth in the year 1600. made them many times, as also great store of Shrines, which he caused to be distributed freely.  
The entertainment of a secret Chamberlain amounts to a thousand crowns a year, and he that is a participant-chamberlaine hath eight or nine hundred crowns more than those that are not participants, because they participate of the rewards and donatives, which are given to the Pope's Chamber, and of some profits of the Apostolical Chancery.  
The same entertainment, or little less than these Chamberlains, have the secret-Chamberlaines, who help the Pope to officiate and serve him at Mass, when he says it privately: One of them carries the Cross before his Holiness; and when he goes on foot, another bears up the train of the gown. Pope Clement the eighth always kept six secret chaplains, amongst whom was a Germane, a Spaniard, a Frenchman, a Polander, and a japponese, who was attired after the manner of his country, but in purple colour, all of them nobly borne. His Holiness hath for the Master of his Chamber the Lord Silvio Antonianis Romano, who exercises also the charge of Secretary of the secret Brieves much to his commendation, who for the goodness of his life, and eminency of learning was created a Cardinal. Moreover his Holiness keepeth a secret Clerk of the private Chapel who hath a good entertainment, & some perquisites; and when the Pope goes to the Chapel pontifically, it belongs to the said Chaplains to carry the triple Crown and the precious Mitres, going before the Cross in the same red habit, which the secret Chamberlains wear.  
There are also the Chaplains of the Guards and Palfreymen, to the end they may hear Mass every morning, who are called common Chaplains.  
There are secret Adjutants of the Chamber, who have half the entertainment of the Chamberlains aforesaid; and they also do participate of some fees and perquisites, which do not appertain to the secret Chamberlains.  
There are besides them Chamberlains of honour, all persons of quality, and illustrious both for birth, and learning. Then are there the Chamberlains della Bussola; the chamberlains extra muros; and the chamberlains Scudiere; every one of the which keeps the watch, and hath his office distinct, saving the chamberlains of honour, who do not appear in the Palace, but when they will; and by them the Pope's use to send the Hats to the new Cardinals.  
There is a Sewer, and a Carver of the Sacred College, who hath both of them good entertainment and provision.  
There is also a Sewer and Carver of strangers, and a Sewer for the poor, who waits every morning on those poor, which eat in the Palace at his Holiness charge; an institution introduced by Pope Clement the eight, who ordained, that the Father Rector of the Penitentiaries of St. Peter of the Society of Jesus should take care to bring in every morning twelve Pilgrims to eat in the Palace, as is beforesaid. All the above mentioned Officers have good entertainment, and provision, and are attired in purple, according to their quality, in a long habit down to the ground. Likewise there are two Physicians for the Family, with good entertainment, and a purple habit, besides the secret Chamberlain's Physician.  
His Holiness keeps a Gentleman of quality with the title of Master of the Stable, (for the Popes do not use to give the title of Master of the Horse) who hath good entertainment, provision, & enjoys many perquisites. This same alone, besides the Chamberlains of honour of the Pope's Court, goes with a cloak and sword, and hath under him many persons with honest provisions, whom he may place and displace at his pleasure; and in the stable he hath two hundred Horses, with many Mules for Litters, and carriages. Clement the eight introduced the conferring of the title of secret Chamberlain on Cavaliers of the Cloak and Sword; and those same held that title only for honour's sake, without employing themselves in any thing of service. Pope Leo the eleventh also gave this title of Master of the Horse to Signior Pompeo Frangipani, a principal Roman Cavalier, and a soldier of great merit.  
There are other under-Officers, which have the custody of the Pope's furniture, & Householdstuff; and these are to take care to see the rooms accommodated, when there is a Consistory, a Signature of Grace, and a Congregation.  
Then there are secret and public sweepers, who are apparelled in Purple, with an under-coat to the calf of the leg, and were formerly the Pope's Coachmen, when he was a Cardinal; as also Palfrey-men, which are always above forty; for you must know, that every new Pope useth to take for his Palfrey men, all the Deans of the Cardinals, and Ambassadors Palfreymen, that are in Rome at the time of his Assumption: which custom is inviolably observed, and they are attired in red, or white cloth, as they will them-themselves, but at the Pope's charge, with a purple cloak, and guilt sword. There are likewise twelve Macebearers, and twelve Vergers, both of them vendible Offices, and each one is worth six hundred crowns, or thereabouts, yielding them fifty crowns a year a piece.  
There are moreover a great number of lower Offices, which shall be noted in the end of the present Relation.  
You are to understand, that the Gate of the Palace stands always but half open, and through it in that manner doth every Cardinal, Ambassador, and other person pass, that go to negotiate with his Holiness; but both the leaves of the Gate are opened when the Pope himself passeth through it, or any of the Brothers, or Nephews of his Holiness who are then living.   

Of the Pope's Secretaries of State.  
BUT the highest Officers are the Secretaries of State, who have great entertainment from the Pope, and are attired in purple, and do altogether dependon the Cardinal-Nephew aforesaid; and although they negotiate with the Pope, yet they take their directions from the said Cardinal, and to his Eminency they send their letters to be subscribed. These Secretaries have distributed amongst them the Nuntiatures' Provinces, and one of them is a Secretary of the cyphers, which hath but half the entertaintment of the other Secretaries, who do all live in the Pope's Palace, and each of their entertainments is fifteen hundred crowns a year, besides the emoluments of their Secretary's place.  
Then are there Secretaries of secret Brieves, and of Brieves that go under taxation, as shall be spoken of in his proper place. Also the Secretary of the Council; the Secretary of Memorials, who usually is the Master of the Pope's Chamber; and Secretary of the Congregations de bono regimine, and ex gravi, and two, or three others which serve under each of them. Every one of these hath, besides emoluments, great entertainment from the Pope; and every one of his Holinesses Officers are apparelled in purple, but distinctly according to the place he holds; howbeit the secret Chamberlains, and those of honour use to wear an under, and upper Garment, the former of Tarzanello in the winter, and of taffeta-sarcenet in the summer, and the other of serge, or say; both of them in every season of purple colour. The Secretaries also are apparelled either with the purple habit of a Prelate, or conformably to the secret Chamberlains, as aforesaid; the rest are ordinarily clothed with woollen, light or heavy, according to the season. Pope Clement the eight, in the holy year 1600 caused all his Family to be apparelled in cloth, and this order was observed until his death: & all the said year his Holiness kept no furniture in the rooms where he usually abode; no more did the Cardinal Nephews, nor the other Cardinals that lived in the Palace, which were Tarugi, Baronio, Mantua, Bellarmino, Antoniano, and Deti.   

Of the Secretaries of Brieves that go under Taxation.  
THE Secretaries of the Brieves, that go under Taxation, are four and twenty, and every Secretary's place is worth a thousand crowns, yielding between seven or eight hundred crowns a a year; His Holiness declares one of these four and twenty superior to the rest, who goes in the habit of a referendary, or Domestic Prelate, is lodged in the Palace as an Officer thereof, and hath great entertainment. All the Brieves dispatched by this Secretary do pay, except the Indulgences, ad tempus; and all the said Brieves are taxed by one of the four & twenty Secretaries, it belonging to every one of them in his turn to be over the Taxation, and the Originals of these Brieves are reviewed by the Cardinal Perfect of the Brieves, of which Office shall be spoken in its place: Then are the Brieves sealed with the Fisher's Ring, and subscribed by that Secretary who lives in the Palace.   

Of the Secretary of the secret Brieves.  
THe Secretary of the secret Brieves is ordered to make them, either by the Cardinal Nephew, or by one of the Secretaries of State; the Originals whereof are seen by no man, nor subscribed by the Cardinal Perfect of the Brieves, for he hath no authority over this charge: And after the said Brieves are sealed with the seal of the principal Secretary, they are examined with the Originals, and then signed by him. One of these Pope's Brieves is always accompanied with a letter of the Cardinal Nephew aforesaid. There is great care taken of the Original of those Brieves, and upon the death of the Pope are carried into the Castle Saint Angelo; whither also the Cardinal Nephew, or Nephew's Secretaries, do carry all the Registers of the businesses which have passed through their hands; and likewise all the letters that came in the time of their Administration.   

Of the General of the Pope's Guards.  
THere is also in the Palace the general of the Guards, declared so by his Holiness Brieve, with two hundred crowns a month entertainment, and he hath under him a Lieutenant, who between money, and entertainment in the Palace, hath as good as four score crowns a month, paid him by the reverend Chamber; which Lieutenant is made by his Holiness Brieve. In the said Guard are ordinarily two Troops of light Horse, of fifty in a Troop, whereof the Captains, and Cornets are made by his Holiness Brieve; A company of three hundred Swissers, with a Captain and Officers of the same Nation, and twelve demy-Launces, which are all Captains Reformadoes, having each of them fifteen crowns a month a piece. All the Captains, and Officers of the soldiers, as well horse, as foot, are paid after the manner of the Wars; besides the which they have many veils, and perquisites, still accrueing unto them in the Apostolical Palace, where there is continually a guard kept, of fifty Swissers, twelve light horse, and four demi Lances, divided into two bodies.   

Of the General of the holy Church.  
THE General of the holy Church is likewise made by his Holiness Brieve, and his staff, and an Oath is given him privately in the Chamber: In time of peace his pay is a thousand crowns a month, and in the time of War three thousand. His authority, and jurisdictions are very great, for five hundred Officers hold their places of him by Patent; which are the Master of the Camp of the Provinces, the Sergeant Majors thereof, the Collateral General, the Paymaster, the Captains of horse, the the Captains of the Militia, the Colonels of Ancona, of Spoleto, and of the Mount San Giovanni; the Colonel of the little Regiment of Corsi, the Captains of the Corsi, the Collateral, and paymaster of the same; the Collateral, and Paymaster of Ferrara, with the Captains of the horse; the Captain of the Halberdiers, the Captain of Bergantino, and all the other Captains of the soldiery of that Garrison, and State; as also the Captain of the horse of Bologna; the Collateral, and Paymaster of Avignion, and the Captains of the horse and foot which are in that Regiment; many Captains of Forts, and all the Captains of the sconces, and strong holds, which are on the Sea side, and upon the confines: There are likewise two Generals of the horse, who hold of him by Patent. He hath authority to command over the General of Ferrara, and over the General of Avignion; both which Generals have each of them two hundred crowns a month apiece, besides the entertainment of some demy-launces.  
He hath also under him a lieutenant-general, with three thousand crowns a years entertainment; and a Sergeant Major General, with five hundred crowns a years entertainment; but these four last places are granted by his Holiness Brieve; who likewise makes the General of the Artillery, with an hundred crowns a month's entertainment. No soldier can be imprisoned without a Licence under the General's hand, who hath supreme authority over them. The Soldiers of the Bands or Battagliaes', (whether you will, which are enrolled throughout the whole state of the holy Church) are fourscore thousand foot, and three thousand and five hundred horse: And none of these soldiers have any pay, but only enjoy divers exemptions, and privileges, of wearing arms, and others: so that his Holiness in time of need, may serve himself of them without giving impediment to the husbandman in manuring the ground for the mantenance of the City with provision of victual: And all these stand ready armed upon any sudden warning, as in the time of War, being continually disciplined by their Officers, whereby they become very good Soldiers.  
The beforenamed Generals of the horse, have each of them an hundred crowns a month entertainment; the Commissaries of the horse, which are two, have fifty crowns a month apiece; the seven Marshals of the Camp of the Provinces, fifty crowns a month apiece; the seven Sergeants Majors of the Provinces have each of them five and twenty crowns a month; the Collateral General seventy crowns a month; the Captains of the bands, 20 crowns a month apiece, with their howsrent defrayed, and other perquisites; the Colonels beforenamed thirty crowns a month apiece. The Colonel of the Corsi, with the Collateral, Paymaster, Captains, Officers, and soldiers thereof, are paid after the manner of War: And these are throughout all the holy Church employed againgst the Banditi, and sometimes in the Pope's Galleys.  
It is also necessary to know, that Pope Clement the eight by the means of Signior Mario Farnese, at that time General of the Forces of Ferrara, made in that fortress an Armoury, replenished with all kind of arms, for the arming of five and twenty thousand foot; and another Armoury in Bologna, for the arming of ten thousand: And in the Papacy of Paul the fifth, the same Don Mario introduced into Tivoli, a City distant sixteen miles from Rome, excellent workmen for the making of all sorts of arms of War; and of those arms framed in Tivoli, he made an Armoury in Castle St. Angelo for the arming of twelve thousand foot; and another Armoury for the arming of five thousand; and in the Vatican Palace two like Armouries; as also one in Ancona, and one in Ravenna. He likewise caused fourscore pieces of great Ordnance to be cast. By this it may be seen how great the forces of the Pope are, who hath arms to arm an hundred thousand men, and all his Vassals are apt for the Wars, being naturally addicted thereunto. The state of the Holy Church abounds with Captains, and men of command; and in the Castle Saint Angelo are millions of ready coin in Gold, besides a million and an half in Jewels.   

Of the prefectship of Rome.  
THE Prefectship of Rome, a most noble and antientdignity, was constituted with much authority by the Roman Emperors, and always since continued by the high Bishops; being enjoyed by some of the chiefest Families, amongst the which it was a long time in the noble Families of the Orsini, and Rovere: After the death of Francisco Maria, the last Duke of Urbino, it was granted by Urban the eight to Don Taddeo Barberino, and his heirs to the third generation. It hath many and divers prerogatives, and it is the office of him, that possesseth it, to carry immediately before the Emperors in their solemn riding the Imperial sword.   

Of the Governor of the Castle Saint Angelo.  
THe Pope makes the Governor of the Castle Saint Angelo by his Brieve, with five hundred crowns a month entertainment; & he hath under him a Deputy Governor of his own making, who assists in the charge of the Castle, with fifty crowns a month's entertainment, and as much in perquisites. There is also a Proveditor, who holds his Office by Patent from the Governor, and it yields him four hundred crowns a year; Another hath the care of the Armoury, with the entertainment of twenty crowns a month, having under him many young fellows, paid by the Chamber. Then there are two hundred soldiers, with their Captain, Ensign, Sergeants, and Corporals: which are paid according to the manner of the Wars: all the Officers, together with the Master-Gunner, are made by the Governor; but but the Corporals, soldiers, and Chaplains, are at the disposing of the Deputy Governor, whose charge it is to enrol the adjutants of the Castle, which are ordinarily five hundred, and do enjoy the privilege of wearing arms.   

Of the General of the Pope's Galleys.  
THE General of the Galleys is made by the Pope's Brieve, and takes his usual oath, as in like manner do all the great Officers, before the Lord Treasurer General, with the entertainment of three hundred crowns a month, and pay for twelve demy-Launces. The General makes a Lieutenant by his Patent, who hath an hundred crowns a month entertainment, and pay for four demy-launces. All the Captains of the Galleys, the Captains of the foot, and the Ensigns, hold their places by the General's Patent, with the usual pay; as also the chief Master, the Auditor, and Notary: But the Proveditor, the Paymaster, the Patron of the Galley, the Munition-Master, and the Apothecary, are made by the Lord Treasurer General's Patent: Every other person, as the Chaplains, Officers, soldiers, Barbers, Mariners, Masters, Masters-mates, Pilots, and Councillors, depend immediately on the General; who hath not power de jure, to free men from the chain, which is used to be done by a Council of War, but the General does it sometimes de facto.   

Of the Pope's Vicar.  
NOw we will speak of the Offices which are in the persons of the Cardinals, beginning with the Pope's Vicar, which Office is most ancient, having been a long time out of the sacred College of of the Cardinals, and exercised by such as were but simply Bishops; but Pius the fourth brought that dignity to the said College, having declared Cardinal Jacomo Savelli for his Vicar; whose jurisdiction is over the Priests, and Regulars inhabiting in Rome, as also over the companies of Laymen, Hospitals, pious places, Jews, and Courtesans, within the precincts thereof. The Cardinall-Vicar hath for his entertainment an hundred crowns a month, paid him by the reverend Chamber. This Office hath four Notaries, every one of the which exerciseth his Office apart, with eight or nine Clerks under him; It hath likewise two Lieutenants, the one for civil, who is commonly a Referendary Prelate, and the other for criminal causes; and also a Vicegerent, a Prelate too; but for some years past, he still hath been a Titular Bishop, to the end he may perform all Episcopal functions in Rome: and he hath the superintendance, or particular care of the Monasteries of Nuns; he is present likewise with the other Officers in the Congregations, which are made before the most eminent Cardinal-Vicar, for matters, and causes of that Tribunal; and hath under him a Provost Martial, with good store of sergeants.   

Of the chief Penitentiary  
IN the time of Saint Cyprian, and of Cornelius the Pope, two hundred years after Christ our Lord, many Christians having sacrificed to Idols, there was great contending, wehther the relapsers should be admitted to reconciliation, whereupon sprung the schism made by Novatianus; finally the Major part prevailed, that they should be accepted: But because some had sinned less, than others, there were Priests deputed, which pro modo culpae admissam poenitentiam indulgent: From whence grew the use of Penitentiaries, and all that intervenes in those cases: Whereupon it was constituted, that in each of the patriarchal Churches of Rome, there should be two Priests, who should have the care of imposing penance according to the penitential Canons, which are most ancient, as the Bibliothecarie makes mention; and this is all that is found written of it. Now it is likely, that those Priests constituted in the said Churches, had a head, with whom they were to confer, which upon occasion communicated important cases to the Pope; and this was the Penitentiary, who in truth ought to be very ancient: but the most ancient mention that P. Panvino hath of it, is in that of Gregory the tenth in capit. ubi periculum.  
The charge of the chief Penitentiary is exercised at this day by a most eminent Cardinal, conferred on him by his Holiness, and yields him about eight thousand crowns a year. He hath under him a Prelate with the title of the Regent of the Penitentiaria; whose jurisdiction is over the cases referred to his Holiness, granting absolutions gratis ubique, directed to approved confessors in Parliament, sealed with the usual seal of the Penitentiaria.  
The Cardinal Penitentiary sits with much solemnity, sometimes in one, and sometimes in another of the three Cathedral Churches, that is of Saint John de Lateran, of Saint Peter in the Vatican, and of Santa Maria Maggiore, upon a seat three or four degrees high, in form of a Tribunal, with a staff of Office in his hand, to hear the confessions of cases reserved: he makes his Congregation also with the intervening of his regent, of the Prelate that keeps the Seal, and two or three Divines, which which are ordinarily Jesuits, as also some one Canonist. He hath likewise under him certain Offices, that are vendible, and his illustrious Lordship hath part of the disposing of them.   

Of the Vicechancellor.  
THE Chancellors wrote all that which anciently occurred to the Pope to write, both when he gave answer to doubts of faith, which were demanded of him by the Provinces, and Bishops; as also concerning any other thing: And the chiefest person of the Pope's spiritual Dominion had that authority, which at this day the Secretaries of the Brieves, and the Secretaries ab intimis have; and moreover the same, which in the Kingdom of France, and in many other States, the Chancellor hath Lucas de Penna, reciting a certain Epistle of Saint Isidores, sets down what the authority of this Office is. He had under him twelve, which were called Schrinerari, and one Protoschrinerario; all which assisted him in sustaining the weight of his charge, according as he directed them.  
The most ancient mention, which is found of this Office is in Saint Jerome, in an Epistle of Monarchy ad Gerontiam, who was Chancellor.  
This Office until Gregory the eight was always given to Bishops, or Cardinals; and about the year 1100. the Bishop-Cardinal of Saint Rufina was ever Chancellor, for so had Benedict the eight granted it by dispensation. It fell from that custom in the year 1071. under Alexander the second, after whose time it was always in the hands of Priests, or Deacon-Cardinals. Gregory the eight, who had this Office, being made Pope, began to give it out of the College of Cardinals, and conferred it on a Lateranense Canon, who, because he was no Cardinal, entitled himself Cancellarij vicem Agens. The giving that Office out of the sacred College continued an hundred years; and the Ministers vicem agentes, were called Vicechancellors, as a more commodious word.  
This Office under Boniface the eight, returned into the sacred College of Cardinals, and was given to Ricardo Pelroni, a Nobleman of Sienna, who being made a Cardinal, never remembering the ancient institution, continued Vicechancellor, and so through heedlessness it came to be the name of the Office.  
He that had this Office was called Chancellor or Bibliothecarie, which is as much in effect, because he was likewise Praefect of the Library. In the time that the Emperor nominated the Pope, the Master of the Rolls called himself Archicancellarius Imperij pro Italia, & Apostolicae Sedis Bibliothecarius, vel Cancellarius, seu Archicancellarius, and they that were in Rome said; Datum Romae per manum N. Diaconi Cardinalis Vicecancell. Archiepiscopi Colonien. Apostolicae Sedis Bibliothecarij, seu Cancellarij: whence it is to be noted, that the date was put down by the said Chancellor.  
Nor was the Office of the Datarie distinct from the Chancellor; which distinction was established at Avignion, and therefore it is to be considered, that the datary in his date said not, per manum B. but Simpliciter.  
An eminent Cardinal exerciseth the charge of Vicechancellor, and it yields him between fifteen and sixteen thousand crowns a year; whose jurisdiction is over the dispatches of Apostolical letters concerning all matters, whereof the supplications are signed, except those which are dispatched by Brieve sub Annulo Piscatoris: And in his Palace three times a week, that is, Tuesday, Thursday, and Sunday, do the Officers of the Chancery Apostolical assemble together; which are the Regent, and the Abbreviators de Parco magiore, being twelve Prelates besides the Regent; and who are all attired in the purple habit of a Prelate, and their Offices are sold, the Regentship for two and twenty thousand crowns, and every Abbreviator for eleven or twelve thousand crowns; their money yielding them between eight and ten in the hundred: and six of the Abbreviators Offices, together with that of the Regent are at the disposing of the Cardinal Vicechancellor. These thirteen Prelates have place in his Holiness Chapel, but the Regent never goes thither in respect of precedency with other Prelates. They are also Refendaries, both of the one and the other Signature; and the Regent moreover hath power to commit the causes of Appeals in Rome, which he commits to the Auditors of the Ruota, and to the Referendaries, distributing them by order, so that every one may have a part in them.  
The Office of the Abbreviators, is to make the Originals of the Bulls upon the supplications already signed by his Holiness, and to review the Bulls after they are fair written in parchment. The Abbreviators de Parco minore, the Clerks, and other Officers, which are there, who have bought their places, and whose profit is founded on the emoluments of such dispatches, and annates, assist in the taxing, reviewing, and signing the Bulls; receiving their fee of the sum taxed, which is paid by him that dispatcheth the Bulls. Furthermore, the Cardinal Vicechancellor is he, that in the secret Consistoreiss take the collations of the Cardinal's tithes, and the declarations of promotions, and collations of Bishoprics, which the Pope makes pro tempore, as also of consistorial Abbeys, giving forth the schedules of such provisions.   

Of the Chamherlaine.  
THe Head of the Deacons, which had the care of the revenues, was the Archdeacon, who was the Cardinal, and his dignity, that was most ample, continued to the year 1100. at which time in regard of the too much greatness thereof, (for many of them bearded the Popes, and with the power that they had, made their way to the Papacy) that dignity was taken away, and in stead thereof another instituted, called Chamberlain, which was conferred on a Cardinal, to whom Coadjutors were given, which were styled Clerks of the Chamber Apostolical, whose Office from the institution thereof is that of the Chamberlain: Now there was added unto it the Treasurer, for a difference which the Popes would have between it and the Chamberlain; and afterwards for the same respect the Precedent was also added.  
The Cardinal Chamberlains place yields him, one year with another, between twelve and fourteen thousand crowns, and his jurisdiction is to take Cognisance of all the causes, which appertain to the Chamber Apostolical, and the Clerks thereof, of whom I will speak in its place jointly, and of some of them likewise severally. He sits in the Chamber, when he is not kept from thence by the Consistories, and the most part of the dispatches there pass under his name, although they be discussed, and subscribed by the Clerk. Now you must know, that in the Chamber Apostolical the Cardinal Chamberlain, and all the other Prelates, sit with their purple Pontifical Cope Rochett; and the other Officers, which assist also in the said Chamber, with other habits different from the ordinary.  
Moreover the Chamberlain is Judge of the Appeals from the sentences given by the Masters of the streets, of whom shall be spoken in due time. He takes cognisance of the causes concerning Buildings, Bridges, Streets, and other things. During the vacancy of the Sea, he abides in the Palace in the Pope's Lodging; goes up and down Rome with a guard of Swissers, which always waits upon his person, and coins money with his arms stamped thereupon. It is his care to see the Conclave made which he gives, after the Pope is elected, to whomsoever his Eminence pleaseth. He he keeps one key also of the Treasury that is in Castille, Saint Angelo; the Cardinal Deacon keeps another, and his Holiness a third.   

Of the Perfect of the Signature of Justice  
THe Charge of the Perfect of the Signature of Justice is exercised by an eminent Cardinal, who hath an hundred ducats a month entertainment, and his jurisdiction is the References of all the supplications, and commissions of causes, which are delegated for justice. And every Thursday, except it be in the vacation time, in his Eminencies own Palace is the Signature of Justice held for those Commissioners, and References, concerning the which there is contention between parties. There are Officiating in it, twelve voting Prelates, the ancientest Referendaries, together with the Auditor della Ruota, and the Cardinal Vicar's Lieutenant Civil, who are there only to defend the jurisdiction of their Courts, and have no vote.  
Now because many of the causes, which are so delegated, are some of them dispatched by Letters subscribed by the Cardinal Perfect, & others by Breive, therefore over this are two Officers, the one called the Perfect of the Originals of the Brieves, who having made the Originals, consignes them to the other Officer, called the Master of the Brieves, and he according to the Originals given to him, and subscribed by the former, makes the Brieves, which he afterwards consignes to the Secretary of the Brieves that are under taxation, to the end he may cause them to be sealed. The first Office is worth twelve thousand crowns, the second thirteen hundred; and the money both of the one, and the other, yields between nine and ten in the hundred.  
There is also another Officer, called the Revisor of the Commissions of the Signature of Justice, and all those three which have those Offices, are attired in Purple like unto the Pope's Chamberlains.   

Of the Perfect of the Signature of Grace.  
THe Office of the Perfect of the Signature of Grace is aways in the person of a Cardinal, who hath an hundred ducats of the Chamber a month entertainment; and his Office and Jurisdiction is principally to assist at the Signature of Grace, which is made before the Pope; and to seal every supplication, and grace passeth therein, where also the twelve voting Prelates are present, which usually are the same that vote in the Signature of justice.  
There are likewise who Officiate, the Cardinal Prelate of the Signature of justice, the Cardinal Vicar, the Cardinal Perfect of the Brieves, the Lord datary, & a more or less number of Cardinals, according as his Holiness hath been pleased to depute them; but they are never fewer than twelve: Moreover, there are intervening at the said Signature, the Lord Auditor of the Chamber, his Lieutenant Civil, the Lord Treasurer General, an Auditor della Ruota, the Cardinal Vicar's Lieutenant Civil, a participant Protonotary, a Clerk of the Chamber, an Abbreviator de Parco Maggiore, together with the Lord Regent of the Chancery, and every one of these are present there to defend the jurisdiction of his Office. The said Signature is held once a week before his Holiness, upon Tuesday or Sunday, if it be not vacation time.   

Of the Perfect of the Brieves.  
THere is the Cardinal Perfect of the Brieves, who hath the entertainment of an hundred Crowns of the Chamber a month, and his care is to review and sign all the Originals of the Breives, which are under taxation.   

Of the Library Keeper.  
THere is the Cardinal Library Keeper, who hath an hundred Ducats of the Chamber a month entertainment; and his charge is, to oversee the Printing, and the Vatican Library, as also those men which work in it, where classic works in the Original tongue are likewise printed.   

Of the Congregations of Cardinals, and first of the Congregation of the Holy Office.  
THere are many, & divers Congregations of Cardinals, whereof the Congregation of the holy Office is one, which assembles twice a week; on Wednesday in the Convent of the Dominicant alla Minerva; and on Thursday before the Pope, concerning causes, & matters of the Inquisition, & other Heresy; where many Cardinals intervene, at the least twelve, or more, as are by his Holiness deputed; together with a good number of Prelates, & other Divines, Religious Orders, all of them with the title of Consultors of the Holy Office; the Seal whereof is kept by an eminent Cardinal; who hath a Palace, with a prison, and many Officers, and Ministers; amongst whom is the Commissary, which Office always belongs to the Fathers of the Order of Saint Dominick; & the Assessors, a Prelate, or one of his Holiness Chamberlains of honour, whose care it is to report the causes in the Congregations.   

Of the Congregation concerning the Affairs of Bishops, and Regulars.  
THere is the Congregation concerning the affairs of Bishops, and Regulars; whose jurisdiction is over the differences which arise between Bishops and their subjects; and also amongst Regulars; and likewise in providing for the occurrences of Bishops, which have need of consultation. The head thereof is an Eminent Cardinal, in whose house it is held every week upon Friday.   

Of the Congregation of the Council.  
THere is the Congregation of the Council, whose jurisdiction is to interpret the Text of the Sacred Council of Trent. It is held in the house of the oldest Cardinal, who is Head thereof, but another Eminent Cardinal keeps the Seal. And it is held once every week, either on Sunday, or three days ad libitum of the Cardinall-Head.   

Of the Congregation of the Ecclesiastical Immunity.  
FOr that delinquents in many, and sundry causes enjoyed not the Ecclesiastical immunity; and because the judgement thereabout was through the diversity, and mixture of offences oftentimes rendered very doubtful, Pope Vrbane the eight instituted and erected the Sacred Congregation of the Ecclesiastical Immunity which useth to be held on Tuesday's in the ancientest Cardinals house. Many Cardinals are there present, as also an Auditor della Ruota, a Clerk of the Chamber, a voter of the Signature, and the Secretary, that usually is a referendary, both of the one and of the other Signature, together with the Cardinal Perfect thereof, who keeps the Seal, and hath the entertainment of a thousand crowns a year from the Cardinal.   

Of the Congregation of State.  
THe Congregation of State useth to be held sometimes before his Holiness, and sometimes before the Cardinal Nephew of the Pope living, and therein do usually sit all the Cardinals, which have been Apostolical Nuncheons, together with his Holiness Secretary of State.   

Of the Congregation for the propagating of the Faith.  
THe Congregation abovesaid was erected by Gregory the fifteenth for the finding out of all ways, and means of propagating the Catholic Faith in all parts of the world; and of what was most conducing to the utility of a business of that importance. It useth to be held once a month before the Pope on a monday, and oftentimes in the Palace of the College, surnamed de propaganda fide. In it do many Cardinals sit, as also an Apostolical Pronotary, his Holiness Secretary of State, the Judge, who usually is a Referendary both of one and the other Signature, the Assessor of the holy Office; and the Secretary of the same Congregation. There is now a Palace building, of no ordinary greatness, in the Piatza of the most holy Trinity de Monti, for the receiving all those which being converted to the Catholic Faith, come to visit the holy place of Rome; as also of many poor Bishops and Priests; who are all supplied with things necessary for their diet, and lodging: It maintains a Printing-house for all sorts of strange Languages, where continually are printed missals, Breviaries, and other kind of books appertaining to the Catholic Faith, which are sent into those parts where there is need of them. Cardinal Antonio Barberino is at the present Perfect of this Congregation.   

Of the Congregation of Rites.  
THere is the Congregation of Rite, whose jurisdiction is about the differences arising concerning Rites, Ceremonies, Precedencies, Canoniziations of Saints, and the like; whereof the Antimtest Cardinal of the deputed is Head; and in his House the Congregation is also held ordinarily once a month, & oftener if need be; it belonging to the Cardinall-Head to intimate it, as it doth likewise to all the other Cardinals, who are Heads of Congregations.   

Of the Congregation for Water.  
THere is the Congregation for Water, wherein are handled matters concerning River, Brookes, Bridges, and the like; and a Cardinal is Head thereof, in whose House the Congregation is held, only at such times as there is need, wherefore there is no set day for it.   

Of the Congregation for Fountains and the Streets.  
THere is also a Congregation concerning Fountains, and the Streets, of which the Cardinal Chamberlain is Head; but the Congregation is held in the Signior Cardinal's house, and hath no set day for meeting. The business of it is concerning the Aqueducts which bring water to Rome, and the manner of distributing it over the City; as also how the streets may be made more commodious and enlarged.   

Of the Congregations for Printing of Books.  
THere is the Congregation for the correcting, & Printing of Books, whereof a Cardinal is Head, in whose house it is held, but they seldom meet, and therefore there is no set time for it.   

Of the Council for the Government of the State of the Holy Church.  
THere is the Council wherein the Government of the whole State of the Holy Church is managed, and the Head of it is the Cardinal Nephew to the Pope pro tempore, in whose lodging in the Palace it is held twice in a week, upon fridays and Tuesdays, whereat are five or six Cardinals, seven or eight Prelates, and a Secretary, who is always a Prelate, and a great confident of the Cardinal-Nephews. In the said Council is the whole government of the State of the Church handled; for the Vice-Legates, Prefects, Governors, Podestaes', and other Officers, give an account to the Council at Rome, of all the important causes which happen in their Governments; and the Council determines by Decree what shall be done in those cases, whereupon the Secretary draws up the Letters of Order, and the Cardinal Head subscribes them. Amongst the Prelates, which assist in the Council, are the Provinces divided, and they afterwards read the business of their Provinces in the Council. But the Legation of Avignion, the Government of Benevento in the Kingdom of Naples, of the City of Ceneda in the State of Venice, are not submitted to the Council at Rome, but they who govern in those places are free Masters of them; neither is the Government of the State of Fermo, and Spoleto subject thereunto. The Prelates of the said Council have three parts of the Palace, and a thousand crowns a year a piece in perquisites: the Secretary hath two thousand.   

Of the Congregations for the easing of the People, & de bono Regimine.  
THere are the Congregations for the easing of the people, & de bono Regimine, whereof the Pope's Cardinal Nephew pro tempore is the Head; unto them have the Commonalty recourse for the easing of their grievances, wherewithal they are oppressed: they are held on the Saturday in the very same rooms, where the Council useth to sit; the Congregation de bono Regimine in one, and that for the easing of the people in another, both of them in their turns, with the intervening therein of five or six Cardinals, and seven or eight Prelates, with one Secretary being always present, and all of them ever the same in the two Congregations.  
All the Letters and Orders proceeding from them, are Subscribed by the Pope's Cardinal Nephew; and the Prelates have the same emolument, which those of the Council have; every one of the said congregations, with the Secretary thereof, go attired in purple, and carry the title of his Holiness servants.   

Of the Congregation concerning the Mint.  
THere is the Congregation for the Mint, in which all matters are handled that concern the coining of money, and all other moneys of other jurisdictions, to the end they may be spent in the State of the Church. In it are four Cardinals, and four Chamberlains: The head of it is a Cardinal, in whose house the Congregation is always held, when there is occasion for it.   

Of the Congregation for the examining of persons destined to Bishoprics.  
THere is a Congregation for the examining of new Bishops, which is held before his Holiness, and it consists of nine or ten Cardinals, some Prelates, and others, Fathers of certain Orders of Religion; wherein are examined all such persons as are to be promoted to Bishoprics, for the Churches only of Italy. The party that is to be examined remains always kneeling on a cushion before the Pope, and every one of the Congregation hath power to examine him: after he is examined, and approved of, he is written down in a book, which the Secretary of the Congregation keeps. A Bishop that is once examined, if he changeth his Church, goes not again to examination, one time only sufficing for it: But if a Bishop, that was never examined, be promoted to another Church, he must go to examination: The Cardinals alone are exempted from this examining. And this Congregation was instituted by Pope Clement the eight, who used to examine those persons himself, which made profession of the Law, but the professors of Divinity were examined by Cardinal Bellarmine.   

Of the Congregation for consistorial Affairs.  
THere is a Congregation concerning consistorial matters, whereof the chief Cardinal Deacon pro tempore is the Head. It is held very seldom, because there are very few particularmatters to be handled in it, but such as are, his Holiness appoints a day for them; and they use to be resignations of Bishoprics, the interests of taxations of the Church, of consistorial Abbeys, and such like. This Congregation is held in the house of the Cardinal Head.  
In every one of the Congregations before named many Cardinals do assist, and particularly in that of Bishops, and Regulars, are four and twenty: every Congregation hath its particular Secretary, who draws up the Letters, according to the Decrees which are established in full Congregation, and every Cardinall-Head subscribes the letters of his own Congregation, which are afterwards sealed by each Secretary, with the Seal of that Cardinal who hath subscribed them; and the Register of them remains in the hands of each several Secretary. It is to be noted, that whilst there is a Consistory, no Congregation is ever held; and if any one be intimated, and the Pope holds a Consistory, they leave the Congregation and go to the Consistory; which is always held every week, either on Monday, Wednesday, or Friday: And that Congregation which was entitled before, is usually held after dinner the same day, for the Consistory is ever held betimes in the morning.   

Of the three Archpriesthoods which are in the persons of Cardinals.  
THere are also in the persons of some Cardinals, three Archpriesthoods of the three chief Churches of Rome; that is, of Saint Peter in the Vatican, and of Santa Maria Magiore: All three are esteemed great dignities; and every one of these Cardinals deputes a Vicar for his Church, and assigns them such emoluments for their persons as seem good to them, which commonly is the profit of a commons place of that Church. These three Archpriests have the power of conferring, each of them in his Church, all the Benefices, Live, Chaplaineships, and others, that fall void therein. The Archpriest of Saint John de Lateran administro Justice, both in criminal and civil causes, to all those persons which inhabit above that Church, for a certain extent, according to the jurisdiction thereof, and in the holy year every Archpriest goes pontifically to his Church, accompanied with a great train of horses, to open the holy Gate; and to that of Saint Paul the Cardinal Deacon goes: And the very same order is kept in shuting the holy Gate; but the holy Gate of Saint Peter is not opened nor shut by the Cardinal Archpriest, for that function is performed by the Pope himself.  
In which Church the Fathers of the Society of Jesus are Penitentiaries; in that of Saint John de Lateran the Fathers of the order of Saint Francis are penitentiaries; and in that of Santa Maria Magiore are the Fathers of the order of Saint Dominick Penitentiaries: In each of these places is a Penitentiary, with good lodgings and commodious, where the said Fathers Penitentiaries do continually reside, hearing confessions daily in their Churches; and amongst them are divers Fathers, which confess in divers Languages, yea even in the Oriental, and one of them for each several place is Rector of the Penitentiaries.   

Of the Ruota.  
AFter those Offices, and Magistrates, in the person of the Cardinals, follows the Ruota, which hath twelve Prelates, whereof there is a German, a Frenchman, two Spaniards, and eight Italians, that is, a Bologresse, a Ferraese, a Venetian, a Toscan, a Milanese, and three Romans. Every Auditor hath four Notaries, and they assemble in the Apostolical Palace twice a week, unless it be Vacation time, namely on Monday, and Friday. The jurisdiction of it is the beneficial causes, both of the Catholic Provinces, as of those that are in Schism, and as well of Rome, as of the State Ecclesiastical, most of all in terms of appeals. This Court gives over sitting the first week of july, and the last Ruota his Holiness makes the Auditors a great banquet in his own Apostolical Palace, where he gives to every Auditor an hundred Ducats of the Chamber, and to the Deacon two hundred; and they eat in the very same room where they assemble together when they hold the Ruota.  
This goodly custom was instituted by Pope Clement the eight, for that his Holiness had been Auditor of the Ruota, being made so by Pope Pius Quintus of happy memory. The first of October the Ruota opens, and the first Ruota belonging to the two last Auditors, who go Pontifically on their Mules, with a great train of horse, and alight at the place where the Ruota is held: howbeit every Auditor rides alone by himself. Now it is to be noted, that in this riding of theirs, the Prelate Auditor goes formest, and all these who accompany him come behind, for a difference between the riding & the Lords Cardinals, before whom their train and attendants do always ride, and their Eminencies follow after them. The Office of every Auditor of the Ruota yields him a thousand crowns a year; and in the first Ruota the lowest Auditor makes an Oration. The Popes are wont to give unto those Auditors, for a recompense of the great pains they take, and because they are prohibited from receiving any fees for the sentences they pronounce, good Ecclesiastical revenues, and afterwards they are sometimes made Cardinals, as Pope Clement the eight used to do, who created five Auditors of the Ruota Cardinals, which were remarkable, and eminent persons, namely, Arigone, Bianchetto, Mantica, Cerafino, and Panfilio; now what these five were, doth appear by their works, which are in print.   

Of the Reverend Chamber Apostolical.  
THere is the Chamber Apostolical, which useth to sit twice a week in his Holiness Palace, upon Monday, and Friday, and on such days as the Consistory is held. There sits in it the Cardinal Chamberlain, the Lord Governor of Rome, a Vicechamberlaine; the Lord Treasurer General; the Lord Auditor of the Chamber; the Lord Precedent of the Chamber; the Auditor of the poor; the fiscal Advocate; the Commissary of the Chamber; & twelve Clerks of the Chamber, four of which are always, the one Perfect of corn & victual; one Perfect of flesh, and white meats; one Perfect of the Prison, and one Perfect of the States, as shall be declared in its place. The jurisdiction of the Chamber Apostolical is over all matters wherein the interest thereof is concerned; over all the writings & deeds concerning the Prefects, and revenues of the Sea Apostolical; over the Treasurers of the Provinces of the State Ecclesiastical; over causes of the Commonalty, and Ecclesiastical Feudes; over causes of reprisal, and causes of account with the Officers, and Ministers of the State, over the coining, and causes of money; over causes of Appeals from the Masters of the Streets about buildings, and jure congrui; over matters of Customs, Taxes, and impositions, and other such like. The whole Chamber together hath nine Notaries, every one of the which holds of his Office apart by himself, with a substitute, and many others, that writ under him. All the causes before mentioned are distributed by assignment amongst the said Clarks, together with the proportions that are made in the said Chamber. A Clerk's place of the Chamber is worth two and forty thousand crowns, & yields three thousand crowns a year. The Chember Apostolical giveth over sitting at the same time, the Ruota doth; and at the holding of the last Chamber his Holiness makes a great banquet in the Palace Apostolical, for all that are belonging to the Chamber: and another that is made the first of August by the Cardinal Chamberlain. Upon Saint Peter's Eve all the tributes of the Feudataries of the Holy Church are paid into the Chamber, whereof the ready money remains in the custody of the reverend Chamber; but some plate, as cups, and such like, are the Treasurer General's Fees, and the wax is divided amongst the Clerks of the Chamber. Every one of the Officers aforesaid, which belong to the Chamber, hath his jurisdiction distinct, and several.   

Of the Lord Governor of Rome.  
THe Lord Governor of Rome hath Ordinarily in Civil causes two Lieutenants: and he takes cognizance of matters of salaries, wages, and of the estate of poor persons. In criminal causes he hath one Lieutenant, and hath general jurisdiction in Rome, as also prevention with all the Tribunals. He hath many Judges, and an Head Notary that hath a number of Clerks under him, all whose emoluments go to charitable uses, so that his Office is called the Notariship of charity. He hath provost Martial, together with three hundred sergeants; & when his Lordship goes through Rome, he is waited on by a good guard of Halberdiers, which are apparelled all alike, at the charge of the reverend Chamber; They are Italian Soldiers, and have a Captain over them, who is commonly a creature of the Lord governor's, and hath his entertainment from the said Chamber.   

Of the Lord Treasurer General.  
THe Lord Treasurer General hath the cognizance of reprisals, of Priests, and Ecclesiastical persons, of Fountains, of unwholesome fruit, and unlawful negotiations. He hath particular care of exacting the revenues, and rents of the Chamber, and Sea Apostolical, and of giving out Mandates to them that are to receive them. He oversees the accounts of Ministers, Officers and Fathers, being ready in every occasion where the said Sea and Chamber is concerned. The Treasurer's place is worth seventy thousand crowns, which money his Holiness disposeth of at his pleasure; and it yields between eleven and twelve thousand crowns a year.   

Of the Lord Auditor of the Chamber.  
THe Auditor of the Chamber hath most ample jurisdiction over all, being the ordinary Judge of the Roman Court, and of all the Courtiers, Merchants, and Strangers which are in Rome, as also of Barons, Princes, Ambassadors, Bishops, Patriarches, and Cardinals: He is also ordinary judge of all Appeals, aswell within the State Ecclesiastical, as also those without, which appertain unto the Ecclesiastical Court. He is Executor privatiuè quoad omnes of the Chamber obligation, and cumulatiuè of all Letters Apostolical, and of all writings upon oath, & without oath; as also of all the sentences de partibus sulminata censura and he hath likewise most ample criminal authority. He hath two civil Lieutenants, which are always Prelates, and one criminal, with many judges. He hath ten Officers for Notaries, every of the which is sold for fifteen, eighteen, and sometimes twenty thousand crowns, and each of them keeps his Office apart by himself, with two substitutes, and nineteen or twenty young Clerks. The Auditor of the Chambers place is sold ordinarily for seventy thousand crowns, which money belongs to his Holiness; and it yields about twelve thousand crowns a year. He keeps a Provost Martial, together with a great number of Sergeants.   

Of the Lord Precedent of the Chamber.  
THe Precedent of the Reverend Chambers Charge is, to review all the accounts of the Treasury of the Chamber, and Sea Apostolical; and he which exerciseth that Office goes in a purple habit: His place is worth thirty thousand crowns, and the money yields seven or eight in the hundred.   

Of the Advocate of the Poor.  
THe Advocate of the poors care is, to write gratis for all poor and miserable persons.   

Of the Advocate of the Exchequer.  
THe Advocate of the Exchequer defends in jure the rights of the Exchequer before all the Tribunals in all causes accurring.   

Of the Proctor of the Exchequer.  
THe Proctor of the Exchequer defends in facto all the rights of Exchequer, before all Tribunals in all causes.   

Of the Commissary of the Chamber.  
THe Commissary of the chambers charge is, to defend the interest of the said reverend Chamber in civil matters, and to assist the Lord Treasurer General in reviewing the accounts of the Rents and Revenues of the Chamber of the customs, and assessments, of the provision of corn, and of the coining of money.   

Of the Marshal of Rome.  
THe Marshal is an ancient Dignity, and at this present is in the noble family of the Savelli, which the Head of that House doth exercise. He hath the custody of the prison of the Court of Savella, and takes cognizance of slight criminal causes, where no blood hath been shed. He hath pro tempore the custody of the Conclave, with a certain number of Soldiers placed there by his Excellency, and a Captain over them, who is always a noble person, and depending on the illustrious Houses of Savelli.   

Of the Senator of Rome.  
BEsides the said Office and Magistracies, there is the Senator of Rome, who resides in the capitol, and is made by the Pope's Brieve: he hath under him two judges in civil matters, one called the first, and the other the second collateral; as also a criminal judge of Malefactors. The Senator and his. judges have the jurisdiction, and cognizance of the causes Civil and Criminal amongst the Citizens and Inhabitants of Rome: Causes of Appeal from the Sentences only of the Senator, and his judges, do devolve unto the Captain of Appeal, a Magistrate resident in the Capitol, so called. This Senator in public actions appears always in a Senator's habit of cloth of gold down to the ground, with long sleeves, lined with crimson silk, and a great chain of gold after the Ancient Roman Fashion. He hath place in his Holiness Chapel under the Emperor's Ambassador; and is not at any time a Roman, but a Foreigner, being for the most part a Doctor of the Law. His place he holds at his Holiness pleasure, which yields him two thousand crowns a year. He goes also every week to have audience of his Holiness, and the Cardinal Nephews, giving them an account of the causes of his Tribunal; wearing in that action a black Senatorian garment, in the summer commonly of plain satin, and in the winter of velvet.   

Of the Conservators of Rome.  
IN the same Capitol are the Conservators, a Magistracy consisting of three Roman Gentlemen, and the Prior of the Caporioni pro tempore, which Caporioni are fourteen; and every three months aswell the Conservators, as the Caporioni, and other 
A Caporinio is as an Alderman of a ward in London.  Officers of the Roman people are renewed, and the choice of them is made before his Holiness, the Cardinal Chamberlain, and the Pope's Cardinal Nephews: the day after their election, they go to take their oath at the Pope's hand, and in the first month the Senator gives them possession of their places in the Capitol. Their Office and jurisdiction is concerning the Custody of the Antiquities of Rome, and the observation of the Statutes thereof. They punish the sellers of Victuals, either for want of weight, or excess of price, causing just weight and measure to be made, and about that they minister justice. They are also ordinary judges of all Appeals, brought in by the consuls of trads, & husbandry, who reside in the same Capitol; and they grant likewise the privileges of a free denizen. They take care of the walls, and of the Aeequeducts: They depute Officers in the lands that are properly belonging to the Roman people; They have a Notary and an Attorney General; and in the said Capitol they have a prison, where they keep a Provost Martial with a great many of Sergeants. The fourteen Caporioni, after they have taken possession of their places, which is given to them by their Senator, do all assemble together in the Vestry of Araceli, where they choose from amongst themselves one to be their Prior; who assists in the administration of justice, and in every other matter with the Conservators; and all four of them are apparelled alike in a ancient Roman Senators habit, and on their heads they wear a great cap after the old fashion. They have all four places in his Holiness Chapel, sitting above the secret Chamberlains, and in the holy year 1600. the three Conservators, with the Prior of the Caporioni, used the Senator's habit of cloth of gold. Every one of them also keeps four Lackeys in a Livery of red velvet trimmed with gold. Now though the conservators, and Prior, do not lodge in the Capitol, yet do they there in the days of Audience make solemn feasts, whereunto they invite many of the Nobility both of Rome, & of fortaine parts.   

Of the Master of the Streets of Rome.  
THere are also in the Capitol the Masters of the Streets, which Magistracy consists of two Roman Gentlemen, an Assessor, who is a Doctor of the Law, and a Notary. Their Office is, to survey the Streets and Bridges, to keep them accommodated, and to terminate the differences, that arise thereupon, they hear the causes of controversies, which fall out among neighbours, about building, cutting out of houses, making of windows, and the like; every one of the Masters of the streets office yields him an hundred crowns a month, and is conferred on him by his Holiness Brieve, to be enjoyed by him during the Pope's pleasure, and no longer, but he is seldom removed, if he carry himself well.   

Of the Chamberlain of the waterbanke.  
THere is also at the great water-bank a Magistracy, which is wont to be conferred on a Roman Gentleman, with the title of Chamberlain of the Water-Bank; who exerciseth jurisdiction amongst Mariners, that will not give security, and other such like differences, and for maritine conducts, from whom there is appeal to that Clerk of the Chamber Apostolical, whose lot is to have the Presidentship of the Water-Bank; and the same Clerk hath a Judge, who administers justice to mariners, and Bargemen that trade in that place; where likewise the Cardinal Chamberlain appoints with his patent, a Commissary over the wood, to the end no fraud may be used to the prejudice of the buyers.   

Of the referendaries, both of the one, and the other signature.  
THere is also in Rome, the College of the Prelates, Referendaries of the one, and the other Signature, of whom there is no determinate number, and to get into this College, first the Pope's favour must be obtained, than the Cardinal perfect of the Signature of justice, commits to a Minister of his, the making a Process thereof; for he who is to be admitted, according to a Bull of Pope Sixtus Quintus, must prove himself to be a Doctor of both Laws; that he hath dwelled in Rome two years, that he is above five and twenty years of age, and that he is so far forth accommodated with the goods of Fortune, that he can with decorum maintain the dignity of a Prelate: These being proved, and the process thereof being made in forma; the said Cardinal  
Perfect causeth him to propound two commissions, in a full signature; so that carrying himself well, and being approved of, his eminency gives him afterward his usual oath, with putting on him the habit which is ordinarily for Prelates, that is, a Cassock with a little train, and a short Cloak, of colour black; for the twelve voting Prelates do always go in Purple, by a privilege granted unto them by Pope Paul the fift. The jurisdiction of these, is, to propound the commissions, and both the contentions, and gracious supplications in the signatures of justice and grace, respectively; and to take cognizance of the causes which are daily committed unto them, not exceeding the value of five and twenty Crowns of Gold; for if they exceed that sum, they are committed to the Ruota. Every one of these when he is created a Prelate, is obliged to visit the sacred College of Cardinals, and out of courtesy, he is also to visit the twelve voting Prelates, as all other Prelates likewise which are made aught to do: as also the Prelates their colleagues; but I do not mean either Arch-Bishops, or Bishops, for it is sufficient for them only to visit the sacred College the Lord Auditor of the Chamber, the Lord datary, the Lord Treasurer general, and some such like Prelates; but I speak of the participate Pronotaries, the auditors Della Ruota, the Clerks of the Chamber, the Abbreviators, di parco magiore, and the consistorial Advocates.   

Of the Governor of the Burrow.  
THere is also the Governor of the Burrow, made by the Pops Brieve, with two thousand crowns a years entertainment, who keeps a Judge, and an Attorney general, resident in the Burrow: a formal Court, a Palace with a prison, an head Notary, which hath many young Clerks under him; a Provost Marshal, with fifteen sergeants, and administers justice over all the Burroughs, so far as Settignana: his Judge hath every week audience of the Pope, giving him an account of the affairs of his Tribunal.   

Of the datary.  
THen there is the datary, which though it be a movable office, yet is it the most esteemed of all others, being usually given by the Pope to Prelates of worth, and oftentimes for many years passed to Cardinals, through whose hands, the vacancy of all Benefices, which are not expressed to be above the value of four and twenty ducats a year, do pass; and he doth cause supplications to be signed, even without the participation of the Pope; and for other benefices of greater value, dignities, and Canons places, the datary may in carrying the supplications to his Holiness, and exposing the concurrents unto him, favour the merits of one more than another: It stands in his power to pardon that part of of the compositions, wherein certain sorts of graces are taxed; for the which, according to the stile of the datary, is paid, sometimes a greater, sometimes a lesser sum, as the matters are.  
He and his under-Dater, have every day audience of the Pope, carrying the supplications to be signed by his Holiness, under the which supplications, he puts the date, that is, Datum Romae apud, from whence he is called the datary: albeit such Cardinals, as have exercised that place from the time of Cardinal Arigone, until now, have been cased of the labour of dating the supplications, causing them to be dated by others.   

Of the under-Dater.  
HE hath under him the under-Dater, whose office is to consider all the dispatches, which passes through the datary, except the vacancies of the benefices that happen by death, for they go through the hands of the Dater himself, or of his substitute expressly deputed by him for that purpose, and it is named the office of per obitum, which giveth an account of them to the Dater, for to have them afterwards signed, when they are all carried to the Pope's audience. This under-Dater goes apparelled in purple.  
He that is Dater hath two thousand crowns a year entertainment from the Pope; the under-Dater a thousand, and so proportionably all the other lower officers.  
He hath also Revisors, which help him to review the supplications after they are signed, whereunto they put such restrictions, as to them seem convenient; all the supplications of the datary passing through their hands.  
He hath moreover an officer, who hath his name of the petty-Dates, through whose hands pass all the supplications, at the foot whereof the petty Date useth to be put, that it may be afterwards extended, whensoever the suppliant will go on with his supplications; for many times, for want of money to defray the charge, or in regard of some other lawful cause, he stays many months in making the dispatch, before they will cause the said great Date to be extended unto the supplication, after it is signed.  
He hath another officer having his title from the compositions, unto whom those supplications signed, and reviewed by all the other officers, are sent, which ought to pay compositions; nor do they part from him, until the sum of money wherewith the aforesaid supplications are taxed, be satisfied, sending the others which do not pay composition, to the Register, of whom shall be spoken hereafter.  
He hath another officer of the missives, whose care is to send generally the supplications past, as abovesaid, by the datary to the Registers, that is, to the public, and to the secret Registers, with making distinction of those which are to be sent to the public Registers, and in resignations, and pensions, to set down the day when they are sent to the Registers; by means of which missive the consents have at other times been extended, according to the Clementina, which, after Gregory the thirteenth, hath been no longer in use.  
He hath an other officer, called the revisor of Matrimonial dispensations, who hath no other care, but to cause all supplications to be signed, which concern dispensations in the degrees of consanguinity, and affinity, as also excommunications, ad Revelationem, called Significavit.  
Of all the aforesaid Officers, which the Dater hath under him, there is not any that buys his office, but he of the compositions, all the rest being chosen by the Dater, except the under-Dater, who is wont to be chosen by the Pope.  
There are twenty Officers, who are called Registers of Supplications, which Offices are sold; and it appertains unto them to Register all the Supplications, de verbo ad verbum, that are signed by the Pope, or others his Officers deputed for the same: and after they are registered, they are sent to the Chancery, to cause the dispatch of the Bulls, according to the tenor of the said Supplications.  
There are also four Officers, which are called Masters of the Register, unto whom it belongs to hear the Supplications, registered by the Registers, read, to see if the Register agrees with the original; & they themselves set on the backside of the Supplications the Registration, which is a great R. within the which are their names written. These Masters of the Register of Supplications are vendible Offices, and are sold for four thousand crowns a piece.  
There is the Office of the Lead whereunto go all the Bulls for the affixing of the Lead to them, which universally are seen by all the Popes pro tempore. This Office is bought for three thousand crowns, and yields about three thousand crowns a year.  
There is the Register of the Bulls, which are registered in it by Officers deputed thereunto, and are vendible after they are dispatched ad aeternam Rei memoriam.  
In the Register of the Bulls are the Masters of the Register of the Bulls, which is a venal Office. To them it belongs to confer the Registers with the Originals; and having compared them together, they set on the backside of the Bulls the Registration, which is a great R with their names written within the said letter.  
The Bulls and Graces in forma Dignum, are those provisions of Benefices, and Dignities, which the Pope commits to the Ordinary, to be conferred on the supplicant, if he shall be found fit.  
The Bulls of Grace are they, wherein the Pope provides, and conferrs liberally of himself, without committing the Collation to the Ordinary, or others.  
That is said to be an obreptitious supplication, wherein the suppliant delivers that which is false.  
A Surreptitious is that, wherein the truth is concealed, but they are often put for one and the same, and in sum obreptitiousnesse and surreptitiousnes are committed, when that it is said which is not, or that is concealed which is.  
Between the dispatches of Spain and France there is no other difference, but that in those of Spain, all the Bulls or Brieves are dispatched; in those of France, there is no dispatch of Bulls at all, such as concessions, and resignations are, wherein the signing of the supplication alone is sufficient, except it be of Monasteries and Abbeys, which are taxed in libris Camerae, whereof the Bulls are also dispatched, it being established in that manner between Pope Leo the tenth, and the said Kingdom of France, and Germany likewise.  
Furthermore the Apostolical dispensations, granted to divers French Cardinals, enabling them to confer Benefices, takes away a great part of the dispatches.  
Besides the Office aforesaid, there are the under written venal Offices, that do not exercise jurisdiction, which are worth the ensuing sums.  
Writers of the Penitentiaries. Ducats 2900 Apostol call writers. 1800 Apostolical Chamberlains. 1700 Apostolical Squires. 1300 Apostolical Secretaries. 9000 Writers of Brieves. 800 St. Peter's Knights. 1500 St. Paul's Knights. 1600 Knights of Flower de luce. 500 Pious Knights. 500 Lauretan Knights. 500 The Rolls. 2200 The Precedent. 600  

Offices of the Palace.  The first Chain. Duck. 300 The second Chain. 300 The Iron Gate. 300 Keeper of the Pictures. 1000 Vergers. 600 Macebearers. 600  
Which Offices are all for life, and being vacant are sold anew; the money accrueing thereof is at his Holiness disposing, and is a revenue of great consideration, although some of them appertain to the Cardinal Vicechancellor, of which he is the free Master.   

Of the Summist  
THere is the Summist, who hath one of each of the said Offices of the said Court in his Gift; he is now a Cardinal, and the Office is worth thirty thousand crowns, yielding between three and four thousand crowns a year.   

Of the Participant Pronotaries.  
THere is the College of the twelve Prelates, called the Participant Pronotaries, which was instituted by Clement the first Pope. Their Office is to write the lives of Saints: at this present a Pronotaries place is bought for seven thousand crowns, & yields four hundred crowns a year. These Prelates are attired in purple, and do precede all the Prelates that are not consecrated. They make request for the cononizing of Saints, and also when the Pope performs any great action, he causes one of these Prelates to make request for it; as Pope Clement the eight did, celebrating in the City of Ferrara the nuptials of the Catholic King Philip the third, per Procuratorem, and the high and mighty Duchess Margaret of Austria then present, where his Holiness ordained, that my Lord Barberino, a Florentine Nobleman, and a participant Pronotary, afterwards Cardinal, and lastly Pope, should make request for that action, as accordingly he did. The said Prelates have power each of them by himself, to create Doctors and Notaries, but only out of the walls of Rome; and ordinarily every Pronotary is a Referendary, both of the one and the other of his Holiness Signatures, and have place in the Pope's Chapel.   

Of the consistorial Advocates.  
THere are also twelve consistorial Advocates, who are all made by his Holiness especial Grace. Their Office is to make Orations in the public Consistories, and to that Advocate, which makes the Oration, is twelve ducats paid by the Chamber. They enter into the secret Consistories to demand the Palls for the new Archbishops; and to the Advocate that makes the instance, is paid by the Cardinal for whom he hath moved twelve ducats of the Chamber. All these Advocates have power to create in Rome Doctors, both of the one and the other Law, I mean, being all assembled together, Collegially in their habit, and at their usual residence, which is La Sa ienza; for every one by himself hath not that power. One of them also hath the title of Rector della Sapienza, who hath the Charge of receiving the revenues of the Students, and of paying the Lecturers. For the conferring of the Chair belongs to a congregation of Cardinals, deputed thereunto. This Office yields every Advocate three hundred Crowns a year; I mean the five last, but the first seven, as they are in seniority, have six hundred Crowns a year apiece: Their habit when they assist in public actions, is a long purple garment of wool, faced with red silk; and a hood about their necks of the same, lined with Ermines; but ordinarily they go up and down in Rome clothed in black, with a Cassock, and a Cloak reaching to the ground, open on the sides to put forth their arms: any one that is a Referendary Prelate, a Bishop, an Archbishop, or a titular Patriarch, may also be a consistorial Advocate.   

Of the Perfect of the Provision of Corn.  
THe office of the Perfect, of the provision of Corn, is given by his Holiness to one of the Prelates of the aforesaid Clerks of the chamber, during pleasure: his jurisdiction extends over the whole patrimony of Saint Peter, even to the confines of the state of Sienna, through all Tuscany, so far as Marni, through all Savina, Latio, Campagna, and the Maritina, to the very Borders of the Kingdom of Naples: he keeps ten men under him, which serve him in the said office; that is, a Commissary General, a deputy Commissarie a caster up of accounts, a keeper of the Grain, a keeper of the keys of the granaries, by the Lord Treasurer General, and another keeper for himself, two overseers of the measure, a receiver, and one that's sent to the gates of Rome to take from the keepers thereof a note of all the grain and Corn, that comes into the City, and a Secretary.  
He keeps Commissaries in divers places, aswell to contract and give earnest for corn at a certain price, as for other businesses which daily occur: he hath his tribunal, together with a notary, a provostmarshall and marshals men; and in all causes concerning the office of provision of Corn, that is in matter of Grain, he is Judge Privative quo ad alios,   

Of the General visitation of the Prisons.  
EVery Thursday in the week is the visitation made, where there is present intervening the Lord Governor of Rome, and his attorney General, the Lord Auditor of the Chamber, and every other Minister that exerciseth jurisdiction, with a Clerk of the Chamber, which hath the title of Perfect of the Prisons, and holds supreme authority, whose care it is, that the Prisoners be not oppressed: He stays but only one year in the said office, which the Clerks draw by lot amongst themselves. In the visitation, the needs of the poor Prisoners be handled, and there is a course taken for their delivery, as accordingly it followeth in a short time; for the Popes will not endure, that men for want of ability should die in Prison. The Prisoners throughout Rome are visited one by one every Thursday, until all of them are visited, and then they begin to visit them over again as they did before: upon Easter and Christmas Eve, is the visitation, called Gracious, made, wherein many graces of liberty are conferred on poor People, imprisoned for small offences, which they have purged with their imprisonment.   

Of the Perfect of Flesh, and White-meats.  
THe price of Flesh and White-meats, is set in the Chamber, by one of the Clerks thereof, who is drawn by lot from amongst them for that Office; wherein he continues only one year, with the title of the Perfect of Flesh and White-meats, and hath the care of altering, and moderating the prices thereof, according to the need and service of the City.   

Of the Judge of Confidences.  
THere is a Judge of Confidence, an Office that is bought for three or four thousand Crowns, and that money yields between seven and eight in the hundred. He that hath this Office, goes in the purple habit of a Prelate, wears a Rochet, and hath place in his Holiness Chapel, under the participant Pronotaries. His care is to decide, whether there be any simony, or confidence in the resignation of Benefices, or permutation in causes beneficial.   

Of the Auditor of contradictions.  
THere is also an Auditor of Contradictions, an Office very ancient, and they pay three thousand Crowns of Gold for it, which, in regard of the great exemptions it hath, yields but little profit: howsoever, he that exerciseth it goes in the purple habit of a Prelate, wears a Rochet, and in his Holiness Chapel hath a place amongst the Prelates aforesaid: His Office is to set his hand to all the Bulls, wherein the clause Vocatis is, that is to say, in all the Bulls of Si in evidentem, and such like things.   

Of the Corrector of the Contradictions.  
THere is moreover the Corrector of the Contradictions, who is as it were the said Auditors substitute. This place is worth twelve thousand Crowns, and yields twelve hundred Crowns a year, he also that possesseth it, goes in the purple habit of a Prelate, wears a Rochet, and hath a place in the Chapel: His Office is to correct the Bulls, which pass through the hands of the Auditor aforesaid.   

Of the Apostolical Subdeacons'.  
THe Participant Subdeacons', are in number five. Their Office is, for one of them to carry the Papal Cross before the Pope, whensoever he goes forth in public about Divine, or humane affairs, either on Horseback or on foot, as the occasion requires. When the Pope repairs to the Chamber of Ornaments, to put on his sacred vestures, two of them are there ready, to help the Deacons Cardinals, in attiring him with them, which being done, one of them takes up, and carries the Cross before him: Between the Cross and the Pope, none are to go, but only the Cardinals, and such as do sit on their seat. The Master doorkeepers do always associate the Cross, the one on the one side, and the other on the other, with their silver verges. When the Pope either after the Sermon, or at the end of Mass, is to give his solemn Benediiction, the Sub-deacon takes up the Cross, and placeth himself just before the Pope, turning the Crucifix towards him; for it is to be noted, that whensoever the Cross is carried before the Pope, the Sub deacon ever turns the Crucifix backward upon him, and when he is not present, he turns the Crucifix forward. Of the several services which the Subdeacons perform in divers acts unto the Pope, and their administration about the Pall, is sufficiently spoken of in other places; these are all the offices of the Court, that are of most eminency.   

Of the Solemn Benediction which the Pope's use to give three times in the year.  
THe Popes by an ancient institution use to bless the people solemnly thrice a year, that is, on Maundy Thursday, Easter day, and Ascension day. Anciently they were wont to fulminate excommunicants every time before they gave their benediction, but now that is only done upon Maundy Thursday. The places wherein they accustomed to celebrate them, were formerly four; the Church Porches of Saint John de Lateran, of Saint Peter of the Vatican, of Saint Peter in Vincola, and of Saint Mark. But now they are five, Pope Vrban the eight having added to those aforesaid the Porch of the Squirinall Palace, where first of all he gave the Benediction on Ascension day, 1639.   

Of the Benediction of the Agnus Dei by the Pope.  
EVery Pope in the first year of his Papacy, useth to celebrate the Benediction of the Agnus Dei, and every seven years renews it in the manner following.  
The chief of the Vestry being a Bishop, or else the Master of the Pope's Household, on Easter day blesseth the Water, and the next day his Holiness, after he hath privately celebrated Mass with some Cardinals, goes into the Chamber of Benediction, where first of all he consecrateth the Water, which was blessed as aforesaid, by pouring Balsamum into it out of a vial, in the form of a Cross, saying, Vouchsafe O Lord, to consecrate and sanctify this water by this oil of Balsamum, and our Benediction, in the name of the Father, of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost, Amen. Then pouring out of another Vial into the said Water, Holy Chrism, in the form likewise of a Cross, he saith again, Vouchsafe O Lord, to Consecrate, and Sanctify this Water, by this Unction of Holy Chrism, and our Benediction, in the name of the Father, of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost, Amen. That done, he blesseth the Agnus Dei, as they lie accommodated in casses before him; and maketh this prayer over them. O Almighty Lord of Lords, whose goodness is Everlasting, and without end: we most humbly beseech thee, that as thou didst command thy servant Moses, to offer up immaculate Lambs in sacrifice unto thee, so thou wilt vouchsafe to bless and sanctify these waxed figures of innocent Lambs in such sort, that whosoever shall be are them about them, may be safe and preserved from all the assaults of the world, the flesh, and the Devil; from Pestilence, Famine and sudden death; from all perils of Land and Sea; from Lightnings and Tempests; and from abortive births, and misacrrying in Childbearing, through the intercession of thy only begotten Son Jesus Christ our Lord. After this sitting down with the Cardinals, close by the consecrated water, he takes the Agnus Dei, which are presented to him in silver Basins, and dips them one by one in the said water: whereupon, they being wiped dry, he again blesseth them anew, praying in this manner. We most humbly beseech thee, most merciful Father, that thou wilt vouchsafe so to sanctify, and consecrate these immaculate Lambs, which we have form of pure wax, to thy honour and glory: that whosoever shall devoutly be are them about them, may be kept and defended from all dangers both of soul and body, through the merits of Jesus Christ, our only Lord and Saviour. Then the Agnus Dei being laid in their cases again, his Holiness departeth away, usually carrying those Cardinals which served him in that function to dinner with him.  

We read that Pope Urban the fifth, sent three Agnus Dei's to the Greek Emperor, with these ensuing verses.  
Balsamus, & munda cera cum chrismate unda,  
Conficiunt Agnum, quod munus do tibi magnum  
Fonte velut natum per mystica sanctificatum:  
Fulgura de sursum depellit, omne malignum  
Peccatum frangit, ut Christi sanguis & angit:  
Pregnans servatur, simul partus liberatur:  
Dona defert dignis, virtutem destruet ignis.  
Portatus mundè, de fluctibus eripit undae.    

Of the Benediction of the Golden Rose by the Pope.  
THe Popes are accustomed on the fourth Sunday of Lent, when as Laetare Jerusalem, is sung in the Church, to bless the Golden-Rose, and to give the same to some great Prince, if he be present in the Court: but if there be no Prince in the Court worthy of so great a gift, it is sent abroad to some King or Prince as seemeth best to his Holiness, with the advice of the sacred College: for the Pope useth either before, or after Mass, to call the Cardinals into his Chamber, or to some other place according as it pleaseth him; and deliberateth with them, to whom the said Rose shall be given or sent: whereupon there is a little Altar prepared, with two silver Candlesticks on it, to which the Pope repairing, he knelt down before it, and thus prays. O Lord God, by whose word and power, all things are made; and by whose providence the whole world is governed, which art the joy and gladness of all the faithful: we humbly beseech thy Majesty, that thou wilt of thy goodness, vouchsafe to bless and sanctify this Rose, which at this present, in sign of spiritual joy we hold in our hands: And because the Church doth this day to the glory of thy name, triumph and rejoice in this sign, be graciously pleased to impart unto it perfect gladness, so that to all them which with devotion shall receive it, thou wilt grant remission of sins, increase of faith, thy merciful protection, and all prosperity; for his sake who with the liveth & reigneth in the unity of the Holy spirit, God for ever and ever, Amen.  
This prayer ended, the Pope anoints the Golden Rose with Balsamum, puts Musk upon it, sprinkles it with holy-water, and perfumes it with incense; all which are ministered unto him, by the Lord keeper of the vestry. After this, the Pope departs away, and carries the said Rose to his Chamber, where, if he, unto whom he intends to give it, is present, he is called for, and to him, kneeling at his feet, he gives the Rose saying: Receive from us, who, though most unworthy, do hold the place of God on earth, this Rose, whereby is signified, the joy of both the Hierusalems': namely, of the Triumphant and militant Church; receive it, I say, beloved son, who according to thy noble extraction art endued with greatness, and power, to the end thou mayest be the more enabled with all virtue in Christ our Lord, as the Rose planted on the banks of many waters; which grace vouchsafe he to grant unto thee of his infinite mercy, who is three in one from everlasting to everlasting, in the name of the Father, of the son, and of the Holy Ghost, Amen. Then he unto whom the Rose is given, after he hath kissed the Pope's foot and hand, departs to his own home, accompanied with the whole College of Cardinals, in the midst of two of the ancientest of them, and attended upon by the foot posts of the Roman Court, who use to receive from him, unto whom the Rose is given, great rewards.   

Of the manner of the Canonization of a Saint by the Pope.  
AFter that the Fame of the excellency of life, and Holiness of some certain person, together with the miracles he hath done, have been spread abroad, and that the Pope hath been made acquainted therewith, by some King, Prince or people, which do pray, that the said person being dead, may be enrolled in the Catalogue of Saints, and be declared and honoured for a Saint; his Holiness doth advise of the matter with his Brethren, whereupon if he thinks it fit to proceed to inquisition, he requires some Prelates, which are resident in those parts, where the said person lived, and lies buried, diligently to inform themselves, and carefully to inquire of the fame, opinion and people's devotion, concerning the said person: which inquisition they are to make without the Legal examination of witnesses; and what they find, faithfully to report by their Letters unto the Pope, who doth then propound all that hath been related by the said Prelates unto the sacred College, and with them, deliberates whether their relation seem worthy enough of a further enquiry, which if it do, the same, or other Prelates are required most diligently to inquire of the matter, to examine witnesses, and throughly to search into all things which may conduce to the finding out of the truth thereof; and articles and interrogatories, are sent under the Apostolical Bull to the said Prelates, wherewith they are to examine witnesses upon oath, concerning the excellency and sanctimony of life, and purity of Faith of the said person; as also touching the miracles he hath wrought: which being accordingly performed by them, they are to send all that they have done, together with the depositions of the witnesses, faithfully written in their Letters, sealed with their seals, to the Court; which the Pope having received, commits the examination thereof to some Auditors of the sacred Palace, who make processes, to the end they may see whether the inquisition, and probation be legitimate, and sufficiently made: Then if they report that all is as it ought to be, the Pope again, by the advice of his Brethren, appoints three Cardinals, diligently to examine the inquisitions, proofs, and depositions of the witnesses, and carefully to consider all things, that are to be considered, especially concerning the said persons excellency of life, and purity of faith, which if they shall be judged by the College to be well proved, and worthy of sanctification, the Pope with the consent of the Cardinals, proceeds to the approbation of the said persons life, and miracles, which have been so sufficiently proved, and decrees the Cannonization of him: After this, all the Prelates of the Court, with the Pope and sacred College, assemble together in the secret Consistory; where his Holiness briefly propounds to what end they are there met, and declares with what diligence and faithfulness the inquisition of this matter hath been made, how full and legal the attestation thereof hath been, and with what instance, Princes and people have sued unto him about it: wherefore he requires them, that in discharge of theri consciences, they would each of them in particular deliver their opinion freely and sincerely; and when they have done so, he gives them thanks for their good counsel, exhorting them to pray unto God, that he will not suffer them to err in so weighty a business, and so they all go away. The day of Canonization being determined, there is in the mean time a wooden Scaffold erected in Saint Peter's Church, of that bigness, as upon it may be fitted a Chapel, with an Altar, a Pontifical Throne, seats for the Cardinals assisting the Pope, for Ambassadors, for a choir of singing men, and places for all the orders of the Roman Court, like unto the Chapel of the Apostolical Palace, with Lattice windows, and of that capacity, and with such manner of seats: there is also a fair pair of Stairs made to ascend unto that Scaffold, which on the outside is strewed all over with herbs and flowers, and on the inside is hung with goodly pieces of Tapestry: the Church too is very richly adorned, and the Arms of the Pope, and of the Church, as also the image of him that is to be Canonised hanged round about it. The day of Canonization being come, the Pope in all his Pontificalibus, and with his triple Crown on his head, goes under a Canopy of State, borne over him in Procession, with all the Cardinals, Prelates, and Officers, each of them with a new wax light burning in his hand, unto the said Church of Saint Peter; where being arrived, his Holiness ascends the said Scaffold, and sitting down in the throne prepared for him, all the Cardinals come, and do him obeisance. After that, he repairs unto the Altar, and places himself in another seat, made ready for him; where he makes a speech, relating summarily, and in general terms, all that hath been done in the business, as also the life, and miracles of the person aforesaid; exhorting them all, to join with him in prayer unto God, that he would not permit his Church to err in this affair. That done, the Proctor of the cause humbly beseecheth the Pope, in the name of the Princes, or people, which are suitors to him for it, that he will pronounce and declare N. to be a Saint; and that he will cause him to be enrolled in the catalogue of Saints, and as a Saint to be honoured of all faithful Christians. Whereupon the Pope with a loud voice saith thus: To the honour of the invisible Trinity, for exaltation of the Catholic faith, and augmentation of the Christian Religion, We by the authority of the said God Almighty, the Father, Son, and Holy Ghost, and the blessed Apostles Peter and Paul, do by the advice of our Brethren Decree and declare N. of blessed memory to be a Saint; and to be enrolled in the Catalogue of Saints: Ordaining, that his feast shall by the Church Universal be on such a day every year devoutly, and solemnly celebrated. And do moreover by the same Authority grant unto all, that, being truly penitent, and confessed, shall with devotion visit the shrine of the said Saint N. pardon of their sins for an hundred and forty days. Now some Popes do grant plenary Indulgence to such visitants, as we read Boniface the ninth did, when he Canonised Brigid for a Saint: The Pope having finished in the manner aforesaid, Te Deum laudamus is sung by the Gentlemen of the Chapel, at the end whereof the Deacon saith, Pray for us blessed Saint N. whereunto the Pope addeth, He are us, O Lord, for the prayers, and merits sake of holy Saint N. After this his Holiness sings the Mass of the day, with the commemoration of the said Saint; and whilst the Creed is sung, three Cardinals offer unto the said Saint in the Offertory three white wax lights, three turtle doves also white, and other birds. Mass being done, the Pope departs away, accompanied with the Cardinals, as he useth to be.   

Of the Pope's washing of poor men's feet.  
UPon Monday, Thursday, after the solemn Benediction, the Cardinals accompany his Holiness, who is carried in his chair by his Palfreymen, unto the ducal Hall, where being arrived, he puts off his Papal ornaments, and by the Deacon Cardinal assisting him being adorned with a purple stole, a red pluniate and a 
Pluniate is a black long coat.  plain Mitre, he sits down in the Pontifical seat prepared for him: Then putting incense into the Censer, he blesseth the Deacon Cardinal, who is to read the Gospel. That done, he kisseth the Text which is held forth unto him by the Apostolical Subdeacon; and so being Censed by the said Cardinal Deacon, the Anthem of Mandatum novum, beginning to be sung by the Singing men, he lays by his pluniate, and an apron before him, in which habit he washeth the feet of twelve poor men, unto each of whom he causeth to be given by the Treasurer General successively certain Medals of gold and silver; and by the Master of the Household the Towel, wherewith their feet were wiped. That done the Pope returns unto his seat, after he hath put off his apron, washed and dried his hands, the basin of water being held unto him by the greatest secular Noble man, or Prince there present, and his hands wiped by the chief Priest-Cardinal. Then putting his red pluniate on again, and laying down his Mitre, he says the Pater Noster, together with the verses, and prayer them. After this he placeth himself anew in his seat, puts on his Mitre, goes on foot to the Chamber of dressing, and so returns to his lodging.   

Of the Cardinals, and their Original.  
THis word Cardinal, signifies no other, than Presbyter principalis; nam altissimae Caeli portae vocantur cardines, ventique inde venientes appellantur cardinals. In Parochia in qua erant plures Clerici; qui caeteris praeerant in ea parochia, & qui suberat Episcopo, appellabater Presbyter Cardinalis, & ista convertebantur, habebat curam annimarum, et erat Presbyter Cardinalis.  
This word, as it is likely, was found out in the time of Pope Higinius, an hundred and fifty years after Christ, whereas many Priests were placed in Parishes, and degrees of them settled, whereupon the Office being found, it was probable the name was then also found.  
The first mention of the word Cardinal was in the time of Saint Silvester, three hundred years after Jesus Christ our Lord appeared by the Synod held in Rome under Saint Silvester.  
This word Cardinal is at this day common to three degrees; to Priests, Deacons, and Bishops. At the first, as we see before, it was given to Priests only, whose Office it was then in particular, to have a care of the burial of the Faithful, whereunto the other Priests were not admitted, as is extant in Anastasius the Bibliothecarie in the life of Pope Marcellus. As for the rest, the Priests were equal, in preaching, in administering the Sacraments (except Baptism as I have already said) in assisting the Pope, in being employed as Legates; and this before Constantine.  
After Constantine, the Priest Cardinals began to have I know not what kind of more prerogative above other Priests that were not Cardinals; so that leaving off that particular care of Baptism, and Burials, they only went forth in Legations, and of them above for the most part was the Pope made, having power over the Priests, and Clerks of their jurisdiction.  
This continued six hundred years, until Gregory the seventh; at which time, aswell by the Emperor, as of the rest of the Clergy, and people from the election, the authority of the Cardinals increased, for that they were they alone, which made the Pope, and commonly out of their own order. Now that they might maintain their dignity, the revenue of their Titles not being sufficient for many of them, they began to have in commenda simple Benefices, Canonships, Archpresbyters, and the like.  
When a Bishopric was given to any of these, the dignity of Cardinal was void, as inferior to the other. Afterwards, when they were made Bishops, they demanded that by way of grace they might retain the nomination only, leaving the title of Priest, calling themselves Sanctae Romanae Ecclesiae Cardinals, without title, but Cardinals Ecclesiae Dei. In the time of Pope Alexander, the third, after they were made Bishops, perceiving that to be a Cardinal was a great importance for their attaining to the Papacy, and for their intervening in their election of the Pope, they began to retain the Title, as to be both Bishop of a place, & a Cardinal of Rome together, howbeit with this advertisement, that no Bishop was made a Cardinal, because it was reputed a descending in degree: but if the Cardinal was made a Bishop, he retained both the one and the other.  
In process of time, the Bishop's beginning to desire to be Cardinals, sought for means to make Cardinals that were no Priests, but they were not able to do it until Boniface the eight was Pope, when as the Court went to Avignion, where every thing going to confusion, both Bishops, Priests, and Deacons were made Cardinals; and Cardinals had Bishoprics, and Abbacies more than one, given them in commenda: upon this occasion too the Cardinals began to proceed Bishops, that were mere Bishops; and this precedency began not absolutely, but in Avignion.   

Of Deacons and Priests Cardinals.  
DEacons Cardinals were anciently seven, like unto the seven Deacons which were instituted by the Apostles; the chief of the Deacons was called Deacon-Cardinall, or Archdeacon, that signified as much in imitation of the Priests Cardinals, who were in title above the other Prelates, as appears in the Synod of Saint Silvester.  
These Deacons had care of the revenues of all the Churches, and the Alms of the faithful, providing for all the Priests, aswell Priests Cardinals, as others, and for the Pope also; and this unto the time of Constantine. But here is to be noted, that the subdeacons had the care of receiving the revenues, and the Deacons of keeping and dispensing them, according as it was ordained.  
In the time of Constantine, persecutions ceasing, those seven Deaconships, not sufficing Deacons for the service of every title were appointed in the parishes where there were Priests and Priests-Cardinalls, who had a care of the Popes, that is, the Church of Rome's revenues; and those were called Deacon Cardinals, until the year a thousand, in the time of Pope Silvester, or thereabout.  
At which time, the Deacons attending no longer on the revenue, whereof there was a new particular Officer constituted, they were left only to the reading of the Gospel before the Pope; in which time, because the number of the seven regionary Deacons were increased, for Rome was then divided into so many Regions, and every one of them had the charge of reading the Gospel in the Church of his Region, when as th●●ope went to say Mass in either of their said Churches; and they were called Cardinals of the first, of the second, and of the third Region, according as the Region was named, whereof they were entitled Cardinals.  
The other four Deacons were called Palatine Cardinals, in the Lateran, Altaris Ministri, because they read the Gospel before the Pope in Saint John de Lateran.  
These Deacons had their settled dwellings in Rome, near to certain Churches, or Oratories, without cure of souls; from which Churches leaving the name of Regions, they began to have their denominations; that is, Petrus Diaconus, Cardinalis sancti Adriani, whereas they said before, Regionis talis, and this was five hundred years ago, or thereabout, in the time of Paschall the second,  
The reputation of these grew up together, with that of the Priests Cardinals, in regard they had all of them the name, and prerogative of a Cardinal, and assisted in the Election of the Pope.   

Of Bishop's Cardinals.  
THere are here to be noted three things, the first, in regard the translation from one Bishopric to another was anciently held inconvenient, for three hundred year's space together, namely, to the year nine hundred, none that was a Bishop of another place, was ever chosen Pope of the Church of Rome, but one still that was either a Priest or a Deacon of the said Roman Church; & the reason thereof it may be was, because the Priests of Rome would have none elected but one of their own number: the first that was otherwise elected was Formosus Bishop of Porto, in the eight hundred ninety and one: whereupon arose many uproars for transgressing the ancient Custom, as may be seen in Platina.  
The second, that a City being once possessed by the enemy, the Bishop thereof was admitted into some other Bishopric that was void, with condition, that upon restitution to his own Church, he should return to his flock, and be called the  
Priest or Bishop of that place, which had been committed unto him: as if Fundi had been taken by the Turks, thus it would be said, Petrus Episcopus Fundanus et Sacerdos, Cardinalis Ferracinens. If so be the charge of the Bishopric of Ferracina had been conferred on him, as appears in Saint Gregory, where there are four or five examples of it.  
The third, that in the consecration of the Pope, there were deputed seven Bishops, namely, Albanus, Ostiensis, Portuensis, Sanctae Rufinae, Tusculanus, Prenestinus, Sabinensis: And these in the beginning did not intervene in the Election, but only in the consecration.  
Four hundred years after, or there about, in the time of Alexander the third, they were admitted to the Election, and then they began to be called Bishops Cardinals, like unto the Priests and Deacons Cardinals, which intervened in the Election of the Pope: but before that, there was never any called Bishop Cardinal.   

Of the Cardinal's Titles.  
THe Titles of Priests-Cardinalls, were of a determinate number, that is, eight and twenty, as those of the Deacons eighteen, and those of the Bishops seven. Now in Rome there were five Churches built, which were called patriarchal; that is, Saint John de Lateran, representing the Pope: Saint Peter, representing the Patriarch of Constantinople: Saint Paul, that of Alexandria, Sancta Maria magiore, that of Antiochia, and Saint Laurence without the Walls, that of Jerusalem.  
To the Ministers of the Lateran (for that it was the Cathedral) were deputed the seven Bishop's Cardinals, to that of the others (because they were of less dignity) seven Priests Cardinals for each of them; and this number was settled for twelve hundred years, until the time of Innocent the second; before whom, Cardinals were not made many together, but one by one as they came to be void.  
Innocent the second, finding divers Cardinallships void, began first to make many Cardinals together, which was continued until about four hundred years since; at which time the number of Cardinals seeming to be too great, they began when Cardinals died, not to put others in their rooms, but to give them in commendum to other Cardinals or leave the Government of them to the Cardinal's Archpriests; so that in process of time it came to that pass, as no longer minding the ancient number of fifty three, they grew to be exceedingly diminished: howbeit, Pope Leo the tenth, not only restored them to the said number again, but it was by him, and Pope Paul the third, and Pope Pius the fourth exceeded, insomuch that the eight and twenty titles of the Priests Cardinals not sufficing, Pope Leo made thirteen, Pope julian the third, three, and Pope Paul the fourth one more: Now it is to be noted, that before Pope Leo, they never exceeded the number of fifty and three.  
It was an ancient custom observed in the Church, for fourteen hundred years together, that no opposition was amongst the Cardinals; for a Deacon made not himself a Priest, unless he lost his Deaconship, and then took upon him the title of Priest; and in like sort, if a Priest became a Bishop, he left the title of Priest, but continuing a Priest he never changed his title, neither a Bishop his Bishopric, nor a Deacon his Deaconship.  
One of those actions sprang from the Schism of the Council of Pisa, where the Cardinal yielding to the one and the other obedience, some Cardinals of Avignion and Rome, being of the same cardinalship, it was necessary that one of them should relinquish his, and for this they began afterwards to change, which hath been the ruin of the Churches, where there were Titles of Deaconships.  
It was an ancient custom likewise, which lasted five hundred years, even to the time of Pope Sixtus quartus, that a Deacon should have no title, nor a Priest a Deaconship, it being a thing repugnant to give the cure of souls to a Deacon, and to a Priest a Deaconship.  
Pope Sixtus quartus was the first that confounded this Cardinalship, giving to Priests Deaconships, & titles to Deacons; and the matter went so fare forward, that there is not a title, which hath not had a Deacon: wherein yet is to be noted, that the Deacon, although he hath a title, as the Cardinal Montallo had of San Lorenzo in Domaso, yet he useth not the name of title, as to say, Alexander Sancti Laurentii, & Damaso Diaconus Cardinalis, without mention of the title: and contrarily the Priest Cardinal, that hath a Deaconship, whereas he ought to speak of the title, not because it hath no title, yet he adjoins it, as Jacobus Sabellus of the title, etc.   

Of the habit of the Cardinals.  
THe Cardinals, before Innocent the fourth, until the year a thousand, two hundred and fifty, went in the ordinary habit of a Priest, like to that of the Monks. Innocent the fourth first of all added to it the red Hat; afterwards, in the time of Boniface the ninth, they had the red and violet habit, in the same manner and form as it is used at this day. Pope Paul the second gave the Mitre of silk, the red cap, the red cloth for the Mule, and guilt stirrups. Gregory the fourteenth gave the red cap to the Regular Cardinals, going otherways apparelled in that colour, which those of the order, whereof they were then used, but of the same fashion and stuff as the other Cardinals 〈…〉 howbeit they wore no Roche●● 〈…〉 sock of cloth; and when they adorn themselves, instead of a Rochet they put on a coat with wide sleeves, and adorn themselves over that; the other Cardinals, which are not Regulars, put on the Ammitts over the Rochet, which they wear ordinarily, & then their ornaments; in like manner the Regular Cardinal ought to put on the Ammitt over the Coat. The shaved Crown is the common badge of all the Clergy men; the Manipule is the badge of the Subdeacon; the crosse-Stole of the Deacon; the Planeta of the Priest; the Mitre of the Bishop; the Pall of the Archbishop, of the Primate, & of the Patriarch; and the Diadem of the Pope, which for six hundred years together was adorned with only one Crown, but at the return of the Apostolic Sea from Avignion to Rome, the Popes began to wear the triple Crown.   

Of the Creation of the Cardinals.  
THe Pope doth use to make Cardinals two several ways; the first is this: Those persons which are abiding in Rome, whom his Holiness purposeth to promote, have notice given them thereof over night by the Cardinal Nephews, whereupon the next morning they repair to the Palace at the usual hour.  
The Pope, when as the secret Consistory is shut up, pronunceth the Cardinals, whom he intends to make; and in the same Consistory causes them to be called in, where kneeling down at his Holiness feet, the Pope puts the red hat on his head, and making the sign of the Cross on it, he says to him, Esto Cardinalis, and wear this red hat, as a sign, that thou wilt without fear expose thyself even to death, and the effusion of thy dearest blood, for the exaltation of the holy faith, for the peace & quiet of Christian people, and augmenting the state of the holy Roman Church; in the name of the Father, of the Son, and of the holy Ghost, Amen. Then the new Cardinal takes off the Hat from his head, and kisseth his Holiness feet.  
The second way is this. In the secret Consistory the Pope pronounceth in order of dignity the Cardinals which he hath made, and then gives a list of them to the Cardinal Nephew, who sends his Master of the Chamber with his own Coach to fetch those persons which are promoted, from out of such parts of the City as they live in, and bring them to his Eminencies Lodgings. There they have their Crowns shaved, and are attired in purple like Cardinals; the garments wherewith they were apparelled before are the veils of the Cardinal Nephew's adjutants of the Chamber; and the Cardinal Nephew's Barber that shaved their crowns receives from them five and twenty ducats for his fee. After dinner the same Cardinal having feasted the new Cardinals, conducts them to his Holiness, before whose feet kneeling on their knees they have the red hat put upon their heads in the manner before declared; and after many words of humility, and thanks, they depart away: and so go all in the habit of a Cardinal together to visit his Holiness kinsfolks, aswell men as women continuing afterwards in their houses until the public Consistory, always clothed in purple till the day of the said Consistory, though it be extra tempora, and giving audience to every one that comes to visit them. Now all the time before the public Consistory the new Cardinal ought not to accompany any one, and if he does so, he does ill; for albeit Cardinals come to visit him, he cannot, nor ought not to accompany them farther than the Chamber door, where he received the visit: But the ancient good rule was, that the Cardinals did not visit the new. Cardinals before the public Consistory; and if they chanced to do it, by occasion of kindred, as otherways, they went to them by night, and were not seen.   

Of those that are made Cardinals being absent from Rome.  
HE, who in his Holiness name is advertised, that he is created a Cardinal, must presently cause a shaved Crown to be made him, and himself as a Cardinal, but in purple; for he may not use red, until he have received the hat sent unto him by the Pope: and from that time he is to be called Cardinal, and so he may subscribe himself.  
The red hat is always carried by one of the Pope's Chamberlains, accompanied with his Holiness Brieve, for which the new Cardinal pays an hundred ducats to the Chamber. Now the ceremony of conferring the hat upon him, is performed, where there is no Nuntio by the Emperor, the King, the Archbishop, or Bishop of the place.  
The news of the Cardinalship, before the Hat is brought, together with the Popes, or one of his Nephew's letters, is carried by a Currier, unto whom a good reward is given, as also to the Chamberlain that brings the Hat, there is a great reward also given, which usually, from them who are present in Rome at their promotion, is at least five hundred ducats, and from them which receive the Hat out of Rome, a thousand ducats, with three hundred more at the public consistory, when they are confirmed in their Dignity; which reward is divided amongst the secret participant Chamberlains; and to the Chamberlain that carried the Hat, belongs an equal share, although he be none of the participants. Of the rewards given to the Currier are three parts made, one to the Cardinal Nephew's secretary, one to the Master General of the Posts, and the third to the Currier himself, the expense of the voyage being first deducted out of it.  
The Cardinal which goes to Rome to take the Hat, is to go in the travelling habit of a Cardinal, but of purple colour, and on his head an ordinary hat, with a Gold band, and faced with red silk: being arrived at Rome he will be met with the Caroches, which the Cardinals send, and in particular with the Cardinal Nephews, wherein he shall be conducted to the Apostolical Palace, & being come to the said Cardinal Nephews Lodgings, he must compliment with his eminency, and then by his Barber, he must have the Cardinal's shaved crown made on his head, and putting off his travelling habit, he must put on a long Robe with a Rochet, and so he must be conducted by his Eminency to the Pope, upon the sight of whom, the new Cardinal must kneel down before him, and then after other bowings of himself; he must go and kiss his Holiness feet, and hand; that done, having been admitted ad osculum, used many words of thankfulness for the dignity of a Cardinal conferred on him, and taken leave of his Holiness, he must accompany the Cardinal Nephew to his lodgings, where he must compliment him anew, and from thence he must go and visit the Pope's Kinsfolks, who most commonly dwell in places remote from his Palace.  
Having performed all this, he must repair to his own house, out of which he may not stir until his Holiness give him a public Consistory; howbeit, he may in the mean time receive visits, but privately without going forth of his Chamber, and without accompanying the visitors, let them be what they will, as is delivered before.  
On the day of the public Consistory, the accustomed pomp of the solemn riding is used, and the new Cardinal, if he be an Archbishop or Bishop, wears on his head a black Pontifical hat, faced with Green; but if he were before only a Priest, a Prelate, or of the short robe, he must wear a hat in the same manner, but faced with black, and must go attired in red, if the day do permit it; and his cloak must be of raterd Grogeram, being accompanied with all the Cardinals, and so he goes to receive the red Hat from the hands of his Holiness: In which solemnities many ceremonies occur, but one cannot err therein, because all is guided by the Masters of the ceremonies.  
The same day, the Pope's Cardinal Nephew feasts the new Cardinal; he is afterwards to visit the whole sacred College with all his train, and in his habit, beginning at the Deacon Cardinal, and then the rest one after another, without order: and in the same habit he is to receive, and render the visits of, and to the Ambassadors of Kings, and Princes, and other great personages.  
In the first secret Consistory, after the public Consistory, the Pope performs the ceremony of shutting up the new Cardinal's mouth, his Holiness speaking and praying, and the new Cardinal not saying a word. This shutting up of the mouth, deprives the new Cardinal of his active and passive voice.  
In the second Consistory, his Holiness opens his mouth, declares his title unto him, and espouses him with a Gold Ring, that hath a Saphire set in it, for which in times past, the Cardinal's heir (in case he died) paid five hundred ducats in the Chamber: Pope Gregory the thirteenth gave this fee of the Ring to the Germane College of Rome, but afterwards Pope Sixtus Quintus took it from thence, and by Gregory the fifteenth, it was assigned to the sacred College de propaganda fide, and it was by a Pontifical Bull ordained, that it should be always done by every Cardinal from the very day of his promotion.  
Any one that shall be made a Cardinal, and before his coming to Rome shall be declared a Legate; he may exercise his Legatship, if his Holiness pleasure be not otherwise, until he hath first the Hat; and in that case the Pope useth to send it unto him with a Brieve: afterwards when that Legation is finished, and that the same Cardinal comes to Rome, he is at any hand to have a public Consistory granted to him, together with the wont solemn riding. Every Cardinal hath the Hat, which his Holiness puts on his head, brought home to him to his house by a secret Chamberlain, in a silver and gilt Basin, that is carried by the Pope's cupbord-keeper, unto whom is used to be given a reward of five and twenty crowns of Gold.  
Besides these, the new Cardinal is to give the rewards which are mentioned hereafter.  
Every Cardinal passeth the Bull of his Cardinalship, which being subscribed by the Pope, and all the Cardinal's present in Rome, the usual seal of lead is put to it, and sometimes one of Gold.   

The rewards which the new Cardinals are to give, after the public consistory.  
To the Pope's secret Chamberlains, Ducats 25 To the Pope's Vestry-keeper, 25 To the participant Masters of the Ceremonies, 100 To the not participant Masters of the Ceremonies. 36 To the Secretary, Clerke, and Accountant of the Sacred College, each of them apiece. 25 To the Pope's singing men. 30 To the Pope's secret Chaplains. 20 To the general Keepers of the Pope's Vestments, 10 To two Clerks of the Pope's secret Chapel. 6 To the Pope's under-Chamberlaines. 6 To the Deacons, and Subdeacons' of the Chapel. 4 To the Clerk of the Chapel. 2 To the Keeper of the Chapel. 2 To the Pope's Palfreymen. 25 To the Pope's Mace-bearers. 15 To the Pope's footmen. 10 To the Keeper of the iron Gates. 6 To the Keeper of the Chains. 4 To the Pope's Harbinger. 5 To the Keeper of the secret Gardens. 3 To the Pope's four secret Sweeper's. 4 To the Musicians of the Castle Saint Angelo. 6 Moreover to the participant Masters of the Ceremonies for the cover of the public Consistory. 12  Duck: 370.  
So the new Cardinal, for avoiding of contention, uses to give the said three hundred and seventy ducats to the Masters of the Ceremonies, whose care it is to distribute them. And to the participant secret Chamberlains is given by the Cardinal which is present in Rome at his creation, five hundred ducats at the least; and by him, who out of Rome receives the Hat, is given to them, besides the thousand ducats due for the Hat, other three hundred ducats: But Cardinals which are Princes, do give betwixt five and six thousand ducats, as also good rewards to the Masters of the Pope's Cardinalle Nephew's chamber:   

The chief Cathedral Churches of the six Bishops Cardinals are these.  
OStia Porto, whereunto is adjoined the Church of Santa Rufina, Albano, Sabina, Palestrina, and Frascati.   

The Churches of the fifty Priests-Cardinals titles are these.  
SAnta Maria in frastenere, Santa Potentiana, Santa Lorenzo in Lucina, La Trinita de Monti, Santa Marcello, & Pietro, Santo Agustino, Santa Caelia, Santa Prisca, Santa Maria in Aracaeli, Santo Hessio, Santo Prassede, Santa Maria della pace, Santa Maria de gl' Angeli nelle Farm, Santi quatro Coronati, Santi Giovanni, and Paolo, Santo Pietro in Vincola, Santa Maria sopra la Minerva, Santa Sabina, Santa Susanna, Santi Nereo and Archillea, Santo Lorenzo in Pane, and Perna, Santa Croce in Gierusalem, Santo Martino ne montis, Santa Maria nel Popolo, Santa Balbina, Santo Giralomo delli Schiavoni, Santa Anastasia, Santo Sisio, Santo Honofrio; Santo Silvestro in Campo Marzo, Santa Maria invia, Santi Apostoli, Santo salvatore del Lauro, Santo Pancratio, Santo Matteo in Merulana, Santo Bartolmeo, in Isola, Santo Clement, Santo Giovanni in nanzi porta Latina, Santo Tomaso in Parione, Santa Agnesse in Piazza Mavona, Santo Marcello, Santo Marco, Santo Stefano nel monte Celio, Santa Maria della Traspontina, Santo Biagio dell' Anello, Santo Eusebio, Santo Pietro Montorio, Santo Grisogono, Santo Quirico and Jovita, Santo Celso.   

The Deaconships of the fourteen Deacons-Cardinals are these.  
SAnta Maria in via lata, Santo Eustachio, Santa Agata, Santa Maria in Portico, Santa Angelo in Pescaria, Santa Maria Nova, Santa Maria in Cosmedin, Santo Nicolao in Carcere, Santo Giorgio, Santa Maria in Aquiro, Santo Adriano, Santi Cosmo and Damiano, Santa Maria in Domenica, and Santo Vito and Modesto.   

The Order which is observed, when a Cardinal dies.  
WHen a Cardinal is deceased, he is carried by night to the Church which is nearest to the place where he died, and is laid on a high scaffold upon a counterpoint of mourning cloth of gold, adorned with sacred ornaments, of that sort which the order of his Cardinalship required, and the wont Mitre on his head, and at his feet his pontifical red Hat. The next day after dinner, the whole fraternity of Friars go to the same Church, and there say the Office of the dead over him; during the which the Cardinals in purple habits, and cloaks of the same colour enter into the Church, where after they have prayed to the Holy Sacrament they go to the feet of the Corpse, and sprinkling it with holy water, they say the Paternoster, with the prayer, Absolve Domine, etc. and so repair to, and sit down in their ordinary seats: All this is done by every Cardinal severally if they come in single, but if many come in together, than the most ancient of them performs the ceremony for all the rest that are present in the Church.  
The four Masters of the Ceremonies wait upon the Corpse, in their upper garments of fine purple Say; as likewise all the Apparitors in long purple habits down to the ground, with silver maces in their hands, and for a reward each of them hath a Priest's Cap given him: There are also standing two of the dead Cardinal's Palfreymen, clothed in mourning, carrying two banners of black Taffata, with the deceased Cardinals Arms on them. The Church too is all hung with black, and the same Arms, together with the trophies used in Funerals.  
They are buried for the most part in the Churches of their Titles; and he that will have it done with pomp, hath, besides the fraternity with great lights, the Master of the Household, the assistant Prelates, and participant Apostolical Protonotaries, riding pontifically on their Mules; together with their Masters of the Ceremonies, and his Holiness Family, in long red robes, namely the Squires and Chamberlains extraordinary. And this ceremony is always performed about two of the clock in the night. But such as will be buried without Pomp, are carried to the place, where they are to be interred, about two hours within night secretly in a Coach.  
Cardinals which are of great families, and have rich kindred, have their obsequies celebratedi n the Churches, where they are buried, with stately Horses, where all the sacred College assist at the saying of Mass, making Orations in the praise of of the Cardinal deceased, and performing all the other Ceremonies before related.  
The assistant Prelates are such patriarchs, Archbishops, as his Holiness declares to be so: their Office is to assist and serve the person of the Pope in the pontifical Chappells, in holding the Missal, and candle to him; as also in singing Mass before him, at such time as it doth not belong to the Cardinals to do it. In his Holiness Chapel they have the chief place next to the Cardinals, and are reckoned as a part of the Pope's family, having a daily allowance of the bread, wafers, and wine of the Palace. Upon the first Mass, that one of these Prelates sings in the Chapel Pontifically, he is to give a great reward to the Masters of the Ceremonies, & to others of the Chapel.   

Of the manner of shutting and opening a new Cardinal's mouth.  
IN the first Consistory, the Pope shuts the new Cardinal's mouth, and prohibits him from presuming to speak any thing in the Consistories, or Counsels, until such time as by the advice of his Brethren he shall be induced to open his mouth.  
In the second or third Consistory, the Pope useth to open his mouth in this manner. After all the Cardinals, both old and new, are there congregated together, the Pope commands the new Cardinals to go forth, which accordingly they do, and in a decent place without the Consistory wait his Holiness pleasure whereupon the Pope propounds unto the old Cardinals, whether it seems fit unto them that the mouths of the new Cardinals should be opened, and they severally consenting, the new Cardinals are called in again: Then the Pope exhorts the new Cardinals, standing before him, with words full of Fatherly love, to behave themselves gravely, courteously, and discreetly in all things, to speak in the Consistories with reverence and modesty, to deliver their opinions, not by way of contradicting and impugning that of others, but respectfully observing every one to declare their minds with that judgement and wisdom, which the Lord should vouchsafe to endue them withal, to have God always before their eyes in giving their counsels and votes, to govern their houses and families with all moderation and honesty, not suffering in them any gamesters, quarellers, riotous, or infamous persons; for that commonly the vices of the Master, do appear in the lives of the servants, according to the saying, such as the King is, such are the people; to bestow themselves when they are free from public affairs, in the Study of good Letters; and always to have some part of the holy Scriptures read at their Tables. This exhortation ended, he opens their mouths, saying: We open your mouths to speak in all Counsels, in Electing of the high Bishop, and in all acts, both within the Consistory, and without it, which appertains to Cardinals, and which they are used to exercise, in the name of the Father, of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost, Amen.  
This done, the new Cardinals approaching one after another to the Pope, the first of them knelt down before his Holiness, who taking a precious Ring, prepared for that purpose, puts it on the Ring finger of the new Cardinals right hand, saying: To the honour of Almighty God, & of the Holy Apostles Peter & Paul, we commit unto thee, the Church of Saint N. together with the Clergy, people, and Chapels thereof, according to the form wherewith it useth to be committed to Cardinals, which have the title of the said Church.   

Of the Election of the Apostolical Legate the Latere.  
THe Pope doth in the secret Consistory propound the causes for which the creation of Legates seemeth necessary unto him, and requires his brethren to vote whether any shall be created, and how many: After they are agreed of them, they name the persons, who upon their nomination go straightway out of the Consistory; and when the Fathers have resolved who they shall be, they are called in again: Then his holiness as they are all sitting, declares unto them one by one how confiding in his prudence, wisdom, virtue, etc. he hath with the advice of his Brethren designed him to be an Apostolical Legate into such parts, and enjoins him to take the charge thereof upon him. Now he unto whom the Pope addresseth his speech, riseth up on his feet, and when he hath done speaking unto him, he, with his Hat off, gives the Pope, and the sacred College many humble thanks for their good opinion of him, notwithstanding his insufficiency; and with modest words excuseth himself, and desireth them to commit that charge to some such person, as is more experienced, and better fitted for it then he: But the Pope still pressing it upon him, at length he offereth his obedience to his Holiness pleasure; and reiterating his thanks unto him, he falls down on his knees before him, and kissing his feet and hand, he is received ad Osculum Oris, both by the Pope and all the Cardinals, who do afterwards go, and accompany him to his house, where he prepares himself for his journey, being in the mean time visited by all the Cardinals. The day of his departure come, a secret Consistory is held, at the end whereof, taking leave of his Holiness, he is conducted by all the Cardinals to the gate of the City, and there having given them thanks, and kissed them all one after another, he goes away in peace. After the Cardinal Legat hath passed out of the Territory of the City, where the Pope resides, he gins to bless, puts on a red Cloak, and hath the Cross carried before him. Now all the while that he is in his Legation, he doth not participate of the emoluments of the Apostolical Chamber, or of the Annats.   

Of the Election of Arch-Bishops, and Bishops.  
POpe Clement the eight with much prudence ordained, that a person destined to a Church in Italy, should go and submit himself to the examination of certain Cardinals, Prelates, Divines, and Canonists. Now this is the order which is observed with a person that is destinated to a Church: he must go to his examination before his Holiness, where he must be all the while upon his knees, kneeling on a Cushion: If he doth not carry himself well, he is rejected; if he doth carry himself well, they approve of him, and he is interrogated in that faculty, whereof he hath taken the degree of Doctor, or of some other which he hath made profession of. The examination then ended, and he approved of, the Pope appoints some Cardinal to propound that Church; but before it comes to the proposition, these things ensuing are to be done.  
First, the person destinated must make profession of his faith, before the Cardinal Ponente; then in the presence of his Eminency must the oath be given to the witnesses which are to be examined, aswell concerning the state of that Church, as of the quality, birth, and manners of the person destinated to be Bishop thereof: That done, the Cardinal gives order to his Auditor for the drawing up of the process, which is made by the Cardinal Vicars, or the Auditor of the Chambers Notary: howbeit, he that is destinated to the Church, must first produce the privilege of his Doctorship, and others, if he have any, as Patents and such like, which may any way make for him, then are the witnesses to attest, that he is borne of lawful marriage, that his Parents were never suspected of heresy, and that he is above thirty years of age, according as it is ordained by the Council of Trent, de vita, et moribus.  
Afterwards, other witnesses are examined concerning the estate of that Church; as what is the revenue of it, of what quality the City and Province is, wherein it is seated; and whether it be immediately subject to the Apostolic Sea, or else is a suffraganship of some Archbishopric.  
What Lands and Towns it hath in its Diocese, how many thousands of souls it contains, how many Monasteries and Relics there are in it, what Clergy, how many Canons and dignities, how many Convents of Friars and Nuns, how many Parishes, how many Bells, and how many such like things it hath.  
The Process being compiled, the Cardinal Ponents subscribes it, and then sends it to be reviewed by the three Cardinals, heads of their Order, who having reviewed it, subscribe it also, and so return it to the Cardinal Ponents, with whom it always afterwards remains: In the first Consistory, than it is published, and in the next following, it is propounded, delivering briefly in Latin that which is contained in the Process. Now before the Cardinal Ponents propounds the Church, two Schedules are sent to the Caster up of the accounts of the sacred College, which are made at the instance of the person elected, who therein promiseth to pay unto the Cardinal Ponents, to the sacred College, to the reverend Chamber, and to the Officers of the Chancery, all the money which is to be paid for the dispatches in the passing of that Church.  
The day before the Consistory of the proposition, the Cardinal Ponents sends a memorial by one to all the Cardinals, wherein is succinctly set forth all that is expressed in the Process; to the end, that if any Cardinal will say aught against it, he may know what he hath to speak of. When as the Cardinal Ponents have finished the proposition, the Pope turns to the Deacon Cardinal, and asketh him whether he hath any thing to say in contradiction of it; unto which, rising up on his feet, his Eminency answers no; whereupon his Holiness decrees that Church to such an one. Of all this, the Cardinal vicechancellor takes cognizance, and afterwards gives forth the Decree made in the Consistory; upon which decree, the Cardinal Ponents frames the Schedule subscribed with his hand, by virtue whereof, together with another like it, made by the Cardinal vicechancellor, and called the contra-Schedule, the Bulls are dispatched.  
The person propounded, is not to go out of his house that morning when his proposition is to be made, but then is to have his Crown shaved; after dinner he must attire himself in the purple habit of a Bishop, and so go to the Pope's Palace, where by the Lord Master of the Chamber he is brought to kiss the feet of his Holiness, who with his own hands, puts the Rochet, which Bishops use to wear, upon him, and then he is to give the Pope thanks, etc.  
After this, the new Bishop is to visit all the sacred College, beginning at the Deacon-Cardinall, whom he must always visit first; for the rest, he needeth not to observe any order, but to visit them one after another as it shall fall out: The next he is to visit, are the governors of Rome, the Auditor of the Chamber, the Treasurer-Generall, and the datary, from whom he is to procure the Patent dell' Alternative, before he departs to his residence.  
From the day he received the Rochet, he is styled Elect, and assoon as he is consecrated he is absolutely called Bishop, but not before. Arch-Bishops are not Elect until the Pall be given to them.  
There are to be three Bishops to the Consecration; he that consecrates, who for the most part is a Cardinal, and two other Bishops likewise consecrators: In the day of the consecration the new Bishop precedes the other more ancient Bishops, in regard it is the day of his nuptials; and ordinarily, that Cardinal which consecrates, invites the consecrated Bishop to dinner, as also the assistant Bishops, the Master of the Ceremonies, and some others.  
Every Archbishop, or Bishop, ere he be consecrated, must before the Prime Deacon Cardinal, swear upon the Evangelists fealty to the Apostolic Sea, and obedience to the Roman high Bishop, and this is required to be done by the Master of the Ceremonies, in the presence of witnesses; during the performance whereof, the said Cardinal sits in his seat with his Hat on, and the Prelate is bareheaded, kneeling on a cushion.  
All these things before mentioned doth the Archbishop also, yea something more; for a consistorial Advocate demands the Pall for him in the secret Consistory, and and then the said Archbishop enters into the secret Consistory for it: If the Archbishop be not present in Rome, he takes it per procuratorem.  
All these Prelates, until they are consecrated, may not wear a Ring with a rich stone in it on their finger, nor when they celebrate Mass may they have any other vesture, save only that of a Priest; neither may they perform any other ceremony, which Bishops use to do.  
Lastly, the Archbishop and Bishop is to go into the Chancery, and kneeling bareheaded on his knees, must once more swear before the Lord Regent of the Chancery (who sits with his hat on his head, as in like manner do all the other Prelates, which are named Abbreviators di Parco Magiore) to be obedient to the holy Mother the Church, and to the high Bishop, as he did formerly before the Prince Deacon Cardinal; if any of them be absent in that case, all is dispatched by a Bull containing the same, and they are to perform every of those things, except it be going to examination, per procuratorem.  
The Cardinals are exempted, aswell from doing all that is before mentioned, as going to be examined, their dispatches being made by a secret way: And when any of them is to be provided of some Church, he is provided of it in the Consistory by his Holiness: whensoever the Pope propounds either Cardinals, or no Cardinals, there is no process, much less any publication thereof, his attestation of the person by word of mouth sufficing.  
The Cardinal Ponents hath ordained the jure fifteen ducats of the Chamber for every hundred, whereat that Church which is propounded by him is taxed: but when as his Holiness propounds one, that fee goes to the Apostolical Secretaries; & when he propounds a Church in a person of a Cardinal, that was never at Rome, he must pay fifteen in the hundred, but if he be present in Rome, or hath been there at other times, he is exempted from such payment.   

Of the Archbishop's Pall, and the tradition thereof.  
SUch as are promoted to be Metropolitan Churches, are not called (though they be consecrated Bishops,) either Archbishops or Patriarches, nor may they in the mean time consecrate, celebrate a Synod, or exercise many other Pontifical functions, before they receive the Pall, taken from the body of blessed Peter; which they are to demand by themselves, or their Proctor, within the space of six months. The care of making and keeping the Palls appertains to the Apostolical Subdeacons', who make them of pure and white wool in this manner. The Nuns of Saint Anne's Monastery do offer every year two white Lambs on the Altar of that Church in the Festival day of Saint Anne, whilst the Agnus Dei is singing in solemn Mass. Now those two lambs are delivered to the Canons of the Lateranens Churches, and are afterwards consigned by them to the Apostolical Subdeacons', who put them to feed in certain pastures, until the time of shearing them be come: then they shear off their wool, and mixing it with other like pure and white wool, they spin it into yarn, wherewith the Palls are woven three fingers broad into an orbicular form, so as it may compass the Archbishop's shoulders: The Pall hath a kind of label hanging down before to the breast, and two more behind, on each shoulder one, hanging down to the reins, an hands breadth and an half long; upon the end whereof are thin leaden plates of the same breadth, round at the bottom, which are covered over with black taffata, that is sowed down upon the said pendant labels before and behind. The Palls being made after this sort by the Subdeacons', they are carried to the Cathedral Church of the Prince of the Apostles, and by the Canons thereof are laid upon the bodies of the Apostles Peter and Paul under the high Altar, where being watched one night, according to the wont custom, they are taken from thence, and restored again to the Subdeacons', who carefully keep them in a convenient and decent place. The use of the Pall, so far as we can find, is very ancient, and had its original from Pope Linus, the immediate Successor of the Apostle Peter; for so we read written by Bishop Maximus in an Homily of the Sacerdotal vesture, who there saith, our Patriarches do hold that our Ephod (namely the Pall) was instituted by Linus, the second Roman Bishop after Peter, and given by God to our Prelates for a singular and special privilege of power. And Eusebius Caesariensis in a sermon of the Epiphany writeth thus; Nothing is more ancient than that Sacerdotal vesture of our Prelates, which succeeded to that made of the silk and gold in the old Testament, wherewith Linus first of all was adorned, in sign of plenary power, and whereunto as we have received from ancient writers, he gave the types, and name, calling it a Pall. When as any Prelate wants the Pall, it is first demanded by some one of the consistorial Advocates, whom to that end he hath especially constituted for his Proctor, of the Pope in the secret Consistory with much instance. The Pope having commanded the Advocate forth, requireth the opinion of the Fathers, whether the Pall shall be given accordingly, or no: Then he commits to the chief Deacon-Cardinall the consigning of the Pall to the said Prelate, or his Proctor; whereupon the said Cardinal appoints the place and day, where, and when the Pall shall be consigned, which for the most part is in the Chapel of the said Cardinal's house, but sometimes in Saint Peter's Church at the high Altar. The day being appointed, the Prelate comes to the place ordained, where are present the Deacon Cardinal, and the Apostolical Subdeacon with the Pall, which he spreads over the midst of the Altar. Then the Prelate kneeling on the steps of the Altar before the said Deacon Cardinal, prayeth the Pall may be given unto him in these words: I. N. Elect of the Church of N. do most instantly desire, that the Pall, taken from the body of blessed Peter, wherein is the plenitude of the Pontifical Office, may be consigned unto me. Upon this the said Deacon Cardinal taking the Pall from off the Altar, puts it upon the shoulders of the Prelate, kneeling still on his knees, saying; To the honour of Almighty God, of the blessed Virgin Mary, and of the blessed Apostles Peter and Paul, and also of our holy Father the Pope, and of the holy Church, we give thee this Pall, taken from the body of blessed Peter, wherein is the plenitude of the Pontifical Office, together with the title of Archbishop, that thou mayst use it on certain days, which are expressed in the privileges granted by the Sea Apostolical in the name of the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost, Amen. This said, he is admitted by the said Deacon Cardinal ad osculum pacis; then the Master of the ceremonies takes the Pall from off his shoulders, and having before witnesses made an act of that which hath past, he folds up the Pall, and carries it to the said Prelate, or reserves it in some sacred place, until the Prelate goes away, and then gives him the Pall, together with the public instrument drawn thereupon.  
They who are to receive the Pall, after it is demanded, and granted to him in the Consistory, do usually compound with the subdeacons, who, as we have said, do keep the Palls, and do receive from the Prelates, sometimes more, sometimes less in the hundred, according to the value and taxation of the Church: The Masters of the Ceremonies too, in regard of their Office, and the drawing up of the instrument, have certain fees, according to the proportion of the value, and taxation of the Churches, but not so much as the subdeacons.   

Of the public consistory.  
FOrasmuch as we have mentioned the public Consistory, and may do so again hereafter, we have thought meet to explain the order and manner of the same. In the Apostolical Palace there are two Pontifical Halls, which are contained in the Conclave, the greatest of them is used to be furnished, and made ready for the public Consistory, when as either Kings or their Ambassadors are to be received, and the Canonization of a Saint is to be celebrated. In the other hall, are the Ambassadors of Princes, & commonwealths, when they come to yield obedience to the Pope, received; as also the Apostolical Legates, returning from their Legations, and new Cardinals coming to the Roman Court: In it too are the new Cardinals published, and all causes handled which require a public Consistory. At the upper end of the Hall, is a Pontifical Throne erected, with an ascent of three ample steps unto it, the form of the Throne is almost foure-square, and about twelve hand-breadths broad, in the midst whereof is a seat joining to the Wall, with a great and little footstool; all the floor of the Throne is covered with Scarlet cloth, and so is the great footstool, but the Wall is adorned with cloth of Gold, and likewise the seat, over which hangs a cloth of State of the same stuff; on the right hand within the Throne are the seats of the Bishops, and Priests Cardinals, two hands breadth from the Wall, having a back to lean against as high as their shoulders, and a step seven or eight fingers high to set their feet upon, unto which is adjoining another seat, that stands athwart the Hall, so that they who sit upon it do look the Pope in the face: On his holiness left hand is the seat of the Deacons-Cardinalls, betwixt the which and the seat that goes cross the Hall, is a void space, about an eleven or twelve hands-breadth, which serves as a door into the entrance of the Consistory. These seats are adorned with Arras and Tapestry, and are of one and the same length and breadth; all the room about the seats is overspread with green cloth.  
The Pope goes to the public Consistory arrayed in the same manner as he goes to the Chapel, with the Cross and Cardinals preceding him; when he comes there, he sits down in his seat, and so do the Cardinals in theirs, after they have done their accustomed obeisance to his Holiness. The Arch-Bishops, Bishops, Pronotaries and all the Prelates, sit upon the three Steps of the Pontifical Throne, and with them last of all the Subdeacons, Auditors, and Clerks of the Chamber: The long robed Courtiers sit on the ground between the Cardinal's seats; the Chamberlains and Secretaries do sit also on the ground, betwixt the Prelates, and the long robed Courtiers: If the Pope's Nephews, or some great Princes are present, which are not to sit on the Cardinal's seats, they stand near to the Pope: The Ambassadors of Kings, and Princes, and great noblemen, stand on the Pope's right hand, between the steps of the Throne and the Wall; the Pope's domestic servants, and Courtiers, stand on his left hand between the steps of the Throne and the Wall: the consistorial Advocates, stand behind the Priests and Deacons-Cardinall seats: the Procurators of Kings, Princes, and religious orders, stand behind the Bishops-Cardinalls seat, betwixt the Wall and the seat; in the space between the Priests, and Deacons-Cardinalls seats stand the Sergeants at arms, as it were at the door of the Consistory, and there do they that are to come unto the Pope enter: The Master of the sacred shoushold stands before the Sergeants at arms, at the end of the Priest's Cardinal's seat, and in the head of the Deacons-Cardinalls seat, are the Masters of the Ceremonies, that they may be always ready to execute the Pope's commands, and to give order for any thing that is to be done.  
When the Consistory is held for judicial causes, which the Pope useth to do, at such time as it is not held for other causes, the Proponent Advocate stands behind the Priest's Cardinal's seat just opposite to the Pope, and opening his cause, doth in the end cast the Schedule of his supplication amongst the long robed Courtiers which sit on the ground, who transmit it unto the hands of the vicechancellor: Now if any of the other Advocats will contradict him, and answer for his adversary upon the finishing of the debate, the Pope answers plainly by word of mouth Placet, or with a limitation, that he will advise upon it, and the vicechancellor with his own hand signs the supplication, according to the Pope's answer, and writes the same down in a Book, which he hath always there by him; causes being so dispatched, all riseup, and the Pope returns to his Chamber, in the same manner as he came.   

Of the secret Consistory.  
THe secret Consistory is held in some remoter room of the Apostolical Palace, at this day called the Papal Chamber; where in the midst of it is a Pontifical seat erected against the wall, which is raised from the ground without steps or degrees; and hath a great footstool, on which the the Pope sets his feet, and another little one, whereby one may ascend higher. The Cardinal's seats are placed before the Pope, on the right, & left hand, everyone in its order. The Pope's seat is adorned with cloth of gold; the Cardinal's seats are bare, but painted red with his Holiness Arms upon them. The place between the Pope's seat and the Cardinals is usually covered with tapestry. The junior Deacon Cardinal hath a little bell by him, wherewith he gives notice to the Keepers of the Consistory, if the Pope or Fathers will have them to do any thing. In the space between the Cardinal's seats are two forms placed round at a pretty distance the one from the other, until all are come in, so that the Cardinals may betwixt them, as through a door, pass to their seats; but when all of them are congregated, those two forms are put close together again in their place. When as consistorial matters begin to be treated of; all other Prelates, besides the Cardinals are shut out. Two secret Chamberlains wait without at the door of the Consistory, that they may be ready upon the ringing the bell, for any command. The Pope propounds such businesses as are to be handled in the Senate, and in order requires their opinions, which are called votes, than each of them rising up gives his vote; whereupon his Holiness, according to the major part, decrees.   

Of the Conclave.  
THe place of the Conclave (for so is that called at this day wherein the Fathers are shut up for election of the Pope) is in the Apostolical Palace; and it contains two Halls, and Chappells, with some other rooms, and houses of Office: all which are so closed up with a wall that one can see no windows, but what are very high, those only excepted by which you pass unto the Chappells, and second Hall. The Halls are for the Cardinals to walk in, and recreate themselves in, when they are not employed in the Election; the other rooms are for the use of such, as are also shut up with the Cardinals in the Conclave. The gate at the entrance into the first Hall hath a wicket in it, through which the Cardinal's diet is brought in unto them; and the said gate and wicket are made safe with strong iron bars, and four locks. In the lesser Chapel the Fathers meet to celebrate Divine Service, and to make the election. In the greater Chapel are so many Cells made, as there be Cardinals voting in election; which are distant about a foot one from another, and are not separated asunder by any wall, or such like matter, but by curtains or thin cloth, which hang upon rafters set up all along in a decent manner for that purpose. Now these Cells all are marked with the letters of the Alphabet, and on the day before the Cardinals enter into the conclave, and are severally assigned to each of them; not by order, but by lot: and then do their servants in that interim make provision of curtains, beds, and other furniture for them. The Conclave being thus prepared, especial order is taken that none may go, stand, or abide above, below, or on any of the sides of the Conclave, nor that any may see, speak, or any way send, or cast any thing unto them that are shut up in it, lest thereby any might be enabled to search into their Counsels by voice, sign, sound, or any other device. Moreover there are four guards of the further Conclave appointed: the guard of the first gate of the Palace is committed to some great Prelate, or Nobleman, who with two or three hundred soldiers, is to guard the Palace and the Father's night and day. The second guard is within the first gate, as one goes up unto the Conclave, and is under the charge of the Conservators, and Caporioni of the City of Rome. The third guard is a little higher at the second gate, and is entrusted to a select number of noble personages. The fourth and last guard is at the immediate entrance into the Conclave, and is in the hands of seven or eight of the worthiest Bishops of the Roman Court. The guard of the first gate of the Palace is settled assoon as the Pope is dead, but so are not the others until the Cardinals enter into the Conclave. The gate and wicket at the entrance into the first Hall is, as I have said before, made fast with four locks, one to the outside of the gate, and one on the outside of the wicket; also one on the inside of the gate, and one on the inside of the wicket: the two keys of the locks on the outside of the gate and wicket are kept by the guard of that place, the other two keys of the locks on the inside of the gate and wicket, are in the custody of the Masters of the Ceremonies, so that neither the Gate nor the wicket can be opened without the consent both of them that are within and without.    

Of the vacant Sea of Rome, and the manner of the Election of the now Pope Innocent the tenth  
HAving treated of all the things which are done in Rome, it seems convenient unto me that I should say somewhat of the vacant Sea of Rome, and all that past during the vacancy of the said Sea, by the death of the late Pope Vrban the eight.  

Ceremonies performed in St. Peter's upon the entering into the Conclave.  
THe Lords Cardinals having finished the nine day's solemnity of the funeral pomp celebrated for the late Pope Vrban the eight, who after he had reigned in Peter's Throne twenty years, eleven months, and twenty three days, passed from this transitory to Eternal life: the Mass of the Holy Ghost was by Cardinal Lanti, Dean of the sacred College, sung in Saint Peter's Church, and an elegant oration de eligendo Pontificem recited by the Lord Jacomo Accaressio: after which Domenico Belli Master of the Ceremonies taking up the Papal Cross, marched on with the Gentlemen of the Chapel before him, singing the hymn, Veni creator Spiritus, etc. and these ensuing eminent Cardinals following after him processionally.  

Lanti, the Dean, a Roman.  
Crescentio, a Roman.  
Cennino, a Senese.  
Bentivoglia, a Ferrarese.  
Capponi, a Florentine.  
Roma, a Milanesse.  
Cneva, a Spaniard.  
St. Onofrio, a Florentine.  
Arach a German.  
Spada, of Brisighella.  
Cornaro a Venetian.  
Sachetti, a Florentine.  
Santa Cecilia, a Genovess.  
Pamphilio, a Roman.  
Abernotio, a Spaniard.  
Lione, a Frenchman.  
Rocci, a Roman.  
Pallota, of Calderola.  
Monti, a Milanesse.  
Brancaccio, a Neapolitan.  
Bichi, a Senesse.  
Carpegna, of Urbin.  
Franciotti, a Luchese.  
Durrazzo, a Genovese.  
Machiavelli, a Florentine.  
Filomarino, a Neapolitan.  
Bragandino, a Venetian.  
Cesis, a Roman.  
Verospie, a Roman.  
Maculano, of Fiorenzola.  
Mont' Alto, a Roman.  
Poly, of Cassia.  
Falcomeri, a Florentine.  
Mattei, a Roman.  
Fachenetti, a Bolognesse.  
Grimaldi, a Genovesse.  
Rossetti, a Ferraresse.  
Altieri, a Roman.  
Theodoli, a Roman.  
Rapaccioli, a Roman.  
Ceva, a Piemontese.  
Giorio, of Camerino.  
Lugo, a Spaniard.  
Medici, a Florentine.  
Francisco Barberino, a Florentine.  
Ginetti, of Velletri.  
Antonio Barberino, a Roman.  
Colona, a Roman.  
Trivultio, a Milanese.  
gabrieli, a Roman.  
Este, a Modenese,  
Costaguti, a Genovese.  
Rondanino, a Roman.  
Valenze, a Frenchman.    

Ceremonies performed in the Conclave.  
ALl those before mentioned, being entered into the Conclave, went directly into Pope Sixtus the fourth his Chapel, where the Cardinal Dean made certain prayers; after which, every Cardinal repaired to his own seat, and there sat him down, whereupon every one being shut out of the Chapel, and no others, besides the Cardinals remaining there, but Signior Gioseppe Frenfanelli, Secretary of the sacred College, and the five Masters of the Ceremonies, the Bulls appertaining to the creation of the new Pope, were read and allowed by the said Secretary, and by Domenico Belli, and Francisco Maria Febei, two of the Masters of the Ceremonies; they being so read, the Cardinals one after another swore the observation of them: afterwards retiring to their several Cells, and having made an end of eating, they repaired again to the said Chapel, where the Prince Savelli, perpetual Marshal of the Holy Church, and doorkeeper of the Conclave, together with the Lord Bonvisio, Clerk of the Chamber, the Governor of Borgo, and many other Prelates, which were all deputed for the custody of the passages, took their oath before the Cardinal Dean.  
That done, all the Cardinals returned back to their Cells to give audience to the Lords Ambassadors, and the titular personages of the Court, until three hours within night, at which time upon the ringing of a Bell by one of the Masters of the Ceremonies, they fell to immuring and doing all that was needful for the shutting up of the Conclave; which being finished, the Cardinal Dean and Cardinal Chamberlain went over all the Conclave to see that it was throughly walled, and well closed up every where, and thereof the Master of the Ceremonies made a public instrument; after that, every one of the Cardinals retired to his Cell, none remaining within the Conclave besides themselves and their Conclavists*, (whereof each of them had no more than two, only the aged and infirm had out of grace three granted to them) saving the Lord Vestry-keeper, with his adjutant, five Masters of the Ceremonies with their Servants, the secretary with an adjutant, Father Valentino Mangioni a Jesuit, the Confessor, two Physicians, a Chirurgeon, an Apothecary, with two adjutants, two Master workmen, the one a Mason, the other a Carpenter, and sixteen Laborers; all which were elected by secret votes inclusive in the Congregations, which were held in Saint Peter's Vestry every morning, before their entering into the Conclave; after the saying of the Mass of Requiem. In the said Congregations also, besides the election of the aforesaid Ministers of the Sacred College, there were orders given necessary for the good government of Rome, and all the Estate Ecclesiastical, as likewise audience given to all Ambassadors; to the Prince Perfect; to the Governor of Rome; to the Governor of Borgo; to the Governor of the Conclave; to the Conservators of Rome; and to others.   

A Description of what was without the Conclave.  
FIrst of all in all the passages there were good Guards placed by the Prince Savelli, as keeper of the Conclave, and perpetual Marshal of the Holy Church; which Guards never stirred from thence night nor day, until the creation of the new High Bishop. On Saint Peter Piatza were also four Courts of Guard of Levaes' Soldiers, set there by the Lord Don Taddeo Barberino, as General of the Holy Church, by the appointment of the Sacred College, during the vacancy of the Sea.  
Upon the Stairs of the Apostolical Palace, that looks to the Piatza, the Swissers of his Holiness guard made a baricado of Tables, with two courts of Guard; and another within the Court yard of the first Gate: and on the stairs, whereby one descends unto Saint Peter were two others likewise.  
The Conclave was walled up by the Masons, and all the doors, every little cranny, together with the great, and lesser windows of the Lodgings were close made up; leaving only on the top an overturn of four, or five hands breadth, covered with linen cloth, whereof part was nailed down, and part of it was not.  
There were on divers parts seven passages, whereby the Diet entered, coming in this order: first of all, came two of that Cardinal's Palfery-men, unto whom the Diet went, with two long purple coloured Maces of wood in their hands, having their Master's Arms on them; next to them went the Mace-bearer with a silver Mace, and other Gentlemen; after whom came the Sewer with a Napkin on his shoulder, followed by two Palfrey-men, who carried cups, goblets, and silver chasingdishes; two others with manchett, and two others with glass bottles of wine and water; all which went in rank one after another with a purple coloured Mace of wood borne before them; the said deputy Prelates, who had the charge to see what entered into the passage, and which was changed every several meal, assisting at every passage, and diligently searching every thing that was carried in. As soon as all the diet was entered, an Apparitor, assisting for that purpose, in a purple robe, with his Mace of silver, shut up the Passage; whereupon the assisting Prelate went to see whether the said passage was well shut, and then with a paper sealed up the lock; the like was done on the inside by the Masters of the Ceremonies.   

Ceremonies performed after the shutting up of the Conclave.  
IN the morning, after the shutting up of Conclave, the Deacon Cardinal celebrated the Mass of the Holy Ghost, and gave the Communion to all the other Cardinals, making a brief exhortation to the whole sacred College for the election of the new High Bishop. In the end after many scrutinies for the space of thirty and seven days concerning divers persons, and the vacancy of the Sea for a month and seventeen days, on Thursday the fifteenth of September 1644. the most eminent Cardinal Pamphilio, having said his Mass in the Paolina Chapel, according as he used to do every morning, entered with the other Cardinals into the Chapel of Sixtus Quartus, and seating himself in his place, the Mass pro Electione Romani Pontificis commenced, which was sung every morning by the Lord Vestry-Keeper: After which began the Scrutiny for the most eminent Cardinal Pamphilio, wherein he had fifteen votes, and then in the access thirty and three; the said scrutiny continuing for the space of six hours. Afterwards, the said Chapel being opened, the Lord Vestry-Keeper with the five Masters of the Ceremonies, and the Secretary entered into it, and burned the Schedules. That done, the first Deacon Cardinal, the first Priest Cardinal Caporini, & in the stead of the Prince Cardinal de Medici, who was sick of the gout, the second Deacon Cardinal Barberino, went and made humble suit unto the most eminent Cardinal Pmphialio, that he would accept of the Papacy according to this Election that was made of him by the sacred College, which he accepted of, and took unto himself the name of Innocent the tenth: Thereupon the two Deacon Cardinals, Barberino, and Ginetti, conducted him between them to the backside of the Altar of the said Chapel, where, with the assistance of the Lord Vestry-keeper, and the Masters of the Ceremonies he was despoiled of his Cardinal's Vestments, and attired in the Papal habit, and so they placed him in the Pontifical seat, before the Altar of the said Chapel, where the Cardinal Deacon beginning first of all to do him reverence, by kneeling before him, and kissing his feet, and his right hand, his Holiness raised him up, and gave him the Osculum pacis, both on the one and the other cheek; after which, all the other Cardinals successively did him reverence in like manner, and acknowledged him for the high Bishop: Then Cardinal Barberino, and signior Domenico belli one of the Masters of the Ceremonies, took up the Cross, and whilst the music of the Chapel sung the Ecce Sacerdos Magnus, etc. they went, his eminency going foremost to the lodging of Benediction, where having caused so much of the wall of the window of that Lodging to be broken down as they might well pass through it with the Cross, the Cardinal shown it to the people, who with great desire stood expecting it on the Piatza, in sign that by the grace of God there was an Election made of a new Roman high Bishop, and his Eminence with a loud voice declared it to the people with these ensuing words. Annuncio vobis ● gaudium magnum, habemus Papam eminent ssimum, et reverendissimum, Dominum Johannem Baptistam Pamphilium quisibi nomen imposuit Innocentium decimum.  
Hereupon all the people that stood on Saint Peter Piatza, fell out into great acclamations of joy, and ran up and down the streets, striving a vie who should first give notice of it to their friends, and kindred; so that there was nothing but shouting for joy every where, long live Pope Innocent the tenth, long live the new high Bishop, long live the house of Pamphilio: and at the very same instant was the wont sign given to the Castle Saint Angelo, which shot off all its great Ordinance, for a clear demonstration to the whole City of the creation of the new Pope, upon the thundering whereof, there was not a Bell in all Rome, which was not rung for joy, being accompanied with the sound of Drums and Trumpets, and volleys of shot, aswell from the foot as the Horse, which stood quartered on Saint Peter's Piatza, and divers other places. To conclude, such, and so great was the gladness, as no tongue is well able to express it.   

Ceremonies performed in going out of the Conclave.  
WHilst his Holiness and the Cardinals were making a collation, and reposing themselves, the Conclave was by a great number of Masons every where unwalled and unclosed; after which, the Cardinal's aforesaid went again into the said Chapel, to make the second adoration, and the Pope being seated before the Altar in his Pontifical robes, the Deacon Cardinal began first, as before, to do him reverence, & then all the rest of the Cardinals, one by one, did the like: that ended, the Cross, and the music of the Chapel, singing divers Anthems, and going before him; the Pope was carried in a Pontifical Chair to Saint Peter, where being placed on the high Altar, he was the third time reverenced by all the Cardinals, in the manner as aforesaid, the music of the Chapel singing in the mean time, te Deum laudamus; etc. which once finished, together with the Cardinal's adoration, the Deacon-Cardinal read in Cornu Epistolae certain verses, and prayers concerning the new high Bishop, who all the while sat upon the Altar, from whence descending, he turned himself to the people, and gave them his Benediction; and then going out of the Chapel with the said Cardinals, whom he saluted on every side of him as he went along, he put himself into a close Pontifical chair, and so was carried to his lodgings with a great train of attendants.  
The same evening, and the two others following, the Castle of St. Angelo shot off all its great Cannon, and over all Rome were huge Bonfires made, and stately lights set forth, in every window too of the Cardinals, Princes, and Ambassadors, were great Torches of white wax, which after they had burned a little, were thrown for joy amongst the people.  
Thus ended the Ceremonies of the creation of the new Pope, and the people's external rejoicing, because they hoped, that by the benignity, wisdom, and goodness of Innocent the tenth, they should see an innocent Golden age established in the World.   

Of the manner of the Coronation of the said Pope Innocent.  
ON Tuesday the fourth of October 1644. Pope Innocent the tenth, a Roman, sung a solemn Mass, and performed other Ceremonies for his Coronation in Saint Peter's Church of the Vatican, which was hung all about with most rich Arras, by Cardinal Barberino, who was Archpriest thereof. Now the manner of this solemn Coronation we will endeavour to describe hereafter, as briefly, and with as much fidelity, as possibly we can.  
On Tuesday aforesaid, then about seven of the Clock in the morning, his Holiness passed from his lodgings to Pope Sixtus quartus his Chapel (which served for a room of preparation in that occasion) in his Chamber habit, being supported on either side by the Lord Master of the Chamber, and the Cupbearer, attired in red cloaks, with hoods lined with red taffata sarsenet, as all the other secret Chamberlains of honour, and the Chaplains in like sort were, before whom in long red robes, but without hoods, were the Chamberlains, extra muros, and his Holiness Squires: before the Pope also went the Emperor's Ambassador, Don Camilo Panfilio, General of the Holy Church, the Ambassador of Bologna, and the Governor of Rome, then on either hand were the Captains of his Holiness guards, both of Horse and Foot, after whom followed the Cardinals in red habits, which coming to Sixtus his Chapel, went in to the rest of the Cardinals who were there attired in like sort. The Pope being in this manner arrived at the said Chapel, entered with the aforesaid Master of the Chamber, Cupbearer, Caesar's Ambassador, Don Camillo, and the Governor of Rome, into a little room of the Vestry, where there was a long table covered over with a great table clothe adorned with gold purple, upon the which was set ready prepared by his Wardrop-keeper, who stood thereby in a Chamberlains red habit, a great gathered Vesture of Taffata Sarsenet, which by the Master of the Chamber, with the assistance of the Masters of the Ceremonies was girded about his Holiness, and then taking from him his Hat, they put a red satin nightcap on his head, in which manner he passed with the rest of the persons aforesaid into Sixtus his Chapel; where he no sooner appeared, but all the Cardinals standing up with their heads uncovered, made a most low obeisance unto him, and he returned them a very fatherly salutation; all the Cardinal's followers, which were in a great number there, being all the while on their knees. The Pope then went and stood leaning against the Altar of the said Chapel, whereupon the two Deacon Cardinals, Barberino and Ginetti, with their usual obeisance came and took from him his red satin nightcap, and instead thereof put on his head another of white taffata sarsenet. In the mean time all the Cardinals circled him round about, and were bidden by the chief Master of the Ceremonies to put on their hats; then the said two Deacon-Cardinalls received from the hands of the Apostolical Subdeacons the ensuing ornaments, which had been taken out of his Holiness Vestry, and laid ready by them on the said Altar, that is, an Amite, an Albe, or Surplice, a Girdle, a Stole, a red Rochet embroidered all over with gold twist, and a great Brouch of Gold, wherewith they attired his Holiness; after which, the chief Deacon having put upon his head a most precious Myter, the Master of the Ceremonies cried out with a loud voice Ex●ra, whereupon the Apostolical Sub-Deacon took up the gestatory Cross, which is usually carried before the Pope, at the passing by whereof all the Cardinals put off their hats; before the Cross went the Pope's Squires two and two in a processionall manner, after whom followed an infinite number of Courtiers, decently apparelled; then came the Chamberlains extra muros, with a great company more of Courtiers, next to them went the consistorial Advocates, the Pope's secret Chamberlains of honour, the Referendary Prelates of the Chancery, the Bishops, Arch-Bishops, and Patriarches; as also seven of his Holiness Chaplains, each of which carried in his hand a most precious Crown or Myter: then came the Cross aforesaid, and the Deacons, Priests, and Bishops Cardinals having at parting made a most low obeisance to the Pope, who stood all the while leaning against the Altar as aforesaid) marched two and two with their train of followers before them; next went the three Conservators of Rome, and the Priors of the Caporioni in their long gowns of black Velvet, the Ambassador, the Prince, and the other persons aforesaid: After all this, the Pope was by the two Deacon Cardinals, and his Master of the Chamber, conducted from the Altar to his gestatory Chair, wherein being seated by the Masters of the Ceremonies, they made a sign unto his Holiness Palfrey men, who were attired in long Rosecoloured garments that reached to the ground, to advance the said Chair: On either side of the procession were the guard of Swissers with naked swords on their shoulders, and halberds, who with the launcespezzadoes made way through the great throng of people, which were in an infinite number dispersed over all the places thereabout.  
And thus was his Holiness carried to Saint Peter's Church in the said gestatory chair under a goodly rich Canopy, which was born up by the Knights of Saint Peter and St. Paul.  
Being arrived at the Porch of the said Church, where near to the Holy Door was a Throne erected under a cloth of State, with a rail about it to keep off the press of the people, and accommodated with seats for the Cardinals to sit on, His Highness then, being placed on the said Throne, admitted the Chapter, and Clergy of Peter's Church, to kiss his feet; which ceremony performed, he entered with great Majesty through the chief Door into the Church, whilst the people that were numberless, cried out in the Piatza, in the Porch, and in the Church, Long live Innocent the tenth. And being come before the Holy Sacrament he kneeled down on a carpet there prepared for him, and prayed: then arising up he went to Saint Gregory the great Chapel called the Clementine, where under a most rich cloth of State was a chair placed, in the which being set, with the Ambassador of France, and Don Camillo Panfilio on his right hand; and the Conservators of Rome, and the Prior of the Caporioni on his left, all the Cardinals, and other Prelates came & rendered him obedience; the Cardinals by kissing of his hand, and the Bishop by kissing of his knee. After this his Holiness having his Papal Cross before him, gave a solemn benediction to the people, who with their propitious acclamations made that great Church to resound again.  
This Ceremony ended, the Cardinals, Bishops, Prelates, and others, fell to putting on their Holy white Ornaments, whilst his Holiness was reading the prayers, and preparations for Mass.  
When his Holiness had done reading, and the music the Benedicamus Domino, he washed his hands, the chief Conservators holding the water unto him the first time, and at Mass, Don Camilo, General of the Holy Church, his Nephew, the second time, the Ambassador of France the third time, and the Emperor's Ambassador the fourth time.  
After this there was brought in by the 
* Acolythite is a Clerk inferior to a Sub-Deacon.  Apostolical Acolythits other Ornaments for his Holiness, covered over with very white fine linen, which they delivered unto the Cardinal Deacon of the Gospel; whereupon the Pope putting off those he had on him, till than he was arrayed with those that came in last, and had put upon his head a rich Mitre, embroidered with gold, and set all over with pearls and precious stones.  
That done the most eminent Prince Cardinal of Tuscany ordered the manner of the going of the procession, wherein his Holiness Chaplains carried the Crowns aforesaid, in the order above mentioned, but with different habits, having now such as were sacred on them, and before the Cross went an Acolythite with a Censor and an Incense-pan in his hand: After the Procession went the Dean of the sacred Ruota, in the midst of his Holiness Master of the Chamber, Cupbearer, and secret Chamberlains, which were followed by the Pronotaries, and other Prelates in their Copes. In the space between Saint Gregory's Chapel, and that of the Apostles, the Ceremony of the Blaze was performed thrice, with some distance of time between, by one of the Pope's Masters of the Ceremonies, who holding a bundle of Flax in one hand, and a burning light in the other, set the Flax on fire, and so making the blaze, said, Pater Sancte, sic transit gloria Mundi. When as his Holiness was come near to the Altar of the Apostles, he kneeled down on a Cushion prepared there for him, and prayed without his Mitre, then rising up on his feet he made the confession for Mass in this order.  
On his right hand stood Cardinal Lanil the Dean, as the assistant Bishop; on his left was Cardinal Barberino, Deacon of the Gospel, and behind them the Deacons Cardinals assisted: In the mean while the Gentlemen of the Chapel began to sing the introit of the Mass: The confession ended, his Holiness having his Mitre upon his head again, went and sat down in the gestatory chair, wherein he was brought thither; whereupon three Cardinals, Lanti, Roina, and Cheva read each of them a prayer for the Pope, who being come out of the said Chair and his Mitre taken off, the Prince Cardinal of Tuscany, and first Deacon, with the help of the second Deacon, put upon him the Pall, saying thus, accipe Pallium sanctum plenitudinem Pontificialis officii, ad honorem omnipotentis Dei, et gloriosissime Virgins Mariae, ejus Matris, et Beatorum Apostolorum Petri et Pauli, et sanctae Romane Ecclesiae. Upon the doing hereof, the Cardinal aforesaid of the Gospel stuck in the three Labels of the said Pall three Pins, having each of them on their heads different Jewels, one in the label in the breast, another on the right shoulder, and a third in the label on the left shoulder. Then his Holiness with his Pall upon him, and without a Mitre, went to the Altar, which he kissed, as also the Book of the Gospel; and putting Incense into the Censer, he censed the Altar, and then gave the Censer unto Cardinal Antonio Barberino Deacon of the Gospel: that done, the Prince Cardinal of Tuscany, having the help of the other assisting Cardinal, put the Mitre on his Holiness head again; he was three times censed by the said Cardinal Antonio, and aswell the said Cardinal Antonio, as the other two Deacon Cardinals kissed the Pope on the left cheek, and on the breast.  
After this, his Holiness went and sat down upon the Throne, where all the Cardinals and other Prelates, aswell Patriarches, Arch-Bishops, and Bishops; as Abbots, and Penitentiaries of Saint Peter, came in their sacred vestures, and reverenced him: the Cardinals were admitted ad osculum pedis, manus, et oris; the other Prelates kissed his foot and knee, but the Abbots and Penitentiaries his foot only.  
The obeisance being finished the Pope standing up on his feet read the Introit, and the Kyrieleson, and after which the Gloria in Excelsis Deo, together with the prayer of the Mass de die Coronationis being sung, he went and sat him down again in his seat.  
Then the Prince Cardinal of Tuscany, with the Apostolical Subdeacons', the Auditors of the Ruota, the consistorial Advocates, and other Officers, divided into two ranks descended to Saint Peter's confession place, where with a loud voice the Cardinal said; Exaudi Christ, and the rest answered, Domino nostro, Innocentio decimo, a Deo decreto Summo Pontifici, & universali Papoe vita: the which words, aswell the Exaudi Domine, as the Domino Nostro, etc. were repeated three times. Afterwards in like manner the said Prince Cardinal of Tuscany, said three times also with a loud voice, Salvator Mundi, and was still answered, Tu illum adjuva Sancta Maria, tu illum adjuva. That done, the Latin Epistle was read by the Apostolical Subdeacon, and the Greek by the Greek Subdeacon; as also the Gospel in Latin by Cardinal Antonio, and the Greek by the Greek Deacon. Many other ceremonies besides, that are usual when the Pope sings Mass, were performed, which for brevity's sake are omitted.  
Mass ended, his Holiness with all the ornaments, wherewith he had celebrated it, being seated in his gestatory Chair, he was presented by Cardinal Barberino, Archbishop of Saint Peter, and the chief Canons of that Church, with a purse of white taffata sarsenet, embroidered with gold pearl, and assels of the same, wherein were five and twenty 
* Giulio, a Coin made by Julius the Pope.  giulii of the High Bishops ancient coin, and was told in Latin by the said Cardinal, that the Chapter, and Canons of Saint Peter, gave him that the accustomed reward for the Mass so well sung by him, and his Holiness presently gave it to Cardinal Antonio, who had read the Gospel.  
After this being followed by all the Cardinals, Prelates, and Officers, the Pope was carried in his gestatory Chair after the usual Processionall manner to the Hall of Benediction, under which Canopy, borne up by the Lords Conservators, and Caporioni of Rome, with two Palfreymen by him in red habits, as usually they do, two great 
* Ventaglio, an kind of Fan to make wind 〈◊〉.  Ventaglios of white Peacock's feathers, having his Holiness Arms, and Impresaes upon them. Being arrived at the said Hall, where a Throne was prepared upon an high stage, he sat down in it, and being assisted by the Prince Cardinal of Tuscany, and the Cardinal Barberino, after the Music had sung the verse, Corona aurea super caput ejus, with other versicles, and answers, Cardinal Lanti, the Deane said this ensuing Prayer for his Holiness.  
Oremus.  
Omnipotens sempiterne Deus, Dignitas Sacerdotii, & Auctor Regni, da g●a●iam famulo tuo Innocentio Pontifici nostro Ecclesiam tuam fructu se regendi; ut qui tua clementia Pater Regum, & Rector omnium fidelium constituitur, & coro natur salubri tua dispositione cuncta bene guberne●rur per Christum Dominum nostrum.  
This prayer being said, Cardinal Barberino took off his Holiness Mitre, and the Prince Cardinal of Tuscany, chief Deacon, put upon his head the Triple Crown, all set with precious stones, saying these words; Accipe Tiaram, tribus Coronis ornatam: & scias te esse Patrem Principum, & Regum; Rectorem Orbis; in terra vicarium Salvatoris nostri Jesu Christi, cu● est honour & gloria in seculaseculorum, Amen.  
That done, his Holiness reads the Bediction, which began, Sancti Apostoli, and coming to the words, Benedictio Dei Patris omnipotentis, he stood up on his feet, and three times blessed the people, who in great numbers were there in expectation of it, receiving with propitious acclamations the Benediction, and plenary Indulgence, which was published in Latin by the most eminent Cardinal of Tuscan, and in Italiam by Cardinal Barberino. Then his Holiness once more gave his Benediction, and so returned to his lodgings, after he had been disabled of his Pontifical ornaments in Sixtus his Chapel, where he received from Cardinal Cappone, in the name of the sacred College, the auspicious wish of ad multos annos. After his Holiness had blessed the people, a sign was given unto the Castle Saint Angelo, which thereupon discharged all its great Ordinance, and so did likewise the Germans many volleys of shot in Saint Peter Piatza.  
There was in this Church near the Apostles altar, on the right, and left hand, two great scaffolds erected, hung with rich crimson damask embroidered with gold, which were full of Ladies; amongst whom the excellent Lady Donna Olimpia Maldachini Panfilia, his Holiness sister in Law, the Marchiones Ginstiniana her daughter; Donna Anna Collona; the Dukes of Saint Gemini, the Princess of Nerida, the Princess of Sulmona, the Princess of Rossano, and a great number of other titular Ladies, which for brevity's sake we will not mention. It is impossible to describe the infinite company of people, which stood ramping in the air, some on the tops and eves of houses, others in inches, over windows, and many such places; amongst others, there was a great frame in manner of a Castle upon four wheels, made to clean the Church, and almost as high as the roof thereof; on the which partly sitting and partly hanging, and holding by it in very great danger, were above three hundred persons.  
The same evening and the next, a world of bonfires were made over all the City, and an infinite company of lights set out in the windows of most of the houses thereof, all which was accompanied with the sound of Drums and Trumpets, and the thundering of great Ordnance, and volleys of musket shot.  
Many other particularities there were, which not to exceed the bounds of a brief relation are omitted, only it shall suffice to say, that for many and many years before, Rome was not seen so full of gladness and rejoicing, as it was at this present, for the happy exaltation of this their new Bishop.   

The manner of the said Pope Innocents' riding in State to take possession of his Lateranense Church.  
UPon wednesday then the 23. of November 1644. about seven of the clock in the morning, all the ways being filled with an innumerable company of people, the Pope set forth from the Apostolical Palace in this order.  
After some Trumpets, and a vanguard of Horse, road certain of the Cardinal's servants by two and two, each of them carrying his Masters valise of Scarlet embroidered with Gold; next to them went so many of their Mace-bearers, with their silver Maces at their Saddle bow, having their Cardinal's arms engraven upon them: then immediately came the said Cardinal's train of followers, together with those of Ambassadors, Princes, and Nobility of the Court of Rome, all of them in rich apparel, as such an occasion required, and mounted on gallant steeds.  
Those were followed by a many of Lanspezzadoes, armed in white arms, who road up and down for the well ordering of the pomp; next to them were four of the Pope's Squires attired in red, and then two of the valise-bearers in red jackets, and valizes of red velvet trimmed with gold.  
After them were led by Grooms of the Stable, clothed with red mandelions, the Palfreys, whereon the Pope used to ride in his occasions, that are yearly presented unto him by the King of Spain, by way of tribute for the Kingdom of Naples; and which were adorned with foot-cloths and trappings of silk and gold, enriched with embossed work of silver plate.  
By some of the said Grooms were also the Pope's mules lead, all of them with trappings of red velvet, embroidered with gold; and then came his Holiness litters, whereof some were of Scarlet, and some of Crimson velvet, adorned with gold, and studded with broad-headed guilt nails.  
Next to these road a great number of Noble persons, Roman Barons, and others sumptuously apparelled, with footmen in rich liveries, every one of them in such a place as they best liked, without observing any order of precedence.  
Then came there five of the Pope's Mace-bearers, in gowns of purple cloth, guarded with black-velvet, carrying silver Maces.  
After whom went fourteen Drummers on foot in jackets of red satin, trimmed with gold, and Feathers in their Hats, beating a march on their Drums, which were adorned with the arms of the Pope, and the Roman people, these were for the service of the fourteen wards of Rome.  
Next to them were his Holiness Trumpeters, with Banners fastened to their Trumpets of silk and Gold, and the Pope's Arms on them.  
Then appeared the Chamberlains called extra muros, and a great company of secret Chamberlains, being followed by the consistorial Advocats, and the four Participants, carrying the Pope's four hats of crimson velvet upon Maces.  
After them road the forty Magistrates of the Roman people, the Justices, the co-adjutor, the fiscal Advocate, the Scriba Senatus, the Secretary, the Notary, and others. The said forty Magistrates were apparelled in long black Senatorian velvet gowns reaching down to the feet, with Bonnets of the same, and their horses covered with foot-cloths of black velvet.  
There were also seen marching in order the Abbreviators di parco majore, the Auditors di Ruota; and the Master of the sacred Palace, who were followed by the fourteen Marshals of the Roman People, attired in white satin, with purple satin jackets, and velvet caps, appertaining to the fourteen wards of Rome.  
Then road the fourteen Caporioni, attired in crimson velvet gowns, lined with cloth of silver, and under them in white satin suits embroidered with gold twist, having black velvet caps on their heads, enriched with Jewels.  
To these succeeded the Senator, and the three Conservators of Rome, all richly apparelled, who were followed by the Lord Governor of Rome, and the Emperor's Ambassador; after them the two chief Masters of the Ceremonies, and then the Apostolical Sub-Deacon, carrying the Cross in the midst of the two Officers, called the red vergers, from a red verge of crimson velvet, which they bear in their hand: Next to them were fifty young Noble youths, attired in white satin, embroidered with gold, who went with their heads uncovered close to the Pope's Litter, which was all embroidered, and studded with broad headed nails of gold, and wherein his Holiness was. Then came the Pope's Master of the Chamber, his Cupbearer, Secretary, and Physicians; and on each side the Swissers, armed in white arms, and with Halberds; then followed in order all the great Cardinals, the Patriarches, the Arch-Bishops, the assistant Bishops, the Pronotaries, and Referendaries. Last of all marched in good array the guard of horse, in red cassocks, and before them the Captains, and Cornets, most richly and pompously attired, with great feathers in their hats.   

The Ceremonies performed in the Lateranense Church.  
IN this order the Pope went to the Church Porch of Saint john de Lateran, where, being lighted out of his Litter, Cardinal Colonna, Archbishop of the said Church, gave his Holiness the cross to kiss, which he did kneeling upon his knees: That done sitting down in a seat prepared for him in the said Porch, the Canons, and Clergy came in order to kiss his feet. After that the Cardinal Archpriest made a most elegant Oration, and then presented to his Holiness in a silver basin, garnished with flowers, the two keys, one of gold, and the other of silver, of the said Church, and the Lateran Palace, in sign of his power of opening, and shutting, and of binding and losing. Upon the finishing hereof the Pope went on foot from the said Porch to the great Gate of the Church, where the 
* Aspersorio, is a brush wherewith holi water is sprinkled.  Aspersorio was given into his hand by the said Cardinal Archbishop, wherewith he sprinkled himself, and others, and so returning the Aspersorio unto him again, he was by the said Cardinal censed three times. That done he mounted into his gestatory Chair, and was carried by his Palfrey-men, clothed all in red, under a canopy of State borne up over him by the Canons of the Church unto the Altar of the holy Apostles Peter and Paul, where all the Cardinals came and did obyseance unto him; upon that his Holiness going to the high Altar stood and blessed the people, saying, Sit nomen Domini benedictum; and then aseending again into his gestatory chair, he was carried unto the great Hall of the Lateran Palace called the Council Hall, and there placed in a seat at the upper end of it, prepared for him, where he gave unto every Cardinal one medal of Gold, and another of silver, and to them which had more Offices, he gave for every office one medal of gold; after he stood up, and taking out of the assistant Chamberlains lap as much coin as he could hold in his hand, being neither silver nor gold, he threw it to the people, saying, gold and silver have I none, but such as I have I give unto you. This done, he went in procession to the lodge of Benediction, and there having given a solemn Benediction; the Prince Cardinal of Medici published a plenary indulgence in Latin, and the like did Cardinal Antonio Barberino in the Italian tongue: Then did his Holiness again, give another Benediction to the people, whereof there was an infinite company there present, crying out with a loud voice, long live, long live Pope Innocent the tenth; which acclamations of theirs was accompanied with the sound of Trumpets, Drums, and Bells, and the shot of great Ordnance, and other smaller pieces, this Ceremony finished, the Pope returned to Saint Peter, being accompanied with all the Cardinals, and a great number of Princes, and Lords.   

Of the sickness, death, and obsequies of the Pope.  
ALbeit the Roman high Bishop doth excel all mortal men in dignity and authority, and is able to bind and lose all things on earth, yet cannot he avoid the extreme necessity of Fate; for the disciple is not above his Master, nor the servant greater than his Lord God did not spare his only begotten son, but would have him die, that he might deliver man from Eternal Death, to the end all may know, that none is exempted from corporal death: The Pope is to think, that though he be the highest of all, yet he is mortal, and ought carefully to bear in mind that Ceremony of the blaze which is used amongst other solemnities of his Coronation: Holy Father, thus passeth away the glory of the world; all flesh is grass, and the beauty thereof as the flower of the field. Wherefore he should accordingly be always prepared, as a good Pastor and a diligent Steward, to render an account of his stewardship unto his Lord, desiring to be dissolved, and to be with Christ, and carefully endeavour to perform with praise that last act, wherewith the elect are wont to be Crowned. Now if the Pope doth not know whilst he is sick the danger of his disease, the Physicians that are about him, assoon as they are in doubt of him, do exhort him privately with prudent words to do all that is behooveful for the good of his soul, promising in the mean time not to be wanting in any thing that may conduce to the recovering of his health; after which they acquaint the Pope's Confessor with the state of his body, who more plainly, yet secretly, and with much reverence and charity, declares unto his Holiness the peril he is in, admonishing him to submit himself unto the pleasure of the Almighty; and considering what place he doth hold to direct other Princes by his words and example in the way of Salvation. The Pope of his own accord, which is best, or incited by the said admonitions, taking notice of the approach of his last day, first of all devoutly confesseth himself of all his sins to his ghostly Father, and desires a full absolution of them from him; then in a convenient time he commands all his domestical Prelates, and the chief of his family to be convented before him, in whose presence, and of that of the Holy Sacrament of Christ's body, he makes an open confession of his faith, which he affirmeth he hath ever constantly held, and therein will by God's grace live and die. Afterwards he prayeth them all to forgive him, if by chance he hath unjustly offended any one, bestows some spiritual graces on them, and desiring them to pray for his soul, he requires of the Vestry-keeper, or of some other Prelates, that he may receive the Sacred Viaticum; and that when it shall seem seasonable unto them, they will administer the other sacraments of the Church unto him. This done, whilst he is in good and perfect memory, he sends for the sacred Senate of the Cardinals, before whom he again makes confession of his faith, craves pardon if in his government he hath offended any of them, entreats them to pray for his soul, commends the Church of God to them, exhorts them to be diligent, and unanimous in the election of his successor, and to choose such an one, as might feed the flock of Christ more abundantly, than he could do, naming, if he thinks good, one, or more, whom in his judgement he holds to be most fit: He also opens unto them his debts, and what is owing to him; manifests likewise unto them his writings, moneys, and Jewels, makes his Will, and appoints the place of his burial: Furthermore he recommends unto them his family, and retainers, and conferring on them such spiritual graces, as they desire of him, he dismisseth them with his blessing. Hereupon the Cardinals perceiving the Pope to be drawing to his end, elect three of the College, namely, one of every order, who together with the Chamberlain, take an inventory of all the goods that are in the Apostolical Palace, and put them up in a safe place under good custody: they look over all that is in the Lord Vestry-keepers charge, continuing it still in his hands, because he is a perpetual Officer: The College of Cardinals do also take care that no tumult may arise in the City, if the Pope doth die there, prudently, and in time introducing the Ecclesiastical Militia, which they dispose of in the most opportune places of the city: They likewise provide for the provinces of the Church, sending grave and wise men Commissaries unto them. The Pope being as it were at the last gasp, some of his domestical Prelates, still offer him the Cross to look upon and kiss, putting him in mind of Christ's passion: The Vestry-keeper also Ministers the sacred unction unto him, and commends his soul to God after the usual manner; whilst the Penitentiaries stand round about him, reading the penitential Psalms, and other devout prayers, as he is expiring: After than that he hath yielded up his spirit unto his Creator, his Chamberlains prepare hot water with odoriferous herbs, and having washed his Body clean therewith, they wash it all over again with warm aromatical white-Wine, fill up all the places thereof, whereat dead persons do commonly purge, with Myrrh and Aloes, stuff his Nose and Ears with musk, and rub his whole body over with Balsamum. All this performed, the Penitentiaries put on him his ordinary Clothes, and over them such his sacred vestments as he was used to celebrate Mass with, and in that manner lay him on a Bier covered with cloth of gold, having the Popes and the Church's arms hanging upon it: under his head they put a pillow of cloth of gold, and at his feet they put two other such like, with two Pontifical Hats upon them. The Corpse is thus adorned in the Pope's privy Chamber, where if his Holiness died in the night, it is kept until the next day by the penitentiaries, watching and singing all the while about it: Morning come, the Corpse is carried by the Penitentiaries at a convenient time to the great Chapel, the Subdeacon going before it with the Cross; as also the Gentlemen of the Chapel, singing Subvenite, together with fifty or threescore burning torches, borne by the deceased Popes equires, and all the whole family following after. There the Penitentiaries singing the Vespers, and Vigils, until the coming of others of Religious Orders: At length the College of the Clergy, and the convents of Friars repair thither, and immediately falling to sing the Vigils they sprinkle the Corpse with holy water, cense, and absolve it. That done, the deceased Pope is carried with many torches before him, and the whole following after him, to St. Peter's Church, and placed in the midst of it, where he remains two or three days, to the end the people may visit him, and kiss his hand: Then is he returned back to the great Chapel, and in the night interred there: In the mean time preparation is made for his obsequies; an hearse is erected in the said Church, which is hung all about with the Pope's Arms, as well as the said hearse, and on every side of it are forms placed for wax lights to be set upon them, as also round about the Church are great wax lights distant from one another the space of a spear's length; and on every of the said forms are a dozeon wax lights more. All things being well disposed then, the Messengers of the Roman Court, do on the evening of the appointed day of the Obsequies give intimation unto all the Cardinals, Prelates, Ambassadors, and Officers of the Court of Rome, that the next day the Obsequies of the late Pope of blessed memory do begin; whereupon the morrow following at a convenient hour, the said Reverend Cardinals do all in mourning repair unto the said Church, and set themselves down near to the high Altar on seats prepared for them: the like do the Prelates, Ambassadors, and other Courtiers: and the deceased Popes domestic servants do likewise early that day march from the Apostolic Palace by two and two all in black, to the said Church, where they are placed round about the Hearse. Then is the Celebration of the deceased Pope's Obsequies begun after the funeral manner of the Church of Rome: and on that first day are two hundred Masses said, and large alms distributed to men and women of several Orders of Religion for the soul of the said Pope; as also a sermon made in the praise of him. On the ninth day likewise (for so long do the Obsequies last) are as many Masses said as on the first, and every day about an hundred. The same ninth day, after the Mass of the dead, is also the Mass of the Holy Ghost sung, and an exhortatory sermon made for the election of the new Pope.  
Upon the death of the Pope the College of Cardinals do signify the same by their letters to Princes, and great Prelates, using the Apostolical stile, calling the former sons, and the latter brethren, in the manner as the Pope doth.  
This Vicechancellor also assooneas the Pope is, dead, takes away the Bulls, wherewith the Apostolical Letters are sealed, from the Keepers of them; and that part whereon the name of the Pope is inscribed, he causeth publicly, and before many persons to be razed, and made altogether unfit for sealing: the other part, whereon the heads of the Apostles are engraven, he delivers tied up in a linen cloth, and sealed with his seal, to the Chamberlain; taking special care that no Letters may be sealed after the death of the Pope.    

A DIRECTION FOR SUCH AS shall Travel unto ROME, How they may with most ease, and conveniency view all those rarities, curiosities, and Antiquities which are to be seen there.  
London, Printed for Henry Herringman, at the Anchor in the New Exchange. 1654.   

The Italian Author to the Travelling Stranger.  
MAny ages are passed (saith Saint Jerome, ad Laetam de instit. fill.) since of the old Rome there hath no longer been seen the beauty of the Forum, the excellency of the Temple of Tarpeian Jove, the magnificence of the Thermae, or Baths built in the form of provinces, the riches of the Pantheor; and of infinite other edifices, at the sight where of Ammianus Marcellinus stood amazed: and after the time of St. Jerome, the City of the Roman Gentles changed face in such sort, as Fuligines saith, et arenarum telis omnia Romae Templa cooperta sunt: movetur urbs sedibus suis. But now it is so strangely renewed, that we cannot know what we read thereof in ancient writters. It changed face I say in St. Jeromes age, at such time as mundanus populus ante delubra semiruta ad Martyrum tumulos currebat. And after the cruel spectacle of the kill of the Citizens for the faith of Christ, it was purged from Idolatrous blood; and impiety and gentilism being at one time extinguished, trophies were every where erected to the preaching of the holy Apostles Peter and Paul. Finally the Empire of Rome was renovated with a strange Metamorphosis, and made, as Rupertus the Abbot saith lib. 3. cap. 2. de Divin offic. Caput mundi, Domini Christi Regis aeterni vehiculum, et habitaculum currus atque Thronum. Yet were not the ancient Temples for all that taken away, but the superstitions were converted to Godly, and the wicked and impure to chaste and religious uses; yea the very Baths and theatres were all sanctified: But these too afterwards became the prey of the Barbarians, and of time; so that despoiled of their precious ornaments, and in part destroyed, they remained deformed relics, altogether unsufficient to excite in any the marvel of the ancient magnificence. At last the new City risen up again, with Palaces, Churches, Gardens, Pyramids, Columns, and other fabrics, no less to be regarded then the ancient: There wants not in it an infinite number of Marbles, and other stones of great price; exquisite Mosaique works, excellent Pictures, and rare statues, and sepulchres: In it also are noble Libraries, and Hospitals for all infirmities, and nations; besides Colleges and seminaries for youth, with large and spacious houses for the receiving and relieving of Orphans, and Children, both of the one and the other sex, that are abandoned and left to the wide world: It is likewise replenished with convents of Friars, Monasteries of Nuns, and Oratories of laymen, who exercise themselves continually in the works of piety, charity, and devotion.  
Passing then oftentimes up and down this City, either for recreation, or devotion, and diligently observing it on every part, illustrated with many famous antiquities, modern rarities, and superbe-edifices, which for their multitude can not without danger of the truth be trusted to the memory of the spectator, I resolved to note all briefly with that order, which seemed to me most easy for the convenient viewing of them. Having done so then, and shown it to my friends, they judged it to be very necessary for the travelling strangers, who roaming many times intricately through Rome, part from it afterwards confounded with the magnificence of a Chaos, and not satisfied in their desires: wherefore I thought fit to publish it for their better accommodation and benefit.  
Now it may be some of them will complain, that I guide them with too Laconic a discourse for the understanding of that which is to be seen; but believe me if they would be informed of the beginnings, augmentations, and quality, of all the Temples, Palaces, Gardens, Piatzaes', Statues, Pictures, Hospitals, Colleges, Fraternities, Monasteries, and other things of the City, many books would be required for the contenting of their Curiosity: But my intent only is to signify so much briefly as will be sufficient for the speed of a stranger's travel, who if he can have time enough for it, he may arrive to the full knowledge of all the sacred and profane antiquities of the City, with the study of certain Authors in print; of which that he may not be confounded with the multitude of them that have written thereof, I will quote some few that will very well serve to give him satisfaction.  
Let the travelling stranger then furnish himself with Andrea Fulvio, de Palestrina, who wrote in latin, and was translated into Italian by Paolo deal Rosso, in the year 1543. and newly printed by Franzini in Venice 1588. with figures, and the Annotations of Giralomo Fernucci.  
Next with Giovanni Bartolomeo Martiano, but he must be sure to get that of the last Edition in folio, for the other printed in octavo is not right, and reproved by the author himself.  
All the editions of Fauno, Lucio Mauro, and Bernardo Gamucci are good.  
Of all the Churches of Rome Ottavio Pancirolo hath written, the Title of his book being Tesori Nescosti; and after him Pompilio Torto Stationer, under the name of Lodovico his son, whose book is entitled, Ritratto di Roma moderna.  
Of all the pious works of Rome Camillo Fanucci hath written exceeding well.  
Of the Churchyards of Rome, Bosio hath treated, but he did not finish the work. It was printed with the revisal of Giovanni Severani, and an edition of many figures; being entitled Rom● Sotterranea.  
Of the Statues, Ulysses Aldrovanda hath written, and Francisco Perrior hath designed and cut an hundred of the most famous Statues of Rome.  
Of the pictures which are in some Church's frontispieces, and Palaces, Gasparo Celio, and Giovanni Baglione have written.  
The feasts which are daily celebrated in Churches and other places of the City, he shall find printed in a sheet of paper, which is yearly published, and entitled Diario Romano.  
Finally, though I am certain that I have not set forth anything in this treatise, which I have not read in some good Author, or seen with mine own eyes, or received from persons worthy of Credit, or established in the most common opinion of the World; yet do I not for all that profess to take from any one that is of more understanding, the liberty of holding that opinion which shall seem better unto him.  
Thus communicating unto thee Reader, either stranger or other, that which I have done for mine own use, commend it if it may serve thy turn also; but if no, leave it to that end whereunto I directed it, which was only to show me how to walk in the City with some rule and contentment.   

An Index of every days walk.  

BY i'll Borgo Vaticano. The first days walk.  
By i'll Frastevere. The second.  
From Strada Guilia though l'Isola di Saint Bartolomeo. The third.  
From Saint Lorenzo in Damaso to Monte Aventino. The fourth.  
From la Piazza di Pasquino by monti Celio, and Polatino The fifth.  
From Saint Salvatore del Lauro by Campo Vaccino, and by le Carine The sixth.  
From la Piazza di S. Apollinaro by il monte Viminale, and Duirinale. The seventh.  
From la Piazza Nicosia to le Term Dioclesiane. The eighth.  
From la Piazza Borghese to Porta Pinuana. The ninth.  
To the Seven Churches. The tenth.    

The first days walk. By ill Borgo Vaticano.  
THe street, which in regard of the multitudes of lodgings in it, is most known to strangers, called della tenta; as also those others dell' Orsa, and di Tor nona, seem to me to be most necessary for the beginning and ending of every days walk, which the travelling stranger shall make to view the most curious things of Rome.  
In going from home, then direct your way to Elius his bridge, built by the Emperor Elius Adrianus, at this day called Ponte Sant' Angelo, and di Castello: at the entrance into it are two statues of Saint Peter and Saint Paul, very worthy of regard; the first being the handy work of Lorenzeto Fiorentino, and the second, the better of the two, of Paolo Romano. Adjoining to the said second Statue is a Court, appointed for the execution of justice, although for great and heinous offences it is done in the hithermost Piazza of the Bridge.  
On the left hand in the Tiber you shall see the relics of the ancient triumphal Bridge between two Mills, whereof there are many on that River, which they say was the invention of Bellissarius.  
In the forefront of the bridge you shall discern il castle Sant Angelo, whose tower of Massy building was made in imitation of Augustus his Mausoleum, which stood just over against it on the other bank. It served the said Elius Adrianus for a Sepulchre, Bellisarius, the Greeks, and the Goths, in several times for a Fortress: Afterwards it fell into the hands of Narsetas, sent by the Greek Emperor to the aid of the Romans, who fortified it anew; but the Goths despoiled it of its statues and other ornaments; ever since the time of Saint Gregory it was called castle Saint Angelo, from the apparition of an Angel on the top of it, for a sign of the end of the plague which was then very great in the City. In the year 985. it was named the Castle and Tower of Crescentius, from one Crescentius a Nomentan, for that he had fortified it with new works; and though many have done the like, yet was it most notably fortified by Pope Alexander the sixth: and lastly it was exceedingly bettered with new Bulwarks, Ramparts, and Ditches; and abundantly furnished with great Ordnance, and all sorts of arms and ammunition, by the late Pope Vrban the eight.  
Having past the Castle, you shall see on your right hand certain Arches united unto it, which were built by the said Pope Alexander, from the Pontifical Palace to the Castle, for the commodity of the Popes: and the said urban the eight caused them to be covered with a roof, restored them in many places, and separated them from the houses for the more security.  
On the left hand betwixt the Hospital di St. Spirito, and Borgo Vechio was the Gate Aurelia of the ancient City, and according to some named the triumphal Gate.  
Then go strait unto Borgo Nuova, which was first called the Alexandrine street, from Pope Alexander the sixth, who leveled and paved it; where in the midst on the right hand, you shall see a fair Church of Santa Maria Traspontina, under the government of the Carmelite Friars.  
Over against that is the Tribunal, and prisoners of Borgo.  
A little beyond is the Piazza, in the midst whereof is a fountain, erected there by Pope Paul the fifth. On the right hand is the Palace of the Bolognesse Campeggi, the architecture of Bramants; on the left hand that of the Madruci of Trent; on the West side is the parish Church di St. Jacomo Scossa Cavalli; and on the east is the Palace of the Genovesse Spimoli, belonging in times passed to Cardinal Babiena, in the which during the Papacy of Sixtus Quartus died Carlotta Queen of Cyprus, and so did Rafael d'Urbin the famous painter in the time of Leo the tenth. It is at this day in the possession of Cardinal Spinola, of the title of Saint Occilia.  
A little further on the right hand you shall find the Church of the Cardinal's train bearers,, then the Palace of the late Cardinal Rusticucci, which gives the name to the hithermost Piazza: Beyond that on the same hand is the Oratory of Saint Caterina, governed by a lay confraternity.  
When you are entered into the Piazza observe the beauty of the fountain, set up there by Pope Paul the fifth, with a cup, or boul all of one piece, of a certain speckled stone, called a Granito. On the left hand stands the Obelisck, brought out of Egypt, and erected to the Emperors Augustus and Tiberius in Nero's Circque, the place where Saint Peter's Vestry is now, from whence Sixtus Quintus removed it, and erected it anew with four Lions of gilded mettle which seem to support it, consecrating it to the Holy Cross: the bigness of it below is fourteen yards, and forty two minims, the height of it two and forty yards and an half, the upper part of it is three yards big and four minims.  
In this Piazza are the Palaces of the Priory of Malta, and of the Family of the Ciboes, as also the College of the Penitentiaries of Saint Peter, which are religious men of the company of Jesus, and the Vatican Seminary.  
Entering into saint Peter's Church, observe in the porch the number, greatness, and beauty of the pillars; the riches of the gilded imagery work; the Holy Gate, and the Gate of Brass, made by Pope Eugenius the fourth. In the Church observe the quantity of Pillars, small and great, which which are at the Altars; the exquisiteness of the pictures over them; the Navisella of Mosaique works, done by Jorto a famous painter of his time; the statue of piety, the handy work of Buo Naroto; the statues and sepulchres of brass and marble, which are to be seen there; the infinite company of Mosaic works; the huge Pillars of fine cast marble, the quantity and riches of the guilded Imagery work; the Sepulchre of the Prince of the Apostles, superbly adorned by Pope Paul the fifth; the Altar of the same covered with a Tabernacle, supported by four great wreathed Pillars of mettle, richly gilded by the late Pope Vrban the eight, and enriched in the four inches of the plasters of the roof, with the four Colossian statues, of the Veronica, of Saint Andrew, of Saint Longino, and of St. Elena, made by the most famous men of that profession. And in sum, consider the immensity of the whole Church, in the scite whereof were in times past two ancient Temples of Apollo and Mars, two falls Gods of the Gentiles: Omit not going into the Vestry, and into the Grott, beautified with many curiosities, and suptuously adorned; use means to get up into the steeple, and there admire the beauty and vastness of the frontispiece, vaulted roof, and great Lantern of the Church, and enter if commodiously you can into the bowl, which is on the top of it, with a companion, and your own wonder.  
Being come down, go directly through the porch to see the Pontifical Palace, diligently observing the excellency of the stairs, Courts, porches, and their pictures: Enter also into the new palace, built by Sixtus Quintus, that you may enjoy the goodly object of the Clementine Hall, which Clement th'eight caused to be adorned with fine marbles, & curiously painted from the Cornish downward by Cherubina Alberti, & from the Cornish upward by Balddassarino of Bologna, and the brother of Alberti: and lastly, the magnificence of all the Pontifical Lodgings; likewise the old Lodgeing rarely painted by Rafaele dVrbino, Guilio Romano, and other renowned painters; the Royal and ducal Halls, with their pictures; the Chapel of Sixtus Quintus, painted by Buonaroti, the new lodgings over the terrace, made by Urban the eight, with the rare pictures thereof; the two Galleries, namely that in the Lodge, & the other over the Library, whose pictures the said Pope Vrban caused to be refreshed: the Vrban Army; the Vatican Library, restored, and increased by the said Pope Vrban, and the Vestry and Wardrobe. Descend then to see at the end of the Terrace in a Court, which some call Pius Quartus his garden, the famous Statues of Laocoon, Hercules, Antinonus, and two of Venus, with those of the renounced Rivers of Nilus, and Tiber, found in former times in Constantine's Baths at Monte Cavello: Go afterwards into the great Garden most delectable, and goodly to behold, for the sumptuousness of the fountains, bascage, walks, and all kinds of curious flowers, and a world of simples.  
Having left the Garden, pass into the great Court of Belnedere, and through it go to the Guard of Swissers; then towards Campo Santo you shall see the guard of high horse; the Palace, and Prisons of the holy Office, for the most part built by the said Urban the eight: Near unto it is the Palace and Garden of the Cesis, adorned with Statues, and ancient inscriptions: From thence, where was the street of the Lombardi, who dwelled there in the time of Charles the Great, you shall walk along by the Palace of the Marquis Vincenzo de Nobili to the Church of St. Michael the Archangel; and to the Hospital of St. Spirito, called Sasia, from the Sapons, who for a time inhabited in that place; there observe the Church, the Palace, the Speciaria, and Hospital for infirm and hurt persons; the receptacle of Nurses, and infants, and of a world of young children, exposed to the wide world; all maintained with unexpressible charge, and charity. And thus much shall suffice to have seen in the first days walk.   

The second days walk. By il Frestavere.  
Return by i'll Ponte Saint Angelo to see the goodly Church of St. Onifrio: Then in Longara (directly from the Gate of Sancto Spirito to the Settimiano of Julius the second) you shall see the Palace of the Duke Salviati; the Church, and Hospital of the Ereniti Camoldolici Monks; the Church and Monastery, which the Princesses, Donna Colonna Barberini lately founded; the Church and Monastery of St. Jacomo, built from the ground by Cardinal Barberino; and against it is another of the Penitents.  
A little beyond on the left hand is the Palace called the Ghisirith lodgings painted in fresco by Raphaele d'Vrbino; and on the left hand is a Palace of the Riarii.  
Within a while you will go out of the Longa through the Gate called Settimiania, and vulgarly Settignana, from Septimius Severus the Emperor, who built his Baths with an Altar to Janus, named Settinniano; the title thereof endured over the gate until the time of Pope Alexander the eight, who took it away: It was called according to some Porta Fontinale, because in the Temple thereunto adjoining was the feast of the Fountains celebrated, Crowning the Wells with flowers, and casting Garlands into the Fountains: although others believe, that the like feast was kept near to Saint Sebastino's Gate.  
Being out of this gate you shall go up on the right hand to see the fountain of the Alsetina water, built of Marble stones, drawn out of the Emperor Neroa's Forum by Pope Paul the fifth's order, who caused the water to be conducted, for the space of five and thirty miles, from the lake of Bracciano: This water was called Augusta from Augustus, who, as some will have it, conducted it thither from the Lake Alsietino; but if it be true, as Marliano and others writ, that this water was the conveyance of Pope Adrian the first, it must then be said to be the water Sabbatina from the Lake of Anguillara.  
Then enter into the Convent of Franciscan Friars, di S. Pietro Montorio, wherein there is a notable Chapel of Bramantes design, in the place where Saint Peter was crucified, and enjoy the sight of the pictures and Statues, which richly adorn the neighbouring Church; amongst the which is worthy of perpetual memory that famous piece of the transfiguration of our Saviour, done by Rafael de Urbino-  
Upon this hill was Statius the Poet buried, and under it Numa Pompilius the second King of the Romans; whose body with some of his books, was found there five hundred and five and thirty years after, as Pliny writes lib. 13. cap. 13.  
From thence go down to see the Church della Madona, della Scala, of the Reformati Carmelitanis; then pass on to the Church and Monastery of the Nuns di Santa Maria del Carmine, for the conducting of you to the next most ancient and beautiful Church of Santa Maria in Frastevere, built over the Lodgings of the soldiers of the Army, which Augustus kept in the port of Ravenna, called Taberna Meritoria, where in the time of Augustus, and at the birth of our saviour Jesus Christ, a fountain of Oil sprung up, which continued running for a whole day together.  
Being come out of Saint Maries, you will find on the right hand the summer Palace of the Benedictine Monks of Santa Giustina, who have in their charge the Cathedral Church of Saint Paul without Rome; and turning on the right hand, you shall see the Church of Saint Calisto, the Pope, wherein is the Well, into which he was thrown by the Gentiles.  
Somewhat further on the left hand is the Church and Monastery of the Nuns of Saint Cosmato, built in the place where Caesar's 
* Naumachia, a place where Naval fights were represented by the Romans.  Naumachia was: towards Porta Portesse you will find the field wherein the Jews are buried; but leaving it on the left hand you will come to the devout Church and Convent delli Reformati di S. Francisco; then to Ripa grande, and from that to the goodly Church and Hospital di S. Maria dell Horto, situated in the Mutian Meadows, which were given by the public to Scerola in reward of his valour.  
At your going thence take your way towards Saint Giovanni de Genovesse, which is annexed to their Hospital, and from that through the postern gate enter into the most devout and lovely Church di Santa Cecilia, built where her house stood, and where in the Bath near to the Vestry, she suffered Martyrdom.  
Then set yourself to retiring home, and that you may enjoy that which remains worthy of regard in this part of Frastevere, go to see the ruins of Ponte rotto, from whence look on your right hand to behold on the other shore the ancient mouth of * Cloacca Massina, standing betwixt the round Temple, and the Garden of the Cenci.  
From thence enter into the high street, and address yourself to Saint Salvatore della Corte; where in the time of the Gentiles was a Court of Justice, and it may be that which some Antiquaries call the tribunal of Aurelius.  
Then to Saint Grisogono, a Temple worthy of admiration, observing near unto it the Church of Saint Agato, which was the Paternal house of Pope Gregory the second, governed by the Fathers of the Christian Doctrine: afterthat the Monastery of the Nuns of Saint Ruffin, and those of Saint Margarita, and of Saint Apollonia: Last of all go to see the Farnasses Garden, hard by Ponte Sisto, by which you make your return to your Lodging.   

The third days walk From Strada Giulia to l'Isola di St. Bartolemeo.  
In going from home direct your course to the Church of Saint Giovanni de Fiorentini, and when you have seen it, pass on through the Guilian street, and observe the Palace of Giovanni Riccio, Cardinal of Montuplicano, now in the possession of Acquavini.  
The Church of Saint Biagio della Pagnotta:  
The Church of Saint Maria dell Suffragio.  
The Church of Santi Faustino, and Giovita de Bresciani, the model of Buonatoti.  
The Church of Saint Pilippo Neri.  
The Church della Spirito Santo de Napolitatani, heretofore called St. Aura.  
The Church of St. Caterina de Senase, and the other della Campagna della morte.  
Enter into the Palace of the Farnese, and endeavour to see that famous statue of Dirce tied to a Bull, with other statues, inscriptions, fair lodgings, and a gallery, and two goodly fountains in the Piazza.  
Then go through the street Giulia to see the Hospital of old men and women, founded by Sixtus; then the Church and Hospital of the healthy, and the pilgrims of the most Holy Trinity, in whose Oratory is preaching every Sabbath day to the people of the Jews.  
Beyond that in the Palace of the Cardinal Spada, see the Hall and Lodgings, with most excellent pictures, Imagery works, and a very delicate Garden.  
Turn into the Piazza of the Farnesse, and use means to get into the Palace of the Lords Pighim, that you may see that famous statue of Adonis, besides others that are there.  
In this Piazza see the Church of Santa Brigida, which was her house whilst she lived, and wherein as it is said she made a very holy end.  
Pass on to Saint Girolamo della Charita; near unto the which is the fair Church of St. Tomaso of the English College; a little further is the prison of Corte Savella; the Church of St. Maria de Monteferrato, the Parish Church of St. Giovanni in Aino; the Palace of Cardinal Rocci: then go to the Church of St. Lucia dell Gonfalone, almost just against which is the parish Church of St. Stephano in Piscimula.  
In the same street you will find the Palace of the sometime Cardinal Roderigo Borgia, now inhabited by Cardinal Sachetti; and under it is the residence of the Pope's footmen.  
Proceed on to the Church della purificatione della Madonna; a little before the which is the parish Church, & the Churches of St. Celso, and St. Giuliano.  
Then take your way to Monte Giordano, to see the Palace of the Duke di Bracciano, from whence descend unto the Piazza de Regattieri, enlarged by Pope Paul the third, go to visit the sumptuous and devout Church of Santa Maria della Valicelta de Padri dell Oratorio, with entering into the Vestry Oratory, and house, rarely built with the design of Signior Francisco Barromini; and reverence the miraculous body of the glorious St. Filippo Neri, as also the chamber wherein he lived, and died, adorned with much splendour and religion.  
From Porta grande pass into Strada nuov, and at the going out of it observe on the right hand the modesty of the House of Dominico delle Rovere, a Cardinal in the time of Sixtus Quartus, on the which he caused to be engraven the two verses at this day thus read.  
Stet domus haec, donec fluctus formica marinos Ebibat, & totum testudo perambulet orbem.  
This place is called Pozzo bianco: On the left hand of the said Strada nuova is the house of the Lord Cerri; then is there that of the Goldsmiths, and of the Pilgrims, which will lead you to Campo di Fiore, this, they say was so named of Flora, a woman beloved of Pompey; now it is a Piazza, wherein Horses, all kind of Corn, and other commodities are sold, and it is a place appointed for the cxecution of those offenders, whom the holy office consignes over to the secular Court: This Piazza was first of all paved by Lodovico Scarampo, a Cardinal in Eugenius the fourth's time, and there he terminated the bowing part of Pompey's Theatre, as doth appear by the bowing of the Orsinies Palace, built on the ruins of it, and some have written, that in the age before ours, certain remains were to be seen of it. Before this Theatre Pompey built a Palace, called the Curia, wherein Caius Caesar was killed: Behind this Palace was a goodly 
* Atrium is a Porch, Halb, or great Court:  Atrium, from which the vulgar corruptly surnamed the place Satrio. The said Palace of the Orsini, was built by Francisco Condolmerio, a Venetian Cardinal Vicechancellor, and adorned with pictures and statues, by Cardinal Regino, a Sicilian.  
Go along by those that sell doublets & breeches to the Palace of Don Taddeo Barlerino, Perfect of Rome, and nephew to the late Pope Vrban the eight.  
There in the Piazza is il monte de Pieta, reduced not long since into an Island, for the better conservation of the Pawns, and the Church di St. Martino, beyond the which is the Palace, and Piazza of the Family Santa Croce; then the Church di Saint Maria in Cacabarii, the Church della Madonna del Pianto, and the Jews Piazza, wherein observe an antiquity which Lucio Mauro writes, was a ruined 
* Portico, is any kind of Porch be. fore a Cate, or an open Gallery underset with Pillars.  Portico, called by the vulgar Ceura, built by the Emperor Severus, but for the platform which Serlio speaks of in his third book of his Architecture one may argue, that all the precincts within the compass of the houses of the Cantacroci, of the Churches Cacabarii and dell Pianto, are seated upon the ruins of Pompey's sumptuous Portico, which others hold to be the house of Maria's, and it may be from thence the vulgar have corruptly called it Cacabarii, instead of Casa Marii; then is there the Church of Santa Maria, near unto the which are seen even until this day great ancient ruins.  
Enter into the dwelling place of the Jews, and come forth at Ponte quatro Capi, by the which go to the Island, called in times past villa de Languenti, to reverence the Church and Body of St. Bartolomeo the Apostle, built on the Temple of Esculapius, where the diseased are cured, and also the Church of Santo Giovanni Calibita, governed by the Religious Brethren aell B. Giovanni di Dio.   

The fourth days walk. From Saint Lorenzo in Dumaso, to Monte Aventino.  
BEgin your walk from the Church of Santo Lorenzo in Damaso, & therein view the pictures done by men of great esteem in their profession, the Chancel richly adorned by Cardinal Francisco Barberino, vicechancellor of the Sepulchers, and other ornaments thereof. There was the first confraternity of the holy Sacrament da Teresia enriques' instituted, near adjoining was the Emperor Tiberius his arch.  
See the Palace of the Cardinal vicechancellor, begun by Cardinal Lodivico Mezzarota Padovano, and finished by Rafael Cardinal Riario, with materials taken from the Colossus, and an arch of Gordians, which stood a little distant from saint Vito.  
Then through the Poulterer's street go to saint Andrea della valle of the Padri Theatini, and to saint Carlode Catinari of the Padri Barnabiti, both of them worthy of great regard.  
Pass through the street de Catinare, and go to Piazza Mattei, observing in the same the fountain, with two Dolphins, and Statues of mettle, which the Roman people caused to be made in the year 1585. by Taddeo Lantlini the Florentine at the charge of 1200. Crowns; the palace delli Patritij, sold to Costagui; and from thence through a lane to the Church, and Monastery of the Nuns of St. Ambrogio della Massima; and to the Pescaria, or Fishmarket: there you shall find the most ancient Temple di Sant' Angelo, situated in Circus Flaminius, and it may be where the Temple of Bellona, or of Mercury was; and as others will have it, where the Temple of Juno stood.  
Being come out of Pescaria, pass on to the Palace of the Savelli, built on the ruins of the ancient Theatre of Marcellus; and then to the street behind the Church of St. Nicola in Carcere, where the old Fishmarket of the Romans was; and by this way you will arrive at Ponte rotto.  
There observe an Ancient Temple with chamfred Pillars, dedicated Santa Maria Egittiaca, & was in times past the Temple of Chastity, or according to some, of Fortune.  
A little beyond on the right hand is a round Temple with Chamfred pillars, now the Church of Sancto Stephano, long ago painted, as Fulvio writes, by Pacuvius the Poet, Nephew to Ennius, and dedicated to Hercules, or as others will have it to Juno Matuta.  
Adjoining to this is a most delicate Garden belonging to the Cenci, and between it, the said Church of St. Stephano doth the Cloaco Massima empty itself into the Tiber.  
Over against the said Garden is the Collegiate Church of Sancta Maria in Cosmedin, otherwise called Schola Graeca.  
In this Parish were the Stews in Clement the sevenths' Papacy, as Andrea Fulmo reports.  
Continue your walk to the bank of Tiker, where you will find a 
* Salara, which is salted pits  Salara, in the very same place in which it was anciently.  
Further forward at the foot of Monti Aventino, under the Church of Santa Maria del Priorato de Molta you will see the marks of Cacus his Cave, a shepherd famous for his robberies, and stealing of Hercules his Oxen, by whom he was in the same place killed with his Club, for which worthy deed the Gentiles erected a Temple unto him, by the name of Hercules the Conqueror. By this Temple were the Gemonie stairs, so called from the lamentation of the condemned to death, who were thrown down headlong from off those stairs, some think that the said stairs were near to the Campidoglio.  
In this place were the Arches of Horatius Cocles erected to him in memory of that generous act of his in maintaining the Sublician Bridge against the Tuscans, the marks whereof you will see at the right hand on the Tiber.  
In this place likewise was, as some believe, the ancient Gate Trigemina, before the walls of the City were enlarged by Claudius, Frontino saying that Cacus dwelled at the salt pits, where the Gate Trigemina stood.  
Being gone from thence you will meet with a Bulwark on the left hand, built by Paul the third, and on the right hand a little further ill monte Testaccio, made all of broken pots, heaped up in this place by the Potters, who wrought there hard by, being forbidden to cast them into the River for fear of choking it up.  
In this place was a Portico, called Emilio, near to the River in this part a fair was wont to be kept; there also were the glass-makers  
In the wall of the City you will see Cajus Testius his great Pyramid, by the vulgar believed to be the sepulchre of Remus, and on the forepart of it is this inscription.  C. CERTIUS L. F. POB. EPULO. PR. TR. PL. VII. VIR. EPULONUM. 
And close to it in lesser letters.  
OPUS ABSOLUTUM EX TESTAMENTO DIEBUS CCCXXX.  
ARBITRATV PONTI. P. F. CLAMEL A HAEREDIS ETPONTHI. L.  
Go not out of the Gate, but keep within the City close along by the wall, and descending this way from Mount Aventine, so called from Aventinus King of Alba, therein buried, it will lead you to Antoninus Caracallaes' Baths, called Antonianiane, and by the vulgar Antignane; for the service whereof one branch of the Appian water was conveied thither: they are now under the custody of the Ministers of the Romans Seminary; and by the judgement of Serlio it is a better fabric than Dioclesian's Baths.  
Thereby is the most ancient Church of St. Balbina, adjoining unto the which was in old time the Temple of Silvanus.  
By a little street behind the said Church you will go to St. Saba, where is the Sepulchre of Titus the Emperor, which at this day is seen in the Porch thereof.  
Then to Santa Prisca, near to the ancient Temple of Diana, where, as some Antiquaries write, were the Baths of Decius, the Palace of Traian, and the Varian Baths.  
Following along by the said hill you will see the Church of Santa Sabina, built, as some will have it, in the very place where the said Temple of Diana stood, within the convent lived St. Dominick, the founder of the Order of the Dominican Friars; and to it doth the Pope with the College of Cardinals ride in pomp on the first day of Lent. Adjoining thereunto was the Temple of Juno Regina.  
Then to Saint Alessio, where was the Monastery of Saint Bonifacio, which before was the Temple of Hercules, near unto the same was the Romans mustering place, where either they set up, and kept their Arms, or trained their men.  
Finally towards the Tiber go to Santa Maria Aventina dell Priorato di malta, where they say was in times past the Temple of the good Goddess, unto whom none might sacrifice but women.   

The fifth days walk. From La-Piazza di Pasquino, by li Monti Celio et Palatino.  
THe beginning of this day's walk shall be from la Piazza di Pasquino.  
The Piazza is called so from an ancient statue, reputed excellent, although through the injury of time it is reduced to one only as it were deformed trunk; the name thereof is thought to be feigned, and to us is the similitude of it unknown; It serves the officers of the Pope's Court, and holy places, for the publishing of proclamations, Bulls, decrees, indulgences, and such like; it is situated at one corner of the Orsinies Palace.  
From thence go to the Piazza of Saint Pantaleo, where the Court of justice, de Mattarazzari is kept, and if you desire to see a work of true Charity, enter into the Church and house de Cadri delle scuole pie, and there admire the education of poor youth in learning and Christian manners.  
Further forward you will see the Palace of the Massini of the Architecture of Baldassari da Sienna, and painted on the outside by Daniele da Volterra: In this house which now belongs to Pietro and Francisco Massini, was the marvellous art of printing first of all exercised by Conrade Suveinheym, and Arnold Pannartz in the year 1455. during the Papacy of Nicholas the fifth.  
Proceed on towards la Valle, to see a collection of curious things in the Palace of Signior Pietro della valle, called ill Pelegrino; then to the Palaces of the Duke Cesarino, of the Olgiati, of Cardinal Ginnasio, made a Monastery of Nuns, and a Seminary of students; to the Monastery of the Nuns and young girls of Santa Saterina delli Funari, built in the midst of the Flaminian cirque, whereof the beginning was in Piazza Margana, to the Palace de signior Mattei, where the said cirque ended, to the Piazza de Capisucchi, with the fountain and Church of Santa Maria de Campitello, and to the Palace of the marquis Paluzzi Albertoni: On the left hand of that Piazza you will see an angel of the Monastery di Torre de Sperchi, founded by santa Francesca Romana.  
Go then to Piazza Montanara, where anciently herbs were sold, and where the Gate Carmentali also was; and there too, from an Altar of Juno, the precedent of Matrimony (who therefore was called Juga) begun the street Jugaria, which by the foot of the Campipoglio lead to the Roman Forum.  
In this very Piazza was anciently a pillar, named Lattaria, because, as Festus writes, Infants were brought thither to have suck given to them.  
There on the right hand you will see a part of Marcellus his Theatre, upon which stands the dwelling of the Family Savella.  
Beyond is the Church of Santo Nicola, and St. Maria in Portico, erected as the most part of Antiquaries believe in Octavius Augustus his sister's sumptuous Portico: In it is seen a pillar of transparent Alabaster, and there do the Paari della Madre di Dio inhabit.  
On the left hand is the Church of Santo Giovanni de collato, near into the which is the burying place of executed offenders, and the Temple of Saint Eligio de Ferrari; as also the Temple of Saint Giorgio, which was in old time that of Scipio Africanus, and before it runs the little brook della Murana, anciently called lafoy valle Murtia or Mirtia, of Venus, so named of a Myrtle there dedicated unto her; then pass along by Circo Massino, where stood the Obelisck which Sixtus Quintus erected in the Piazza of Santo Giovanni Laterano, with another likewise erected by him in the Piazza dell Popolo  
Between this Cirque and Monte Palatino, you will see the ruins of an Imperial Palace, and where you are turning to Saint Gregorio, was the ancient gate of Romulus, called Romanula.  
Leaving Saint Gregorio on the left hand go to the Church of the S S. Nereo, and Achilleo, built, according to some in the place of, or near the Temple of Isis.  
Then to Saint Sisto situated in the fish pond, which was a Bath, wherein the people used to wash themselves; and from that fishpond did the adjoining parts take their name.  
A little beyond is St. Cesario, from whence go on to Porta Latina, in which is the place where Saint John the Evangelist was put into a Cauldron of boiling Oil; as also a Church of his, which was formerly the Temple of Diana.  
From the part within the City along by the wall you will come to Saint Giovanni in Fonte, and in Laterano, as also to the holy stairs, in which places you are to observe many things of value, beauty, and devotion, which for brevity's sake I omit.  
In the Piazza mark the Palace built by Sixtus Quintus, the Obelisck engraven with Egyptian Hieroglyphics, placed in times of old by Augustus in the great Cirque, and from thence transported by the order of the said Sixtus Quintus into this place, adorned with fair Bases, whereunto Paul the fifth adjoined a goodly fountain: Under the Portico of Saint Giovanni, you will see through an Iron grate the statue of Henry the fourth King of France in Brass.  
You will in like manner see the Hospital of men and women dell salvatore; and then go and reverence the Church of Saint Stefano Rotondo, which some think was the Temple of Claudius the Emperor: of it, Matteo Silvagio, who wrote in the time of Paul the third, saith, Quam tecto nunc carentem marmoreis columnis, et crustatis varii coloris, marmore, parietibus Mosaicoque opere inter primas Urbis Ecclesias ornatissimam fuisse judicamus: You will see in this street the conveyance of the Appian water.  
Near thereunto is the most ancient and devout Church of ●anta Maria della Navicella, so named from a 
* Navicella, is a little Boat, ship, or Pinnace  Navicella of Marble placed before the Church upon a vow made: there you will also see the famous and most delicious Garden of the Mattei; wherein amongst other statues, embossed works, inscriptions, Urns, and obeliscks, is an Apollo flaying of Marsias; a modern Andromeda, an ancient Amazon, an ancient Antoninus in a Collossean form, three Boys, a sheep cowering on the ground, and an head of Marcus Tullius Cicero, very ancient, and above all the rest most worthy of observation.  
Pass on along by the defaced Church of Saint Tomasso, to the house and now the Church of Santi Giovanni and Paolo, wherein they were secretly beheaded, and buried by the commandment of the Emperor Julian the Apostate: There too was the Palace and Court of Tullius Hostilius, the third King of the Romans; as also the dwelling of some Popes.  
Descend from this place to the Piazza made by Cardinal Antonio Maria Salviati, where you will see the Church of Saint Gregorio, by him built in the place where his own house stood, and dedicated to Saint Andrea.  
Then go up to Monte Palatino through a street which stands in the face of the Piazza, and every where you will discern the ruins of the Imperial Palace called Maggiore.  
Upon the top of the Hill on the left hand is another Garden of the Mattei, and on the right hand you will meet with the Hippodrome, or Emperors Quierie or stable, where saint Sebastian was shot to death, near to the which is the Church dedicated to the said saint, lately restored from the very foundation, and richly endowed by Prince Taddeo Barberino, Perfect of Rome, who had the patronage of it. Under this Church is salt Peter digged, and against it are the famous Farnesian Gardens, at the gate whereof towards Campo Vaccino, was Caesar's house situated.  
Being come out of the Garden, you will see the Church of santa Maria Liberatrice, in the place where the Temple of Vesta stood, as Andrea Fulvia writes, which place is famous, either for the Lake, whereinto on that part Metius Curtius the Captain of the Sabines fell; or for the gulf, into which the Roman Curtius precipitated himself: It was afterwards closed up upon the occasion which Cardinal Baronius recounts, in the year 324. by saint Silvester the Pope, who built upon it this Church; before the which are three chamfred pillars seen, with their Chapters, and Cornice, of admirable workmanship, and it is thought that they belonged to the Portico of Jupiter sta●or.  
Following on your way by the side of this hill, you will find the round Church of sand. Teodoro, called vulgarly sand Toto; in it was the ruminall figtree, under which the two Royal Infants Romulus and Remus were suckled by a she-Wolfe, and afterwards by Acca Laurentia the wife of Faustulus the shepherd; here was also the Temple of Quirinus, in which was the Altar of Laurentia, where the Supercalian, and Laurentian games were wont to be celebrated, and were afterwards abolished by the Popes, with dedicating the ancient Temple to sand Teodoro, and introducing the use of carrying thither young Infants, oppressed with hidden infirmities, to the end they might be freed from them by the intercession of the said saint.  
This Church had been reduced to manifest ruin, had not the piety of Cardinal Barberino provided for it, by covering the roof all over anew, restoring the walls, and the Mosaique work of the Chancel.  
Before this Church there was a wood, and a Fen, or moorish ground, occasioned by the waters falling down from the neighbouring hills, and settling in this low place, which was by Tarqvinius Superbus filled up with earth, and the wood cut down, so that being made dry and firm ground, it was by the conveyance of the Cloaca Massina converted into the Roman Forum  
From thence go to see the fair Church della Madona della Consolation, which was built upon occasion of the miracles which an Image, painted by Master Antonazzo on the side of a wall next to the Capitol, began to work on the six and twentieth of June 1470. and was consecrated on the third of November the same year, as Stephano Infessura reports in his Diary: Next of all see the Hospitals of diseased men and women, together with a little Church called Madonna delle gratie, wherein is an Image painted by Saint Luke. Thus having seen enough for this day, you shall do well to return home.   

The sixth daiys walk. From Saint Salvatore dell Lauro by Campo Vaccino, and by le Carine.  
IN the beginning of this days walk visit the Church of Saint Salvatore del Lauro, built by Latino Cardinal Orsini, together with the other della Madonna della Pace, of the Lateranense regular Cannons, and that of Santa Maria dell'Anima of the Germane nation, against the which is another of Saint Nicola de Lorensi.  
Enter into Piazza Navona, anciently called the Agonall circque, either because the Games of Janus Agonius were there in a green meadow celebrated, by the commandment of Numa King of the Romans; or because the Emperor Alexander did there make the cirque named Agonal. Observe in that Piazza the Brothel-house Cell, whereunto Saint Agnes was carried for to be bereft of her Virginity, but was in the same place delivered by an Angel, and now it is converted into the Church of the Minorite Friars; another of St. Jacomo belonging to the Spaniards, with their Hospital; the Palaces of the Family Cupis, of Cardinal Pamfilio, the present Pope; of the Orsini, of the family Torres; and three fountains, built by Gregory the thirtenth.  
Then the College called Sapienza, begun by Eugenius the fourth, wherein is at this day a goodly Church built, the design of Signior Francisco Boromino, the Palace of Cardinal Lanti, the Piazza della Dogane, the Monastery of Santa Chiara, the Palace of the Nari, the Palace of the Vittorii, and from thence turn on the left hand to the Palace of the Sanneliis.  
Proceed on to the Piazza and Church of St. Giovanni della Pigna; to the Palace of the Duke Muti, to the Palace of the Cardinal Altieri, to the Piazza and Church of Jesus, wherein admire the magnificence of the fabric, the sumptuousness of the Chapels, the splendour of the sacred furniture, and in the house the library, with the Chapel of the holy founder, whose body you may reverence in the Church.  
Ascend to the Campidoglio, observing in the midst of the Piazza the famous statue in mettle, of Marcus Aurelius on Horseback; the fountains, statuas, pillars of marble trophies, and other ancient monuments.  
Go up into the Church of Araceli, built in the place where the Temple of Jupiter Feretrius stood, before the which is a pair of stairs of above an hundred Marble steps, taken from the ancient Temple of Quirinus.  
Then pass on to the Senators Hall, which serves him and other Magistrates for a Court of justice, and therein you will see statues, inscriptions, and the prison of the Capitol; all built at first by Boniface the ninth on the ruins of ancient edifices.  
Enter into the Palace of the Conservators, built with the design of Buonarota, where in the Court yard, porticoes, stairs, hall, and lodgings, you will see statuas, Imagery, pictures, and divers inscriptions.  
Get up to Monte Caprino, otherwise called the Tarpeian Rock, and from thence in descending for to go to Campo vaccino, you will see on the right hand a Portico, with rows of pillars belonging to the ancient Temple of Concord; on the left hand you will discern three pillars rarely chamfered, with their Chapters, and Cornice, which are the relics of the Temple of Jove the thunderer.  
Somewhat beneath you will perceive Septimius Severus his Arch, and on the left hand the church of St. Giosepe, under the which is the Mamertine and Tullian prison wherein St. Peter and St. Paul and infinite other Martyrs were imprisoned, consecrated as Fulvio writes, by St. Silvester the Pope.  
Near thereunto is the Churches of Santa Martina, and of S. Luke, of the painter's Academy, said to be in three Forums, in regard of the adjoining Forum Romanum, that of Julius Caesar, and that of Augustus: In the last Church is the Body of the said Saint conserved in a place richly adorned by Signior Pietro da Lortona, a famous painter.  
Then is there the Temple of St. Adriano, with gates of mettle, anciently built to Saturn; thereby was the public treasury, and before that Church was a golden pillar, from whence all the high ways of Italy took their beginning.  
Further forward is a Portico with rows of pillars seen, as also the Church of Santo Lorenzo in Miranda de spetiali, which was in ancient times a Temple erected to Faustina, and Antonius Pius her husband.  
Fast by that Temple was the Fabian Arch erected to Fabius the Censor, who for the subduing of Savoy was called Allobrogus, and there a statue was erected unto him.  
Not fare from that arch was the 
* Puteale, is a well or Pit.  Puteal of Libonus, and the Antiquaries say it was called Puteale, from a well adjoining to the Praetor's Tribunal built by Libonus.  
Here also is another Church dedicated to St. Cosino, and St. Damiano, which at first was wholly under ground, and in regard of the dampishnesse thereof altogether impracticable, but the late Pope Vrban the eight reduced it with a Massy pavement to a good condition, and adorned it with pictures, and other rich ornaments. Some Antiquaries report, that this Temple was in times past dedicated to Remus, others to Romulus, and others to Castor and Pollux; it hath a gate of Brass.  
After this you will see the relics of the most ancient Temple of peace, built by Vespasian, where was an Arch called Latona, and corruptly Ladrone.  
Hereunto is adjoining the Church of Santa Maria Nuova, wherein lies the Body of St. Francesca Romana: in the Garden of this Monastery are the ruins of two ancient edifices to be seen, which some think were two Temples erected to the Sun, and Moon; others to Concord and Esculapius; and others to Isis and Serapis.  
Within a little of this is the Emperor Titus his Arch, which by the Ecclesiastical writers was called Septem Lucernarum, from a Candlestick there seen curiously engraven: In the roof within is the image of Titus rarely cut: Not far from this in that part of mount Palatine which stood on the sacred way, was the Temple of Rome, whose roof was covered with sheets of Brass, that were carried to the Vatican Church, by Pope Honorius the first.  
Coming from under the said Arch, go and see on the right hand the first Arch that was erected to Constantine the Emperor; there are in it Imagery, and some statues, whereof the heads were carried by Lorenzo Medici to Florence. Marliano observes, that the superior part of this Arch, was made with the remains of trajan's Archippus  
It is a probable opinion that here stood the old Curiae where the Priests inhabited.  
Then next in your sight is the most stately Amphitheatre of Titus Vespasian, half ruined, called i'll Colisseo, more famous for the trophies acquired by the holy Martyrs, then for the excellency of the Fabric.  
The first that made a grant of the stones of this edifice, was Theodoric King of the Goths, at the request of the Roman people, with these words. Saxa ergo, quae suggeritis de Amphithe atro longa vetustate collapsa, nec aliquid ornatu publico jam prodesse nisi solas turpes ruinas ostendere, licentiam vobis eorum, in usus duntaxat publicos, damus, ut in murorum faciem surgat, quod non potest prodesse, si jacet. But Paul the second pulling down that part which looked to Saint Giovanni, and to St. Paolo, employed the marble thereof in building of St. Marks Palace, and afterwards Cardinal Rafaele Riario built with the same stones the Palace of the Chancery at St. Lorenzo in Damascus; and Cardinal Farnesse (who was Paul the third) built his Palace therewith in Campo di Fiore; all of them as stately edifices as any Rome hath.  
At this Colisseo began the Labican way, which from the Church of St. Clement, and then from St. Pietro and St. Marcellino, went out of Porta Maggiore to Labico, a place not far distant from Rome, which is thought to be called at this day Valmontone.  
Keep on your course towards St. Giovanni Laterano, which will lead you to the most ancient Church of St. Clement; from whence go up on the right hand to Monte Celio, and see the ancient devout Church delli Santi quatro Coronati, which was destroyed by the Emperor Henry the second, and restored by Pope Paschall the second, as also adorned with a most rich Chancel by Cardinal Millino; on this point of the Mount is a Monastery of Nuns, and of young orphan girls.  
Further forward, having past the Salviati Colleges Vineyard, you will see on the left hand the devout little Church of santa Maria Imperatrice, called in the ancient book of rites and Ceremonies, St. Gregory in Martio, from the near adjoining conveyance of the water, called Maria.  
Being parted from thence, ascend up through a little street to St. Clement, for to go to the set Sale, a place now shut up, and there take your way by the hill named delle Carine, to the Monastery of the Nuns della Purificatione, and to the Noble Temple of sand Pietro in Vincoli, surrounded with the relics of the Emperor Titus his Baths, and Palace. In this Temple you will see saint Peter's sacred Chains, together with a Moses, and other goodly statues, the works of Buonarota.  
Behind this same Temple in a Vineyard stands the reserve of the water of the Emperor Titus his Baths, called the set Sale, worthy to be seen.  
In the Piazza of the said Temple, you will see a modern and fair Church of sand Francisco di Paolo, built by the College of the Minimi Friars; and a little lower a modern Monastery of Nuns.  
Afterwards descending, enter into Vico Scelerato, so called from the wickedness committed by Tullia in riding in her Coach over the Body of her Father; and go to a little Church of Santa Andrea, seated in the place, named Busta Galica, from the bones of the Frenchmen there heaped up together, as Varro writeth, and of the vulgar called in Portogallo, where see the most delectable Garden of Cardinal Pio, formerly belonging to Cardinal Lanfranco.  
In this place the Antiquaries seat the Tigello Sororio, which was a long pole, or rafter, laid across the street, for the purging of the parricide committd by that Horatius, who after the slaughter of the Curiatij, returning Conqueror killed his sister there.  
Here also between the Colisseo and Trajanus adjoining Forum, do the Antiquaries place an Arch, called Aurea.  
Proceeding on you will see la Torre de Conti, built by Innocent the third, and was not many years since more then half pulled down, because it threatened ruin; and direct your way to an ancient wall made like the point of a Diamond, which was the Confine of Nervaes' Forum: pass from the same to an arch, where on the left hand are three chamfred pillars, upon which riseth up the steeple of the next Church of St. Basilio, and it is said they are remains of the Emperor Nerva's Temple, although others have written that the said Church was built by Pope Symmachus upon the ruins of Trajanus Forum. These parts were all Gardens, and by Pope Gregory the fourteenth made streets, which were replenished with edifices in less than two years' space.  
Pass on to the Monastery of the Nuns of St. Vrbano in Campo Carleo; then to St. Maria in Campo Carleo, and to the Monastery of St. Eusemia, and so you will arrive at the Piazza of Santa Maria di Loreto, wherein Apollodoro, a famous Architect, placed that most stately pillar, all engraven with stories, in the honour of Trajan the Emperor, being an hundred and eight and twenty foot high, and it is ascended to the top on the inside by an hundred fourscore and five steps.  
You may terminate this days walk at St. Marco the Pope, where his body is conserved, and at his Palace, whereof Platina writes in the life of Paul the second: Aedificavit etiam splendide, ac magnifice apud St. Marcum. Afterwards Silvagio writes of Paul the third: Ampliavit et auxit plateas cicumcirca St. Marcum, id est circa Palatium ejusdem, quod Papale Palatium nuncupavit, pro oestivo tempore mutatorium, ob aeris salubritatem; Item Pontem a dicto Palatio usque ad Capitolinum montem a parte altera Monasterij S. Mariae de Ara Caeli suis construxit expensis, magnoque artificto manu fabrefactum artificis, ita ut ubi pons desinit Palatium unum quod partem capit montis; partem alteram capit Monasterij S. Mariae de Ara Caeli pro se extruxit, quod non modicum Vrbem exornat.  
In the Piazza of the said Church is a fountain, with a very goodly 
* Concha, is a great shell of a Fish, such as is seen, of Mother of Pearl.  Concha, which was found in a Vineyard at S. Lorenzo without the Walls, and set there by Cardinal Farnesse in the lieu of a greater taken away by him from thence, and carried to his Palace.   

The seventh days walk. From la Piazza di S. Apollinario by ill monte Viminale, and Quirinale.  
IN the Palace of the Duke of Altemps, you will see a most noble Library, made by Duke Giovanni Angelo; as also a Chapel, with pictures, marbles, sacred furniture, and a very rich Vestry, wherein is reserved the Body of St. Annicet the Pope.  
View near thereunto the Temple of St. Apollinare, and the German College, where every festival day you may enjoy most excellent music.  
Then the Palace of the great Duke, built all as it were from the very foundation by Melchiore Capis, a Cardinal in Pope Alexander the Sixths' time; and rebuilt the last year in the Piazza of Madama, so called from the Emperor's Daughter who dwelled in the said Palace; behind it you will see the ruins of the Emperor Alexander's Baths.  
Go afterwards to the Church of S. Luigi del Franzesi.  
To the Palace of the Marquis Justiniano, full of statues and pictures.  
To the Church of St. Eustachio.  
To the Church of Santa Maria supra Minerva, with the Convent of the Friars of St. Domenico: Observe the Chapel of St. Tomaso, the work of Pietro Perugino; the Christ, with the Cross done by Buonaroti, the Chapel of the Aldobrandini. In the scite of this Church was the Temple of Isis.  
To the Church of St. Stephano.  
To the Church of Santa Maria, and to the Monastery of Nuns, wherein digging this year were two inscriptions of the Gentiles found, which together with the ruins of a Christian Priest also found in the ruins of the Monastery of Santa Eusemia, at the foot of Monte Esquilino, were by me copied out, and by Signior Silvio Zaccagniana, Chamberlain of St. Marta, thus registered to eternal memory.  
In the Monastery of St. Marta.  
D M  
Optatae Onesimus  
Conjugi suae Pientissime B. M. F.  
Quae vixit an. XXVI.  
D M  
Pago Filio  
Qui Vixit M. IXD. iv  
Horas iv  
Bene Mer. Parents Fecerunt.  
In the ruins of St. Eusemia.  
Hic requiescit corpus Presbyteri Roberti Marci de Sara Gosa de Insula Siciliae, qui obiit in hoc Ven. Mon. An. Dom. 1387. Ind. 10. tempore Sanctiss. Patris et D Vrbani Papae VI die 2. mensis Aprilis. Presbyter Matthaeus ejus frater dedit, et dotavit de denar. Capellam pro anima ipsorum C. Floren. auri, quos dedit dictis monialibus.  
To the Roman College over against the Duke Salviati's Palace.  
To the Collegiate Church of Santa Maria in via lata, in time of old the dwelling of St. Peter, of St. Paul, of Luke, Marshal, Mark and others; where in a fair Chapel built by the Cavalier d'Asti, is the Image of our Lady, drawn by St. Luke, conserved.  
To the Palace of the Aldobrandini, built, if I do not err, by Nicolo, Archbishop of Capua, a Cardinal in the time of Eugenius the fourth, as appears in the third book of Biondoes Roma Restorata; but some will have it begun by Cardinal Agriense, and finished by Cardinal Fatio Santorio, who gave it to Julius the seconds Nephew.  
From thence pass on to the Piazza of the holy Apostles, and there see the Palaces of the Constable Colonna, of the Prince of Gallicano, of the Muti, and of the marquis of Cassano.  
So up by the little hill of Signiori della Mallara, and come down to the Church of Santa Caterina di siena, within which Monastery is the Tower, built by Pope Boniface the Eight, in the place where Trajan the Emperor's soldiers inhabited, for which cause it was called Turris militiarum. From thence with a little walk on the right hand you will arrive at the 
* Museo, is a School, or Study.  Museo of Cavalier Gualdi; then to the Church of St. Quirico, & to la Madonna dei monti, where is the College of the Neofti, and house of the Catecumini, newly built by the Cardinal di S. Onofrio.  
Ascend up by the Saburra to see the Churches of de Monti, of Santa Lucia in Selci; of S. Matteo in Merulana; of S. Croce in Jerusalem, and of St. Bibiana.  
There see the arches of the ancient Aqueduct of the Martian water, which disgorged itself at the end of the street, that leads to St. Bibiana, and the place is vulgarly called Trofei di Mario; though all those parts betwixt the said Church, and the others of St. Eusebio, and of St. Matteo, are named by the ecclesiastics Merolano and by some Mariana, but it is probable it should be Martiana, from the running of the Martian water there.  
See the Church of St. Eusobio, and the Choir thereof, made of Walnutt tree, excellently carved: There is some controversy amongst Antiquaries, whether this was not the Emperor Gordians Baths.  
Then the Church of St. Antonio, in whose Monastery is the old Church, called St. Andrea in Cata Barbara, with a most ancient Chancel of Mosaic work, made by Pope Simplicius; the Church and Hospital were built and endowed by Cardinal Pietro Cappocci, as Fanuccio hath written in the pious works of Rome, Fatio Santorio, a Cardinal in the reign of Pope Julius the second, built the Palace and Granary adjoining.  
Before the Church was a little obelisck erected of Granite stone, adorned with a 
* Ciborio, is the Tabernacle, wherein the Hostia is kept in Church:  Ciborio, supported by four pillars, in the Papacy of Clement the eight.  
Pass on further towards Suburra by Galiens Arch, now called St. Vita, from the neighbouring Church, and go to the ancient beautiful and devout Church of S. Prasside, erected in the Baths of Novatus, in the place at this present named Lateritio; and therein the devout Chapel called anciently the Oratory of S. Zenone; afterwards the Garden of Paradise, and otherwise Santa Maria libera nos à poenis inferni, made and adorned by Paschall the first Pope; where amongst other relics is the pillar, unto which our Saviour Christ was bound and whipped.  
From thence walk on to the Piazza of St. Maria Maggiore, observing the pillar transferred thither from the ancient Temple of peace, by Pope Paul the fifth, and the forefront thereof in Mosaic work, which is thought to be built in the very place where Juno Lucina was with false worship adored.  
From the back part of it you will go to the most ancient and devout Church of Santa Potentiana, seated at the head of the Vrban street, anciently called Vicus Patricius, which was the house of S. Pudentius the Senator, Father to S. Potentiana, and S. Prasside, and St. Peter's first host. In it enjoy the sight of the rich Chapel of the Gartani; it is governed by the  Monks of St. Bernard.  
Thence forthright you will arrive at San Lorenzo in Fonte, which was his prison in the house of St. Ippolito the Roman Cavalier lately renewed with fabrics, and adorn, by the congregation of the Courtiers, erected by the last Pope Vrban the Eight.  
From this you will ascend to San Lorenzo in Panisperna, where according to the tradition established by the Antiquaries, S. Laurence the Martyr was broiled upon a Gridiron; but the building of the Church, & theetymologie of the surname in Panisperna, are uncertain. In this Monastery do the Nuns of the order of Santa Chiara inhabit, and herein died St. Brigid, as some writers think.  
It is the opinion of many, that in this place were the Olympiad Baths: Behind the which in that place towards the Quatrinal were also the Baths of Agrippina the Mother of Nero; and towards the Subburra was, according to some, the Palace of Decius the Emperor.  
Go down then to St. Agata, which was in times past restored and reverenced by the Goths, afterwards reduced by St. Gregory the great to the Catholic worship, and lastly beautified with new buildings by the Cardinals Francisco, and Antonio Barberino.  
And there over against the Church, and Monastery of San Barnardino, and in the face of the Aldobrandinies villa, a little further on the left hand, is the Church and Monastery of S. Domenico.  
When you are on the top of the hill, corruptly called Bagnanapoli, from the Baths of Paulus Emylius, seated below the Monastery of Santa Caterina, turn on the left hand on that hill, which is a part of Monte Quirinale, and go to see the Church of San Silvestro, belonging to the Father's Teatino, in whose Convent is an excellent Library, and a very fair Garden.  
Being gone from thence, endeavour to see Cardinal Mazzarino's Palace, built by Scipione Cardinal of Borghese upon the ruins of Constantine the Emperor's Baths, with the Architecture of Flaminio Pontio, Giovanni Vansantio, Carlo Madonna, and Sergio ventuti, and sold to Giovan' Angelo Duke Altemps, then to the Marquis Bentivogli, and by both of them augmented with Fabrics, and adorned with the picutres of Guido Reno, and other good Masters; there is a delicate Garden also belonging to it.  
In the Piazza you will see two great Horses, with two men of an extraordinary stature in marble, which hath given the name of Monte Cavallo to this part of the Quirina'e; they were transferred into this Piazza from the said Baths for an ornament to the Pontifical Palace, and they were cut or engraven by Phideas', and Praxiteles, who flourished in Sculpture in the age going before the birth of Alexander the great.  
Descend then, leaving the Pontifical Palace on the right hand, towards the City, and at the bottom of the hill you will find on your left hand the Monastery delle Virgini, and that deli' Humil'ta under the care of the Friars of St. Domenick.  
Pass on to the Church of S. Marcello, nell Corso, which was sometimes the house of Santa Lucina, where St. Marcellus the Pope was put to death by the Tyrant: near to this place is the Palace of Cardinal Cesi.  
After that to the Piazza di Sciari Colonna, where Don Guilio, Prince of Carbognana, hath new made up his Palace very stately.  
From thence take your way to the Oratory of St. Francisco Xaverio, and to the sumptuous Temple of St. Ignatio, Founder of the company of Jesus; then to San Bariolomeo de Bergameschi, before the which, is an Obelisck engraven with Egyptian Characters.  
Further forward in that street stands the Roman Seminary of foster-childrens, governed by the Fathers of the Jesuits; from this same go to the Piazza della Rotonda, where is a Fountain, erected by Pope Gregory the thirteenth, and a goodly vessel of porphyry, which served the ancient Romans for the washing of themselves in their stoves or Baths. There also will you see that famous Temple, called by the ancients, the Pantheon, and now Saint Maria Rotonda: It is held to be the fairest, and best piece of workmanship of all others whatsoever of that kind. The Founder of it is thought to be Marcus Agrippa, and it was built in the fourteenth year after Christ's Birth. Out of the observation made by skilful Architects it is conceived, that the Portico was made at a different time from the Temple, in regard that the work is disjoined the one from the other. It was stricken with lightning, and burnt in the year of Christ 113. and was restored by Lucius, Septimius, Severus, and Marcus Aurelius, Antonius, Emperors. The roof or vaulting thereof, by reason of age, and an Earthquake, threatened ruin, but it was repaired, and covered in some places with lead by Eugenius the fourth, and other succeeding Popes. Observe the magnificence of the Portico, in the quality and greatness of the pillars, which measured with the Roman span are six spans, & 29. minuti thick; the Gate of brass, restored by Pius the fourth, twenty spans, and two minuti wide; the breadth of the whole Temple from one side to another, being an hundred, and ninety spans; and so much is the height thereof, from the pavement to the mouth of the overture above. It hath one only light in the superior part thereof, which is thirty six spans and an half wide; the thickness of the wall, which compasseth the Temple is thirty and one spanns.  
So the Chapel of St Gioseppe della Confraternita de vitruosis, wherein are the Sepulchers of divers illustrious men; as also the Chapel, and Sepulture of Rafaele a'Urbino; and so return back to your home.   

The eighth days Walk. From la Piazza Nicosio to le Term Dioclesianae  
BEgin your walk from the Clementine College, ercted by Clement the eighth in the Piazza Nicosia; then go unto that part of Campo Marzo, where the Palace of the great Duke of Toscan stands; proceed on to the Palace, of the palavicini, now inhabited by Cardinal Palotta; & turning on the right hand, enter into the street, where the Palace of the Count of Marescotto is, and so pass to Santa Croce de Montecitorio, a Monastery of Nuns; to the Palace, and College dei Capranici, in the Piazza whereof is the Church of Santa Maria in Acquiro, with the House of the Orphans, and the College Salviati.  
Go into the Piazza di Pietra, which should be said dei Preti, as Fulrio writes, from the Priests, who there dewelt in the ancient edifice, adorned with great chamfred Pillars, which is thought to have been the Hall of the Emperor Antonius his house.  
Further forward you will see the Hospital of miserable madmen, and towards the Piazza di Sciarra, you will pass to the Monastery of St. Jacomo delli Moratri; then to the the Piazza della: Fontana di Frev; after that to the new Palace of Cardinal Carpegna; and so go up to see the Pontifical Palace of Monte Cavallo, with the Lodgings, Gallery, Chappells, and Garden thereof, which was reduced into an Island by the late Pope Urban the eighth.  
From thence direct your course to the street, which gins with the Monastery of the Nuns of Santa Maria Madalena, towards the four Fountains, & in that street you will find the Monastery of the Capuchin Nuns, built where the Temple of Quirinus stood, which was afterwards the Vineyard of Geronimo Genutio, Auditor of the Chamber in the Papacy of Clement the seventh, and made a Cardinal by Pope Paul the third.  
As also St. Andrea, where there is a very fair garden; the Garden dei Beondi; the house of the Carmelitans Spain with their Church; St. Carlo de i Reformati Spagnoli de Riscatto, built with the ingenious and excellent design of Signior Francisco Borromini.  
There turning on the right hand you will find the house delli Reformiti Francesi del Riscatto, with their Church, dedicated to St. Denis; and will suddenly arrive at a little row of houses, which stand in the valley of Quirinus, so named from the Temple of Romulus, called Quirinus.  
A little beyond is the Church, and Monastery of the Monks of Saint Norberto; finally you will come to the Piazza, where stands the Pyramid, which was taken from Augustus his Mausoleum by the order of Sixtus Quintus.  
Visit the Church of Santa Maria Magiore, and labour to see the Vestry thereof, and those other two of Sixtus Quintus, and Paulus Quintus their Chapels; observing the Mosaique work, the statues, pictures, pillars, shrines, and sepulchres of the said Church.  
Go to have a sight of Cardinal Montalto's sumptuous Garden, from the which pass to the Piazza of Dioclesian's Baths, which you will observe to have been most stately, and were built by the Christians at the commandment of that Tyrant, being afterwards converted into the Church, and Monastery of the Monks Certosini. In the time of Clement the seventh were certain heads, and fragments of statues of the Emperors found, whereof some were carried into Campidoglio, and others sent to Florence.  
See the public Granaries which Gregory the thirteenth, Paul the fifth, and Vrban the eight caused to be made, with the Church first dedicated to St. Paul, and afterwards upon the occasion of the victory at Prague, called Santa Maria della Vittoria of the barefooted Carmelitan Friars, Sixtus Quintus his fountain; the Church and Monastery of the Nuns of Santa Susanna, augmented by Cardinal Barberino: the Church of St. Bernardo, where is also the Convent of the Monks of the said Saint: the Church of St. Cajo the Pope, built by Urban the eight: the Church della Santissima Incarnatione of the Barberinies Nuns, and the other adjoining of the  Carmelitan Nuns; from thence go down and see the Barberinies Palace, with the most stately Portico stairs, and Hall curiously painted by Signior Pietro di Cortona, and in it also you may enjoy the sight of Cardinal Barberino's great Library, and beautiful Garden.  
Over against this Palace is the Scots College, built by Signior Jacomo Quorli, a Florentine Gentleman, for his own dwelling, and afterwards bought by Clement the eight, for the education of Scottish youth, under the government of the Jesuits.  
In the Piazza which heretofore was named dei Sforzi, you will see the most goodly fountains, erected by the late Pope Vrban the eight, with the design of Cavalier Bernino.  
Direct your course then to Madonna di Constantinopoli; to the Church dell' Angelo custode, and a little beyond them to the Palace of Cardinal Cornaro; afterwards by the Piazza della Fontana di Frevi, to the Convent and Church de Crociferi; to the Palace of the Duke di Cere; to the Church of Sti Maria in via, with the Convent de Frati Serviti: next you will see in the Piazza Collonna Antonius the Emperor Coclids pillar, into which you may go up; it is an hundred and seventy six foot high, and hath two hundred and six steps, which receive the light from six and fifty little windows.  
In the same Piazza is the Church of S. Paolo della Padri Bernabites, lafoy Madonna della Pieta de Pazi; the Palaces de Bufali, de Veralli, de gli Aldobrandini: and also a beautiful fountain, which Gregory the thirtenth caused to be made.   

The Ninth days walk. From la Piazza Borghese, to Porta Pinciana.  
HAving past the Clementine College, go to see the Palace of the Prince Borghesse, with the winding stairs of Bramantes doing, and the pictures of Capuccino, the Church of S. Girelamo de Schiavoni, the Church and Hospital of S. Rocco, built in Augustus his Mausoleum, which served for the Sepulture of the Emperors, the Church of Santa Maria di Loreto; the Palace of the Capponi; the Piazza and Church of Santa Maria dell Popolo, where Pope Gregory the thirteenth caused a Fountain to be made, and Sixtus Quintus erected a Pyramid, taken from Circus Maximus, which was set up there by the Emperor Augustus, and dedicated to the Sun.  
Turning towards the City, enter into the street dell Corso, which was leveled and paved from the foot of the Campidoglio by Paul the third; and you will see the Church and Hospital of San Jacomo de gl'Incurabili; and over against that the Church of Giesu Maria, San Carlo dei Milanesi; and the Palace of the Gasteni, heretofore belonging to the Ruccellai.  
Then will you meet with the Church of San Lorenzo in Lucena, conjoined to the Palace of Cardinal Montalto, which was first of all built by an English Cardinal about the year of Christ 1300. upon the ruins of Domitian's Palace, so called at that time; afterwards amplified and respectiuly restored by the Cardinal's Morinense, Calandrino, Cibo, Vlisbonense, Fatio, di S. Sabina, and lastly augmented by the Prince Peretti; the house de poveri putto di Latt rato; the Palacs of Cardinal Teodoli; the Church and Monastery of S. Maria Maddalena delle convertite; the Palace of Cardinal Verospi, adorned with ancient statues, the Church and Monastery of S. Silvestro de Capite; and the other della Madonna di S. Giovannino; the Church of S. Andrea of the order of the Minimi Friars; the Church of the Vrban College de propaganda Fide; the Church and Monastery of San Gioseppe delle Carmelitane.  
Afterwards ascend up to go towards Porto Pinciana, and in a corner of the street which leads to S. Isodoro, you may see Signior Francisco Angelonies famous study.  
Proceed on to view the Church and Convent of S. Isodoro of the Irish Friars of St. Francis, where is a very fair Library; near to the same is the Church and Convent of the Capuchins, built from the foundation by Cardinal Antonio Barberino; a little further is the Church of S. Nicola da Tolentani, of the reformed barefoot Augustinian Friars.  
Parting from thence, go and find out Porta Pia, through which you must pass to see the two most worthy Temples of Santa Agnese, and of Santa Costanza, rich with pillars, Marbles, Mosaic work, and a great Sepulchre of Porphyry, believed of the vulgar to be that of Bacchus.  
Turning back to the City, before you enter, see the Prince Borghesies Garden, made by Cardinal Scirione Borghese, in the Papacy of Paul the fifth, which is replenished with such abundance of various and several rarities, as the like is hardly to be found elsewhere: wherefore after you have diligently observed them all, pass into the Palace unto which it belongs, and admire all the adorned parts thereof; the great number of statues, Urns, Conchaes, antic and modern Vasses, wherewith it is encompassed, and pargetted: ascend up into the Lodgings thereof, full of statues, and stately seats, and first of all into the hall, in which, besides a multitude of arms of all sorts, and other ornaments, you will see twelve heads of the twelve Caesar's, some ancient, and others modern, bigger than the life, with breasts of several Marbles; two like heads; the one of Scipio Africanus, and the other of the Carthaginian Hannibal; an ancient Sepulchre with a cover of Marble, and a woman lying along upon it; twelve pillars, whereof four are of Porphyry, two of green, and two of speckled stone, upon the top of which are figures of marble. In the first Chamber is a David with his sling, done by Cavalier Bermino, a Seneca of touch in the Bath, by Africano, and a she Wolf of red marble, with Romulus and Remus sucking at her Teats: Every one of the other Chambers is adorned with the like in divers kinds, besides a world of most stately hang, sumptuous Beds, & brave furniture; besides rich cupboards of plate, Cymbals, Virginals, Organs, antic Vasses, and great mirrors, all which I leave unto you to behold, and remark with wonder and astonishment.  
No less wonder of seeing it is another Palace of the great Duke of Toscan within the City, as also one belonging to Duke Loudoviso over against the same.  
Finally, view the Church, and convent of the Minimi Friars of the most holy Trinity on Monte Princio, wherewith you are to conclude this days walk.   

The tenth days walk. To the seven Churches.  

THis day's walk shall be destinated for the seven Churches, and I hold it most convenient to begin at the going to see that of San Pietro in vaticano.  
This Church was begun in the year 1507. by Pope Julius the second, who on the fifteenth of April laid the first stone with this inscription.  
JULIUS II. P. M. AEDEM DIVO PETRO DICATAM.  
Vetustate coilabentem, in digniorem, amplioremque formam, ut erigat.  
FUNDAMENT A JECIT A. CHRISTI M. D. VII.  
THE designer and Architect thereof unto the year 1514. was Bramante Lazari da castle Durante. Afterwards the fabric of it was continued by Rafaele d'Urbino, Giuliano di S. Gallo, Fra. Giocondo da verona, Baldassarre Per●zzi and Antonio di S. Ga' lo unto the Papacy of Paul the third, who committed the care of that building to Michelangelo Buonarota the Florentine: This same took the charge thereof upon him, and of brick, that it was before, made it of stone, after a new model; reuniting and agiusting it with a stately pargeting of beaten marble on the outside, and within adorning it with most goodly ornaments. To Buonaroti succeeded Jacomo Barozzi da vignola, who continued it to the year 1575. Then Giacomo della Porta Romano, being elected thereunto, went on with the work until the Papacy of Clement the eighth. Under all them aforesaid the fabric advanced no further than the Gregorian, and Clementine Chappells: But Pope Paul the fifth, with the design of Carlo Maderno, caused the old part to be demolished, as far as the said Chapels extended towards the forefront, in the year 1606. and made a new addition of fix Chappells, of the Portico, frontispiece, and Lodge of benediction. The Popes have given full remission of sins to them that pray in this Church on certain days. The Chapel wherein Gregory the thirteenth lies is most rich, and the Sepulchre of Paul the third is very stately. The statue of Saint Peter under the Organs, was made as it is thought, of the same mettle, whereof Jupiter Capitolinus was composed.   

To the second Church of San Paolo.  
To go to San Paolo, you must take your way to the street, called Longara; then towards Santa Maria in Frastevere; so proceed on to the Bridge, di quatro Capi, and passing l'Isola di San Bartholomeo, and the other Bridge, turn on the right hand to arrive at Santa Maria di Scuola Greca, at Marmorata, Piazza di Testaccio, and at the Gate of San Paolo, otherwise called Trigemina, and Ostiensia.  
This Gate stood anciently where Caius his Cave was, called ●rigemina, from the three Horatij their going out of it to fight with the Curiatij. It was brought into this place, according to some, by Claudius the Emperor, who enlarged the wall of the City on this part unto St. Sebastiano's Gate: it was also called Ostiense, & di San Paolo, because it leads to Ostia, and to the Church of the said Saint.  
A little further on the left hand is a little Chapel, from whence you are to go unto Monte Aureo, and so within a while you will come to the Church of St. Paolo, which was first built by Constantine the Emperor; afterwards renewed by the Emperor Honorius, and by Eudoxia the daughter of Theodosius, and wife to Valentinian. It stands upon fourscore and eight pillars of Marble, in four rows, each pillar being but of one stone; & hath a very fair spacious Chancel, adorned with most excellent & ancient Mosaic work; as also a pavement of most fine & polished Marble, with a most majestical Altar upon Arches, supported by ten great pillars of Granite stone, whereunto one ascends by two rows of marble steps; under the midst of the Altar lies the Body of St. Paul, and in the Portico are four holy Gates, which are used to be opened, sometimes one, sometimes another in the year of Jubilee. This Church is governed with much religion and splendour, by the Cassimensi Monks of Santa Justina, introduced thereinto in the year 1425. by Pope Eugenius the fourth.   

To the third Church of San Sebastiano.  
In your way to San Sebastiano you will first of all see an ancient Borough, seated in the Appian way, called Capo di 'Bove, which though it be decayed, the Walls of it only remaining, yet doth it retain the ancient splendour of that most ancient and stately sepulture of Metella. This and such like edifices, built with infinite cost, and incredible art, were placed in conspicuous places, and principal streets for the wonder of posterity.  
Then you will come to the Cirque, which Antiquaries think was made by Antonius Caracalla; in the midst whereof is an Obelisck lying broken on the ground, with its Basis likewise overturned.  
And so you will arrive at the Church of San Sebastiano, wherein you may see the place called Catta comb, from the which there is a way under ground to the Tombs of the Martyrs; and thither did the Pope and Cardinals in the greatest persecutions repair to perform their functions.   

To the fourth Church of St. Giovanni in Laterano.  
From the aforesaid Church of San Sebastiano, return back into Rome by the said San Sebastiano's gate, and turning on your right hand by the City Wall, ascend the little hill called Celiolo, in distinction from the other greater, named Celio, upon which you will see the Gate called Latina, and going on still about by the Wall, you will meet with the little brook of Marana, from the which passing by the Church of San Sisto, you will arrive at the Church of San Giovanni in Laterano, so called from the habitation of Plautius Lateranus, a most noble Roman, put to death by Nero under pretext of his conspiring against him.  
In this Church built by Constantine the great is a most stately font, wherein that Emperor was Baptised, adorned with eight great pillars of Porphyry, with as many of white marble, which support a little arched vault over it: In this Font the Pope's use twice a year, namely at Easter, and at Whitsuntide, to Baptise with with great solemnity.  
Near to this Church those stairs, commonly called Scale Sante, being six and twenty in number, divided into three rows and they be all of Marble, and were brought as they say from pilate's house in Jerusalem. In this Church also is the Chapel, called Sancta Sanctorum, where there is an entire Image of our Saviour, which for its antiquity and devotion was cased up in silver by Pope Innocent the third.   

To the fifth Church of Saint Croce in Gierusalmine.  
FRom Saint Giovanni in Laterano you will in a little time arrive at the Church of Saint Croce, which was built by Constantine the great, and consecrated by Saint Silvester the Pope, in it Helena, the Mother of that Emperor built a Chapel, named Jerusalem, for that she brought thither a ships lading with Earth from the place where our Saviour was crucified; no woman may enter into this Chapel but only once in the year, and that is upon the twelfth of March. This Church is governed by the Monk of the Cistercien Order, in whose Vineyard you may see the relics of the Castrense Amphitheatre, as also those of Venus, and Cupid.   

To the sixth Church of Saint Lorenzo without the Walls.  
FRom St. Croce keep on your right hand till you come to the City Gate called Maggiore, whereof observe the ancient Ornaments, with the inscription of Tiberius Claudius: Going from thence turn on your left hand, which will lead you to the patriarchal Church of Saint Lorenzo, built in the place, called Campo Verano, from the Matron of that name, who was famous for her piety and Religion. Under the high Altar are the bodies of Saint Laurence, and Saint Stephen, Martyrs conserved with much splendour. This Church is adorned with a pulpit of white Marble, and most fair Ophir stones, and at the door with a Sepulchre of Saint Eustatius of white Marble curiously carved. It is governed by the regular Canons, and he that goes to this Church every wednesday in the year shall deliver a soul out of Purgatory.   

The seventh, and last Church of Santa Maria Maggiore.  
YOU must go to the Gate of San Lorenzo, so called from his Church, which is not far from it; and entering into the City, you must leave the street, where you will see an Arch of Sixtus Quintus his water, and keeping on the left hand you will come to Santa Maria Maggiore; in whose Piazza Paul the fisth erected a Pillar, taken from the Temple of peace.  
It was called the Church of Liberio, because it was built in the time of his Papacy; and it is named Maggiore, because it is such amongst all the Churches of the holy Virgin, as also Sixtina from Sixtus the third, who made it anew from the very foundation, in the form that now it is. This Church is adorned with forty marble pillars, and over them in the midst of the body thereof are the figures of the old and new Testament in Mosaic work, done by the order of the said Sixtus the third; and on the right hand over the door of the Belfry is a most excellent piece of the Resurrection of Lazarus, done in oil by Girolamo Mutiano. There is also in it the stately Sepulchre of Pope Nicholas, with his statue of white marble, and many other extraordinary things, which for brevity's sake I omit.  
Now for a conclusion you are to note, that I have spoken of these Churches, but cursorily, and as it were by the way, without mentioning the many Chappells, shrines, relics, indulgences, altars, statues, pictures, sepulchres, antiquities, and a world of other most rare, rich, and precious things, which are in all variety to be seen in them; as will ocularly appear unto you, when you come to review and exactly observe them to your no little admiration and marvel.   
FINIS