Unparalleled VARIETIES: Or, the Matchless Actions and Passions OF MANKIND. Displayed in near Four Hundred Notable Instances and Examples. Discovering the Transcendent Effects; 

I. Of Love, Friendship, and Gratitude.  
II. Of Magnanimity, Courage, and Fidelity.  
III. Of Chastity, Temperance, and Humility.   And on the contrary the Tremendous Consequences, 

iv Of Hatred, Revenge, and Ingratitude.  
V Of Cowardice, Barbarity, and Treachery.  
VI Of Unchastity, Intemperance, and Ambition.    
Embellished with Proper Figures.  
By R. B. Author of the History of the Wars of Eng. etc. Remarks of London, etc. Wonderful Prodigies, etc. Admirable Curiosities in England, etc. Extraordinary Adventures of famous Men, and Surprising Miracles of Nature and Art, in the Heavens, Earth and Sea, etc.  
London, Printed for Nath. Crouch, at his Shop at the Sign of the Bell in the Poultry. 1683.   

 depiction of the slaying of Julius Caesar 
Unparaleld Varieties  
julius Caesar Slain in the Senate by Brutus, Cassius & others. Page. 15.   
London Printed for Nath: Crouch.   

TO THE READER.  
IT is an usual saying, that Variety Delights, but especially in History, and more it may be in this Age than in any other before, wherein a great many seem to scorn the dull heavy humour of their Ancestors, as they please to call it, (and therefore have not patience to read large Histories) admiring their own briskness, Ingenuity, and Wit, though much of it is altogether invisible but only to themselves, and their own vain imaginations; However since the light French Airiness is now so modish, it may not be thought improper so far to comply therewith, as to present the Reader with this brief Compendium out of many great Volumes of abundance of short delightful Relations, and Instances upon various Subjects, which may prevent both tediousness and charge, and may likewise furnish the mind with apt matter both for Discourse and Instruction; in brief here they may, as in a Glass, discover the excellent rewards of Virtue, and the dreadful punishments of Vice in all Ages of the world, and thereby be persuaded to follow, and practise the one, that they may escape the unavoidable consequences of the other; and if it have this admirable effect, I shall then reckon my time and pains well employed in writing of it, neither will the Reader repent of his in the Reading thereof.  
R. B.   

CHAP. I. The Transcendent Effects of Love, Friendship, and Gratitude, discovered in several Memorable Examples.  

LOve and Friendship are the chief Bonds of Humane Society, without which Mankind would be Wolves, and destrovers of each other; I shall therefore give some instances of the extraordinary Effects thereof in all Ages, and that in the most large acceptation of it; as of the Passion of Love between different Sexes, the disquiets whereof have sometimes made deep impressions upon divers Persons, of the singular Love of some Husbands to their Wives, and Wives to their Husbands; of the Indulgence, and great Love of some Parents to their Children; and the reverence and Love of Children to their Parents; of the extraordinary Love of Brethren, and of many Servants to their Masters; of the signal Love of some Persons to Religion and Truth, and their hatred of Flattery and Falsehood; the Love of several to Peace, Justice, and to their Country, together with the choicest instances of the most entire Friendship, and the grateful dispositions of some Persons, and what returns they have made of the benefits received; these shall be the particulars of this first Chapter, wherein the variety of the Relations, cannot but administer some profit, as well as delight, since they are collected from Authors of undoubted Authority and Credit; I shall therefore proceed in order, and first as to Humane Love, or that strictly called the Passion of Love.   

I. Eginardus was Secretary of State to Charlemaign, Emperor, and King of France, and having placed his  depiction of the Emperor of Germany's daughter carrying her lover 
The Emp. of Ger. Daughter caries her Lover on her back to prevent Discovery Page .1.  Affections much higher than his Condition admitted, made love to one of his Daughters, who seeing this Man of a brave Spirit, and a grace suitable, thought him not too low for her whom merit had so eminently raised above his Birth; she affected him, and gave him free access to her Person, so far as to suffer him to have recourse unto her, to laugh, and sport in her Chamber on the Evenings, which ought to have been kept as a Sanctuary where Relics are preserved; It happened on a Winter's night, that Eginardus ever hastening his Approaches, and being negligent in his returns, had too much slackened his departure, in the mean time a ●…ow had fallen, which troubled them both; for when he thought to go forth, he feared to be known by his feet, & the Lady was unwilling that such prints of steps should be found at her door; they being much perplexed, Love which taketh the Diadem of Majesty from Queens, made her to do an Act for a Lover, very unusual for the Daughter of one of the greatest Men upon Earth, she took the Gentleman upon her shoulders, and carried him all the length of the Court to his Chamber, he never setting foot to ground, that so the next day no impression might be seen of his footing; it fell out that Charlemaign watched at his Study this night, and hearing a noise, opened the Window, and perceived this pretty prank, at which he could not tell whether he were best to be angry, or to laugh; the next day in a great Assembly of Lords, and in the presence of his Daughter, and Eginardus, he asked what punishment that Servant might seem worthy of, who made use of a King's Daughter, as of a Mule, and caused himself to be carried on her Shoulders in the midst of Winter, through Night, Snow, and all the sharpness of the Seasons; Every one gave his opinion, and not one but condemned that insolent man to death; the Princess, and Secretary changed colour, thinking nothing remained for them, but to be flayed alive; but the Emperor looking on his Secretary with a smooth brow, said, Eginardus, hadst thou loved the Princess my Daughter, thou oughtest to have come to her Father, the disposer of her Liberty, thou art worthy of death, and I give thee two lives at this present, take thy fair Portress in Marriage, fear God, and love one another; these Lovers thought they were in an instant drawn out of the depth of Hell to enjoy the greatest happiness in the World. Causins Holy Court. Tom. 2.   

II. Pyramus, a young Man of Babylon, was exceedingly in love with Thisbe, the Daughter of one that lived the very next House to his Father, nor was he less beloved by her; both Parents had discerned it, and for some Reasons kept them both up so straight, that they were not suffered so much as to speak to one another, at last they found opportunity of discourse through the Chink of a Wall betwixt them, and appointed to meet together in a certain place without the City, Thisbe came first to the place appointed, but being terrified by a Lioness which passed by, she fled into a Cave near thereabouts, and in her flight had lost her Veil, which the Lioness tumbled to and fro with her bloody Mouth, and so left it; soon after Pyramus came also to the same place, and there finding the Veil which she used to wear, all bloody, he overhastily concluded, that she was torn in pieces by some wild Beast, and therefore slew himself with his own Sword under a Mulberry Tree, which was the place of their mutual agreement; Thisbe, when she thought the Lioness was gone past, left her Cave, with an earnest desire to meet her Lover, but finding him slain, overcome with grief and desire, she fell upon the same Sword, and died with him. Zuinglius. p. 461.   

III. Euryalus Count of Augusta, was a young man of extraordinary beauty, and during the stay of the Emperor, Sigismond, King of Bohemia, and Hungary, at Sienna, he cast his Eye upon Lucretia a Virgin of that place, and at first sight fell vehemently in love with her; the Virgin also, whom in respect of her admirable form, they called commonly the second Venus, was no less surprised than himself at the same instant; in a short time they became better acquainted, but at the Emperor's removal thence to Rome, when Euryalus was compelled to leave his Lady behind him, she was not able to endure his absence, but died under the impatience of it; Euryalus at the hearing of her death, though he was somewhat supported by the counsels, and consolations of his Friends, and thereby persuaded to live, yet from the time of her death, to the last day of his life, he was never known to laugh. Donatus Hist. Medit.   

iv Gobrias a Captain, when he had espied Rodanthe, a fair Captive Maid, he fell upon his knees before Mystilus the General, with tears, vows, and all the Rhetoric he could; & by the Scars he had formerly received, the good services he had done, or whatsoever else was dear unto him, he besought his General that he might have the fair Prisoner to his Wife, as a reward of his Valour; moreover he would forgive him all his Arrears, I ask, said he, no part of the booty, no other thing, but Rodanthe to be my Wife; and when he could not compass her by fair means, he fell to Treachery, force, and Villainy, and at last set his life at stake, to accomplish his desire. Burtons' Melancholy, part. 3.   

V Plutarch saith it was a custom remaining to his days, that Wives would wish so to be beloved of their Husbands, as Pieria was by Phrygius; this wish had its rise from the following History; of those Jonians that planted themselves in Miletum, some raised Sedition against the Sons of Neleus, and seated themselves in Myo; these received divers injuries from the Mil sians, who made war upon them for going away from them, but not so severely, as to exclude all commerce, so that upon some Festivals the Women had liberty to come from Myo to Miletum; Pythes was one of the Revolters, and understanding that a Feast was to be kept in Miletum to Diana, he sent his Wife and Daughter Pieria to obtain leave that he might be present at it; now of all the Sons of Neleus, Phrygius was the most powerful, he being inflamed with the love of Peria, thought of nothing more than of doing something that might be acceptable to her, and when she told him, that nothing could be more grateful to her, than to procure her liberty of coming often to Miletum, in the Company of many Virgins, he understood by that Speech, that Peace was desired, and Friendship sought with the Milesians; he therefore concluded the War; and thence was it that the names of these two Lovers were so dear to both People. Plutarch de virtute Mulier. p. 531.   

VI There was amongst the Grecians a Company of Soldiers, consisting of three hundred, that was called, The Holy Band, erected by Gorgidas, and chosen out of such as hearty loved one another, whereby it came to pass, that they could never be broken, nor overcome, for their love, and hearty affection would not suffer them to forsake one another, whatsoever danger happened; but at the Battle of Cheronaea they were all slain, after the fight, King Philip taking view of the dead bodies, he stood still in that place, where all these three hundred men lay slain, thrust through with Pikes on their Breasts, whereat he much wondered, and being told that it was the Lover's Band, he sell a weeping, saying, Woe be to them that think these men did, or suffered any dishonest thing; Plutarch, in Pelopida.   

VII. Leander was a young Man of Abydos, and was deeply in love with Hero, a beautiful Virgin of Sestos, these two Towns were opposite to each other, and the narrow Sea of the Hellespont lay betwixt them. Leander used divers nights to swim over the Hellespont to his Love, while she held up a Torch from a Tower, to be his direction in the night; but though this practice continued long, yet at length Leander adventuring to perform the same one night when the Sea was rough, and the waves high, was unfortunately drowned; his dead body was cast up at Seslos, where Hero from her Tower beheld it; but she not being able to outlive so great a loss, cast herself headlong from the top of it into the Sea, and there perished. Innumerable are the instances of the Effects both Tragical, and Comical, proceeding from this Humane Love, and every week almost produceth some extraordinary Accidents proceeding therefrom; let us therefore next relate some remarkable examples of Conjugal Love between Husbands and Wives.   

VIII. One of the Neapolitans ('tis pity his name as well as his Country, is not remembered, saith Mr. Burton,) being busily employed in a Field near the Sea, and his Wife at some distance from him, the Woman was seized upon by some Turkish Pirates, who came on shore to prey upon all they could find; upon his return not finding his Wife, and perceiving a Ship that lay at Anchor not far off, conjecturing the matter as it was, he threw himself into the Sea, and swum up to the Ship, then calling to the Captain, he told him, he was come to follow his Wife; he feared not the Barbarism of the Enemies of the Christian Faith, nor the miseries those Slaves endure that are thrust into places where they must ●…g at the Oar, his Love overcame all these; the M●ors were full of admiration at the carriage of the man, for they had seen some of his Countrymen, rather choose death than to endure so hard a loss of their Liberty, and at their return they told the whole of this story to the King of Tunis, who moved with the Relation of so great a Love gave him and his Wife their freedom, and the Man was made by his command one of the Soldiers of his Liseguard. Burtons' Melancholy, Part 3.   

IX. Philip King of France, Surnamed The Good, the first Author of that greatness, whereunto the House of Burgundy did arrive, was about twenty three years of Age, when his Father John Duke of Burgundy was slain by the villainy, and perfidiousness of Charles the Dauphin; being informed of that unwelcome news, full of grief & anger as he was, he hasted into the Chamber of his Wife, who was the Dauphin's Sister, O said he, my Michalea thy Brother, hath murdered my Father; She who was a true Lover of her Husband, straight broke forth into tears, and cries, and fearing, not without reason, that this accident would prove the occasion of a breach, she lamented, as one that refused all comfort, though her Husband used all kind of loving words to cheer up her Spirits; Thou shalt be no less dear to me, said he, for this fault, which, though near related, is yet none of thine, and therefore take courage, and comfort thyself in an Husband that will be faithful, and constant to thee for ever; He performed what he said, he lived with her three years, treating her always with his accustomed love, and the same respects; and although the very sight of her did daily renew the memory of that wicked act of her Brother, and though which is more, she was Barren, a sufficient cause of divorce among Princes, yet he would not that any thing but death should dissolve the Matrimonial Bond that was betwixt them. Lipsius' Monitor. lib. 2.   

X. Darius the last King of the Persians, supposing that his Wife Statira was slain by Alexander, filled all the Camp with Lamentations, and Outcries; O Alexander, said he, Whom of thy Relations have I put to death, that thou shouldst thus retaliate my severities, thou hast hated me without any provocation on my part, but suppose thou hast Justice on thy side, shouldst thou manage the War against Women? Thus he bewailed the supposed death of his Wife, but as soon as he heard she was not only preserved alive, but also treated by Alexander with the highest Honour, he then beseeched Heaven to render Alexander fortunate in all things, though he was his Enemy. Plutarch. in vit. Alex.   

XI. Gratianus the Roman Emperor, was so great and known a Lover of his Wife, that his Enemies had hereby an occasion ministered to them to ensnare his life, which was on this manner; Maximus the Usurper, caused a report to be spread, that the Empress with certain Troops was come to see her Husband, and to go with him into Italy, and sent a Messenger with counterfeit Letters to the Emperor, to give him advice thereof; after this, he sent one of his most subtle Captains, with order that he should put himself into an Horselitter with some chosen Soldiers, and go to meet the Emperor, pretending himself to be the Empress, and so to surprise, and kill him; the cunning Captain performed his business, for at Lions in France, the Emperor came forth to meet his Wife, and coming to the Horselitter, he was taken and killed. Imperial Hist, p. 344.   

XII. Meleager challenged to himself the chief glory, and honour of slaying the Caledorian Boar, but this being denied him, he sat in his Chamber so angry, and discontented, that when the Enemy (who were the Curetes) were assaulting the City where he lived, he would not stir out to lend his Citizens the least of his assistance; the Elders, Magistrates, the chief of the City, and the Priests came to him with their humble supplications, but he would not move; they propounded a great reward, he despised at once both it and them; his Father Oenaeus came to him, and embracing his knees, endeavoured to make him relent, but all in vain; his Mother came, and tried all ways, but was refused; his Sisters, and his most familiar Friends were sent to him, and begged he would not forsake them in their last extremity; but neither this way was his fierce mind to be wrought upon; in the mean time the Enemy had broken into the City, and then came his Wife, called Cleopatra, trembling; O my dearest Love, said she, help us, or we are lost; the Enemy is already entered; the Hero was moved with this voice alone, and roused himself at the apprehension of the danger of his beloved Wife; he armed himself, went forth, and left not, till he had repulsed the Enemy, and put the City into its wont safety, and security. Camerarius Hist. Medit. Cent. 1.   

XIII. Titus Gracchus loved his Wife Cornelia with that fervency, that when two Snakes were by chance found in his House, and that the Soothsayers had pronounced that they should not suffer them both to escape, but that one of them should be killed, affirming also that if the Male was let go, Cornelia should die first; on the other side that Gracchus should first expire, if the Female were let go, Dismiss then the Female said he, that so Cornelia may survive me who am at this time the Elder; It so fell out that he died soon after, leaving behind him many Sons, so entirely beloved by the Mother, and the memory of her Husband, so dear to her, that she refused the proffered Marriage with Ptolemy King of Egypt; It seems the buried Ashes of her Husband lay so cold at her heart, that the splendour of a Diadem and all the pomp of a rich, and proffered Kingdom, were not able so to warm it, as to make it capable of receiving the impression of a new Love. Valerius Maximus, lib. 4.   

XIV. Caligula the Emperor had Caesonia to Wife, and though she was not of remarkable beauty, nor of a just, but declining Age; though by another Husband she was already the Mother of three Daughters, yet being one both of Prodigious Luxury, and Lasciviousness, he loved her with that ardency, and constancy, that he often shown her to the Soldiers riding by him in her Armour, and to his Friends even naked. The day she was brought to Bed, he made her his Wife, professing that he was at once her Husband, and the Father of a Child by her; the Child, which was named Julia Drusilla, was by his order carried about to all the Temples of the Gods; at last he laid it down in the lap of Minerva, and commended the Child to her Education, and Instruction, nor did he conclude the Child to be his, by any more certain sign than this, that even in her Infancy she had a cruelty so natural, that she would fly upon the Faces and Eyes of such Children as played with her, with her fingers, and nails. Suetonius Hist.   

XV. M. Plautius, by the Command of the Senate of Rome, was to bring back a Navy of sixty Ships of the Confederates into Asia; he put ashore at Tarentum, and thither had Orestilla his Wife followed him, and there overcome with a Disease, she departed this life. Plautius' having ordered all things for the celebration of the Funeral, she was laid upon the Pile to be burnt, as the Roman manner was; the last Offices to be performed, were to anoint the dead body, and to give it a valedictory, or farewel kiss, but betwixt these, the grieved Husband fell upon his own Sword, and died; his Friends took him up in his Gown and Shoes, as he was, and laying his Body by that of his Wives, burned them both together; the Sepulchre of these Two is yet to be seen at Tarentum, and is called, The Tomb of the Two Lovers. Valeria. Max. lib. 4.   

XVI. And though the Female be the weaker Sex, yet such has been the fidelity, and incredible strength of affection in some, that they have ofttimes performed as great things as the most generous Men; they have despised death in the most dreadful shapes, and all sorts of difficulties (by an invincible Love to their Hushands) in the greatest extremity. Of which Histories are not silent; for we r●ad, that Eumenes burying the dead that had fallen in the Battle of Gabine against Antigonus, amongst others, there was found the Body of Ceteas, the Captain of those Troops that had come out of India; this man had two Wives, who accompanied him in the Wars, one which he had newly married, and an other whom he had married some years before, but both of them bore an entire love to him, for whereas the Laws of India require, that one Wife shall be burnt with her dead Husband, both these offered themselves to death, and strove with that ambition, as if it had been some glorious prize they sought after; before such Captains as were appointed their Judges, the younger Wife pleaded, That the other was with Child, and that therefore she could not have the benefit of that Law; The elder alleged, That whereas she was before the other in years, it was also fit that she should be before her in Honour, since it was customary in other things that the Elder should have place; The Judges, when they understood by Midwives, that the Elder was with Child, passed Judgement that the younger should be burnt, which done, she that had lost the cause departed, rending her Diadem, and tearing her Hair, as if some grievous calamity had befallen her; the other full of Joy at her Victory, went to the Funeral Fire, magnificently dressed up by her Friends, and led along by her Kindred, as if to her Wedding; they all the way singing Hymns in her Praises. When she drew near the fire, taking off her Ornaments, she delivered them to her Friends and Servants, as tokens of Remembrance; they were a multitude of Rings, with variety of precious Stones, Chains, and Stars of Gold, etc. This done, she was by her Brother placed upon the combustible matter by the side of her Husband, and after the Army had thrice compassed the Funeral Pile, fire was put to it, and she without a word of complaint, finished her life in thell ames. Diod Siculus, lib. 9   

XVII. Arria, the Wife of Cecinna Paetus, understanding that her Husband was condemned to die, and that he was permitted to choose what manner of death liked him best, she went to him, and having exhorted him to departed this life courageously, and bidding him farewel, gave herself a stab into the Breast, with a Knife she had hid for that purpose under her ; then drawing the Knife out of the wound, and reaching it to Paetus; she said, The wound I have made, Paetus, smarts not; but that only which thou art about to give thyself. Camer. Spare hours. Whereupon Martial hath an Epigram to this purpose.  

When Arria to her Husband gave the Knife,  
Which made the wound, whereby she lost her life,  
This wound, dear Paetus, grieves me not, quoth she,  
But that which thou must give thyself, grieves me.    

XVIII. The Prince of the Province of Fingo, in the Kingdom of Japan in the East-Indies, hearing that a Gentleman of the Country had a very beautiful Woman to his Wife, got him dispatched; and having sent for the Widow some days after her Husband's death, acquainted her with his desires; she told him she had much reason to think herself happy in being honoured with the Friendship of so great a Prince, yet she was resolved to by't off her Tongue, and murder herself, if he offered her any violence; but if he would grant her the favour to spend one month in bewailing her Husband and then give her liberty to make an entertainment for the Relations of the Deceased to take her leave of them, he should find how much she was his Servant, and how far she would comply with his affections; it was easily granted, a very great Dinner was provided, whither came all the Kindred of the deceased; the Gentlewoman perceiving the Prince began to be warm in his Wine, in hopes of enjoying her promise; she desired liberty to withdraw into an adjoining Gallery to take the Air, but as soon as she was come into it, she cast herself headlong down in the presence of the Prince, and all her dead Husband's relations, and so put an end to her life. Mandelsloes' Travels.   

XIX. In the Reign of the Emperor Vespasian, there was a Rebellion in France, the chief Leader of which was Julius Sabinus; they being reduced, the Captain was sought after to be punished, but he had hid himself in a Vault, or Cave, which was the Monument of his Grandfather; he caused a report to be spread of his death, as if he had voluntarily poisoned himself, and the better to persuade men of the truth of it, he caused his House to be set on fire, as if his body had therein been burnt; he had a Wife, whose name was Eponina, she knew nothing of his safety, but bewailed his death, & would not be comforted; there were only two of his freed men, who were privy to it, they pitying their Lady, who was determined to die, and in order thereunto had abstained from all manner of meat for three days together, thereupon they declared her purpose to her Husband, and besought him to save her that loved him so well; it was granted, and she was told that her Sabinus lived; she came to him, where they lived with secrecy, and undiscovered for the space of nine years together, she conceived, and brought forth Children in that solitary Mansion; at last the place of their abode came to be known, they were taken, and brought to Rome, where Vespasian commanded they should be stain; Eponina producing, and showing her Children; Behold O Caesar, said she, these I have brought forth, and brought up in a Monument, that thou mightest have more suppliants for our Lives. O cruel Vespasian, that could not be moved with such words as these; well, they were both led to death, and Eponina joyfully died with her Husband, who had been before buried with him for so many years together. Lipsius' Monitor. lib. 2.   

XX. Portia the Daughter of Cato, and Wise of Marcus Brutus, when she conjectured by the fleepless, and disturbed nights of her Husband, that he had conceived some great thing in his mind, and concealed it from her in suspicion of her weakness; she to give her Husband an instance of her Constancy and Secrecy, made herself a deep wound in her Thigh with a Razor; upon which there followed a stream of blood, weakness; and a Fever. When Brutus came home, sad at so unexpected an accident, and all being withdrawn, Sat down Husband said she, I have something serious to discourse with you; when I married you, I came to your House as a Wife, not as a Mistress, or Whore, nor only as a Companion of your Bed, and Board, but of all prosperous and adverse things; I am Cato 's Daughter, and reckon you that I am of that blood, what then, do I complain of you? Not at all, if I look at other matters, Conjugal Solemnities, good will, and this external love; but I look higher, and would have your Friendship also, and that is the only grief of my mind which torments me, that you have my fidelity in suspicion, for wherefore should you dissemble; do I not perceive the care you are in? Thae there is some secret, and great enterprise you are in agitation about? Why do you conceal it from me? If I can lend you no assistance, expect some comfort at least from me; for as to my secrecy I am able to engage; consider not the rest of my Sex; I say again, that I am the Daughter of Cato, and I add thereunto that I am the Wife of Brutus, either nature, being from such a Father, or Conversation with such a Husband, will render me constant and invincible against all that is to be feared; why do I multiply words, I myself have made experiment of myself, and see this wound which of my own accord I have given myself, that I might know whether I could undergo with Courage any grief and torments, I now fully believe that I am able to bear them, to despise them, and I, my Brutus, can die with, and for my Husband; if therefore you are about any thing that is just and honourable, and worthy of us both, conceal it no longer, Brutus admiring the greatness of her mind, and surprised with the discovery of such great affection, lifting up his hands for joy, burst out into these expressions, O all ye Powers above, said he, be ye favourable, and propitious to my desires, and make me a Husband that is worthy of Portia; then he recited in order to her the Conspiracy for kill Julius Caesar in the Senate House, and who were concerned therein; wherewith she was so far from being affrighted, or dissuading him from it, that she encouraged him to proceed; but the day on which they were to perform the Enterprise, she being in fear for Brutus, swooned away, and was scarcely recovered by him; at the last Brutus being overcome, and slain at Philippi, she determined to die, & when her Friends, who were ever with her to prevent it, deprived her of the opportunity and means, she at last snatched the burning Coals with her Hands out of the fire, and thrusting them into her mouth, she kept them there till she was choked. Of this Conspiracy against Caesar, for the Readers better understanding it, I shall make a brief digression. Marcus Brutus (faith Plutarch) was descended from Junius Brutus, as great an enemy to Kings as he was to Tyrants; he was well beloved by Caesar, so that he gave order for his safety at the Battle of Pharsalia as for his own Son; he moved nothing but what was honest and rational, so grave and constant he was; he carried what he moved, so resolved was he; after Caesar had past the Rulicon contrary to the Decree of the Senate, and had so overpowered them, that he was chosen perpetual Dictator, and had thereby taken away the liberty of the Commonwealth, Brutus, Cassius & some others conspired against him; Brutus hated the Tyranny, and Cassius the Tyrant; Brutus was incensed against Caesar's Empire by his Ancestors Enterprise against Kings, and the People's expectation from him, for under their Images they writ, O that Brutus were a●…ve; and before his face when he was Praetor, they said, Brutus is asleep. Cassius' first sounded Brutus, who said, He would die, or Caesar should not be King; Cassius replied, Rome will not suffer thee to die; they look for Plays and Pastimes from other Praetor's hands, but they expect Liberty at thine; then they proceeded in their Design, and though many ill Omens might have hindered Caesar from going to the Senate that day, yet he resolved to go on; and being sat, Cimber one of the Conspirators, seems to Petition Caesar, and the rest seconded him, kissing Caesar's hand, and then all falling upon him at once, they stabbed him with twenty three wounds, who when he saw Brutus, cried out, what, and thou my Son? and so gave up the Ghost. Brutus would have satisfied the other Senators, but they fled; the other Conspirators would have killed Mark Anthony, but Brutus refused it, because he said he was a Person principled for Liberty, though engaged to the Tyrant. At first the multitude abhorred, and were amazed at the Fact, but afterwards they applauded it, when they saw that neither power nor spoil was the design, but honest Liberty, yea, the Senate entertained, secured, honoured & employed them in several Provinces, particularly Brutus in Crect: who committed two Faults; first, in saving Anthony their close Enemy, and next in publishing Caesar's popular will, and solemnising his Funeral, at which Anthony, by his Speech, and showing Caesar's bloody Garments, enraged the multitude so far, that Brutus and his Friends retired to Athens, for fear of Gaesars' Soldiers, and there got as many Romans together, as he could prevail upon, with whom he resolved to try his Fortune, affirming, That he would either die, or live with Liberty, and rid his Country of Bondage by Battle, or himself by death; Here Cassius met him with more Forces, and as they were about to pass their Army toward Rome, an horrible Spectacle is said to appear to Brutus; for in the dead of the night, when the Moon shined not very bright, and all the Army was in silence, a black Image of an huge and horrid Body appeared to Brutus, standing silent by him, his Candle being almost out, and he sitting musing about the issue of the War, Brutus with an equal constancy both of mind and countenance, said, What Man or God art thou? The Spirit answered, I am thy evil Genius, and thou shalt see me again at Philippi; Brutus courageously replied, I will see thee there then; so the Spirit disappeared, but as he had said, appeared to him again in those Fields of Philippi, where Brutus and Cassius soon after lost a great Battle against Anthony and Octavius, and their Army being utterly routed, Brutus passed the following melancholy night with some few others in the Woods and Rocks, where the same Spectre appeared again to him, and vanished without speaking a word; he then recollecting the loss of his Friends, pitying his Country more than himself, and applauding his own virtue more than his Enemy's Conquest, did what he looked upon to be neither offensive to Heaven, nor unworthy of a Man, for like Cato his Father in Law, his Friends refusing to do it, he killed himself with his own Sword. Plutarch's Lives. Of this great Person, hear what our incomparable Cowley sings.  

I.  
EXcellent Brutus, of all Humane Race  
The best, till Nature was improved by Grace.  
Till men above themselves, faith raised more  
Than Reasou above Beasts before.  
Virtue was thy life's centre, and from thence  
Did silently, and constantly dispense  
The gentle vigorous influence,  
To all the wide and fair circumference.  
And all the parts upon it leaned so easily,  
Obeyed the mighty force so willingly,  
That none could discord, or disorder see  
In all their Contrariety.  
Each had his Motion natural and free;  
And th' whole no more moved than the whole World could be.   

II.  
From thy strict rule some think that thoudidst swerve,  
(Mistaken honest Men) in Caesar's blood;  
What Mercy could the Tyrant's life deserve,  
From him who killed Himself rather than serve?  
Th' Heroic Exaltations of Good,  
Are so far from Understood.  
We count them Vice; alas our sight's so ill,  
That things which swiftest move, seem to stand still.  
We look not upon Virtue in her height,  
On her supreme Idea, brave and bright,  
In the Original Light;  
But as her Beams reflected pass,  
Through her own Nature, or ill Customs Glass.  
And 'tis no wonder so,  
If with dejected Eye,  
In standing Pools we seek the Sky.  
That Stars so high above, should seem to us below.   

III.  
Can we stand by and see  
Our Mother robbed, and bound, and ravished be,  
Yet not to her assistance stir,  
Pleased with the Strength and Beauty of the Ravisher?  
Or shall we fear to kill him, if before  
The Cancelled name of Friend he bore?  
Ingrateful Brutus do they call?  
Ingrateful Caesar who could Rome enthral!  
An Act more barbarous, and unnatural,  
(In th' exact Balance of true Virtue tried)  
Than his Successor Nero 's Parricide!  
There's nought but Brutus could deserve,  
That all men else should wish to serve,  
And Caesar's usurped place to him should proffer;  
None can deferr't but be who would refuse the offer.   

iv  
Ill Fate assumed a Body thee t' affright,  
And wrapped itself i'th' terrors of the Night,  
I'll meet thee at Philippi, said the Spirit,  
I'll meet thee there, saidst Thou,  
With such a voice, and such a brow,  
As put the trembling Ghost to sudden flight,  
It vanished as a Tapers Light,  
Goes out when Spirits appear in sight;  
One would have thought it had heard the morning Crow.  
Or seen her well appointed Star,  
Come marching up the Eastern Hill afar.  
Nor durst it in Philippi's Field appear.  
But unseen attacked thee there.  
Had it presumed in any shape thee to oppose,  
Thou wouldst have forced it back upon thy Foes;  
Or slained like Caesar, though it be  
A Conqueror, and a Monarch mightier far than Herald   

V  
What joy can humane things to us afford,  
When we see perish thus by odd events,  
Ill men, and wretched Accidents?  
The best Cause, and the best Man that ever drew a Sword.  
When we see  
The false Octavius, and wild Anthony,  
Godlike Brutus, conquer thee?  
What can we say but thine own Tragic Word,  
That Virtue, which had worshipped been by thee,  
As the most solid Good, and greatest Deity,  
By this fatal proof became  
An Idol only, and a Name?  
Hold noble Brutus, and restrain  
The bold voice of thy generous Disdain;  
These mighty Gulfs are yet  
Too deep for all thy Judgement, and thy Wit.  
The Time's set forth already, which shall quell  
Stiff Reason, when it offers to Rebel.  
Which these great Secrets shall unseal,  
And new Philosophies reveal.  
A few years more, so soon hadst thou not died,  
Would have confounded Humane Virtues pride,  
And showed thee a God Crucifi'd.    

XXI. Conradus the Third, Emperor of Germany, besieged Guelphus' Duke of Bavaria, in the City of Wensburg in Germany; the Women perceiving that the Town could not possibly hold out long, petitioned the Emperor that they might departed only with so much as each of them could carry on their backs; which the Emperor condescended to; expecting they would have loaden themselves with Silver and Gold; but they all came forth with every one her Husband on her back, whereat the Emperor was so moved, that he wept, received the Duke into his favour, gave all the men their Lives, and extolled the Women with deserved Praises. Bodin relates, that the Duke Laurence Medicis was restored to his health by the only reading this story, when he had long in vain expected it from the endeavours of his Physicians. Camerarius spare hours, p. 228.   

XXII. Thus far as to excellent fruits of Conjugal Love; and yet we shall find that Paternal, or Fatherly Indulgence hath equalled, if not excelled them; for that natural affection which we bear toward them that proceed from us, we have in common with other Creatures, the Poet hath expressed it to be in the nature of the most cruel of all other Beasts.  
— The Tiger which most thirsts for blood,  
Seeing herself robbed of her tender brood;  
Lies down lamenting in her Scythian Den,  
And licks the prints where her lost Whelps had lain.  
Yet this affection reigns with greater power in the Souls of some than others, and the effects of it have been such, as cannot but detain us with some pleasure in the perusal of them. In 1541. Eckius Raschacius a Germane Captain, was at the Siege of Buda, whose Son, a valiant young Gentleman being got out of the Army without his Father's knowledge, carried himself so valiantly in a skirmish against the Turks in the sight of his Father, and the whole Germane Army, that he was highly commended of all men, and especially of his Father, who yet knew him not; & after a gallant fight, before he could clear himself, and make a retreat, he was encompassed by his Enemies, and valiantly defending himself for some time, was at last unhappily slain; Raschacius exceedingly moved for the death of so brave a man, but ignorant how near it concerned himself, turning about to the other Commanders, said; This gallant Gentleman, whatsoever he be, is worthy of everlasting commendations, and to be most honourably buried of any Person in the whole Army; as the rest of the Captains were with the like compassion approving his Speech, the dead body of the unfortunate Son being rescued, was presented to the miserable Father, which caused all that were there to shed Tears, but such a sudden and inward passion of grief surprised the aged sorrowful Father, and struck so to his heart, that after he had stood a while speechless, with his Eyes set in his head, he suddenly fell down dead. Turkish History.   

XXIII. Mahomet the second, Emperor of the Turks, was no sooner possessed of his Father's Throne, but like a young Tyrant, forgetring the Laws of Nature, he presently in Person himself was about to have murdered with his own hands his youngest Brother, then but eighteen months old, begotten on the fair Daughter of Sponderbeius; which unnatural part, Moses one of his Bassas, and a man greatly in his favour, perceiving, requested him not to imbrue his own Royal hands in the blood of his Brother, but rather to commit the execution thereof to some other, which thing Mahomet commanded him, the Author of that Counsel, forthwith to do; so Moses taking the Child from the Nurse, strangled it, with pouring water down the throat thereof. The young Lady understanding the death of her Child, as a Woman whom fury had made past fear, came and in her rage reviled the Tyrant to his very face, shamefully upbraiding him for his inhuman cruelty; when Mahomet to appease her fury, requested her to be content, for that it stood with the policy of his State, and willed her for her better contentment to ask whatsoever she pleased, & she should forthwith have it; but she desiring nothing more, but in some sort to be revenged, desired to have Moses the Executioner of her Son, delivered unto her bound, which when she had obtained, she presently struck him into the Breast with a Knite, crying in vain upon his unthankful Master for help, and proceeding in her cruel execution, cut an hole in his right side, and by piecemeal cut out his Liver, and cast it to the Dogs to eat, to that extremity did she resent the death of her beloved Son. Knowls Turkish Hist.   

XXIV. Aegeus stood upon an high Rock, whence he might see a great way upon the Sea, in expectation of the return of his Son Theseus from Crect, having made him promise at his departure, That if all things went well with him, at his return his Ship should be set forth with Sails and streamers of a white colour, to express the Joyfulness of his return. The old man after his long watching, at last did discern the Ship making homewards, but it seems they had forgot to advance the white Colours as they had promised; when therefore Aegeus saw nothing but black, concluding that his Son had miscarried in his journey, and was dead, not able to endure the grief he had conceived thereof, he threw himself into the Sea, from the top of the Rock whereon he stood, and so died, Langii Polyanth. p. 848.   

XXV. Solon was a Person famous throughout all Greece, as having given Laws to the Athenians; he being in his Travels, came to Miletum to converse with Thales, one of the wise men of Greece, these two walking together upon the Marketplace, one comes to Solon, and tells him, That his Son was dead; being afflicted with this unexpected, as well as unwelcome news, he fell to tearing of his beard, hair, and , and fowling of his face in the dust; immediately a great confluence of People came about him, whom he entertained with howl, and tears; when he had lain long on the ground, and delivered himself up to all manner of expressions of grief, unworthy the Person he sustained, so renowned for gravity and wisdom, Thales bid him be of good courage, for the whole of the Relation was but a contrivance of his, who by this experiment had desired to try whether it was convenient for a wise man to marry, and have Children, as Solon had persuaded him to do; but that now he was sufficiently satisfied it was no way necessary, seeing he perceived that the loss of a Child might occasion a Person famous for wisdom to discover all the signs of a madman. Sabel. Exercit. lib. 3.   

XXVI. Charles the Great, was so great a lover of his Sons and Daughters, that he never dined, and supped without them; he went no whither upon any Journey, but he took them along with him, and when he was asked, why he did not marry his Daughters, and send his Children abroad to see the world, his reply was, That he was not able to bear their absence. Zuinglius Theat. vol. 1.   

XXVII. Artobarzanes resigned the Kingdom of Cappadocia to his Son in the presence of Pompey the Great; the Father had ascended the Tribunal of Pompey, and was invited to sit with him in the Royal Seat, but as soon as he observed his Son to sit with the Secretary in a lower place than his Fortune deserved, he could not endure to see him placed below himself, but descending from his Seat, he placed the Diadem upon his Son's Head and bid him go, and sit in that place from whence he was newly risen; at these words, tears fell from the Eyes of the young man, his body trembled, the Diadem fell from his Head, nor could he endure to go thither where he was commanded; and which is almost beyond all credit, he was glad who gave up his Crown, and he was sorrowful to whom it was given; nor had this glorious strife come to any end, unless Pompey's Authority had joined itself to the Father's will, for he pronounced the Son a King, commanded him to take the Diadem, and compelled him to sit with him in the Throne. Valer. Maxim. p. 152.   

XXVIII. Socrates was one day surprised by Alcibiades, childishly sporting with his Son Lamprochus, and when he was sufficiently derided by Alcibiades upon that account; You have not, said he, such reason as you imagine▪ to laugh so profusely at a Father playing with his Child, seeing you know nothing of that affection which Parents have for their Children; contain yourself then till you come to be a Father yourself when perhaps you will be found as ridiculous as I now seem to be. Lang. Polyan p. 847.   

XXX. Agesilaus was above measure indulgent to his Children, and the Spartans' reproached him, that for the love of his Son Archidamus, he had concerned himself so far as to hinder a just Judgement, and by his intercession for the Malefactors had involved the City in the guilt of being injurious to Greece; he used also at home to ride upon an Hobby-horse with his little Children, and being once by a Friend of his found so doing, He entreated him not to discover that act of his to any man, till such time as he himself was become the Father of Children. Plutarch's Lives.   

XXXI. And though it may be we may not find so many instances in History, of the Love, Reverence, and Piety of Children to their Parents, yet we read of some in all Ages, who have this way entitled themselves to the promise of God, and have thereby had a kind of earnest given them of being worthy and prosperous Persons, as may be seen in divers of the following Examples. Marcus Coriolanus having well deserved of the Commonwealth of Rome, was yet unjustly condemned, whereupon he fled to the Volsci, at that time in Arms against Rome, and being made their chief Commander, he presently rendered himself very formidable to the Romans; Ambassadors were sent to appease him, but to no purpose, the Priests met him with entreaties in their Pontifical Vestments, but were also returned without effect; the Senate was astonished, the People trembled, as well the Men as the Women, bewailing the destruction that now was sure to fall upon them. Then Volumnia the Mother of Coriolanus, taking Volumnia his Wife along with her, and also his Children, went to the Camp of the Volsci, whom as soon as the Son saw, being one that was an entire lover of his Mother, he made haste to embrace her; she angrily said, First, let me know before I suffer myself to be embraced by you, whether I am come to a Son or an Enemy, and whether I am a Captive, or a Mother in your Camp? Much more she added after this manner with tears in her Eyes; he moved with the tears of his Mother, Wife and Children, embracing his Mother, You have conquered, saith he, and my Country hath overcome my just anger, being prevailed upon by the entreaties of her, in whose Womb I was conceived. And so he freed the Roman Fields, and the Romans themselves from the sight and fear of those Enemies he had led against them. Plutarch's Lives. p. 230.   

XXXII. There happened in Italy (saith Causin) as it often happens, a great irruption of Mount Aetna, nowcalled Mount Gibel, it murmurs, burns, belches up flames, and throws out its fiery Entrails, making all the world to fly from it; it happened then, that in this violent, and horrible breach of flames, every one flying, and carrying away what they had most precious with them. Two Sons, the one called Anapias, the other Amphinomus, careful of the wealth and goods of their Houses, reflected on their Father and Mother, both very old, who could not save themselves from the Fire by flight, and where shall we, said they, find a more precious Treasure than those who begat us? The one took up his Father on his Shoulders, the other his Mother, and so made passage through the flames; it is an admirable thing (saith my Author) that Almighty God, in consideration of this Piety, though Pagans did a miracle, for the Monuments of all Antiquity witness, that the devouring flames, stayed at this spectacle, and the fire wasting, and broiling all about them, the way only through which these two Sons passed was tapestry with fresh verdure and greenness, and called afterward by Posterity, The Field of the Pious, in memory of this Accident. Causins' Holy Court. Tom 1.   

XXXIII. There were three Brothers, whoupon the death of the King their Father, fell out amongst themselves about the Succession in the Kingdom, at last they agreed to stand to the judgement, and determination of a Neighbour King, to whom they fully referred the matter; he therefore commanded the dead body of the Father to be fetched out of his Monument, and ordered, that each of them should shoot an Arrow at his heart, and he that hit it, or came the nearest to it, should succeed; the Elder shot first, and his Arrow passed through the Throat of his Father; the second Brother shot his Father into the Breast, but yet miss the heart, the youngest detesting this wickedness, I had rather, said he, yield all to my Brothers, and utterly resign up all my pretences to the Kingdom, than to treat the body of my Father with this Contumely; this saying of his considered, the King passed Sentence, That he alone was worthy of the Kingdom, as having given evidence how much he excelled his Brothers in Virtue, by the Piety he had showed to the dead body of his Father. Leon. Theat. p. 278.   

XXXIV. A Roman Praetor or Judge had sentenced to death a Woman of good birth for a Capital Crime, and had delivered her over to the Triumvir to be killed in Prison; the Jailor that received her, moved with compassion, did not presently strangle her, but permitted her Daughter to come often to her, being first diligently searched, lest she should convey in any sustenance to her, the Jailor expecting that she should die of Famine; when therefore divers days had passed, wondering within himself what it might be that might occasion her to live so long, he one day set himself to observe her Daughter with greater curiosity, and then discovered how with the milk in her Breasts, she allayed the Famine of her Mother; the news of this strange spectacle of the Daughter, suckling her Mother, was by him carried to the Triumvir, and from him to the Praetor, who brought the cause to the Judgement of the Consul, who pardoned the Woman as to the Sentence of death passed upon her, and to preserve the memory of that act, where her Prison stood, they caused an Altar to be erected to Piety. Plinys Nat. Hist.   

XXXV. When the City of Troy was taken, the Greeks did, as became gallant men; for, pitying the misfortune of their Captives, they caused it to be proclaimed, that every free Citizen had liberty to take along with him any one thing that he desired; Aeneas therefore neglecting all other things, carried out with him his Household Gods; the Greeks delighted with the Piety of the man, gave him a further permission to carry out with him any other thing from his House, whereupon he took upon his shoulders his Father, who was grown old and decrepit, and carried him forth; the Grecians were extremely affected with this fight, and deed of his, and thereupon gave him all that was his own, confessing, that nature itself would not suffer them to be enemies, but Friends to such as preserved so great Piety toward Heaven, and so great a Reverence to their Parents. Aelian Var. Hist.   

XXXVI. Otho the second Emperor of Germany, had a Son named Luitolphus, a valiant and haughty young man, who taking offence at his Father's second Marriage, rebelled against him, being assisted by many considerable Persons; hereupon Otho raised a great Army to suppress them, but Luitolphus not finding himself able to encounter his Father in the Field, betook himself to the City of Mentz, where his Father besieged him for the space of threescore days, and severely battered the City, which yet was as valiantly defended against him; but at last the Besieged made a motion for Peace, whereupon a Truce was granted; during which, Luitolphus and his Partisan found an opportunity in the night to leave Mentz, and betake himself to Ratisbone; the Emperor without one days delay, followed them to Ratisbone, which was better fortified, and provided than Mentz, and so the Siege was more difficult and doubtful, and in the Assaults and Sallies, many brave men perished on each side; yet soon after Luitolphus sued to his Father for Peace and Pardon, which the Emperor at length, by the mediation of some Prelates limited to a certain time, wherein his Sons faults, and offences should be examined, and a Treaty should be held to conclude all matters; upon which Luitolphus surrendered the City, and absented himself from his Father's presence, till he saw the issue; but before the time prefixed was expired, the Emperor being hunting, Luitolphus having been convinced, and really sensible of his Fault, without any security from his Father, came before him in the Fields bareheaded, and  and kneeling at his Father's feet, wept; the Father being amazed at this strange, and unexpected rencontre, stood still, and the Son at last recovering his Spirits, entreated him to have compassion on him, acknowledging his faults, and offences to have been very great, and rather deserving a thousand deaths, than any pardon, but being hearty sorry for the same, he like the Prodigal Son, presented himself before his Father, who had also a Father in Heaven, by whom he hoped to be forgiven; and if he would please to grant him his life, he would assure him to be ever after a Loyal and Obedient Son, who lived, and would continually live in a constant sorrow for what was past, and if he intended to deal otherwise with him, he yet desired him to remember, That he was his own flesh, and blood, and that though the offence were only his, yet the just Father must needs bear a part of the punishment inflicted upon the guilty Son, but that in showing mercy, no inconvenience could ensue; and that if he should be inexorable, he should lose the most Obedient Son that ever Father had; having ended these, and many other words to the same effect, he with great humility prostrated himself upon the Earth, expecting his Father's Sentence, either of Life or Death; this struck so great an impression into the Emperor's heart, to hear, and see his Son show such humility, and to shed so many tears, that he could not forbear to do the like; and commanding him to arise from the ground, with joy mixed with tears, both from himself, and his Attendants, he immediately pardoned him, and restored him to his Grace, and Fatherly love, and to the same Offices and Dignities he had before, and from thence forward the Son continued constant in that Loyalty and Duty which he owed to his Father, and Sovereign Lord, so long as they lived together. Imperial. Hist. p. 423.   

XXXVII. A Son of the Lord Montpensier, an Italian, going to Puzzuolo to visit the Sepulchre of his Father, was so overcharged with Passion, that after he had washed all the parts of his Monument with his lamentable Tears, he fainted, and fell down dead upon the Sepulchre of his Father. Guichardine Ital. Hist. p. 261.   

XXXVIII. Decimus; Emperor of Rome, had a purpose, and earnest desire to set the Crown upon the head of his Son Decius, out he utterly refused it, saying, I fear lest being made an Emperor, I should forget that I am a Son, I had rather be no Emperor, and a dutiful Son, than an Emperor, and such a Son as hath forsaken his due obedience; let then my Father bear the Rule, and let this be my Empire to obey with all humility whatsoever he shall command me; By this means the Solemnity was put off, and the young Man was not Crowned, unless you will say, that his signal Piety towards his Parent, was a more glorious Crown to him, than that which consisted of Gold and Jewels. Valer. Maxim. lib. 4.   

XXXIX. In the Civil Wars of Rome, between Augustus, and Mark Anthony, as it often falls out, that Fathers, & Sons, & Brothers & Brothers take contrary part, so in that last Battle at Actium, where Augustus was Conqueror, when the Prisoners, as the Custom is, were counted up, Metellus was brought to Octavianus, whose face, tho much changed by anxiety and imprisonment, was known by Metellus his Son, who had been on the contrary part; withtears therefore he runs into the embraces of his Father, and then turning to Augustus; This thy Enemy, said he, hath deserved death, but I am worthy of some reward for the service I have done thee; I therefore beseech thee instead of that which is owing me, that thou wouldst preserve this man, and cause me to be killed in his stead; Augustus moved with this piety, though a great Enemy, gave to the Son the life of the Father. Lonic. Theat. 273.   

XL. Demetrius the King of Asia, and Macedonia, was taken Prisoner in Battle by Seleucus King of Syria; after which Antigonus his Son was the quiet possessor of his Kingdom, yet did he change the Royal Purple into a mourning habit, and in continual tears sent abroad his Ambassadors to the Neighbouring Kings, that they would interpose in his Father's behalf for the obtaining of his Liberty; he also sent to Seleucus, and promised him the Kingdom, and himself as an hostage and security, if he would free his Father from Prison; after he knew that his Father was dead, he set forth a great Navy, and went out to receive the body of the deceased, which by Seleucus was sent toward Macedonia; he received it with such mournful Solemnity, and so many tears, as turned all men into wonder and compassion, Antigonus stood in the Poop of a great Ship built for that purpose, clothed in black, bewailing his dead Father; the Ashes were enclosed in a golden Urn, over which he stood, a continual, and disconsolate Spectator; he caused to be sung the Virtues, and Noble Achievements of the deceased Prince, with voices formed to Piety and Lamentation; the Rowers also in the Galleys, so ordered the strokes of their Oars, that they kept time with the mournful voices of the others; in this manner the Navy came near to Corinth, so that the Rocks and Shores themselves seemed to be moved to mourning. Plutarch's Lives. Thus far of Paternal, and Filial Love, let us proceed to that between Brethren.   

XLI. It is usually counted rare to see Brothers live together in mutual love and agreement with each other, and it is likewise commonly observed; that their Animosities have been managed with greater rancour & bitterness, than if they had been the greatest Strangers; on the other side where this Fraternal Love has rightly seated itself in the Soul, it has appeared as real and vigorous as any other sort of Love whatsoever; of which there want not very remarkable Instances. In the year 1585. the Portugal Ship, called St. Jago, was cast away upon the Shallows near St. Laurence, and towards the Coast of Mosambique; here it was that divers Persons had leapt into the great Boat to save their lives, and finding that it was overburdened, they chose a Captain, whom they swore to obey, who caused them to cast Lots, and such as the Lot fell upon to be cast overboard; there was one of those that in Portugal are called New Christians, who being allotted to be cast overboard into the Sea, had a younger Brother in the same Boat, that suddenly risen up, and desired the Captain that he would pardon, and make free his Brother, and let him supply his place; saying, My Brother is elder, and of better knowledge in the World than I, and therefore more fit to live in the World, and to help my Sisters and Friends in their need, so that Thad rather die for him, than live without him; at which request they saved the elder Brother, and threw the younger at his own desire into the Sea, who swum at least six hours after the Boat; and though they held up their hands with naked Swords, willing him that he should not once come to touch the Boat; yet laying hold thereon, and having his hand half cut in two, he would not let go, so that in the end, they were constrained to take him in again; both these Brethren I knew (saith my Author) and have been in company with them. Linschotens Voyages. p. 147.   

XLII. When the Emperor Augustus had taken Adiatoriges, a Prince of Cappadocia, together with his Wife and Children in War, and had led them to Rome in Triumph, he gave order that the Father, & the elder of the Brothers should be slain. The designed Ministers of this Execution were come to the place of restraint, to this unfortunate Family, and there enquiring which of the Brethren was the eldest, there arose a vehement and earnest contention between the two young Princes, each of them affirming himself to be the Elder, that by his death he might preserve the life of the other; when they had long continued in this pious Emulation, the Mother at last, not without difficulty, persuaded her Son Dyetentus, that he would permit his younger Brother to die in his stead, as hoping that by him she might be more probably maintained. Augustus was at length certified of this great example of Brotherly love, and not only lamented that act of his severity, but gave an honourable support to the Mother, and her surviving Son. heywood's Hist. Women.   

XLIII. Heliodorus the Britain, had afterward the Surname of Pius upon this occasion; the People provoked with the Cruelty, and Avarice of Archigallus, had deposed him, and raised Heliodorus to the Throne of his Brother; one time when the King went on hunting, he accidentally met with his Brother Archigallus in a Wood, whose altered visage, and ragged , gave sufficient evidence of his afflicted condition; as soon as the King knew him, though he was not ignorant how he had sought his Restoration both by force and fraud, yet he lovingly embraced him, and caused him privately to be conveyed into the City. The King pretended he was sick, and giving forth that he would dispose of the Affairs of the Realm by his last Will and Testament, he called his Nobles together, he then signified that he would confer in private with each of them singly, and as every man entered into his Chamber, he caused him to be laid hold on, threatening him with death, if he would not consent to the sparing of his Brother, and that he should resign the Throne and Kingdom to him, having by this means gained an universal assent, he then opened the business in the presence of them altogether, so that Archigallus was restored to the Kingdom, and he dying in few years, Heliodorus succeeded him with equal Justice and Glory. Fulgosus Examples, p. 634.   

XLIV. There was a Soldier in the Camp of Pompeius, who in the War with Sertorius, perceiving a Soldier on the other side to press hard upon him, he sought with him hand to hand, and having slain him, he went about to strip him of his Arms, which when he had done, he found it was his Brother, who had fallen under him, whereupon having a long time cursed his unhappy Fate, he carried his dead Brother into the Camp, and having covered the Body with a precious Garment, he laid the Corpse upon the Funeral Pile, and put fire to it; which done, he immediately drew the same Sword wherewith he had slain his Brother, and thrust it into his own Breast, and so falling prostrate upon the dead Body of his Brother, they were both burned together. Valerius Maximus, p. 146.   

XLV. There was a report (though a false one) that Eumenes King of Asia, was slain by the fraud of Perseus, upon the news whereof, his Brother Attalus seized upon the Crown, and married the Wife of his Brother, but being informed of Eumenes his return, he went forth to meet him, not without apprehensions of fear, in regard of what he had done in his absence; Eumenes made no show of his displeasure, only whispered him in the Ear; That before he married another Man's Wife, he should besure her Husband was dead. This was all, and not long after dying, though by his Wife he had a Son of his own, yet he left the Kingdom to his Brother, together with the Queen his Wife. Attalus on the other side, that he might not be surpassed in Brotherly love, though he had many Children by his own Wife, yet he educated that Son she had by Eumenes, to the hope of the Kingdom, and when he came of sufficient Age, freely resigned up all to him, and lived a private life many years after. Burtons' Melancholy. p. 564.   

XLVI. Darius' King of Persia, being extremely provoked by Crimes of an extraordinary nature, had pronounced Sentence of death upon Ithaphernes, his Children, and the whole Family of them at once; the Wife of Ithaphernes went to the King's Palace, and there all in tears, was so loud in her mournful Lamentations, that her cries coming to the King's Ear, moved him in such manner to compassion, that the King sent her word, That with her own, he gave her the life of any single Person whom she would make choice of among the condemned; the Woman begged the life of her Brother; Darius wondered that she should rather ask his life; than that of her Husband, or any of her Children; and therefore asked her the reason; who replied, That since her Father was dead, she could never hope for a Brother more, if she should lose this, but that herself being but young as yet, might hope for another Husband, and other Children; Darius was moved with this answer, and being inclined to Brotherly love, as well as prudence, he gave her also the life of her eldest Son. Heywoods' Hist. Women.   

XLVII. Tiberius' being at Ticinum, and hearing that his Brother Drusus lay sick in Germany, he immediately put himself on an hasty Journey to give him a visit; he passed the Alps, and the Rhine, and changing his Horse night and day, he traveled outright two hundred miles with only one Person in his Company as his Guide; Drusus though at that time labouring for life, being informed of his coming, commanded his Legions with their Ensigns to march out, and meet him, and to salute him by the Title of Imperator, or Emperor; he ordered a Praetorial Tent to be erected for him on the right hand of his own, and gave him the Confular, and Imperial name; at the same time yielding this honour to his Brother, and his Body to death. Valerius Maximus, p. 146.   

XLVIII. Great was the love of Timolaeon the Corinthian to his Brother, for when in a Battle with the Argives, he saw his Brother fall down dead with the wounds he had received, he leapt over the dead body of his Brother, and with his Shield he protected the body as it lay; and though in this enterprise he was sore wounded himself, yet would he not retreat into any place of safety, till such time as he had seen the dead body of his Brother carried off from the Field. Fulgosus lib. 5.   

XLIX. Neither has the extraordinary Love of Servants toward their Masters, wanted great Examples, some of whom have discovered eminent Fidelity, and Virtue, so that Fortune may seem to have treated them injuriously, not to allot them as great advantages as their Masters they lived under; for we read, that the Servant of Vrbinius Panopion, knowing that the Soldiers commissioned to kill his Master, were come to his House at Reatina, changed  with him, and having put his Master's Ring upon his Finger, he sent him out at a postern door, but went himself to the Chamber, and threw himself upon the Bed, where he was slain in his Master's stead; Panopion by this means escaped; and afterwards when the times would permit it, erected a Noble Monument, with a due inscription in memory of the true Fidelity of so good a Servant. Lipsius' Monitor, p. 332.   

L. The Hungarians had conspired against Sigismond, King of Hungary and Bohemia, but the Plot being discovered, the principal persons were all taken, brought to Buda, and there beheaded; Stephanus Contius was the chief of these Conspirators, who having thereupon lost his Head, Chioka his Esquire lamented the death of his Lord with such outcries, that the King took notice of him, and said unto him, I am now become thy Lord and Master, and it is in my power to do thee much more good than can be expected from that headless Trunk; To whom the young man replied; I will never be the Servant of a Bohemian Hog, I had rather be torn into a thousand pieces, than to desert a Master of so great Magnanimity as all the Bohemians together are not able to equal. And thereupon he voluntarily laid down his Head on the block, and had it severed from his Shoulders, that he might no longer survive his Master. Zuinglius Theat. p. 215.   

LI. Grimoaldus, Duke of Benevento, was invited by Gondibert King of the Lombard's to assist him against Partharis his Brother; he came accordingly, and having thrown out the one, he slew the other Brother he came to defend, and so made himself King of Lombardy, and when he knew that Partharis was retreated to Calanus Duke of Bavaria, he wrought so, that he was expelled from thence; Partharis not knowing whither to betake himself in safety, comes as a suppliant, and commits himself to the faith of Grimoaldus, but he observing that numbers of his Subjects flocked daily to visit him, and fearing lest by the favour of the People he should some time or other recover the Kingdom, not regarding his Oath, he resolved to make him away, and that he might perform it with less noise and tumult, he intended first to make him drunk, and then send his Guards to cut his Throat, while he lay buried in Wine and sleep. This Counsel of his was not so privately carried, but that it came to the ear of Partharis, he therefore commands his Cupbearer to give him Water constantly instead of Wine, lest his troubled head should prove unmindful of the danger he was in, nor could he abstain altogether from drinking, lest Grimoaldus his Spies should discover that he had intimation of his Intentions; the better therefore to colour the matter, after large drinking he caused himself to be carried by his Servants into his Chamber, as if to sleep out his debauch; there he consults with Hunulphus his most faithful Servant, who thought it not safe to go forth, since the Servants of Grimoaldus stood watching at the Gate; but in regard necessity compelled, and that there was no other way of escape, he order it thus, he covers his Head and Shoulders with the skin of a Bear, which was there by chance, after the manner of a Country Clown, and lays upon his back a Mattress, as if he was a Porter, to carry it away, and then with good blows of a Cudgel drove him out of the Chamber; by this Contrivance he passed unknown through the Guards, and accompanied with one Servant, got safe into France; about midnight the Guards came to kill Partharis, but were opposed by Hunulphus, who besought them not to disturb the rest of his Master now sleeping, but to suffer him to sleep out the large drinking he had that night; twice they were thus put back, but the third time they broke by force into the Chamber, and not finding Partharis, whom they had determined to kill, they inquire of Hunulphus what was become of him, who told them plainly he was fled, and confessed that himself was the contriver of his flight; Grimoaldus admiring his fidelity, who to save his Master, had cast himself into such manifest danger of his life, freed him from that punishment, that all cried he was worthy of, and with many promises alured him that from thenceforth he would change Masters, and serve him with the like fidelity as he had done the former. Dinoth. Memorab. p. 301.   

LII. There was a Citizen of Rome condemned by the Sentence of the Triumvirate, who for fear of his life fled, and hid himself in a Cave of the Earth; one of his Servants observed the approach of them that came to murder him, and having thereupon advised him to retire to the lowest, and most secret part of the Cave, he himself put on his Master's Gown, pretending to the Pursuers, that he was the Person they sought after, being desirous to save the life of his Patron, with the loss of his own; but one of his fellow Servants betrayed him in this officious Design, so that the Master was fetched out of his hiding place and slain, when this was known to the People of Rome, they would not be satisfied, till the betrayer of his Master was Crucified, and he that attempted to save him, was set at liberty. Dinoth. p. 293.   

LIII. The Tyrians having maintained long Wars against the Persians were much weakened thereby, which occasioned their slaves, being many in number, to rise against their Masters, whom they put all to the Sword, together with their Children, and then seized upon their Houses, together with their Wives, whom they Married; only one of these slaves being more merciful than the rest, spared his Master Straton, and his Son, and hide them; the slaves having thus got possession of all, consulted together to choose a King, and concluded that he who could first discern the Sun at his rising, should be King, whereupon the forementioned slave consulted with his Master about the business, who advised him, when others looked into the East, that he should look into the West, for which he was well scoffed at by his Companions; but presently he espied the Sunbeams shining upon the high Towers and Chimneys in the City, and so challenged the Kingdom; his Companions would needs know who taught him his wit, at last he told them, whereupon fetching out old Straton, they gave him not only his life, but elected him their King, who having once been a Master, and free born, they thought was fittest to rule all the rest that were slaves. Justin. Hist. lib. 18.   

LIV. Menenius was in the number of those that were condemned by the Triumvirate, and when a Servant of his perceived that his Master's House was enclosed with a company of Soldiers that came to kill him, he caused himself to be put into a Litter, wherein his Master used to be carried, and ordered some of his fellow Servants to carry him forth in it; the Soldiers supposing that it was Menenius himself, slew him there; whereupon looking no farther, his Master clothed in a Servants habit, had the means and opportunity to escape into Italy. Fulgosus Ex. lib. 8.   

LV. These are the instances of such Servants, as no consideration whatsoever could move to disloyalty, or infidelity toward their Masters; such examples as these are few and rare, whereas the world is full of those of the contrary, of which I shall conclude with one instance, of a Servant who was not altogether of so virtuous an humour as the aforenamed. Lewis the Twelfth of France, going to Bayon, lay in a Village called Espernon, near Bourdeaux; now upon the great Road between these two places, the Bailiff had built a very noble House; the King thought it very strange that in a Country so bare and barren as that was, and amongst Downs and Sands that would bear nothing, the Bailiff should build so fine a House, and at Supper was speaking of it to the Chamberlain of his Household; who made answer, that the Bailiff was a rich man, which the King not knowing how to believe, considering the wretched Country his House was seated in, he immediately sent for him, and said unto him these words, Come on Bailiff, and tell me why you did not build your fine House in some place where the Country was good and fruitful; Sir, answered the Bailiff, I was born in this Country, and find it very good for me; are you so rich, said the King, as they tell me you are; I am not poor, replied the other, I have, blessed be God, wherewithal to live; the King then asked him how it was possible he should grow so rich in so pitiful a barren Country; why, very easily, replied the Bailiff; tell me which way then said the King, marry Sir, replied the other, because I have ever had more care to do my own business than that of my Masters, or my Neighbours; the Devil refuse me, said the King, (for that was always his Oath) thy reason is very good for doing so, and rising betimes, thou couldst not choose but thrive. Montluc. Comment.   

LVI. Great hath been the love and strictness of some Persons in their Religion, as well Christians as Heathens, and their Reverence and regard toward it, and it had been highly commendable in the last, had their Devotions been better directed; in the mean time they shame us by being more zealous in their Superstition, than we are in the true Religion. In the Reign of Honorius the Emperor, by the perfidiousness of Stilicon, Alaricus King of the Goths, was brought into Italy with a mighty Army, who set upon the City of Rome itself, and took it; and though he was a Man of blood, both by nature and custom, yet such a Reverence had he to Religion, that before he would permit his Soldiers the plunder of the City, by sound of Trumpet he caused his Edict to be proclaimed, That as well the Goods as Lives of all those should be safe, that had retreated into any of the Churches which were consecrated to the Apostles. Monsieur Heralds Discourses. p. 120.   

LVII. Pansanias the King of Sparta, and at that time the General of all Greece, in that famous Battle of Platea, where all the Grecian safety was disputed, when the Enemy drew on, and provoked him, he restrained, and kept in his Soldiers, till such time as the Gods being consulted by Sacrifice, had given encouragement to begin the Fight; this was somewhat long in the performance, so that in the mean time the Enemy interpreting this delay as an effect of fear, began to press hard upon him, so that many of the Greeks fell, yet would he not suffer in this extremity a single Javelin to be thrown against them, but multiplying the Sacrifices, he at last lift up his hands to Heaven, and prayed, That if the Fates had determined that the Grecians should not overcome, yet at least it might please Heaven that they might not die unrevenged, nor without performing some famous and memorable exploit upon their Enemies; He was heard, and strait the bowels of the Sacrifice promised him success; he marched out, and obtained the Victory; but what a Soul was that? how fixed and earnest in the Holy Rites of his Country? that chose rather to be butchered and slain, than to draw a Sword, while the Gods seemed unwilling. Herodotus Hist.   

LVIII. The Egyptians worshipped Dogs, the Indian Rat, the Cat, Hawk, Wolf, and Crocodile, as their Gods, and observed them with that kind of Religion and Veneration, that if any man whatsoever knowingly, or otherwise killed any of these, it was death to him without mercy; as a Roman Citizen found to his cost in the time of Diodorus Siculus, who writes it, and avouches himself to be a Spectator and witness of what follows; at such a time, saith he, as Ptolomeus, whom the Romans afterward restored to the Kingdom, was first of all styled the Associate and Friend of the Senate, and People of Rome, there was a public Rejoicing, and a mighty concourse of People; it happened that in a great crowd, amongst others there were some Romans, and with them a Soldier, who by chance, and not willingly had killed a Cat, upon which there was presently a great cry, and a sudden fury and tumult arose; to pacify which, neither the ignorance of the miserable wretch, nor any Reverence of the Roman Name, no not the command of the King himself, who had sent the chiefest of his Nobles to appease it, none of all these availed the poor man, but that he was immediately pulled in pieces by a thousand hands, so that nothing of him was left either to bury, or to burn; so far had their Superstition, and Reverence, even for such a ridiculous Worship, transported these barbarous Souls. Lipsius' Monitor. p. 10.   

LIX. When Antiochus had besieged Jerusalem, at such time as the Feast of Tabernacles was to be celebrated, and the People of that City had besought him for a Truce of seven days, that they might securely attend upon that Solemnity, he not only granted, but faithfully performed it, and likewise caused a Bull with guilded Horns, together with Incense and Perfumes, and divers Vessels of Gold to be conveyed to the Gates, and delivered into the hands of the Priests, and desired they might be offered unto God; the Jews were so exceedingly moved with this unexpected Benignity, that they yielded themselves, and all that they had to Antiochus. Lipsius' Monit. p. 9   

LX. When Jerusalem was besieged by Pompey the Great, upon the day of their Sabbath, though the Jews saw the Romans busied in their preparations against them, and were ready to assault them, though they had advanced their Ensigns upon their Walls, though they had entered the City, and slew indifferently all they met, yet did this People make no resistance, but performed their usual Sacrifice as in time of Peace, and upon no account could be drawn to violate the rest of their Sabbath, though for the preservation of their Lives and Estates. Josephus Hist. p. 567.   

LXI. Pontius Pilate being sent by Tiberius to be Governor over the Jews, caused in the night time the Statue of Caesar to be brought into Jerusalem covered, which thing within 3 days after caused a great Tumult among the Jews, for they who beheld it, were astonished, and moved, as though now the Law of their Country were profaned, for they hold it not lawful for any Picture or Image to be brought into the City; at their Lamentation who were in the City, there were gathered together a great multitude out of the Fields adjoining, and they went presently to Pilate then at Caesarea, beseeching him earnestly that the Images might be taken away out of Jerusalem, and that the Law of their Country might remain inviolate, and when Pilate denied their Suit, they prostrated themselves before his House, and there remained lying upon their Faces for five days and nights, never moving; afterward Pilate sitting in his Tribunal, was very careful to call the Jews together before him, as if he would have there given them an answer, when upon the sudden a Company of Armed Soldiers, according to appointment, compassed the Jews about with a Triple Rank; the Jews were hereat amazed, seeing that which they expected not, than Pilate told them, That unless they would receive the Images of Caesar, he would kill them all, and to that end made a sign to the Soldiers to draw their Swords; the Jews, as though they agreed thereto, fell all down at once, and offered their naked Necks to the stroke of the Sword, crying out, That they would rather lose their lives, than suffer their Religion to be profaned; then Pilate admiring their constancy, and the strictness of that People in their Religion, presently commanded the Statues to be taken out of the City of Jerusalem. Josephus Hist. lib. 2.   

LXII. When King Etheldred, and his Brother Alfred had encountered the Danes a whole day, being parted by the night▪ early the next morning the Battle was re●…wed, and Alfred being in fight with the Danes, sent to his Brother to make all possible speed to help him, but he being in his Tent at his Devotions, refused to come till he had ended; having finished, he entered the Battle, relieved the staggering Host, and had a glorious Victory over his Enemies. Malnsburys Chronicle, p. 23.   

LXIII. Fulco Earl of Anjou in his old age, minding the welfare of his Soul, according to the Religion of those days went on Pilgrimage to Jerusalem, and having bound his Servants by Oath to do what he should require, was by them drawn naked to Christ's Sepulchre; the Pagans looking on, while one drew him with a wooden yoke put about his neck, the other whipped him on the naked back, he in the mean time saying, Receive O Lord a miserable Perjured and Runaway Servant, vouchsafe to receive my Soul O Lord Christ. Malmsoury, p. 23.   

LXIV. When the Duke of Saxony made great Preparations for War against a Pious and devout Bishop of Magdenburg, the Bishop not regarding his defence, applied himself to his Episcopal Function in the visiting, and well governing of his Church; and when it was told him that the Duke was in his march against him, he replied; I will take care of the Reformation of my Churches, and leave unto God the care of my safety, the Duke had a Spy in the City, who hearing of this answer of the Bishops, gave his Master a speedy account thereof; the Duke having received this Information, did thereupon dismiss his Army, and left off his expedition, saying, He would not fight against him, who had God to fight for him. Chetwind Hist. Collect. p. 442.   

LXV. Bishop Ridley offering to Preach before the Lady Mary (afterward Queen Mary) and receiving a repulse, was brought by Sir Thomas Wharton, her Servant into the Dining Room, and desired to drink, which when he had done, he paused a while, looking very sadly, and suddenly broke forth into these words; Surely I have done amiss; why so? quoth the Knight; because I have drank (saith he) in that place where God's Word being offered, hath been refused; whereas if I had remembered my duty, I should have departed immediately, and shaken off the dust from my Shoes for a testmony against this House. These words were by this Bishop spoken with so much zeal and fervency, that some of the hearers afterward affirmed that the Hair on their Heads stood upright at them. Clarks Examp. 2 Vol. p. 762.   

LXVI. The veracity likewise of some Persons, and their great love to Truth, and hatred of Flattery and Falsehood, hath been very remarkable; The Emperor Constantius had besieged Beneventum, when Romualdus the Duke thereof, dispatched Geswaldus privately to Grimoaldus, the King of Lombardy, the Duke's Father, to desire him to come with an Army to the assistance of his Son, which he obtained, and was sent away before by Grimoaldus, to let his Son know, that he was coming with some Troops to his Aid; but in his return, by misfortune he fell amongst the Enemies, who being informed of the Auxiliary Forces that were upon their march were in hope to have Beneventum yielded to them before their arrival, if they could make Romualdus to despair of being relieved; to this purpose they ordered Geswaldus to speak to them what they bid him, and led him to the Walls, but when he came thither, he declared the whole truth to the Besieged, and gave them to understand, that ere long Grimoaldus would be with them with a considerable Army; this cost Geswaldus his life, and the Imperialists raised their Siege the next day after. Fulgosus Ex. p. 425.   

LXVII. The Duke of Ossuna as he passed by Barcelona, having got leave of his Majesty to release some Slaves, he went aboard the Cape Gally, and passing through the benches of Slaves, he asked divers of them what their offences were, every one excused himself, one saying, That he was put in out of malice, another by bribery of the Judge, but all of them unjustly; among the rest there was one little sturdy black Fellow, and the Duke ask him what he was in for, Sir, said he, I cannot deny but I am justly put in here, for I wanted Money, and so took a Purse hard by Tarragona, to keep me from starving; The Duke with a little staff he had in his Hand, gave him two or three blows upon the shoulders, saying, You Rogue what do you do among so many honest innocent men, get you gone out of their Company. So he was freed, and the rest remained there, still to tug at the Oar; Howels Letters. p. 32.   

LXVIII. When I lived at Vtricht (saith Mr. Peachman) the reply of that valiant Gentleman Colonel edmond's, was much spoken of, there came a Country man of his out of Scotland, who desiring to be entertained by him, told him, That my Lord his Father, and such Knights and Gentlemen, his Cousin and Kinsmen were in good health; Colonel edmond's turning to his Friends then by, gentlemans, says he, believe not one word he says, my Father is but a poor Baker in Edinburgh, and works hard for his living, whom this Knave would make a Lord, to curry favour with me, and make you believe I am a great man born, when there is no such matter. Peachmans' Complete Gentleman, p. 5.   

LXVIX. It is said of Augustus Caesar, that after a long inquiry into all the parts of his Empire; he found but one man who was accounted never to have told a Lie, for which cause he was judged to be capable & worthy to be the chief Sacrificer in the Temple. Cornelius Nepos remembers of Titus Pomponius Atticus, a Knight of Rome, and familiar Friend to Tully, that he was never known to speak an untruth, neither but with great impatience to hear one related; his uprightness was so remarkable, that not only private men made suit to him, that they might commit their whole Estate to his Trust, but even the Senate themselves besought him, that he would take the management of divers Offices into his Charge. Heraclides in his History of the Abbot Idur, speaks of him as a Person extremely devoted to truth, and gives him this threefold commendation, That he was never known to tell a Lie, that he was never heard to speak ill of any man, and lastly, that he used not to speak at all, but when necessity required. Xenocrates the Philosopher was known to be a man of that Fidelity and Truth in speaking, that whereas no man's Testimony might be taken in any cause, but upon Oath; yet the Athenians, among whom he lived, gave to him alone this privilege, That his Evidence should be lawful and good without swearing. Laert. Vit. Philos.   

LXX. One who was designed for an Agent and Ambassador, waited upon the knowing and experienced Lord Wentworth for some direction in his Conduct and Carriage, to whom he thus delivered himself, To secure yourself, and serve your Country, you must at all times, and upon allocations speak Truth, for, saith he, you will never be believed, and by this means your speaking Truth will both secure yourself, if you be questioned, and put those you deal with to a great loss, who will still act contrary to what you declare in all their inquiries and undertake. Albertus' the Popish Archbishop of Mentz, reading by chance in the Bible, one of his Council coming in, asked him, what his Highness did with that Book? The Archbishop answered; I know not what this Book is, but I am sure that all which is written therein is quite against us. Luther Coll. p. 11.   

LXXI. When Aristobulus the Historian presented to Alexander the Great, a Book that he had writ of his Glorious Achievements, wherein he had flatteringly made him greater than he was; Alexander after he had read the Book, threw it into the River Hydaspis', and told the Author, That it were a good deed to throw him in after it, the same Prince did also chase a certain Philosopher out of his presence, because he had long lived with him, and yet never reproved him for any of his Vices and Faults. Maximilian the first, Emperor of Germany, though he might be desirous to be famous to Posterity for his Noble Actions and Achievements, yet he was very averse, and afraid to be praised to his face; when therefore on a time divers eloquent and learned men did highly extol him with mighty praises in their Panegyrics, he commanded Cuspinianus to return them an answer extempore, and withal, take heed, said he, that you praise me not, for a man's own Praises from his own mouth carry but an evil savour with them; It is written of our Henry 5. that he had something of Caesar in him, which Alexander the Great had not, that he would not be drunk; and something of Alexander the Great, that Caesar had not, that he would not be flattered. Cambdens' Remains, p. 228.   

LXXII. Pambo came to a learned man, and desired him to teach him some Psalm, who began to read unto him the 39th Psalm, and the first verse, I said I will look to my ways, that I not offend with my Tongue; Pambo shut the Book, and took his leave, saying, he would go learn that point, and having absented himself for some months, he was demanded by his Teacher when he would go forward, he answered, That he had not yet learned his old Lesson, to speak in such a manner as not to offend with his Tongue. Sueton. Hist.   

LXXIII. Some men have been also famous for being great Lovers, and Promoters of Peace, for though the frantic world hath generally made Darlings of such as have been clad in Steel, the destroyers of Cities, the suckers of Humane blood, and such as have imprinted the deepest scars upon the Face of the Universe, though these are the men it hath Crowned with Laurels, advanced to Thrones, and flattered with the misbecoming Titles of Hero's and Gods, while the Sons of Peace are remitted to the cold entertainment of their own Virtues, yet there have ever been some who have found so many Heavenly Beauties in the face of Peace, that they have been contented to love that sweet Virgin for herself, and to court her without the consideration of any Additional Dowry. For we read, that Otho the Emperor, when he saw that he must either lay down the Empire, or else maintain himself in the possession thereof by the blood and slaughter of a number of Citizens, he determined with himself to die a voluntary death; and when his Friends and Soldiers desired him, that he would not so soon begin to despair of the event of the War, he replied, That his life to him, was not of that value as to occasion a Civil War for the defence of it; who can choose but admire that such a Spirit as this should be found in an Heathen Prince, and he too not above thirty years of Age. Erasmus Apotheg.   

LXXIV. The Inhabitants of the Islands of Borneo not far from the Molucca's in the East-Indies, live in such detestation of War, and are so great lovers of Peace, that they hold their King in no other Veneration than that of a God, so long as he studies to preserve them in Peace; but if he discover inclinations to War, they never leave till he is fallen in Battle under the Arms of his Enemies; so soon as he is slain, they set upon the Enemy with all imaginable fierceness, as men that fight for their Liberty, and for such a King as will be a great lover of Peace; nor was there ever any King known amongst them that was the persuader, or Author of a War, but he was deserted by them, and suffered to fall under the Sword of the Enemy. Dinoth. Memor. p. 76.   

LXXV. Constantius the Emperor observing such differences among the Fathers of the Church, called the Council of Nice, at which also himself was present; at this time divers little Books were brought to him, containing their mutual complaints and accusations of each other, all which he received as one that intended to read, and take cognizance of them all; but when he found he had received as many as were intended to be offered, he bond them up in one bundle, and protesting, That he had not so much as looked into any one of them, he burned them all in the sight of the Fathers, giving them moreover a serious exhortation to Peace, and a cordial agreement among themselves. Chetwinds Hist. Coll. p. 42.   

LXXVI. It is reported of Julius Caesar to his great commendation, that after the defeat of Pompey the Great, he had in his custody a Castle, wherein he found divers Letters, written by most of the Nobles of Rome under their own hands, which gave sufficient evidence to condemn them, but he burned them all, that no Monument might remain of a future Grudge, and that no man might be driven to extremities, or to break the Peace through any apprehensions, that he lived suspected, or should therefore be hated. Roger's Pen. Citizen. p. 70.   

LXXVII. James King of Arragon, was a great Enemy to Contentions, and Contentious Lawyers, insomuch as having heard many complaints against Semenus Rada, a great Lawyer, who by his Quirks and Wiles had been injurious, as well as troublesome to many, he banished him his Kingdom, as a man that was not to be endured to live in a place, to the Peace of which he was so great an Enemy. Clarks Mirror. p. 343. At Fez in Africa, they have neither Lawyers nor Advocates, but if there be any Controversy amongst them, both Parties, Plaintiff, and Defendant come before the chief Judge, and all at once, without any further appeals, or pitiful delays the cause is heard and ended. Burtons' Melancholy. Servius Sulpitius was an Heathen Lawyer, but an excellent Person; it is said of him, that he respected Equity and Peace in all that he did, and always sought rather to compose differences; than to multiply Suits in Law. Clarks Examples, p. 344.   

LXXVIII. It is noted of Photion a most excellent Captain of the Athenians, that although for his military ability and success, he was chosen forty and five times General of their Armies by universal approbation, yet he himself did ever persuade them to Peace. Flutarchs' Lives. I read of the Sister of Edward the Third, King of England (saith Mr. Trenchfield) who was Married to David King of Scots, that she was familiarly called, Jane make peace, both for her earnest and successful endeavours therein. Trenchfield Hist. Inproved. p. 67. Sertorius the more he prospered and prevailed in his Wars in Spain, the more importunate he was with Metellus and Pompey (the Roman Generals that came against him) that laying down arms, they would give him leave to live in peace, and to return into Italy again, professing he preferred a private life there, before the Government of many Cities. Plutarch. Vit. Sert.   

LXXIX. The lovers of Justice, and impartial Administrators thereof have been likewise famous in all Ages, and the Persons hereafter mentioned were great lovers, and observers of this excellent virtue, which is of so much advantage to mankind. Herkenbald, a Man mighty, noble, and famous, had no respect of Persons in Judgement, but condemned and punished with as great severity the rich, and his own Kindred, as the poor, and those whom he knew least in the world; being once very sick, and keeping his Bed, he heard a great bustle in a Chamber, next to that wherein he lay, and withal a Woman crying, and shrieking out; he inquired of his Servants what the matter was; but they all concealed the Truth from him; at last one of his Pages being severely threatened by him, and told that he would cause his Eyes to be pulled out of his head, if he did not tell him plainly what all that stir was, told him in few words, My Lord, said he, your Nephew hath ravished a Maid, and that was the noise you heard; The Fact being examined, and plainly proved, Herkenbald condemned his dear Nephew to be hanged, till he should be dead, but the Officer who had the charge to execute the Sentence, seeming as if he had been very willing, and forward to do it, went presently, and gave the young man notice of all that had passed, wishing him to keep out of the way awhile, and some few hours after, he comes again to his sick Lord, and affirms contrary to truth, that he had put his sentence in Execution, and that the young man was dead; about five days after the young Gentleman thinking his Uncle had forgotten all, came, and peeped in at his Chamber door; the Uncle having espied him, calls him by his name, and with fair words enticeth him to his Bed's head, till he was within his reach, and then suddenly catching him by the locks with the left hand, and pulling him forcibly to him with his right hand, he gave him such a ready blow into the Throat with a Knife, that he died instantly; so great was the love that this Nobleman bore to Justice. Camerarius Meditat. p 468.   

LXXX. Sir John Markham was Knighted by King Edward the Fourth, and by him made Lord Chief Justice of the King's Bench; at which time one Sir Thomas Cook, late Lord Mayor of London, and Knight of the Bath, a man of a great Estate, was agreed upon to be accused of High Treason, and a Commission issued out to try him in Guildhall. The King himself, by private instructions to the Judge, appeared so far in the cause, that Cook though he was never so innocent, must be found guilty, and if the Law were too short, the Judge must stretch it to the King's purpose. The fault they laid to his charge, was for lending moneys to Queen Margaret, Wife to King Henry the sixth, the proof was the confession of one Hawkins, who was racked in the Tower; Sir Thomas Cook pleaded that Hawkins came indeed to request him to lend a Thousand Marks upon good security, but that understanding who it was for, he had sent him away with a refusal. The Judge declared that this proof reached not to a charge of High-Treason, and that Misprision of Treason was the highest it could amount to, and intimated to the Jury to be tender in matter of life, and discharging good consciences, upon which they found it accordingly only Misprision; for which the Judge was turned out of his Place, and lived privately the rest of his days, and gloried in this, That though the King could make him no Judge, yet he could not make him no upright Judge. Fuller's H. State. p. 263.   

LXXXI. Charles the bold Duke of Burgundy, and Earl of Flanders, had a Nobleman in special favour with him, to whom he had committed the Government of a Town in Zealand, where living in a great deal of ease, he fell in love with a Woman of a beautiful body, and a mind and manners no whit inferior; he passed and repassed by her door; and soon after grew bolder, entered into discourse with her, discovers his passion, and beseeches a compassionate resentment of it; he makes large promises, and uses all the ways by which he hoped to gain her; but all in vain, her Chastity was proof against all the batteries he could make; falling therefore into despair, he studies to compass his design by Villainy; he was, as we said, a Governor, and Duke Charles was busied in War, he causeth therefore the Husband of his Mistress to be accused of Treachery, and forthwith commits him to Prison, to the end that by Fears or Threats he might draw her to his pleasure, or at least rid himself of her Husband, the only Rival with him in his Loves; the Woman, as one that loved her Husband, goes to the Prison, and thence to the Governor to entreat for him; and if she was able, to obtain his Liberty, Dost thou come O my Dear, to entreat me, said the Governor, you are certainly ignorant of the command you have over me; render me only a mutual affection, and I am ready to restore you your Husband, for we are both under a restraint, he is my Prisoner, and I am yours; ah, how easily may you give liberty to us both, why do you refuse? As a Lover I beseech you, and as you tender my life; as the Governor I ask you, and as you tender the life of your Husband; both are at stake, and if I must perish, I will not fall alone; The Woman blushed at what she heard, and withal being in fear for her Husband, trembled, and looked pale; he perceiving she was moved, and supposing that some force should be used to her modesty, and being alone, he throws her on the Bed, & enjoys the Fruit which will shortly prove bitter to them both; the Woman departed confounded, and all in Tears, thinking of nothing but revenge; for he having obtained his desire, and hoping hereafter freely to enjoy her, took care that her Husband, who was his Rival, should be beheaded in the Jail, and then ordered the Body to be put in a Coffin ready for burial; this done, he sent for her, and in a jesting manner, What, said he, do you seek for your Husband, you shall have him, and so pointing to the Prison, you shall find him there, take him alone with you; the Woman suspecting nothing, went thither, where she sees her murdered Husband, and is astonished, she falls upon the dead Corpse, and having long lamented over it, she returns to the Governor with a fierce countenance, and spoke thus, It is true, said she, you have restored me my Husband, I own you thanks for the favour, and will pay you; he endeavours to pacify and appease her, but in vain; for hastening home, she calls her most faithful Friends about her, to whom she recounts all that had passed; they all agree that she should make her case known to the Duke, who amongst other his excellent Virtues, was a great lover of Justice; to him she went, was heard, and scarce believed; the Duke was angered and grieved that any of his Subjects, and in his Dominions should presume so far, he commands her to withdraw into the next Room, till he sent for the Governor, who by chance was then at Court; being come, Do you, said the Duke, know this Woman? the man changed colour; Do you know, added he, the complaints she makes of you? They are sad ones, and such as I would not they should be true; he trembles, falters in his Speech, says and unsays; but being urged home, he confesses all, frees the Woman from any fault, and casting himself at the Duke's feet, said, he placed all his refuge, and comfort in the grace and mercy of his Prince, and that he might the better obtain it, he offered to make amends for his unlawful Lust by a lawful Marriage of the Person whom he had injured. The Duke, as if he seemed to incline to what he had said, and pretending to be somewhat milder, You Woman, said he, since it is gone thus far, are you willing to have this man for your Husband; she refuses, but fearing the Duke's displeasure, and being told by the Courtiers that he was Noble, Rich, and in favour with his Prince, being overcome, at last she yields; the Duke causeth them both to join hands, and the Marriage to be lawfully made, which being done, You Mr. Bridegroom, said he, you must now grant me this, that if you die first without Children of your Body, that then this Wise of yours shall be the Heir of all that you have; he willingly consented; it is writ down by a Notary, and witness put to it; this done, the Duke turning to the Woman, Tell me, said he, is there now enough done for your satisfaction; there is, said she; but there is not to mine, said he; and sending the Woman away, he commanded the Governor to be led away to that very Prison in which the Husband was slain, and being beheaded, to be laid in a Coffin headless as he was; after which he sent the Woman thither, who was ignorant of what had passed, who being affrighted with this second unthought of misfortune of two Husbands almost at one and the same time, lost by one and the same punishment, fell speedily sick, and in a short time died, having gained this only by her last Marriage, that she left her Children by her former Husband, very rich, by the addition of this new, and great Inheritance. Lipsius' Monitor. p. 240.   

LXXXII. King Lewis the Eleventh of France, minding to cajole the Court of Parliament at Paris, if they should refuse to publish certain new ordinances by him made; the Masters of that Court understanding the drift, went all to the King in their Robes, the King asked them what they would have, Sir, answered the Precedent or Speaker, we are come with a full purpose to lose our lives every one of us, rather than we will suffer that by our connivance any unjust ordinance should take place; The King amazed at this answer of the Precedent, and at the constancy of the Parliament, gave them gracious entertainment, and commanded that the Edicts which he would have had published, should be canceled in his presence, swearing, That from thence forward he would never make an Edict that should not be just and equitable. Camerarius Medit. p. 472.   

LXXXIII. Mahomet the Second Emperor of the Turks, had a Son called Mustapha, whom he had designed to succeed him in the Empire, who was otherwise a good Prince, but much subject to Lust; the young Prince was fallen in love with the Wife of Achmet Bassa, a Woman of excellent beauty; he had long endeavoured to prevail with her by all sorts of allurements, but this way not succeeding, he resolved to obtain his will by surprise; and having gained knowledge of the time when the Woman went to bathe herself, as the Turks often do, he soon followed her with a few of his retinue, and there seized her naked as she was, and in despite of all the resistance she could make, had his will upon her; she tells her Husband, he tells the Emperor, and desires Justice; the Emperor at first seemed to take small notice of it, and soon after, though he had other Resolutions within himself, yet he rated the Bassa with sharp language; What, says he, dost thou think it handsome to complain thus grievously of my Son? Knowest thou not that both thyself, and this Wife of thine are my Slaves, and accordingly at my dispose? If therefore my Son has embraced her; and followed the inclinations of his mind, he has but embraced a Slave of mine, and having my approbation, he hath committed no fault at all; think of this, and go thy way, and leave the rest to myself; This he said in defence of his absolute Empire, but being unsatisfied in his mind, and vexed at the thing, he first sends for his Son, examines him touching the Fact, and he having confessed it, he dismissed him with outrageous Language, and threaten; three days after, when paternal love to his Son, and Justice had striven in his Breast, love to Justice having gained the Superiority and Victory; he commanded his Mutes to strangle his Son Mustapha with a Bowstring, that by his death he might make amends to injured, and violated Chastity. Turkish Hist. p. 411.   

LXXXIV. King Henry the second of France, commanded that an Italian Lackey should be put into Prison, without telling why; whereupon the Judges set him at liberty, having first delivered their opinion to the King; who again commanded, that he should be put to death, having as he said, taken him faulty in a foul and heinous Crime, which he would not have to be divulged; yet the Judges for all this would not condemn him, but set open the Prison doors to let him go forth; it is true, that the King caused him to be taken afterwards, and thrown into the River Seine, and drowned without any form of Law, to avoid Tumult, but the Judges would not condemn a Person where no proof was made that he was guilty; Camerarius Medit. p. 472.   

LXXXV. Otho the first Emperor of Germany, being upon a Military expedition, a Woman threw herself at his feet, beseeching a just revenge according to the Laws, upon a Person who had committed a Rape upon her; the Emperor being in haste, referred the hearing of the cause till his return, But who then, replied the Woman, shall recall unto your Majesty's mind the horrid injury that hath been done to me? The Emperor looking up to a Church there by, This Church, saith he, shall be a witness betwixt me and thee, that I will do thee Justice; and so dismissing her, he with his retinue set forward; at his return, seeing the Church, he called to mind the Complaint, and caused the Woman to be summoned before him, who at her appearance thus bespoke him, Dread Sovereign, the man of whom I heretofore complained, is now my Husband, I have since had a Child by him, and have forgiven him the injury; not so, said the Emperor, by the head of Otho he shall suffer for it, for a collusion among yourselves doth not make void the Laws; And so he caused his head to be struck off. Lonic. Theat. p. 475.   

LXXXVI. Chabot was Admiral to King Francis the first of France, a man most nobly descended, of great Valour, and in high favour with his Prince; but as in other men the Passion of love grows cold, and wears out by time; so the King's affection being changed toward the Admiral, had charged him with some Offences which he had formerly committed. The Admiral presuming upon the great good Services he had done the King in Piedmont, and in the defence of Marseilles against the Emperor, gave the King other language than became him, and desired nothing so much as a public Trial; hereupon the King gave commission to the Chancellor Poyet as Precedent, and other Judges, upon an information of the King's Advocate, to question the Admiral's life, the Chancellor being an ambitious man, and of a large conscience, hoping to please the King, wrought so cunningly upon some of the Judges, threatened others so severely, and drew in the rest with fair promises, that though nothing could be proved against the Admiral worthy of the King's displeasure, yet the Chancellor subscribed, and got others to subscribe to the forfeiture of his Estate, Offices, and Liberty, though not able to prevail against his Life. But the King hating Falsehood, and though to any that should bewail the Admiral's Calamity, it might have been answered, that he was tried according to his own desire, by the Laws of his Country, and the Judges of Parliament, yet, I say, the King made his Justice surmount his other Passions, and gave back the Admiral his Honour, his Offices, his Estate, his Liberty; and caused the wicked Poyet his Chancellor to be Indicted, Arraigned, Degraded, and Condemned Raleigh's Hist. World. p. 471.   

LXXXVII, Totilas King of the Goths, was complained to by a Portuguese, that one of his Lifeguard had ravished his Daughter; upon which the accused was immediately sent to Prison, the King resolving to punish him as the Fact deserved; but the Soldiers came about him, desiring that their Fellow-Soldier, a man of known Valour, might be delivered back to them. Upon which Totilas sharply reproved them. What would you have? said he; know you not that without Justice neither any Civil nor Military Government is able to subsist; do not you remember what slaughters and Calamities the Nation of the Goths underwent through the injustice of Theodahadas? I am now your King, and in the maintenance of Justice we have regained our ancient Fortune and Glory; would you now lose all for the sake of one Villain? Look to yourselves ye Soldiers, but for my part I proclaim it aloud (being careless of what shall happen thereupon) that I will not suffer it; and if you are resolved to do so, than first strike at me, behold a Body and a Breast ready for your stroke; The Soldiers were so moved at this Speech, that they deserted their Client; the King sent for the man from Prison, condemned him to death, and gave his Estate to the injured and violated Woman Lipsius Monit. p. 250.   

LXXXVIII. In the Reign of King James. 1612. June 25. the Lord Sanquer a Nobleman of Scotland, having upon private revenge, suborned Robert Carlisle to murder John Turner a Fencing Master, thought by his greatness to have carried it off; but the King respecting nothing so much as Justice, would not suffer Nobility to be a shelter to Villainy, but according to the Law, upon June 29. the said Lord Sanquer having been Arraigned and Condemned by the name of John Creighton, Esquire, was executed before Westminster-Hall Gate, where he died very penitent. Baker's Chronicle, p. 464.   

LXXXIX. The Chronicle of Alexandria, relateth an admirable passage of Theodorick King of the Romans; Juvenilis a Widow, made her complaint, that a Suit of hers in Court was drawn out for the space of 3 years, which might have been dispatched in few days. The King demanded who were her Judges, she named them, they were sent unto, and commanded to give all the speedy expedition that was possible to this Woman's Cause, which they did, and in two days determined it to her good liking; which done, Theodorick called them again; they supposing it had been to applaud their excellent Justice now done, hastened thither full of joy, being come, the King asked of them, How cometh it to pass you have performed that in two days, which had not been done in three years? They answered, the recommendation of your Majesty made us finish it; How, replies the King, when I put you into Office, did I not consign all Pleas, and proceed to you, and particularly those of Widows? You deserve death so to have spun out a business in length three years' space, which required but two days dispatch; and that instant he commanded the heads of all the Judges to be struck off. Causins' Holy Court, p. 90.   

XC. In the Reign of the Emperor Constantius, Acindinus the Praefect of Antioch, had a certain Person under custody for a pound of Gold to be paid into the Exchequer, threatening him, That in case he paid it not by a certain day, he should aye the death. The man knew not where to have it, and now the fatal day drew near; he had a beautiful Wife, to whom a rich man in the City sent word, that for a night's lodging he would pay in the Gold. She acquaints her Husband, who for the safety of his life readily gave her leave; she renders herself up to the rich man, who at her departure, gave her only a pound of Earth tied up in a bag, instead of the promised Gold; she enraged at her injury, together with this cheat added thereto, complains to the Praefect, and declares to him the truth of the whole matter, who finding that his Threats of her Husband had brought her to these extremities, pronounced Sentence on this manner, The pound of Gold shall be paid out of the goods of Acindinus, (which was himself) the Prisoner shall be free, and the Woman shall be put into the possession of that Land from whence she received Earth instead of Gold Lonic. Theat. p. 476.   

XCI. The Emperor Leo Armenus, going out of his Palace; was informed by a mean Person, that a Senator had ravished his Wife, and that he had complained of his injury to the Praefect or Judge, but as yet could have no redress. The Emperor commanded that both the Praefect and the Senator should be sent for, and wait his return in his Palace, together with their accuser; being come back, he examined the matter, and finding it true as the man had represented, he displaced the Praefect from his Office, for his negligence, and punished the Crime of the Senator with death. Lipsius' Monitor. p. 250.   

XCII. King Turquin being banished Rome for the rape of Lucretia, Brutus, and Collatinus Husband to Lucretia, were chosen Consuls, and in the time of their Consulship, Tarquin's Agents had corrupted two of the most ancient Families in Rome, the Aquilians who were Nephews to Collatine, and the Vitellians who were allied to Brutus, and two of his Sons were drawn into this Treason by them; the Conspiracy being at last discovered, the Consuls met in the public place, and sent for the Conspirators, and there before all the People discovered the Treason; the People being much amazed, hung down their heads, only some few of them, thinking to gratify Brutus moved that they might be banished; but Brutus calling his Sons by Name, asked them what they could answer for themselves, and when being confounded, they held their peace, he said to the Sergeants, They are in your hands, do Justice; then did the Sergeants tear off their , bound their hands, and whipped them with Rods; which sad spectacle moved the People to pity, so that they turned away their faces; but the Father never looked off, nor changed his severe countenance, till at last they were laid flat on the ground, and had their heads struck off, then did Brutus departed, and left the Execution of the rest to his Fellow Consul, but Collatine shown more favour to his Kindred, being solicited thereto by his Wife, and their Relations; Valerius a Nobleman of Rome, seeing this partiality, exclaimed against him for it, saying, That Brutus spared not his own Sons, but Collatine to please a few Women, was about to let manifest Traitors to their Country escape; Hereupon the People called for Brutus again, who being returned to his Seat, spoke thus, For mine own Children, I judged them, and saw the Law executed upon them; but for these others, I leave them freely to the Judgement of the People; whereupon they all cried out, Execution, Execution, and accordingly their heads were presently struck off. Plutarch's Lives.   

XCIII. The love of Queen Elizabeth to her People in general, and her tender care over the poor and oppressed in particular, was admirable, and incomparable. Fire Ears were always open to their Complaints, and her Hands stretched forth to receive their Petitions; her manner was always to recommend their Causes to her Council and Judges, whom she used thus to charge, Have a care of my People, you have my Place; do you to them what I ought to do; they are my People, yet every one oppresseth them, and spoileth them without mercy; They cannot help themselves, nor revenge their own quarrel, see to them; I pray you see to them; for they are my charge, them therefore I charge you with, even as God hath committed them to me; I care not for myself; my life is not dear unto me; my care is for my people; if you knew the care I have for them, you might easily discern that I take no great Joy in wearing a Crown. Clarks Mirror. p. 370.   

XCIV. An English Merchant had sold a great quantity of Cloth to one of the Turks, the next year when the Merchant came again, the Turk told him, That he was mistaken in the measure of his Cloth, and that there was so much over-measure, as came to fifteen pounds more, and that he had put it into a bag, that it might be ready against he came next; the Merchant told him, that he had got enough by him, and said, much good may it do you; the Turk replied, Sir, take it, or else I will otherwise dispose of it, for it is none of mine.   

XCV. When Sysamnes one of the chiefest of the Persian Judges, had given an unjust Judgement, Cambyses the King, caused him to be flayed alive, and his skin to be hung over the Judgement Seat, and having bestowed the Office of the dead Father upon Otanes the Son, he willed him to remember, That the same partiality and injustice would deserve the same punishment. Raleighs Hist. World. p. 37.   

XCVI. Neither ought we to forget, nor conceal the names of those who have discovered such a signal Love to their Country, that they have not valued to redeem the lives of their Countrymen, and Fellow Citizens at the price of their own; of which the following relations are very considerable instances. The Town of Calais, during the Reign of Philip de Valois of France, being brought to those straits; that now there was no more hope left, either of Succours, or Victuals, John Lord of Vienna, who there commanded for the King, began to treat about the surrender of it, desiring, only that they might give it up with the safety of their Lives and goods; which conditions being offered to Edward the Third, King of England, who by the space of eleven months had straight besieged it; he being exceedingly enraged that so small a Town should alone stand out against him so long, and withal calling to mind, that they had often galled his Subjects by Sea, he was so far from accepting their Petition, that contrariwise he resolved to put them all to the Sword, had he not been diverted from that Resolution by some grave Counsellors then about him, who told him, That for having been faithful, and Loyal Subjects to their Sovereign, they deserved not to be so sharply dealt with; Whereupon King Edward changed his first parpose into some more clemency, promising to receive them to mercy upon condition, That six of the principle Townsmen, should present him the Keys of the Town bareheaded, and , and with Halters about their Necks, and to leave their lives to his mercy; Hereof the Governor having notice, he presently goes into the Marketplace, commanding the Bell to be tolled for assembling the People, who being met, he acquainted them with the Articles which he had received touching the yielding up of the Town, and the assurance, of their lives, which could not be granted, but with the death of six of the Chief of them; with this news they were exceedingly cast down, and perplexed, when on a sudden there rises up one of their own Company called Stephen Petre, one of the richest, and most sufficient Men of the Town, who thus spoke aloud to the Governor, Sir, I thank God for the Goods he hath bestowed upon me but more that he hath given me this present opportunity to make it known, that I prise the lives of my Countrymen and Fellow-Citizens above my own; At the hearing of which Speech, and sight of his forwardness, one John Daire, and four others after him, made the like offers, not without abundance of Prayers and Tears from the common People, who saw them so freely, and readily sacrifice their Lives for the public good; and instantly without more ado, they address themselves to the King of England with the Keys of the Town, with no other apprehension but to be put to death, to which, though they held themselves assured thereof, they went as cheerfully as if they had been going to a Wedding, yet it pleased God to turn the heart of the English King, and at the request of the Queen, and some of the Lords, they were all sent back again safe and sound. daniel's Hist. Engl. p. 240.   

XCVII. When Charles the Seventh, King of France, marched toward Naples, they of the City of Florence set open their Gates to him, as supposing they should thereupon receive the less damage by him in their City and Territories adjoining; but the King being entered with his Army, demanded the Government of the City, and a sum of Money to secure their Liberties and Estates; in this straight, four of the principal Citizens were appointed to transact and manage this affair with the King's Ministers; amongst these was Petre Caponis, who having heard the rigorous terms of their composition recited and read by the King's principal Secretary, he was so moved, that in the sight and presence of the King, he snatched the Paper out of his hands, and tore it in pieces, crying out, Now sound you your Trumpets, and we will ring our Bells; Charles astonished at the resolution of the man, desisted from his design, and thereupon it became a Proverb, Gallum (a Cock or a Frenchman) a Capo victum fuisse, The French Cock was overcome by a Capon. Zuinglius Theat. p. 256.   

XCVIII. The Tartars in their invasion of China; were prosperous on all sides, and had set themselves down before the Walls of the renowned and vast City of Hunchen, the Metropolis of the Province of Chekiang, where the Emperor Lovangus was enclosed; Lovangus his Soldiers refused to fight till they had received their Arrears, which yet at this time he was not able to pay them; it was upon this occasion that his heart not able to bear such a desolation of the City and Subjects as he foresaw, he gave such an illustrious example of his humanity and tenderness to his People, as Europe scarce ever saw, for he mounted upon the City Walls, and calling to the Tartarian General, upon his Knees he begged the life of his People, Spare not me, said he, I shall willingly be a Sacrifice for my Subjects. And having said this, he presently went out to the Tartars Army, and was by them taken, by which means this noble City was preserved, though with the destruction of the mutinous Army, for the Tartars caused the City to shut the Gates against them, till they had cut in pieces all that were without, and then entered triumphantly into it, not using any force or violence to any. Martinius Hist. China. p. 281.   

XCIX. In the year 393. from the building of Rome, whether by an Earthquake, or other means it is uncertain, but the Forum, or Marketplace of Rome was opened, and almost half of it was fallen in to a very strange depth, great quantities of Earth were thrown into it, but in vain, for it could not be filled up; the Soothsayers therefore were consulted with, who pronounced, That the Romans should devote unto that place whatsoever it was, wherein they most excelled; Then Martius Curtius, a Person of admirable valour, affirming, That the Romans had nothing besides Arms and Virtue wherein they excelled, he devoted, and gave up his own life for the safety of his Country, and so armed on Horseback, and his Horse well accoutred, he road into the gaping Gulf, which soon after closed itself upon him. Livys Hist. p. 122.   

C. When the Grecians of Doris sought counsel from the Oracle for their success in the Wars against the Athenians, it was answered, That then undoubtedly they should prevail, and become Lords of that State, when they could obtain any victory against them, and yet preserve the A thenian King living; Codrus the then King of Athens by some intelligence being informed of this answer, withdrew himself from his own Forces, and putting on the habit of a common Soldier, he entered the Camp of the Dorians, and killing the first he encountered, was himself forthwith cut in pieces, falling a willing sacrifice to preserve the liberty of his Country. Raleighs Hist. World. p. 420.   

CI. Cleomenes King of Sparta, being distressed by his Enemy Antigonus King of Macedon, sent to Ptolemy King of Egypt for help, who promised it upon condition to have his Mother and Child in pledge of his Fidelity, Cleomenes was a long time ashamed to acquaint his Mother with these conditions, and though he went oftentimes on purpose to let her understand it, yet when he came, he had not the heart to discover it to her; which she suspecting, asked his Friends if her Son had not something to say to her, whereupon he told her the business; when she heard it, she laughing, said, How comes it to pass thou hast concealed it so long, come, come, put me straight into a Ship, and send me whither thou wilt, that this body of mine may do some good unto my Country, before crooked Age consume it without profit; Cratisiclea, for so was her name, being ready to departed, took Cleomenes into the Temple of Neptune, embracing and kissing him, and perceiving that his heart yearned for sorrow of her departure, O King of Sparta, said she, let no man for shame see when we come out of the Temple, that we have wept and dishonoured Sparta; whilst she was with Ptolemy, the Achaians sought to make peace with Cleomenes, but he durst not, because of his pledges which were with King Ptolemy, which she hearing of writ to him, That he should not spare to do any thing that might conduce to the honour and safety of his Country, though without the consent of King Ptolemy for fear of an old Woman, and a young Boy, Plutarch's Lives.   

CII. Darius' the Son of Hystaspis had sent Ambassadors to Sparta to demand of them Earth and Water, as a token of their Subjection to him, who were so enraged thereat, that they took the Ambassadors, and cast some of them headlong into a Dangeon, others into Pits, and bid them take from thence the Earth and Water they came for; after which they had no prosperous Sacrifices, and having for a long time endured great calamities, they at last met in a full Assembly, wherein it was proposed, whether any would die, or venture their lives for the good of Sparta; upon which Sperthies, and Balis, who were of birth, and equal Estate with the best, freely offered themselves to undergo such punishment as Xerxes the Son of Darius, who then reigned, should inflict for the death of his Ambassadors. The Spartans' sent them away as Persons hastening towards their death, being come to Susa, they they were admitted into the presence of Xerxes, where first they refused to adore him, and then told him, That the Spartans' had sent them to suffer death in lieu of those Ambassadors whom they had put to death at Sparta, Xerxes replied, That he would not do as the Spartans' had done, who by kill Ambassadors, had confounded the Laws of all Nations, that therefore he would not do what he had upbraided them with, nor would he by their death absolve the Spartans' from their guilt. Herodotus lib. 7.   

CIII. A Spartan Woman had five Sons in a Battle; which was fought near unto that City, and seeing one that came out of the Fight, she asked him how affairs went; All your five Sons are slain, said he; Unhappy wretch, replied the Woman, I ask thee not of their Concerns, but of that of my Country; as to that all is well, said the Soldier, than said she, let them mourn that are miserable; for my part I esteem myself happy in the prosperity of my Country. Plutarch's Lives.   

CIV. Sylla being overcome by Marius in a Battle, commanded all the Citizens of Praeneste to be slain, excepting one only who was his intimate Friend; but he hearing the bloody Sentence pronounced against, the rest, stepped forth, and said; That he scorned to live by his favour, who was the destroyer of his Country; and so went forth amongst the rest which were slain. Fulgoszlib. 5.   

CV. Having thus discovered the effects of love in the extensive acceptation thereof, I shall next proceed to relate some of the choicest instances of the most entire Friendship, and because saithful Friends may seem in this Age to be gone on Pilgrimage (as Bishop M●rton says) we must therefore be content to borrow. Precedents from the Histories of former Ages. Titus Volumnius, a Gentleman of Rome, was the friend of Marcus Lucullus; who was slain by the command of Mark Anthory because he had followed the Party of Brutus and Cassius, and though he had a sufficient time to provide for himself by flight, yet he remained by the body of his dead Friend, and lamented him with such abundance of sighs and tears, that particular notice was taken of him by the Officers; they therefore dragged him to Anthony, unto whose sight and presence he was no sooner come, but Command me Sir, said he, to be forthwith carried to the body of Lucullus, and to be thereslain, for I ought not to survive him, since I was the only Person who persuaded him to take that unfortunate side; He easily prevailed with Antonius to grant his request, he was therefore led to the place he desired, where when he came, he kissed the right hand of Luculius, took up his head that was cut off, and put it into his Bosom, and then stretched out his own neck to receive the blow of the Executioner. Valer. Maxim. lib. 4.   

CVI Cambyses King of Persia, making War against the Egyptians, overthrew them in a great Battle, and took the Royal City, and therein the King Psammenitus, and all his Family and Nobles after which, he kept him Prisoner in the Suburbs, and then caused the Daughters of the Nobility, and among them the King's Daughter clothed in ragged Apparel to fetch water in Tankards from the River, which when their Parents saw, they all broke forth into grievous weeping, only. Psammenitus, with his Eyes fixed upon the ground, shown no sign of sorrow. Then did Cambyses cause the Nobleman's. Sons, and amongst them the Son of Psammenitus to be led to execution, tied together by the Necks with Ropes, & Bridles put into their mouths, hereupon their Parents again broke forth into grievous Lamentations; only Psammenitus stood quiet as before; but presently after, seeing an old man, his intimate Friend, begging in the Streets, he broke forth into grievous Lamentations, which Cambyses observing, sent to him to know what was the reason, that he when he saw his Daughter so abused, and his Son led to death, he mourned not, but now when he saw this poor man that was no kin to him begging, he made such heavy moan. To whom Psammenitus answered. My Domestic evils were greater than that I could express my sorrow for them, but the calamity of my Friend deserves my tears, for that now in his old age from an high estate, he is brought to such extreme poverty. Herodotus Hist.   

CVII. I think (saith Mr. Hakewell) that no former Histories of the Grecians or Romans can afford such another example of constant and faithful Friendship as that betwixt Barbadicus, and Trivisanus, two Gentlemen of Venice, in memory whereof there is a large inscription in Latin in that City, allowed by Authority in 1627. This example was held so strange, that several learned men have published Narratives thereof, one of which take as follows. Nicholas Barbadicus, and M. Trivisanus, two Patricians of Venice, of great reputation in respect of their own Virtues, the splendour of their Families, and the Dignities, and Offices they had honourably born in the Commonwealth; these two illustrious Persons from their Youth had contracted a Friendship with each other, a solid, and most entire one it was, carried on all along with the performance of mutual good Offices, and kindness; at last it happened, that Trivisanus through extraordinary domestic expenses, charges in Journeys, indulgence in such pleasures as are common with the more generous sort of youth, and also by reason of some losses he had sustained, and other casualties of Humane life, was reduced to a condition most unworthy of his birth and blood; his debts being grown greater than his Fortunes, he was forsaken even by his own Brethren, yet then was he received into the House of his only Friend Barbadicus, who was a very noble and rich Person, and had before lent him four thousand Ducats gratis; which debt he forgave him as soon as he entered his House, he also paid for him two thousand more, which he had contracted with others, and after this, by an extraordinary and irrevocable act of his own, he made him Overseer, and Administrator of all his Goods movable and , in such manner that he might dispose of them at his pleasure; nor was Barbadicus satisfied with this, but that he might provide for the benefit of his Friend, he leaves it in his Will, that though he had a Wife and Brother, yet Trivisanus should be his sole Executor, that he should have the whole power of disposing his Daughters in Marriage, nor should he at any time be compelled to render an Account of his Trust, or of any thing pertaining to that Estate; he also bequeathed him a Legacy as large as his Estate would permit, without apparent prejudice to the Fortunes of his Children; Barbadicus was moved to do all this, because he perceived Trivisanus, as soon as he had entered his House, by a singular modesty of mind, of a prodigal of his own Estate, became sparing of another's, and from that moment had left off all Gaming, and other such pleasures of youth, he had also betaken himself to the company and converse of learned and wise men, and by addicting himself to the perusal and study of the best Authors, had showed him, that he would answer his liberality with sincerity, uprightness, and unblameable fidelity, which fidelity Barbadicus had often before, and also since this liberality of his experienced in him his beloved and most constant Friend, when he alone defenced the life and honour of Barbadicus in his greatest straits, and worst dangers, as well open as concealed, so that he openly professed to owe the safety of them both to Trivisanus; the whole City knows how he supported the innocency of his Friend in the self and devilish Calumnies that were raised upon him, and would not desert him in the worst of his Fortunes, though he was slandered for taking his part; while he did this, he not only interrupted the course of his preferments to the chiefest places of Honour in his Country, into which to the amazement of all men, he was in a most hopeful way; but he also forfeited and lost all those opportunities. It is also well known to all men, that he contracted great and dangerous Enmities with some that had been aforetime his Companions, upon the sole score of this Friend of his; he despised all that extrinsic honour which depends upon the opinion of the brutish multitude, and at the last exposed his own life to frequent, and manifest hazards, as he would also yet do in any such occasion as should require it, and whereas Trivisanus hath lived and is yet alive, and through the incomparable expression of a grateful mind in Barbadicus, he lives with great splendour, and in great Authority. He is merciful to the afflicted, courteous to his Friends, and is especially a most worthy Patron of all those that are virtuous; he is honourably esteemed by the Daughters of his Friend, in such manner, as if he were their own Father; he is also cheerfully received by his Wife, and truly honoured by her as her Brother as well because she is not ignorant of his merits in respect of her Husband, as also for his excellent temper, and such other uncommon qualities, as render him worthy of the love and admiration of all men. Hakewils Apology. p. 439.   

CVIII. Damon and Pythias had betwixt them so firm a Friendship that when Dyonisius the Tyrant of Syracuse had resolved the death of one of them, and that he only besought he might have liberty to go home to set his affairs in order; the other doubted not to be surety in the mean time to the Tyrant for his return the Tyrant granted it, wondering what this new and strange accident would come to in the event, a day had passed, and he came not, than all began to condemn the rashness of the surety, but he told them, he doubted not of the constancy of his Friend, at the same hour as was agreed by Dionysius, came he that was condemned, thereby freeing the other; The Tyrant admiring the courage and fidelity of them both, remittted and forgave their punishment, and entreated that he himself might be admitted as a third Person into the Society of so admirable a Friendship, Clarks Mirror. p. 226.   

CIX. Great was the confidence which Trajan the Emperor had in his friend Sirrah, it was told him one morning that Sirrah had conspired against him, he in the evening of the same day uninvited, went to his House, attended only by two Persons, he stayed, and supped with him, would needs be trimmed by his Barber, consulted his Physician about a disease in his Eyes, and caused him to look upon them; that night he was again told of the Conspiracy, he smiling said; he had that day made Trial of the matter, and that if Sirrah had any evil design, he had put himself into his power; so that remaining without suspicion of his Friendship, not long after he made him Tribune, and the custom being to deliver a naked Sword to the Tribune, he gave him one, saying, I give you this to defend me if I rule well, if otherwise, to kill me. Fulgosus lib. 4.   

CX. Lucilius was one of the Friends of Brutus, and a good man, who when Brutus was overthrown at Philippi, perceiving a Troop of the Barbarians, who being careless in the pursuit of others, were with all speed following hard after Brutus, he resolved to take off their eagerness with the hazard of his own life, and being left somewhat behind, he told them, that he was Brutus; they gave the more credit to him, because he desired to be presented to Anthony, who with great joy hastens to meet them, as many others did, to see Brutus, some pitying his misfortune, others thinking him unworthy of Glory, that for desire of life he would suffer himself to be made a prey to the Barbaria●s, when they drew nigh, Anthony, made a halt, as doubting in what manner he should receive Brutus, but Lucilius being brought before him, with an undaunted mind spoke thus; No man, Antonius, hath taken Marcus Brutus, nor shall ever any Enemy take him, the Gods are more just than to permit fortune to trample upon so much virtue; he will be found to be alive, or at least dead in such manner as is worthy of him; but 'tis I that have imposed upon your Soldiers, and I am here ready to undergo all the severity I shall be adjudged to for it. All that were present were aftonished; Antonius turning to them that had brought him, You are displeased Fellow-Soldiers, said he, because you suppose you are deceived, but make account with yourselves, that you have met with a more precious prize than that which you sought after, for whilst you sought for an Enemy, you have brought me a Friend; I am not resolved what I should do with Brutus alive, but I had rather obtain such Friends than Enemies; Having so said, he embraced Lucilius, and then committed him to one of his Familiars, and afterward found him upon all occasions as firm and faithful to himself, as he had been to Brutus. Plutarch's Lives 1007.   

CXI. One Menippus relates in Lucian, how that one day seeing a man comely, and of eminent condition, passing along in a Goach with a Woman extremely unhandsome, he was much amazed, and said, he could not understand, why a man of prime Quality, and so brave a presence, should be seen to stir abroad in the company of a Monster; hereupon one that followed the Coach, overhearing him, said, Sir, you seem to wonder at what you now see, but if I tell you the causes and circumstances thereof, you will much more admire; know this Gentleman whom you see in the Coach, is called Zenothemis, and horn in the City of Marseilles, where he heretofore contracted a firm amity and Friendship with a Neighbour of his named Menecrates, who was at this time one of the chief men of the City, as well in Wealth as Dignities; but as all things in the world are exposed to the inconstancy of Fortune, it happened that as it's thought, having given a false Sentence, he was degraded of Honour, and all his Goods were confiscated; every man avoided him as a Monster in this change of Fortune, but Zenothemis his good Friend, as if he had loved miseries, not men, more esteemed him in his adversity, than he had done in prosperity, and bringing him to his House, shown him huge Treasures, conjured him to share them with him, since such were the Laws of Friendship; the other weeping for Joy to see himself thus entertained in such sharp necessities, said he was not so apprehensive of the want of worldly wealth; as of the burden he had in a Daughter ripe for Marriage, and willing enough, but blemished with deformities. She was, saith the History, but half a Woman, a body misshapen, limping, and bleareyed, a Face disfigured, and besides she had the falling sickness, with horrible Convulsions. Nevertheless this noble heart said unto him, Trouble not yourself about the Marriage of your Daughter, for I will be her Husband, the other astonished at such goodness, God forbidden, said he, that I should lay such a burden upon you; No, no, replied the other, she shall be mine; and instantly he married her, making great Feasts at the Nuptial, being married, he honoureth her with much regard, and makes it his glory to show her in the best company, as a Trophy of his Friendship. In the end she brought him a Son, who restored his Grandfather to his Estate, and was the Honour of his Family. Gausins' Holy Court. p. 47.   

CXII. Eudamidas the Corinthian, had Araeteus' the Corinthian, and Charixenus the Sycionian, for his Friends, they were both rich, whereas he was exceeding poor, he departing this life, left a Will, ridiculous perhaps to some, wherein was thus written; I Eudamidas give, and bequeath to Araeteus', my Mother to be kept and fostered in her old Age, as also my Daughter to Charixenus, to be Married with a Dowry as great as he can afford, but if any thing in the mean time happen to fall out to any of these men, my Will is that the other shall perform that which he should have done, had he lived. This Testament being read, they who knew the poverty of Eudamidas, but not his Friendship with these men, accounted it all as mere jest and sport, no man that was present, but departed laughing at the Legacies which Araeteus', and Charixenus were to receive; but these Executors, as soon as they heard it came, presently acknowledging and ratifying what was commanded in the Will; Charixenus died within five days after; Araeteus' his excellent Successor took upon him both the one, and the others charge, kept the Mother of Eudamidas, & as soon as might be he disposed of his Daughter in Marriage, and of five Talents which his Estate amounted to, he gave two of them as a Portion with his own Daughter, and two more with the Daughter of his Friend, and would needs have their Nuptials solemnised in one and the same day. Lonic. Theat. p. 425.   

CXIII. Alexander the Great was so true a lover of Ephestion, that in his life-time he had him always near him, made him acquainted with the nearest, and weightiest of his secrets, and when he was dead, bewailed him with abundant Tears; he hanged up Glaucus his Phyfician for being absent when he took that which hastened his end; in token of heavy mourning, he caused the Battlements of the City Walls to be plucked down, and the Manes of Mules and Horses to be cut off, he bestowed ten thousand Talents on his Funeral, and that he might not want Attendants to wait upon him in the other world, he in superstitious Cruelty, caused some Thousands of men to be slain; even the whole Cassean Nation at once. Elian. Var. Hist. lib. 7.   

CXIV. At Rome, saith Camerarius, there are to be seen these Verses engraven about an Urn, or Tombstone.  

Vrna brevis geminum, quamvis tenet ista cadaver,  
Attamen in Coelo, Spiritus Vnus adest;  
Viximus Vnanimes Luciusque & Flavius, idem,  
Sensus, amor, studium, vita duobus erat.   

Though both our Ashes this Urn doth enclose,  
Yet as one Soul in Heaven we repose,  
Lucius and Flavius living, had one mind,  
One Will, one Love, and to one Course inclined.    

CXV. Lastly, Let us give some examples of the grateful disposition of divers Persons. Gratitude is justly held to be the Mother of all other Virtues, seeing from this one Fountain many other streams do flow, as Reverence, and due respect to Masters and Governors; Friendship among Men, Love to our Country, Piety to our Parents, and Religion toward God; as therefore the Ingrateful are every where hated, as being suspected to be guilty of every other Vice; so on the contrary, Grateful Persons are esteemed of all men, as having by their Gratitude put in security as it were, that they are not without some measure of every other Virtue.   

CXVI. There was a Merchant in Florence, whose name was Francis Frescobald, of a Noble Family, and liberal mind, who through a prosperous success in his Affairs, was grown up to an abundance of wealth; while he was at Florence, a young man presented himself to him, ask him an Alms for God's sake; Frescobald beheld the ragged stripling, and in despite of his tatters, reading in his countenance some significations of Virtue, was moved with pity, and demanded his Country and name, I am, said he, of England, my name is Thomas Cromwell, my Father (meaning his Father in Law) is a poor man, a Clothshearer, I am strayed from my Country, and am now come into Italy with the French Army, who were overthrown at Gatylion, where I was Page to a Foot Soldler, odrrying after him his Pike and Burganet; Frescobald partly in pity of his condition, and partly in love to the English Nation, amongst whom he had received some Civilities, took him into his House, made him his Guest, and at his departure gave him a Horse, new Apparel, and sixteen Ducats of Gold in his Purse; Cromwell giving him hearty thanks, returned into his Country, where in process of time he became in such favour with King Henry the Eighth, that he raised him to the dignity of Lord High Chancellor of England; In the mean time Fresbobald by several great losses was become poor, but remembering that some English Merchants owed him fifteen thousand Ducats, he came to London to seek after it, not thinking of what had passed betwixt Cromwell and him; but travelling earnestly about his business, he accidentally met with the Lord Chancellor as he was riding to Court; as soon as the Lord Cromwell saw him, he thought he should be the Merchant of Florence, of whose liberality he had tasted in times past, immediately he alights, embraces him, and with a broken voice scarce refraining from Tears, he demanded if he were not Francis Frescobald the Florentine; yes Sir, said he, and your humble Servant; my Servant, said Cromwell, no, as you have not been my Servant in times past, so will I not now account you any other than my great, and especial Friend, assuring you, that I have just reason to be sorry, that you knowing what I am (or at lest what I should be) yet would not let me understand your arrival in this Country; had I known it, I would have certainly paid part of that debt which I confess I own you, but thanks be to God that I have yet time; Well Sir, in conclusion you are hearty welcome, but having now weighty affairs in my Prince's Cause, you must excuse me that I can stay no longer with you; therefore at this time I take my leave, desiring you with the faithful mind of a Friend, that you forget not to dine with me this day at my House; Frescoblad wonders who this Lord should be, at last after some pause, he remembers him to be the same whom he had relieved at Florence, he therefore repairs to his House not a little rejoiced, and walking in the outward Court, attended his return; the Lord Cromwell came soon after, and was no sooner dismounted, but he again embraced him with so friendly a countenance, as the Lord Admiral, and other Nobles then in his company much wondered at; he turning back, and holding Frescobald by the hand, Do you not wonder my Lords, said he, that I seem so glad to see this man, this is he by whose means I have attained to my present Degree; and therewith related all that had passed betwixt them; then holding him still by the hand, he led him to the room where he dined, and seated him next to himself; the Lords being departed, he desired to know what occasion had brought him to London; Frescobald in few words truly opened his case to him; to which Cromwell returned; Things that are already past Mr. Frescobald, can by no power or policy of Man be recalled, yet is not your sorrow so peculiar to yourself, but that by the bond of mutual love, I am able to bear a part therein, whereby in this your distress you may receive some Consolation; it is fit I should repay some part of that debt wherein I stand bound to you, as it is the part of a thankful man to do, and I further promise you upon the word of a true Friend, that during this life, and state of mine, I will not fail to do for you in any thing wherein my Authority may prevail; Then taking him by the hand, he led him into a Chamber, and commanding all to departed, he locked the door; then opening a Chest, he first took out sixteen Ducats, and delivering them to Frescobald, My Friend, said he, here is your Money you lent me at my departure from Florence, here are ten more bestowed upon mine Apparel, with ten more you disbursed for the Horse I road upon, but considering you are a Merchant, it does not seem honest to me to return your Money without some consideration for the long detaining of it, take you therefore these four Bags, in every of which is four hundred Ducats to receive and enjoy from the hand of your assured Friend; The modesty of Frescobald would have refused them, but Cromwell forced them upon him; this done, he caused him to give him the names of all his Debtors, and the Sums they owed; the List he delivered to one of his Servants and charged him to find out the men, if they were within any part of the Kingdom, and strictly to charge them to make payment within fifteen days, or else to abide the hazard of his displeasure; the Servant so well performed the command of his Master, that in a very short time the whole Sum was paid in; during all this time, Frescobald lodged in the Lord Chancellor's House, who gave him the entertainment he deserved; and ofttimes persuaded him to continue in England, offering to lend him sixty Thousand Ducats for four years, if he would stay, and make his Bank in London, but he desired to return into his own Country, which he did with the great favour of the Lord Cromwell, and there richly arrived, but he enjoyed his wealth but a short time, for the first year after his return he died. Clarks Lives. p. 42.   

CXVII. Not many years since in the Kingdom of Naples, a young Merchant named Oliverio, fell desperately in love with the Countess of Castelnovo, and laid siege to her Chastity for a good while, and the Count going to his Country House, and taking his Countess and Family along with him, the Marquess being still more inflamed, goes into the Country one day hard by, a Hawking, and let's fly his Hawk into Count Castlenovoes Garden, where it chanced that he and his Countess were walking; the Marquis made bold to follow his Hawk. and the Count with very high Civilities did welcome him, and caused a Banquet to be presently provided, where he and his Lady entertained him; when he was gone, the Count began to commend him, telling his Wife, That he was one of the most hopeful Noblemen, and of the most excellent accomplishments of any in the whole Kingdom of Naples, These praises made such an impression in the Countess, that a little while after he gained her consent; so the time and place for their pleasure being appointed, he was conveyed by a private way into her Chamber, where she being in Bed, and he undressing himself to go to her, she told him, That he was beholding to the Count her Husband for this favour, for she never heard him speak so much in the commendation of any man, as he had of him; Is it so, said the Marquis? then I should be the greatest Villain in the world if I should abuse so noble a Friend; And such was his Gratitude, that he put on his Doublet again, and departed, but with much civility, in the very height and heat of Lust, though he had as commodious a juncture of time, as his heart could desire. Howels Hist. Naples. p. 61.   

CXVIII. On the Townhouse of Geneva, upon a Marble Table, is written in Letters of Gold this grateful inscription: Post Tenebras Lux, quam Anno Dom. 1535. profligata Romana Antichristi Tyrannide, etc. After Darkness Light, whereas Anno Dom. 1535. The Roman Tyranny of Antichrist was ejected, his Superstition abolished, the Holy Religion of Christ restored here in its proper purity, the Church by the singular goodness of God putinto better Order, the Enemy overcome and put to flight, and the City itself by a remarkable miracle did then obtain its former Liberty and Freedom; The Senate and People of Geneva have caused this Monument in perpetual memory thereof to be made and erected in this place, as also to leave a Testimony of their Thankfulness to God and Posterity. Clarks Mirror. p. 236.   

CXIX. Sir William Fitzwilliams the Elder, being a Merchant-Taylor, and Servant sometime to Cardinal Woolsey, was chosen Alderman of Broadstreet Ward in London. 1506. Going afterwards to dwell at Milton in Northamptonshire, after the Fall of the Cardinal his former Master, he gave him kind entertainment there at his House in the Country; for which being called before the King and demanded how he durst entertain so great an Enemy to the State, his answer was, That he had not contemptuously nor wilfully done it, but only because he had been his Master, and partly the means of his greatest Fortunes. The King was extremely well pleased with this answer, saying, That himself had sew such Servants, and then immediately Knighted him, and afterward made him one of his Privy-Council. Fuller's Worthies. p. 298.   

CXX. Rodericus Davalus was Lieutenant General of the Horse in Spain, 423. who together with some others was accused of High-Treason, for writing Letters to Josephus King of the Moors, as one that had intended to have betrayed his Country into their hands; divers Copies of these Letters were produced, and the whole affair debated at the Council-Table, in the Crime of his Master was involved Nunnius Ferrerius, born at Corduba, and Steward of Davalus his House; but he stoutly descending himself and his Master, ceased not till he had showed that the Letters were counterfeit, and that the Author of them was Johannes Garsias, of which he was convicted and condemned. He got himself clear of, but the other great Persons were condemned to per petual banishment; here Ferrerius to support his Master in his wants, sold all those Goods of his which he had got in the service of his Master, and having thereby made up the Sum of Eight Thousand Crowns, he disposed it into Wicker Bottles, loaded an Ass with it, and caused his own Son in mean Apparel to drive the Ass, and sent it all privately to his Master Davalus. A Person certainly well worthy of being remembered by that illustrious Nation, and in his Posterity too, in case any of them are in being. Lipsius' Monit. lib. 2.   

CXXI. Thrioses was one of the Eunuches to Statira, Wife to Darius, and taken at the same time with her by Alexander the Great; when she was dead in Travail, he stole out of the Camp, and went to Darius, informing him of the death of his Wife, and perceiving that he resented not her death so passionately, as he feared that her Chastity, together with her Sisters, and Daughter had been violated by Alexander, Thriotes with horrible Oaths vindicated the Chastity of Alexander; Then Darius turning to his Friends with his hands lift up to Heaven; O ye Gods of my Country, said he, and Precedents of Kingdoms. I beseech you in the first place, that the for tune of Persia may recover its former Grandeur, and that I may leave it in the same splendour I received it, and that I may render unto Alexander all that he hath performed in my adversity unto my dearest Pledges; but if that fatal time be come, wherein Heaven has decreed a Revolution upon us, and that the Kingdom of Persia must be overthrown, than I beg of you that no other among mortal men besides Alexander, may sit in the Throne of Cyrus. Q. Curtius. lib. 4.   

CXXII. Agrippa being accused by Eutyches his Coachman, of some words against the Emperor Tiberius, was by his order seized, and put to the Chain before the Palace Gate, with other Criminals brought thither; it was hot weather, and Agrippa was extreme thirsty, seeing therefore Thaumastus, a Servant of Caligula's pass by with a Pitcher of water, he called him, and entreated that he might drink, which the other presented with great willingness when he had drank, Assure thyself, said Agripoa, I will one day pay thee well for this glass of water thou hast given me, and if I get out of this Captivity I will make thee great; Tiberius died soon after, and Agrippa was freed by the favour of Caligula, and by the same favour was made King of Judea; then did he remember Thaumastus, rewarding him with the place of the Controller of his House, such power hath a small kindness, if done to a grateful and generous Soul. Joseph. Antiq lib. 18.   

CXXIII. Darius' the Son of Hystaspis, being one of the Guard to Cambyses, in his expedition against Egypt, was then of no extraordinary condition, who seeing Syloson, the Brother of Polycrates, walking in the Market place of Memphis in a glittering Cloak, he went to him, and as one taken with the Garment, desired to buy it of him; Syloson perceiving he was very desirous of it, told him he would not sell it him for any Money, but said he, I will give it you on this condition, that you never part with it to any other; Darius received it upon this condition. In process of time Cambyses being dead, and the Magis being overcome by the seven Princes, Darius was made King. Syloson hearing this, comes to Susa, and sat in the entrance of the Palace, saying, That he was one who deserved well of the King; This was told to Darius, who wondering who it was, he should be obliged to, commanded he should be admitted; Syloson was asked by an Interpreter who he was, and what he had done for the King, he tells the matter about the Cloak, and says, he was the Person who gave it; O thou most generous among men said Darius, art thou he then, who when I had no power gavest me that, which though small in itself, was yet as acceptable to me then, as greater things would be to me now? Know I will reward thee with such a huge quantity of Gold and Silver, that it shall never repent thee thou wast liberal to Darius, the Son of Hystaspes; O King, said Syloson, give me neither Gold nor Silver, but when thou hast freed my Country of Samos, which is now held by a Servant of my dead Brother Polycrates, give me that without slaughter or plunder; Darius hearing this, sent an Army under the Conduct of Otanes, one of the seven Princes of Persia, commanding him that he should do for Syloson what he desired. Valer. Maxim. lib. 5.   

CXXIV. The only Daughter of Peter Martyr, through the Riot and Prodigality of her debauched Husband being brought to extreme poverty; the Senate of Zurich, out of a grateful remembrance of her Father's worth, supported her with a bountiful maintenance so long as she lived. Fuller's Holy State. p. 86.    

CHAP. II. The Transcendent Effects of Magnanimity, Courage, and Fidelity, discovered in several Remarkable Instances.  

HAving thus displayed the Effects of Love, Friendship, and Gratitude let us now consider of three other excellent accomplishments, namely Magnanimity, Gourage and Fidelity, of which we may find many rare Examples in Histories; for some Persons have within them a Spirit so daring and courageous, that the sear, no, nor the presence of the greatest danger or disaster whatsoever is not able to shake their Constancy, wherein sometimes they have proved as successful, as others who have managed their Counsels with the greatest care and conduct they are able.   

I. Henry Earl of Holsatia, Surnamed Iron, because of his strength, being got into great favour with Edward the Third, King of England, by reason of his valour was envied by the Courtiers; whereupon they one day in the absence of the King, counselled the Queen, that forasmuch as the Earl was preferred before all the English Nobility, she would make Trial whether he was so Nobly born, as he gave out, by causing a Lion to be let lose upon him, saying, That the Lion would not so much as tou●h Henry, if he was Noble indeed. They got leave of the Queen to make this Trial upon the Earl▪ He was used to rise before day, and to walk in the outward Court of the Castle, to take the fresh Air of the morning. The Lion was let lose in the night, and the Earl having a Nightgown  depiction of a Polonian soldier overcoming a lion 
A Polonian Soldier encounters & overcomes a Lyon. Page. 28   depiction of Amurath, Emperor of the Turks, being killed by a Christian soldier 
Amurath Emp Turk's Killed by Cobelitz a Christian Soldier Page. 88  on cast over his shirt, with his Girdle and Sword, coming down Stairs into the Court, met there with the Lion, bristling his hair, and roaring; he nothing astonished, said with a slout voice, stand, stand you Dog; at these words the Lion couched at his feet, to the great amazement of the Courtiers, who looked out of their holes to behold the issue of this business; the Earl laid hold of the Lion, and shut him within his Cage, he likewise left his Nightcap upon the Lion's back, and so came forth, without so much as looking behind him. Now, said the Earl; calling to them that looked out of the Windows, let him amongst you all that standeth most upon his Pedigree, go and fetch my Nightcap; but they being ashamed, withdrew themselves. Camerar. Med. p. 118.   

II. In the Court of Mathias King of Hungary, there was a Polonian Soldier in the King's pay, who boasted much of his Valour, and who in a Bravado would often challenge the Hungarians to wrestle or skirmish with Sword or Pike, wherein he had always the better. One day as he stood by a great Iron Cage, in which a Lion was kept, the greatest, and fiercest that had been seen of a long time, he began to say to those that were in his Company, Which of you dares to take a piece of flesh out of this Lion's mouth when he is angry; none daring to undertake it, You shall see, added the Polonian, the proof of my speech. All that day following the Lion had not any meat given him, the next day they threw him the four Quarters of a Sheep; the Lion gins to grunt, to couch down at his Prey, and to eat greedily; herewith the Polonian enters his Gage, and locking the Lion betwixt his Legs, gives him a blow with his Fist upon the Jaw, crying, Ha you Dog, give me the flesh; The Lion amazed at such a bold voice, let go his hold, showing no other countenance, but casting his Eye after the Polonian, who carried the flesh away. Oamer. p. 118.   

III. In the Reign of Tham, King of China, there was a Colao, an Officer not unlike our Duke, who having been Tutor to the King, was very powerful with him; and to preserve himself in his Grace and Favour, studied more to speak what would please the King, than to tell him, the truth for the good of his Estate: The Chineses forbore not to speak of it amongst themselves, and to tax the flattery of this Coloa: One time some Captains of the Guard were discoursing this point at the Palace, when one of them being a little warmed with the discourse, secretly withdrew himself, went into the Hall where the King was, and kneeling down upon his knees before him, the King asked what he would have; Leave, said he, to cut off the Head of a flattering Subject. And who is that, said the King? Such a one that stands there, replied the other. The King in a rage. What, said he, against my Master, darest thou to propound this, and in my presence too? Take him away, and strike off his Head. When they began to lay hands on him, he caught hold of a wooden Ballester; and as there were many pulling of him, and he holding with a great deal of strength, it broke. By this time the King's heat was over, he commands they should let him go, and gave order that the Ballester should be mended, and that they should not make a new one, that it might remain as a witness of the Fact▪ and a memorial of a Subject that was not afraid to advise his King what he ought to do. Hist. China. p. 109.   

iv Alexander the Great being in Cilicia was seized with a violent disease, so that when all other Physicians despaired of his Health, Philip the Acarnanian brought him a Potion, and told him, if he hoped to live he must take that. Alexander had newly received Letters from Parmenio, one of his Generals, wherein he advised him to repose no trust in Philip, for he was bribed by Darius to destroy him, with a mighty sum of Gold; Alexander held the Letters in one hand, and took the Potion in the other, and having drank it off, he shown Philip the contents of them, who though incensed at the slander cast upon him, yet advised Alexander to confide in his Art, and indeed he recovered him. Plutarch's Lives. p. 675.   

V Charles the Fifth Emperor of Germany, had his Forces and Camp at Ingolstadt, and was obmpassed about with an huge number of confederated Enemies, yet would he not fight; whether because some Forces he expected were not yet come, or that he foresaw a safe and unbloudy Victory; in the mean time the Enemy, who abounded with great Guns, thundered among his Tents in such a manner, that Six Thousand great shot were numbered in one day, so that the Tents were every where bored through, yea, the Emperors own Tent escaped not the fury of the Guns, Men were killed at his back, on each side of him, and yet the Emperor changed not his place, no nor his carriage, nor his countenance; and when his Friends entreated him that he would spare himself, and all them in him, he smiling, bid them be of good courage, For no Emperor was ever killed with a great Gun. These things are short in the Relation, but so mighty to consider of, as to deserve the memory and applause of Ages to come; The like Constancy and Gravity in all his Actions and Behaviour, accompanied him throughout his whole Life. Lipsius' Monit. p. 110.   

VI A Dutch Seaman being condemned to death, his punishment was changed, and he was ordered to be left at St. Helen's Island: This unhappy Person representing to himself the horror of that uninhabited place, fell upon a resolution to attempt the strangest action that ever was heard of: There had that day been buried in the same Island an Officer of the Ship, the Seaman took up the Body out of the Coffin, & having made a kind of Rudder of the upper board, ventured himself to Sea in it; It happened fortunately to him to be so great a calm, that the Ship lay  within a League and half of the Island; His companions seeing so strange a Boat float upon the Waters, imagined they saw a Spirit, and were not a little startled at the Resolution of the man, who durst hazard himself upon that Element in three boards slightly nailed together, though he had no confidence, of finding or being received by those who had so lately sentered him to death; accordingly it was put to the Question whether he should be received or not; some would have the Sentence put in Execution, but at last Mercy prevailed, and he was taken aboard, and came afterward to Holland; where he lived in the Town of Horn, and related to many how miraculously God had delivered him. Mandelslo's Travels, p. 280.   

VII. Photion the Athenian was a man that stood with  courage against the multitude, the Nobles, Fortune, and Death itself; there was once an Oracle recited at Athens, That there was amongst them one single man that ever dissented from the agreeing Opinions of all the rest; All the People were enraged, and enquired after that man, Now pray (said Photion) leave off your enquiry, I am the man you seek for; for not one thing of all that you do, did ever please me. Lipsius' Monit. p. 96.   

VIII. Some Men have been likewise very famous for Fortitude, and personal Valour, among whom, Charles the Fifth Emperor aforementioned, is very renowned in History, who was so active from his Youth, as few Princes can parallel him: For he made Nine Journeys into Germany, Seven into Italy, Ten to Flanders, Four to France, Two to England, and two expeditions into Africa: He made Eight Voyages on the Mediterranean Sea, and Three on the Ocean; what a multitude of valiant Achievements did he perform in these Expeditions! He sent away Solyman the great Turk weeping from before the Walls of Vienna, and so stopped that huge torrent of distraction that was like to have overwhelmed all Germany, and soon after the rest of Christendom: He made Barbarossa that formidable Pirate, and his Dragon, the Admiral Gallion wherein he sailed, to fly before him: What notable Conquests were those of Goletta and Tunis, where the Roman Eagles had not flown since the time of Scipio and Hannibal; and had not the Emulations of some Christian Princes found him work at home, and diverted him, probably he had conquered and civilised all Barbary. In Europe he took the Duke of Cleve, with all his Towns and Territories: He quelled the Duke of Saxony, the head of the Lutheran party: He imprisoned the Duke of Milan: He subdued and plundered Rome: He tamed the mutinous City of Gaunt, where he first breathed Air, and had been rocked in his Cradle: He pierced the very heart of France, forcing that King to fly to the Great Turk for help against him, whom he afterward took Prisoner, even on that day upon which he was born; yet touching this Action, as he himself confessed, though Charles had more of Fortune, yet K. Francis had got as much of Glory considering all circumstances, being taken with a naked Sword in his hand, and amidst a throng of fight Enemies all about him, weltting in blood; colours flying, and victory fluttering on both sides with doubtful wings: The full discovery of the New World was made in his time, with the Mines of Peru: In fine, he had such a continual Tide of good success, that it seems as if that Age was designed for his Glory; He fought Twenty pitched Battles and made above Three Hundred Seiges; nor did he know what a repulse was, but only at Algiers, Marseilles and Mite. Howels Hist. Naples.   

IX. Godfrey of Bullion was brought up in that School of valour, the Court of Henry the Fourth, Emperor. Whilst he lived there, an intricate suit in Law happened between him and another Prince about the title to some Land; and because the Judges could not untie the knot, it was concluded the two Princes should cut it asunder with their Swords in a single combat; Godfrey declined the Fight as much as in him lay, as conceiving any private Title for Land, not ground enough for a Duel. Notwithstanding he yielded to the Tyranny of Custom, and after the manner of that Country entered the Lists; when at the first encounter his Sword broke, but he struck his Adversary down with the Hilt, yet saved his Life, and gained his own Inheritance. Another parallel Act of his valour was, when being Standard bearer to the Emperor, he with the Imperial Ensign killed Rodulphus the King of Saxony in single fight, and fed the Eagle on the bowels of that Arch-Traitor. Fuller's Hol. War. p. 44.   

X. In the Reign of King William the Conqueror, a private Norwegian Soldier, himself alone upon a Bridge, resisted the whole Army of the English, slew forty of them, and maintained the place for divers hours together, till one getting under the Bridge found means to thrust up a Spear into his Body, and so killed him. Baker's Chronicle. p. 45.   

XI. Alexander the Great had besieged a City of the Oxydracae, and resolving to carry it by storm, had broke in at a Gate, and forced the Enemy to fly into the Castle; here while the rest of the Macedonians were busied in undermining the Walls, he not enduring delay, caught up a Ladder, and rearing it against the wall, and holding his shield over his head, began to mount it, all which he performed with that celerity, that before the Guard of the place had observed it, he had gained the top; the Enemy durst not approach to deal with him hand to hand, but at a distance threw Javelins and Darts at him, in such number that he was much oppressed by them; the Macedonians endeavoured to mount upon two Ladders they had advanced, but their number and weight that ascended, caused them to break under them; then was Alexander left destitute of any assistance, but scorning to retire by the way that he came, armed as he was, he leapt into the midst of his Enemies, and made a bold and courageous resistance; on his right hand he had a Tree that grew near the wall, and on the left the wall itself to keep him from being inviroroned, and there he fought it with the stoutest of them; many a blow he received upon his Helmet and Shield; at last he had a wound under the Pap with an Arrow, with the pain of which he was struck to the ground; then the Indian that had given him the wound, carelessly approaching too near him to strike him as he lay, received Alexander's Sword into his Bowels, and tumbled down by his side. The King catching hold of a Bough that hung downward, again recovered his standing, and then began to challenge the best of them to the Fight; in this posture he was found by Peucestes, who by this time had got over the wall, and after him a multitude of others, by which means the Castle was taken, and most of them put to the Sword. Justin. Hist. lib. 12.   

XII. Sir Robert Knowls was born but of mean Parentage, in the County of Chester, yet for his valiant behaviour, was advanced from a common Soldier in the French Wars under King Edward the Third, to be a great Commander, and being sent General of an Army into France, in despite of all their power, he drove all the People before him like so many Sheep; destroying Towns, Castles, and Cities, in such a manner and number, that long after in memory of this Act, their sharp Points, and Gable ends of overthrown Houses, and Ministers, were called Knowls his Mitres; after which, intending to make himself as much beloved of his Country, as he was feared of Foreign Nations, he built the goodly fair Bridge of Rochester, over the River of Medway, with a Chapel, and a Chancery at the East end thereof. He founded also a College with an Hospital adjoining thereto, in the Town of Pontfract in Yorkshire. He likewise built an Hospital in the City of Rome for the entertainment of English Travellers, and Pilgrims, which since is turned into a Seminary for our English Fugitives; he died at his Manor of Scone-Thorp in Norfolk, in 1407. Clarks Mirror. p. 217.   

XIII. In a dangerous battle against the Danes, at a place called Longcarty, the Scots beginning to retreat, there was living hard by one Hay, a man of exceeding strength, and of an excellent Courage, who suddenly caught up an Ox Yoke, and together with his Sons, flew into the Battle, and so valiantly, and fortunately behaved himself, that what by frighting the Enemy, and encouraging his Friends, he reinforced the Scots, who were ready to shrink and fly, and obtained for them a great and glorious Victory. The King, with the States of the Kingdom ascribed the Victory, and their own safety to his Valour, and Prowess; whereupon in that very place the most fruitful grounds were assigned to him, and to his Heirs for ever, who in testimony hereof have set over their Coat a Yoke for their Crest. Camb. Britt.   

XIV. Gunhilda the Daughter of King Canutus, was Married to the Emperor Henry the Third, who being accused of Adultery, and none sound to defend her cause, at last an English Page, a mere Boy, and Dwarf, who for the littleness of his stature, was generally, and jestingly surnamed Mimecan, this Champion adventured to maintain her innocency against a mighty Giantlike Combatant, who in the fight at one blow cutting the sinews of his Adversaries Legs, with another felled him to the ground, and then with his Sword taking his Head from his Shoulders, he redeemed both the Empresses life and Honour. Baker's Chronicle. p. 17.   

XV. In a bloody Fight between Amurath the Third, Emperor of the Turks, and Lazarus Despot of Servia, many thousands fell on both sides; but in conclusion the Turks had the Victory, and the Despot was slain; Amurath, after that great Victory, with some few others of his chief Captains, taking a view of the dead bodies, which without number lay on heaps on the Field like Mountains, a Christian Soldier sore wounded, and all gore blood seeing him, in a staggering manner, arose as if it had been from death out of a heap of slain men, and making toward him, for want of strength, fell down many times by the way as he came, as if he had been a drunken man; at length drawing nigh to him, when they that guarded the King's Person, would have stayed him, he was by Amurath himself commanded to come nearer, supposing that he would have craved his life of him. This magnanimous half dead Christian pressing nearer to him, as if he would for honour sake have kissed his feet, suddenly stabbed him in the bottom of his Belly, with a short dagger which he had under his Coat, of which wound that great King and Conqueror presently died; the name of this man was Miles Cobeletz, who shortly after was hewn in pieces. Turk. Hist.   

XVI. King William the Second called Rufus, being reconciled to his Brother Robert, he assisted him to recover the Fort of Mount St. Michael, which their Brother Henry did forcibly hold in Normandy; during which Siege, straggling one time alone upon the shore, he was set upon by three Horsemen, who assaulted him so fiercely, that they drove him from his Saddle, and his Saddle from his Horse, but he catching up his Saddle, and withal drawing out his Sword, defended himself till rescue came, and being afterward blamed for being so obstinate to defend his Saddle, It would have angered me, said he, to the very heart, that the Knaves should have bragged they had won the Saddle from me. Baker's Chron. p. 50.   

XVII. George Castriot, or Scanderbag, Prince of Epirus, was inspired with such a Spirit of valour by God, in defending his Country from the barbarous Turks, that in fight against them for very eagerness of Spirit, his blood would usually burst out of his lips, and he struck with such violence, that he clavae many of them asunder from the head to the middle, and usually he cut off an Arm with Armour on, at one blow, and with his own hands he slew above two Thousand of them at several times; he was such a mirror of Manhood, and so terrible to the Turks, that nine years after his death, as they passed through Lyssa, where his body lay buried, they digged up his bones with great devotion reckoning it some part of their happiness, if they might but see, or touch the same; and such as could get any part thereof, were it never so little, caused the same to be set, some in Silver, some in Gold to hang about their Necks, thinking that it would animate their Spirits with extraordinary vigour and courage. Clarks Mirror. p. 225.   

XVIII. The Athenians under the command of Militiades, had charged the Army of Darius at Marathon, so ●ome, that they were enforced to run away to their Navy, at which time one Cynigyrus an Athenian, shown incomparable Valour, for being in pursuit of the Persians to their Ships, when some of them were putting off from the Shore, he caught hold of one of the Ships with his right hand, holding it till his hand was cut off; then did he lay hold of it with his left hand, till that also was cut off, and yet then he catched hold of it with his Teeth, nor did he leave, till such time as the fleeting breath had withdrawn itself from his body, and thereby disappointed the resolute intentions of his mind. Justin. Hist. lib. 2.   

XIX. The Romans being ready to join Battle with the Albans, that they might avoid bloodshed, they agreed, that the Victory should be determined, three against three; now there were in each Camp three Brethren, born at one birth, of equal years, who were to be the Champions. The three Horatij for the Romans, and the three Curiatij for the Albans; after a doubtful conflict, two of the Horatij being slain, the third pretending fear, ran away, and thereby drew his Adversaries asunder, who by reason of their wounds could not run with equal speed; which being perceived by him, he turned back, and slew them one by one in single fight, before they could join together, whereby the Victory fell to the Romans. Raleighs Hist. World.   

XX. Great was the Courage of the Hollanders in the year 1570. when Haerlem was besieged by the Duke of Alva's Army. At this time the Citizens revived the ancient invention of Carrier Pigeons, and a while before they were blocked up, they sent to the Prince of Orange's Fleet, and to the nearest Towns of their own Party, some of these Pigeons, which afterward being dispatched away when necessity required, with Letters fastened under their Wings, remembering their several Master's Houses, they flew back to Haerlem, whereby they received intelligence; yet nothing was more admirable than the townsmen's valour, who notwithstanding they had lost three great Armies that came to relieve them, and had hardly any shelter within their, Walls; which were shot through in ten thousand three hundred and sixty places, yet would they not hear of any Treaty or Conditions; and when the Garrrison was brought to a small number, both day and night upon the Walls, they so performed the duties of many, that if at any time the Spaniards did but chance to appear never so little above their Trenches, they were in a moment taken off with Musket Bullets, and those shot as for a Wager, from many parts at once; lastly, though they were enforced by Famine to eat Mice, old Shoes, and every nasty thing, yet they lost not their courage, resolving to sally out, and rather to die fight, than by yielding to mercy, to have their Throats cut like Beasts, which they had accordingly done, but that as they marched out of the Port, their Wives and Children with pitiful shrieks and embraces, stayed them; yet when they had yielded to mercy, that cruel Don Frederick, Son to the Duke of Alva, put to the Sword, hanged, and drowned nine hundred Soldiers, and four hundred of the principal Townsmen, which sad Spectacle continued many days. Strada Wars of the Low Countries.   

XXI. Upon April 20. 1656. Blake performed a most noble Exploit at the Canaries to the honour of the English Nation, not inferior to any Naval Achievement of the ancient Greeks or Romans, of which the following Relation, written by an Eye-witness, gives an account. We were on Monday by break of day in the Offin of Sancta Cruz on the Isle of Tenariff, and as soon as it was light, we perceived by a signal from one of their Frigates abroad, that the Spanish West-India Fleet was in the Bay; whereupon after a short conference how to order the Attempt, and Prayers, we fell in among them, and by eight a clock were all at an Anchor, some under the Castle and Forts, and others by their Ships sides, as we could place ourselves to keep clear of one another, and best annoy the Enemy; the Spaniards had there five or six Galleons, whereof were the Admiral, and Vice-Admiral with their Standards and Flags aloft, and other considerable Ships to the number of sixteen, some having Goods from the Indies, still aboard them, others had taken in Goods and Provisions to carry back thither again, most of them were furnished with brass Ordnance, and their whole compliment of Seamen and Soldiers were aboard; they were all close moared along the shore, which lies like an half Moon, defended as far as the Ships rid by the Castle, and surrounded besides with six or seven Forts, and with almost a continued line of Musqueteers, and great shot, as the ground between admitted, by which many of our men were slain, so that we resolved to make quick work, and in four hours' time their men were beaten out, and all their Ships put ashore, except the Admiral, and Vice-Admiral, who made the most considerable resistance; about two a clock the Vice-Admiral was set on fire, and the Admiral by some happy shot, or other accident, was suddenly blown up, having, as we perceived just before, many men on board her; by the evening all the rest of the sixteen were fired; except two, which sunk down right, and had little but their Masts appearing above Water; after which our Ships, by the blessing of Heaven, got safe off, for though some riding near the shore; were sorely maimed, and did require to be warped off, others when we came to weigh Anchor, drove with the wind, which all the while did blow right into the Bay, and one of our best Frigates struck; though the enemy in the mean time supplied fresh men into the Forts, for those we had killed, and beaten out in the heat of the action, and continually plied upon us from thence, and also from the Castle, till about seven a Clock at night; yet notwithstanding all these disadvantages, every Ship and Vessel belonging to our Fleet, got clear off, neither had we above fifty men killed in this service, and one hundred and twenty wounded, and the damage to our Ships so small, that in two days we repaired them indifferently well for our present security, which we had no sooner done, but the wind turned to the South West, which is not usual in those Islands, and brought us in a short time to our former station: about a year before this, General Blake coming before Tunis, demanded reparation for the Losses sustained from the Turkish Pirates, and being answered with scorn by the Dey, or King of Tunis, who in a Bravado bid him look upon his Castles of Golleta, and Ferino, which defended the Town; Blake entered upon a valiant and resolute Attempt, for he came boldly to Anchor with the Admiral, Vice-Admiral, and Rere-Admiral, within Musket shot of the Castle, though the shore was planted all along with great Guns, and never left till he had fired nine gallant Ships in the Port of Ferino, they being all that were there, and at length came off with great glory and renown, and little loss of his own side. Baker's Chronicle. p, 681.   

XXII. Epaminondas with his Thebans, having given the Spartans' a great overthrow at Leuctra, went presently to Lacedaemon, and made an attempt upon the City itself, at which time a valiant young man of Lacedaemon, called Isadas, being neither defended with Armour nor Apparel, but being stark naked, and his body anointed with Oil, with his Sword in his hand, did wonders both in the judgement of his Citizens, and of his very Enemies, of whom he slew all that he met, and yet never received any wound himself, and after the fight was ended, the Senate crowned him as a reward of his Valour, and then fined him a thousand Drachmas for exposing himself to such danger, without his Armour; this Epaminondas in another Battle that he fought against the Lacedæmonians, and Arcadians, was sorely wounded with a Dart, and being carried into his Tent, after the Battle was ended, the Surgeons coming to him, told him, that when the Dart was drawn forth of his body, he must needs die; whereupon he called his Esquire to him, and asked him if he had not lost his Shield, he told him no, and withal shown it to him; then he asked him if his Army had got the Victory, they told him yea; Then, said he, it is now time for me to leave my life; and so bid them pull out the Dart, whereupon his Friends cried out grievously, and one of them said to him, O Epaminondas, thou diest without Children, to whom he answered, No truly, for I shall leave two Daughters behind me, that is, my two great Victories at Leuctra, and this of Mantinaea, and so the Dart being plucked out, he gave up the Ghost. Plutarch's Lives.   

XXIII. Neither ought we to forget that  Christian Constancy, and Courage which has appeared in some pious, and resolved Souls, for the true Faith and Religion in all Ages, of which Historians are not silent. The Emperor Trajan returning from the Parthian War, when he came to Antioch, he commanded a gratulatory Sacrifice to be made to the Heathen Gods for his good success, at which Ignatius was required to be present, but he even before Trajan's face did justly, and truly reprove his Idolatry, for which cause he was delivered to ten Soldiers, by them to be carried to Rome, there to be cast to the wild Beasts; concerning which, himself thus writes; From Syria, till I came to Rome, I had a battle with Beasts, as well by Sea as by Land, night and day, being bound among ten Leopards (so he called those ten Soldiers) who the more kindness they received from me, the more cruel they were unto me; but now through exercise I am well acquainted with their injuries, and am taught every day more, and more, to bear the Cross of Christ; would to God I were once come to the Beasts that are prepared for me, and I wish that they may fall upon me with all their violence; whom also I will provoke without delay to devour me, and not to abstain from me, as they have from many before me. Pardon me I pray you, I know how much this will turn to my advantage, I am God's Corn, and when the wild Beasts have ground me with their Teeth, I shall be his Whitebread; now I begin to be a Disciple of my Master Christ, I neither regard things visible; nor invisible, so I may gain Christ, let the fire, the Cross, the breaking of my Bones, quartering of my Members, crushing of all my Body, yea, and all the Torments that the Devil and Man can invent, fall upon me so I may enjoy my Lord Jesus Christ.  
This Ignatius saw Christ in the flesh, being about 12 years old, when he was Crucified, and it is recorded that when he was a Child, our Saviour would take him up in his Arms, and show him to his Disciples, it may be he was one of those little Children that were brought to Christ, that he should touch them, or that little Child whom Jesus took, and set in the midst of his Disciples, to teach them Humility; he saw Christ after his Resurrection, as himself writes in one of his Epistles, Ego vero & post Resurrectionem, etc. Truly I did see him after his Resurrection in the flesh, and do believe that it is he, etc. He used to say, There is nothing better than the peace of a good conscience; that good and wicked men are like true and counterfeit money, the one seems good, & is not, the other both seems & is good; that the Lion's Teeth are but like a Mill, which though it bruiseth yet wasteth not the good Wheat, only prepares, & fits it to be made pure Bread; let me, saith he, be broken by them, so I may be made pure Manchet for Heaven; his usual saying was, My Love is Crucified, meaning either Christ the object of his Love, or that his affections were crucified to the world, he suffered Martyrdom in the eleventh year of Trajan at Rome. 111. Acts and Mon. Vol. 1.   

XXIV. Polycarpus being brought before the Proconsul Herod, he told him that he had wild Beasts to devour him, unless he recanted; Bring them forth, said Polycarp, for I have determined with myself not to repent, nor to turn from the better to worse; it is more fit for you to turn from evil to that which is just & good, I will said the Proconsul, tame thee with fire, since thou so little regardest wild Beasts. You threaten me, said Polycarp, with Fire, which lasts but for anhour, & is quickly quenched; but are ignorant of the everlasting Fire at the day of Judgement; & of those endless Torments which are reserved for the wicked; but why make you all these delays? Appoint me to what death you please, I am ready to undergo it; When he was again urged to reproach our Blessed Saviour, Polycarp answered, Fourscore and six years have I served Christ, neither hath he offended me in any thing, and how then can I revile my King, that hath thus kept me; when they brought him to the Fire, they would have nailed him to the stake, Nay, said he, let me alone as I am, for he that hath given me strength to come to this Fire, will also give me patience to persevere therein without your fastening me with Nails, Acts and Mon. Vol. 1.   

XXV. Dyonisius the Areopagite, being brought before Sisimus the Praefect, because he refused to Worship their Idol Gods, was beaten with many and cruel blows, and threatened to be beheaded; to which he answered, You worship such Gods as will perish like dung upon the Earth, but as for me, come life, come death, I will worship none but the God of Heaven and Earth. Acts and Mon. Vol. 1.   

XXVI. St. Origen, when he was but seventeen years old, his Father being carried to Prison, had such a fervent mind to suffer Martyrdom with him that he would have thrust himself into the Persecutors hands, had it not been for his Mother, who in the night time privately stole away his , and his very shirt also; whereupon more for shame to be seen naked, than for fear of death, he was forced to stay at home; yet he writ thus to his Father, Pray Sir, be sure you do not change your Resolution for my sake. Clarks Mar.   

XXVII. Valence the Emperor, being an Arrian, sent Messengers to St. Basil, to persuade him to embrace that Heresy, they gave him good words, and promised him great Preferment, if he would do it; but he answered, Alas Sir, these Speeches are fit to catch little Children that look after such things, than such as me, who being taught, and instructed by the Holy Scriptures, had rather suffer a thousand deaths, than that one syllable, or tittle of God's Word should be altered; the Governor being in a rage, threatened him with confiscation of his Goods, Torments, Banishment and Death; Basil replied, He need not fear Confiscation, that had nothing to lose; nor Banishment, to whom Heaven only is a Country; nor Torments, when his Body may be dashed in pieces by one blow; nor Death, which is the only way to set him at liberty, and I wish it would fall out so well on my side, that I might lay down this Carcase of mine in the Quarrel of Jesus Christ, and in the defence of his Truth. The Praefect told him that he was mad; I wish, said he, that I may be for ever thus mad. Clarks Examples.   

XXVIII. The same Emperor Valence coming to the City of Edessa, perceived that the Christians did keep their Assemblies in the Fields, for their Churches were pulled down and demolished, whereat he was so enraged, that he gave the Precedent Methodius a box on the Ear for suffering such their Meetings, commanding him to take a Band of Soldiers, and to scourge with Rods, and knock down with Clubs as many as he should find of them; this his order being proclaimed, there was a Christian Woman, who with a Child in her Arms, ran with all speed toward the place, and was got amongst the ranks of those Soldiers that were sent out against the Christians, and being by them asked whither she went, and what she would have? she told them, That she made such haste, lest she and her little Infant should come too late to be partakers of the Crown of Christ amongst the rest of those that were to suffer; When the Emp. heard this, he was confounded, desisted from his enterprise, and turned all his fury against the Priests and Clergy. Wanly Hist. Man. p. 214.   

XXIX. St. Chrysostom stoutly rebuked the Empress Eudoxia for her Covetousness, telling her, That she would be called a second Jezabel, and when she sent him a threatening Message, Go▪ tell her, said he, I fear nothing but Sin; and when she confederating with his other Enemies had procured his banishment, as he went out of the City, he said, None of these things trouble me, for I said before within myself, if the Queen will, let her banish me, the Earth is the Lords, and the fullness thereof; if she will; let her saw me asunder, the Prophet Isaiah was so used; if she will, let her cast me into the Sea, I will remember Jonah; If she will, let her cast me into a burning fiery Furnace, or to the wild Beasts, the three Children, and Daniel were so dealt with; If she will, let her stone me, or cut off my head; I have St. Stephen, and John the Baptist for my blessed Companions; If she will, let her take away all my goods and substance naked came I out of my Mother's Womb, and naked shall I return thither, again; He was so beloved, that on a time when he was like to be silenced, the people cried out, we had better want the shining of the Sun, than the Preaching of Chrysostom Clarks Lives. p. 78.   

XXX. In the persecution of the Church under the Arrian Vandals, who committed all manner of Cruelties upon the true Christians, there were a great number condemned to be burnt in a Ship, to which they were accompanied by a multitude of their Brethren, being led like innocent Lambs to the Sacrifice, and looking upon their weighty Chains and Irons, wherewith they were loaded, as rare Jewels and Ornaments, they went with all cheerfulness and alacrity to the place of Execution, even as though they had gone to a Banquet, singing praises, with one voice unto the Almighty, as they went along the Streets, saying; This is our desired day more joyful to us then any Festival, behold now is the accepted time, now is the day of Salvation, when for the faith of our Lord God we suffer death, that we may not lose the Garment of Faith and Glory; The People likewise with one voice cried out, Fear not O Servants of God, neither dread the Threats of your Enemies, die for Christ, who died for us, that he might redeem us with the price of his saving blood. Amongst them was a little Boy, to whom a subtle Seducer said, why hastest thou my pretty Boy unto death, let them go, they are mad, take my Counsel, and thou shalt not only have life, but great advancement in the King's Court; to whom the Lad answered, You shall not get me from the fellowship of these Holy Men who bred me up, and with whom I have lived in the fear of God, and with whom I desire to die, and with whom I trust I shall obtain the Glory to come, and so being all put into the Ship, they were burnt together. Clarks Martyr.   

XXXI. Among others who were terribly tormented, they tortured Women, and especially Gentlewomen stark naked, openly, without all shame, and particularly a young Lady called Dyonisia, whom they saw bolder, and more beautiful than the rest, they first commanded her to be stripped stark naked, and made ready for the Cudgels, who spoke stoutly to them, saying, I am assured of the love of God, vex me how you will, only my Womanhood disclose you not; But they with the greater rage set her naked upon an high place for a public spectacle; then did they whip her, till the streams of blood, did flow all over her body, whereupon she boldly said, Ye Ministers of Satan, that which you do for my reproach, is to me an honour. And beholding her only Son that was young and tender, and seemed fearful of Torments, checking him with a Motherly Authority, she so encouraged him, that he became more constant than before, to whom in the midst of his terrible Torments she said, Remember O my Child that we are Baptised in the name of the Holy Trinity, let us not lose the Garment of our Salvation, lest it be said, cast them into utter darkness, where is weeping, and wailing, and gnashing of Teeth; for that pain is to be dreaded that never endeth; and that life to be desired, that always lasteth, The Youth was so encouraged hereby, that he persevered patiented in all his sufferings, till in the midst of his Torments he gave up the Ghost, and many by this Lady's Exhortations and Example, were converted to Christianity, and animated in their sufferings; Not long after Cyrillus the Arrian Bishop of Carthage, stirred up Hunrick the Tyrant against the Christians, telling him, That he could never expect to enjoy his Kingdom in peace, so long as he suffered any of them to live, hereupon he sent for seven eminent Christians to Carthage, whom he first assaulted with flattery, and large promises of Honour, Riches, etc. if they would embrace his Faith; but these Servants of Christ rejected all his offers, crying out, One Lord, one Faith, one Baptism; saying also, do with our Bodies what you please, torment them at your will, it is better for us to suffer these momentary pains, than to endure everlasting Torments. Before this, Hunrick sent his Commissioners to impose the following Oath upon them under the utmost penalty, You shall swear that after the death of our Lord the King, his Son Hilderick shall succeed him in the Kingdom, whereupon some cried out, we are all Christians, and hold the Apostolical, and only True Faith, and seeing further into the subtlety of this Oath, refused it, other well meaning men offered to take it; whereupon they were divided asunder, and committed to custody, the names of both Parties, and of what Cities they were, being taken in writing, and soon after the King sent them this Message; As for you that would have taken the Oath, because you, contrary to the rule of the Gospel, which saith, swear not at all, would have sworr, the Kings Will is, that you shall never see your Churches, nor Houses more, but be banished into the Wilderness, and there shall till the ground; But to the refusers of the Oath he said, Because you desire not the Reign of our Lord the King's Son, you shall therefore be immediately sent away to the Isle of Corpse, there to hue Timber for the Ships. Clarks Martyr.   

XXXII. In the eighth Primitive Persecution under Valerianus, Sixtus Bishop of Rome, with his six Deacons, were accused for being Christians, whereupon being brought to the place of Execution, they were all beheaded, St. Laurence also another Deacon following Sixtus as he went to Execution, complained that he might not suffer with him, but that he was secluded as the Son from the Father; to whom the Bishop answered, That within three days he should follow him, bidding him in the mean time to go home, and if he had any Treasures, to distribute them among the Poor; the Judge hearing mention of Treasures, supposing that Laurence had great store in his Custody, commanded him to bring the same to him; Lawrence craved three days respite, promising then to declare where the Treasure might be had; in the mean time he caused a great number of poor Christians to be gathered together, and when the day of his answer was come, the Persecutor strictly charged him to make good his promise; but valiant Laurence stretching out his Arms over the poor, said, These are the precious Treasures of the Church, these are the Treasures indeed; in which Christ hath his Mansion; But O what Tongue is able to express the fury and madness of the Tyrant's Heart! how he stamped, stared, raved like one out of his wits, his Eyes glowed like Fire, his Mouth foamed like a Boar, he grindeth his Teeth like an Hellhound, and then he bellows out; Kindle the fire, make not spare of Wood, hath this Villain deluded the Emperor? Away with him, whip him with Scourges, jerk him with Rods, buffet him with Fists, brain him with Clubs; what doth the Traitor jest with the Emperor? Pinch him with fiery Tongues, gird him with burning Plates, bring out the strongest Chains and Pireforks, and the grate of Iron, set it on the fire, bind the Rebel hand and foot, and when the grate is red hot, on with him, roast him, broyl him, toss him turn him, upon pain of our high displeasure do every man his Office, O ye Tormentors; Immediately his command was obeyed, and after many cruel Tortures, this meek Lamb was laid, I will not say upon a Bed of fiery Iron, but on a soft down Bed, so mightily did God work for his Servant, and so miraculously did he temper this Element of Fire, that it was not a Bed of consuming pain, but of nourishing rest unto Laurence, so that the Emperor, and not Laurence seemed to be tormented, the one broiling in the flesh, the other burning in his heart; when this Triumphant Martyr had been pressed down with Fireforks for a great while in the mighty Spirit of God he spoke thus to the Tyrant.  
This side is now roasted enough,  
Turn up O Tyrant Great;  
And try whether roasted or raw,  
Thou thinkest its better meat.  
By the courageous Confession of this worthy and valiant Deacon, a Roman Soldier was converted to the same Faith, and desired to be Baptised, whereupon he was called before the Judge, Scourged, and afterward be headed. Acts and Mon.   

XXXIII. In the Arrian Persecution in Africa, there was one Satyrus' a Nobleman, eminent for Piety, whom the Tyrant much laboured to withdraw from the Christian Profession; but he refusing, the King told him, that if he presently consented not, he should forfeit his House, his Lands, his Goods, and his Honours, that his Children and Servants should be sold, and his Wife should be given to his Camel-driver, or one of the basest of his Slaves; but when threats prevailed not, he was cast into Prison; and when his Lady heard her doom, she went to her Husband as he was praying, with her Garments rend, and her hair dishevelled, her Children at her heels, and a sucking Infant in her Arms, and falling down at her Husband's feet, she took him about the Knees, saying, Have compassion. O my sweetest, of me thy poor Wife, and of these thy Children, look upon them, let them not be made Slaves, let not me be yoked in so base a Marriage; consider that what thou art required to do, thou dost it not willingly, but art constrained thereunto, and therefore it will not be laid to thy charge; But this valiant Soldier of Christ answered her in the words of Job, Thou speakest like a foolish Woman, thou actest the Devils part; If thou truly lovedst thy Husband, thou wouldst never seek to draw him to sin, that may separate him from Christ, and expose him to the second death; know assuredly that I am resolved, as my Saviour Christ commands me, to forsake Wife, Children, House, Lands, etc. that so I may enjoy him, and be his Disciple. And accordingly he was despoiled of all, and turned out a begging, yea, all Persons were forbid to harbour or relieve him. Acts and Monum. Vol. 1.   

XXXIV. St. Jerom discovered his Christian Resolution by this Speech, If, said he, my Father stood weeping on his knees before me, and my Mother hanging on my neck behind, and all my Brethren, Sisters, Children, Kindred, and Kinsfolks howling on every side to retain me in a sinful life, I would fling my Mother to the ground, despise all my Kindred, run over my Father, and tread him under my feet, that I might run to Christ when he calleth me; After his Condemnation by the cruel Papists, he said, I after my death will leave a remorse in your Consciences, and a Nail in your hearts, and I here cite you all to answer to me before the high and just Judge within an hundred years; when he was brought forth to Execution, they prepared a great and long paper, painted about with red Devils, which when he beheld, throwing away his Hood, he put on this Mitre upon his head, saying, Our L. Jesus Christ when he suffered death for me, the most wretched Sinner did wear a Crown of Thorns upon his head, and I for his sake will willingly wear this Cap; As he went to his suffering, he sang some Hymns, and coming to the place of Execution, he was bound to the stake, and so fire was set to him, which he endured with admirable valour; for standing at the stake bound, and the Executioner kindling the fire behind him, he bid him kindle it before his face, For, said he, if I had been afraid of it, I had not come to this place, having had so many opportunities offered me to escape it; The whole City of Constance admired his Christian Courage, and Resolution. At his giving up the Ghost he said, 
Hanc animam in flammis offero, Christ, tibi.  
This Soul of mine in flames of fire,  
O Christ I offer thee.    

XXXV. Many Christians being assembled together in a Church Maximinus the Tyrant, Emp commanded it to be surrounded with armed Men, and set on fire, but first proclaimed, that whosoever desired life should come forth, and worship the Idols, whereupon one stepping up into a Window, answered in the name of all the rest; We are all Christians, and will do service to none but the true God; Upon which speech the fire was kindled, and there were burnt many Thousands of Men, Women, and Children. In Thebaide so many Christians were slain, that the Swords of the Tormentors grew blunt, and they were so tired, that they were fain to sit down, and rest them while others took their places, and yet the Martyrs were no whit discouraged, but to the last gasp sung Psalms of Praise unto God. Acts and Mon. Vol. 1.   

XXXVI. Theodosius the Great, a Christian Emperor, having in Egypt abolished their Heathenish Sacrifice and Worship, upon pain of Confiscation and death; the People fearing that the omission of their accustomed Superstitions, would make the River Nilus (which they honoured as a God) keep in his streams, and not water the Land as formerly, they thereupon began to mutiny; whereupon the Precedent writ to the Emperor, beseeching him for once to gratify the People, by conniving at their Superstition, to whom he Heroically answered; That it was better to continue faithful and constant to God, than to prefer the over flowing of Nilus, and the fertility of the Earth before Piety and Godliness; and that he had rather Nilus should never overflow, than that they should make it rise by Sacrifices and Enchantments. Sozomen.   

XXXVII. Benevolus was offered preferment by Justina the Empress, an Arrian, if he would be an instrument of some vile service, What saith he, do you promise me an higher place for a reward of Iniquity, nay take this away, that I have already with all my heart, so that I may keep a good conscience. And thereupon he threw his Girdle at her feet, which was the Ensign of his Honour. Acts and Mon. Vol. 1.   

XXXVIII. It is said of Luther, that he alone opposed all the world; he used to say; Let me be counted proud or passionate, so I be not found guilty of sinful silence, when the cause of God suffereth. Madness in this case is better than mildness; Moderation here is mere sottishness, yea, it is much worse. He being cited by an Herald of Arms to appear before the Count at Worms, many of his Friends persuaded him not to adventure himself to such a present danger, to whom he answered, That he was resolved, and certainly determined to enter into Worms, in the name of our Lord Jesus Christ, although he knew that there were as many Devils to resist him, as there were Tiles to cover the Houses in Worms. His Christian Courage was extraordinary, and therefore when Melancthon knowing the rage of the Papists, and the Emperor's threats to subvert the Gospel, was much troubled at it, & gave himself wholly up to grief, sighs, and tears, Luther writ thus to him, In private conflicts I am weak, and you are strong; but in public conflicts you are found weak, and I stronger; because I am assured that our cause is just and true; if we fall, Christ the Lord and Ruler of the world falleth with us; and suppose he fall, I had rather fall with Christ, than stand with Caesar, I extremely dislike your excessive cares, with which you say you are almost consumed, that these reign so much in your heart, it is not from the greatness of your dangers, but from the greatness of your incredulity; if the cause be bad, let us recant it, and fly back, if it be good, why do we make God a Liar, who hath made us these great promises, cast thy care upon the Lord, etc. Be of good comfort, I have overcome the world. If Christ be the Conqueror of the world; why should we fear it, as if it would overcome us? A man would fetch such sentences as these upon his knees from Rome to Jerusalem; be not afraid, be courageous and cheerful, solicitous for nothing; the Lord is at hand to help us. When King Henry the Eighth of England had writ bitterly against Luther; Let the Henry's, says he, the Bishops, the Turk, and the Devil himself do what they can, we are Children of the Kingdom, worshipping, and waiting for that Saviour, whom they, and such as they spit upon and crucify; Erasmus writes thus, If saith he, Luther commending the King's good intention, had proceeded by strong Arguments without violating Kingly Majesty in my judgement he had taken a better course for the defence of his cause, for what made Luther use these words in his Book, come hither my Lord Henry, and I will teach you; to this Luther replies, If any man, saith he, be offended at my sharpness against the King, let him know that in that Book I deal with senseless Monsters, who contemned my best and most modest writings, and by my Humility and Modesty were more hardened in their Errors; Besides I abstained from bitterness and Lies, with which the King's Book was stuffed, neither is it any wonder if I contemn and by't an earthly King, when as he feared not at all in his writings to blaspheme the King of Heaven, and to profane his Truth with virulent Lies. When Luther came to die, the Will which he made concerning his Wife and Child, was as follows; O Lord God, I thank thee, that thou wouldst have me live a poor and indigent Person upon Earth, I have neither House nor Land, nor Possessions, nor Money to leave, thou Lord hast given me Wife and Children, them Lord I give back to thee, nourish, instruct, and keep them; O thou Father of Orphans, and Judge of the Widows, do to them as thou hast done to me. When he was ready to die, Justus Ionas, and Caelius said to him, O Reverend Father, do you die in the constant confession of the Doctrine of Christ, which you have hitherto Preached; to which he answered, Yea, which was the last word he spoke; He made this verse some time before his death;  
Pestis eram vivus, moriens ero mors tua Papa.  
I living stopped Rome's breath.  
And dead will be Rome's death.  
One saith of him, that Luther a poor Friar should be able to stand against the Pope, was a great Miracle; that he should prevail against the Pope was a greater; and after all, to die in peace was the greatest of all. Clarks Mirror.   

XXXIX. Mr. Woodman a Martyr in Queen Mary's Reign, speaks thus of himself; When I have been in Prison wearing Bolts and Shackles, sometimes lying upon the bare ground, sometimes sitting in the Stocks, some times bound with Cords, that all my Body hath been swollen, and I like to have been overcome with pain; sometimes forced to lie about in the Woods, and Fields, wand'ring too and fro; sometimes brought before the Justices, Sheriffs, Lords, Doctors, and Bishops; sometimes called Dog, Devil, Heretic, Whoremonger, Traitor, Thief, Deceiver, etc. yea, and they that did eat of my Bread, and should have been most my Friends by Nature, have betrayed me, yet for all this, I praise my Lord God that hath separated me from my Mother's Womb; all this that hath happened to me, hath been easy, light, and most delightful, and more joyful Treasure than ever I possessed. Acts and Mon.   

XL. Archbishop Cranmer by the wily subtleties, and large promises of the Papists, was drawn to subscribe to a Recantation, yet afterward by God's great mercy he recovered again; and when he was at the stake, and the fire kindled about him, he stretched out his right hand wherewith he had subscribed, and held it so steadfastly, and unmovably in the flame (saving that he once wiped his face with it) that all men saw his hand burned, before the fire touched his Body, he also being replenished by the Holy Spirit, did abide his burning with such constancy and steadfastness, that always standing in the place, his body moved no more than the stake to which he was bound. Acts and Mon.   

XLI. Henry Prince of Saxony, when his Brother George sent to him, that if he would forsake his Faith, and turn Papist, he would leave him his Heir, but he made him this Answer, Rather than I will do so, and deny my Saviour Jesus Christ, I and my Kate, each of us with a staff in our hands, will beg our bread out of his Countries, Luth. Colloq. p. 248.   

XLII. Mr. James Bainham being at the stake, in the midst of the burning fire, his Legs and Arms being half consumed, spoke thus to the standers by, O ye Papists, behold you look for Miracles, and here now you may see one; for in this fire I feel no more pain than if I were in a Bed of Down, and it is to me as a Bed of Roses. Acts and Mon.   

XLIII. The Earl of Morton a Religious and Prudent man, who was sometimes Regent in Scotland in King James his Minority, when the King had taken the Government into his own hand, was falsely accused, and unjustly condemned by his crafty and malicious adversaries; the morning before he suffered, Mr Lawson, and two or three other Ministers of Edinburgh came to visit him, ask him how he had rested that night? To whom he answered, That of a long time he had not slept more sound, now I am, said he, at the end of my Troubles. Some nights before my Trial I was thinking what to answer for myself, and that kept me from sleep, but this night I had no such thoughts. When he came to the Scaffold, he exhorted the People to continue in the profession of the true Religion, and to maintain it to the utmost of their power, entreating them to assist him in their Prayers to God; then going courageously to the block, he laid down his head, and cried aloud, Into thy hand O Lord I commit my Spirit, Lord Jesus receive my Soul. Which words he repeated, till his head was severed from his Shoulders. A. B. Spotswood. Hist. Scotland. p. 314.   

XLIV. The Lord Henry Otto being condemned at Prague for the Protestant Religion, at the place of Execution he said, I was lately troubled, but now I feel a wonderful refreshing in my heart; And lifting up his hands to Heaven, he added, I give thee thanks O most merciful Saviour, who hast been pleased to fill me with so much comfort, O now I fear death no longer, I shall die with Joy. About the same time two Dutchmen were taken at Prague, and accused by some Monks of Lutheranism, for which they were condemned to be burnt; as they went to the place of Execution, such gracious words proceeded out of their mouths as drew Tears from the Spectators Eyes; when they came to the stake, they exceedingly encouraged each other, one of them saying, Since our Lord Christ hath suffered such grievous things for us, let us cheerfully suffer for him, and rejoice that we have found so much favour with him, that we are accounted worthy to die for the Word of God; The other said; In the day of my Marriage I found not so much inward Joy as I now do; When the fire was put to them; they said with a loud voice, Lord Jesus thou in thy sufferings didst pray for thine Enemies, therefore we also do the like. Clarks Martyrol. p. 177.   

XLV. In the year 1555. there was one Algerius a Student of Milan in Italy, a young man of excellent Learning; who having attained to the knowledge of the Truth, ceased not by instruction and example to teach others; for which he was accused of Heresy to the Pope, by whose command he was cast into Prison at Venice, where he lay long, and during that time he wrote an excellent Letter to the afflicted Protestants, wherein among many other divine expressions, he thus writeth; I cannot but impart unto you some portion of my Delectations, and Joys which I feel and find; I have found Honey in the entrails of a Lion, who will believe that in this dark Dungeon I should find a Paradise of Pleasure? For in the place of sorrow and death dwells Tranquillity, and hope of life, in an infernal Cave I have joy of Soul, where others weep, I rejoice; where others tremble, there I find strength and boldness; all these things the sweet hand of the Almighty doth minister unto me; behold he that was once far from me, whom I could scarce feel before, I now see apparently; whom I once saw afar off, I behold now near at hand; whom once I hungered for, he now approaches, and reaches his hand to me. He doth comfort me, and fills me with gladness; he drives away all sorrow, & strengthens, incourages, heals, refreshes, and advances me; O how good is the Lord? who suffers not his Servants to be tempted above their strength; O how easy and sweet is this yoke! Learn therefore how amiable, and merciful the Lord is, who visiteth his Servants in temptation, and disdains, not to keep them company in such vile and stinking Dungeons. And in conclusion he subscribes his Letter, From the delectable Orchard of the Leonine Prison. Clarks Martyr. p. 270.   

XLVI. Henry Voes, and John Esch, who had been sometimes Augustine Friars, being converted, they were condemned for the Protestant Religion, for which they gave thanks to God their Heavenly Father, who of his great goodness had delivered them from the false and abominable Religion, making them Priests to himself, and receiving them to himself as a Sacrifice of a sweet savour; they went joyfully to the place of execution, protesting that they died for the glory of God, and the Doctrine of the Gospel, as true Christians, and that it was the day which they had long desired; they joyfully embraced the stake, and endured patiently the Torments of the fire; singing Psalms, and rehearsing the Creed in Testimony of their Faith, when the fire was kindled at their Feet, one of them said, Methinks you do strew Roses under my feet. Clarks Martyr. p. 279.   

XLVII. Peter Spengler a pious and learned Minister in Germany, being condemned to death, as he was going to Execution said, I shall be an acceptable Sacrifice to my Saviour Jesus Christ, who hath given me a quiet conscience, as knowing myself innocent from the Crimes objected against me; as for my death it is all one to me whether I die thus or no, for if you had let me alone, I must shortly have forsaken this skin, which already scarcely hangs to my Bones; I know that I am a mortal, and corruptible Worm, I have long desired my last day, and have oft prayed that I might be delivered out of this mortal body to be joined to my Saviour Jesus Christ. Another Godly Martyr in that Country feeling the violence of the flames, said, O what a small pain is this, if compared with the Glory to come? One Audebert a French Protestant, being condemned to be burnt; when she was brought forth to Execution, and had a Rope put about her, she called it her Wedding Girdle, wherewith she would be Married unto Christ, and being to be burned upon a Saturday, she said; On a Saturday I was first Married, and on a Saturday I shall be Married again; She much rejoiced when she was put into the Dung-cart, and shown such patience & constancy in the fire, as made all the Spectators to wonder at it. Clarks Martyr. p. 320.   

XLVIII. Mr. John Rogers, the first Martyr in Queen Mary's days, the Lords day before his death, drank to Mr. Hooper, who lay in a Chamber beneath him, bidding the Messenger to commend him to him, and tell him, That there was never little Fellow would better stick to a Man than he would to him, supposing that they should be both burned together, though it fell out otherwise. Clarks Martyr. p. 489.   

XLIX. Mr. Laurence Saunders, whilst he was in Prison, writ thus to his Wife. I am merry, and trust through God's mercy I shall be merry in spite of all the Devils in Hell. Riches I have none to endow you with, but the Treasure of tasting how sweet Christ is to hungry Consciences, whereof I do thank my Christ I feel my part, this I bequeath unto you, and to the rest of my beloved in Christ. And again, Oh what worthy thanks can be given to our gracious God, for his unmeasurable mercies so powerfully poured out upon us; and I most unworthy wretch cannot but bewail my great Ingratitude toward so gracious a God, and so loving a Father; I beseech you all as for my other sins, so especially for my sins of unthankfulness to crave pardon for me in your earnest prayers; to number God's mercies in particular, were to number the drops of Water in the Sea, the Sands on the shore, and the Stars in Heaven; O my dear Wife and Friends, rejoice with me, I say rejoice with Thanksgiving, for this my present promotion, in that I am made worthy to magnify my God, not only in my life, by my slow mouth, and uncircumcised lips, bearing witness to his Truth, but also by my blood to seal the same, to the glory of my God, and to the confirming of his True Church, I do profess to you that the comforts of my sweet Christ do drive from me the fears of death. Clarks Martyr. p. 509.   

L. When Dr. Rowland Taylor was brought before Stephen Gardiner Lord Chancellor, he said to him, Art thou come thou Villain? How darest thou look me in the face for shame? Knowest thou not who I am? To whom Dr. Taylor answered with Courage; How dare you for shame look any Christian man in the face, seeing you have forsaken the Truth, denied our Saviour Christ, and his Word, and done contrary to your Oath and Writing? And if I should be afraid of your Lordly looks, why fear you not God the Lord of us all; As he was going to Hadly to be burnt, when he came within two miles of it, he desired to alight, and when he was down, he leapt, and fetched a frisk or two, saying, God be praised I am now almost at my home, and have not above two styles to go over, and then I am even at my Father's House. Clarks Martyr. p. 509.   

LI. Bishop Ridly in a Letter to Mr. Bradford writes thus, Sir, blessed be God, notwithstanding our hard restraint, and the evil report raised of us, we are merry in God, and all our care is, and by God's Grace shall be, to please and serve him, from whom we expect after these temporary, and momentary miseries, to have eternal joy, and perpetual felicity, with Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, etc. The night before he suffered, he said, Though my breakfast will be somewhat sharp and painful, yet I am sure my supper shall be more pleasant and sweet. Clarks Martyr. p. 521.   

LII. Mr. Bradford said, I thank God more for this Prison, and dark Dungeon, than for any Pardon; yea than for any pleasure that ever I had; for in it I find God my most sweet God always, He also told a friend that lay with him in the same Bed in Prison, that even in the time of his Examination before Stephen Gardiner, he was wonderfully comforted, not only in Spirit, but also in Body; for he received a certain Taste of the Holy Communion of Saints, whilst a most pleasant refreshing did issue from every part of the Body to the seat and place of the Heart, and from thence to all the parts again. Clar. Mar. p. 94.   

LIII. Bishop Latimer being brought before the Privy Council, was there entertained with many scoffs and scorns, and from thence was sent Prisoner to the Tower, where God gave him such a valiant Spirit, that he did not only bear the terribleness of his Imprisonment with admirable patience, but he derided, and laughed to scorn all the do and threats of his Enemies. Ibid. p. 528.   

LIV. Mr. John Philpot having lain for some time in the Bishop of London's Coal-house, the Bishop sent for him, and among other questions, asked him why they were so merry in Prison? Singing, saith he, and rejoicing in your naughtiness, as the Prophet speaks, whereas you should rather lament and be sad; Mr. Philpot answered, My Lord, the mirth that we make, is but in singing certain Psalms, as we are commanded by St. Paul, to rejoice in the Lord, singing together Hymns, and Psalms; for we are in a dark, comfortless place, and therefore we thus solace ourselves; I trust therefore your Lordship will not be angry, seeing the Apostle saith, If any be of an upright heart, let him sing Psalms. And we to declare that we are of an upright mind to God, though we are in misery, yet refresh ourselves with such singing; After some other discourse, saith he, I was carried back to my Lord's Coal-house, where I with my six Fellow-Prisoners do rouse together in the straw as cheerfully I thank God, as others do in the Beds of Down. And in a Letter to a Friend he thus writes; Commend me to Mr. Elsing and his Wife, and thank him for providing me some ease in my Prison, and tell him, that though my Lord's Coal-house is very black, yet it is more to be desired of the Faithful than the Queen's Palace; the World wonders how we can be so merry under such extreme miseries, but our God is Omnipotent, who turns misery into felicity; believe me, there is no such joy in the world as the People of God have under the Cross of Christ; I speak by experience, and therefore believe me, and fear nothing that the world can do unto you, for when they imprison our Bodies, they set our Souls at liberty to converse with God, when they cast us down, they lift us up; when they kill us, then do they send us to everlasting life; what greater glory can there be then to be made conformable to our Head Christ; and this is done by Affliction, O good God, what am I, upon whom thou shouldst bestow so great a mercy? This is the way, though it be narrow, which is full of the Peace of God and leadeth to eternal bliss; oh how my heart leapeth for Joy, that I am so near the apprehension thereof, God forgive me my unthankfulness, and unworthiness of so great Glory; I have so much Joy, that though I be in a place of darkness and mourning, yet I cannot lament; but both night and day am so full of Joy, as I never was so merry before, the Lords name be praised for ever; our Enemies do fret, fume, and gnash their Teeth at it; O pray instantly that this Joy may never be taken from us, for it passeth all the delights in this world, this is the peace of God that passeth all understanding; this peace the more his chosen are afflicted, the more they feel it, and therefore cannot fail neither for fire nor water. Ibid. p. 534.   

LV. Thus the Lion of the Tribe of Juda puts into his Servants his own Spirit, from whence proceeds their transcendent zeal and courage for the Truth; from this Spirit it was that John Rabeck a French Protestant, being required to pronounce Jesus Maria, and to join them together in one Prayer, answered, That if his Tongue should but offer to pronounce those words at their bidding, himself would by't it asunder with his Teeth. Another Martyr said, If every hair of my head were a man, I would suffer death in the Opinion, and Faith I am now in; This Spirit was in St. Athanasius, Ambrose, Favel, and that noble Army of Martyrs; one of them told the Persecutors, That they might pluck the Heart out of his Body, but could never pluck the Truth out of his Heart; another said, That the Heavens should sooner fall than he would turn, a third said, Can I die but once for Christ? Thus did they undervalue life, and despise death, through that Divine Valour wherewith they were inspired, though death in itself is the King of Terrors, and very dreadful to man naturally, as by the following Example is demonstrated, with which I shall conclude this particular.   

LVI. A Christian King in Hungary being on a time very sad, his Brother a Jolly Courtier, would needs know of him what ailed him, O Brother said he, I have been a great sinner against God, and I know not how to die, nor to appear before God in Judgement. These, said his Brother, are melancholy thoughts, and withal made a jest at them; the King replied nothing for the present; but the custom of the Country was, that if the Executioner came, and sounded a Trumpet before any man's door, he was presently to be led to Execution; the King in the dead time of the night, sends the Hangman to sound his Trumpet before his Brother's door, who hearing it, and seeing the Messenger of Death, flies pale, and trembling, into his Brother's presence, beseeching him to tell him wherein he had offended; O Brother, replied the King, you have never offended me; and is the sight of my Executioner so dreadful, and shall not I that have greatly, and grievously offended God, fear to be brought before the Judgement Seat of Christ. Clarks Mirror. p. 138.   

LVII. Thus far we have seen the excellent effects of Natural and Christian Magnanimity, Courage and Faithfulness; there is yet another sort of Fidelity, which is exceeding Praiseworthy, which is the Faithfulness of some men to their Engagements; and the Trust reposed in them; the Syrians were looked upon as men of no Faith, and not fit to be trusted by any man, and that besides their curiosity in keeping their Gardens, they had scarce any thing in them that was commendable. The Greeks also laboured under this imputation, as being as false as they were Luxurious and Voluptuous; It is strange, that those who were so covetous after all other kinds of improvement and knowledge, should in the mean time neglect that, which sets a fuller value upon man, than a thousand other accomplishments, namely his fidelity to his Promise and Trust.   

LVIII. Ferdinand the first King of Spain, left three Sons behind him, Sanctius, Alphonsus, and Garcius, amongst whom he had also divided his Kingdoms; but they lived not long in mutual Peace, for soon after the death of their Father, Sanctius, who was of a fierce, and violent disposition, made War upon his Brother Alphonsus, overcame, and took him Prisoner, and thrust him into a Monastery; constrained Religion lasts not long, and therefore he privately deserted his Cloister, and in company only of one Earl, he fled for protection to Almenon King of Toledo, who was a Moor, and an Enemy to the others Religion; but there had been Friendship and Peace betwixt him, and Ferdinand the Father of this distressed Prince, and upon this account he chose to commit himself unto his Faith, and was cheerfully received by him; he had not been long with him, when in the presence of the King, the hair of this Prince was observed to stand up an end, in such manner, that being several times stroked down by the hand, they still continued in their upright posture. The Moorish Sooth sayers interpreted this to be a Prodigy of ill signification, and told the King, that this was the man that should be advanced to the Throne of Toledo, and thereupon persuaded to put him to death; the King would not do it, but preferred his Faith given, to the fear he might apprehend, and thought it sufficient to make him swear, that during his life he should not invade his Kingdom; a while after King Sanctius was slain by Conspirators at Zamora, and his Sister Vratta being well affected to this her Brother, sent him a Messenger, with Letters to invite him to the Kingdom, advising him by some craft, with all speed to quit the Country of the Barbarians where he was; Alphonsus bearing a grateful mind, would not relinquish his Patron in this manner, but coming to Almenon, acquainted him with the matter; And now, said he, noble Prince, complete your Royal Favours toward me, by sending me to my Kingdom, that as hitherto I have had my life, so I may now also receive my Sceptre by your generosity; The King embraced him, and wished him all happiness, But, said he, you had lost both Crown and life if with an ungrateful mind you had fled without my knowledge; For I knew of the death of Sanctius, and I silently waited what course you would take, and had disposed upon the way, such as I should have returned you back from your flight, had it been attempted. But no more of this, all I shall require of you is, that during your life you shall be a true Friend to me and my elder Son Hissemus. And so sent him away with Money, and an honourable retinue; this Alphonsus did afterward take the City, and Kingdom of Toledo, but it was after the death of Almenon and his Son. Lipsius Mon p. 321.   

LIX. Antaff King of some part of Ireland, warring against King Ethelstan, disguised himself like an Harper, and came into Ethelstans' Tent, whence being gone, a Soldier that knew him, discovered it to the King, who being offended with the Soldier for not declaring it sooner, the Soldier made this answer; I once served Antaff under his pay as a Soldier, and gave him the same Faith I now give you, if then I should betray him, what trust could your Grace repose in my Truth; let him therefore die, but not by my Treachery, and let your care remove your Royal self from danger, remove your Tent from the place where it stands, lest at unawares he set upon you. Which the King did, and the Bishop pitching in the same place, was that night with all his Retinue slain by Antaff, hoping to have surprised the King, and believing he had slain him, because he himself knew his Tent stood in that place. Speeds Chrocle, p. 381.   

LX. Henry, King of Arragon and Sicily, was deceased, and left John his Son, a Child of twenty two months of Age, behind him, entrusted to the care and fidelity of Ferdinand, the Brother of the deceased King, and Uncle to the Infant; he was a man of great virtue and merit, and therefore the Eyes of the Nobles and People were upon him, and not only in private discourses, but in the public Assembly, he had the general voice, and mutual consent to be chosen King of Arragon, but he was still deaf to these proffers, alleging the right of his Infant Nephew, and the custom of the Country, which they were bound the rather to maintain, by how much the weaker the young Prince was to do it; yet he could not prevail, though the Assembly was adjourned for that time; they met again in hopes that having time to consider of it, he would now accept it, who being not ignorant of their purpose, had caused the little Child to be clothed in Royal Robes, and having hid him under his Garment, went and sat in the Assembly; then Paralus, Master of the Horse, by common consent did again ask him, Whom O Ferdinand is it your pleasure to have declared our King? He with a severe look & voice replied, Whom but John the Son of my Brother? and withal took forth the Child from under his Robe, and lifting him up upon his Shoulders, cried out, God save King John, and commanding the Banners to be displayed, cast himself first to the ground before him and then all the rest moved by his example did the like. Camer. Horae Subs. p. 154.   

LXI. John the first K. of France was overthrown in Battle, and made Prisoner by Edw. the Black Prince, and afterwards brought over into England; Here he remained four years, and was then suffered to return into France, upon certain conditions, which if he could make his Subjects submit to, he should be free, if otherwise, he gave his faith to return; he could not prevail to make them accept of the hard Terms that were offered, whereupon he returned into England, surrendered himself up, and there died. Fulgosus ex. p. 44.   

LXII. Flectius a Nobleman, was made Governor of the City, and Castle of Conimbria in Portugal, by King Sanctius, 1243. This Sanctius was too much swayed by his Wife Mencia, and over-addicted to some Court Minions and Favourites, by reason of which, there was a Conspiracy of the Nobles against him, and the matter was so far gone, that they had got leave of Pope Innocent to translate the Government of the Kingdom to Alphonsus the Brother of Sanctius; hereupon followed a War, the minds of most men were alienated from their natural Prince, but Flectius was still constant, enduring the Siege and Arms of Alphonsus, and the whole Nation, nor could he any way be persuaded, till he heard that Sanctius was dead in banishment at Toletum; for whom now should he fight, or preserve his Faith? they advised him therefore to follow Fortune, and to yield himself, and not change a just Praise, for the Title of a Desperado and a Madman; Flectius heard, but believed them not, he therefore begged leave of Alphonsus, that he himself might go to Toletum, and satisfy himself. It was granted, and he there found that the King was indeed dead & buried, and therefore that he might as well be free in his own conscience, as in the opinion of men; he opened the Sepulchre, and with sighs, and tears, he delivers the very Keys of Conimbria into the King's hands, with these words; As long, O King, as I did judge thee to be alive, I endured all extremities; I fed upon Skins and Leather, and quenched my thirst with Urine; I repressed, or quieted the minds of the Citizens that were inclining to Sedition, and whatsoever could be expected from a faithful Man, and one sworn to thy interest, that I performed, and persisted in, only one thing remains, that having delivered the Keys of the City to thine own hands, I may return freed of my Oath, and to tell the Citizens their King is dead, God send thee well in another, and a better Kingdom. This said, he departed, acknowledged Alphonsus for his lawful Prince, and was ever after faithful to him. Lipsius' Monit. p. 324.   

LXIII. King John had made Hubert Burgh, Governor of Dover Castle, and when King Lewis of France came to take the Town, and found it difficult to be overcome by force, he sent to Hubert, whose Brother Thomas he had taken Prisoner a little before, that unless he would surrender the Castle, he should presently see his Brother Thomas put to death with exquisite Torments before his Eyes; but this Threatening moved not Hubert at all, who more regarded his own Loyalty than his Brother's life; then Prince Lewis sent again, offering him a great sum of Money, neither did this move him, but he kept his Loyalty as faithfully, and inexpugnably as he did his Castle. Baker's Chron. p. 110.   

LXIV. Sanctius King of Castille, had taken Tariffa from the Moors, but was doubtful of keeping it, by reason both of the Neithborhood of the Enemy, and the great cost it would put him to, there was with him at that time Alphonsus Guzman, a noble and rich Person, a great Man both in Peace and War; he of his own accord offered to take the care of it, and to be at part of the charge himself, and the King in the mean time might attend other affairs. A while after the King's Brother John revolted to the Moors, and with some Forces of theirs, suddenly sat down before Tariffa; the Besieged feared him not, but relied upon their own, and their Governor's valour, only one thing unhappily fell out, the Son, and only Son of Alphonsus was unfortunately taken by the Enemy in the Fields, him they shown before the Walls, and threatened to put him to a cruel death, unless they speedily yielded the Town; the hearts of all men were moved, only that of Alphonsus, who cried with a loud voice, that had they a hundred of his Sons in their power, he should not thereupon departed from his Faith and Loyalty; and saith he, Since you are so thirsty for blood, there is a Sword for you; throwing his own Sword over the Wall to them; away he went, and prepared himself to go to Dinner, when upon the sudden there was a confused noise, and cry that recalled him; he again repairs to the Wall, and ask the reason of their amazement, they told him, That his Son had been put to death with barbarous. Cruelty; Was that it then, replied he? I thought the City had been taken by the Enemy. And so with his former unconcernedness, and tranquillity, he returned again to his Wife, and his Dinner; the Enemies astonished at the greatness of his Spirit, departed the Siege, without any further attempt upon the place. Lipsius.   

LXV. Boges the Persian was besieged in his City Etona, by Cimon, General of the Athenians, and when he was offered safely to departed into Asia, upon delivery of the City, he constantly refused it, lest he should be thought unfaithful to his Prince; being therefore resolved, he bore all the inconveniences of a Siege, till his Provisions being now almost utterly spent, and seeing there was no way to break forth, he made a great fire, and cast himself, and his whole Family into the flames of it, concluding he had not sufficiently acquitted himself of his Trust to his Prince, unless he also laid down his life for his Cause. Herodot. p. 417.   

LXVI. Liamgzus, the Conductor of the Rebel Thiefs, had seized the Empire of China, taken the Metropolis Peking, and upon the death of the Emperor, had seated himself in the Imperial Throne; he displaced, and imprisoned what great Officers he pleased; amongst the rest, was one Us, a venerable Person, whose Son Vsangueius led the Army of China, in the confines of Leatung, against the Tartars; the Tyrant threatened this old man with a cruel death, if by his Fatherly power he did not reduce him with his whole Army to the acknowledgement of his Power, promising great rewards to them both, if he should prevail, wherefore the poor old man writ thus to his Son; Know my Son, that the Emperor Zunchinus, and the whole Family of Taimingus are perished; the Heavens have cast the Fortune of it upon Licungzus, we must observe the times, and by making a virtue of necessity; avoid his Tyranny, and experience his liberality; he promiseth to thee a Royal Dignity, if with the Army you submit to his Dominion, and acknowledge him as Emperor, my life depends upon thy Answer, consider what thou owest to him that gave thee life. To which his Son Vsanguineus returned this answer; He that is not faithful to his Sovereign, will never be so to me, and if you forget your duty and fidelity to your Emperor, no man will blame me, if I forget my duty and obedience to such a Father, I will rather die, than serve a Thief; And immediately he sent an Ambassador to call in the aid of the Tartars, to subdue this Usurper of the Empire. Hist. China. p. 277.    

CHAP. III. The Transcendent Effects of Chastity, Temperance, and Humility; discovered in divers notable Histories.  

THere is no Vice whatever that is easy to overcome; but that of the Lust of the Flesh seems to have a peculiar difficulty in the Conquest of it, as being born with us, and which accompanies us all along from the Cradle to the Tomb for the most part; having so firmly fixed its roots within us, that not one of manyiss able to prevail against it; by how much the more strong therefore the Enemy is, and the more intimate and familiar he is with us, the more noble is the Victory, and the Conquest more glorious, which yet some in all Ages have attained, as may appear by the following instances.   

I. Scipio had taken the City of New Carthage, where besides the rest of the Spoil, there were found a number of Boys & Girls, the Children of the Nobility; amongst the rest, one Virgin was brought & presented to Scipio, whose marvellous beauty had attracted the Eyes of all men whithersoever she went; it was supposed this would be no unacceptable Present to the young General, but he as soon as he looked upon her, said only thus; I would accept, and enjoy this Virgin, were I a private Person, and not in such command as I am, for the Commonwealth keeps my mind sufficiently employed, yet I receive her as a kind pledge to be by me restored, and returned where reason and humanity shall persuade; Thereupon he asked the young Lady of what Country she was, what her Birth was, and who her Parents; by whom he understood, that she was a Princess, and contracted to Lucius a young Prince of her Nation; the General therefore sent both for him & her Parents, and when come, setting the Virgin Lady by him, he spoke thus to her Spouse; As soon as this Virgin was by my Soldiers brought and presented unto me, I did willingly behold the excellency of her form, and I praised the other accomplishments of her body and mind, for nature hath not brought us forth blind, and altogether ignorant of such things; love can reach even this breast of mine, but than it must be an honest one, and such as the time, and my affairs will permit, though therefore she is mine by the right of War, I am not desirous in the midst of Arms to be concerned in such matters, nor perhaps is it comely to detain from a valiant Person, one that is already contracted to him; I have learned thus much from her, and have therefore sent for you, that I might see you, and that I (Heaven is my witness) a chaste Man, might deliver this chaste Virgin to you; she hath lived with me with that caution and reservedness, as if she had been with her own Parents; nor was it a Gift worthy either of myself or thee, if either force, or private fraud had been any diminution to her Virtue, receive her inviolate, and enjoy her, nor will we have any other recompense besides thyself, that is, to have a cordial respect to Scipio and the Romans; The young Prince was astonished for joy, the Parents fell down at the feet of Scipio, and laying there a considerable sum of Gold, offered it as her ransom; but he bid the young Prince take it as part of her Dowry from himself, above that which her Parents should give; thus did he overcome at once his Lust, and his Covetousness, and by this one Noble Act of his, drew a great part of Spain to the side of the Romans, they striving with eagerness to be subject to a Person of so much Virtue. Valer. Maxim. p. 133.   

II. St. Jerome gives a relation of a young man of invincible courage, who when by all sorts of threaten, he was not to be frighted into Idolatry, and the Worship of the Heathen Gods, his Enemies resolved upon another course; they brought him into a Garden flowing with all manner of sensual pleasures and delights, there they laid him in a Bed of Down, safely enwrapped in a Net of Silk amongst the Lilies and Roses, with the delicious murmur of the Rivulets, and the sweet whistling of the winds amongst the leaves, and then all departed, there was then immediately sent unto him a young, and most beautiful Strumpet, who used all the abominable tricks of her impure Art, and whorish Villainies to draw him to her desire; the Youth now fearing that he should be conquered with Folly, who had triumphed over fury, resolutely bit off a piece of his own Tongue with his Teeth, spitting it in the face of the Whore, and so by the smart of his wound, extinguished the rebellion of his flesh. Burtons' Melancholy. p. 451.   

III. Euphrasia a Virgin, being seized by a Soldier, and perceiving herself reduced to that condition, that neither her strongest resistance, nor tears could any longer defend her Chastity from an armed and hold Ravisher, she bids him forbear, and that she would redeem at a valuable rate what she could not obtain by all her entreaties; she tells him, that she was skilled in Magic, and that she knew of a certain Ointment, with which, if he once anointed his Body, he should be proof either against Sword or Dart, and that she would impart this  depiction of a man preserving his religion and chastity 
A Young Man Strangely Preserves His Religion & Chastily. Page. 122.   depiction of Joan, Queen of Naples, hanging her husband, King Andrew 
joan the Lascivious Q. of Naples hangs her husband K Andrew Page. 158  secret to him, which to that day she had kept private, upon this condition, that he would solemnly swear from henceforth not to offer any injury to her Virgin Modesty; the Soldier touched with the ambition of Military Glory, swore readily to do what she desired, she left him a while, and having melted some Wax, and other Ingredients, she anointed her neck and shoulders sufficiently with it, then coming to the young man, she said; That you may understand that I have not dealt deceitfully with you, I will extort a belief from you at the hazard of my own Person; Come Soldier, and with the utmost force you are able, strike with your Sword upon this neck of mine, that I have so well secured with this Medicament, and thou shalt soon be convinced how safe I have rendered myself with this Artifice; He whose Lust was almost extinguished by the servant desire he had to make Trial, drew out his Sword, and with force enough, let drive at the place the Virgin had designed him, the Sword entered so far into her Throat, that with one and the same blow he cut off his hopes of enjoying the Virgin, and her fears of losing her Virginity. Strada Prolus. Acad. p. 117.   

iv Sophronia Romana, when she could no longer put off the importunity of the Prince Decius, who had before obtained the consent of her Husband, desired some short time of retirement before she resigned up herself to him, and then with a Dagger which she had closely conveyed into her Garments, she stabled herself to death; of which Act, hear what the Poet says. 
The  Sophronia knows not how to escape,  
Th' inevitable danger of a Rape,  
Cruel Sophronia draws her hasty Knife;  
And would relieve her Chastity with Life.  
Doubtful Sophronia knows not what to do,  
She cannot keep the one, and t'other too,  
Sophronia's in a straight; one Eye is fixed  
O'th' Seventh Commandment, t'other on the Sixth.  
To what extremes is poor Sophronia driven.  
Is not Sophronia left at Six and Seven?  Again, 
Sophronia chooses rather to commit  
Self-murder than by violence to submit.  
Her ventured Honour to th' injurious Trust  
Of the Eye sparkling Tyrants furious Lust;  
What means Sophronia? Dare her Conscience frame  
To act a sin, but to prevent a shame?    

V Timoclea was a Lady of Thebes, and at the taking of it, was forcibly ravished by a Thracian Prince, and she revenged the injury after this manner; dissembling the extreme hatred which she bore to the Ravisher, she told him, she knew a place wherein much Treasure, and store of Gold was concealed; she led him to an out place belonging to the House, where there was a deep Well; and while the overcovetous Thracian leaned over too look into it, she tripped up his Heels, and sent him to the bottom of it, with a quantity of stones after him to hinder his Resurrection from thence for ever to the world; being afterwards brought before Alexander the Great, and charged with the death of this Captain of his, she confessed the Fact, and when he asked who she was. I am, said she, the Sister of that Theagines who died fight valiantly against thy Father in the Fields of Chaeronea, the generous Prince hearing her resolute answer, freely dismissed her without punishment. Plutarch's Lives. p. 670.   

VI There was a Maid called Lucia, who lived a Virgin among many others, and whose exquisite beauty was sought unto with vehement solicitation by a powerful Lord, who having Command and Authority in his hands, sent Messengers to seize on this innocent Lamb, and whilst they were at the Gate, threatening to kill her, and set all on fire, if this poor Creature was not delivered into their hands; the Virgin came forth, What is it, said she, you demand? I beseech you tell me whether there be any thing in my Power to purchase your Lord and Master's Love? Yes, answered they in a flouting manner, your Eyes have gained him, nor can he ever have any rest till he enjoy them; Well go then, said she, only suffer me to go to my Chamber, and I will give satisfaction in this point; The poor Virgin seeing herself between the Hammer and the Anvil, she spoke to her Eyes, and said, How my Eyes are you then guilty? I know the reservedness and simplicity of your glances; nor have I in that kind any remorse of Conscience; but howsoever it be, you appear to me not innocent enough, since you have kindled fire in the heart of a man, whose hatred I have always more esteemed than his love; quench with your blood the flames you have raised? Whereupon with a hand piously cruel, she digged out her Eyes, and sent the torn Relics, imbrued in her blood to him that sought her, adding, Behold what you love; he seized with horror and astonishment, hastened to hid himself in a Monastery, where he remained the rest of his days. Causins' Holy Court. p. 106.   

VII. When King Demetrius was at Athens, there was a young Boy of so lovely a Countenance, that he was commonly called, Democles the Fair, whom Demetrius sent for, and courted with fair speeches, large promises, and great gifts, and at other times he sought to terrify him with Threats, and all that he might gain the abominable use of his Body; but the chaste Lad was proof against all these, and to avoid the importunity of the King, he resorted not to the public places of exercise, or to the Baths with his Companions as before, but used to wash himself in private and alone, Demetrius was informed of it, and finding his time, rushed in upon him, being alone; the Boy perceiving he could not now avoid the lust of this Royal Ravisher, had such extreme horror at the apprehension of it, that he snatched off the cover of the Cauldron where the water was boiling and leaping into it, soon choked himself, choosing rather to die, than to outlive the violation of his Chastity Plut. Lives. p. 377.   

VIII. Cyrus had taken Captive the Wife of Tigranes, Son to the King of Armenia, and then asked him at what price he would redeem his Wife? At the price of my life, said he, rather than she should live in servitude, Cyrus well pleased at that answer, gave liberty to his Wife, her Father, and the rest of the Captives, and when amongst them there was great discourse of the Virtues of Cyrus, some also extolling the complete shape of his Body; And, said Tigranes to his Wife, did he not seem to thee very beautiful; Really said she, I did not look upon him; Upon whom then, said he? Upon him, replied she, that said he would redeem my Captivity at the price of his life. Burtons' Melan. p. 563.   

IX. Zenophon writes of Cyrus, that when Pantheae a most beautiful Lady was taken Captive by him, and was now about to be brought into his presence, he expressly forbidden it, lest he should violate his own and her chastity, though but with his Eyes; & when Araspes, one of his familiar Friends, persuaded him to go to her Tent, and confer with her, alleging, That she was of incomparable excellency, and a Lady worthy of a King's Eye; Upon that account, replied he, there is the greater reason that I should forbear, for should I now make her a visit while I am at leisure, she may peradventure, so order the matter, as to occasion my return to her when I have very much business. Lipsius' Mon. p. 369.   

X. Acciolin a Tyrant of Milan in Italy, in 1253. surprised by Treason a little Neighbour City, called Bassian, at which surprisal Blanch Rubea was taken with her Sword in her hand, her Husband having been slain, fight valiantly, she was disarmed, and dragged by violence before the Tyrant, who extremely taken with her beauty, laboured both by promises and threaten to corrupt her chaste mind, but finding the fortress not to be overcome this way, he resolved to carry it by plain force; but Blanch made shift by some pretence to rid herself out of his hands; and recovering a Window, threw herself from thence headlong to the ground, where she lay weltering in her own blood; she was taken up half dead, carried to a Bed, and carefully looked after; when some days were passed over, and she was perfectly recovered, she was again brought before Acciolin, where she still continued in her chaste resolution, but the shameless Villain caused her to be bound, and held so fast by certain Grooms, the furtherers of his Debaucheries, that notwithstanding all the resistance she could possibly make, he defiled the Body of this excellent Lady; a mortal grief seized upon her for this execrable outrage, yet having dissembled it some few days, she gained leave of her Friends to see the body of her Husband, being then all putrified; at her desire the Tombstone was lifted up, and Blanch discovering the body, suddenly fell down upon it, drawing after her the stay that held up the stone, by the fall whereof her head was so bruised, and crushed, that death soon followed, and she was laid in the same Tomb with her beloved Husband. Camer. Medit. p. 224.   

XI. Under this head may be likewise comprehended that Modesty and Shamesacedness that is in the nature of some Men, and Women, which is generally an argument of a Soul ingenuously and virtuously inclined, as we may collect from the following Examples, and we may also pity those whose Fate had been kinder, if their Faces had not been altogether so tender. Maximilian the first, Emperor of Germany, forbidden expressly, that his naked body should be seen after he was dead; he was the Modestest of all Mortals, none of his Servants ever saw him obey the necessities of nature, nor but few Physicians his Urine. Camer. Medit. p. 160.   

XII. The Milesian Virgins were in time passed taken with a strange distemper, of which the cause could not then be found out, for all of them had a desire to die, and a furious longing to strangle themselves; many finished their days this way in private; neither the Tears, nor Prayers of their Parents, nor the consolation of their Friends prevailed any thing; but being more subtle and witty than those who were set to watch them, they daily thus died by their own hands; it was therefore thought, that this dreadful thing came to pass by the express will of Heaven, and was therefore greater than could be provided against by humane industry; till at last, according to the advice of a wise Man, the Council published this Proclamation; That every Virgin which from henceforth should lay violent hands upon herself, should, dead as she was, be carried stark naked along the Market place; by which means they were not only restrained from killing themselves, but also their desire of dying was utterly extinguished, a strange thing, that those who trembled not at death, which is the most formidable of all things, should yet, (through an innate Modesty) not be able to conceive in their minds, much less endure a wrong and reproach to that modesty, though dead. Causins' Holy Court. p. 42.   

XIII. A young Gentlewoman of Japan in the East-Indies, being on her knees at the end of the Table, waiting on her Master in the apartment of the Women, and overreaching herself to take a Flagon that stood a little too far from her, she chanced to break wind backwards, which she was so much ashamed of, that putting her Garment over her head, she would by no means show her face afterward, but with an enraged violence, taking one of her Nipples of her Breasts into her mouth, she bitten it off with such fury, that she died in the place. Mandelsloes' Travels. p. 190.   

XIV. In the same Country, 1639. there was a great Lord, who having had an exact search made for all the young handsome Damsels in his Province to be disposed into his Lady's Service, amongst the rest, there was one brought, whom he was so taken with, that he made her his Concubine; she was the Daughter of a poor Soldiers Widow, who hoping to make some advantage to herself by her Daughter's Fortune, wrote her a large Letter, wherein she expressed her necessitous condition, and how she was forced to sue to her for relief; while the Daughter was reading this Letter, her Lord comes into the room, and she being ashamed to discover her Mother's poverty, endeavours to hid the Letter from him, yet could she not convey it away so, but that he perceived it; the disorder he observed in her countenance, made him suspect something of design, so that he pressed her to show him the Letter, but the more importunate he was, the more unwilling was she to satisfy him; and perceiving there was no way to avoid it, she thrust it into her mouth so hastily, that thinking to swall wit down, it choked her; this so incensed the Lord, that he immediately commanded her Throat to be cut, whereby they only discovered the Mother's Poverty, and the Daughter's Innocency; he was so moved thereat, that he could not forbear expressing it by Tears, and it being not in his power to make any other demonstration of his affection to the deceased, he sent for the Mother, who was maintained (saith my Author) amongst his other Ladies at the time we spoke of, with all imaginable respect. Mandelsloes' Travels. p. 190.   

XV. King Henry the sixth of England, was so modest, that when in a Christmas a show of Women was presented before him, with their naked Breasts laid out, he presently departed, saying, Fie, fie, for shame, forsooth you are to blame. Baker's Chron. p. 287.   

XVI. A grave and learned Minister, and ordinary Preacher at Alcmar in Holland, one day as he walked in the Fields for his recreation, was suddenly taken with a lask or looseness, and thereupon compelled to retire to the next Ditch; but being surprised at unawares by some Gentlewomen of his Parish wand'ring that way, he was so abashed, that he did never after show his head in public, or come into the Pulpit, but pined away with Melancholy; Burtons' Melanch. p. 92.   

XVII. Marcus Scaurus was termed, The delight and glory of his Country; He at such time as he heard the Cimorians beat the Romans at the River Athesis, and that his Son, who was a Roman Soldier, was flying toward the City, sent his Son word, That he should much more willingly meet with his Bones after he had been killed in sight, than to see him guilty of such horrible Cowardice, as to fly, and therefore that if he had any kind of Modesty remaining in him, degenerate Son as he was, he should shun the sight of his displeased Father, for the memory of his own youth did admonish him what a kind of Son Marcus Scaurus should esteem of, or despise Upon this news from the Father, the Son's modesty was such, that not presuming to show himself in his sight, he was constrained to be more valiant against himself than the Enemy, and slew himself with his own Sword. Val. Maxim. p. 154.   

XVIII. Temperance and Sobriety is likewise a very commendable virtue, whether in meat, drink, or other things; and therefore when one of the Spartans' was asked, why his Countrymen did use to eat and drink so very sparingly, he answered, It is because we had rather consult for others, than that others should do so for us; Sharply implying, that Luxurious, and Intemperate men were utterly indisposed, and unfit for Council, and that Temperance and Sobriety do usually produce most wholesome advice; indeed as all other virtues are obscured by the want of this, so both the body and mind are wonderfully improved by it.   

XIX. When Pausanias had overcome Mardonius in Battle, and beheld the splendid Utensils, and Vessels of Gold and Silver belonging to the Barbarian, he commanded the Bakers and Cooks to prepare him such a Supper as they used for Mardonius; which when they had done, and Pausanias had viewed the Beds of Gold and Silver, the Tables, Dishes, and other magnificent preparations to his amazement; he than ordered his Servants to prepare him such a Supper as was usual in Sparta, which was a course Treat with black Broth and the like; when they had done it, and the difference appeared to be very strange, he then sent for the Grecian Commanders, and shown them both Suppers, and laughing, said, O ye Greeks, I have called you together for this purpose, that I might show you the madness of the Median General; who when he lived such a life as this, must needs come to invade us who eat after this homely and mean manner. Cam. Med. p. 365.   

XX. Augustus Caesar, the Master of the World, was a Person of a very sparing Diet, and as abstemious in his drinking, he would feed of course Bread, and small Fishes, Cheese made of Cow's Milk, green Eggs, and the like; he drank but a small quantity at once, and but thrice at one Supper, his Supper consisted generally of three, and when he desired to exceed, but of six Dishes, he delighted most in Rhetian Wine, yet seldom drank in the day time, but instead of drink, he took a sop of Bread in cold water or a slice of Cucumber, or a young Lettuce head, or else some new gathered sharp and tart Apples, that had a kind of Winish Liquor in them; thus lived this great Person after a fashion, that some Cobblers and Butchers, would almost be loath to be obliged unto. Sueton. Hist. p. 102.   

XXI. Alphonsus the elder King of Sicily, had suddenly drawn out his Forces to oppose the passage of Jacobus Candolus over the River Vulturnus; he had forced his Troops back again, but being necessitated to stay there all day with his Army unrefreshed, a Soldier toward evening brought him a piece of Bread, a Radish, and a piece of Cheese, a mighty present at that time; but Alphonsus commending the Soldiers liberality, refused his offer, and said, It was not seemly for him to feast, while his Army fasted. Fulgosus Exercit. p. 501.   

XXII. Cato the younger, marching with his Army through the hot Sands of Lybia, when by the burning heats of the Sun, and their own labour, they were pressed with an immoderate thirst, a Soldier brought him his Helmet full of water, which with much difficulty he had found, that he might quench his thirst with it; but Cato poured out the water in the sight of all his Army, and seeing he had not enough for them all, he would not taste it alone; by this example of his Temperance and Tolerance, he taught his Soldiers the better to endure their hardship. Diodor. Siculus.   

XXIII. The Thracians as they lived in a Country that abounded with all things, especially with good Wine, so they were a People somewhat too much addicted to Luxury; now when Agesilaus marched with his Army through their Country, the Thracians in honour of him, sent him a present of Meal, Geese, Cakes made of Honey, and divers other things of great price, together with Junkets, and variety of sweetmeats; of all these, Agesilaus only accepted of the Meal, commanding that all the rest should be carried back again by those who had brought them; but when they importuned him with earnest entreaties, that he would be pleased to accept them; he commanded that all those things should be distributed, and divided among the Helotes, that is, a sort of Slaves belonging to the Lacedæmonians; and when some asked him the reason of that Action of his, he told them, That such kind of delicates were unseemly for Men who were addicted to the study of Virtue and Valour, and that those things which ensnared servile natures and dispositions should be kept far off from Men of Freedom and liberal Education. Langi● Polyanthea. p. 460.   

XXIV. The Kings of India used to dry the Bodies of their Ancestors, which done, they caused them to be hung up at the roof of their Palace in precious Cords; they adorned them with Gold and Jewels of all sorts, and so preserved them with a care and reverence little short of veneration itself; of the like ridiculous superstition are they guilty who make over-careful and costly provisions for these bodies of theirs, which will ere long be breathless, and stinking Carcases; they are usually Souls of an over-delicate, and voluptuous constitution and temper, that are so delighted with this kind of Luxury, whereas the most worthy men, and Persons of the greatest improvements by reason and experience, have expressed such a Moderation and Temperance herein, as may almost seem a kind of carelessness, and neglect of themselves.   

XXV. Rodulphus Emperor of Germany, did not at all differ from a private Person in his habit, and being at Mentz, he walked outone morning alone; the Air was cold and piercing, and therefore having observed a fire in a Baker's shop, he boldly went in, and began to warm himself; but the Woman of the House, judging of him only by his Apparel, after she had treated him with a more than sufficiency of ill language, began so to threaten him with scalding water, that he was constrained to departed: nor was he thus meanly accoutred upon ordinary days, but even in that great solemnity, when Ottacarus the King of Bohemia being overcome, was received by him to pay him homage upon his knees; the King of Bohemia came with a gallant and splendid retinue, his Attendants, and their Horses shone with Jewels, Gold and Silk, and when the Emperor was advised by his Nobles to appear in his Imperial Robes, No, said he, the King of Bohemia hath often laughed at my Grey-Coat, and now my Grey-Coat shall laugh at him. Lipsius' Monit. p. 357.   

XXVI. There is now to be seen in the Chamber of Accounts of Lewis the Eleventh, King of France, in 1461. Two shillings for Fustian to new sleeve His Majesty's old Doublet, and three half pence for liquor to grease his Boots; I choose rather to call it his Frugality than Covetousness, in as much as no man was more liberal of his Coin when occasion required, as Philip Convines, who writ his History, and was also of his Council doth frequently witness. Clarks Mirror. p. 232.   

XXVII. Mr. Herbert relates, that at the Reception of the English Lord Ambassador in the Court of Persia, the Potshaw, or Emperor of Persia, Abbas, sat upon two or three white silken shags, and though he was more beloved at home, more famous abroad, and more formidable to his Enemies than any of his Predecessors, yet he was seen at that time in a plain red calico Coat, quilted with Cotton; as if he should have said, we might see his Dignity consisted in his parts and prudence, and that he did not endeavour to steal respect by borrowed colours, or rich Embroideries. His Turban was white and large, his waist was girded with a thong of Leather, and his Courtiers were but ordinarily attired. Herbert's Travels. p. 170.   

XXVIII. Alexander the Great, in his Habit and Apparel, differed very little from a private person, and when one day after much labour and sweat, he was about to bathe himself in the River Cydnus, he undressed himself in the sight of his Army, esteeming it a piece of Gallantry to show that he was content with such apparel as was cheap, and easily procurable; as he was marching through some deserts in Persia, himself and his Army were in great straits for want of water, and one of his Soldiers having two of his Sons ready to die for Thirst, searched about, and at last found a little water, with which he filled a leather Bottle, and so was running with it to his Sons; but by the way meeting Alexander, he filled out the water in a dish, and offered it to him, Alexander asked him whither he was carrying it? The man told him, To his Sons who were ready to die with Thirst; but, said he, Pray Sir do you drink it, for if my Sons die, I can get more: but if you die, we shall not have such another King; Alexander hearing this, gave him the water again, and bid him carry it to his Sons; at another time being in the like straits in the Deserts of Arabia, some of his Soldiers by chance found some muddy water, wherewith one of them fi●…ing his Helmet, ran with it to Alexander; who took it, and thanked him for his diligence, but poured the water upon the ground, though he was exceeding thirsty, saying, If I alone should drink, it would make my Soldiers languish, and accordingly they seeing his Temperance, encouraged themselves by his Example, and marched forward. Quintus Curtius.   

XXIX. Charles the fifth, Emperor of Germany, was very frugal, especially once, being to make a Royal entrance into the City of Milan; there was great preparation for his entertainment, the Houses and Streets were beautified and adorned; the Citizens dressed in their richest Ornaments, and a golden Canopy was prepared to be carried over his head, and great expectation there was to see a great and glorious Emperor; but when he entered the City, he came in a plain black cloth Cloak with an old Hat on his Head, so that they who saw him, not believing their Eyes, asked which was he, laughing at themselves for being so deceived in their expectations. Clarks Mirror. p. 233.   

XXX. Mr. Hollingsheld writes, that he knew an old Man, who told of the former times in England, and affirmed, that if the Master of the House had a Matriss, a Flock-bed, and a sack of Chaff to rest his head on, he thought himself as well lodged as the Lord of the Town. For ordinarily they lay upon straw Pallets covered with Canvas, and a round log of Wood under their heads instead of a Bolster, saying, that soft Pillows were fit only for Women in Childbed, and in a good Farmer's House, it was rare to find four pieces of Pewter; and it was counted a great matter that a Farmer should show five shillings, or a Noble together in Silver. Clarks Mirror. p. 1.   

XXXI. Let us next remark the Affability, and Humility of several Persons, and certainly the greatest Examples of Courtesy and Humility have been found amongst them that have been truly Great, and of the best merit, according to the advice of the Comedian.  
When Fortune doth us most caress,  
And higher still advance;  
Then should we most ourselves suppress,  
As subject unto chance.   

XXXII. Elizabeth was the Daughter of the King of Hungary, and was Married to Lewis Earl of Thuringia, yet in the midst of Riches and abundance, she affected Poverty, and Humility, sometimes when she remained at home with her Maids, she put on her meanest Apparel, saying, That she would never use any of her Ornament whatsoever, if it would please the good and merciful God to put her into such a condition, wherein she might freely dispose of herself, and live according to her own inclin●…tion. When she went to Church, her manner was to place herself amongst the poorer sort of Women; after the Death of her Husband, she undertook a Pilgrimage, according to the Superstition of those times, wherein she gave to the poor and necessitous all that came to her hands to dispose of; she built an Hospital, wherein she made her self an Attendant upon the sick and poor, and when by her Father she was recalled into Hungary, she refused to go, preferring this manner of life before the enjoyment of a Kingdom. Zuinglius Theat. p. 85.   

XXXIII. Trajan the Emperor, was a Person of such rare Affability, and Humility, that when his Soldiers were wounded in any Battle, he himself would go from Tent to Tent, to visit, and take care of them, and when Swaths and other  were wanting to bind up their Wounds, he did not spare his own linen, but tore them in pieces to make things necessary for the wounds of his Soldiers, and being reproved for his too much familiarity with his Subjects, he answered, That he desired to be such an Emperor to his Subjects, as he would wish, if he himself were a private man. Imper. Hist. p. 144.   

XXXIV. Upon the death of Pope Paul the Third, the Cardinals being divided about the Election, the Imperial party, which was the greatest, gave their Vote for Cardinal Pool, an Englishman, which being told him, he disabled himself, and wished them to choose one that might be most for the Glory of God, and the good of the Church; upon this stop, some that were no Friends to Pool, and perhaps expected the place themselves, if he were put off, laid many things to his charge, and amongst others, that he was not without suspicion of Lutheranism, nor without blemish of Incontinence; but he cleared himself so handsomely, that he was now more importuned to take the place than before, and therefore one night, the Cardinals came to him being in Bed, and told him they came to adore him, which is a circumstance of the new Pope's Honour, but he being awakened out of his sleep, and acquainted with it, made answer, That this was not a work of darkness, and therefore required them to forbear till next day, and then to do as God should put it into their minds; but the Italian Cardinals attributing this his Humility to a kind of stupidity and sloth in Pool, looked no more after him, but the next day chose Cardinal Montanus Pope, who was afterward named Julius the Third. I have read of many that would have been Popes, but could not; I writ this man one that could have been Pope, but would not. Loyd's State Worthies.   

XXXV. Among other Virtues of the Lord Cromwell aforementioned, his Humility was admirable, of which, the following Relation is one instance. On a time as he was riding in his Coach with Archbishop Cranmer through Cheapside, he there espied a poor Woman of Hounsloe, to whom he was indebted for certain old Reckon, to the value of forty shillings, he caused her to be called unto him, where questioning with her what her name was, and where she lived, and withal ask her whether he was not somewhat indebted to her, she said, yes, but she never durst call upon him for it, though now she stood in great need of it; He thereupon presently sent her to his House with one of his men, and when he came from the Court, he did not only discharge his debt, but gave her an yearly pension of four pound, and a Livery every year after, so long as she lived. Clarks Lives. p. 21.   

XXXVI. In the Reign of Theodosius the Emperor there happened a great tumult in Thessalonica, a rich and, populous City of Macedonia, amongst the People against the Magistrates and Governors under the Emperor, and their Fury grew so great, that they slew them, which when Theodosius understood, he was so incensed against them, that he caused his Soldiers to put ten thousand of the common people to death, making no difference between the guilty and innocent; St. Ambrose hearing of it, when the Emperor came to Church, as his manner was, Ambrose set himself at the Church door, and that his Repentance might be as public as his Offence, he told the Emperor, That he should not enter there, making a learned Oration to him, wherein he opened his fault, and then Excommunicated him; all which the Emperor heard with great patience, and returning to his Palace, he continued there eight months before he was Absolved, at the end whereof he said to one about him, Truly I will go and see what Penance my Pastor will lay upon me for mine offence; and so he went to the Church door, where St. Ambrose was, and entreated him to absolve him; But what Repentance have you showed, said the Bishop, for so heinous an Offence? And with what Salve have you healed so mortal a wound? You, said the Emperor, are to instruct, and show me what I am to do, and you shall see I will accomplish what you shall prescribe; The Bishop seeing the Emp. Mildness and Humility, and judging it sufficient penance, that he had been so long Excommunicated, courteously replied, Your Penance Theodosius shall be this, that seeing in your hasty fury you committed such an horrid Murder, you shall presently establish a Law, that no man whom you shall adjudge to die, shall be executed within thirty days after you have pronounced the Sentence; at the end of which time, you shall either ratify, or disannul your Sentence, as you shall see cause. The Emperor immediately caused this Law to be written, and proclaimed, which he ever after observed, and whereof much good ensued; and so being absolved, he came into the Church, prayed, and received the Sacrament, and ever after loved St. Ambrose very dearly, and used his Council in many matters, and for his Companies sake, he continued in Milan the remainder of his life. Clarks Lives. p. 20.   

XXXVII. It is reported by Gualther Mapes, an old Historian of ours, who lived four hundred years since, that King Edward the first of England, and Leoline Prince of Wales, being at an interview at, or near Aust upon Severn in Glocestershire, and the Prince being sent for, but refusing to come, the King would needs go over to him; which Leoline perceiving, went up to the Arms in water, and laying hold on the King's Boat, would have carried the King out upon his Shoulders, adding, That his Humility and Wisdom had triumphed over his pride and folly; and thereupon was reconciled to him, and did his homage. Burtons' Melanch. p. 307.   

XXXVIII. After what manner Humility and Compassion doth sometimes meet with unexpected rewards, methinks is prettily represented by Vrsinus Velius in the following Verses.  
A Fisher angling in a Brook,  
With a strong line, and baited Hook!  
When he for his wished Prey did pull.  
It happened he brought up a Skull,  
Of one before drowned; which impressed  
A Pious Motion in his Breast,  
Thinks he, since I such leisure have,  
Upon it I'll bestow a Grave,  
For what did unto it befall,  
May chance to any of us all.  
He takes it, wraps it in his Coat,  
And bears it to a place remote,  
To bury it, and then digs deep,  
Because the Earth it safe should keep.  
And lo! in digging he espies,  
Where a great heap of Treasure lies.  
For Heaven does never prove ingrate,  
To such as are Commiserate.   

XXXIX. Alphonsus the most noble King of Arragon, Naples, and Sicily, as he passed through Campania, lighted by accident upon a Muleteer, whose Mule overladen with Corn, stuck in the Mire, nor was he able with all his strength to deliver her thence; the Muleteer beseeched all that passed by to help him but in vain; at last the King himself dismounts from his Horse, and was so good an help to the poor man, that he freed his Beast; when he knew it was the King, falling on his knees, he begged his pardon, the King with courteous words dismissed him; this may seem a thing of small moment, yet hereby several People of Campania became reconciled to the King. This same Prince being informed by his Viceroy at Naples, that in his absence one of those two mighty Ships which he had built, and which seemed like Mountains, by the negligence of the Seamen, had taken fire, and was burnt down; he told the Messenger, That he well knew that Ship, though great and magnificent, would yet after some years be corrupted, or perish by some, accident or other, and that therefore the Viceroy, if he were wise, would bear that misfortune with an equal mind, as he himself did. By this may be discovered the humility, and patience likewise of this great Personage, which are both very excellent Accomplishments, but especially when they have been improved so far, as to repress our rising Passions in the midst of injurious Provocations, and under great losses, and injuries received, in bearing patiently reproofs from Inferiors, and likewise in supporting men in the midst of the most exquisite torments and hardships, of all which we have divers instances in History, and shall relate some of each particular.   

XXXIX. Philip, King of Macedon, had one Nicanor, that went about railing against him, whereupon his Courtiers, persuaded him to punish him severely for it, to whom Philip answered, Nicanor is none of the worst of my Subjects, I must rather therefore observe and see whether I have not committed any evil whereby I have given him cause to speak so evil of me; And making serious inquiry, he found, that there was a certain poor man, who had deserved well of him, to whom he had never given a reward, whereupon he made him large satisfaction, and the poor man did every where extol his goodness and bounty; then said Philip to his Attendants, You see my Friends, it is in our own power either to be spoken well or ill of. The Peleponesians, who had received many and great favours from King Philip, yet hated him, spoke evil of him, and when he came to the Olympic Games, hissed at him, whereupon his Friends stirred him up to revenge, but he mildly answered them, saying, If they do thus when I do them good, what would they do, if I should do them hurt. At another time the Athenians sending Ambassadors to request some favours of him, he entertained them courteously, and granted their requests, ask them if there were any thing else wherein he might gratify the Athenians, to which one of them answered, Yes truly, if thou wilt hang thyself This exceedingly enraged Philip's Courtiers; but he without being moved, sent them away courteously, only bidding them tell the Athenians, That they who spoke such things, were far weaker than those who could hear, and bear them patiently. He used to say, That he was beholding to the Athenian Orators, who by their reproaches made him better, whilst he was forced by his Actions to confute their slanders, and make them Liars. As King Philip besieged the City of Methon, and was walking about to view the Walls, one shot an Arrow at him from thence; whereby he put out his right Eye, which yet he took so patiently, that when the Citizens a few days after sent out to treat with him about the surrender, he gave them honourable terms, and after they had put the City into his hands, took no revenge on them for the loss of his Eye. In one Battle having taken a considerable number of Prisoners, he was himself in Person to see them sold; as he sat in his Chair, his  were turned up, or tucked up higher than was decent or seemly, when one of the Prisoners, who was upon sale, cried out unto him; Good my Lord, I beseech you parden me, and suffer me not to be sold amongst the rest, for I am a Friend of yours, and so I was to your Father before you; I pray thee, good Fellow, said Prilip, whence grew this great Friendship betwixt us; and how comes it about? Sir, said the Prisoner, I would gladly give you an account of that privately in your Ear; Then Philip commanded he should be brought unto him, who thus whispered in his Ear; Sir, I pray you let down your Maritle a little lower before, for sitting thus in the posture as you do, you discover that which is not meet to be seen; hereupon Philip spoke aloud to his Officers, Let this man, said he, he set at liberty, for in truth he is one of our good Friends, and wisheth us well, though I either knew it not before, or at least had forgotten it. A poor old Woman came to him one time, and desired him to take notice of her Cause, & when she had often interrupted him with her clamours in this manner, the King at last told her; he was not at leisure to hear her, No, said she, be not then at leisure to be King; Philip for some time considered of the Speech, and presently he heard both her and others, that came with complaints to him. Plutarch's Morals.   

XL. Pyrrhus King of Epirus, was advised to put an idle Fellow out of the City, who spoke nothing but evil against him; he replied, It's better to keep him here still, speaking evil of us but to a few, but if we drive him away, he will speak evil of us every where; At another time several young men were brought to him, who in their drink spoke very vilely, and basely of him, Pyrrhus asked them whether the Complaint were true or not? It is true, said one of them, if it please your Grace, and had not our Wine failed us, we had spoken a great deal more, Pyrrhus laughing at this answer, dismissed them without punishment. Plutarch's Lives.   

XLI. Antigonus the Successor of Alexander the Great, lay long sick of a linger disease, and afterwards when he was recovered & well again, We have gotten no harm, said he, by this sickness, for it hath taught me not to be so proud by putting me in mind that I am but a mortal man. Antigonus once in Winter time was driven to incamp in a place destitute of all provisions necessary for the life of man, by occasion whereof, certain Soldiers not knowing that he was so nigh unto them, spoke very presumptuously of him, and reviled him to purpose; but he opening the Cloth or Curtain of his Pavilion with his walking Staff, If, said he, you go not farther off to rail at me; I will make you to repent it, and so withdrew himself. Plutarch's Morals.   

XLII. King Robert was one of the greatest Kings of France, on a time he surprised a Rogue, who had cut away half of his Cloak furred with Ermines, to whom, yet so taken, and in an Act so insufferably presumptuous, he did no further evil, but only said mildly to him, Save thyself, and leave the rest of my Cloak for another who may have need of it. Causins H. Cour.   

XLIII. Casimer King of Poland, intending to divert himself, called a Knight, one of his Domestic Servants to him, inviting him to play with him at Dice; they did so, and Fortune was favourable one while to one, and then to the other, so that having spent much time in gaining little upon each other, and it being grown far in the night, it was agreed to set the whole sum in controversy upon one single cast of the Dice, Casimer proved the more fortunate, and drew all the money to him; the Knight displeased, and incensed at his bad fortune, in the heat of his impatience falls upon the King, and with his fist strikes him over the mouth, It is a capital Crime for the Servant to strike his Lord, and the same also his Prince; but though all present were enraged at this unsufferable action, yet he escaped by the benefit of the night, though not so, but that he was seized in the morning, brought back, and set in the presence of Casimer to receive his Sentence; he having well weighed the matter, broke into this wise Speech, My Friends, this man is less guilty than myself, nay, whatever is ill done, is on my part; Heat, and sudden Passion, which sometimes oversways even wise men, did transport him, and moved both his mind, and hand to do as he did. But why did I give the cause? Why unmindful of my place, and dignity, did I play with him as my equal; And therefore, says he to the Knight, take not only my Pardon, but my Thanks too, for by a profitable correction thou hast taught me, that hereafter I should do nothing which is unworthy of a Prince, but retain myself in the just limits of decency and gravity; Having said this, he freely dismissed him. Lipsius' Monit.   

XLIV. Frederick was made Bishop of Vtricht, and at the Feast, the Emperor Lodovicus Pius sitting at his right hand, admonished him, that being mindful of the profession he had newly taken upon him, he would deal justly, and as in the sight of God, in the way of his vocation, without respect of Persons; Your Majesty gives me good advice, said the Bishop, but will you please to tell me, whether I had best begin with this Fish upon my Trencher, at the Head or the Tail? At the head, said the Emperor, for that is the more Noble part; Then Sir, said the Bishop, in the first place, do you renounce that Incestuous Marriage you have contracted with Judith; the Emperor took this reprehension so well, that he dismissed her accordingly. Polybius, p. 223.   

XLV. Alexander the Great having taken a famous Pirate, and being about to condemn him to death, asked him, Why dost thou trouble the Seas? And why said he, dost thou trouble the whole world? I with one ship seek my Adventures, and therefore am called a Pirate, thou with a great Army warrest against Nations, and therefore art called an Emperor; so that there is no difference betwixt us, but in the name. Alexander was so well pleased with this his freedom of Speech, that in consideration of what he had said, he dismissed him, without inflicting any punishment upon him. Chetwind. Hist. Collect.   

XLVI. There came a young man to Rome, who in the opinion of all men, exceedingly resembled Augustus Caesar the Emperor, whereof he being informed, sent for him; being in presence, he asked him, if his Mother had never been at Rome; the Stranger answered, No, but his Father had; the Emperor took patiently this sharp reply, and sent him away without harm. Polythron. p. 147.   

XLVII. Marcus Antonius Pius, the Emperor, used to take well the free and merry Jests of his Friends, even such as seemed to be uttered with too great a freedom and liberty; coming once to the House of Omulus his Friend, and beholding there at his entrance divers Pillars of Porphry, he inquired whence they were brought? Omulus told him, That it became him that set his foot into another man's House, to be both deaf and dumb; He meant he should not be curious and inquisitive. The Emperor was delighted with this freedom, so far was he from resenting it in such a manner as some others would have done. Wanly Hist. Man. p. 204.   

XLVIII. Such has been the invincible patience of some men, that the incredible strength of their minds hath not only prevailed over the weakness of their flesh, but reduced it to a temper capable of enduring as much as if it had been of Brass, or something, that if possible is yet more insensible. Of such a temper Janus Auceps, a wicked Person seemed to be, who dwelled in a loan house by the highway side without the East-gate of the City of Copenhagen in Denmark; this man in the night had murdered divers Persons, and knocked them on the head with an Axe, at last he was discovered, taken, and condemned to a terrible death; he was drawn upon a sledge through the City, he had pieces of flesh plucked off from his Body with burning Pincers; his Legs and Arms were broken, his Tongue was pulled out of his Mouth, thongs of his skin were cut out of his back, his breast was opened by the speedy hand of the Executioner, his heart was pulled out, and thrown at his face; all this the stouthearted man bore with an invincible courage; and when his heart lay panting by his side; in the midst of such torments as he yet underwent, he moved his head, and looked upon the Bystanders with a frowning aspect, and seemed with curiosity to contemplate his own heart, till such time as his Head was cut off. Bartholin. Anat.   

XLIX. William Collingborn Esq being condemned for making this Rhyme on King Richard the Third, 
The Cat, the Rat, and Lovel the Dog,  
Rule all England under a Hog;  Alluding to Catesby, Ratcliff, and Lovel, the three great Favourites of Richard, in whose arms there was pictured a Hog; the poor Gentleman was put to a most cruel death, for being hanged, and cut down alive, his bowels ripped out, and cast into the fire, when the Executioner put his hand into the bulk of his body, to pull out his heart, he said, Lord Jesus! yet more trouble, and so died to the great sorrow of much people. Fabians Chro. p. 519.   

L. When we were come within sight of Buda in Hungary (saith Busbequius) there came by the command of the Turkish Bassa some of his Family to meet us with divers great Officers; but in the first place a Troop of young men on Horseback, made us turn our Eyes to them, because of the Novelty of their Equipage, which was thus; upon their bare heads, most of which were shaved, they had cut a long line in the skin, in which wound they had stuck Feathers of all kinds, and they were dewed with drops of blood, yet dissembling the pain, they rid with as much mirth and cheerfulness, as if they had been void of all sense; just before me, there walked some on foot, one of these went with his naked arms on his side, in each of which he carried a Knife, which he had thrust through his Arms, just above the Elbow; another walked naked from his Navel upward, with the skin of both his Loins, so cut above and below, that he carried a Club, which stuck therein, as if it had hung at his Girdle, another had fastened a Horse-shoe with divers nails upon the crown of his Head, but that was done a long while, the nails being so grown in the flesh, that the Shoe was made fast; in this pomp we entered Buda, and were brought into the Bassa's Palace, in the Court of which stood these generous contemners of Pain; as I chanced to cast my Eye that way, What think you of these men, said the Bassa; Well enough, said I, but that they use their flesh in such a manner as I would not use my , being desirous to keep them whole; The Bassa smiled at this answer, and dismissed us. Busbequius Epist. p. 226.   

LI. There is a notable example of tolerance, which happened in our times, in a certain Burgundian, who was the Murderer of the Prince of Orange; this man, though he was scourged with rods of Iron; though his flesh was torn off with red hot, and burning Pincers, yet he gave not so much as a single sigh or groan, nay, further, when part of a broken Scaffold fell upon the head of one that stood by as a Spectator, this burned Villain in the midst of all his Torments laughed at the Accident; although not long before, the same man had wept when he saw the curls of his hair cut off Wanly Hist. Man, p. 206.   

LII. It was also an Example of great patience in this kind, which Strabo mentions in his Geography, that Zarmonochaga, the Ambassador from the Indian King, having finished his negotiation with Augustus Caesar, according to his own mind, and having sent an account thereof to his Master, because he would have no further trouble for the remaining part of his life (after the manner of the Indians) he burned himself alive, preserving all the while the countenance of a man that smiled. Fulgosus Ex. p. 348.   

LIII. Most eminent was the example of Hieronimus Olgiatus, a Citizen of Milan, who was one of those four that did assassinate Galeacius Sforza, Duke of Milan; being taken, he was thrust into Prison, and put to bitter Tortures; now although he was not above two and twenty years of Age, and of such a delicacy and softness in his habit of body, that was more like to that of a Virgin than a man; though he was never accustomed to the bearing of Arms, by which it is usual for men to acquire vigour and strength; yet being fastened to that Rope upon which he was tormented, he seemed as if he sat upon some Tribunal, and free from any expression of grief, with a clear voice, and an undaunted mind, he commended the Exploit of himself, and his Companions; nor did he ever show the least sign of Repentance; in the times of the intermissions of his Torments, both in Prose and Verse, he celebrated the Praises of his Confederates; being at last brought to the place of Execution, beholding Carolus and Frantion two of his Associates, to stand as if they were almost dead for fear; he exhorted them to be courageous, and requested the Executioners that they would begin with him, that his Fellow-sufferers might learn patience by his Example; being therefore laid naked, and at full length upon the Hurdle, and his Feet and Arms fast bound down to it, when others that stood by, were terrified with the show and horror of that death that was prepared for him, he with specious words, and assured voice, extolled the gallantry of their Action, and appeared unconcerned with that cruel kind of death he was speedily to undergo; yea, when by the Executioners knife he was cut from the shoulder to the middle of the breast, he neither changed his Countenance, nor his voice, but with a Prayer to God 〈◊〉 ended his life. Fulgo. Ex. p. 365.    

CHAP. IU. The Tremendous Consequences of Hatred, Revenge, and Ingratitude: Displayed in many memorable Histories.  

HItherto we have discovered only the light side of the Cloud, by showing the extraordinary effects of Love, Friendship, Magnanimity, Courage, Fidelity, Chastity, Temperance, and Humility; Let us now consider a little the dark side thereof, by giving an account of the dreadful consequences of the contrary Vices, that is, Hatred, Revenge, and Ingratitude, which three will suffice to give some considerable instances in this Chapter, wherein I shall observe the same method as in the former, and therefore shall insist, first, of the extreme Hatred in some Persons toward others; for as amongst the kinds of living Creatures, there are certain Enmities and Dissensions, whereof there is no apparent reason to be given; as of that betwixt the Spider and the Serpent, the Ant and Weasel, and the like; so amongst Men, implacable Hatreds are conceived many times upon undiscernible, but most times upon unjustifiable grounds.   

I. When Sigismond, Marquis of Brandenburg, had obtained the Kingdom of Hungary, in right of his Wife, it than appeared what a mortal hatred there was betwixt the Hungarians and Bohemians, for when Sigismond commanded Stephanus Konth (and with him twenty more Hungarian Knights) to be taken, and brought him in Chains, as Persons that had delivered the obedience they owed him; not one of all those would name or honour him in the least as their King; and before either they or their Servants would change their minds, they were desirous to lose their heads. Pulgosus p. 1189.   

2. Timon the Athenian, had the Surname of Manhater, he was once very rich, but through his liberality, and overgreat bounty, he was reduced to extreme poverty; in which condition he had large experience of the malice and ingratitude of such as he had formerly been helpful to; he therefore fell into a vehement hatred of all mankind, he was glad of their misfortunes, and promoted the Ruin of all men as far as he might with his own safety; when the People in honour of Alcibiades, attended on him home, as they used, when he had obtained a Cause; Timon would not, as he was wont to others, turn aside out of the way, but would meet him on purpose, and use to say to him, Go on my Son, and prosper, for thou shalt one day plague all these People with some signal Calamity, which accordingly happened some years after; he built him an House in the Fields, that he might shun the converse of men; he admitted to him only one Apemantus, a Person much of his own humour, and he saying to him; Is not this a fine Supper? It would, said he, be much better if thou wert absent; This Timon gave order his Sepulchre should be placed behind a Dunghill, and this to be his Epitaph.  

Hic sumpost vitam miseramque inopemque sepultus.  
Nomen non quaeras Dii te Lector male perdant.   

Here now I lie after my wretched fall,  
Ask not my Name, the Gods confound you all.    

III. Hippolytus was also of the same Complexion, as he expresses himself in Euripides, and Seneca; if you will have a taste of his language, that in Seneca sounds to this purpose; 
— I hate, sty, curse, detest them all,  
Cailed Reason, Nature, Madness, as you please,  
In a true Hatred of them there's some ease,  
First shall the water kindly dwell with fire,  
Dread Gulfs shall be the Mariners desire,  
Out of the West shall be the break of day;  
And cruel Wolves with tender Lambskins play,  
Before a Woman gain my conquered mind,  
To quit this hatred, and to grow more kind.    

iv Gualther Earl of Brenne, had married the eldest Daughter of Tancred King of Sicily, and as Heir of the Kingdom, went out with four hundred Horse, to take possession thereof; by the help of these, and a marvellous felicity, he had recovered a great part of it; but at the last he was overcome, and taken Prisoner by Theobaldus Germanus, at the City Sarna; upon the third day after, the Conqueror offered him his liberty, and restoration to his Kingdom, upon condition he would confirm to Theobaldus what he was possessed of therein, but he, in an unconceivable hatred to him that had made him his Prisoner, replied, That he should ever scorn to receive these, or greater offers from so base a hand as his; Theobaldus had reason to resent this affront, and therefore told him, He would make him repent his so great insolence; at which Gualther inflamed with a greater fury, tore his , and broke the swathings and ligatures of his wounds, crying out, That he would live no longer, since he was fallen into the hands of such a man that treated him with Threats; upon which he tore open his wounds, and thrust his own hands into his Bowels; and after that, resolvedly refusing all food, and ways of cure, he forcibly drove out his furious Soul from his Body, and left only one Daughter behind him, who might have been happier, had she not had a Beast to her Father. Fulgosus. p. 1182.   

V Who can sufficiently declare the mighty hatred which Pope Boniface the Eighth bore toward the Gibelline Faction? It is the custom that upon Ash-Wednesday, the Pope sprinkles some Ashes upon the heads of the chief Prelates of the Church, and at the doing of it, used to say, Remember thou art Ashes, and that into Ashes thou shalt return; When therefore the forementioned Pope came to perform this to Porchetus Spinola, Archbishop of Genoa and suspected him to be a favourer of the Gibellines, he cast the Ashes not on his head, but into his Eyes, and perversely changed the use of the former words into these, Remember thou art a Gibelline, and that with the Gibellines thou shalt return into Ashes. B. Reynolds on the Passions.   

VI Calvin was so odious to the Papists, that they would not name him, hence in their Spanish Expurgatory Index. p. 204. they give this direction, Let the name of Calvin be suppressed and instead of it put, Studiosus quidam, a certain Student, or Scholar; and one of their Proselytes went from Mentz to Rome, to change his Christian name of Calvinus into the adopted name of Baronius. Chetwinds Collect. p. 90.   

VII. This passion of Hatred, Malice, Anger, Wrath, and Envy is a very dangerous disease wherever it prevails, and like the mischievous evil Spirit in the Gospel, it casts us into all kind of dangers, and frequently hurries us into the Chambers of Death itself; The Sarmatian Ambassadors cast themselves at the Feet of Valentinian the first, Emperor of Rome, imploring Peace; he observing the meanness of their Apparel, demanded if all their Nation were such as they; who replied, It was their Custom to send to him such as were the most Noble, and best accoutred amongst them; Upon hearing which, he in a rage cried out, It was his misfortune, that while he reigned, such a base and sordid Nation as theirs, could not be content with their own bounds and limits; and then as one struck with a Dart, he lost both his voice and strength, and in a deadly sweat fell down to the Earth; he was taken up, and carried into his Chamber, where he was seized with a violent hickup, and gnashing of Teeth, of which he soon after died in the 55th year of his Age. Zuinglius.   

VIII. In 1418. Wenceslaus King of Bohemia, being highly incensed against his Cupbearer, for that knowing of a Tumult raised by the Hussites in Prague, under Zisea their Leader, he had concealed it, drew his Dagger with intention to stab him; but the Nobles who attended, laying hands on the King, took away his Dagger, that he might not pollute his Royal hands with the blood of his Servant; while he was thus in their hands, the King through extreme Anger, fell into an Apoplexy, whereof he died in few days. Donatus Hist. p. 188.   

IX. Mathias Corvinus, King of Hungary, being spent with the pains of the Gout, and taken with the Palsy in both his legs, lay at Vienna, and on Palm-Sunday enquiring for some fresh Figs of Italy for the second course, finding that they were already eaten up by the Courtiers, he fell into such a rage, as brought him into a Fever, whereof he died the day following. Zuinglius.   

X. Charles the sixth, King of France, being highly displeased with the Duke of Britain, upon some suspicions of him, was so bend upon Revenge, that unmindful of all other things, his Passion suffered him not to eat or sleep; he would not hear the Duke's Ambassadors that came to declare his Innocency; but in the midst of Summer he set forth out of the City with his Forces, about high noon in a hot sultry day with a light Hat upon his Head, contrary to the advice of his Commanders and Physicians; he leapt upon his Horse, and bid them follow him that loved him; he had scarce gone a mile from the City, when his mind was disturbed, and distracted, and he in a fury drew his Sword, slew some, and wounded others that attended him, till such time as being weary, and spent with thus laying about him, he fell from his Horse; he was taken up, and carried back in the Arms of Men into the City for dead; where after many days, when at first he neither knew himself nor any about him, he began by degrees to recover, but his mind was not so well restored, but that he had sometimes some symptoms of a Relapse; and at several intervals discovered his distemper, so that the Government of the Kingdom was committed to his Uncles. Zuinglius.   

XI. Marcus Sabinus came to live at Rome, at such time as Numa Pompilius was elected King thereof; when Numa was dead, he hoped to be chosen by the People to succeed him; but finding that Hostilius was preferred before him, he resented the matter with that passion and indignation, that his life growing irksome unto him, he laid violent hands upon himself, and so went discontented out of the world; of what strange fury was this man possessed? what flames, what ruins, what slaughter, and bloodshed of the Roman People can we imagine could satisfy the anger and revenge of this man? who when he was able to do nothing against the People of Rome, proceeded so sharply, and so bitterly against himself, as to resolve not to live at all; because, according to his mind he might not live a King. Fulgosus.   

XII. Amurath the second Emperor of the Turks, having long besieged the City of Croia in Hungary, and assaulted it in vain, and being no way able, either by force or flattery to bring the valiant Scanderbag to Terms of submission and agreement, and being angry that his Presents and Propositions were refused, he resolved to make a terrible assault upon Croia from all Quarters, but this by the Courage of the Christian Soldiers, proving a greater loss to him than any before, not being able to behold the endless slaughter of his men, he gave over the assault, and returned into his Camp, as if he had been a man half frantic, or distracted of his Wits, and there sat down in his Tent all that day, full of melancholy passions, sometimes violently plucking his hoary beard, and white locks, complaining of his hard and disastrous Fortune, that he had lived so long to see those days of disgrace, wherein all his former glory, and triumphant Victories were obscured by this one base Town; his Bassa's, and grave Counsellors by long discourses sought to comfort him, but dark and heavy conceits had so overwhelmed the melancholy old Tyrant, that nothing could content his enraged mind, or revive his dying Spirits; so that the little remainder of natural heat, which was left in his aged Body, was now oppressed, and almost extinguished, and he became sick for pure anger and grief; and feeling his sickness daily to increase, so that he could no longer live, lying upon a Pallet in his Pavilion, he sadly complained to his Bassa's, That the Destinies had blemished all the former course of his life with such an obscure death, that he who had so often resisted the fury of the Hungarians, and almost brought to nought the Pride of the Grecians, together with their Name, should now be enforced to give up the Ghost under the walls of an obscure Castle, and that in the sight of his contemptible Enemy; shortly after he became speechless, and striving with the pangs of death half a day, he then expired, in 1450. Turkish Hist. p. 330.   

XIII. To proceed in the method of the former part, let us next consider that unnatural hatred which has been found among the nearest Relations, and first, of the Hatred of Husbands to their Wives; for there are some brutish, and evil natured men, who by pretences of Generosity, Love and Virtue inveigle the hearts of poor innocent Virgins, till they are become the Masters of their Fortunes and Honour, which done, death itself is more desirable than that bitterness and indignity they are wont to treat them with.   

XIV. Periander the Corinthian, in a high fit of passion trod his Wife under foot, and although she was at that time with Child with a Boy, yet he never desisted from his injurious treatment of her, till such time as he had killed her upon the place; afterward when he was come to himself, and was sensible that what he had done, was through the false Accusations of his Concubines, he caused them all to be burnt alive, and banished his Son out of his Kingdom, upon no other occasion, but that he lamented the death of his Mother with Tears and Outcries. Wanly Hist Man. p. 372.   

XV. Amalasuntha had Married Theodabitus, and thereby made him her Husband, and the King of the Goths at the same time, but upon this Condition, That he should take an Oath that he would rest contented with the Title of a King, and leave all matters of Government to her sole dispose; But no sooner was he accepted as King, but he forgot his Wife and Benefactress, he recalled her Enemies from Banishment, and put many of her Friends and Relations to death; he banished her into an Island, and set a strong Guard upon her; at last he thought himself not sufficiently safe, so long as Amalasuntha was alive, and thereupon he dispatched several of his wicked Instruments to the place of her Exile, with order to put her to death, who finding her in a Bath, gave her no further time, but strangled her there. Zuinglius Theat.   

XVI. Mrs. Joyce Lewis being questioned for her professing the Protestant Religion in Queen Mary's Reign, was cited to appear before the Bishop of Coventry and Lichfield, who after Examination, gave her a months time to consider of it, taking a Bond of her Husband at the month's end to bring her thither again; when the time was near expired, many Friends advised him rather to forfeit his Bonds, than to cast her into the fire; but he churlishly answered, That he would lose nothing for her sake; and so delivering her up, she was condemned, and burned. Clarks Martyr. p. 191.   

XVII. Arsinoe the Widow of Lysimachus, was afterward Married to her own Brother Ptolemy (according to the Custom of that Country) she received him into her City Cassandrea; but he presently seizing upon the Castle, there he slew her two Sons which he had by Lysimachus, one being sixteen years old, and the other but three, and in their Mother's Arms; at which, she rending her , and tearing her hair; was by his Command halled out of the Gates of the City, with two Servants only to attend her, and sent into banishment to the Isle of Samothracia; but shortly after, this barbarous Wretch was overthrown in a Battle against the Gauls, and himself being taken, was by them torn in pieces. A. B. Usher's Annals.   

XVIII. Some Wives have likewise been unnatural in their hatred to their Husbands, and have deported themselves so ill toward them, that they have not only tormented the Lives, but hastened the death of their too indulgent Husbands. We read that Alborinus, King of the Lumbards', having slain the King of the Gepidae, made a drinking Cup of his Skull, Rosamond the Daughter of that King he had taken to Wife, and being one day very merry at Verona, he forced her to drink out of that detested Cup; which she so stomached, that she promised Helmichild a Courtier, that if he would aid her in killing the King, she would give him both herself, and the Kingdom of Lombary. This he consented to, and performed, after which, they were both so hated, that they were constrained to fly to Ravenna, unto the protection of Longinus, who persuaded her to dispatch Helmichild out of the way, and to take him for her Husband, to which she willingly agreed. Helmichild coming out of the Bath, called for drink, and she gave him a strong poison; when he had drunk half of it, and found by the strong operation how the matter went, he compelled her to drink the rest, and so both died together. Heylin Cosmog. p. 64.   

XIX. Among those who were persecuted, and miserably imprisoned for the Profession of the Protestant Religion in the Reign of Queen Mary, there was one John Fetty, a Religious Man, living in Clerkenwell in London, who was complained of to the Parson of the Parish by his own Wife, because he came not to Church, nor would partake of their Idolatrous Services; whereupon the Parson caused the Constables to apprehend him, but it pleased God that his unnatural Wife immediately fell mad upon it, and the Constables were so far moved with pity, that they let him go home to look to his Wife and Children, who otherwise were like to perish; this good man forgetting this unkind, and wicked Act of his Wife, was very careful of her, and so cherished, and provided for her that through God's mercy she was well amended, and in about three weeks recovered her wits again, yet such was the power of the Devil in this wicked and malicious woman's heart, that so soon as she was recovered, not regarding her Husband's kindness, she again accused him, whereby he was apprehended, and cast into Lollards Tower, where he was put into the tormenting stocks with a dish of water, and a stone in it set by him, to show what favour he should receive at their hands. There he lay for many days, sometimes hanging by one leg and one arm, and sometimes by another, and at other times by both. At last one of his Children of about eight or nine years old came to the Bishop's House, to see if he could get leave to speak with his Father, and one of the Bishop's Chaplains meeting with the Boy, asked him, what he looked for? The Child answered, That he came to see his Father who was in Lollards Tower; why said the Priest, thy Father is an Heretic; the Boy being of a bold and quick Spirit, and well educated by his Father, answered, My Father is no Heretic but you are an Heretic, for you have Balaams Mark on you. With that the Priest took him by the hand, and led him into the Bishop's House, where amongst them, they stripped the Child naked and cruelly whipped him till he was all over gore blood; then Clunie the Bishop's Sumner, putting on his shirt, and carrying his Coat on his arm, led him to the Prison with the blood dropping at his heels to his Father. At his coming in the Boy fell on his knees, and craved his Father's blessing; the Father being full of grief to see his Child thus cruelly dealt with, said, Alas William who hath done this? The Boy answered, As I was coming to see you, a Priest with Balaams Mark took me into the Bishop's House where I have been thus used. Hereupon Clunie violently plucked him from his Father, and carried him back to the Bishop's House where they kept him three days; and then bloody Bonner intending to appease the poor man for the usage of his Child, sent for him out of Lollards Tower to his Chamber; whilst this John Fetty, was standing there with the Bishop, he spied a great pair of black Beads, hanging by his Bed and thereupon said to him, My Lord I think the Hangman is not far off, for the Halter, pointing, to the Beads, is here already; this much enraged the Bishop, yet Fetty spying also a Crucifix standing in the Window said, My Lord what is that; the Bishop answered, It was Christ; was he handled, said Fetty, so cruelly as he is here pictured, Yes, said Bonner, that he was; and even so cruelly, said Fetty, do you handle such as come before you, for you are to God's People even as Caiaphas was to Christ; the Bishop was so enraged at this that he swore he would burn him, or else spend all that he had to his Gown, yet afterward bethinking himself of the danger that the Child was in by reason of their cruel usage of him, he discharged him, bidding him go home, and take his Child with him, which he accordingly did, with an heavy heart for his poor Boy who within fourteen days after died. Book Martyrs, vol. 3.   

20. Joan Grandchild to Robert King of Naples by Charles his Son succeeded his Grand Father in the Kingdom of Naples and Sicily. 1343. A woman of a beautiful body, and rare endowments of nature, she was first Married to her Cousin Andrew, a Prince of Royal Extraction, and of a sweet and loving disposition; but he being not able to satisfy her wantonness, she kept company with lewd Persons, at last she grew weary of him, complaining of his insufficiency; and caused him to be hung and strangled upon a beam in the nighttime in the City of Aversa, and then threw out his body into a Garden, where it lay some days unburied; It is said that this Andrew on a day coming into the Queen's Chamber, and finding her twisting a thick string of Silk and Silver, demanded of her for what purpose she made it, she answered, To hang you in; which he then little believed, the rather because those who intent such mischief, use not to speak of it before hand, but it seems she was as good as her word. Fuller's H. state. p. 348.   

21. Bithricus King of the West Saxons Married Ethelburga, Daughter of Offa King of Mercia, by whom after he had reigned seventeen years, he was poisoned, and buried at Warham; upon which occasion it was ordained by the nobles, that from thenceforth the King's Wives should not be called Queens nor be suffered to sit with them in place of Estate; this Ethelburga fled into France with infinite Treasure, where offering a mighty Sum of her Gold to Charles King of France, he put her to her choice, whether she would have him or his Son to her Husband, she chose the Son by reason, as she said, That he was the youngest; then said Charles, hadst thou chosen me thou shouldest have had my Son, but now thoushalt neither have him nor me; and then sent her into a Monastery to be made a Nun where she continued an Abbess for some years, but afterwards being found to have committed Adultery with a Layman, she was cast out of the Monastery, and ended her life in poverty and much misery; Stow's Chronicle. p. 77.   

22. When Alexander the great had determined to invade the Dacae, where he knew Spitamenes was, who not only had revolted himself, but had also drawn divers others into the society of his Rebellion, and had at sometimes overthrown some of Alexander's Captains, there fell out one thing Remarkable; the Wife of Spitamenes upon whom he extremely doted, when by her Feminine Flatteries she was not able to persuade her Husband to make trial of the victor's Clemency, and to endeavour to appease Alexander, whom he could not avoid nor escape, she set upon her husband, when being intoxicated with wine he lay fast a sleep, and drawing a sword that she had concealed under her Garments, she cut off his head delivering it to a Servant who was accessary thereunto, and with him only in her Company, as she was, with her Garments besprinkled with his blood, she went directly to Alexander's Camp, and sent word that there was one there, to inform him of something that he was concerned to know from her; when she was admitted she desired the Servant might come in; who shown the head of Spitamenes, to those that searched what he carried wrapped up in his Garment, when the King knew this, though he looked upon it as a considerable peace of service to him, that a Renegado and a Traitor was dispatched, yet had he a horror of the fact, that she should ensnare his life, who had well deserved at her hands, who was her husband, and Parent of the Children that they had betwixt them; and therefore considering the wickedness of the Fact, overweighed any pretended merit from himself he sent her word, That she should forthwith departed his Camp, lest she should infect the Greeks with the Barbarity of her Example. Wanly Hist. Man. p. 374.   

XXIII. Fulvius understanding that he was condemned by the Triumvirs, betook himself to his Wife, hoping to be hid, and some way kept private by her in this time of his extremity; he might the rather expect her fidelity in this thing, because that of a slave he had made her a Freewoman, and received her to his Bed; but he found a deadly Enemy instead of a Friend, for she suspecting that he was in love with another Woman, did herself accuse, and discover him to the Triumvirs, by whose order he died in a miserable manner. Fulgosus Exercit. p. 609.   

XXIV. The noble Pittacus, so famous for his Valour, and as much renowned for his Wisdom and Justice, feasted upon a time certain of his Friends, who were strangers; his Wife coming in at the midst of Dinner, being angry at something else, overthrew the Table, and tumbled down all the Provision under foot; now when his Guests were wonderfully dismayed, & abashed thereat; Pittacus undisturbed at the matter, turned to them & said; There is not one of us all but he hath his Cross, and one thing or other wherewith to exercise his patience, and for my own part this is the only thing that checketh my felicity, for were it not for this shrew my Wife, I were the happiest man in the world; So that of me, these verses may be verified; 
This Man, who while he walks the Street,  
Or public place is happy thought,  
No sooner sets in House his Feet,  
But woe is him, and not for nought,  
His Wife him rules, and that's a spite,  
She scolds, she fights from noon to night.   
Here likewise what Mr. Francis Quarles says of this matter, describing a loving Husband and Wife. 
They were so one, that none could justly say,  
Which of them ruled, or whether did obey;  
He ruled, because she would obey; yet she,  
In so obeying, ruled as well as he.  
What liked him best, it need no other cause  
To like her too, but only his Applause.  But on the contrary. 
Ill thrives that hapless Family that shows  
A Cock that's silent, and a Hen that Crows;  
I know not which live more unnatural Lives,  
Obeying Husbands, or Commanding Wives.    

XXV. We are next to consider the rigorous severity of some Parents to their Children, and what unnatural hatred others have showed toward them, for though every thing is carried on by a natural instinct to preserve itself in its own being, and the Monsters of the Sea draw out the Breast, and give suck to their young Ones; yet the Extraordinary severities of some Parents to their Children, may assure us that there are greater Monsters upon the Land, then are to be found in the bottom of the Deep; and if some of these may extenuate their Inhumanities' by I know not what virtues or pretences, yet the barbarities of the rest must be wholly imputable to their savage Nature, and the bloodiness of their disposition.   

XXVI. Artaxerxes King of Persia, had fifty Sons by his several Concubines, one called Darius, he made King in his own life-time, contrary to the Custom of that Nation, who having solicited his Father to give him Aspasia his beautiful Concubine, and being denied by him, he stirred up all the rest of his Brothers to join with him in a Conspiracy against the old King, it was not carried so privately, but that the design came to Artaxerxes ear, who so incensed thereat, that casting off all Humanity, as well as Fatherly affection, not contented with Prisons or Exile, he caused them all at once to be put to death; and thus by his own hand, he brought a woeful desolation into his House, which was so lately replenished by so numerous an Offspring. Sabel. Exem. p. 132.   

XXVII. Ptolemy Phiscon having fetched his eldest Son out of Cyrene, he put him to death, lest the Alexandrians should set him up King against him; whereupon the People plucked down his Statue, and his Images. And Ptolemy supposing that this was done by the instigation of his Sister, and Wife Cleopatra; and not well knowing how to be revenged any other way, he commanded his Son Memphitis (who was an ingenious and hopeful Child, and whom he had by her) to be slain before his Eyes, and cutting off his head, hands, and feet, put them into a Chest close covered with a Soldiers Coat, and gave it to one of his Servants to carry it to Alexandria, and to present it to Cleopatra, at the Festival of her Nativity, when she was in the height of her Jollity; this was a sad and grievous Spectacle, not to the Queen only, but to the whole City, and it struck such a damp upon their merry meeting, that the Court on a sudden was overcast with a general sadness; and the Nobles turning their Festival into a Funeral shown the mangled Limbs to the People, to let them see what themselves were to expect from their King, who had thus murdered his own Child. A. B. Ushers Annal. p. 494.   

28. In the reign of Queen Mary, there was one Julius Palmer a Religious man, and afterward a Martyr for the Protestant Profession who being driven from the Town of Redding in Berkshire where he taught School, went to Evesham where his Mother dwelled, hoping to obtain a Legacy which his Father had left him in her hands, his Mother hearing before hand what was the occasion of his coming; when upon his knees he asked her Blessing, she said, Thou shalt have Christ's curse and mine wherever thou goest; He being amazed at this heavy greeting, paused a while, and then said; Oh Mother your curse you may give me, which God knows I never deserved, but Gods curse you cannot give me, for he hath already blessed me; Nay, said she, thou goest out of God's blessing, when thou wast banished out of Oxford for an Heretic, and now for the like knavery art driven out of reading; Alas Mother, said he, you are misinformed, I resigned my places of mine own accord, and Heretic I am none, for I stand not stubbornly against any truth, but defend it to my power, well said she I am sure thou dost not believe as thy Father did, and as I do, nor as our forefather's did; but as thou art taught by the new Law in King Edward's days which is damnable Heresy; indeed said he, I do so believe, but it is not Heresy, but the truth, and not new, but as ancient as Christ and his Apostles; well, said she, get thee out of my house and sight, and ne'er take me for thy Mother more; as for money, I have none for thee, thy Father bequeathed no Legacies to Heretics; Faggots I have to burn thee, and more thou gettest not at my hands; Mr. Palmer for her curse, returned blessings and Prayers for her, and so weeping abundantly, he departed from her; this so mollified her hard heart, that she threw an Angel after him saying, Take that to keep thee a true man. Book Martyr's vol 3.   

29. Doctor Otho Melander reports this horrible Parricide to be Committed in the year 1568. at a place called Albidos in Saxony; there lived, saith he, a Father who had two Sons, the one he brought up to Husbandry, the other in Merchandise, both very obedient, dutiful and thriving the Merchant traded to Lubeck, where in few years he got a very fair Estate, and falling sick even in the chief of his trade, he made his will wherein he bequeathed to his Brother, about five hundred pound, and to his Father ten, and some few hours after he had settled his Estate, he died; but before his death, he sent to his Brother to come in Person, and receive those Legacies; the Father not knowing how things were disposed of, dispatched away his other Son with all possible speed to Lubeck, being more covetous after what his Son had left him, then sorrowful for his death though he were a youngman of great expectation; the surviving Son, who was the younger, arrived at the City, and having first deplored the death of his Brother, he takes a Copy of the will, and receives all the money to a penny; and with this new stock, he joyfully returns into his own Country, where at his first arrival he was gladly welcomed by his Father and Mother, who were overjoyed to behold the bags he had brought, but when by the reading of the will they saw how the money was disposed, and that so little came to their share, they first began bitterly to curse the dead Son, and then barbarously to rail on the living; outfacing him that he had changed the will, by altering the old and forging a new one; which the innocent youth denying, and excusing himself, by telling them, that the Original was upon record, and by that they might be fully satisfied; yet all would give them no satisfaction till very weariness made them give over their heavy Curse; then the Son offered them the whole to dispose freely of it at their pleasure, which they very churlishly refused, and bid him take all, and the Devil give him good with it; which drew tears from the Sons Passionate Eyes, who after ask their blessing which they denied, he parted very sadly from them; he was no sooner departed from them, but they wickedly contrived to get this money by murdering him that very night; and when he was innocently asleep in his bed, they both set furiously and violently upon him stabbing him with daggers into the breast; so that with the Agony of the wounds he opened his Eyes, and espying both his Parents with their hands imbrued in his blood, he with a loud exclamation uttered these words, or to the same purpose, O Gold, to what dost thou not compel mankind? What villainy dost thou not persuade them to act? for thou causest Parents to sheathe their weapons into their own bowels, even those of their own Children; these dying Speeches were uttered with such a doleful and shrill voice that they were heard by the neighbours, who starting out of their beds, and breaking open the doors found them in the very act, before the body was cold, for which they were apprehended, and laid in Prison, Fettered with heavy Chains. After their condemnation for this horrid fact, the morning before the time appointed for Execution, the Father strangled himself, and the Mother was carried by the Devil out of the Dungeon in the Prison, and her body was found dead in a stinking ditch with her neck broken asunder. Beards Theatre p. 72.   

XXX. In 1620 There was a young Gentleman whose name was Duncomb that fell in love with a Gentlewoman to whom he vowed his heart, and promised Marriage, but her fortune not answering his Father's humour, he threatened to disinherit him if he married her, and the better to alienate him from her, he sent him as a Soldier in the Earl of Oxford's Regiment into Germany; hoping that time and absence might wear out those Impressions that his present fancy had fixed upon him, charging him at his departure never to think of her more, lest with the thoughts of her he lost him for ever. The young man being now long absent from her, and having his heart full with the remembrance of her, could not contain himself, but let her know that no threats or anger of Parents should ever blot her memory out of his thoughts which he illustrated with many expressions of love and affection; but the careless young man, writing at the same time to his Father superscribed his Father's Letter to his Mistress, wherein he renounced her, and his Mistress' Letter to his Father wherein he admired her; the Father swollen with rage and anger against his Son, sent him a bitter Letter back again, full of threats; and whether that or the shame for his mistake (that she should see he renounced her whom he professed to Love) did overcome his reason is not known; but he hereupon killed himself to the great grief of all the English there; and by this example Parents may see what it is to be too rigid to their Children, for it was not the young man's hand, but the old man's hard heart that killed him, Hist. Great Brit. p. 140.   

XXXI. There was a Peasant, a Macedonian by Nation, named Rachoses, who being the Father of seven Sons, perceived the youngest of them played the little Libertine, and unbridled Colt; he endeavoured to reclaim him by fair words and reasons, but finding him to reject all manner of good Counsel, he bond his hands behind him, carried him before a Magistrate, accused him, and required that he might be proceeded against as an Enemy to Nature. The Judges who would not discontent this incensed Father, nor hazard the life of this young man, sent them both to the King, which at that time was Artaxerxes. The Father went thither with a resolution to seek his Son's death, where pleading before the King with much earnestness, and many forcible reasons, Artaxerxes stood amazed at his Courage; But how can you my Friend, said he, endure to see your Son die before your face? he being a Gardener by Trade, As willingly, said he, as I would pluck away Leaves from a rank Lettuce, and not hurt the root. The King threatened the Son with death, if his Carriage were not better, and perceiving the old man's zeal to Justice, of a Gardener, made him a Judge. Causins H. Court. p. 112.   

XXXII. Epaminondas the Theban, being General against the Lacedæmonians, it fell out that he was called to Thebes, upon the Election of Magistrates; at his departure, he commits the care, and government of the Army to his Son Stesimbrotus, with a severe charge that he should not fight till his return. The Lacedæmonians, that they might allure the young man to fight, reproach him with dishonour, and Cowardice, he impatient of these Contumelies, contrary to the commands of his Father, engages in a Battle wherein he obtained a signal Victory; The Father returning to the Camp, adorns the Head of his Son with a Crown of Triumph, and afterward commanded the Executioner to take it off from his Shoulders as a violator of Military Discipline. Plutarch.   

XXXIII. Philip the Second, King of Spain, out of an unnatural, and bloody zeal, suffered his eldest Son Don Carlos to be murdered by the Fathers of the Hellish Inquisition, because he favoured the Protestant Religion, which when the Pope heard of, he abusively applied that Text of Scripture to him, He spared not his own Son, but delivered him up for us all. Acts and Monum.   

XXXIV. One of the Sons of Pyrrhus, King of Epyrus, being but a Boy, asked his Father one day to which of his Sons he would leave his Kingdom, to whom Pyrrhus answered, To him that hath the sharpest Sword; an answer not much unlike that Tragical Curse of Oedipus toward his Children.  
Let them (for me) divide  
Both Goods, and Rents, and Lands,  
With glittering Swords, and bloody blows,  
By force of mighty hands.   

XXXV. In the year 1551. at a Town called Weidenhasten in Germany, Nou. 20. A cruel Mother inspired by the Devil, shut up all her doors, and began to murder her four Children in this manner; she snatched up a sharp Axe, and first set upon her eldest Son, being but eight years old, searching him out with a Candle behind an Hogshead where he had hid himself, and immediately, notwithstanding his lamentable Prayers and Complaints, clove his Head in two pieces, and chopped off both his Arms; next she killed her Daughter of five years old in the same manner; another little Boy of three years, seeing his Mother's madness, hide itself, (poor innocent) behind the Gate, whom as soon as this Tiger espied, she drew out by the hair of the head into the floor, and there cut off his Head; the youngest lay crying in the Cradle but half a year old, him she without all compassion plucked out, and murdered in the same manner; these Murders being committed, this Devil incarnate, (for surely no Humanity was left in her) to take punishment of herself for the same, cut her own Throat; and though she lived nine days after, and confessing her horrid Crimes, died with abundance of Tears, and great repentance, yet we see how it pleased God to arm her own hands against herself, as the fittest Executioner of Vengeance. Beards Theat. p. 225.   

XXXVI. Fausta, the Wife of Constantine the Great, fell in love with Constantine her Son in Law, whom when she could not persuade unto her Lust; she accused unto the Emperor, as if he had solicited her Chastity, for which this innocent young man was condemned, and put to death; but the truth being afterward discovered, Constantine ordered her to be put into an hot Bath, and suffered her not to come forth, till the heat had choked her, revenging upon her own head her Son's death, and her own Unchastity. Idem. p. 225.   

XXXVII. Robert de Beliasme, delighted much in Cruelty, an Example whereof he shown on his own Son, who being but a Child, and playing with him, the Father for a Pastime, put his Thumbs into the Child's Eyes, and crushed out the Balls thereof. Speeds Chronicle. p. 448.   

XXXVIII. Next, as to undutiful, and unnatural Children to their Parents, it is certain that six hundred years from the building of Rome, the Name, or Crime of Parricide, or killer of their Parents, was not so much as known amongst them; Paulus Maleolus was the first (saith Livy) amongst the Romans, who was known to have killed his Mother, and who underwent the punishment instituted by the Ancients in that case, they ordained that the Parricide should be first scourged till the blood came, and then sown up in a Sack, together with a Cock, a Dog, a Viper, and an Ape, and so thrown headlong into the bottom of the Sea; but notwithstanding the severity of this Law, and those of other Nations, against a Crime of this nature, there are too many instances of unnatural Children, as in part will appear by what follows.   

XXXVIII. There was a young Duke of Gelder's, named Adolph, who took his Father Duke Arnold, one night as he was going to Bed, and led him fifteen miles on foot, bare legged, in a marvellous cold night, and laid him in a deep Dungeon the space of six months, where he saw no light but through a little hole; whereupon the Duke of Cleve, whose Sister the old Duke that was Prisoner had Married, made sharp War upon this young Duke Adolph; the Duke of Burgundy sought by divers means to reconcile them, but in vain. In the end, the Pope and the Emperor began to stir in the matter, and the Duke of Burgundy under great Cures, was commanded to take the old Duke out of Prison, which he did accordingly, the young one not being able to prevent it; I have often seen them together (saith Philip Comines) in the Duke of Burgundy's Chamber, pleading their Cause before a great Assembly, and once I saw the old man present the Combat to his Son; the Duke of Burgundy being desirous to make an agreement, offered the young Duke whom he favoured, the Title of Governor of Gelderland, with all the Revenues thereof, save a little Town near Brabant, called Grave, which should remain to the Father, with the Revenues of three thousand Florins, a yearly Pension of as much more, and the Title of Duke, as was but reason; I (saith Comines) with others wiser than myself, were appointed to make report of these conditions to the young Duke, who answered us, That he had rather throw his Father headlong into a Well, and himself after him, than agree to such an appointment, alleging; That his Father had been Duke forty and four years, and that it was now time for him to gover●. Notwithstanding, he said, he would agree to give him a yearly Pension of three thousand Florins, upon condition he should departed the Country as a banished man, never to return; and such other lewd speeches he used. Soon after, the young Duke in disguise left the Duke of Burgundy's Court, to repair home to his own Country, but as he ferried over a water near to Namur, he paid a Gueldon for his, passage; whereupon a Priest there present began to suspect him for his liberality, and soon after knew him, so that he was taken, and led to Namur, where he remained a Prisoner, till the Duke of Burgundy's death; after which, by the men of Gaunt he was set at liberty, and by them carried before Tournay, where being weakly accompanied, he was miserably slain in a skirmish, in full revenge of his impiety toward his Father. Philip de Comines. p. 105.   

XL. When I was in Valentia in Spain (saith Mr. Howel) a Gentleman told me of a Miracle which happened in that Town, which was, that a proper young Man under Twenty, was executed there for a Crime, and before he was taken down from the Gallows, there were many grey, and-white hairs which had budded out of his Chin, as if he had been a man of threescore. It struck amazement into all men, out this Interpretation was made of it; That this young man might have lived to such an Age, if he had been dutiful to his Parents, unto whom he had been barbarously disobedient and unnatural. Howels Letters. p. 211.   

XLI. Martin Luther reports of his own knowledge this wonderful History; that a young man a Lock-smith, growing vicious and debauched, to main tain himself therein, was so villainously unnatural as to murder his own Father and Mother with a Hammer, to get their Money and Estate; after which cruel deed, he presently went to a Shoemaker, and bought him a pair of new Shoes, leaving his old behind him, to be (by Divine Providence) his Accusers; for after an hour or two, the slain bodies being found by the Magistrate, and inquisition made for the Murderer, there being not the least suspicion of him, because he seemed to make so great lamentation thereat; but God who knows the secrets of the heart, discovered his Hypocrisy, for the Shoemaker observing that some of the blood which ran from his Parents wounds, had besprinkled his old Shoes, made a discovery thereof, which caused first some doubting, and from thence the examination of the young man, who being confounded with the horror of the Fact, confessed the same, for which he was justly executed. Beards Theat. p. 224.   

XLII. Another Son at Basil in Switzerland, in the year 1560. having bought a quantity of Poison from an Apothecary, ministered it to his own Father, whereof he soon after died, but when he had effected his wish upon him, the Crime was detected, and instead of possessing his Goods, which he aimed at, he suffered a vile and shameful death, for he was drawn through the Streets, burnt with hot Irons, and tormented nine hours on the Wheel, till his life forsook him. Beards Theat. p. 224.   

XLIII. Scander late King of Georgia in Persia (saith Mr. Herbert) had by his Lady three hopeful Sons, Scandercan, Trebeg, and Constandel, all born Christians, but for preferment the two last were circumcised, and turned Mahometans; Trebeg served the Turks, Constandel the Persians; Constandel was naturally deformed, but of such an active Spirit, that his bodily imperfections were not noted; but his hateful ambition rendered him more than monstrous; it happened that Abbess King of Persia, had vowed some revenge against the Turks, and to that end gave order to Allycawn to trouble them, Constandel perceives the occasion right to attempt his hellish Resolutions, and therefore after long suit, got to be joined in Commission with the Persian General; Through Georgia they go, where Constandel under a pretence of Duty, visits his sad Parents, who (upon his Protestation that his Apostasy was counterfeit) joyfully welcomed him, but he forgetting that and all other ties of nature, next night at a solemn banquet, caused them to be murdered, & till the Georgians saluted him King, perpetrated all sorts of Villainies imaginable; but how secure soever he stood in his own sancy, the dreadful Justice of an impartial God retaliated him; the rest of his life after, this hated Parricide was infinitely miserable; for first, near Sumachan, Cycala's Son, the Turkish General, wounded him in the Arm, and by that gained the Victory over the Persians; the same night he was also assaulted in his Tent by his enraged Countrymen, who in his stead cut a Sod omitick Boy, his cursed Bed-fellow to pieces, missing him, who at the first Alarm made his escape; and though he so far exasperated the Persians to revenge, that he brought the whole Army into Georgia, resolving there to act unparallelled Tragedies; yet was he overreached in his stratagems; for upon Parley with the Queen, his late Brother's Wife, he was shot to death at a private signal given by that Amazon, to some Musquiteers, ambushed on purpose betwixt both Armies, a just punishment for such a Viper. Herbert's Travels. p. 291.   

XLIV. Justin tells of a certain African called Cartallus, who by the Vote of the People was raised to an eminent degree of Dignity, and was soon after sent upon a solemn Embassy into a place where his Father with many others were banished; he looking upon himself at that time like a Peacock, gloriously furnished out with the  and Ornaments of his Employment, thought it was not suitable to his Honour, to admit his Father so much as to see him, though the old man desired it with great earnestness; the unfortunate Father became so much enraged with this contempt of himself, and the proud refusal of his Son, that he instantly raised a Sedition, and mustering together a tumultuary Army of banished men, he fell upon his Son, although a Magistrate, took him and condemned him to death; he presently prepared a high Gibbet, and attired as he was in Gold and Scarlet, with a Crown on his head, he hanged up this young disobedient Gallant, as a strange spectacle to all beholders. Causins' Holy Court. p. 112.   

XLV. A certain degenerate and cruel Son longing, and gaping after the inheritance of his Father, which nothing but his lifehindered him from, used this villainous means to accomplish his desire; he accused his Father of a most abominable Crime, namely, that he had committed beastliness with a Cow; knowing that if he were convicted thereof, the Law would take away his life; wherein he was guilty of a twofold wickedness, one in going about to take away his life, whom by nature he ought to have preserved, the other in robbing him of his good name, which would likewise redound to his Posterity; he notwithstanding being possessed by Satan, goes before a Magistrate, and accuses his Father of this horrid Crime, which he says was upon his own knowledge; the poor innocent Father is seized, and denying all (as well he might) he is put upon the Rack to extort a confession from him, who not being able to endure the torment thereof, accused himself, but as soon as he was off, he absolutely denied it again; however this his forced Confession stood for Evidence, and he was condemned to be burnt with Fire, which was speedily executed, and constantly endured by him, exclaiming still upon the false accusation of his Son, and his own unspotted Innocency, as by the issue thereof clearly appeared; for his Son not long after fell stark mad, and hanged himself, and the Judge who condemned him with the witnesses who evidenced his forced Confession on the rack, died all within one month after, in a most wretched and miserable manner; and thus it pleased God both to revenge his death, and also to clear his Reptitation and innocency, from ignominy and discredit in this world. Beards Theat. p. 223.   

XLVI An unnatural Son pretended to keepd is Father in his old age, but used him more like a slave than a Father, and thought every thing too good for him, one day a dainty dish of meat being brought to the Table the Son conveyed it away, because his Father should not partake thereof, and ordered more ordinary victuals in the room thereof; but observe what his dainties turned to, when the Servant went to fetch it again, he found instead of meat snakes, and instead of sauce Serpents to the great terror of his Conscience; and further one of the Serpents leapt on his face, and catching hold by his lip, hung there till his dying day, so that he could never feed himself, but he must likewise feed the Serpent. Idem. p. 155.   

XLVII. It is reported of a certain unkind & perverse: Son, that he one time beat his aged Father; and drew him by the heir of the head to the threshold, who when he was old, was likewise beaten by his Son, and drawn by the hair of the head not only to the threshold, but out of doors into the midst of the street, and that be reflected then upon himself, saying, He was rightly served, only that his Son was more severe to him, for he left his Father at the door and did not drag him out into the dirt; thus did his own mouth bear record of his Impiety Another disobedient Son provided a Hog trough for his poor, aged, decrepit Father because forsooth, he did not eat his meat cleanly enough; which his little Son observing, asked for what use it was; he replied it was made for his Grandfather; What (said the Child) must I make you such a one when you are old? At which words he was so disturbed, that he presently threw away the Hog trough. Idem, p. 156.   

LXVII. One Garret a Frenchman and a Protestant by Profession was given to all manner of debauchery, for which he was cast off by his Father; yet he found entertainment in a Gentleman's house of note, in whose Family he became a Sworn Brother to a Young Gentleman that was a Protestant: soon after Garret came to his Estate, and then turned Papist; of whose constancy because the Papists could hardly be assured, he promised his confessor to prove himself an undoubted Catholic, by setting a sure seal to his Profession; whereupon he plotted the death of his dearest Protestant friends, and thus effected it; he invited his Father, Mounsieur Seamats' who was his sworn Brother, and six other Gentlemen of his acquaintance to dinner; all dinner time he entertained them with Protestations of his great obligations to them; but the bloody Catastrophe followed; dinner being ended, Sixteen armed men came up into the room, and laid hold on all the Guests, and this wicked Parricide seized upon his Father, and commanding the rest to hold their hands till he had dispatched him, he stabbed the old Gentleman, crying to the Lord for mercy, four times to the heart, and then with his Poniard killed all the rest but three, who were dispatched by these armed Ruffians at their first entrance, and then they fling the dead bodies out at a Window into a Ditch. Clarks Mirror. p. 78.   

XLVIII. Tarpeia the Daughter of S. Tarpeius betrayed her Father, and the Castle whereof he was Governor, to Tatius King of the Sabines, who then besieged it, upon condition that she should be rewarded with all that the Sabine Soldiers wore upon their left Arms, she meaning, their golden Bracelets; but when she demanded her reward, Tatius bid his Soldiers do as he did, and so together with their Bracelets throwing their shields, which they wore on their left arms upon her, they crushed her to death, Clarks Mirror. p. 78.   

LXVIX. The nearest Relations next to these aforementioned are brethren, who though, bred up together, and thus allied in respect of their bodies, yet their minds have been as distant from each other as the Poles of Heaven, which when opportunity hath served they have showed in the effects of an implacable hatred, and unnatural actions toward each other.   

L. Peter King of Spain having reigned sometime with great cruelty, purpling his hands in the blood of his Nobles. At last his Brother Henry took up arms against him in 1369. He had hired Auxiliary Forces out of France against Peter, and having met him in the field, a bloody battle was fought, agreeable to the pertinacious hatred of the two brethren; The Victory resting on the side of Henry, and his Brother being made Prisoner; he was brought before him, when Peter with a dagger wounded Henry in the face; the other endeavouring to repay it with interest, both grappled together, having thrown each other to the ground, but others coming in to the help of Henry, he quickly became the Superior, and having slain his Brother with many wounds, he succeeded in his Kingdom. Lipsius' Monit. p. 348.   

LI. Alphonsus Diazius a Popish Spaniard, hearing that John Diazius his Brother had renounced Popery, and was become a Professor of the Protestant Religion, he fell into so deep an hatred of him, that like another Cain, he slew his Brother with his own hands; for which he not only escaped punishment, but was highly applauded by the Papists for this his heroical achievement; but he was so haunted and hunted by the furies of his own Conscience that he desperately hanged himself at Trent, about the neck of his own Mule. Clarks Mirror, p. 54.   

LII. In 1080. Boleslaus King of Poland having slain his Brother Stanistaus Bishop of Cracovia at the very Altar as he was celebrating Mass, he suddenly fell into a frenzy, and such a degree of madness, that he laid violent hands upon himself; it is said of this King, that he grew into a vehement hatred of the Bishop his Brother, upon the account of that Freedom he took in reproving him for those horrible crimes he frequently committed. Wanly Hist. Man.   

LIII. Selimus, the first, Emperor of the Turks, having stepped into the throne of his Father, sought the destruction of all his Brethren, and while his Brother Corcutus lay quiet in Magnetia, he secretly led an Army thither to destroy him; Corcutus having notice of it fled away with two Servants and all Passages by Sea being shut up, he was glad to hid himself in a Cave by the Seaside, where he lived miserably upon Country Crabs, and other such wild fruit, till being discovered by a Country fellow, he was apprehended; Selimus being informed of it, sent one to strangle him, and to bring his dead body to Prusa; the Executioner, who was a Captain, coming to Corcutus in the dead time of the night, and awakening him out of his sleep, told him his heavy Message, That he was sent by his Brother presently to strangle him; Corcutus being exceedingly troubled with this dismal news, and fetching a deep sigh, desired the Captain to spare his life so long till he might write a few short lines to his Brother Selimus which he did readily in Turkish verse, upbraiding him with his horrible cruelty, and concluding with many a bitter curse, he besought God to take a just revenge upon him; being then strangled, his dead body was brought to Prusa; Selimus uncovered the face of it, to be sure that it was he, when seeing this writing in his hand he took and read it; and is said thereupon to have shed tears, notwithstanding his cruel nature, and stony heart. Turkish Hist. p. 502.   

LIV. Cambyses King of Persia. seeing his Brother Smerdis draw a stronger bow than any of the rest of his Soldiers could do, was so inflamed with envy against him, that he caused him to be slain; not long after, Cambyses caused a young Lion and a young Mastiff to fight together before him, but the Lion being too hard for the Dog, another Whelp of the same litter broke his Chain, and came in upon the Lion, and so being two, they were too much for the Lion; whereupon Cambyses laughed, but his wife, who was also his Sister, fell a weeping, and Cambyses ask her the cause, she answered, Because I seeing the Whelp to help his Brother, I think of Smerdis whom thou hast slain, and yet he hath none to revenge his death, this so provoked Cambyses that he slew her also Pezel. Mel. Hist.   

LV. And this introduces another particular, namely, the envious nature & disposition of some Persons, who when they cannot blame the substance, will yet represent the Circumstances of men's best actions with prejudice; and this black shadow is still observed to wait upon those that have been the most Illustrious for virtue, or remarkable for some kind of perfection, and to excel in either, has been made a crime unpardonable.   

LVI. Maximinus the Tyrant through envy of the honours conferred on Constantine the great, and attributed to him by the People, contributed all that a desperate envy could invent, and a great virtue surmount; he first made him General of an Army, which he sent against the Sarmatians, a People extremely furious, supposing he there should lose his life. The young Prince went thither, and returned victorious, leading along with him the Barbarian King in Chains; it is added, that this direful Tyrant in his most ardent fury after his return from the battle, engaged the Prince in a desperate enounter with a Lion, which he purposely had caused to be let lose upon him; but Constantine being victorious over Lions as well as men, slew this fell beast with his own hand, and impressed an incomparable Opinion in the minds of his Soldiers, which easily gave him passage to the Throne by the same degrees which were prepared for his ruin. Causins' Holy Court, p. 55.   

LVII. In the reign of Tiberius Caes●… there wa●… Portico or curious Porch at Rome that bowed outward on one side very much, a certain curious workman undertook to set it right and straight; he under propped it every way on the upper part, and bound it about with the skins and fleeces of Sheep, and then with the help of many Engines, and a multitude of hands, he restored it to its former uprightness, contrary to the Opinion of all men; Tiberius admired the Fact, and envied the man, so that though he gave him Money, he caused his name to be unremembered in the Annals, and afterward banished him the City; this famous Artificer afterward presented himself in the presence of Tiberius, with a glass he had privately about him, and while he implored the pardon of Tiberius, he threw the glass against the ground; which being bruised, and crushed together, but not broke, he drew out his Hammer, and beat it again into form, as if it had been Brass, this done, he imagined that he had conquered the world, but it fell out otherwise, for Tiberius' envy increased thereby, and enquiring of him, whether any other besides himself understood the secret, he replied, No, whereupon he commanded to strike off his head, adding, That if this Art of Malleable Glass should be practised, it would make Gold and Silver but cheap and inconsider able things. Wan. Hist. Man.   

LVIII. Ferrex, and Porrex jointly succeeded their Father Gorboduc in the Government of this Land of Britain, in the year of the world 4711. and continued in love and amity for some time; but at last Envy the Mother of all disorder and mischief so far prevailed with them, that they both studied to supplant each other, thereby to gain the whole Supremacy; and first, Porrex raising an Army unknown to his Brother, designed suddenly to surprise and kill him, of which, he having notice, and yet not being able for the present to provide for opposition, he was forced to fly into France, where being supplied with some Forces, he landed in England, gave his Brother Porrex Battle, defeated his Army, and slew him in the Field. Ferrex proud of his Victory, retired himself to his Tent, whither his Mother Midan came by night with some of her Women; and being freely admitted to the place where he lay sleeping, she with the rest, most cruelly murdered him,  depiction of Morindus, King of Britain, being devoured by a sea monster 
Morindus K. of Britain devoured by a Sea Monster. Page .179.   depiction of Queen Tomyris having the head of King Cyrus put into a bowl of blood 
Q Tomyris puts the head of K. Cyrus into a Bowl of Blood. Page .181.  and after cut his body into small pieces, causing them to be scattered in the Field, and in these two Brothers ended the issue of Brute. Thus we see the dreadful effects of Envy, as well in the vanquished as the victor, but the greatest in the last, to be so cruelly murdered, rather by a Monster than a Mother. Beards Theat. p. 27.   

LIX. Morindus was the Bastard-Son of Flavius King of Britain, by his Concubine Fanguestella, and reigned in the year of the World 1880. The Chronicle reports him to have been of a comely and beautiful Personage, having an active Body, and a most daring Spirit, and strength withal, above any Peer or Subject in the Land, but as a grievous stain and blemish to all these good parts and endowments, he was of a cruel and envious disposition, for he grew jealous of all such as were either wealthy, or remarkable in his Court for any virtue or excellency, confiscating the Estates of the one, and discountenancing the other, and hindering them from all Preferment; he was so furious, that when he was vexed he would kill his Subjects with his own hand: His Kingdom being invaded by a Foreign Prince, he fought with him, and chased him to Sea, taking many Prisoners, whom to satisfy his Cruelty and Tyranny, he caused to be put to death before his Eyes, with several sorts of Torments, as beheading, hanging, burning drowning, and other kinds of Execution; but at length this Morindus (called by our Historians Morwith) walking by the Sea side, and espying a dreadful Monster upon the shore, which he out of his valiant and Royal Courage, endeavouring to destroy, after a long fight was devoured, and swallowed by this Monster. Beards Theatre, p. 26.   

LX. When K. Richard the First of England, & K. Philip of France were Fellow-soldiers together at the siege of Acon, in the holy Land, and Richard had approved himself to be the more valiant Man, insomuch that all men's Eyes were fixed upon him, it so galled the heart of King Philip, that he was scarce able to bear the Glory of King Richard, but cavilled at all his proceed, and sell at length to open defiance; nor could he contain any longer, but out of very Envy hastening home, he invaded his Territories, and professed open War. Burtons' Melancholy, p. 86   

LXI. We read of a Rich man in Quintilian, that was possessed of this Evil Disease to that strange height and degree that he is said to have poisoned the Flowers in his Garden, to the end that his neighbour's Bees might get no more Honey from them. Quintilian.   

LXII. Alexander the Great both envied and hated Perdicc●…s, because he was warlike; Lysimuchus, because he was skilful in the Arts of a General; Seleus●…s, because he was of great Courage: He was offended with the Liberality of Antigonus, with the Imperial Dignity and Authority of Attalus, and with the prosperous Felicity and good Fortune of Ptolemaeus. Elian. Var. Hist.   

LXIII. Hypatia of Alexandria, the Daughter of Theon the Philosopher, had made such progress in Learning, that she exceeded all the Philosophers of her time, and not only succeeded in the School of Plato, but also explained the Precepts and Aphorisms of all sorts of Philosophers; so that a mighty Confluence was made to her by all such as were desirous to improve themselves in Philosophy; she came into the knowledge and Courts of princes, where she behaved herself with singular modesty; and doubted not to present herself in public amongst the Assemblies of men, where by reason of her Gravity and Temperance of mind; she was received by all sorts, till at last the long suppressed flames of Envy began to break forth, and a number of malevolent and hot-brained men, (whereof Petrus of the Church of Caesarea was the Leader) seized upon her in her return home, plucked her out of her Coach, vearried her to that Church, where having ostript her of her , they tore her flesh with sharp shells, till she died; then they pulled her in pieces, and carried her torn Limbs into a place called G●…aros, where they were burned. This deed was no small matter of Infamy to Cyrillus the Bishop, and to the whole Church of Aerandria. Socrates Ecclesiast. History.   

LXIV. Revenge is near of kin to Hatred and Envy; and it is observable, that great and Generous Souls are ever found to be most easily appeased, while the weak & fearful are guilty of the greatest Barbarities, as not knowing how to allot any measure or bounds to their Anger; of which the following Relations are too real Evidences and Instances.   

LXV. Pope Stephen the Seventh having been hindered from the Popedom by Formosus his Predecessor, after his death, he caused his dead body to be taken out of the Sepulchre, to be stripped of his Pontificial Garments wherein he was buried, to be clothed in others, and to be buried without the Church: He also caused his Fingers to be cut off, and to be cast into the River for the Fish to devour. When Sergius the Third came to be Pope, he caused the Body of the same Formosus to be drawn out of its second burying place, to be beheaded in the Marketplace, and then to be cast into the River Tiber, to gratify Lotharius the King of France, who thus hated the dead Formosus, because by his means the Empire was translated from the French to the Berengarians: Others say, that Sergius did this to Formosus, because he had also opposed him in the Election. Heylins' Cosmogra. p. 107.   

LXVI. Cyrus' making War against Tomyris Queen of the Massagetes, he had by a stratagem taken her Son Spargapises; for he had left part of his Army with plentiful provisions of Meats and Wine, on purpose to be seized upon: These Troops Spargapises had cut in pieces, and that done, set his Army to Feasting and Carousing; and while they were secure asleep, and enfeebled by drinking, Cyrus set upon them, killed and took most of them; Spargapises being brought Prisoner before Cyrus, desired that he might be unbound, which done, and his Hands at liberty, being extremely grieved for the discomfiture of his Army, he presently slew himself; after which, Tomyris in a great Battle overthrew the Forces of Cyrus, and having found him amongst the dead, in revenge of her Son's death, she caused his Head to be cut off, and to be thrown into a Vessel full of Humane Blood, with this bitter scoff, Satiate thyself with Blood, which thou hast so much thirsted after. Herodotus writes she said thus; Thou hast destroyed my Son, taken by craft and guile, while I am alive and victorious, but as I threatened, I will satisfy thee with Blood. Justin. Hist.   

LXVII. As I went from Rome with my Company (saith Camerarius) passing through the Marquisate of Ancona, we were to go through a City called Terni; as we entered the City, we saw over the Gate upon an high Tower, a certain Tablet, to which was fastened (as at first it seemed to us) a great many Bats, or Rearmice; we thinking it a strange sight, and not knowing what it meant; one of the City whom we asked, told us, There was, said he, in this City, two Noble, Rich, and Mighty Houses, which of a long time bore an irreconcilable hatred toward each other; their malice passed from Father to Son, as it were by Inheritance, by occasion of which, many of both Families were slain and murdered; at last one of the Houses, not many years since, resolved to stand no more upon murdering one or two of the adverse Party by surprise, but to run upon them all at once, and not to leave one of them alive: This bloody Family secretly gathered together out of the Country adjoining, with their Servants, and such other Hectors, as many Italians keep in pay to employ in the Execution of their Revenges; these were privately armed, and had notice to be ready at a word. About midnight they seize upon the Person of the Governor of the City, and leaving Guards in his House, go on silently to the House of their Enemy, disposing their Troops at the end of every Street; about Ten of them take the Governor into the midst of them, as if they had been the Archers of his Guard, whom they compelled by setting a Dagger to his Throat, to command speedy entrance; he caused the Doors to be opened; for they seeing the Governor there, made no refusal; which done, they call their Complices, who stood not far off, and putting the Governor into safe keeping, they enter the House of their Enemy, and kill them Man, Woman and Child, yea the very Horses in the Stable; that done, they force the Governor to command open the City Gates, and so they depart, and disperse into private places amongst their Friends; some fled to the next Sea Ports, and so made their escape, but such as stayed any whit near, were so diligently searched for, that they were found, drawn out of their Holes, and put to death, with grievous Tortures; after which, their hands and feet being cut off, were nailed to that Tablet as a lesson to Posterity, and the Sun having broiled those limbs so fastened, makes Travellers that know nothing of the Tragedy, to suppose they are Rearmice. Camer. Op. Subse. p. 390.   

LXVIII. Ranimirus the Bastard Son of Sanctius the Great, was fetched out of a Monastery by those of Tarracon in 1017. and made King; after which, in an expedition against the Moors, having taken his Shield in his left hand, and his Lance in his right, he was bid by some Nobles about him to take the Bridle of his Horse; How can I, said he, unless I hold it in my Teeth, my hands being already full; At this the Nobles fell into a laughter, and he thereupon conceived such displeasure against them, that having sent for eleven of the chief of them to Ostia, he caused their heads to be struck off; only saying, The Fox knew not whom he played with. Zuinglius Theat.   

LXVIX. Altobel, a Citizen of Todi, in the Duchy of Spoleto in Italy, made War upon his Fellow-Citizens, and seized upon the City and Government; after which, he behaved himself with great Cruelty amongst them, both towards Rich and Poor; many inroads he also made upon the Neighbour Territories, spoiling and rifling many other adjacent Cities; at last he was defeated, and taken Prisoner by the Pope's Army, and forthwith was bound stark naked to a Post in the Marketplace, to the end, that all whom he had wronged, might revenge themselves upon him in what manner they pleased; thither ran the Mothers, whose Sons he had killed, who like so many wild Beasts, begin to tear his body with their greedy teeth; others wound, cut, and slash him, some in one sort, some in another; The Fathers, Kindred, and Friends of such as he had Massacred, pulled out his Eyes, Heart, and Entrails, not forgetting any point of extreme rigour, he with a Courage desperately obstinate, endured these Torments with Constancy, saying between while, That no new thing had happened to him, and that long since he had foreseen within himself this punishment. Being dead, they put an end to their fury, by cutting his body into morsels, which, like flesh in a Butcher's Shop, were sold by weight, and afterward eaten by those that bought them. Leander in his description of Italy, saith, this fell out in his time. Camerarius.   

LXX. Conrade Trincio, Lord of Fulingo, in the same Duchy of Spoleto, hearing that the Captain of the Castle of Nocera had slain Nicholas Trincio his Brother, upon suspicion of Adultery, came and besieged this Captain so very close, and straight in his Castle, that being out of all hope to save himself, he first cut the Throats of his Wife and Children, and then threw himself down from an high Tower, that he might not fall alive into the hands of his Enemy, but Conrade seeing himself frustrated of the means to torment him according to his intention, set upon his Kindred, Friends, and Familiars, and as many of them as he could take, he tortured without all mercy, and after he had murdered them, plucked out their Bowels, chopped their Bodies into small parcels, hung up their Quarters upon the Highways, and their Bowels and Guts upon Bushes, and places of concourse, for people to gaze on, behaving himself with that savage, and outrageous cruelty, that no man can call it a punishment, or revenge, but must study to find out a fit name for it, and after all, perhaps shall lose his labour. Idem. p. 392.   

LXXI. The Duke of Linburg, deceasing without issue, the Duke of Brabant, and the Earl of Gelder's strove about the succession, each of them pretending right to it; and when they could not agree, they fell to Arms; at last the Duke of Brabant won the Victory in a Battle, and took amongst other Prisoners the Bishop of Collen, who followed the Party of the Earl of Gelder's. This Bishop after he had been Prisoner to the Earl of Haynault the space of seven years, was set at liberty upon certain conditions which he accepted; and being ready to return home, he prayed the Earl that he would honour him so far, as to convey him into the Country. The Earl willingly condescended, and having brought him almost to Collen, not mistrusting any thing, he saw himself upon the sudden enclosed with a Troop of Horsemen, who took him, and delivered him to the Bishop, who locked him up in a Prison, where he ended his days; and the more to vex and torment him, the Bishop caused an Iron Cage to be made, and anointed all over with Honey, which was hung up in the Sun, the Earl being locked fast within it. This was done in the memory of our Fathers, saith P. Camerarius.   

LXXII. In the year 1500. when Tamas Shaw was King of Persia, the City of Spahawn, which is the Metropolis of all Persia, surfeiting with Luxury, refused not only to contribute reasonably to the King's occasions, who was at that time invaded by the Turks and Tartars, but audaciously withstood, and hindered his entrance into their City; a Rebellion so unsufferable, as made him swear a revenge scarce to be paralleled; he assaults the City with great fury, and in a rage he enters it, firing a great part thereof; and in a hostile severity plunders the Houses; and to conclude, regarding neither the Outcries of old Men, weak Women, nor innocent Children, he in two days made headless three hundred thousand Citizens, and erected a Pillar of their Heads, as a Trophy and Memorial of their Disloyalty, and his bitter Revenge. Herbert's Tra. p. 160.   

LXXIII. A certain Italian having his Enemy in his power, told him there was no possible way for him to save his life, unless he would immediately deny and renounce his Saviour; the overtimorous wretch in hope of mercy did it, and immediately the other stabbed him to the heart, saying, That now he had a full and noble Revenge, for he had killed him at once both Body and Soul. B. Reynolds on Passions.   

LXXIV. Frederick Barbarossa the Emperor, with a strong Army besieged Milan, that had withdrawn itself from his Obedience, and had lately affronted his Empress in this manner; the Empress being desirous to see the City, and not fearing to meet with any disrespect from a place under her Husband's Jurisdiction, came into it without any Guard; the mad People seize upon her, set her upon the back of a Mule, with her face to the Tail, and the Tail in her hand, instead of a Bridle, and in this shameful manner turned her out of the other Gate of the City; the Emperor being justly incensed, besieged the City very close, and urged the Inhabitants to yield, who at last did, and he received them to mercy upon this condition, that every Person who desired to live, should with their Teeth take a Fig out of the Genitals of a Mule, with their hands tied behind them, and as many as refused, were immediately beheaded; divers preferred death before this Ignominy, those that desired life, did what was commanded, though with many a kick, whence came that scornful Proverb in Italy, when putting one of their Fingers between two others, they cry, Eccola Fico, Behold the Fig. Heylin Cos. p. 144.   

LXXV. The Neapolitans, as all the rest of the Italians, are exceeding revengeful, saith Mr. Howel; among multitudes of Examples that might be produced, this may suffice: In the ancient City of Nocera, there were three young Noblemen, called Conrado, Caesare, and Alexander, the eldest was Prince of the Place; there was, and still is in Nocera a fair, and strong Castle, wherein Prince Conrado kept a Garrison, making a familiar Friend of his Captain thereof; the Prince kept usually at his Country House, yet would sometimes come, and lie a night or two in the Castle; this Captain had a comely Woman to his Wife, with whom Prince Conrado fell in love, and never left soliciting till he had enjoyed her, which he afterward often did to the knowledge of her Husband, who resolving revenge, contrived thus to do it; the Prince and his Brothers being at their Country house, the Captain sent him word, That there were two wild Boars discovered in the Forest hard by, and if he and his Brothers would come such a day with their Dogs he doubted not but they would find Princely sport; Conrado accordingly came with his second Brother Caesare, but Alexander, upon some occasion, sent word he could not come till two days after; the Captain provided a handsome Supper for the Prince and his Brother, who had brought with him another Nobleman to partake of the sport; the Prince lodged in the Castle, but Caesare and the Nobleman lay in the Town; the Captain was wonderful Officious to attend the Prince to his Chamber; but having engaged some of the Garrison to join with him, in the dead time of the night they rushed into the Prince's Chamber, and first they cut off his Genitals, and then his head; which they set to stand in a window, and quartered the rest of his body; this being done very silently, in the morning betimes the Captain sent in the Prince's name for his second Brother to come in all haste to him, and when Prince Cesare came, the Captain waited on him to his Brother's Chamber; where the first object he beheld was Conrado's head standing in the window, and his members quartered and fling about the room, Ah, said Cesare, is this the wild Boar you writ of, Yes, answered the Captain, but I writ to you of two; and so they fell upon him also, and made the like Sacrifice of revenge upon him. This being done, the Captain barred up the Gates, and going upon the walls of the Castle, he sent for the Chief of the Town, and made a Speech to them, showing in what Slavery they lived under Conrado, so that if they ever desired Liberty, there was now a fit opportunity offered, because he had Conrado in his Custody, and could do with him what he pleased; but the Citizens would hearken to no such motion, but sent word speedily to Alexander the youngest Brother, who coming with some Country forces, the Citizens joined with him, and beleaguered the Castle; the Captain finding his case desperate, first took his wife to the top of an high Turret, from whence he threw her down amongst them, and after her his Children, and then lastly slew himself in the Eye of all the City. Howels Hist. Naples. p. 62.   

LXXVI. There are no greater Instances of Revenge saith Sabellicus, than in the factious Cities of Italy, where the chiefs of one faction falling into the hands of the other, it was a great favour to be beheaded or strangled; Pontanus adds, that he has heard his Grandmother tell, how in certain mortal differences betwixt some families, one of the opposite faction being taken he was immediately cut into small gobbets, his Liver was broiled upon the Coals, and being divided into little morsels it was distributed among their friends, who were invited to breakfast to that purpose, after which execrable feeding there were brought Cups, in which some of the blood was mingled, then followed congratulations amongst themselves, laughter, Jests, and witty Passages, to season their Viands; and to conclude, they blasphemously drank to God himself, as if he were the favourer of this their horrible, and tremendous revenge. Wierus Op. p. 830.   

LXXVII. Having thus seen the dismal effects of revenge, let us next consider the base Ingratitude of some unworthy Persons, which was accounted so great a crime among the Ancients, that they judged Ingratitude ought to be punished with death, and very worthily it deserved to be so, at least in the Persons of some who have been dreadfully guilty of this base and unworthy crime.   

LXXVIII. In the time of the bloody Popish Massacre at Paris, one of the Murderers, with some Companions of his, came to the City of Orleans, and went to the house of a noble Counsellor, inviting themselves to Supper; the Counsellor Ignorant of their intent made them very welcome, but when Supper was ended, with horrible blasphemies, they murdered him, and then plundered his house. Clarks Martyr. p 348.   

LXXIX. Humphrey Banister was brought up and exalted to promotion by the Duke of Buckingham his Master; the Duke being afterward driven to extremity, by reason of the Separation of his Army which he had mustered against Crookbackt Richard, fled to this Banister as his most trusty friend, not doubting to be kept secret by him till he could find an opportunity to escape; there was a thousand, pound propounded as a reward to him that could bring forth the Duke; and this Ingrateful Traitor, upon hope of this sum betrayed the Duke his Benefactor into the hands of John Metton Sheriff of Shropshire, who conveyed him to the City of Salisbury where King Richard then was, and soon after the Duke was put to death; but as for this ingrateful Monster, the vengeance of God fell upon him to his utter ignominy, and shame, in a very visible and strange manner, for presently after his Eldest Son fell mad, and died in an Hog-sty; his Eldest Daughter was suddenly stricken with a foul Leprosy; his second Son became strangely deformed in his Limbs, and lame; his youngest Son was drowned in a Puddle, and he himself was arraigned, and found guilty of a Murder, though saved by reading his neck verse; as for his thousand pounds, King Richard gave him not a farthing saying, That he who would be so untrue to so good a Master must needs be false to all others. Beards Theat.   

LXXX. In the Persecution of Germany a worthy Protestant Divine for reproving his Prince sharply for his cruelty, was condemned by him to be hanged; and a bloody Gentleman with a Troop of Soldiers was sent to see Execution done upon him; the Gentleman coming to his house Saluted him very kindly pretending that he came to make good cheer with him, for he was a good Housekeeper, and the Gentlemen in the Country did often resort to his House; the Minister in a short time prepared a Sumptuous Banquet for them, whereof they did eat freely: Dinner being ended the Gentleman said to his men; Take this Priest, our host, and hang him up without delay; the Soldiers were astonished at this Command and abhorring to do the deed said, God forbidden that we should Commit such a Crime, as to hang him that hath used us so courteously, it is a wicked act thus to render evil for good; but the Gentleman still provoked them to execute his Command; then said the Minister, I beseech you use not such cruelty toward me, but rather carry me to my Prince, before whom I doubt not but to clear myself from any thing shall be laid to my charge; neither do you so violate the Laws of Hospitality which I have showed you, and other Noblemen, who resort to my House; Consider what a sting this ingrateful act will leave in your Consciences, for I have truly and faithfully taught the Doctrine of the Gospel which is the Principal cause that my Prince bears me this ill will; but whatsoever this good man could allege in his own behalf, the furious Gentleman continued in his Resolution, calling upon his Servants to accomplish it, and withal said to the Minister, You shall gain nothing by your Preaching in this manner, for I am fully resolved to fulfil the will of the Prince; at last the Servants took the Minister and with great Lamentation, and mourning, hanged him upon a beam in his own House, the Gentleman standing by and looking on. Clarks Martyr. p. 280.   

LXXXI. In the Bohemian Persecution some Popish Soldiers coming to the House of another Protestant Minister, he entertained them courteously, and made good Provision for them; but when they knew he was a Minister, they first beat him cruelly, and then killed him, stripped him and plundered his House; they also burned his Library, and would not suffer his body to be buried for Seven week's space during their abode there. Idem, p 184.   

LXXXII. In the third Primitive Persecution under the Emperor Adrian, there was a noble Christian Captain called Eustachius, whom Trajan the Predecessor of Adrian had sent to war against some Barbarians, and after he had subdued his Enemies, and returned homeward with Victory, Adrian for joy of his success, went to meet him, and bring him home in Triumph; but by the way the Emperor would needs Sacrifice to Apollo for the Victory obtained, requiring Eustachius to do the same with him; but when by no means he could be persuaded thereto, as soon as he came to Rome, he with his Wife and Children suffered Martyrdom for the Christian Faith, by the command of this Ingrateful Emperor. Idem, p. 30.   

LXXXIII. When Xerxes had resolved on his expedition against Greece, he caused his Army to make their Rendezvouz at Sardis in Lydia, and when he had assembled to the number of seventeen hundred thousand Foot, and eighty eight thousand Horse; as he entered the Country, he was by one Pythias the Lydian entertained, who out of his Flocks and Herds of Cattle, gave food to Xerxes, and his whole Army; the Feast ended, he also presented him with two thousand Talents of Silver, and four Millions in Gold; then Pythias besought Xerxes to spare one of his five Sons from his attendance into Greece, because himself was old, and had none whom he could so well trust as his own Son; but Xerxes like a barbarous, and ingrateful Tyrant, caused the Body of the young man, for whom his Father Petitioned, to be divided into two parts, commanding that one half of his Carcase should be laid on the right, and the other half on the left hand of the Highway, by which the Army was to march. Raleigh's Hist. World.   

LXXXIV. It is remarkable what is reported by Zonaras, of the Emperor Basilius Macedo, who being hunting, wherein he much delighted, a great Stag turned furiously upon him, and fastened one of the Branches of his Horns into the Emperor's Girdle, and lifting from his Horse, carried him a distance off, to the great danger of his life; which when a Gentleman in the Train espied, he drew his Sword, and cut the Emperor's Girdle, by which means he was preserved, and had no hurt at all; but observe his reward; the Gentleman for this Act was questioned, and adjudged to have his head struck off, because he presumed to expose his drawn Sword so near the Person of the Emperor, and so he by an high Act of Ingratitude, was put to death accordingly. Heywood of Angels, p. 528.   

LXXXV. Philip King of Macedon had sent one of his Court to Sea, to dispatch something he had given him in command, but a storm came, and he was Shipwracked, but saved by one who lived there about the shore in a little Boat wherein, he was taken up; he was brought to his Farm, and there entertained with all civility and humanity, and at thirty days end was dismissed by him, and furnished with somewhat to bear his Charges: at his return, he tells the King of his wrack and dangers, but nothing of the benefits he had received; the King told him he would not be unmindful of his fidelity and dangers undergone on his behalf; he taking the occasion, told the King, he had observed a little Farm on the shore, and besought him he would bestow that on him as a Monument of his Escape, and reward of his Service; the King order Pausanias the Governor to assign him the Farm to be possessed by him; the poor man being thus turned out, applied himself to the King, told him what humanity he had treated the Courtier with, and what ingrateful injury he had returned him in lieu of it. The King upon hearing the Cause, in great Anger commanded the Courtier presently to be seized, and to be branded in the forehead with these letters with a hot Iron, Hospes Ingratus, The Ungrateful Guest. And then restored the Farm to the right owner. Lonic. Theat.   

LXXXVI. Pope Adrian the sixth having built a fair College at Louvain in Flanders, caused this Inscription to be written upon the Gates of it in letters of gold. Trajectum plantavit, Lovanum rigavit, Caesar dedit Incrementum; with an unworthy allusion to that of St. Paul to the Corinthians; that is, Vtrecht planted me, for there he was born; Louvain watered me, there he was bred up in Learning; And Caesar gave the Increase, for the Emperor had preferred him; one that had observed this Inscription, and withal his Ingratitude; to reprove at once both that and his Folly, writ underneath; Hic Deus nihil fecit; Here God did nothing. Luther's Colloq. p, 305.   

LXXXVII. Cardinal Charles Cariffa, and Duke John his Brother managed all affairs under Pope Paul the fourth; he being dead, Pius the Fourth was made Pope, and that chief by the favour and diligence of these Caraffa's; but as a reward of their good service, he made it his first business to overthrow them. He sent the Cardinal, and his Brother Duke, together with Count Alifane and many others of their Kindred and Clients to Prison, in the Castle of St. Angelo, there were they nine months in durance, and expectation of death; at last by order from the Pope, the Cardinal was hanged, the Duke and Count beheaded, and their dead Bodies exposed as a public spectacle to the People. Lipsius' Mo.   

LXXXVIII. Bellisarius was general of all the Forces under the Emperor Justinian the first, a man of rare valour and virtue; he had overthrown the Persians, Goths, and Vandals, had taken the Kings of these People in War, and sent them Prisoners to his Master; he had recovered Sicilia, afric, and the greater part of Italy; he had done all this with a small number of Soldiers, and less cost; he had restored Military Discipline by his Authority, when long lost, he was allied to Justinian himself, and a man of that uncorrupted Fidelity, that though he was offered the Kingdom of Italy, he resused it; this great man, upon I know not what Jealousy, and groundless suspicion, was seized upon, his Eyes put out, all his House rifled, his Estate confiscate, and himself reduced to that miserable state and condition, as to go up and down in the common Road with this form of begging; Give a halfpenny to poor Bellisarius, whom Virtue raised and Envy hath overthrown. Fulgosus.   

LXXXIX. Achmetes the Great Turkish Bassa, was by the confession of all Men, the best Man of War, and the most expert Captain amongst the Turks; Bajazet made him General of his Army against his Brother Zemes, where the conduct, and valour of the General brought Bajazet the Victory; at his return to Court, this great Captain was invited to a Royal Supper, with divers of the Principal Bassa's, where the Emperor in token of their welcome, and that they stood in his good grace, caused a Garment of pleasing colours to be cast upon every one of his Guests, and a gilt Bowl full of Gold to be given to each of them; but upon Achmetes was cast a Gown of black Velvet, all the rest rose and departed, but Achmetes, who had on him the Mantle of Death, according to the Turkish Custom, was commanded to sit still, for the Emperor must talk with him in private; the Executioners of the Emperor's wrath came, they stripped, and tortured him, hoping that way to gain from him what he never knew of (for Isaac Bassa, his great Enemy, had secretly accused him of intelligence with Zemes,) but he was delivered by the Janissaries, who would no doubt have slain Bajazet, and rifled the Court at his least word of Command; but though he escaped with his life at the present, he not long after was thrust through the Body as he sat at Supper in the Court, and there slain; this was that great Achmetes, by whom Mahomet the Father of this Bajazet, had subverted the Empire of Trapezund, took the great City of Caffa, with all the Country of Taurica Chersonesus, the impregnable Cities of Croia, Scodra, and all the Kingdom of Epirus, a great part of Dalmatia, and at last Otranto, to the terror of all Italy. Turk. Hist. p. 443.   

XC. In 1565. Feb. 5. One Paul Suitor near Basil in Switzerland, came to the House of Andreas Hager a Bookseller; he was then old and sick, and had been the Godfather of Paul at the Font, and performed to him all the good Offices that could be performed by a Father; being entered his House, he told him he was come to visit him, as one that esteemed him as a Father; but as soon as the Maid that attended upon the sick man was gone out of the room, he caught up a Hammer, gave him some blows, and then thrust him through with a Knife; as soon as the Maid returned, he with the same fury did the like to her; and then seizing the Keys, he searched for his intended Prey; he found eight pieces of Plate, which afterward for want of money, he pawned to a Priest of St. Blasius, who suspecting the man, sent the Plate to the Senate at Basil, by which means the Author of the detestable murder was known, he was searched after, taken, and brought Prisoner to Basil, where after Condemnation, he had his Legs and Arms broken upon the Wheel, and his head, while he was yet alive, being tied to a part of the Wheel, he was burnt with flaming Torches, till in horrible Tortures he gave up the Ghost. Lonic. Theat.   

XCI. I shall conclude this Chapter with the Charity of Henry Keeble, Lord Mayor of London, in 1511. who besides other great Gifts in his life-time, rebuilded Aldermary Church, which was run to ruins, and bequeathed at his death a thousand pounds for the finishing of it; yet within sixty years after, his bones were unkindly, yea, inhumanely cast out of the Valut wherein they were buried; His Monument was plucked down for some wealthy Person of those present times to be buried therein. Upon which occasion saith Dr. Fuller, I could not but rub up my old Poetry, which is this: 

Fuller to the Church.  
Ungrateful Church, o'er run with rust,  
Lately buried in the Dust,  
Utterly thou hadst been lost,  
If not preserved by Keebles cost,  
A Thousand pounds, might it not buy  
Six foot in length for him to lie?  
But outed of his quiet Tomb,  
For later Corpse he must make room;  
Tell me where his dust is east,  
Though't be late, yet now at last,  
All his bones with scorn ejected,  
I will see them recollected,  
Who fain myself would Kinsman prove,  
To all that did God's Temple love.   

The Church's Answer.  
Alas! my Innocence excuse,  
My Wardens they did me abuse,  
Whose Avarice his Ashes sold,  
That Goodness might give place to Gold.  
As for his Relics, all the Town  
They are scattered up and down;  
Seest a Church repaired well?  
There a sprinkling of them fell.  
Seest a New Church lately built?  
Thicker there his Ashes spilt.  
Oh that all the Land throughout  
Keebles Dust were thrown about,  
Places scattered with that seed,  
Would a Crop of Churches breed.   Fuller's Worthies, p. 33.    

CHAP. V The Tremendous Consequences of Cowardice, Barbarity and Treachery.  

THese three evil Qualities, or vicious Inclinations of the Mind, are much of the same kind; for Cruelty and Treachery do commonly proceed from base & Cowardly Dispositions. As touching Cowards, that is, such as preserving their Lives or Estates before their Country's welfare, and that either will not, or dare not stand co●ragiously in defence of it in time of Danger; they were always reckoned to deserve the greatest punishments; and therefore the Romans did sharply chastise them, and endeavoured to render them odious; for they were commanded and sworn never to eat their meat but standing: Nay, they were accounted so hateful amongst them, that when Hannibal offered the Roman Senate eight thousand Captives to be redeemed, they refused his offer, saying, That they were not worthy to be redeemed, who had rather be basely taken, than die honestly and valiantly.   

I. The Senate of Rome indeed dealt more favourably with the Captives, which King Pyrrhus took, for they redeemed them, but with this mark of contumel and disgrace, that they were degraded from all their Offices and Honours, until by getting a double Victory they had won their Reputation again. Beards Theatre.   

II. Titias a Captain of Horsemen in Sicilia, being overcharged with too great a number of Enemies, delivered up his Arms to them, which was counted so heinous a Crime, that Calpburnius Piso his General pronounced this Sentence against him, That he should go barefooted before the Army, wearing a Garment without seams, and that he should have society with none but such as were guilty of the same fault, and from a General over Horsemen he was degraded, and made a common Soldier. Idem.   

III. How did the Roman Senate correct the Cowardice of Caius Vatienus, who that he might prevent his being engaged in the Wars of Italy, cut off all the Fingers of his left hand? Why, they seized upon his, Goods and cast him into perpetual Imprisonment, that he might thereby consume that life in Bondage and Fetters, which he refused to hazard in the defence of his Country. Idem.   

iv Fulgosus saith, That among the Germans it was judged so dishonourable to lose a Shield in War, that whosoever happened to do it, was suspended from any Civil Office in the State, and likewise forbidden to enter into any of their Temples, insomuch that many (he saith) killed themselves to avoid the infamy and shame thereof. Idem.   

V The People called Daci, punished Cowards on this manner: They suffered them not to sleep but with their heads to the feet of the Beds; and besides, they by a Law ordained, that they should be Slaves and Subjects to their own Wives. What more vile disgrace could there be than this? And yet the Lacedæmonians used them more reproachfully, for with them it was a dishonour to marry into the stock of a Coward; any man might lawfully strike them without punishment; and they went with their  rend, and their Beards half shaved. Idem.   

VI Artaxerxes after the Battle was ended which he sought with his Brother Cyrus, punished one of his Commanders called Arbaces, for his cowardliness, by compelling him to carry a Whore on his back stark naked all the day long about the Marketplace. And another that had basely yielded himself to his Enemies, and yet boasted that he had slain two men, he caused his Tongue to be bored thorough in three several places with an Awl. Plutarch.   

VII. It is likewise a token of a weak mind, and an infirm Soul, to anticipate troubles by their own fearful apprehensions before they arrive, which is oftentimes occasioned by a too great fearfulness of death, and being over-desirous of life, which kind of Cowardice hath occasioned great mischiefs and miseries, as by the following Examples appears.   

VIII. Lewis the Eleventh King of France, when he sound himself sick, sent for one Friar Robert out of Calabria, to come to him to Toures; this man was an Hermit, and famous for his Sanctity, and while in his last sickness, this Holy man lay at Plessis, the King sent continually to him, saying, That if the Hermit pleased he could prolong his life. The King had reposed his whole confidence in Mounsieur James Cothier his Physician, to whom he gave monthly Ten thousand Crowns, in hope he would lengthen his life. Never man (saith Philip Comines) feared death more than he, nor sought so many ways to avoid it as he did; moreover, saith he, in all his life-time he had given commandment to all his Servants, as well to myself as others, we should only move him to confess himself, and dispose of his Conscience, but never to mention nor sound in his Ear that dreadful word Death, knowing that he should not be able patiently to bear that cruel Sentence. His Physician aforementioned used him so very roughly, that a man would not have given his Servant such sharp language as he usually gave the King, and yet the King so much feared him, that he durst not command him out of his presence; for, though he complained to divers of him, yet he durst not change him, as he did all his other Servants, because this Physician said once thus boldly to him, I know that one day you will command me away but (swearing a great Oath he added) you shall not live eight days after it; which word put the King into so great a fear, that he ever after flattered him, and bestowed such gifts upon him, that he received from him in five months' time Fifty four thousand Crowns, besides the Bishopric of Amiens for his Nephew, and other Offices and Lands for him and his Friends. Philip Comines Hist.   

IX. Maecenas the great Friend and Favourite of Augustus, was so soft and effeminate a Person, that he was commonly called Malcinus, he was so much afraid of death, that, (saith Seneca) he had often in his mouth this saying, All things are to be endured so long as life it continued: Of whom these Verses are to be read.  
Make me lame on either hand,  
And of neither foot to stand;  
Raise a Bunch upon my back,  
And make all my Teeth to shake,  
Nothing comes amiss to me,  
So that life remaining be.   

X. Heraclides writes of one Artemon, a very skilful Engineer, but withal saith of him, that he was of a very timorous disposition, and foolishly afraid of his own shadow; so that for the most part of his time, he never stirred out of his house: That he had always two of his Men by him, who held a brazen Target over his head, for fear lest any thing should fall upon him; and if upon any occasion he was forced to go from home, he would be carried in a Litter hanging near to the ground for fear of falling. Plutarch. Vit.   

XI. The Emperor Domitian was in such fear of receiving death by the hands of his followers, and in such a strong suspicion of Treason against him, that he caused the Walls of the Galleries wherein he used to walk, to be set and garnished with the stone Phengites, to the end, that by the light thereof he might seeall that was done behind him. Suetonius Hist.   

XII. Antigonus observing one of his Soldiers to be a very valiant man, and ready to adventure upon any desperate piece of Service, and yet withal taking notice that he looked very pale and lean, would needs know of him what he ailed? And finding that he had upon him a secret and dangerous disease, he caused all possible means to be used for his recovery, which when it was effected, the King perceived him to be less forward in Service, than formerly; and demanding the reason of it; he ingenuously confessed, that now he felt the sweets of life, and therefore was loath to lose it. Clarks Mirror. p. 354.   

XIII. Caligula the Emperor was so exceedingly afraid of death, that at the least Thunder, and Lightning, he would wink close with both Eyes, and cover his head all over; but if the Thunder were very great and extraordinary, he would run under his Bed. He fled suddenly by night from Messina in Sicily, being affrighted with the noise, smoke, and roaring of Mount Aetna; being once in a Germane Chariot, in a straight passage, where his Army were forced to march very close together, and one happening to say, that if any Enemy should now appear, it would make a very great hurly-burly, he was presently so affrighted with the apprehension of the Danger, that getting out of the Chariot, he mounted his Horse, and finding the way filled up with Slaves and Carriages, he again dismounted, and was from hand to hand conveyed over men's heads, till he came on the other side of the water. Soon after, hearing of the revolt of the Germans, he provided to fly, and prepared Ships for his flight, comforting himself in this, that if the Conquerors should come into Italy; and possess themselves of the City of Rome, yet he should have some Provinces beyond Sea, where he might still live. Sueton. Hist.   

XIV. What a miserable life Tyrants have by reason of their continual fears of Death, we have exemplified in Dionysius the Syracusan, who finished his thirty eight years rule in this manner; removing his Friends, he committed the Custody of his Body to some Strangers & Barbarians; & being in fear of Barbers, he taught his Daughters to shave him; & when they were grown up, he durst not trust them with a Razor, but taught them how they should burn off his Hair and Beard with the white films of Walnut Kernels; and whereas he had two Wives, Aristomache, and Doris, he came not to them in the night before the place was thoroughly searched, and though he had drawn a large and deep moat of water about the room, and had made a passage by a wooden Bridge, yet he himself drew it up after him when he went in; and not daring to speak to the People out of the common Rostrum, or Pulpit appointed for that purpose, he used to make Orations to them from the top of a Tower; when he played at Ball, he used to give his Sword and Cloak to a Boy whom he loved, and when one of his familiar Friends had jestingly said, You now put your life into his hands; and the Boy smiling thereat, he commanded them both to be slain, one for showing the way how he might be killed, and the other for approving of it with a smile. At last being overcome in Battle by the Carthaginians, he perished by the Treason of his own Subjects. Wanly Hist. Man.   

XV. And this introduces another particular, namely, the barbarity, and bloody mindedness of some Persons; Theodorus, who was Tutor to Tiberius the Roman Tyrant, observing in him while he was a Boy, a sanguinary nature and disposition, which lay hid under a show of meekness, and a pretence of clemency, was used to call him a lump of Clay steeped and soaked in blood; and this his prediction of him did not fail in the event; this being that savage Tyrant, who thought that death was too light and easy a punishment; for hearing that Carnulius, being in his disfavour, had cut his own Throat; Carnulius, said he, hath escaped me; and to another who begged of him to die quickly, he told him. He was not so much in his favour. Yet even this cursed Artist in Villainy, hath been since out-acted by Monsters more overgrown than himself.   

XVI. It is in this kind a memorable example that Seneca relates of Piso, who finding a Soldier to return from foraging, charging him to have slain him, condemned him to death; the Executioner being in readiness, and he stretching forth his Neck to receive the stroke of the Axe, behold, in the very instant his Comrade appears in the place; whereupon the Centurion, who had the charge of the Execution, commands the Executioner to forbear, and carries back the condemned Soldier to Piso, together with his Comrade, thereby to manifest his innocency, and the whole Army waited on them with joyful Acclamations. But Piso in a rage gets him up to the Tribunal, and condemns both the Soldiers the one for returning without his Comrade, and the other for not returning with him; and lastly, he likewise condemns the Centurion for staying the Execution without Warrant, which was given him in charge, and thus three suffered death for the innocency of one. Causins' Holy Court.   

XVII. Mahomet the Great, first Emperor of the Tarks, after the winning of Constantinople, fell in love with a most beautiful young Greekish Lady called Irene, upon whose incomparable Perfections he so much doted that he gave himself wholly up to her love; but when he heard his Captains, and chief Officers murmured at it, he appointed them all to meet him in his great Hall, and commanding Irene to dress and adorn herself in all her Jewels, and most gorgeous Apparel, not acquainting her in the least with any part of his design, taking her by the hand, he led this Miracle of Beauty into the midst of his Nobles and Bassa's, who dazzled with the brightness of this illustrious Lady, acknowledged their Error, professing that their Emperor had just cause to pass his time in solacing himself with so peerless a Paragon; but he on a sudden twisting his left hand in the soft curls of her hair, and with the other drawing out his sharp Scimeter, at one blow he struck off her Head from her Shoulders and so at once made an end of his love, and her life, leaving all the Assistants in a fearful amaze, and horror of an act of that Cruelty. Turkish Hist. p. 351.   

XVIII. Vladus Dracula, as soon as he had gained the Kingdom of Moldavia, he chose out a multitude of Spear-men, as the Guard of his Body; after which, inviting as many as were eminent in Authority in that Country to come to him, he singled out from them all that he thought did not love him, or had any inclination to a change; all these, together with their whole Families, he impaled upon sharp stakes, sparing neither the innocent age of young Children, the weak Sex of Women, nor the obscure condition of Servants; the Stakes and place where they were set, took up the space of seventeen furlongs in length, and seven furlongs in breadth; and the number of those that were thus murdered, and in this barbarous manner, were said to be no less than twenty Thousand. Idem, p. 363.   

XIX. Johannes Basilides Emperor of Russia in 1569. Used for his Recreation to cause noble and well deserving Persons to be sewed up in the skins of Bears, and then himself set Mastiss upon them which cruelly tore them in pieces he often invited Michael his Father in Law to banquet with him, and then sent him home to his ●…ily through the snow, having first caused him to be stripped stark naked; sometimes he shut him up in a room in his own House till he was almost famished, causing four Bears of Extraordinary bigness to be tied at the door to keep all Provisions from him; these Bears he at other times would let lose among the People, especially when they were going to Church, and when any were killed by them, he said, His Sons had taken great pleasure in the sport, and that they were happy who perished in this manner, since it was no small diversion to himself. Upon a mere suspicion which he had conceived against the City of Novogorod, he entered the same and caused to be slain and thrown into the River two thousand seven hundred and seventy Persons, without any respect of Age, Quality, or Sex, besides an Infinite number of poor People, who were trampled to death by a Party of his Horse, and there were so many bodies cast into the River of Volga, that being stopped therewith, it overflowed the Neighbouring fields; the Plague which followed this Butchery was so great, that no body venturing to bring provisions into the City, the Inhabitants were forced to feed on the dead Carcases; The Tyrant took a pretence from this inhumanity to cause all those that had escaped the Plague, Famine, and his former cruelty to be cut in pieces. The Archbishop of this place having escaped the first fury of the Soldiers, either as an acknowledgement of the favour, or to flatter the Tyrant, entertained him at a great Feast, in his Archiepiscopal Palace, whither the Duke failed not to come with his Guards about him; but while they were at dinner, he sent to plunder the rich Temple of St. Sophia, and seized on all the treasures which had been brought thither, and to other Churches, as to places of safety. After dinner he caused the Arch-Bishops Palace to be in like manner Pillaged, and then told the Archbishop, That it would now be ridiculous for him to act the Prelate; since he had not wherewithal to support the dignity of his place; that he must put off his rich habit which henceforth would be but troublesome to him, and that he would bestow on him a bagpipe and a Bear, which he should lead up and down and teach it to dance to get money; that he must resolve to marry, and that all the other Prelates and Abbots that were about the City should be invited to the Wedding, setting down a precise Sum of money which each of them should present to the new married Couple; And there were none of them but brought what they had made a shift to save, thinking the poor Archbishop should have had it; but the Tyrant took all the money, and causing a white Mare to be brought, he said to the Archbishop, This is thy Wife, get upon her, and go to Moscow; the poor Archbishop was forced to obey, and as soon as he was mounted, they tied his legs under the Mare's belly, and thenhung about his neck some Pipes, a Fiddle, and a Tymbrel, and would needs make him to play on the Pipes; all the other Abbots and Monks who were present, were either cut in pieces, or with Pikes and Halberds forced into the the River; this Tyrant had a particular longing for the money of one Theodore Sircon, a rich Merchant, whereupon he sent for him to his Camp at Novogorod and having fastened a Rope about his waist, he commanded him to be cast into the River drawing him from one side to the other till he was ready to give up the Ghost than he asked him, what he had seen under water; the Merchant stoutly answered, That he had seen a great number of Devils carrying the Duke's Soul with them into Hell; the Tyrant replied, Thou art in the right; but it's just I should reward thee for thy Prophecy; whereupon calling for boiling Oil, he caused his feet to be put into it and continued there till he had promised to pay him ten thousand Crowns; which when he had done he caused him to be cut in pieces; this Basilides was of a most cruel disposition, delighting himself much therein; amongst his infinite acts of cruelty, these are recorded by several authors; In 1570. his own Brother being accused of some crime, he caused him without giving him leave to answer for himself, to be first put to most exquisite tortures, and then to be killed; his wife he caused to be stripped, and to be set naked before the Eyes of all men, and then by a Rope to be drawn into a River and drowned. John Piotrowich, a man of principal Command under him, being accused of Treason, came to clear himself, but was not admitted to make any defence, but was set in Princely Accoutrements upon a Throne, the Emperor standing bare before him, and bowing to him; but soon after with a Knife he thrust him to the heart; causing his Body to be dragged forth, his Servants to be slain, and three hundred others in his Castle to be executed; he caused all his Boyars or Nobles, to be assembled into one House, and there to be blown up with Gunpowder; their Wives and Daughters he caused to be ravished by his Followers before his face, and then to be cut in pieces, leaving no living thing in their Houses or Grounds. Their husbandmen's Wives were stripped as naked as they were born, and so driven into the Woods, where Executioners were purposely appointed to give them their fatal entertainment; his Chancellor sitting at Table with his two Sons, were also upon the like Accusation presently cut in pieces, and the third Son was quartered alive by four Wheels, each drawn a contrary way by fifteen men; his supreme Notary displeasing him, his Wife was taken from him, and after some week's detainment, was together with her Handmaid hanged over her Husband's door, and so continued a fortnight, he being forced to go in and out by her all that time; another of his Notary's Wives was first ravished, and then sent home, and hanged over her Husband's Table, whereat he was forced daily to eat; in his Travelling, if he met any Woman, whose Husband he liked not, he caused her to stand with her nakedness disclosed, till all his Retinue was passed by; his cutting out Tongues; cutting off the hands and feet of his Petitioning and complaining Subjects, I omit; with his casting of hundreds at once into the water under the Ice, namely, seven hundred Women at one time; and three hundred seventy eight Prisoners at another; five hundred Matrons and Virgins of noble blood he exposed to be ravished by the Tartars in his sight; he caused the Ears, Lips, and other Members of his Secretary to be cut off piecemeal, notwithstanding  depiction of the Hollanders 'cruelties against the English at Amboyna 
The Cruelties of the Hollanders upon the Englich at Amboyna. Page .207.  all the protestations of his Innocence; above two hundred other Nobles were at the same time variously executed, whereof one of them was his Treasurer, whose Wife was set upon a Rope, and violently dragged to and fro thereon stark naked, to force her to confess her Husband's Riches, whereof she soon after died; in a Famine he gathered many people upon a Bridge, in expectation of relief, and causing the Bridge to be cut down, drowned them all, as the readiest way to make Corn cheaper; these are the least part of his inhuman Cruelties, but the last was on himself; for his eldest Son Juan being falsely accused, he struck him with a staff wrought with Iron, whereof he died within a few days after, which this Tyrant laying to heart, died with grief. Ambassador's Yravels.   

XX. Demetrius the King of Syria, after he had overcome Alexander the Jew in a Battle, he led the Prisoners taken in that Fight to Jerusalem, where he caused eight hundred of them to be Crucified in the midst of the City, the Sons in the very sight of the Mothers, and after commanded the Mothers themselves to be slain. Wanly.   

XXI. The Island of Amboyna lies near Seran, the chief Town of it hath also the same name, and is the Rendezvouz for the gathering, and buying of Cloves; the English lived in that Town under the Protection of the Castle, which was Garrisoned, and well manned by the Dutch. It happened that in the year 1622. a Japan Soldier discoursing with the Dutch Sentinel of the Castle, was suspected, tortured, and confessed that divers of his Countrymen had contrived with him to seize and surprise the Castle; also one Price an Englishman, and Prisoner with them, accused other Englishmen of the Factories, who were all sent for, and put to horrid Torture; the manner this; first, they haled up the Prisoner by the hands with a Cord against a large door, fastening him upon two staples of Iron 〈◊〉 the top; as wide as his Arms could stretch, his feet 〈◊〉 to the ground stretched out at length, and full wideness, fastened beneath the door; then they wrapped a cloth about his Neck and Face so close, that no water could go by; then pouring water leisurely upon his head, and filling the Cloth up to his Mouth and Nostrils, that he could not draw breath, but he must withal suck in water, they so continued, till it forced his inward parts to come out at his Nose, Eyes, and Ears; stifling, and choking him into a swound or fainting; but being taken down, they made him vomit out the water, and being somewhat recovered, they tortured him again four or five times, his Body being swollen three times bigger than before, his Cheeks like Bladders, his Eyes staring out beyond his Eyebrows; one Colson being thus tortured, yet still deemed their Accusation, whereupon they burn him under the Paps, Armholes, Elbows, Hands, and Feet, till the fat dropped out of their Torches, than they lodged him in a Dangeon, where his flesh putrified, and Maggots bred in it, to a horrid and loathsome condition, till at the end of eight days they were executed, in March, 1623. at which instant there was a sudden darkness, and a Tempest that forced two Dutch Ships out of the Harbour, which were hardly saved; the dead were all buried in one Pit, and one Dunkin their Accuser stumbled at their Grave, and fell stark mad, and died so within three days after. Also a sickness followed at Amboyna, of which several Dutch died. The names of the English thus inhumanely dealt with, were, Captain Towerson, Tompson, Beaumond, Collins, Colson, Webber, Ramsey, Johnson, Fared, and Brown. Sanderson Hist. K. James. p. 577.   

XXII. The thirty Athenian Tyrants were of that fierce and cruel disposition, that they caused the Daughters of some of the slain Citizens to dance in the blood of their own Parents, who had newly been murdered by them. Dinoth. Mem.   

XXIII. Nabis the Tyrant of Lacedaemon, did utterly extinguish the Spartan name forcing into banishment as many as were eminent for Riches, or the renown of their Ancestors, and d●…ing their Wealth and Wives amongst the mercenary Soldiers he had hired, withal he sent Murderers after such as he had banished, not suffering any place of retreat to be safe to them; he had also framed an Engine, or rather an Image of his Wife, which after her name he called Apega; with admirable Art it was fashioned to her resemblance, and was clothed in such costly Garments as she herself used to wear; as oft as the Tyrant cited before him any of the rich Citizens, with a design to milk them of their Money, he first with a long, and very civil Speech, used to represent to them the danger that Sparta was in, the number of the Soldiers he kept about him for their safety, and the great charge he was at in sacred and civil affairs, if they were wrought upon by this means, it sufficed, but if otherways, and that they would not part with their money, he then used to say, Possibly I am not able to persuade you, yet it is likely that Apega may; and then with a show of familiarity, he takes the man by the hand, and leads him to this Image, which rises, and embraces him with both Arms, she draws him to her Breasts, in which, and likewise in her Arms were sharp iron Spikes and Nails, though hidden within her ; herewith she gripped the poor wretch, according to the pleasure of the Tyrant, who laughed at his cruel death. Raleigh's Hist. World.   

XXIV. Not many years since there was a notable piece of inhuman Villainy discovered in the City of Naples, which was this. There was one Francisco Severino, a public Notary, that had a Sister who was a young Widow, but he being to pay her six hundred Ducats toward her Dowry, instead thereof, he clapped her up, together with a little Daughter of hers into a dark Cave, betwixt four Walls, where he fed them with Bread and Water, and some few roots, for seventeen years together; the Widow had also a Son, under the care of an Uncle all that while, who being come to Age, demanded of this Notary his Mother's Dowry, thinking she had been dead; the rumour hereof flying among the People, who were then in Arms they rushed into the Notary's House; and the Woman in the Cave hearing an extraordinary noise, began to shriek; which being heard, the People broke down the Wall, where they found two Women like Savages, with long dishevelled hair hanging about their Shoulders, whereupon the Villainy being discovered, the Notary was put to exemplary punishment. Howels Hist. Naples.   

XXV. Shakstone Sefi, a late Emperor of Persia, when he came into the World, had his hands all bloody, which his Grandfather Shakstone Abbas hearing of, said, That this Prince would often bathe his hands in blood; and so it proved; for as soon as he came to the Crown, he made away Rustan-Can the Generalissimo of his Army, and several other Lords he caused to be cut in pieces, and slew with his own hands all his own Relations, and what other Person soever he was any way distrustful of; by this means so accustoming himself to blood that when he was incensed, he spared none; he caused the Eyes of his only Brother to be put out, and two of his Uncles, after he had put out their Eyes, he caused them to be cast down headlong from an high Rock, saying, That having lost the benefit of their Eyes, they were useless to the World; He dispatched Isa Can another of his Uncles, after he had cut off the heads of his three Sons upon a Trivial occasion, saying, That he could now never be faithful to him, at least it was impossible he should love him, after he had dealt so by him. In 1632. He having forced the Turks to raise the Siege before Bagdat, at a private meeting of his Lords, they said among themselves; That since in his tender Age he had committed so many Cruelties, it was likely that in time he would extirpate all the Grandees of Persia, Scinel-Chan presently discovered this to him, advising him to secure himself against them, by taking away those of most credit among them; the Tyrant replied, Thy advice is good, and I will begin with thee; for thou art a Person of the greatest Age, and Authority among them, and therefore must needs be of the Conspiracy; And presently after he killed him with his own hands; he slew his Lord High Chancellor within a few days after, by running him into the Body with a Cymiter, and then caused his head to be cut into small bits, and thus he dealt with most of the rest, who were at the Meeting aforesaid; when he came to Casbin, he sent for all the Lords, and Governors of his Provinces to come to him, they all obeyed, save two, who thought it enough to assure the King of their Fidelity, by sending each of them, one of their Wives, and one of their Sons; but he being not satisfied herewith, sent their Wives to the public Bawdy-Houses, and exposed their Sons to the Sodomitical brutality of his Grooms, and common Hangmen; then he sent for Immanuel Can, Governor of Shiras, and as soon as he came, he caused his head to be cut off, and the heads of his fifteen Sons; these unparallelled Cruelties frighted all that came near him, and put some upon a Resolution to shorten his days by Poison, in which, some of the Ladies in the Seraglio had an hand, which coming to his knowledge, he revenged himself the night following, causing a great Pit to be made in the Garden, wherein he buried forty Women alive, some Ladies, and among them his own Mother. Ambas. Tra. p. 265.   

XXVI. Innumerable are the Examples of Barbarity in the world, let us therefore add a few instances of the Perfidiousness, and Treachery of some men; there is nothing under the Sun that is more detestable than a Traitor, who is commonly followed with the Execrations and Curses of those very men to whom his Treason hath been most useful; so that it is seldom but these perfidious ones meet with their just rewards from the hands of their own Patrons; however the vengeance of Heaven, where the Justice of men fails, doth visibly fall upon them.   

XXVII. The City of Sfetigrade in Hungary, being defended against Amurath, the second Emperor of the Turks, was then watered but with one great Well in the midst of the City, into which a traitorous Person having contracted for a mighty reward, to cause the City to be yielded up to the Turks, had cast a dead Dogs this had been no great matter to other men, but he well knew that the Garrison consisted of the Soldiers of Dibra, who as they were the most valorous of all Epirus, so were they more Superstitious than the Jews, about things clean and unclean, and he knew they would starve, die any kind of death, nay, deliver up the City, rather than drink of that polluted water, nor was he deceived, for it was soon delivered upon certain conditions; he that corrupted the water was rewarded with three Suits of rich Apparel, fifty thousand Asper's, and a yearly Pension of two thousand Ducats, but short was his Joy, for after he had a few days vainly triumphed in the midst of Amurath's favours, he was suddenly gone, and never after seen or heard of; being secretly made away, as was supposed by Amurath, whose noble heart could not but detest the Traitor, although the Treason served well for his purpose. Turk. Hist. p. 320.   

XXVIII. Ladislaus Kerezin, an Hungarian, Traitorously delivered up Hiula, a strong Place, to the Turks, & when he looked to receive many and great Presents for this his notable piece of Service, certain Witnesses were produced against him by the command of Selimus the Turkish Emperor, who deposed, that Ladislaus had cruelly handled certain Turks, who had been Prisoners with him, whereupon he was delivered to some Friends of theirs, to do with him, as they should think good; they enclosed this Traitor stark naked in a Tun or Hogshead set full of long sharp Nails within side, and rolled it from the top of an high Mountain, full of steepy downfalls, to the very bottom, where being run through every part of the Body with those sharp Nails, he ended his wretched life. Camerar.   

XXIX. The Venetians put to death Marinus Falienus their Duke, for having Treacherously conspired against the State, and whereas the Pictures of their Dukes from the first, to him that now liveth are represented, and drawn according to the order of their times, in the great Hall of the general Council, yet to the end that the Picture of Falienus a perfidious Prince, might not be seen amongst other of those illustrious Dukes, they caused an empty chair to be drawn, and covered over with a black veil, as believing, that those who carried themselves disloyally to the Common wealth, cannot be more severely punished, than if their names be covered with perpetual silence, and secret detestation. Camerar. Op.   

XXX. In the French Persecution there was one Peter Serre, who at first was a Popish Priest; but God of his mercy revealing the truth of the Protestant Religion to him, he went to Geneva, and there learned the Shoemakers Trade whereby he maintained himself, and having a Brother at Tholouse in France, out of a singular love to his eternal happiness he went thither to instruct him; but his Brother's wife being displeased thereat, Treacherously betrayed him, and he was apprehended and carried before the bloody Inquisitors before whom he made an excellent declaration of his faith, for which he was condemned and delivered to the Judge, who asked him what employment he was of, he answered, That of late he had been a Shoemaker, but was formerly or another Profession which he was ashamed to remember or discover, it being the worst and vilest of all other sciences in the World. The Judge and the auditors supposing that he had been some Pickpocket or Thief, were the more importunate to know what it was; but shame and sorrow so stopped his mouth that he could not declare it, yet at last being overcome by their importunate clamour he told them, That he had been a Popish Priest, this unexpected reply so desperately incensed the Judge that he presently commanded him to be burnt. Clarks Martyrol. p. 45.   

XXXI. Solyman the Magnificent Emperor of the Turks, employed a Treacherous Christian in the conquest of the Isle of Rhodes, promising the Traitor to give him for his wife one of his Daughters with a very great Dowry; after the Isle was taken by his assistance, he demanded that which was promised him; whereupon Solyman caused his Daughter to be brought in most Royal Pomp, in order to marry her according to his desert the Traitor could not keep his Countenance he was so transported with Joy; Thou seest, said, Solyman, I am a man of my word, but for as much as thou art a Christian, and my Daughter thy wife that shall be, is a Mahometan by birth and profession, you cannot so live in quietness, and I am loath to have a Son in Law that is not a Musselman, and true believer both within and without, and therefore it is not enough that thou abjure Christianity in word only, as many of thy Sect usually do, but thou must immediately pluck off thy Skin, which is Baptised and uncircumcised; having so said, he commanded some that stood by, to flay alive the pretended Son in Law, and that afterward they should lay him upon a Bed of salt, commanding that if any Mahometan Skin came over him again, in place of the Christian, that then and not before his promised Spouse should be brought unto him to be married, the wretched Traitor thus shamefully and cruelly flouted & disappointed, died in most horrible Torments; Camerar. Opera.   

XXXIV. In the war with the Falisci, Camillus the Roman general had besieged the Falerians, but they being secure in the sortifications of their City were so regardless of the siege that they walked gowned as before, up and down the streets. These People, after the manner of Greece, sent their Children to a Common School, and the Treacherous Master of them used to walk with them daily without the walls; he did this often, and by degrees trained them so far onwards, that he brought them unawares into the danger of the Roman Camp, where they were all taken; he bids them lead him to Camellus, he was brought into his Tent, where standing in the middle; I am, said he, the Master of these Boys, & having a greater respect to you than to my Relations, I am come to deliver you the City in the pledges of these Children; Camillus heard it, and judging it to be a base action, turning to his Soldiers about him, War, said he is a cruel thing, and draws along with it a multitude of injuries and wrongs, yet to good men there are certain Laws of War, nor ought we so to thirst after victory as to purchase it at the price of such unworthy and impious actions, a great Captain should rely upon his own virtue, and not attain his ends by the Treachery of another; then he commanded his Officers to strip the School Master, and having his hands tied behind him, he delivered rods into the hands of his Scholars, to whip and scourge the Traitor back into the City. The Falerians had before perceived the Treason and there was an universal mourning and outcry within the City for so great a Calamity, so that a concourse of n●ble Persons both men and women like so many mad creatures were running to and fro upon the walls; soon after came the Children driving with lashhes their Master before them, calling Camillus their Preserver and Father. The Parents and the rest of the Citizens were astonished at what they beheld, and having the Justice of Camillus in great admiration they called an assembly, and sent Ambassadors to let him know, that being subdued by his virtue they rendered up themselves and theirs freely into his hands. Plutarch.   

XXXV. Rhomilda was the Wife of Prince Sigulphus, her Husband being slain by Cacanus King of the Hene●…tians and she herself besieged by the same Enemy, yet nevertheless this wretched woman fell so far in Love with him, that upon promise of Marriage, she agreed to deliver into his hands the City of Friol, who burned it, slew the men and carried the women and Children Captives into Austria; Cacanus took Rhomilda into his bed for one night only and then delivered her to be abused with the lust of twelve Henesians, and soon after caused her to be impaled alive upon a sharp stake. Ca Op.    

CHAP. VI The Tremendous Consequences of Unchastity, Intemperance, and Ambition.  

IT is not to be imagined that I should give an 〈◊〉 of the Thousandth part of the mischiefs and mi●…ries that have been occasioned by Lust and Debauchery, all Ages, and Nations are full of lamentable Accidents proceeding therefrom; for though this violent Passion may seem to promise a world of vain pleasure; and though lascivious Persons use many times all manner of Patience, services, and profound submissions to gain the desired object, yet when they have obtained their flagitious desires, and think themselves absolutely happy in the midst of their libidinous, and unchaste Embraces, even at that very instant, there is sometimes brought in an unexpected Reckoning, that drenches all their sweets in blood, and closes up their unlawful pleasures in the black, and dismal Sables of death, as by the following Examples is demonstrated, wherein Divine Vengeance has visibly appeared in the woeful Tragedies which have been occasioned by Adultery, Unchastity, & Lust.   

I. The first I shall mention, is partly Comical, as well as Tragical. A Knight of Eminent Fame, and of great north with Henry the Fifth, King of England, as being personally with him in all his Wars in France; after the King had conquered, and settled that Kingdom, this noble Englishman retired himself into his own Country; he had a Lady of such beauty, as attracted the Eyes of all men, who residing with her Husband in the City of Norwich, he after so many troubles and adventures, resolved to lead a more sequestered life, and next to the pleasure of his fair Consort, he desired to lead a contemplative life, and being very rich, according to the Devotion of that Age, by the direction of the Priests, he resolved to build a handsome Church near his own House, which they said would be for the benefit of his Soul, and likewise a Convent, allowing maintenance to an Abbot, and twelve Friars; having finished them, there were two of the Friars, one called Friar John, the other Friar Richard, who were at continual variance and enmity to each other, and could not by any mediation be reconciled; it was the daily Custom of this Knight and Lady to rise every morning early to Matins, or Prayers, and she being of an affable, and courteous disposition to all Persons, this good humour of hers bred a strange uncivil boldness in Friar John, so that she never came through the Cloister, but he was still attending her with many bows, cringes, and compliments, and she suspecting nothing, returned him Thanks again, which so far encouraged the Friar, that he made himself suspected by his Fellows, who as much as they durst, whispered it about the Convent; he still growing more confident, presumed at last to write to her, wherein he at large discovered his violent Passion for her; this Letter with great difficulty he conveyed to the Lady's hands, who being much surprised that such lasciviousness should proceed from one that vowed, and professed Chastity, and not being certain, but that it might be a design of her Husband to try her Virtue, she thereupon resolves, that to prevent her Honour from being called in question, she would discover the whole intrigue to her Lord, which she had no sooner done, but he began to repent him of his former Charity in regard of this so great Ingratitude; yet meditating Revenge, he writes an answer to this Letter, to which he commands his Wife to set her hand to this effect; that she was very compassionate of his Love, and that such a night her Husband being to ride toward London, he should be admit●…, lodged, and entertained according to his own desire; the Friar received this Letter with extreme Joy, and providing himself with clean linen, a perfumed Nightcap, and other necessaries, he exactly observes the time and place, and is accordingly admitted by the Lady herself alone, and conveyed to a private Chamber, where he was no sooner entered, but in came the Knight and his Man, and in great fury, without giving him the least time either to call for help to the House, or to Heaven, they strangled the lustful Friar, and left him dead upon the place, this deed was no sooner done, and his rage somewhat appeased, but he began to consider the horror, and danger of the Fact, both as to his life and Estate, and after several projects betwixt him and his Servant, they concluded some way or other to have his body conveyed back into the Monastery; it being divided from his own House only by a Brickwall, & finding a Ladder hard by, the man mounts it with the dead Friar on his back, and sits with him astride on the wall, then drawing up the Ladder, and letting it down on the other side, he descends down into the Convent, where espying the House of Office, he sets the Body thereon as upright as possible; and so leaves it; and conveys himself over the wall again (but for haste forgot the Ladder,) and tells his Master, how, and where he had bestowed the Friar, at which being better satisfied, they both retired to Bed; all being concealed both from the Lady, and the rest of the Family, who were fast asleep; it happened at the fame instant that Friar Richard being much troubled with a looseness in his Body, had occasion to rise, and being somewhat hastily, and unhandsomely taken, he hasts to the House of Office, where by the light of the Moon he espied some Body before him, and therefore contained himself as long as he was able, but finding there was no Remedy, he first called, and then entreated to come away, but hearing no body answer, he imagined into be done on purpose, and the rather, because coming nearer, he plainly perceived it was Friar John his 〈◊〉 Adversary, who the louder he called, seemed the less to hear; loath he was to play the sloven in the yard because the whole Convent had taken notice of a cold he had got, and how it then wrought with him; therefore judging this pretended deafness was out of spite, and malice, on purpose to shame him, he snatched up a Brickbat to be revenged, and striking his Adversary full upon the Breast, down tumbles Friar John without life or motion; which he seeing, thought at first to r●ise him up, but after many Trials, finding him to be stone dead he verily believes that he had killed him; what shall he do now? The Gates are fast locked; and fly for his life he could not, but as sudden extremities sometimes create sudden shifts, he espying the Ladder against the wall, presently apprehends what had been whispered of Friar John's love to the Knight's Lady, and lifting him on his Shoulders, by the help of the same Ladder he carries him into the Porch of the Knight's Hall, and there sets him, afterward secretly conveying himself back into the Monastery the same way he came, not in the least suspected by any; while this was doing the Knight being perplexed, and troubled in Conscience, could by no means sleep, but calls up his Man, and bids him go listen about the walls of the Monastery; forth he goes out of his Master's Chamber, and having passed the length of the Hall, designing to go through the yard, he finds Friar John sitting upright in the Porch, and starting at the sight, he runs back affrighted, and almost distracted, and speechless, tells the news to his Master, who being no less astonished, could not believe it to be so, but rather his man's Fantasy, till he himself went down, and became an Eye-witness of this strange object. At which, being extremely concerned, he ressects on himself, that murder is one of the crying sins, and such a one as cannot be concealed; yet recollecting his Spirits, he resolves to try a desperate adventure, and put the discovery upon chance; he remembers he had an old Stallion then in his Stable, one of those he had used in Service in the French Wars, and likewise a rusty Armour in his Armoury, these he commands instantly to be brought, with a Case of rusty Pistols, and a Lance; the Horse is saddled, and Caparisoned, the Armour is put upon the Friar, and he fast bound in his Seat with strong new Cords, the Lance is tied to his wrist, and the lower end put into the rest, his Head-piece is clasped on, and his Beaver is put up; being thus accoutred like a Knight completely armed Cap-a-pe, they designed to turn him out of the Gates, both he and his Horse, without any Page or Esquire, to try a new Adventure; whilst these things were thus fitting, Friar Richard in the Monastery was no less perplexed in his mind, than the Knight about the Murder, and much dreading the strictness of the Law, summons all his wits about him, to prevent the worst, and at length concludes with himself, that it is his best, and safest way to fly for his life; he likewise remembers that there was in the Friary a Mare employed to carry Corn to, and from the Mill, which was about half a mile from the Monastery, and being somewhat fat, and doubting his own footmanship, he thinks it better to trust to four legs, than two, and therefore calls up the Baker that had the charge of the Beast, and tells him, he understands that there was Meal that morning to be fetched from the Mill, which was grinded by that time; therefore if he would let him have the Mare, he would save him that labour, and bring it back before morning; the Fellow being willing to save so much pains, caused the back Gate to be opened; the Friar gets up, and rides out of the Monastery Gate, just at that instant when the Knight and his Man had turned out the Friar on Horseback to seek his fortune, the Horse presently scents the Mare, and after her he gallops; Friar Richard looking back, was amazed to see an armed Knight follow him, & much more when by the light of the Moon, and the Beaver flying up, he perceived that it was Friar John who was thus armed, and thereupon away flies he through the Streets; and after him, or rather after the Mare, speeds the Horse; a great noise there was in the City, insomuch that many being awakened out of their morning sleep, looked out at their Windows; at length it was Friar Richard's ill fate to ride into a certain turn-again Lane, which had no passage through; there Friar John overtakes him, the Stone-Horse covers the Mare, which causes a terrible noise among the rusty Armour; Friar Richard's guilty conscience accuses him, and he cries out aloud, Guilty of the Murder; at the noise of Murder, the People being amazed, ran out of their Beds into the Street, they apprehend Miracles, and he confesses Wonders, but withal, he freely tells them of the horrid, and inhuman Act he had committed in murdering one of his own Convent; the former Grudge that was between them is generally known, and the apparent Justice of Heaven the rather believed, Friar John is dismounted, and sent to his Grave, Friar Richard is committed to Prison, he is Arraigned, and in pursuance of his own Confession, is condemned. But before his Execution, the Knight knowing his own guilt, and concern in the business, he posts instantly to the King, makes his voluntary Confession, and hath his life, and estate for his former good Services, granted to him; Friar Richard is released, and this notable Accident still remains upon Record. Hist. Women.   

II. In the reign of Queen Mary, Sr. Walter Smith of Shirford in Warwickshire being grown an aged man, at the death of his wife considered of a Marriage for Richard his Son and heir, then at man's Estate; and to that end made his mind known to Mr. Thomas Chetwin of Ingestre in Staffordshire, who entertaining the motion in the behalf of Dorothy his Daughter, was contented to give five hundred pound with her. But no sooner had the old knight seen the young Lady, but he became a suitor for himself, offering five hundred pound for her besides as good a jointure as she should have by his Son if the Match had gone forward; this so wrought upon Chetwin that he effectually persuaded his Daughter and the Marriage ensued accordingly; it was not long ere her affections wand'ring, she gave entertainment to a young Gentleman of about Twenty two called Robinson of Drayton Basset, and being impatient of all that might hinder her full enjoyment of him, she contrived how to be rid of her husband; having therefore corrupted her waiting Gentlewoman, and a Groom of the stable, she resolved by their help, and the assistance of Robinson to strangle him in his bed, and though Robinson came not the designed night, she no whit staggered in her Resolution; for watching her husband till he was fallen asleep, she called in her complices and casting a long Towel about his neck, caused the Groom to lie upon him to keep him from struggling; whilst herself and the maid straining the Towel stopped his breath; having thus dispatched the work, they carried him into another room, where a close stool was placed, upon which they set him; an hour after, the maid and Groom were got silently away; and to conceal the business this Lascivious bloody woman made an outcry in the house, wring her hands plucking her hair, and weeping extremely, pretending that missing him sometime out of bed, she went to see what the matter was, and found him in that posture; by these feigned shows of sorrow she prevented all suspicion of his violent death; and not long after went to London, setting so high a value upon her beauty that Robinson became neglected; but within two years following, this woeful deed of darkness was brought to light in this manner; the Groom before mentioned was entertained with Mr. Richaro Smith Son and heir to the murdered knight, and attending him to Coventry, with divers other Servants he became so sensible of his Villainy, that when he was in his Cups, out of his good nature he took his Master aside, and upon his knees besought him forgiveness for acting in the murder of his Father, declaring all the circumstances thereof; whereupon Mr. Smith discreetly gave him good words but wished some others he trusted to have an Eye upon him that he might not escape when he had slept, and better considered what might be the issue thereof; notwithstanding which direction, he fled away with his Master's best Horse, and ha●…ing presently into Wales, he attempted to go beyond Sea, but being hindered by contrary winds, after three Essays or trials to launch out, he was happily pursued by Mr. Smith, who spared no cost in sending to several Ports, that he was found out, and brought Prisoner to Warwick, as were also the Lady and her Gentlewoman, all of them with great boldness denying the fact, and the Groom most impudently charging Mr. Smith of endeavouring to corrupt him to accuse the Lady, his Mother in Law falsely, to the end he might get her great jointure; but upon, his arraignment, being smitten with the apprehension of his guilt, he publicly acknowledged it; and stoutly justified what he had said to be true to the face of the Lady, and her maid, who at first with much seeming confidance pleaded their innocency; till at length seeing the particular Circumstances thus discovered, they both confessed the fact, for which having Judgement to die, the Lady was burnt at a stake on Woolvey Heath near Shirford Lordship, where the Country People to this day show the place, and the Groom with the maid suffered death at Warwick. Dugdale of Warwickshire. p. 37.   

III. The debauched life, and fatal death of Sultan Ibrahim Father to the present Emperor of the Turks is very remarkable; his Brother Sultan Amurath or Morat after a fever of eight days continuance, caused by an excess of Debauchery in wine having on the 8 of February 1640 expired his last breath; his Mother called Kiosem comforted herself with the thoughts that her son Sultan Ibrahim still lived and was the sole survivor and undoubted heir of the Ottoman family; to whose succession, that it might be the more facile and without disturbance, she consulted with all the Grandees, requesting their consent and assistance in the lawful promotion of her remaining Son to the throne of his ancestors; for she had understood that Morat always abhorred the ill shaped body and weaker mind of his Brother, envied him the dignity of the, Ottoman Sceptre, and therefore had bequeathed the succession to the Tartar, having in the heat of a debauch and fumes of his wine compelled his Bassa's to swear to the performance of his Testament; and therefore the Queen was forced to use very many arguments, to persuade them of the danger, and unlawfulness of rejecting the right heir; with which being convinced, they all cried out, Let Sultan Ibrahim live; herewith the great Council breaking up, the Viziers accompanied with all the Officers and attendants of the Seraglio, went with shouts and loud acclamations to the Prison of Ibrahim to salute him Emperor, for he poor Prince had, now for four years remained a sad recluse in a dark room, where he had received neither light nor air, but what came from a little window which sometimes in favour was opened to him from above, and what was worse, the continual expectations, and fear of death, without Friends, Conversation, or hope rendered those apprehensions worse than death itself, which daily were represented him in that solemnity as might terrify a mind more constant and firm than his; so soon as he heard the shouts and voices of a multitude near his door, he immediately conceived that the fate was now come which he had so long expected, and therefore he barred his door, and denied to give entrance, and when the viziers proclaimed him Empe. fearing it might be some artifice of his Brother to see with what joy he would entertain the news, he answered, That he did not so much as think of the Empire, nor desire it, but only prayed that Sultan Morat might live, to whom he pretended not to be a Brother but a slave; and when he perceived that they began to force the door, though with terms of respect and observance, he still endeavoured to keep it close, for nature had taught him to conserve a life, however miserable and void of Consolation; he continuing thus resolute not to open, reverence to his Person commanded them to forbear any ruder violence until the Queen Mother overhearing all this stir, descended herself in Person, and first causing the dead Corpse of Sultan Morat to be extended before his door, with gentle compellations, and confident assurances she satisfied him of the death of his Brother, the voice of his Mother began to dissipate his fears, and being in part already convinced by his ears, he adventured to peep at the door, and giving then entire credence to his Eyes, his heart and Spirits revived and so retiring back into his Chamber, he willingly received the Congratulations of the Ministers and Soldiers; which being passed, he readily applied his Shoulders to the Coffin of his dead Brother, and having bore his share of that dear burden to the gate of the Seraglio, he there resigned it to his Domestic Officers, who buried him in the Sepulchre of Sultan Achmet. From thence he took boat, and passed to the Mosch of Jubs' Seraglio, where in eight days he completed all the Ceremonies of his Coronation, and afterward, according to the custom of his ancestors he road through the City to his great Paliace; but whether it were for want of practice, or by reason of a posture natural unto fools, he sat so ridiculously, on his saddle, as moved rather the laughter than acclamation of the People. In fine being entered the Seraglio, he began to breath, and enjoy the air of liberty, with so much contentment and Satisfaction, that he was unwilling to lose the least part of it by thinking or attending on business, and as if he enjoyed sufficient, committed all to the management of his Mother; howsoever being desirous to handle something of Government he did it with so little grace & dexterity, that it plainly appeared that that Soul animated a body not fit to sway or wield a Sceptre, yet he indulged his luxurious, and wanton appetite to the highest excess of sensuality, for having been accustomed to a Prison and restraint, he knew not how to enjoy the freedom he had recovered, but by subjecting it to the imperious servitude of his lusts, this humour the Viziers and great Ministers of state cherished in him by continual banquets, feasts and entertainments, in which he always took high contentment and satisfaction passing a most Lascivious life in his Seraglio, and consuming an immense treasure on his women, whereby he was seized with an apoplexy which was attributed to his excessive use of them, to whom he was so immoderately addicted that he consumed his days and nights in the women's apartments, wherein Amber was the Common perfume which burned perpetually, and the Common sauce to most of his Dainties, not perhaps because it so much pleased his Palate, as that it was a provocative & incitement to his Lusts; and notwithstanding the great number of women within the Seraglio which were all at the Devotion of the Sultan, yet Ibrahim, not being contented therewith, passing one day to Scutari, had by chance cast his Eye upon an Object which much pleased him, what it was, becomes me not to relate; but being returned to his Seraglio, he sent orders to the Vizier to seek out the biggest and best proportioned woman which was to be found in all Constantinople, and the parts thereabout; hereupon Emissarys were dispatched into all quarters of the City; at length he found a huge tall Armenian woman, well proportioned according to her height, and a giantess for her stature; who being found, she was presently washed and perfume● in the bath, and as richly clothed and adorned as the shortness of the time would permit; there was no great difficulty to persuade her to become Turk, having so high preferment in her prospect; so that being introduced to the grand Signors presence, he became immediately enamoured, and was so pleased with her society that he preferred her before all the women of his Court, an evidence whereof he gave, in that he could not deny her any request she could make and particularly about that time the Government of Damascus being void, this woman begged it for herself, placing another in the Office, who was accountable to her for all the profits and benefits thereof; by these particulars of favour the Queen Mother becoming jealous, one day inviting her to dinner, caused her to be strangled, and persuaded Ibrahim that she died suddenly of a violent sickness, at which he poor man was greatly afflicted. And though during his reign the siege of Candia began, and a bloody war continued against the Venetians yet Sultan Ibrahim like a stout Soldier of Venus continued his Debaucheries to the height, and at length fell in Love with the widow of his Brother Sultan Morat, but she resolving upon widowhood, he assaulted her by force, but his Mother coming in at the outcry, hindered his design, and gave opportunity to the Sultana to escape out of the hands of this satire; after this he had a great Passion for the Daughter of the Mufti or chief Priest among the Turks offering her Father to marry her & prefer her in honour equal to any other of his Sultana's, but the old man knowing the wand'ring humour of Ibrabim, refused him, and instructed his Daughter to do the same, which so enraged him, that resolving to have his will of her, he caused her to be seized going from the ●ath, and carrying her into the Seraglio, he possessed and enjoyed her for some days, but with such tears, reluctancy, and sullenness, a● took off from the edg●, and appetite of his enjoyment, so that he returned her back with scorn & contempt to her Father, who at first dissembled the injury, but resolving on Reverge, he first complains to Mahomet Pasha, a great Man in the Council, & afterward to the Q. Mother, who hated her Son extremely, because he had lately committed her to Prison for reproving him; hereupon they concluded to confine Ibrahim to his old Prison, not that he should be absolutely laid aside, and deposed, but only corrected a while and being put in remembrance of his past condition, might be taught wisdom, and instructed for the future, what ●…oderation & Justice Sultan's are obliged to exercise in the administration of Government; they than got the two Lord Chief Justices into the Conspiracy, and Aug. 7. 1648. was the day appointed for the Insurrection of the Janissaries, who being all in a readiness on that day, went in a tumultuary manner to call the Musti, and other Officers, and Ministers of the Law to go with them to the Grand Signior, and then they demanded of the Mufti, Whether that according to their Law, Sultan Ibrahim as a Fool, and a Tyrant, and unfit for Government, ought not to be deposed; to which the Mufti answering. Y●s, he sent to ci●e Sultan Ibrahim to appear the day following in the Divan or Council, to administer Justice to his Soldiers and Subjects, who expected it from him; but Ibrahim laughed at the Summons which the Mufti made him, which being seconded by a Fetsa, which is a point of Law resolved by the Mufti, who is the Month, or Oracle thereof, that is, That the Grand Signior being called to account, is obliged to appear before the Justice; the Sultan in high disdain tore the Paper, threatening the head of the Mufti; but it was now too late, he having already sufficiently fortified himself with the power and strength of his rebellious Companions; this Fetfa was immediately seconded by another of a higher Nature; which declared. That whosoever obeyed not the Law of God, was not a Mussulman, or true Believer, and though that Person were the Emperor himself yet being become by his filthy Actions a Kasirs, or Irsidel, he was ipso facto, fallen from his Throne, and no further capable of Authority and Government; this Fetfa being seen by Ibrahim, he tore it in pieces, commanding the Grand Vizier instantly to put the Mufti to death, as guilty of Treason against his Prince; but he having now lost his Authority, his Commands were no longer regarded, nor any Reverence had of his Person; for the Janissaries being again assembled about five a clock in the afternoon, came with their usual Tumult to the Gates of the Seraglio; and now Sultan Ibrahim losing all Courage, fled into the Arms of his Mother, begging her assistance and protection; she being a bold and subtle Woman, employed all her Rhetoric and Eloquence to persuade the Soldiers not to offer violence to the Person of their Lord and Master; promising that he should relinquish the Government, and retire himself with a Guard to his old Lodgings; Ibrahim comforted a little that he should save his life; shrunk himself willingly into his old shell, wherein he had so long conserved his life. In the mean time the Conspirators taking forth his eldest Son Sultan Mahomet, set him on the Throne of his Father, and planting the Sargouch, or Imperial, Feathers on his Head; saluted him for Emperor with loud Acclamations; Ibrahim continued his Imprisonment for some days with great patience, but at length growing desperate and furious, he often beat his head against the Wall, until at length, on August 17. 1648. he was strangled with a Bow, string by 4 Mittes; or dumb Executioners; in this manner Sultan Ibrahim ended his lascivious days, which puts me in mind of the saying of a Wiser, & better King than he, That there is little distance between the Prisons and the Graves of Princes; & this Example made a great Officer understand how K. Charles the Martyr was put to death; for he discoursing with the chief English Interpreter at Constantinople, not then calling to mind the Fate of Sultan Ibrahim, demanded, how, and when K. Charles was put to death? Sure, said he, Your King must have no Power, or your People must be more Rebellious and Mutinous than other Nations of the world; who durst commit an Act so horrid and vile as this; see, said he, how our Emperor is revered and observed, and how submissive and obedient half the world is to the Nod four great Monarch; the Interpreter replied, it would be to lious to recount to him the History & occasion of this prodigious Fact; but that the time it happened, was some months after the death or murder of Sultan Ibrahim; which was a sufficient item to the Grand Vizier, to give him a perfect understanding of what he required. The Poet makes Ibrahim speak thus of himself.  
I that of Ottoman blood remain alone,  
Called from a Prison to ascend a Throne.  
My silly mind I bend to sift Delights,  
Hating unpleasing business, and Fights,  
Till mad with wanton Loves, I fall at first,  
Slave to my own; then to my People's Lust.   

IU. Neither has Intemperance in Drinking been sometimes less fatal; for we read, that there was one at Liege in Germany, who was addicted to daily drunkenness, & in his Cups, as oft as he had emptied his pockets of his money by playing at Cards, he used to swear that he would be the death of his Wife's Uncle, because he refused to furnish him with more money to play with; this Uncle was a Canon, & a Person of great hospitality; one night when he entertained a Letter carrier, he was murdered by him, together with a Niece, & a little Nephew of his. All men admiring that the Canon was not present at Matins, or morning Prayer, who never used to absent himself; having long knocked at his doors in vain; this Drunkard of ours having scarce digested his yesterday Ale, set up a Ladder to the Windows, & with others entered the House, espying there three dead Corpse; they raise the Neighbourhood with a lamentable cry, amongst the whispers of whom, when some said, that the Drunkard was the Murderer, he was laid hold on, cast into Prison, and thrown upon the Rack; where he saith, that he doth not think that he did it, that by reason of his daily, & continual drunkenness, he could affirm nothing of a certainty, that he had sometimes a will, or desire to kill the Canon, but that he should never have touched his Niece, or young Nephew, well, he was condemned, and the Innocent wretch, even in the presence of this execrable Letter-carrier, was long wearied with exquisite Torments, and at last died an unheard of death. The Letter-carrier being again returned to Liege, and not able to endure the hourly Tortures of a revenging God inflicted upon his Soul, of his own accord presented himself before the Judges, beseeching them that by a speedy death he might be freed from that Hell he felt here alive; affirming that when he was awake (though feldom when asleep) the Image of the little Babe whom he had strangled, presented itself to his Eyes; shaking the fury's whips at him, with such flames as the Drunkard had perished in; when he spoke this at the Tribunal, he continally fanned his face with his hands, as if to discuss and abate the flames. The thing being evident by the Goods taken, and other discoveries, he also the same year, Aug. 23. was hanged till dead, and then burnt at a stake. Wanly Hist. Man.   

V There was in Salisbury not long since, one who in a Tavern, in the midst of his carousing and healths, drank also a health to the Devil, saying, That if the Devil would not come and pledge him, he would not believe that there was either God or Devil; whereupon his Companions being struck with horror, hastened our of the room, & presently after hearing an hideous noise, and smelling a stinking savour, the Vintner ran up into the Chamber, and coming in, he missed his Guest, found the window broken; the iron bar in it bowed & all bloody, but the man was never after heard of Cla. Mirabel p. 148.   

VI In 1446. There was a Wedding near Zegbuick in Germany, celebrated, as it appears, with such unheard of Intemperance, and dissolute do, that there died of extreme surfeiting no less than one hundred fourscore and ten Persons, as well Women as Men. Stows Annals. p. 385.   

VII. A Gentleman having been revelling abroad, was returning home when it was late at night, his head, that was overladen with Wine, proved too heavy for the rest of his body, so that he fell down in the street, not able to rise through the feebleness of his legs; he had a Sword by his side, when another coming that way, & hearing the voice of his Enemy at some distance, suddenly snatched out the Drunkard's Sword, & having run it into the heart of his Adversary, left it sticking in the wound, & in all hast conveyed himself away from the place. The Watch at that time chanced to pass by, who finding a man lie dead with a Sword in his body, & this drunken Person lying near him with his Scabbard empty, they took him along with them to the Magistrate, who having received such apparent Testimony against him, committed him to Prison; he was hanged for the Murder, though Innocent; & afterward the real Murderer, being to be hanged for some other matter, confessed it was himself who had made use of his Sword to act his own private Revenge. Wan   

VIII. Lastly, Ambition & Pride has produced no less mischievous effects upon several Persons. Caesar Borgia, the Son of Pope Alexander, was a most Ambitious man, he caused his Brother to be murdered in the streets, & his dead body to be cast into the River Tiber; & then casting off his Priestly Robes, & Cardinal's habit, he took upon him the leading of his Father's Army, & with exceeding Prodigality he engaged to him many desperate Ruffians for the execution of his horrible devices; having thus strengthened himself, he became a terror to all the Nobility of Rome; he first drove out the honourable Family of the Columnii, & then by execrable Treachery poisoned, or killed the chief Personages of the great Houses of the Ursini, & Cajetani, seizing upon their Lands & Estates; he strangled at once 4 Noblemen of the Camertes, drove Guido Feltrius out of Urbin, took the City of Faventia from Astor Mar fredus, whom hest beastly abused, & then strangled. In his thoughts he had made himself Master of all Italy, but was cast down, when he least feared it; being at Supper with the Pope his Father, which was prepared on purpose for destroying several rich Cardinals, by the mistake of a Servant, he & his Father were both poisoned by deadly Wine prepared for the Guests; and so he was rewarded for his Ambition, and intent of Murder both at once. Clarks Mirror.   

IX. Staveren in Holland was the chief Town of all Friezland, rich and abounding in all wealth, the only staple for all Merchandise, whither Ships came from all parts; The Inhabitants thereof through ease knew not what to do nor desire, but shown themselves in all things excessive and licentious, not only in their Apparel, but also in the furniture of their Houses, gild the Seats before their Lodgings, etc. So that they were commonly called, The debauched Children of Staverens; but observe the just punishment of this their Pride. There was in this Town a Widow, who knew no end of her wealth; which made her proud and insolent; she freighted out a Ship for Dantzick, giving the Master charge to return her in exchange of her Merchandise the farest stuffed he could find. The Master of the Ship finding no better Commodity than good wheat, freighted his Ship therewith, and so returned to Staverens; this did so discontent this foolish & glorious Widow, that she said to the Master; That if he had laden the Corn on the Starboard side of the Ship, he should cast it into the Sea on the Larboard; which was presently done, and all the wheat poured into the Sea, but the whole Town, yea, all the Province smanted for this one Woman's error, for presently in the same place where the Mariners had thrown the Corn, there grew a great Bar or Bank of Sand, wherewith the Haven was so stopped, that no great Ship could enter, and at this day the smallest Vessels that will anchor there, must be very careful, lest they strike against this flat, or Sand bank, which ever since hath been called Vrawelandt, that is, the Woman's Sand; hereby the Town losing its Traffic, in a little time declined; the Inhabitants also by reason of their Wealth and Pride grew intellerable to the Nobility, who in sumptuousness could not endure to be brayed by them, so that this Town is now become one of the poorest of that Province, though it hath the greatest Privitedges of all the Hanse Towns. Hist Netherlands.   

X Deminicus Silvius, Duke of Venice, Married a Gentlewoman of Constantinople, she was plunged into sensuality with so much prosusion, that she could not endure to lodge, but in Chambers full of delicious persurnes of the Fast, she would not wash herself, but in the dews of Heaven, whell must be preserved for her with much skill; her Garments were so pompous, that nothing remained but to seek for new S●…s in Heaven, for she had exhausted the Treasures of the Earth, her Viands so dainty, that all the mouths of Kings tasted none so exquisite, nor would she touch her meat, but with Golden Forks, and precious Stones; God to punish this cursed pride, and superfluity, cast her on a Bed, and assailed her with a malady so hideous, so stinking and frightful, that all her nearest Kindred were forced to forsake her; none stayed about her but a poor old Woman throughly accustomed to stench and death; this delicate Lady was poisoned with her own perfumes in such a manner, that from all her body there began to drop a most stinking humour, and a kind of matter so filthy to behold, & so noisome to the ●…ell, that every many ainly perceived that her dissolute, & excessive Pride and daintiness had caused this Infection in her, which brought her to such a miserable, and tragical end. Causins. Hely Court.    
FINIS.  

There are lately published Seven very useful, pleasant, and necessary Books, which are all sold by Nath Crouch, at his Shop at the Sign of the Bell in the Poultry, near Cheapside.  

I SVrprising Miracles of Nature and Art, in two parts. Containing, 1. The Miracles of Natre, or the wonderful signs and prodigious Aspects and Appearances in the Heavens, Earth, and Sea. With an account of the most famous Comets, and other prodigies since the Birth of our blessed Saviour; particularly the dreadful Apparitions before the destruction of Jerusalem, and the Temple, The terrible Presages during the Wars and Desolations in Germany, as several Suns appearing at once, the water in Ponds and Conduits turned to blood, and blood reigned from Heaven, Armies of Crows, Dogs, and other Creatures, fight and destroying each other. Intermixed with Remarks on the Life of the renowned Gustavus Adolphus, K. of Sweden. Also a particular Description of the 5 Blazing Stars seen in England, since 1663. A Relation of the burning of Mount Aetna, with the horrid River of Fire and Brimstone which issued thence in 1669. burning near 20 Towns and Villages, with abundance of other unaccountable Accidents and Productions of all kinds, to 1682. Likewise a true account of the Groaning Board. II. The Miracles of Art, describing the most Magnificent Buildings, and other curious Inventions in all Ages, as the Seven wonders of the world, and many other excellent Structures and Rarities, throughout the Earth, Beautified with Sculptures.  
Price One Shilling.   

EXtraordinary Adventures of several Famous Men; with the strange Events, and many signal Mutations and Changes in the Fortunes of many Illustrious Places and Persons in all Ages; Being an account of a multitude of stupendious Revolutions, Accidents, and observable Matters in many Kingdoms, States, and Provinces throughout the whole World; Namely, the Adventures of Christ. Columbus, and the manner of his Discovery of America, or the New World: the Cruelties used by the Turks upon the Christians at Algiers, their manner of selling Slaves, etc. The dreadful Mutiny in the City of Naples about their Privileges in 1647. and how Messanello, a Fisher-Boy, ruled there for 10 days, with greater Power than any King or Emperor. An Account of several Nations destroyed, or driven from their Habitations by Gnats, Moles, Pismires, Sparrows, Locusts, Hares, Coneys, Fleas, Frogs, Mice, Grasshoppers, Serpents, Worms, and other inconsiderable Creatures; The Tragical Deaths of John and Cornelius de Wit, at the Hague in Holland. Remarks on the Life and Death of Sir W. Raleigh, with his last Speech and behaviour on the Scaffold; with Pictures.  
Price One Shilling.   

III. Admirable Curiosities, Rarities, and Wonders in England, Scotland, and Ireland; Or an Account of many remarkable persons and places, and likewise of the Battles, Sieges, prodigious Earthquakes, Tempests Inundations, Thunders Lightnings, Five, Murders, and other considerable occurrences, and accidents for many Hundred years past: and among others, the Battle of Bosworth, and the miserable Death of Crookbackt Richard. The beheading of the Lord Cromwell, and the Earl of Essex, with their last Speeches. the Rebellion of the Papists in Cornwall, etc. against the Common-Prayer in King Edward 6 time, and the King's Letter to them. The Rebellion under Ket the Tanner, and his Laws and Ordinances in the Oak of Reformation near Norwich. The Association in Qu. Elizabeth's time. The proceed against Mary Queen of Scots, Mother to K. James, with her last words on the Scaffold. The Lady riding naked through Coventry. Together wit the natural and artified rarities in every County in England, with several curious Sculptures.  
Price One Shlling.   

iv  Prodigies of Judgement and Mercy, discovered in above 300 memorable Histories, containing. 1. Dreadful Judgements upon Atheists, Blasphemers, perjured Villains, etc. As of several forsworn Wretches carried away by the Devit, and how an horrid Blasphemer was turned into a black Dog, etc. 2. The miserable ends of many Magicians, Witches, Conjurers, etc. with divers strange apparitions and illusions of the Devil. 3. Remarkable predictions, and presages of approaching Death, and how the event has been answerable, with an account of some Appeals to Heaven against unjust Judges, and what vengeance hath fallen upon them. 4. The wicked Lives and woeful Deaths of several Popes, Apostates, and Persecutors; with the manner how K. Hen. 2. was whipped by the Pope's order by the Monks of Canterbury; and how the Queen of Bohemia, a desperate Persecutor of the Christians, was swallowed up in the Earth alive, with all her followers, etc. 5. Fearful Judgements upon bloody Tyrants, Marderers, etc. also how Pop●el, King of Poland, (a cruel Tyrant) his Queen, and Children, were devoured by Rats; and how a Town near Tripoli in Barbary, with the Men, Women, Children, Beasts, Trees, Walls Rooms, Cats, Dogs, Mice, and all that belonged to the place, were turned into perfect Stone, (to be seen at this day) for the horrid crimes of the Inhabitants etc. 6. Admirable Deliverances from imminent Dangers, and Deplorable Distresses at Sea and Land. Lastly, Divine Goodness to Penitents, with the dying Thoughts of several famous Men, concerning a future state after this Life, Embellished with divers Pictures.  
Price One Shilling.   

V HIstorical Remarks and Observations of the Ancient and present state of London and Westminster, showing the Foundations, Wills, Gates, Towers, Bridges, Churches, Rivers, Wards, H●…s, Companies, Government, Courts, Hospitals, Schools, Inns of Court Charters, Franchises, and Privileges thereof; with an account of the most remarkable Accidents, as to Wars, Fires, Plagues and other occurrences, for above Nine hundred years past, in and about these Cities; and among other particulars, the Rebellion of Wat. Tyler, who was slain by the Lord Mayor in Smithfield, and the Speech of Jack Straw at his Execution; The Murder of King Hen. 6. and likewise of Edward 5. and his Brother, by Richard 3. called Crook-back. The Insurrection in London in King Henry. 8. time, and how 411 Men and Women went through the City in their shifts, and ropes about their Necks to Westminster-Hall, where they were pardoned by the King; with several other Remarks to this Year 1681. and a description of the manner of the Trial of the late Lord. Stafford in Westminster-Hall; Illustrated with Pictures, with the Arms, of the 65 Companies of London, and the time of their Incorporating.  
Price One Shilling   

VI The Fourth Edition of the Wars in England Scotland, and Ireland, being near a third part enlarged, with very considerable Additions, containing an impartial Account of all the Battles, Seiges, and other remarkable Transactions. Revolutions and Accidents which have happened from the beginning of the Reign of King Charles the First 1625. to His Majesty's happy Restauration, 1660. And among other particulars, the Debates and Proceed of the Fourforst Parliaments of King Charles. The Murder of the Duke of Buckingham by Felton. The Tumults at Edinburgh in Scotland, upon the reading the Common-Prayer. The Insurrection of the Apprentices and Seamen, and their assaulting of A. B Laud's House at Lambeth. Remarks on the Trial of the E. of Strafford, and his last Speech. The horrid and bloody. Rebellion of the Papists in Ireland, and their murdering above 200000 Profestants in 1641. The Death of Archbishop Land Duke Hamilton, Lord Capel, Mr. Love, Dr. Hewet, and others. The illegal Trial of King Charles 1. at large, with his last Speech at his Suffering. And the most considerable matters which happened till 1660. with Pictures of several remarkable Accidents.  
Price One Shilling.   

VII. THe Young man's Calling, or the whole Duty of Youth; in a serious and compassionate Address to all young Persons to remember their Creator in the days of their Youth. Together with Rmarks upon the Lives of several excellent young Persons of both Sexes, as well ancient as modern, who have been famous for Virtue and Piety in their Generations; namely, on the Lives of Isaac and Joseph in their Youth. On the Martyrdom of seven Sons and their Mother; and of Romanus a young Nobleman with the invincible courage of a Child of seven years old, who was martyred. On the Martyrdom of divers holy Virgins and Martyrs. On the Life of that blessed Prince King Edw. 6. with his earnest Zeal for the Protestant Religion, and his ingenious Letters to his Godfather A. B. Cranmer, when but 8 years old, with his last words and Prayer against Popery. On the Life and Death of Queen Jane, as her learned Dispute with Fecknam a Priest, about the Sacrament, her Letters to her Father the Duke of Suffolk, to her Sister, and to Harding an Apostate Protestant. On the Life of Queen Elizabeth in her Youth, with her many Sufferings and Dangers, from bloody Bonner and Gardiner, and her joiful Reception to the Crown. On the Religious Life and Death of the most Noble and Heroic Prince Henry, eldest Son to King James; And also of the Young Lord Harrington, etc. With Twelve curious Pictures, Illustrating the several Histories.  
Price Eighteen Pence.   
All sold by Nath Crouch, at his shop at the sign of the Bell in the Poultry, near Cheapside. 1683.  
FINIS