A TREASURE OF HEALTH.  
BY Castor Durante Da Gualdo, Physician and Citizen of ROME.  
WHEREIN Is shown how to preserve Health, and prolong Life.  
ALSO The Nature of all sorts of Meats and Drinks, with the way to prevent all Hurt that attends the Use of either of them.  
Translated out of Italian into English, By John chamberlain, Gent.  

Imprimatur,  
April 5. 1686. Rob. Midgley.   
London, Printed for William Crook, at the Green Dragon without Temple-Bar. 1686.   

To the Worshipful, THOMAS CHAMBERLAYNE, of Oddington, in the County of Gloucester, Esq; is Humbly Dedicated this little Book, Entitled, The Treasure of Health.  
SIR,  
HAving received much dun-e served Kindness from you, I cannot let slip the first occasion to publish my Gratitude and Respect to you, who not only by your Wisdom and Prudence in difficillimis temporibus, in the worst of Times, preserved unspotted and untainted your Religion and Loyalty, but also by your Temperance, Moderation, and Sobriety, preserved your Health, and have prolonged your Life almost twenty Years beyond the usual Age of Man; and had happily practised the best Rules and Precepts in this small Treatise, long before it was extant in any Language. Now, that God would please to continue your Health, and as you were Born before the beginning of this Century, so to lengthen your Life at least to the beginning of the next, to the Comfort of your numerous Issue and Relations, the Benefit of your Neighbours, and Relief of the Poor, shall be the constant cordial Prayer of,  
Dear Uncle, Your most Affectionate and Humble Servant, John chamberlain. From Trinity-college in Oxford, 24 of June, 1686.   

TO THE READER.  
HAving accidentally met with a small Treatise written in Italian, wherein is briefly discovered the Quality, Choice, Benefit, Hurt, and Remedy of all sorts of Edible Flesh, Fish, Fruits, Herbs, Grains, and Roots; of several sorts of Drinks, Sauces, etc. Moreover, of Air, Exercise, Rest, Sleep, Watching, Repletion and Inanition, Bathing, Rubbing, Venery, Passions, Affections, and Perturbations of the Mind, I judged that it might be acceptable and useful to my Compatriots or Countrymen, to make the said Treatise speak English, to the end, that every one might know what Rule and Measure he ought to observe in his Diet, and manner of Living: For although Health is at our Births proposed to us from Heaven, yet there is also need of our constant Care and Diligence both t● procure and preserve it by our Diet, as well as to recover it by Physic when it is lost, whereof our Author hath largely treated in another Book, which perhaps hereafter may likewise be made English. I know well that there have been divers Books of this kind heretofore published, but the Method hereof being different from all those, and some remarkable things here, not found elsewhere; also this Book being of a small price, the Reader will take in good part the honest Intentions of the Publisher hereof.   

A TREASURE OF HEALTH.  

CHAP. I. Of Air.  
THE Air above all things is necessary for the preservation of Health, and for the prolonging of our Life; for all Animals live, and stand in need of a continual refreshment of the ●eart, the which is performed by the perpetual drawing in the Air, whereby the Lungs are in a continual motion, from the hour of our Birth, to ●e hour of Death: All things else may be avoided ●r some time except the Air, which no man can want one hour. Now Air compa●●es us about on every side, and changes our Bodies more than any thing besides, because we dwell continually in it, and feed upon this dish every moment: And it may justly be affirmed, that the Air may be more beneficial and more hurtful, than eating and drinking. The chiefest way of preserving the Health, consisting therefore in the election of a good Air we ought to choose that which is most clear an● serene towards the East, not subject to dar● Clouds, nor corrupted with the stinking Vapour of Lakes, standing Pools, Marshes, Dunghills, Privies, Caverns, Quagmires, or where much Dust is for by reason of the dusty Air about the Garamantes, (now called Guanguara, a Country in Africa the Men can scarce arrive to the Age of forty year● And where the Air is naught, it consequently happens that the Water is not good, the which nex● to the Air helps to corrupt our Bodies, together with the Food, which in a thick and gross A● ought to be thin and subtle, as in a thin Air ought to be gross. That Air therefore is requisite in the conservation of Health, which renders th● Days light and serene, pure and temperate whereas on the contrary, the gross, thick, turbulent, and infected, does destroy the Health. Th● naughty and unwholesome Air, is the cold and Northern; as also the Southern; likewise the nocturnal Air, especially under the Rays of the Moo● and in the open Air: And no less pernicious is th● windy, and tempestuous, corrupted with unwholesome Vapours, such as is the stinking Putrefaction of dead Animals, and other nasty Smells; f●● such Air hurts the Head, and offends the vital Sp●rits, and with its overmuch moisture and humidity it loosens the Joints, and disposes them very much to receive all sort of Superfluities, as does the Air, which fetches a Vapour out of the Dust, and is infectious: Against which there is great need that we carefully defend ourselves; for that entering into the Body, and obstructing the Passages, hinders the circulating of the animal Spirits. Choose therefore the temperate Air, which is the lucid, clear, and purest; for that does not only cause Health, but which is more, preserves it a long while, by purifying all the Spirits, and the Blood, cheering the Heart, and the Mind, strengthens all the Actions, easeth Digestion, preserves ●he Temperament, prolongs Life, retarding and ●eeping off old Age. And on the contrary, the ●ark and thick Air clouds the Heart, troubles the Mind, renders the Body heavy and unactive, hin●ers the Concoction, and hastens old Age. The temperate Air is easily known, if presently after sunset it grows cool, and if at Sunrising it soon ●rows hot: This Air agrees with all Ages, all Complexions, with all times, and all seasons; and not ●nly the turbulent and windy Air is unwholesome, ●ut that likewise which is always still and quiet. ●herefore when the Air exceeds in any quality, it ●ught to be allayed and corrected with its contra●y: And if that cannot be done by natural ways, ●ought to be prepared artificially; so that if the ●ir should be too hot and sultry, as it is in Sum●er, you should sprinkle the House with fresh ●ater, or Vinegar; for the Vinegar with its coldness and dryness, qualifies the unwholesome Vapours 〈◊〉 the Air, and hinders Putrefaction: And if they ●row the Floor with Flowers and odoriferous ●erbs, which have a moist and humid quality, as Violets, Roses, tops of young Oa●s, leaves of th● Vine, of Lettuces, or Willows, Nenufars, or Water-lilies, boughs of the Mastic tree, and other cool Leaves; and in the mean time you shoul● take care that none come into the Chambers th● strewed, for if there be a great many, with the● Breath they re-heat the Room: Besides this, l● the Chamber be full of odoriferous Fruits, as swe●● smelling Apples, Pears, Quinces, Citrons and Li●mons. But if the Air should be too cold, yo● must avoid the Wind, chief the Northern, a● not go out of the House before Sunrising; a● strew your Chamber with hot Herbs, as Mint, Peniroyal, Sage, Hyssop, Laurel, Rosemary, Marjora●● or else make a decoction of these Herbs with Clove● Cinnamon, Mace, and such like, and sprinkle t● Chamber therewith; and perfume it also wi●● some aromatical Smells, as Incense, Mastic, ●●namon, Laudanum, (a Gum made of the fat D●● that is gathered from the Leaves of Lada) Nutmegs, rind of Citrons, Myrrh, Amber, Lignum ●loes, Musk, and the sweet smelling Gum called St●rax; putting these things on lighted Charcoal; 〈◊〉 else mix these Perfumes with liquid Storax, setti●● it a little while over the Coals. These aromati●● Odours have the virtue to open the Pores, wh●● they are stopped, attenuate the gross Humours, a●● is good against the cold and moist Vapours of t●● Body. This Perfume may be made another w●● if you take of all these things; to wit, Half ounce, or six drams of Roses, one dram of A●ber, of Musk half a scruple, of Behen Album, Sparling Poppy, or red Behen, ana two scruple of the Flowers of Nymphea, or River-Lillies, thr● drams of Laudanum, one dram of Mastic, Incense ana two Drams; pound these, not too small, and set them over t●● Coals. Besides this, to correct the bad quality of the Air, and to attenuate and dissolve the gross and slimy Humours of the Body, let there be always burning in the Chamber a good Fire of some Odoriferous Wood, as Laurel, Rosemary, Cypress, Juniper, Oak, Pine, Fir, the Latrix or Larch-Tree, Turpentine, and Tamarisk. Moreover, Night and Day smell to a Ball of Pomander, composed of these following several Ingredients. Take of Saffron one Dram and a half, of the Oriental Amber half a Scruple, of Musk half a Dram, of Storax Calamita, (the Gum which proceeds from a sweet Cane in the Indies) and of Laurel, ana one Scruple; these are altogether dissolved in Malmsey, and thereof is made a round Ball. One thing is worthy your Observation and Remembrance, that is, that the Air in hot and moist Countries (as for Example, in Rome, etc.) is very destructive to the Health; the Air of the Vineyards is also little wholesome, unless when the Northern or Western Wind blows. Of Seasons, those are the best, which keeping their proper temperature, are equally either cold or hot; but the changeable and incertain Wether is the worst of all. I must not likewise omit to tell you, that in the Summer, when the South Wind blows, as in those places which stand towards the North, are the least wholesome; as in the Winter, the Northern Wind blowing, those which look towards the South. If you desire to know the quality of the Air, and disposition of the Wether, at Night in the open Air put a dry Sponge, and if in the Morning you find it dry, you may assure yourself the Air is dry; if wet, then conclude the Air is moist and damp. The like Experiment may be tried ●ith new Bread which being exposed to the Nocturnal Air as the former, if in the Morning you find it mouldy the Air is corrupted and putrefied; but if the Air be hot and dry, the Bread will remain without any change. The malignity of the Cold may b● corrected, by artificially causing a good and swee● Breath, viz. by keeping in your Mouth Treacle▪ Mithridate, also the Confection called Alcarmes, (a term of the Arabian Physicians, whereby they meant a Cordial made of certain little Scarle● Worms, of which also is Crimson made) rubbing the Teeth with this Antidote, which yet becomes better by the addition of Zedoary, (a Roo● like Ginger growing in the East-Indies) an● chewing therewith Angelica; and this Dentifrice or Medicine to cleanse the Teeth, may be made if you take of Rosemary one Dram, of Myrrh Mastic, , Dragons-Blood, Burnt-Allom, ana half a Dram; of Cinnamon one Dram and a half, Rose Vinegar, Mastick-water, ana three Ounces, half a pound of Rain-water, of Honey three Ounces; boil these together over a gentle fire, to the end that they may be well scummed; afterwards add thereto Bezoar (a kind of Precious Stone very Cordial, being an excellent Antidote to expel Poison; by the Arabic Doctors it is called Badzahar, i. e. Alexipharmacon, a Remedy for Poison) and as a● Unguent keep it in a glass Bottle. Of this take a spoonful every Morning fasting, holding it in your Mouth, and rubbing your Gums therewith, the which must b● afterwards w●ll washed and cleansed with Wa●●● distilled in a hot Bath, of white Salt, and Roch-Allom, ana three Ounces, and thereto may be added a little ●●stick-water: With this wash the Teeth, for these things cleanse the Mouth, cause good Breath, f●sten lose Teeth, flesh the Gums, heal the putrefied Flesh, and make the Teeth white. Besides all this, there is great heed to be taken in the choice of a House; see whether the Place and the Air be good or bad, wholesome or unwholesome to dwell in. The House therefore which you take, let it be seated in the highest place of the City; therein choose your Apartment at least one pair of stairs high, and let it be very light, and so placed that it may always receive the Wind in the Summer, and the Sun in the Winter; and have Windows on all sides; that is, East, West, North, and South, if it may be, to the end, that no one Air may remain there long, which otherwise would putrefy and corrupt; and furthermore you ought to avoid not only lying in a Ground-Chamber, but also tarrying there long, for the highest are the most wholesome, where you breathe the thinnest and purest Air; than you receive this benefit, that dwelling in the highest and most open place of the House, preserves, and repairs the radical Moisture of the Body, and hinders Old Age; but to be in a dark, lower Room, or under the Ground, is very naught; for Life is maintained by the open Air and by Light, but in the shade a Man grows mouldy and corrupted. I must furthermore advertise you, that of Animals, Herbs, Fruit, Corn, and Wine, those are to be chosen that grow in high Ground, free from ill smells, putrefied by the Wind, and receive a temperate and sufficient warmth of the Sun, where there be no stinking Lakes and Dunghills to molest them, for there the Fruits remain a long while uncorrupted; and this is ●he only place whereon a man may securely fix to dwell in. 'Tis also commodious to have a Country House, whereto you may sometimes repair; for as the Country provides Food and Victuals for the City, and the City consumes it, so humane Life, by sometimes dwelling in the Country is prolonged, but by the Idleness of the City it is shortened: Likewise change of Air is sometimes very requisite and necessary, though that change should not be made suddenly, but deliberately, and by little and little. And because to the rectifying the Air, the Clothes do in some measure contribute, defending the Body from it; for this purpose wear those Clothes that be warm and dry; in the Winter get a Suit of Lambskin, Fox-skin, of a Marten, or Ermine; and for a good warm pair of Shoes, take the skin of an Hare, which is very good against the weakness and infirmness of the Hams; or else that of a Fox, which strengthens all the Members: Some make their Clothes of Wool, Cotton, or Silk, for those that are made of Linen are least of all warm. Cover well the Body by Night, especially the Head, which is the Cell or Domicile of the rational Soul, from which are derived many indispositions, wherefore one must take great care, that the Head be neither too hot, nor too cold; and there be many that in the Nighttime cover their Head close with warm Clothes; for whilst a Man sleeps, the natural heat retires to the inward parts, and the outward parts are deprived of their heat, whence they are easily offended by the external Cold; a●d likewise whilst a Man is awake, much heat, and many Spirits by the Operation of the interior and exterior Faculties ascend into th● Head, and by that means render it more hot: Therefore there is most need in the Day to keep it cool, but in the Night warm. One must also beware of being too much in the Sun, or near the Fire, and not to wash the Head too often, for these hot things open, dilate, and rarify the parts of the Head, and more readily dispose it to receive a superfluous humidity. In the Winter 'twill not be unuseful to sprinkle your Clothes with this sort of Water: Take of Iris Florentina, or Flower-de-luce, Zedoary, Spikenard, ana one Ounce, Storax, Mastic, Cinnamon, Nutmegs, Cloves, ana half an Ounce, Juniper-berries three Drams, Behen, Amber, Musk, ana one Scruple: Distil all these things with Wine. In the Summer take of Rose-water four pounds, of the best Vinegar one pound, of Red Roses one handful and a half, Camphire half a Dram, Musk seven Grains, Spice of Diambra, Flower-de-luce, ana one Ounce; pound all these, except the Spice, the Musk, and the Camphire, and dissolve them all in Rose-water, which being put into a Limbeck, cover it nine days under Horse-dung. You may also make use of this Powder to sprinkle on your Clothes, adding Rose-water. Take Red Roses, Violets, ana one Ounce, Peel or Rind of Citron, Solanum, or Nightshade, of Myrtle, Lignum-Aloes, ana one Ounce, Camphire, Amber, ana half a Scruple, Musk, Behen, ana five Grains, and make of this a thin Powder. 'Tis also good to carry Odoriferous things in your Hand, in the Summertime, a Sponge dipped in Rose-water, or Rose-vinegar, and smell to it often; or carry with you this Odoriferous Ball: Take of Roses one Dram, Red Coral four Scruples, Water-lilies one Dram and a half,  one Dram, ●●orax Calamita one Dram and a half, Lignum-Aloes two Scruples, Mastic one Dram, Laudanum two Drams, Amber, Musk, ana two Grains; these are pounded, and so made into a Ball. In the Winter carry a Sponge infused into Vinegar, wherein steep Cloves and Zedoary: Or else carry in your Hand this Ball of Amber. Take of Laudanum half an Ounce, Storax Calamita two Drams, Bezoar, Mastic, ana one Dram, Cloves, Nutmegs, Crocus, Dyers-Grains, white Wax, Lignum-Aloes, ana one Scruple, Amber half a Scruple, Musk dissolved in Malmsey five Grains; make it into a Ball. Besides this, there is need of defending the Breast and Stomach with Lambskin, or Hares, or with a Pillow of Feathers, seeing that the Stomach indisposed, is the Mother of the Distemper: Besides the Clothes which are used for the Head and Stomach make an Odour of Saffron, Lignum-Aloes, an● Amber, for these things strengthen the Brain; bu● the Musk is to be left out, by reason of its to● great Evaporation, the hands are to be often covered with Gloves, in the Winter made of Fox-skin, in the Summer of Hares-skin, Kids, o● Lambs. The last thing, though not the least to b● observed, is, That with the greatest diligence an● care you avoid coldness of Hands or Feet, since that infinite Distempers are wont to proceed and flow from thence.   

CHAP. II. Of Motion.  
BEcause Motion is not only requisite to the preservation of the Health, but also very needful, towards a good habit of the Body; therefore after the Air, it remains to treat of Exercise, the which is a most powerful and prevalent thing to keep us in health, being that which purges and drives away the superfluous Humours of the Body, which are in such sort dissipated and dissolved, that there is no longer need of Physic, where this is not wanting. There be many sorts of Motion, and that is the best which is not violent, as Walking, but is a regular motion of the Body, as being most kindly, and most agreeable to the Members; but that Motion which is caused in a Coach, in a Ship, on Horseback, or the like, is the least wholesome. Some Exercises are strong and wearisome, and others moderate, light and weak: The temperate Exercise is that which contributes much to the Health; for it corroborates the natural Health, wastes the Superfluities, enlivens Youth, cheers old Age, and hinders Fullness, fortifies the Senses, renders the Body light and agile, strengthens the Nerves, and all the Joints, for the exercised Parts become more robust. This also consolidates the Members, aids Digestion, keeps the Passages of the Body clear and open, so that the smoky Vapours of the Spirits may find a better and more free issue, the which are the chiefest instruments in the conservation of human Life, being the reason that the Food finds an ea●●● concoction, digestion, and assimulation of Parts, and finally a cause of the evacuation and expurgation of all the Superfluities. The light Exercises are Fishing, Fowling, and such like Divertisements, which cheer the Mind; and as moderate and temperate Exercise does wonderfully contribute to the Health, so overmuch Idleness is very pernicious. Rubbing are also exceeding useful, for they hinder the Humours from falling into the Joints; and doing it in the right time, that is, when the Superfluities shall be evaporated from the inward Parts, it helps Digestion, recreates the Body, and opens the Pores, whereby the moist Humours, and Vapours of the Body, obtain an easier passage: It also swiftly draws the Blood to the outward Parts; it thickens the subtle Bodies, and attenuates the gross, hardens the soft, and mollifies the hard, and finally confirms the natural heat. The quantity of the Exercise reaches so far, as the Body can bear without growing too weary, that is, till you wax hot, having a fresh colour, and begin to sweat; which so soon as you perceive, change your , and dry well all the Members, and put on other , and if there be any need, lie a little in Bed, and rest yourself, till you shall be refreshed, and recover new strength.  
Now the time for Exercise is before Meals, having first evacuated the Excrements of the Belly, and of the Bladder; for it is usually very bad, and destructive to those who being but just risen from Table, with their Stomach charged, venture on any Exercise. And as Motion and Exercise performed before Meals, is a great preserver of Health, so if presently after Meals, 'tis the source and original 〈◊〉 divers Infirmities: Therefore let all Exercise be afore Meat, to which there ought at least for some small time to succeed a profound and quiet rest, and remissness of the Body; though from this Rule are excepted the Rustics and Husbandmen, who by a continual custom go to their Exercise, (and that without any hurt) as soon as the meat is out of their mouths; and herein is verified the saying, That it is better to exercise the Body full than empty. After a violent Exercise, one ought to beware of catching cold; for the Motion and Exercise having opened the Pores of the Body, the cold easily enters therein, bringing along with it Catarrhs, and divers other Infirmities. Then in the morning having first gone to stool, the Friction or Rubbing is to follow, which must be performed on the extremest or farthest Parts of the Body, beginning at the Knees, and proceed down to the ends of the Feet; then from the Thighs, bending at the Knees; then from the upper Ribs to the lower; then from the Shoulders down the Back; and lastly, from the Arms to the Hands: And this to be done with a Napkin or Towel, lightly rubbing your Body, till the skin wax something red. In old Men the motion of their superior Members, as the Arms and the Shoulders, is most necessary, because it diverts and prohibits the Humours from falling into the lower Parts. And on the contrary, the rubbing Exercise of the Feet, or the washing them with Water alone, does accelerate and hasten the Gout in old Men: When it being requisite that they should sometimes wash their Feet, let them take weak Lie, wherein let there be boiled red Roses and a little Salt; in this let them wash their Feet, at such time as the Fits of the G●●t be not upon them. Likewise it would be good for them to pull off their Shoes and Stockings themselves, without the help of their Servants, which things moderately exercise the Body, and stir up the Heat and Spirits. And by the way, I cannot but disapprove of the binding the Stockings with the Garters; 'tis rather far more commodious and wholesome, to wear Drawers and Stockings of one entire piece; for binding the Legs hard, causes several pains, and hinders the Heat, Blood and Spirits, from circulating and descending into the Joints, whence they are weakened, and apt to receive divers Distempers. Furthermore, it is very profitable in Coughing, to spit, and cast out the Excrements of the Body: Besides this, before any Exercise, in the Morning as soon as you are up, rub well your Head, and comb it with an ivory Comb, from the Forehead upwards to the Crown, giving it at least forty Combs; then with a rough Cloth, or a Sponge, rubbing your Head, it dispels all the Superfluities which are there lodged; for thereby the Spirits are rarified, and the passages of the Head opened, and the smoky Vapours are more freely evacuated: Which thing corroborates all the interior Faculties, that is, the thinking, the imaginative Virtues, and the Memory; and the use of a Comb does wonderfully restore the Sight, especially in the mean time looking in a Glass, the which excites all the animal Virtues, chief the Sight; and the combing the Head oftentimes a day, draws the Vapours to the upper Parts, and easily removes them from the Eyes; but in combing, do not keep the Head too open. Then with another Comb, comb the Beard, the which cut often, because 〈◊〉 cheers, and causes a readiness of Mind. It is expedient likewise to sneeze, after this universal Evacuation, snuffing up into the Nose a little powder of Pepper, or other Snuff. Lastly, 'tis a necessary thing to wash the Face and Hands, according to this rhyming or Leonine Verse, Si fore vis sanus, ablue saepe manus.  
The washing the Face refreshes a Man, and makes the Heat to retire by Antiparistasin, and then uniting itself, it becomes more strong. In the Winter wash with the decoction of Sage, or Rosemary, sometime steeped in Wine; in the Summer fresh Water is most agreeable, whereto add a little Rose water, with a little Soap, or rather a perfumed Washball. The Hands ought to be often washed, for they are the Instruments which keep clean the Organs, whereby the Superfluities of the Brain issue forth, as are the Ears, the Eyes, and the Nostrils; and therefore is said, 
Lotio post mensam tibi confert munera bina,  
Mundificat palmas, & lumina reddit acuta.   
But after Meals you should not wash the Hands with hot Water, for it breeds Worms in the Belly; and the reason is this, because the hot Water does extract and draw forth the natural Heat, whence it happens, that digestion and concoction of the Food becomes imperfect, the which is a powerful occasion of the Worms. The Eyes also are to be washed with fresh Water, which cleanses them from all Gum and Filth; and putting the Eyes into cool fresh Water open, does wonderfully clear and purify the Eyesight, afterwards drying them with a very clean and perfumed Towel. Take care also that your Teeth be very clean, which for want of well rubbing and cleansing, cause a naughty and stinking Breath, and the superfluities of the Teeth being mixed with the Food, does breed corruption, and renders it putrified: Besides which, the rotten Teeth do send to the Brain an infectious Vapour; and nothing is better to keep the Teeth white and clean, than to wash them twice a Month with Wine, wherein let there be boiled a Root of Tithymalus, or Spurge. And now to wash the Head sometimes, we ought not to take that old Italian Proverb or Sentence for our Guide, viz. Si lavano spesso le many, raro i piedi, et non mai il capo: That is, we must often wash our Hands, seldom our Feet, and never our Head. But that Maxim is not good; for washing the Head sometimes does greatly strengthen the Brain, especially if in the Wintertime you wash it with sweet Lie, wherein let there be boiled some Sage, Bettony, Staechas, or French-Lavender, Camomile, Myrrh, and a little odoriferous Wine; and use also Washballs made of the Soap of Venice, or Damascus, about two ounces of the Larch-tree, or Agaricon, (a kind of Mushroom growing upon high Trees of a white colour, very good for the Head) one ounce; of Laudanum, three drams, of Cloves and Spikenard, ana two scruples, with oil of Myrtles, and with these Ingredients make a little Ball for your use. In the Summer boil with your Lie dry Roses, and instead of the Soap, take the yelk of an Egg fresh and lukewarm. Having washed the Head, your next care must be to dry it as soon as you can with warm , so that there remain 〈◊〉 wetness or moisture, for the Brain is naturally most humid, and therefore Nature has given it so many vents and passages, whereby it may evacuate all the moist superfluities. Moreover, when you have washed your Head, you should beware of exposing it too soon to the open Air, and therefore 'tis better to wash it in the Evening before Supper; but first of all you ought to seek God's assistance by Prayer, who is the most skilful Physician both of Body and Soul, and without his gracious and benign influence all Medicines are vain and useless. Then going abroad, begin some easy, pleasant Exercise, till you perceive a moderate sweat spread itself over all your Body; the most robust Exercise is rather to be performed in the Morning, than Afternoon: And here it is worth your Observation, that as a temperate use of Exercise does mightily aid and contribute to the preservation of the Health, so overmuch is very destructive to the Health; and so as Motion before Meals is very necessary and wholesome, so if done immediately after Meals, draws the Humours through all the parts of the Body, and the juice which remains as yet raw in the Stomach; whence proceed divers and sundry Infirmities.  
After Dinner therefore no Exercise is convenient, but a quiet composure and stillness of the Body is most requisite, especially for one hour after Dinner, after which a little walking is not amiss, for the better digesting and jogging down the Victuals to the bottom of the Stomach. Lastly, those Exercises are best which are performed in the open Air, rather than in Houses; in the Sun, than in the Shade; and in the shade, either of a Wall, or of sweet smelling Arbours, are more beneficial, than under any roofed place. Those that by some Accident or other cannot walk, let them ride in a Horselitter, in a Coach, or Sedan, so that they may in some manner have exercised themselves before Meals; for by Idleness the Stomach is dulled and blunted, but by Motion it is enlivened, and receives a better Appetite to its Victuals. Therefore the Body being sufficiently exercised, repose yourself, to the end that the perturbation ceasing, the Heat and the Blood are recreated (than you may venture to eat) which whilst they are in revolution, draw the crude Humours to the Bowels, which do thereby remain very much obstructed. Besides this, we ought not to neglect the Exercise of the Mind; for a● the Body with Exercise is rendered strong and robust, so the Mind is nourished by Studies, and acquires fresh vigour, and many by a continual Exercise of the Mind, have freed their Bodies from the greatest Distempers. The Exercises of the Mind are Speculation, Singing with Musical Instruments, applying yourself to some Study, as History, Theology, etc. for these things delighting the Mind, feed it in such sort, that all the Virtues become more strong, and better enabled to resist and overcome Infirmities: And these Exercises performed at due times, that is, after a perfect Concoction of your Victuals, both nourish and corroborate the Mind, and render the Memory quick and lasting; and hence proceeds that the Learned Men are most fit and apt to Govern in the Commonwealth. But if out of Season, it hinders Digestion, heaping up and contracting many Superfluities, occasioning various Oppilations, and oftentimes begetting putrid Fevers. And furthermore, if Ol● Men should be continually-idle, without any Exercise, Old Age being itself a putrefaction, by adding putrefaction thereto, they become so much the more putrefied, withered, and dry; but by Exercise they may live a long time, whence it happens that we hear this grave Sentence in every one's mouth, That the study of Health consists in these things chief, viz. in not satiating or cloying ones self with Food, and in not being averse from Labour, and that Exercise, Food, Drink, Sleep, etc. ought all to be moderate.   

CHAP. III. Of Rest.  
AS an immoderate Exetcise does very much endamage the Health, so on the other side does Idleness and overmuch Rest, which does not only offend the Body, but also weakens the Understanding; for whilst the Body is in Idleness and without Action, it collects many superfluities, whence afterwards infinite Distempers arise by Crudities, Obstructions, etc. Idleness consumes and corrupts the Strength, extinguishes the Natural Heat, and increases the Phlegm in the Veins, fattens the Body, and weakens it. Also as by Exercise the Natural heat is increased, and the Concoction of the Food is facilitated, so by Idleness 'tis hindered and extinguished; and for this reason Idleness is numbered amongst the chief causes of cold Diseases; and the Poet knowing how hurtful to the Health is Idleness, says, 
Cernis ut ignavum corrumpunt otia corpus.  
 capiunt vitium, ni moveantur aquae.  And Idleness not only corrupts the Body, but is also a great cause of pernicious Thoughts, as the same Poet says: 
Queritur Aegisthus, quare sit factus adulter,  
In promptu causa est, desidiosus erat.  However by moderate seasonable Repose the Body and Mind are recreated and refreshed; for, 
Quod caret alterna requie durabile non est,  
Haec reparat vires fessaque membra levat.  And Rest not only to the Body, but also to the Mind, is sometimes absolutely necessary, when they are tired with Studies, Thoughts, or Actions; according to another Poet, Otia Corpus alunt animus quoque pascitur illis. In brief, without Rest, the strength and vigour of the Mind, cannot long endure; whereas on the contrary, Rest and Repose does in a great measure aid and contribute to the Speculation, and the profound Invention of Occult things. Rest is good after Meals, because the Victuals reside in the bottom of the Stomach well united and coagulated, ●●ich always happens after a good Digestion. And as to the Phlegmatic, and those of a cold and moist Complexion, Motion is profitable; so to the hot and choleric, Rest is most necessary. Though it is true, that too much Rest, called Idleness, as is said before, is exceedingly destructive, both to the Body and Mind, but especially to the Mind; for it makes Men negligent, slothful, ignorant, oblivious, and forgetful, and renders them unfit for any Counsel, Office, or Charge in the Republic. Then the Idleness also of the Body makes Men fat, lazy, sluggards, weak, and of a pale Complexion, cools and extinguishes their Natural Heat, increases Phlegm, and fills the Body with superfluities, begetting cold Infirmities, as the Gout both in the Hands and Feet, Catarrhs, Obstructions of the Bowels, Epilepsy, or Falling-Sickness, and pains of the Arteries; therefore when at any time you are necessitated to be in Idleness, and by some business or encumbrance you are forced to abstain from all manner of Exercise, you must instead thereof observe a slender Diet, and that Food which is most easy of Digestion, and Broths, which without any trouble or difficulty are digested, and distributed through all the Body, and cause a lubricity, or slipperiness in the Belly: And those that make use of this Method, are to be advised, that they do not lie along, or lean on one side, but for the most part to sit upright, whereby their Victuals may better descend, and more easily be concocted: And to the end that they may the better preserve their Health, let them regulate and conform their Diet to these Rules.  
Parce mero, Coenato parum, nec sit tibi vanum,  
Surgere post epulas somnum fuge meridianum.  
Now, the superfluous Rest is no small hurt to the Body, therefore I advise you, that this Rest be temperate, and not degenerate into a base sloth and laziness, to which in a small time some grievous Infirmity will succeed; whence we see those that are in Prison, loaded with Chains and Irons, so that they cannot move, always incur some Distemper; for their Body grows cold, whilst by the superfluous moisture the heat is suppressed, not being able freely to disperse itself through the Body, the passages not only for the heat being stopped and hindered, but also for the Victuals; whence proceeds the diminution of the strength, and the Members become lessened, and almost dried up. And on the contrary, a temperate and moderate Exercise dissolves all the superfluities, and opens the ways and passages, whereby the Natural heat may without intterruption diffuse and spread abroad itself. And therefore Hypocrates affirms, that a moderate Exercise is above all things most necessary to phlegmatics, and to those whose Constitution or Temper is cold and moist; but to hot and choleric Persons, Rest (though not Idleness) is very fit and commodious: But besides this, all Learned Physicians agree, that both Exercise and Rest, if moderate, is a special means to preserve the Health, and prolong the Life.   

CHAP. IU. Of Sleep.  
ALL Creatures by long fatigues and watching do waste and consume themselves, and therefore stand in need of an alternate radical moistness, to supply the place of that which is spent, and to renew the weakened Spirits: Now, this is brought to pass by moderate sleeping, the commodity and good whereof is, that it reheats and corroborates the Members, concocts the Humours, augments the Natural Heat, fattens the Body, heals the Infirmities of the Mind, and mitigates and allays the troubles and sorrows of the Heart; for whilst we sleep, the faculties of the Mind rest and repose themselves, and Nature operates more strongly. Sleep also facilitates the digestion of the Food, which lies in the Stomach, and not only concocts it there, but also distributes it through the parts of the Body; for the Natural heat concenters in the inward parts, whereby the Food is the better concocted. Lastly, sleep removes all lassitude and weariness, caused by overmuch Watching, and therefore 'tis called a Rest from all Labour, and the peace of the Mind, as is manifested in these Verses: 
Somne es tu rerum placidissime, somne Deorum  
Pax animi, quem cura fugit, tu pectora lenis,  
Curas passa graves, & multo victa labour.  But however we must avoid a to● prolix and superfluous sleep, which is no less pernicious, than the other good and commodious; for it chills and dries the Body, weakens the Natural heat, and breeds Phlegmatic Humours, whence afterwards proceeds much sloth and laziness, and it sends many Vapours to the Head, which are oftentimes the immediate cause of Rheums and Catarrhs, and is very destructive to gross and fat Bodies; in brief, 'tis neither good for the Body, nor the Mind, nor for Business; he who sleeps too much, is but half a Man, sleep rendering him in all points like a dead Man, except his digestion of the Food; for he neither sees, nor hears, nor speaks, nor understands, and is absolutely deprived of all Reason, the which for the time is a perfect death. Superfluous sleep moreover, both in sound and infirm Bodies, does beget an Asthma, or shortness of Breath, and is the constant forerunner and preparative to an Apoplexy, Palsy, Numbness, or Lethargy, and to a Fever; and besides those other incommodities which it brings along with it, it hinders the timely evacuation of the Excrements, causing them to remain longer in the Vessels, or Guts. Sleep aught to be taken at such time as the Stomach is free from all smoky Food, the Vapours whereof arriving to the Brain, and finding it cold and thick, are congealed and made heavy; and then falling down, they obstruct the sensitive passages of the Members, just as the Rain is form in the middle Region of the Air, by the Vapours from the Earth. Now, on the contrary, too much watching, and want of sleep, beget overmuch heat in the Brain, and is the cause of the Anguish of the Mind, and of a bad Digestion of the Food; for by Watching the Natural heat, w●●●h is called the first or chiefest instrument of the Soul, is weakened, and quits the concoction in the Stomach, leaving it imperfect. For the Soul serves the Body whilst we see and move; and being divided into many parts, is not free, but distributes some part of itself to all the Members and Senses of the Body; to the Hearing, to the Sight, to the Feeling, to the Taste, to the Walking, to the Working, and to every Faculty of the Body; whence being altogether taken up, and employed by so many businesses, it leaves the Food in the Stomach; and hence proceeds the Crudities, if Nature does not succour and prevent them by necessary sleep, the which is the Rest and sweet Repose of the Animal Faculties. Sleep is good for Phlegmetick Persons, because it concocts the crude Humours, whence afterwards is begot good Blood, whereby a Man becomes more warm, the Natural heat being increased by the plenty of Blood. Sleep moreover is very useful in Choleric Persons, both as to the quiet of the Mind, and as to the correcting the Complexion of their Body. But it is most of all requisite in Melancholy Men, seeing that it is sleep alone can change their Distemper; for by sleep they acquire a competent stock of heat and moisture, things that are very contrary to their Complexion. But it is most of all hurtful to those of Sanguine Complexion. However, sleep in the daytime, and after Dinner, is to be avoided by ●ll, unless when a Man is compelled thereto by a Custom and Habit, or that in the precedent Night ●e has taken but small Rest, or when he perceives 〈◊〉 kind of lassitude or weariness through all his Limbs; and in such cases he may have leave, and especially those who have a wea● Stomach, and cannot digest their Food; and then also they ought not to sleep with their Head declined, nor in a Bed, but in a Chair, with their Head lifted up, and then no longer than an hour. Now, the Diurnal sleep in respect of the Nocturnal is always pernicious, chief in the Dog-days; for then contrary Operations arise in our Body, that the sleep retracts the heat to the inward parts, and the heat of the Air to the outward parts, and at such time the Brain is filled with many Vapours, which afterwards being united and condensed into Water, descend to the inferior parts, and increase the Rheum; and falling into divers parts of the Body▪ they are distinguished by several names, as is demonstrated by these Verses: 
Ad pectus si Rheuma fivit, tunc dico Catarrhum,  
Ad fauces Bronchos, ad nares dico Corizam.  And other evil Accidents do attend such an irregularity; therefore the Divine Providence has se● apart the Day for Business and Labour, and th● Night for Rest and Sleep; so that to sleep in th● Daytime is to invert the Order of Nature, an● disposes the Body to receive innumerable Infirmities; it begets Catarrhs, ill colour in the Face renders the Milt heavy, offends the Nerves causes Laziness, Imposthumes, and Fevers: An● besides, who would deprive themselves (by 〈◊〉 kind of a voluntary Death) of the glorious light of the Sun, and Day, which was created for Ma● to enjoy, to do whatsoever is requisite, to follow his Affairs, etc. whereas the Night being dark obscure, and silent, is only fit for Sleep, both for the coolness 〈◊〉 the Air, and also for the quiet and tranquillity of the Body and Soul, for then no noise or rumours interrupt and disturb our Sleep; and therefore it is said; 
Si vis incolumem, si vis te reddere sanum,  
Curas tolle graves, somnum fuge meridianum,  
Parce mero, coenato parum, nec sit tibi vanum,  
Surgere post epulas, irasci crede profanum,  
Nec mictum retine, nec comprime fortiter anum.   
But if any necessity (as is said) compels a man to sleep in the day time, either by reason of night-watching, or to restore decayed strength, he may venture to sleep a little in the daytime, for the heat being withdrawn to the inward Parts, causes a better Concoction. But one may sleep in the long days sitting on a leather Chair, with the Head lifted up, but not bowed backwards or forward, but on one side, which thing causes less Evaporation to the Brain; but ft is not good to sleep in a soft and delicious Bed, nor perfumed with Musk, or Amber, or Lignum Aloes, because there is too much ado, especially when no good but rather hurt proceeds from thence, for it offends the Brain, and makes the Head heavy: One ought also to avoid the contrary extreme, and not to sleep upon Board's, or other hard things, which will break some Vein in the Breast.  
Note, That you ought not to sleep a-nights with the Head, Arms, or Feet uncovered, for the coldness of extreme Parts of the Body are very hurtful, and destructive to the Brain. You must also take this Caveat along with you, that is, not to sleep in a Room whereto the R●●s of the Moon have a free access, for there is sc●●ce any thing more pernicious to the Head, and are a greater cause of Catarrhs, than if you should sleep in the open Air. Besides this, 'tis not good to sleep presently after Food, but to tarry at least two hours ●fter, and the longer the better, for thereby the Victuals will be the better concocted. 'Tis yet more pernicious to sleep immediately after Dinner than after Supper, for then a man is wakened out of his Sleep before that his Head can concoct, or dispose of the Vapours which arise from his Food. 'Tis furthermore noxious to sleep with an empty Stomach, because it weakens the force of the Body; and in sleeping you should not make too many turns, for it causes the corruption of the Victuals in the Stomach, increases the Superfluities, and lastly, hinders the digestion of those matters, and the sending of them to their natural Places. So likewise sleeping with the Face upwards is greatly to be avoided, for it offends the Back and the Reins, hinders the Breathing, and is a Preparative to the noxious distempers of the Nerves, or Sinews; for the Superfluities go to the nape of the Neck and Backbone, and to the backparts, so that they cannot be purged out by the Nose, nor the Mouth, nor by the other usual means, though it is true, that when we be troubled with any pain or infirmity of the Reins, 'tis best to sleep on the Back. The manner of Sleeping, to the end that Victuals may better descend to the bottom of the Stomach, is to begin your Sleep on the right side, continuing so the space of two hours; then to turn yourself on the left side for a longer space, which mightily aids Digestion; for then the Liver embraces the Victuals, as a Hen her Chickens, and lies directly ●●der the Stomach, like a Fire under a Cauldron, and so is caused a more ready and better Digestion: Afterwards in the end of your Sleep, you must turn on the right side again, to the end that the Food may more easily descend from the Stomach to the Liver, and that the superfluity of the first Digestion may find a more free passage to the Entrails. But when the Stomach is weak, the which you may know by the coldness which is perceived in its region, by all the sharp and sour Humours, and by the Spittle after the Food, which is insipid, and without taste, than it is better to begin your Sleep lying on your Belly, for such Sleep corroborates the Face, the Breast, and the Digestion; though it is naught for them who are troubled with Rheums in the Eyes, because it adds more Matter and Humours thereto: But at such time 'twill be better to apply to the Stomach a Pillow of soft Feathers and little, such as those of a Vulture; or instead of Feathers, you may fill the Pillow with the clippings of Scarlet. And amongst the things, which do mostly contribute to the expulsion of that coldness of the Stomach, is to hold embraced a fleshy Child, or a little fat Dog, which heating the Stomach do greatly aid Digestion. The quantity of Sleep ought to be taken till the Concoction in the Stomach is perfected, which may be known by the Urine, which when it looks clear as Water, d●es demonstrate that there remains some Crudity, or raw Juice in the Veins, and therefore requires a longer Sleep; but when the Urine is of a Limmor, or bright yellow colour, it shows that the Juice is fully concocted, and then that Sleep is sufficient.  
But this time of Sleep is varied according to the diversity of the Complexions, of ●●e Age, and of the Time: For those that are of a hot Complexion, digest their Victuals quickly, and for such six hours Sleep is sufficient; but those of a cold Constitution, (the digestive faculty being but weak in them) stand in need of a longer Sleep: Whence six hours Sleep is enough for any young Man, but for old Men, eight or nine hours at least; and it is always better that the Sleep should rather be too long, than a superfluous and overmuch Waking, whereby the Brain is weakened, whence many phlegmatic Superfluities arise. And the Signs of a sufficient Sleep is a Lightness and Agility, which spreads itself over all the Body, and chief in the Brain, and the descent of the Food from the Stomach, and a desire to ease Nature, both of it and of the Urine, and a cessation of the weariness, caused by the forepast waking; whereas the contrary Signs, that is, a heaviness of the Body, and Belches, which savour of the Victuals, signify that more Sleep is required, the other not being sufficient. And you must know in brief, that a moderate Sleep restores the animal Faculties, helps the concoction of the Victuals, and of the crude Humours, causes a forgetfulness of Labour, and all sorrowful Thoughts, mitigates the grief of the Mind, moistens all the Members of the Body, restores all the wasted Faculties, augments the natural Heat, increases the radical Moisture, clarifies and strengthens the Sight, takes away Weariness, refreshing the tired Bodies, and keeps back Fluxes and Rheums. But if took immoderately, it makes the Head heavy, troubles the Mind, weakens the Memory, and all the animal Faculties, makes the Body cold, multiplies Phlegm, extinguishes the natural Heat, in●●ces a Nauseating, makes the Face pale, and is hurtful to all phlegmatic Distempers. Now when a man has taken but small Rest, and cannot sleep, let him at least take some repose with his Eyes shut, which may supply the place of Sleep, and is almost as effectual. 'Tis observable besides, That in old Men, whose Stomach is cold, and Liver hot, 'tis necessary to begin their Sleep on the left side, for so the Stomach is heated, and the Food better concocted, the Stomach being fomented by the Liver, and on the contrary, the Liver being cooled.   

CHAP. V Of Waking.  
WAking is an intention, or rather an extension of the Soul, and the faculties thereof, to all the Parts of the Body, which when it is moderate, stirs up and excites all the Senses, disposes and orders the vital Faculties to their operation, expelling and driving forth all the superfluous Humours from the Body, but if immoderate and excessive, it begets Distempers in the Head, corrupts the temperature of the Brain, causes Madness, kindles the Humours, excites sharp and acrimonious Infirmities, makes men look lean and hungerstarved, of a pale and thin Complexion, weakens the concoctive Faculties, dissolves the Spirits, fills the Head with Vapours, makes the Eyes hollow, increases Heat, and inflam●● the Choler, hinders Digestion, and causes Crudities in the Stomach, because the natural Heat betakes itself to the outward Parts: And therefore let this be your Rule, that both Sleep and Waking be always moderate.   

CHAP. VI Of Fullness.  
FRom the eating of Food are collected many Superfluities, of which a great part is spent and consumed, (as we have showed in its place) by Exercise; it is necessary therefore by some artifice to drive the remnant out of the Body. Now these Superfluities be divers, according to the different Places whence they proceed, as Spittle, Snot, Sweat, Urine, dregs of the Belly, and other sordities or filthiness of the Body, which if not driven out, are wont to beget many Infirmities, as Obstructions, Fevers, Pains, and Impostumes; for which reason we ought with all diligence to procure their Evacuation, for all those Distempers which proceed from Fullness, are cured by Evacuation; as on the contrary, those which are derived from Emptiness, are cured by Fullness. However superfluous Evacuation is to be forbidden, for by it the natural Heat and the Spirits are dissolved, for then their virtues are not powerful enough in their operations; and the emptiness of the Stomach c●●ses the Epilepsy, or Falling-sickness. We must therefore chief advertise you, that the Superfluities and Excrements of the Belly, and the Urine, every day morning and evening, or at least once a day be evacuated, for it is very necessary for one's health to keep the Body lose; and this is most profitable in the pains of the Gout, Stone, or Gravel in the Kidneys. This is done either by Art or Nature, with common Glisters, or with Oil alone, or with a Suppository of Honey or Salt, of Butter, or of Soap; and you must not suffer these Superfluities to remain too long in the Belly, for they are very destructive both to the Head, and to all the Body. Every time therefore that a man shall perceive any heaviness in his Entrails, or in the Bladder, or in any other Place where the Superfluities are gathered together; and every time that he thinks there is a necessity thereof, let him suddenly excite Nature, and stir up a desire of sending it forth; for we see in many, that having for some time retained their Urine, they could not afterwards make Water, and have caused the Stone, Ruptures, etc. as likewise the keeping back of the Excrements, or the Wind, have occasioned Colic pains: And therefore the Schola Salerni thus speaks thereof; 
Nec mictum retine, nec comprime fortiter anum,  
Et  
Quatuor ex vento veniunt in ventre retenta,  
Spasmus Hydrops, Colica, & Vertigo, hoc res probat ipsa.   
We ought with all our might to avoid the superfluous repletion of Victuals and Drink, because they beget and foment many Evils, for from the overmuch Fullness, the natural faculties in the Stomach are weakened and oppressed, as on the contrary being empty, it causes the Falling-sickness. The Vessels when they are too full of Meats and Drinks, are in great danger either that they burst, or at least the natural heat is thereby suffocated; and in fat and big Bodies, a moderate abstinence is very necessary; and therefore the Gluttons do not grow at all, because their Meat does not digest itself, whence the Body is not nourished: And therefore the Philosopher being asked, Why he did eat so little; answered,  vivam edo, non ut edam vivo: Or according to the Italian Proverb, which is, 
Mangiar e ber per viver far mistiere,  
Ma non gia viver per mangiare e bear.  That is, We do not live to eat, but eat to live. For how many men be there, who being superfluously full, are in the end choked and killed thereby? and nothing is worse than overmuch stuffing or cramming one's self, in such time when things are all plentiful; and it is often seen, that many who in a dearth or scarcity wanting Victuals, when things grow cheap and abound, do presently kill themselves, by too greedily eating. If therefore at any time by a disordinate and irregular Appetite, you should chance to overeat yourself, and that you perceive a nauseating and heaviness in the Stomach, which is occasioned either by the quality or quantity of the Food, then presently endeavour to vomit it forth, the which cleanses the Stomach, and takes away the heaviness of the Head. ●o less ought we to avoid too much abstinence from our Food; for as too much fullness suffocates the natural hea●, so emptiness dissolves it, whence afterwards divers and sundry Infirmities proceed.   

CHAP. VII. Of Baths.  
BAthing is one kind of Evacuation; for being made of hot Water, they heat and moisten, take away all weariness, lessen the repletion or fullness of the Body, ease and mitigate the pains, mollify, fatten, are good for Children, and for old persons before Meals, because they draw the nourishment to their Members, and corroborate them, and contribute to the dissipating their Superfluities, and driving them forth; and the Excrements of old persons being salt, Bathing does temperate them. The bathing in Wine is good for the pains in the Joints and Nerves, the Palsy, Tremble. Bathing in Oil does wonderfully contribute to the healing of the Spasmus, Cramp, (or convulsion of the Nerves) in old men; as also against Colic pains, gravel in the Kidneys, and stoppages in the Urine. Coming out of the Bath, you must dry yourself with a hot Towel in the Winter, afterwards anoint all the Body with the oil of sweet Almonds, or of Anise, or Camomile, then pair the Nails, and shave the soles of your Feet. The Senses are also comforted and strengthened in a sweet smelling Bath, wherein may be boiled a sprig or two of Sage, and with this hot wash your Hands and Eyes once or twice a day: Old men ought also to be often chewing of Sage first washed in Wine, which to the Teeth and the Nerves is exceeding good. We must take heed too of staying too long in the Bath, for that weakens and dissolves the Strength, confounds the Intellect, causes Nauseating, Vomits, and the Syncope, or swooning Fits; whereas staying in no longer than is necessary, it opens the Pores of the Skin, draws the nourishment to all the Members, begets an Appetite, attenuates the gross Humours, diminishes the Repletion, dissolves Windiness, takes away Weariness, mitigates Pains, provokes Sleep, binds the Belly: 'Tis bad for fat men, for in them it collects the Humours, and afterwards attracting them to each part of the Body, causes Impostumes. In short, going to the Bath, remember that: 
Balnea, Vina, Venus corrumpunt corpora nostra,  
Conservant eadem Balnea, Vina, Venus.  
Et  
Siquis ad interitum properet, via trita patebit,  
Huc iter accelerant Balnea, Vina, Venus.    

CHAP. VIII. Of Rubbing.  
FRictions or Rubbing are very useful for the conservation of the Health, and chief for old men; and the operation and effects which proceed from thence are very great; for they hinder that the Humours do not fall into the Joints, and help Digestion, and if performed in due time, (that is, having first eased the Body of its Excrements) cheers the Body, opens the Pores, whereby the Superfluities are more easily evaporated, because it swiftly draws the Blood to the exterior Parts, thickens the slender Bodies, and attenuates the big, mollifies the hard, and hardens the soft, and finally kindles and corroborates the natural Heat, and excites the vital Faculties, whence the distribution and concoction of the Food is more easy and ready: And the Rubbing aught to be performed until it shall become delightful and pleasant; and 'tis very convenient for old men in the Summer and Autumn, if they first void the Excrements out of the Bladder and Belly; if old men by reason of their weakness or some occupation, cannot perform any Exercise, instead thereof let them use short and moderate Rubbing, as is said before.  
It would be no hurt moreover, if at Spring, or in the fall of the Leaf, after the Equinox, with the counsel and advice of some learned and able Physician, you purge yourself of those Superfluities, which remaining behind, do often give one some annoyance in Summer or Winter.   

CHAP. IX. Of Venery.  
THE chief end of venereal Pleasures, and carnal Copulation, aught to be the procreation of Children, which likewise is to be performed with none but a lawful Consort, joined by holy Matrimony; and its use also aught to be moderate, and so it glads the Heart of man, stirs up the natural Heat, makes the Body light, mitigates the passions of the Mind, enlivens the Spirits and Senses: But the immoderate Venery weakens the Stomach, the Head, all the Senses, the Sinews, the Joints, and hastens Death.  
Those who desire to live chastely without a Woman, let them have recourse to Fasting. Let us seriously consider, what a wonderful invention of Nature it is to conserve the Species, by Generation, or begetting of new Animals, it being very reasonable that every one should give to another, that Life which he hath received from his Progenitor, and thereby obtain or procure, that his Child should render to his Father, when he is weak and old, that which the Child hath received from him, that is, nourishment and sustentation.   

CHAP. X. Of the Accidents of the Mind.  
THE Passions of the Mind have great power, and do much contribute to the changing of the Body, because they make a stirring and motion in the Humours, and in the Spirits, and these motions immoderate and sudden are raised from the Centre of the Body to the Circumference; as Anger, Joy, etc. or from the Circumference to the Centre, as Fear, and the like, from whence proceed great motions of the Spirits; and therefore we ought carefully to avoid such Passions, since it dries the Body, and altars it too much, troubling it, and changing it from its Natural Complexion; and therefore Plato calls these the Infirmities of the Mind, viz. Anger, Joy, Sorrow, Melancholy, Anxiety, or Anguish, Exclamation, Fury, Violence, Brawling, Contention, Hatred, Envy, Perplexity, Fear, Shame, unpleasant Thoughts, unbridled Desires, Boldness, Incontinence, Importunity, Iniquity, Ambition, Distrust, Hope, Despair, etc. All which Passions, besides the great hurt they do to the Body, do also very much offend the Mind; for Anger, and overmuch Sorrow afflict the Spirits, dry the Bones, extenuate the Flesh, inflame and burn the Body, putting it into confusion out of its natural state; whence afterwards proceed many evils; as Catarrhs, and Fluxes in the Joints, although these Passions when they are moderate, are sometimes good for Men, and does not a little contribute to their Health. For Example, Anger excites and increases the Natural heat, and oftentimes it is good to be Angry, to repair that Natural heat, and to collect the Blood in the Veins; and therefore in cold Infirmities Anger is to be stirred up, as on the contrary, in hot it is to be avoided. Besides this, the Passion of the Mind, to wit, Melancholy, weakens the Digestion, whereas Joy and Gladness fortifies it. And this is the chiefest and truest Reason why Men, more than all other Creatures are exposed to Crudities, because the Beasts and irrational Animals, although they eat to satiety, nevertheless do not hinder the Natural Virtue which concocts the Food; for the concoctive virtue and the appetitive is equal in them; but Men by their divers thoughts and perturbations of their Mind, divert this Virtue from its Operation; and though they eat moderately, yet they fall into Crudities, whence proceed many Infirmities; and therefore a Man by all possible means to avoid the thoughts of sad and dolorous subjects, and all other things which may any wise disturb the Mind, and always to hope well of every thing; for to have a cheerful Mind in all Infirmities is good, whereas the contrary is as bad; neither is it good a long while to dwell upon Thoughts, for it is said, L' Imaginatione fa il caso. You must keep yourself also from frequent weeping, from great fury, and from an appetite or desire of Revenge; for these things weaken the Brain, and hinder the digestion of the Matter; so also superfluous Fear weakens the Virtues: And all these Accidents of the Mind hinder concoction, and alter the natural state of the Body. For Fear withdraws the Spirits and the Blood, attracting them inwardly to the Heart, whence the Members grow cold, the Body pale, causing tremble, the Voice is interrupted, and the whole force of the Body is deficient; for Fear, whilst the Evil feared is expected, causes a beating of the Heart, which causes a commotion of the Spirits, the which being moved, disturb all the Blood; whence afterwards are occasioned Crudities and Putrefactions. Anger is a vehement mover of Heat, which pours out itself in the outward parts with great violence; and therefore with Anger the Face looks red, and the Body is more apt to all Wickedness: Anger furthermore moves the Heart to Revenge, the which moved, easily inflames the Body, and dry it, and by its fervour all the Faculties of the Soul are confounded; and therefore 'tis said, Anger is an inflammation of the Blood about the Midriff, by reason of a desire of Revenge; and therefore those that be Angry, have a strong and big pulse, whereas the fearful have a small and weak, because the Heat returns inward. But in these cases, the Natural heat one while retires within, another while outwards, both one and the other of these Motions discover themselves in shame, that first the heat retreats within, afterwards comes out, which not returning, causes fear, and not shame. If after those things which a Man suddenly suffers, if then he grows passionate, by little and little 'twill cause sorrow, which spoils and corrupts the Nature of Men, extenuating, cooling, and drying his Body, darkens the Spirits, obscures the Wit, and clouds the Judgement, weakens the Memory, and hinders the Reason; and oftentimes by these sudden motions of the Mind is caused sudden Death; for either the Faculties of the Mind (which consist in heat) are dissolved, or else are extinguished by too much cold: And there are many who have perished by overmuch fea● and sorrow, which driving all the Blood and Spirit● to the Heart, suffocates the Heart, whereupon follows immediate Death. And therefore Rutilius being denied the Consulship, which he earnestly sought after, suddenly expired: And the same thing happened to Marcus Lepidus, by a superfluous grief after the Divorce from his Wife. We read likewise that many by an excess of Joy have died, as also by sudden grief or fear, though never any by too much Anger. By a great and sudden Joy the Animal Spirits being loosened, are transported to the external parts, and dissolve themselves; and thence the Heart being forsaken and destitute of the Blood and Spirits, grows cold, whereby many, especially those that are very timorous and cowardly, have lost their Lives. Many others moreover, have died of shame, as is read of Homer and Diodorus; for which cause these Passions of the Mind ought always to be used with a certain Mediocrity, or Moderateness; and chief Joy ought to be accompanied with a moderate Laughing, which thing excites the Natural heat, temperates and purifies all the Animal Spirits, corroborates the other Faculties, aids Digestion, clears and subtilates the Wit, and renders a Man able for all Businesses, preserves Youth, and finally prolongs the Life; and Joy is good for all Persons, except such as have need to become lean, because it fattens the Body, and multiplies the flesh and moisture. In short, nothing is more necessary for the conservation of the Heart, than to live gladly and merrily; not to trouble one's self, or be angry, always to have a good hope of Health, let all these things be done moderately, for Mediocrity ought always to be your aim; and therefore says Hypocrates, let your cares and fatigues, your eating and drinking, sleep, and Venereal Pleasures, let all these things be moderate: for, 
Est modus in rebus, sunt certi denique fines,  
Quos ultra citraque nequit consistere rectum.   
That Man therefore that loves his Health, let him delight in Gardens, frequent green and pleasant places; let him converse with merry and jocund Friends, with Music and Songs; for by these things the Spirits are restored, and as the force and strength of a Man is increased by good Victuals, Wine, sweet Smells, by Tranquillity and Gladness, by flying of Cares and troublesome Affairs, which render a Man sad; and by frequenting the Company of merry Companions; so likewise it is good to hear Stories, Tales, and pleasant Discourses, and to read some delightful Subject; and in reading, great care is to be taken not to read with the Head in the Bosom, but lifted up, and to read with Spectacles or a Magnifying-Glass, which strengthens the sight. Besides this, it much contributes to man's delight to keep Singing-Birds. No less pleasant and wholesome is it to enjoy a sweet and clear Air, to walk sometimes in the Fields, to rise betimes in the Morning, than which there is nothing in the World that cheers and glads the Heart of Man; and (as A●istotle witnesss) does wonderfully contribute to the Health, and to the Studies. Finally, in Trouble and Adversity let a Man defend himself from slackness and dejection of Mind; as likewise in Prosperity from an extreme Joy, which knows no bounds; as the Lyric Poet Horace does well advise us in these Verses: 
Rebus angustis animosus atque  
Fortis appare, sapienter idem  
Contrahes vento nimium secundo  
Turgida vela.  
Et  
Aequam memento rebus in arduis  
Servare vitam, non secus in bonis  
Ab insolenti temperatam laetitiâ.   
We ought therefore with all care well to compose our Mind, endeavouring with all our power to know the Truth, for this is the Ambrosia of the Gods, whereby the Mind is nourished; and by the frequency of good Studies to consolidate and establish the affectionate motions of the Mind, to the end, that sorrow and other ill Desires and Passions may be expelled and driven forth; for we ought not to suffer them to have so great predomination over our wills, that they shall be able to bias our Affections, and turn them out of the right way, and to destroy our Bodies; setting before ourselves therefore Philosophy, which is the Medicine of the Mind, to extirpate thence all Evils, let us be guided thereby, borrowing from thence such Rules that may render our Life happy and blessed.   

CHAP. XI. Of Meat and Drink.  
FInally, towards the preservation of the Health of Humane Bodies, Meat and Drink are the principal Instruments, because without it neither healthy nor unhealthy, distempered nor indistempered, are able to live; therefore there is no question but that the use of Food is absolutely necessary; for our Bodies being in a continual Flux, which every hour, and every moment of time does consume and dissolve the Spirits of the Body, and likewise the Humours and the solid parts, if another like substance instead of that which is dissolved, is not introduced, Death will in a short while follow thereupon; to supply which defect, the Almighty Creator of all things, by his great Benevolence has provided for Men Meats and Drinks; and to the end, that by Food may be restored all that which was wasted from the more dry substance; and with Drinks, all that was diminished from the Humid substance. In Food therefore it is considered the goodness, the quantity, the custom, the choice, the order, the time, the nature, the place, and the Age.  
First therefore the Goodness; and therefore that is good Food which is light, and of subtle Digestion, easily concocted, and in a short time descends from the Stomach, and is of good Juice; that Food is of good Juice which begets good Blood, and good Blood is that which is temperate in the first Degree, not too thin nor too thick; not sharp nor biting, not bitter, not salt, nor sour: The good Food is that which is easily digested, and such are those that have a tender substance, and are easily dissolved, as Eggs, flesh of small Birds, to wit, of Pheasants, Hens, etc. but those Foods are of a difficult digestion which have a contrary substance, such as are Foods made of Paste or Dough, unleavened or hard Bread, Coleworts, Old Cheese, Beans, Lupins, Garlic, Onions, and the Entrails of Birds or Beasts, such things are to be avoided. Choose therefore those Foods which with their wholesome and laudable Juice restore the radical Moisture; or else let them not be gross and excrementious: For the Natural Heat, if weak, especially of Old Men, cannot digest Meats of an heavy and gross substance; and on the other side, let not the Meat be weak, that is, of small Nourishment; for such cause a shortness and diminution of our Lives.  
The Quantity of Foods is corrupted by the abundance of it; for so much Food ought to be taken, as the strength can conveniently bear; that is, whereby it may be restored, and not overladen or pressed down, and that may be easily digested; for the Natural heat being weak and infirm, it cannot be concocted, and thereupon follow many Distempers; and therefore 'tis said, those that eat large Meals ought not to be merry and jocund; for though they do not find the punishment thereof at present, yet they can never long escape the danger. Let therefore the use of Foods be moderate; for as Gluttony is destructive, so an extraordinary abstinence is no less hurtful: He therefore that studies the preservation of his Health, let him never eat to satiety, but so, that after Dinner he may perceive some relics of an Appetite remaining; for he that does otherwise, shall suffer all Acids, choleric Fluxes above and below, a loathing of your Food, a loss of the Appetite, heaviness of the Head, pain of the Stomach, Obstructions of the Liver and the Milt, Dissentery, or Bloodyflux, and finally, Malignant Fevers.  
And therefore it is better always to leave something to Nature; for those which fill themselves too much, do greatly endanger their Lives, and thereby either the Natural heat is suffocated, or some Vein is broken; for from too much Food proceed several Infirmities, and from those Infirmities Death.  
Observe therefore in every thing, but especially in your Diet, this good and laudable Proverb, viz. Nequid nimis, Too much of one thing is good for nothing; which ought to be a Maxim not only for the Sick, but also for those that are in Health; and the former aught always to observe a strict Rule and Measure of their Diet, for different Infirmities require different measures of Food; for in long and Chronical Distempers there is need of a more hearty and large Diet, whereas a more slender is requisite in sharp and acute Distempers, or when the Disease shall be in its height and prime, it is good to use an harmless and least nourishing Food; but we ought always to observe how much the strength can bear, and how long it is able to subsist with this sort of Food.  
The Quality of the Food, as well in Healthy as in Sick Persons, is known by the Complexion, the which in the former is to be preserved by Food of a like temperament; but in the latter, that is, in distempered People, Food of a contrary quality is requisite; so that with a moist Complexion dry Meats do agree, and on the contrary, moist Foods with a dry temperament; and therefore moist Foods are convenient for those that are of a moist Constitution, as Children; or for those that are troubled with some dry Distemper, to wit, Fevers or Agues. Such Foods therefore are to be chosen, which according to the variety of each Complexion is convenient. Let those of a Sanguine Complexion avoid hot and moist Meats, and such as beget much Blood; let Choleric Persons shun such Food as produces Choler, and so likewise the Phlegmatic and Melancholy Men, let them defend themselves from those things which beget the like Humours; and therefore the Sanguine and Choleric Men are to abstain from all sweet things, as Honey, Sugar, Butter, Oil, Nuts, and the like; and rather to make use of Vinegar, Verjuice, the sour Juice of Lemons, Citrons, and Pomegranates. Moreover, the Food ought not to exceed in any quality; for those which exceed in heat, dry up the Blood, as Sage, Pepper, Garlick, Nasturtium, or Water-cresses, and the like; and if that heat shall happen to be watery, as in Melons, it causes putrefaction; and if poisonous, as in the Mushrooms, it often kills a Man; if moist, it putrefies, and opilates; and if the heat shall be dry, it consumes and weakens the Body. But if the Food is too cold, it mortifies and congeals, as Lettuces, Purslain, and Cucumbers: The fat and oily Meats loosen the Belly, moisten and increase Phlegm, makes overmuch sleep, and hinders Digestion. Sweet Foods cause Obstructions, the bitter do not nourish at all, but dry the Blood; the salt heat and dry, opilate, and are hurtful to the Stomach; the sharp by their heat fill the Head, and disturb the Mind, as Leeks, Garlick, and salted Meats: The rough and astringent bind and obstruct, and beget melancholy Blood; the sharp causes Melancholy, hurt sinewy Members, and therefore do hasten Old Age.  
The Use and Custom in our Diet is of great moment, whence the Ancients affirmed, that Vsus est altera Natura, Custom is a second Nature: Wherefore as in the Food it is good to have respect to the Temper; so it is no less necessary to observe the Custom, the which is one of the principal Roots and Foundations in the preservation of the Health, and in the continuation of Infirmities: But here you ought to take notice, that if such a Custom be naught, you ought by little and little to change it into a good one, but a sudden change is altogether to be avoided, as very dangerous; therefore it is good to accustom one's self to every thing, to the end that a sudden change may not in any wise be hurtful.  
The Order also is to be observed in our Diet; whence Meats easy to digest, easy to go down, and the most tender, if they are taken after Meals, swim on top, and corrupt. The things of an easy Digestion are known by the facility of eating them; and you may conclude them such which are quickly roasted.  
Such there ought always to precede Food of a contrary quality; that is, of difficult Concoction: And if you have roast and boiled Meat together, begin with the boiled, as being the most easy to be digested; and the same is to be understood of soft Eggs and Milk. The things therefore of an easy digestion, are to be taken before hard, moist before dry, liquid before solid, and Laxatives before Astringents: All this is meant of a Stomach which is in no wise indisposed. The Delectation likewise is to be considered; for by how much the more pleasing the Meat is, so much the more easily 'tis digested, and by the Stomach more willingly is received: But you must take notice, that you ought not at any time yield that unwholesome Meat should be given to sick persons, but you may sometimes permit them to have a little of such Food as will hurt but little, and such whereof the badness may easily be corrected.  
The time and season to take any Food, is when the Stomach is empty, having quite concocted the precedent Victual; and in the Morning, before the Air grows too hot; and in the Evening, when the Air gins to be less hot, but with limitation, that eight hours intervene betwixt one Meal and tother: And in the Summer you must eat in cool Places, and be thinly clothed, and free from Sweeting, but in the Winter the contrary is best. Besides, when you perceive a good Appetite, it is not good long to defer eating; for the abstaining from Food when you are hungry, fills the Stomach with putrid Humours, because the Stomach at such time as it has an appetite, not receiving any nourishment wherewithal to sustain it, does attract the circumjacent Superfluities, filling itself with naughty Humours. The Sick in the time of their Fits ought not to eat any thing. 'Tis also necessary to take notice of the time of the Year; for in the Winter, which is cold and moist, you ought to eat liberally, and drink but little, but let the Wine be strong. In the Summer, which is hot and dry, little Food is sufficient, and very temperate. In the Spring you must eat a little less than in Winter, but drink a little more. So in Autumn eat a little more than in Summer, but drink less, and less Water with your Wine: And therefore to this purpose is said; 
Temporibus Veris modicè prandere juberis,  
Sed calor Aestatis dapibus nocet immoderatis,  
Autumni fructus caveas ne sint tibi luctus,  
De mensâ sume quantumvis tempore Brumae.   
In Summer the Food is to be considered: To young Children moist Victuals best agree; but to young men, being hot and dry, the contrary Food is most convenient. For old men, such Food as heats is best, and moistens their solid Parts. Moreover, Children should eat often, to render their natural Heat more strong; but old men seldom, their Heat being weak. Infants and Children require more Nourishment; but a lesser quantity is sufficient for middle-aged and old Men, who can very easily undergo Fasting, but young Men hardly, and Children not at all, especially if they be lively and vigorous.  
The Climate likewise, or Place of their Growth, is to be considered in Foods, viz. of Herbs, Fruits, and Flesh. For Muttons in Italy and Greece are not very good, but in France and Spain are more sweet, and more wholesome: On the contrary, the flesh of Veal and of Pigeons are in Italy better than in France or Spain; and this proceeds either from a purer Air or sweeter Soil in those countries'.  
And lastly, the Nature of each ●ne, and the particular Propriety, is to be considered; and therefore it is necessary that the best Physician be a Philosopher, for some have loathed and abhorred Cheese, others Wine, others Garlic, etc. Some that are lean, and of an hot and dry Complexion, desire to eat two or three times a day; others that are fat and moist, are content with one Meal a day, for to those that have a fat and big Body, two Meals a day is very hurtful.  
Besides all these things, it will not be amiss to observe in your Diet these following Instructions.  
1. Eat not to Satiety, for if you should eat more Food than the Stomach is well able to bear, thence proceed infinite Crudities; and therefore it is better to abstain a little, than to cram yourself too full; for as it is written, Gluttony kills more than the Sword; for the superfluous abundance of Victuals suffocates the natural Heat, as too great a plenty of Oil puts out the flame of a Candle; and therefore it is good to rise from the Table with an Appetite, as it is bad to eat without an Appetite.  
2. The great variety and diversity of Foods is to be avoided, because they beget many Distempers, especially if those Foods be of contrary qualities, for their Concoction is weakened and corrupted; and as the variety of Meats delights the Palate, so it hurts the Health; whence a wise man being asked, Why he contented himself with one only dish of Meat at Meals; replied, Because he would not make work for the Physician. So that one single Food at one time is sufficient and most wholesome, whereas the diversity of Tastes is hurtful, and the multitude of Viands most pernicious: And therefore our Ancestors lived much longer than we, because they never used but one simple sort of Food, that is, Bread and Flesh, whereas we using so great an abundance of all things, our Life is shortened, and exposed to so many Infirmities. Do not we see the Horses, the Cows, and other irrational Creatures, how they are troubled but with few Diseases, only by a constant use of one and the same sort of Food? And therefore a great Philosopher coming into Italy, wondered at two things, That the Men eat twice a day, and that they never slept alone.  
3. That being at the Table, you ought not to discourse much, to the end that the time may not be prolonged at the Table, and that the first Food may not digest before the last, and so the parts of the Food become unequal, whence proceeds Corruption and Putrefaction.  
4. That you do remain a little while, not adding Victuals to Victuals, before the first be digested.  
5. That the Food be well chewed, for that is ca●led the first Concoction, and is as it were an half Digestion; whereas an imperfect Chewing hinders and retards Digestion: One ought not therefore to swallow it down whole, as the Gluttons do, but first chew it sufficiently, till it become very small, and then swallow it down.  
6. That all hot Meat is better than cold, especially in Winter, for the actual heat of the Food temperates and allays the coldness of the Drink; but you must not therefore eat the most hot. Hot Meats indeed do most please the Palate, for Hunger being a desire of hot and dry, we always covet hot Food, whereas Thirst being a desire of cold and moist, it requires cool things.  
7. That in the Winter we use gross Meats, for at that time the natural Heat is more united in the inner Parts; but in the Summer the contrary happens, and therefore at such time a light and slender Food is most convenient, the natural Heat being then but weak.  
8. That the quantity of the Meat be double to that of the Drink, the Bread twice as much as Eggs, thrice as much as Flesh, and four times as much as Fish, Herbs and Fruits.  
9 That you do not use Broths too much at Meals, for it causes the Food to swim in the Stomach, loosening and taking away the Appetite, begets too much moisture, whence afterwards proceed divers Infirmities; whereas those which eat dry Meats, live much longer.  
10. And lastly, Because in Meats and Drinks it is hard to perform every thing exactly, and never to mistake. Therefore let this be your general Rule, That if at any time you eat naughty Meat, it ought to be tempered and allayed by its contrary.  

What is to be done after Meals.  
AFter eating always take some astringent thing, without drinking any thing, or at least but a little after it, as Pears, Medlars, Quinces, Cheese, or a glass of fresh Water; which things do as it were seal up the mouth of the Stomach, whereby the natural Heat becomes more strong, and hinders the Vapours from mounting up into the Head. Many take half a score Corianderseeds sugared; others a piece of Marmalade of Quinces, which helps Digestion and the weakness of the Stomach: And after Meat it is good to walk a little, and moderately, and then to sit down; whence is said, Post pransum stabis, aut gradu lento meabis.   

Which ought to be biggest, Dinner or Supper?  
MAny affirm, that the Supper ought to be larger than the Dinner, especially in Winter, since that the Natural heat strengthens itself in the Night; but the contrary aught to be practised in Summer, or if a Man be indisposed and infirm, than the Dinner is to be the largest, unless he be troubled with fits and accessions of the Ague: For that a large Supper is more wholesome, the reason they say is this; because the coldness of the Night recalls the Natural heat to the inward parts, whereby the Digestion and Concoction of the Food is much bettered; besides that, sleep does best of all concoct the Food, not only in the Stomach, but also through all the parts of the Body; but in waking we see the contrary happen: For the Natural heat extending itself to the exterior parts, leaves the interior quite destitute, or at least, that which remains is very weak. To this Opinion our Use and Custom is altogether contrary, chief in those who are exposed to Catarrhs, and Phlegmatic Distempers; for at Night the Natural heat, weary and tired by the businesses of the Day, is not so strong and robust as in the Morning; and at Night the Food of the Morning is not well concocted. The resolution of this doubt is, that the Supper ought to be light, especially for them whose Bodies are subject to Night-Distempers, as Rheums, Defluxions, and the like; besides that, from a large Supper are created many evaporations in the Head, whereby it is not a little offended; and therefore if the Brain be any ways indisposed, a little Supper is sufficient, notwithstanding that there is a longer space of time betwixt Supper and Dinner, than betwixt Dinner and Supper; and therefore that at Night a greater quantity of Victuals will be concocted, because it is not the number of hours, but the working of the Faculties which concocts; which in the Morning by reason of sleep is stronger; and therefore at this time a larger proportion of Food is more agreeable than at Night; For, 
Ex magnâ coenâ stomacho fit maxima poena,  
 sis nocte levis, sit tibi coena brevis.  
Coena levis vel coena brevis fit raro molesta  
Magna nocet, Medicina docet, res est manifesta.    

An Advertisement concerning Corn.  
COrn is called by several Names, according to the several sorts thereof; viz. Maslin, Rye, Barley, Wheat, and Spelt, etc. The good are known by their Colour, Weight, Order, and Age; for the new and green Corn is too moist, and viscuous, and difficult to digest, and very windy. The old Corn is dry, and nourishes little.    

CHAP. XIII. Of Maslin.  
Name. IT is called in Latin, Far; in English, Maslin; made of Wheat and Rye, or Wheat and Barley.  
Choice. The best Maslin is that which is fresh, and very clean.  
Quality. It has the same quality as Wheat and Barley; but it is temperate in the first Degree.  
Commodity. Maslin is of great Nourishment, and therefore eaten with Meat, it nourishes wonderfully, and fattens those that are lean, being more nourishing than Barley; and because it is of a gross nourishment, it is good against Fluxes and Catarrhs, as well as Rice; but boiled well in fat Broth, it softens the Body. The Romans used it to make Bread, and it would endure many Years.  
Maslin is made of Wheat and Rye, putting it to steep in Water by little and little, afterwards beat it in a Mortar, and dry it in the Sun, whereby it thickly grinds, so that of one Grain are made four or five parts; and being dry, may be kept a long time, and is of good Nourishment, in such manner, that it corrects the vicious and naughty Humours of the Stomach.  
Hurt. Being not well boiled and prepared it begets gross and slimy Humours, and is windy, and if eaten by those who have a weak Stomach, it hardly digests itself; and therefore it is not good for Old Men, and if used too often, it very much opilates and obstructs the Liver, and causes the Gravel in the Kidneys.  
Remedy. The hurt of Maslin is corrected if it be well baked with Vinegar and Garlic; and if it be seasoned with Honey or Sugar, it loses its clamminess, and is easily digested; and being boiled in good Broth, it is an excellent Food for those that are in Health; and for Sick also, provided it be moderately eaten. In many places they make Cakes of it, which, if well seasoned, are pleasant to the taste, and of great and good Nourishment.   

CHAP. XIV. Of Wheat.  
Name. IN Latin it is called Triticum; in English, Wheat.  
Kind's. There be many sorts of Wheat, named from their Country, their Colour, their Quality, their Shape, from the quantity of their Ears, and from their largeness.  
Choice. The best Wheat is that which is through-ripe, thick, and hard, so that you can scarce break it with your Teeth; and that which grows in fat Ground, free from all mixture, full, heavy, smooth, clear, of a Golden colour, and is ripe in less than three months' time: That which is gathered in the Mountains is the best, especially in Italy, which surpasses all the rest.  
Commodity. It nourishes greatly, and its nourishment is solid, and very much strengthens. The Flower of Wheat boiled in Milk or Water, with a little Butter, cures the hoarseness of the Throat, lessens Coughs, is good for those that spit Blood, heals the Ulcers in the Breast; and in Water with Honey, it mitigates internal Inflammations.  
Hurt. It is a little hard and heavy Food to digest, breeds some gross and viscuous Humours; being not well baked, it begets Windiness, and the Stone in the Kidneys and Bladder, and multiplies the Worms in the Belly.  
Remedy. The few ill qualities of the Wheat are corrected, if it be well baked, and seasoned well with good Spices, whereby it becomes less windy, and is much more easily digested.   

CHAP. XV. Of Barley.  
Name. IN Latin it is called Hordeum; in English, Barley.  
Kind's. There be several sorts thereof, as may be seen by their Grain and Ears, different in shape, and largeness, and also in number of Grains.  
Choice. The best Barley is that which is thick, weighty, smooth, white, betwixt old and new.  
Qualities. Barley is cold and dry in the first degree; besides that, it has something of an astersive or cleansing Nature; its flower is more drying than Bean-flower, and it nourishes much less than Wheat.  
Commodity. Barley nourishes, and easily converts itself into flesh, and is of great use in several things of Physic; it opens the oppilations of the Bladder by its abstersive faculty, and with its other qualities it allays the sharpness of the Humours. Barley-Cakes are of a moist and abstersive quality; it may fitly be given to feverish Persons, for it extinguishes their Thirst; it is very good for the pains and infirmities of the Breast, and an excellent Remedy in Hectic Fevers, because it is of a good and large Nourishment; and though it be cold, 'tis nevertheless easy to be digested, and qualifies the Breast, facilitates spitting, lessens the Cough, and cleanses the Lungs. But those are mistaken, who desiring that it should be abstersive, throw away the decoction thereof, and instead of it mix therewith Chicken-broth; for this virtue goes away with its decoction; and when you have need of cleansing, boil the Barley with its husk, but without that, it dries and refreshes.  
Hurt. Barley is windy, and Bread made thereof begets cold and gross Humours. Barley-broth soon grows sour; being windy, it does not at all agree with the Stomach.  
Remedy. Barley-broth being carefully boiled together with Hyssop, Spikenard, or Cinnamon, is less windy, and more acceptable to the Stomach, and nourishes far better, especially if you add thereto a little Sugar.   

CHAP. XVI. Of Rye.  
Name. IN Latin, Secale; in English, Rye.  
Choice. The biggest, fullest, and most heavy Rye is the best.  
Qualities. It is by Nature hot and dry; it is hotter than Barley, yet not so hot as Wheat.  
Commodity. Rye, of which Bread is made in some parts of this Kingdom, by reason of its delicious sweetness and moisture, is frequently mixed with Wheat.  
Hurt. The Bread which is made thereof, is of an harder concoction than that of Wheat, and windy, causing griping pains.  
Remedy. If mixed with Wheaten Bread, the one qualifies the malignities of t'other.   

CHAP. XVII. Of Oats.  
Name. IN Latin, Avenae; in English, Oats.  
Choice. The bright, long, and large Oats are esteemed the best.  
Quality. They are almost of the same Nature with Rice, but cold and dry.  
Commodity. They stop fluxes of the Belly, and looseness, and are very useful in Pottages and Broths, which may be given to sick or well.  
Hurt. All their hurt is, they afford but little Nourishment.  
Remedy. Ale made of Oatmeal, called Oat-Ale, is very good and wholesome.   

CHAP. XVIII. Of Bread.  
Name. IN Latin, Panis; in English, Bread; and it is so called, because it feeds and nourishes us; or else from the Greek word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, because it may be used with all sorts of Food, and is not insipid or disagreeing with their taste and savour.  
Kind's. By the substance, and several ways of baking it, the difference and variety of Bread is distinguished.  
Choice. Bread made of good Wheat, well leavened, and well baked, with a little Salt, is the best.  
Quality. 'Tis hot and dry in the first degree.  
Commodity. Bread well made, nourishes strongly. Bread has three parts, that is, the thick Crust, the thin, and the Pith. The thin Crust is the best, of good solid nourishment, and very wholesome.  
Fine white Bread is quickly digested.  
Hurt. Bread that is not throughly baked, ill kneaded, and without Salt, is very hurtful and unwholesome, especially in smoky Cities. Unleavened Bread and Cakes baked under the Ashes are naughty, for they cause Obstructions, and will not easily be digested. Bread that is made of Darnel and Cockle causes the Headache, hurts and dazzles the Eyesight. Bread of Spelt is hard to be digested.  
Remedy. Bread will cause no hurt, if it be always well kneaded, and moderately salted, and baked in an Oven not overheated. These things take away any ill quality in the Bread.  

Advertisements concerning all sorts of Pulse.  
ALL sorts of Pulse are little grateful and sweet to the Taste, and therefore they are not used by all Nations: Not of any esteem among Persons of Quality, nor are they much eaten in Germany and Greece, for they are hardly digested either raw, boiled, or parched, and being eaten, they cause Pains in the Joints, and the Gout; they are both windy, and inflative, or puffing, and therefore they are not convenient by the Rules of Health, neither at the beginning, nor end of a Meal: Not at the beginning, for it causes the other Food which comes after, to rise in the Stomach; nor at the end, because it begets Melancholy and bad Sleeps, causing Windiness, and all that open the orifice of the Stomach, exhaling the Heat, and hinder Digestion: But using it sometimes, it is to be taken betwixt other Victuals, for thereby its malignity and naughty qualities are corrected.    

CHAP. XIX. Of Vetches, or Pease.  
Name. IN Latin, Cicer; in English, Chich-pease, or Vetches.  
Kind's. These are red, black and white; the red sort is called Venereum, because more than the other two it excites Venery; the black, Cicer arietinum, because of the resemblance to a Ramshead.  
Qualities. They are hot and dry in the first degree; the red are hotter than the white; they digest, cut, cleanse, and evacuate.  
Choice. Those are the best which are large full, not hollow, nor wormeaten; and the white serve better for Meat than Physic, but the others are more usual in Medicines, than as ordinary Food.  
Commodity. Chich-pease are of a great Nourishment, apt to loosen the Belly, and provoke Urine, to beget Milk, and Seed, whence they excite Venery, provoke the monthly Courses; and the Cicer arietinum more strongly provokes the Urine than all the rest, cleanses the Liver, removes the obstructions of the Milt, breaks the Stone, causes good Colour, contributes to the Lights, purges the Breast, clears the Voice, and facilitates Childbirth.  
Hurt. Chich-pease do indeed nourish greatly, but they are windy, and if eaten fresh, or ill boiled, beget many Superfluities in the Body, and in the Intestines, or inward Parts, and are hurtful and very pernicious to the Reins and the Bladder.  
Remedy. They are less hurtful if they be steeped in Water during the space of one whole night, to soften them, and boiling with them Rosemary, Sage, Garlick, and the Roots of Petroselinum, or Stone-parsley, by some called wild Alexander; but you must rather use their Broth, than the Pease themselves, with boiled Wine mixed therewith, and Cinnamon, but it must be eaten in a small quantity.   

CHAP. XX. Of Beans.  
Name. IN Latin, Faba; in English, Beans.  
Choice. The Bean is that which is big and clear, shining, without Spots, and is not Wormeaten.  
Qualities. It is cold and dry in the first degree, but the green are cold and moist, and they are but little more than temperate in cooling and drying; they bind, loosen, cleanse, fatten, and are windy: Beans are good at the cold time of the year for the Countrymen, and the fresh are good for those whose Stomach is hot.  
Commodity. Beans are very nourishing, purge the Breast, and the Lungs, and therefore are good for the Cough, and make the Voice clear: The Decoction thereof being drunk, hinders the Stone in the Kidneys and Bladder; and the Bean by a certain propriety and quality thereof hinders the Distillations and Defluxions from falling into the Breast, which would cause great Coughs; it provokes Sleep, and is good against the Migraines.  
Hurt. It breeds soft and spongy Flesh, having the same effects in Flesh, as Corn in Pies or Puddings; it swells the Body, begets colic Distempers, troubles all the Senses, renders the Wit gross and stupid, causes turbulent Sleeps, and full of trouble. The green do cause very much Excrement, and nourish more lightly, hurt those which are troubled with Pains in the Head, beget Windiness, gross Humours and Obstructions.  
Remedy. The French-bean is the most secure, and least windy. The Favetta, or Small-bean, much used by the Italians in Lent, fried with Oil, is least windy. Beans boiled with Salt, Origan, and Fennel, is very good; as likewise if you boil them with an Onion, or eat that raw with them: If you boil them without their Husks, with Leeks, adding thereto Saffron, Pepper, Cinnamon, or Cummin; these things take away their Windiness, and do not puff up, but are more easily digested. In short, they ought to be corrected with hot and attenuating things.   

CHAP. XXI. Of Lupins.  
Name. IN Latin 'tis called Lupinus; in English, Lupins, or Kidney-beans.  
Kind's. There be two sorts of Lupins, Garden-Lupins, and wild, but these latter are not used in Food.  
Choice. You must choose those which are found, large, and heavy.  
Qualities. The Lupins are hot and dry in the second degree.  
Commodity. The Lupins that are first boiled, and afterwards beaten in Water, nourish best; and thus eaten, they excite the Appetite, and take away the nauseating of the Stomach; they kill the Worms, open the obstructions of the Liver and Milt, and make one have a good Colour. The Bread is good wherewith the flower of Lupins and Beans is mixed, sweetening first the Lupins, and drying them in an Oven, afterwards pounding them; for this being added to the flower of Wheat, makes excellent Bread, easy to be digested, and wholesome, if it be made and preserved well.  
Hurt. They beget gross Nourishment, and are of themselves hard to be concocted, being of an hard and earthy Substance.  
Remedy. First boiled, and afterwards beat in Water, they are less hurtful, especially eaten with Salt, or some Spice.   

CHAP. XXII. Of Pease.  
Name. IN Latin, Pisum; in English Pease.  
Choice. The fresh and tender are the best, and not Worm eaten.  
Qualities. The fresh are cold in the second degree, and dry in the first, and moist temperately: They dry something less than Beans, and refresh, nor are so windy as Beans, and have not much of an abstersive faculty.  
Commodity. They beget good Nourishment, and they are eaten as the Beans, but they are different in this, that Pease are not so windy or abstersive, and therefore are not so easily evacuated out of the Body as Beans; but boiling Beets with them, they loosen the Body. The fresh or green Pease are very pleasant to the Taste, stir up the Appetite, cleanse the Breast, expel Coughs; they are good for an Asthma, and all the Distempers of the Breast: these fresh may be dried in the shade, and eaten in Winter, for they are very agreeable to the Palate.  
Hurt. They beget Windiness. The fresh Pease eaten with their Cod, are laxative, cause Sighs, and induce strange Thoughts; they do not digest very well; and are hurtful to those that have weak and lose Teeth.  
Remedy. Let them be well boiled with Salt, and with much Oil, afterwards sprinkling a little Pepper on them, and juice of Orange, or other sharp Fruits; but oil of sweet Almonds is the true sauce of Pease.   

CHAP. XXIII. Of Rice.  
Name. IN Latin, Oriza; English, Rice.  
Choice. The largest and whitest Rice is counted the best.  
Qualities. It is hot in the first degree, and dry in the second; it is something costive, and moreover it stagnates, is abstersive, and has a kind of sharpness in it.  
Commodity. Rice is boiled in fat Broth, whereby it nourishes sufficiently, and is pleasant to the Palate. It binds the Body, cures Fluxes, is a temperate Food, and it fattens a man; boiled with Milk, it is more nourishing: It is good for the Pains in the Stomach, and gripping of the Guts, if it be boiled with Oil or Butter; being seasoned with Almonds, and Milk, and Sugar, it increases the Seed, nourishes better, but it is gross and difficult to be digested; given to Hens it will make them lay more Eggs. Of the flower of Rice, the white part of the flesh of Capons, milk of Almonds, juice of Oranges and Sugar, hereof is made by the Italians a pleasant Food called Bianco mangiare, or White-meat.  
Hurt. Rice being too long time used, causes Obstructions, and being windy, is hurtful to those that are troubled with Colic pains.  
Remedy. The badness of Rice is removed, if you first wash it, and infusing it into the decoction of wheaten Flower, after boil it in fat Broth, or in Cow's milk, or milk of sweet Almonds, putting thereto Sugar and Cinnamon; it is good in the Winter for Labourers, and young men, but to old and phlegmatic folks it is very hurtful.  

Advertisements concerning Herbs.  
ALL Herbs are of a slender Nourishment, and of a naughty subtle Juice, and watery, having many Superfluities, and therefore in the choice of them observe well these following Rules.  
I. That you eat but a small quantity of them; and that they may better nourish, use them boiled in Broth.  
II. That none but Lettuce be eaten raw, and that also with Vinegar, to allay the boiling of the Blood, the heat of the Liver and Stomach.  
III. In Winter use hot Herbs, in Summer cool, in Spring and Autumn temperate.  
iv That you do not eat Herbs which begin to put forth their Seed.  
V That Herbs be eaten at the beginning of Dinner, since that almost all are laxative.    

CHAP. XXIV. Of Sorrel.  
Name. IN Latin, 'tis called Oxalis, and Acidula; in English, Sorrel.  
Kind's. There be several sorts thereof, but Garden-Sorrel and wild are the chief.  
Choice. The Garden-Sorrel is the best, and of the wild that which is not red, but all over green.  
Qualities. It is cold and dry in the second degree.  
Commodity. It is very pleasant in raw Salads, mixed with other Herbs, for its smart and sharp taste which it has; it is very agreeable to the taste; it is very good in pestilential and burning Fevers, for it stifles the heat of the Choler, extinguishes Thirst, resists Putrefaction, excites the Appetite, and stops Defluxions. In Summer Flesh and Fish are to be sauced with the juice of Sorrel, instead of Vinegar, or Verjuice, or juice of Oranges; and so Eggs, which renders them very pleasant, and excites the Appetite. Many eat Sorrel raw with Bread; others use the decoction thereof either in Water, or in Broth, or Water of it distilled, or else the Syrup of its juice. Sorrel takes away the nauseating and squeamishness of the Stomach; it is good for the Kidneys, breaking and expelling thence the Stone and Gravel. The seeds of Sorrel drank in Wine, are an Antidote against Poison, stops Rheums and Fluxes, frees and preserves one from the Plague.  
Hurt. It nourishes little, binds the Body of those that use it too often, hurts melancholy persons, and sours the Stomach.  
Remedy. Let it be eaten in a Salad mixed with other Herbs, among which let there be Lettuce, which is moist, Rue or Mint, which is hot; it ought to be used only in hot Seasons, and by young, choleric, and sanguine men, and also in hot Distempers.   

CHAP. XXV. Of Margerum.  
Name. IN Latin, Amaracus, and Sampsuchus; in English, Margerum.  
Qualities. 'Tis hot and dry in the third degree; its Faculties are to digest, to attenuate, to open, and to strengthen.  
Commodity. The use of Marjoram is very good and necessary in Food, for it corroborates and cleans the Stomach, and mundify it, expelling thence the Choler and Phlegm; the smell thereof comforts the Brain, and it is very useful and effectual given to Dropsical Persons; and it is good to bring down women's Monthly Courses.  
Hurt. It is too sharp, whence it causes the boiling and inflammation of the Blood.  
Remedy. It is to be used in a small quantity, and never in hot Food, but rather in such Meats as are of a cold quality, and windy, and which beget gross and slimy Humours.   

CHAP. XXVI. Of Dill.  
Name. IN Latin, Anetham; in English, the Herb Anise, or Dill.  
Choice. The best is that which is fresh, and is not seeded.  
Commodity. It is used for sauce with Meats, in Coleworts, in Fish, and other sort of Victuals; it has a pleasant taste, helps the Stomach to concoct the Food, lessens the Hickets and sneezing, and mitigates the pains of the Body; increases Nurses Milk, dissolves the windiness, is good for the Nerves, and binds the Belly.  
Hurt. The too frequent use thereof hurts the Eyesight, dries up the Sperma or Seed, offends the Stomach, because it is a sharp Food, moves belching, begets gross Humours, is hard of Digestion, provokes nauseating, and offends the Reins.  
Remedy. It must not be too much, nor too frequently used with hot Food, but with Fish it may be securely used. Their bad Qualities may be allayed by mixing therewith Parsley, Bete, and Borage, or Lettuce.   

CHAP. XXVII. Of Anise-seed.  
Name. IN Latin, Anisum; in English, Anise-seed.  
Choice. The first in goodness is that of Egypt, which is the fresh and black.  
Quality. It is hot and dry in the third degree, and of a subtle substance, sour, bitter, sharp, digestive, and dissolving windiness.  
Commodity. This Seed cures a stinking Breath, renders the Mouth sweet, is good for Dropsical Persons, removes the Obstructions of the Liver, provokes Urine, and stops the white Fluxes of Women, mitigates Thirst; and the decoction thereof drunk, dissolves the windiness of the Body, is good for the Liver, Lungs, and Stomach, because it aids and strengthens digestion; it cures the pains of the Head, provokes Milk, breaks the Stone, helps the Nerves, and comforts the Brain, hindering the Vapours from rising up toward the Head; a little of this made into Comfits, is good after Dinner, and taken before Water, it rectifies it: it is very useful in Pies and Pasties  
Hurt. It excites Lusts, and is unprofitable to the Stomach, unless when windy.  
Remedy. It must be used moderately; Young, Choleric, and Sanguine Men must abstain from it, especially in Summer.   

CHAP. XXVIII. Of Asparagus.  
Name. Latin, Asparagus; English, Sparagus.  
Choice. The Garden-Sparagus is better than the Wild; the fresh are to be eaten, and those which with their tops do not bend down.  
Quality. Asparagus is abstersive, and temperately hot and moist.  
Commodity. It is quickly boiled; whence the Proverb, Citius quam Asparagus coquitur. It nourishes more than all other Herbs, is is good for the Stomach, purges the Breast, mollifies the Body provokes Urine, increases the Sperma genitale cleanses the Kidneys from the gravel, mitigates their pains, and likewise the Loins.  
Hurt. Being used in too great a quantity, i● offends the Stomach, induces nauseating, especially when it is eaten fresh, and by its bitterness it increases Choler, and makes the Urine stink, though it hath passed through all the Body. And lastly if much used by Women, it makes them Barren.  
Remedy. Let it be boiled, and let the fir● Water wherein it was boiled be thrown away afterwards season it with Oil, Salt, and Peppe● adding thereto Juice of Oranges or Vinegar; boyle● in Wine, it is very good: It does not agree wit● Choleric, but Old Men, eaten in moderate quantity, and hot and well seasoned; it is more wholesome boiled in fat Broth.   

CHAP. XXIX. Of Betony.  
Name. IN Latin, Betonica; in English, Betony.  
Choice. The best is that which grows on Sunny Hills, and is tender, being eaten boiled in Broths.  
Qualities. It is hot and dry in the first degree, and cutting.  
Commodity. The Betony is full of infinite virtues, whence comes the Italian Proverb, You have more goodness in you than the Betony. It is good for all the internal Passions of the Mind, in whatsoever manner it be took. It is good for those who have took any poisonous thing; and it is very credible, that being used in Food, it preserves one from all those Evils and Distempers, which it has the faculty to heal; and it is good for the Jaundice, Paralytic, Phlegmatic, Epileptic, and Gouty Men. In short, its Decoction being eaten or drank, provokes Urine, breaks the Stone, and cures most Distempers.  
Hurt. It is hard to be digested.  
Remedy. It must be eaten together with the Flowers in good Broth, or the Decoction thereof, being boiled in Wine.   

CHAP. XXX. Of Beets.  
Name. Latin, Beta; English, Beets.  
Choice. The black is the best.  
Qualities. Beets are hot and dry in the first degree.  
Commodity. This eaten, is good against the Obstructions of the Liver, and of the Milt. The Roots eaten, take away the stinkingness of Garlic and Onions. The white boiled and eaten with raw Garlic, is good against the Worms in the Body, and is abstersive; the Roots pickled, serve instead of Salad.  
Hurt. It nourishes little, and is biting; it hurts the Stomach, by reason of the Sulphurous quality it has.  
Remedy. Eaten with Borage, or with Mustard and Vinegar 'tis less hurtful.   

CHAP. XXXI. Of Borage.  
Name. IN Latin 'tis called Buglossum, Borrago, Corrago; in English, borage.  
Choice. That is to be eaten which is took with its Flower.  
Qualities. Borage or Eugloss is hot and moist in the first degree.  
Commodity. This Plant was called first Corrago quasi cor agens, quia cordis affectibus opituletur, because it has a predominant quality over the Passions of the Heart: Whence being infused into Wine, it causes cheerfulness of Mind, and wonderfully comforts the Heart, taking thence all Melancholy Thoughts, instead thereof introducing Joy and Gladness; it is of good Nourishment, and begets the best Humours; it is likewise very pleasant in Food: It is good for those that are in Health, and contributes very much to the recovery of those that are troubled with faintness and swoonding Fits. It's Flowers are used in Salads; the Leaves are infused in Wine, and likewise the Flowers, to make a Cordial. Borage is good for Melancholy Persons, clears the Blood and the Spirits, strengthens the Bowels, and mollifies the ruggedness of the Breast.  
Hurt. The Flowers are not easily digested, but the Leaves very readily: It hurts those that are troubled with Ulcers in the Mouth, because of its prickliness, otherwise it is good for all Ages, all Complexions, and all times.  
Remedy. 'Tis to be boiled in Broth of good Flesh, or in Water, adding thereto an Egg. The Leaves are eaten in Salads, first taking away their strings, whereby they are easier digested. It's ●oughness is corrected by mixing therewith Beers or spinach.   

CHAP. XXXII. Of Capers.  
Name. IN Latin they are called Capparis, in English, Capers.  
Choice. Those that are pickled in Vinegar are better than such as are salted, because these latter are more hot.  
Qualities. The salted are hot and dry in the second degree. They are astringent, attenuating, cutting, abstersive, and opening.  
Commodity. Those that are kept in Brine or Pickle, well seasoned, and eaten, excite the Appetite, and remove the Obstructions of the Liver and Milt, provoke Urine, kill the Worms, heal the Hemorrhoids, and increase Copulation, being eaten with Salt, Vinegar, and Oil. Those that are seasoned with Salt are good for the Gout, Sciatica, Splenatick, and Phlegmatic Persons. Those that make use of Capers, are seldom troubled with the Convulsion of the Nerves, or pains in the Milt.  
Hurt. They cause Thirst, and are naught for the Stomach, although they stir up the Appetite; they trouble and swell the Belly, are of small Nourishment, and are more for Physic than Food.  
Remedy. The raw are boiled in Water, afterwards eaten with Oil and Vinegar. The salted one's are steeped a little while in Water, and afterwards eaten with Oil and Vinegar.   

CHAP. XXXIII. Of Artichoke.  
Name. IN Latin 'tis Cinara, and Carduus Sativus; in English, Artichoke.  
Qualities. They are hot and dry in the second degree, and opening.  
Choice. The Garden Artichokes are better than the Wild, and the tender are more wholesome than the hard.  
Commodity. They are pleasant to the taste, and provoke Urine, but make it stink; they cause windiness, and remove Obstructions, and increase Copulation; by drinking the decoction of the Roots in Wine, as likewise by eating the Artichokes, the breath is purified and made sweet, and all evil smells and vapours of the Body are thereby taken away. The Artichokes are made white Artificially, by putting them under soft Mould in the ground at Autumn. They are eaten at the end of the Meals with Pepper and Salt, to seal up and corroborate the Stomach.  
Hurt. Artichokes beget Melancholy Humours, are very windy, hurt the Head, make the Stomach heavy, and hinder digestion.  
Remedy. Being boiled in Broth, and eaten with Pepper and Salt, at the end of Dinner, are less hurtful, and more pleasant to the Stomach.   

CHAP. XXXIV. Of Cabbage.  
Name. IN Latin, Brassica; in English, Cabbage, Coleworts, or Coleflowers.  
Choice. The best are those which are long and tender, and growing in the top of the Plant, which has the Leaves open, and not close, and with the Dew on the top: The Coleflowers are the best, as on the contrary, the Cabbages are the worst, and the frizzled lest hurtful.  
Qualities. They are hot and dry in the first degree.  
Commodity. Being eaten little boiled, they make the Body laxative and slippery; if they be much boiled, they bind the Body; they have a purgative Faculty: Being eaten raw before Supper with Vinegar, they prevent Drunkenness; being eaten after, they take away the noisomeness of too much Drink, and the hurt of Wine. The Decoction thereof drunk (but not overmuch boiled) are good for those that are grieved with a stoppage of the Urine: Coleworts are so much commended by some, as sufficient to cure all Distempers; they are good for pains in the Head, for dimness of the Eyes, contributes to Melancholy Persons, removes Obstructions of the Milt, Liver, Lungs, and all the rest of the Bowels.  
Hurt. They hurt the Teeth, the Gums, the Eyesight; they are of little Nourishment, but swell the Stomach, and cause stinking Breath, and beget Melancholy Humours, chief in Summer.  
Remedy. They are less hurtful when they 〈◊〉 boiled, throwing away the first Water, and presently putting them in some other hot wate● Or else let them be put into the Broth of ho● Meat, with Fennel, Pepper, Coriander-seed, or Cinnamon.   

CHAP. XXXV. Of Cumin.  
Name. IN Latin 'tis called Cuminum; in English, Cumin.  
Choice. The Garden Cumin is much better than the Wild.  
Qualities. The Seed, like Anise-seed, is hot in the third degree, and drying.  
Commodity. It heats, binds, and dries; 'tis pleasant to the Mouth, and gives a good relish to the Victuals; it is good against windiness and pains of the Body, it cures the overflowing of the Gall, the Vertigo, the Asthma, the biting of Serpents, the heat of the Urine, and the trembling of the Body.  
Hurt. 'Tis a sharp Food, and if used too often, makes the face pale.  
Remedy. It must be used sparingly, and only in Winter, and by those that are Phlegmatic and of a cold Complexion.   

CHAP. XXXVI. Of Coriander.  
Name. Latin, Coriandrum; English, Coriander.  
Choice. The dry and ripe are to be chosen first, and those of Egypt are the best.  
Qualities. The green is cold, and ought not to be used in the Body, or eaten, but the ripe has a pleasant Odour. The dry is hot.  
Commodity. It is very useful for the Stomach, because it represses and keeps down the venomous exhalations, which would ascend into the Head. Being drunk wi●h sweet Wine, it kills the Worms. It preserves t●e ●lesh incorrupted. The Comfits of Coriander seed, eaten at the end of a Meal, does help the digestion of the Meat without keeping it in the Stomach, and fortifies the Head and the Br●in.  
Hurt. The overmuch use thereof offends the Head, obfuscates the Understanding, and disturbs the Mind Its J●ice drank is deadly Poison, and those that drin● thereof, become either dumb or foolish, for it quite bereaves them of their Senses.  
Remedy. I●s pernicious qualities may be remedied, by st●●ping it one Night in Water, afterwards Candying these Co●iander-seeds with Sugar, whereby th●● become not only not offensive, but they do ver● much contribute to the Health. Let th●se that ●ave drunk the Juice thereof, take the ● wder of Eggshells with ●rine, or Treacle with Wine.   

CHAP. XXXVII. Of Tarragon.  
Name. IN Latin, Dracunculus hortensis, in English, Tarragon.  
Choice. The best is that which is fresh, tender, and that which grows in fruitful Gardens, and is sufficiently watered; and the Leaves that hang on the ground are not to be chosen, but the top and the most tender.  
Qualities. 'Tis hot in the beginning of the third degree, and dry in the first.  
Commodity. 'Tis the best Herb that is to make Salads and Sauces, and it is used in cool Salads instead of Rocket; it is cordial, causing a good Appetite, and increases Copulation, and wonderfully comforts the Stomach, and the Head, cutting the Phlegm. 'Tis a very aromatic Herb, and being eaten, is an Antidote against the Plague, and other Corruptions; it cures the cold Pains of the Teeth and Gums, by washing them with its decoction made in White-wine.  
Hurt. It heats the Liver, and attenuates the Blood.  
Remedy. It is eaten with cold Herbs, as Endive, Lettuce, and Borrageflowers, but not by young sanguine and choleric men, especially in Summer; 'tis good for old men at all times.   

CHAP. XXXVIII. Of Cichory.  
Name. IN Latin, Cichoreum; in English, Cichory, or Succhory.  
Choice. The most tender is the best, and the tops, and that which has a blue Flower, always turning to the Sun.  
Qualities. Cichory is cold and dry in the second degree, and the wild is more bitter, abstersive and binding.  
Commodity. It contributes wonderfully to the Stomach, opens the obstructions of the Liver, and is the most powerful and effectual Remedy that can be to keep the Liver clean, and opens the passages thereof very much. It is good for the Reins.  
H●rt. It hurts those that are grieved with a weak Stomach, and cold, and the juice which it begets, is of little and not good Nourishment, so that it is more commendable in Physic than in Food. It is hurtful to rheumatic men.  
Remedy. B●ing boiled in Water, and afterwards eaten with Oil and Vinegar, and Grapes in a Salad, or ●lse raw with Mint-vinegar, and mixed with Garlic, and other hot Herbs, it is less hurtful. 'Ti good in Summer for young men, and th●s that are of an hot Complexion, may use it at all ti●●●: ●ut it is ●ad for those that have a cold St●●ach, and are subject to Catarrhs; and these therefore ought not to ea● it raw, but boiled in Broth of good wholesome Fl●sh.   

CHAP. XXXIX. Of Endive.  
Name. IN Latin, Endivia, and Intybus; in English, Endive.  
Choice. The Garden-Endive is the best, and most tender, but you must not tarry till it has a Stalk, or Milk in it; that which is put under ground, and made white, is the best.  
Quality. It is cold and dry in the second degree, but the Garden-Endive is more cold and moist than the wild.  
Commodity. It refreshes the Liver, and all the inflamed Members, quenches Thirst, provokes Urine, and in the Summer causes a good Appetite, removes the Obstructions, purges the Blood, cures the Itch, allays the burning of the Stomach; being eaten boiled in Flesh-broth in the Summertime, it refreshes all the Bowels.  
Hurt. The use of Endive is not to be approved of in those that have the Stomach cold; it hinders Digestion a● little, and offends paralytic and trembling persons.  
Remedy. The white is to be eaten in Winter by those whose Stomaches are weak and cold, adding thereto Pepper, and Raisins of the Sun, or a little boiled Wine, the boiled is less hurtful than the raw; 'tis good for young, choleric, and sanguine men. 'Tis eaten with Mint, Rocket, Tarragon, and other hot Herbs.   

CHAP. XL. Of Fennel.  
Name. IN Latin, Faeniculum, and Marathrum; in English, Fennel.  
Choice. The sweet and Garden-Fennel is the best, but let it be fresh and tender.  
Quality. The sweet is hot in the second degree, and dry in the first, and the wild heats and dries more strongly.  
Commodity. It very much provokes Urine, and Milk, and brings down the Flowers: It removes old Obstructions, purges the Reins, and wonderfully contributes to the Eyesight; but the dry must be used in a little quantity, for otherwise it will inflame the Liver, and hurt the Eyes; it purges the Breast and the Brain.  
Hurt. It is a sharp Food, hard of Digestion, and of a very bad Nourishment: It attenuates and inflames the Blood of such as be choleric; it weakens and consumes the Body, and by the use thereof is begot Melancholy, so that it is more convenient and wholesome in Physic than Food.  
Remedy. The tender is the best, and it is to be eaten in a small quantity: The young Fennel which is boiled, is to be open, and put a little while in fresh Water, to take away its naughty and poisonous quality which the Serpents leave in it. It is good to rub the Eyes withal; but you must eat but little thereof, for in time it will breed the Stone, which as being opening carries gross matters into the strait passages of the Urine, where they afterwards condense, and become Stones and Gravels.   

CHAP. XLI. Of Sampire.  
Name. IN Latin, Crithmum, and Faeniculum marinum; in English, Sampire.  
Choice. The green and sweet smelling is best for Pickle.  
Quality. 'Tis hot and dry in the third degree, salt to the Taste, and something bitter, because of its drying and abstersive faculty.  
Commodity. Pickled, it preserves the Stomach, Liver, and Reins.  
Hurt. It inflames the Blood.  
Remedy. 'Tis not good for young men in Summer, but for old in Winter, and then but a small quantity thereof.   

CHAP. XLII. Of Lettuce.  
Name. LAtin, Lactuca; English, Lettuce.  
Choice. The Monks and French Lettuce is the best, and withal tender, especially if it grows in fruitful Gardens: Those that begin to have Milk, are to be rejected; they must not be washed, but gently and tenderly cropped.  
Quality. 'Tis cold and moist in the second degree.  
Commodity. It is easy to be digested, and exceeds in goodness all the other Herbs, because it breeds Milk, and quenches the burning Heat of the Stomach, provokes Sleep, and stagnates the Flux of the Seed: It allays the acrimony or sharpness of the Choler; it excites the Appetite, and takes away the loathing of the Stomach, and strengthens it; and in short, 'tis very good for many Distempers of the Body.  
Hurt. The continual and superfluous use of Lettuce obscures the Eyesight, corrupts the Seed, weakens the natural Heat, and makes Women barren, or at least if they bear Children, it makes them stupid and foolish: It makes a man slow and lazy, and is hurtful to a cold Stomach, and therefore is bad for old men.  
Remedy. It is less hurtful boiled than raw, and is to be eaten with Mint, Tarragon, Rocket, Garlic, Onions, etc. and drink some good White-wine after it; but you must not eat it too often.  
It must not be washed, for thereby is taken away one of its best Qualities, being upon the surface thereof, and causes that the Lettuce weakens the Sight.   

CHAP. XLIII. Of Hops.  
Name. IN Latin they are called Lupulus; in English, Hops, and Hop-tops.  
Choice. Those are best which spring from the Plant, without having any Leaves round about them, and whereof the Stalk is rough and tender.  
Quality. They are hot and dry in the second degree, that is, the Hops; but the Hop-tops, which are in form like Asparagus, are very moist, they heat little, and dry less; therefore where we say, they are cool, we mean the Hop-tops only.  
Commodity. They beget perfect Nourishment, and render the Humours equal, comfort and cleanse the Bowels, and more particularly the Blood, and make it clear and pure, separating it from the dregs, bringing them down, and purging Choler: Hops also do no less cleanse the Liver, not only remove the Obstructions thereof, but also those of the Milt. The tops being eaten boiled, mollify the Body, and the decoction of the Flowers is an Antidote for those that are poisoned, and cures the Itch. The Syrup thereof is excellent good for choleric and pestilential Fevers.  
Hurt. When it is gathered with the Leaves and hard Stalks, it is not easy to be digested, but is more windy than the tender, and of a worse juice.  
Remedy. Let them be eaten, boiled and seasoned with Garlic and Vinegar, or with the juice of Oranges and Pepper: They are good at all times, for all Ages and Complexions, especially boiled in good Broth.   

CHAP. XLIV. Of Balm.  
Name. IN Latin it is called Citrago, Melissa, Melissophyllum; in English, Balm, and Balm-gentle.  
Choice. The most tender is the best, and that grows on pleasant Hills, and has the good smell of a Limmon.  
Quality. Balm is hot and dry in the second degree.  
Commodity. It comforts the Heart, and takes away the trembling thereof: It mollifies the Breast, and removes the obstructions of the Brain; it helps Digestion, and cures the Hiccoughs; heals the biting of venomous Creatures, and all phlegmatic and melancholy persons.  
Hurt. It excites venereal Pleasures; it is windy, and of little nourishment.  
Remedy. Being eaten in Salads, it is to be mixed with cool Herbs, as Lettuce, and the like.   

CHAP. XLV. Of Mint.  
Name. IN Latin, Mentha; in English, Mint.  
Quality. Mint is hot in the third degree, and dry in the second.  
Choice. That which is sowed in the Garden is ●he best, and thereof only the tender tops.  
Commodity. It is very pleasant to the Stomach, and comforts it, especially if it be cold; it strongly excites the Appetite, and hinders the Milk from staying in the Stomach, or in the Dugs; and therefore those that love Milk, ought often to use Mint. Being used in Food, it kills the Worms; and for that effect, Mint may be given to Children, that is, one dram of its juice, with half an ounce of Citron-water, or the syrup of Limmon-peel. It takes away the Hiccoughs, loathing and vomiting, and fortifies the Stomach: whence is said; Nunquam lenta fuit stomacho succurrere menta.  
Hurt. 'Tis of small Nourishment, inflames the Liver and Stomach, attenuates the Blood; and because it is a sharp Food, it stimulates Lust, whereby the Body becomes lean, feeble, and less lusty.  
Remedy. If you eat but a little, and with other cool Herbs, it is less hurtful. 'Tis to be used in Winter by old phlegmatic and melancholy men; but in Summer 'tis naught, especially for young choleric men.   

CHAP. XLVI. Of Parsley.  
Name. IN Latin, Petroselinum; in English 'tis called Parsley.  
Choice. The tender is the best, which is not yet seeded, or in Flowers, whereby the Leaves smell the sweeter, and more pleasant to the taste.  
Quality. Parsley is hot in the second degree, and dry in the third.  
Commodity. It is very much used almost in all Food; it is put into salt Meats; and in short, it is used about most things of the Kitchen: Eaten raw, or boiled, it provokes Urine, Sweat, brings down women's Flowers, cleanses the Reins, the Liver, and the Matrice, and removes their Obstructions, dissolves Windiness, is pleasant to the Stomach, and the Liver, and its concoction is good against the Coughs and Poisons. It has the same Qualities of the Coriander, and is most acceptable and grateful to the mouth of the Stomach, and mitigates its Heat, breaks the Stone in the Kidneys, and Bladder, removes the Obstructions, and helps the Coughs and all distempers of the Breast. The Roo●●eing roasie● under the Ashes, are eaten with Vinegar, Oil, an● Salt, in a Salad.  
Hurt. It is of a difficult Digestion, and does not beget very good Humours, obfuscates the Eyesight, and is oftentimes hurtful to the Head; but this is not that Parsley which hurts epileptics, but the ordinary Parsley.  
Remedy. It is to be eaten raw, with other cool Herbs, as Lettuce, Sorrel, and the like; it is not very bad, if eaten in a small quantity, and boiled in Broth. The Roots ought to be well boiled, first taking out of the middle their pithy substance.   

CHAP. XLVII. Of Burnet.  
Name. IN Latin, Pimpinella, and Sanguisorba; in English, Burnet.  
Choice. The Garden-Burnet is better than the Wild.  
Quality. This Herb is hot and dry in the second degree.  
Commodity. It is used to be eat in Salads, wherein it is very pleasant, by reason of the sweet smell it has, resembling a Melon; and this is that which is sowed in the Garden; the wild has the noisome and rank smell of a Goat, whence it is called Pimpinella hircina; and this is reduced under the sorts of Sassafras, for the great virtue and power which it has to cleanse the Reins and the Bladder, and to break and drive forth the Stone and Gravel of the Kidneys; it also provokes Urine, and removes the Obstructions of the Liver. The Garden-Burnet is a singular Remedy against the Plague, as likewise the Wild; and I remember, that my Father (who besides his other Sciences, had no mean skill in Simples) told me oftentimes that in the last great Plague which so infested all Italy, that with the Decoction of Burnet only, infused into Wine, and with , he preserved both himself and his Family in good Health. Burnet put in Wine, cheers the Heart, and makes the Wine more pleasant. It is also good against all the Passions of the Heart, and Faintness, it clears the Blood, and multiplies the Vital Spirits, and is good for those that are Tisical.  
Hurt. 'Tis hardly digested, makes costiveness, heats the Liver, and is of small Nourishment.  
Remedy. A little of it may be eaten in cool Salads; it is always good, chief for Old and Melancholic Men, when tender.   

CHAP. XLVIII. Of Purslain.  
Name. IN Latin, Portulaca; in English, 'tis called Purslain.  
Choice. The Garden Purslain is the best.  
Quality. It is cold in the third degree, and moist in the second; it is binding and abstersive.  
Commodity. It is eaten with great success by those that are troubled with the Bloodyflux, the overmuch flowing of the Courses, or spitting of Blood. It is an excellent Remedy for the heat of the Stomach, it abates and restrains Lust, and eases the Teeth, when set on edge.  
Hurt. By eating too often, and too much thereof, it is not a little hurtful, for than it is hard to be digested, weakens the Stomach, offends the Sight, and nourishes little, and badly; because it is cold, it takes away the Appetite, and diminishes the Seed and Venereal desires.  
Remedy. You must eat little thereof, and that with Onions and hot Herbs, as Basil, Rocket, and Tarragon; 'tis to be eaten alone even by Young and Sanguine Men, not at all by Old.   

CHAP. XLIX. Of Rosemary.  
Name. IN Latin, Rosmaris, and Rosmarinum; in English, Rosemary.  
Choice. The flowered and tender is the best.  
Qualities. It is hot and dry in the second degree: The Flowers are multiplying, degestive, cutting, abstersive, dissolving, opening, and strengthening.  
Commodity. It heats the Stomach, stops Fluxes, 'tis good for shortness of Breath; taken with Honey, it is a Cordial for the Cough; and of its Flowers with Sugar is made a Conserve, to comfort the Stomach, the Heart, and the Matrice.  
Hurt. With its sharpness it exasperates the Throat.  
Remedy. By eating it with Honey, all hurt is thence removed. In Lent the tender flowered sprigs of the Rosemary being wetted and sprinkled with fine Flour and Sugar, are fried with sweet Oil, being pleasant to the Taste and Stomach, and rendered more wholesome with a little Pepper.   

CHAP. L. Of Rocket.  
Name. Latin, Eruca; English, Rocket.  
Choice. The best is the tender, Garden-Rocket, which is not in Flower nor Seed.  
Qualities. It is hot in the second degree, and dry in the first; but the wild is more hot, and more dry, attenuates, opens, cuts, and is abstersive.  
Commodity. It dissolves windiness, provokes Urine, helps Digestion, is most pleasant in Salads, increases the Seed, gives strength and courage, and augments the Milk.  
Hurt. It excites Lust, offends the Head, and inflames the Blood.  
Remedy. You must mix therewith the Leaves of Lettuce, whereby it is made of an equal temperament; or else put thereto Endive or Purslain: And it is better in cool times than hot. It is not to be eaten alone, but with cool Herbs.   

CHAP. LI. Of Sage.  
Name. Latin, Salvia; English, Sage.  
Choice. The Garden-Sage is better than the wild.  
Qualities. It manifestly hea●s, and lightly dries and binds. 'Tis hot in the third degree, and dry in the second.  
Commodity. Being eaten, it comforts the Stomach and the Head, is good against the Vertigo and Migraines: Wine tempered with the Decoction of this, or four or five fresh leaves eaten before Meals, is good against the bitings of Serpents, strengthens the inward parts, cures the Palsy and Epilepsy, provokes the Courses and the Urine, stops the white Fluxes of Women: The Powder of dried Sage is excellent Sauce for Meats, and is very wholesome for the Body: It is good against all the cold Distempers of the Head and Joints; it makes barren Women fruitful, and its Decoction cures the itching of the Genitals: It is used in Pickle and Sauce, to excite the Appetite, especially when the Stomach is full of crude and naughty Humours; being eaten by Women with Child, it will make them retain the Infant; it fortifies the Vital Spirits; the Conserve made of the Flowers with Sugar, has the same effects; and Mercury, when it is used in Ointments, is always to be corrected with Sage.  
Hurt. Put into Wine, it intoxicate; its smell causes the Headache, therefore 'tis to be avoided by those that are incommoded with Catarrhs; 'tis sometimes poisonous, for it is easily infected by Serpents and Toads with their venomous breath.  
Remedy. 'Tis to be washed in Wine, and the Sage aught always to grow together with Rue, that it may not be infected by Venomous Creatures, which willingly shade themselves under Sage: It is not good for Young Men, nor in hot Seasons.   

CHAP. LII. Of Mustard.  
Name. Latin, Senapi; English, Mustard.  
Choice. The fresh is the best.  
Qualities. 'Tis hot and dry in the fourth degree.  
Commodity. Mustard made with its Seed, does wonderfully provoke the Appetite, but is sometimes unpleasant, being biting: Of this Seed with Vinegar and Honey is made a Paste, and thereof little Balls, drying them in the Sun or Oven, and reserved for the use of Meats, mixing it with Vinegar, whereby 'tis very delightful to the Palate, and beneficial to the Stomach: Mustard is eaten to draw down the Phlegm from the Head; it cures all Defects and Diseases of the Milt, and corrects the poisonous qualities of Mushrooms.  
Hurt. Mustard is fuming, and with its Vapour it ascends into the Head, penetrating sometimes with displeasure the Nose and the Brain, and causes sneezing.  
Remedy. When the Mustard by its biting Faculty offends the Nose, smell to your Bread, or draw in your Breath at the Nose; it is mixed with boiled Wine to correct its sharp quality.   

CHAP. LIII. Of spinach.  
Name. Latin, Spinachia; English, spinach.  
Choice. The tender spinach growing in fruitful Ground, and oft watered, is the best.  
Qualities. It is cold and moist in the first degree.  
Commodity. It opens the Breast, cures the Cough, refreshes the Liver and Lungs, allays the burning Choler, loosens the Body, etc.  
Hurt. It is of bad Nourishment, causes windiness, offends cold Stomaches, and taken in too great a quantity, it oppresses it.  
Remedy. 'Tis to be fried in its own Liquor, and afterwards seasoned with Salt, Pepper or Cinnamon, and Raisins, with Verjuice, or the juice of Oranges; and so eaten it is very wholesome.   

CHAP. LIV. Of Water-cresses.  
Name. IN Latin, Sium, Laver; in English, Water-cresses.  
Choice. The tender, growing in clear Water, is best.  
Qualities. 'Tis hot and dry, as you may know by its smell.  
Commodity. Eaten in Salads, boiled or raw, it breaks and drives forth the Stone and Gravel in the Kidneys and Bladder, provokes the Urine and the Courses, and also hastens the Birth; it is good against the Bloodyflux, against Dropsies, and the Mother; also it removes the Obstructions of the Liver.  
Hurt. The raw is bad for the Stomach.  
Remedy. 'Tis to be eaten boiled, or in a Salad mixed with Lettuce, Sorrel, and such like Herbs.  

Advertisements concerning the Roots of Herbs.  
WE have said enough concerning all the Herbs which are used with Meats; it remains now to treat of the Roots, where by the way you must take notice, that in the Spring and Summer their virtue disperses itself into the Leaves, Flowers, and Seeds; but at Autumn and Winter they are more strong and vigorous. Though it be true, that their use is more frequent in Physic than in Food; for they have almost all a naughty Juice, and are hard to be digested. Those Roots may be securely eaten which grow in the Garden, and are of a young, fresh, and tender Plant. The Roots have two parts, the skin and the wooden parts, and in some the peel is best: The outward part is more hot than the inward; so that in cold Roots, the outside is the best; as in the hot Roots, the inside; especially if they be not woody. Now, as to the length of them, the middle part is the best, except in those Plants which have a sweet Marrow near their buds, as we see in Gardens.    

CHAP. LV. Of Garlic.  
Name. IN Latin, Allium; in English, Garlick.  
Choice. The fresh Garlic is the best, which is that which in Lent is eaten in Salads; and the dry, which is laid up, having many buds.  
Qualities. It is hot and dry in the fourth degree, and sharp; it is of a biting, digestive, opening, and cutting Faculty.  
Commodity. Being eaten in Food, it is an Antidote against all Poison; and therefore is called the Countryman's Treacle: It kills and drives the Worms out of the Body, provokes Urine, is good for the biting of Serpents, very useful for Dropsical and Tisical Men, and makes the voice good. It corrects the hurt which the change of Air or Water may cause, and temperates the coldness and moistness of Salads. Garlic is exceeding good for Seamen, for it purifies the Air, corrupted with the stink of Tar and Pitch, and helps Sea-sick Persons.  
The Agliata (a sort of Food amongst the Italians) is made of Garlic, Nuts, Salt, and Bread, with two leaves of Sage; which is very pleasant to the  and Stomach, and excites the Appetite.  
Hurt. It hurts the expulsive faculties, the Head, the Brain, and the Eyesight; it causes thirst, is naught for bigbellied Women, renews old pains, dries up and burns the Blood, hurts the emrod's, or Piles, and Women that give suck; it causes a noisome and stinking Breath. 'Tis a sharp Food, and offends the Liver, which is the principal Foundation of the Health; and when the Garlic sprouts, it is more hurtful, for that is a sign of putrefaction.  
Remedy. By boiling, it loses its malign qualities, but the virtues become more weak: The raw hurts less, if eat with Oil and Vinegar. It is good for Old Men in Winter, but naught at all times for Young. The stinkingness thereof is corrected by eating after it raw Beans, Parsley, or a little Rue.   

CHAP. LVI. Of Carrots.  
Name. Latin, Carota; English, Carret.  
Choice. The red are the best, the great sweet ones, and those of Winter.  
Quality. They are hot in the second degree, and moist in the first.  
Commodity. The red and the white are well tasted, both pickled, and out of pickle; they provoke Milk, women's Courses, and Urine, and open Obstructions.  
Hurt. They nourish less than Turnips, neither are they so ea●●ly digested; they cause windiness, etc.  
Remedy. They are to be well boiled, and seasoned with Vinegar, Oil, and Mustard, or Coriander, or Pepper, and boiled in good Broth of Meat, they lose all their naughtiness.   

CHAP. LVII. Of Onion.  
Name. Latin, Caepe; in English, Onion.  
Choice. The biggest are the best, and such as grow in Marshy Ground, of much Juice, of a round shape.  
Quality. It is hot in the third degree, and dry in the second.  
Commodity. It corrects that hurt which the change of Water induces, causes a good Appetite, attenuates the Humours, makes a good colour, and increases the Seed.  
Hurt. Being eaten raw, in a great quantity, it causes the Headache, inflames the Blood, dims the Sight, and hurts the Understanding; it increases Lust, opens the emrod's, and causes overmuch sleep.  
Remedy. If you boil it, it loses the malign and naughty qualities, and becomes very good, especially with Parsley. To eat it raw, it must be cut in pieces, and steeped in fresh Water, whereby it becomes sweet It agrees with cold Constitutions, and cold Seasons, but is hurtful to the contrary.   

CHAP. LVIII. Of Mushrooms.  
Name. Latin, Fungus; English, Mushrooms.  
Choice. Those that grow in the Fields, called Spongy and Meadow-Mushromes, that look like the Yolks of Eggs, are the least hurtful.  
Qualities. They are cold almost in the fourth degree, and moist in the second.  
Commodity. They are pleasant to the Stomach; they stir up the Appetite, and drink up all the Sauce. The Mushrooms then that grow upon the Rocks in the shade, being dried and powdered, and thereof taken the weight of a Scruple, with Wine and Broth, mitigate the Colic pains, and Gravel, provoking Urine, and driving forth the Stone; but it is to be taken four hours before Meat.  
Hurt. They cause stupidness, and the Apoplexy, and suffocate.  
Remedy. The pickled Mushrooms are good enough, being cleansed and well boiled with sour Pears, Basil, Bread, Oil, Salt, and Pepper. 'Tis good to eat but a little thereof, and to drink good Wine after it.   

CHAP. LIX. Of Parsnips.  
Name. IN Latin, Pastinaca; English, Parsnip.  
Choice. The most tender, and such as grow in fruitful Grounds, are the best.  
Qualities. They are very hot and abstersive.  
Commodity. They are eaten boiled, and prepared divers ways, and they have the same virtue as Carrots; for they provoke the Courses and Urine, and remove Obstructions.  
Hurt. They give but little, and that too, ill Nourishment; they are slowly digested, cause much windiness, stimulate Lust, excite the Itch, breeding bad Blood, and full of Superfluities.  
Remedy. They lose their ill Qualities if they be sound boiled, first taking away their wooden Marrow from within, and afterwards season them with Oil, Vinegar, and Mustard; or else first boil them, and afterwards fry them with Butter, and salt them. They are good in cold weather for young men, and for all Complexions, except old and phlegmatic men. This following way is also good: Steep them first in two Waters, then in a third Water, with Lettuce, Coriander, and Onions, adding after, Oil, Vinegar, Pepper, and Honey, or boiled new Wine.   

CHAP. LX. Of Leeks.  
Name. IN Latin, Porrum; English, Leeks.  
Choice. The best sort is that which grows in marshy places, and small.  
Quality. They are hot in the third degree, and dry in the second.  
Commodity. They provoke Urine, and the Courses, dissolve Windiness, incite Copulation, and boiled with Honey, purge and cleanse the Lungs, and eaten with Salt, clear the Stomach of Phlegm; the Leaves boiled, and thereof a Plaster, made, cure the emrod's; roasted under the ashes and eaten, they qualify the poisonous faculty of the Mushrooms; they are good against Drunkenness, and mitigate the colic Pains; they cure the Asthma, or shortness of Breath, drank with Water of Barley, or Honey; they expel the Cough, cause a good Voice, and make Women fruitful. The Heads boiled in two Waters, bind the Belly, and are good against the Tenesmus.  
Hurt. Being eaten raw, they beget Windiness, offend the Head, cause frightful Dream●, dim the Sight, burden the Stomach, and hurt the Ulcers of the Reins and Bladder. They cause the Headache, beget naughty Humours, and corrupt the Gums and the Teeth.  
Remedy. By boiling them twice, and putting them in fresh Water, their Hurt is taken away: You must eat with them, Lettuces, Endive, and Purslain; they are the ●ood of Ploughmen, and of those which labour much. They are to be eaten after all other Meat.   

CHAP. LXI. Of Radishes.  
Name. IN Latin, Raphanus, and Radix; in English, Radish.  
Choice. The best Radishes are the tender and sharp, which have been first nipped by the Frost, and those which have a black skin are the sweetest.  
Quality. The Radishes are hot in the third degree, and dry in the second; they are digestive, cutting, abstersive, and rarifying.  
Commodity. Eaten, they provoke the Urine, mollify the Belly, expel the Stone and Gravel from the Kidneys and Bladder. Radishes are pleasant to ●he Stomach, cutting them to pieces, and putting them in Water, with Salt; they increase the Milk, and make the Drink relish: They are good against the poison of Mushrooms; boiled, they are good against old Coughs, and eaten after other Food, they move the Body.  
Hurt. They make the Body lean; they cause Windiness, and move stinking Belches: They are of a slow Digestion, offend the Head, breed Lice, hurt the Teeth, and the Eyesight, increase the pains of the Sinews and Arteries, and do cause Hoarseness.  
Remedy. Being well washed in Water, and afterwards eaten with Sal● they become less hurtful. Eaten after Supper, they do not help Digestion, as many have thought, but the party that eats them, remains thereby prejudiced, though it is true, that Radishes agree best with them whose Stomach is hot, and not apt to beget Windiness after Suppe●●: They are good in cold weather for young men, and those that labour much, but very unwholesome for others.   

CHAP. LXII. Of Scallions.  
Name. IN Latin, Ascalonia; in English they are called Scallions.  
Choice. The red, hard, little, and sweet, are the best.  
Quality. They are hot almost in the fourth degree, and dry in the second.  
Commodity. They are very good to waken and excite the Appetite, which is weakened by a superfluous Heat; they are good to make the Drink relish more savoury; they increase the Seed, and stimulate carnal Copulation.  
Hurt. They cause Windiness, multiply the gross Humours, make the Headache; they procure Thirst, and raise a desire to sleep, offend the Eyesight, and make the Tongue rugged: And you must have a care of using them too often, for they hurt the Nerves, whence they are very hurtful to old and Epileptic men.  
Remedy. They are first to be squeezed well, and afterwards steeped a little in Water, than season them with Vinegar, Oil and Salt, adding thereto a little Sage and Parsley; hereby they become more sweet and nourishing, less windy, and easier digested, but they require little boiling. They agree with hot Complexions.   

CHAP. LXIII. Of Tartufoli.  
Name. IN Latin, Tubera; in English, or rather Italian, Tartufoli; which because they are but lately known in England, it will not be amiss to give a short description thereof. It is then a certain Excrescence within the ground, without any Root or Stalk, but always hid under ground; therefore to find it, the Italians lead a Hog in a string, who as soon as he smells them, (for the Tartufoli are of a strong smell) will stop, and dig with his Snout, and then he that leads the Hog, digs out the Tartufoli.  
Choice. The male, that is, the black, are bett●r than the w●i●e, which are the female, as likewise the thickest, and biggest, with a hard skin; let them be also fresh, not putrid, but of a good odour.  
Quality. They are hot and dry in the second degree, and suck up all the sauce whereunto they are put.  
Commodity. Being eaten both boiled and raw, they are pleasant to the taste, for they have the smell of Flesh: They excite venereal Desires, and multiply the Seed; they are of a gross Nourishment, though not bad; Chestnuts roasted under the ashes, afterwards cleansed, and boiled in a Skillet with Pepper, Oil, the juice of Oranges, with a little Salt, are very good eaten after, to qualify the Tartufoli. The Tartufoli dried, and put into a Chest or Trunk where  are, do impart to them no unpleasant odour.  
Hurt. They are windy, melancholic, destructive to the Nerves, Head, and Stomach: They cause bad Breath, and being used too often, beget Apoplexies, and Palsies, and are hard to be digested; those that are sandy, are naught for the Teeth. Besides, there be some of them which suffocate, as the Mushrooms do, they cause pains of the Stone, stoppage of the Urine, and bring the Gout.  
Remedy. They are to be washed with Wine and afterwards boiled in fat Broth with Cinnamon; and let pure good Wine send them down; but they must be eaten at the end of the Meal.  

Advertisements concerning Fruits.  
ALthough Fruits are not to be reckoned amongst nourishing Food, seeing that their nourishment is but little, and that they are apt to breed putrified Blood, and are full of many Superfluities, nevertheless they being used for other Commodity's and Benefits, in a manner physically, we conclude, that they must not be used too often, nor too much at once, for that which is taken physically, and not for nourishment, aught to be used, in a small quantity, and seldom Now the first benefit which we receive from Fruit is, That they mitigate the Choler, extinguish the heat of Blood, refresh and moisten the Body. Therefore they are to be eaten before other Food, and you must drink after them Wine mixed with Water, to the end that they may pass the more readily to the Veins, and refresh, and therefore in Summer they best agree with choleric and sanguine Complexions. The second good is, That the● loosen the Belly; and therefore they are to be eaten in the beginning of the Meal, and you must presently eat other Food after them: But betwixt these Fruits and your Food, some small time ought to intervene; such are, Grapes, Figs, Plumbs, Mulberries, Peaches, and Cherries. The third good is, That they bind the Belly; and to do that, they are to be eaten before Dinner, such as are, Cornels, Quinces, Service-berries, Medlars, etc. But they must not be eaten in a great quantity, because they are very difficult to be digested, and are of naughty nourishment. But in short, for the use of Fruits, take these following Rules.  
I. That all Fruits are to be avoided by gouty folks, especially moist, watery, and viscuous Fruits, for they are full of Vapours.  
II. That all fresh and moist Fruits are worse than the dry.  
III. That the Fruits which are eaten after Meals, are better baked, roasted, or boiled, than raw.  
iv That the laxative Fruits which loosen the Belly, are to be eaten before Dinner, as the astringent after.  
V That astringent Fruits taken before, bind the Belly; whereas, taken after, they loosen the Belly.  
VI That they whose Stomaches are cold and moist, should eat hot and dry Fruit; and so contrariwise, whereby they hurt not.  
VII. That you eat Fruit throughly ripe, except Mulberries, which are to be eaten before that by their maturity they become black, for than they are the Food of Spiders and Flies, whereby they infect the Blood, and prepare it to putrefaction.  
VIII. That different Fruits be not used at one Meal.  
IX. That the best Fruit are the soundest; and those that are wormeaten, beget continual Fevers, and such are known by their ill colour.    

CHAP. LXIV. Of Citrons.  
Name. IN Latin, Citrea mala, and mala Medica; in English, Ci●rons.  
Choice. The best a●e full of Juice, and heavy.  
Quality. The Peel or Rind is hot and dry in the third degree; the Pulp is cool and moist in the first; the Juice is cold and dry in the third degree; the Kernels are of the same temperament as the Peel.  
Commodity. It's Peel eaten, and the decoction thereof, causes good Breath, and readily digests the Food; the Kernels are an Antidote against all sort of Poison, especially the Bitings of Serpents, and provokes the Flowers, and kills the Worms of the Belly: Either of them eaten, are good against the Plague, corruption of the Air, and against all Poison. The water of all the Citron distilled, is very sweet to the Taste, and mightily contributes to the Heart and Brain; and the conserve of Citron is a wonderful Alexipharmacon against pestilential Fevers, for it extinguishes the Thirst, and the Fever, resists the concoction and putrefaction of the Humours. The water of its Flowers distilled, is very prevalent against the infection and contagion of the Air, and the spotted Fevers, for it is a great Cordial, strongly provokes Sweat, and lightly excites Vomiting. It is credibly reported, That in one of the Cities of Italy, there being two Persons condemned to die, and going to Execution, they by chance passed by a House where a man stood eating a Citron, who being moved with compassion, gave them one to comfort their hearts: Arriving afterwards at the Place of Execution, they were bitten by a Scorpion, without any hurt thence proceeding; at which every one was so astonished, that they caused them to be led back again; and the next morning (supposing this might arrive by means of the Citron) they gave one some Citron to eat, and the other none; then conducting them to the same Place, and both again being bitten by the Scorpion, he that had eaten none, died immediately, and the other escaped: a manifest and certain proof of the great virtue of Citron, and how excellent an Antidote it is against Poison. The Peel preserved, is good for the foresaid things; and also the oil extracted either from the Peel or Kernels, is very good to anoint the Pulses.  
Hurt. They are slowly digested, troublesome to those who have hot Brains, and being eaten late, they cause the Vertigo.  
Remedy. Violets, or Sugar of Violets, eaten after them, qualify their malignity; and being sugared, they are good for every Body, and agree with all Ages and Complexions.   

CHAP. LXV. Of Mulberries.  
Name. LAtin, Mora; English, Mulberries.  
Choice. The black, the gross, and the most ripe, are the best, and let them not be touched by Flies and Spiders, and gathered before the rising of the Sun.  
Commodity. They lenify the roughness of the Throat, quench the Thirst, and make the Body slippery, excite the Appetite, extinguish the Choler; being eaten before Meat, they are quickly digested, but eaten after, they are as soon corrupted; which also happens, if they find in the Stomach any naughty Humours.  
Hurt. They nourish very little, as do likewise the Pumpions; nevertheless they do not cause Vomiting, neither are they disagreeing with the Stomach, as those are. They beget Windiness, and pains in the Stomach, and trouble it, especially if they find it full of naughty Humours, and they are easily corrupted.  
Remedy. Being washed in Wine, they become less hurtful; those that eat the sour Mulberries, must use therewith a little Sugar. They agree in hot weather with young men, especially if sanguine and choleric, and with them whose Stomaches are clear and free from all naughty Humours.   

CHAP. LXVI. Of Quinces.  
Name. IN Latin, Cotonea mala, and Cydonia; in English, Quinces.  
Choice. The Apple Quinces are better than the Pear-Quinces, for those are larger, these are little, plain, and channelled with yellow partitions, downy, odoriferous, and aught to be more ripe than the others. The third sort of Quinces, are those which are grafted the one within the other.  
Quality. Quinces are cold in the first degree, and dry in the second.  
Commodity. They are to be eaten in the last Course, for they seal up the Stomach, help Digestion, and move the Body, if they be eaten in a competent quantity; and if there be need to bind the Body, they are to be eaten before Meals, which thing secures the Head from Intoxication: They are pleasant to the Taste, they waken the Appetite, cherish and comfort the Heart, fortify the mouth of the Stomach, stagnate the Flux; they mend a spoiled Stomach, stop Vomiting, and keep the Vapours down, that they cannot ascend into the Head; and though in themselves they are astringent, yet by accidents they provoke Urine; being eaten raw, they are good against the Bloodyflux, and expel mortal Poison: The Marmalade of Quinces made with Honey or Sugar, is good both for sick and well persons.  
Hurt. Eaten raw, they beget Windiness, cause pricking pains in the Belly, hurt the Nerves, and excite colic Pains, are hardly digested, and smelling thereof often offends the Head; those that are kept for Winter, if they touch one another, are spoilt.  
Remedy. They are less hurtful, when ripe, and boiled in Honey; or else after they are baked, put much Sugar and Musk with them; but the best and readiest way is, to boil them in a Pipkin closely covered, putting Coals both, atop and under.   

CHAP. LXVII. Of Figs.  
Name. IN Latin, Ficus; English, Figs.  
Choice. The white are the best, ne●● the red, and last of all, the black; and those th●● have a thin Rind, are more easily digested: The● are to be eaten without their skin, and the ripest and the most clean are the best.  
Commodity. They nourish very much, purg● the Kidneys, expelling the Gravel, preserve fro● Poison, and nourish more than all other Fruits, take away thirst, cleanse the Breast, fatten, caus● good Colour, aid Copulation; and those that ar● throughly ripe are most wholesome. The dry ar● good for the Cough; toasted Figs are good applye● to aching Teeth, to draw away the Rheum. Fig● with Nuts, leaves of Rue, Salt, etc. eaten, preserve a Man from the Plague. They are good a● all times, especially in Autumn; they agree with all Complexions, and all Ages, except decrepit Men.  
Hurt. If you eat many of them, they bege● windiness, offend the Stomach of those that ar● troubled with Colic pains, and are full of Crudities; they hurt the ulcerated Reins, cause Thirst, and are naught for the Liver and Milt, and opilate; they cause the Itch, and breed many Lice.  
Remedy. When you eat the fresh, you must drink fresh Water after them, whereby they find an easier descent in the bottom of the Stomach, and temperates their heat; or else eating Pomegranates after them, or other Food sauced with ●●e juice of Oranges and Sorrel.   

CHAP. LXVIII. Of Apples.  
Name. IN Latin, Poma, and Mala; in English, Apples.  
Choice. There be almost infinite sorts of Apples; but the best, are the sweet, great, and co●ured; and above all, such as are most ripe. ●he Pippins challenge the superiority and preference beyond all others; next to them, the ●ear-mains, etc.  
Qualities. The sweet Apples are hot in the ●●rst degree, and temperately moist; but the sharp ●nd sour Apples are cold and dry.  
Commodity. They notably comfort the Heart, ●pen the Breast, ripen Phlegm, make one spit, and ●re good baked, for those who are in Health, if ●heir Stomach be very weak, because they com●●r it, and excite the Appetite; but then they ●ust be roasted under the ashes, and eaten with comfits made of Anise-seed; of these is made ●he Syrup of Apples, which is a great Cordial, ●nd is good against Melancholy Passions.  
Hurt. They hurt them that have a weak Stomach, and those that are troubled with pains in ●he Nerves, especially if eaten raw, and in a ●reat quantity. They must be suffered to hang ●n the Tree till they be throughly ripe, otherwise ●hey are very pernicious, and of very bad nourishment: The sour and sharp Apples cause windiness and much Phlegm, and make the Memor● short.  
Remedy. Apples become very good by roasting and eating them with Sugar, or else Cinnamon or Sugar of Roses after them. The Pippins a● lest hurtful. Apples may be kept all the Winter in Hay, but let them not touch one another.   

CHAP. LXIX. Of Medlars.  
Name. Latin, Mespilum; English, Medlars.  
Choice. The best Medlars are t●● biggest, which have Pulp enough, and little Stone● but let them be well ripened either in Hay, 〈◊〉 hanged up in the Air.  
Qualities. Medlars are cold in the second degree, and dry in the first.  
Commodity. They are pleasant to the taste comfort the Stomach and the Belly, mitigate th● heat of the Stomach, stop Fluxes, stay Vomiting but provoke Urine. Their stones also be● to powder, and drank in White-wine, together with a few Roots of Parsley boiled, do send o● the Stone and Gravel of the Kidneys: There b● found a sort of Medlars without any stones, whic● being grafted on a Quince-Tree, come to be 〈◊〉 a notable largeness, and pleasant taste.  
Hurt. They are slowly digested, and do likewise hinder the digestion of other things; an● many burden the Stomach, breeding little, b● gross Nourishment.  
Remedy. Eating after them pectoral things, as Violet-Sugar, Liquorish, Sugar-candy, etc. they lose their hurt. They are good in Winter for young choleric Persons, and such as have a strong Stomach.   

CHAP. LXX. Of Nutmegs.  
Name. IN Latin, Nux Myristica; in English, Nutmegs.  
Choice. The best are the fresh, red, heavy, solid, fat, and full of moisture.  
Qualities. They are hot and dry in the end of the second degree, and astringent.  
Commodity. They make the breath sweet, increase the sight; held in the Mouth, they cure the Vertigo and Syncope, strengthen all the Bowels, and especially the mouth of the Stomach, the Liver, the Milt, and the Matrice; they provoke Urine, and stop Vomiting, excite the Appetite, consume the Windiness, cause Digestion, and are very good in Sauces for those that have a weak Stomach, and for a cold Liver, because it heats notably; to anoint yourself with the Oil of Nutmegs, is very good for the Stomach, and trembling Members.  
Hurt. They cause inflammations of the Body, and therefore they ought not to be eaten by Young, Choleric, and Sanguine Men, chief in hot Wether; but Old, Phlegmatic, and Melancholic Persons may make use thereof in their Victuals, most securely and especially in Winter. They are moreover very hurtful to those that are troubled with Piles or emrod's, and those that are bound in the Body, because Nutmegs are very astringent.  
Remedy. They are less hurtful, if used but a little at once, and mixed also with Ginger, which by its moistness qualifies and allays their dryness.   

CHAP. LXXI. Of Pepper.  
Name. IN Latin, Piper; in English, Pepper.  
Choice. You must take care in choosing it, that the grains be not hollow, dry, and light; but fresh, heavy, and black; for than it is manifest that it is throughly ripe and good.  
Qualities. Pepper is hot and dry in the end of the third degree.  
Commodity. The white Pepper grows in one Plant, and the black in another; and there is as much difference between them, as there is between the Vines which bear red Grapes, and those that bear white. Black Pepper helps Concoction, excites the Appetite, disperses Windiness, fortifies the Stomach, and strongly heats the Nerves; draws, dissolves, and removes the dimness of the Eyes. It hastens Child birth, is good against the Cough, and all Distempers and Defections of the Breast; being beaten to powder, and mashed with Raisins of the Sun, it draws down the Phlegm from the Head, and preserves the Health.  
Hurt. It hurts hot Complexions in Summer, and in hot Countries, inflames the Blood, and dries the Liver.  
Remedy. It loses most part of its hurtful qualities by a moderate use thereof, and is most wholesome for Old Men that are Phlegmatic, and full of Rheums, but in cold Wether, and eat with cold and moist Meats, but not too finely powdered, but big, unless you desire it should penetrate into all the parts of the Body, then beat it very small.   

CHAP. LXXII. Of Pears.  
Name. IN Latin, Pyrum; in English, Pears.  
Choice. Of these also, as of Apples, there be infinite sorts, but the best are, first, the sweet and well-ripe Muscadine; the second, the Icy Pear; the third, the Bergamot; the fourth, the Bon Chrestien; and the last, are Wardens, and hard Winter-Pears, which are good baked.  
Qualities. Pears for the most part are cold in the first degree, and dry in the second.  
Commodity. They are pleasant to the taste, excite the Appetite, strengthen the Stomach, and cause a more quick evacuation of the Excrements: The Bergamots are the most wholesome, they are good against the Poison of Mushrooms and Snails; they make good Perry, and putting them into a Glass of Wine, if they sink to the bottom, they signify that the Wine is pure and right, but swimming on the top, they discover that the Wine is mixed with Water, and falsified. Drying them in the Sun or Oven, first quartering them, and picking out their Kernels, they are very good in the Winter, put into Wine, or hot Water, and sprinkled with a little Sugar.  
Hurt. Being eaten before Meals, they become very unwholesome, and naught for those that are troubled with Colic pains, and windiness, because they beget cold Blood, and augment the said Distempers: They are also no less pernicious to such as are grieved with the Gravel in the Kidneys, and difficulty of Urine; for the wild beget gross Humours, and the sour offend the Nerves, are naught for Epileptic folks, and those that are vexed with the Tenesmus.  
Remedy. They are less hurtful, being eaten after all other Food, raw; but let them be fully ripe, or baked, with a good deal of Sugar, drinking after them good Wine; or else stew them in Wine with Sugar and Cinnamon, whereby they are easily digested, and do not offend the Stomach; but be sure you drink Wine after them: For, Sine vino sunt Pyra virus. They are good in Autumn and Winter for all, except very old and phlegmatic. Muscadine Pears are to be eaten before other Food, for otherwise they putrefy, and cause continual Fevers.   

CHAP. LXXIII. Of Service-Berries.  
Name. Latin, Sorbum; in English, Service-berries.  
Choice. The best are the biggest, odoriferous, throughly ripe, without corruption, and which for some time have been hanged up in the Air, or ripened in the Hay.  
Qualities. The Service-berries are astringent like the Medlars, but with a more weak effect. They are cold in the first, and dry ●n the third degree.  
Commodity. Being eaten 〈◊〉 ●re Meals, they stagnate all sort of Fluxed 〈◊〉 ●●en they are eaten after Meals, they c●● 〈…〉 ●●th, comfort the Stomach, and ●●op superfluous Vomiting.  
Hurt. They hinder Digestion, if eaten too much, burden the Stomach, bind the Body; and beget gross Humours.  
Remedy. They are to be used rather in Medicines and Physic, than in Food; and after Medlars, the best thing that you can make use of, is to eat a few Beans, or as some say, a little Honey. They are good in Autumn and Winter for Young Men, and all that are of a Sanguine Complexion; but it is requisite that they be eat●● moderately, for otherwise they breed naug●●● Blood.   

CHAP. LXXIV. Of Grapes.  
Name. IN Latin, Wa; in English, Grapes.  
Choice. The best are the white, ripe, and sweet Grapes, with a tender skin, and without stones.  
Qualities. The ripe Grape is hot and moist in the first degree; the sour is cold and dry.  
Commodity. It nourishes exceedingly, makes a Man quickly fat, as is seen in those that keep and look after the Vineyards; it refreshes the inflamed Liver, provokes Urine, increases the Venereal Appetite: It is also very good for the Breast and Lungs, profitable to the Stomach, and all pains of the Entrails, to the Kidneys and Bladder. Those that have no stones are better than the rest, and excellent for the Cough.  
Hurt. Grapes cause windiness, trouble the Belly, beget Colic pains, bring Thirst, and make the Body swell, and torment the Milt; the sweet fatten the Liver which is sound, but hurt that which is hard; the sour nourish less, bind the Body, and increase Catarrhs; Grapes preserved a long while, hurt the Bladder.  
Remedy. Grapes eaten before Meals, are less hurtful; as also by eating with them Pomegranates, Oranges, and other sharp Food; the white Grape is less hurtful than the black; and if for a few days you hang them up, they lose their windiness, and become better.   

CHAP. LXXV. Of Almonds.  
Name. IN Latin, Amygdala; in English, Almonds.  
Choice. The best are the sweet and fresh, not spoiled by Age, and growing in hot places.  
Qualities. The sweet Almonds are hot and moist in the first degree; the bitter Almonds are dry in the second degree, more abstersive, and opening, more strongly purging the passages of the Bowels, and attenuating the gross and viscuous Humours.  
Commodity. The sweet Almonds nourish sufficiently, fatten the Body, help the Sight, multiply the Seed, make spitting easy, purge the Breast, and cause sleep, augment the substance of the Brain, clear the passage of the Urine, remove the obstructions of the Liver, Milt, and of all the Veins, make smooth the Throat, cleanse the Breast and the Lungs; their Oil is good for Colic pains, and the P●ssions of the Breast; the green are eaten in the beginning of the Spring, they excite the Appetite, and take away the loathing of Women great with Child: They are also eaten in Summer with a little Sugar, when the kernel is tender; and then they are soft and delicate. The bitter are a good Remedy against Drunkenness; before Meals you may eat ●ix or seven of them; eaten, they are Poison to Foxes; and in all Physical uses they are better than the sweet: And whereas these latter are more delicious and pleasing, so the former are more wholesome.  
Hurt. If you eat them when they are very dr●, they are of a hard and slow digestion; remaining a long time in the Stomach, they cause the Headache, and beget Choler.  
Remedy. Let the Almonds be eaten in Summer, when they are as tender and soft as Milk; or else Almonds with the skin blanched, and a great deal of Sugar with them, which makes them digest quickly; those that are eaten with the skin, are very hardly digested; therefore let them be peeled and well cleansed. They are good at all times, for all Ages and Complexions, but prepared with Sugar or Honey.   

CHAP. LXXVI. Of Oranges.  
Name. IN Latin, Aurea Mala; in English, Oranges.  
Choice. The best are those that are very heavy, and fully ripe, with a smooth skin, and of a pleasant and middle taste; for the sweet are too hot, and the sour too cold, which offend the Stomach.  
Qualities. The Peel is hot and dry in the beginning of the third degree; the Pulp, that is, the substance of the Oranges, is cold and dry in second degree; the Kernels are hot and dry in the second degree: The sweet are temperately hot, and are good for the Breast; others are sour, which are cold in the first degree: others are of a middling taste, betwixt sweet and sour, which are cold and dry temperately.  
Commodity. The sweet Oranges, eaten before Meals, are good for the Stomach at all times, and are pectoral; they are wholesome for Melancholic, and Rheumatic Persons, and take away Obstructions: The sour Oranges quench the Thirst, and awaken the Appetite; their Juice sprinkled on roasted Meats, or fried Fish, give them a pleasant relish; with Sugar, they must be eaten before Meals, as China-Oranges. Others are neither sweet nor sour, and these are grateful to the Palate and Appetite; they are excellent good in Choleric Fevers, they make the Throat smooth, and take away Thirst: The powder of their skin dried, is very good to kill the Worms; and being taken in Wine, preserves the Body from the Plague.  
Hurt. The sour or Sevil-Oranges do strongly bind the Body, and cool the Stomach, contract the Breast and the Arteries; the sweet increase the Choler in burning Fevers.  
Remedy. The hurt and malignity of the sour Oranges is easily repaired and mitigated, by using therewith Sugar, or eating after them their Peel candyed, which being thus eaten in a small quantity, are very good for the Stomach. The China-Oranges are good at all times for Old Men, and the sour in hot Wether, for Young, Choleric, and Sanguine Men, and especially in Pestilential Fevers.   

CHAP. LXXVII. Of Chestnuts.  
Name. IN Latin, Castaneae; in English, Chestnuts, and Marroons.  
Choice. The best Chestnuts are the biggest, and therefore the Marroons are the best; and after they are gathered, they are to be kept a long while, whereby they become more savoury and wholesome.  
Qualities. Garden-Chestnuts as well as wild, are hot in the first degree, and dry in the second; they are also very astringent.  
Commodity. Being windy, they provoke Copulation, they afford large and wholesome Nourishment; they cure the Flux, and mingled with Honey and Salt, they heal the bitings of Mad Dogs; when they are roasted under the Ashes, they stop Vomiting. In places where there is but little Corn, they dry them, and smoak them in the Chimney, afterwards they cleanse them; which thus prepared, serve instead of Bread. Chestnuts lightly roasted under the Ashes, afterwards boiled in a little Skillet, with Oil and Salt, adding thereto Pepper, and the Juice of Oranges: And they are used for Tartufoli, or Testiculi Terrae, much eaten in Italy and Spain.  
Hurt. Being eaten overmuch in Food, they cause the Headache, bind the Body, are hard of Digestion, cause windiness, especially if eaten raw.  
Remedy. They are less hurtful, if roasted on the Coals, and covered a little while under hot Ashes, and afterwards eaten with Pepper and Salt, or Sugar, which is good for choleric, as with Honey for phlegmatic men: The boiled are better than the roasted, for they acquire a suffocant quality from the smoke; they are good in cold weather for all Ages and Complexions, provided they be well boiled, and taken in a small quantity, drinking good Wine after them.   

CHAP. LXXVIII. Of Lemmons.  
Name. IN Latin, Mala Limonia; in English, Lemons.  
Choice. The best are such as have the smell of a Citron, that are very ripe, and of a good colour, having been Stazati of the Trees.  
Qualities. The little as well as the great are cold and dry in the second degree; but the biggest excel the rest, both in Juice, Peel, and Substance.  
Commodity. They have the same virtue as the Citrons, but more weak: Their juice excites the Appetite, stops Vomiting, cuts the gross Humours, and resists malignant Fevers, and kills the Worms; the juice of the sour Lemons taken to the quantity of an ounce, and mixed with Malmsey, sends out the Gravel of the Kidneys; the little ones have the same effects, but more strongly. If they be cut in pieces, and eaten with Rose-water and Sugar, they cause a good Stomach, and give a pleasant relish to the Drink, and also break the Stone in the Bladder. They are also eaten instead of a Salad, cut in pieces, with Water, Honey, and Vinegar, having the same Effects as is said before.  
Hurt. They are a great cooler of the Stomach, beget colic Pains, and cause Leanness, breed melancholic Humours; for with their sharpness they by't the Stomach, nourish little, and strongly bind the Body.  
Remedy. They are to be used in a small quantity, without the Peel, steeped a little while in Water, then eaten with Sugar and Cinnamon; they are not good for cold Stomaches; they are good in hot weather for young and choleric, and are naught for old and phlegmatic men.   

CHAP. LXXIX. Of Pomegranates.  
Name. IN Latin, Punica mala; in English, Pomegranates, from the many Grains which are therein contained.  
Choice. The best are such as are large, ripe, and easy to be peeled, and the sour, for they have juice enough.  
Qualities. The sweet are hot, and moist temperately, and pleasant to the Stomach; the strong and sour are cold in the second degree; and those of a middling taste and indifferent nature, are very dry.  
Commodity. The sweet are good for the Stomach, the Breast, and the Cough, and increase venereal Desires; the sharp and sour are good for the Liver and burning Fever; refresh, and cool the dryness of the Mouth, extinguish the Thirst, and moderate the i●●at of the Stomach: Their Wine and Syrup is good for the same purpose; strongly quenches the Choler, and hinders the Superfluities from dispersing themselves through the Bowels, keeps down the Vapours from the Head, and provokes Urine. The Peel of Pomegranates dried, is very good to be put in a Trunk amongst Linen and , for it gives them a sweet smell, and preserves them from Moths.  
Hurt. The sweet Pomegranates cause Heat, and Windiness, and therefore their use is forbidden in Fevers; the sour are enemies to the Breast, and offend the Teeth and the Gums.  
Remedy. The one sort of Pomegranates qualify the malignity of the other; and therefore the grains of the one and of the other are to be mixed together, whereby of two such Contrarieties is made one excellent Temperament; or else eating a little Sugar with the sour; but after you have well sucked all the grains, you must spit them forth: The sweet are good in Winter for every one, but the sour only in Summer, and then too for young choleric men; but they are naught for old men, because they contract their Breasts. Their juice is not to be eaten alone, but as sauce with Food; the middling sort are eaten after Meals with Sugar, or Salt, whereby are repressed the Vapours which would ascend into the Head.   

CHAP. LXXX. Of filberts.  
Name. IN Latin, Nux Avellana, ab Avello, a Town in Campania; in English, Filberd.  
Choice. The Garden-Filberds are better than the wild; also the red, big, and not much covered, full of moisture, which are not rotten, nor wormeaten; the long ones are more pleasant to the taste than the round filberts.  
Qualities. The fresh are temperate in the first degree, but the dry are hot and dry, almost in the beginning of the second degree.  
Commodity. They are more nourishing than Nuts, increase the Brain, and two or three of them eaten at the beginning of the Dinner, are good against the Pains and Gravel of the Kidneys; being eaten with Rue and dry Figs to Breakfast, they preserve the Body from the Plague. The round are covered as the Corianders, are most pleasant and grateful to the Stomach.  
Hurt. They are very hardly digested, yet are not at all disagreeing with the Liver; they cause Windiness, beget much Choler, and Pains in the Head, especially if you eat too great a quantity of them, and too often.  
Remedy. You must eat such as are very fresh, and in the Summer steeped in Water, with a little Sugar on them, and the dry only in Winter; young men, and such as labour, or have a strong Stomach, may eat them often. The sugared filberts are least hurtful.   

CHAP. LXXXI. Of Walnuts.  
Name. IN Latin, Nux Juglans; in English, Nuts, or Walnuts.  
Choice. The best Nuts are the big, long, ripe, and which are fresh, not old, nor corrupted within.  
Qualities. The fresh and green are hot and dry in the first degree; the dry are hot in the third degree, and dry in the second, but with age and keeping they grow dry; and by how much the more dry they are, so much the more oil they afford.  
Commodity. They fasten lose Teeth, and eaten with Figs, Rue and Mandorle, they preserve a man from deadly Poison; and are good against the Plague, but they must be eaten at Breakfast, and thus prepared: Take two dried Nuts, and as many Figs, twenty leaves of Rue, a few grains of Salt; take all these, and beat them together into a lump, and of this every morning take a small quantity fasting, and it is a certain Antidote both against Poison and the Plague. The same thing is no less expedient for the Bitings of mad Dogs, spreading a little thereof upon a Plaster, and applying it to the Sore; the green bark of the Nut may supply the place of Pepper in Meat. The use of Walnuts is very laudable and wholesome after that you have eaten any Fish, for they cut and take away the slimyness thereof; whence is said: Post pisces nuces, post carnem caseus adsit.  
They kill the Worms in the Belly; and preserved with Sugar, or Honey, and Cloves, they become very pectoral, profitable for the Stomach, and the cold Bowels.  
Hurt. They are called Nuces, quasi Noces, quia nocent, because they hurt the Throat, the Tongue, and the Palate; for being eaten in too great a quantity, chief the dry, excite the Cough, cause the Headache, beget Crudities, the Vertigo, and Thirst. The shade of a Nut-tree is very pernicious, for it sends forth a naughty Vapour and Exhalation, which makes the Head heavy, and offends those that sleep under it, and with its destructive odour penetrates the Brain; and therefore being planted near the Highway, she thus heavily complains, and bewails her hard lot, as the Poet describes it: 
Nux ego juncta viae, cum sim sine crimine vitae,  
A populo saxis praetereunte petor.   
Remedy. Eating them fresh, but first steeped in good Claret, and in a small quantity, and they are less hurtful; and though they are very old, yet that bad quality may be remedied, by soaking them one whole night in hot Water, and afterwards cleansing them: Garlic also takes away all malignity from them; those that are conserved with Sugar and Honey, become very good in cold weather, and warm the Stomach; the dry are good in Winter for old, phlegmatic, and melancholic men, because they open the Breast. One Nut mixed in the Pottage-pot, make the Flesh quickly boiled; when the Nuts are fruitful, it signifies abundance of Corn.   

CHAP. LXXXII. Of Pine-Kernels.  
Name. IN Latin, Pini Nucleus; in English, the Kernels of a Pineapple.  
Choice. The best are those Kernels which are taken off from Garden Pine-Apples, and especially of the female Pine, for they are more savoury; but above all let them be sound and fresh.  
Qualities. They are hot in the beginning of the second degree, and moist in the first.  
Choice. Being eaten fresh in Foods, they nourish sufficiently, and that well too: They correct the moistness which would putrify in the Broth; boiled with Honey or Sugar, they purge the Breast, provoke the Urine, restore Strength to the weak, cleanse the Reins and the Bladder of their Superfluities, are good for the heat and distillation of the Urine; they cure the Pains and Convulsions of the Nerves, and of the Sciatica, or Gout; they are profitable to the paralytic and stupid persons, and to those that are grieved with Tremble; they cleanse the Lungs, and the Ulcers thereof; they are very useful in the distempers and defects of the Breast, and do very much contribute to the Cure and Health of Tisical men.  
Hurt. They are something hard of digestion, and afford a gross nourishment, and by't the Stomach, and when they are rancidi, they excite Lust, and fill the Head with Vapours.  
Remedy. Steep them first in warm Water at least an hour, then let the phlegmatic eat them with Honey, and the choleric with Sugar.   

CHAP. LXXXIII. Of Pistack-Nuts.  
Name. IN Latin, Pistacium; in English, the Pistack-Nut.  
Choice. The biggest are the best, of a smell something like Turpentine; let the Fruit be gathered from old Trees, but let it be fresh and green: These Nuts are better than Almonds.  
Qualities. They are hot and dry in the second degree.  
Commodity. They are wonderful good in awakening and exciting the venereal Desires; they remove the Obstructions of the Liver, and strengthen it, purge the Breast and the Kidneys, are useful for the Stomach, for they comfort it, and hinder nauseating; they attenuate the gross Humours, are restorative, and therefore are put into Compositions which are made to fatten one; being drunk in Wine, they heal the Bitings of Serpents.  
Hurt. They are hurtful to Children, and such as are of an hot Complexion, because they attenuate and inflame their Blood; they cause the Vertigo, and eaten in too great a quantity, burden the Stomach.  
Remedy. They may be safely eaten at the beginning and end of a Meal, taking after them dry Grimosele, or Sugar of Roses; they are good in Winter for old and phlegmatic, but naught for young, etc. They say, Pistack-Nuts are produced, by grafting an Almond on a Willowtree.   

CHAP. LXXXIV. Of Carnation-Cherries.  
Name. IN Latin, Cerasa austera; in English, Carnation-Cherries.  
Choice. The biggest and most ripe are the best.  
Qualities. These Cherries are usual, and more proper to make Wine, being not pleasant to the taste when raw, as the sweet ones; they are sour, and bind the Belly, cut the Phlegm, refresh, dry and strengthen.  
Commodity. They are grateful to the Stomach, for they extinguish the heat of the Choler, and cut the slimyness of Phlegm, excite the Appetite, and are very good preserved with Sugar.  
Hurt. They exasperated the Stomach with their sharpness.  
Remedy. They are not good raw, unless with Sugar, or baked, and preserved in Glass-vessels, which is more wholesome than raw: They are very good against pestilential Fevers; they are good for those that are choleric, but naught for old and phlegmatic men.   

CHAP. LXXXV. Of Apricocks.  
Name. IN Latin, Malum Armenium, because they were first brought from Armenia; in English, Apricocks.  
Choice. The largest, soft, ripe, of a good colour, are the best, and most sweet to the taste.  
Qualities. This Fruit is cold and moist in the second degree.  
Commodity. They are good for the Stomach, quench the Thirst, excite the Appetite, provoke Urine; their kernels kill the Worms; the infusion made of the dry, cures sharp Fevers; they are to be cut asunder, and dried in the Sun, sprinkling them with beaten Sugar.  
Hurt. They are indeed pleasant to the Stomach, but they weaken it, and are more corrupting than Peaches; they move the Flux of the Belly, swelling and filling the Blood with watery Humours, and dispose it to corruption: They are of very bad substance, convert themselves into Choler, and putrify quickly; they cause pestilential Fevers, and breed gross and viscuous Phlegm in the Liver and Milt.  
Remedy. They are to be eaten before all other Food, drinking good Wine after it, or Aniseed, or Meat well seasoned with Salt, or with Spice, or else a little old Cheese.   

CHAP. LXXXVI. Of Cherries.  
Name. IN Latin, Cerasa; in Engish they are called Cherries.  
Choice. The best Cherries are such as are of an hard substance: Let them be fully ripe; the watery Cherries are to be avoided, for they are cold, and do easily putrify; the sour Cherries are more wholesome.  
Qualities. The sweet are cold and moist, but the Carnation or sour Cherries are more cold.  
Commodity. The sweet move the Body, and are easily concocted by the Stomach; being eaten in the Morning, they quench the Thirst, refresh and provoke the Appetite: The dry are astringent, chief the slimy and viscuous, and are very pleasant to the Stomach, because they extinguish the burning heat of the Choler, and cut the viscosity of the Phlegm, and make a man have a good stomach to his Victuals, especially if they be boiled with a good quantity of Sugar upon them.  
Hurt. The sweet are enemies to the Stomach, especially the watery, begetting in the Belly viscuous and putrid Humours, for they quickly putrify, and swell the Stomach with the wind which they beget, if you eat too much of them.  
Remedy. You must eat but few at once; and then immediately after them, take some Meat of an excellent substance, either salted or sharp: They must not be eaten as Food, but Physic, to quench the thirst and heat of those who labour in hot weather; and at such times they are good for young and choleric, but naught for old and phlegmatic men.   

CHAP. LXXXVII. Of Cornel-berries.  
Name. IN Latin, Cornum; in English, Cornel-berries.  
Choice. The biggest, and not too ripe, are the best.  
Qualities. This Fruit has the quality of drying strongly, and they are also very astringent.  
Commodity. They are an effectual Remedy against all Fluxes of the Belly, because they bind the Body: They are pickled green as the Olives, and of the ripe is made a Conserve with Sugar, and Honey, whereby they are good against the Bloodyflux, and strengthen the Body; and thus prepared, they may be given to feverish persons.  
Hurt. They are of a small and bad Nourishment, and hard to be digested.  
Remedy. They are to be eaten at second Course, a few only, and with Sugar.   

CHAP. LXXXVIII. Of Dates.  
Name. IN Latin, Dactylus, fructus Palmae; in English, Dates.  
Choice. You must choose such as are sweet, ●ipe, and that are very sound within.  
Qualities. The Date contains no small heat in it ●elf, especially when it is made sweet, whence ●his Fruit is hot in the second degree, and moist ●n the first.  
Commodity. They are pleasant, fatten the Li●er, cure the Cough, and make the Body slippery.  
Hurt. They breed Blood, which is soon changed into Choler: They hurt the Teeth, and ●he Mouth, and make the emrod's come forth; ●hey gripe the Stomach, and fill the Body with ●aw and viscuous Humours, which cause Obstructions, not only in the Liver, but also in the Milt, ●o all the Bowels and Veins, whence proceed long ●●d terrible Fevers.  
Remedy. They are less hurtful, being eaten ●oyled, and preserved with Sugar, or else eaten ●●ter the raw, some sharp Food. They are good 〈◊〉 no time, for no Age nor Complexion, unless, as said before, prepared with much Sugar, which ●alifies them sufficiently.   

CHAP. LXXXIX. Of Olives.  
Name. IN Latin, Olea, & Oliva; in English Olives.  
Choice. The best are those of Spain, big, wit● little stones, growing in warm Places; let the● be well pickled.  
Qualities. This Fruit when it is throughly ripe is moderately hot, but when it is not ripe, it i● more cold and binding: They strengthen and bin● the Belly; those that are pickled, are hot in th● second degree, having a little of an astringent faculty.  
Commodity. They purge the Stomach of Phlegm and the pickled excite the Appetite; and thei● Pickle is good to wash the Mouth withal, for i● binds the Gums, fastens lose Teeth; those tha● are pickled in Vinegar, quench the Choler, an● stop Vomiting.  
Hurt. Pickled Olives afford but small Nourishment, and are of an hard digestion; the salted i● flame the Blood, and beget Choler, and hinde● Sleeping.  
Remedy. They are to be eaten in a small quantity at once, and those that are pickled in Vinegar are better than the others, and that have goo● Pickle: They are good in cold weather for 〈◊〉 Ages and Complexions; the Olives are to be eate● after the other Food, that they may strengthen the Stomach, and help Digestion; but now the● eat them in the beginning, in the middle, an● end of a Meal, with Flesh, Fish and Eggs: but it is a very bad custom, for we ought to observe an order in our Food, especially if we consult our health and welfare.   

CHAP. XC. Of Peaches.  
Name. IN Latin, Mala Persica; in English, Peaches.  
Choice. The best Peaches are the odoriferous, well-coloured, fully ripe, so that they come clear from the stone, and that have an excellent taste; the Nutmeg-Peaches are the best of all.  
Qualities. Peaches are cold and moist in the second degree; their Kernels are hot and dry.  
Commodity. They are good for the Stomach, and make the Body slippery; those that come clear from the stone, and that are very ripe, aught to be eaten before Dinner, for they beget an appetite: But you must drink after them old and odoriferous Wine; and therefore let them be steeped in Wine, the which does not thereupon become empoisoned, as having attracted to itself the poisonous quality; but it is rendered bad, for the Peaches which are spongy, having drawn out and extracted the spirits and quintessence of the Wine, that which remains behind, becomes flat and dead, losing all its virtue.  
Hurt. They loosen the Stomach, begetting Humours, which are quickly putrified and corrupted, as being of a soft and watery nature, whence they do also breed much Windiness, and cause the Dropsy; whence some thinking to correct their malign Influences, do cleanse and steep them in Wine; but instead thereof commit a greater error, for their hurtful juice is sooner transported to the Veins, and thereby becomes more hurtful.  
Remedy Having eaten them with an empty Stomach, you must drink an odoriferous and aromatic Wine after them; but the Nutmeg-Peaches must be eaten after Meals, which refreshes and seals up the mouth of the Stomach, as do likewise the dry. They are good in Summer for young and choleric, but naught for old and phlegmatic men, and whose Stomach is weak; but roasted under the ashes, are a delicate Food, and most pleasant to the Sick; for they are good against the Passions of the Heart, and with their pleasant smell they take away a stinking Breath, which proceeds from the Stomach, and cheer the Mind: The dry are more wholesome, and make the Stomach better, and stop Fluxes. The Kernels cure the Pains of the Body, kill the Worms, dissolve Windiness, cleanse and comfort the Stomach, remove the Obstructions of the Liver, break the Stone in the Kidneys and Bladder; and in short are very good to preserve the Health, if every morning you eat eight or ten of them, but two or three are enough for those that are troubled with an hot Liver.   

CHAP. XCI. Of Plums.  
Name. IN Latin, Pruna; in English, Plums. Of these are found infinite sorts.  
Choice. The best and most commendable are the Damascene Plums, so called from Damascus, a City of Syria, where they grew.  
Qualities. Plums are cold and moist: But of the several sorts of Plums, some are sweet, others are sharp and sour: They are cold in the beginning of the second degree, and moist in the end of the third.  
Commodity. They purge the Choler, extinguish Heat, take away Thirst, refresh and moisten the Body, whence their Juice boiled may serve to excite the Appetite, and to quench the thirst in Feverish Persons, and thereof is made an Electuary with Scamony, and without, to loosen the Belly, with the pulp or inside of Damascene Plums and Manna: With the infusion of Sena, Polipodium, Anise-seed, and Cinnamon is made another excellent Electuary, whereof the quantity of half an Ounce being taken before Meals, does pleasantly loosen and make the Body slippery, and is grateful also to the Palate, as Marmalade of Quinces.  
Hurt. They are hurtful to those whose Stomach is cold and weak, to decrepit and phlegmatic Men, and such as are troubled with Colic pains.  
Remedy. The hurt of Plums is remedied and corrected by eating Sugar with them at the first Course, or eating after them salt Meats, and drinking good Wine; they are very good for Young, Sanguine, and Choleric Men, chief in Summer.   

CHAP. XCII. Of Cucumbers.  
Name. IN Latin, cucumber; in English, a Cucumber.  
Choice. The best Cucumbers are such as are large, and fully ripe.  
Quality. They are cold in the end of the second degree, and moist in the third.  
Commodity. The Cucumber is an excellent thing for the cooling and refreshment of those that are thirsty in Summer; for it qualifies the heat, and lessens the dryness of the Tongue; they are a good Remedy for the Reins and Bladder, provoke Urine, are very convenient for hot and dry Stomaches, restore those that suffer indispositions, by reason of overmuch heat.  
Hurt. The Cucumber used too often, is of very bad Nourishment; and if not quickly concocted by the Stomach, 'tis corrupted, and converted into Humours little inferior to deadly Poison. It diminishes the Sperma genitale, and extinguishes the Venereal Appetite, begets slimy Phlegm in the Stomach, the which despersing itself raw through the Veins, occasions long Fevers: Cucumbers in Phlegmatic men's Stomaches causes nauseating, Colic pains, and Hypochondriack Passions.  
Remedy. It must not be eaten before Meals, for like Radishes, it rises in the Stomach; after Dinner it is less hurtful, and more easily digested. Cucumbers are naught for Old Men, and such as are of a cold and moist Complexion; and to qualify it, let them eat a few Seeds of Anise: They are good for Young and Sanguine Men, and being boiled, are less hurtful.   

CHAP. XCIII. Of Strawberries.  
Name. IN Latin, Fraga; in English, Strawberries.  
Choice. The best are the red, and through-ripe Strawberries, large, of a pleasant Odour, and such as grow in the Garden, are better than the wild.  
Qualities. They are cold in the first degree, and dry in the second.  
Commodity. They are very pleasant to the taste, extinguish the heat and sharpness of the Blood, and refreshing the Liver, they quench the burning Choler, take away Thirst, provoke the Urine, and excite the Appetite. Their Wine dries up the fluxes and rheums of the Eyes, and clear the Sight, applied to the Eyes, taking away the little Clouds of the Eyes, and cleanse the Eyes hurt by the Smallpox. The Strawberries do not receive any venomous quality from the Toads and Serpents, though they often tread upon and pass over them, as being of a very low growth; they stop Loosnesses and Flux of Women, and are good for the Milt; the Decoction of the Leaves and Roots drank, eases the inflammation of the Liver, and cleanses the Kidney and Bladder; and the Water of Strawberries distilled, stops the Bloodyflux in all parts.  
Hurt. They are of little Nourishment, and are easily corrupted in the Stomach: Strawberries are very hurtful to trembling and Paralytic Men, and those that are troubled with convulsions of the Nerves; their Wine intoxicate, they easily putrify; whence those that eat many of them, fall oftentimes into Malignant Fevers.  
Remedy. They must be first cleansed from their Leaves, and from all filth, afterwards put into good White-wine, and then eaten sprinkled with Sugar. They are convenient in hot Wether for Young Men, and for Choleric and Sanguine Complexions, and strong Stomaches; they are to be eaten before other Food, and in a small quantity; as Cherries, Mulberries, and such other Fruits.   

CHAP. XCIV. Of Melons.  
Name. IN Latin, Pepo; in English, Melons, or Pompions.  
Choice. You must choose such as are of an exquisite Odour and Taste, pleasant to the Palate, fresh, and ripe.  
Qualities. Melons and Pompions are cold in the second degree; the Melons moist in the end of the second, the Pompions in the third.  
Commodity. They are very refreshing, they cleanse the Body, provoke Urine, take away Thirst, stir up the Appetite. Those that eat of them, secure themselves from the Stone and Gravel; and therefore the Emperor Albinus was so much delighted with them, that in one Night he eat ten Melons of Ostia, and an hundred Peaches of Campania, which were counted the best of all others.  
Hurt. They cause windiness, and the Belly-ach; and therefore such as are grieved with Colic pains, aught to abstain from them, for they breed naughty Nourishment, easily converting themselves into the same Humours that they find in the Stomach; and by reason of their coldness they are difficultly digested: They do moreover excite Vomiting, and Choleric Fluxes; and being corrupted, they beget Malignant, Spotted Fevers.  
Remedy. They are not to be eaten, unless with an empty Stomach, because, as is said before, they are changed into the same Humours they meet with in the Stomach. The eating of Melons is also good, if after them you eat old Cheese, salted Meats, and drink good Wine after them, but not very strong. They are good in hot sultry Wether, and agree with all Ages, except Decrepit, Phlegmatic, and Choleric Men, to whom they are very pernicious.  

Advertisements concerning Flesh.  
FLesh is more nourishing than all other Food; for being hot and moist, it is easily turned into Blood, and afford great Nourishment; concerning which it will be good to observe these following Rules.  
I. You must always take notice, That Flesh, Herbs, Fruits, Corn, and Wine are to be chosen in high and odoriferous places, such as are refreshed with wholesome Winds, and recreated with the warm beams of the Sun, where there are no Ponds, Lakes, and standing Waters, for in such places they are quickly corrupted.  
II. That the flesh of all those Creatures which live in Fens, Marshes, and standing Pools, be avoided; to wit, of Ducks and Geese.  
III. The flesh of Creatures too Old, are naught, hard, dry, sinewy, of small Nourishment, and hard to be digested; whereas on the other side, such as are too Young do over-abound with moisture, and are full of superfluities, though more easily concocted in the Stomach.  
iv The flesh of the Male Animal is more hot and dry, and more easily digested than that of the Female, the which is more cold and moist, and for that cause less digestible; yet the flesh of the Female is better for feverish Persons than the other, because it is less hot and more moist; and therefore in Summer, to sick Persons you must give young Pullet's, and not Cockerels.  
V All Female flesh begets worse Blood than the Male, except that of the She-Goat, which affords better Nourishment than that of the Male.  
VI Salted flesh is hurtful, begetting gross and melancholic Blood, and bad Juice; for it dries much, and nourishes little.  
VII. Fat Meat is easily digested, yet breeds many superfluities, and therefore is of small nourishment, takes away the Appetite, hinders the Digestion, and makes the Stomach languish: The lean nourishes better, and begets fewer superfluities; whence the middling betwixt both is more wholesome, because it breeds temperate Blood.  
VIII. The flesh of Birds is more light, more dry, and more easily digested, than that of fourfooted Beasts; and therefore more convenient and agreeable for those who are more given to the exercise of the Mind, than of the Body, for they are digested more easily than all the rest, and because they breed Blood which is clear, clean, and full of Spirits, and fit for the exercise of the Mind.  
IX. The flesh of wild Creatures, and such as frequent the Woods, is better than that of tame; and the Blood which is bred by eating of them will have fewer superfluities, by reason of the much running, and exercise which they are accustomed to, and because they live in a more dry Air, especially such as frequent the Mountains, and their flesh will keep longer uncorrupted; for they have less fat, and therefore beget fewer superfluities, nourish better, and breed a more sound Blood: But tame Creatures are more moist than wild, by reason of their little motion, and the moistness of the Air wherein they live.  
X. In moist times and complexions the flesh that inclines to dryness is most convenient; and so on the contrary.  
XI. The flesh of gelded Creatures is the best, as being most temperate; for 'tis hotter than the Female, and colder than the Male.  
XII. The flesh of black Creatures is more light and sweet than that of the white.  
XIII. The flesh which sticks to the Bone, is of best Nourishment; and the flesh of the right side is better than the left, and the forepart is better than the hinder; for the forepart is hotter, and more easily digested, but the hinder-part is colder, and more gross; the flesh which is near the Heart is better than the other farther off; for being strengthened by the heat of the Heart, 'tis more fit to nourish.  
XIV. The flesh which is dry must be boiled, the moist roasted.  
XV. Roasted flesh is fatter, of greater Nourishment, though more hardly digested than boiled, which though of less, yet is of better Nourishment, and therefore more wholesome; at Dinner boiled Meats are best, at Supper roasted, as being of an harder digestion, and therefore better concocted in the Nighttime. Fried and broiled Meats beget nauseous Humours and Crudities in the Stomach, and are of a difficult digestion, though very nourishing.    

CHAP. XCV. Of Lambs.  
Name. IN Latin, Agnus; in English, a Lamb.  
Choice. Let it be a Male of one Year, brought forth in Spring, and that hath fed on sweet Herbs; but the sucking Lambs flesh is too moist and slimy.  
Qualities. The Lamb is moist in the second degree, and hot in the first; but the sucking-Lamb is moist in the third degree, and is very viscuous; but when 'tis a year old, though it abounds with moistness, yet being taken from Milk, the heat increases, and the moisture decreases.  
Commodity. It begets good nourishment, is easy to be digested, especially when fed with sweet Herbs; 'tis good against Melancholic Humours, 'tis convenient in hot Wether, and in hot Countries; for those that are of a choleric and adust Complexion, that which does not suck is more easily digested, breeding good and greater Nourishment.  
Hurt. The flesh of a young sucking Lamb is too moist, waterish, slimy, and of gross Nourishment, and therefore very hurtful to Phlegmatic and Old Men in cold Wether and Countries; they breed many viscuous Humours in the Stomach, because they have in themselves a superfluous moistness, and so much the more, by how much the younger. This Food is not good for sick Men, especially for such as are troubled with the Falling-Sickness, and other Passions of the Brain and Nerves.  
Remedy. You must not eat them before they be a Year old, but let them not have Copulation; they are to be roasted with Sage, Rosemary, Garlic, Cloves, and other hot things, which may dry up their moisture; and with this flesh the sauce ought to be such as is cutting and drying: Lambs flesh is always to be roasted or baked, not boiled.   

CHAP. XCVI. Of Beef and Veal.  
Name. IN Latin, Bos, Vitulus, & Taurus; in English, an Ox, Calf, and Bull.  
Choice. The Ox ought to be young and fat, and that hath been put to the Plough: The Veal or Calf ought to be sucking of a Dam, which is fed in excellent Pasture.  
Qualities. The flesh of an Ox or Cow is cold in the first degree, and dry in the second; but when it is very young, it has more moistness than the young fl●sh of other Animals, which by Nature are more dry.  
Commodity. The Ox affords great Nourishment to those that labour much, and breed much Blood, and stops Choleric Fluxes. Veal al●o nourishes greatly, begetting excellent Blood, and is easily digested. The Field Veal is not near so good as the House sucking Veal.  
Hurt. Cow Beef is very unwholesome, of bad Nourishment, of hard Digestion, breeds hemorrhoids and Melancholic Infirmities. Ox Beef is of a gross substance, but good for healthy and sound Bodies. The worst of all is Bull-Beef, which is a gross, hard, dry flesh, and of very ill Nourishment.  
Remedy. The flesh of an Ox lying twenty four hours in Brine, and afterwards well boiled, is good. Veal is to be well roasted or baked.   

CHAP. XCVII. Of Kid.  
Name. IN Latin, Haedus; in English, 'tis called a Kid.  
Choice. The red and black are to be chosen; but let it be a sucking Kid, a Male, and not above six Months old.  
Qualities. It is temperately hot until the second Month; its flesh is very good, neither too moist, nor too dry.  
Commodity. It is of an excellent Nourishment, and very easily digested; it wonderfully contributes to the Health, and is very good both for sick and healthy Persons, and for such as labour much, and for studious Men.  
Hurt. Kid is naught for Old and Decrepit folks, and such as have a weak, cold, and watery Stomach; and is very hurtful for all those that are grieved with pains of the Stone, and the Falling-sickness.  
Remedy. It's hurt is remedied by roasting it well, especially those parts which are most humid, and eat it with Oranges, or else baking it with Pepper and Salt; but the boiled is to be eaten cold, if at all.   

CHAP. XCVIII. Of Deer.  
Name. IN Latin, Dama; in English, a Buck or a Do, or Fallow-Deer.  
Choice. Of the Deer, let those that you choose be young, fat, and exercised enough, which dissolves their naughty Humours, and purges the Blood from many superfluities, and makes them more easy to be digested; nevertheless they incline to Melancholy, as do almost all Wild Beasts.  
Qualities. They are hot and dry in the second degree.  
Commodity. They are of a great and good Nourishment; and in this they excel other wild flesh, they are good against the Palsy, Colic pains, and make lean such as are too fat.  
Hurt. They are hurtful to lean and slender folks, because they breed a sharp Blood, and cause Convulsions of the Nerves, especially if the Beast be old, for than it is more difficultly digested: 'Tis naughty flesh in hot Wether.  
Remedy. When it is boiled, 'tis to be well sauced with Oil or Butter, to the end that the flesh may become more moist, and more easily digested. At great men's Tables they eat this flesh boiled, roasted, and baked in Pies, or great Pasties. 'Tis good in Winter for Old and Phlegmatic Men, but does not in any wise agree with Young and Choleric folks. The Female of this Creature is one of the most fearful Creatures that is, and most weak, having no manner of Weapon or Defence to preserve her from Dogs and Wild Beasts, as she thus complains; 
Dente timetur Aper, defendunt Cornua Cervum,  
Imbelles Damae, quid nisi praeda sumus.    

CHAP. XCIX. Of Weather.  
Name. IN Latin, Vervex; in English, a Weather.  
Choice. The young Weathers of one years' growth are to be chosen; for than their flesh is very good, and agreeable both with sick and healthy Persons: Let them feed on sweet Herbs, and so they will excel all Flesh.  
Qualities. This flesh is temperately hot and moist.  
Commodity. It breeds good Blood, because 'tis sweet, of a good nourishment, and easily digested; the Broth of Wether-Mutton is excellent, for it is very good against Melancholic Humours, and maintains the Body in an equal Temperament: Let it be eaten boiled with Parsley, or else the hind-quarters roasted with Rosemary and Garlic, beaten together.  
Hurt. When the flesh is Old 'tis hurtful; for it is drying, both by reason of the Age, and for want of its Stones; is of hard digestion, and less sweet and pleasant.  
Remedy. Let the flesh be young, and boiled with opening and Cordial Herbs, or roasted as is showed before: This flesh is good in all Seasons and Countries, and for all Ages and Complexions.   

CHAP. C. Of Stags.  
Name. IN Latin, Cervus; in English, a Stag.  
Choice. The young and sucking is to be chosen, or else let it be gelded.  
Qualities. The flesh is hot in the first degree, and dry in the second.  
Commodity. The flesh of the young ones is a very laudable Food, and of good Nourishment. The Horns of a Stag burned drive away all Venomous Creatures; and the Bone which is found in their Heart is very Cordlal, and a good Antidote against Poison, and therefore used in Treacle.  
Hurt. This flesh breeds gross and melancholic Humours, hard of digestion, nourishes little, causes Palsies, Tremble, and Quartan Agues.  
Remedy. Boiling it together with the Heads of other gross Animals, or baking it in Pasties, but let it be young, or gelded, and it is not hurtful: 'Tis not to be eaten in Summer, chief by Old and Melancholic Men, in Winter more securely; for in Summer they feed on Vipers and Serpents. The Haunches are the best part.   

CHAP. CI. Of the Wild and Tame Boar.  
Name. IN Latin, Aper; in English, Boar, whereof is made Brawn.  
Choice. The flesh of that Boar which has been long Corn-fed, is the best.  
Qualities. It is hot and moist.  
Commodity. Brawn made of the flesh of tame Boars, and young, is a delicate Meat, having not so much excrementitious moisture as Bacon or Pork.  
Hurt. The hard and horny part is difficultly concocted.  
Remedy. It must be well pickled in Brine, and the longer you keep it, the better it grows.   

CHAP. CII. Of Rabbits.  
Name. IN Latin, Cuniculus; in English, a Rabbit, or Coney. This Creature is very like a H●re, though less; by their continual digging their Berries under Ground, they have taught Men the w●y of Undermining; whence the Poet says, 
Gaudet in effossis habitare Cuniculus antris,  
Demonstrat tacitas hostibus ille vias.   
Choice. You must choose the young, fat Rabbit; in Winter its flesh in the Night Air becomes tender: The old ones have an impure flesh, very unwholesome, and unpleasant to the taste.  
Qualities. The Rabbit is cold in the beginning of the first degree, and dry in the second; though less dry than the Hare, and of better Nourishment.  
Commodity. 'Tis of good and large Nourishment, consumes the superfluous moisture and phlegm which it finds in the Stomach, and comforts it: This flesh is whiter, and much less dry than that of a Hare, and therefore nourishes better, and is more easily digested; provoking the Urine, and is good for such as are troubled with the Leprosy.  
Hurt. It is hurtful to Melancholic, and chief to Decrepit Persons, and in hot Wether; for it begets gross and very bad Nourishment, and this flesh is not very pleasant to the Palat.  
Remedy. This flesh is less hurtful if boiled a little, and afterwards roasted, with odoriferous Herbs, Cloves, Nutmeg, or Cinnamon, and well larded.   

CHAP. CIII. Of Hares.  
Name. IN Latin, Lepus; so called from the lightness of its feet, and swiftness in running; which gift is bestowed on this Creature, instead of Weapons, whereby he may save himself from other wild Beasts and the Hunters. In English, an Hare.  
Choice. The best is the young Hare, caught by the Dogs after a long Chase, in Winter, the flesh hung out in a clear Night, becomes tender.  
Qualities. The Hare is dry in the beginning of the third degree, and hot in the first.  
Commodity. Young Hares are very sweet, and pleasant to the Stomach, boiled in Water and Wine with Sage; or roasted with Sage and Cloves, or else baked: They are good for such as are too fat, and desire to be lean; they cause a good colour and beauty in the Face; whence the Poet jesting, says, 
Si quando Leporem mittis mihi, Gellia, dicis▪  
Formosus septem Marce diebus eris  
Si non mentiris, si verum Gellia narras,  
Edisti nunquam Gellia tu Leporem.   
The Blood of an Hare fried and eaten, is good against the Dysentery, inward Imposthumes, and old Fluxes, breaks the Stone and Gravel in the Kidneys and Bladder, and drives it out; the Brains of a roasted Hare eaten, cures the trembling of the Members; and the same thing facilitates the breeding of Teeth in Infants, and lessens the pains thereof. Bathing one's self in the Broth of an Hare, is very good against the Gout.  
Hurt. It is hardly digested, breeds gross Blood, binds the Belly, induces waking, and troublesome Dreams; 'tis bad for melancholic and studious Persons, of small and bad nourishment.  
Remedy. It becomes less hurtful, being well larded and roasted with Aromatic Spices. 'Tis not good, unless in Winter for Young and Sanguine Men.   

CHAP. CIV. Of Bacon or Pork.  
Name. IN Latin, Porcus; in English, Bacon or Pork.  
Choice. That is the best which is neither too little nor too old, but of a middle Age, and a Male gelt, and brought up in the Fields.  
Qualities. 'Tis hot in the first degree, and moist in the second; but the sucking-pig is more moist, therefore not to be eat, because very hurtful.  
Commodity. 'Tis of a large and commendable nourishment, maintains the Body slippery, and provokes Urine. Bacon, especially the Hams, are good to excite the Appetite, and to boil with other flesh; for by its good taste it makes the Beer relish, and cuts Phlegm.  
Hurt. This flesh is hurtful to delicate Persons, and such as live in ease, causes the Sciatica and Gout, especially the flesh of a sucking-pig; and because it is too moist and viscuous, and of much Excrements, it putr●fies easily, and converts itself into the Humours which it finds in the Stomach, causes Phlegm and Cholick-pains, the Stone in the Kidneys, and Obstructions in the Liver. The Sows have very bad flesh, and full of melancholic Humours, begetting gross nourishment; whence those that eat too much of this Food, abound with many Excrements. It gluts and loosens the Stomach, takes away the Appetite, provokes nauseating, and is easily turned into Choler.  
Remedy. Pork is less hurtful, eaten in a small quantity, of a middle Age, and let the flesh be lean, but of a fat Beast, powdered, roasted with sweet-smelling Herbs; or else fried with Salt, Fennel, or Sage, whereby it is more pleasant to the taste, and more wholesome, for it has not so many moist superfluities: This flesh is good in very cool Wether for Young Men that have not an hot Stomach, and for such as labour; but naught for Old and Idle folks.  

Advertisements concerning the Parts of Beasts and Birds.  
AMongst the Parts of Birds and Beasts, some are better than others; for all the extremities, as the Head, the Neck, the Feet, the Tail, in respect of the rest, are hard, of little and gross Nourishment, and hard to be digested; but better and more savoury are the Parts about the Wings, Back, and Breast.  
The Parts of Animals.  
I. The Head. LET the Head be of a temperate Creature, of a moderate Age and Complexion: That of a Kid is of better and greater Nourishment, provokes Urine, loosens the Belly, and excites venereal Desires; but eating too much thereof, it thickens the subtle Humours, and breeds gross; it burdens the Stomach, because it is not easily digested, and will hardly go down, unless eaten with strong Mustard, and other Aromatic things. The Head is hot in the first degree, and moist in the second, and in cold weather very good for young and choleric men.  
II. The Brain. ALL Brains hurt the Stomach, and induce Nauseating; are a phlegmatic Food, of gross Nourishment, hard Digestion; but seasoned with Spices, and Aromatic things, it becomes better: The Brains of Birds, especially of wild Fowl, are very good, eaten with Orice, Pepper and Vinegar, to take away their moist Humours.  
III. The Eyes. THE Eyes are eaten by very few People: They are of a watery Nature, composed of different Substances; they are viscuous, whence they are of an hard digestion, except above all the rest, the Eyes of a young Kid, or of a Calf.  
iv The Tongue. THE Tongue excels the other Parts in pleasant Taste, and goodness of Aliment, and is also easily concocted.  
V The Neck. THE Neck of Birds are as the Hearts of Beasts, hard to be digested, but by reason of their often motion, they beget fewer Superfluities. The Necks of roasted Pigeons are good for such as are in health, and for those also that have lost their Stomach.  
VI The Duggs. WHen the Duggs or Udders are full of Milk, they are very pleasant to gluttonous Folks, especially those of young Sows and Heifers; and if they are well digested, they afford good Nourishment; but if the Stomach is not able to concoct them, they breed crude and viscuous Humours.  
VII. The Wings. THE Wings of Birds are of an excellent Nourishment, for they are without all Superfluities.  
VIII. The Heart. THE Heart has a fibrous and hard Substance, whence it is not easily digested, but rightly seasoned; and if well digested once, it gives no small and good Nourishment.  
IX. The Liver. THE Liver of all fourfooted Creatures is very bad Food, for it is not easily digested itself, and hinders the digestion of other Food: It wearies and burdens the Stomach; but if the Beast be fed with dried Figs before it is killed, and if it be a Male and young, its Liver is a delicate Food, nourishing the Body exceeding well; and is particularly good for them who in the Dusk cannot see at all; such is that of the Goose fattened with Milk, or of a fat Hen. The hurt of the Liver is removed by boiling it well, until the blood which is within it be consumed; and let it be boiled with Sage and Laurel, afterwards wrapped up with the Gizzard, and when it is throughly boiled, let the sauce be the juice of Oranges. The Livers of Hens and Capons are the best; that of a Kid is next; then that of a Goose; and lastly, the Liver of an Hog. The Liver is good at all times, for all Ages and Complexions, provided it be so qualified, as is said before.  
X. The Lungs. THE Lights are so much more easily digested than the Liver or Milt, by how much they are more rare, but they nourish less, and breed Phlegm.  
XI. The Milt. THE Milt is very pleasant to the taste, by reason of a certain sharpness which it contains within itself, but is of a bad nourishment, and being a receptacle of melancholic Humours, it makes those who eat too much of it, melancholic.  
XII. The Kidneys. THE Kidneys nourish badly, digest worse, especially of old Creatures; but of young ones, and of those that suck, as young tender Pigs, and Kids, they are better.  
XIII. The Tripe. THE Tripe is good for such as labour and tyre their Bodies, for it is harder than the flesh of its Creature: It is cold and dry in the second degree; 'tis good for those that are troubled with great Heat in the Stomach and Belly, because it breeds cold Humours; it hurts them that have the Scurf, the Leprosy, and other melancholic Infirmities. The best is that of a fat Beast, killed in the flower of its Age, well fed, and clean; let it be a long time boiling in fat Broth, with Mint and Spices enough; 'tis not good, unless in cold weather, for young men that work hard, of a strong Stomach, and hot Constitution. The Kids-Tripes challenge the Superiority; Calves-Tripes claim the next place; and Ox-Tripes the last.  
XIV. The Spleen. THE Spleen, as it is the receptacle of gross melancholy Blood, affords little Nourishment, and is hardly concocted, therefore not fit for Food.  
XV. The Bowels. THE Intestines affords not very good, but thick Aliment; and the Bowels of younger Quadrupeds, as Calves are of better juice, and more easily concocted, than of old.  
XVI. The Testicles. THE substance of the Testicles or Stones is like that of the Udder: They afford an excellent Nourishment to the Body, multiplying the Seed, and increasing Copulation; those of fatted Cocks and Cockerels are pleasant to the Taste, of an excellent and great Nourishment; for 'tis said, Tantum nutriunt, quantum ponderant. The Stones of old Creatures are of a slow Digestion, do somewhat press the Stomach; but first boiling them with Mountain  and Salt, and afterwards frying them with fresh Butter, whereby they are less hurtful: They are good in cold weather for all Ages and Complexions, except decrepit and phlegmatic men.  
XVII. The Feet. THE Feet of Beasts are better than those of Birds, for by reason of their continual motion, they are more easily digested, but beget gross and viscuous Humours; they are to be eaten at first Course. The Feet of Birds are no good Food; but Kids, Lambs, Calves-feets, and other young Creatures which run much, are good for choleric men, and such as have a thin Blood, cause Sleep, nourish much, solder the broken Veins in the Breast and Lungs, cure Tisical Distempers, and excite the Appetite, hurt those that are troubled with Wind, the Gout, Pains in the Joints, and the Sciatica: They are good at all times for young and choleric, though naught for old and gouty persons; but boiling them till they be soft, and then preparing them with Vinegar and Saffron, takes away all their ill.    

CHAP. CV. Of Butter.  
Name. IN Latin, Butyrum; in English, Butter.  
Choice. The best is the fresh, and sweetest, free from all ill tastes.  
Quality. 'Tis hot and moist in the first degree.  
Commodity. Butter purges strongly, and eaten with Sugar or Honey, it ripens gross Catarrhs; for it extracts the Superfluities which are congested in the Breast and Lungs, cures the Asthma and Cough, mitigates Pains and Aches, especially eaten with Honey and bitter Almonds, it nourishes well and sufficiently.  
Hurt. It loosens and weakens the Stomaches of such as use it too much, prepares the Body for the Itch, and Smallpox.  
Remedy. It's hurt is remedied, by eating after it, strengthening, binding, and astringent Food, or Sugar of Roses; it is good at all times both for young and old, for it purges the Catarrhs, opening and cleansing the Breast.   

CHAP. CVI Of Cheese.  
Name. LAtin, Caseus; English, Cheese.  
Choice. The good Cheese is the fresh▪ made of temperate Milk, but let it be of a good Pasture.  
Quality. The Fresh Cheese is cold and moist in the second degree, but the old is hot and dry.  
Commodity. The Fresh mollifies and fattens the Body, is pleasant to the Taste, and not hurtful to the Stomach, and of all other Cheeses is most digestible, but let it not be hard Curd. The Cream Cheese is most wholesome, but it must be eaten the same day on which it was made. Cheese is only to be eaten, to shut up and close the mouth of the Stomach; and we must beware we eat not too much thereof, especially of old Cheese, which if eaten in too great a quantity, is very pernicious: And therefore this Rule is to be observed, viz.  Caseus est sanus, quem dat avara manus. 
For thus only it may be eaten without hurt.  
Hurt. The old is hardly digested; and therefore is said, Caseus est nequam quia digerit omnia se quam.  
It induces Thirst, inflames the Blood, causes the Stone, obstructs the Liver, digests slowly, especially if the Stomach be weak, and offends the Reins.  
Remedy. Eating it with Nuts, Almonds, Pears, Apples, etc. it is less hurtful; it requires a strong Stomach to digest it, and therefore is only good for young men that labour.   

CHAP. CVII. Of Milk.  
Name. IN Latin, Lac; English, Milk.  
Choice. The most precious Milk is the Woman's; the second, Ass' Milk; the third, Sheep's Milk; the fourth, Goats; and the last, Cows Milk.  
Quality. 'Tis moist in the second degree, and as to the heat it is temperate. Milk is composed of three Substances; the first watery, called the Whey, which is cold and moist, nitrious and loosening: The second is fat, called Butter, and is temperate: The third is gross, whereof is made Cheese, and is viscuous and phlegmatic.  
Commodity. It increases the Brain, fattens the Body, is good for the Hectic Fever, takes away the heat of the Urine, nourishes sufficiently, makes the Body handsome, increases Lust, cures the Cough, opens the Breast, and restores the Tisical men; drinking the quantity of three ounces with a little Sugar, not drink, nor eat, nor move, nor sleep, till it be digested.  
Hurt. It hurts such as are troubled with Fevers, and head-aches, and colic Pains, soreness of the Eyes, and Catarrhs, the Stone, Obstructions; is naught for the Teeth and Gums.  
Remedy. It is less hurtful, if eaten in a small quantity; drink it with a little Salt, Sugar, or Honey, that it may not curdle in the Stomach; drunk in the morning fasting, 'tis good for young and choleric men, but bad for old.   

CHAP. CVIII. Of Cream.  
Name. IN Latin, Flos Lactis; in English, Cream.  
Choice. The best is of that Milk from which the Butter has not been separated; let it be fresh, and of an excellent Pasture.  
Quality. 'Tis cold in the second degree, and temperately moist.  
Commodity. It quenches Thirst, and the heat of the Stomach, and is very powerful to digest.  
Hurt. It binds the Breast, sends naughty Vapours into the Head, causing sometimes Suffocations and Syncope; and as all Milk curdled, is suddenly putrified, it forces down the Food raw from the Stomach, hardly digests itself, breeds the Stone and Lientery, and is only good in hot weather for young, etc.  
Remedy. 'Tis to be eaten with Sugar, for the first Course.   

CHAP. CIX. Of Whey.  
Name. IN Latin, Serum; in English, Whey.  
Choice. The fresh, made of the best Milk, is the most excellent.  
Quality. 'Tis cold and dry in the first degree.  
Commodity. 'Tis good for men of an hot Complexion, cures such as are troubled with a Flux of choleric Humours, quenches Thirst, burning Choler, and provokes Sleep.  
Hurt. It hurts the Stomach, especially a cold one, weakens the Nerves; and the salted is worse than the fresh, because it gives bad Nourishment, causes Thirst, binds the Belly, begets Windiness, increases the Gravel and Stone in the Kidneys, and ordinary Vessels, and is of an hard Digestion.  
Remedy. 'Tis less hurtful, eaten fresh in the last Course with much Sugar; young choleric men, and such as labour, may eat it at all times.  

Advertisements concerning Birds.  
THE different Nature of Birds is discerned from the Time, the Age, the Food, the Place, the Air, and from being gelded. You must therefore diligently observe these four things: And first,  
The Time. Because at such Time as Birds couple, as well domestic as wild Fowl, they thereby grow lean, and feed little; the which is manifestly apparent in tame Fowl: Hens in the Winter after they are trod, do fatten sufficiently, and become tender; some Birds are better in Summer, at which time they eat the Corn; others in Autumn, because they eat Grapes, Figs, Apples, Berries, and such like Fruit; other Birds are more acceptable in Winter, as Thrushes, Blackbirds, Wild-geese, Cranes, and all Waterfowl. Secondly,  
The Victuals. For some feed on Flesh; as Eagles, Vultures, Kites; and others that have crooked Talons, as feeding on Carrion, are not eaten by us; some live on Worms, but most eat Corn, as Pigeons, Doves, Turtles, etc. In short, some are nourished on Land, others in Rivers; some in Lakes, and others in the Sea; and there is no small number of Birds which feed on Herbs: And 'tis observable, that besides this, the flesh of wild Fowls have always the taste of such things as the Birds feed on, as of Aunts, of Worms, of Fish, of Slime, and of Mud. Thirdly,  
The Place. Mountain-Fowl are always to be preferred before the rest, before tame Fowl, and such as frequent Marshes, Fens, and Lakes: For according to the variety of the Place, the flesh is varied and changed; as sometimes to be dry, of few Excrements, and easily digested; or moist, full of Excrements, and of a difficult concoction, which does often happen in the same Bird. Besides, gelding or cutting a Fowl, makes it fat and sweet, as appears in the flesh of Capons. Fourthly, and Lastly,  
The Age. For the flesh of young Birds is always better than that of old, which is hard, dry, and difficultly digested, and of small nourishment. But now let us proceed in particular to the flesh of Birds which are used for Food.    

CHAP. CX. Of Ducks.  
Name. IN Latin, Anas; in English, a Duck.  
Choice. The young, fat, tender, and wild Duck is the best.  
Qualities. 'Tis hot and moist in the second degree.  
Commodity. The Duck is the most hot of all the other tame Fowl; its Wings and Liver are the best, because they give a good and ready Nourishment. When it is fat it fattens, and causes a good Colour, clears the Voice, increases the Seed, kindles Lust, expels Windiness, and strengthens the Body; the Liver of a Duck is a delicate and whols m Food, cures the Hepatick Flux.  
Hurt. 'Tis of an hard digestion, and gross nourishment; it inflames and makes Feverish such as are of an hot Complexion: The flesh is hard, of a bad and excrementious nourishment.  
Remedy. The wild and young Ducks are least hurtful, and such as having been killed two days, are first made tender by hanging in the open Air, afterwards eaten roasted full of Odoriferous Herbs and Spices.  
The Old Ducks are the worst, especially such as are brought up and frequent the Streets of the City, and are nourished with the filth and nastiness, drinking the stinking Water which runs down the Channels. The best are such as live in the open Air, whereby they become more wholesome and acceptable to the taste: The Duck is good in cold Wether, for hot Stomaches, and such as labour much.   

CHAP. CXI. Of Capons.  
Name. IN Latin, Capo; in English, 'tis called a Capon.  
Choice. The best is the young, fat, and well-fed Capon, that is brought up in the open Air.  
Qualities. The Capon is temperate in all Qualities.  
Commodity. It nourishes better than all other Food, and greatly also, increases Lust; and for the daintiness of its flesh, goes beyond all others; for it begets perfect Blood, and equallises all the Humours, makes a good Brain, excites the Appetite, agrees with all Complexions; is good for the Sight, strengthens the Natural heat, but let it not be too fat.  
Hurt. The superfluous and overmuch eating thereof is very pernicious to idle and sedentany Persons, by reason of its copious Nourishment, and the great quantity of Blood which it breeds in the Body; and therefore 'tis no small cause of the Sciatica, and Gout, to which Disease 'tis credibly reported that the Capons are very apt, and subject to more than any other Fowl.  
Remedy. You must eat but little thereof, and perform some large Exercise after it; 'tis good at all times, for all Ages and Complexions; and therefore alluding to 〈◊〉 goodness and usefulness, instead of Cap●ne, the Italians say, Qua pone, which signifies, bring it here, set it before us.   

CHAP. CXII. Of Pigeons.  
Name. IN Latin, Columba; in English, a Dove, or Pigeon.  
Choice. Such as live in Dove-houses and Towers are the best of all, especially when they leave their Nests, beginning to feed themselves, and are of an indifferent bigness.  
Qualities. The tame Pigeons are hot and moist in the ●econd degree; the wild are more hot, and less moist.  
Commodity. The Pigeons, as well those that live in Houses, as those that build in Towers, afford good Nourishment, breed excellent Blood, are good for Old and Phlegmatic Men, strengthen the Legs, cure the Palsy, increase the Heat in weak Men, stir up Venereal desires, purge the Reins, and are easily digested; using them in the Sickness-time, they preserve a Man from the Plague, provided he eat no other flesh. The wild are very good for pains in the Joints and Limbs, and contribute much to the Eyesight, which is weakened for want of Spirits, to tremble, and augment the strength. Pigeons split asunder in the middle, are very beneficial being applied to dying men's Feet▪  
Hurt. They are very unwholesome for hot Complexions, kindle and inflame the Blood, wherefore they do not agree with feverish Persons; they burden and make the Head heavy, especially the Heads of them: And the wild Pigeons do the same, though much more, the which are of a difficult digestion, and are a great cause of Fevers.  
Remedy. Taking away their Head, they are less hurtful; and likewise boiling them in fat Broth with Verjuice, Plums, Vinegar, and Corianders. They are good in Winter for Old and Phlegmatic Men.   

CHAP. CXIII. Of Pheasants.  
Name. IN Latin, Phasianus; in English, Pheasant; so called from Phasis, a River of Colchis, where these Birds resort in great multitudes.  
Choice. The best Pheasants are the young, fat, and hunted ones.  
Qualities. The flesh of a Pheasant is temperate in all Qualities, and is of a middling sort, betwixt a Partridge and a Capon.  
Commodity. The flesh of this Bird is most agreeable with Humane Nature; 'tis the Food of great Lords and Princes, it comforts and strengthens the Stomach, is of a great nourishment, fattens exceedingly; so that lean and slender Persons by the use of this Food in a short while gather flesh: And so the Hectic Fevers, and Tisical Persons, as well as those that are in Health, find the benefit of this Food; it increases the Vigour, and all the Faculties, neither does it beget superfluous moistness: In short, the flesh of a Pheasant is better than that of a Pullet, because 'tis more dry by the Air, by its Food, and by its greater Exercise.  
Hurt. The superfluous use of Pheasants cause the Gout; but because the Pheasants don't give solid nourishment, but breed thin Blood, therefore 'tis no Food for Ploughmen, and such as Labour, for with such fat and viscuous Food is more agreeable.  
Remedy. You must eat moderately thereof: Pheasant is good in Autumn and Winter, for all Ages and delicate Complexions.   

CHAP. CXIV. Of Hens.  
Name. IN Latin, Gallina; in English, an Hen.  
Choice. The black Hen is the best with its Crest elevated, and double with red Gills, and let it be fat and young, and which has not yet laid Eggs. The wild Hens are much better than the tame.  
Quality. The flesh of an Hen is temperate in all Qualities.  
Commodity. It nourishes the Body wonderfully, is easily digested, when it is tender, breeds good Blood; being a temperate flesh, does not convert itself into Choler or Phlegm, excites the Appetite, increases the Understanding, clears the Voice, and it has a wonderful Propriety and Faculty, to temperate Humane Complexions. Cockerels have the same effects, but they are such as have not begun to crow, nor to tread the Hen; for their stones are of great nourishment, and when they are fat, are easily digested, and are good and convenient at all times, and for all Ages, especially in Summer Cockerels, or young Cocks boiled in Verjuice.  
Hurt. Old Hens are of an hard digestion.  
Remedy. You must keep them till they are tender, which makes them soon ready; and then drown them in Wine, afterward boil them with a Fig, or Nut in their Belly.   

CHAP. CXV. Of Cocks.  
Name. IN Latin, Gallus; in English, a Cock.  
Choice. In Physic the old Cocks are chosen.  
Qualities. The flesh of a Cock is more dry than a Hen, and more hot and sulphureous.  
Commodity. They are more useful in Physic than Food; for their Broth drank, dissolves Windiness, is good for Cholick-pains, moves the Body, provokes Sleep and Lust.  
Hurt. A Cock has hard flesh, and not easily digested.  
Remedy. It must be made very tender.   

CHAP. CXVI. Of Turkey-cocks.  
Name. IN Latin, Gallus Africanus; because they were first brought out of Africa into Europe; though in English, they are called Turkey-cocks, as if they came from Asia.  
Choice. The best Turkey-cocks are the young, and such as are fattened in the Fields, rather than about the House; killed in Winter, and made tender in the Night-Air.  
Qualities. This Fowl is hot and moist in the second degree.  
Commodity. For goodness, nourishment, and pleasant taste, the Turky-pullets' will not give place to our Hens or Pullet's; for their flesh is the best and whitest, and excels all others in wholsomness; for 'tis more easily digested, nourishes better, and begets fewer superfluities, breeding good Blood, provided it be very tender, well roasted, baked, or boiled; it restores the weak, increases the Seed, and stirs up Carnal desires.  
Hurt. It hurts such as are Idle, causing Catarrhs, and the Gout.  
Remedy. You must eat it but seldom, in a small quantity, and roasted with Spice.   

CHAP. CXVII. Of Larks.  
Name. IN Latin, Alauda, Corydalus, or Galerita; so called from a Crest it wears on its Head, and is the biggest sort; in English, a Lark.  
Choice. The best Larks are the least, when they are fat.  
Qualities. They are hot, and temperately moist.  
Commodity. The Larks which in Autumn are found in great plenty, as likewise in Winter, if they be fat, do nourish well; and being eaten roasted, excite the Appetite, are easily digested, especially roasted with Sage and Lard, or boiled with divers sauces; but they must be throughly done, fat, young, etc. They are good in Autumn and Winter for all Complexions; and the crested Lark boiled in Broth cures the Colic, and its Ashes have the same effect.  
Hurt. This Bird is without any hurt, only the old, which are hardly digested.  
Remedy. The old Larks must be eaten with good sauce, and fresh.   

CHAP. CXVIII. Of Blackbirds.  
Name. IN Latin, Merula; English, Blackbird.  
Choice. The best are the fat, and such as are taken in cold Wether.  
Qualities. The Blackbirds are hot, and dry in the beginning of the second degree, as the Thrushes.  
Commodity. They nourish sufficiently, and when they are fat and young, their flesh is more esteemed of by many than that of a Thrush, though they are much deceived, for the latter is more sweet; nay, there are some so foolish, that they hate Blackbirds because they eat Worms and Grasshoppers.  
Hurt. Their flesh is of an hard digestion, especially when they are old, and are naught for Old Men, and such as are troubled with the Migraines and Frenzy.  
Remedy. They are less hurtful boiled in Good fresh Broth, stuffed with Parsley, and other opening Herbs.   

CHAP. CXIX. Of Geese.  
Name. IN Latin, Anser; in English, a Goose.  
Choice. The best are the fattest, such as are brought up in the Fields, and near any Water. The best parts are the Wings and Liver.  
Qualities. Geese are hot in the first degree, and moist in the second.  
Commodity. The flesh of young Geese afford good nourishment, fattens those that are lean and meager. If you feed the Geese with Milk, their Liver is much more pleasant, digests and nourishes well and enough: The bottom of the feet of a Goose, roasted and fried with the Comb of a Cock, are very pleasant to the taste. The flesh of Geese increases Seed, inflames Lust, and Carnal dc●●res, and renders the Voice more acute and clear. Geese are useful in many respects, that is, for the Quills, Feathers, Flesh, Fat, and Dung or Excrements.  
Hurt. The flesh of a Goose is very hardly digested, has many superfluities, and is more hot than that of a Pigeon; and therefore is not good for feverish Persons, chief if the Goose be old.  
Remedy. The hurt of old Geese is removed by boiling them well; and the young ones are to be roasted with sweet-herbs, and Spices: The wild Geese are better than the tame; they are good in Winter for those that have a strong Stomach, and use much Exercise; whence they do not agree with Old Men.   

CHAP. CXX. Of Plovers.  
Name. IN Latin, Spardalus; in English, Plovers.  
Choice. You must choose them young and tender; and take notice that the grey Plover is much better than the green.  
Qualities. They do not exceed in any quality, but are temperate.  
Commodity. They are an excellent and wholesome Food, are very easily digested, and afford a good nourishment.  
Hurt. There is but one bad quality in them, which is, that they are of a Melancholy Juice.  
Remedy. Let them be well roasted, but they must not be eaten by such as are of a Melancholic Nature, but by those of a different Constitution.   

CHAP. CXXI. Of Eggs.  
Name. IN Latin, Ouum; in English, an Egg.  
Choice. The Eggs of a fat Hen, fed with Corn, and which are trod by the Cock, and laid fresh, are the best, and next to this is a Pheasants Egg; but those of a Goose or Duck are naught, because they have a strong smell, and are of an hard digestion; and therefore a young Hen's Egg is beyond all, and let it be small, long, and fresh, because it demonstrates the strength of its heat: And to this end observe this Distich.  
Regula Doctorum debet pro lege teneri,  
Quod bona sunt ova, parvula, longa, nova.  
Or this: 
Ova recentia, vina rubentia, pinguia jura,  
Cum similâ purâ, naturae sunt valitura.   
Qualities. They are hot and moist temperately; for the White is cold, and the Yolk is hot, and both moist.  
Commodity. Eggs are of a copious and ready nourishment; whence the Proverb, As full of mirth as an Egg is of meat. They are good for Old Men, and such as are in Health, increase the Seed, excite Copulation, are good for Tisical Men, open the Breast, clear the Voice, especially the soft Eggs supped up, sucked with some Salt; those which are called poached, are the best, eaten with Salt, Spice, and Vinegar; boiled in their shell, the exhalation of the Vapours are hindered. The hard Eggs are not easily digested, and the fried Eggs much less.  
Hurt. They hinder digestion, if you eat other Food immediately after them, they are easily turned into those Humours which they find in the Stomach.  
Remedy. You must eat the fresh Eggs only, and of them only the Yolk; and between the Eggs and other Food let there be some interval of time, and let them not be eaten with Fish.   

CHAP. CXXII. Of Sparrows.  
Name. IN Latin, Passer; in English, a Sparrow.  
Choice. You must choose the Sparrows that build in Towers or Mountains, in Autumn, that feed on Corn and Grapes, they are more fat, and breed good Juice. The Solitary Sparrow is the best.  
Qualities. The Sparrow is hotter than all the other Birds, and its flesh is dry; and moreover, being so exceeding hot, 'tis accounted luxurious, and therefore does not outlive one Year.  
Commodity. The young Sparrows afford good Nourishment, and aid Copulation: The Mountain Sparrows have a wonderful virtue against the Stone in the Kidneys and Bladder.  
Hurt. The Sparrows are unpleasant to the Palate, by reason of their too much dryness; are of a difficult digestion, inflame, and beget naughty nourishment, that is Choleric, and Melancholic, and excites Lust.  
Remedy. They must be eaten in a small quantity; the Hen-Sparrows, and the young ones are the best; they must be eaten in Autumn.   

CHAP. CXXIII. Of Peacocks.  
Name. IN Latin, Pavo; in English, a Peacock, or Pea-Hen.  
Choice. The best is that which is bred in a good Air, young and tender.  
Quality. 'Tis hot in the second degree, and dry in the first.  
Commodity. They nourish enough, chief such as have a hot Stomach, and toil much.  
Hurt. They are of an hard and slow Digestion, breed melancholic Blood, and bad Nourishment, hurting such as live in idleness. They spoil Gardens.  
Remedy. You must eat the young and tender, that has hung some days in the clear Air by the Neck, with a weight at its Feet, then roast it with Cloves, and such like.   

CHAP. CXXIV. Of Partridges.  
Name. IN Latin, Perdix; in English, a Partridge.  
Choice. The young, tender, and male Partridge, is the best.  
Quality. 'Tis hot in the first degree, and dry in the second.  
Commodity. It breeds good and slender Nourishment, is easily digested, fattens, dries the moistness of the Stomach▪ ●nd contributes much to the preservation of the ●ealth: The flesh is better, and more commendable than that of an Hen; it increases Lust, and will not corrupt in the Stomach; it cures those that are infected with the French Disease, the Epilepsy, if eaten a whole year together.  
Hurt. The old Partridges are of a very hard substance, and of a bad taste, hurt melancholic men, and bind the Body.  
Remedy. You must only eat the young Partridges, and the old ones are to be mortified, and made tender in the Winder, in the clear Air of the night.   

CHAP. CXXV. Of Star●s.  
Name. IN Lati●, Sturnus; in English, a Stare, or Starling.  
Choice. The young Starlings, made tender as the Partridge, are the best.  
Quality. It's Flesh is temperate.  
Commodity. The Effects which it produces, is not much unlike those of a Partridge, for it nourishes well; and they say, it also cures the Pox, continuing to eat every day through the year one Stare, and no more.  
Hurt. The old Stairs are of an hard digestion, breeding naughty and melancholic Humours.  
Remedy. You must eat the young and tender with good Sauce.   

CHAP. CXXVI. Of Quails.  
Name. IN Latin, Coturnix; in English, Quails.  
Choice. Those are to be chosen, that are nourished and bred in Places where there grows no Hellebore, which have been catcht by a Hawk, and let them be fat ●nd tender.  
Quality. They are hot in the first degree, and moist in the second.  
Commodity. They are good for melancholic men, for their moisture temperates the moistness of this Humour; they are very nourishing, and pleasant to the taste.  
Hurt. They are easily corrupted, and as some affirm, prepare the Body to Fevers, and cause the Cramp and Falling-sickness, wherewith this Bird is troubled; though some ho●d, that this is not meant of Quails, but some other Bird which is bigger.  
In short, you must not use this Fowl too often, because it breeds naughty Excrements, very easily putrified; and these being fat, loosen the Stomach, take away the Appetite: Therefore if any one has a mind to eat them, let him choose the Quails that are young, and very fleshy, but let him avoid the too fat ones.  
Remedy. By eating them [with Vinegar and Coriander-seed, you may mitigate and lessen their malignant qualities. You must eat them seldom, and in Autumn, when they have their Gizzard full of Corn, or breed them up in your House; they are not good for old and phlegmatic men: In Autumn, as is said, they are less hurtful than at any other time of the year, and they must be diligently roasted, but not larded with Bacon Fat, but with the Fat of Veal, or such like: In Summer you must forbear them, for than they are very much extenuated by nourishing their young ones, and therefore easily beget Fevers.   

CHAP. CXXVII Of Thrushes.  
Name. IN Latin, Turdus; in English, A Thrush.  
Choice. They are to be chosen in Winter, but let them be very fat, and such as are fed with Juniper and Myrtleberries: Their Flesh is of a good taste, and very pleasant to the Palate, especially if fat, and roasted with a quick fire; they must not be drawed, or their Entrails taken out.  
Quality. They are hot and dry in the beginning of the second degree.  
Commodity. They nourish, if not much, at least very well, for they are easily digested; neither are they windy, at least the Mountain-Thrushes: They are very good both for sick, and those that are in health, because they breed good Blood, chief the fat ones.  
Hurt. The old and lean Thrushes are of an hard Digestion, breed melancholic Humours, especially such as have a black Flesh, and hurt such as are troubled with the Migraines, and Frenzy.  
Remedy. You must eat the fat, young, fresh, roasted with Sage, and larded, or else boiled in good Broth with Parsley and Raisins; they are good in cool weather for all Ages and Complexions.   

CHAP. CXXVIII. Of Turtles.  
Name. IN Latin, Turtur; in English, a Turtle.  
Choice. The best are the young Turtles, and fed some days in the House, whereby they acquire a little more juice and moisture.  
Quality. They are hot and dry in the second degree.  
Commodity. They nourish excellently, are of a good savour, easily digested, fortify the Stomach, increase Lust, purify the Wit; roasted with Cloves, and juice of Oranges, they are very good against the Dyssentery, and other Fluxes.  
Hurt. Old Turtles are naught for choleric and melancholic men, because they infect the Blood with the same Humours, being a dry Flesh, and of an hard Digestion.  
Remedy. You must eat the young, and fat ones, and fed in the House some days with moist Food; and you must mortify them two days in the clear Air; they are good in cold weather for old and phlegmatic men.  

Advertisements concerning Fish.  
THE Fish in respect of Flesh are of a less nourishment, but gross, phlegmatic, cold, and full of Superfluities; the old nourish more than the young, and those that live amongst Stones and Rocks are the best. Fish are of an hard Digestion, and the sign of their Indigestion is Thirst, seeing that they all cause Thirst, if they remain long time in the Stomach, nay sometimes they corrupt. Concerning Fish you may observe these following Rules:  
I. That all Fish should be eaten hot, and not cold.  
II. That you must not stuff yourself too full of any sort of Fish, but eat less thereof than of Flesh.  
III. That you must not eat them too often, and when you use them, they are to be eaten with Anise-seed, Fennel, and other Spices, whereby in some sort to dry up their moistness.  
iv That you do not eat Fish after great Labour and Exercise, for than they easily corrupt; neither may you eat Fish after other Food: Those that have a weak Stomach, and full of bad Humours, may eat no sort of Fish; therefore they may not be given to old men, and such as are not healthy, for they do rather diminish, than increase the natural Heat.  
V Fish and Flesh at the same Table are to be forbidden: Likewise Fish and Milk, or any thing belonging thereunto, for they breed many naughty Distempers; no less inconvenient are Eggs.  
VI That great and viscuous Fish pickled and salted, are something better than fresh, and less hurtful, but let them not be too salt, for the Salt is very offensive to the Brain: The fresh Fish beget watery Phlegm, soften the Nerves, and are only convenient for hot Stomaches; the salted and seasoned Fish are not so moist, and therefore better; the dry are of a bad nourishment.  
VII. You must also observe, that the clearer and deeper the Water is, the better are the Fish that are nourished therein.  
VIII. That the maritime Fish are more wholesome than the fresh Water Fish, being more hot, and less moist, and their nourishment draws near to Flesh.  
IX. Amongst the Sea and River-Fish, those are most commendable which live in rocky Places; next to these, in sandy Places, in sweet, clear, and running Waters, where there is no filth; but those Fish are naught which live in Pools, Lakes, Marshes, Fens, and in any still or muddy Water.  
X. That amongst all the Fish, both in the Sea and Rivers, those which are not too big, are the best, and which have not an hard and dry Flesh, without any fatness or slimyness, or naughty taste, or smell, not viscuous, but crisp and tender, not apt to corrupt, but that will keep a long while, and such as have many Fins and Scales.  
XI. Fish are cold and moist, and therefore naught for cold Complexions, though they increase the Milk, and Seed, and are very convenient for choleric men.  
XII. The best way of dressing and preparing Fish, is to broyl it over the Goals, or Gridiron; to boil it is the next way, and to fry it is the worst manner, especially for such as have a weak Stomach. The roasted Fish are better than the boiled, and the boiled better than the fried; but you must take notice, that the roasted Fish must not be covered, to the end that their Vapours may be exhaled.    

CHAP. CXXIX. Of Eels.  
Name. IN Latin, Anguilla; in English, an Eel.  
Choice. You must choose such as at Spring are taken in the sandy Sea, and not muddy, and boil them as soon as you have caught them; those of the clear Water are the best.  
Quality. Eels are cold in the first degree, and dry in the second.  
Commodity. 'Tis of a delicate taste, and good nourishment, and being salted, keeps a long time, and becomes very good for phlegmatic Stomaches.  
Hurt. It offends the Stomach, is of an hard digestion, for its Flesh is viscuous, and using it too often, breeds the Stone in the Kidneys and Bladder, causes the Gout, and Convulsions of the Nerves, hurts all the Bowels, especially the Head; the salted Eels are naught for melancholic men, because they increase this Humour: In short, whosoever eats too much thereof, goes in danger of his life.  
Remedy. They are less hurtful skinned fresh, throwing away the Head, and roasting the Tail with Laurel, often sprinkling thereon powdered Sugar, fine Flower, and Cinnamon. The little ones are eaten fried with Pepper, and the juice of Oranges.   

CHAP. CXXX. Of Carp.  
Name. IN Latin, Carpio; in English, a Carp.  
Choice. Of Carp, the most fresh and sweet are the best.  
Quality. This Fish is moderately hot, and moist in the beginning of the third degree.  
Commodity. 'Tis the most noble of all the Fish, and of so pleasant and grateful a taste, that it is second to none; it has a tender Flesh that nourishes well, in what manner soever it be eaten, whether boiled, roasted, or fried: It is preserved sweet with the Leaves of Laurel, Myrtle, and Cedar.  
Hurt. From the eating thereof accrues no hurt or damage to the Body, unless that its Flesh being so pure and tender, is easily corrupted.  
Remedy. You must throw away its Scales and Guts, than put it into Salt for six hours, afterwards sprinkle it with Oil, than sauce it with Vinegar, wherein let there be boiled, Saffron, Pepper, Cloves and Cinnamon; 'tis good at all times, for all Ages and Complexions.   

CHAP. CXXXI. Of Crabs.  
Name. IN Latin, Cancer; in English, a Crab, or Crevise.  
Choice. The best are those that frequent the Rivers, and other sweet Waters, such as are tender, and caught at Spring or Autumn, at Full Moon.  
Quality. This Fish is cold in the second degree, and moist in the first.  
Commodity. They are good for Tisical men, because they nourish exceedingly, provoke Urine, increase the Seed, cleanse the Kidneys; and they cure such as are bitten by a mad Dog, if you take their ashes, and dry the Crab in the Oven, whereof you must give the Party bitten some quantity for forty days, but you ought to cauterize the wounded place with Iron: And to take of the powder in Rosa canina, with Water, or Milk, fattens much, and therefore is good for Consumptive persons, and by its tenacity it hinders the colliquation of the Members, and cures the Ulcer in the Lungs.  
Hurt. It's Flesh is something hard of digestion, whence it breeds gross and phlegmatic Humours in such as eat too much thereof.  
Remedy. It must be well roasted under live Coals, and afterwards eaten with Pepper, and with strong Vinegar; 'tis good in Summer for young and choleric men of an hot Complexion.   

CHAP. CXXXII. Of Lampreys.  
Name. IN Latin, Lampetra, qu. Lambens petras; in English, a Lamprey.  
Choice. Those that are taken in Rivers, at the Spring are the best, for than they are more hot, and the spinal Marrow is tender.  
Quality. They are temperately hot, and moist in the first degree.  
Commodity. They are of an excellent Nourishment, increases the Seed, is of a most delicious taste, and a very dainty Dish for the Table.  
Hurt. It is not of an easy digestion, especially if not boiled, and seasoned well, is very bad and pernicious for the Gout, also for such as are grieved with Convulsions of the Nerves.  
Remedy. Let them be steeped or insused in Malmsey, or strong Wine, stopping the mouth with Nutmegs, and the holes with Cloves, boiling them in a little Pipkin with Small nuts, Bread, Oil, Spices, and Malmsey; 'tis good at all times for all Ages and Complexions, except decrepit persons.   

CHAP. CXXXIII. Of Pikes.  
Name. IN Latin, Lucius; in English, a Jack, or a Pike.  
Choice. The best sort are they that live in Rivers, or else in Ponds, not muddy, but let them be large, fresh, and fat.  
Quality. They are cold and moist in the second degree.  
Commodity. This Fish is very nourishing; its Jaws burnt, and reduced to a Powder, and the weight of one dram drank in a good glass of Wine, break the Stone.  
Hurt. 'Tis of an hard Digestion, bad Nourishment, burdens the Stomach, and increases Phlegm.  
Remedy. Being boiled together with sweet Herbs, and with Oil, or else broiled on the Grid-iron with Orice-roots and Vinegar, 'tis good in Winter for young and choleric men.   

CHAP. CXXXIV. Of Oysters.  
Name. IN Latin, Ostrea; in English, Oysters.  
Choice. The best are those of the Lucrine Lake, or those of England, but let them be fresh, and taken in a Month which has an R in it, and they must be eaten quickly.  
Quality. They are hot in the first degree, and moist in the second.  
Commodity. They waken and stir up the Appetite, increase the Seed, and move the Body.  
Hurt. They increase the Phlegm, and cause Obstructions.  
Remedy. They are to be eaten with Pepper, Oil, and Vinegar; they are then best roasted over the Coals; they are good in cool weather for young and choleric men, of a strong Stomach.   

CHAP. CXXXV. Of Sturgeon.  
Name. IN Latin, Accipenser; in English, Sturgeon.  
Choice. Those that are taken in Rivers are the best, for they become more fat and savoury than in the Sea.  
Quality. Sturgeon is hot in the beginning of the first degree, and moist in the second.  
Commodity. It nourishes sufficiently, increases the Seed, and refreshes the Blood, and is counted a dainty Dish, and holds the chiefest place. Of the Spawn or Row of this Fish salted, is made Caviar, which is eaten boiled or raw, to excite the Appetite, and to make the Drink relish.  
Hurt. The Fat of this Fish breeds viscuous Humours, and the fresher it is, the harder of digestion it becomes.  
Remedy. It is less hurtful if you eat thereof the Joul, and the Belly only, and let it be boiled in Water and Vinegar, and so eaten.   

CHAP. CXXXVI. Of Lobsters.  
Name. IN Latin, Langusta; in English, Lobsters.  
Choice. Those of the River are better than the Sea-Lobsters.  
Qualities. They are like Crabs, cold in the second degree, and moist in the first.  
Commodity. They are good against Hectic Fevers, and Consumptions; they fatten, and with their tenacious moistness resist the dissolution of the solid Members, and with their coolness expel the heat of the Body; they are very nourishing, and their Broth cures shortness of Breath.  
Hurt. Lobsters breed cold and phlegmatic Humours, and are of a hard digestion.  
Remedy. Broiling them like Crabs on the live Coals, and afterwards eating them with Pepper and Vinegar, they are more easily digested: They are good in hot Wether for Sanguine and Choleric Complexions.   

CHAP. CXXXVII. Of Sprats.  
Name. IN Latin, Sardina et Sarda; in English, Sprats.  
Choice. The best are such as are caught in Spring, in Sandy Seas.  
Qualities. Sprats are cold in the beginning of the first degree, and moist in the end of the same.  
Commodity. Being boiled as soon as ever they are took, and eaten, they give good nourishment, and a pleasant taste. The salted and pickled Sprats, or Anchovies excite the Appetite, cleanse the Breast from all its superfluities; and therefore such as are in good Health, may eat them moderately in the first Course.  
Hurt. They are moist, and cause windiness, especially eating the backbone of them.  
Remedy. Boiling them in a little Pot, or laying them over the Coals in a sheet of Paper, with Oil and Parsley; or preserving them some few days with Salt and Orice-Roots, their hurt is thereby removed. They are good for all Ages and Complexions in Spring, provided you eat not too much of them.   

CHAP. CXXXVIII. Of Tench.  
Name. IN Latin, Tinca; in English, a Tench.  
Choice. You must choose the Female, caught in Rivers, or in Ponds which are not muddy, at Autumn and Winter.  
Qualities. This Fish is cold and moist in the second degree.  
Commodity. It is very nourishing, but excrementitious. The Tenches cut in pieces along the back, and applied to the Pulse, and soles of the Feet, mitigate and diminish the heat of the burning Fever.  
Hurt. It is of an hard digestion, nourishes badly, burdens the Stomach, especially such as live in Ponds, if eaten in the Dog-days.  
Remedy. Baking them with Garlic, Sweet-herbs, and Spices, they become less hurtful. The Tench is a Food to be used in cold Wether, by Young and Choleric Men, and of such as labour much.   

CHAP. CXXXIX. Of Tortoises.  
Name. IN Latin, Testudo, à testâ quâ tegitur; in English, a Tortoise.  
Choice. The Land-Tortoises are better than those of the Water; big, full of Eggs, and fed with good food, before they be eaten.  
Qualities. They are cold in the second degree, and temperately moist.  
Commodity. They are very nourishing, and therefore are to be given last to Tisical and lean Persons. Their Blood drank is good for those that are troubled with the Falling-Sickness: Of the flesh of Tortoises baked, is made a Food for Sick Men, to refresh and restore them.  
Hurt. They breed a gross and phlegmatic Blood, make Men dull and sleepy, and are slowly digested.  
Remedy. Let them be well boiled, throwing away the first and second Water, and well prepared with hot Herbs, Pepper, and Saffron, or Yolks of Eggs. They are good for young and Choleric Men.   

CHAP. CXL. Of the Tunny-Fish.  
Name. IN Latin, Tucos; in English, the Tunny-Fish.  
Choice. The young ones are the best, caught in the Month of September; and you ought to choose the lean ones rather than the fat.  
Qualities. 'Tis cold and moist in the second degree.  
Commodity. It's flesh heals the bitings of Mad Dogs. The Eggs are salted, and thereof is made Botarghe, which does very much excite the Appetite.  
Hurt. It breeds much Excrements, is hardly digested, burdens the Stomach, and increases Phlegm.  
Remedy. It must be broiled fresh on the Grid-iron, with Salt and Coriander, sprinkling it continually with Oil and Vinegar, with a little Fennel, or a sprig of Rosemary.   

CHAP. CXLI. Of Salmon.  
Name. IN Latin, Salmo; in English, a Salmon.  
Choice. Choose that which is young, sweet, and tender.  
Qualities. Salmon is cold and moist in the first degree.  
Commodity. This Fish is very pleasant to the Palate, being of a tender flesh, and very easily digested; it affords a good Juice, and is inferior to none, nay, by some is accounted the best of Fish.  
Hurt. When it is pickled in Salt, and hardened with Smoak, 'tis of an hard digestion.  
Remedy. Let it be boiled, and afterwards pickled in Vinegar: Some broyl it fresh on the Grid-iron.   

CHAP. CXLII. Of Soles, Plaice, and Turbet.  
Name. IN Latin, Solea, Passer, & Rhombus; in English, Soles, Plaice, and Turbets.  
Choice. The fresh are best, eaten as soon as taken.  
Qualities. They are hotter than others, as being Sea-fish.  
Commodity. These Fishes are highly commended amongst Sea-fish; for they have a delicate flesh, and are of an easy concoction; being white fleshed, they yield good Juice, plentiful Nourishment, and are not easily corrupted.  
Hurt. Being dried in the smoke, they are naught, and harder of concoction.  
Remedy. You must eat good sauce with them, which will qualify all their malignity.   

CHAP. CXLIII. Of Gudgeons.  
Name. IN Latin, Gobius; and in English, Gudgeons.  
Choice. They must be chosen out of clear Brooks, and boiled, or rather fried alive.  
Qualities. They are an harmless Food, and temperate in all Qualities.  
Commodity. Gudgeons are the best amongst the small sort of Fish, and are a very wholesome Aliment, easy to be concocted, and remain not long in the Stomach, and are profitable both for Pleasure and Health, and may safely be given to sick Persons: Minnows, Dace, and other little Fish, are like these.  
Hurt. They are soon corrupted, if eaten after things of an hard digestion.  
Remedy. They must be eaten first.   

CHAP. CXLIV. Of Perches.  
Name. IN Latin, Perca; in English, Perch.  
Choice. The biggest are the best.  
Qualities. They are cold and moist, of a glutinous and slimy substance.  
Commodity. They have a soft, moist, and tender flesh.  
Hurt. They have a very excrementitious Juice, and nourish smally.  
Remedy. They must not be mixed with several Meats.   

CHAP. CXLV. Of Codfish.  
Name. IN Latin, Asellus; in English, Codfish.  
Choice. Eat it whilst fresh and tender.  
Qualities. 'Tis hot and dry.  
Commodity. If fresh, 'tis of good Juice, and easy Concoction.  
Hurt. When dry, it is not easily digested, and is of a gross nourishment.  
Remedy. Such as labour much, may eat it.   

CHAP. CXLVI. Of Barbels.  
Name. IN Latin, Mullus Barbatus; in English, a Mullet, or Barbel.  
Choice. The little ones are better than the great, and such as are caught in stony places, and not in muddy Ponds, or still Seas.  
Qualities. They are hot in the first degree, and dry in the beginning of the second.  
Commodity. They are very pleasant to the Palate, drowned or suffocated in Wine, and eaten, they extinguish the Venereal Appetites, and drinking the Wine, induces an odium, or averseness to all sorts of Wine after that. This Fish being applied to the biting of Venomous Creatures, heals it.  
Hurt. Their flesh is hard, not easily digested; the Wine wherein they were suffocated, makes Men impotent, and Women sterile; and eaten too oft, it hurts the Eyesight.  
Remedy. It must be broiled, and eaten with Oil and the Juice of Oranges, or Vinegar, whereby it will keep many days, and become better. 'Tis good in hot Wether for Choleric Men, for those that use much Exercise, and have a strong Stomach.   

CHAP. CXLVII. Of Trout.  
Name. IN Latin, Trutta; in English, a Trout.  
Choice. Let it be big, and bred in swift Waters.  
Qualities. 'Tis cold in the beginning, and moist in the end of the first degree.  
Commodity. The River-Trout nourishes well, breeding a cold Humour, which refreshes the Liver and Blood, and therefore good in burning Fevers. They increase the Seed, and are good in Summer for Young and Choleric, but naught for Decrepit and Phlegmatic Men.  
Hurt. They are easily corrupted, and therefore are to be eaten presently.  
Remedy. Let them be boiled with half Water and half Vinegar, and eaten with some sharp sauce. And so we have done with the Fishes; next we will treat of Sauces and Spices; and first, of Vinegar.   

CHAP. CXLVIII. Of Vinegar.  
Name. IN Latin, Acetum; in English, Vinegar; from the French words Vin aigre, sharp Wine.  
Choice. The best is that which is made of the most excellent Wine, wherein let there be infused some Roses, or Elder-flowers, and let it be old.  
Quality. The Vinegar is cold in the second degree, in respect to the heat of the Wine; and so much the more, by how much the Wine is older, and more strong; but it has a certain heat, which it has acquired from putrefaction, though the coldness does overcome that heat in it: The Vinegar that is made of weak Wine is cold, but that which is made of old is hotter; but its piercing acuteness does not proceed from the heat, but from the cold, sharp, and subtle parts thereof (as is the North Wind.) It is moreover dry in the third degree.  
Commodity. 'Tis cutting, digestive, and opening; 'tis very good to extinguish the heat of Choler, and Thirst, strengthens the Gums, excites the Appetite, removes Obstructions, aids Digestion, and is good for hot and moist Stomaches, weakens the Blood, the Choler, and resists Putrefaction; therefore in the time of the Plague, many used it, to preserve themselves.  
Hurt. It breeds melancholic Humours, offends the Nerves and Sinews, hurts the Stomach and the Joints, and is very bad for Women that are troubled with Fits of the Mother; is inconvenient for lean folks, pricks the Stomach and the Intestines, spoils the Eyesight, diminishes the Senses, and lessens the Seed, weakens the Strength, offends the Breast, begets Coughs, and those that use it too much, grow old and withered immediately; therefore is not good for Ladies, for it causes wrinkles, etc.  
Remedy. You must not use it at Breakfast, and always moderately; and let it not be too sharp: And boil therewith Raisins, or else Anise-seed, or Parsley-seed, and Fennel. which things remove all hurt from it; and lastly, add thereto a little Sugar.   

CHAP. CXLIX. Of Verjuice.  
Name. IN Latin, Wa immatura, and the Liquor Omphation; in English, Verjuice.  
Choice. You must choose such as is not too sharp, but of a pleasant taste.  
Qualities. 'Tis cold in the first degree, and dry in the second.  
Commodity. 'Tis excellent good in Summer to temperate, and qualify the heat of Blood, to quench the burning Choler, to stir up the Appetite; whence it does wonderfully contribute to young and choleric Men, and to all hot Infirmities.  
Hurt. It strongly binds the Breast, begets Coughs, causes Convulsions of the Nerves, and is bad for Cholick-pains.  
Remedy. The Malignity thereof is removed by using it together with flesh, especially with Pigeons, and other hot, sweet, and fat Meats; but if you eat it with Fish, you must also use hot Spices: 'Tis bad for Old and Phlegmatic Men. You must not use it with Salt, for than it dries too much, and kindles Fevers.   

CHAP. CL. Of Cloves.  
Name. IN Latin, Cariophyllon; in English, Cloves.  
Choice. The best are the fresh, of a pleasant smell, and sweet taste.  
Qualities. They are hot and dry in the third degree.  
Commodity. They comfort all the principal Members, the Heart, the Brain, the Liver, and the Stomach; they render the Food very sweet and pleasant, cause good Breath, provoke Urine, help Digestion, contribute much to the cold Distempers of the Body, stop Vomiting, cure nauseating, and the Falling-sickness, Cramp, stupid Diseases, and stop Rheums and Fluxes.  
Hurt. They offend the Bowels, excite Lust, bind the Body, and are hurtful to Choleric Men in Summer; and using them too much, they make the Food bitter.  
Remedy. You must use them in a moderate quantity, in cold Wether, in moist Food, and Phlegmatic Complexions.   

CHAP. CLI. Of Cinnamon.  
Name. IN Latin, Cinamomum, & Cinamum; in English, Cinnamon.  
Choice. The best is such as is not old, but fresh, odoriferous, of a sharp taste, and red colour.  
Qualities. 'Tis hot and dry in the third degree.  
Commodity. Using it often in Food, it is excellent good for the Stomach, and the cold Distempers thereof, dissolving the moistness and wind; it clears the sight hurt by Rheums, removes Obstructions of the Liver, provokes Urine, causes Sleep, expels the windiness from the Body, lessens the pains in the Kidneys, is good against Coughs and Catarrhs, cleanses the Breast, dries up the moistness of the Head, makes sweet Breath, excites Venereal desires, comforts the Heart: It has the property of Treacle, and it resists putrefaction.  
Hurt. It is naught for Choleric Men in Summer, and in hot Countries; for it inflames the Bowels, and the Blood, it hurts Gouty folks; for being hot and opening, it prepares an easy passage for the Humours to penetrate the Feet and Joints.  
Remedy. It must be used in cold Wether, moderately, by old and phlegmatic Men, and such as have a weak Stomach.   

CHAP. CLII Of Saffron.  
Name. IN Latin, Crocus; in English, Saffron.  
Choice. The best is the fresh, and well coloured; the strings whereof are whitish, long, not brittle; which being washed, dies the Water, and has a pleasant smell.  
Qualities. 'Tis hot in the second degree, and dry in the first.  
Commodity. It comforts the Stomach and Bowels, opens the Obstructions of the Liver, is good for the Milt, makes a good Colour, hinders Putrefaction, induces Sleep, excites Venery, glads the Heart, provokes the Courses, and the Urine, and facilitates Childbirth; but you must not take more than two Drams thereof at the farthest.  
Hurt. It gets into the Head, causing pains and drowsiness, and obfuscates the Senses, causes Nauseating, takes away the Appetite; and taken in too great a quantity, that is, three Drams, it becomes Poison; for it causes sudden Death by Laughter, and its smell hurts the Head.  
Remedy. It may be taken a little at once, by Old, Melancholic, and Phlegmatic Men in Winter.   

CHAP. CLIII. Of Ginger.  
Name. IN Latin, Gingiber; in English, Ginger.  
Choice. You must take care that it be fresh, of a good smell, and of a sharp brisk taste; let it not be rotten, but sound, so that when you cut it, it may not fall to powder.  
Qualities. When it is fresh, 'tis hot in the first degree, and moist in the third; but when dried, 'tis dry in the second degree: It contains within it a certain moisture, whereby 'tis easily corrupted; Ginger moreover is resolving and cutting.  
Commodity. It heats the Stomach, and the whole Body, consumes the Superfluities, dissolves Windiness, helps Digestion, is good for the Memory, wipes away Phlegm, clears the Sight, and dries up the Humidities of the Head and Throat: Preserved with Honey, 'tis good for Old Men.  
Hurt. It inflames the Liver; wherefore 'tis not good in hot Countries, in Summer, for hot Complexions.  
Remedy. Use it moderately, or else candyed.   

CHAP. CLIU Of Honey.  
Name. IN Latin, Mel; in English, Honey.  
Choice. The best is that of the Spring, and Summer, though Aristotle praises the Autumnal Honey. That of the Winter is the worst; it ought to be white and clear.  
Qualities. It is hot and dry in the second degree.  
Commodity. Honey is abstersive and opening, provokes Urine, and cleanses its passages, is good for old and phlegmatic Men, of a cold Complexion; it is a Pectoral Medicine, and is very convenient to preserve things; it is of a small, but very commendable nourishment. Democritus being asked how a Man might keep himself in Health? Answered, by Oil without, and Honey within. It heats the Stomach, moves the Body, resists Corruption, and converts itself into good Blood.  
Hurt. It breeds windiness in the Guts, is turned into Choler, obstructs the Liver and Milt, excites Fevers, and causes Cholick-pains, and eaten raw, makes Coughs: Although it be a Pectoral Medicine, yet it hurts the Head; and eaten immoderately, it obfuscates the Intellect, and increases Choler.  
Remedy. In boiling, you must always take away the scum thereof; or else eat it with Fruit, and other sharp Food: It must not be used but in cold Wether, and by old and phlegmatic Men.   

CHAP. CLV. Of Oil.  
Name. IN Latin, Oleum; in English, Oil.  
Choice. The Oil of Olives is very sweet and commendable, and agreeable with Nature; but let it be sweet, and two years old at least, but not too old; let it be of ripe Olives. Oil of sweet Almonds does challenge the second place.  
Qualities. 'Tis hot and moist in the second degree.  
Commodity. Drank once a day, it kills Worms, and sends them out, mollifies the Body, fattens, and increases the substance of the Liver; and drinking a good quantity thereof, is an excellent thing to make one vomit out any Poison.  
Hurt. If you eat too much thereof, it takes away the Appetite.  
Remedy. You must eat it moderately, and seldom; and such as are healthy and nice Persons, may use Oil of sweet Almonds, but let it be fresh.   

CHAP. CLVI. Of Sugar.  
Name. IN Latin, Saccharum; in English, Sugar.  
Choice. The best is that they call Loaf-Sugar, the whitest, most heavy, and solid.  
Qualities. Sugar is temperate, though something inclining to hot, and is good in all sort of Food, except in Tripes; for being put thereon, it makes them stink like the Dung of an Ox newly made.  
Commodity. It nourishes more than Honey, maintains the Body clean, and cleanses it from Phlegm, mollifies the Breast, clears the Stomach, is good for the Kidneys, the Bladder, and the Eyes.  
Hurt. It causes Thirst, and therefore when with thirst you perceive a bitterness in your mouth, you must not use Sugar, for then the Stomach is full of Choler, wherein the Sugar converts itself, and is very pernicious to the Stomach, and naught for men of an hot Complexion, as are the young and choleric men.  
Remedy. The Malignity of Sugar is qualified, by eating it with Pomegranates, or sour Oranges.   

CHAP. CLVII. De Sappa.  
Name. IN Latin, Sappa, and Defrutum; in English, Wine and Water sodden together, till two third parts are boiled away.  
Choice. New Wine of sweet Grapes is the best, and it is better, and more clear, if it be made of white rather than red Mustum.  
Qualities. 'Tis hot in the second degree; for though by the Decoction it receives heat, yet this proceeds from the Natural heat: It is moist temperately.  
Commodity. It nourishes strongly, keeps the Belly slippery, recalls the Pulse, and is good against the binding of the Breast, Distempers of the Lungs, Ulcers of the Reins and Bladder, and against Poison.  
Hurt. It is hard of digestion, and by its sweetness opilative; and therefore is altogether inconvenient for such as are troubled with Obstructions in the Liver and Milt: It is of a gross substance, and therefore windy, and naught for the Stomach.  
Remedy. It must not be used for Food, but Sauce, and therewith put Pepper, and other Aromatic things, in Winter; or else mix with it sharp and acid things, which cause an equal temperament.   

CHAP. CLVIII. Of Salt.  
Name. IN Latin, Sal; in English, Salt.  
Choice. The best is the white, thick, and dry Salt.  
Qualities. It is hot and dry in the second degree; astringent, purging, dissolving, and attenuating; and therefore is said, Sal primò poni debet, primoque reponi.  
Amongst all Sauces it is most commendable, and without which no Food is good, because it is very necessary to preserve the Health, and is put into Food to render it more savoury; according to this Verse, Name sapit esca male, quae datur absque Sale.  
Commodity. Salt is put into Victuals for three Reasons: First, that thereby the Food may descend more easily into the Stomach, it being of an heavy substance. Secondly, to make it more savoury. And thirdly, because it resists Poison and Putrefaction; consuming by its dryness that moisture, whereby putrefaction might have been occasioned; it excites the Appetite, and digestive Faculty; it hinders the Stomach from nauseating and loathing the received Food, dissolves, attenuates, and dries up the superfluous moistness, provokes the Entrails to evacuate their dregs, and is therefore used in Clysters and Suppositories.  
Hurt. Things too much salted, are acute, beget Melancholy, and Vapours, offend the mouth of the Stomach, breed naughty Nourishment, dry up the Blood, weaken the Sight, diminish the Seed, cause Scabbiness, and Itch, Ringworms, and other such tumors and break out in the Face and Body, and stop the passages of the Urine.  
Remedy. You must use it in a small quantity; and 'tis not good for such as as have the Breast straightened, or have salt Humours.  
Finis Condimentorum.   

CHAP. CLIX Of Water.  
Name. IN Latin, Aqua; in English, Water.  
Choice. The best is the clear, pure, and subtle Water, free from all tastes; and that is the best, which being set on the fire, is easily heated, and taken thence, is soon cool: In the Summer let it be cool, in Winter warm; let it neither be salt nor bitter, nor taste of Mud, Brimstone, etc. nor any Mineral Waters. Let its Fountain be situate towards the East, and run to the North: The Water which runs on pure Earth is better than such as runs upon Stones; you must take care that it be not heavy, nor burdensome to the Stomach, but light, and quickly digested. On the contrary, those Waters are naught which run from Marshy places, which have any ill smell, or participate of Minerals; as also are Snow-waters, and Ice dissolved; and likewise such as in Winter are cold, in Summer hot, for all such cool the Stomach, and obstruct the Milt.  
Qualities. It is cold and moist.  
Commodity. It is good for hot, fat, and fleshy Men, and mixed with Wine for such as use much Labour and Exercise. And though this does not nourish, yet it refreshes, and restores the strength, and is the conduct of the Food, excites the Appetite; and opportunely given in burning Fevers, it produces a joyful and happy success; for it is most contrary, and disagreeing with the Nature of Fevers, refreshing and moistening the Body: It does likewise very much contribute to Nightly Distempers.  
Hurt. It is bad for such as are too hot, lean, and idle Men, and such as unaccustomed to drink it; such as have a weak Stomach, and are troubled with Convulsion of the Nerves. It hurts the Teeth, the Breast, and weak Entrails; the drinking of fresh Water is bad for Old Men; and those that use it too frequently, will inevitably fall into Old Age, and cold Infirmities.  
Remedy. The Malignity of Water is corrected by beaten Pepper; and if you would drink it immediately, you must put therein Anise-seed; and for sick Men boil therewith Cinnamon, and such like things: Else make Honey-water, or Metheglin, which has great Virtues, takes away Thirst, cures the cold Infirmities of the Brain, Nerves, and Joints, is good against the Cough, cuts and expels gross Phlegm from the Breast and Stomach, moves the Body and the Entrails, purges the Bowels, and passages of the Urine, and therefore is good against Cholick-pains.  

Advertisements in the Choice of Wines.  
WIne is reckoned amongst Food, because every thing that nourishes is Food; and amongst all the Liquors we drink, Wine may justly claim the Superiority, for it is more wholesome, and by reason of its subtle and penetrating substance, it mixes better with the Mass than does the Water, and other Drinks: Besides, that it is most pleasant and grateful to the Palate, it restores the radical Moisture, and cheers the Heart. Wine is a most sweet Liquor, and an excellent restorative of all the Faculties, and is the most certain prop and maintenance of our Life; and therefore our Ancestors called the Tree Vitis, quasi Vita, as if it were the Tree of Life: But the use thereof is to be regulated by these twelve following Instructions.  
I. That when the Wine is strong and full of Spirits, you must always mix Water therewith, either simple Water, or else the decoction of Aniseed, or prepared Coriander, and with it mingle so much Water, as may suffice to take away the Heat and Evaporation which gets into the Head: And because you may make a better mixture, and the hot parts of the Wine may be cooled, mix it an hour before you drink it; but if the Wine be small and waterish, do not mix it, for it moistens the Body too much, and causes Windiness in the Entrails, and intoxicate more easily; and therefore such as have a weak Stomach should omit this.  
II. That you never drink Wine after Dinner or Supper, until the concoction of the Food be ended, for than it helps Nourishment, penetrating more easily the Body, whereas at first it would hinder Digestion.  
III. You must have a care that you do not drink Wine cooled with Snow, or icy Water; for it is very pernicious to the Brains, Sinews, Breast, Lungs, Stomach, to the Entrails, the Milt, Liver, Kidneys, Bladder, and causes Wind; whence it is no wonder, that such as use Wine in Snow or Ice, are troubled with Colic pains, Infirmities of the Stomach, stoppage of Urine, and other pernicious Evils; whereas the ancient Gr●eks were wont to drink it hot, with good success.  
iv You must avoid drinking Wine fasting, because it troubles the Understanding, induces the Cramp, is exceeding hurtful to the Brain and Nerves, fills the Head, whence proceed Catarrhs; which is seen by experience in the old Turks, who drinking no Wine, are n●t much troubled with Catarrhs or Toothache, whereas we who use it frequently, begin to perceive Rheums and Catarrhs in our Youth: Therefore when you find that the Wine has offended your Head, and causes Pains therein, immediately provoke Vomiting.  
V That it is not convenient after fresh and moist Fruit to drink a thin Wine, for the Wine being a good Penetrator, does presently induce and lay open a passage to the Members for the malignity of this Fruit: But this is to be understood, if you drink a superfluous quantity thereof; but if you drink it moderately, it corrects the hurt of all such Food.  
VI If at the same Table, both small and strong Wine is used, begin with the small, reserving the strong for the last, which comforts the mouth of the Stomach, and helps Digestion.  
VII. That by how much the Food is more cold and gross, so much the more need is there of strong Wine; but when the Food is more subtle, hot and digestible, let the Wine be weak; and therefore such as feed on Beef and Fish, are to drink stronger Wine than such as feed on Pullet's, etc.  
VIII. That such as use much Wine, ought not to eat much, for Wine serves instead of Meat and Drink, and therefore Nature cannot easily digest them both.  
IX. Wine that is weakened with Water, is more wholesome and commendable than that which is naturally weak, for the latter more easily putrifies.  
X. That such as have a weak Brain, a hot Liver and Stomach, and dwell in sultry Countries, aught to drink a little Wine, mixing Water therewith; but if cold, the more Wine and less Water will not be amiss.  
XI. You must also observe the season of the Year; for in Winter, drink very sparingly, but strong Wine▪ in Summer, more largely, but small, and mixed with Water.  
XII. You must moreover consider the Age; for as Wine is very bad for Children, so it is most proper for old men, seeing that it qualifies and allays their cold Complexion: And therefore Plato denies Wine to Children, gives young men leave to drink it moderately, and allows old men a more plentiful use thereof, saying, that Children before they are twenty two years old, ought not to drink any Wine, because that will add fire to their fire, and young men ought not to drink it strong, but well tempered.   

The Qualifications of Good Wine.  
GOod Wine ought to be clean, pure, and clear, inclining to a red, called Claret, or Cherry-colour; but let it be of stony and mountainous Places, situate towards the South: Let it be of an excellent Odour, for such Wine increases the subtle Spirits, nourishes excellently, and breeds very good Blood; let it be of a pleasant Taste, but let it by no means be too sharp or sweet, but of a middle temper, for if too sweet, it inflames, obstructs, and fills the Head, but the sharp or sour Wine hurts the Nerves and Stomach, and begets Crudities.   

Of Bad Wine.  
THE gross, stinking, corrupted, flat Wines, are unpleasant to the Taste, and unwholesome; all which are to be avoided, for they cause the Headache, corrupt the Blood, breed melancholic Spirits, and in short, are destructive to the whole Body.   

Of Waterish Wine.  
THE weak and waterish Wines will not endure a great mixture of Water, nourish smally, do not heat much, and may therefore be safely given to feverish persons: They do not offend the Head, having few Vapours; they alloy the Headache, caused by moistness, and the pains of the Stomach, that proceed from Heat.   

Of Strong Wine.  
FRom the aforesaid things, we may draw up this Conclusion, viz. That strong Wines do not at all contribute to the preservation of the Health; no more do Wines of Corsica, Malmsey, Muscadine, and the like, especially being fat and red, for they nourish too much.   

The Effects of Good Wine moderately drank.  
WIne, if used discreetly and moderately, does communicate innumerable Benefits both to the Body and Mind: For as to the Mind, it is rendered more secure and calm, the Spirits are strengthened, and dilate themselves, Joy and Gladness is augmented, sad and unpleasant Thoughts are banished; it clears the Understanding, excites the Wit, bridles Anger, takes away Melancholy, enlivens and encourages the Spirits, changes Vices into Virtues, makes an impious man pious, a covetous man liberal, a proud man humble, a lazy man diligent and careful, a dull and heavy man facetious and witty. Then as to the Body; it is very nourishing, resists Putrefaction, helps Digestion, and breeds good Blood, cuts Phlegm, dissolves Windiness, provokes Sleep, excites the Appetite, fattens healthy men, restores consumptive men, opens Obstructions, concocts crude Humours, provokes Sleep, opens a passage for the Superfluities; whence Wine was justly called by the Ancients, Theriaca magna, since that it heats all cold Tempers, and refreshes hot, as also it dries the moist Tempers, and moistens the dry.   

The Remedy of the Malignity of Wine.  
TO correct the Malignity of the Wine, you must not eat sweet and opening things, but bitter and astringent: Whence Wormwood taken before, hinders Drunkenness; and the same effect have seven or eight bitter Almonds, or a Salad of Lettuce, and Kernels of Peach-stones before Meat, as Marmalade of Quinces, and such like, after Meat.   

Of New Wine.  
NEW Wine, called Mustum, is of a difficult Digestion, offends the Liver, and the Entrails, swells the Belly, by the Ebullition which it causes in the Body, whence arises Windiness; it provokes the Urine, induces the Dysentery, is of a gross Nourishment, etc. but one good quality it has, for it loosens the Belly.   

Of Old Wine.  
WHen the Wine is above four years old, it is hot and dry in the third degree, and the older it is, the more heat it acquires. The best is such as is odoriferous, something strong, full of Spirits, which is neither bitter nor sour, but pleasant to all the Senses, helping the expulsive Faculty, dissolving ill Humours; it is good for those that have raw Humours in the Veins, and in the other Vessels; it hurts their Sinews who use it too much; 'tis naught for Copulation, because it dries up the Seed, disturbs the Understanding, offends the little skins of the Brain, and hinders Sleep; whence 'tis to be used for Physic, and not for Drink, unless you use it very moderately, and mixed with much Water: 'Tis naught for young and choleric persons, but good for old men, especially in Winter.   

Of Rough Wine.  
THE Wines which are properly Rough, have so small a heat, that they scarce arrive to the first degree, and are dry in the second: They are good for the great Heat in quotidian Fevers, Inflammations of the Liver, and dryness of the Stomach; they refresh, take away Thirst, cure Fluxes, stop Vomiting, but let them not be too sharp or sour, but moderately binding, subtle, and not of too high a colour; they are good for young men of an hot Stomach, and are naught for phlegmatic and old men, because they bind the Breast, beget Coughs, do neither nourish well, nor breed good Blood, and hinder Sweat.   

Of Red Wine.  
THE Red Wine is hot in the first degree, and as to the rest, temperate: The best is of a subtle substance, clear, and shining; it breeds very good Blood, nourishes well, takes away the Syncope, and makes Sleep pleasant; the gross burdens the Stomach, hurts the Liver and Milt, causing Obstructions, and is slowly digested; the dark red is more nourishing, and more obstructing.   

Of White Wine.  
THE Wine of a Citron, or Limmon colour, is called White-wine: It is odoriferous and strong, hot in the beginning of the second degree, and dry in the first; it must not be kept longer than a year, for it will be too hot; let this Wine be clear, made of ripe Grapes, growing on Hills. It resists Poison, and all Putrefaction, purges the Veins of corrupt Humours, gives a ●ood Colour, increases the Strength, cheers the Heart, corroborates natural Heat, provokes Urine and Sweat, causes Sleep, is good against the quartan and quotidian Ague; it comforts the Stomach, and being well tempered with Water, is good at all times for all Ages and Complexions, provided it be not too old.   
Vinorum Finis.   

CHAP. CLX. Of Ale and Beer.  
Name. IN Latin, Cervisia; in English, Ale and Beer.  
Choice. You must choose the clear, thin, and pure Ale.  
Quality. Ale is hot and moist, Beer is cold and moist.  
Commodity. Beer and Ale is the common and familiar Drink in England, and no doubt but profitable and wholesome it is, as Experience shows; but the different Preparations, or brewing thereof, make no small difference in the Drinks: The difference of Waters of which it is made, is greatly to be considered, therefore according to their Natures you must judge of the Drink. Also the different Corn or Grain is to be considered: As Drinks made of Wheat Malt nourish more; some people mix Wheat and Barley together; others mix some Oats with Barley for Malt; generally in Ale are used no Hops, or less Hops than in Beer, therefore Ale is more nourishing, and loosens the Belly.  
Hurt. All new Drink is very unwholesome, especially if it be troubled, or thick, for it obstructs the Bowels, and breeds the Stone.  
Remedy. If it be not too strong, but clear and thin, all hurt thereof is remedied, whereas the thick and muddy Ale is very unwholesome; for if 
Ale goes in thick, and comes out thi●  
Then needs must leave some Dregs within.    

Divers Ways to loosen the Body.  
FRom eating d● proceed many Superfluities in our Bodies, part whereof are consumed by Exercise, and part r●main behind, which are to be expelled by Art: The Superfluities are different, according to the diversity of places whence they proceed, such is Spittle, Snot, Sweat, Urine, the Excrements of the Belly, and other Filth and Dregs of the Body, which if not driven forth ●occasion many Evils, as Obstructions, Fevers, Aches, and Imposthumes; and therefore with all diligence one ought to evacuate them, either by Nature, or by Art: By Nature, using moist and liquid Foods; By Art, taking some Clyster, in Summer made with oil of Violets and Roses, in Winter with common Oil, or of sweet Almonds; or else making a Suppository of Butter, filling a leaden Pipe with Butter, and a little Salt: The other way is, To take half an ounce of flower of Cassia, a little before Meals, or else an ounce and a half of honey of Roses loosening, or else syrup of Roses, three hours before Dinner, once or twice a week. To this purpose, it will not be amiss before Dinner to eat half an ounce of Portuguese Manna, or to drink it in a little Broth: Or else (and it is a sovereign Medicine likewise) dissolve Manna in Burrage-water, afterwards distil it i● a hot Bath, in a great Limbeck, whence proceeds a most clear and pure Water, whereof take one or two ounces, at night before Supper, or in the morning, six hours before Dinner.   
FINIS.