THE ANTIQUITY & EXCELLENCY Of GLOBES. What a Globe is, and of the Circles without the Globe, what the Horizon is with the things described thereon, also what the Meridian is, the Poles, Axes, Houre-Circle and Index Moreover of the Circles which are described on the superficies of the Globes; of the equinoctial circle, Zodiac, and Eccliptick, of the Tropics, what the Arctic and Antarctic Circles are; of the Vertical Circles, and quadrant of Latitude, of the Zones and their numbers of Climates and Parallels. All which are proper to the Celestial and Terrestrial Globes, with their uses, profitable for all that would be instructed in Geography. He stretcheth out the North over the empty place, and hangeth the Earth upon nothing, Job 26. 7. LONDON Printed, by M. S. and are to be sold by Tho. Jenner at the South-Entrance of the Old-Exchange, 1657. Geographie and the Principles thereof Certain terms of Land and Water plainly defined and described THe Terrestrial Globe is defined to be a Spherical body, proportionably composed of Earth and Water: into which two parts it is divided. Whereof the Earth comes first to view; whose parts are, either Real, Imaginary: and the real parts either Continents, Islands. Now a Continent is a great quantity of Land, not interlaced or separated by the Sea; in which many Kingdoms and Principalities are contained; As Europe, Asia, Africa, America. An Island (called in Latin, Insula, quasi in salo) is a part of the earth, environed round with waters; as Britain, Java, St. Laurence Isle, Bermudas. These again are subdivided into Peninsula, Isthmus, Promontorium. A Peninsula, is almost an Island; that is, a tract of Land, which, being almost encompassed round by water, is joined to the firm Land by some little isthmus: as Poloponnesus, Taurica, Cymbrica, and Parvana. An Isthmus is a little narrow neck of Land, which joineth any Peninsula to the continent; as the straits of Dariene in Peru, and Corinth in Greece. Promontorium, Is some high mountain, which shooteth itself into the Sea, the utmost end of which is called a Cape, as that great Cape of good hope, and Cape Verde in Africa▪ Cape Comori in Asia, and that of Saint Michael's Mount in Cornwall; the North Cape up in Norway, and divers others. There are likewise other real parts of the earth; as mountains, valleys, fields, plains, woods and the like. The other general part of the Globe is the water; which is Divided into 1 Oceanus. 2 Mare. 3 Fretum. 4 Sinus. 1 Oceanus, The Ocean is that general collection of all waters which invironeth the whole world on every side. 2 Mare, The Sea is part of the Ocean; to which we cannot come, but through some strait, as Mare Mediterraneum, Mare Balticum, and the like. These two take their names Either from the adjacent places, as the British Ocean, the Germane Sea, the Atlantic Sea. Or from the first discoverer, as Mare Magellanicum Davis and Forbishers straits, etc. Or from some remarkable accident, as Mare Rubrum, from the red colour of the sands. Mare Aegeum, Pontus Euxinus, and the like. 3 Fretum, a Straight is a part of the Ocean, restrained within narrow bounds, and opening a way to the Sea; as the straits of Gibraltar, Hellespont, Anian. 4 Sinus, a Creek, is a crooked shore, thrusting out as it were two arms to embrace the lovely presence of the Sea; as Sinus Adriaticus; Sinus Persicus, and Corinthiacus. To this also belong Rivers, Brooks, and Fountains, which are engendered of congealed air in the earth's concavities, and seconded by the Sea waters, creeping through hidden crannies thereof. Thus much of the real parts of the Globe in general. Of the Circle of the Map and their uses. THe Earth and Sea, composed themselves in a Spherical figure, and is caused by the proper inclination of each part, which being heavy falls from every point of the circumference, and claps about the centre, there settles as near as it may towards his place of rest: we may illustrate both the figure and situation by a familiar similitude to an ingenious apprehension; Suppose we a knot to be knit in the midst of a Cord that hath many ends, and those to be delivered to sundry men of equal strength to be drawn several ways round from every part above, and below, and on each side. Questionelesse while every man draws in the boes of the knots, it must needs become round, and whilst they continue to pluck with equal strength it must rest in the middle betwixt them, since every strength that would destroy, hath a strength equal to resist it; so it is in the bosom of the earth where every part wheels upon equal privilege of nature, nor can any press farther than the centre to destroy this compacted figure, for it must meet there with a body that will oppose it, or if not, yet could it not pass, since every motion from the middle were to ascend, which nature will not permit in a body of weight as the whole earth is. The compass of the whole is cast by our latest and most learned, to be 21600 English miles, which though none ever yet so pared as to measure them by the foot, yet let not the ignorant reject this account, since the rule by which they are led cannot fail: for we see by continual experience, that the Sun for every degree in the Heavens, gains sixty miles upon the earth, towards his circuit round, and after three hundred sixty degrees, returneth to the same point in respect of us as before it was: repeat the number of 60 so oft and you will find the account just, and so by proportion of the circumference to the diameter, which is tripla sesquiseptima, the same which 22 hath to 7. We may judge likewise of the earth's thickness to the centre. The whole diameter must by rule be somewhat lesser than a third part of the circuit, that in proportion to 21600 will be 6872. half the number will reach the middle of the world, and that is 3436. in this report both of the quantity and form of the earth; we must not require such exactness as cannot vary a hair's breadth, for we see the mountains of the earth, and oftentimes the waves of the Sea make the superficies unequal, it will be sufficient if there be no difference, sensible to be reckoned in so great a bulk; for let us rudely hue a ball out of rough stone, still it is a ball, though not so smooth as one of Crystal, or suffer a mote to fall upon a sphere of glass, it changeth not its figure, far less are the mountains which we see in respect of the whole lump. What a Globe is. A Globe we may define to be an Analogical representation either of the Heavens or of the earth, and we call it Anagolicall, not only in regard of its form, expressing the figure of the Heavens, as also of the terrestrial Globe, consisting of the earth itself, together with the interflowing Seas, but rather, because that it representeth unto us in a just proportion and distance each particular constellation in the Heavens, and every several region and tract of ground in the earth, together with certain circles, both greater and lesser, invented by artificers for the more ready computation of the same. The greater circles we call those which divide the whole, superficies of the Globe into equal parts or halves and those the lesser which divide the same into two unequal parts. Besides the body of the Globe itself, there is also annexed a certain frame, with necessary instruments thereto belonging. The Fabric of the frame is thus; first of all there is a base or foot to rest upon, on which, there are raised perpendicularly six pillars or columns of equal length and distance, upon the top of which there is fastened to a level a round plate or circle of wood, which they call the Horizon, because that the uppermost superficies thereof performs the office of the true horizon, for it divideth the whole Globe into 2 equal parts; whereof that which was uppermost, representeth unto us the visible Hemisphere, and the other, that which is hid from us. So likewise the circle which divideth that part of the world which we see from the other, which we see not is called the Horizon, and that point which is directly over our heads in our Hemisphere, and is on every side equadistant from the Horizon, is commonly called Zenith, and that point which is opposite to it in the lower Hemisphere, is commonly written Nadir these two points are called also the Poles of the Horizon. Furthermore, upon the superficies of the Horizon in a material Globe, there are described first, the twelve signs of the Zodiac, and each of these is divided again into thirty lesser portions, so that the whole Horizon is divided into 360 parts, which they also call degrees, and every degree is divided into sixty parts, also each of them is called a scruple or minute, and so by the like subdivision of minutes into sixty parts will arise seconds, and of these thirds, and likewise fourth's, and fifths, etc. but the like partition still of each into sixty parts. There is also described upon the Horizon, the Roman Calendar, and that three several ways, to wit, the ancient way, which is still in use with us here in England, and the new way appointed by Pope Gregory 23, wherein the Aequinoxes and Solstice were restored to the same places they were in at the time of the Celebration of the council of Mite, and in the third, the said Equinoctial and Solsticall points are restored to the places they were in, at the time of our Saviour Christ's nativity. The months in the Calendar, are divided into days and weeks, to which are annexed as their peculiar characters the 7 first letters of the Alphabet. The innermost border of the Horizon, is divided into thirty two parts, according to the number of the winds, which are observed by our modern Sea-faring-men in their Navigations, by which also we are wont to design forth the quarters of the Heavens, and the Coasts of Countries, the names of the winds are set down both in English and Latin, in the Horizon of the material Globes. The use of the Horizon is manifold, First it divides the heavens into 2 Hemisphears; Secondly it shows what stars never set, and what never rise from under the earth, and so likewise what stars do both rise and set; Thirdly, it showeth the cause of the equality and inequality of the artificial days and nights; Fourthly, it conduceth to the finding out of the latitude of any place; Fifthly, it is the cause of the rectitude and obliquity of the Sphere, whereof we have occasion to speak more largely hereafter. There is also let into this Horizon two notches, opposite one ro the other, a circle of brass, making right angles with the said Horizon, and placed so that it may be removed at pleasure up and down by those notches, as need shall require▪ This Circle is called the Meridian because that one side of it which is in like manner divided into 360 degrees, supplieth the office of the true Meridian. Now the Meridian is one of greater circles, passing through the Poles of the world, and also of the Horizon, to which when the Sun in his daily revolution is arrived in the upper Hemisphere it is midday, and when it toucheth the same in the lower Hemisphere it is midnight at the place whose Meridian it is. The Meridian (which comes first to be considered) is a great Circle compassing round the Earth from Pole to Pole; and is that which you see in the circumference of both Planisphears of the Map, and wherein are written the names of the Zones and Climates, This chief, first fixed Meridian passeth through the Islands called Azores, according to the ancient Cosmographers; and there are two reasons why they did there begin to reckon the longitude of the Earth. First, for that at that time there was no land known further to the Western than that place. Secondly, Under that Meridian the Needle in the Mariners compass had no variation, but did point directly North and South. There be also many Meridian's according to the divers places in which a man lives▪ the number of them equal to so many points as may be imagined in the Globe; but the usual setting them known to view▪ is by ten degrees a sunder; and are those black lines which you see in both Planispheares, running down along from the North to the South Pole. The use of the Meridian, is to show the longitude of any place. Now the longitude of a Region, City or Cape, is the distance of it East from the first great Meridian▪ and this longitude is measured and numbered in the Equinoctial line by Meridian's from the general and fixed Meridian into the East, and containeth the whole compass of the Earth, viz. 360▪ degrees. To prove this by example, cast your eye on London, and you shall see it something to the East of the second black Meridian: pass down with that black line to the Equinoctial, and look as much East there, as London is from that Meridian above▪ then count the degrees of the Equinoctial, from the first great Meridian to that place, and that distance is the longitude of London, which you may perceive to be 20 degrees and better: And the like manner of working is to be made for all other places. That line full of degrees crossing both Planisphears strait along in the middle, and dividing the world into two halfs (viz.) North and South halfs; is called the Equinoctial line, or the Aequator; either because it is of equal distance from both Poles of the world, or else because the Sun coming in this Circle makes the days and nights throughout the world of a length; which happens upon the 10. or 11. of March, and the 13, or 14. of September. It passes through Abassia or Prester John's Kingdom, and Manicongo in Africa, through the great Island Sumatra, and the Maldive Isles of Africa; and in America, through Guiana. The use of it is to show the latitude of any Country, City, Promontory, or the like: Now the latitude is the distance of a place toward the South or North, from the Equinoctial line or middle of the world; and is reckoned and measured upon the Meridian toward either Pole. Those therefore have Northern latitude that inhabit between the Equinoctial and the North Pole, as they have Southern latitude that are between the same Equator and the South Pole. Those black lines thwarting the black Meridian from East to West, are parallels, and are also called Aequidistants, being distant one from another 10 degrees toward both Poles; and are here set down for the easy counting the latitude of any place from the Equinoctial: as for the latitude of London; count so many decimal Parallels, till you come to the Parellel which is nearest London, (you shall find them to be five) then follow that line to the Meridian, and see the figures set thereat; they are 50.) moreover, add to that number of 50. so much as London is situate above that parallel, the space is one degree and an half; thus you shall find the latitude of London (that is, the distance thereof from the Aequator toward the North Pole) to be 51 degrees and a half: and in like manner must the latitude of all other places be sought▪ Thus much of Longitude and Latitude, by which two, the whole earth is reckoned. The Meridian and Equinoctial, as also the Zodiac, are filled throughout with degrees, the number 360 and every degree consists of 60 minutes, and contains, according to our ordinary account, 20 leagues, or 60 miles. The great circle that is drawn bending bias in one planispheare up to the Tropic of Cancer, in the other down to the Tropic of Capricorn, is the Zodiac; it is replenished with degree, and bears on it the Characters of the twelve signs. The uses of it are to show over what Countries and people the body and beams of the Sun come perpendicular at some times or other in the year, and it shows to all (where the days increase and decrease) the longest and shortest days of the year, for the Sun (which causeth the same) being always in this circle and therein moving about one degree a day, all the while he is coming up from the Tropic of Capricorn to that of Cancer, the days increase in the Northern Climates: but contrariwise in his course back from Cancer to Capricorn they shorten to us, and lengthen to those in the Southern Climates; and this Circle shows the four quarters of the year; Spring, Summer, Autumn, Winter. The Tropic of Cancer, (so called, or the Celestial sign Cancer) is a circle, whose distance from the Equinoctial toward the North, is 23 degrees and a half. When the Sun is come so far Northward as to touch this Circle, then is our longest day in the year. It passes through the Southermost parts of Barbary and Egypt, Arabia, India, China, Nova Hispania, and the Island Cuba. The Tropic of Capricorn, (likewise so named of the sign Capricorn in the starry Heaven) is a circle of like distance at the other Tropic from the Equinoctial Southward, that is 23 degrees and a half. When the Sun is gone down to the Circle Southward, it is our shortest day in the whole year. This Tropic passes through Monomopata, Saint Laurence Island, Peru, and the South coasts of Brasile. The Arctic, or North polar Circle, is distant from the North Pole, 23 degrees and a half; so much as the Tropic of Cancer from the Equinoctial; but the distance between that Tropic and it, is 43 degrees. You may see it pass through Island, Norway, Boddia▪ Moscovy, Tartary, cross Davis Straits, and Greenland. The Antarctic or South polar Circle, is distant from the South Pole, 23. degrees and a half; so far as the Tropic of Capricorn is from the Equinoctial. The Circle passes through Magellanica, or Terra australis Incognita only. Now these four lesser circles, (viz.) the two Tropics, and Polar circles, do fitly part the Earth into five Zones. The Zones. A Zone is a space of Earth, contained between two of the smaller circles, or within the compass of either Polar Circle: the name signifies as much as a girdle, by reason that each Zone compasseth about the Earth in manner of a girdle. Of these there be two kinds, one temperate, the other untemperate. There be two temperate Zones; the one North, the other South. The North temperate Zone is that space of earth contained between the Tropic of Cancer, and the North Polar Circle. The South temperate Zone is that space of earth stretched along between the Tropic of Capricorn, and the South Polar Circle. They are called temperate Zones, for that the air thereof hath a far better and more moderate temperature, and meeter for man to inhabit, than the untemperate Zones. The breadth of them is forty three degrees a piece, which degrees make either temperate Zone to be 2580 English miles broad a piece. The untemperate Zones are twofold; one exceeding in the extremity of heat, the other as much in cold; they have been thought in former times altogether unhabitable, but latter experience hath found them more fit for habitation, The Torrid or Zone (which is the hot untemperate Zone) is that space of Heaven which you see contained between the Tropic of Cancer, and that of Capricorn. It hath the name of Torrid, because the Sun continually passes thereover, and casting down direct rays, affects it with a marvellous heat; thereby making it not so inconvenient for the Inhabitants, as the temperate Zones are. The breadth of this Zone is comprehended between the two Tropics, and contains 47 degrees, that is of English miles 2820. The frozen Zones are spaces of Earth enclosed within either of the Polar Circles: of these there are two, one North, the other South. The North frozen Zone, is that space of Earth contained within the compass of the North Polar Circle. The breadth thereof reckoned twenty three degrees and a half, viz. from the Pole itself to the Polar Circle, which of English miles is 1410. The South frozen Zone, is that space of Earth compassed all about with the South Polar Circle: It hath the like breadth from the South Pole, as the other frozen Zone hath from the North Pole: and likewise the number of miles is the same. They are called frozen Zones, because they (for the most part) exceed in cold; and that is caused in regard that the Sun for a good part of the year, is under the Horizon, and sees them not; and when he is come up into their sight, his appearance which (for a pretty long season together) rather comforts them, than any virtual heat proceeding from him; for there the Air is stuffed with thick foggy vapours, and his beams at highest fall but very obliquely on them; so that what through his want and unability to dispel the cold and the colds force to resist, and bear back the Sun's heat; these Zones remain almost unhabitable, and even (as the word is) frozen. The names of all these, set in the right place of each Zone you shall see in that Meridian going about America and Magellanica Of the Climates. IN that great Meridian going about Europe, Asia, and Africa, are described the Climates; Now a Climate is a space of the Earth included within the space of two Parellels. The use of them is to show the difference of length and shortness of days over all the world, as you may see in the midst of every Climate, set the number of the hours of the longest day in the year, under that Climate: the longest day in one Climate, differing half an hour from the longest in another▪ so that there are four and twenty Climates, consisting of forty eight Parallels, ere the day come to be twenty four hours in length, which is twelve hours longer than the ordinary Equinoctial day is. Now this is to be understood; Under the Equinoctial line, and thirteen degrees, that is, three Parallels, on either side thereof, the days exceed not the length of twelve hours, but after in every Clime increase the length of half an hour, so that there are numbered (as is said before) 48 Parellels, which make twenty four Climates, before the days become twenty four hours long, the which length they being grown to, their increase is then by whole weeks and months, till in the four and twentieth Clime: about the Pole, the day is full half a year long. And it is thus between the Aequator and the North Pole, so it is between the said Aequator and South Pole: wherefore there are 2 sorts of Climes, that is 24 Northern, and as many Southern. The Climates Northward are thus named; the first is Dia Meroes', because the middle Parallel thereof passes through the midst of the Inland Island Meroe, in the continent of Africa; the second is Dia Sienes: the third Dia Alexandria; the fourth Dia Rhodos the fifth Dia Rome's; the sixth Dia Ponton; the seventh Dia Boristhenes; the eight Dia Ripheos; the ninth Per Dianam. The South Climes have the same names, save only that the word Anti is thereunto added; as Anti Dia Meroes'; the next Anti Dia Sienes, and so along to the ninth Southward: further than the ninth Clime on either side the Equinoctial they are not named but yet the Climes run on both ways to the number of twenty four, as is seen in the Meridian. That there be but nine named; the reason is, because when these names were given, no more than nine Climates were known to those of ancient times; but since, though the number of them be increased to twenty four, the rest are not known by proper names, but remain innominate. In the two opposite points of this Meridian are fastened the two ends of an iron pin, passing through the body of the Globe and its centre, one of which ends is called the Arctic, or North pole of the world; and the other the Antarctic or South Pole; and the pin itself is called the Axis; for the Axis of the world is the Diameter about which it is turned, and the extreme ends of the Axis are called the Poles. To either of these Poles when need shall require there is a certain brass Circle or ring to be fastened; which Circle is divided into twenty four equal parts, according to the number of the hours day and night, and it is therefore called the hour-circle, and this Circle is to be applied to either of the Poles in such sort as that the section where twelve is described may precisely agree with the points of midday and midnight in the superficies of the true Meridian. There is also another little pin to be fastened to the end of the Axis, in the very Centre of the hour circle; this pin is so made as it turns about and pointeth to every of the twenty four sections in the hour-circle, according as the Globe itself is moved about, so that you may place the point of it to what hour you please. The use of this hour-circle and Index, is to denote the hours of the rising and s●tting of the Sun, and other stars, which must be practised after this manner; First you must set the Globe to your elevation or pole, and then apply the degree of the sign in which the Sun at that time is, to the Meridian and the Index to that 12 hours which is uppermost, and so having thus done you must turn the Globe about till the degree wherein the Sun is come to the Eastern side of the Horizon; which done the Index will point out the hour of his rising, and if you turn it about to the West side, you shall in like manner have the hour of his setting. There is also belonging to the Meridian, a quadrant of Altitude, being made of a long thin plate, of steel or brass, and fashioned crooked, so that it may be applied to the convexe superficies of the Globe. And having the fourth part of the Circle in length and this Quadrant is made in such sort as that it may be fastened on the Meridian, and so be applied to the Zenith of any place whatsoever, being divided from one end to the other into 90 equal parts and degrees. There is besides at the foot of the Globe, a Mariners compass placed, which serves to show how to place the Globe rightly, according to the four winds and quarters of the world. Besides these Circles expressed in the Globe, there are also some certain other Circles in familiar use with the Practical Astronomers, which they call vertical Circles; these are greater Circles drawn from the vertical point through the Horizon, in what number you please; the office of these Circles is supplied by the help of a quadrant of altitude which is a thin plate of brass divided into 90 degrees; this Quadrant must be applied to the vertex of any place, when you desire to use it, so that the lowest end of it noted with the number of 90, may just touch the Horizon in every place, this Quadrant is made movable, that so it may be fastened to the vertical point of any place. Of the figure of the heavenly Orbs and Elements. THe whole world is divided into two parts, viz. Elemental, and Etherial, or Celestial parts. The Elemental part is ; viz. Earth, water, air, Fire, as may be seen in that round figure of the frame of the Heavens and Elements one within another; the inmost and middlemost Circle containing Earth and water intermixed together; the next, the three Regions of the Air, and immediately above that Orb, is the Element of Fire, all which you may easily discern by their several names in their proper places. The Etherial or Celestial parts do compass the Elemental part, and contain the ten upper Spheres, viz. 1 The Moon, 2 Mercury, 3 Venus, 4 Sol, 5 Mars, 6 Jupiter, 7 Saturn, 8 the starry Firmament, 9 the Crystalline Heaven, having no stars at all; the 10. is the Primum mobile, or first mover, containing all the rest within it; and moving from the East to the West carrieth about with it in violence all the other Spheres, The rest of the Spheres have contrary motions, every one in his kind, though far slower than the other: and their motions are contrary, from the West to the East, and so are carried about oftentimes by the first mover, before they make one perfect revolution in themselves. The Crystalline or ninth Sphere his motion is almost immensible, and is called the trembling Motion, and is performed, according to the opinion of later Astronomers, in 49000 years. The eight Sphere being the Starry Firmament performeth his motion in 7000 years. The rest of the Spheres are the seven Planets, each Sphere containeth in it but one Star: whereof the uppermost and slowest is Saturn, which perfecteth his course in thirty years. Jupiter being next under that, makes his revolution in twelve years. Mars beneath him finisheth his course in two years. Sol passeth through the Zodiac in 365 days and six hours, which is one whole year. Venus' ends her course in somewhat more than a year. Mercury holds equal pace with the Sun. Luna courseth about the Heaven once every eight and twenty days. A Star of the first bigness, is 107 times bigger than the earth. A Star of the second bigness, is 90 times the Globe of the earth. A Star of the third bigness, is 72 times the Globe of the earth. A Star of the fourth bigness, is 54 times the Globe of the earth. A Star of the fifth bigness, is 36 times the Globe of the earth. A Star of the sixth bigness, is 18 times the Globe of the earth. Of the use of the Globes. THe first whereof is concerning the position of the Globe, and the other Climates. Now touching the position of the Globe, you are first of all to take care that it be placed perpendicularly to the true Horizon; Secondly, That the distinction of the winds answer directly to the winds of the real Horizon, that so the East on your material Globe may look directly towards the true East of the world; for which purpose especially there is usually placed a Nautical compass in the bottom of the frame. When you have thus placed your Globe so that it may be turned any way at pleasure, yet so that the base or foot be not moved out of its place. The next thing that is to be inquired after, is the latitude of the place wherein you live, which according as it is greater or less, you must elevate the Pole of your Globe above the Horizon proportionably. As for example, if the latitude be 50, 51, or 52. grad. or more or less Northward, then must you elevate the Arctic Pole, just so many degrees above the Horizon, and so likewise if the latitude be Southern, you must do the like by the Antarctic or South Pole, But under the Aequator where there is no latitude at all both the Poles must be placed in the very Horizon at opposite points. Now if you desire to know the longitude of any place expressed in the Globe, you must apply the same place to the Meridian, and observing at what place the Meridian cutteth the Aequator, reckon the degree of the Aequator from the Meridian of St. Michael's Island to that place; for so many are the degrees of longitude of the place you look for. In the same manner you may measure the difference of longitude betwixt any other two places that are described in the Globes. Now if you desire to find the latitude of any place expressed in the Globe, you must apply the same to the Meridian, and reckon the number of the degrees that it is distant from the Aequator, for so much is the latitude of that place. To find the distance of two places, set your Globe in such sort, as that the Zenith of one of the plates be 90 degrees distant every way from the Horizon, and then fasten the Quadrant of altitude to the vertical point and so move it up and down until it pass through the vertix of the other place, the number of the degrees intercepted in the Quadrant betwixt the two places, being resolved into furlongs, miles or leagues, as you please, will show you the true distance of the places assigned, and the other end of the Quadrant that toucheth upon the Horizon will show on what wind or quarter of the world the one place is in respect of the other, or what angle or position it hath, for the angle or position is that which is comprehended betwixt the Meridian of any place, and a great Circle passing through the Zeniths of any two places assigned, and the quantity of it is to be numbered in the Horizon. As for example, The longitude of London is 26 degrees and it hath in Northern latitude 51 degrees and a half. Now it is demanded, what distance and angle of position it beareth to Saint Michael's Island, which is one of the Azores; we must proceed thus to find it; first, let the North Pole be Elevated 51 degrees which is the latitude of London, then fastening the Quadrant of altitude to the Zenith of it, that is to say 51 degrees and an half Northward from the Aequator; we must turn it about till it pass through Saint Michael's Island, and we shall find the distance intercepted betwixt these 2 places to be 11 degrees, 40. m. or thereabouts, which is 280 of our leagues, and if we observe in what part of the Horizon the end of the Quadrant resteth we shall find the angle of position to fall near upon 50 gr. betwixt South-west and by west, and this is the Situation of this Island in respect of London. The distance of places differing only in latitude may be found out after this manner; First, you must subtract the lesser latitude from the greater, resolving a degree into minutes, if the substraction cannot be done otherwise convenienty; then multiply the degrees by 15, and divide the minutes by 4. and the sum produced will be the distance of those two places in common German miles, one whereof containeth four of our English miles. To find delineation of the Sun for any day given. HAving first learned the day of the Month, you must look for the same in the Calendar described on the Horizon of your Globe, over against which in the same Horizon you shall find the sign of the Zodiac, and the degree of the same that the Sun is in at that time, but if it be leap year, then for the next day after the 28th. of February you must take that degree of the sign which is ascribed to the day following; As for example, if you desire to know what degree of the Zodiac the Sun is in the 29th of Febru. you must take that degree which is assigned for the first of March, and for the first of March take the degree of the second, and so forward. Now when you have found the place of the Sun, apply the same to the Meridian, and reckon thereon how many degrees the Sun is distant from the Aequator, for so many will the degrees be of the Sun's declination for the day assigned; for the declination of the Sun, or of any other Star, is nothing else but the distance of the same from the Aequator reckoned on the Meridian. You also find out the Sun's greatest declination by his greatest and least altitude, both in Summer and Winter, by substracting the least out of the greatest, for then half that which remaineth will be the declination you seek for. Now to know the longitude of the Sun for any time, that is to say in what degree of the Zodiac he is, you must do thus, seek in the limb of the Horizon for the day of the month for which you would know the longitude of the Sun, which found, you shall see over against it, among the signs of the Zodiac described also upon the Horizon the degree of the sign that exactly answereth to it, and which is the place of the Sun for that day and month, but if it be leap year you must remember after the 28th of February to add one day more still as you go, as if you would look for the place of the Sun on the 13th of March, you must take that degree which is set for the 14 of March which is the 3 gr. of Libra. To find the latitude of any place. HAving found the place of the Sun in the Eccliptick, apply the same to the Meridian, and so move the Meridian up and down through the notches it stands in, until the place of the Sun be elevated so many degrees above the Horizon as the Sun's altitude is; and the Globe standing in this position the elevation of either of the Poles will show the Latitude of the place wherein you are. The like effect may be wrought by observing the Meridian altitude of any other Star expressed in the Globe, for if you set your Globe so as that the Star you mean to observe be so much elevated above the Horizon, as the Meridian altitude of it is observed to be the elevation of the Pole above the Horizon will show the latitude of the place. To find the latitude of any place by knowing the place of the Sun or other Star, and observing the altitude of it two several times, with the space of time betwixt the two observations. FIrst having taken with your compasses the compliment of the altitude of your first observation, now the compliment of the altitude, is nothing else but the difference of degrees by which the altitude is found to be less than 90 degrees you must set one of the feet of your compasses in that degree of the Eccliptick that the Sun is in at that time, and with the other describe a Circle upon the superficies of the Globe, tending somewhat toward the west, if the observation be taken before noon, but toward the East if it be made in the afternoon; then having made your second Observation, and observed the space of time betwixt it and the former, apply the place of the Sun to the Meridian, turning the Globe toward the East until that so many degrees of the Aequator have passed by the Meridian as answer to the space of time that passed betwixt your observations, allowing for every hour 15 degrees in the Aequator, and marking the place in the parallel of the Sun's declination, that the Meridian crosseth after this turning about of the Globe, and then setting the foot of your compasses in the very interfection, describe an arch of a Circle with the other foot of the compass, extended to the compliment of the Second observation, which arch must cut the former▪ Circle, and the common interfection of these two Circles, which show the vertical point of the place wherein you are, so that having reckoned the distance of it from the Aequator, you shall presently have the latitude of the same. The same may be effected if you take any Star and work by it after the same manner, or if you describe two Circles mutually crossing each other to the compliments of any two Stars. Seeing the Zenith or vertix of every place is distant a quarter of a Circle, that is 90 degrees from the Horizon, if then the Sun being in either of the Equinoctial points, the Meridian altitude be substracted from 90 degrees, the remainder will be the distance betwixt the Zenith of the place, and the Equinoctial Circle, which will be the latitude of the same place, To find the hour of the day, Rising and setting of the Sun. WOrk thus, First set your Globe to the latitude of your place, then having found out the place of the Sun for the time assigned, apply the same to the Meridian, and withal you must set the point of the hour Index at the figure 12 in the hour Circle, and having thus done, you must turn about the Globe toward the East part, till the place of the Sun touch the Horizon, which done, you shall have the amplitude of the Suns rising, also in the Aequator which you must reckon as we have said; from the East-point or place of interfection, betwixt the Aequator and the Horizon, and then if you but turn the Globe about to the West side of the Horizon, you shall in like manner have the hour of his setting and Occidental amplitude. To find out the Longitude, Latitude, and declination of any fixed Star as it is expressed in the Globe. Take the Quadrant of altitude, or any other Quadrant of a Circle, that is but exactly divided into 90 parts, and by one end of it on either Pole of the Eccliptick, either Northern or Southern, as the latitude of the Star shall require, then let it pass through the Centre of the Star, to the very Eccliptick, and there the other end will show the degree of the Longitude of the same which you must reckon from the beginning of Aries, and so that portion of the Quadrant that is contained betwixt the Star itself and the Eccliptick, will also show the Latitude of the Star. The declination of a Star is the distance of it from the Aequator which distance must be reckoned one greater circle passing through the Poles of the Aequator: and therefore if you but apply one Star to the Meridian you shall presently have the declination of it, if you account the degrees and minutes of the Meridian (if they be any) that are contained betwixt the Centre of the Star and the Aequator. Of the Constellations of the Northern Hemisphears, THe first is Vrsa minor, the lesser bear, in this constellation are reckoned seven Stars, The second is Vrsa major, the great bear, in this constellation are reckoned twenty seven Stars, somk say but twenty four, both the bears are called a Wagon or Chariot, but this name doth properly appertain to those seven bright stars in the great bear, which do something resemble the form of a Wagon. The Third. The Dragon: In this constellation there are reckoned 31 stars. The fourth is Cephens to this constellation, they reckon in all 11, among which, that which is in number the 4th, is called in Arabic, Alderaimin, which signifieth the right arm. The fifth is Boötes; which signifieth an Herdsman, or one that driveth Oxen; betwixt the legs of this Constellation there stands an unformed Star of the first magnitude which is called Araturus, the whole Constellation consisteth of 22 Stars. The sixth Constellation is Corona Borea, the North Crown the whole Constellation consisteth of 8 Stars. The seventh is Hercules, It resembleth one that is weary with labour; this Constellation hath 8 Stars, besides that which is in the end of his right foot, which is betwixt him and Boötes and one unformed Star at his right arm. The eighth is the Harp, It consisteth of ten Stars, but Timochares attributed to it but 8; and Alfraganus 11, the bright Star in this Constellation being the first in number. The ninth is Gallina, the Hen or Swan, to this Asterisme is attributed, besides those two unformed near the left wing, 17 Stars. The tenth is Cassiopea, the Lady in the cheer; it consisteth of 13 Stars. The eleventh is Perseus, bearing the head of Medusa, for that Star which is on the top of the left hand is called the Devils-head; this Constellation hath, besides those 3 unformed, 26 other Stars. The twelfth is Auriga the Wagoner, this Asterisme hath 14 Stars, of which that bright one in the left shoulder, which is also the third in number, is called capra a Goat, and the two which are in his left hand, and are the 8th. and 9th. are called Haedikids. The thirteenth is Aquila the Eagle; In this Asterisme are reckoned nine Stars, besides six other unformed. The fourteenth is the Dolphin, and it hath in it ten Stars. The fifteenth is called in Latin Sagita, the Arrow or Dart, it containeth 5 Stars in all. The sixteenth is Serpentarius the Serpent bearer, it consisteth of 24 stars, and five other unformed. The seventeenth is Serpens, the Serpent, It consisteth of 18 stars. The eighteenth is Equiculus the little horse, it consisteth of 4 obscure stars. The nineteenth is Pegasus, the great Horse, it hath in it ten Stars. The twentieth is Andromida, the chained woman, this Constellation containeth in it 23 Stars. 21 is Triangle, it consisteth of four Stars; Among all these constellations in the Northern Hemisphere, which are in all 21, there are but three Stars only of the first magnitude, the first of which is that in the left shoulder of Erichthoneus, or the Wagoner, called in Latin Capella: the second is the bright Star in the Harp; the third is Arcturns betwixt the legs of Boötes. Now the whole number of Stars in this part of the Heavens, reckoning in these also which are of the 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6th. magnitude, with the obscure and cloudy ones also, ariseth to 360. Of the Northern Signs of the Zodiac. THe first is Aries, the Ram; This Constellation hath thirteen Stars, some reckon but twelve, besides the other 5 unformed Stars that belong to it, The second is Taurus, the Bull; in the eye of this Constellation is a very bright Star, and those 5 stars that are in his forehead are called in Latin Suculae, they usually cause rain and stormy weather; those oaths 6 or rather 7 stars that appear on the back of the Bull the Greeks call Plyades, perhaps from their multitude; this Constellation hath 33 stars in it, besides 11 unformed stars that belong to it. The third is Gemini the Twins. these some will have to be Caster and Pollux others Apollo and Hercules; it containeth in it 18 stars besides the seven unformed. The fourth is Cancer the Crab, consisting of 9 stars, besides 4 unformed. The fifth is Leo, the Lion, in the breast whereof is a very bright star, being the 8th in number; this Constellation containeth in it 27 Stars, besides 8 unformed, of the unformed Stars which are betwixt the hinder parts of the Lion they have made a new Constellation. The sixth is Virgo, the Virgin, and that bright Star she hath in her left hand, the Greeks call an ear of Corn, the whole Constellation consisteth of twenty six Stars besides the six unformed. Of the Constellation of the Southern Hemisphere, and first of those in the Zodiac. FIrst Libra, which is the seventh, in order of the signs, Libra, was not reckoned anciently among the signs, till that the later Astronomers robbing the Scorpion of his claws translated the same to Libra, and made up the number of the signs; this Constellation containeth in it 8 Stars, besides 9 other unformed belonging to it. The eight is Scorpio, the Scorpion, this Constellation consisteth of 21 Stars, besides three unformed. The ninth is Sagitarius the Archer, it hath in it thirty one Stars. The tenth is Capricornus the Goat, to this Constellation they attribute 28 Stars, The eleventh is Aquarius the Waterman, it containeth in all 42 Stars: The twelfth is Pisces the Fishes, it containeth 34 Stars, and 4 unformed. Of the Constellations of the Southern Hemisphere which are without the Zodiac THe first is Cetus, the Whale; consisting of 22 Stars. The second is Orion which the Arabians call sometimes the madman, sometimes a strong-man or Giant; it consisteth of 38 Stars, it is called the madman, because that when this Constellation riseth with the Sun it causeth great store of tempestuous weather in all places. The third is Eridianus, the River, it hath in it 34 Stars. The fourth is Lepus, the Hare; it containeth 12 Stars. The fifth is Canis, the Dog; this Constellation hath in it 11 Stars. The sixth is the little Dog Anti Canis in Latin, because it riseth before the great Dog; this Asterisme consisteth of two stars only. The seventh is Argo, the Ship; the whole Asterisme containeth in it 45 Stars. The eight is Hydra, it hath in it 15 Stars besides two unformed. The ninth is Crater, the Cup, it hath in it 7 Stars. The tenth is Corvus, the Crow, consisting of 7 Stars. The eleventh is Centaurus, the Centaur, it containeth 37▪ stars. The twelfth is Peru, the wild beast, to this Constellation they reckon 19 stars. The thirteenth is Ara, the Altar, it containeth 7 stars. The fourteenth is Corona australis, the south Crown, it consisteth of 13 stars. The fifteenth is Pisces austrinus, the South-fish, it containeth in it 13 stars. There is also described in the Celestial Globe, a certain broad Zone or Circle, of the colour of Milk, which representeth that which appeareth in the Heavens, and is called, Via Lactea, the milky way, which Zone or Circle is not drawn regularly or equally, either in respect of latitude, colour, or frequency of stars, but indifferent and various both in form and situation, in some places appearing but as a single Circle, and again in others seeming as it were dividing in two parts, the delineation whereof you may see in the Globe. Now the whole firmament, reckoning in the Northern and southern Hemisphears together with the Zodiac, containeth in all 1022 stars which make up 48 Asterisms or constellations. How to make a Sun Dial by the Globe for any latitude of place. FOr the making of a plain horizontal dial, having first prepared your flat dial ground parallel to the Horizon, draw a Meridian on it as exactly North and South as possibly you can, which done, draw another East and West, which must cross it at right Angles; The first of which lines will show 12, and the other six of the Clock both morning and evening. Then making a Centre in the interfection of these two lines, describe a Circle on your dial to what distance you please, and then divide it as all other Circles usually are into 360 parts and it will not be amiss to sub-divide each of these into lesser parts if it may be conveniently done. And now it only remains to find out the distances of the hour lines in this Circle, for any latitude of place, which that we may do by the use of the Globe, let it first be set to the Latitude of the place assigned, and then make choice of some of the greater Circles in the Globe that pass through the Poles of the world. As for example, The Equinoctial colour if you please, and apply the same to the Meridian, in which situation it showeth the midday, or 12 a Clock, then turning about the Globe toward the West (if you will) till that 15 degrees of the Aequator have passed through the Meridian: you must mark the degree of the Horizon, that the same colour crosseth in the Horizon, for that point will show the distance of the first and 11th hours from the Meridian both of which are distant an hour's space from the Meridian, or line of Midday; then turning again the Globe forward till other fifteen degrees are passed the Meridian, the same Colour, will point out the distance of the 10th hour, which is 2 hours before noon, and of the second hour after noon; and in the same manner may you find out the distances of all the rest in the Horizon, allotting to each of them 15 degrees in the Aequator, crossing the Meridian; but here you must take notice by the way, that the beginning of this account of the distances, must be taken from that part of the Horizon on which the Pole is elevated, to wit, from the North-part of the Horizon, if the Arctic Pole be elevate, and so likewise from the South part, if the Antarctic be elevated. The distances of the hours being thus noted in the Horizon of the Globe, you must afterward translate them into your plain allotted for your dyal ground, reckoning in the circumference of it so many degrees to each hour as are answerable to those pointed out by the Colour in the Horizon; and lastly, having thus done the Gnomon or Stile must be erected, where you are to observe this one thing, which is indeed the chief thing to be carefully looked unto, namely, that that edge or line of the Gnomon, which is to show the hours by its shadow in all kinds of Dial's must be set parallel to the Axis of the world, that so it may make an angle of inclination, with its plain ground equal to that which the Axis of the world makes with the Horizon, now that the stile is to stand directly to the North and South, or the Meridian line is a thing commonly known. Now if you would make a plain erect dial perpendicular to the Horizon, which is commonly called a Mural, and respecting either the Norrh or South, you must remember this one thing, that that which is an erect dial in one place will be a horizontal in another, whose Zenith is distant from that place 90 degrees either Northward or Southward. And so likewise by this rule may be made any manner of inclining dial, if so be that the quantity of the inclination be but known, as for example, if a dial be made on a plain ground, whose inclination is ten degrees from the Horizon Southward, and for a place whose latitude is for 52 gr. Northward, you must describe it in that plain and horizontal dial for the latitude of 62 degrees Northward, and if in the same Latitude the dial ground do incline toward the North 16 gr. you must take an horizonticall dial for the Northern latitude of 36 gr. And thus much for making dials by the Globe. FINIS. A new Play at cards, by virtue whereof Children or others may with facility and delight, learn both to read and write, and also to spell, and Pronounce, the hardest names in the Bible; as also to know how to read and write the Called, Syriack, Arabic, Hebrew, and Greek Characters. All this to be learned and Play. Sold by Tho. Jenner at the South entrance of the Old Exchange, 1657.