ourography OR Speculations on the excrements OF URINE; With the Distinctions, Causes, Colours, and Contents thereof: and other symptoms observed in Nature. Also, a philosophical discourse of the Colours of Urine, with the Art of mixing them, according to quantity, number, and weight. Honour a Physician, with the honour due unto him, for the uses you may have of him. Ecclus 38.1. By HENRY HAMAND. LONDON, Printed for Francis Eglesfield, and are to be sold at the Marygold, in S. Paul's churchyard. 1655. THE PREFACE. I Shall not, like the Citizens of Mindium, make a large Preface to this short discourse, lest I incur the like Censure the Inhabitants received from their tubbed-cynic Diogenes, Viri Mindii, claudite ostia, ne urbs vestra egrediatur, shut your Gates, lest your city run out at them. In this Ourographicall part therefore, or Doctrine of Urines, being but an Appendix to a greater work, I have inserted a philosophical Discourse of colours, with the art of mixing them according to their number and quality; the use whereof (as I conceive) may avail much to the knowledge of Diseases, by discerning the several contrarieties happening in one and the same sickness, and which of the humours doth abound: for there is scarce any internal Malady can happen unto man, but it is accompanied with the symptoms of sundry diseases, all of them tending to the dissolution of the same body. And this opinion may be grounded from the holy text; where the father of Publius (as St Paul hath noted Acts 28.8.) Febribus ac Dysenteria detentus, decumberet, lay sick of a fever and a bloody flix both at one time, which were diseases of different qualities, the one being laxative, the other restringent. Now by the number of Colours, and their qualities and quantities, concurring to the composition of one mixed colour, the learned and expert Physician may the better judge of the number of diseases they signify, and which of them is predominant in every distemper. To the view of Urines, which are drawn and put into Colours, you are chiefly to note such as are concoct, crude, or lethal. First, concoct Urines, such as signify health, if substance and contents are answerable, are either (Subrufus) paler or partly saffron: or (Subcroceus) light-saffron like water wherein Bastard-saffron is dissolved. Secondly, crude Urines, such as men make when they incline to sickness, are (Lacteus, subpiceus, rubeus, subrubeus, that is) white, pale, the colour of saffron itself, and claret. Thirdly, lethal, such as are made when the Patient is in great danger of death, are (Viridis, lividus, niger, that is) green, ash-colour, and black. Their particular significations, gradations, and alterations, are observed in this ensuing tract, which may come perhaps to the hands and view of some that have more learning than virtue; to others of more virtue than learning: how either will esteem of it, remains in their power; how I shall value their esteem, remains in me. H. H. Analysis; or resolution of the several Chapters and Sections contained in this Book. CHAP. I. Of Urine, whereof made, concocted, and separated in the body, with the parts from whence it gives signification. Sect. I. URine, whence derived. II. Urine defined, how made, concocted, and separated in the body. III. How the urine descendeth into the ureters, and giveth knowledge of the state and disposition of the humours. CHAP. II. Of Obstruction and Conversion of Urine; and of the diseases that follow it. Sect. I. OBstruction of Urine, how caused. II. What diseases obstruction of urine causeth in the members. III. Of conversion of urine to the parts of the body; and the maladies thereupon ensuing. CHAP. III. A Discourse of the Colours of urine; and of mixing them according to quantity, number, and weight. Sect. I. OF Colour, what it is, and how made perspicible, and distinguished. II. Of Simple colours, viz: of white and black. III. Of secondary Colours, and from whence they arise. IV. Of Colours intermediate or mixed. CHAP. IV. Of Colours and substance simul. Sect. I. OF white urines, like milk, snow-water, water, or silver shining &c. what they signify. II. Of urines pale, flaxen, or palish. III. Of Vrines subrufe, yellow, citrine, or yellow like gold. IV. Of subcitrine, light saffron, or saffron-urines. V. Of Urines Crystalline, milk-white, with thick substance, or horn-white. VI. Of red Vrines like cherries, blood, red apples, or saffron itself. VII. Of bloody urine and Mattery. VIII. Of reddish urine, red like a burning coal, or ruddish dimmer than gold. ix.. Of Claret, crimson, purple, blue, and bluish Vrines. X. Of Vrines that be green, greenish, dim-green and oily-green. XI. Of Urines that be Ash-colour and colour of lead, and their indications. XII. Of Black and blackish Urines. CHAP. V. Of the number, colour, substance and quantity of contents appearing in the three Regions of Urine. Sect I. OF contents appearing in the sediment or lowest Region of Urine. II. Of contents appearing in the sublation, or middle Region, and how they differ from those in the sediment. III. Of contents appearing in the Cloud, or upper Region. IV. showeth what the Clouds in Urine are like, and what they signify. V. Of deformed Contents appearing in the whole Region of the Cloud. CHAP. VI. Of the Colours, significations, and differences, of foam, froth, and bubbles appearing on the Crown or Circle. Sect. I. colour's appearing on the crown or Circle. II. Of spume, foam, froth, and bubbles appearing in the Circle. III. Of Bubbles, their kinds and signification. V. Of foam, froth, and bubbles, more particularly, and what they signify. V. How foam, froth, and bubbles, are distinguished. CHAP. VII. Of Alteration of the Colours of Urine, in respect of Age, Complexion, time of the year, and kind of life. Sect. I. showeth, that in viewing of Urines, the age of the sick is to be considered. II. The time of the year is to be respected. III. The complexional quality is to be observed. IV. The kind of life and condition of the Patient. CHAP. VIII. General aphorisms, or considerations in the speculations of Urines; with the division of the urinal, and distinction of the three Regions and contents appearing in the same. Sect. I. general Aphormes to be had in memory. II. The significations of the several Regions of Urine. III. Of the perspicuousness and darkness of Urine. CHAP. I. Of Urine, whereof made, how concocted, and separated in the body, with the parts from whence it gives signification. THe two main and principal means which do lead to the knowledge of the diseases in man's body, and the state thereof, are urine and the Pulse. §. 1. Urine whence derived. The first whereof being derived from a Greek word which signifies demonstrare, to demonstrate, because by it human dispositions are made known and evident; as also the condition of the Liver, the whole habit of the body and veins; is therefore called Vrina, Urine, saith Isidore, ex eo quod urat exeundo; vel quod è renibus egeritur; & signifies the urine, piss, or Stale of man or beast▪ or from {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman}, which is derived from {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman}, mingo, to make water. The second is the Pulse, so termed à Pulsando, which signifies to beat, because it is always in motion. Pulsus est motus continuus & non cessans, saith Bartholinus, quia continue generari debet vitalis spiritus. lib. 2. cap 6. The Pulse then, or venae pulsatiles, pulse-veins, are signals to declare the state of the heart and arteries: the urine of the Liver and veins; and which of them is of most certainty, quaeritur? Leaving therefore the Systole or contraction of the Pulse to the curious touch of the well-experienced Physician (who like Galen could perceive by the pulse of a woman that she was in love with Pylades) I shall describe the other, it being an excrement that gives best and surest indication of the disease. A.A. kernels belonging to the kidneys or the receptacles of Melancholy blood. B. The right rain, or Kidney. C. The left Rhine. D. The trunk of the hollow Vein descending. E. The trunk of the great artery descending. F.F. The right Ureter or water-conduit. G.G. The left Ureter. H.H. The right spermatic vessel. I.I. The left spermatic vessel. K. A part of the bladder belonging to the Urine, by which the vessels carrying the seed pass under the Abdomen into the yard. L.L. The lowest part of the Abdomen. §. 3. How the urine descendeth into the ureters, and giveth knowledge of the state and disposition of the humours. Urine being an unprofitable excrement, descendeth into the ureters or water-conduits, and from thence into the bladder; where by the assistance of the muscle Sphincter, which is musculus constrictivus shutting the neck of it, it is at man's pleasure in part voided, but not all; for some part thereof, together with the blood, is distributed into every member of the body, and voided afterwards: and therefore urine is not only made of that watery substance which is drawn from the Liver; but also, from the greater and lesser veins, and from the whole body. Vrina est serositas sanguinis in Renibus et Vesica. Alstedius Encyclopaed. lib. 7. Urine thus searching the whole body by an universal source and influence, cannot but give light, together with a general knowledge of the state of the whole body: but chiefly and more especially from the Stomach, guts, and Mesentery veins, from the Liver, and Vena cava, from the Bladder, with his muscles, sinews, and Yard. For as it doth manifestly show the state of the humours contained in the liver and greater Veins: so also it doth reveal to the judgement of exact inspection, the griefs and maladies residing in the smaller veins, and substance of the whole body. CHAP. II. Of obstruction and conversion of Urine: and of the diseases that follow it. ALthough urine be thus made, concocted, and separated, as before is declared; yet it suffers many impediments by obstruction and conversion, from whence proceed many infirmities, according to the diversities of the causes. §. 1. Obstruction of Urine how caused. Obstructions are farthered by tumours, gross-humours, stone, gravel, inflammations, ulcers, impostumes, flesh-growing; and sometimes through wind, and weakness, distempers, fractures, ruptures, dislocations, wounds in the water-conduits or vessels of urine. Now as oppilations or stoppages are caused by some of these: so according to the seat of the disease and part grieved (for dolour ostendit locum) and other signs consenting and concurring, the grief may be found out by the part obstructed. As obstruction of urine is the cause of many evils in the body: § 2. What diseases, obstruction of urine causeth in the members. so it being generated and made in the body, and not voided nor expelled, but being converted into the head, it causeth the frenzy, Melancholy, Catarrhs, impostumes, & weakness of the brain: into the stomach, vomiting, gnawings, and crudities: into the throat, Bronchocele, or throat-dropsy: into the belly, the Dropsies Ascites, Tympanites, Anasarca, with its species Hyposarca, Sarcites, and Leucophlegmatia: which Horace long since hath truly described in lib. 2. Ode 2. Crescit indulgens sibi dirus Hydrops, Nec sitim pellit, nisi causa merbi Fugerit venis, & aquosus albo Corpore languor. The self-indulgent dropsy grows Nor doth the palates thirst unlose, Till man from veins the dolour's cause, And pallid watery faintness draws. into the guts, iliaca passio with lasks; and sometimes when it is mixed with wind, the rolling of the guts together, or knitting of them, which is the disease miserere mei Deus, which is very seldom cured: into the womb, menstruarum fluxus: into the cod, ruptures, and Hydrocela, which is a disease that hath confluence to the stones, with swelling and soreness: into the joints, Sciatica, and the joint-sickness: into the parts grieved, weakness and impostumations. §. 3. Of conversion of urine to the parts of the body. Or if the parts formerly obstructed do exonerate themselves by urine, than the head is distempered with catarrhs: the throat with Angina, squinancy, hoarseness, and coughs: the Lungs with inflammation, heat & wasting: the solid parts of the body with Marasmodes, consuming and melting fevers: the spleen with Melancholy: the Gall with choleric fluxes: broken veins with pissing of blood: the spermatic vessels with gonorrhoea and flux of seed: the womb with terms suppressed, and voided by urine: the hemorrhoidal veins with the Hemorrhods: the joints with Arthritis or articularis morbus, the joint-sickness, viz. Sciatica, chiragra & podagra: and divers other parts of the body with evacuation critical, symptomatical or artificial; for the parts and members being inflamed, like Cupping-glasses draw humours unto them. CHAP. III. A discourse of the Colours of Urine; and of mixing them according to quantity, number, and weight. NOw for the better finding out of each particular distemper, the colour and contents of the Urine is to be considered. §. 1. Of Colour, what it is, and how made perspicible, and distinguished. For colour (without which no man can judge or distinguish of Urines) is defined to be a bright shining, terminated in some object illustrated by light: and by reason of its divers temperament doth offer a various shape to the sight, or visible spirits of the eye; which proceeds either from the humidness of the subject, or from the light itself. And because to describe every particular colour were (to use Politians words) Sibyllae folia colligere, a matter difficult, and in a manner infinite: I shall reduce them to their first grounds, and write only of as many of them as are for my purpose. Color (saith Aristotle lib. de sensu & sens:) est extremitas perspicui in corpore terminato. Three things are required that colour may appear: 1 extremitas in corpore: 2 pellucidum, because in the dark no colour appears: 3 corpus definitum, because on those bodies that are far distant no colour is discerned at all. The two extreme Colours are white and black: intermediate to these are puniceus, purpure, yellow, green, & others that are mixed of them, as followeth in order. Of colours some are simple; some are mixed: Of simple colours, there are two primary, viz. white and black, out of which all the rest are made: for simple colours are of such absolute perfection, as that they need not the participation of any other colour to make them absolute. § 2. Of simple colours, viz. of white and black. 1. Albedo est colour simplex (saith Scribonius lib. Physicor.) in corpore tenuiore multa luminositate constans: and is caused when the humour and moisture drieth, as in lime, chalk, salt, sugar, &c. or thickneth, as in snow, spume. For the air being enclosed, by reason of its subtilness, propter internum aerem, affordeth very much light; and by reason of much purity and brightness collected unto it, hath amongst all colours most light, in which respect it is very hurtful unto the eyes; as it is manifested in those that look too intensively on snow; for by reason of the power and force of light, the visual spirits are dissipated and confounded. 2. Nigredo, Black is a colour diametrically opposed to white, and is thus defined by Scribonius, Nigredo est colour in corpore crassiore exiguae luminositatis particeps. in a gross of earthy substance: which is caused either by the adustion of moist air, or water throughly mixed with the earth: for so the air being shut out, it leaves behind a dark, thick blackness, as in a dead coal, soot of the chimney, smoke, &c. for the moisture being exhausted by the fire, there remains nought else but blackness: quaecunque enim ignis allambit, nigra fiunt. This colour is no ways grateful to the sight; but proves very obnoxious unto it, as appears in them that along time have been detained in darkness. Sebast: Ver: lib. 4. de gener. §. 3. Of secondary colours, and from whence they arise. Secondary colours are such as either arise out of the mingled portions of simple colours: whereof some are mean between both, as blood-red, red like saffron itself, green, sky-colour: these are colores medii, and have their primary essence from the simple colours, either by an equal, or unequal mixture of them; for mixtus colour est, qui ex simplicium contemperatione producitur. whereof some are compounded of both the simples; and some declining more to one then to the other, by an unequal proportion: or such as arise out of either extremes; as saffron, that is, such as is like to water wherein the flower of saffron hath been dissolved; or blew, a deep blew made of an equal mixture of white and black. §. 4. Of colours intermediate or mixed. The intermediate colours than are produced out of the mixture of the extremes, whereof some of them incline to white, other to black: to white is conjoined according to the opinion of Aristotle lib: de sensu & sens. 1. Flavus, yellow; which is generated as often as much white is mixed with lesser black, and therefore the splendour is drowned with a certain obscurity: or, as Varro affirmeth, lib. 4. de gener. when there is a mixture of two portions of white, with one of red. Of this colour is ripe corn, the yolk of an egg; which is sometimes changed into the colour of pure gold, fulvus, and is caused where the humour waxeth dry: for experience teacheth; that corn looks not yellow till its moisture faileth; as in Autumn, when natural moisture decayeth, the colour of green leaves is changed into yellow. 2. Viridis, green, belongs unto black, which ariseth out of the mixture of lesser red and more black; as appears by the definition, Viridis est colour nigredine copiosiore & rubedine minore contemperatus. Others compound it of four parts white, and five black. 3. Rubeus, red, is generated when much opacous light is fixed in brightness, which brightness is terrestrial; yet so cleansed, that the light mixing with it becomes red. So that red exactly compounded doth participate of two simples indifferently: which Scribonius thus defines, Rubedo est colour aequali simul albedinis & nigredinis combinatione constans. But the beauty of the colour is much changed from black and white, to blood-red. Again, if the light in it be splendid, it turns to purple, as we often see in the flame of fire, being mingled with fume and brightness. Subordinate to this colour is 4. Puniceus, red like apples, or saffron itself, containing one part of white and two of black. This colour doth resemble the fire, the highest and noblest of the four elements. 5. Purpureus, purpure, is next red, and is in a diaphanous body more opacous and impure, and therefore more obscure: and this is the colour of Violets, or the leaves of the flower De-luce. Purpure consisteth of much red and a small quantity of black, and is thus defined; Purpureus colour est qui à multa rubedine, & pauciore nigredine commiscetur. 6. Coeruleus, fuscus, blue, sky-colour, or Azure, consisteth of more black, and lesser white, viz: of three parts black, and two of white; which produceth such a colour as is seen in the sky when it is very clear and transparent; for the vapours receiving the pure light of the sunbeams causeth a Sapphire-like colour to appear. CHAP. IV. Of Colour and substance simul. §. 1. Of white Urine like milk, snow-water, water, or silver shining &c. what they signify. 1. LActeus, milk-white with thin substance, signifies the same as snow-water doth (Niveus Aqueus:) which is either Cruditatis nuntia, a signification of crudity, obstruction, or conversion of humour. Again, crudity is caused either through decay of natural heat, and signifies the weakness of the concocting faculty: or through suffocation. (1) crudity through want of natural heat causeth a Consumption, or lingering Ague, Diabetes, or pissing evil, with thirst; but if grossness appear with it, than the neck of the bladder is stopped: for in all humoral diseases before concoction appeareth, urine is white and thin, and causeth pain in the Spleen, evil digestion and a cold liver; it demonstrates excess in drinking, pain in the back, evil in a frantic person, as saith Hippocrates Aphor. lib. 4. which Theophilus also affirmeth in his judicial of urines. 2. urine shining like silver, of women, betokeneth she is with child, if she cast often, and have no appetite. 3. Water-colour with a dark sky betokeneth death. 4. urine watery and thin, in the aged signifies Gout in the feet and joints proceeding from phlegm. 5. urine watery and thin having no residence, signifieth the Tympany, and is more rubicund if the inflammation waxeth worse. 6. urine watery and pissed forth little in quantity signifies the stone in the Reins: with gravity residence, that the stone is removed from the Reins. 7. urine white, thin, and watery, signifies Quotidian fevers: if virulent, thick, and troubled like beasts urine, the lethargy, Gonorrhoea, Morbus Gallicus, or the Plague if it be red. 8. Dim water, Inopus or Kianos, signifies adustion of blood, and if it hath no residence, with a fever lethal: without a-fever it doth demonstrate gouts or scabs. 9 Caropus, which is grayish of the colour of a man's nail next the joint, or of lion's eyes, signifies abundance of phlegm, melancholy, imperfect digestion, or the stone with gravill. (2) crudity being of two sorts, the next is through suffocation, and causeth worms, Hydropsies, with cold distemper: with thicker urine, Apoplexy: falling evil, with leadish colour: Vertigo or swimming in the head, with greenish colour: palsy, phlegm, melancholy, gout, with little motes in the sediment. lacteus 10. White urine and Virulent, betokeneth in women, sickness in the reins and secret receptacles: & in those that do rave with madness a very evil token. Hippoc. Aph. 72. 2. Obstruction of the liver, reins, ureters, &c. if the urine be made with pain, it signifies stopping of menstrues; with blackish dust in the sediment, jaundice, stone in the bladder, strangury, impostumes growing near the passage of urine, Iliaca passio, or wind in the small guts. 3. Or conversion of humour another way: if to the head, it causeth Catarrhs, which distilling into the inferior parts of the body, viz. to the nose, it causeth the Polypus; to the eyes Ophthalmia; to the ears, deafness; to the palate, the falling of Columella; to the throat, hoarseness; to the mouth, exulcerations; to the jaws and mandible, toothache; to Trachea arteria, or windpipe, the Cough; to the lungs, Asthma; to the bowels, the iliack, whereof sometimes follow the fluxes Diarrhoea, Lienteria, and Dysenteria; to the Reins, Nephresia; to the joints, articularis morbus or the gout. 1. Subpallidus, spiceus, Pale, §. 2. Of Urines pale, flaxen, or palish. flaxen, and somewhat more concoct than the former, signifies an exulceration and consumption of the lungs, in quantity little, and colour leadish, only paler, which with a lask is lethal. 2 If pale, abundance of phlegm; if thick, a Quotidian; if remiss, great cold. 3. If palish, abundance of phlegm mixed with some choler, and great distemper of the body. Of Urines Crystalline, milk-white and horn-white, see more pag. 32. Subpalidus 1. Subrufus, aureus, citrinus, § ● Of 〈…〉 or yellow like gold. Subrufe, yellow, citrine, signifies (saith Rantzovius cap. 19 de urinae excretione) in whole men perfect health; if it be made without heat, without cold, without pain, without stench, moderately perspicuous, and mean both in substance and quantity, having contents white, smooth and equal, descending to the lowest region of the urine. But in sick men, hot and sharp distempers: in old men, a double tertian: in children, a Quotidian: in young men, diseases of the breast, with Bubbles in the Region; the Spleen, with rods and streaks like Meteors; of the Liver, if it be in quantity much, the body lean and belly costive. And when it is not changed from its healthy colour, sometimes it signifies sharp diseases, as febris diaria, the Plague, or such like. Subrufus 2. urine subrufe, choleric, somewhat yellow and moderately thick, signifies a pure intermitting tertian; also if it hath by and by a white cloud, and a laudable sublation in the midst. If the urine be more red, and if in the first f●●t there do appear neither sublation in the midst, nor cloud, the fever will extend, and remain 7. days. 3. Yellow like gold, the beginning of some sickness engendered in the liver and stomach: if it be thin in substance, abundance of phlegm, which will kindle some of the kinds of fevers. gold colour in women doth signify carnal appetite. 4. Citrine, if bright, doth foreshow the distemper of the Spleen; if thin, the distemper of the Liver; if full of Bubbles, that the Lungs be out of order. urine Citrine signifies gout in the feet & joints proceeding from a choleric flux. Dr. Board of urine. §. 4. Of subcitrine, light saffron, or saffron Vrines. 1. Subcroceus, subflavus, flavus, croceus; light saffron, saffron, subcitrine, signifies choler, as in a tertian, if it be thin: distemper of humours in the blood, if it be thickish black: Melancholy, if it be in substance thick. 2. Citrine, abundance of phlegm mixed with choler. 3. Yellow, like the yellow of a lantherns' horn, that Melancholy hath great dominion: if waterish colour, that phlegm is predominant 4. Fallow-Kiropus, signif. Hydropsies, wind under the side, stone in the Reins of the back, or Apostumation of the Lungs, and phlegm. These Urines following, viz. Crystallinus, Lacteus, & Glaucus, are species of the urine Lacteus, and are to be reduced unto it, as in pag. 24.] Subcroceus §. 5. Of Urines Crystalline, milk white with thick substance, or horn-white. 1. Crystallinus, Crystalline positively white, in substance thick, betokeneth abundance of raw humours: consumption, with fatty substance: Impostumes, with filthy matter, and stinking settling down to the sediment. 2. Lacteus, milk-white, with thick substance, betokeneth matter of the stone voided; or an ulcer in the instruments of urine, if it be mattery, & settle to the sediment; or flux of seed in man or woman; or Coition, if it be without stench; or dropsy, if the yellow jaundice continue through great crudity in the Veins. 3. Glaucus, horn-white, like the horn of an old lantern dark through smoke, with thick substance not troubled, betokeneth gross humours, and phlegmatic diseases in the whole body; or that the veins are full of ill humours; or headache through agitation of ill humours ascending. Rubeus 1. §. 7. Of bloody Urine, and mattery. bloody urine signifies that the bladder is hurt, or some rottenness within it: if it be without sickness, that some vein is broken: or if it be in women clear as water, it betokeneth headache. 2. Red like blood, if it stinketh, sign: a putrified Liver, or some impedim●●● in the inferior parts. bloody urine may come three ways; first, from the Liver; secondly, from a Vein named Kyli, which is a Vein in the cod; thirdly, from the bladder. If from the bladder, the urine will stink, and the substance fall to the bottom, with pain about the share, bladder, and yard: if from the Liver, the Urine will be clear and bloody, with pain on the right side: if from the Vein Kyli, than some Veins which have recourse to that are broken, and the blood distilling from the Vein makes it bloudish. Also blood may come from the reins of the back, and so into the bladder; and than the Patient doth feel pain and pricking in the reins of his back, which doth come of the rasing of a stone in one of the water Conduits. 3. urine bloody and mattery with stench, signifies ulcers of the bladder and of its neck, with a gross residence like bran: and sometimes thin skins, like leaves and wool, are sent out with it. also it signifies a putrid Liver. 1. Reddish urine and thick sign. §. 8. Of reddish Urine, red like a burning coal, or ruddish dimmer than gold. headache caused of blood: reddish like waterish blood is of the same signification with blood-red. 2. Red like a burning coal: demonstrates a fever; or else inflammation of the Liver: if cloudy, a pleurisy; if thick, that the blood is infected; if thin and cloudy, that choler aboundeth. 3. Ruddish dimmer than gold in Children signifies distemperature; in aged persons, a good sign of health, if the contents be good, which do yield certain judgement of the disease, whiles the Urine itself is a meretricious Harlot. §. 9 Of claret, crimson, purple, blue, and bluish Urines. 1. Subrubeus, palmeus, Claret, like to bole armoniac, signifies inclination to sickness, and continuation of the disease; yet without danger, if it hath a sediment of like colour and substance. 2. Purpureus vineus, Crimson like blackish red-wine, signifies in whole men excessive labour in the heat of the sun, or fire, whereby the blood is inflamed and roasted, as in a burning Ague, with thirst, watching, Coughs, and other Symptoms of an Ague; or Choler adust turned into Melancholy. 3. Passeus, Cyaneus, purple of the colour of raisins of the sun, indicates the yellow jaundice if it continues lo●g: or health, with signs of concoction: or abundance of blood in young men, with heaviness about the Liver. Subrubeus 5. bluish signifies the Flix, Hydropsies, and pain in the Liver. Viridus 2. Greenish signifies adustion of blood inducing the yellow-Jaundise, altering the natural complexion into unnatural. 3. Dimm-green, adustion of Choler and Melancholy, inducing the black-Jaundise. Dr. Board of Vrines. 4. Oleaceus, oily-green in substance clammy and thick, and heavy as oil, good, if it be made after black Urine, as better succeeding worse: for so, if it be made on the critical day, and much in quantity, the disease is voided; otherwise it indicates either the dropsy or the colic: or ill, by reason of great distemperature of heat, and imbecility of the body, as in a consumption of the whole body; or of the Lungs; or tertian Ague, in fat and soft tender bodies; or convulsion of dryness, madness. 1. Lividus, Plumbeus, §. 11. Of Urines that be Ash-colour, colour of lead, and their indications. Ash-colour, colour of lead, good, in stripes and bruises, and in black-Jaundise if it settle to the sediment, it gives notice that the matter of the grief is voided: ill, in hot agues, if green colour was made before as at other times; or strangury following in a burning Ague, mortal; or extreme cold and mortification, if the colour before was pale. 2. Lead colour, in a woman conceived, signifies that the child is dead. Vicar. of Vrines. Lividus Niger 2. Black urine: nigra est mala. for if the sick party loathes when he goes to siege, and speaks he knows not what when he goes to stool, it is lethal. 3. Black urine like rust and canker in metal, little in quantity, with residence like meal, signifies the apoplexy. 4. Blackish urine, as if one should mix soot wherein flesh newly killed had been washed, signifies suppression of the Menstrues. CHAP. V. Of the number, colour, substance and quantity of contents appearing in the three Regions of Urine. §. 1. Of Contents appearing in the Sediment or lowest Region of Urine. THe Regions of urine are answerable to the several Regions of man's body: that is to say, the upper Region with the Circle pertains to the head and Brain; the middle Region doth belong to the Heart, Lungs and Stomach, and to all other official member● about the Midriff; the lower Region to the Liver, kidneys, Reins of the back, and other inferior parts. The number, colour, substance and quantity of contents appearing in either of these, are here described. 1. Oleaceus, oily-green contents appearing in the sediment or lowest Region of Urine, (as judicious Fletcher observes in his judgement of Vrines cap. 8.) signifies consumption of the reins or bladder, with pain in the reins, without an ague, and pissed fast: or if fatness swimmeth in the Urine, consumption of the whole body with an ague. 2. Fat urine, white and moist, betokeneth the fever quartan; ponderous urine, that the bladder is hurt. (Dr. Board.) There are two kinds of fatness in Urine: the one is greasy, the other is of an oily substance: if it be greasy, it doth signify debility in Nature, and wasting of it: if it be oily, it signifies Marasmos, or fever hectic, or else some sickness to come shortly. 3. Eruaceum, Orobeum, red fetches do signify inflammation of the Liver, consumption of the whole body, or of the Reins. 4. Dreggy sediment, mingled with blood, signifies death. 5. Folium Laminae, squamae] Plates, scales, signify a consumption with an Ague; or exulceration of the bladder with stench and purulent matter; or inflammation of the bladder and Liver; long sickness; if thick and heavy, mortification: A Scaly water, like to the scales of fishes, doth signify a fever hectics; and a Squamous water a little bigger than the flakes of bran, a consumption. 6. Furfur, Bran, course bran, signifies unkindly heat, with a consumption of the whole body, with crudity and thin Urine; or scabbedness of the whole body, if the patient hath no fever; or of the bladder only, with pain and itch about the root of the yard. 7. Simila, pulls, fine meal or slower, indicates colliquation of the solid parts, if they be white; or extreme adustion of blood, and therefore long sickness, and for the most part mortal; or conception with child, if there be fine meal or stirch in the swim, or settling to the sediment like fine carded wool, the rest of the urine a little troubled, and greenish, or Ash-colour. 8. Crudus humour, raw humour, clammy like snevil, or the white of an egg, if it be without pain, it signifies exulceration of the reins and bladder: or with pain, impostume, or stone in the reins & bladder: or raw humours sometimes causing an Ague, and appearing in the Sediment, signifies either Ache in the Reins; or the Sciatica, Strangury, or Tenasmus. 9 Pus, rotten and purulent matter, like the matter of a sore, and stinking, which when the urinal is shaken disperseth itself into fatty and oily resolutions, signify exulcerations of the reins without pain: or (as Fernelius de Vrinis observes,) of the bladder, with pain about it: or of the Liver, with pain under the right short-ribbs: or putrefaction of the Liver, if it be very dreggie: or Impostume of the Lungs, or pleurisy: or thick rheum causing difficulty in pissing: or frenzy, or Squinancia, if there be pain in the Lungs, Liver or bladder; or if there be no pain in these members it riseth either from inflammations, or contagious flux of Venus. 10. Slimy or congelate matter, like the white of a raw egg half decocted, signifies either pain in the reins of the back, or in the neck of the bladder, or about the fundament, or in the head of the yard, and if not holpen in short time, lethal. Dr. Board of Vrines. 11. Filthy matter, flows either from the reins of the back, or from the bladder, or from the Liver. Where note, if it comes from the reins of the back, the Patient doth feel pain about the loins and Flanks; if from the bladder, he doth feel pain about the share; if from the Liver, he doth feel pain about the rightside. 12. Poli, caruncula, filamenta, hairs like pieces of flesh, long, slender, and hairy, do signify with thick Urine, either dissolution of the whole body with an Ague, colour oily, or green: or dissolution of the reins without an Ague, the hairs fatty and gross: or obstruction of the reins with gross and clammy humours, as in the strangury and pissing evil: or exulceration of the reins and bladder, with purulent matter: or flux of Sperm after Coition, Gonorrhoea, or Venerous pollutions: or when women have their white-flowers, or unclean matrices. 13. chopped hairs] betokeneth resolution, and wasting in the reins of the back. 14. Arenula, sabulum] gravel or sand, in colour red, white, or blackish, do signify (saith Rantzovius) the breeding of the stone in the reins of the back, if it be red: or the stone in the bladder, if it be white, with pain in the bladder and about the share. Also the heat of the Liver and the reins, or adustion of humours, if it be blackish, as in choleric diseases and burning-Agues; or melancholic infirmities; or pain in the joints or reins, leprosy, or morbus Gallicus confirmed: Hemorrhoids, costiveness, or heat in the Liver, if there be no pain in the reins: or the receipt of sharp diuretic Medicines and abstersive, producing gravel from the reins. 15 Sanguis, grumus sanguinis] blova pure, thick, gross, or cloddy, signifies that the vessels of blood and veins, either have their orifice open, as in critical evacuation of Menstrues without pain; or declination of the diseases of the Spleen, with much residence and dregs; or when the Veins be too weak, as in Exanthemata or small pox; or the Liver too weak, for so, pure blood is voided by stool; or the reins and bladder too weak, as in old men; or membranes and tunicles of the Veins lose, thin, and full of pores, whereby▪ thin blood is voided; or substance and membranes hurt by a fall, beatings, bruisings, leaping, and violent exercise, and so, cloddy blood is voided; or corrosive or caustic medicines; or openers of obstructions; or by the exulceration of the reins, or bladder; or by the stone, and so, filthy and cloddy blood is evacuated. 16 Sperma, semen,] Seed, which (the urinal being shaken) lightly floateth and ascendeth, signifies that either the seed aboundeth in quantity, as after Coition; or else in quality, being sharp, hot, and salt; or else is thin, and waterish, and departs involuntarily, making the loins and body lean; or else is virulent and contagious, as in the French pox, with gravelly and sandy contents; or else the spermatic vessels are too slippery; or else too weak in their retentive faculty, wasting the whole body, as in the apoplexy, palsy in the genetors, falling sickness: for in these diseases, stool, urine and seed are involuntary. Fletcher judgement of Vrines, cap. 8. 17. Cineres] Dust, black, or leadish, and heavy, signifies the flux of the Hemorrhoids at hand, the colour of Urine remiss; or pain, and diseases of the spleen, the dust being somewhat brown and purple; or stopping of Menstrues, in substance thick, colour pale, flaxen or white, with little residence; or pain in the loins, reins, and other inferior parts by which the blood passeth in the hemorrhoidal Veins to the fundament. Dr. Board. 18. atomies] Motes, such as appear in the sunbeams, either red or white, signify putrefaction, as in the Pestilence, Morbus Gallicus, with stench: or agitation or commotion of humours, as in the small pox, or measles: or diseases of the Mother; floating all over the urine yet warm, and afterwards settling to the sediment, do signify a double strife betwixt Nature and the disease: or Rheum in the whole body, if they appear universally: or in the superior parts, if they appear in the cloud; or in the middle parts, if they appear in the swim; or in the lowest parts of the body, if they appear in the sediment: or conception in women, if they settle down to the bottom: which if they be red through great abundance of heat and blood, a male-child is conceived; but if white, through lesser abundance of heat and blood, a female. §. 2. Of Contents appearing in the sublation or middle Region, and how they differ from those in the sediment. II. There is little or no difference between the Contents of the sediment, or lowest Region, and between the middle region and sublation, except it be in these few particulars. viz. 1. Contents in the sublation sig: some windiness. 2ly, Good contents in the swim, as white, saffron, claret, and equal, are not so good in the Sediment. Presence of the swim is a sure prognostic of health; yet the presence of the sediment is necessary before there can be a recovery. Thirdly, Ill Contents in the swimm which are signs of sickness, are, black, green, leadish, solid, and deformed. 4ly, Contents in the swimm point out the diseases of the middle parts, as about the Hypochondria, Viscera, &c. 5ly, Sand or gravel in colour reddish, and cleaving to the sides of the urinal, as if the urine did congeal into stones, signifies adustion of the Liver. 6ly, Motes being puffed up by unnatural and flatuous heat, and afterwards settling to the Sediment, and troubling the urine, demonstrateth great strife in the veins, betwixt natural heat, and the disease to be determined by age, strength, diet, complexion, and good order of the Patient. Fletch: ex Montan. de excrem. III The third or highest Region of Urine is called the Cloud, §. 3. Of Contents appearing in the cloud, or upper Region. wherein is to be considered (as in the former) the substance, quantity, colour, &c. where there is little difference, save only, the contents in the cloud (compared with other Regions) have least signification of good, in good signs: and on the contrary, lest signification of ill, in ill signs. We will therefore proceed to their description. viz. 1. Albus] white, signifies in perfect tertian Agues, abundance of choler, and so continuance of the disease; or in rotten Agues, great danger through pain and grief in the forepart of the belly, about the short ribs. 2. Rubeus] red, signifies the changing of the sickness into a Quartan; or concoction of humours; or headache through flatuous spirits ascending up into the head, and so continuance of the disease. 3. Niger] black, signifies long-watchings and lack of sleep, whereof followeth the lightness of the brain, raving, doting, which in old age is mortal. Clouds in Urine are much like unto spider's webs, §. 4. showeth what the clouds in urine are like; and what they signify. and do signify evil digestion; coming through evil digestion of the Liver, and imbecility of it through weakness of the stomach. If they are in colour 1. Reddish] the sickness is sharp and strong. If 2 Yellowish it signifies calefication of the Liver. 3 Swart or it signifies calefication of the Liver. 4 Purple it signifies calefication of the Liver. 5. If fattish] unkind heat in the spiritual members, and wasting of the natural Moisture in man, and resolution of the whole body, if it hath long continued: but if it appears on the sudden in heaps, and continues not long, it demonstrates the colliquation of the Reins. Rantz. de urina excretione. 6. Dark-sky, signifies death. §. 5. Of Deformed contents appearing in the whole Region of the cloud. Deformed contents appearing in the whole region of the Cloud are, viz. 1. Nebula] a little white cloud appearing in the upper Region of the urine, signifies phlegmatic matter to be elevated by strong heat, a sign of concoction and declination of the disease, if it settle in the Sediment. 2. Fumus] smoke in the whole Region of the cloud, in colour blackish, reddish, or yellow, signifies viscous and tough matter, adust and choleric; or abundance of unnatural heat, puffing up some raw matter, and therefore continuance of the disease. 3. Granula divulsa] small grains, drops, or motes dispersed, if blackish, do signify adustion of matter, and wasting of the solid parts, being violently puffed up by unnatural heat of malign Agues, which oftentimes are mortal. CHAP. VI. Of the Colours, significations, and differences, of Spume, foam froth, and Bubbles appearing on the Crown or Circle. THe Circles of Urine, §. 1. Colours appearing on the Crown or Cirle. according to their colour and substance, show the disposition of the Brain and head for 1. Plumbeus] Leadish, blue, & black, signifies the falling-sickness, apoplexy, or mortification of the Brain, whereby the Sinews do not their duty in sense and motion. 2. Rubeus] Red; being first leadish, and certain days after red, signifies headache; or recovery of the animal power: or red and thin in substance, pain in the right side of the head coming of Choler. 3. Viridis] Green betokeneth Choler; or frenzy of green Choler, if it be in a sharp Ague; or adustion of hot choler assaulting the head. Green in a fever doth signify pain in the head, coming of choler; and if it doth continue, it will engender an Impostume which will cause a frenzy. Dr Board. item Fletcher. 4. Niger] Black, is of the same indication as black urine is of, for it signifies mortification, if leadish colour went before; or adustion, if green colour went before. 5. Flavus] Saffron, joined with thick Crown, signifies choler in the head, with headache thereof. 6. Aqueus] Waterish-white, demonstrateth phlegm in the hinder part of the head. Also Waterish colour betokeneth cold and weakness about the brain, hindering its faculty from casting out superfluities: if it be wan & thick, abundance of Rheum about the brain. 7. Subrubeus, purpureus] Claret or crimson, sig: abundance of blood in the head, or headache caused of blood: if it be purple & thick, ache in the hinder part of the head. 8. Spiceus] Flaxen, signifies ache in the left side of the head, caused of Melancholy; or Melancholy complexion. Pale and thin, distemper and coldness in the left side of the head. 9 Fulvus] yealew, signifies headache proceeding from choler, with pricking in the right side of the head. 10 Tremor corona] the trembling of the Crown, signifies either pain all along down the backbone; or windiness; or thin humour; or stopping the Menstrues. Thus far of the significations of the colours of the Crown, or Circle: next, we shall declare the prognostics of spume, foam, froth, and bubbles. §. 2. Of spume foam, froth, and bubbles appearing in the circle. Of the Spume, or Froth of Vrines there be three kinds: 1. a windy spume, which is full of bubbles, which signifies ventosity, and viscosity in the body. (2) the second is less than the first, and signifies phlegm and corruption in the stomach. the third like the foam of a boar's mouth, hanging together without breaking, and doth betoken unkind heat about the Liver; or else, ill humours (as the learned observe) within the body: as ebullition of the Liver, or agility of ill humours. And if they appear yellow, they betoken the distemperature of the Liver engendering the yellow jaundice; if green, the Agriaca, or green-sickness; if black, Menstruae, a Bruise, black-Jaundise, or mortification. Furthermore, it is to be noted, §. 3. Of Bubbles, their kinds, significatious, and difference. that there is difference between spume, and bubbles. Bubbles are of two kinds. the one is resident and permanent: the other is neither resident nor permanent. The resident do signify ventosity intruded into the body, and that the sickness is chronical, and will so continue, unless some remedy be found out. Those which be not permanent, but do quickly vanish away, do demonstrate debility and weakness. Bubbles cleaving to the urinal, that the body is repleated with many ill humours: also, they do signify the stone in the reins of the back, saith Dr Board in his Breviary of health. Thus foam, froth, and bubbles are distinguished, by the learned Practitioners in this Art. Let us examine them more particularly. §. 4. Of foam, froth, and bubbles, more particularly, and what they signify. Foam, froth, or bubbles, is an extension, swelling, or puffing up of a viscous moisture in a thick and gross vapour, through agitation either of heat, as in water seething; or motion, as in the sea; or both, as in running waters: & gives significations (as Argenterius de Vrinis noteth) of Rheums and distillations, and griefs descending from the head into the inferior parts of the body. And Rantz. de Vrinae, excretione observes, that the appearance of foam, froth, and bubbles in the urine, is caused either of cause external, as of eating of pulse, or fruit, or surfeiting, or of pissing with some violence into the urinal: or of cause internal, joined with colour diverse, signifying crudity, or white, raw, and phlegmatic matter; or saffron, signifying the jaundice; but mixed with some whiteness in the middle, diseases of the Lungs; or lead-colour or blackish, matter adust; or black, extinction of natural heat, which if they are much in quantity, many or thick together, long continuing & scarcely to be abolished with a rods end wrapped about with flax and put into the urinal, they do signify in whole men some tough and viscous matter, which natural heat stirreth. But in sick men (saith judicious Fletcher) if they appear in the Crown or Circle, abundance of raw tough matter mixed with the ventosity and agitation thereof, which may signify either colic, headache, or surfeit. But if they appear over the whole face of the urine, they signify weakness of the head; or flux of seed; or weakness of nature, through obstructions and raw humours: if they appear in the beginning of diseases accompanied with weakness, old age, feeble-pulse, winter, &c. mortal. But after the beginning of the disease, with other good signs, may signify health, because, such agitation is of natural heat now prevailing: notwithstanding with ill signs, as ill colour and contents, it signifies that such agitation is, (not of natural heat, but) of unnatural heat, and signifies in weak persons, death; but in strong men, long sickness and great danger. When they shall appear in little quantity, they signify less headache and ventosity; except the colour be yellow; for so, choler increaseth the grief. Wecker. Syntax. They are again distinguished by their special differences; §. 5. How foam, froth and bubbles are distinguished. viz: Granula and Ampullae. 1. Granula] little Bubbles like pinns-heads or little drops of quicksilver, descending down towards the swim, under the Crown into the body of the urine, signify griefs of the head, as Rheum, which distilling down into the inferior parts of the body, as to the Nose, the Polypus. &c. Vide pag. 8. cap. 2. of Obstruction and Conversion of urine. 2. Ampullae] Great Bubbles, signify grief of the Reins, (Nephritis) or grief in the middle members of the body, as heart, liver, spleen; or drops of fat like spider's web, or drops of oil swimming aloft, signifies either colliquation of the whole body with an Ague, and then this fat is pissed by little and little at several times in small quantity: or Colliquation of the Reins and bladder only, without an Ague, the fat being pissed fast, suddenly, in good quantity at once, with pain and heat about the Reins: or inflammation of the Liver: or critical evacuation, in concoction, and declination of the disease, of some humour offending, whereby some fat member receiveth hurt, and so part of the fat is dissolved. CHAP. VII. Of Alteration of the colours of Urine in respect of Age, Complexion, time of the year, and kind of life. HAving in the former Chapters written of the Colours and substance of urines; of the colours of contents, and several symptoms appearing in the same: it remains in this place, that I speak of the alteration of the Colours of Urine 1. Respectu aetatis, §. 1. showeth, that in viewing of Vrines the age of the sick is to be considered. in respect of age. Thin urine in children is mortal; therefore that is best which is thick of substance, much in quantity, and in colour whiteish: in Springalls thick substance, but rather inclining to thin, in colour yellow, or light saffron; for black is deadly, saith Salvianus. In young men, those conditions are to be observed, which are mentioned in chap: 4. In old men, with thin substance, white colour, and little sediment. In women healthful, substance rather thick then thin, dark, troubled, with many things swimming in it, not so clear as in men, being much in quantity, with an impure sediment, much thicker and whiter than in men's urine. 2. Respectu Temporis, in respect of the time of the year: as in Autumn, §. 2. The time of the year is to be respected. when Solenters into the first degree of Libra, producing the autumnal equinox; which quarter being cold and dry, is compared with Melancholy, causing Urines to have little sediment, yet without fault, the rest of that season all mean. Or, in the beginning of winter the colour of urine is white, substance thicker, with contents more, and rawer, which quarter is cold and moist, compared with phlegm, Sol then entering into the first degree of Capricorn, perfecting the Hyemall solstice. Or, in the Spring, when Sol enters into the first degree of Aries, producing the vernal equinox; which quarter being hot and moist, compared with Sanguine, causeth Urine in the beginning to be of colour white, and pale, but in spring proceeding, colour changeth from pale, and flaxen, to paler and light; contents mean, and substance equal. In Summer beginning, Sol then entering into the first degree of Cancer, maketh the aestival solstice: this quarter is warm and dry, compared with choler; causeth the Urine to be in colour paler, and light saffron, in substance and sediment thinner, white, smooth, and equal: but in Summer proceeding, colour yellow saffron, substance very thin, sediment very little, thin, and declining to white. 3. Respectu Crasis, §. 3. The complexional quality is to be observed. (so called from {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} misceo) in respect of the complexion, temperament and mixture of natural humours. The Sanguine hath reddish urine, with a certain darkness, and substance indifferent thick. The choleric hath urine yellow as pure gold, much coloured, and of substance thin. The phlegmatic hath urine white in substance, thick, quantity increased, and the sediment more raw. The melancholic hath white urine with a certain dimness, because melancholy is in quantity cold and dry: but if melancholy be voided in substance, the urine is black. §. 4. The kind of life, & condition of the patient. 4. Lastly, Respectu vitae conditioonis, in respect of the kind of life, as wherein there is much exercise, fasting, anger, &c. making commotion in the spirits, and strife in the humours, watchings, meats of hot operation; the urine is more coloured, and sediments fewer at the beginning, as long as those passions do inflame the heat of the body, and there is moisture that may be enkindled: or where there is much idleness, gluttony, surfeits, sleep, drunkenness, use of cold meats, the urine is white & thick, sediment much and crude, the natural heat being oppressed and suffocated. CHAP. VIII. general aphorisms, or Considerations in the speculations of Urines: with the division of the urinal; and distinction of the three Regions, and Contents appearing in the same. IN the Speculation of Vrines, §. 1 general aphorisms to be had in memory. many things are to be had in memory, considered, and called to mind. As, I. collection, wherein consider, 1 The time wherein urine is made, as in the morning. 2 The quantity, all; not part, nor several urines mingled. 3 The colour, which is always best when it is new-made and warm. 4 The Contents, bubbles, and substance, which are best seen when the urine is settled. 5 Limitation of time: keep it not above six hours. 6 Remember to see it often, and observe the perseverance or alteration of colour, substance, and the like. II. As some things do help Judgement, so there are many things do hinder speculation; as much shaking, or pouring of it out, or cold to congeal it, or wind to move it, or heat to exhale it, or meats and drinks to alter it, or medicines to colour it, or exercise, fasting, watching, labour, fear, anger, sweating, purging, vomiting, which will alter the colour, substance, quantity, and contents. III. The differences are either principal in the Urine, or less principal. Principal, are substance, quality, quantity, and contents: less principal, are such as arise from the causes, as Choler, Melancholy, sleep, watching, diseases; or from the effects, sign. health, death, griefs of the stomach, head, liver, breast, veins; from the manner of pissing, or suppressing of urine. IV. Remember that the urine according to its height, be divided into three Regions, for the distinction of the contents appearing in the same; as it is here demonstrated by a perfect, and well-formed urinal, distinguished into each several Region & parts. a] Corona b] Suprem Regio c] Media Regio d] Infima Regio V. In viewing of the Crown or Circle, you must remember that the placing of the urinal, and difference of the sight, may occasion divers colours in the Crown: and therefore Actuarius his counsel is, to look into the crown with one eye. VI. Lastly, §. 3. Of the perspicuousness and darkness of Urine. consider the perspicuousness and darkness of urine as followeth. (1) Clear urine in whole men, signifies good digestion, abundance of natural heat, which will separate and distinguish the Hypostasis: but in sick men, if it be too clear, and in colour saffron, it betokeneth yellow choler, unnatural heat, as in Agues (saith Wecker); more remiss, crude, and white, signifies cold, crudity, and continuance of the diseases. (2) or dark urine, whereof there are three kinds: the first whereof is dark accidentally by outward cold, as air, winter, &c. which of all other, is most thick and dark, and doth stain the Crown and top of the urinal, with a certain white, clammy thin humour, which being chafed at the fire, returneth to its self again: 2ly, or dreggy urine, signifying unclean Reins, with motes flying, floating, and swimming in the urine, which afterwards settling to the bottom, becometh a thick Residence; which may also signify a new ulcer with blood; or an old ulcer with rotten, purulent, and filthy matter. Fletcher, cap. 3. 3ly, or confused urine, without motes, continuing confused without alteration, doth signify properly confusion, putrefaction and corruption of the blood, and humours in the great veins, and is found only in continually dangerous, and malign Agues, Lethargies, and the like. Scientia speculativa est, cujus finis ultimus est scire. FINIS. A TABLE Of the COLOURS of Vrines and Contents, with their significations. Chap. IV. Sect. I. 1. MIlk-white with thin substance pag. 20 2. Urine shining like silver pag. 21 3. Water colour ibid. 4. Watery and thin ibid. 5. Watery and thin, having no residence ibid. 6. Watery & pissed forth little in quantity ibid. 7. White, thin & watery ibid. 8. Dim water pag. 22 9 Caropus ibid. 10. White urine & virulent. pag. 24 Sect. II. 1. Pale, flaxen, &c. pag. 25 2. Pale ibid. 3. Palish ibid. Sect. III. 1. Subrufe, yellow, citrine pag. 27 2. Urine subrufe pag. 29 3. Yellow like gold ibid. 4. Citrine ibid. Sect. IV. 1. Light saffron, saffron, subcitrine pag. 30. 2. Citrine. ibid. 3. Yellow like a lanterns horn ibid. 4. Fallow-Kyropus ibid. Sect. V. 1. Crystalline positively white, in substance thick pag. 3 2. Milk-white with thick substance ibid. 3. Horn-white ibid. Sect. VI. Red like cherries, blood-red apples or safron pag. 33 Sect. VII. 1. Urine bloody pag. 35 2. Red like blood ibid. 3. bloody and mattery pag. 37 Sect. VIII. 1. Reddish Urine & thick pag. ib. 2. Red like a burning coal pag. ib. 3. Ruddishdimmer than gold. pag. ib. Sect. ix.. 1. Claret like to bole armoniac pag. 38 2. Crimson like blackish red-wine ibid. 3. Purple like raisins of the sun ibid. 4. blue ibid. 5. bluish pag. 40 Sect. X. 1. Green as leek leaves, coleworts pag. 40 2. Greenish pag. 42 3. Dim-green ibid. 4. oily-green ibid. Sect. XI. 1. Ash-colour pag. 43 2. Lead-colour ibid. Sect. XII. 1. Black, in substance thick pag. 45 2. Black Urine pag. 47 3. Black, like rust or Canker in mettle ibid. 4. Blackish Urine ibid. Chap. V. Of the number, colour, substance, and quantity of contents appearing in the 3. Regions of Urine. Sect. I. The Contents of the Sediment. 1. Oily-green pag. 48 2. Fat Urine pag. 49 3. Red fetches ibid. 4. Dreggy sediment pag. 50 5. Plates, scales ibid. 6. bran ibid. 7. Fine meal or flower ibid. 8. Raw humour, clammy pag. 51 9 Rotten & purulent matter pag. ib. 10. Slimy or congelate matter pag. 52 11. Filthy matter ibid. 12. hairs like pieces of flesh pag. 53 13. Chopt-haires pag. 54 14. gravel, or sand ibid. 15. blood pure, thick, gross or cloddy pag. 55 16. Seed pag. 56 17. Dust, black or leadish pag. ib. 18. Moats pag. 57 Sect. II. The difference between the Contents of the sediment & those of the middle Region pag. 58, 59 Sect. III, The Contents of the upper Region. 1, White pag. 60 2, Red ibid. 3. Black pag. 61 Sect. IV. The Clouds in Urine, if 1. Reddish ibid. 2. Yellowish ibid. 3. Swarthy ibid. 4. Purple ibid. 5. Fattish ibid. 6. Dark-sky pag. 62 Sect. V. 1. A little white cloud in the upper region of the Urine pag. 62 2. smoke ibid. 3. Small grains, drops &c. pag. ib. Chap. VI. Of the Colours, significations, and differences of spume, foam, froth and bubbles, appearing on the crown, or circle. Sect. I. 1. Leadish, blue and black pag. 63 2. Red ibid. 3. Green pag. 64 4. Black ibid. 5. Safron ibid. 6. Waterish white ibid. 7. Claret or Crimson pag. 65 8. Flaxen ibid. 9 Yellow ibid. 10. Trembling of the crown pag. ib. Sect. II. Of the kinds and significations of the spume, or froth of Urines pag. 66 Sect. III. Of Bubbles pag. 67 Sect. IV. The particular significations of foam, froth, and bubbles pag. 68.69.70 Sect. V. How foam, froth, and bubbles, are distinguished 1. Little bubbles like pins heads pag. 71 2. Great bubbles ibid. Chap. VII. The Alteration of the Colours of Urine. 1. In respect of age pag. 73 2. In respect of the season of the year ibid. 3. In respect of the complexion pag. 75 4. In respect of the kind of life pag. 76 A CATALOGUE Of the diseases demonstrated by Urine in this treatise alphabetically set down, as followeth. A AGues pag. 45.51.83 Agues tertian, semitertian pag. 33.43 Ague quotidian pag. 40 Ague burning pag. 38.43 Agues rotten pag. 33.60 Ache in the left side of the head pag. 65 Ache in the reins pag. 52 Agrica, or green sickness pag. 67 Ague lingering pag. 20 Anasarca pag. 9 Animal Power recovered pag. 63 Arthritis pag. 11 Angina pag. ibid. Ascites pag. 9 Apoplexy pag. 22.35.47.56.63 Asthma pag. 25.40 Appetite, carnal appetite pag. 29 Apostumation of the Lungs pag. 30 B BAck pained pag. 21.45 Backbone pained pag. 66 Belly pained pag. 60 Bloud-vessells open pag. 55 Blood distempered pag. 30 Blood infected pag. 29.83 Blood, adustion of blood pag. 22.51 Blood, pissing of blood pag. 11 Bladder pained pag. 53 Bladder scabbed pag. 50 Bladder inflamed pag. 51 Bladder exulcerated ibid. Bladder hurt and rotten pag. 35.36.49 Bladders neck stopped pag. 20 Body stuffed with ill humours pag. 67 Body distempered pag. 25 Brains weakness pag. 9 Brain cold and weak pag. 65 Brain mortified ibid. Breast d●seased pag. 27 Breathes shortness pag. 25.42 Bronchocele pag. 9 Bruisings pag. 38 C CAlefication of the Liver pag. 61 Catarrhs pag. 9.10.24 Chiragra pag. 11 Choler pag. 25.64 Choler in a tertian pag. 30 Choler abounding pag. 33.37 Choler adust pag. 38.40.42.45.64 Colic pag. 42 Child-dead pag. 43 Conception pag. 20.51.56 Coition pag. 32 Concoction, signs of it pag. 62 Costiveness pag. 54 Colliquation of the solid parts pag. 50.72 Cold pag. 47 Cold extreme pag. 40.43 Cold mortal pag. 40 Convulsion pag. 43 Coughs pag. 11.25.38 Consumption pag. 32.49 Consumption caused through crudities pag. 20 Consumption of the reins pag. 38 Consumption of the whole body pag. 11 35.49 Consumption with an ague pag. 50 Crudities pag. 9.20 D DEath, signs of it pag. 20.47.50 62.70 Dead child pag. 43 Deafness pag. 24 Declination of the disease pag. 52.62 Diabetes pag. 20 Digestion imperfect pag. 22 Digestion, evil digestion pag. 20.61 Diarrhoea pag. 25 Distempers pag. 27 Difficulty in pissing pag. 52 Dissolution of the body pag. 53 Distillation pag. 68 Dotage pag. 61 Dropsy pag. 32.35.42 Dropsy in the throat pag. 9 Dropsy Ascites ibid. Dropsy Tympanites pag. ib. Dropsy Anasarca with its species pag. ib. E EPilepsia pag. 35 Evacuation critical pag. 45 Evil, falling evil pag. 22.57.64 Exulcerations pag. 51.52 Exulceration of the liver pag. 51 Exulceration of the reins & bladder pag. 53 Exanthemata pag. 56 F FAt dssolued pag. 72 Fever pag. 37 Fever quotidian pag. 20.25 Febris diaria pag. 27 Fever tertian intermitting pag. 29 Fever quartan pag. 49 Fever hectic ibid. Falling evil pag. 22.57.64 Phlegm pag. 21.25 Phlegm abounding pag. 22.29 Phlegm mixed with choler pag. 30 Flux pag. 40 Flux of Venus' pag. 11.32.52.53 Fluxes choleric pag. 11 Flux of the hemorrhoids pag. 75 Flatus hypoccndriacus pag. 30 Flowers, women's white flowers pag. 54 Fundament pained pag. 52 G GNawings pag. 9 Gonorrhoea pag. 11.22.54 Gout pag. 20.22.25.29 Guts rolled together pag. 10 H Headache. pag. 32.35.60.64.70.71 Headache caused of blood pag. 65 Headache, caused of choler, phlegm ibid. Head weak pag. 70 Heart grieved pag. 7 Heat unnatural pag. 33.40.45.50.63 Heat in the sun pag. 38 Heaviness about the liver ibid. Hemorrhoids pag. 11.45.54.57 Humidity resolved pag. 40 Hoarseness pag. 11.24 Humours raw pag. 32 Humours gross and phlegmatic ibid. Humours adust pag. 40.54 Humours in commotion pag. 57 Humours concocted pag. 60 Hydropsies pag. 23.30.40 Hydrocela pag. 10 Hyposarca ibid. Hypocondria pag. 59 I Jaundice yellow pag. 67.69 Jaundice green pag. 40 Jaundice black pag. 42.54.67 Jaundice pag. 24.380 40.42 Imbecility of the liver pag. 61 Illiaca passio pag. 10.24 Impostumes pag. 10.32.51.24.64 Joint-sickness pag. 10 L LAbour excessive pag. 38 Lasks pag. 10 Lethargy pag. 22.83 Lethal, colour lethal pag. 40 Leaness pag. 47 Leprosy pag. 54 Leucophlegmata pag. 9 Lienteria pag. 25 Liver pag. 50.72 Liver heated pag. 66.67 Liver adusted pag. 59 Liver inflamed pag. 50.54 Liver putrified pag. 36, 37.52 Liver obstructed pag. 53 Liver pained pag. 40.57.72 Liver distempered pag. 29 Liver cold pag. 20.27 Loins imbecility pag. 60 Lungs pag. 69 Lungs impostumated pag. 52 Lungs inflamed pag. 11 Lungs heat ibid. Lungs exulcerated pag. 25 Lungs wasted pag. 43 M Madness pag. 24.43.45 Marasmodes pag. 11.50 Matter phlegmatic elevated pag. 62 Matter tough and viscous pag. 62.69 Matter raw ibid. Matter adust pag. 63.69 Matrix pag. 45 Matrix unclean pag. 54 Melancholy pag. 10.11.22.30.40.45.54 Miserere mei Deus pag. 10 Menstruarum fluxus pag. 10.67 Menstrues voided pag. 45 Menstrues suppressed pag. 25.47.57.66 Menstrues without pain pag. 55 Measles pag. .25 Morbus articularis pag. 10.57 Morbus Gallicus pag. 22 57 Mother, diseases of it pag. 67 Mortification, signs of it pag. 50.64 Mortification pag. 38.43.24 Mouthexulcerated pag. N NAture weakened pag. 49.70 Natural moisture wasted pag. 61 Natural heat extinguished pag. 63 Neck of the bladder pained pag. 52 Nephresia pag. 10 Nephritis pag. 71 O O●structions pag. 20, 24 Obstruction of the reins pag. 53 Opthalmia pag. 24 P PAin in the head pag. 64 Pallet-fallen pag. 24 Palsy pag. 22.35 Palsy in the genetors pag. 56 Pestilence pag. 37 Plague pag. 22.28 Pissing-evil pag. 53 Pleurisis' pag. 30 Frenzy pag. 9.52.63 Podagra pag. 11 Polipus pag. 24.71 Putrefaction pag. 22.57.64 Pox pag. 2.55 5.56 Poxes pag. 55.58 Q Quotidian fever pag. 20.25.27.40 Quotidian Ague vide tit. of fever & Ague. pag. 45 R RAving, i. e. madness pag. 61 Reins misaffected pag. 24.36.52.72 Reins beaten and bruised pag. 33 Reins unclean pag. 83 Reins washed pag. 49 Relapse pag. 35 Ribs pained pag. 52.60 Rheum pag. 27 Rheum in the brain pag. 65.68.71 S SAreites pag. 9 Sciatica pag. 10.11.51 Scabs pag. 22.50 Seed pag. 56.70 Sickness beginning pag. 29.37 Sickness at hand pag. 49 Sickness like to continue pag. 50.67.70 Sickness, i. e. green sickness pag. 40.67 Sickness, i. e. falling sickness pag. 22 Sperm pag. 11.32.52.53 Stone pag. 51 Stone in the reins pag. 20.22.30.45. Stone pag. 54 Stone in the reins pag. 20.22.30.45.51 Stone in the bladder pag. 24 Stone voided pag. 32 Sleep wanting pag. 61 Strangury pag. 38.24.51.53 Stripes pag. 38.43 Spleen pag. 31 Spleen pained pag. 20 Spleen diseased pag. 27.57 Spleen distempered pag. 29 Spleen obstructed pag. 35 Spleen with a tumour pag. 45 Squinancy pag. 11.52 Stomach's weakness pag. 61 Stomach oppressed with phlegm pag. 66 Surfeit pag. 68.69 To Terms suppressed pag. 11 Tenasmus pag. 51 Tertian ague pag. 60 Tertian, a double tertian pag. 27 Thirst pag. 40.47 Toothache pag. 24 Throat-dropsy pag. 9 Throat swollen pag. 11 Tympany pag. 9.20 V Veins broken pag. 11.33.35 Veins, i. e. strife in the veins pag. 59 Ventosity pag. 66.67.69.70 Vomiting pag. 9 Vertigo pag. 22 Viscera pained pag. 59 Venus pag. 52 Venereous pollutions pag. 53 Ulcers new and old pag. 83 Ulcer in the ureters pag. 32 W Watchfulness pag. 38 Wasting of the reins pag. 54 Wasting of the solid parts pag. 63 Weakness of the brain pag. 9 Weakness of the Stomach pag. 61 Weakness of nature pag. 67 Windiness pag. 59 womens' white flowers pag. 54 Worms pag. 22 Y YArd pained pag. 52 Yard, Palsy in the yard pag. 56 Courteous Reader, These Books following are printed, and are to be sold by Francis Eglesfield, at his Shop at the Marigold in Paul's churchyard. 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