Herm'aelogium; OR, AN ESSAY At the rationality of the Art of SPEAKING.  
As a Supplement to lilly's Grammar, PHILOSOPHICALLY, MYTHOLOGICALLY, & EMBLEMATICALLY Offered by B. J.  
In rational knowledges to departed from the received partitions, is no disallowing of the same.  L. Verulam in his Advancement of Learning, p. 330. 
London, Printed by R. W. for T. Passet, in St. Dunstans-Church-yard in Fleetstreet, 1659.   

The Contents.  
THE Book analogizing words with things (particularly with Aristotle's  principles of things) is divided into four parts. Whereof,  

The first, under three Heads or Chapters, specifieth the analogy 
Of 


The word of Being or Noun Substantive  
The word of Motionor Verb  
The word of Quality or Adjective     
with 


Matter.  
Form.  
Privation.     to fol. 10  
The second part, subdivided into five Chapters, showeth the variations and affections of the said word of Being, both in its denominative Entity, and casual qualification, to fol. 39  
The third, under the same number of Chapters, showeth the variations and affections of the word of Motion, to fol. 63  
The fourth transiently examineth the state of the four undeclined Parts of Speech, with their concomitant Mutes. And lastly of the pronoun, with the Arts therefrom proceed, to fol. 73   
Whereunto be added the Philosophical and Pedagogical uses of the whole; with Emblems of the same Mythologised.   

The Preface to the Reader.  
AS some months since (Reader) I was, among my select companions, engaged in a discourse relating to the Grammatical part of THE ADVANCEMENT OF LEARNING, penned by the renowned Vicecount of St. Alban, I casually fell upon this fancy: Which I profess to have published out of no design to disgrace, but a desire to advance the professory way now in use, in some degree towards that more prosperous State mentioned 
* In Preface to the Instauration, fol. 5.  by his said Lordship, wherein the mind may practise her own power upon the nature of things. And therefore have I entitled it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. i e. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Taking the sighing Adverb for an actuated wish, and the God of Speech for the Art of Speaking.  
I say Art as observing the Creatures to be so far verbigerant as is requisite both to the preservation and promulgation of their kind, and the paucity of words in use not only among the Indians, but even that Nation whose language is recorded to us as most venerable, to evince that Man at first did not herein excel otherwise than as a distinction between specifical sound rude 
* Part 4. c. 1.  and conformed may easily inform us.  
But to what this conformity might be most naturally fancied: how, 
(a)  why and when graduated to that 
* Part 2. c 5. & part 4. c. 2.  septuple excellency we now find it in, I thought worthy of enquiry. Since that the Hebrew should be either to all speeches confounded, or that language whence the rest should be derived; saving the implicit belief I respectfully own to the Assertors, I find not so much as the reason either of discord or Symphony. As for instance: Admit I granted that the Latin Cavis were derived from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of the Greeks; what were this to the Dog of England or Houndt of Almaigne; or either to KELEB of the Hebrew's?  
Moreover I find, that besides the impossibility of reconciling the 
* Part. 3. c. 4.  Idioms, even in the respective refinement of the languages, not only the Northern and Southern people have run a contrary course (the one multiplying Consonants as learnedly as the other endeavour to balk them) But even the neighbour Greeks and Romans; the one expressing the Case of the Noun both by Article and Termination; and the other usually couching the Article under the Termination. It being their design aswell to express much matter with little vocality, as to have several vocalities for the same matter or sense.  
And I find lastly that the Orthoaepia of that very language is not in all Countries the same; the Scio, folo, genus etc. of the Germane being by the English rejected, the two first as a Plateasmus; and the last as sounding too much of asperity; the English choosing to pronounce the [G] so placed, like an [I] consonant; which again the French and Italian do reject; pronouncing it rather like an [Sb] the [I] consonant sounding with them, and the Germans, much as with the Greeks; so that they account the English vocal sound thereof as a Jotacisme.  
But as the 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  REASON is one, so is it observable that the expression thereof in and by man is in all Countries (quae Reason) the same; In that the Nations, differing in vocality according to the temperament of the respective climes they live under, do nevertheless in point of Syntaxe agree as one; thereby also manifesting the product of words to be more from nature; as of Sentences from Reason; distinguished nevertheless but as so many gradual emanations of the same 
* See the wisdom of Solomon, ch. 7. v. 15. & 16.  NATURING NATURE; by the first understanding those secret emanations of rude Nature which the Philosophers of old called Chance; and by the second that cultivated nature in its several uses, through the 
* See Alsted. Arche● log. l. 1.  Scholastic state of man's life, known by name of Discipline, Science, or Art; and now going under the general term of Philosophy; or, to speak strictly, The Philosophic of Grammar: for so, by Mr. Watts, do I find his said Lordship interpreted.  
We will (saith he) 
* In advancement of learning, l. 6. p. 260.  divide Grammar into two sorts; whereof the one is literary, the other Philosophical; the one is merely applied to languages that they may be the more speedily learned, or more correctedly and purely spoken; the other in a sort doth minister, and is subservient to Philosophy.  
In this latter part which is Philosophical, we find that Caesar writ Books D● Analogia; 
Suet. in Jul.  and it's a question whether those books handled this Philosophical Grammar whereof we speak? Our opinion is that there was not any high and subtle matter in them; but only that they delivered precepts of a pure and perfect speech, not depraved by popular custom, nor corrupted and polluted by overcurious affection; in which kind Caesar excelled.  
Notwithstanding admonished by such a work we have conceived and comprehended in our mind a kind of Grammar, that may diligently inquire not the Analogy of words one with another; but the analogy between words and things, or reason.—  
On which words to quibble by questioning how an analogy can be understood otherwise than as subordinate to its Pattern? And whether it doth not follow that Caesar's design also was to Analogize words with things or reason: I should think almost as great a piece of incivility as is recorded of 
* See H. L. his reign of K. Charles. p. 62.  that Doctor who was not ashamed so to disport himself with the brainpan.  
And therefore shall silently trace his Lordship to the next page, where he conclusively sets down the literary Grammar as a Deficient. Thereby manifesting his former division meant respectu status perfectionis; as a child is distinguishable from a man. And so I conceive his divided expression receptible, as if he had continuately said; There is a sort of Grammar [such as family's, etc.] composed on the mere score of Authority; no way prying into the reasons those Authors had for their so speaking; As Caesar in his Books De Analogiâ did; and ourselves thereby admonished have conceived and comprehended in our mind how to do.  
Which conception or intendment is my security, that neither those writings of Caesar, nor of any else 
* The hereafter so often quoted Tract of Sealiger, De causis Lingua Latinae, mainly interpreting the Philosophy of that language more particularly as it floweth from the Greek.  precisely on this Subject are extant. Being confident that if any since had writ thereon it had been of public use; as so tending to a recovery of the lost rationality of Latin Syntax, now taught by mere observation; concluding an expression congruous only because it's so read in Cicero, Terence, Virgil or Ovid. As if the knowledge of things by accidents were equally certain to that which cometh by their causes; and that notions entering through the door of the understanding come no better prepared for retention, then do such as like mere sounds are only thrust in at the ear-windores.  
His Lordship's design in his proposed Treatise of the divers properties of Languages; That should show in what point every particular language did excel, and in what point it was deficient; that tongues might be enriched and perfected by mutual entertraffique one with another; so that a pattern might be drawn for the true expression of the inward sense of the mind from every part which is excellent in every language; insomuch that observable conjectures might be taken touching the natural dispositions of People and Nations even from their Languages.— I pretend to no such perfection in language, as to engage therein further than as the diversity of Idioms shall invite me to their examination in pursuance only of my first declared intendment.  
Wherein so worthy a pattern would have fortified the sedulity of my imitation, had his Lordship been pleased to declare what course either his Excellency took or himself designed for the stating of that Analogy, which, at this largeness, the reasons 
* Viz. in my address to the University.  hereafter manifested invite me to select from Aristotle; with hope only that, in an age wherein the wildest conceits even of the transcendent entity do find acceptance, I need not despair of pardon; If by reducing the received parts of Speech to BEING, MOTION and QVALITY, as their principles analogical to his 
* Arist. 1. Phys c. 6. text, 42.  MATTER, FORM, and PRIVATION, I do my Countryman but so much service as (in his passage through the English and Latin Grammars) the easing of his memory from the trouble of retaining more than hath been first digested by his reason.   

These Books following are to be sold by Th● Basset in St. Dunstans-Church-yard in Fleetstreet.  
THe General Practice of Physic.  
Orbis Miraculum, or the Temple of Solomon portrayed by Scripture-light, etc. by Samuel Lee, Minister at Bishopsgate, London.  
Thirty Sermons preached at Milkstreet, London; by Anthony Farindon, B. D.  
Baxter's Treatise of Conversion.  
— Reformed Pastor.  
Hooles Grammar.  
Parnassi Puerperium, or some well-wishes to Ingenuity, in the Translation of Owen, Martial, and Sir Tho. Moor's Epigrams, by Tho. Perk of the Inner Temple, Gent.  
The Life and Reign of King Charles from his Birth to his Burial, by Peter Heylin.  
A Physical Discourse touching the Nature and Effects of the Courageous passions, written in French by Le chambre, and translated into English by a Person of Quality.  
A Discourse of the Principles of Chiromancy, written in French by Le chambre, and translated by a Person of Quality.  
A Survey of the Law, containing Directions how to prosecute and defend personal actions usually brought at Common Law, with the Judge's opinions in several cases; by ●illiam Glisson and Anthony Gulston, Esqs and Baristers at Law.  
The Exact Lawgiver, containing the Chiefest grounds of the Laws of England.  
The Principles of Christian Religion; by James Usher Archbishop of Armagh.   

ERRATA.  
PAge 11. line ult for being in a sort, read being a sort. p. 12 l. 19 after the word right stop thus [;] p. 21. l. 20. blot out the first my. p. 40. l. 25. for as r. at. p. 44. l. 20. for [i] conceive [.] p. 54. l. 7. for whtch r. which. p. 58. l. ult. at the word action stop thus [.] p. 59 l. 1. blot out that. p. 65. l. 1. for quantities r. quantities. p. 66. l. 6. & l. 30. for proposition r. preposition. Ibid. l. 9 for minis r. nimis. p. 67. l. 4. for my score r. my own score. p. 68 l. ult. for foe r. for. p. 71. l. 25. for n r. In: Ibid. in marg. for argumenti r. argumentis. p. 93. l. 24. for quam read quum. p. 87. l. 4. blot out s.   

Herm'aelogium; The first PART.  

CHAP. 1. Treating of the said words in their several respective analogies. And first of the word of Being or noun substantive in its analogy to matter.  
IN the first place I offer those words which serve to express the Essence or Existence of the Universe; whether in its innumerable parts or whole bulk, actions or passions; as properly called words of Being; In regard they are both the denominators of entity, and also the basis of motion; even as Matter is of Form. And as we cannot conceive Form without presupposing Matter; no more may we, sententiously, express a motion without its precedent Being; all motion necessarily proceeding ab aliquo quiescente.  
Also as matter doth appetere catch at or invade form in order to forms form; So Being directeth Motion towards another Being 
* Quies privatio est & simul perfectio●ei. See Com. Magyr. l. r. c. 6.  qualified for the compliment of a Sentence. The first being the material, and the last the formal or final cause of the motion.  
Wherefore also as in the one place it is terminus à quo, active, and therefore governing: It followeth that in the t'other it be terminus ad quem fit motus; and consequently (sensu receptitiae perfectionis) passive, and so governed.  
The same is hinted at by our LILY, under the questions WHO or WHAT? and WHOM or WHAT? The first as the nominative case to, and the second as the casual word of the Verb; which last I hereafter distinguish by name of a word of Sense, in regard that by its sensuality it compleateth this Philosophy of a sentence. To which neither the Verb impersonal, its Latin succedaneum the Gerund with the Verb of Being, nor the Infinitive Mood can be an exception. While the word or words mediately following the first, and immedately the second, are, in sense, as their nominative case; In that they are their material cause or basis; and the third signifieth no other than the essence 
* Part 3. cap 1.  ot indefinite Being of a Motion. Which the Greeks and English observe, while they denominate their Verbs by the Infinitve mood, as, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, To love, etc.  
Wherefore our Author teacheth that when two Verbs meet together, the latter shall be the Infinitve Mood. That Mood so placed bearing the same signification with an essential word of sense; as when placed before the Verb it doth of a word of Being; and serves either to govern or be Governed by the Verb accordingly.  
And because it often doth this accompanied; not only by words of the same sort by way of apposition, but by the Infinitive Mood and a word of Being; so answering both the questions, WHOM and WHAT: Our Author adds, that Aliquando ratio est verbo nominativus. Which aliquando I suppose he would have understood as a conditional semper. As if he had said, Whenever you meet with any number of words without a Verb in a Mood other than the infinitive, know that they all can amount to no complete sentence; but only to such a Ratio as may serve for a nominative case to the Verb. And the reason therefore is, that they signify no more than one word of Being, as is evident even by the example he there instanceth out of Ovid: 
— Ingenuas didicisse fideliter arts  
Emollit mores.—   
All which, but for the emphasis and verse, (which are but as the second intentions of language) might have been as fully expressed by one word of Being, as if he had said Literatura emollit mores.   

CHAP. 2. Of the word of Motion or Verb, in its analogy to Form.  
PRoceeding secondly to motion, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, according to its, passage, I observe it twofold, viz. either going from, or else coming towards the first sententiously expressed Being: as, I love, or I am loved. Yet (transpositis terminis) this duplicity will appear to be but so many gradual expressions of one and the same motion. As when I say, JOHN LOVETH JOAN, I thereby but only express the action of love as barely proceeding from John towards Joan; and so a Cat may look upon a King. But if I say JOAN IS LOVED BY JOHN, I than not only express as much, but also manifest the energy of John's love-motion to be such, as that Joan is therein passionately concerned.  
And hence (with submission to my more learned Readers) I conceive the ancients came todistinguish the one by name of a Verb passive, from that other of an active. And particularly the Latins (with whom this voice is most Idiomatical) to form the passive from the active by the only addition of the letter [R]. And that Magyrus also in his 
* lib. 1. c. 4.  physiology comes to declare that Motus in duobus consistit (he doth not say duo motus) in agente scil. & patient.  
Thereby, however, excluding our Authors Neuter-passives, Common and Deponents; as products of a vain attempt of reconciling the Latin and English Idioms, not considering how the first denominate their Verbs à causâ causae, and the last à causâ causati.  
Which once observed, it will be evident that the Romans were never 
* To multiply divisions to their lowest particularity is an error in Science. L. Virtue ibid.  guilty of troubling us with any such subdivision. As for instance: Vapulo and Exulo must with them needs be Verbs active: It being their Philosophy that Nemo laeditur nisi à scipso. And so must Precor and Meditor be passives, since it was as well their Theology that — Timor primos fecit in orbe Deos. Loquor likewise and Argumentor, strictly understood, being when we speak or argue the sense of others. Besides that, admitting of a gradation, it were not Scholastic to multiply its comparative Arithmetic beyond a third, 
(a)  (where I state the Verb impersonal) as in the following Chapter is expressed.   

CHAP. 3. Of the word of Quality, or Noun-Adjective, in its analogy to Privation, etc.  
OUR Author telling us that the coherence of the former word with its nominative case is in respect of number and person: I reserve it's said superlative gradation, as more properly explainable among those and the variations of the whole three. The last whereof I now offer as the daughter of Privation, or (in corporeal naturalities) Proportion; both being here understood in order to perfection. By which as we attain to the distinction of great and little as a quantity; so of good and evil as a quality; and by it come we to the useful knowledge of quantitative qualities, to make them also adjectible to Being's.  
For, although naturally they admit not of comparison, the least drop being logically as much water as is the whole Sea; Yet being coacervated, as they take up the rooms of great and little, two being more than one, and three then two, etc. they become convertible with good and evil; the biggest (as we use to say, caeteris paribus) being always the best.  
And since we find dilatation and good to be euqally appetible by all Being's, the conversion cannot be improper. 
As is partly demonstrable by a Cyphon.  Wherefore we call a great house a good house; and so do we compliment My very good Lord, etc.  
Which nevertheless to wrest too much to a Political sense, were to make contentment no other than a lazy patience. Ot if to a Theological, to be forced with that otherwise thrice learned 
* Campanella in Atheismo triumphato.  Dominican, sometimes of my acquaintance in PARIS, to defend covetousness to be no sin; and consequently, with some Philosophers of the neoterics, be seduced, practically, to confound Honestum with Utile.  
Wherefore its observable that both quantity and quality become distinguishers of good and evil only mediately. The one by coacervation, as aforesaid; and the other by separation: Unum, verum, bonum, ens, quatenus ens, being always the same.  
But if we apply an Entity or Being to a preternatural use, 
Amygdalae amarae noxiae vulpibus. I. Mart. Met. sect. 6.  then shall we find (as was retorted by the Hollander) that English Ale is no better to thatch houses, then is Dutch butter to stop Ovens.  
Or otherwise, if we contemplate several beings of the same kind or sort, by the privation of some particle of perfection in the one, we learn to value the excellency of the other. And in case there be two beings herein compatible; there the senses immediately summon a Court of Survey; where opinion sitting as Judge decides the controversy by the line or measure of comparison. Which subjects all qualities under so variable a construction: it being impossible that all Being's should be affected to one and the same Quality, more than all Qualities may be rationally adjectible to one Being. Or to instance that Elementary Being which is permanent in its affection towards a single Quality or Being so qualified. Since as the temperament altars, so must the Judgement; and Affection being to Judgement, as the Cause to the Effect: hence necessarily proceed both the 
* I meddle not with the supernal alliance of the stars. Only as my Vernacular Idiom renders it, Kyfanian a G●rthanian.  Sympathy and Antipathy of the Universe.  
This we may read most handsomely exemplified in the observations left us by 
* Hist. Belgic.  Strada on the results of the Council held at Madrid before the Expedition which the Duke of Alva thereupon undertook for the Netherlands. To which he adds, That every man while he votes for the public, votes for himself. And the vote (saith he in Sir Philip Stapleton's language) which nature exhorts, we thinK we give to the cause, when, indeed, we do it to our own humour.  
Nevertheless we find this wise Nature, in order to the preservation of itself in its respective Individuals, to have stamped certain characters of general reception on Good and Evil; even as by a number of mysterious lines on the face, the features are promoted in order to beauty: as we may be more at large satisfied concerning the one by the Mathematics, as of the other among the Ethics.  
My present part being only by this difficulty to instance how expedite it was that the degrees of comparison should be carved exactly answerable to the Hermetical Philosophy of Virtue; which is, To be multiplied in the second, and completed in the third. That number being worthily magnified by the Ancients as most perfect, in regard it is uncapable of an equal division; 
(a)  and so remains of Infinitness the nearest representative imaginable. And this the French idiom confirms by its expression of most by thrice: as, Grand, Plus grand, trois grand. Great, Greater, Greatest. M●gnus, Major, Maximus: The rest, in the Latin, having for the most part their superlative in [issimus] as faelix faelicissimus: Excepting such as are called Anomola or irregular; or whose rise is mentioned affectedly: as, M●lior for Mollior, or Maximus for Maximè optatus. To compare by magis and maximè being proper only to words ending with a yowel before [us] In regard [besides that the too much overture of concurrent vowels is in some sort abhorred by all languages] the regular comparison renders such scarce comprehensible by any Latin verse, except the Lyric: And therefore do the Romans compare them by their Adverbs; much as the English more and most.  
But to conclude. As Privation became known by contemplation of want, the high way to nothing: So Quality can, Grammatically, signify nothing, until it be adjected to that Being whereof it shows the quality; as to say, A fair woman, a large hawk, etc. and therefore is the Adjective in what degree soever placed to agree with its Substantive in Gender, Case and Number, as affections which by it are occasionally varied as followeth.    

Herm'aelogium. The Second Part.  

CHAP. I. Showing the Rational Variations or Affections of the Noun Substantive, whether in its Entitative denomination or sensual casuality. And first of its Articulation.  
TO this word do belong first its articles: He, She, or It. The word Genus being here, as I with the same submission conceive, understood by the Latins in a mixed sense; For if we look upon it Logically, it will appear to be rather Species generis than Genus. And if merely Physically à generando: Then must we take it only as an article manifesting the property of a Being in point of generation; that is, Whether it be male, female, or neither. The English understanding it no further, while, until they be of years to propagate, they articulate the noblest of Creatures by this neither or neuter gender, as when they say: It's a pretty Girl or Boy.  
Whereas the Latins use it not only to distinguish the Sex, but also the active and passive qualities of Being's in point of use, as; Hic liber, haec Pila. The book being looked upon as an agent by which we are instructed, and the Ball as a patiented by the tossing whereof we are recreated. Which yet I find to hold most in the articulation of such words as be radically Latin; such as derive from the Greek being articulated commonly as most consonant with their terminations. So, Hic lapis, Haec petra. Which I rather take with 
* De cause. ling. lat. l. 4.  Scaliger from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, than with the Ancients from pedem laedendo and quià teratur pedibus; or from any experiment of their growth found out by the Neoterics.  
Yet its observable that such Greek words as be Latinized only quoad sonum do sometimetimes herein outstretch our use of the Being, by a 
* Enallage generis.  trope which the Latins declare themselves not a little enamoured with while not only the repesentatives of sometimes living personages, as Statue; but such dead being as be either actually or potentially but the containers [as the place and placed] of the living, are by them numbered among the feminines: as, Manus, Domus, Civitas, etc.  
So they articulate the names of all Cities, excepting such as so strictly follow the names of their Founders, that their termination cannot properly be advanced to the feminin gender. And only these, being in a sort of more remote tropical feminines, do they articulate rather according to their termination; which may be a reason why Londinum may not be declined feminiely aswell as Glycerium.  
Derivative Being's, whose names proceed from primitive Latin words, they decline according to the nature of that word whence the derivation proceedeth; and in case the derivative proceeds from more than one, they take the denomination à fortiori; whether that be a word of Being, or a word of Motion. For example, Fluvius if it had its denomination from the water or the fish it is supposed to contain, must have been articulated femininly: But since it is neither the water nor the fish, but the fierce flowing that makes the Fluvius of the Latines [for they have their Rivi and Rivuli besides] there it is known by the masculine gender.  
And the denomination is right in regard that as every Spring doth not make a River, no more doth every River contain fish. As the River Dulais of Neath ultra in Glamorganshire, which, until of late years some Trout were cast into it, contained no fish but Eels; whose univocal generation being uncertain, are therefore articulated doubtfully. Supposing always that I latinize them by the old name of Anguis, [Snakes and Adders being numbered among the Oviparia] and not Anguilla; for than I make it an Epicaen.  
The same rule standeth for Hermaphroditical creatures. And not unlike is that way of articulation they call common, as Hic & Haec Canis. The main end we keep Dogs for being in order to our pleasure of hunting them according to their respective kinds, to which since we do not find that distinction of sex doth add any thing, they are properly articulated with caution only that we distinguish them from dead Being.  
As for our Authors Common of three, I observe that as proper only for the declension of Adjectives; it being impossible a Being should be living and dead at the same instant.  
Vegetives, in regard their multiplication is at a distance, are, when their termination invites it, content to be articulated neutrally: as, 
* Mas & semina.  Absynthium. Otherwise for the most part we read them promiscuously specified aswell by the masculine as feminine gender. The distinguishment of their sex being a knowledge peculiar only to Physicians.  
So that I dare not induce a reason for our Authors strict muliebrity of Alnus, quia alatur amne. While I find amnis both masculine and femininely declined. Neither can his first special Rule oblige me to it; whiles Pinus coming also within that verge, I find masculinely, and (by Mr. Hollyoak's observation) aswell feminiely declined.  
Wherefore where our Author saith, that Appellativa arborum erunt muliebria ut Alnus, I understand him as only telling me he never read it otherwise.  
But since it's my present undertaking to endeavour to reach the reason of the Ancients for what our Author delivers on the mere account of observation: The use the Ancients made of that Tree being mainly for shipping; as appeareth not only by the authority of Pliny, but also that the Britain's do at this day call the Shipmast, although consisting of other timber, by name of that 
* Gỽernen y Llong.  tree; therefore were I not thereby necessitated to heteroclite it, I should, after pliny's example, take the Tree for the Ship that is thereof built, or at least wise that by it is perfected, and so make it a tropical feminine, as Domus. And who knoweth but that in the infant refinement of the language it was so taken and declined, while Mr. Hollyoake derives it from the same root with Quercus? Since as 
* In Epist. dedicat.  Dr. Taylor well observes, Voces & familiaris sermo suas habent vicissitudines; & magis convenit inter linguas Gallicam & Italorum, quâm Latinitati sequioris aevi cum Ennianâ   

CHAP. II. Of the Cases.  
THe second variation of this word is according to the respective conditions it may serve in, whether Genitive, Dative, Accusative, or Ablative. The service it doth Vocatively being barely Salutatorie; and Nominatively, either as apposited to a word of its own sort, or subjected only to its own motion. And therefore do I rather adventure on this my own fancied conditional definition of the Cases, then comply with the learned Scaligers à Cadendo, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, as he 
* Ibid. p. 183.  renders it; that extraction too much entrenching on the state of this Case; whose said employment can be adjudged no more cadent than for one hand to serve another.  
The services it performs in its other conditions are first as it is governed by another word of Being: And so it serves the English man commonly Genitively: The house of his father, and the use of his friend sounding to him alike. But with the Roman the first bearing the sense of a possession, and the second of an instrument; therefore that shall be governed Genitively, and this Ablatively; and that for reasons in its motional governance speci●ed.  
As for its Dative service, I observe that either to Substantives compounded with such Prepositions as our Author notes to bring the Verb so governing: as, Mihi praefectus, advocatus, contu. etc. or else to a Being qua qualitative; as, urbi pater i. e. Patronus: The English to the Adjective subjecting it all one way, and in as many conditions as do the Latins, which is in all the four: As, 

Novitatis avida,  
Sis bonus tuis,  
Dives Nummis  
Gnomon septem pedes longus,  
Greedy of news.  
Be good to thy own.  
Rich in money.  
A line seven foot loog.   Which last only soars up to the Latin rationality; the rest carrying their signs before them; and so, in my opinion, may excuse the English man from the trouble of cunning our Author's dilatations on this Rule. Since as we must necessarily know before we can compose; so doth the English inform what condition to place the goverened word in the Latin.  
And its observable that where the English elevates itself above the pitch of vulgarity, the Latin, as in disdain of that pride, endeavours to soar higher: witness that Authority cited by our Author out of Columella: Fons latus pedibus tribus, altus triginta: Where the lateral measure governeth Ablatively, and the direct Accusatively, by the same tacit reason as doth the Verb.  
In which Philosophical concordancy consists the main subtlety of the Roman language, viz. In subjecting this word in order to the conclusion of a sentence, according to the respective inclinations of the motion. As;  
First, Genitively: And that to Verbs signifying Possession, Mercy, Memory, Enjoyments, or most things that belong to trials or Barre-affairs. And the reason therefore will be obvious, if we but continue our observation of their forecited method, as of denominating, so of governing, secundum causam causae, and not cousati, as do the English.  
A custom which I suppose first grounded on a Metaphysical consideration: The Metaphysics accounting the first as the more worthy, and therefore fittest for denomination and government. See jacob. Martin. in part. Metaphysic. Sect. 7. Quest. 4.  
But to come to our Author's instances, Miserere mei, Have mercy of, or [as the English by their prepositionally noted idiom more properly render it] upon me: We shall by the said observation find it the same as to say, Let my miser move your mercy to incline towards me. For by those words we may observe my misery to be the Causa causae, your mercy the Causa causati; and your inclining of it towards me to be the Causatum. And so shall we discern How miser●re mei carries the same rationality of expression as Patris or Paterna domus. For my misery being come the cause of your mercy makes your mercy to be mine.  
I could illustrate this further, not only by the imitation of other languages; as of the French, Pity du moi, etc. but also by the ●oman denomination of this motion or verb of Mercy from Misery: Misereo, quasi miseriâ afflcior; and Miseric●rdia, quasi aegritudo cordis ex miseriâ alterius. But I rather choose yet to explain it by another of our Author's examples: Furti absolutus est. Where I also find Furti governed Genitively. In regard that if the Prisoner had not first given some cause of suspicion, neither Jury nor Judge should have sat on him. Wherefore as the absolution is the Causati, and so the prisoners own suspicious demeanour is the Causa Causae: which proving but a suspicion, doth lead the Judge to the absolution as of due belonging to the suspected. And so doth Absolve govern Furti Genitively, because the suspected having deserved no other, hath entitled himself to the absolution as his own. And by the like reason be all those fore-hinted Verbs so fortified.  
And as possession doth presuppose acquisition, so doth our Author in the next place subject it Datively; and that by such Verbs as are acquisitively posited, which I mention by his his own word in regard he hath thereby said all; the whole Regiment he after musters up being rationally comprehensible under acquisition. And that likewise by the fore-taught observance of the remoter cause. For so it comprehendeth loss aswell as profit; since as there is no WHY without a WHEREFORE; so no man damnifieth another but in order to his own advantage, more than it is possible one should give what he hath not received.  
As for Verbs moving in order to payments, promises, Negotiations, commands and obsequies, their end is sufficiently expressed by the old Rhythm, 
So ne do go, and some do run,  
But 'tis for money when all is done.   
And its observable that this acquisitive inclination of the Verb doth so badge its governed case, that not only Verbs compounded with the notes usually preposited to the governance of other cases do then require this; But also that we intelligibly can express the word completing their sense by no other case, without the addition of a Preposition; which his forecited Lordship of Verulam notes for a 
* Ibid, fol. 262.  lose, he might have said pernicous, way of delivery.  
It's unlimited use (as by our Author instanced) rendering both this and the Genitive cases of the Noun useless Since the sense of this case becomes so expressible by Prepositions serving to the Accusative; as of the other by the Ablative: Excepting only when the Preposition tenus noteth possession without desired acquisition; as Aurium tenus, it also handing a singular Ablative: as Pube tenus. The misfortune (as we say in English) being not all a case.  
However, that it doth not regulate when the casual word is to be expressed by a Preposition, and when according to the inclination or line of the Verb, I thought requisite to note for a serious defect in Grammar, and such as could scarce be supplied without a preliminary examination How the infancy, state and declination of the language did respectively use it.  
The first (having no books by me that inform) I must guests at from Mr. robinson's (to our Author annexed) defective Heteroclites; which (leaving the redundant as enough for his Sors and Authorum placita) I suppose designedly so passed by the refiners, as a monument to posterity what the language formerly had been; that so their pains might be the more thank worthy. For did we not know that Carnu was once under that singl● termination declined throughout our Authors six Cases (excepting the Vocative, which no dead Being can stand in, because uncapable of salute) and so no otherwise distinguishable than by Epithets and preposited notes: Lucan's— Cornus tibi cura sinistri. Had been no elegant expression at all; no more were our Authors Patris or Paterna domus a refined Latin phrase; but for dumo or, as the modern have it, Casa del Padre of the degenerate Italian.  
This evinceth that as much of the art of Latin Grammar was placed in the variation of the Nouns Termination according to (though seldom as manifold as) its cases, and of them after the four inclinations or lines of the Verb; so the end in both was to heighten the language above the laid preposited vulgar way of speaking. How far then the design fell short in the projection becomes hence considerable.  
Wherein ere I proceed, I must remind my Reader how in the front of this tract I only promised an Essay at the ●ationality of Speech: If happily some more literate and ingenious might vouchsafe its fostering to a perfect grandeur. And on that account shall I here expose such reasons as at present to me occur dehortative to this intended banishment. The rather being thereto encouraged by the forecited Noble Lord 
* In motives to his 〈◊〉 p. 1.  where he saith: It is better to give a beginning to a thing that may once come to an end, than with an eternal contention and study to be enwrapped in those mazes which are endless.  
First then I observe that as the Euphonie of the Southern Languages consists in a smoothness of delivery, 
See the Preface. f. l. 2.  so must the multiplicity of concurrrent Vowels aswell as Consonants be by them balked as equally disrelishing. Hence comes it that the French do often pronounce a fancied Consonant between; as when instead of Este il disner? hath he dined? they say Eat till dine? and that the Roman Idiom doth interpose a Preposition; mine host with our Author so answering that Summâ cum humanitate tractavit hominem.  
Secondly, That the said lines are but Influxus Causae; and consequently indicating rational rather than material governances. Wherefore I say Amo Virginem, but vado ad eam. And on this account do I suppose that Scaliger calls the Preposition by name of 
* Motum ad locum. Scapul.  〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. It being convenient that some expressed note should hand a corporal motion, faculty or posture both in its 
* Being or Essence. Essentia est principium motus saith 1 Mart.  beginning, end and space between the word of Being and word of Sense.  
As when I say Lateo in sepe. So denoting rest in the Being.  
Curro è sepe. Showing the motions progress from it. Or  
Propero ad Sepem. Indicating its advance towards it as its formal cause or word of sense.  
Cum omne corpus (saith he) aut movetur aut quiescit: opus fuit aliquâ notâ quae 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 significaret, 
Ibid. c. 157.  sive esset inter duo extrema, inter quae motus fit: sive in altero extremorum in quibus fit quies.  
But (with due reverence to the memory of so renowned a Philosopher) the most absolute need of the Preposition I find to be when I am to mention the whole three jointly; as saying Salio trans sepem; so at once both supposing a rest whence I take my leap; naming the hedge; and tending towards a third place as the end of my motion. For these lines in their said influx being no other than as imaginary Hierogliphics cannot possibly indicate several ways at once.  
Else as one Case is preferred to another in governance; so shall we find the unushered cases to the Prepositionally noted one's wherever a material motion may be reduced to a lineal sense: As when I say Diego Lutetiae; rejecting Apud Lutetiam as bar (I will not say barbarous) Latin. And yet I say Apud forum speaking of some Market even in Paris. For, it's possible I may be at the market, and yet possessed of nothing there saleable; therefore do I hand the condition of that Noun by the Preposition. But since I cannot properly be said to be at the City without my implying my pro tempore possession of a Being there, I condition that rather after the circular line of the Verb, as when respecting the Inhabitants I do it after the obliqne; my being there so aswell supposing a benefit, were it but to the Tavern and Tailor. Or, if my condition be mean, that I must have some way of acquisition to subsist my said being amongst them. Wherefore I then say Parisiis. As when I would intimate both the place and Inhabitants jointly I express myself Genitively, saying Lutetiae Parisiorum; that of the two being the most worthy casual Position.  
Dr. Taylor hath a Rule that (baulking the absurdity of teaching the Latin by the English Idiom, which in this very particular confounds complete with imperfect narratives) depends much on the same Philosophy. 
See his Grammar p. 76.  Saith he [of] after a Verb transitive is always expressed by the Preposition [de] as Loquor de Monarchia.  
The reason is that the relation of the Monarchy being not absolute, it falleth short of a transitive; and therefore being comprehensible by none other of the said lines, the casual word must be ushered by a Preposition.  
And so our Authors Mereor cum adverbiis: the desert not reaching the whole man, the Adverb is used circumstantially to express how well or ill, much or little; which at most amounting but to a part, leaves the casual word under the same condemnation.  
Where its further observable that motions tending towards fixed Being's have the circumstance of their failing more elegantly expressed by a note supplying the sense both of Adverb and Preposition; as Propè Templum, procul urbe, etc.  
Thirdly, I find the Preposition to be of use when ever the Causa propter quam of a motion is expressible; 
Prepter dotem.  as to say, John loveth Joan for her dowry. The line of the Verb's governance reaching but a termino in terminum. And  
Fourthly, when the formal cause of a motion is also essicient; the said lines as they indicate rational rather than material governances; so do they the formality, & not materiality or essence of the word of Sense. And therefore saith our Author Baccharis prae ebrietate: and Terence, è Davo hoc a●divi; as if he had said, Davus told it me. And the same 'tis when the Active voice of a Verb becomes Passive; where instead of John loveth Joan, I say Joan is loved by John; he so becoming an efficient cause of her passion, as in the second chapter of the first part of this discourse hath been already showed.  
These as exceptions premised, I suppose our Author might safely proceed, teaching that all Verbs admit an Ablative Case of the Instrument, Cause, or manaer of an action. As 
1 Naturam expellas furcá licet us● recurret.  
2 Invidus alterius rebns macrescit opimis.  
3 Jam veniet tacito curva senecta pede.   
As if he had said; The condition of those and the like Ablatives are rationally obvious without a preposited sign; although the first doth sound alike with the Nominative, as do the other two like the Dative.  
For whatever moveth from its material cause not attracted by the formal, doth it weakly; and consequently, in order to assistance, laterally. As is demonstrable either by a Spider or Cyphon. 
See the Emblem.  Else why cannot the Spider mount directly upwards more than the wine can continue its ascending motion through a plain instrument aswell as a lateral we such as the Emblem notifies?  
Semblably in those examples, the motion having no attraction from the word of Sense [nature attracting its expulsion no more than another man's prosperity can naturally my leanness] must make use of a lateral help to reach it.  
And this the first of the said examples doth instance in lenminis: the Categorical word of sense in the two last Being umbrated by the Verb: Macre●cit quasi macrum se r●ddit. So Senecta ve●ict, as if he had said Nos assequetur seu deprehe●det.  
And in like manner do I apprehend the word of Price: Teruncio non emeri●. Something being necessarily understood that is so bought.  
Lastly, Whereas our Author noteth certain untransformed passives, by him called Verbs deponent, that govern and Ablative barely without Preposition or Categorical word either express or understood: as Fungor, Fruor, Vtor.  
I can no way understand this governance as peculiar to their said voices; while they are also read both with preposited Ablative notes and lineally casual Accusatives; as of utor Mr. Hollyoake observeth out of Gel. l. 15. c. 13. And therefore do I conceive it proper for these and the like Verbs only when their final cause is incomprehensible by the formal; the casual word so serving as an Instrument, Cause, or Mode; though commonly of a motion other than that it immediately depends on, as in the Ciceronian example there produced Qui adipisci veram gloriam volunt, Justitiae fungantur officiis: where the motion tendeth finally towards glory; the office being used but as a lateral help to reach it.  
As for those genitives he noteth as led away from this rule; the offence cannot be impardonable while their Verbs move in order to possession; as, Hujus indigeo patris, &c,  
Saving of his excepted Tanti, quanti, etc. which I submit if I may not aswell understand adverbially. Since I can find no reason why Quanticunque may not b● so taken aswell as Quantumennque; both, and the rest there cited, being equally circumstantial; and circumstances often duly preferred to demonstrations, as is Reason to Sense. Whence (although the Commentator scruples it) I conceive the expression was no way below Petronius; while on the fall 
* Whence probably our Gallants took up their toss glass fashion.  of TRIMALIO'S Cup he thus sung: 
Heu heu nos miseros quam totus homuncio nil est!  
Sic erimus cuncti postquam nos auferet Orcus.  
Ergo Vivamus dum licet esse bene.   
Neither do I find the like liberty less Emphatically taken by the English: Witness that of Dr. Dunne's. 
Both good and well should in our actions meet;  
The wicked is not worse than th' indiscreet.   
Conclusively, 
4. Whether the Introduction be our Authors I question not, since I find the whole entitled by his name.  our Author in his Introduction tells us, That Verbs transitives are all such as have after them an Accusative case.  
He might have added only] since its that governance that makes a verb transitive.  
Other Verbs as well governing it accompanied, as, 
Aest more te bujus.  
Do litcras tibi.  
Imperti● Parmenonem salute.   
Whereas the transitive motion both directly tendeth towards, and centereth in its formal cause; except when it runs as it were through it by governing two accusatives: Posce deum veniam so manifesting a confidence of obtaining. Whereas we say Veniam Petimus ab ipso. Quia poscimus imperiose; at Petimus submiss.  
As for the word transitive, I do not remember to have read it elsewhere, save only in Scapula as Latenizing 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. The large signification of whose praeposited part affordeth much of reason for the reception of this rule as general.  
Or if I derive it from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉; and then (either in imitation of the Peripatetic Philosophy, or the historical consideration of the great City in its various respective conditions between the sheephook and the Crozier) but form a circle of Cases: I shall find the Accusative, according to its name, just opposite categorical or adverse to the Nominative.  
As when I say John loveth Joan; there understanding the action of love directly transferred from John to Joan; and consequently teaching to place Joan accusatively.  
Or, thirdly, if I look upon this case as it is the centre of the variations of the Noun, because placed in the midst of five; [our Author's six cases making but five variations] and then observe the natural intendment of all motion towards the centre as its final cause or perfection, I must thence conclude this governance as natural as that John should love Joan, and consequently understand our Author, as telling me, That, naturally, all Verbs do expect the word of sense should serve Accusatively.  
But since that there be also motions of design; such as the circular, 
See the Emblem.  obliqne and lateral: and that accordingly some Verbs move in order to possession: others to acquisition: and others to occasional action. Therefore this rule is to be so understood, as that the three other forecited may be received by way of Exception.   

CHAP. 3. Of the Declansions of the Word of Being, or Noun Substantive.  
THe third variation of this word of Being is according to its respective Declensions. An accident by which the Latins mainly excel in their forenoted 
* See the preface fol. 2.  magnum in parvo of speech. So intelligibly couching the Article under the condition of the Noun, as they do the person or pronoun under the termination of the Verb: which compels them so to vary the terminations of both, declining the first respectively after the five rules mentioned by our Author as followeth.  
1. Words Masculine and Feminine terminating in [a] they decline after the first rule, as Poeta, Musa, etc. But the neutrals in [a] they decline after the third, as Dogma.  
And the observance hereof is of use to the more ready manifestation of the gender: the Neuter otherwise not so soon occurring, in regard of their admittance of such dead Being's as contain the living, among the Feminines, as in the first Chapter of the second part hath been foreshowed.  
2. Words Identically Masculine and Feminine ending in [us] or [ius] they decline after the second rule, as, Cibus, Fluvius, Humus: but words Feminine of quality they decline after the third, as, Salus. And so do they their identical Neuters, as, Foedus.  
But tropical neuters so terminating, they decline after the second rule. Whence ou● Author notes them among the noncrescents, as Virus, Pelagus— etc.  
Whereof the first is neutrally decline only in regard its operation so taken tendeth towards death; 
Virus.  yet after this rule; To manifest that its kill energy is identical to the nature of the thing no otherwise than in respect of the Does, and manner of its use: there being otherwise among the three natural bodies no greater Cordials than such as are prepared of Opium, Viper, and Mercuric.  
Th● Naturality of the second's declension I can not well unrevel without some elongation of discourse. 
Pelagus.  It being a word besides which the Latin hath more appellations for the Sea than any other language I know. Whereof four be most significant names; viz. Fretum, Mare, Pontus and Aequor.  
The first properly signifying Creeks or Ferries, which at ebbing water be rough, current, and troublous. Whence Fretum quasi fervidum, saith Mr. Hollyoake.  
The second signifying all Seas in general; 
— Maria ac terras, caelumque Profundum  
Quip ferant rapidi— 
Aen. 1.   Saith Virgil of the winds.  
Mr. Hollyoake derives the word from Marath of the Hebrews; which I understand not quoad gustum, as he there insinuates, but quoad transitum.— Placataque venti dant Maria— 
Aen. 3.  Saith the same Author.  
The third denominating vast Seas; and so elegantly form ab absentiâ P●ntis. — Coelum undique & undique Pontus. Saith the Maronian in his fore quoted book.  
And the fourth even or calm Seas; ab aequ●. As he elsewhere notes by Aequora tuta silent.  
The rest being rather Epithets than names, as Salum, i. e. Salsum. Caerulum, i. e. Caeruleum. Hadria. i e. Hadriaticum. So Oceanus, i. e. Oceanum mare.  
Which Epithets and names so amply denoting the Sea in all respects; I know not what should induce them to borrow the only name that the Greek had for it 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Pelagus. , save for a more strict note of that Greek side or arm of the Mediterranean, which over against Galatia and upwards, themselves also called Mare mortuum: whether for its mourning colour, or the deadly feud betwixt them and the bordering Greeks: Or else from môr marỽ of the Britain's (said to have since planted with Brennius their Captain on that Greek side) môr in that language signifying a Sea, and marỽ still or dead: that being the stillest (or according to the British idiom, deadlyest) Sea my Countrymen had e'er before crossed: It was rational this new word of their should be declined neutrally. Yet with like caution as hath been forenoted of Virus: the substance thereof speaking it no more neuter than Pontus.  
So Vulgus, as it represents a number of living men, must be Masculine: saving when their joint stupidity is mentioned with scorn by the more ingenuous. And that Catachrestically beyond the bounds-foot of Dutch Boor, by so much as a living dog can be supposed better than a dead Lion.  
I have dwelled longer on this particular in regard I know not but there may be more words thus varied or at leastwise variable according to the Poet or Orator's occasion. For, The Gender being but an affection of the Noun, becomes alterable not only according to the use of the thing specified: but also to the present passion or passionate reception of the same. Accede ad ignem hanc— saith Terence in Eunuchus.  
But I return to our declensions: where the mediate Masculines and tropical Feminines in [us] I observe declinable after the fourth rule, as Potus, Domus, 
Ignorami socius.  etc. Whereupon if the Question of Pedantius in the Play should be renewed, viz. Curio non Potus facit Poti sicut cibus cibi in genitivo?  
The answer would be, That the first is supposed to be either water or the juice of vegetives: but the other properly living creatures: as is observed by the English, while they call nothing meat but flesh.  
Or if it should he asked, Why morbus is declined after the second rule, and salus after the third?  
The answer were, That the second is but a mere qualitative Being, but the first a substantial one. For, (as the learned Capivaccius 
* In cap. de P●hisi.  hath it) Omnis morbus est vel vapor vel minera. Thereby excluding all the pretended diseases ab inanitione: because until there be a peccant matter, as there can be no inequality, so no pain. It being a maxim in medicine that Dolorisica actio fit à proportione majoris inaequalitatis. 
(a)   
There do also belong to this declension all words ending in ['em] and [it] and likewise some flourishing Masculine in [oer]. Others so terminating being rationally transferred to the third rule: as in the next Chapter shall be showed.  
But as for our Author's Satur, I cannot find it substantially posited by any Latin writer: neither any word so terminating declinable after this rule.  
The third claiming both that and all other not forementioned terminations whatsoever: having of late left none declinable after the fifth. Save only the monosyllable Res, and such as terminate in [ies].  
A fraus bonesta, which I suppose committed in mere order to the quadrupedation of Heroic verse. Plebs after the old way of declining Being, when obliquely casual, thereby comprehensible no otherwise than as the myrabolan nut of the apothecary's. 
Quod nec Virgilius, nec carmine dixit Homerus,  
Hoc ex unguento constat & ex balano.    

CHAP. 4. Of the sensuality of the casual word: therefore in this Tract called a word of sense. Also of the declension of the word of Quality.  
HAving in the first Chapter of the first part of this Tract shown that the word of Being becomes sensual by mediation of Quality.  
And, in the third, that the signification of this Quality can be sensually fashioned not otherwise than as either joined or inserted to a Being: It remains that the manner of this union be yet further examined.  
The Angel in the Text (as checking the overcurious enquiry of Esdras) is said to have bid him measure an handful of wind, 
Esdr. 2, 4.  and weigh an ounce of fire.  
A curiosity which the sons of Hermes yet cease not to pursue; By an unwearied attempt to lose the fire from its entitative fixation: that so incorporating itself with the volateeles, it may, by their rule of rotation, so defaecated, entice those spirits with it inseparably to cohabit Ad perpetrandum miracula unius rei. 
In Tab.  Saith that Father.  
However this be not commonly known to succeed in the practice: The possibility of the work may, happily, appear less worthily ridiculous: If the forecited process be but compared with what we may hourly observe in common converse: viz. How that by declining a word of Being from its denominative state or condition, the hinges of its otherwise  essence are so shaken, that it becomes thereby fitted for such a coition with incorporeal quality, as doth rationally advance it to an excellency enabling its reception or all the emanations of Being's whatsoever. Insomuch that the numberless notions of man are thereby made communicative; although the quality of the word have no outward appearance therein at all.  
As to reinstance: when I say JOHN LOVETH JOAN; the very Grammatically casual position of Joan, as the formal cause of John's love, sheweth in her some perfection wanted by John. Whether qua animal for the perpetuation of his entity; or also qua rationale, in order to future conveniency of living. And so John loveth Joan either so fair, young, rich, etc. as his opinion shall adjudge most for his own felicity. Which to understand is the sum of all Grammar Syntax. The question and its answer being alike modable: and all definitive, sentences either resolving a question already propounded; or expecting their answer, by confirmation, contradiction, or desired illustration from the confabulant. So that whatever else can be expressed is but ad voluptatem linguae, and on this depending. Therefore I shall endeavour to render it yet more plain and perspicuous: Even by a Fable read of old by Diotima to Socrates Where she feigneth how that as the Gods were celebrating the birthday of Venus, Porus the son of Providence and God of Wealth should be there amongst them: and, got drunk, should, as he went forth to case him, fall asleep at the Gate where Poenia or ●overty waited for an Alms: Which she observing; That the indigency of her condition overcoming the modesty of her sex, should prompt her to allure Porus to a congress, whereby she conceived and brought forth Love; who ever since hath been a close companion of Venus; because begotten on her birth-feast, as aforesaid,  
By the same reason is the word of Sense as inseparable from its invisible quality. And is the visible, I mean worded Quality or Adjective ever declined according to the substantial naturality of that word: as by our Authors three first rules for declension of nou●es appeareth: Bonus dominus, Bona musa, Bonum regnum: Tristis Pareus, Triste Cadaver, Faelix natalis; liber Magister, libera Magistra, liberum Magisterium; few or no Adjectives terminating in [oer] being otherwise declinable. Acer, Pauper, Degener and Vber so mentioned by our Author, being as often read The first Acris; and the second, in no meaner Author than Plautus, Paupera. So that these are little better than Heteroclite; as the third is than a degenerate substantive, viz. a Substantive foiled with a preposition, and so turned Adjective de genere; and the fourth being a mere derivative Ube ab Ubere. So also proving first that those Substantives in [oer] which be declined after our Author's second rule are naturally excelling those that be transferred to the third: 
(a)  which are either Feminine as Mater; or dividing from their unity as frater; or else in the declination of the vigour of their Masculine perfection as Pater.  
Secondly, it proveth that our Author's two last rules for declension of Substantives were by the refiners of the Latin added. 
(B)  The one to distinguish such words terminating in [us] as they were pleased by the assistance of their Tropes to advance either from their naturali neutrality to the Feminine gender, as Domus: or from their muliebrity to the Masculine as Potus: which as it is water should be declined Femininely: but in regard of its nourishing use shall be declined Masculinely; yet after the fourth rule: In order first to a distinction between it and an Identical Masculine: and secondly for manifestation of its advancing trope.  
As for words ending in [U] their Heteroclity pronounceth them but vulgarly regular; and somewhat of a less esteem than the former, in regard they are all Neuters.  
The fist of our Author's rules as it was added so was it repealed. The celebration of Heroic verse having for the most part rendered it impertinent if not offensive, as in the foregoing Chapter hath been foreshowed.  
Therefore have these rules no Adjective declinable after their terminations. The Latin Quality as well in its declensions as gradual ascensions being strictly worded after the forecited Philosophy of 
* Excellentia Ternarii largè videri est apud Gerard. Dorn. in Philosophiâ Chem. Trithem. in Ep. ad Gnaum German. aliosque Philosophorum passim. Viz. in the uses.  Virtue; though ●ll three sound alike from vulgar tongues.  
Which worthily magnifies the Roman Ingenuity in framing their rules so that thereby words as well as things should bear their witness.  
Of which hereafter—   

CHAP. 5. Of number, with the Arts thereout emaning.  
THis accident might deservedly have challenged the first place in respect the others could not be discussed without it: the Genders, Cases, and Declensions of the Noun being all distinguishable by virtue of number. Yet because of its small use in Grammar Syntax, I thought fit to marshal it here in the arrear of the declension of the Adjective: its multiplication so taken amounting to little more than the Adjective's Even and Odd. For as even and odd cannot stand together in one number; so may not the same number be both singular and plurally accounted; the least addition to the singular rendering it plural; and the most doing no mo●●. Therefore are we glad to ascertain the unities by the addition of a quantitative quality, As to say, two, three, four, five, and so to the end of Arithmetic. By the Ancients compiled to an Art according to their four rules of ADDITION, SUBSTRACTION, MULTIPLICATION, and DIVISION.  
Which last they extended even to the division of an unity; and so produced two arts more: whereof the one they called Geometry, and the other Astronomy; the word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 signifying both number, order, and harmony: The last whereof originally to proceed from the motion of the spheres; and consequently its knowledge as an Art from the spherical part of Astronomy, I conceive to need no better proof than what Cicero hath left us in his transcendent tract de 
* Legitur inter fragmenta, Ciceronis.  Somnio Scipionis.  
Other notes on this accident observable find I none. Save that custom doth herein oversway both order, nature and reason. As (to say nothing of the 
* It is known to every one to what case the royal bloods of Portugal is driven. Los Sangues— So Don Emanuel in Reasons for his conversion, p. 8.  received civil difference between personages in point of extraction) when mentioning the smoke of an hundred Chimneys exhaling, perhaps, from as many respective combustible materials: Or Latinizing all the sands between Calais and Gravellin, I must express myself singularly. Whereas travelling but a little further Eastward, I shall find the damped mud whereon those Towns stand called by name of THE UNITED PROVINCES OF THE NETHERLANDS. An Alleotheta of such particular ornament as I have but small encouragement to endeavour the dissuasion of the English Grandees from owning for good genuine sense, by any addition of success my experience found the contrary reasoning of their Scaliger to have gained on his Houghen Moughens there; his words on the place being these.  
Terrae divisionem auspicati sunt à familiaribus occupationibus; Et jus ipsam injuriam apellarunt; Neque enim m●lius terra d●buit alii atque alii tribui quam aer. 
Ibid. p. 176.   
I aque natura vindicat sese; & mortuos Tyrannos non majore tegit tumulo, quam unum ex opressis: seize omnibus aequalem ostendens matrem.  
Yet for certain plurally recorded festivals; since on their days there were also kept Fairs, Revellings, etc. to mention them accordingly, was but rational. As the old Romans did their Floralia, Bacchanalia, etc. No more is it to name the coacervation of many into one singularly, as populus, pars, etc.  
The Species or Shapes, 
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Specus, uns de species.  and Figures; which are our Author's other accidents of a Noun: finding them of a mere external consideration, I pass; as not competent to the  design of this discourse.    

Herm'aelogium; The third PART.  

CHAP. 1. Showing the variations and affections of the word of Motion. And first of its distinguishment by number and person: Also of the Verb impersonal.  
IT descends first from its 
* Anherbhynedig bhôd. Themate primario. So Dr. Das vis, p. 83.  Infinitive Essence in order to an affectionate concordancy with the Being whence it proceeds, in number and person: I, THOU or HE; WE, YE or THEY; under whom be comprehended, and by which are personated the Basis of all motion whatsoever. All Verbs whereby on speaks to a Being, of whatever Gender, being naturally personable after the second. And all by which mention is made of a thing or things (except of ones self or of things joined to himself) being after the third. Wherefore the Latines not only decline the note of the third person as a Pronoune Adjective; but also manifest the esteem and singularity of the Being it under that 
* And sometimes also the others, as, Ego ●ste, ●u ipse, etc.  person represents, by their triplicit distinction of Ille, Ipse, and Iste: much as the English Thon and You, so much caviled at by our zealous Tremblers.  
Since then every motion necessarily proceedeth from a Being as comprehensible by these pronominal persons, some or one of them. It follows that there can be no such thing as a Verb impersonal strictly taken; more than that there may be Gold without weight and fixation. Wherefore our Author in his Institutions declareth his acceptation of that name in a larger sense: by telling us not of a Verb that distinguisheth none; but that doth not vary in point of personality. Being declined throughout all Moods and Tenses in the voice of the third person singular only.  
What might induce the Ancients to the invention of such a Verb, I only guess as by comparing exterior organic motions with the mental. The perfection of the first being in its end; and therefore thitherward followed by the eye of the Spectator, with avidity more or less, as the motion tendeth towards acquisition: that, in respect of its grandizing faculty, being appetible equally with Good: as the contrary is avoidable like hurt or Evil.  
Hence comes it not only that young fencers commonly shut their eyes at the strokes of their 〈◊〉, and that we enjoy those pleasures which end in loss with more freedom of delight in the dark; but also do account it a fortitude not to contract and guard our eyes if a Hawk should but offer to souse at our face; although we behold her flight at a fowl with comparative delight. The like might be instanced by a Shaft or Bowl, etc.  
The same 'tis with the Eye of the understanding. And therefore when the material cause of the motion is most worthy our observation, the Ancients might rationally marshal it in the arrear of the formal; as saying, Oportet mendacem esse memorem: where the two last words are the Basis or material cause of oportet; which, were they placed in the from of the sentence, would render the Verb Personal, [for we also read oporteo] and so the attention would be attracted towards mendacem as the formal cause of a transitive motion: which were divers from the intent of the sentence; The memnonic Art being of such necessary use to a Liar, that without it he could never hope to thrive by his faculty.  
Thus as the Passive voice rendereth the procedure of its motion comparatively excelling the Active by mere addition of the letter [R] and transposition of its extremes, as hath been 
* Part. 1. c. 2.  foreshowed, doth the fixation of a Verb in this third person with a retirement of its material cause to the arrear of the formal, declare a vehemency no less then superlatively notable.  
Which leadeth me to the observation of two like Ceremonies usual in humanity; whereof the one is our incitation of importunity, or more earnest solicitation, by a Maiden refusal of what in covert we ambiently affect; like the Bishops 
* Mes erat apud Anglos ut Archiepiscopo promoventi, Episcopa●●rus ter (vel ob modestiam) responderet Nolo.  Nolo; or that coy dame of whom Virgil sings: Et fugit ad salices, & se cupit ante videri. 
Ecl. 3.  The other is, our manifestation of respect towards our Confabulant by so personating him according to his attributes. Dominatio vestra being the article of salute beyond the Seas even between single Gentlemen; which in England is in fashion only among the greater Nobility. Except while a Peasant, to show his respective distance, affordeth the attribute of WORSHIP to the lesser. And to the same end also is the first Person so convertible; as when for [I am] we say [Your Servant is]. The dignity of this number being celebrated even by our natural unpolished gestures. In that the first and second persons of the Verb be aswell digitally as vocally notified; but this third person never digitally, saving in order to contempt. so that it was not without reason that the old English usurped it for the heightening of persuasion. As Sir Geoffery Chaucer when representing the Cheating Alchemist 
— Thus said he in his game, 
The Canons' yeoman's tale.   
Stoopeth a down in faith you be to blame.  
Delpeth me now, as I did you wylere,  
Put in your hon looketh what is there.   
There is another sort of Verb which Mr. Hoole in his 
* Page 147.  Grammar calleth Verbs of an exempt power, as Fulgurat, Tonitruit, etc. These (saith he) (though he is pleased to declare the nature of neither) come near the nature of impersonals.  
The nearness I find to consist merely in their fixation in this Superlative singularity of the person; and that only by virtue of a reciprocality è contrario. These last, until their causes were known, being apprehended with a kind of timorous admiration; and therefore imitating the foresaid shutting of the eyes.  
I heard thy voice in the Garden (said Adam in the Text) and I was afraid and did myself. 
Gen. 3.   
From all which I conclude that however I read the third person singular of a Verb Active usurped; I am thereby to understand a vehemency; yet not equal with our Author's impersonals, unless also the Basis be post-posited as aforesaid.  
The Verb Impersonal of the Passive Voice I observe to vary from the sense of its personality only while it fixeth our observance to itself; just as the forequoted noble Chaucer doth by a personal Active, where 
* In Assembly of fowls.  he thus singeth: 
As from awd ground MENSAITH cometh Corn from year to year.  
So from a●●d Books, by my faith, come all new Science that men lere.   
The Spoke though singular being so rendered more considerable than the plurality of the speakers.   

CHAP. II. Of the Conjugations of the Latin Verb.  
THe main end of this and the following variations, as Roman, being 
* In Preface fol. 2.  already manifested. It remains that their respective both natural and vocal inclinations be now examined.  
The first whereof useless in vulgar tongues, which for the most part express the Mood and Tense by preposited notes, The Latins, doing it by their various shaping of the Terminations, were therefore forced, as for the declining of their Noun, so of their Verb, to invent Rules varying by alike reason, according to the sound and nature of the word; which rules they were pleased to make known by name of CONJUGATIONS.  
Whether by a Metaphor à Con ugio in regard that without these the conjugated Pronoun cannot be made a femme covert (as our law renders it) Iscruple not.  
Only observe that as all Active Latin Verbs do terminate either in [o] [co] or [io] the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of the language noteth no more Conjugations i & thence conclude our Authors third Conjugation to be [even as the 
* Part. 2. c. 4. (B).  forementioned two last Declensions of the Noun] added, merely for a distinguisher of such Verbs as, by the same or like sored, convey a different signification; whereof the significator of the most worthy action terminating in [o] shall be of the first, and the less worthy shall be of the third Conjugation. As for instance, That word 
* Lego.  by which our Author exemplifieth this Conjugation we also read declinable after the first. But since To set a house in order, or to perform an Embassy be actions so far transcending Reading, Stealing or gathering of herbs; although the language presents all alike; yet it's no small demonstration of its curiosity that the word is diversely conjugated.  
And as Verbs declinable after this Conjugation do, on this and such like an account, descend to the third; so do others of the fourth ascend to it. 
How genuinely then some Authors do confound the Infinitive of both I submit.  As for example: They properly decline Cupio after the fourth; in regard it denotes want: but Capio because it expresseth the recovery or enjoyment of a thing fore-wanted [although it also ends in [io] they strictly decline after the third; which moreover I observe so placed, because 
— Facile est descensus Averni;  
Sed revocare gradum; bic labour—   
Notwithstanding I find that some Verbs derivative from Nouns tetminating in [io] stick not in their ascent even to the first Conjugation: as, Somnio from Somnium, etc. And on that score have we also some Ver●s terminating in [eo] so conjugated, as Calceo from Calceus, etc.  
Contrarily Eo, queo, veneo do descend to the fourth. So by their Conjugation as well as Form proclaiming their Heteroclity: though not defect: as aio, Cedo, Salve, etc.   

CHAP. III. Of the Moods and Tenses.  
THe Conjugations lead me thirdly to the Moods; which are modes, shapes or faces of the Verb carved according to the inclination of the mind for the stating of a motion under a certain time.  
Of whose nature or product finding so full an account rendered by the learned 
* Ibid c. 114  Scaliger, I shall not show myself so much a Plagiary as to insert it otherwise than as the sense of his more able pen, which summarily is:  
That all things which act must needs be qualified with an appetible energy or power to desire: that being the cause of motion as PRIVATION is of It; and whatever it be that desireth, doth it either inconsiderately by a certain natural propension, such as is the fires to burn, etc. or else advisedly.  
Which last sort o●●esire standeth equally inclined to two contraries; as a man's either to walk or not. In which also there must be a certain deliberation; that is, an affection of the mind freely reasoning this election; whether pro or con makes no difference. Since he that dissuadeth doth persuade not to do.  
Whence it was necessary that things thus done should be declared by a particular shape, face, or figure of words. Therefore things just now done they called Indicative or Definitive. Things to be done before this election, or on it depending they called con or Subjunctive. Things absolute or no way depending and yet in the power of another they distinguished; calling a vote towards a greater Optative; and towards a lesser Imperative.  
Lastly, whereas certain Verbs do barely express the will, power or Inclination of the agent: as, volo, cup●o, vadeo, etc. The object of those are expressible either simply, or else under time: thus, Volo cibum, cupio imperium, video cursum. Meat being simply objected to the will; Rule to the desire; and the course or race to the sight.  
But if I were to manifest these objects under time and action jointly: then were I forced to find out some word that might express the action Infinitively: that is, without Positively defining either; as to say: Volo comedere, cupio imperare, video te currere. Which infinitive way of expression cannot yet properly be called a Mood; since no inclination of the mind is by it manifested.  
Thus far Scaliger. So comprehending first the questioning Mood of the Ancients under the Positive, Definitive or Indicative. Secondly, the Hortative under the Imperative; and thirdly, excluding the Infit●tive as aforesaid.  
Dr. Taylor and Mr. Hoole (whose pardon I shall not despair of, if I transgress the mode by quoting them in their days, when they know that scribbling this at my paternal hermitage in Glamorganshire, besides their and the forecited, I had the sight of no tract on this Subject) Although out of compliance with our Author they retain the Infinitive, yet make but one Mood of the Optative, Potential and Subjunctive. And in my opinion as tolerably. For if Scaliger couldmaintain his exclusion for want of a power to particularise a temporal inclination of the mind: why might not they their reduction, 
See the definition.  all three being expressible under one figure or face?  
Besides that the two last are not essential to the Philosophy, but multilocution of a sentence, viz that thereby two sentences might be expressible at once. The sound of the Potential Latin Mood, when single, being always expressed by the addition of Possum, Volo or Debeo. And the Subjunctive elsewhere quoted by Scaliger, (and that as the sense of an Ancient) to be Nonita dictus quia subjungeretur, sed quia subjungeret. So implicitly confessing its defect, until another be joined to it.  
The same might be said of the Potential; which, so placed, as it intelligibly comprehends Possum, &c is thereby made capable of the name. So that as the Optative Mood is known by its Adverb; and the Subjunctive by its conjunction; the Potential is manifested by its Subjunctive office, without either Adverb or Conjunction thereto joined, under the face of an Optative.  
But whether the Subjunctive deserves the honour of the name, as Mr. Hoole. Or the Potential, as Dr. Taylor; Or the Optative added to the Subjunctive, as Scaliger. Or since we can well explode neither with preservation of the language from its ancient barbarity, whether it be not safest to retain them all as we find them ranked by our Author, I shall not undertake to determine.  
Only observe that the first intention of Language in and by the whole, but teacheth modably to question, define, require, persuade or wish according to the three formal differences of time whether present, past, or to come.  
The sub-division of the time passed into [Did] [Have] and [Haddit] appearing to have been invented on the same account with the three last noted Moods. The Ictus or nick of time being of such quickness as preventeth our notice. So that fitst; To say an action is imperfectly passed is the same as to say It is passed and not passed. Wherefore the exactest Latin Writers have used both promiscuously.  
So that as for Virgil's authority cited in maintenance of the contrary, where he sings 
Hìc Templum Junoni ingens Sidonia Dido  
Condebat— 
Aeneid. 1.   On which our Author comments Erat enim adhuc in opere. I conceive our Author is there to be understood Cum grano Salis, even as is the Poet. To whose design then in hand, I think I need not be thought at all to derogate from his known merit, if I allude a note of Ben. Jonson's, viz. That 
— Poet never credit gained,  
By writing truth, but things like truth well feigned.   
Chronologers agreeing that Troy was taken in the third year of HABDON, Judge of Israel. 
See Hel●.  And a Monument, yet remaining near old Carthage, showing that the bvilders or fortifiers of the place were of the sons of Anack, who had thither fled from the face of that great Robber: So they called Joshua the son of Nun.  
Yet the cause of the first Punic war being by 
* See Sir Walter Raleighs Hist. of the world. l. c. c. 5.  Historiographers rendered as scarce honourable on the Roman side; It might be allowable in Virgil so to represent both that Queen, Place and Entertainment. To the end that, Aeneas his desertion being once believed to have been by an especial 
* Aeocid 〈◊〉  command from Jupiter, he might thereon state a Theme for such a Tract on that war as should much vindicate the reputation of his Countrymen. For, As the Greeks, waging against them as Trojans for their usurpation of a Lady, prevailed. The Carthaginians, grounding their quarrel against them as Romans on a cause contrary, might by the same Justice be rendered Authors of their own ruin. And thence might he conclude with very seasonable dehortatives from effeminacy; and incitements to a perseverance in that prowess which already had deified their Caesars.  
But be it as the Poet there fancieth. It appeareth that it was the verse and not the imperfection of the building that invited him to that expression. The words following being — Donis opulentum & numine Divae. Otherwise I submit it whether he might not have expressed himself by Condidit as properly as Cicero could write ad Atticum, 
4.— ad Attic.  that Postridiè manè ad eum vadebat.  
Secondly, To say it is more than perfectly passed is as to add to perfection. Besides that HAD (except in certain English expressions of the having motion, as I had, would have had, etc.) is of no use in a single sentence; And therefore cannot be more then as a Verbial Conjunction of passed actions.  
Nevertheless in order to the foresaid design in Elocution, we shall find both these Carabines of the Pretertense to be of excellent and precise use. As If I were to say, When I had spoken I sat down. It were as if I had said Did fit. But in case the expression of the Action were to antecede the Subjunctive declaration, then HAVE would be as proper. As to say: He spoke as he had been an Oracle, i. e. Did speak or hath spoken. And if I were to begin with the supposition; Then were I to express the following action Perfectively; as to say: Had he been au Oracle he could not have more truly spoken. Which sense in the Latin must sound Preter-perfectively. As; Si adesset Apollo, rectius loqui non potuisset.  
Where its observable that in that language the anteceding supposition is expressible by the Preterimperfect as well as the Pluperfect tense, but never by the Perfect: adfuerit, in that place, sounding more like the Future tense.  
So that the conveniency of these and such like connections advise us here to understand Plus not as it comes from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Plenius; but from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 multus  
And so may we admit of this Preterpluperfect tense; as being a Tense besides, or rather by the side of the Perfect, expressing something more: that is; somewhat else suffered or done before.   

CHAP. IU. Of the Participial Variation of the Verb.  
THe Participle I take for a sort of Motus per accidens or a moving Quality. The Verb so coming adjectible to a Being for manifestation of its qualities in order to Action or Passion, and that in point of time either present or to come.  
I say ADJECTIBLE: in regard it must then adhere to the Substantive in all respects like the Adjective after whose Termination it is declined.  
I say IN ORDER TO ACTION OR PASSION: To distinguish it from a Noun Adjective; whose part is to express the quality of the Being in order to perfection; under which I comprehend Good and Evil, as all other qualities under them.  
I say IN POINT OF TIME: To distinguish it, not only from the Verbial Adjective, as; Tempus edax rerum; which, if I convert to a Participial expression, must be Eden's res; But also from Participial voices and Nouns. That is: Not the Gerunds, so called by our Author. But Participles that be so only Vocally. As when I say: A Loving man: The word Loving is a plain Vocal 
* The same is Caredig & Caradỽu in the British.  Participle; there being no such Adjective in the Language.  
Or when in Latin I say Legendis veteribus; legendis being Vocally a passive Participle of the Future tense.  
Yet in regard, thus posited, those notify no time, they are in sense no more than Adjectives.  
Wherefore our Author teacheth, That a Participle taketh part of a Verb, as Tense and Signification. As if he had said: The Vocality cannot make a complete Participle, unless also it hath relation to a Tense.  
Which, lastly, I have here confined to either PRESENT or FUTURE; to manifest that all Qualities must be understood of Being's either Actual or Potential; Since a third distinction of Being is not to be found in Nature. And contingencies, whether complexed or incomplexed, being but Velure praesentia vel futura. So Jacob. Martin. in part. Met. Sect. 10.  
Thereby clearly excluding our Author's Praetertense Passive. And, in my conceit, justly. For, in confirmation of Martin's said Philosophy, I observe that this Preter-participle doth not answer our Author's definition.  
First in respect that, in single sentences, it doth not take, but is part of a Verb. Although the Verb or Verbial part of the word be not always expressed. As in that example by our Author produced out of Virgil. Nunc oblita mihi tot ●armina— As if he had said, Oblita sunt, fuerunt vel fuere.  
Secondly: That in multilocutorie or compound expressions the time is not noted by it, but by the following Verb. As when I say Lustratus urbem rus ibam; or ibo. The latter (being the same in sense, as if I said Postquam urbem lustratus fuero, rus though) doth manifest that the time in the former is not specified by Lustratus; but by the Verb tham.  
Wherefore I submit to my more judicious Reader whether I may not here close with the Rythme. (I think it be Sir William Davenants.) 
Think no more on what is past,  
Since time in motion makes such haste.  
It hath no leisure to descry  
The Errors which it passeth by.   
Thus also becometh the Participle of so covert a cognizance, but most to the Latin liberty of position; whereas the Northern languages, having the least radical dependence on the Roman, do mainly so manifest it 
* Viz. By ranging their words according to their peculiar signification.  yet after the respectively different Idioms following.  
The English always placeth the Adjective in the van of the Substantive; and the Participle in the arrear either of the Substantive or Verb: as when they say: A good man loving virtue liveth uprightly. The word Loving is sufficiently known to be a Participle merely because placed after the Substantive man, and not before it as the Adjective Good. And rationally: A main use of the Partiple being by the Omission of a Conjunction to bring two motions that accidentally proceed from one Being expressible also by one sentence.  
As for further instance: To read and to write are different actions. Yet its possible they may at once proceed from the same Agent: At which time, instead of I writ and I read, I may, so, more concinly say that I writ reading.  
So a good man may be a bad Citizen. But when both capacities well qualified do meet in one person: whereas verbially I must have said, That good man loveth virtue and liveth uprightly; I may participially express all by one sentence, saying: That good man loving virtue liveth, etc.  
The same position have all the languages coming from the Schlavonic and High-dutch which I have heard sundry Gentlemen of those Countries maintain to be originally but one. Those that were otherwise minded ever disputing the antiquity of t'other language.  
Contrarily the British (being a language of more reality than compliment) as it always placeth the Substantive in the front (it being nonsense to them to prefer accidents to their substances) so, when the casual word is regular without a preposited note, doth their participial sense follow the Adjective like a middle gerund of the Latin: Gỽr da yn caru rhinỽedh, etc.  
I. e. Vir bonus in amando virtutem. (En aimant saith the Frenchman.)  
An Idiom fully ratified in the sense of the forequoted flower of Leyden where he saith; 
jul. Seal. ib. l. 1. c. 143.  Medium gerundiorum servat vires participii: Sed tanto aptiore modo quanto superabantur à participiis verba.  
But we must, with 
* In prafat. ad Ethic.  Dr. Case, confess that Ruina Bangoriensi gloria Walliae nebulata fuit. 
Ah! Sceler oedh y 
* Saxon, Schelum.  Scholan,  
O'er Tỽr daflu'r Llyfrau'r tán.   
The like position have the languages deriving from the British: as Jaith Gerniỽ and Jaith Ludaỽ; i. e. The Cornish and the Armoric, commonly called Little Britain; which, as Mr. Cambden affirms, was the ancient name of Ireland. Where (saith 
* In descrip. Hyberniae.  he) the Brittsh language was spoken until they were overrun by the Spaniard.  
A verity, which, at my being in that Isle, I could discern more by the names of some places there, than any thing in the language; excepting only this position. The said sentence being by them thus rendered.  
For mach yn gra du S●elki i gamacht gy direcht. i e. Vir bonus ex amore virtutis expres è, seu sine dolo, se gerit. The Substantive GRACCHO, so placed, being their Succedaneum both of Participle and Gerund.   

CHAP. V Of the variation of the Verb into Gerund and Supine.  
THe Gerund I find with our Author going under a twofold cognizance: viz. In his Introduction by name of a voice belonging to the Infinitive Mood; and in his Institutions by name of participial voices.  
My apprehension is that by his first appellation he chief meaneth the third Gerund; as by his second he notes the other two; but more precisely the middle its sense being clearly participial, excelling only in that it relates to the action rather than the person acting; whereas the first, substantially, expresseth the essence of a motion in a middle way between a participle and a Substantive; being fortified in its governance according. to the rules of the Genitive of a Substantive, after Adjectives or Substantives; as a verbial action proceeding from a Being either qua Being, or qua so qualified: as; Amor habendi, certuo eundi, i. e. Aeneas certus eundi.  
As for our Author's design in converting this Gerund to an adjectible signification by his Virgilian Authority of — Generandi gloria mellis: I must submit whether that seeming Gerund be other than as one of the participial voices forementioned. For were it a Gerund, then should it be governed as the action of Gloria; and must also govern mellis accusatively. Our Author's own rules teaching that Participles, Gerunds and Supines do govern by such cases as do the Verbs that they come of. A domination beyond the verge of those participial voices, in regard they denote no time, as aforesaid.  
Which I instance, to ease may readers memory from the trouble of cunning those many substantives our Author in his Introduction observes to require this Gerund instead of the infinitive mood. That rule amounting to no more than as if he had said: When ever the essence of an action proceedeth as out of the possession of a Being, it is more emphatically expressed by this Gerund than either by its Verb, or Substantive. Amor habendi Cecropias' apes sounding with more vehemency, than either apes possidere, or possessionis apum. So also do we say Otium scribcndi literas, rather than Scribere, literarum scripturae, or Scriptionis; although the English seldom express this otherwise than by the sound of the Infinitive Mood.  
Yet since sometimes, as well as to write, they manifest their leisure of writing. Dr. Tailor, 
* Pag. 9●.  to an English translator, gives an excellent note to this particular, viz. that The English of the Infinitive Mood, or the Participle of the present Tense without a Substantive coming after an Adjective, or Substantive which govern a Genitive with the sign [of] is put in the Gerund in [di].  
And (saith he again) The English of the Participle of the present Tence coming without a Substantive, and following an Adjective, Verb, or Participle with the sign [of] or any sign of the Ablative Case, is made in the Gerund in [do] with or without a Preposition.  
To which [for I pretend not to much reading; and therefore in rules taken from observation, do wholly submit to more literate heads] I only add: That preposited signs being badges of the vulgarity of a language (and therefore industriously avoided by the Latin, 
Part 2. c. 2.  as hath been fore-shewed) may be suspected to have crept in hither with the familiarity of common converse. The original Latin design, by these and the following variation of the Verb so merely tending to the heightening of their Idiom, not probably admitting of such alleys.  
And this our Author tacitly observes, while for their governance he picketh out Authorities free from those clogs: as, 
Efferor studio videndi parents.  
Defessus sum ambulando;  
Utendum est aetate.  
— Scitatum oracula Phaebi  
Mittimus—  Where the Poet, to avoid the said vulgarity, chooseth the voice of a Supine for his expression of a Gerundian sense.  
This third Gerund only transcending the Infinitive Mood by stating the cause along with the action: which our Author confirms teaching: that, The English of the Infinitive Mood coming after a reason, and showing the cause of a reason is put in the Gerund in Dum  
Yet Scaliger takes liberty to extend that faculty to the whole three: Saying, 
Ibid.  Quoniam causam gerundia statuunt, idcirco plus indicant quam verba aut participia; His end thereby probably being their Pass under the same rationality of appellation. Gerundia quia rerum gerendarum causam unà indicant. In order whereunto (this completing the number) what in special belonged to it, I conceive, he might lawfully attribute to the whole three, by a Synecdoche à retrò.  
Whatever may excuse me for this reduction of our Author's parts of speech: Besides my ignorance why a Gerund should not be accounted a part of speech as well as a Participle: It being confessed to indicate more; and as well known to decline into, and 
* Declinatio est Tractio dictionis per casuum sedes. So Dr. Davis. p. 60.  caroche among, its prescribed Conditions or Cases.  
Unless that finding both Participle, Gerund and Supine to be but so many variations of the word of motion, I may be adjudged pardonable while I so comprehend them.  
Conclusively noting, that as this Gerund doth outdo the Infinitive Mood, by stating the cause along with the action:  
So doth the Supine transcend it; First in point of Confidence; and secondly, of security.  
Confidence: In that it expresseth future actions as if they were already come to pass. As when I say Venio ad pagnandum: I thereby manifest a future Tence. But when I express myself by Pugnatum, the futurity appeareth so certain as p●●sent. Dictum puta saith Socia in Terence. And rationally, in regard all natural motions, the nearer they approach their end or centre, move more swiftly; and consequently more vigorously. The apprehension of which strength must necessarily introduce confidence: and that, security; as the end or perfection of the motion.  
So that as the first Supine intimates the said motion in viâ: the other doth it in fine. Venio Pugnatu, expressing the business so done, that for the future I may rest securely.  
Wherefore Scaliger observes how that the Poet describes Melibaeus as a person struggling with Fortune, 
Ibid. Virgil. Eclog, 1.  and managing his affairs with more courage than good luck: And Tylyrus lying under the shade supinely.  
Yet he remains dissatisfied with the Quare of the word; slighting Theodors 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 as too mean, U● Latinis auribus satisfiat: those are his words.  
My sense is, that a higher reason for it is not to be found below the Moon: 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 signifying carelessly or securely, as well as with the face upwards. And that posture naturally following security as the effect doth the cause. Wherefore the muscle moving the eye upwards Anatomists do read Superbus, and that in the sense of Noble or Excellent: and but deservedly; as is easily demonstrable by a Landscape. I mean, when we view any place with our head between our legs, or otherwise inverted. For so shall we find the appearance of the same object excelling even to admiration.  
Hence comes it that when men have once fortified themselves with a settled fortune of wealth: they naturally look upwards.  
A Gentleman of the first head [except while the Spaniard swell's in being the son of his own right hand] seldom known to refuse the Herald, more than the Nobles of Rome could Virgil after he had so solemnly sung their extraction from 
* Aen●id. 6.  Elyztum: And Caesar's from the Gods, — Deus nobis haec otia secit. 
Eclog. 1.  Most acceptably compounding the delinquency of that Antonian.  
And thus as security banisheth care, doth it admit fancies restinguible in no lower a sphere.  
A Naturalism well known to the Egyptian; his reprehension of the Hebrews importing, They were Idle, Proud, Secure and Careless; 
Exod. 5.8.  therefore they said, Let us go Sacrifice.  
So much for the name and nature of the Supine, which I confess doth not satisfy our Author's last, which follow Adjectives: and he would have understood passively Neither know I well how the end of a motion may be so rendered. It being analogical to a Physical Ret. And say the Metaphysics, Finis & effici●ns entitatiuè ejusdem sunt perfectionis. The only difference being that Essentia est quod dat esse rei, & est primum principinm motus. So Jac. Mart. in part Met. Sect. 13.  
Shall we then, with the forequoted Philosopher, 
●cal. ibid. l. 7. c 144.  exclude those as being nominals, rather than verbial Supines? [Vocatu Drusi, saith he in the same place, i. e. Vocatione: facile expugnatu, i. e. expugnatione.] Or may we not rather take them at the rebound? i. e. with such motions as in their end meet with resistance and so become passive? For then the difference will not be great whether we deduce them from the Noun, or the Infinitive Mood of the Verb. The Supine being to the Verb much as is the Adverb to the Noun. Since as from Homo we have Humanus, Humaniter, and thence Humanitas. So from voco, or rather vocare, we have vocand, vocando, vocandum, vocatum, vocatu. Where the motion end's, unless we begin again with vocatio.  
So vocatu, in its passive reception, standing between vocatio and vocari; [that voice admitting of no Gerund by reason of the impossibility that I should have more than a guess at the cause of motions than proceed from another towards me.] Why may not the motion as well be fancied to rebound so far: especially our Author noting it, facile factu or facile fieri? Which being but a nicety like the mincing of Cummin attributed of old to Antonius Pius; and of small use, even by the Latins themselves, 
Dion, in Ant. pium.  other than to have gradual ways to express the same sense by, I so pass.    

Herm'aelogium; The fourth PART.  

CHAP. I. Being a transient disquisition of the state of our Author's four undeclined parts of Speech; with their Concomitant Mutes; and lastly of the Bronoune.  
OUr Author's other four parts of Speech being of the same consideration, as is before expressed of his Shapes and Figures: 
Part 2. c. 5.  I conceive it scarce modest for a person of my small reading, to the sedulous collections and observations of the forecited Gentlemen hereon, toattempt a Supplement. Yet lest it be objected that I might by the same reason have passed the Adjective; It, although declineable, of itself signifying as little: and therefore as unworthy to bear a part, much less a Principle, in speech.  
I must add, That notwithstanding it may justly be said of i● as Virgil sung of his usurped verses: Sic vos non vobis— Yet that it is of an  consideration, as being analogical to Privation: which is such a Principle in nature, without which as MATTER cannot receive form: So 
* Privatio & ma●eria●dem sunt Re & Ratione. See Com. Magyr. l. 1. c. 2.  Being cannot so subsist. Therefore that QUALITY, so considered, is no way inferior to BEING. But together with it as the same *.  
I say together: as finding the separation, I mean the decision of what it is in itself, and what to us, to have puzzled as able [though I must confess I affirm it much as a blind man judging of colours] a 
* Sir Walter Raleigh in his Sceptic.  Penman as that Age had in England.  
But these be only  appendants to the first mentioned parts or principles of Speech; as mere notes either of their connection, temperament, or circumstance. And this our Author seems to inform us of by his calling of them UNDECLINED. Declension and Rise in condition belonging properly to the Lord, 
See his Grammar, p. 261. etc.  and not the Lackey. Which servilety of theirs is further probable, in that the governing power Mr. Hoole attributes them is not of themselves; but of the Being, Motion, or Quality they so personate or usher. As is exemplary: First by the Adverb; which suppose invented in order to this threefold use, viz.  
1. The abbreviation of Sentences.  
2. The gradation of incompatible quantities and qualities. And  
3. A prescripion to the innumerable circumstances of Action, Time and Place  
1. In the first employment I observe its note to be sometimes rude, and sometimes conformed. Whereof the first do notify things present; 
(a)  (and that commonly with the assistance of some exterior sign or gesture) and do govern by virtue of the Noun or Verb they so obumbrate, as: En quatuor arras. That is, Vide nunc. Behowld; saith the Englishman.  
But in case there be two several Verbs couched under this note: and that the Verb in the following sentence expressed be of the same sort with the last understood; then doth the Adverb govern as by that expressed Verb is requireable. For example: En Priamus, sunt hìc etiam sua praemia laudi. As if he had said, Vide nunc, Priamus hìc est; sunt hìc etiam sua praemia laudi. Whereas if the Verb sunt had been absent, the expression must have been En Priamum, suaque praemia laudi.  
The word of motion vide, in the person of the Adverb, there governing: as in the t'other the governance proceeds from the Verb of Being.  
Which manifests the Adverb to be but a mere substitute: besides that sic, and such other Adverbs as have no representative power either of Noun or Verb, dare not aspire to that eminence.  
2. The conformed Adverbs of this use are numberless, in regard of the nearness of this notes relation to the word of Being. But the governance is ever on the same account; as, Pridie Calendarum: i. e. Priori die. Calendarum being there genitively governed as the latter of two Substantives.  
Or if I say Pridie calendas. It will be the same as Dics prae, or antc calendas. i e. the day just or directly before. And therefore is Calendas governed accusatively: the straightness of the motion in the space between its extremes being so noted by the proposition.  
2. The second sort of Adverbs are always expressed along with the Qualities they so explicate; as, Valde bonus, minis longus, egregie impudens, etc. and therefore do they not govern at all; the command of the Officer being so excluded by the presence of the Lord.  
3. The other speciously governing Adverbs are generally a sort of dethroned Adjectives; so officiating in order to their like manifestation of the accidents of the Verb, as while Adjectives they did of the Substantive. And therefore do we say Similis cantus; but similiter c. nit; and doth our Author note that canit similiter buic; quia (saith he) Dativum adm●tunt nominum unde deducta sunt. And so of the rest according to the respective casual governance of the Noun or Verb whence they proceed.  
Their pretended governance of Verbs our Author mentions with so many Interdums as evinceth its subjection to the reason of the delivery; neither can I understand his conjunction of similaty and dissimilary Cases, Moods and Tenses otherwise.  
The Proposition I confess our Author himself somewhat seemeth to promote to a governing state, while he teacheth that Praepositioni accidit casuum regimen; but he adds, S●ve constructio. As it he had said, Earum regimen, si vis, constructionem, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, i. e. orationis structuram appelles. That being the end of their position before other parts, as hath been fore-shewed: 
Part 2. c. 2.  And [that I may not seem either to expound our Author, or contradict such as positively affirm the said governance altogether on my score] I find tacitly ratified by my forequoted Countryman Joannes Davidas Rhaesus [known in England by name of Doctor Davies; and in Italy by a Tract he there writ in the Florentine Idiom de structu●á Latini Sermonis] who in his Institutiones Cym●aecae, or Latin Welsh-Grammer, where he mentions these governances, hath no such word as Regunt; but nectuntur, u●ctunt, serviunt; respectively discoursing of the Adverb, Conjunction and Preposition. The same I also find in Dr. Taylor's, viz. The first joined, the second joining, and the third serving.  
As for the Interjection: To ascribe it a regular governance, were to confound it with a Parenthesis. And therefore doth our Author note it ad Placitum.  
O fostus dies.  
O fortuna●os nimium.  
O formose puer, &c  
It rather governing its concomitant Mute; and so from an imperfect, scarce worded, voice becoming the most absolute ornament of Speech.  
As those who have received their education from the sedulous Lectures of Academic Professors can amply witness: And recommend as worthy of ingenious consideration, and public. Were not these gestures in most Countries singular; and therefore best attainable by observation of their attractive effect on the attention of respective Auditories.  
As I remember once merrily hinted at by a no less grave than ingenious Preachet in Leyden; who to satisfy the importunity of a young Divine of his acquaintance, having lent him an elaborate and, in that very place, often approved Sermon to be delivered by this Candidate In order to his admission into the Pastorship, but not taking, had no shift to disabuse my new Levite, other than by persuading him That the fault lay in his own forgetfulness, that he had not borrowed his Bow as well as his Fiddle. Both, indeed, proceeding from the same root: As may be instanced by a Bowler. Whom we shall ever see shouldering, puffing, stamping, or drawing back, as the condition of his cast seems devious.  
But if he finds it equally running its right measured ground: Then, he either directly followeth, or steadfastly looks on, as in his posture of confidence.  
That these Gestures (though accompanied with, or proceeding from, never so strong incinations of an unfascinating mind) can either take from, add to, or otherwise direct the motion once passed the Gamesters hand, I shall not suspect.  
Yet having often laughed at them in others, and endeavoured to forbear them myself, but with more irksomeness than success, I cannot but think them natural.  
Especially while I observe the same, comparably, to hold with the Orator. And that according to the perfection of his language. Which as it doth least multiply its attendants with these notes, or (that I may not causelessly vary from our Author's language) parts of Speech; so requireth is fewer outward signs for its ornament. For example: The Latin Adverbial note Olympia, signifying a rassed as well as future time. The note cum, used both foe an Adverb, Conjunction and Preposition: As it serves either to declare the signification of a Verb; to join sentences; or else as a preposited badge to the Ablative case of a word of Being. Whereas in vulgar languages its sense is expressed by notes severally differing according to the said respective employments.  
And hence probably comes it that the Spanish Reel or French Shrug be not yet fashonable among the Italians: whose discourses they render no less magnetic by the interjection of certain nods, stops, and change of countenance; which, the word Blush being too young, I want expression for; 
The Flavour is still the Flavour.  Other than (as we say of the Flavour of Wine) that they are becoming the gravity of an Italian.  
Whether there be any Books writ on this subject, I am not certain. But observe that, before the use of Bandstrings, this gravity hath been emulated by the English. The noble Chaucer, as he encomiat's the deportment of the Arabian Envoy in the Tartarian presence; thus singing; 
Accordant to his words was his cheer; 
The Squire Tale   
As teacheth art of speech hem that it lere.    

CHAP. 2. Of the pronoun with the Arts from it proceeding.  
I Conclude with the note of the Nod the pronoun: which our Author calls A part of Speech much like to, and indeed is the same with a Noun; although it differeth from his Noun Adjective in that it denotes a personal Being; and from his Substantive, first in respect that this personality is neither proper nor appellative: and secondly, in that it implies number: I, THOU and H E.  
Under which be comprehended the other twelve: and to whom is added the officious Relative, as the Gentleman Ipocrifat in Heraldry.  
Wherefore our Author adds that it is used in showing or rehearsing. viz. The pronoun in showing: as, I love: and the Relative in rehearsing: as, I who love. Ille ego qui quondam— Which also is the office of its Verb And that either in order to its own being; or Passions; as, I am, or I am called upon; or else in order to its personal posture: as, I sit, or sleep. All which must have the casual word nominatively placed, because the motion terminates in itself: And so remain's a monument of the primitive unity.  
I, THOU, and HE living as one, until they came to distinguish MINE, THINE and HIS.  
These introduced Trade; and that the multiplicity of clinshing words and, tropical sentences in order to persuasion. Insomuch that such is the present excellency of that Art: as it might be taken for no Paradox (saving the gravity of a 
* Qui ratio naliterutitur argumentis ad persuadendum Oratoris nomen meruit etiamsi non persuaserit. Quint.  Cue ntilianist) from the young Orator while he maintained the moneys he had promised his Tutor for teaching him the whole Art of Rhetoric were not due, until he could, by that Art, persuade him to part with the sum he neither yet had, nor intended for him when he had it And that, he must expect, would create a dispute. Mercury not recovering his altitude until he doth jater duos loquentes media currere ut Logicè reciprocetur oratio 
* N. Comes. . An Art whose Circumstantials the experience of my short step of travel could not observe so long dwelled upon beyond the Seas, as in the English Universities is usual. And therefore cannot sufficiently applaud the Epitome given it by my most worthily honoured friend Sir K●nelme Digbie 
* In Treat. of Bodies. part. 2. c. 3. .  
●n argument (saith he) The assumed Term, unto which the other two are interchangeably joined, is either said of them or they are said of it. And from hence do spring three different kinds of Syllogism. For either the assumed or middle term is said of both the other two: or both they are said of it: or it is said of one of them, and the other is said of it. And this is the mysteric of the three Figures our Clerks so much talk of. Which (having elsewhere occasionally cleared the Mathematical Spring of A●●) I here mention, to manifest how that those seven that the civilised part of the world do honour with the Epithet of Gent: or Liberal be no other than Grammar expanded. And so proceed to the use of this its present Reduction.    

The Use of the whole TREATISE.  
THe Text saith; There are three that bear witness in heaven? The Father, the Word, 
Joh. Ep. I. 5.7.  and the Holy Ghost; and these three are one. There are three that bear witness in earth; the Spirit, the Water, and the Blood; and these three agree in one.  
As I am no quarrel at Scripture; so am I not certain whether the Original sounds 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. However, both coming from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, 
Spiro.  had the more strict present occasion of the Evangelist permitted the Translators to have expressed the Blood by name of Wind, they had thereby saved me the use of faith; since I should then have understood the assertion Philosophically; as knowing the water, wind and Spirit to be one, viz. 
Submiss Religioni Philosoph●●, clavibus son● sus legitim● utamini. Verul. ad. Acad. Cantabrig.  The wind a rarified water, and the Spirit a rarified wind. And consequently, the wind to be a coagulated spirit, and the water a coagulated wind. So bearing their witness of the infiniteness of the opening and the shutting: Mens agitans molem, & coeco se corpore miscens. As the Maronian in the fourth of his Georgics hath it; 
See the last Emblem.  (probably) out of Thales Milesius, whose sense Cicero in his books De Natnrâ Deorum so much depends on; and we find abundantly confirmed in the twelfth chapter of that admirable Book of Job; and elsewhere throughout the Text.  
My intent hence is not, with 
* In Relig. med.  Dr. Brown, to maintain a multiplicity of worlds. But to induce first how Aristotle's principles of the world do bear the same witness. Form being no other than a vivified matter, as proportionated Being's be the autoptic gallantry of that Form form; and wherein the respective decay of heat is the recess of the life towards its abscondity. So secondly (the excellency of the microcosm consisting in its discursive faculty, 
Plato in Timan.  as the manifested expansion of the unity of man's soul to its trine) How it must also in its Philosophy bear a like testimony. The word of motion being a word of Being actuated; as amare is a word essentially declaring the action of Amor; and modable according to the temporal inclination of the lover towards whatever Being he therein can fancy perfection.  
Whence the Ancients feigned Cupid in as many shapes as they do Venus, 
See the Emblem.  or (as Pausanias latinized hath it) Tot amores quot Veneres. Yet they comprised all under Greatness and Goodness: which, as saith the same Author, are but one; Quia identidem appetitum alliciunt.  
And its observable that the perfection towards which a motion is thus directed or attracted is often invisible, even as is the fire in water; yet known to be there by reason of its flowing. For when the ambient cold forceth the fire to its centre; the water, as it ceaseth its flowing, is no more water, but ice; until the fire be invited to its pristine expansion by exterior warmth.  
Even so, in what ever, whether visible or invisible, quality of a Being my opinion fanfieth perfection; this perfection but so thence vanishing, the motion of my love immediately retires to its first essentiality.  
And thus as John loveth or not loveth Joan, be the cogitations of man expressible by the said 
* Intelligete, movere, & generare essentialiter idem sunt. See D. Davison in Currie. Chymic. part 2.  TRINE-U NE words occasionally varied and attended as in this Treatise I have assayed to manifest. So that I can at present think of no remaining intricacy saving when, in order to a more copious or concise delivery, I am induced to compound the termini of a sentence some or one of them; which conjoined branches, although they contain a Verb respectively in themselves, do yet amount to no more than either a Supposition, Declaration, Relation, or Reason.  
1. Whereof the first is known by its preposited note of doubt; as when, with our Author, I say: Si cupis placere magistro utere diligentiâ.  
2. The second by its subjoyning office, as to say; ut placeas.  
3. The third by the Relative; as Qui cupis placere.  
4. And the fourth by the absence of a Verb otherwise than infinitively posited. As if I were to say Cupiens placere magistro utere diligentiâ.  
In all which the understood Noun Personal or Pronoun [Tutor] must be the Being whence the Verb utere moveth towards diligentia as the word terminating the sentence. And the governance is lateral in regard the Verb moveth not as attracted by it, but as a mode of pleasing the Master. See Part. 2. c. 2.  
Yet that what hath been said may be made more supplemental to our Author, I shall further partize his Example, after the usual Pedagogic manner, supposing myself a Pupil questioned by my Tutor what part of Speech is supplied by the word Cupis?  
Answ. The Verbial part.  
Quest. How know you it to be a Verb?  
A. In that it is a word of motion; that is, moving between the desiring and the desired Being.  
Q. What kind of Verb is it?  
A. In that it moveth from the said understood Pronoun (which is its material cause) simply towards its formal: It is a Verb Active. But, that I offend not my more curious Grammarian, I must also call it a Verb Neuter; in regard forsooth we do not read Cupior. Although the English love as well to be desired.  
Q. After what Conjugation do you decline it?  
A. The fourth. And the reason therefore see in Part. 3. c. 2.  
Q. What part of speech is Magistro?  
A. A Noun Substantive.  
Q. How know you it to be a Noun Substantive?  
A. In that it manifests a Being; see Part. 1. c. 1.  
Q. How do you articulate it.  
A. In the Masculine Gender.  
Q. Why so?  
A. In regard it denotes Rule, which necessarily implieth Action See Part. 2. c. 1.  
Q. Aster which of our Author's rules is it declined?  
A. The second.  
Q. Why so?  
A. Because that whether I take the word from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉; which jumps with the French Idiom thrice more; or from magis and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 i. e. greater in station; It followeth that it be declined after the most honourable way incident to its termination  
Q. Would you hence infer that such words terminating in [oer] as carry the more honourable● signification should be declined after this second Rule, and the less worthy after the third?  
A. I thought you had been thereof already so satisfied in Part. 2. c. 4. that to urge me here to reaffirm it were impertinent.  
Q. But how comes it then to pass that Puer is declined after this, and Pater after that; since it's passed question but the last is more honourable?  
A. I confess it quoad hominem; but not quoad naturam: For, Propagation being the eternizor of nature, Naturalists do deservedly state it as the chief of man's life. Therefore doth love follow the offspring; and are the steps from the womb to the wedding more honourable than those between it and the reduction of the Creature; and that by so much as life is more desirable than death. Whence I conclude that such Masculines terminating in [oer] as on the wheel of life be placed between the state and the end are naturally declinable rather after the third rule. I will not say always declined; for that (as one notes) Sermo Inter agrestiaing ma primum ortus doctiorum legibus aliquand● refragatur.  
Q. What case conceive you Magistro there to stand in?  
A. The Dative.  
Q. Why so?  
A. Because it stands governed by the acquisitively posited Verb Placere. See part. 2. c. 2.  
Q. How cometh Magistro to be governed by the Infinitive Mood placere, it to me seeming but us only joined with it, by way of apposition, to make up the word of sense; This answering the (whom) as the other doth the (what)?  
A. Our Author doth not tell us that the casual word must answer the questions whom and what; but whom or what; and that the word that cometh next the Verb as answering to either of those, is (saving his exceptions) the casual; which therefore is here due to Placere, as so answering the question. Desire what? To please. To please whom? The Master. So that Magistro comes hither not by apposition; but as a word governed of placere. The Infinitive Mood, when so serving, no way quitting its governing prerogative more than doth a Participle or Gerund. I say so serving; for that as To please by answering the question (whom) becomes as a casual word; and a word of sense as it denotes a perfection wanted by the placitor 
* Part. 2. c. 4. : THOU COVETEST TO PLEASE so making up a complete sentence. Even so, when I thus particularlize this pleasing, doth the sense amount to a Reason; as hath been fore-proved by our Authors Ovidian Authority cited, Part. 1. c. 1. where the first and third words add nothing to the Reason; only encomiate the quality of Arts, and express a necessity of fixation in the learner. So that it were the same if I said Placere magistro requirit diligentiam.  
Q. Suppose you were to express placere by an essential word of Sense; as to say: If thou covet the pleasure or delight of the Master. How would you latinize it?  
A. Si cupis delectamentum Magistri.  
Q. In what case would you conceive the word Delectamentum, so placed, to stand in?  
A. The Accusative.  
Q. And why?  
A. As governed by the Verb Transitive Cupis.  
Q. How know you Cupis to be a Verb Transitive?  
A. Because it answereth all the expectations of that Verb manifested, Part. 2. c. 2. It being none of those motions of design; but a down right natural one, as Amorett; whether we take the word from Cap●o, or à cupidine amoris; as Mr. Holyoake.  
Q. Admit you were to define this supposition by one word; as of the Reason hath been forenoted in Part. 1. c. 1. How would you express yourself?  
A. Obsequens utitur or (to continue the first hortative mode of speech) Tu obsequens utere diligentiâ.  
Q. By name of what part of speech would you call Obsequens so placed?  
A. Properly by neither of our Authors eight. It there being only a participial voice, or (as Mr. Hoole would have it) Noun, 〈◊〉. A Participle signifying no time; and therefore governing not otherwise than as a Noun Adjective. As in Part 3. c. 4. hath been foreshowed.  
Q. Pro●eeding with our Author's example where he adds Nec sis tantus cessator ut calcaribus indigeas: I would in the first place know w●at part of speech is Nec?  
A. A Conjunction coupling the foregoing and following clauses.  
Q. What part of speech is Cessator.  
A. A Noun Substantive or word of Being.  
Q. How is it declined?  
A. Masculinely aster our Authors third rule.  
Q. Why Masculinely?  
A. In regard the very being Slug denotes action: as we use to say; It's better be idle then do nothing. See Part. 2. c 1.  
Q. Why is it declined after the third rule?  
A. By reason of its termination; as hath been showed, Part. 2. c. 3.  
Q. what condition or case doth it here stand in?  
A. The Nominative.  
Q. Doth it so govern the Verb Sis, or is it governed by it?  
A. It is governed by it; and yet cannot properly be called a word of Sense in regard of its foregoing Conjunction.  
Q. From what being then doth Sis move towards Cessator?  
A. From the Pronoun Tu; which is understood as couched under the personality of the Verb. See Part. 2. c. 3. and Part. 3. c. 1.  
Q. If Cessator stands here as a word governed, why doth it not decline its Nominative condition or case?  
A. By reason that the motion governing is a Verb of Being, See Part. 4. c. 2.  
Q. What part of speech is Tantus?  
A. A Noun Adjective, or word of Quality.  
Q. How cometh it to be understood as a Quality, since it denotes Magnitude, and not Bonitude?  
A. The identity of quantity and quality hath been already showed, Part. 1. c. 3 But for your further satisfaction know that (the slothful being concluded vicious) its quantitative signification implieth so much of evil; as to say Tantum or tam magnum vitium.  
Q. Whnt Case, Gender and Number doth it stand in?  
A The Nominative Case, Masculine Gender, and singular Number.  
Q. How so?  
A. In that it is here adjected to Cessator; which is a word of Being at present, so affected, See Part. 1. c. 3.  
Q. What part of speech it ut?  
A. A Conjunction causal joining Calcaribus indigeas to the subjunctive declaration foregoing.  
Q. Why call you it not a Sentence?  
A. Because the presence of the Conjunction renders it subordinate to another less clogged Clause or Sentence; as to say ut calcaribus indigeas utere diligentiâ. Whence if I take off ut, and so deliver myself definitively, the first will be a complete sentence as well as the last. As to say: Ego sum cessator, or Ego calcaribus indigeo; tu uteris or utere diligentiâ.  
Q. Might not these be joined by Quòd aswell as Ut; It also being a Conjunction causal, and giving the same English sound?  
A. The design of avoiding a multiplicity of these Attendants hath been throughout this Tract so canvassed, that to find them retained by any recommendation below a precise necessity, or being retained to be mistaken Dick for Robin, were to espy a contradiction inconsistent with the Roman ingenuity. Which induceth me to observe that Sentences thus joined necessarily implying one of the formal differences of time mentioned. Part. 3. c. 3. do require their Conjunction by notes most suitable to that time. And therefore to join a futurity by a note sounding so near the Relative as Quod, were such a piece of vulgarity as would render the expression to be scarce Latin sense. A Relation being ever understood of things or actions passed, the present being no sooner mentioned than passed. And that therefore the Latins by Quòd do join such sentences only as imply a past or present tense, as they do those that speak a futurity by ut; it sounding so near the wishing Adverb Utinam As in this particular Ut calcaribus indigeas; where the Verb potentially moded manifesteth a future need by voice of the present Tense. See Part. 3. c. 3.  
All which our Author teacheth showing that the reduction of the Infinitive Mood by Quòd and Ut, must be precisely in hunc modum; viz. Quòd tu red●●sti incolumis gaudeo. ut tu fabulam agas volo.  
Where I break up School; wishing some throughly enabled linguist would so fabulam agere, that mankind might as no longer speak as Parats; So not want the fruition of those other advantages in the altitude of such a Venus 
* Verulam, ibid. p. 261.  of Apelles supposed legible by the noble Origin of this Essay; which therefore I Corollarily prostrate enveloped by the following Emblem.  
The Representors are 

1 Caelus or Perfection.  
2 Saturn or Being's.  
3 Cupid in Mercury's disguise.  
4 Venus Popularis.  
5 Venus hortensis.  
6 Venator.  
7 Venus Terrestris.  
8 Venus Caelestis.     

The Huntsman Speaks!  

AS I was winding of my morning Call,  
(Whether I strained beyond my usual  
Force I not well remember) Such a fright  
Invaded me when I me saw (poor wight)  
Associated and compassed as you see,  
That stun'd I stood; till viewing Mercury  
Thus placed in the round I to him said:  
Son of great Jove! my Guide to whom are paid  
My constant vows: and to whose flying fame  
Be Sacrificed the (a) Tongues of all the Game  
That ever yet in forest wild I slew:  
Vouchsafe the meaning of this interview  
To thy astonished Suppliant.  
— Which Prayer  
The son of Main (B) hover in the Air,  
Thus answered.—  
— Courage Woodman! for this shall  
Create thee no more trouble than thy call.  
The Scheme (C) erected being by the Art  
Of thy King Saturn's (D) Son; who make'st his part,  
Thus to detect what the ensuing fate  
Shall be ' o'th' Roman Tongue as well as (E) State.   
(a) The Tongues of all Sacrifices the Ancients offered to Mercury; as God not only of Speech, but also of Reason and Prudence. And therefore doth the Woodman, on this occasion, choose him for his chief rather than Diana. See Nat. Com. Mytholog. l. 5.  
(B) Maia the Daughter of Atlas and Pleion: A Nymph on whom Jupiter begat Mercury. See Virgil Aeneid. 8.  
(C) Or Hieroglyphic Schaema. i e. Orationis externa pars & dignitas. H. O.  
(D) Picus most skilful in Augury, and therefore feigned transformed to a Wood-pecker. Ovid. Met. 14. Although by the word Augurium the Romans understood not only the divination particularly taken from the chattering of birds, but also from all other observable causes or Ostents whatsoever appearing in Heaven, Air, or Earth; as affirmeth Dionysius, and out of him Gasper Peucerus in l. de Auguriis, pag. 374.  
(E) That is, how the state of Rome shall degenerate from its golden condition in the succession of Provincial Potentates. Who, seeking after their particular more than the public welfare, shall subject it to want; whose very apprehension as it ushers all kinds of selfishness, so shall be multiplied the Mode and Cases of the language. The first being Originally but one, as hath been already showed part. 2. c. 4. And the second but two, viz. The Nominative and the Accusative, that is, The condition of a substantial Being whence the motion taketh its rise, and of the qualified Being towards which it formally tendeth.  
The Vocative being comprehensible under the Nominative, as only distinguishable by our position of the person in the arrear of the Verb, and the rise of our voice in the close of the period. Or else of this Additional note of the Writer [?], and the obliqne cases answering the respective indirect motions of the Verb, since invented, as by the division of Venus is here represented.  

Wherefore bright (F) CAELUS over Satur's face  
Having the curtain drawn resumes his place.  
To show Perfection beneath the sky  
Henceforth to seek shall be a vanity.  
Save what weak loves by their descent retain  
On self-design; (which therefore Poets fain.  
From th' loins of CAELUS in the (G) third degree)  
At which in them to aim this Deity  
In SATUR'S bosom leaves the purblind (H) spark.  
Opinionately roving at his mark.   
(F) By others called CAELIUS son of the Sky and Day; for his excelling and permanent beauty styled Perfection. Bonum and Pulchrum being convertible; as hath been fore showed. And that these qualities were in him perfect, is manifest in that from him the Heavens were called Caeli.  
He was father to SATURN who was God of Plenty; whence his Age might be called Golden. His name also coming a Saturando, aswell as from the Hebrew SATAR. i e. To hid or shut up; both typifying the witnessed in the Philosophical use of this Tract forementioned. See more of his golden age in Fulgentius his Mythology; as of his veil and succession in Sir Walter Raleighs Historic of the World, l. 2. c. 24.  
(G) VENUS being daughter to JUPITER son of SATURN.  
(H) CUPID suppo'●d originally blinded with Satur's veil, and therefore shooting rovingly as his fancy shall occasionally incite him towards either VENUS.  
He shoots Satur's arrows, as personating the word of motion conveying the indigent desires of the word of Being towards its formal cause or word of sense here represented by VENUS. Wherefore also he stands in Mercvries' disguise: SATURN MERCURY and VENUS now figuring the remnant of that wisdom which before the veiling was specified by Celius, Saturn and Mercury; As averreth Trismegistus. Neither could Mercury represent these several motions in his own person, he being no Archer.  
If any than be so critical as to question how I dare add arrows to Saturn: I wish he would conceive them to be those which, erst, Mercury, having stolen from Apollo, hid here under Satur's veryl for the present use of Cupid; and so pass my application with the same face that HORACE observes PHOEBUS to have done the theft: 
Te, boves olìm nisi redidisses  
Per dolum amotos, Puerum minaci  
Voce dum terret, viduus Pharetrâ,  
— Risit Apollo, l. 1. Odd 10.   

Which also shows there shall in SATUR'S state  
Provincial Kings succeed; whose love and hate;  
Both politic and corporal shall be  
Guided alone by self-conveniencie.  
Then may you hear Rome's Counsl'ar (I) Orator  
Persuading these four Venus' to ' adore.  
Which I forbear to blazon; since (Sans doubt)  
When by such means your state is come about,  
(Through various fortunes) from the Sheephook to  
The Crozier; they will be so known that so  
The world shall speak their language.  
— what to make  
Yet of this tail devouring hest the Snake,  
Other then as it the vicissitude  
Of time and things denotes, I not conclude.  
Though when the Crozier is outwor'n of all  
Its idolised fukes Canonical,  
Some think things shall again turn Saturnine.  
But that conceit I pass to my Divine.   
(I) Cicero who in his third book D● Naturâ Deorum mentioneth four Venus'. Three whereof I find sitnamed by Nat. Comes Mytholog. l. 4. viz. Caelestis, Hortensis and Popularis. The first of which typifying the word of sense answering the direct natural motion of the Verb, I have here placed as the Accusative case of the Noun. The second as figuring possession, and consequently answering the circular motion, I have marshaled Genitively. The third, as carrying an analogy with Rome's Political confederacy, I have seated Ablatively. And lastly, Cicero's fourth (which I conceive to be Venus terrestris, and so the end of Acquisition) I have ranked Datively.  
For which reasons I further distinguish the first by its natural amorous aspect no way diverted by employment. The second by the Spindle. The third by the Silkworms; and the fourth by the Cyphon. That so they might distinctly represent the four respective motions of the Verb in the second Chapter of the second Part of this Discourse already mentioned.  
As for the Vocative Condition of the Noun: Its incapacity of receiving any shot of Cupid's invited me to represent it by a Huntsman. Whom a sight so resembling the 
* See Mr. Sands Emblem before Ovid Met. 30  Gargaphian might terrify to a religious compellation of his Genius thus to explicate.  
And Reader! now (though Caelus be ascended)  
If thou but fain our Venus' contracted;  
And Cupid's seat to Mercury resigned,  
The Analogy will soon appear completed.  
Matter Being Saturn form Motion Mercuri● Privation or Proportion Quality Venus  
The Ancients as when distinguishing between spiritual and corporeal nature they likened the one to a Trine and the other to a square; So did they typify the whole by water. Finding it, as in its orbicular form to be the Trine of a square; So in its substance or entity to contain the Fire, Love or Life of all Being's; like as the Mathematicians Centre doth his Lines.  
This fire, etc. The Greek Philosophers called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, i. e. The mind [or rather mental motion; 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, i. e. ment agito] And the Hebrew Divines ELOHIM, which our vulgar translation englisheth God. 
Gen. 1.2.  Upon the face of the waters (saith Moses) moved the Spirit of God.  
To whom alone in his trin-unity wonderful be the glory for ever.   

Rectori magnifico & Professoribus in almâ matre inclytâ Frisiorum Academiâ quae est Franequerae S.  
TRactatulum hunc relegenti confiderantia mihi occurrit de communi librorum fato Censurâ. Quae quanquam ut cerebri anfractus variegata sit: interim tamen (dum Vota nihil definiant) necessario, quoad hoc, reducibilis videbam in quid unum: Num scil. Philosopho, an cum ratione insanienti potius quadret. Quapropter, & quum judicium omne plenam supponit judicandi cognitionem, exseminariò rem dissecandam censui: Alstedio tradente modum.  
In omni disciplinâ (inquit 
* In ency. clopaed. Philosoph. l. 4.  ill:) oportet spectare primò Cur: & secundo Quomodo sit discenda. i e. Finis & modus ad finem tendens.  
Finis hujus ex libri epigraphe patet ut sit Sermonis rationalitas. Conamen quod, dum incomparatum restat, duo imprimis consideranda praebet: Optabilitatem scil. & Possibilitatem rei.  
Prior ex Aristotele c●nfirmari est, ubi docet In rebus eligendis quàm detrahere oportet eligendorum excellentiam. 
Topic. l. 3. Tract, 2. c. ●.  Quia si honore dignius est optabilius; etiam id quod honore est dignum est optabile.  
Sic enim si per causas scire praestat quàm per accidentia, (quod ex Scientiae definitione patet) etiam rationalis Grammatices authoritativae ut praestet necesse est; & per consequens, quod optabile quid talis sit. Quia quin ars Grammaticalis est honore digna Credo neminem inficias ire, vel exinde quo inter hominem & belluam distinguit.  
Ratificatam invenio Posteriorem per Praenobilem Franciscum de Verulam: Heroen in omni Philosophiae genere e●imiè agnitum. 
Tom. 6. cap. 1.  Qui in magnâ sua Scientiarum Instauratione (libro per Europam usque adeò celebrato ut vestrâ quin in Bibliothecâ locum tenet nil moror) non solum asserit Artem Grammaticalem posse reddi Philosophicam: sed & ipsummet Grammaticen quandam ment sibi tenuisse conceptam, quae non verborum cum verbis, sed cum rebus analogian monstraret.  
Hocque (Excellentissimi viri) lucubratiunculic hisce m●is ortum dedit. Id enim cum legeram, mihi potenter aurem vellere fateor. ut qui Romanâ in linguâ (omniferae doctrinae Brittano maximè necessariâ) per nostratis Lelii Grammaticen è pucritiâ duntaxat instructus fueram. Donec paulò ante designatam peregrinationem, cum Nobilibus quibusdam transmarinis, tunc temporis Oxoni● commorantibus, memet affociando, ea mihi familiaris facta est, ut antea, eodom solo conversationis medio, Anglicana fuerat. Aliâ de loquendi ratione ut prius som●iarem tam procul aberat.  
Illiuc verò quasi experrectus: Auxesis uti scientiae maerorem intendit; 
Eccl. 1.18.  Itidem (quoad voti modum) tunc anxiè dolebam Authorem suam siluisse Prosopopaeian, carum sive institutionem rerum ad quas verba sic aptius conformart possent.  
Donec Doctiss. Hereis Effigiem libro suo praepositem contemplans observaram. Ut Album in manu tenens, sub libri titulo, in Paginâ dextrâ haec bina verba quasi scripserat [mundus mens] In sinistrâque quì sedac vel addens [connubio jungam stabili.]  
Quod annuere mihi videbatur ad divini Platonis in Tymaeo comparationem animae boninis cum Triangulo, in cujus apice sit unitas; Ex uno latere se dilatans in numeros pares, 2.4.8. Ex altero in impares, 3.9.27. Pares numeri (ut notat 
* In Tym.  Proclus) corruptibilitatem, ut & impares aeternitatem demonstrantes. Erindeque perpendens Naturam & Rationem, quoad Naturantem, idem esse [quod & sacra 
* Joh. 1.1.  Pagina probat] ideòque ad Trianguli apicem apprimè comparabilem: à quo dein ut natura in mundum descendens dividitur in Intellectualem & visibilem. Visibilis suo modo Intelleitualem attestans. Sicque Ratio in mentem prolapsa ut in cogitativam & locutoriam partitur; [idam enim docet Aristoteles in libro de Interpret. Ubiverba esse Cogitationum imagines perhibet] Putabam analogian adeo facilem; ac si libata [Ut Ulyssen olim per Circen instructum fecisse fertur] Vmbra dixisset.  
Quod voves (Spectator) quam ad ineffabilia non pertinet, hum lori sede quam Idaeis Platonicis acquiescit. Vnde fit quod cum Aristotelicâ vel saltem Hermeticâ Philosophiâ [quae Platonicae corporca est] aptius cohaeret. Quamsbrem sicuti per Aristotelis Materiam, Formam & Privationem tota nobis patefit natura. Sic per verba Entitatis, Motus & Qualitatis absolvitur loqucla; quum ceterae partes Orationis vel in ea sunt ●educibiles, aut ut satellites illis adstant. Unicè saltem requiritur alteratio haec: quòd scil. (quum Qualitas ut objectum supponit Perfectionem: ideoque perceptibilis non sit visi verbo Entitatis adjuncta, ●●t indelligibiliter inserta) formetur ejus analogiae ad formam formatam sive Proportionem. Quod enim Privatio in intellectualibus, idem & Proportio in corporeis quod sit nullus non intelligit.  
Ob id verò, ut defectum, si ad Hermeticos te vertere mavis. Innumera corum volumina in Trinunitate hâc assentiri percipiás, viz. Ut Mercurius purotechnic● Saturni scintillâ impregnatus, coquatur in Venerem quam cognominant Filiis notam.  
Projectio (mi Praestantissimi) utcunque Practicis vix succedere videtur. Interim tamen si à speoulationibus quae sub sensum cadunt ad eas quae intelligentiâ solâ percipiuntur ascendamus, quid inde nobis intelligendum erit aliud quàm Entitas movens ad Perfectionem. Ut (licèt liber ipse vobiscum vernaculari non mereatur) vel ex emblematibus cerni est.  
Et sic mundus factus est. Inquit Hermes. 
In Tab.   
Quae mea igitur andacia est dum Mentem per trinuna illa verba communicativam reddere tento, vohis submittitur.  
R Reliquus liber horum examinat accidentia & usus; medumque, obiter, quo ceterae quas liberales vocamus artes ex illis pendent.  
De quibus, ●uper, dum apud familiares (inter pocula) pro hâc ratâ Sermocinabar: Eorum, ut Rhapsodemata ista chartis darem, 
Vos horter ut Scientiarum Instaurationi in●umbatis. Et veterum labore; neque nihil, neque omnla esse putetis. Idem Verul. ad Acad. Oxon.  corrogationes abnuere nolui. Ni Verulamii nostri hortamina (quae Doctiores nimium jam diu perpessos putaham) ex integro semper neglecta maneant: aut (dum aegris adstare non arridet) Laurus, quam viginti nunc annis è vobis publicè receptam ambio, radicitus mecum st●rilesccre videatur; omnigeno quasi literarum usu● decsset vester  
Ab eremo paterno in agro Glamorganiae Cambriae Calendis Martii. 〈…〉 Bassertꝰ J●anesius.