A NEW GEOGRAPHY, WITH MAPS to each COUNTRY, AND TABLES OF Longitude & Latitude. LONDON: Printed for Robert Scott, at the Prince's Arms in Little-Britain. 1681. Advertisement to the Reader. THE following Geographick Treatise, with some other Parts of this Book, had the ill fortune to be left uncompleat, by our Renowned Author, who was snatched from us, whilst he was with greatest application hastening the Edition thereof. This deplorable accident hath been the occasion that it hath been so long detained from public view, and that now it is come abroad with much less lustre, than aught to be expected, from the Judicious and Learned Pen of Sir Ionas Moor. As far as could be Collected, from the Maps he had caused to be engraven in his Life-time, and the several Tables of the Latitudes and Longitudes of the Cities of Europe, written with his own hand; we have endeavoured to prosecute this Design he had laid, and have given you a brief and succinct Description of the several Regions of the whole Earth, and have been more or less particular therein, according as our knowledge of the Countries we describe, is more or less perfect. The Maps are taken from the newest Geographers extant, and therefore 'tis probable the most exact (time still producing corrections and amendments in the Works of them that went before) and our first Meridian is that of the Isle of Ferro, the most Westerly of the Canaries, which at present all the French Geographers are obliged to observe. The Tables are deduced from the Maps, and serve to find out any place in them without long search. This, Reader, is what was thought necessary to advertise thee of, in this place, and if any mistake have escaped unseen, you are desired candidly to excuse it, or at least not to attribute it to our deceased Author. Vale & Fruere. THE WORLD IN PLANISPHERE. map of the world map of the western hemisphere (taking El Hierro (or Ferro) Island, Canaries as the Meridian) showing the Americas, far-eastern Russia, New Zealand and islands of the Pacific map of the eastern hemisphere (taking El Hierro (or Ferro) Island, Canaries as the Meridian) showing Europe, Africa, most of Asia and Australia GEOGRAPHY: Or, a Brief DESCRIPTION Of the whole EARTH. THE Earth's Surface, whose Description is properly termed Geography, is by many and sufficient Arguments made appear to be of no other than a Spherical Figure; and the Circumference thereof hath in this our Age been more curiously than heretofore inquired into, and found by the Concordant Observations of the Gentlemen of the Royal Academy of Paris, and of our worthy Countryman Mr. Norwood, to be very near 25000 English Statute Miles, and consequently its Diameter 7958 Miles: The greater part of this vast Globe is covered with Water, which we call the Sea, out of which the Land rises with very slow Ascents, the height of the highest Mountains and Prominences thereof scarce amounting to the two thousandth part of its Radius, and only serving to cause the Rivers to run with slow and easy Channels. The Air on all sides encompasses it and renders it habitable, and the principle of Gravitation, whereby all Bodies descend towards its Centre, is that which defends it from dissolution, by not permitting the least part thereof to be separated far from it; into the reason whereof Philosophers have hitherto inquired in vain. This Globe by its twofold motion enjoys the grateful Vicissitudes of Day and Night, Winter and Summer; the former by turning round upon one of its Diameters in the space of 24 hours, and showing all its sides successively to the Sun: This Diameter is called the Axis, and its extremities the Poles of the World, which by the experience of many Ages are found unalterable and fixed in the Earth, and the direction of this Axis by some unknown Magnetical Principle of Nature is always carried parallel to itself, during the time of the revolution of the other motion, whereby the Earth is carried round the Sun in the space of a year, and the Axis being inclined to the plain in which the annual motion is performed, causes the one Hemisphere to have more of the Sun's light for the one half year, and the other Hemisphere for the other. These affections though necessary to be premised here, you will find explicated and demonstrated more at large in the Astronomical part. We come now to the Explanation of the terms which have been thought proper in the illustration of Geography. We must observe that there are greater and lesser Circles, and that the former divide the World into two equal parts, and the latter into two parts also, but unequal. All these Circles severally are divided into three hundred and threescore parts, which are called Degrees. There are four greater Circles, to wit, the Equinoctial, the Zodiac, the Horizon and the Meridian, and as many lesser, to wit, the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn, and the two Polar Circles, the Arctic and Antarctic. The Equinoctial Circle is so called, because when the Sun enters it, the days and nights are of an equal length; it is also called the Equator, because it divides the World into two equal parts. Seamen call it only the Line. For the right understanding of this Circle, we must know that the Heavens seem to move upon two points, called Poles, the one bearing the name of Arctic, and the other of Antarctic; in a middle distance from which Poles this Circle is imagined to be: the use of it in Geography, is to divide the Earth into two parts, the one Northern, towards the Pole Arctic, and the other Southern towards the other opposite Pole. The Latitude of places is reckoned from the Equinoctial where it gins, towards the Poles wherein it ends, and this space contains ninety Degrees. Latitude is either Northern towards the Pole Arctic, or Southern towards the Antarctic. The Zodiac is the Sun's High way, and this Circle cuts the Equinoctial into two equal parts, from which its greatest distance is but twenty three Degrees and an half; it only shows what places of the Earth may have the Sun perpendicular, and more properly belongs to the Heavens than the Earth. Horizon is as much as to say, boundary, because that Circle limits our sight, and divides the Heavens and the Earth into two parts, which are called Hemispheres, the one whereof we see, but cannot the other. There is a right Horizon, a Polar or Parallel one, and an obliqne one; those places that lie under the Equator, have a right Horizon, and are in the right Sphere; those that are under either of the Poles have the Parallel Sphere: and all other places have an obliqne Horizon, and are in an obliqne Sphere. This Circle shows the Rising and Setting of the Stars, and the four principal Quarters of the World, which are East, West, South and North; the East is on the side of the Rising Sun; the West is where the Sun Sets; the North is towards the Pole Arctic; and the South towards the Antarctic. These four Quarters are very necessary for distinguishing the limits of Regions, as will appear throughout this whole Treatise. From thence come the four principal winds, all which the Horizon showeth; but it is not marked on Maps, but only on the outside of Globes and Spheres. Meridian signifies Midday Circle, because when the Sun is come to it; it is Noon in that place whereof it is the Meridian; for over every part of the Earth there is a Meridian, so that the number of these Circles is almost infinite: However out of all those there is one pitched upon which is called the great or first Meridian, or the Geographers Meridian. The Ancients chose the Meridian of the Canaries, which they knew by the name of the fortunate Islands; and some Moderns make use of it still in their Maps. Others have pitched upon the Meridian of the Isles Azores, or Western Islands, which lie to the West of Europe. From this first Meridian the Longitude of places is reckoned from West to East through the three hundred and sixty Degrees of the Equinoctial, which is the circuit of the whole Earth; whereas Latitude is only reckoned to ninety Degrees, which make but a fourth part thereof. The Tropics are so called from a Greek Word Tropos, which signifies turning, because when the Sun is come to one of these Circles, he returns again towards the Equinoctial. The Tropic of Cancer is towards the Pole Arctic and that of Capricorn towards the Antarctic, and both carry the names of the Signs of the Zodiac through which they pass; each of them is distant from the Equinoctial, three and twenty Degrees and a half, which is the greatest distance of the Sun from that Circle. The Polar Circles go round the Poles, from which they borrow their names, and are distant each from his Pole twenty three Degrees and a half. Of the Zones. THE four lesser Circles whereof we have been speaking, divide the World into five parts, called Zones, that is to say, Belts or Girdles, because they begird the whole Globe. One of them is Torrid, two are temperate, and two cold: The Torrid Zone is comprehended between the two Tropics, and the people that inhabit it are called Amphiscians', that is, such as have their shadows both ways. To all places of this Zone the Sun comes perpendicular twice in a year, and therefore some of the Ancients believed this Zone inhabitable, by reason of too much heat; but we know it to be otherways now a days. The Northern temperate Zone is between the Tropic of Cancer and the Arctic Polar Circle: The Southern temperate Zone is between the Tropic of Capricorn, and the Antarctic Polar Circle. The Inhabitants of these Zones are termed Heteroscians, that is, such as have their shadow but one way. The Frigid Zones are within the Polar Circles, the Northern within the Arctic, and the Southern within the Antarctic; the people of those two Zones are called Periscians', signifying that they have shadows round them on all sides. To all places in these Zones the Sun in Summer never sets for some days, and in the Winter he never rises for as long time. The Inhabitants of the World are distinguished after another manner, according to the different Situation they have to one another; as into Antipodes, Antoecians and Perioecians. The first are wholly opposite, and when it it is Noon with us, with our Antipodes it is midnight, and they have Winter when we have Summer. Our Antoecians have Noon and Midnight when we have them, but Winter for our Summer. And our Perioecians have the same seasons that we have, but the hours quite contrary; for when we have Noon it is Midnight with them. Of Climates. A Climate is a space of the Earth contained between two Circles. Betwixt the beginning and end of a Climate, in the length of the longest day of Summer there is half an hours difference. For the clearer understanding of this, it is to be observed that Countries under the Equinoctial have all the year round twelve hours' day and twelve hours' night; but as places recede and are distant from the Equator, they become more and more unequal, and the days in Summer are longer than the nights. This inequality is marked by the Climates; so that when on either side of the Equinoctial we find a place where the longest day of Summer is of twelve hours and a half, that is the first Climate, and so successively till we come to the Polar Circle, where the longest day of Summer extends to twenty four hours: For beyond that Circle, the days increase by whole days and months, until ye come to the Pole under which the whole year makes but one day and one night, six months long a piece. Climates take their names from the famous places through which they pass. Now to know in what Climate one is, we must from the number of hours of the longest Day in Summer subtract twelve, and double the Remainder; that is, reduce them into half hours, and that will show the Climate wherein we live. CHAP. I. Of some proper terms of Geography. HAVING explained the Circles that are useful to this Science, we are now to consider some terms and words which are peculiar to it. Continent is a vast space of Earth, such as that which comprehends Europe, Asia, and Africa; it is likewise called the main Land. Island is a piece of Land surrounded with the Sea or other Water, and so divided from the Continent. Peninsula, that is to say, almost Island, is a part of the Earth encompassed by the Sea on all hands, except on that part which joins it to the Continent: the Greeks call it Chersonesus, a term sometimes made use of in Geography. Isthmus is that Neck or Piece of Land that joins a Peninsula to the Continent. Promontory is a high Land running out into the Sea. The Moderns call it a Cape. Mountain is a part of the Earth higher than the rest that is about it. Ocean is that vast body of Water which environs the Continents, and is likewise called the Sea. Gulf is an Arm of that Ocean running in between Lands. The Latins call it Sinus, and sometimes it has the name of Sea. Bay is likewise an Arm of the Ocean, but whose entrance is much wider than that of a Gulf. Port is a small part of Sea so hemmed in by the Land, that Ships may there lie in safety. Harbour is the same thing almost. Straight or Frith is commonly taken for a Channel that joins one Sea to another, or a Gulf to the Ocean; there is also a Straight or Neck of Land, which, as we have said, is called an Isthmus. Bank is a heap of Sand in the Sea, which puts Vessels in danger. A Shelf is much the same, on which, and on hidden Rocks near the Surface of the Water Ships may split and be cast away. Archipelago is a part of the Sea, where many Islands are. River is a running Water that loses its streams in the Sea. CHAP. II. The Division of the Earth and Sea. THE most common Division of the Earth is into four parts, which are Europe, Asia, Africa and America: the three first are comprehended in one Continent, and is our old World; and the other makes an Island of itself, called the new World, because it hath not been discovered but since the Year one thousand four hundred and ninety two: it is likewise called the West-Indies in distinction from the East-Indies which are in Asia. Some Geographers divide the Earth into six parts, adding to the four which we have named, the Arctic towards the Pole that gives it its name, and the Antarctic towards the South Pole: this is called Terra Australis incognita, or the Southern Land undiscovered, and is thought to make a Continent as big as Europe, Asia and Africa. Of these two last we shall speak at the end of this Treatise. Europe has Asia on the East separated from it by these limits, the Egean Sea or Archipelago, the straits of the Dardanelli, the Sea of Marmara, the straits of Constantinople, the Black Sea, the straits of Caffa, the Sea della Zabache, the River Tanais and a Line drawn from its most Eastern Bank to the North Sea: it hath the same Ocean on the North, the Atlantic Sea on the West, and the straits of Gibraltar and Mediterranean Sea that divides it from Africa, on the South. From West to East, that is, from Cape St. Vincent, in Spain, to Constantinople, it contains seven hundred seventy five French Leagues; and from South to North, that is, from Cape Malee in Morea to the Northern Cape of the Laplanders, eight hundred and twenty five Leagues. Asia has to the West the same bounds that divide it from Europe, and the Red Sea, with the straits of Suez, that divide it from Africa; on the South the Indian Ocean, the Ocean of China on the East, and on the North, the Sea of Tartary, called Mare Glaciale. From East to West it contains seven hundred and fifty Leagues, from the Archipelago to the Ocean of China: and from South to North a thousand five hundred and fifty, reckoning from Malacca to the Sea of Tartary. Africa has on the North the Mediterranean Sea, on the East the Red Sea, with the Isthmus of Suez that divide it from Asia, and the Indian Ocean: On the South the Ethiopian Sea, which with the Atlantic Ocean is likewise to the West of it. From West to East, that is, from Cape Blank, to the Cape of Guardafuy, it contains a thousand six hundred and fifty Leagues: and from South to North, that is, from the Cape of Good Hope, to the Mediterranean Sea, a thousand six hundred and seventy. It is on all sides encompassed with the Sea, except that narrow tract of Land between the Red Sea and Mediterranean, which is not above thirty Leagues in Length: so that it is a perfect Peninsula. America hath the North Sea to the East, the South Sea to the West, to the South the straits of Magellan, which divide it from the Terra del fuego, and to the North unknown Lands or Seas. It is divided into two great Peninsulaes', by the narrow Ibstmus of Panama, which is but eighteen Leagues over: From South to North, that is, from the straits of Magellan to the Northern Ocean, it contains three thousand and fifty Leagues; and from West to East, towards Mexico, two thousand nine hundred. The Terra Australis, and that of the North, are so little known to us, that their limits and extent cannot as yet be designed. Having taken a view of the Earth, let us now cast our eyes on the Sea, which takes divers names according to the parts of the World where it is, or the Countries it washeth. That which encompasses Continents is called the Ocean; and this likewise hath different appellations, as on the West of Europe, and part of Africa, it is called the Western or Atlantic Ocean; towards the Cape of Good Hope, the Ocean; to the East of Africa, the Indian Sea; to the East of Asia, the Eastern Ocean, or Sea of China; to the North of Asia, the Sea of Tartary, and on the same side, and towards Europe, Mare Glaciale or the Frozen Ocean; to the East of America, the North Sea, and to the West, the South. These are the general denominations of the Sea, but it hath also particular names from the Countries that lie near to it. The chief Gulfs or Bays of the Ocean are the Mediterranean Sea, which lies betwixt Europe, Africa and Asia; the Red Sea, betwixt Africa and Asia; the Gulf of Persia, and that of Bengala, in the East-Indies; the Baltic Sea encompassed by Germany, Sweden and Denmark; the Gulf of Mexico, and that of St. Laurence, in America. These Gulfs are joined to the Ocean by Streights; the Mediterranean Sea by the straits of Gibraltar; the Red Sea by that of Babelmandel; the Persian Sea by the straits of Bassora, otherwise of Ormus. The Gulfs, or rather Bays of Bengala, Mexico and St. Laurence have no straits, because their mouth or entry is very large. The Baltic Sea has the famous Straight of the Sound. The Mediterranean Sea hath some noted Bays that well deserve to be mentioned. Betwixt Italy and Dalmatia is the Gulf of Venice, called in ancient times the Adriatic Sea. In Greece is the Gulf of Lepanto, heretofore of Corinth. And in Macedonia that of Salonica, formerly of Thessalonica. Between the Egean Sea, now called the Archipelago, and the Propontis or Sea of Marmora, there is a Straight heretofore called the Hellespont, and at present the straits of Gallipoli, or the Dardanelli, and St. George's Channel; between the Sea of Marmora and the black Sea, formerly called the Euxin Sea, is the Bosphorus of Thrace, which is now a days called the Channel of the Black Sea, or straits of Constantinople, because that famous City is seated there; betwixt the Black Sea and the Palus Meotides, at present called the Sea delle Zabache, is the straits of Caffa, heretofore named the Cimmerian Bosphorus. Betwixt the Island of Euboea, at present Negropont, and Greece, there is a narrow passage of Sea, by the Ancients called Euripus, who have affirmed that it ebbed and flowed seven times a day. There are some other famous straits which join several parts of the Ocean together; or to say better, the Ocean to the Ocean itself. Towards the Northern Ocean is the straits of Waigatz, between Tartary and nova Zembla; between Cathay and the Land of Jesso, is the straits of Jesso; between Japan and the Land of Jesso, is the straits of Sengar; between the same Land and Califurnia, is that of Anian; between Estotiland and Greenland, is that of Davis; between Greenland and the Island of Elizabeth, is that of Forbisher. Towards Canada is that of Hudson, which according to the new Maps is properly a Gulf. Towards the Terra Australis is the famous straits of Magellan, discovered by him who gave it the name, in the year one thousand five hundred and twenty, between America and the Terra del fuego. Betwixt this Land and that of the States, is the straits of Le Maire, discovered in the year one thousand six hundred and sixteen. And between that Land of the States and the Terra Australis, is the straits of Brouvers, discovered in the year one thousand six hundred and forty three. These three last straits join the North and South Seas together, and serve for a passage from one to the other. Between Califurnia and new Mexico, there is a Gut of Sea, or straits, which is called the Vermeillian Sea, and was taken for a Bay before that Califurnia was discovered to be an Island. We must not omit a Sea that is separated from all others, and which indeed is but a Lake of a vast extent, and that is the Caspian Sea, called at present the Sea of Bachu or Kilan. The Ancients imagined it to have been a Bay or Gulf of the North Sea, but it is now known to be on all sides encompassed with Land; it hath Persia to the South, and Tartary to the North of it: In some Relations it is reckoned to be eight hundred Leagues in Circumference. Let us now give a hint of the greatest Rivers in the World, beginning with those that fall into the Ocean, on all sides of our Continent or old World. In Europe are the River Tagus, the Garronne, the Loire, the Sein, the Scheld, the Rhine and the Elbe. In Asia the Oby, the yellow and blue Rivers, Ganges and Indus. In Africa, Cuama, the River de Spiritu Sancto, the Zaire, and the Niger. In America the Rivers of St. Laurence, Oranoque, the Amazons, and Rio de la Plata. Into the Mediterranean Sea on the side of Europe, fall the Ebre, the Rhosne, and the Tiber; into the Gulf of Venice, the Po; into the Euxin Sea the Danube, and the Borysthenes, now called Nieper, and the River Tanais runs into the Palus Meotis. On the African Shore the Mediterranean receives no famous River but the Nile. In Asia, Euphrates and Tigris having mingled their streams fall into the Persian Gulf, and the Volga into the Caspian. The Oder and the Weissel, or Vistula, discharge themselves into the Baltic; and the Duina into the White Sea. We shall not speak of the chief Lakes till we come to describe the particular Regions wherein they are: But we will here subjoin the most noted Mountains of the World, such as in Europe are, the Pyrenees, the Alps and Appenine-Hills. In Asia, Taurus, Caucasus and Imaus; in Africa, Atlas and the Mountains of the Moon: and in America the Cordilleras or Andes. The Islands we shall describe as we come to the several parts of the Earth near to which they lie. Thus, Reader, you have a general description of the whole Earth, and Seas that environs it, or fall into its bosom. We must now descend to a more particular Description; and shall begin with that of Europe. CHAP. III. Europe. EUROPE map of Europe SPAIN map of Spain EUROPE, whereof we have already mentioned the limits, is the smallest, but most considerable for Learning and Arts of the four parts of the World: it comprehends the following Kingdoms and Regions. Spain, France, Italy, the Low Countries, Germany, Hungary, Transilvania, Moldavia, Walachia, Bessarabia, Dalmatia, Bosnia, Servia, Bulgaria, Romania, Greece, Norway, Denmark, Sweden, Poland, Prussia, Lithuania, Livonia, or Liefland, Muscovy, and the lesser Tartary. It's chief Islands in the Ocean, are Great-Britain, Ireland, the Orcadeses and Hebrides, Iseland, and the Azores. In the Mediterranean Sea, Majorca, Minorca and Yvica, the Isle of Elbe, Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily, Candia, Negropont, and many more in the Archipelago. We shall speak of its Rivers, Lakes, and Mountains, when we treat of the Regions wherein they are. CHAP. IU. Spain. SPAIN is surrounded by Seas on three sides; on the East and South it is watered with the Mediterranean, and the Famous straits of Gibraltar divide it from Africa; to the West it hath the Atlantic Ocean, and to the North partly the Cantabrick Ocean, or Bay of Biscay, and partly the Pyrenean Mountains that reach from the Mediterranean to the Ocean, and divide it from France: most part of its Provinces are honoured with the Title of Kingdoms. On the Mediterranean are Catalonia, of which the Metropolis is Barcelonna, a large City, with a Seaport: the other Towns are Terragonna, an Archbishopric, Tortose, Gironne, Lerde or Lerida. The Kingdom of Valencia with a Metropolis of the same name, and Alicant; the Country about which produces the best Wines in Spain. The Kingdom of Murcia, the chief City whereof carries the same name. In this Province stands Carthagena, a very good Seaport. The Kingdom of Granada that hath its name from its Metropolis lies to the West of that, and hath the Cities of Malaga and Almeria. Andalusia is partly on the Mediterranean and Streights of Gibraltar, and partly on the Ocean. It's chief City is Sevill, (one of the loveliest Towns in the World) seated on the Guadalquivir. It's other Towns are Cordova, the Native place of Seneca and Lucan, Xeres from whence our Sherries come, Saint Lucar and the Famous Port of Cadez or Cales, which stands in a small Island of that name, very near to the Main on its East side. The Provinces washed by the Ocean, are The Kingdom of Algarve; its Cities are Sylvis and El Far. The Kingdom of Portugal, anciently called Lusitania; which hath Lisbon a large fair City, and Archbishopric for its Capital: the other chief Cities thereof are Braga, an Archbishops See, Evora and Conimbre a Famous University; this is now, and for many Ages hath been subject to a King of its own independent of Spain. The Kingdom of Galicia hath Compostella, where the Body of St. James is, for its Metropolis, and Corunna a good Seaport: this is the North-West corner of Spain. Asturia, whereof Oviedo is the Metropolis, lies to the East of Galicia, fronting the Bay of Biscay: and yet more Easterly on the same Coast lies Biscay, whereof the chief City is Bilbo. And to this is adjoined Guipuscoa; whereof Tolose or Tolosette is the Capital City: it's other Cities are St. Sebastian, which hath a good Port, and Fontarabie. At the foot of the Pyrenees are the Kingdoms of Navarre and Arragon. Pampelonna is the Metropolis of the Kingdom of Navarre; it's other Cities are Victoria and Estella. Sarragossa is the Capital City of the Kingdom of Arragon, and a University; the others are Huesca, Alharazin, Calatayud, which some take for the ancient Bilbilis, the Native Town of the Poet Martial: In the heart of Spain are Leon, the two Castilles, the old and new, and Estremadura. The Metropolis of the Kingdom of Leon bears the same name; Astorga and Semora are its other Cities. Bourgos, an Archbishop's seat, is the Capital City of old Castille; it's other chief Towns are Valladolid, where some Kings of Spain have kept their Courts : Palenca, Salamanca a famous University. Numance that heretofore resisted the Roman Forces so long, was in this Province, but there remains no Footstep of it at present. Toledo is the Metropolis of new Castille, and the Archbishop of it is Primate of all Spain, it is a stately and large City: The other chief Towns of that Province are Madrid, the usual Residence of the Kings of Spain, and five League's West from that, the famous Monastery of St. Laurence, called the Escurial, built by Philip the Second, and before it was burnt, one of the most Magnificent Fabrics in the World. Alcala de Henares, famous for the University that Cardinal Ximenes Founded there. Each of the two Castilles is qualified with the Title of Kingdom. Estremadura hath two considerable Towns, Badajos and Merida. The chief Capes in Spain are on the Mediterranean, Cape Palafagel in Catalonia Cape Martin in the Kingdom of Valencia, Cape Palos in Murcia, and Cape de Gates in the Kingdom of Granada, Cape St. Vincent in Algarbe, Cape de Spichel and de Roca in Portugal, and Cape Finisterre and Cape Ortogal in Galicia, and Cape de las Pennas in Asturia. The chief Rivers that fall into the Mediterranean are the Ebre or Iberus, which runs through Arragon and Catalonia, and passes by Sarragossa and Tortose; the Guadalaviar that passes by Valencia, and the Xucar in the same Kingdom; the Guadalentia in the Kingdom of Murcia: those that discharge themselves into the Ocean, are the Guadalquivir, otherways Betis, that runs through Andalusia, and passes by Cordova and Sevil, and empties itself into the Sea at St. Lucar de Barrameda: the Guadania in Estremadura, which River, a little above Merida, runs under ground for several Leagues, and then breaks out again. The Tagus which waters new Castille and Portugal, passes by Toledo and Lisbon. The Dovero that runs through old Castille and Portugal, and the Minho that divides Portugal from Galicia. The chief Mountains are the Pyreneans, Sierra Morena, Sierra D' Alcaraz, Sierra D' Albarazin, and the Sierra Nevada, commonly called the Granadas. The Isles upon the Coasts of Spain, are the Isle of Cadiz in the Ocean; and near to Andalusia, the Baleares, to wit, Majorca and Minorca, the Isles of Yvica and Formentera in the Mediterranean. The King of Spain is not at present Master of all these Provinces, for Portugal and Algarbe belong to the King of Portugal; and the King of France has made some encroachments in Catalonia. There is no Religion professed in Spain but the Roman Catholic. A Table of the Longitudes and Latitudes of the chief Cities and Towns of the Kingdom of Spain. 1. In the Kingdom of Galicia. Lat. Long. Compostella. 42 3 10 2 Lugo. 42 4 11 4 Corunna. 42 5 10 2 Finisterre. 43 0 9 2 Cape de Ortegul. 43 2 11 1 Tuy. 41 3 10 2 2. In the Kingdom of Leon. Leon. 42 1 13 5 Astorga. 41 5 13 4 Camora. 41 2 13 5 Salamanca. 40 4 13 4 Ciudad Rodrigo. 40 1 12 4 3. In the Kingdom of Asturia. Oviedo. 43 0 13 1 Cape de las Pennas. 43 3 12 4 Santillians. 43 0 14 3 4. In Biscay. Lat. Long. Cape Machachaca. 43 4 16 4 Bilbao. 43 2 16 4 Larido, 43 1 16 0 Espinosa. 43 0 15 2 St. Sebastian. 43 2 17 4 Vittoria. 42 4 16 2 5. In Navarre. Pampelona. 43 0 18 1 Estella. 42 4 17 4 6 In the Kingdom of Arragon. Saragosa. 41 2 19 0 Husca. 41 4 19 4 Jaca. 42 2 19 1 Catalayud. 40 5 18 1 Darosa. 40 3 18 1 Albarazin. 40 0 18 2 Tervel. 39 3 19 0 Calanda. 40 2 19 2 7. In Catalonia. Barcelona. 40 3 22 3 Tarragona. 40 0 21 5 Tortose. 39 4 20 4 Lerida. 40 4 20 4 Solsone. 41 1 21 1 Cordone. 41 2 21 2 Blanes. 40 4 23 1 Vich. 41 0 21 5 Girone. 41 1 23 1 Monserrat. 40 3 21 5 Barraves. 42 1 21 4 Roses. 41 3 23 5 Cape de Palafagel. 40 4 24 0 Flix. 40 1 20 3 8. Roussillon. Perpignan. 42 0 23 2 9 In the Kingdom of Valencia. Valencia. 38 4 19 1 Segorbe. 39 1 19 2 Denia. 37 5 19 4 Cape St. Martin, 37 4 20 0 Bonifaca. 39 4 20 0 Xativa. 38 1 18 5 Cullera. 38 1 19 3 Segontum. 38 4 19 4 Alicant. 37 3 19 2 Xelva. 39 2 18 2 Orignela. 37 3 18 4 10. In the Kingdom of Granada. Granada. 36 5 16 0 Guadix. 36 5 16 3 Almeria. 36 1 17 2 Salobrenna. 36 2 16 3 Malaga. 36 0 14 4 Ronda. 36 1 13 5 Marbello. 35 5 14 0 Velez. 36 2 15 1 Vbeda. 37 4 15 5 Muxacra. 36 2 17 4 Vera. 36 4 17 5 Cape de Gates. 36 0 17 4 11. The Kingdom of Murcia. Murcia. 37 1 18 4 Carthagena. 36 5 18 5 Cape de Palos. 36 4 19 1 Lorca. 37 1 17 3 Isle of Majorca. Majorque. 38 2 22 5 Isle of Minorca. Port Mahon. 38 4 24 2 In the Isle of Ivica. Ivica. 37 4 21 1 Isle of Formentera. 37 2 21 1 12. Kingdom of Andalusia. Sevil. 37 0 13 2 St. Lucar. 36 2 12 4 Xeres. 37 1 11 3 Pales. 36 5 12 0 Cadiz. 35 5 12 4 Medina Sidonia. 36 0 13 2 Ecua. 36 5 14 3 Cordova. 37 2 14 5 Ayamont. 36 5 11 3 Port Real. 36 1 13 0 Gibraltar. 35 2 13 3 Tariffa. 35 2 13 1 Lucena. 36 5 15 1 Aremes. 37 4 12 4 13. New Castille. Madrid. 39 5 15 5 Toledo. 39 1 15 4 Alcala de Hen. 40 0 16 2 St. Cruz. 39 0 16 2 Ciutad Real. 38 2 15 2 Malagon. 38 4 15 4 Huetta. 39 1 17 0 Cuensa. 38 5 17 1 Escurial. 39 5 15 3 14. Estremadura. Bajadox. 38 2 12 2 Alcantara. 39 0 12 4 Merida. 38 2 13 0 Truxil. 38 3 13 4 15. In the Kingdom of old Castille. Burgos. 42 0 15 4 Valladolid. 41 2 14 5 Villa Franca. 40 1 14 0 Soria. 41 2 17 0 Osma. 41 0 16 5 Avila. 40 2 14 2 Placentia. 39 2 13 5 Coria. 39 4 13 0 A Table of the Longitudes and Latitudes of the most considerable Places in the Kingdom of Portugal. In the Province called Entre Douro & Minho. Lat. Long. Braga. 41 1 10 4 Porto. 40 5 10 3 Viana. 41 2 10 1 Guimaranes. 41 1 10 5 Amarante. 41 1 11 0 Melgaon. 41 5 10 3 Valensa de Minho. 41 4 10 2 Ponte de Lima. 41 3 10 3 Barcelos. 41 1 10 2 In the Province Tralos Montes. Bragansa. 41 4 12 4 Miranda. 41 1 12 5 Cassel Rodrigo. 40 3 12 3 Villa Real. 41 0 11 3 Chaves. 41 4 11 4 Spadacinta. 40 5 12 4 Pinhel. 40 2 12 2 T. de Moncorvo. 40 5 12 2 Marialva. 40 3 12 1 Almeida. 40 1 12 4 In the Province of Beira. Coimbra. 39 5 10 4 P. Aveiro. 40 2 10 2 Goes. 39 5 11 0 Mira. 40 1 10 1 Lamego. 40 5 11 3 Viseu. 40 2 11 2 Guarda. 40 0 12 1 Trancoso. 40 3 11 3 castle Branco. 39 3 11 5 Val. Verde. 40 4 11 4 Sabugal. 40 0 12 2 Idenba. 39 3 12 2 Cape the Mondego. 39 5 10 0 In the Province of Estremadura. Lisbon. 38 3 9 2 Almada. 38 2 9 3 Setuval. 38 1 10 0 Orem. 39 3 10 2 Alemover. 38 5 9 5 Ega. 39 4 10 2 Leiria. 39 3 10 1 Tomar. 39 2 10 4 Punhete. 39 1 10 5 Palmela. 38 2 9 5 Azarzedas. 39 3 11 3 Figuera. 39 4 10 5 Sintra. 38 4 9 1 Casoales. 38 3 9 1 Atalaia. 39 1 10 3 Santarem. 39 0 10 2 Almerin. 39 0 10 3 Obedes. 39 1 9 4 Berleng Island. 39 1 9 1 Rock of Lisbon. 38 3 9 1 Cape de Spiehel. 38 1 9 3 In the Province of Alentejo. Evora. 38 0 11 1 Elvas. 38 2 11 5 Portalegro. 39 0 11 5 Villa Vicosa. 38 2 11 4 Beja, or Bexa. 37 3 10 5 Olivenza. 38 1 11 5 Montalva. 39 1 11 5 Estramoz. 38 2 11 2 Avis. 38 4 11 1 Aliastiel. 37 2 10 3 St. Jago de Cacem. 37 3 10 0 In the Kingdom of Algarve. Silves. 36 5 10 2 Lagos. 36 3 10 0 Fare. 36 3 10 4 Tavila. 36 4 11 0 Cape St. Vincent. 36 3 9 4 CHAP. V France. FRANCE is bounded on the East by Italy, from which it is divided by the River Var and the Alps; by Savoy, Switzerland, the Franche Comte, Germany, and the Low-Countries, which are likewise to the North of it, with the Channel or Narrow Sea that divides it from England; on the West by the Ocean, and on the South by the Pyrenean Hills and the Mediterranean. We shall first describe its Provinces that are washed by the Ocean, proceeding from North to South. Pieardie hath Amiens for its Capital City; the other more considerable Towns are Abbeville, Perone, Roye, Corbie, St. Quintin, Calais and Boulogne, which two are Seaports; Soissons, Laon, Beauvais, Montrueil, dourlan's, Crecy, where Philip de Valois lost a Battle to the English, Guise and Rhetel. Normandy hath Roven its Capital; it's other principal Towns are Eureux, Bayeux, Caen, deep, Constance, Auranche, and Haure de Grace. Bretagne whereof Rennes is the Capital City, Nantes, Vannes, S. Malo, Beauport, Lantriguier, Breast and Blavet, are its other Towns. Poictou contains Poitiers its chief Towns, Luson, Maillezais, Niord, Fontenay, Chastelleraud: Rochel is in the Aulnis. Xaintonge hath for its Capital Xaintes, where some Roman Antiquities are still to be seen; it's other Towns are Blay and St. John d' Angeli. Guienne hath Bourdeaux upon the Garonne for its principal City; at the mouth of that River stands the Tower of Cordovan, a stately building, and serves for a Sea Mark to Ships. Under the name of Guienne several Countries are comprehended, as the Agenois, where are Agea, Marmande, Clairae; the Condomois, where are Condom and Nerac. The County D' Armagnac, where are Auch and Lectoure; the County of Cominges, where are Bertrand, Coserans and Lombez; the other Towns of Guienne are Bazas, Airs, Acqs and Bayonne. FRANCE map of France The Basse Navarre lies at the foot of the Pyrenees; its chief Towns are Palais, and St. John de Pied de Port. The Principality of Bern is likewise at the foot of these Mountains; its Capital is Pau, and the other Towns of any note, are Oleron and Lescar. Bigorre hath Tarbes for its Capital; Bagueres is likewise considerable there, because of its hot Baths from whence it has its name. The County of Foix lies at the foot of the same Mountains; besides its chief Town of the same name, it hath the Town of Pamies. The County of Roussillon taken from the Spaniard has the same Situation, and Perpignan is its Capital. Languedoc comes next, and stretches along the Mediterranean which it hath to the South, being bounded on the North by the Mountains of Anvergue. The Rhosne divides it from Provence and Dauphine on the East, and Guienne borders on it to the West; its Capital City is Tholonze, Montpelier is the next: the Bishop's seat was at Maguelonne, which is now ruined, nothing remaining but two Churches. It stood in an Isle in the middle of a Pool or Lake, which hath Communication with the Sea. This is that Town which Ptolemy calls Agatha, and which some Geographers take for aged; but that Authors calls this last Agathopolis, near the Eraut, which removes all doubt: besides, that he calls Agatha an Isle and City. Now there never was any City in an Isle upon that Coast, except Maguelonne alone, which changed its name with the Fate and Wrack of the Roman Empire. It is somewhat strange that the greatest Geographers should have been ignorant of this which is so easy to be perceived by any that will consider Ptolemy and the Situation of that Country. I make this remark in favour of Montpellier, which is enlarged by the Ruins of Maguelonne; enriched with its spoils, and adorned with its Bishopric which was transferred thither by Pope Paul the third, in the Reign of Francis the first, the Year one thousand five hundred and thirty six. The other Towns of Languedoc, are Narbonne, an ancient Roman Colony, as well as Nismes, which by its stately Antiquities still shows what was heretofore the splendour of that place: There is an Amphitheatre, the most entire of any that is to be seen of that kind in the World, a Royal Palace, and some other magnificent Relics of the Roman Age. Four Leagues from this City is a stately Aqueduct, which is called the Pont du Guard, because it is upon a River of that name. Carcasson, Besiers, aged, Viviers and Beaucaire, famous for the Fair of Magdalent, are the other Towns of this Province, which is one of the pleasantest in France. Provence is divided from Languedoc, that lies to the West of it, by the Rhosne, and from the County of Nice, which it hath to the East, by the Var; and from Piedmont by the Alps, it hath the Mediterranean to the South, and Dauphine to the North: its chief Towns are Aix its Capital, Marseilles, Arles, Frejul, Thoulon one of the best Seaports in France, Hieres and some others: St. Maximin preserves the Body of Mary Magdalen. The County of Venaissen that belongs to the Pope is shut in within the limits of this Province, its Towns are Avignon, Carpentras, Cavaillon and Vaison. The Principality of Orange belonging to the Princes of the House of Nassaw, who from thence have their Title, is inlocked within the County of Venaissin. There is no considerable Town in it, but that of Orange, where are the Ruins of an Amphitheatre, and a Triumphal Arch of Marius. Dauphine, which is divided from Languedoc by the Rhosne, and from Piedmont by the Alps, contains these principal Towns following; Grenoble its Capital, and Ambrun; this upon the Durance, and that upon the Isere: Vienna and Valence upon the Rhosne, both very ancient. The Lyonnois is to the North of Dauphine, and Lions, one of the greatest and fairest Cities of France, is its Capital; it's situated on a point where the Saone mingles its still and gentle waters with the rapid streams of the Rhosne: it hath no other Towns of great note. Bresse is to the North of the Lyonnois; it's chief Towns are Bourg in Bresse, Montluel, Pont de Vaux, and St. Julian. The Principality of Dombes, which belongs to Mademoiselle of Montpensier, Cousin German to the King of France, is enclosed within Bresse; the chief Town of it is Trevoulx. The Duchy of Burgundy lies Northward from the Lyonnois, between which and it, are the Beaujolois, the chief Town whereof is Ville Franche, and the Maronnois, that takes its name from the Town of Maron: the chief Towns of Burgundy are Dijon the Capital, Authun an ancient Town, Chalons on the Saone, Beaune, Semur and Langres; some place Sens and Auxerre here. Champaign hath Burgundy to the South, and Picardy to the North; its chief Towns are Rheins Troy's, Chalons on the Marne, Bar on the Sein, Bar on the Aube, Nogent, Chaumont in Basigny and Joinville. Seeing Champaign joins Picardy, and that we began the Description of the Circuit of France by this, we will end it here, that we may view the middle of the Kingdom, and describe the Provinces that lie there, proceeding from North to South. Brie lies to the West of Champaign; its chief Towns are Meaux, Province, Lagny, Bricomte-Robert and Montereau. France, properly so called, lies West from Brie, and hath Picardy to the North; it comprehends the Prevostie and Vicecounty of Paris, the Isle of France, the Valois, the Heurepois, and the Gastinois: Paris is the Metropolis of all this Kingdom, the Residence of the Kings, and one of the fairest Cities in the World. In the Isle of France is St. Denis, the burying place of the French Kings; Poissi, St , and Montmorency are the other more remarkable Towns thereof. In the Valois are Crespi, Senlis; and Beauvois, with the Beauvoisis, is by some also placed there. In the Heurepois are Melun, Corbeil, Moret: in the Gastinois are Montargis, Nemours, Estampes, Milly Chastillon and Fontainbleau, where the French King has a stately House in a vast Forest. The Beausse hath for chief Towns, Orleans, Chartres, Dreux, Chasteaudun, Vandosme, Meun, Nogent le Roy and Blois. Perche hath for principal Towns, Nogent Le Retrou, Molesme and Mortagues. Anjou hath Angiers, Saumeur and La Fleehe. Tourain hath Tours, which gives it the name, Amboise, Loches, Chinon, where Rabelais was born, Loudun and some others. Sologne hath Remorantin, Gergeau and Sully. Berry, which is almost in the middle of France, hath Bourges its chief Town, Sancerre, Yssoudun, Vierzon, Dun Le Roy and Selles. The Nivernois hath Nevers. The Bourbonnois hath Moulins, Bourbon L' Ancy, and Bourbon L' Archamband. The Forest hath St. Estienne de Feuran, Mont Brison, Feurs, and Rovenne. Auvergne is divided into the upper and lower; in this are the Towns of Clermont, Ryons, Montferraud, and the Castle of Montpensier: in the upper, St. Flour and Aurilhac. Lymoisin hath Lymoges its Capital Town, Segur and Chalus, which are in the upper; and Tulles, Vzerche and Brive in the lower, called otherways La March. Quercy hath for Capital Cahors, the other considerable Towns are Montauban and Moissac. Perigord hath Perigueux, Sarlat, Bergerac and Miremont. Rouvergne hath Rhodez, Ville Franche, and Milland. The Angoulmois, Angoulesme, Chateauneuf, Coignac and Jarnac, where the bloody Battle was fought in time of Charles the Ninth, which bears that name. And this is a brief Description of all the Provinces of France. We must now see what Rivers water it. Those that run into the Ocean are the Garonne, the Charente, the Loire, the Sein and the Somme. Into the Mediterranean Sea, the Aude, the Eraud, and the Rhosne. The Garonne hath its source in the Pyrenean Hills, runs through Guienne, passes by Thoulouze and Bourdeaux, receives into it the Ariege, the Lot, the Tarn and the Dordogne, and falls into the Ocean near to Bourdeaux. The Charente passes by Angoulesme and Xaintes. The Loire hath its Head in Languedoc, among the Mountains of Vivarezi; from whence it enters into the Forests, and passes by Rovenne, where it gins to carry Boats, it runs through the Bourbonois, the Nivernois, Beausse, Tourain and Anjou, passes by Nevers, Orleans, Blois, Amboise, Tours, Saumeur, and entering a little into Bretaign, and having washed Nantes, it discharges itself into the Ocean, carrying with it the Allier, the Clein, the Creusa, the Cherseoli, the Vienne, the Main, and many Rivulets. The Sein comes out of Burgundy, waters Champaign, the Isle of France and Normandy; it passes through Paris, and by Roven, and being increased by the Marne, the Youne, the Oyse, and some other Rivers, it is embraced by the Ocean near Haure De-grace. The Somme springs out of Picardy, runs through it, and forsakes not that Province till it lose itself in the Ocean, after it hath washed Amiens, Abbeville, and several other Towns of that Country, from whence the Escaut, or Scheld, springs also. The Aude come from the Pyrenean Mountains, and runs by Carcassonne and Narbonne. The Eraud comes from the Sevenes, and passes by aged, the Orb by Beziers, The Rhosne has its source in Mount St. Gothard among the Alps, runs through the Lake of Geneva, passes by Lions, Vienne, Valence, under the Pont St. Esprit, by Avignon, Beaucaire, Arles, and receives into it the Saone, the Isere, the Droume, the Durance, the Ardeche, the Guerdon; and by its Branches having made an Island which is called Camargue, (from Cajus Marius, corrupting Caii Marii Ager, into Camargue,) it falls into the Mediterranean There are in France fifteen Archbishoprics, and comprehending Avignon, sixteen, which are Roven, Tours, Bourdeaux, Auch, Thoulouze, Narbonne, Arles, Aix, Ambrun, Vienne, Lions, Sens, Rheims, Paris, Bourges and Avignon, and above an hundred Bishoprics. There are ten ancient Parliaments which are established at Paris, Roven, Rennes, Bourdeaux, Pau, Thoulouze, Aix, Grenoble, Dijon and Metz, and two new ones, the one at Tournay for the French Conquests in the Netherlands, the other at Besancon for the Franche Comty. Its Isles in the Ocean are Belle-Isle, on the Coast of Bretaign,; Neirmonsteir on the Coast of Poitou; the Isles of Re and Oleron on the Coasts of Aunis and Xaintonge: In the Mediterranean are the Isles of Hieres, of St. Margaret, and St. Honorat on the Coast of Provence. Its Mountains besides the Alps and Pyrenees, are those of Auvergne and Sevenes, which the Ancients called Montes Cebennae, the name not much as yet altered. There are besides, Mount Jura, or St. Claude, which is towards Switzerland, and Mount Vogese, or Faucilles, towards the Diocese of Langres. The Catholic Religion is the public established Religion in France, yet the Protestant is permitted there: And thus, Reader, you have a short draught of a large and flourishing Kingdom, under the Dominion of a great and powerful Prince. Before we proceed to Italy, we must pass over into Savoy, which is enclosed within France: This Duchy belonging to a Prince who carries the Title of it, hath to the North the Lake of Geneva and Switzerland, to the East Piedmont, and Dauphine to the South and West; the chief Towns of it are Chambrey its Capital City, Montmelian and Foussigny. The County of Morienne, where St. John stands, and the Tarantaise, where Monstier is, which are in the Alps, belong to the Duke of Savoy, as well as Piedmont, and the Marquisat of Saluces, of which we shall speak in the Description of Italy. Geneva lying at the end of a great Lake that carries its name, heretofore belonged to the Duke of Savoy, but at present it owns no Superior, and is erected into a Commonwealth. A Table of the Longitudes and Latitudes of the principal places in the Kingdom of France. In Picardy. Lat. Long. Calais. 51 1 23 1 Bologne. 50 5 23 1 Abbeville. 50 1 23 1 Amiens. 49 5 23 4 St. Quintin. 50 0 25 1 Perone. 50 0 24 4 Oyk. 49 4 24 3 In Normandy. Roven. 49 3 22 1 deep. 50 0 22 1 Haure de Grace. 49 4 21 1 Lizeux. 48 5 21 4 Caen. 49 2 20 1 Isigny. 49 4 19 1 Auranches. 48 5 19 0 Seez. 48 5 20 5 Isle of Jersey. 49 3 18 1 Isle of Gernsey. 49 4 17 4 In Poictou. Poitiers. 46 4 21 0 Vivonne. 46 3 21 0 Rochel. 46 1 19 1 Isle of Re. 46 1 18 4 Amboise. 47 2 22 0 Guerot. 46 0 23 0 In the Isle de France. Paris. 48 5 23 3 Soyssons. 49 3 24 3 Fountainbleau. 48 3 23 3 In Champaign. Sedan. 49 5 26 1 Rheims. 49 2 25 2 Espernay. 49 0 25 0 Chalons. 48 4 25 5 Troy's. 48 2 25 2 Bray. 48 3 24 2 Ay. 49 0 25 2 In Bretagne. St. Malo. 48 5 18 0 Dol. 48 4 18 3 Rennes. 48 0 18 3 Treguier. 48 4 16 4 Morlaix. 48 2 16 0 St. Pol de Lion. 48 4 15 4 Breast. 48 0 15 2 Pol David. 47 4 15 2 Blavet. 47 3 16 4 Vennes. 47 2 17 1 Nantes. 47 1 18 5 Machecour. 46 5 18 3 Dieu. 46 4 18 1 Isle the Nermontier. 47 0 18 0 Bell Isle. 47 0 16 4 Isle the Vssant. 48 1 14 2 In Main. Mans. 48 0 21 0 Suze. 47 5 21 0 In Anjou. Angers. 47 3 19 5 Saumer. 47 1 20 2 Bange. 47 4 20 5 Craon. 47 5 19 2 Tours. 47 2 21 4 In Perche. Nogent Le Retrou. 48 2 21 5 In the Nivernois. Nevers. 46 5 24 1 In the Orleannois. Orleans. 47 4 23 0 Blois. 47 4 22 2 In Bourgogne. Lat. Long. Dijon. 47 1 26 2 Auxerre. 47 2 24 4 Autun. 46 4 25 2 Chalon. 46 3 26 1 Verdun. 46 4 26 1 Mascon. 46 0 26 0 In Berry. Bourges. 47 0 23 1 In the Bourbonnois. Moulins. 46 1 24 2 In the Angumois. Angoulesme. 45 5 20 5 In Saintonge. Saintes. 45 5 19 4 Broiiage. 45 4 19 1 Isle de Oleron. 45 5 18 4 In the Lionnois. Lyon. 45 4 26 2 Rovanne. 45 5 25 1 In Perigort. Perigeux. 45 2 21 3 In Limosin. Lymoges. 45 4 22 1 In Quercy. Cahors. 44 2 22 3 In Auvergne. St. Flour. 44 4 24 2 Mercaeur. 45 0 24 1 usson. 45 1 24 4 Clermont. 45 3 24 1 In Rovergne. Rodez. 44 1 23 3 Estain. 44 4 23 2 Vabres. 43 4 23 5 In Gascogny. Lat. Long. Bourdeaux. 44 5 19 2 Bourg. 45 2 19 4 Tour de Cordovan. 45 3 18 5 Cusac. 45 2 20 0 Albret. 44 2 20 2 Aux. 43 4 21 0 Lombes. 43 2 21 2 Dax. 44 0 19 2 Bayonne. 43 4 18 2 In Low Navar. Pau. 43 2 19 4 Tarbe. 43 1 20 3 St. Bertrant. 42 5 21 1 In Languedoc. Tholouse. 43 3 21 5 Alby. 43 3 22 3 Castres'. 43 2 22 5 Carcasson. 43 0 22 3 Narbone. 42 5 23 4 Bezieres. 43 0 24 0 Montpellier. 43 1 25 1 Nismes. 43 2 25 3 Uses. 43 3 25 3 Viviers. 44 0 26 0 In Rousillon. Perpignan. 42 1 23 3 In Province. Freiuls. 43 0 28 2 Tholon. 42 4 27 4 Marseille. 42 5 26 5 Aix. 43 0 26 5 Arles. 43 0 26 0 Avignon. 43 3 26 1 Orange. 43 4 26 1 Sisteron. 43 5 27 5 In Daufine. Vienne. 45 1 26 4 Grenoble. 44 5 27 2 St. Antoin. 44 5 26 4 Valence. 44 3 26 3 St. Paul. 44 0 26 2 Embrun. 44 3 28 1 ITALY map of Italy A Table of the Longitudes and Latitudes of the principal places in the Dukedom of Savoy. In Savoy Proper. Lat. Long. Chambery. 45 1 27 3 Montmelian. 45 0 27 4 Beufort. 45 1½ 28 1 Aix. 45 2 27 3 Rumilly. 45 3 27 3 Conflens. 45 1 28 0 Miolans. 45 1 27 4 L'Eschelles. 45 0 27 2 In Bugey. St. Genis de Host. 45 1 27 1 Yenne. 45 2 27 2 In Maurienna. La Chambre. 44 5 28 0 St. Jean de Maurien. 44 4 28 0 Modane. 44 4 28 2 Lasneburg. 44 5 28 4 Mount Cenis. 44 4 29 0 In the Tarantais. Lat. Long. Moustiers. 45 1 28 1 St. Jacquiesme. 45 0½ 28 2 St. Maurice. 45 1 28 3 In the Genevais. Geneva. 46 0 27 4 Annecy. 45 4 27 4 Alby. 45 3 27 4 Thonne. 45 3 28 0 In Fausigny. La Bonne Ville. 45 4 27 5 Cluse. 45 4 28 1 Salanche. 45 3 28 2 In Chablais. Thonon. 46 0 28 0½ Ripaille. 46 0 28 1 Evian. 46 0 28 2 St. Jingo. 46 0 28 3 Aux. 45 5 28 2 CHAP. VI Italy. ITALY hath on the West the River Var and the Alps which divide it from France, and the Mediterranean Sea; it is divided from Germany by the same Mountains on the North, on part of which side also is the Gulf of Venice: it hath to the East the Ionian Sea, and to the South the Sea of Tuscany. This Region resembles the Leg and Thigh of a man, or (if you had rather) a Boot. The Apennine Hills stretch along the whole length of it; and it is divided into several states under the Dominion of divers Princes. The Pope possesses the Ecclesiastic State, in which are the Campania of Rome, the Patrimony of St. Peter, the Dutchies of Spoleto, Urbin and Ferrara the Mark of Ancona, Romania and the Boulognois: and in the Kingdom of Naples, the Duchy of Benevent. The King of Spain possesses the Kingdom of Naples, the Duchy of Milan, and some places on the side of Tuscany, with the Marquisat of Final, on the Frontiers of Genoa. The Duke of Florence is Master of the greatest part of Tuscany. The Duke of Savoy holds Piedmont, the Marquisat of Saluces, and the County of Nice. The Duke of Parma, the Dutchies of Parma and Placentia, and the Duchy of Castro. The Duke of Mantua, the Duchy of Mantua and Montferrat. The Duke of Modena, the Dutchies of of Modena and Regio. The Prince of Massa the Principality that gives him the Title. The Prince of Mirandola, the Principality of the same name. The Bishop of Trent is Prince of his own Bishopric: it contains four Republics, two that are great, to wit, of Venice and Genoa, and two lesser, of Lucca and St. Marin. The Republic of Venice possesses part of Istria, (the rest belonging to the House of Austria) Frioli, the Mark Trevisane, il Dogado, the Padonan, the Veronese, the Vicentin, the Bressian, and the Bergamaske. The Republic of Genoa possesses that which is called Riviera di Genoa; that of Lucca but little, and that of St. Marin less. We are now to take a view of of all these States in order, Coasting along by the Sea which environs that sweet Country, and proceeding from West to East. Having passed the Var, we come into the County of Nice, wherein is a City of the same name, and that of Villa Franca. Monaco which belongs to its own Prince; the Marquisat of Final with a Town of the same name. The Riviera de Genoa, wherein are the Metropolis of Genoa, (which is called in Italian, La Superba, the Stately, and is one of the most beautiful Towns in Italy,) Savona, Albenga, and some others. Tuscany is separated from the Riviera de Genoa by La Macra; it reaches to the Campania of Rome on the East, and has that Sea which carries its name on the South, and the Apennineses on the North. The Duke of Florence who takes the Title of great Duke of Tuscany, is Master of the greatest part of it. The chief Towns in his Territories are Florence, the Capital City, Pisa, Sienna, Volterra, Pistoia, and Legorn, a Seaport Town. The small State of the Republic of Lucca, the Principality of Massa, and the Stato delli Presidi, in which are the Towns Orbitello, Porto Hercole, and Piombino, that belong to the King of Spain, are in Tuscany; as also the Duchy of Castro, which belongs to the Duke of Parma, having a Town of the same name, and the Patrimony of St Peter, wherein are Viterbo, Montefiascone, and some others: Aquapendente, Peruga near a Lake that bears its name. Orvieta and Civita Vecchia, a fair Port where the Pope keeps his Galleys, are likewise in Tuscany. The Campania of Rome, in ancient times called Latium, hath to the East La Terra d' Lavoro of the Kingdom of Naples, to the South, the Sea, to the West Tuscany, from which it is separated by the Tibre, and to the North Abruzzo; its Capital City is Rome, so famous that none can compare with it: heretofore it gave Laws to the whole World almost, and at present extends its power farther than ever, seeing the Pope's exercise their Authority in America, where the Consuls and Emperors of Rome were never known: There are many prints of its ancient splendour still extant, as the Pantheon, which goes by the name of Santa Maria Rotunda, the Pillars of Trajan and Antonin, Amphitheatres, Baths, Aqueducts, and many other stately remains of Antiquity, which by their Ruins publish the Roman Magnificence and Grandeur: it stands upon the Tiber, at the mouth of which River is the Town of Ostia. The other Towns of the Campania of Rome, are Tivoli, formerly Tybur, where are excellent Waters, Avagnia, Palestrine, which is the ancient Preneste, Veletri, heretofore Velitrae, where Augustus was born, Terracine, and some others. The Kingdom of Naples is bounded on the West, by the State of the Church, and on all other sides by the Sea; to wit, the Sea of Tuscany on the South, that of jonia on the East, and the Gulf of Venice on the North: it is divided into several Provinces; on the Tuscan Sea are, Terra di Lavoro, of which Naples is the Capital City, that hath a good Port, the others are, Capova, Pussoli, Cajette, and Baiae that is ruined: The Principality wherein Salerne is▪ Calabria that contains Cosenca and Regio. The Basilicate and Principality of Tarento, lie on the Ionian Sea; and on the Gulf of Venice, the Country of Otranto, that has a Town of the same name, and the Land of Bari, in which are Bari and Brindisi; Apulia, wherein is Manfredonia; Abruzzo, whereof the Capital Town is Aquila: And in that Province also is the Duchy of Benevento that belongs to the Church. The Mark of Ancona lies likewise on the Gulf of Venice, in which is a Town of the same name, and that of our Lady of Loretto, that is much frequented upon the account of Devotion. Next after comes Romania; its Capital City is Ravenna, and the others are, Faensa, Forli and Imola. The Boulognois has Bononia for its Capital, which is one of the fairest Cities of Italy: The Duchy of Ferrara with its Metropolis of the same name is Situated on the Po The Duchy of Venice, wherein is comprehended that delicate City built upon Piles in the Sea. Frioli, where are Vdena, and the Ruins of Aquilea. Istria, which belongs partly to the Venetians, and partly to the Archdukes of Austria, bounds Italy on that side; the chief Towns of it are, Cabo d' Istria, Tergeste, Parentia and Pola. The Marque, or Mark Trevisane, hath Trevisa, Verona and Vicensa. The Bishopric of Trent stretches along the Alps; and its chief City is famous for the last Council held there: the Bishopric of Bellona is in the same Province also. The Duchy of Milan hath the Alps on the North, Piedmont on the West, Parma on the South, and the Venetian State on the East; Milan its Capital, is one of the greatest Towns of Europe, and its Castle one of the best Fortresses: in the same Province are also Pavia, Cremona, Novarra, Lodi, Como and Vigevano. The Metropolis of Piedmont, is Turin on the Po, a lovely City where the Dukes of Savoy keep their Court: Pignerol a strong place belonging to France, is in the same Province. Carmagnole is the chief Town of the Marquisat of Saluces, as Casal is in Montferrat. The Dutchies of Parma, Placentia, Modena and Regio, have their Capital Cities of the same names. The Duchy of Mantua hath likewise a City of the same name, built in the middle of a Lake on the River Mince. These Dutchies that we have now named, lie in that part of Italy which the Romans called Gallia Cisalpina, because the Gauls were planted there, and that as to them it was on this side of the Alps; it was afterwards called Lombardy, from the Lombard's that Conquered it, which name it still retains: it is on the South shut up by the Apennine Hills, the Alps on the North and West, and by the Gulf of Venice and the River Pisaura, or Foglia, on the East. A great part of the Venetian State lies in that Region, as Crema a strong Town, Bergamo with its Territory, and Eresse, or Brescia, with its Dependences. The Duchy of Spoleto, and that of St. Urbin, which belongs to the Holy See, have each of them a Capital Town of the same name, and are Situated upon the Apennine Mountains in the Centre of Italy. In the first is the Town of Assize, where St. Francis was born; within the second is enclosed the little Republic of St. Marin, under the Protection of the Pope. The chief Rivers of Italy that fall into the Mediterranean, are the Var, which runs through the County of Nice, and divides it from Provence; the Magra, which divides Liguria, called Riviera di Genoa, from Tuscany; the Arne, that passes by Florence and Pisa; the Tiber, that runs by Rome, and is augmented by Teverone and Chiara; the Garigliano, heretofore Liris, and the Vulturno. Into the Gulf of Venice fall, Lofanto, Pescara, and Tronto, which are in the Kingdom of Naples, the Foglia, that is is in the Mark of Ancona. Rubicon, at present, Pisatello, that heretofore divided Gallia Cisalpina from the West of Italy. The Po, which is the greatest River of Italy, and rises in Mount Viso, one of the Alps; it passes by Turin, and through the Duchy of Milan, goes into the Lands of Mantua, and Ferrara, and from thence into the Gulf of Venice; having swallowed up in its passage the Doria, the Tezin, the Ada, the Oglio, the Mince, the Taner, and several other Rivers. The Adige passes by Trent and Verona. The Brenta passes by Milan. Tagliamento and Lizousa wash Friuli: Rizano Istria; and Arsa divides it from Dalmatia. There are considerable Lakes in Italy: in Lombardy is the Lake Major, heretofore called Verbanus, out of which comes the Tezin. The Lake of Como, anciently called Larius, out of which comes the Ada; the Lake of Isseo, whence comes the Oglia; the Lake of Lugano, and another called de Garda, which produces the Mince. SICILIA map of Sicily In Tuscany is the Lake Thrasimene, at present called the Lake of Perugia: the Lake Vulsin, now of Bolsena, and the Lake of Braciano, heretofore Sabutinus. In the Campania of Rome, are the Lake Fucin, the Lake Fundi, and the Lake Albanus, now called Lago di Castello Gandolfo. The chief Islands of this Country, are Elbe, Corsica, Sardinia, Ischia, Caprea, Sicily, and some others. The Isle of Elbe is near the Shoar of Tuscany: it hath a Town called Cosmopolis, and a Mountain of Loadstone: it belongs partly to the great Duke of Tuscany, and partly to the King of Spain. Corsica is over against the Riviera of Genoa, and belongs to that Republic; its chief Town is La Bastia, and best Port that of St. Boniface. Sardinia is divided from Corsica by an Aim of the Sea; it lies to the South of Corsica, and belongs to the King of Spain: the chief Town of it is Calari, and the others are Oristagna, Sassari and Algeri. Near to Naples is the Isle of Ischia, with a Fort of the same name, and Caprea, famous for the Residence of Tiberius, is likewise there. Sicily is the greatest Island of the Mediterranean, it is disjoined from Italy, (to which it is thought to have been anciently united) by a narrow Branch of the Sea, called the Fare of Messina; the chief Towns of it are Palermo, its Capital, the Residence of the Viceroy, Messina, Trepano, Girgenti, Syracuse, and Catanea, near to which is the famous Mount Aetna that vomiteth out fire, called at present Mount Gibello: this Island belongs to the King of Spain. The Isles of Lipare are not far from this, some of which cast out Fire. In the Gulf of Venice, and near to Mount Gargan, are the Isles of Diomedes, at present of Sancta Maria del Trinita. The Mountains of Italy are the Alps that limit it, and the Apennine Hills that run through it. Not far from Naples is Mount Vesuvius, which hath often cast out Fire, but not at present, it is now called Monte di Sommo, and produces excellent Wine. In Apulia is Mount Gargan, now di Santo Angelo. There is no Religion but the Roman Catholic professed in Italy: and the least Towns of it are Bishoprics. A Table of the Longitudes and Latitudes of the Principal Places in the Territories of Italy. 1. In the Kingdom of Naples. Lat. Long. Regio 37 5 40 1 Cape Spartivento 37 4 40 4 St. Severina 39 1 41 1 Cosensa 39 3 40 3 Policastro 40 0 39 2 Salerno 40 4 38 5 Gallipoli 40 1 42 1 Cirenza 40 4 40 1 Matera 40 4 41 0 Taranto 40 3 41 3 Otranto 40 1 42 2 Brindisi 40 4 42 1 Bari 41 2 40 4 Benevent 41 1 38 5 Manfredonia 41 4 39 4 Naples 40 5 38 4 Aversa 41 0 38 1 Capua 41 1 38 2 Gaetta 41 2 37 3 Boiano 41 4 38 2 Pescara 42 4 38 1 Chietta 42 3 38 1 2. In the Estate of the Church. Rome 41 4 36 3 Ostia 41 3 36 3 Mont Fiascone 42 0 35 4 Bracciano 41 4 36 0 Civita Vecchia 41 3 35 4 Orvietta 42 1 36 0 Perugia 42 4 35 2 Spaletto 42 4 36 1 Narni 42 2 36 2 Fermo 43 0 37 1 Ancona 43 3 36 5 Loretto 43 2 37 0 Vrbino 43 3 35 3 Fano 43 4 35 5 Cagli 43 1 35 5 Ravenna 44 0 34 5 Rimini 43 5 35 1 Ferrara 44 4 33 4 Bolognia 44 0 34 0 3. In the Dukedom of Florence. Florence 43 0 34 2 Pistoya 43 1 34 0 Scarpeia 43 3 34 2 Lucca 43 0 33 3 Pisa 42 4 33 1 Legorn 42 3 33 2 Sienna 42 4 34 3 Pienza 42 2 35 0 Piombino Port 41 5 33 4 Orbitello 41 3 35 0 Port Hercule 41 2 35 0 Massa 42 1 34 1 4. In the Estate of Venice. Venice 45 2 34 4 Adria 45 0 34 3 Padova 45 2 34 1 Verona 45 1 33 1 Garda 45 2 32 5 Brescia 45 1 32 2 Isseo 45 0 32 0 Bergama 45 2 31 4 Palma Nova 46 1 35 1 Trevise 45 5 34 2 Feltre 46 1 34 0 Vicensa 45 4 33 5 Trieste 46 0 36 4 Citta Nova 45 1 36 3 Pola 44 5 37 0 Zara 44 3 39 1 Sebenico 44 3 39 5 Spalatta 44 0 40 2 Narenza 44 0 42 0 The Isles. Corfu 38 4 44 4 Cefalonia 36 5 46 3 Zant 36 2 46 4 5. In Piedmont. Turin 44 2 29 4 Susa 44 4 29 0 Aste 44 0 30 2 Nice 42 5 29 2 Inurea 44 4 29 5 Aosta 45 2 29 1 Monaco 42 5 29 4 Pignerol 44 0 29 1 Chier 44 1 30 0 Fossano 43 4 29 5 Oneglias 43 0 30 1 In Montferrat. Casal 44 2 30 3 6. In the Dukedom of Milan. Milan 44 5 30 5 Pavia 44 3 31 0 Como 45 1 31 0 Novara 44 5 30 3 Lodi 44 5 31 4 Bobbio 43 5 31 4 Tortona 44 0 31 0 Vgogna 45 3 30 0 7. In the Estate of Genua. Cape de Melli 42 5 30 1 Final 43 2 30 3 Genua 43 3 31 0 Lavagne 43 2 31 4 8. In the Duchy of Modena. Modena 44 0 33 4 Reggio 44 0 33 0 9 In the Duchy of Mantua. Mantua 44 5 33 1 Vstiano 44 5 32 3 10. In the Duchy of Parma. Parma 44 0 32 4 Foronovo 43 5 32 3 Placenza 44 1 31 5 In the Kingdom of Sicily. Far 38 0 39 5 Messina 37 5 39 5 Termini 37 1 37 3 Catania 37 0 39 2 Augusta 36 4 39 2 Syracuse 36 2 39 2 Nota 35 5 39 1 Cape Passaro 35 4 39 4 Agrigento or Girgenti 36 1 37 4 Mazara 36 3 36 2 Trapano 36 5 36 0 Marsala 36 4 36 0 Palermo 37 2 37 0 Milazzo 38 0 39 2 Isles of Lipari. Stromboli 38 4 39 1 Felicur 38 0 37 5 Lipari 38 2 38 5 Volcano 38 1 38 4 Alicur 38 0 37 3 Vstica 38 0 36 4 In the Island of Sardinia. Cagliari 37 5 32 2 Sarda 39 2 32 1 Sassari 39 2 31 4 Algeri 39 0 31 4 Oristagni 38 2 31 3 Villa de Iglesia 37 3 31 5 In the Island of Corsica. Bonifacio 40 0 32 3 Aleria 41 0 32 3 dirty 41 3 32 2 Cape Corso 41 5 32 2 Calvi 41 1 32 0 Ajazzo 40 3 30 2 Genarca 41 0 31 4 Isle of Elba 41 4 33 3 Isle Gorgona 42 2 32 4 CHAP. VII. The Low-Countries. BEFORE we pass into Germany, we must view the Low Countries, because they lie between it and France. They have Germany to the East and North, the Ocean to the West, and France to the South. They are divided into seventeen Provinces, to wit, four Dutchies, seven Counties, five Signiories or Lordships, and the Marquisat of the holy Empire. The Dutchies are Brabant, the Capital of which is Brussels, the Residence of the Governors of the Low-Countries for the King of Spain; it's other Towns are Louvain, Antwerp, Boisleduc, and many others. The Duchy of Limbourg, which hath a Capital of the same name. The Duchy of Luxembourg which hath its principal Town of the same name also: it's other considerable Towns are Arlon, Thionville, Danvilliers and Montmedy. The Duchy of Gueldres that hath a Town likewise of the same name, and Nimeguen a place of importance. The County of Flanders hath Gbent for its Capital; the other considerable Towns are Bruges, Ipre, Courtray, and (upon the Sea) Sluse, Newport, Ostend, Dunkirk and Graveline; which two last belong to the Crown of France. The County of Artois hath Arras for Capital, belonging likewise to France, the other Towns are Beaupaume, Bethune, and St. Omer, taken in the late Wars by the French. The County of Hainault has Mons for Capital, Valenciennes, Bouchain, Mariembourg and Landrecy. The County of Namur hath its Capital of the same name, Bouvines and Charlemont. The County of Zutphen hath its chief Town of the same name also: it is comprehended under the Duchy of Gueldres. The County of Holland hath very fair Cities, as Amsterdam its chief, Harlem, Leyden, Dort, Rotterdam, and several others. The Hague is but a Town, yet there the Assembly of the States, and Court of the Prince of Orange are kept. The County of Zealand is composed of several Isles, made by the branches of the Escaut, or Scheld; the chief is the Isle of Walkeren, in which are the Towns of Middleburg and Flushing. The Marquisat of the Holy Empire is no more but the City and Territory of Antwerp, comprehended under Brabant. The Signiory or Province of Malines contains likewise only the Town of the same name, with its Territory enclosed within Brabant. The Signiory or Province of Vtrecht hath a large and beautiful Town of the same name, and besides Rhenen, Amersfort, Montfort and Wik at Duerstede. HELVETIA or Switzerland map of Switzerland HOLLAND Or the United PROVINCES. map of the Netherlands FLANDERS or the Spanish PROVINCES. map of Flanders The Signiory or Province of Over Issel is so called, because in respect of the other Provinces of the Low-Countries, it is on the other side of the Issel, which is a branch of the Rhine, and is by the Latins called Transissulana: its Towns are Deventer, Swoll, Campen, Steenwick, Cowerden, and Oldenzeel. The Signiory or Province of West-Friesland hath these remarkable Towns, Lewarden, Dockum, Franiker, Staveren, and Harlingen. The Signiory or Province of Groningen, hath the Town which gives it its name, and another small Town called Dam. The Low-Countries are watered with pleasant Rivers, which are the Scheld, the , and the Rhine; the Scheld hath its Source in Picardy, passes by Valenciennes, Tournay, Ghent and Antwerp; and having embraced the Isles of Zealand, and received the supplies of the Lys, the Lief, the Dender, the Rupel, and some other Rivers, it falls into the Ocean. The cometh from the Mount of Vauge in the Diocese of Langres, passes by Charlemont, Bouvines, Namur, Maestricht, Grave, and joining with the Wahal, one of the Branches of the Rhine, it receives the Sambre and some other Rivers. We shall speak of the Rhine when we treat of Germany. The nineteen Provinces, or Low-Countries, falling to the Crown of Spain by Mary, Heiress of the House of Burgundy, some of them Revolted, and erected themselves into a Commonwealth, by the name of the States of the United Provinces, commonly called the States of Holland: they are composed of Holland, Zealand, Vtrecht, Over-Issel, West-Friesland, Groningen, Gueldres, and Zutphen. The Assembly of the State's General is held at the Hague, and since their settlement, the Princes of Orange have been the Generals of their Armies. Calvin's Reformation is the Religion publicly established; but the Catholic, Lutheran, Anabaptist, Socinian, and many other Religions are tolerated there. The French in the late Wars Conquered many considerable places of the Spanish Netherlands, some of which have been made over to that Crown, by the Spaniard, in the last Treaty of Peace concluded at Nimeguen; so that the Spanish Interest in these Provinces is at present much impaired and weakened. Before we proceed further, it is to be observed, that the Cambresis and Bishopric of Liege are enclosed within the Low Countries. The Cambresis lies between Artois and Hainault, and hath Picardy to the South: the City of Cambray that gives it the name is a spacious and fair Town, belonging now to the French King. The Bishopric of Liege hath to the North and West Brabant, Luxemburg on the South, and Limbourg on the East. The City of Liege is very fair and spacious, lying on the ; the Bishop of it is Sovereign Prince of all his Diocese, which comprehends the Duchy of Bovillon, the Towns of Maseyk and Tongres, with the Burrow of Spa, famous for its Medicinal Waters. A Table of the Longitudes and Latitudes of the principal places in the Netherlands. In the French Conquests in Artois. Lat. Long. Arras 50 1 23 5 Lens 50 3 24 0 Bethune 50 4 23 5 St. Pol 50 2 23 3 Bapaumes 50 1 24 0 Pass 50 1 23 4 Renti 50 4 23 1 Hesdin 50 2 23 1 Teroane 50 4 23 2 Lillers 50 4 23 4 St. Omers 50 5 23 2 Air 50 4 23 4 St. Venant 50 4 23 5 In Flanders. Gravelling 51 1 23 1 Bourbourg 51 0 23 1 Mardyke 51 1 23 2 Dunkirk 51 1 23 3 Winoxberg 51 0 23 3 Mont-Cassel 50 5 23 4 Armentiers 50 4 24 0 Furnes 51 1 23 5 Ipre 51 0 24 1 Poperingen 51 0 23 5 Bell 50 5 24 0 Warneton 50 5 24 1 Conimes 50 5 24 2 Warwick 50 5 24 2 Menin 50 5 24 3 Lille 50 4 24 2 Le Bassee 50 3 24 0 Orchies 50 3 24 3 Tourney 50 4 24 4 Dovay 50 2 24 2 St. Amand 50 3 24 4 In Hannault. Cende 50 3 25 0 Valenciennes 50 2 24 5 Bouchain 50 1 24 3 Bavay 50 2 25 1 Maubeuge 50 2 25 2 Chymay 50 0 25 4 Avesnes 50 1 25 2 Quesnoy 50 2 25 0 Landrecy 50 1 25 0 Philipville 50 2 25 5 Mariembourg 50 1 25 5 In the County of Namour. Charlemont 50 1 26 1 Buillon 50 0 26 3 Cambrey 50 1 24 3 Chasteau Cambresis 50 0 24 5 Creveceur 50 0 24 3 In the Dukedom of Luxembourg. Thionville 49 3 27 4 Montmedy 49 3 26 5 Marville 49 3 27 0 In the Spanish Flanders. Newport 51 2 24 0 Dixmude 51 1 24 0 Ostend 51 2 24 1 Bruges 51 2 24 2 Courtray 50 5 24 3 Gaunt 51 1 25 0 Dam 51 2 24 2 Blaukemburg 51 3 24 2 Dendermond 51 1 25 3 Rupelmond 51 2 25 3 Alost 51 0 25 3 Oudenard 51 0 25 0 In Brabant. Brussels 50 5 25 4 Vilvorden 51 0 25 5 Malines, or Mechlin 51 1 25 5 Antwerp 51 2 25 4 Louvain 51 0 26 0 Nivelle 50 4 25 4 Gemblours 50 4 26 0 Judoign 50 4 26 2 Tillemont 50 5 26 2 Lewe 51 0 26 3 Deist 51 1 26 2 Arscott 51 1 26 1 Herentals 51 2 26 2 Lyre 51 2 26 0 In Hannault. Hall 50 5 25 4 Enghien 50 5 25 2 Brain le Comte 50 4 25 3 Mons 50 3 25 2 St. Guislain 50 3 25 1 Binch 50 3 25 3 Ath 50 5 25 1 Ligue 50 4 25 0 In Namour. Namour 50 3 26 2 Bovines 50 2 26 1 Charleroy 50 3 25 5 In the Duchy of Limburg. Limburg 50 4 27 3 Mastrickt 51 0 27 1 In the Duchy of Luxembourg. Luxembourg 49 4 27 4 Arlon 49 5 27 2 Newchâtel 49 5 26 5 March 50 2 26 5 Lafoy Roche 50 2 27 1 Bastoygne 50 0 27 2 In the Country of Liege. Liege 50 4 27 0 Hue 50 4 26 4 Dinant 50 2 26 2 St. Hubert 50 1 26 5 St. Truyen 50 5 26 3 Tongres 50 5 26 5 Visett 50 5 27 1 Hassalt 51 0 26 4 Maseyck 51 1 27 1 In the Estates of the United Provinces in Flanders. Cadsant 51 3 24 4 Hulste 51 2 25 2 Sas de Gaunt 51 2 25 0 Lillo 51 3 25 3 Sluice 51 2 24 4 In Brabant. Bergen op Zoam 51 3 25 3 Breda 51 4 26 0 Bois le duc 51 4 26 3 Ravestein 51 5 26 5 Grave 51 5 27 0 In Zeeland. Middlebourg 51 3½ 24 5 Flussing 51 3 24 5 Helveet sluice 51 5 25 2 Brewers haven 51 4 25 0 Brille 52 0 25 1 Tolen 51 4 25 2 Somerdike 51 5 25 2 Goree 51 5 25 1 In the Earldom of Holland. Amsterdam 52 3 26 0 Harlem 52 3 25 4 Leyden 52 1 25 4 Hague 52 1 25 2 Delft 52 0½ 25 2 Rotterdam 52 0 25 4 Dort 51 5 25 5 Gouda 52 1 25 5 Gorcum 51 5 26 1 Heusden 51 5 26 2 Gertrudenburg 51 4 26 0 Muyden 52 2 26 1 Narden 52 2 26 3 In North Holland. Lat. Long. Alkmaer 52 5 25 5 Medenblick 52 5 26 2 Eukhusen 52 5 26 3 Horn 52 5 26 1 Edam 52 4 26 1 Monikidam 52 3½ 26 1 In West-Friesland. Lewarden 53 2 27 0 Dockum 53 3 27 1 Staverens 53 1 26 4 Harlingen 53 2 26 4 Franiker 53 2 26 5 Bolsvart 53 1½ 26 5 In the Lordship of Croningen. Groningen 53 2 27 5 Dam 53 3 28 0 Delfzeil 53 3 28 1 In the Lordship of Vtrecht. Vtrecht 52 1 26 2 Amersfort 52 2 26 4 In the Province of Over-Issel. Deventer 52 3 27 3 Zowll 52 4½ 27 2 Campen 52 4 27 1 Cowerden 53 0 28 0 Oldenzeel 52 3 28 2 Steenwick 53 0 27 2 Meppel 52 5 27 3 In the Duchy of Gueldres. Harderwick 52 3 26 5 Hattem 52 4 27 1 Arnheim 52 0½ 27 0 Seenksconse 51 5½ 27 2 Bommel 51 5 26 3 Tiel 51 5½ 26 4 Nimeguen 52 0 27 0 Grave 51 5 27 0 Gueldres 51 3 27 4 Venlo 51 2 27 3 Genep 51 5 27 1 In the Earldom of Zutphen. Zutphen 52 2 27 3 Doesburg 52 1 27 3 Borkelo 52 2 28 0 Groll 52 1 28 0 Brefort 52 0 27 5 Iselbourg 51 5 27 5 The Islands adjoining. The Texel 53 1½ 26 0 The Vlie 53 3 26 1 Schelling 53 3½ 26 3 Ameland 53 4 27 0 CHAP. VIII, Germany. GErmany has on the East side Prussia, Poland, and Hungary; the Baltic Sea, Denmark, and Ocean on the North; on the West the Low-Countries and France, and the Alps, which divide it from Italy, on the South. On the Baltic Sea are Pomerania, whereof Stetin is the Capital City, and Gripsuald and Colberg two others: The Duchy of Meckelbourg, whereof the chief City is Swerin. GERMANY. map of Germany Upon the Ocean are the Duchy of Holsace or Holstein, in which are Hambourg and Lubeck. The County of Emden, called otherways East-Friesland, to distinguish it from that whereof we spoke in the Low-Countries; its chief Town carries also the name of Emden: it has likewise another Town called Aurich. Along the Rhine upwards lies Westphalia, whereof the most remarkable Towns are, Munster, Paderborne, Soest, Breme, Oldembourg the Capital of a County of the same name. The Dioceses of Cologne, Mayence, and Treves, with their Metropolitan Cities of the same name; the Palatinate of the Rhine, whereof Heidelberg is the Capital City; the Duchy of Baden; the Dioceses of Worms and Spire. High and Low Alsace; Strasbourg is the chief City of this, and Brisac and Fribourg are the chief Towns of the other, which is one of the last Conquests of France. At the head of the Rhine, and in the Alps, are the Swisseses, divided into thirteen Cantons, Zurich, Berne, Lucerne, Basle, Schaffhouzen, Fribourg, Zug, Glaris, Switz, Appeuzel, Soleurre, Vnderwald and Vri, this last hath no Towns, but Altorf is its chief Burrow: all the other Cantons have their names from their Capital Cities, and from that of Switz the people are called Swissers, and the Country Switzerland. The Country of Valois lies along the Rhosne, and its chief City is Zion, the Bishop whereof is a Temporal Lord. The Grisons are united with the Swisseses, and Coire is their Capital City: Along the Danube are Suabia, which comprehends the Duchy of Wittenberg, the chief Towns whereof are Tubinge and Stutgard: in Suabia, properly so called, are Ausbourg, Vlme and Nordlingen. The Duchy of Bavaria, whereof the Capital is Munich; the other Cities are Saltsbourg, Ratisbonne and Ingolstat: and in the Palatinat of Bavaria, Amberg its Capital, and Nuremberg, an Imperial City. The Arch-Dutchy of Austria is to the East of Bavaria; its Metropolis is Vienna, the usual Residence of the Emperor. The County of Tirol is to the South of Bavaria, it hath a City of the same name, but Inspruck is the Capital thereof. Stiria hath Grats; Carinthia hath St. Veit and Villach; and Carniola, Laubach for its Capital: these Provinces, as well as the County of Tirol, belong to the Archduke's of Austria, and lie Southward of that Arch-Dutchy. Then going from South to North, beyond Austria, lie Moravia, with Olmutz its Capital City. Silesia, that hath Vratslavia, commonly called Breslau, for its Metropolis. The Marquisat of Brandenbourg, divided into two Marches, the ancient, in which is Brandenbourg, and the new, wherein is Francfort upon the Oder, which are their Capitals; but the Residence of their Prince is commonly at Berlin. Saxony is in the heart of Germany, divided into the Upper, where is Wittenberg, and the Lower, wherein is Hall. The Dutchies of Brunswick and Lunenbourg, are comprehended in the lower Saxony, with the Cities of the same name. The Marquisat of Misnia, wherein Dresden and Leipsick are; and the County of Mansfield, with its Capital of the same name, are in lower Saxony also. Turinge, a Lantgraviat, hath for Capital Erfurt, which is the greatest City in Germany, and another Town called Jena. The Lantgraviat of Hesse, hath Cassel and Marpurg. The Duchy of Franconia hath for Metropolis Wirtzbourg; it's other chief Towns are Bamberg, and Francfort on the Main, where the Emperor is chosen. The Kingdom of Bohemia is almost in the middle of Germany, and its Capital City is Prague. The chief Rivers of Germany are the Rhine, the Ems, the Weser, and the Elbe, which discharge themselves in the Ocean; the Oder in the Baltic, and the Danube in the Euxine Seas. The Rhine cometh from the Alps, and hath its Source in the Mount Saint Gotard, from whence the Rhosne and Tesin spring also; it runs through Switzerland and the Lake of Constance, passeth by Schaffousen and Basle, continues its course through Alsace, by Brisac, Strasbourg, Spire and Worms: through the palatinate, by Mayence and Cologne; and having sent out several Branches, and received the Moselle that passeth by Treves, the Neckar, that passeth by Heidelberg, and the Main that joins it at Mayence: one of its Branches called the Mahal mingling with the , at length in Holland it loseth itself in the Sea. The Ems runs through Frieseland, and passeth by the Town of Emdem: the Weser watereth Westphalia, and passes near to Breme. The Elbe hath its Fountains in Bohemia, and runs through both Saxonies and the Duchy of Holstein, and having washed Hambourg, and received the Molda that runs by Prague; the Sal, the Spree, and some other Rivers, it falleth into the Ocean. The Oder passes by Francfort and Stetin, and empties itself into the Baltic Sea. The Danube riseth in the Duchy of Witemberg, passeth through Suabia, Bavaria, Austria, Hungary, Servia, Bulgaria, and by several mouths it discharges itself into the Black Sea; after that it hath watered ulme, Ratisbonne, Vienna, and received in a great many other Rivers, the chief whereof are the Jun, the Drove, the Save and the Tibisque. There are but six Archbishops in Germany, to wit, the three Electors of Mayence, Cologne and Treves; the Archbishops of Magdebourg, Breme and Saltzbourg; there are in Germany, free and Imperial Cities, and the Hans Towns for Commerce: the States of the Empire, which are called Diets, meet usually at Ratisbonne. The Emperor is head of the Empire, he is choat Francfort, and has his usual Residence at Vienna: he is Catholic, but several Princes of the Empire are Calvinists, and others Lutherans. There were in former times but seven Electors, three Ecclesiastic, who are the Archbishops of Mayence, Cologn, and Treves; the Duke of Saxony, the Marquis of Brandebourg, the Count Palatine, and the King of Bohemia: but the Juncture of times hath occasioned the addition of an eighth, who is the Duke of Bavaria. A Table of the Longitudes and Latitudes of the principal Cities and Towns of Germany. In Austria. Lat. Long. Vienna 48 2 39 2 Lintz 48 2 36 3 Ens 48 1 36 4 Losenstein 48 0 37 1 In Tyrol. Inspruck 47 0 33 4 Landeck 46 3 32 4 In Carinthia. St. Veit 47 0 37 0 In Styria. Gratz 47 1 39 0 Pettaw 46 4 39 2 Sekow 47 3 37 5 In Carniola. Lawbach 46 2 37 2 In Bohemia. Prague 50 0 36 4 Konigin-gratz 50 0 38 1 Rlataw 49 3 36 0 Satz 50 1 35 3 In Moravia. Olmutz 49 4 39 2 Brinn 49 1 38 5 In Silesia. Teschen 49 4 41 0 Oppelen 50 2 40 3 Breslaw 51 0 39 2 Namslaw 51 0 40 2 Glogaw 51 4 38 2 In Brandenbourg. Frankfort a. Oder 52 2 37 0 Landsberg 52 5 38 3 Kustrin 52 3 37 3 Berlin 52 4 36 0 Steindel 52 5 34 1 Havelburg 52 5 34 4 In Mecklemburg. Lubeck 54 1 32 3 Wismar 54 1 33 5 Rostock 54 1 34 5 Gustrow 54 0 34 5 In Pomerania. Bergen in I. Rugen 54 2 36 3 Stralsund 54 1 36 0 Stetin 53 2 37 2 Dam 53 3 37 2 Stargard 53 1 38 0 Colberg 53 5 38 5 In Bavaria. Munick 48 0 33 4 Saltzburg 47 5 35 2 Passaw 48 3 35 5 Ratisbon 48 5 34 2 Landshutt 48 2 34 2 Ingolstat 48 4 33 2 Amberg 49 2 34 1 ulm 48 3 32 1 Norlingen 48 5 32 3 In Suabia. Lat. Long. Ausburg 48 1 32 4 Eslingen 48 3 30 5 Friburg 47 5 29 2 Brisac 48 0 29 1 Hall 49 1 31 4 Hailbrun 49 0 31 0 In Alsatia. Haguenaw 48 4 29 2 Strasbourg 48 3 29 1 In the Palatinate. Heydelburg 49 2 30 3 Worms 49 3 30 2 Spire 49 0 29 5 philipsburg 49 5 30 0 Treves 49 4 28 0 Mayence 49 4 30 2 In Franconia. Francfort 49 5 31 0 Henneburg 50 3 32 0 Schwinfort 50 0 32 0 Bamburg 49 5 33 0 Nurenburg 49 3 33 2 Cullemback 50 0 33 5 In Hassia. Marpurg 50 4 30 2 Fridburg 50 1 30 5 Cassel 51 1 31 1 In Cologn. Cologn. 50 4 28 2 Bonne 50 3 28 4 In Cleves. Cleves 51 3 27 2 Juliers 50 4 27 5 Dusseldorp 51 0 28 1 In Westphalia. Munster 52 0 29 1 Paderborn 51 4 30 3 Osnaburg 52 2 29 4 Embden 53 2 28 4 Norden 53 4 28 3 In Bremen. Breme 53 2 30 2 Ferden 53 1 31 2 Hamburg 53 4 31 4 Stade 54 0 31 0 In Lunenburg. Luneburg 53 2 32 2 In Brunswick. Brunswick 52 4 32 4 Goslar 51 5 32 3 Hildisheim 52 1 31 5 Nyenburg 52 4 31 0 In Turingia. Erfort 50 5 33 2 In Saxony. Dresden 51 0 35 5 Leipsick 51 1 34 4 Wittenburg 51 5 35 2 Minden 51 1 33 4 Brotten 51 3 35 3 In Lusatia. Bantzen 51 1 36 4 Cotbutz 51 4 36 2 Brybutz 51 3 37 5 In the Cantons of Switzerland. 1. In the Canton of Zurick. Zurick 47 1 30 2 Kiburg 47 1 30 4 Andelfrugen 47 2 30 3 LORRAINE. map of Lorraine 2. In the Canton of Bern. Lat. Long. Bern 46 5 29 0 Thun 46 3 29 2 Aarburg 46 5 28 5 3. Canton of Lucern. Lucern 46 4 30 0 4. Canton of Vri. Altorf. 46 3 30 3 5. Canton of Schwitz. Schwitz 46 4 30 2 6. Canton of Vnderwald. Stantz 46 3 31 0 7. Canton of Zug. Zug. 46 5 30 1 8. Canton of Glaris. Lat. Long. Glaris 46 4 30 5 9 Canton of Basle. Basle 47 3 29 2 10. Canton of Friburg. Friburg 46 3 28 4 Montenach 46 3 28 3 Gruieres 46 2 28 4 11. Canton of Soleurre. Soleurre 47 1 29 0 12. Canton of Schaffhusen. Schaffhusen 47 3 30 3 Stein 47 3 30 4 13. Canton of Appenzel. Appenzel 46 4 31 2 CHAP. IX. The Dutchies of Cleves, Juliers, Lorraine, and the County of Burgundy. THE Dutchies of Cleves and Juliers are Situated between the Rhine and the , and might be reckoned amongst the Provinces of Germany; that of Cleves has a Metropolis of the same name, and other considerable places, as Sauten, Calcar, Grefhusen on this side the Rhine, and Duisbourg and Embruch on the other side. The Duchy of Juliers has its name from the chief City thereof; it hath also Berge and Duern. Aix la Chapelle is in this Duchy, and there Charlemaign kept his usual Residence; it was the seat of his Empire, and the place of his Burial: He Beautified it with many stately Buildings, with a Church Dedicated to the Holy Virgin, that still remains, and a Palace, which in the time of Charles the Bald, in the Year eight hundred and eighty one, was by the Fury of the Normans reduced to Ashes. It hath Mineral Waters about it, proper for the Cure of several Maladies, from whence it took its Latin name, Aquisgranum, the Germans call it Acken, and a third of it belongs to the Duke of Juliers. The Duchy of Lorraine may be reckoned among the Provinces of France, being now in the possession of that King; its Capital City is Nancy, the other Towns thereof are Marsal, Saint Nicholas, Pont a Mouson and some others: Mets, Toul and Verdun are likewise in Lorraine, and belong to the French King. The County of Burgundy, called the Franchecounty, lies to the East of a Duchy of the same name belonging to France; but the County belonged formerly to the King of Spain, though lately Conquered by France: The chief Towns of it are Dole, the Capital, Bezanson, an Imperial City, Vesoul, Grez, Cromay, Salins, Arbois, Poligny, Nozeret and others. The Doux a sweet River, waters that Country, and passes by Dole: it afterwards loses itself in the Saone, which divides the Duchy of Burgundy from the County. A Table of the Longitudes and Latitudes of the principal places in the Franche Comty and Lorraine. In the Franche County. Lat. Long. Besanson 47 1 27 2 Dole 47 0 26 4 Salines 46 5 27 2 St. Claud 46 1 27 3 Grey 47 1½ 26 4 Vesoul 47 4 27 3 Mont Belliard 47 4 28 2 Lure 47 4 27 5 Poligny 46 4 27 0 Bleterans 46 2½ 26 4 Granville 47 2 27 1 In Lorraine. Nancy 48 5 28 0 St. Nicholas 48 4½ 28 1 Chaligny 48 4 27 5 Moyen 48 3 28 3 Marsal 49 0 28 4 Rosiers or Salines 48 4 28 2 Blamont 48 4½ 29 0 Remerimont 48 1 28 4 Toul 48 4 27 4 Vaudemont 48 3 27 5 Pont a Mouson 49 0 27 5 Metz 49 2 28 0 Vaudrevauge 49 4 28 4 Sarbruck 49 3 29 0 Nomeny 49 0 27 4 Phaltsburg 48 5 29 2 St. Dieu 48 3 29 0 Lafoy moth 48 1½ 27 3 Newchâtel 48 2 27 3 Verdun 49 2 27 1 St. Michael 49 0 27 2 Conflans 49 2 27 4 Barledue 48 5 26 5 Espinal 48 2 28 3 Sarbourg. 48 5 29 0 CHAP. X. Hungary. HUNGARIA. map of Hungary (showing modern-day eastern Czech Republic, Slovakia, Slovenia, Hungary, north-western Croatia, eastern Romania) THE Kingdom of Hungary hath Transilvania on the East, Poland on the North, on the West Moravia, Austria, and Stiria, Provinces of Germany, and Bosnia and Servia on the South: the best part of it is under the Dominion of the Turk, the rest belongs to the Emperor, who is called King thereof; its chief Cities are Buda the Capital, which the Germans call Offen, Strigonia, which they call Gran, Alba Regal, five Churches, Canise, Javarin or Rab, Gomorre, Presbourg, and some others. This lovely Country hath been the Theatre of much Christian and Turkish blood, which hath died the Rivers of Marish and Rab, that falls into the Danube, which runs through the middle of this Kingdom. A Table of the Longitudes and Latitudes of the principal places in Hungary. Hungarea, Christian and Turkish. Lat. Long. Presburg 48 2 40 1 Zerdahell 48 0 40 3 Raab 47 5 41 0 Lynback 47 0 39 3 Thara 47 0 41 1 Eskeneck 47 3 41 1 Weisbrun 47 1 40 4 Carpornack 46 5 40 0 Sarwar 47 3 40 1 Tyrna 48 5 40 3 Newsol 48 3 42 0 Fillek 48 0 42 3 Born 48 3 43 1 Caesseria 48 4 43 4 Tokay 48 0 43 4 Zarmar 47 4 45 2 Zygeth 48 2 45 4 Vngivar 44 4 48 3 Perigea 48 2 45 5 Eperies 49 0 43 4 Muan 48 4 42 4 Leutch 49 0 43 0 Esclavonia. Lat. Long. Warisdin 46 3 39 3 Zaarab 46 0 40 0 Novigrad 46 1 39 2 Fort de Serin 46 3 40 0 Croatia. Carlestad 45 5 38 5 Serin 45 4 39 3 Kerstin 45 3 39 1 Morloquia. Zegna 45 1 38 4 Modrusti 45 2 38 5 Onglin 45 2 38 5 Tersack 45 3 37 5 Hungaria Turkish. Betwixt Danube and Draew. Canisia 46 4 40 0 Alba Reg. or Stullwesstukirg. 47 0 41 1 Petche or 5 Ecclesiae 46 1 42 1 Muhacz 46 1 43 0 Buda, Offen, Pest 47 1 42 2 Gran. Strigon 47 4 41 4 Betwixt Danub and Tibisch Zeged 46 3 44 0 Zolnock 47 1 43 5 Hat an 47 2 42 4 Agria 48 0 43 0 Fristat 47 3 42 0 Newhastel 48 1 41 0 Betwixt Tibish and Marish. Waradin 47 0 45 0 Bekyn 46 5 44 0 Solmos 45 2 46 2 Gyula 46 4 44 4 Betwixt Marish and Danub. Lat. Long. Chonad 46 2 44 1 Temeswar 45 5 44 4 Sippa 46 1 45 1 Beckskerke 45 3 44 0 Trena 45 4 46 2 Esclavonia Turkish. Potega 45 4 41 1 Zakocz 46 0 40 3 Passaw 46 0 40 2 Arky 45 2 41 4 Croatia. Wihitz 45 1 39 5 Sisseg 45 5 39 4 Dubitz 45 4 40 3 Velay 45 1 39 3 CHAP. XI. Transilvania, Moldavia, Walachia and Bessarabia. THESE four Provinces which are under the Power of the Turk lie on the North side of the Danube. Transilvania hath to the East Moldavia and Walachia, to the South and West Hungary and Walachia, and to the North the Territories of Poland; its chief Cities are Hermenstadt, Croustadt, Clausembourg, and Wasterhely: its Rivers are Marish, Aluta, and the Tibisque. Moldavia hath to the East Bessarabia and Bulgaria, to the South Walachia, to the West Transilvania and Walachia, and to the North Podolia and Volhinia; its Capital City is Jasi: the Pruth watereth it, and the Danube divides it from Bulgaria. Walachia hath to the East and North Moldavia, to the West Transilvania, and to the South Bulgaria, from which it is divided by the Danube: its Capital City is Tergovisk. Bessarabia hath to the East the Black Sea, Podolia to the North, to the West Moldavia, and Bulgaria and the Mouths of the Danube to the South: Billagroe at the Mouth of the Neister is one of its chief Towns. TRANSILVANIA, WALACHIA, Moldavia, Bulgaria, Bessarab map of Transylvania, Wallachia, Moldavia, Bulgaria and Bessarabie (modern-day Romania, Moldova and Bulgaria) A Table of the Longitudes and Latitudes of the principal places in Transilvania, Moldavia, Walachia, Bessarabia, and Petit Tartary. Transilvania. Lat. Long. Berensayd 46 2 46 4 Wessenburg, or Alba Julia 46 5 47 0 Kerezbania 46 5 46 0 Clausenburg, or Colaswar 47 1 45 3 Zygeth 41 5 46 2 Medwish 47 2 47 4 Stephunople 47 1 49 1 Vasarl el 47 3 49 2 Czyck 47 4 48 4 Kisdy 47 3 48 0 Newmark 47 3 47 2 Torda 47 2 46 5 Dees 43 3 46 2 Chiche 47 4 46 1 Zatmurbania 48 0 46 0 Rodna 48 0 46 2 Tekendorph 47 4 46 5 Rothmburn 46 4 48 2 Moldavia. Soczowa 47 3 50 3 Targored 46 5 50 3 Jassy 47 3 51 5 Sereth 46 5 50 0 Pudna 45 3 51 1 Burlach 46 2 51 4 Walachia. Orano 45 0 47 0 Zelatna 45 3 47 5 Tarvis 45 5 49 4 Ermistat 45 0 50 1 Braislaw 46 3 49 3 Bessarabia. Tekyn 47 4 54 1 Bicelegrod 47 3 56 3 Kilia Nova 46 0 55 2 Kiliastry 46 4 55 4 Tartars upon the mouth of the Nieper. Gracow Kudack Stirlnicza Crim Tartars near the Lake Maeotis, or Petlt Tartary. Tartary Precop. Capha Turk 47 1 64 4 Basiesara 47 5 63 5 Straight or Precop 49 0 63 3 Kerci 47 5 66 5 Azow or Asack Turkish 51 2 73 0 CHAP. XII. Sclavonia, Bosnia, Servia, Bulgaria and Romania. LIburnia and Dalmatia are but a part of that which was anciently called Illyria, and since Sclavonia, from the Sclavonians that seated themselves there: it comprehended besides, Croatia, Stiria, Carinthia, Carniola, and many other Provinces bordering on the Danube and Adriatic Sea. Dalmatia hath to the West Istria, to the North Croatia, to the East Albania, and to the South the Gulf of Venice: the most remarkable Towns of it are Zara, Sebenieo, Spalatro, which belong to the Venetians, and Raguza which is taken for the ancient Epidaurus, and is a small Republic, Tributary to the Turk. The Capital City of Croatia is Gradischia: of Bosnia, Belgrade. Servia hath Semandria, and Bulgaria, Sophia: for its Capital these two Provinces are the ancient Moesia. Romania, heretofore called Thrace, hath Constantinople for its Metropolis: it was anciently called Byzantium, and was the Seat of the Grecian Emperors, as it is at present of the Ottoman: it is Situated on the Bosphorus of Thrace, called now the Channel of the Black Sea, and is one of the fairest and largest Cities in the World. The stately remains of the Church of St. Sophia, built by Justinian, and now converted into a Mosque, are to be seen there, with the Seraglio, which is the Palace of the Grand Signior, and one of the fairest in the World. The other Cities of that Country are Adrianople, Philippopoli, Philippi, Trajanopoli, Gallipoli, and Sestos on the Hellespont, opposite to Abydos in Asia, where are two Castles called the Dardanelli, which defend the passage to the Sea of Marmora and Constantinople. CHAP. XIII. Greece. UNDER the name of Greece were anciently comprehended, Macedonia, Epirus, Thessaly, Phocis, Boeotia, Achaia, Peloponesus, and some other Provinces which have now lost both names and their limits: they are environed by the Egean Sea or Archipelago on the East, by the Cretan or Sea of Candy on the South, by the Ionian and Adriatic Seas on the West, and Maesia on the North. The chief Towns of Macedonia, are Salonichi, heretofore Thessalonica, Pella famous for the birth of Alexander, and Stagira for that of Aristotle. Mount Athos, now called Monte-Santo, and the River Strimon are in this Province. Croia is the Capital of Albania, heretofore called Epirus; it's other Towns are Durazzo, La Valona and Scutari. The Cities of Thessaly are Larissa and Pharsalia, whose Fields were died with the Roman blood in that famous Battle wherein Caesar overcame Pompey; there is the River Peneus, and the Valley of Tempe, the Mounts Olympus, Ossa and Pelion, so Celebrated in the Writings of the ancient Poets. Phocis' had in ancient times the City of Delphos, with the Temple of Apollo, renowned for its Oracle all the World over; there you may see the Mount Parnassus, heretofore Sacred to the Muses, and so Celebrated by the Poets, now inhabited by nothing but ignorance and Barbarism. Thebes was the Capital of Boeotia, where Bacchus, Hercules and Pindaer were born. Attica was the chief Province of Achaia, and in it was Athens, the Nursery of many great Men; it was the Residence of the Learned and the Heroes: there remain in it now but some pitiful ruinous places, which are called Setines, Megara, Eleusis, and some others. Pelopenesus, called at present Morea, is almost and Island joined to Achaia by a Neck of Land, which was called the Isthmus of Corinth, from the adjoining City of that name: the other Towns were Mycenae, Argos, Sycione, Pisa, (where the Olympic Games were Celebrated, and where that famous Statue of Jupiter Olympus stood, which was reckoned one of the seven wonders of the World.) Sparta or Lacedaemon, all Famous and Learned Cities, but now buried under their own Ruins and Barbarity, as all Greece is, which though heretofore the School of the Liberal Arts and Sciences, is now plunged into an abyss of ignorance, and groans under the Tyranny of the Turks. These follow the Religion of their Prophet Mahomet, and the Native Greeks that of the Greek Church. A Table of the Longitudes and Latitudes of the principal places of Turkey in Europe. In Bosnia. Lat. Long. Saraio 44 4 42 4 Jaicza 44 4 41 4 Bagnialuo 44 0 42 2 Ternouzza 44 2 43 2 In Servia. Pristina 43 2 44 1 Novibazur 43 2 46 5 Drin 43 3 45 0 Semandrie 44 2 47 4 In Bulgaria. Nizza 43 4 47 3 Guistadile 44 0 48 2 Viddin 44 5 47 4 Nigeboli 44 0 51 3 Vzckub 43 0 48 0 Sosie 43 0 50 3 Haresgred 44 0 50 2 Axiopoli 45 0 51 2 Silistra 43 3 50 3 In Romania. Constantinople, or Stamboli 43 0 56 2 Chiorkick 43 0 55 0 Gallipoli 41 4 55 4 Adrianople 43 1 53 0 Eschibaba 44 1 53 2 Trajanople 42 3 53 2 Nicopoli 42 2 51 2 Kirkliss 43 3 50 4 Caridio 41 3 55 0 Mesembria 44 4 54 4 Sost 41 1 55 2 Varna 45 0 54 4 Tomi 45 4 55 0 Silistria 45 2 52 3 Zelmi 44 4 52 2 Asperosa 41 4 52 2 In Macedonia. Phillippi 41 4 51 5 Cavula 41 5 50 4 Strimon 42 2 50 2 Heraclia 42 2 40 2 Middle of Mont Sabo, or Mont Athos 41 0 52 0 Cassandria 50 4 50 1 Saelonichi 41 2 49 0 Veria 41 0 48 0 Contessa 41 3 51 2 Acomania 40 4 50 1 In Thessaly. Larissa 39 3 48 4 Armiro 38 5 49 2 Tricca 39 1 47 5 In Achia. I. Negropont 38 1 51 0 Corone 38 0 50 0 Stives, or old Thebes 38 0 50 0 Marathron 37 4 50 5 Setines, or Athens 37 1 50 4 Megara 37 2 49 3 Solona, or Delft 37 5 48 2 Lepanto 37 3 47 5 In Morea, or Peloponesis. Patras 37 0 47 4 Coranio Pylos 36 3 47 0 Sangaenico 36 1 47 4 Arcadia 35 2 47 3 Coron 35 0 49 1 Modon 34 5 48 2 In Lacedaemon. Argos, or Misistra 35 4 49 4 Corinte 36 5 49 3 Naepoli 36 2 50 2 Argos 36 2 49 4 DANEMARK JUTLAND, ZEALAND, Sleswick, Holstein map of the Danish peninsula In Epyre. Perga 38 5 45 4 Butrinto 38 5 45 1 Chimaera 39 2 44 1 Larta 38 3 47 2 dirty 38 4 45 4 Cunina 40 1 44 2 Valdelorsa 40 1 44 0 Preveza 38 2 46 4 Albania. Valona 40 0 44 5 Elbuscan 41 0 45 4 Pirgo 41 0 44 3 Durazzo 41 0 45 0 Croia 41 1 45 2 Scutari, or Iscodar 41 5 45 2 In Dalmatia. Ragusa 42 4 43 3 Dulcingo 42 0 44 0 Budoa 42 1 43 1 castle Nova 42 4 43 3 Narenza 43 2 43 1 Risin 42 1 44 2 Catero 42 1 44 4 Islands near Greece. Isl. Stalimen 41 0 52 2 Isl. Tasst 41 4 52 0 Isl. Metelene 49 3 55 2 Isl. Scio 38 5 54 3 Isl. Sciro 38 5 51 3 Isl. Andro 38 0 51 1 Isl. Morgo 36 3 54 0 Isl. Milo 35 4 52 0 Isl. Stampalia 35 4 55 1 Isl. Cerigo 35 1 50 2 Isl. Zante 36 3 45 2 Isl. Cepolania 37 1 46 1 Isl. St. Maura 37 4 46 1 Isl. Corfu 38 5 44 5 Crim Tartars near the Lake Maeotis. Tartary Perecop. Capha 47 1 64 4 Basie Sara 47 5 63 5 Straight and Precop 49 0 63 3 Kerci 47 5 66 5 Azow, or Asack Turkish 51 2 73 0 CHAP. XIV. The States of Denmark and Sueden. WE must now visit the North, and take a view of those Countries which lie under Frozen Climates. The King of Denmark possesses there the Cymbrian Chersonesus, now called Jutland; Norway, and several Islands in the Baltic Sea, whereof the chief are Funzen and Zealand. South Jutland comprehends the Dutchies of Sleswick, with its City of the same name, and Holsace or Holstein, wherein are Segeberg, Hambourg, and Lubeck an Imperial Town, and the Ditmarse, in which is Meldorp. North Jutland has the Towns of Scagen and Ripen. Norway is a large Country reaching even to the Polar Circle: it is bordered by Sueden on the East, and by the Ocean on all the other sides. It had heretofore Kings of its own; its Capital City is Drandhain, but the most famous is Berghen, a much frequented Sea Port. Sconen lies to the South of Gothia; its Cities are Lunden an Archbishopric, and Ellebogen or Malmoe. The Capital City of the Isle of Zealand is Copenhagen, which is also the Metropolis of all Denmark, and the usual Residence of their Kings, as Roskild is the place of their Burial. Betwixt this Island and Sconen is the famous Straight of the Sound, which is but a mile over; commanded by the Castle of Crenemberg on the side of the Island near Elsenor, and on the opposite side in Sconen, by that of Elsenbourg: here all Vessels are obliged to pay Toll to the King of Denmark. Near to this Straight is the Isle of Ween or Huenna, whither the illustrious Tycho-Brahe retired to make his Astronomical Observations. Odensee is the chief Town of the Isle of Fuinen, between which and Zealand is the other passage called the Belt. The other Isles are Laland, Feneren, Faster, Muen, and many more. The King of Denmark possesses also Iseland, and the Isles of Feroe, Situate between it and the North of Scotland. The Lutheran is the only Religion permitted within the States of the King of Denmark. The King of Sueden possesses Sueden, Gothia, Finland, Bothnia, Scricfinnia, and part of Lapland, with the Isles of Gotland and Rugen. The chief Towns of Suedland, are Stockholm the Metropolis of the State and Residence of the Kings, built upon Piles like Venice, in the Lake Miler: Vpsale an Archbishopric and University. Gothia is to the Southward of Sueden, properly so called; it's most considerable Towns are Northcopen and Calmar. Finland, whose Eastern part is likewise called Carelia, lies to the East of Sueden, divided from it by the Gulf of Bothnia, and hath the Finnick Gulf to the South, and Russia to the East; it's more remarkable Towns are Wibourg and Rasenbourg. Bothnia lies North from Finland, and its chief Town is Torn. Lapland belongs partly to the Muscovite, and hath no Cities, but pitiful Villages: it is the Country of the Laplanders, a Barbarous people, some of which are still Idolaters, and obey partly the King of Sueden, and partly the great Duke of Muscovy. Suedland embraced long ago the Lutheran Religion, which it professes at this day. In the extremities of the North, are Finmarchia or Scricfinnia, belonging partly to the Crown of Suedland, and partly to that of Denmark. It is to be observed, that Norway, Sueden, Sconen, Gothia, Finland, Lapland, Bothnia, Scricfinnia, and Biarmia, lie in a Peninsula, called Scandia, or Scandinavia, on the West and North sides encompassed by the Ocean, on the South by the Baltic, and on the East by the Gulf Botnia. A Table of the Longitudes and Latitudes of the Principal Places in Denmark. North Jutland. Lat. Long. Scaw 58 3 32 0 Alburg 57 4 31 3 Wensissel 58 0 31 0 Hobro 57 1 31 1 Wiborg 57 2 30 2 Holstbro 57 1 29 3 Lemwick 57 0 29 4 Randersen 57 1 31 3 Ebeltode 57 0 32 1 Arhusen 57 0 31 4 Ring Koping 57 0 29 1 we'll 56 3 31 1 Ward 56 4 30 1 Henneborch 56 2 31 2 Kolding 56 1 31 0 Rypen 56 0 30 2 Hadorsleve 55 5 31 1 South Jutland. Tonderens 55 4 30 5 Appenrade 55 4 31 2 Flensburg 55 2 31 3 Heswick 55 1 31 3 Gottorp 55 1 31 2 Husum 55 2 30 4 Froderickstad 55 0 31 0 Tonningen 55 1 30 3 Holstein. Rensburgh 54 5 31 3 Kiel 54 5 32 1 Lauder 54 4 30 5 Meldorp 54 5 30 3 Wilster 54 3 30 4 Newminster 54 3 31 4 Ploen 54 3 32 2 Newstad 54 4 32 5 Oldenburg 54 5 32 5 Oldeshe 54 2 32 1 Lubeck 54 2 32 4 Holsece. Gluckstad 54 2 30 3 Brams' 54 1 31 4 Wedel 54 1 31 0 Hambrough 54 0 31 3 D. Lawenburg. Lawenburg 53 5 32 4 Ratzburg 54 0 32 4 Isl. of Funen. Odensoe 56 1 31 4 Niburg 56 0 32 2 Foburg 55 5 32 0 Midlefaro 56 1 31 2 Isl. of Seeland. Copenhagen 56 2 34 4 Nestwed 55 5 33 1 Roskild 56 3 34 0 Kallenburg 56 3 33 0 Kronemburg 56 3 34 4 Laland. Nafkow 55 3 33 1 Falster Isl. Nicoping 55 3 33 4 Isl. Bernholm. Rundneby 55 4 37 1 S. Gotland, viz. Holland. Waersberg 57 3 34 1 Helmsted 57 1 34 5 Laholm 57 0 35 0 Schonen. Cape Kola 56 5 34 3 Helsmgburg 56 4 34 5 Landscroon 56 3 35 0 Lunden 56 2 35 3 Mulmuyten 56 1 35 1 Vdstad 55 5 35 5 Elebrug. Christianstad 56 3 36 1 A Huys 56 2 36 1 Elleholm 56 3 37 0 Christianople 56 4 38 2 A Table of the Longitudes and Latitudes of the principal places in Scandinovia, Norway and Suedeland. Government of Aggerhus. Lat. Long. Fredericstat 59 3 32 3 Berga 60 2 32 3 Obslo 60 3 31 0 Lindsness 59 0 27 3 Government of Bahus. Bahus 58 1 34 0 Daleburg 58 4 34 0 Government of Bergenhus. Eye 59 0 26 3 Stavanger 59 5 26 2 Bergen 61 0 26 4 Government of Dronthenhus. Boe 64 0 28 0 Dronthem 65 3 32 3 Maelstroom 68 3 32 3 Government of Wardhus. North Cape 71 2 48 1 Wardhus 70 5 54 2 Suedeland. West Gothland. Gotteburg 57 3 33 3 Lidk'oping 58 3 35 1 Scofde 58 3 35 4 East Gothland. Linkoping 58 3 38 3 No●koping 58 3 38 4 Soderkoping 58 4 38 3 Isl. Oeland. Borckholme 57 0 39 0 Isl. Gothland. Wisby 57 4 41 3 Westermaine, Soudermain, and Firme-land. Nikoping 58 4 39 4 Koping 59 4 39 0 Phillipstad 59 5 36 2 Carolstad 59 3 35 4 Kolen 60 2 34 0 Upland. Stockholm 59 2 40 4 Vpsul 60 0 40 2 Enkoping. 59 4 40 0 Gestricie. Gevalia 61 0 40 0 Helsinge. Dilsbo 62 0 39 1 Madelpaedie. Tana 62 0 38 0 Trop 62 1 39 0 Agermain. Boat 63 0 40 0 Nord Mating 63 0 42 0 MOSCOVIA map of Russia (showing modern-day Estonia, Russia, Kazakhstan and Mongolia) Lapland, or West Bothinia. Lat. Long. Vma Lapmark 63 3 42 0 Pitha Lapmark 65 3 43 5 Lula Lapmark 65 3 44 2 Torn Lapmark 65 4 46 0 East Bothinia. Vlaburgh 65 3 47 0 Cajaneburg 65 1 51 4 Salo 64 4 47 0 Carleby 64 0 45 3 Kyro 63 3 45 0 Finland. Abo 60 4 45 4 Bierneburg 62 0 45 0 Gronenburg 61 3 48 3 Niland. Raseburg 61 1 47 0 Savolax. Lat. Long. Indisalmi 63 3 50 2 Nislot 51 4 53 3 Caereha Vakelax 60 4 51 2 Wiburg 60 3 53 2 Kexholm. Kidilia 61 3 56 0 Kexholm 61 3 55 0 Ingria. Notteburgh 59 5 55 4 Jamagored 59 0 52 3 Livonia. Narva 59 0 52 3 Revel 59 3 48 3 Pernaw 58 5 47 3 Derpt 58 3 51 0 Riga 57 1 47 4 Kockenhaus 57 0 49 2 Dunenburgh 56 4 50 2 CHAP. XV. Great Russia, or Moscovy. THAT Prince whom we call the Great Duke of Moscovy, is by his Subjects called Czar, which is as much as to say, Emperor; and he may very well take that lofty Title, seeing his State is one of the greatest in Europe, and reaches even to Asia, and he is so absolute a master of the Lives and Fortunes of his people, and his Empire Despotic; on the East it is bordered by Tartary the Great, on the South by the Lesser, on the West by the States of Poland and Suedland, and by the Ocean on the North: it comprehends Great Russia, which is divided into many Provinces. Moscow is the Capital City of the State, and gives its name to the whole Empire, which it receives from a River that washes it; it is built of Wood, and contains above forty thousand Houses: The other remarkable Cities are Sandomiry, Molodimer, Novogord, and many more. Upon the White Sea, which is a Bay or Gulf of the Northern Ocean, are St. Michael Archangel, and St. Nicholas at the mouth of the Divina, which is one of the greatest Rivers in Russia: the other Rivers are the Boristhenes, at present the Nieper, that falls into the Black Sea, the Tanais, now called Don, which discharges itself into the Palus Maosis, or Delle-Zabache. The Volga, heretofore Rha, which having its spring head in that Country, after a long Course, carries its Streams into the Caspian Sea. The Moscovites follow the Religion of the Greek Church. A Table of the Longitudes and Latitudes of the principal places in Russia, or Moscovia. Lapland Moscovites. Lat. Long. Kielit 68 3 58 0 Joskena 68 1 66 1 Cape Cadenus 68 0 72 0 Kenio 65 0 55 5 Dukedoms of Karagopel 62 0 67 0 Dwina St. Michael Archangel 64 5 67 1 St. Nicholas 65 0 66 3 Lampat 66 0 71 0 Inhorn 68 2 73 4 Condinsky Koma 62 3 77 2 Petzora 68 2 87 1 Samoides. Straight of Wagote 70 0 87 3 Kingdom of Roym de Siberia. Tobolska 97 3 65 0 Perma 62 0 84 ½ Oustiough upon Dwina 61 2 73 1 Wologdia 58 4 67 2 Bielaozero 58 0 63 0 Upon Volga R. Gero 57 3 66 1 Nisi Novogord 56 0 75 0 Wasilsgorod 55 3 77 1 Caesan K. 55 3 84 4 Bolgar 54 2 84 5 Astracan R. 46 2 87 3 D. Welodinie 55 4 70 2 D. Sasdale 56 0 65 3 D. Rosthow 57 2 65 1 D. Moskow 55 4 64 4 D. Resan 55 0 69 0 D. Worotin 54 2 63 1 D. Smolensko 54 3 57 2 D. Reskhow 56 0 61 2 D. Tiver 56 4 62 0 D. Novogrod Wiliki 58 0 57 1 Kielit 66 3 57 0 Kaudalax 68 0 59 0 Kola 70 0 57 0 Cape Caudenos 69 2 70 0 Kargapol 62 1 66 0 St. Michael Archangel 64 4 67 0 St. Nicolas 64 4 66 0 Inhera 68 0 76 0 Straight of Waigates 71 0 85 0 Toboska 65 ½ 95 0 Perma 63 2 83 0 Oustiough 61 0 72 0 Wologda 59 3 67 0 Bialaozero 59 0 62 0 Jeroslau 57 3 65 0 Lesser Novogrod 59 0 71 3 Vasili gorod 59 0 73 0 Cazan 58 2 84 0 Bulgar 56 3 36 0 Astracan 49 2 83 3 Wlodimer 58 0 69 0 Susdal 57 1 68 0 Rostow 56 4 64 0 Moskow 55 0 64 3 Rezan 54 4 67 0 Worotin 53 2 64 0 Smolensko 54 0 57 0 Rzowa 56 0 59 0 'tTwere 55 4 62 0 Greater Novogrod 58 3 57 0 POLAND map of Poland (showing modern-day Latvia, Lithuania, Belarus and Ukraine) CHAP. XVI. The Lesser Tartary. THE States of the Prince of Przecop, or of the lesser Tartars, lie betwixt the mouths of the Boristhenes and Tanais; and in that Peninsule which the Ancients called the Taurick Chersonesus, bounded on the East by the Palus Meotis, and on the South and West by the Black Seas; on the Isthmus thereof stands the City of Przecop, which hath given the name of Przecopites to that People, and the City of Caffa is its Capital: the Straight that joins the Palus Meotis to the Euxin Sea, was heretofore called the Cimmerian Bosphorus, and is now termed the Straight of Caffa or Vospero, and St. John's Mouth. The Tartars Przecopites are by Religion Mahometans. CHAP. XVII. The States of the King of Poland. THESE States have the Territories of Moscovy on the East, on the North those of Sueden and the Baltic Sea, on the West Germany, and on the South the Carpathian Mountain which divides them from Hungary and Transilvania: they comprehend Poland, Prussia, Lithuania, part of Livonia, Massovia, Podlassia, Podolia, Volhinia and Russia-Nigra. The Capital City of Poland is Cracovia, which is the Metropolis of the State; the others are Guesn an Archbishopric, Sandomeria, and many more less considerable. Prussia Regalis belongs to the King of Poland, and its chief Towns are Moriembourg and Dantzick, which has a famous Port on the Baltic at the Mouth of the Weasel or Vistula. Prussia the Ducall belongs to the Marquis of Brandebourg, who does homage for it to the King of Poland: its Capital City is Koningsberg, or Regiomontum. The Capital of Lithuania is Vilua. In Livonia, or Liefland, are the Towns of Riga, Revel and Torpach; it belongs almost wholly to the Suede, being yielded to that Crown by the Treaty of Oliva in the Year 1660. The Capital of Massovia is Warsaw, of Podlassia, Bijelsko: Caminiek and Bar are in Podolia, and Vlodimer in Volhinia Leopolis an Archbishopric is the Metropolis of Russia-Nigra. Samogithia is also a Province of that State, but hath neither Town nor Castle. The Rivers of that Country are the Vistula or Weisel, that passes by Cracocovia, Sandomeria and Dantzick. The D'una passing by Riga into Lithuania. The Boristhenes or Nieper bounds these States on the East, having its mouth in the ukraine, the Country of the Cosacques, who are under the Dominion of the King of Poland, but none of the best Subjects. The Catholic Religion is the strongest in these States, but the Calvinist and Lutheran are professed there also. A Table of the Longitudes and Latitudes of the principal places in Poland and Lytuania. Prussia Royal to Poland. Lat. Long. Dantzick 54 2 41 5 Elbing 54 1 42 4 Marienburg 53 5 42 1 Newenburg 53 3 41 5 Gulm 53 1 41 4 Thorn 53 0 41 4 Prussia Ducal to Brandenburg. Brandenburg 54 3 43 4 Koningsburg 54 3 44 0 Alterburg 54 2 44 4 Tilse 54 5 45 4 Memmel 55 4 45 0 Samagotia in North Russia. Midnick ab Nomie 55 3 46 1 Rosienne 55 2 46 5 Heligaw 56 0 44 4 Birce 56 0 48 5 Tauragen 55 1 46 1 Curland in North Russia. Mittaw 56 3 47 3 Goldingen 56 4 45 4 Windaw 57 0 45 0 Liba 56 2 44 4 Plenen 57 1 46 2 Lithuania. Palatinate de Poloczk. Poloczk 55 2 53 3 Rosian 55 0 55 2 Drissa 55 5 52 1 Pal. de Witepsk. Scasnistere 55 0 54 2 Witepsk 55 2 55 4 Witlisst 55 4 57 0 Vla 55 0 54 3 Horodeck 55 4 55 3 Pal. of Vilna. Breslaw 55 4 50 4 Vilna 54 3 29 1 Froki 54 3 48 4 Milkemirs 55 0 48 4 Opixty 55 1 49 0 Pal. of Troki. Trokis 54 3 48 4 Pubinki 54 5 49 2 Kowne 54 4 47 4 Grodne 53 4 47 3 Lida 53 5 49 0 Wilkewiska 53 1 48 3 Bielica 53 4 49 1 Asuriana 54 2 49 4 Pal. d' Minsk. Minsk 53 5 51 4 Borislaw 54 0 53 2 Pal. of Novigrodeck. Novigrodeck 53 3 49 3 Skenim 53 0 49 0 Hasko 53 0 51 4 Mirabel 53 2 50 2 Pal. de Mesillaw. Mesillaw 54 0 58 0 Orssa 54 2 56 0 Mohilow 53 4 56 0 54 3 47 3 Rohakzo 52 5 55 0 Rzeczyca 52 0 56 0 Pal. of Bressici. Bressici Pinek Horodeck Kolne Nassovia. Warsaw 52 1 44 1 Pultansk 52 4 44 3 Czersko 51 5 44 3 Wiskow 52 2 44 2 Nar 52 3 46 1 Wishegred 52 3 43 0 Poland. Pal. of Plotsko. Lat. Long. Plotsko 52 3 42 4 Plousko 52 5 43 0 Doberin 52 3 42 2 Reppina 52 5 42 3 Pal. of Inowlocz. Inowlocz 52 5 41 2 Wladislaw 52 4 40 4 Fredrelaut 53 2 40 4 Pal. of Posua. Posuan 52 2 40 3 Rogosua 52 4 39 5 Welin 52 5 38 5 Krziwin 52 0 40 3 Miedzersee 52 2 38 2 Pal. of Kebish. Ghesna 52 3 40 5 Kaelish 51 5 40 5 Naule 52 5 40 1 Lawdic 52 1 41 1 Colo 52 1 41 3 Pal. of Breast. Brestie 52 3 42 0 Kraswick 52 4 41 1 Pal. of Rava. Rava 51 5 42 3 Gabni 52 2 52 3 Gostinin 52 2 52 4 Pal. of Seradia. Serad 51 3 41 0 Telun 51 1 40 5 Krzepick 51 0 41 0 Pal. of Lencici. Lencici 52 1 41 4 Bresini 52 3 42 5 Pal. of Saudomira. Lat. Long. Lawichest 51 3 45 0 Saudomire 50 3 44 4 Visliczca 50 1 43 3 Malogocz 50 4 42 5 Zarnaw 51 1 42 5 Radom 51 1 44 0 Pal. of Cracaw. Cracow. 50 0 42 3 Zacor 49 5 42 0 Nowopol 50 5 41 5 Sandecz 49 4 43 1 Brecz. 49 4 43 4 Pal. of Lublin. Lublin 51 0 45 1 Czetiche 51 3 44 4 Kazimeeres 51 0 44 4 Lukow 51 4 45 4 Pal. of Bielsk. Bielsk 52 4 47 1 Grodeck 62 1 56 2 Aguston 53 4 46 4 Goniutz 53 2 46 1 Drogierin 52 1 46 2 Pal. de Chelia 51 0 46 3 Dubur 50 5 77 1 Kranoslow 50 5 46 0 Pal. of Belez 50 1 47 4 Krilow 50 3 17 2 Pal. de Lemburg Terpold, or Low 49 4 46 5 Halicz 48 5 47 5 Premislaw 49 3 45 3 Sanock 49 1 45 1 Sniatin 48 3 48 4 Pal. of Lusuck, or Vithinna. Mlodzimeers 50 4 47 4 Constantino 51 1 49 5 Horoskle 50 5 52 5 Lusuck 50 4 49 0 Pal. of Kaminieck 49 5 48 4 Bar 49 1 51 2 Bourack 49 0 48 3 Pal. de Bracklaw 52 4 48 5 Minieza 49 2 52 2 ukrain, or Cossacks Country. Base Podolia. Bialcerkew 50 0 54 4 Grudeck 50 0 53 2 Kiovia 50 4 55 2 Czyetkassia 49 3 56 3 Kudack 48 5 59 3 Krilow 49 2 47 3 Isles of y Tar-Treasure 48 0 58 1 dutch de Czennihow. Moryn 51 2 56 4 Kozel 50 2 57 4 Czernihow 51 5 57 0 CHAP. XVIII. The Isles of Europe. ENGLAND, SCOTLAND; & IRELAND; With the ISLES. Thereto Belonging. map of Britain and Ireland ENGLAND map of England and Wales SCOTLAND map of Scotland IRELAND map of Ireland (showing Eire (or the Republic of Ireland) and Northern Ireland) The Island of Great Britain, which comprehends the Kingdoms of England and Scotland, is one of the biggest Islands in the Ocean. The Kingdom of England is divided from Scotland that lies to the North, by the River of Tweed, and Cheviot Hills, and from France by a narrow Sea called the Channel; the chief Cities thereof are London on the Thames the Metropolis, York and Canterbury its two Archbishoprics: Oxford and Cambridg two famous Universities, and several other great and populous Cities. The chief Rivers of England are the Thames, the Humber, and the Severne. This Kingdom is divided into fifty two Counties or Shires, reckoning the Dominion of Wales which lies to the West thereof, from which the eldest Sons of the Kings of England have their Titles of Princes of Wales. Scotland a Kingdom to the North of England hath Edinburgh for its Metropolis, St. Andrews and Glasgow two Archbishoprics and Universities, and Aberdeen another University, with many other Towns of less note: the Rivers of Scotland are not very considerable except for Fishing. The Orcadeses to the Northward of Scotland, are many in number, but only thirteen of them are inhabited, and yet more Northerly are the Isles of Shetland, belonging likewise to Scotland. The Hebrides, or Hebudes, are to the West of Scotland, and are above three hundred in number, the greatest of which are Arran, Sky and Mule. The Isles of Anglesey and Man are to the West of England, and the Isle of Wight to the South. Ireland, heretofore Hibernia, lies to the West of England: it is a great Island, and hath many good Towns, Dublin is its Metropolis, and its University, Armach, an Archbishopric, Cork, Limmerick and Waterford: its greatest River is Shanon. Iseland lies under the Polar Circle, which cuts it through the middle, so that part of it lies on the Frigid Zone; there is a Mountain here that cast formerly out flames of fire, though at present it ceases, called Aecla: they have some, though but few, places of Habitation, the chief of which is Skalhot. The Western Islands called the Azores or Terceras, are betwixt America and Europe, but nearer Europe, and therefore they ought to be ranked among the European Islands: there are nine of them, Tercera, St. Michael, St. Marry, St. George, Gratiosa, Pico, Fayal, Coruo and Flores. Tercera that gives the name to all the rest is the greatest, and has a Town called Augra; they belong to the King of Portugal, and produce plenty of Cedar. We have spoken of those that are on the Coast of France, when we gave the Description of that Country. There are many Isles in the Mediterranean Sea; and we have taken notice already of those that are on the Coasts of Spain, Italy and France: We must now speak of Candia, and of the Isles upon the Coasts of Greece. Candy, heretofore named Crect, which contained a hundred Towns, has not at present above four or five which deserve that name; Candia is the Capital, and hath given that name to the Island, the others are Canea, Retimo and Sitia: it belonged to the Venetians, but after above twenty years' War, and that famous Siege of Candia, it is at last fallen into the hands of the Turk: it was once the Kingdom of Minos, and the Labyrinth that Dedalus made was here, and several other things which have been the Themes to the ancient Poets. Corfou, Zant, and Cephalonia, are in the jonick Sea under the Dominion of the Venetians, as also Cerigo, heretofore Cythera, which is to the South of Peloponesus or Morea. Nigropent, heretofore Euboea, is upon the Coast of Achaia; and on the Coast of Romania is Samandrachi, which was called Samothracia, and to the South of this Italimene, anciently Lemnos, where they dig Terra-Lemnia, or Sigillata. In fine, the Egean Sea, called the Archipelago, and White Sea, is full of scattered Islands which the ancients divided into the Cycladeses and Sporades, because those lie in a round, and these are dispersed upon and down, The most famous have been Delos where Apollo and Diana were born; at present it is called Sdrille Paros, now Paro, renowned for its White Marble: Zea Andro, Niscia Sifano, and many others, besides those that are near Asia, which we shall afterwards discourse of. We have already mentioned the Islands in the Baltic, which the King of Denmark possesses, but there are some others also that belong to the King of Sueden. That of Oeland lies opposite to Calmar, a Town of Gothia; a little more to the Northeastward is that of Gotland, which heretofore had a famous Sea Port called Wisbuy, which gave Laws to Commerce and Navigation. The stately Ruins whereof show it to have been very Magnificent. The Isles of Offel and Dagho are on the Coast of Livonia, and that of Rugen is near to Pomerania; all which are under the Dominion of Sueden, but the Isle of Bornholm is Subject to the Dane. Before we leave Europe, it is to be observed, that it is almost wholly under the Northern temperate Zone; it hath some Regions indeed under the frozen Zone, which are part of Norway, Finmarchia, and the greatest part of Lapland, and some Lands of Moscovy, towards the straits of Waigatz, the straits of Gibraltar, and Cape Malapan in Morea, lie in the six and thirtieth Degree of Latitude, and these are the most Southern parts of Europe: the North Cape lies in seventy two almost, and is the most Northern place thereof. The End of the First Book. A NEW GEOGRAPHY. The SECOND BOOK. ASIA map of Asia CHAP. I. ASIA. IN the First Book we have given a Description of GEOGRAPHY in general, and of all EUROPE in particular: In the following Books we shall treat of the other parts of the Earth; and in the first place of ASIA, as being contiguous to EUROPE. ASIA, whereof we described the Bounds in the beginning, was variously divided by the Ancients; but at present, these famous Names are abolished, and it looks with a new countenance: I think it ought to be divided according to the Principal Empires that share it, which are under the Obedience of Five Great Monarches; to wit, the Grand Signior, the King of Persia, the Great , the King of China, and the Great Cham of Tartary. To these must be added some Kings of the East Indies, with what the Portuguese possess there, and the Isles, that are numerous and very considerable. CHAP. II. The Empire of the TURK in ASIA. THE Emperor of the Turks, whom we call the Grand Signior, has his Imperial Seat at Constantinople, which is in Europe; but the greatest part of his Dominions is in Asia: to wit, Anatolia, Syria, Armenia, Mesopotamia, Arabia, Chaldea, Mingrelia, Georgia, and Circassia. Anatolia of the Moderns, is the Lesser Asia of the Ancients; it is on three sides encompassed by Seas, on the North by the Black Sea, on the West by the Propontis and Archipelago, on the South by the Mediterranean; and hath the River Euphrates on the East. It was heretofore divided into Two and twenty Provinces, Pontus, Bithynia, Asia , the greater and lesser Phrygia, Troas, the greater and lesser Mysia, Eolia, jonia, Caria, Doris, Lydia, Lycia, Paphlagonia, Pisidia, Isaurta, Pamphilia, Cilicia, Lycaonia, Galatia and Cappadocia; but at present their Names are lost, their Bounds confounded, their Towns ruined, and their Inhabitants heretofore so polite, are become barbarous. Nor do we certainly know how the Turks divide and name them at present; so that we must rest satisfied to remark the Chief Towns that remain. Bursa is one of the most considerable, and was the First Seat of the Turkish Empire; it is a large and well-peopled City: the miserable Remains of Nice and Chalcedon, famous by their General Councils, and the Ruins of Troy are to be seen there. On the Archipelago are also Smyrna, Ephesus where the Temple of Diana was, reckoned one of the Seven Wonders of the World, and where a General Council was also held: Miletum, Halicarnassus which is in Caria, where Artemisia erected to her Husband Mausolus that Stately Monument which was also ranked among the Wonders: and hence it is that Rich Tombs are called Mausolea. On the Mediterranean is Satalie, which hath given its Name to a Neighbouring Bay; and Tarsus, where St. Paul was born. On the Black Sea are Trabizonde, the Seat of an Empire; and in the Country of the Amazons Sinobi, heretofore Sinope, Angoure and Coni. Syria hath the Towns of Aleppo and Damascus, which are two of the greatest Cities of the Turkish Empire. Said, anciently Tyre, and Baruth, heretofore Sydon, famous Towns; Antioch now ruined, Alexandretta or Scanderoon, its principal Sea Port; and Tripoli of Syria. TURQUIE in Asia map of Asian Turkey (showing modern-day Turkey, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Cyprus, Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Jordan, Iraq, Kuwait, and eastern Iran) TURQUIE in Europe map of European Turkey, or the Balkan peninsula (showing modern-day Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, southern Romania, Bulgaria, Macedonia and Greece) Isle of MADAGASCAR map of Madagascar ARABIA map of Arabia (showing modern-day southern Turkey, eastern Egypt, Jordan, Israel, Saudi Arabia, southern Iraq, Kuwait, south-western Iran, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, Oman and Yemen) Two Leagues from Jerusalem is Bethlehem, where our Saviour was born; it is at present but a Village full of Ruins, inhabited by some poor Christians and Arabians. Bethany where he raised Lazarus, is nearer to Jerusalem, and is but a heap of Ruins; amongst which they still show the Tomb where the Body of Lazarus lay when he was raised from the Dead, and the ruins of his house, of the houses of his Sisters, Martha and Mary, and of Simon the Leper. Emaus, where the Disciples knew their Divine Master, 'tis in no better condition; no more than Jericho: upon the Plains whereof rises a Mountain, where our Saviour fasted Forty days. On the Seaside is Joppa, now called Jaffa, Acre heretofore Ptolemais, and in Idumea is Gaza and some other Towns. Jordan waters that Holy Land, runs through the Sea of Galilee, which is indeed but a Lake; and loses its clear Streams in the stinking and black Waters of the Dead Sea: in this River our Saviour was baptised by St. John Baptist. Arabia is divided into three, Deserta, Petrea, and Faelix, or the Desert, Petrea or the stony, and the happy, the first two are to the North, and the other to the South. Arabia the Desert is the Country where the Children of Israel sojourned Forty years, its Chief Places are Meschet, Orem, and Ana. Arabia Petrea hath Petrea (so called from the Name of the Country, but now 'tis called Crach) and Eltor. In this Country is Mount Sina, upon which God delivered the Law to Moses. Arabia Foelix; or the Happy, so called because it is more fertile than the other two, and bigger also; lies between the Red Sea which it hath to the West, the Gulf of Persia to the East, and the Indian Ocean to the South. It's chief Towns are Medina, where the Sepulchre of Mahomet the Prophet of the Turks is : Meccha the place of his Birth, Aden a place of great Traffic, Sanna, Mocha, Soar, and many others. In this Country they gather Frankincense, and several other precious Gums. Chaldea is at the Confluence of Tigris and Euphrates, its Capital was Babylon a famous City, and the Seat of the Babylonian Empire, the Walls whereof, built by the Famed Queen Semiramis, were placed amongst the Seven Wonders, of the World. It stood upon Euphrates, and little or nothing remains of it at present, and less of the Tower of Babylon, that was near to it. Bagdat is at present what Babylon was anciently, being built of its ruins; but upon the Tigris, as the other was upon Euphrates. The other Towns of Chaldea are Elmara, Gorna, Balsara, at the bottom of the Gulf of Persia, Orchea which is thought to be the Ur of the Chaldees, from whence God called Abraham; Magdon and some others. Mesopotamia, now called Diarbeck, lies to the North of Chaldea, and to the South of Armenia, between Euphrates and Tigris; its Chief Towns are Dava, Merdin, Orpha, by'r, and Caramit. Armenia is divided into the greater and lesser, the one on this side of Euphrates, and the other beyond it; both the two are at present called Turcomania. The Chief Towns of the lesser are Sivas or Sebaste, Kemach, Erzinga, and Suar. Some place here Samòsata, Lucian's Country; but it is in Arminacha, which was called Comagene. Those of the greater, are Arzeron, Chars, Essechire, which is taken for the Ancient Artaxata. In this Armenia is Mount Ararat, where the Ark of Noah rested after the Flood. Some affirm that some remains of it are still to be seen there. Georgia is to the North of Armenia; its Towns are Cori, Scander, and Glisca; that Country is the Iberia of the Ancients. Zuria or Albania lies to the East of it, and reaches to the Caspian Sea. The most remarkable places of it are Derbent, Zitracha, Sobai and Chipiche. Mingrelia is the Colchis of old, whither Jason went for the Golden Fleece; it hath the Sea to the West, and Georgia to the East. Fazzo and Sevastopoli are the more considerable Towns thereof. Circassia and Comania, Countries of very little note, lie Northward from he Territories. The Isles that the Turk possess about Asia, are famous in Antiquity. Tenedos, at the back of which the Grecian Fleet skulked: Metelin, heretofore Lesbos, where the renowned Sapph was born. Chio or Scio, hath a Town of the same Name; this Island produces Mastic and the best Turpentine. Nicaria, anciently Icaria, to which Icarus by his fall gave the Name. Samos, where Pythagoras was born. Pathmos, at present Palmosa, where St. John the Evangelist was banished in the time of Domitian, and had those Divine Revelations whereof he composed the Apocalypse. Lango, heretofore Co or Cos, illustrious by the Birth of Hypocrates and Apelles; the one gave men life by his Medicines, and the other by the Touches of his Pencil. PERSIA map of Persia (showing modern-day Iran, Afghanistan, and western Pakistan) Rhodes retains its Name, but not it its Ancient Splendour: It's called Rodo, and hath a Town of the same Name. In this place was anciently one of the Seven Wonders of the World, I mean, that Famous Colossus of Brass, that was Erected at the Entry of the Harbour, betwixt the legs of which Vessels passed. It was thrown down by an Earthquake. This Island is Fifty Leagues in Circuit, and but Six distant from Caria. The Turks took it from the Knights of Rhodes, who afterwards retreated to Malta. it hath some other places as Lindo and Filerno. Cyprus at present Cipro, is one of the greatest Islands of the Meditarranean, being above Six score Leagues in Circumference. It was in Ancient times Consecrated to Venus, and lies in the Sea of Pamphilia, which Country it hath to the North, Syria to the East, and Egypt to the South: It hath been a considerable Kingdom; which from the House of Lusignan fell into the Dominion of the Republic of Venice; and is at present Subject to the Turk. The Chief Towns of it are Nicosia and Famogosta, that hath a good Port. And thus you have a short Description of the Territories that the Grand Signior, Emperor of the Turks, possesses in Asia: In all which the Mahometan Religion is publicly Established; but the Jewish and Christian Religion are both permitted; and this last is divided into many Sects, as Greeks, Armenians, Jacobites, Georgians, Maronites, Cophtitès and many others. The Roman Catholics are not so numerous there, as the others are. There are many Governors in the Turkish Empire called Beglerbeys, who have under them Sangtacs, that are as their Deputies or Lieutenants. CHAP. III. The Kingdom of PERSIA. THE Empire of the Persians, heretofore so Vast and Famous, has been subject to many Alterations. It was founded by Cyrus, and overthrown by Alexander. The Parthians drove his Successors from thence, and maintained long Wars with the Romans; it was again restored under the Name of the Persian, and ruined by the Califs the Successors of Mahomet: Invaded by the Tartars under the powerful Tamerlan, and at length Raised again by Ishmael Sophy, to the State wherein now it is. It is called the Empire of the Sophy of Persia; and is bounded on the West by the Turkish Empire, on the East by that of the great , on the North by the Tartars, from whom it is divided by the River Oxus, now Abiamus; and on the South by the Gulf of Persia, and the Indian Sea: In a word it Reaches from Tigris to Indus, and from the Caspian to the Persian Sea, containing several Provinces, Persia, Sustana: Parthia, Media, Affyria, Hyrcania, Paropamisa, Margiana, Carmania and Gedrosia, all which have lost both their Names and Limits. The Metropolis of these States is Hispahan or Isfaham, a great and fair City containing many stately Palaces, where the Sophy keeps his Court and usually resides: It lies in Parthia now a days called Hierak: The other Towns of that Province are Cassan, Argistan, Jex, Saba, and Targazin. In the Province of Persia now called Farsy, is the Town of Sirrah, which is taken for the Ancient Persepolis, burnt by Alexander. Susiana, which is called Cusistan, hath for its Chief City Sus formerly Susa, the Imperial Seat of Ahassuerus. Media now a days Servan, hath the City of Tauris, which is the Ecbatana of the Ancients. Assyria, whereof the Turk possesses part, hath Mosul for its Capital, which is the Ancient Ninive the Metropolis of the Assyrians. Hyrcania is called Diargument; its principal Towns are, Mazandaron and Strava. Paropamisal at present Sablestan, hath Candahar for its chief Town, which gives also a name to all the Province. Margiana or Elsabar, hath Mexed for its principle Town, where the Kings of Persia are Interred. Carmania hath Chirman, from which it takes its modern name, Gedrosia or Circan hath the Town of Calamate. The most Remarkable Isles of Persia are in the Gulf of that Name; that of Ormus is near the Sreights, and hath a Town of the same name Ruined at present. The Isle of Baharem is famous, by reason that about it they fish for, and take the louliest Oriental Pearls. The Sophy of Persia is Mahometan; but follows the Doctrine of Aly, Mahcmets' Son in Law, whom the Turks reckon a Heretic. The Persians are of their Prince his Sect, and civilised and polished, and much of the humour of the French. The Christian Religion is suffered there, and in Hispahan itself there are Convents of several Orders, as Carmelites, Capuchins, Minims, and many others. CHAP. IU. The Empire of the great . GUINEA & NIGRITA RVM REGIO. map of the gulf of Guinea, Africa (showing modern-day Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Togo, Benin, southern Nigeria and western Cameroon) EAST INDIA map of India (showing modern-day eastern Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Nepal, Tibet, Butan, and western Myanmar (Burma)) PORTUGAL. map of Portugal THE Ancients divided the East-Indies, into India on this side, and India on t'other side of Ganges. In the first, called now Indostan which lies between that and another River named Indus, is the Empire of the great . It hath to the North Turquestan, to the West the States of Persia, to the South the Territories of several Princes which we shall hereafter mention; and to the East the Kingdom of Bengala: It is divided into several Kingdoms, which carry generally the Names of their Capital Cities, as Agra, Lahor, Delli, Kabul, Caximir; but the Kingdom of Sinda hath Tatah for Metropolis. The usual place of Residence of that Monarch is Lahor, his Palace is Magnificent, and he is the Richest Prince in the World in precious Stones. He is Mahometan, and most of his Subjects follow the same Religion; but there are many Christians and Idolaters amongst them, and a Sect of Pythagoreans, who hold it a deadly Sin to eat any thing that ever had life; who are there called Bannians. CHAP. V The other States of the EASTINDIES, and what the PORTUGUESE and other Nations Possess there. BEfore we proceed further, we must take a view of the other Kingdoms of the East-Indies, and of what the King of Portugal Possesses there, that we may not be obliged to come back to the same parts again. These Indies have two Peninsules, which are divided by the Bay of Bengala. That which is on the West side, contains the Kingdoms of Decan, Onar, Barcelor, Canara and some others, with the Coast of Malabar, in which are the Kingdoms of Calicut, Cochin, Coulan and others, all bearing the Names of their Capital Towns: They are Situated on the Western part of this Peninsule. Towards the Eastern, is the Coast of Coromandel, where are Negapatan, Maliapor or St. Thomas, and the Kingdom of Bisnagar, Narsingue, Golconde and Orixa, which bear the Names of their chief Cities. The two Coasts of this Peninsule are divided by Mount Gate which ends at Cape Comorin. The Country situated on this Mountain is called Balagate. At the Entry of the other Peninsule, which is to the East, we meet with the Kingdoms and Cities of Pegu, Siam, Camboia and Tunquin; and in the Penninsule is the Kingdom of Malacca, with its City of the same Name, which is the Southermost Extremity thereof. In the Entry of the other Peninsule, which is to the West, is the Kingdom of Cambaya, with a City of the same Name, and another called Surrat, which is very large, and a place of great Trade, and the Residence of our English Precedent of India. Thu Kingdam of Bengala is near the mouth of Ganges, between the States of the and Pegu. The King of Portugal possesses the Isle of Diu, near the Kingdom of Cambaya, which has a Town of the same Name near the Kingdom of Decan, the City of Goa, one of the greatest Towns of the Indies, and the Residence of the Archbishop and Viceroy; some places on the Coast of Malabar, and on the other side he had heretofore Maliapur a considerable Town, where it is believed the Body of St. Thomas is. In the other Peninsule formerly he held Malacca, which the Dutch have since taken from him. Besides these, he hath several Islands, and some places in others which belong not wholly to himself. CHAP. VI The Kingdom of CHINA. SOme Authors make this Kingdom as big as all Europe, so vast is its Extent. It hath the Ocean to the East, Cochinchina to the South, and to the West the Indies and part of Tartary, which it hath likewise in the North, and from which it is separated by that Famous Wall of Four hundred Leagues in Length. It is divided into Fifteen Provinces, the Names of which it is not very material to know: There are above Two thousand Cities reckoned to be in this great Kingdom, and of them Peking is the Chief and the Imperial Seat of their Kings. That Throne was overturned by the Tartars, who ruined this Empire, and possessed the greatest part thereof; but the Natives have lately recovered their Liberty again and expulsed the Conquerors. Nanquin, Xanton and Amus, are the most considerable CHINA. map of China (showing modern-day China, Taiwan, North Korea, South Korea and western Japan) TARTARY map of Tartary (showing modern-day Russia, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, and northern China) Cities, and the least is as big if not bigger than London. There are in this Kingdom many Fair Navigable Rivers, the chief of which are the Yellow and the Blue, called in the Chinese Language, Caramoran and Jansuguiam, and Chincheo that passes by the Stately City of Amus. The Chineses are Idolaters, and Worship the Heavens and Stars, with many Idols that they place in their Temples. The Jesuits have Converted many of them to Christianity, and are very Active in making Proselytes in those Parts. CHAP. VII. TARTARY. THE greater Tartary is one of the vastest Regions of the whole Earth. It hath to the West the States of Muscovy, the Ocean to the North, to the East the straits of Anian, or Jesso, according to some Maps, and to the South Persia, India, and China. Several Princes have Dominions in that great space of Land, and among others the Prince of Niuche on the East-side, who Invaded and Conquered China: But the most considerable of all is the Great Cham. One of his chief Provinces in Cathay, which some take for China, and its City of Cambalu for that of Pequin, so uncertain Men are in the knowledge of those distant Countries. It is nevertheless sure that there are Vagabond Tartars, divided into Societies called Hordes: They Inhabit that place which is called Tartary Desert, near which is the Kingdom of Astracan, with a Town on the same Name on the Volga. In these countries', as 'tis reported, grows the Boranetz, which is a Plant Animal, that is, half a Plant and half an Animal: It is in Shape like a Lamb, and fastened to a stalk, about which it Nibbles and Eats the Grass, which once failing, it withers and dies. The other parts of Tartary are, Turquestan and Zagathy, the chief City whereof is Samarkand, the Imperial Seat of the Victorious Tamerlan. Most part of the Tartars are Mahometans, there are many Idolaters, some Jews, and very few Christians among them. CHAP. VIII. The Isles of ASIA in the Ocean. IN treating of the Tetritories of the Turk, we spoke of the Isles of Asia that are in the Mediterranean: We must now mention those in the Ocean which belong to that part of the World; but seeing they are so numerous, that a large Volume would be too little to describe them all in, we shall only touch at those which are the most considerable and of greatest Note amongst them. The Maldives lie towards the Cape of Comorin, to the South and West thereof; there are many of them, and they reach to the Line, being divided into certain Parcels, which are called Attollons, and contain many small Islands, separated by very narrow Channels; they are full of Coco-trees; the Inhabitants are Mahometans, and subject to a King. Zeilan or Zeilon, is near Cape Comorin, being Two hundred and forty Leagues in Circumference: The Indians call it Tenasirim, that is, a Paradise of Delights; there grows the Tree whereof Cinnamon is but the Bark, and that in such plenty, that there are whole Forests of them: Fair Emeralds and fairer Elephants are likewise to be had there. Some would have it to be the Taprobane of the Ancients, which others think to be Sumatra. One of its chief Towns is Sitavaca, the Residence of a Prince who takes the Title of Emperor of Zeilan, to whom the other Kings are Tributary. It is divided into several Kingdoms, of which Candy, that is in the middle of the rest, is one of the chief. The Portuguese had formerly some places there, of which Columbo was the most Important: But at present the Hollanders are possessed of that and much more than ever the Portuguese had. The Natives are either Mahometans or Idolaters. Sumatra is divided by the straits of Sincapura, from the Peninsula of Malaccra. Most part of the Modern Geographers take it for Taprobane; the Equinoctial cuts it almost in the middle, it is very large, and some assign to it Thirty Kingdoms. It's chief Towns are, Achein, Pedar, and Batham: The Inhabitants profess Mahumetanism, and many of them are still Idolaters. Great Java is near to Sumatra, and is separated from it but by an Arm of the Sea, called the straits of Sonda. This Island is about Two Hundred Leagues in Length, but not above Forty in Breadth: It is Subject to several Princes, who are Tributaries to another, by them called Mataram, that is to say, Emperor. It hath considerable Towns, such as Bantam, Palambuam, Japara and Batavia, called so by the Hollanders, being formerly called Jacatra: They took it in the Year One thousand six hundred and seventeen, and have strongly fortified it, and made it the Residence of their General, and Principal Seat of their great East-India Trade. The Inhabitans of the Island are for the most part Mahumetans. Little Java is now called Cumbava, and but little known, some of its Inhabitans are Idolators. Borneo lies to East of Malacca and Sumatra, and to the North of Java: This is one of the greatest Islands in the Ocean; it is almost round, and hath above 200 Leagues in Diameter. It's Principle Town carries its Name. Most part of the Inhabitans profess Mahumetanisme, and the rest are plunged in Idolatry. Celebes is to the East of Borneo, and is much less than it, the chief Towns thereof are one that goes by the same Name and Durate. Gilolo is to the East of the former, and is not so great; it hath a Town of its own Name, and another called Tolo. The Molucca's, so Famous for the Cloves, Nutmegs, and Mace, which they disperse through the whole World, lie under the Equinoctial, betwixt Celebes and Gilolo. The chief are Ternate, Tidor, Motir, Machian and Bachian. The Portuguese have had some places there, which have been disputed by the English and Dutch, and finally carried by the latter, who have Engrossed the Trade of those Rich Spices. Banda is to the South of Gilolo, and furnishes also Nutmegs. The Hollanders have the Possession thereof. The Philippine Islands, called so by the Spaniards, in Honour of their King Philip the Second, are so many in number, that some Authors reckon above Ten thousand of them. They lie Northward from the Mollucca's, and Eastward from Cochinchina. The greatest and most considerable of them is Luconia, where the Town of Manilha is. The other that are remarkable are those of Mindanao, which hath a Town of its Name, the Isles of St. Juan, of Cebu, Matan and Tandayo: Betwixt this last and the Isle of Lucon, is the straits of Manilha, Famous amongst Navigators. Amacao or Macao, is a small Island on the Coast of China, where the Portguese have a Town of the same Name. The Isle Formosa, the Lucaios, and some others, are to the East of China. The Empire of Jappan, is composed of several great Islands, on the the East of China, the chief of which is called Niphon, and its Capital Town Meaco; though this present Emperor hath his Court at Jedo in the East part of the Island. Many Jesuits have here lost their lives for Preaching Christ to that Idolatrous People. To the North of this Country the Land of Jesso hath been lately discovered, divided from it by the straits of Sangar. The chief Mountains of Asia, are Taurus, Libanus, Caucasus, and Imaus. It's chief Capes, are that of Comorin in the Indies, Liampo in China, Fartach, Razalgate and Monzandaon in Arabia the happy, and the Promontory of Tabin in Tartary. It's principal Rivers, are the Volga, Araxez, Oxus now Abiamus, and Jaxartes or Chesel, which run into the Caspian, Sea. Euphrates and Tigris come from the Mountains of Armenia, embrace Mesopotamia, and uniting in Chaldea, fall into the Gulf of Persia. Indus comes from Caucasus, gives its name to India, which it watereth, and afterward runs into the Ocean, as Ganges does into the Bay of Bengall. The Cosmin passes by Pegu, and the Menan by Siam, they both proceed from the Lake of Chiamay, and fall into the Ocean. The Yellow and Blue Rivers are in China. The Tartar, that is thought to have given Name to Tartary, runs into the Northern Ocean, and the Oby also. It is to be observed, that the greatest part of Asia is in the Temperate Zone: It hath some Regions in the Torrid, to wit, part of Arabia the happy, and of the Indies; with many Isles. Some Countries of Tartary are in the Frozen Zone. To conclude, Asia reaches from the Equinoctial to the Seventieth degree of North Latitude; and some of its Isles are Ten degrees beyond the Line. CHAP. IX. AFRICA. THere is no need of crossing the Sea to go from Asia to Africa, since we have a passage by Land, which is the Isthmus of Suez, betwixt the Red Sea and the Mediterranean. Having passed that, we find at first sight Egypt, and proceeding from East to West, we shall in order find Barca, Barbary, and the Kingdoms of Fez and Morocco, that are washed with the Ocean. Afterward from North to South, we will meet with Biledulgerid, Zahara, the Country of Negres, Guinea, the Kingdom of Congo, the Country of Caffres', as far as the Cape of good Hope. Afterward going towards the North, we shall find Zanguebar, and some other countries'; and then having visited those Regions that are in the heart of Africa, as Nubia, Ethiopia, and Monomotapa, we shall end with its Mountains, Capes and Isles. CHAP. X. EGYPT and the Region of BARCA. AFRICA map of Africa WE shall view the Countries of Africa, that lie upon the Ocean, after that we have seen those that are upon the Mediterranean. Egypt, so famous both in Sacred and Profane History; which speak so often of its Pharaoh's and Ptolemy's, hath on the East the Isthmus of Suez, and the Red Sea; on the North the Mediterranean, on the West the Country of Barca, and on the South Nubia and Ethiopia. It hath not so many Towns at present, as it had heretofore. The Metropolis of it is Cairo, a very great City on the right Bank of the River of Nile. On the other side of that River are to be seen those famous Pyramids, which were the Monuments of some Kings, and have been reckoned amongst the Seven Wonders of the World; and as in all probability they were the most ancientest of the Seven, so 'tis certain they are the only one remaining. Nile having washed Cairo, divides itself into two Branches, which embrace the Country called Delta, from the Greek Letter Δ, which it resembles; these two Branches produce others, which made several Mouths to that River, some of which are stopped up. The other Towns are Asna, anciently Siene, towards the South Alexandria, heretofore the Capital City under the Ptolemy's, preserves still in its stately Ruins, the Name of Alexander the Great, who founded it: It lies upon the Sea, and near the place where the Phare stood, which was one of the Seven Wonders. Rosetta and Damieta, are also upon the Sea, at two other Mouths of the Nile. All this fair Country is made wonderfully fruitful, by the overflowing of the Nile, and is subject to the Turk: the Inhabitants are Mahometans, but there are many Jews and some Christians among them. The Region of Barca was anciently called Cyrenaica, and hath Egypt on the East, the Sea on the North; on the West Barbary, and the Deserts that carry its name, with Lybia on the South; its chief Town is likewise called Barca; the others are Alberton, Patriarcha, Bonandrea, Berniche, and some more. The People are Mahumetans, Subjects to the Turk. CHAP. XI. BARBARY, with the Kingdoms of FEZ and MOROCCO. BArbary hath to the East the Country of Barca, to the North the Mediterranean, to the West the Kingdoms of Fez and Morocco, and to the South Mount Atlas, which divides it from Biledulgerid. Going from East to West we find the Kingdoms of Tripoli, Tunnis, Algire, and Tremesin or Telensin, with their chief Towns of the same Name. Near to Tunnis are to be seen some Ruins of the famous Carthage. In the Kingdom of Algiers is Bugie and Gigery; and some other places that may be seen in the Map, but very little known to us. The People of that Country are Mahumetans, and subject to the Turk, and have for many Ages practised Piracy upon the Mediterranean, to the great Annoyance of the Christians Commerce. The Kingdom of Fez has to the South Morocco, to the East the Kingdom of Tremisen, to the North the straits of Gibraltar, and to the West the Atlantic Ocean; its chief Cities carries the same Name, and is a beautiful and stately Place; the Principal Mosque of it is above a quarter of a mile in circuit, and therein burn constantly Nine hundred Lamps. The other Towns are Mahamore, Larache, Alcazer, and Tetuan; (the two former belong to the King of Spain) and Tangier belonging to the King of Great Britain. The Kingdom of Morocco lies to the South of that of Fez; its chief City bears the same Name, and is beautiful and large, though it hath lost much of its ancient Splendour. On the the Top of one of its Towers, are three Golden Balls, which are believed to be Enchanted. Next to Morocco, the Town of Agmet is the most considerable: These two Kingdoms belong to one Prince, who is called Emperor of Morocco; he is Mahometan, and his Subjects are of the same Religion; but there are many Jews and Christians among them. New MEXICO map of New Mexico (showing modern-day Mexico and far south-western United States of America) FLORIDA map of Florida (showing modern-day far south-eastern United States of America) CHAP. XII. BILEDULGERID and ZAHARA. NEW SPAIN map of New Spain (showing modern-day Central America, southern United States of America, Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, and Panama) GUIANA map of Guyana (showing modern-day eastern Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, and northern Brazil BILEDULGERID signifies a Country of Dates, because it abounds with Palm-trees, which bear that Fruit. The Ancients called that Region Numidia; it reaches from the Atlantic Ocean to Egypt, the space of a Thousand Leagues: Mount Atlas divides it from Barbary on the North, and Zara bounds it on the South. Its best Province is Suz on the Atlantic Ocean; the rest, which are Tesset, Dara, Segelmesse, Zeb; and some others, most of which take their Names from their Towns, are but little inhabited, by reason of the great inconveniences of want of Water, noxious Animals, and the barrenness of the Soil. Zahara, or the Desert, is the Ancient Lybia, and reaches from the Ocean to Egypt, and hath Biledulgerid to the North, and the Country of Negres to the South. There is hardly any thing there but Deserts and heaps of Sand, which being driven by the Wind, many times bury Travellers alive, and being heated by the direct Beams of the Sun, render the Air insupportably hot. However there are some places inhabited, as Zanhaga, Zuenziga, Terga, Agadez, Berdoa; and some others, so little known to us, that we can say nothing with any certainty of them. These People, as well as those of Biledulgerid, are Mahumetans, and some of them Idolaters. CHAP. XIII. The Country of Negres and Guinea. THat Country which is called the Country of Negres or Nigritia, hath on the West the Atlantic Ocean, on the North the Deserts of Lybia, on the East Egypt, Nubia, and the Empire of the Abysins; and on the South Guinea and the Kingdom of Congo: It is about a Thousand Leagues in length, and of a very considerable breadth. The River Niger waters it, and overflowing like the Nile, renders it fruitful: It is divided into several Branches, whereof the two chief are Senega, Gambao, or Riogrande, which fall into the Ocean near Cape de Verd. That great Country is divided into several Kingdoms, of which the most remarkable are Genehoa, Tombut, Senega, Gago, Gualata, Melli, Canon, Agadez; and betwixt the Branches of the Niger, the Kingdom of the Jaloffes and Gambea. They have generally either given or taken their Names from their chief Towns. The People are of different Religions; a great many of them are Idolaters, and some few are Mahometans; they are subject also to different Princes. Guinea hath to the East and North the Country of Negres, in which some Geographers also place it, towards the West and South the Ocean. It contains the Kingdoms of Sierra Leona, Sabon and Benin. It hath no Towns of any note. The Coast there is called by several Names, as the Grain Coast, the Quaqua Coast, and the Gold Coast, upon which the English, Dutch, and some other Nations, have their Forts and Factories. The Natives drive a great Trade with the Europeans, who transport yearly into the West-Indies, several thousands of these wretched Animals, sold to them by their inhuman Lords, and sometimes by their own Parents, into perpetual Slavery. This Country abounds in Gold; the Natives for the most part are Idolaters, and some of them worship their Kings. CHAP. XIV. The Kingdoms of Congo, Cacongo, Angola, Malemba, and Mataman. THese Kingdoms are by some Geographers placed in Ethiopia; but we distinguish them, because under that name the Country of the Abyssins' is chief understood. The Kingdom of Congo hath to the East the Empire of Prester John, to the North the Country of Negres, to the West the Ocean of Ethiopia, and to the South the Kingdom of Angola. It is divided into several Provinces, and its chief Town is called St. Salvador. Next to that the most remarkable are Panho, Batta, Sanho, Sunde, Pemba, which take or give their Names to their Provinces. The River Zaire, that comes from a Lake of the same Name, runs through this Kingdom, with a Stream famous for its swiftness and breadth. That of Coanza makes the Isle of Loanda at its Mouth; there is another River likewise called Lelunde. In the Northern part of this Country, there are People called Anzicains, who are reported to eat Man's Flesh, which is sold in the Shambles, as Beef and Mutton with us. COAST OF BARBARY From Tanger to Cape Bonner map of western North Africa (showing modern-day Morocco, northern Algeria and northern Tunisia) COAST OF BARBARY From Cape Bon to Damieta map of eastern North Africa (showing modern-day northern Tunisia, northern Libya, and northern Egypt) MALTA map of Malta LEEWARD. Islands. map of the Leeward Islands (showing modern-day Caribbean, Panama, northern Colombia, and Venezuela) SIAM. MALACCA and the Indian ISLANDS. map of Siam and Malacca (showing modern-day Myanmar (Burma), Laos, Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, and western Indonesia The MOLUCCA Isles map of the Maluku Islands (or Moluccan Islands, or the Spice Islands) (showing modern-day eastern Indonesia) Isles of JAPAN map of Japan The PHILIPPINE Islands. map of the Philippines FRANCHE CONNTY map of Franche Comté (showing modern-day eastern France) SAVOY map of Savoy (showing modern-day south-eastern France, and north-western Italy) TERCERA Islands map of the Azores CANARY Islands map of the Canaries Islands of CAPE VERD. map of the Mindelo, Espargos and Cape Verde islands PERU. CHILI. and MAGELLANICA map of western South America (showing modern-day Peru, Bolivia, western Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, Chile and Argentina ZANGUEBAR map of Zanzibar and Abyssinia (showing modern-day Mozambique, eastern Tanzania, Uganda, Ethiopia and Somalia), and northern Madagascar MONOMOTAPA map of Monomotapa or Mutapa (modern-day Zimbabwe and Mozambique) The Kingdom of Caconga is to the Eastward of the former; and there is no Town observed in it. That of Angola is to the South of Congo; its chief Town is Dongo: Here are the Mountains of Cambambe (Rich in Silver Mines) and Cape St. Marry. The Kingdom of Malemba is to the East of Angola, and near the Lake Zambre; that of Mataman is to the South of it. The People of these Kingdoms are Idolaters, but the Jesuits daily endeavour their Conversion. CHAP. XV. Caffreria, Sofala, Zanguebar, and some other countries'. THE Country of the Caffres' or Hottentots, named Caffreria, hath to the East and North Monomotapa, to the West and South the Ocean, and reaches to the Cape of Good Hope. Along the Coasts of it are good Ports. No Towns are to be seen here; the People are altogether barbarous, having neither Laws, Kings, or Religion. Near the Cape of Good Hope the Hollanders have planted a very Noble Colony, which supplies in great abundance all Necessaries to their Ships as they go and come from the East-Indies. The Kingdom of Sofala is upon the Indian Ocean, its chief Town bears its Name, and is built in an Island made by the River of Cuama. Some Authors take this Country for the Land of Ophir, whither Solomon sent to fetch Gold for Adorning of that stately Temple which he Built. Zanguebar is to the North of it, and extends itself upon the Indian Ocean, which it hath to the East, as far as the Kingdom of Adea, which it hath on the North side, and the Empire of the Abyssins' to the West. It comprehends Six Kingdoms, to wit, Mongalo, Mozambique, Angothe, Quiloa, Mombaza, and Melinde; each of them having a Capital Town bearing its Name. The Inhabitants are Idolaters or Mahometans, with some few Christians. The Portuguese possess Mozambique and Mombaza with some other places. Continuing still Northward and along the Indian Sea, we find the Republic of Brave, consisting only in one Maritime Town of the same Name, which was pretty Rich, before it was sacked by the Portugese. Next we find the Kingdoms of Magadoxo and Adel, with their Capitals of the same Name. the latter reaches to the Cape Guardafuy and the straits of Babel mandel which Joyns the Ocean to the Red Sea. The Kingdom of Abex is upon that Sea and under the Ottoman Empire. It's chief Towns are Arguico, Doncale and Suguam, all three Maritime. If there be any other little States, they are so inconsiderable, that it is not worth our while to stop and view them, just when we are about to consider larger and more Famous Territories in the middle of Africa, whereof we have now Surveyed the Confines. CHAP. XVI. NUBIA. NUBIA hath the Nile on the East; which divides it from Ethiophia, that is likewise to the South of it. The Country of Negroes on the West, and Egypt on the North. Its Metropolis of the same Name is upon the Nile, and the others deserve not the Name of Towns, being but pitiful Villages. The Inhabitants have been Christians, and according to some Authors are so still; but without any Exercise of Religio: of which they retain nothing but the shadow and confused Knowledge. CHAP. XVII. Ethiopia or the Empire of the Abyssins'. SOme Geographers divide Ethiopia into the Upper and Lower, and under this comprehend the Kingdoms of Congo, Angola, and some others, whereof we have treated; and those of Monomotapa and Monoemugi, of which we shall speak: And under the other they place the Empire of the Abyssins'; but because this retains particularly the Name of Ethiophia; we shall use the same without perplexing ourselves about that Division. Ethiopia has to the North Nubia and Egypt, to the East, the Kingdom of Abex and Zanguebar, to the South Monoemugi; and to the West the Kingdom of Congo, and the Country of Negroes. That vast Tract of Land which makes the Empire of the Abyssins', is all in the Torrid Zone, and reaches almost from the one Tropic to the other. It's length from North to South, is Six hundred Leagues. The Nile crosses it, and forms therein a Famous Island, which the Ancients Named Meroe, and the Moderns Gueguerre. This great State is divided into a great many Kingdoms or Provinces, which bear that Name. The next to Egypt is the Kingdom of Cansila, then streatching Southward, these following are to be seen, Barnagasso, Tigremahon, Bagamidri, Amara, Roxa, Narea, Zet, and several others which I mention not, as judging it useless to fill this Description with barbarous Names that are good for nothing: The Towns here are mean and inconsiderable, having neither beauty nor extent, with pitiful Houses built of mud or clay and straw, because there is but very little wood or lime in the Country. Nor hath the King of Ethiopia fixed upon any Town for his usual Residence, but goes from Province to Province; having all his Court lodging in Tents, of which he hath always Five or Six thousand carried about with him in his Retinue. This is an odd way of living, and yet he is one of the greatest Princes in the World; he hath vast and large Dominions, great Treasures, rich Furniture, and can send numerous and strong Armies into the Field. He is abusively called Prester John, his Subjects call him Adubvegue; which signifies Emperor, and some Moderns, Negus, as much as to say Monarch. That Powerful Prince and all his Subjects profess Christianity, but with some mixture of Jewish Ceremonies; for they retain both Circumcision and Baptism. Their Priests Marry, but yet they have Monks. They have a Patriarch who is the Head of their Church, whom they call the Abuna; and their Country is full of Monasteries. CHAP. XVIII. The Kingdoms of Monoemugi and Monomotapa. THE Kingdom of Monoemugy hath to the North the Empire of the Abyssins', to the East Zanguebar and Sofala, to the South Monomotapa, and to the West Congo. Sofala, whereof we have spoken, depends on it, and belongs to the same Prince: His other Countries are inconsiderable, and the Towns that are more so, are Beif, Agag, Camar. To the Northward of this State rise above the Clouds the high Mountains of the Moon. The Inhabitants are almost void of all Religion. The Kingdom of Monomotapa, hath the last Kingdom we spoke of to the North, and on all other sides the Country of the Caffres'. The chief City of it and Seat of the Prince is of the same Name; it's other Towns are Mogar, Mosata and Gale. Under it are comprehended the Kingdoms of Toroa, Inhambane, and Inhamior. Its Inhabitants are Idolaters, whom the Jesuits labour to convert to Christianity. This Rigion is watered with the Rivers of Cuama and Spiritu Sancto. These are the more known Regions of Africa, which yet are so little, so that what we can say of them deserves not the Name of a Description. The chief Mountains are, Atlas, Sierra-Liona, Mount Amara, and the Mountains of the Moon. The chief Capes thereof are, Cape Verd, the Cape of Good Hope, and Guarda-fuy. Its Rivers are the Nile that runs into the Meditarranean, after it hath watered Ethiopia and Egypt. The Niger that runs through the Country of Negres, and falls into the Atlantic Ocean near the Cape Verd, where it makes many Branches. The Zambre, that proceeds from a Lake of the same Name, runs through the Lake of Zachaf, and dividing itself into two Branches, one whereof is called Cuama, and the other de Spiritu Sancto, both whereof are discharged into the Indian Sea; and the River Zaire, which falls with great Impetuosity into the Ethiopian Sea. CAHP. XIX. The Isles of AFRICA. IN the Miditerranean are first the Isle of Malta, the Melita of the Ancients, Famous for the Shipwreck of the Apostle St. Paul, and the Residence of the great Master of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem, which bears its Name: It is Seven Leagues Long, and Four Broad. Its Towns are the Valette, the City, the Bourg, and St. Michael, with the Castle St. Elm. The Isles of Coming and Comminet, Forfora, Goze, Lampadosa and Limosa belong likewise to the order of Malta. The Isle of Pantalarea belongs to the Portuguese, and that of Zerbi to the Turks. In the Atlantic Ocean are the Canaries that belong to the Spaniards, Porto Santo, Madera, and the Cape De Verd Islands, which belong to the Crown of Portugal. Porto Santo is near to Madera, and in respect of it inconsiderable, for Madera is large and fruitful, producing good Wines, and that Sugar which goes by its Name. The chief City of it is Funchall, and has a Bishop Suffragant to the Archbishop of Lisbonne. The People are Civil and Roman Catholics. The Canaries, which the Ancients called the Fortunate Islands, because of the goodness of the Air and Soil, are to the West of the Kingdom of Morocco: they reckon Seven of them, that are the chief; to wit the Grand Canaries, the Isle of Ferro, the Isles of Taneriffe, Lacerotte, Palma, Gomera, and Fortventura. The great Canary which hath given its Name to all the rest, and got it from the abundance of Dogs that were found there, hath a Town of the same Name which is a Bishopric. The Island of Ferro is considerable, for that we have from thence taken our beginning of Longitude, it being the most Westerly of these Islands. There is here a Tree which so condenses the Air, that it furnishes the Inhabitants with Water, which is otherwise scarce enough with them. Taneriffe is remarkable for a great Mountain, which is thought to be the highest in the World; called by the Spaniards Pico: from thence we have the best Canary Wine. The rest are but inconsiderable. The Cape De Verd Islands, so called, because they are opposite to that Cape, were known to the Ancients by the Name of Hesperides, Gorgoniae, and Gorgades: The chief of them are Eight, to wit, St. Anthony, St. Vincent, St. Luce, St. Nicholas, St. Jago, del Sal, Mayo and Fuego. That of St. Jago or St. James, is the most considerable. It hath a City of the the same Name; the Bishop whereof is Suffragant to the Arch Bishop of Lisbon: It's other Towns are, Ribera a great place and much frequented, St. Thomas, St. Michael, and La Praya which is its best Port. The Air of this Island is extremely bad. In the Ocean and near Sierra-Liona, are the little Isles of Farellon and Massacoya. Somewhat farther in the bottom of the Bay or Bite of Guinea, is that of St. Thomas, discovered on that Saint's day whose Name it bears. It is directly under the Equinoctial: It's chief Town is Pavoasan, Inhabited by the Portugese. The Prince's Island is near to the former, and was so called because the Revenue thereof was appointed for the use of the Eldest Son of the King of Portugal. The Isle of Farnandopo is to the North of that, and near the Coast of Guinea and the Kingdom of Benin. Beyond the Line we find the Isle of Annobon, which last the Portuguese called so, because they discovered it on New-year's day. The Isle of Ascension, discovered on Ascension day, and therefore so called, is farther to the South in the Sea, and is neither inhabited nor habitable for want of Water, but it is abounding in Turtle or Sea Tortoise. St. Helena, for a like reason so named, is of all the Islands in the World the most Remote from the Continent, being about Four hundred Leagues distant from it. It hath excellent Fresh Water, and so Salubrious an Air, that the Sick who land there, recover their Health quickly. It belongs to the English, and all the Ships that come from the East-Indies and belong to England, do commonly put in and take Fresh Water there. In the same Ocean, and towards the Cape of Good-Hope, are the small Islands of Elizabeth, Cornelia and Fera. Beyond that Famous Cape, and to the East of Africa, in the Indian Sea, lies the Isle of Madagascar, called also of St. Laurence, or of Laurence Armeide who discovered it, in the year One thousand five hundred and six, on the day of St. Laurence. It is one of the greatest Islands in the World; containing about Six hundred Leagues in Circuit, Two hundred and sixty in Length, and in some places an Hundred in Breadth. It's Length reaches from North to South, from the Eleventh Degree of South Latitude, to the Five and Twenteth, so that it is almost altogether in the Torrid Zone, the Southern end of it being only without it; over which the Tropic of Capricorn passes. It is very probable, that they who have taken this for the Cerne of Pliny and the Menuthias of Ptolemy are mistaken, and that the Ancients never knew it. It hath no Towns, only Villages beset with Stakes, the fairest of which is Fauzaire. The Inhabitants have little or no Religion, they have neither Temples nor Altars; they Fear a God, but Worship him not. The French have made some Voyages thither, and printed Relations of the same There are many little Isles about this, of the chief whereof we shall only speak. To the East of it are the Isles of St. Mary, of Bourbon, Maurice, and Diego Roiz. To the North, Gade, Agulha and Natal. To the West, Mohila, Camora, Mayota, Johanna, and St. Christopher's. Near the Coast of Zonguebar is an Island of the same Name, having to the South the Isle of Monfia, and to the North that of Pemba. Near the Cape Guardafuy lies Zocotora with a Town of the same Name. This is the Dioscorides of the Ancients; it produces the best Aloes and Dragon's Blood; between this and the said Cape lies another Island, called Abba del Curia. It is to be observed that the greatest part of Africa is in the Torrid Zone, and that the Line cuts it so exactly in the middle, that it reaches as far to the South, as it does to the North of it, that is to the Five and thirtieth Degree of South and North Latitude; however the much greater part is to the Northwards. The End of the Second Book. A NEW GEOGRAPHY. The THIRD BOOK. AMERICA. map of North, Central and South America CHAP. I. AMERICA. WE are now come to the New World; for so Men hath been pleased to call this Continent which is divided from Europe, Asia and Africa, because it hath not been known to us much above an Hundred and four score years. It is held, that Christopher Columbus a Native of Genova first discovered it in the year One thousand four hundred ninety two; yet it carries not his Name, but that of Americus Vespucius a Florentine, who five years after Columbus, in the year One thousand four hundred ninety seven, discovered Brasile; which was the cause that all that part of the World is called America. It is likewise called the West-Indies, in distinction from the East-Indies in Asia. It hath to the East, the Sea called the North Sea, Mar deal Nor, to the West the South or Pacifick Sea, to the South the straits of Magellan; but its bounds to the North are unknowen to us, and we cannot tell whether there be Seas or Lands. By the Isthmus of Panama, which makes it two Peninsules, it is divided into the North and South America. In North America, and on the North Sea, are Estotiland, Greenland, Terra de Laborador, Canada, or new France, New England, Maryland, Virginia, Carolina, Florida, New Spain, Jucatan, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costarica and Veragua. And on the Vermillion Sea, Anien, Quivira, and New Mexico. In South America are Golden Castille, Guiana, Brasile, Plata, and Terra Magellanica, all upon the North Sea, and on the South or Pacifick Sea, Chili, and Peru; and Tucuman in the middle. CHAP. II. North AMERICA. ESTOTILAND, Greenland and Terra de Labrador or Laborador, have no Inhabitants but Savages, who live amongst Ice and Snow, with which these Countries are covered. The Reader must not expect Towns here, for there are none at all: We are only to observe that Greenland is a Country lately discovered, and that there was another of the same Name, which cannot now be found; though the Kings of Denmark to whom it belonged, have in vain sent Ships in search of it. It had Towns, with Churches, and Monasteries; but no body can tell what is become of it: whether the passage to it be blocked up by the Ice, or that it hath been swallowed up in the Ocean. Canada is called New France, because the French discovered and planted a Colony in it; the chief places thereof are Quebec, and Tadoussac, upon the great River of St. Laurence. New England is a Rich and Flourishing Country, with many Towns, the chief thereof is Boston, Inhabited by the English. Maryland is Peopled by the King of Great Brittain's Subjects, and belongs to the Lord Baltimore, who holds it of that Crown. Virginia was so called by the English, because they discovered it in the time of Queen Elizabeth who was never Married. In it is James Town, and some others; the principal product of this Country is Tobacco, which from hence is carried into most parts of Europe. Carolina is a late Plantation of the English, not fully settled as yet. New ENGLAND map of New England VIRGINIA map of Virginia NEW SPAIN map of New Spain (showing modern-day Central America, southern United States of America, Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, and Panama) GUIANA map of Guyana (showing modern-day eastern Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, and northern Brazil New Spain is one of the loveliest Provinces in this New World. There stands the City of Mexico, which gave the Name to a great Empire, whereof Montezuma was the last King. Fernando Cortes Invaded it, in the year One thousand five hundred and nineteen, took that Prince, and Conquered his Country. There are many other Towns in that Country, the chief whereof are, Mechoacan, Los Angelos, Vera Crux, Valladolid, and Guatamala. Mexico the Capital stands upon a Lake, it is large and well peopled, being the Residence of a Viceroy, and Seat of an Archbishop. Jucatan is a Peninsule on the Bay of Mexico, the chief Town whereof is Merida. Honduras has the Town of Truxillo. Nicaragua hath Cartagen, and Veragua and La Conception. These Three last Provinces and Costarica, lie between the South Sea and the Bay of Mexico. Anien is only remarkable for the straits that carry its Name, which are by some thought to be fabulous; and runs between Califurnia and the land of Jesso: this land is supposed to stretch far out into the West, and is separated from Asia, only by some branches of the Sea, and from Japan by the straits of Sangar. Quivira was called New Albion by Sir Francis Drake Admiral of an English Fleet, who discovered that Country in the year One thousand five hundred and seventy nine: it lies on the Vermillion Sea, that divides it from Califurnia; but there are no Towns observed in it. New Mexico contains New Granada, wherein is the Town of Staff. CHAP. III. South AMERICA. UPon the Isthmus of Panama are two Towns, whereof the one that gives it the Name, is upon the South Sea, and the other, which is upon the North, or rather the Bay of Mexico, is called Nembre di dios. Beyond that space of Land, which lies between the two Seas, are the following Regions on the North Sea. Golden Castille, so called from that precious Metal which is found there in abundance. It's chief Towns are Carthagena, St. Martha, and St. Fe de Bogota. To the East of that is the Country of the Caribbes, in which is the North Cape, well known to those that Sail in these Seas. The Inhabitants go stark Naked, and have neither Government nor Religion. Guiana is to the South; it hath a Town called Manoa, and by the Spaniards El Dorado (because there is much Gold in it) with a Lake of a vast extent, almost under the Line. Some affirm that there are a kind of Monstrous People in that Regions, who have no Heads, and have their Eyes in their Shoulders, and their Bellies; but that is only learned from the report of their Neighbours, who heretofore told it to Sir Walter Raleigh, Admiral of an English Fleet under Queen Elizabeth. We are not to believe all that we are told, neither are we to deny all that we cannot believe. The truth is, that report of Men without Heads is very strange, and seems contrary to the order of Nature, which is not guilty of so considerable mistakes, as to fail in the production of a whole race of People. Sometimes she produces Monsters, because she meets with bad Dispositions that hinders her Operations; but as if she repent of what she had done, and would disown such imperfect works, she puts a stop to the progress, and suffers them not to propagate and beget others like themselves. Brasile streches on the North Sea, from the River of Amazons to the Region of De la Plata. The People go there stark Naked, neither sow nor reap, but live on the Natural Fruits of the Earth, which are very plentiful in their Region, and by Hunting and Fishing. They cat the Prisoners they take in War, rather to satiate their Revenge than their Appetite. They have no Prince, no Laws, nor Religion; and they believed not that there was a God, until they were instructed by the Europeans, with whom they conversed. The Portuguese, English, and Hollanders, have had Plantations there, and sometimes Wars for their Titles. In that Country are the Towns of St. Salvador or Baiae, on the famous Bay of Todos los Santos, Pernambouk, Rio Janeiro; and several others. But let us not leave this fair Country without viewing the most pleasant and biggest River of the World, that watereth it: It is called the River of Amazons, because some Women carrying Arms and Fight, were observed upon the Banks thereof. It is likewise called Oregliane, from a Spanish Captain that sailed long upon it. It springs from the Mountains of Peru, and carries its Streams through that Country into Brasile; where after a course of Six hundred Leagues long, it pays the Sea the largest tribute that it any where receives. It's Mouth, in the opinion of some, is Fourscore Leagues over; and just under the Line it mingles with the North Sea. The Region De la Plata is to the South of Brasile, and on the North Sea; it is refreshed by a River that gives it both its Name and Water. The Portuguese have called it Rio de la Plata, that is, the Silver River; because Silver is found amongst the Sands it brings with it. On the side of it is the City of Assumption; the others are St. Foy and the Visitation. The Country of Chica, and that of Patagons, which borders on the straits of Magellen, are to the South beyond La Plata, Here are no Towns, some Capes and famous Ports, as the Port Desire, and the Cape De las Virgins. It is true, that on the straits are to be seen the Ruin of a Town called Philippe, built by the Spaniards, where they were almost all starved. The most remarkable thing in this Region, is the People that inhabit it, and are called Patagons; they have been reported to be Ten or Twelve foot high, and to swallow down a Pail full of Wine, with as much ease as an ordinary Man one Glass. They cover themselves with Beasts Skins, and carry Clubs, Bows and Arrows. They lay their Dead upon little Hills, and cover them with heaps of Stones, lest Beasts should devour them. It hath not been observed that they have any Laws or Religion. In a word, they are Barbarians, and for Strength and Bulk of Body, some what exceed our Europeans; but our latest Discoveries will not permit them to be Giants. Having passed the straits that were called after Magellan's Name who discovered it, and had so much honour thereby; we find on the South Sea Cape Desire, and advancing from South to North, Chili and Peru. The Country Chili hath these chief Towns, St. Jago, L' Imperial, La Conception, and Baldivia. Peru is is to the North of Chili, and reaches Five hundred Leagues from South to North; it hath to the West the South Sea, to the East the high Hills, which the Spaniards call Las Cordilleras, or the Andes, perpetually covered with Snow, in the midst of the Torrid Zone. when Pizarro and Almagro arrived in that Country, in the year One thousand five hundred and twenty four, it was subject to the Princes named Ingas, who had settled a powerful Empire in those Places, extending above Fifteen hundred Leagues in circuit; they had governed there above Six hundred years, when the Avarice and Ambition of those two Spaniards promoted them to dethrone the last that swayed that Sceptre; his Name was Atahualpa, or Atabalipa, whom they took and caused to be strangled. Here they found a prodigious quantity of Gold. The Inhabitants were Polite and Civil, they worshipped the Sun, and believed there was another God Superior to him, whom they called Pachacamac. The City of Cusco was the Imperial Seat of the Ingas. The second in Dignity was Quito, situated almost under the Equinoctial; both which remain still. The Spaniards have built many there, the most considerable of which is Lima on the Sea side, with a Port. This is the Residence of a Vicroy and Archbishop. The other chief Towns are Arica, Arcquipa, St. Miguel, on the Sea, and in the Inland Potosi, near the famous Mountain of the same Name, wherein are inexhaustible Mines of Gold and Silver; La Plata, so called for its Silver Mines, San Juan del Oro, and some others. The Original Natives of this Kingdom, have for the most part been extirpated by their Conquerors; and those that were not, were converted to the Catholic Faith: so that there are several of them Suffragant Bishops to the Archbishop of Lima. The Country of Cinnamon lies betwixt Peru and Guiana; it was so called, by reason that there were Trees found there, whose Bark had a great affinity to the true Cinnamon. There are no Towns nor Villages observed there. Tucuman is between Chili and the Region De la Plata, and hath St. Jago del Estero for its chief Town. We must now see what are the Mountains, Capes, Rivers, and straits of this New World. It's chief Mountains are the Andes, or Las Cordilleras, which lie to the East of Peru. The Ingas caused ways to be cut out in them, which surpassed all that the Roman Grandeur ever could do. They filled up deep Valleys, and cut through high Rocks; the remains of which prodigious Works are still to be seen. In Mexico the Mount Popochampeche continually casts out Flames. The most famous Capes, are Cape Breton, Cape Florida, the North Cape, and that of St. Augustin. It's greatest Rivers are that of St. Laurence in Canada, of the Holy Ghost in Florida, Oranoka, Maragnon, the River of Amazons, and Rio de la Plata, in South America; all which run into the North Sea; no considerable Rivers fall into the South Sea. The most noted straits are towards the North, those of Davies and Hudson; towards the South the straits of Magellan, Le More and Brouvers, of which we shall speak, after that we have considered the Islands that lie about this Continent. CHAP. IU. The Isles of AMERICA. WE shall in the first place view the Isles of the North Sea, which are the most considerable; for there are but very few in the South Sea, and we shall proceed from North to South New-Foundland is an Island near the Bay of St. Laurence and Land of Canada; upon the Banks of which there is a great Cod-fishing. The Isles of Assumption is in the Bay of St. Laurence, and the Sandy Island, to the South of New-foundland. The Bermudas are in the middle of the Ocean, and the Bahaman Islands to the East of Florida. Cuba lies to the South of them, and upon the Mouth of the Bay of Mexico; it is above Two hundred Leagues in length, and about Threescore in breadth: St. Jago is its chief City, and an Episcopal Seat. Next to that is the Havana, where the Spanish Flota Rendezvous,, and meets on their return homeward from America: it lies on the West of the Island, and almost opposite to Cape Florida. Hispaniola, called likewise St. Domingo, and by the Natives Haity, is about Three hundred Leagues in circumference, and lies Eastward from Cuba. The Capital City, which gives it the Name, is St. Domingo; the Residence of a Viceroy, and Seat of an Archbishop. The object of Avarice is found there, I mean Gold and Silver Mines. The Spaniards have dispeopled these two Islands and banished the Natives, as they did from most of the others. Jamaica lies South from Cuba, and belongs to England; the Two chief Towns of it are St. Jago de la Vega, otherway called the Spanish Town, by whom it was built, and Port Royal, or the Point, built by the English, and an excellent Harbour; the Governor of the Island resides in the former. It is rich and in a flourishing condition. St. John de Portorico is to the East of Hispaniola; its chief Town, which is that of St. John, has an excellent Harbour. This Island was formerly called Boriquen. The Caribbe Islands are to the East of the former, and, as it were, at the Mouth of the Gulf of Mexico, which they seem to shut; they lie ranked in form of a Crescent, and reach from North to South. The most remarkable of them are Barbadoes, St. Christopher's, Guadaloupe, Dominico, Martinico, Antego, Grenada, and the Trinity. The English, Dutch, and French, possess most part of them. Margareta lies somewhat more Westerly; and the Fishing of Pearls, which gave it its name, renders it famous. The Natives of these Islands, as in many places of the main Land, were Man Eaters or Cannibals, but at present the greatest part of them are destroyed, or forced to seek some other way of living. The Isle of Cayenne is near the main Land, upon the Coast of Guiana, an Island made by the Mouth of a River called also Cayenne. The French had settled there and printed Relations of it, but in the late Wars the Hollanders dispossessed them, and have planted a Colony of their own. The Isle of Maranhaon, is also at the Mouth of a River that likewise carries the same name. The South Sea has very few Islands near to America, these are only found there: Mocha, on the Coast of Chily, is an Island of some consideration. Califurnia hath been long taken for a Continent, but it is at length found to be an Island supposed to be divided from the Land of Jesso, by the Straits of Anien, and from New Granada, by a pretty large Channel, which is called the Vermillion Sea. The Isles of St. Thomas, Nublada, and Rocapartida, are to the South of Califurnia. The Isles of Solomon are in the middle of the South Sea, towards the Coasts of New Guinea. And now you have, Reader, what we thought fit to speak of this New World. When it was discovered, the Inhabitants were either plunged in Idolatry or void of all Religion. Of this kind were the People of Brasile. Those of Mexico worshipped Idols, and Sacrificed Men unto them; they plucked out the Hearts of those wretched Victims, and threw them at the Feet of their Gods, made of Gold and Silver. The People of Peru were more moderate in their Worship, their Sacrifices were not so cruel; they chose for their God the most Glorious of all the Lights of Heaven, but they believed him not the Almighty, for they assigned a Father and Sovereign to him, as well as to all other created Being's, and called him as we have already said, Pachacamac. But it is strange, that in all this vast Continent there was no trace of Christianity to be found; all of them were ignorant of that, yea, and of a matter of far less importance, though of great use, I mean of writing. They could not conceive how a piece of Paper could convey the words and thoughts of People at a great distance to one another. We may affirm that these Countries are every way far distant from ours. The Beasts, Plants, Flowers and Fruits, are quite different from what are amongst us; and the People of Europe imparted theirs to them, with the Religion that they profess. CHAP. V The TERRA AUSTRALIS. NORTH POLE map of the nothern hemisphere from the North Pole, showing parts of Tartary, Asia, Europe and America Betwixt the 30 and 40 degrees of South Latitude, and the 210 and 220 of Longitude, some late Maps mark a Country which they call New Zealand, discovered in the year One thousand six hundred and fifty four. Under the same Latitude, but between the 160 and 170 degrees of Longitude, they mark another Land, discovered in the year One thousand six hundred and forty two, called Antony van Diemanland: Under the same Longitude, and the Tropic of Caprioorn, they place a Country called, New-Holland, discovered in the year One thousand six hundred and forty four. New Guinea is near the Molucca's, but it is believed to be an Island, and it is not certain whether the Lands we have just now named, be Isles or parts of the Continent. To the South of the Cape of Good Hope, it is supposed that there is Land, and some have called it the Land of Parrots. They talk of some Kingdoms there, but all the knowledge we have of those Countries is very uncertain; for no progress has been made into them: some small Touches of the Coast have only been discovered. Time and Industry may possibly afford us greater Discoveries. CHAP. VI The Land near the ARCTIC or NORTH POLE. ABout this Pole are Greenland, Nova Zembla, and Spitzberge, with some other Countries, of which we know very little. It is certain that some have sailed within Eight degrees of the Pole; and it is affirmed that the Hollanders have been under the very Pole: but with what truth I shall not adventure to say. It is thought by some, That about that place, America is joined to the Continent, either on the side of Asia, or of that of Europe; but nothing of it is yet certain. It is to be observed that America reaches North, to the 70 degree or farther, and South to the 52 or 53 degree of Latitude: so that it lies partly in the Torrid Zone, partly in the North and South temperate Zones, and partly in the Northern Frozen Zone. Thus, Reader, I have given you a short and as exact Description of the Earth, as I could, and have said nothing but what I thought true. The little knowledge that we have of the Inland parts of these quarters of the World, together with the uncertainty of the Relations of different Travellers, made me unwilling to impose upon you for truth, those things that I was not well satisfied in myself; which has rendered this Treatise possibly, more short than the Vast tract of Land it pretends to describe, may seem to require. FINIS.