The Doctors ' Dispensatory. ●he Art of Physic restored to practise. a doctor studies liquid in a glass vial in his shop. Two women, a lady and nurse, with a baby stand in front of his bookshelf. The Apothecaries ' Shop opened. an apothecary accepts a prescription from a man in his shop. Around them are his ingredients and instruments. Dispensatory Sold by N; Brooke at the Angel in Cornhill. The Expert DOCTORS Dispensatory. The whole Art of Physic Restored to Practice. The Apothecary's Shop, and Chirurgeons Closet opened; wherein all safe and honest practices are maintained, and dangerous mistakes discovered; and what out of subtlety for their own profits they have endeavoured to reserve to themselves, now at last impartially divulged and made common. Together with a strict survey of the Dispensatories of the most renowned Colleges of the World, which being corrected, are here epitomised, and drawn into an easy and useful method for Practice. Containing, First, the Latin Names of all Simples and Compounds Englished. Secondly, The Virtues, Qualities, Properties, Quantities, and uses of all Simples and Compounds. Thirdly, The way of prescribing remedies; together with the Forms and Rules for the making of all manner of medicines daily used by our English Physicians, Chyrurgians, and Apothecaries. Fourthly, The Nature, Qualities, and Symptoms of all diseases. Fifthly, Cautions for the applying all both internal and external medicines. To which is added by Jacob a Brunn, public Professor of Physic in Basil, a Compendium of the Body of physic; wherein all the Medicaments Universal and Particular, Simple and Compound, are fitted to the practice of Physic; and these forms of remedies now before prescribed by the famous P. Morellus, chief Physician to the King of France, and Chancellor of the University of Monpellier. Dedicated to that excellent Anatomist VESLINGIUS. London, Printed for N. Brook at the Angel in Cornhill near the Royal Exchange, 1657. NICHOLAS CULPEPPERS Approbation, OR Rather his Wish after his perusal of that Famous, Morellus his Dispensatory. WHereas I was put upon the design of the London Dispensatory, which with good success I translated, and published, a Friend of mine, not long after, sent me the more refined Work of Morellus, that most knowing Physician to the King of France, whole method and plain directions for the making of all manner of Physic, set forth with the Annotations of Jacob a Brun Professor of Physic in the College of Basil, I so honoured and admired, that had I been before acquainted with his Work, I had made it my business to have translated it, and presented it to my Countrymen, as the most useful, compendious, and exact Dispensatory that in all my reading I ever met with. Thine, N. Culpepper. The Epistle of JOHN WINAND Doctor of PHYSIC of the University of MONTPELIER. To John Jacob a Brunn, sometimes his beloved Chamber-follow, in praise of that excellent piece of Morellus' Dispensatory. IT was truly and judiciously spoken by Herophilus, (most excellent Doctor) that Remedies are the hand of God if rightly applied; but if otherwise by an unskilful and emperical hand, nothing is more prejudicial. Now seeing that in all earthly enjoyments nothing is more desirable than health, without which the whole Series or length of life is an heavy and unsupportable burden of miseries depressing of the most heroic and noblest spirits; Therefore there is nothing more profitable and excellent than those things which do either preserve the present life, or restore the same anew when brought almost to the last act on the Theatre of Mortality. Those Remedies which do restore or renew nature, whose benefits if once discerned by the Patient, how can he choose but to affirm, that in them he hath found the immediate acting hand of a Deity? Hence is that most ancient prerogative of Physicians, not only acquired by admission, and their function, but also rendered illustrious, and noted by a regal benevolence, and affection, by how much the greater prudence, experience, and happy and successful applications hath equalised them to the God of Nature. This felicity or happy application of Remedies being erected on the foundation of Science, and receiving its rise from the same, is absolutely necessary for a judicious Physician; wherefore having found out the enemies to Nature, industriously and artificially digested and compounded Remedies, which lie on derivative or transient efficacy and virtue, penetrate the most secret parts of the body, expelling the enemies to Nature from their fortresses, and strong holds, and strengthening the inward parts against a second onset, by repressing and excluding of their Wiles. Such a Physician is Morellus (if I may so say without prejudice) or was at the least, as no understanding man can safely deny, whom for to commend, is out of my sphere; his genius, learning, indefatiable pen, and excellent accomplishments now above the vein of my pen, as the stellified Heavens, and planetary Orbs are above the meteors, the stile, and fruit, and benefit of the same sufficiently speak of him: for a Tree doth not feed without Apples, though it do boast with spreading branches, and vainly delude with blossoms; should I go about to express the sublimeness of the work, the weakness of my Genius would fail in expressing of the same; how should I elevate, or exalt its perfection which is apparently manifestly to all? yet though the confession of two or three, yea all may take place, and testify an undubitable probation, removing all scruple, or contradicting that vanity or presumption which may cast scurrilous aspersions by an approved testimony, I shall here make known to the Reader, that this Tract published and sent into the world was compiled by the illustrious and famous man Peter Morellus, in the most famous and ancient University of Montpelier, being first privately communicated to me, and by me divulged, neither shall I acknowledge any other Author but Morellus, it being the chief Dispensatory from whence others have borrowed, as Renodeus witnesses, and in one word all the Tumultuary Dispensatories, who have washed off tenement but from him; vnd the Reader, in having Morellus, hath Homer's Works in one Nutshell, the quintessence of practical Physic, and Apothecary's Art, so that he may desist from buying others of the like nature. Now I shall evidence as much as in me lieth why you should be moved to publication of the same, as I have discerned by your Letters to me; first for the good of the Aesculapian practitioners, and laborious Initiates in the Art of Physic, showing the way, and assisting their endeavours by the light of your admirable method for the ascension of the Muse's mount. Also to animate such who though they have taken their degrees, yet never as yet have conflicted with an adversary, or else being unskilful leaders, both in order, time, and place, fear him as wanting those arms, and Auxiliary helps which should elude and nonplus his stratagems and designs, of which sort of men when you perceived and understood many adorned with the Title triumphantly, and in a bravado, though inglorious, yet vainly to glory, great in name, but small and bare in knowledge, borrowing forms of Remedies from learned men, or else confounding of the balsam with Assa Faetida, Aloes with Sugar, Pills with Electuaries, and Potions with Decoctions, and so transcending the doses, or never arriving at the same, either by no examination of the Ingredients, or else to the prejudice and great danger of the party affected; you have therefore resolved to eject them from the society of Physicians and skilful Apothecaries, and also to have a respect to the Public good and welfare. Oh the worthy praise of a generous spirit! thus to mind the public safety, and particular worth of such a master, in recollecting those favours received from him, and commemorising them with a large encomium of his insignal deserts. My last request Sir is, that you would eternize his memory both with tongue and Pen, from the gulf and shipwreck of oblivion, in asserting him from the injury of a surreptious honour; for my own part, seeing this Treatise entitled by one to whom I did communicate the same, who touched with an itch of fame, hath sought a diserving from the endeavours of another in setting forth this Book, and wholly changing of the method, you presently judged such an arrogancy worthy of suppression, and the whole work without fucation, or violation by a preposterous method, to be divulged and communicated to the world in the name of the right Author, who for his great pains and study employed in Physic his singular affection towards the German Nations his candideness, and lastly The great Emolument conferred by him on the Family of the Muses and all Mankind, doth deserve an eternal honour and name, freed from the dust and enclosure of the Sepulchre, well knowing how unjust a thing it is for one to be elated with the pains of another man, and to deprive the right owner of his deserved praise, according to that admonition of the acute and noble Scaliger, Exercitation 160. Section 3. where he saith, I shall willingly leave, dimissively grant, and liberally bestow on every one the praise and reward of his labour, not like to some drones and ungrateful persons who are so impudent as to usurp the Titles which are deservedly bestowed and placed upon others, dissembling of the gratitude which they do owe, by their malitiousness abolishing the memory of the right Author, that they may ascribe the same to themselves; but these new Upstarts, new Judges of Causes shall have their Consciences for an accuser, and posterity for their Judges. If this had been throughly considered by this new seeker of Honour, the very shadow of such a man would have deterred him from ever claiming of the Book of Morellus for his own. At first I happily admired at the inconsiderateness of the man; may be he supposed that the fraud of an ignoble planet might obscure and counterfeit the beams and light of the sun, or else when the sun is once set, that it shall never rise again, or at last never dissipate those thick clouds and mists which do labour to eclipse his rays and brightness; or lastly, that none of the other stars would attest the derivation of the light; so let him go and assume the reward assigned him by Scalger. Finally, in this you have evidenced that the University of Montpelier, as in former Ages, so also in this of ours hath by a natural pronity and felicity been productive in learned men, (as Ophir is of Gold, India of Gems, Pactolus and Tagus of Gold oar, Gallia Narbonensis of the grain Kermes, Rosemary, and other wholesome herbs; and therefore in other things giving place to none, he that shall undertake to number them all in one continued Series for the space of six hundred years, and following, may with the like presumption attempt the calculation of the stars. Certainly he can hardly collect these of the first magnitude, those Men I mean who have gloriously shone forth in this Olympus of Apollo for learning and writing; let the flower of this Academy suffice for an instance, Bernard Gordonius, Arnoldus Villanovanus, Stephen Arnoldus, Gerard de solo, Anselm de Janua, Guido de Cauliaco, Valescus de Taranta, John de Tornamira, Falco Schyron, Dionysius Fontanius, Antonius Sapporta, William Rondolet, John Bocand, Andreas Laurentius, and in my time the great Francis Ranchinus Chancellor of the University; he having adorned me with the Docteral Laurel, John Varrandeus, Jacob Pradillius, and the rest of the regious professors, and illustrious Councillors, noble for their deserts; Lastly, famous Morellus which shall give a testimony of the rest, which I have not mentioned, who either through the default of time, or envy of the destinies, have sustained a suppression of their Names. So that it shall be a step to Virtue and Eternity of fame to be admitted into this Temple of Aescu. lapius, to admire and adore these bright and shining lights, to be rendered illustrious by them, and exhaust full Springs of Science from them, and in the end immortal honour shall be the Crown of their endeavours, seeing that I have nought else to say of Morellus, he as I said before, being above the Elegies of my Pen, his Works do sufficiently testify his praise, and you yourself understand well enough. Go on in your laudable enterprise, and spin out the whole thread you have begun in opening of the Morellion fount, from whence you derive your Name, replenish the sublime wits of the Student, with the plentiful flowing waters of his brain. Farewell, happily follow the footsteps of those illustrious Physicians of Basil, Plater, Bauhine, Stupom, so that you may live long to the good of the Commonwealth of Aesculapius. The BOOKSELLER To all ingenious PRACTITIONERS IN PHYSIC. LEARNED READERS, NExt to my happiness of having this Author so carefully Translated for the public benefit, I thought it not the least part of my Duty to dedicate his Labours to your ingenuous perusals more especially, as I know that it could not but be acceptable in respect of the Author's pre-eminence and esteem amongst the best Writers of his time; for these and some other more weighty considerations I could not entertain a higher ambition then to present you with his Dispensatory, as I knew you the most equal Judges in these studies, and as you have ever been the continual and indefatigable preservers of my Countrymen; I do acknowledge it is grown too much a custom to have physical Authors englisht, more especially as some of them have been surreptitiously, adventerously, and dangerously set forth, whereas if civil approaches had been made to you for your safe and more learned approbations, I dare with confidence affirm it, that the Nations had been preserved from so many to be lamented Empirical destructions, under which without your timely and future preventions, they are still likely to groan. This Volume with all its accomplishments only waits and attends on you as a servant and faithful testimonial of that I shall ever cordially wish, that the best endeavourers for the public good would address themselves to you honestly, and modestly making known to the World, that it conduceth to their Reputations to be subservient to your censures, on such, and no other terms this volumn is presented to you by. Prolegomena. THe Composition of Medicines may be considered two ways; first, according to their external form; Secondly, according to their internal, which doth wholly belong to the method of Physic. This again may be considered two manner of ways; for either it doth show on what basis a compounded Medicine doth consist, whether it be Convective, Preservative, or decoctive, wholly to be taken from the nature of the Indication; or an Alterative Medicament; as for example, such a one which is heating in the second degree, consisting of divers simples, and those hot in the first, second, or third degree; or else cold in the same degrees, according to the indications, which do show many or few must be used in a dosis, that the end may adaequately result, I shall not discourse of this internal Medicine, considered according to its internal form, but rather of the former, which doth perspicuously teach after what manner. The Medicinal may be concinnated into divers and convenient forms, either as the desire of the sick, which is not always the same, or the affections, or Morbifical causes, or the various constitution of the part affected doth require, according to that Philosopher in the last book of his Analytics. Learning & every discipline proceedeth from apermitted cognition. Wherefore I shall premise those things which are necessary to be known; so that the Prologomena, may be reduced to four heads; the first of Medicinal weights and Measures. The second of the Notes and abbreviations of Physicians; the third is a Tractate of the differences and distributions of forms; & the Fourth what things are to be observed in every form. 1. Of the Weights and Measures used in Physic. SEeing that the whole manner of Composition doth depend on the proportion of simples, which are estimated by Weight, Measure, Number, and bulk: I shall therefore necessarily insist on them. First dry things are generally expended by weight; which having divers differences in the Monuments of the Ancients, the more used are to be followed by our Physicians in their prescriptions. A grain is the basis and foundatition of the weight (as the unite of numbers, adequate in weight to a white Peppercorn. A scruple, which according to the Ancients should contain 24 grains, yet according to an ill received use hath now but twenty. Drachma, a dram hath three scruples. Vncia, an ounce hath eight drams; where note by the way, that when three are prescribed by the Name of a Measure, they are termed quartarium, or a quarter of a pound. Libra, a pound hath twelve ounces. Mensurae, or Measures are for liquids, designed by vessels and ounces; for the modern Physicians do not measure in certain hollow vessels as the Ancients were wont, but estimate the measures by weight, so that every meafure may be answerable exactly to the weights: now seeing that the same weight of Liquids' is not correspondent to the weight of Arids. The quantity of Medicines in magnitude is prescribed by handfuls, Fasciculi, and Pugils. Manipulus, is that quantity which may be held in the hand, answerable to half an ounce. Fasciculus, as much as one can hold, or enclose within the arm. Pugillus, a Pugilis either greater or less; the greater is as much as may be taken in all the five fingers; the lesser Pugil as much as may be taken in three fingers; the greater in weight a whole dram, the lesser half a dram. In number also the quantity of Medicines is considered, and that either equally, or unequally as for example by three or four Lupins. In species, the orders of Medicaments are considered; Roots, Barks, and Wood are weighed. Leaves are measured by Manipulus; but if prescribed for baths by Fasciculs; for leaves observe that in purging potions they are used to the third part of a Manipule. The doses of seeds are for the most part expressed, yet Barley and Rife are measured by the Pugil. Flowers are also defined by the Pugil. Fruits are either greater or less; if less, as Corans and Raisins, are exhibited by weight or number; if greater, as Apples, Prunes, and Figgs, they are presented in number. Aromaticks, Gums, and Rosins are difined by weight. Efficatious, and precious Liquors, and distilled oils by drops. 2. Of Physical abbrevations, and Notes. Physicians with less difficulty, and loss of time have certain letters by which either weights in the place of words are expressed in their forms, or else certain abbreviations do design the beginning or end of the form. The Notes of Weights used by Physicians and Apothecaries. Gr. gr. Noteth A Grain. ℈ ss Noteth Half a scruple. ℈ j Noteth A scruple. ʒ j Noteth A dram. ʒ ss Noteth Half a dram. ℥ j Noteth An ounce. ℥ ss Noteth Half an ounce. lb j Noteth A pound. lb ss Noteth Half a pound. M j Noteth Manipule, or handful. M ss Noteth Half a Manipule. P Noteth A pugil. quart. Noteth A quartary, or 3 ounc. ana Noteth Ana. i. e. an equal pound or measure of two or more Medicines. an. part. aeq. Noteth The equal parts of every one of them. q. s. Noteth What sufficeth, or a sufficient quantity. Under one general Title are sometimes comprehended Simples. The five greater opening Roots. Parsley, Fennel, Asparagus, Petroselinum, and Ruscus. The five lesser opening Roots. Guajacum, Rubia, Elecampany, Capparis, and Ononidis. The five mollifying Herbs. Mallows, Althaea, Violet leaves, Mercury, Acanthus, or Brancha Ursina. To the same add Wall-flowers, Bettony, and Atriplex. The five Capillary Herbs. Adianthum, or Venus' hair. Adianthum Mirum album, or Ruta murar. Polytrichon Aureum. Trichomanes, Asplenium, or Ceterach, The four great hot Seeds. Aniseeds, Fennel-seeds, Carrawayseeds, Cumin-seeds. The four lesser hot Seeds. Of Parsley, Of Ammonium, Of Daucus, Of Ammeos. The four greater cold Seeds. Cowcumber-seeds, Gord-seeds, Citrual seeds, Melon seeds. The four lesser cold Seeds. Endive-seeds, Scariol-seeds, Lettice-seeds, Marjoram-seeds. The four Cordial Flowers. Bugloss-flowers. Borage flowers, Rose flowers, Violet flowers. The fragments of fine precious Stones. Of Saphires, Of Granat, Of Smaragd, Of Hyacinth, Of Sardus. The four waters for the pleurisy. Carduus Mariae, Taraxacon Carduus Benedictus, Scabious. The three Stomach Oils. Wormwood Oil, Cydonia, or Oil of Oranges, Oil of Mastic. The four hot Unguents. Arragon, Martiatum, Althaea, and Agrippa's Ointment. The four cold Ointments. Album Camphoratum, Rosatum Mesuae, Populeon, Infridans Galeni. 3. Of the differences of forms and distributions of this Tractate. IN way of a foundation, by the word form, I here understand a compounded Magisterial Medicine, which is such an one as is prescribed by the Physician for the present occasion; to difference the same from the Apothecaries, of which I shall not here largely or purposely treat; but only by the way for the affinity of the Argument. This Tractate is divided into two Books, whereof the first is of internal medicines, the latter of external. The first book again hath three Sections; the first for the Forms and Compositions of Liquid Medicines; the second of Soft Medicines; and the third and last of Solid Medicines. The heads and forms of this Section. CHAP. I. 1 Of an Apozeme 1 2 Of a Julip 24 3 Of a Potion 30 4 Of a Syrup 51 5 Of a Vomitory 72 6 Of Medicated Wines 81 7 Of an Emulsion 8 Of Ammygdalate 9 Of Hordeatum 10 Of Milk and Whey 11 Of Hydromel 12 Of Water and Sugar with Barley Water 13 Of the Diet 14 Of Dragon-broth 15 Of a Restorative Distillation 16 Of Broths and Potages The Chapters and Forms of the second Section. CHAP. I. 1 Of the Bolus 129 2 Of Opiates 134 3 Of Comfits and Conserves 143 4 Of Preserves 146 The Chapters and Forms of the third Section. CHAP. I. 1 Of Pasta Regna 148 2 Of Pandaleon 150 4 Of Poineolate 4 Of Tablets 5 Of Pills 6 Of Powders The Second Book hath two Sections, the first of common Remedies in divers parts, the second of proper Remedies. CHAP. I. 1 Of an Epitheme 169 2 Of a Lotion 173 3 Of a Fotion 176 4 Of a Bath 181 5 Of a stove or Sudatory 183 6 Of Embrocation 185 7 Of the Lineament 188 8 Of Unguents 190 9 Of a Cerecloth 194 10 Of an Emplaster 196 11 Of the Spanadrap 198 12 Of a Cataplasm 200 13 Of Rubisicating medicines The Dropax, 203 14 Of Physical bags The Vesicatory. 205 The Chapters and Forms of the Second Section, the Remedies proper to certain parts. CHAP. I. 1 Of Frontal 2 Of Oxyrrhodinum 3 Of Cucupha 4 Of a Gargarism. For the Nose. 3 Of a liquid Unguent 6 Of a Phlegmatic Purgation 7 Of a Dentrifice or Medicine for the cleansing of the Teeth 8 Of an Errhinum or Medicine for the Nostrils 9 Of a Suffiment. 10 Of an Odoriferous Medicine. For the Stomach. A Scutum or Relieving Medicine. For the Womb. Pessarum or a Medicine for the Womb. For the Arse-hole. Of a Suppository. Of a clyster. Of a Nascale. Also divers injections. What Heads are to be observed in the Composition of every Medicine. In the Composition of every Medicine three things must be observed. The Form or Composition, the Use, and the Profit. In the Composition on the Material part we shall observe in our prescriptions quantity, quality, and order; where generally note that quality must be noted in single; and those first most Appropriate and Efficacious, that in as much as possible may be, the party affected may be restored to health very suddenly. Secondly, They must be Safe, that if they do not remedy, they may not wise prejudice the party, though in desperate Diseases, desperate Medicines may be used with an exquisite Judgement. Thirdly, They must be Pleasant and Jucund, in colour, smell, and taste, yet contrary and resistant to the disease, and in so doing, you may happily put a gloss on nature. Fourthly, such Remedies as are experienced and approved; for these will more safely cure then those which are newly found out by a Physician, though of the greatest judgement; for the quantity in a continuity they must all be moderate, not commending the use of an ounce when a dram is sufficient. More specifically, those Medicines which are bitter or nauseating, neither in taste or smell, not being easily retained or taken by the Patient, must therefore be compounded in a less dosis; for the discreet quantity or number of the ingredients, those compositions must not be used where their simples are sufficient. Also in the compositions of simples avoid much a vast and high bulk made like a theriacal Medicine; these kind of Medicines causing a loathing in the sick who taketh the same, and a trouble to the Apothecary, in compounding or forming of the Paste on that account, causing an omission, depriving the Physician of his hope, and the sick of the operation of the Medicine, with the loss of his health. For the order of the prescription, though nought of the strength of the medicine do sink after what sort soever the Simples are prescribed, so they are rightly prepared, yet it is far better, and more elegantly to observe such an order in the prescription, as I have described in every form, so that in the general I have nothing more worthy of animadversion in the use of the prescribed form; First consider the quantity, or dosis, than the time, and lastly the use; hence the words adnected, in which the form is conceived. In the Utility I shall shortly and plainly demonstrate the universal fruit which doth emerge from the form of every medicine in the Genus and the Species. These two Physical Phrases are fit to be known by all English Men; Printed for N. Brooke, at the Angel in Cornhill. ADAM in EDEN, or the Paradise of Plants; a complete History of Plants, Fruits, Herbs and Flowers. With their time of Flourishing and decreasing. Together with their Physical Virtues; a Work fit to be known by all English men, by W.C. M: D. and others, THE DOCTOR'S DISPENSATORY: OR THE APOTHECARY HIS SHOP OPENED. SECTION 1. OF LIQVID MEDICINES. CHAP. 1. Of Apozems and Decoctions. THat which the Latins call Decoction, the Greeks call Apozem, properly derived from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which signifies to heat or boil. But now an Apozem is only that liquid form of a Medicine which is made of a Liquor saturated with the virtues of divers ingredients, relished with Sugar or Honey clarified, and spiced, repared in a sufficient quantity for four or five doses, either to purge or alter. Apozems are twofold one of the ancients, now out of use; another of modern Writers, of which I here write; and from the general effect of it, it is twofold, altering and purging. Altering Apozems, or Decoctions. THat is called an altering Apozem or Decoction which hath a virtue to alter the body, and things contained in it, especially the Humours, without that visible evacuation which is usually called purging. Such altering Apozems either alter the body in the qualities only, and these are properly called alterers in general, or else as they are made of divers simples relating to each particular part, they are termed cephalical, cordial, hepatical, etc. and these deserve to be accounted specifical alterers. Or else (and that usually) they are given to make way for a succeeding purge, and free the body from obstructions, and these are called opening Apozems. They altar humours either in the first or second qualities, and that either without intention of purging, and these are called simply altering apozems, as heating, etc. or else also in the second qualities, and with intention of future purging, and these are generally called preparers; or else as they have relation to particular humours, they are specially termed preparers of phlegm, Choler, etc. To these Apozems are to be referred divers decoctions, which are used to provoke the courses, Urine, & sweat, as those water-wasting Medicines hereafter to be mentioned. But enough of them; in an altering Apozem these three things (as most relating to a method of Physic) are to be chief considered, viz. 1. Composition: 2. Use or manner of prescribing. 3. Benefit gained by them. In Composition six things are diligently to be considered. 1. The matter out of which the virtues are to be drawn. 2. The Liquor into which it is to be conveyed, and the ingredients to be put thereinto. 3. The decoction, both in boiling and after. 4. What things are to be dissolved in it. 5. The clarifying of it. 6. The aromatizing or seasoning it with spices, etc. to make it grateful. In the Matter these three things are to be regarded: 1. The Quality. 2. The Quantity. 3. The reason and order in the prescription. Concerning the quality: the matter or ingredients, prescribed in Apozems or other decoctions, are chief roots, barks, woods, leaves, seeds, fruits, flowers, spices. The quantity or Dose in which the aforesaid things are prescribed are thus to be moderated. Roots are not to exceed 4 ounces, or six at the most. Barks (if they go into the composition) one ounce, o● 2 ounces at most. Woods in the same quantity. Leaves are to be not above 8 large handfuls, or 10 at most. Seeds to one ounce, or an ounce and half, seldom to 2 ounces. Fruits are either the lesser sort, as Raisins etc. which are prescribed two several ways, either in weight, as from one ounce to two ounces, or else in number, and that usually by pairs, as to 4.6.10.20 pair. Or the greater, & then they are prescribed only in number, either even or odd, if they be of the greatest sort, (as Apples sliced, etc.) then 1, 2, 3, etc. but if they are less, as Figgs, etc. they are prescribed by pairs, a ♃ ficuum ping-paria 20, etc. Flowers, from Pugil. 4 to 6. Spices are better added in the seasoning then in the boiling; yet if it seem requisite, in purging Apozems you may prescribe them from two drams to half an ounce at most. Concerning the order of the prescription: as they are to be prepared by the Apothecary, so ought they to be prescribed by the Physician, viz: first roots, (than barks and woods, if any be added.) 2 Leaves. 3 Seeds. 4 Fruits. 5. Flowers, and with them the spices last of all. The Liquor in which these are to be boiled is to be considered, either in quality or quantity. In relation to the quality, it is varied according to the intention of the physician; but generally fountain, or the best well water is prescribed to the decoction of most Apozems. Yet oftentimes when the intention is to cool and cleanse (as in choleric affections) they prescribe barley water; but if to attenuate, cut, and cleanse, and heat, as in phlegmatic affections, than the smaller sort of Mead; in Melancholic distempers Whey, and sometimes in obstructions of the entrails chalibeated water: and sometimes the decoctions are prescribed by Physicians to be made in Wine and Water, of each like quantities; but it is better to add wine only in the latter end. The Quantity of the Liquor is seldom prescribed by the Physician, only by q. s. or as much as is sufficient: yet it were to be looked to, that by adding too much Liquor the things might not be over-boyled, to reduce it to a reasonable proportion, or by taking too little, the virtues not sufficiently extracted etc. DECOCTION: The ingredients being recited, and ordered how to be managed, are prescribed to be made into a decoction by a fiat Decoct: etc. to wit, in the Liquor afore mentioned, which is commonly singly set down without determining to what quantity the Liquor ought to be wasted; yet usually it is prescribed to what quantity it should be consumed, as fiat decoct. etc. to one pint, or one pint and a half, &c: either way is allowable, so that the Decoction being finished it be prescribed to take of the decoction strained, a pint, or a pint and a half, etc. for Apozems are usually intended for four Doses; and if you take one pint and a half, there will be for every Dose about 4 ounces and a half more or less; but if you intent it for five Doses, prescribe 20 ounces and no more, for else it is apt to corrupt or mould before it be spent. Things to be dissolved in these Decoctions are either to help them to keep the longer, or to give them the better relish, or to add strength and efficacy to them; and in all these we must consider both quality and quantity. In respect of their quality, either it is 1. some syrup only, and that such as is proper both for the disease and part affected, and this should always be added, both because it helps to sweeten the decoction, and imparts its own virtues to it; by which means are also helped the defects of the Apozem itself; and other faults which may arise, either by the carelessness, covetousness, or malice of the Apothecary, are much prevented. 2. Sugar alone in some affections, and humours as well hot as cold. 3. Syrup and Sugar together. 4ly. Or Honey, which is profitable in all cold affections of the Head and breast, and in the winter; and this is used either simply, or Medicated: i: e: altered by the infusion of some simples or other, as honey of Roses, honey of Rosemary flowers, etc. in affections of the head proceeding from abundance of slimy phlegm. 5ly. Besides these sweetners, one or two of which are always to be mixed with every apozem, there are oftentimes very commodiously (to make it the more effectual) mixed with them; Either the juices of divers herbs, according to the several intentions of the Physician: as the juices of Fumitory and Hops, in Melancholy; of Borage and Bugloss, if choler be mixed with it; as also the juices of Sorrel or Mercury in divers affections of the Womb, and suppression of the Terms etc. Or the juices of fruits, and those for the most part acid, as the juice of Lemons, in choleric; the juice of Pippins, in Melancholic; and of Pomegranates, in choleric distempers where Urine is also to be provoked; Or juices in more vulgar use, as 1 Vinegar in ho● and choleric affections, which powerfully extinguisheth heat, or else to open obstructions, though cold ones; and also to cut and make thin gross humours; yet because it is hurtful to the Womb, in Women you must abstain from the use of it. 2. Wine in cold affections and tempers, in gross and clammy humours, obstructions, or when you would have the virtue of the Medicine penetrate far into the body. 3. Aqua vitae, etc. to the same intention that Wine is added. Note that when juices or other Liquors are to be dissolved in your Apozems, than sugar alone is usually chosen to sweeten it, very seldom syrups. The quantity of things to be dissolved differs according to the nature of them. Sweetners are usually dissolved from 4 ounces to six ounces at most; so that every dose of the Apozem may have between an ounce, and an ounce and half in every Dose, which is the common quantity for doses. But where syrup and sugar are mixed together, the quantity of the syrup is for the most part about three ounces, and the sugar prescribed only with a q.s. is left to the palate of the Patient to determine. Juices and other strong Liquors, as Vinegar, Aqua vitae, etc. are prescribed from one ounce to two ounces at the most; these also may first be dissolved with the quantity of your sweetners. Clarifying, and Aromatizing. THese are usually prescribed thus, Fiat Apozema clarificatum & aromatizatum pro quatuor dosibus, i: e: let your apozem be clarified, aromatized, and prepared for four doses. Of clarification see hereafter. IN the Aromatizing or spicing two things are to be considered, the quality and quantity of your spices. In relation to the quantity, either it is done with some simple spice, as in a cooling Apozem with yellow, or red Saunders; in a heating Apozem, usually with Cinnamom, (you may also add Ginger and Saffron, in Melancholy affections, or where the Terms are to be provoked) but in cold affections of the breast, powder of the root of Ireos Florentine is much used. Or else with some compound powder of the shops; as in hot distempers, with the spices of Diatrion Santalon; and in cold diseases the spices of Aromaticum Rosatum, etc. The quantity of spices for aromatizing your Apozem, is, if it be a simple spice, from one dram to two drams; but if it be with the compound spices, from one dram to a dram and a half will suffice. The use or form of prescribing is this. ℞. i: e: Take &c. (viz. the matter or ingredients) make a decoction in s. q. of the Liquor , take of the decoction strained, etc. make an Apozem clarified and aromatized with, etc. for four doses in several mornings, or for evenings two hours before meat. The utility or benefit of this form of Medicine is evident; for being liquid the humours that are to be altered (or purged, as hereafter) or other affections deeply rooted in the body are by this form easier penetrated unto, and by the virtue of the Medicine, and fluidness of its form dissolved, and made more obedient; besides the drought of the body is tempered, Melancholy obstructions the easier melted and dissolved, and the body made fit to receive the virtue of succeeding Medicines. But more especially an altering Apozem serves chief for 1. Preparation, to render the succeeding purging easy and successful, which consists in two things, the preparation of the humours, and the body; for they are prescribed for the concoction of the humours, or preparation of them in the first and second qualities, by heating cold humours, attenuating and cutting gross humours, by cleansing the clammy and viscid, tempering theservent, incrassating those which are too thin, that by the Cooperation of the purge attracting, and nature expelling, they may be the easier exterminated; as to the preparation of the body, by opening obstructions, and making the body itself permeable, and passable, that the humour may have an easy course, it renders the following purge prosperous, to the commodity and ease of the sick party. 2ly. For alteration either of the humours or body, without regard to any purge, when the parts are to be reduced to their former temper divers ways, but chief by heating and cooling; and the humours also, especially hot & boiling Choler; or the other humours also by other reasons with these instead of Juleps may be fitly altered. 3ly. In opening Obstructions, if they proceed from gross adust humours; else if they rise from cold humours, let your Apozem be purging 4ly: For moving Vrines, cleansing the Reins, and clearing them from gravel. 5ly. For provoking the Terms although two purgers conducing to the same purpose are usually mixed with them. Here is to be noted, that of late amongst modern practisers, 'tis usual to make all Apozems both purging and altering at once, as shall be said, and in the place of altering Apozems, Juleps, or broths are for the most part used; but simply altering Apozems in continual Fevers, hot distempers of the parts and humours; and also in moving of Urine, in extinguishing the fervency of the Reins, and other parts, and consuming the relics of the Morbifical causes which in the declination of Fevers is most usually done by Vrines. But Apozems are for the most part prescribed in the Spring and Fal; as also in the summer, because at these times Herbs flourish, and are ready at hand: they may also be prepared in winter of the parts of Herbs dried, with greater efficacy if they may be had; else we must use syrups and Juleps, which are instead of Apozems, though not so efficacious. A purging Apozem. A Purging Apozem which is now most in use and not unknown of old to Mesues, is so called because at once it both prepares the humours, and empties those which are already concocted, and this at divers times, (viz: 4 or 5) sensibly, by that operation which is called Epicrasis, by the virtue of those Medicines which are properly called purgers, and is most agreeable in long diseases, arising from copious and stubborn humours. And this Apozem according to the several nature of the humour it is appropriated to, is either Phlegmagogum, Melanagogum, Cholagogum, or Hydragogum. In this sort of Apozems three things are to be considered, the Composition, the Use, and the Profit. In the Composition two things are to be regarded. 1. The ingredients by which it is made purgative. 2. Those things that are to be dissolved in it. The matter or ingredients by which it is made purging, are simple purgers with their correctives, according to the variety of the humour they are intended for, either boiled together with the matter of the decoction, or boiled in the decoction, or else only infused in it. In these three things are to be regarded the quality, quantity, and order of prescription either for boiling or mixing. In relation to the Quality note that those purging simples which are only boiled are these, Senna, Polypody, Carthamus, Turbith, Hermodactils, Agarick Epithymum, Hellebor, Spurge, and the seeds of dwarf Elder. But those which use only to be infused, or very little boiled, are RHEUBARB, Myrobolans, Tamarinds, and sometimes Cassia. Concerning their quantity, they ought to be prescribed in such a proportion that it may serve for four or five doses, but in general because the purging virtue by boiling either may vanish, or not be sufficiently extracted, every purging simple aught to be prescribed in much greater quantity than otherwise, viz: double to the quantity they are given in substance, if they are the stronger sort; or triple, or quadruple, if they are of the middle sort of purgers; or a fix-fold proportion in the gentlest sort: yet are they so to be prescribed that to two parts of the gentlest sort of purgers you must add but one part of the strongest, and almost in every purging Apozem let these three be prescribed as the basis of the decoction in a plentiful proportion, viz: Senna, Polipody, and Carthamus: let others be added according to the diverfity of the humour; but in a lesser proportion, from one ounce to an ounce and half at most, in the interim having regard to the nature of the humour, as also its distemper, either in first or second qualities; and lastly, its quantity, in like manner, to the temper and constitution of the body, the cutom of purging, natural inclination, condition of the country, time of the year, weather, sex and age, and all other things limiting a Legitimate purging, and to those things that may make easy or difficult the succeeding purgation; and accordingly the stronger or weaker purgers are to be given in the greater or less quantity. More specially therefore these three are to be chosen for the fundamentals of almost every purging Apozem, (for they are convenient in Apozems that purge, Phlegm, and Melancholy, and waterish humours, and that purge Choler also, where Senna is chief necessary) which things are wont to be prescribed thus at Mompelier. Take the leaves of Oriental Senna, The pith of the seed of Carthamus, Polypody of the Oak new gathered, ana: two ounces, two ounces and a hal●, three ounces for the ground of the decoction; yet so that sometimes you may prescribe a bigger quantity of one, sometime of the other, according as your intention is to purge this or that humour most. But if Phlegm be to be evacuated, to the aforesaid basis or foundation you may add of Gummy choice Turbith ha● an ounce, or six drams. Hermodactils half an ounce, or 6 drams. Agarick newly made into Trosches tied up in a lawn rag, half an ounce, or six drams; (and sometimes) Rheubarbtyed also in a rag half an ounce, or six drams; or else it may be infused by itself and afterward the infusion added. Yet you need not add Turbithor Hermodactils, unless you have a purpose to purge very strongly, or draw humours from the remotest parts; otherwise the two last may suffice. But if Melancholy be to be emptied (if you will leave out Carthamus from the aforesaid basis, augmenting the quantity of the others) let these be added. Epithymum of Crete six drams, or 1 ounce. The roots or shave of black Hellebor 2 drams, or half an ounce, (but this seldom, and only in stubborn Melancholy.) But Agarick and Rheubarb are oftener mixed with things that purge Melancholy, perhaps because these durable obstructions are fomented by clammy muscilaginous humours. If choler be to be gently purged, you shall add to Senna (prescribed alone for your basis, to cleanse adust excrements.). Tamarinds an ounce and half, or two ounces. Choice Rheubarb, etc. as before, half an ounce, or 6 drams. The bark of citrine myrobalans (rubbed with oil of sweet Almonds) half an ounce. Yet 'tis better only to infuse the Myrobalans, lest they should impart to the Apozem a greater astriction than you intent. But if waterish and serous humours are to be drawn away, to the aforesaid basis you shall join. The roots of Ireos' common one ounce. The middle bark of Elder or Danewort two drams, or 3 drams. The leaves of Soldanella. M. j Hermodactils half an ounce. The roots of Mechoacan infused by itself half an ounce. Spurg (where you would purge strongly) prepared with Vinegar one dram. The purgers of Phlegm also before spoken of may be added. To these purgers you must join their correctors as before; but the dose of them is from two drams to half an ounce. As to the order of prescribing & boiling, purgers in the prescription of an Apozem are placed after the fruits, before the flowers, and the spices or the correctors immediately after the purgers; nevertheless Polypody, because it is always boiled in the beginning, may also be prescribed at first among the roots. Things to be dissolved in the strained decoction are either dissolved as sweetners only, as those before numbered in the Altering Apozem, and in the same quantity there mentioned, viz: when the decoction of the Apozem of itself is sufficiently purgative: but if on the contrary it be but gently purging, other catharticks are to be dissolved in the decoction strained; in which also are to be considered their quality, and quantity. Concerning their quality they are either purging syrups, and that always if you dissolve no sweetners in it, as syrup of Roses solutive, for choleric and serous humours; as also (according to the received practice) in all others; syrup of Succory compound, in choleric humours; syrup of Fumitory, in the aforesaid, and Melancholy. Or the juice of Damask Roses newly expressed, or the complete infusion of them, (which is most usual in the spring; in those cautionary purgations of the choleric, and them which abound with serous humours) but than you must also prescribe sugar as much as is sufficient. And these are prescribed to be presently dissolved in the strained liquor. Or else are they Electuaries of the shops, either in the form of opiates, as usually in the phlegmatic, Diaphoenicum, which is also profitable in the choleric and bastard Tertians: in merely choleric, Diaprunum simple, and solutive; Electuary de Psillio, when to be had, and sometimes Manna-These are prescribed to be dissolved only in the last Dose, and that in the time of present use, if the Apozem be not sufficiently purging of itself, otherwise abstain from them. Concerning their quantity, Syrups may be dissolved to four ounces, or 6 ounces, the juice or infusion of Roses to four ounces, opiates and tabulets to two drams, or 3 drams, according as either they or the Apozem are more forcible. The use and form of prescription is the same with that of the altering Apozem; in this only it differs, because it is said, Take, etc. Let it be made an Apozem clarified, (or if we desire it the stronger, not clarified) and aromatized, etc. for four doses in the mornings, in the last of which dissolve some Electuary (when your intention is to eradicate, or when your Apozem hath not sufficiently purged) and so make it into a potion. It differs also, if before the use of your Apozem a moderate purge should be given, then is said in the prescription for four morning doses, in the first and last of which dissolve such an Electuary, etc. and make a potion. Touching the Commodity, Apozems of late are at once purgers and alterers, for so by little they prepare and concoct the humours, which because they cannot at once be wholly eradicated, are thus by parcels, per epicrasin, drawn forth without violence; A happy remedy in lasting Chronical diseases which are fomented by an abundance of Phlegmatic and Melancholy humours: these being the fountain of rebellious and contumacious affections are by this art rooted out; in hot diseases proceeding from fervent humours they are less needful; and if at any time they seem necessary, they are to be composed of the gentler sort of purgers of choler, if it be much; for a small quantity of matter needs not a divided evacuation, but being simply altered may easily be rooted out with one evacuation; they are also esteemed most convenient in the declination of diseases, to draw away the Relics, and in preservation to prevent diseases. But it is now generally received, that before the use of this sort of Apozems, some Minorative Medicine may be first prescribed, to diminish the humours either in the form of a potion, bowl or pills, and afterwards by leisurely purging in this manner to prepare them to be wholly eradicated. ANNOTATIONS. COncerning the MATTER this is chief to be obved, that many do condemn the making your decoctions of such variety of things of divers parts: but because it is received in the practice of very famous Physicians (though it may seem to some to augment the pomp of the Receipt, that such large Decoctions or Apozems should be prescribed, of Roots, Leaves, Seeds, Fruits, Flowers heaped together;) it may very well be allowed. This one thing is to be condemned, that when four or five sorts of leaves, etc. will suffice for the variety of indications, they should not be multiplied needlessly; Or for example, if the latitude of the dose of seeds in the Apozem of eight or twelve several kinds be of each one dram, if half an ounce of two or three sorts will serve, why should they be augmented; this were to make a Decoction as copious as Treacle, to beget tediousness in the Apothecary that prepares it, or to give him cause to omit some things, thereby to frustrate the Physician of his hope, and the Patient of the benefit, to the great indamagement of his health. 2 Concerning the Quantity or Dose of the ingredients of an altering Apozem nothing can be certainly verified, that may be imitated profitably: the usual law prescribed and confirmed by practice at Mont Pellier, and by the benefit of the sick persons, is that the dose seem not too large, whereby the Patient might loathe it; on the contrary, a sparing hand will hardly be able to give the virtues of the Medicine sufficiently effectual to resist the diseases; if therefore you would have the Apozem flaught with the virtues of the simples, because a sufficient quantity of essence cannot be had unless you prescribe a greater quantity, it ought to be prescribed, for what virtue can you hope for out of half a pound of the matter of your Apozem for four doses; when besides by the ●●ult of a less industrious Apothecary, or his carelessness, or the shortness of his boiling, or by his over-haste (the bonds in which it is restrained not being sufficiently loosed) the virtues are not dissolved and extracted as they ought to be: or else by overboiling through the vehemency of the heat and fire. And lastly, by imprudently uncovering the vessel wherein it is boiled, their virtue may evaporate and vanish: the first defect, and this last less, you may prevent by preparing your decoctions, plentifully impregnated with the virtues of the simples, not too waterish, or such as may frustrate both Physician and Patient of their wished expectation. Therefore in general, let them be prescribed in the aforesaid quantity, seldom in a greater; in something a less, if the simples are dried, because most effectual; also if either by nature, or the swinge of their virtues, they be of an acute quality, or a bitter or biting taste; or if ungrateful, or if you desire the decoction small in quantity, or gentle in operation, and so for the contrary. But in special concerning roots, you must mark that these roots which are usually called openers, though they are by modern Practisers often mixed with others that provoke sweat (and that happily, for by attenuating the humours they are the easier turned into vapours and sweat) yet ought it to be done in a smaller quantity, as to two ounces or three ounces at most; otherwise they will turn the attenuated humours to the passages of the Urine which diminisheth sweat; to which intention the Arabians and modern Writers mingle them with the decoction of Lentils against the Small Pox: them roots also that are very bitter should be added only to the quantity of six drams, or one ounce, as Gentian, Bryony, Elecampane, etc. if they be dried, half an ounce, or six drams will be sufficient. So also bitter herbs are to be in a little quantity, unless you desire the decoction very effectual, which were to be wished, to which purpose you see the bitterest of all joined where cold obstructions are, as Centaury the less, Wormwood, to M 2, 3, or 4. But fruits are either prescribed only to alter; as to cool, sharp Prunes, Apples; to heat, Raisins and figs, to ten or twelve pair; but when the belly is to be mollified, cleansed, or purged, Raisins, Figgs, sweet Prunes, and Dates may be prescribed to twenty pair, more or less: but in affections of the breast and Lungs hot or cold, they are prescribed in a larger proportion; as Raisins, I●jubes, Sebestens, sweet Prunes, etc. viz: to 30, 40, or 50 pair, yet beware the decoction be not made too thick and clammy, that it can hardly be strained; to which purpose when Figgs are joined, let them be only to 4 or 8 pair prescribed. Here is to be noted that though seeds are prescribed by weight, yet barley and red vetches, or cicers, as flowers, are usually prescribed by P: j: or M: ss: so also is Epithymum sometimes with them prescribed to P: j: yet it is also very often prescribed by weight, as one ounce. Concerning Fruit; if they be the lesser sort, as Corans, or if some parts of them are to be excluded, (as Dates prescribed cleared from their strings,) then are they never set down by number, or pairs, but by weight, but the greater, if whole, by number, T●marinds only by weight, Raisinseither whole or cleansed both by weight and number. 3. As to the QUANTITY of purgers in a purging Apozem, that they may be set down securely, we must note that the purging quality cannot be plentiful in decoctions prepared the usual wa●; unless the simples are prescribed in a larger quantity, either they may perish in boiling, or not be sufficiently extracted for reasons before rehearsed; to which add this, that cathartics are boiled in the liquor of the Apozem, after it is well thickened and impregnated with the juice and virtues of other simples, by which means their force cannot so well be dissolved and mixed with the liquor, because being first imbibed with the substance of the alterers, and by that made thick it cannot so well insinuat itself into the parts of the matter last added, to dissolve and extract the purging quality, for this is to be performed by a tenuity of parts; therefore are they to be prescribed in a greater dose near this proportion; those things which in substance are given in the smallest quantity should be added (in the decoction) in a double proportion to that they are given in substance (for reasons aforesaid) as those which are vehement, as Turbith, Hermodactils, Hellebor, etc. if they be moderate, as Agarick, etc. let their proportion be trebled: if the weaker sort (as Senna, Polypody, Carthamus, Epithymum, Tamarinds, etc.) a quantity may be allowed by the consent of Authors, and truth of practice; from this foundation, because every Apozem is likely prescribed for four doses, the purgers must be taken in such a quantity as may suffice for these four; that is, four several doses of them are to be put into the decoction, as always these three, Senna, Polyoo●y and Carthamus, after the usual manner, which you must appoint for the basis: as for example, to purge Phlegm four times together, to one ounce, or one ounce and a half of Senna, and as much Polypody; and although you have prescribed also as much Carthamus, yet shall you add a fourth, as Agarick to half an ounce, or six drams, and you will have your aim: but if besides Agarick you desire other phlegmagogues, as Turbith, or Hermodactils, then either the dose of this or the others is to be diminished, or at least a less proportion of these stronger is to be prescribed; and this is a general rule safe every where; yet you may prescribe a less quantity in respect of the sex, age, and time of the Year, etc. The Montpelier Physicians out of custom do usually prescribe a greater quantity, as was before noted in the Composition; so that against the common rules of others they take of the gentlest purgers to a sixfold or eight-fold proportion of the more vehement, as (Turbith) to a quantity; but although the Montpeliers do this (other circumstances being seen to) securely, yet is it not to be followed in all places, nor the dose so indifferently to be prescribed, but rather rely on the common practice before mentioned; or else search out the several doses of the simples in the substance, by comparing of which you will readily find out the several doses for the decoctions: this only is to be 〈◊〉ted, that though Tamarinds by this rule of proportion might be boiled to eight ounces, which is the proportion, because they are given in substance to two ounces, yet we seldom in the decoction transcend the dose in which they are given in substance, because being viscid they make the decoction clammy and gros●, hard to be clarified. Myro●tilans, also though they 〈…〉 purge, yet are they never to be prescribed in the ●eattr, but always in the less dose, at most to half an ounce, or 6 drams, because they make the decoction too much astringent contrary to the intention of the Physician therefore also are they to be only lightly boiled, in an Apozem purely purging, but rather to be infused, as by the counsel of Mesues is rightly admonished against the vulgar practice. 4. But the ingredients of either Apozem are not to be prescribed promiscuously in any order, but in a certain manner according to the nature of the things that are to be boiled, & according to that order which the Apothecary observes in preparing decoctions, by the rules of art, as first roots, 2ly. Leaves, etc. and so they add the rest severally to be boiled, as is above set down: yet although this be so, the root of Liquorice, because (for its tenuity of substance) it is boiled in the rank with the flowers, it may also be prescribed with them; so if sweet Woods, or Aromatical barks, as cinnamon be set down with the number of Roots, yet because they ought to be boiled last, for their spirits which are easily vanishing, therefore ought they to be prescribed last, either with or immediately before the flowers. Seeds should be added after the Leaves, yet the four greater cold Seeds, especially of Melons and Gourds, are prescribed just before the leaves; so your red soicers are to be prescribed either with, or just before the leaves, and Barley is seldom set among the seeds, but with the leaves, for this is chief to be boiled; but Mucilaginous seeds are to be added but just before the flowers, as the seeds of Mallows, Marsh Mallows, etc. lest by too long boiling they make the Decoction too thick and troubled. I have before said that cathartics are to be prescribed before the flowers, yet Polypody of the Oak is most usually added amongst the roots, but: Epithymum usually among the Flowers, and often in their quantity, (viz. by the Pugil.) correctives are to be placed immediately after the purgers. 5. Concerning the Liquor this is to be noted, that Wine is usually added to Apozems or Decoctions in cold affections, obstructions, when gross humours are to be attenuated, or when the force of the Medicine is to be conveyed far into the body; but not so conveniently prescribed, when they say, in equal parts of Wine and Water, because 'tis without commodity: for if by a most gentle heat, nay warmth, the spirit of Wine (from whence Wine hath his acuteness and energy, and without which Wine is but water without life) in distillation doth ascend, and be elevated into the air the vessel being opened in the boiling; what can we hope for but the whole loss of it by such boiling? hence we must conclude that Wine is much more profitably added at the last after boiling. Here is to be noted, that the opening roots are usually macerated in Vinegar, with a good Proviso; but they do ill-which after pour out the Vinegar, and boil roots only, rob of their virtue; for the virtue of them is passed into it, which by this means is poured away; for any sharp Liquors do effectually draw forth the force and essence of things, as we may see in Extracts, the Liquor therefore should not be poured away, for it serves to dissolve the things decocted. 6. It is to be noted, that the limits of the decoction is ambiguously defined only; in general, the ingredients should be boiled till they have left all their virtue in the Liquor: which in special some note by the change in the colour; and alteration of the appearance of things, viz. that the hard things should be softened, others wasted. Galen appoints to the Thirds, sometimes to half. Mesue to almost half; modern Writers are various: but that truth may be found, both the faculties and nature of the Medicaments are to be considered; for they whose virtues are easily dissolved are to be boiled the less time, as to the consumption of the third or fourth part, lest the efficacy of the simples consisting in a thin substance should vanish; but they whose virtues will hardly exhale, may be boiled to the wasting of two thirds: they whose virtues are of a middle temper may be boiled to halves: And (that which is correspondent) those things that are boiled in four times their quantity of Water, to the thirds; they which are boiled in 6 times their quantity, till half be wasted, as for the most part are all Apozems and Decoctions; from whence this may be gathered, that simples of a solid close hoard substance, as Roots, Woods, and Barks that are without smell, should be boiled in eight times their quantity of water; those which are of a rare, thin, soft, subtle substance, as Flowers, Spices, Purgers, in four times their quantity; those of a middle substance between these, as Leaves, Seeds, and Fruits, in six times their quantity of Water. 7. Concerning Clarification, note that if we desire the decoction the stronger, it is not to be clarified; therefore they do i'll who boil it again, and clarify it with the white of an Egg, because by that means the virtue and essence wasteth; it should therefore be thus appointed: first it should be placed in Balneo Mariae, or in a pot well stopped, over warm ashes; so is the virtue preserved, and the dregg; and residence which otherwise would make it apt to putrify, will settle to the bottom; and the thin liquor clear in the upper part, as if clarified, may be kept for use. 8. Concerning the Form of PRESCRIPTION, these few things are also to be noted, that fit words in prescribing forms and ingredients ought to be observed by an Artist, lest he be derided or seem unskilful, therefore these following things are wont thus to be prescribed. ℞. Of the common, or opening, or diveretical roots macerated a night in white Wine (for cold obstructions, or for them whom Vinegar hurts,) or Vinegar, etc. Liquorice shaved and a little bruised, etc. The Bark of the roots of Capers, etc. The middle Bark of Ash, etc. The middle Bark of Tamarisk; which three Barks are always prescribed by the Montpellians in Obstructions and Melancholy affections. The leaves of Borage, Bugloss, Dandelion, Sorrel, Cichory, Endive with the roots, or with the whole, etc. The tops of Fumitory Hops, Mallows, Hyssop. Wormwood Pontic, or the tufts of it, etc. Whole Barley (where you would cleanse and open) huld Barley, where you would lenify; and in the affections of the Breast. The seeds of Melons and Gourds cleansed; or the kernels of the seeds of Melons and Gourds, etc. Red Vetches, etc. Juniper berries, etc. Pippins pared and cut in slices, N. 1, 2, 3. Raisins of the Sun picked and stoned, etc. Dates cleansed from their strings, etc. Fat Figgs, or new Figgs, etc. Sweet Prunes, etc. Kernels of Pine Nuts washed, etc. Make a Decoction in Barleywater perfectly boiled, etc. CHAP. II. Of Julebs'. THis Medicine used chief for alteration unknown to the ancientest Greeks, is the invention of the Arabian, so called because it is made of sweet and pleas●nt things, the word Julep, or Juleb, signifying in the Persian tongue a sweet potion; but the latter Greeks after the manner of the Arabians call it Julapium; and Jolabion which words yet remain among Physicians, although the thing itself be grown out of use. This is found twofold among Authors, one of the Ancients, another of modern Writers. The Juleb of the Ancients is wholly different from ours, but simple, consisting of some juice, distilled water, insusion of Barley, or the decoction of one thing and sugar, most commonly made for present use, as was usually the Juleb of Roses, otherwise called Alexandrinus, or Regis, most famous against thirst and heat. But the Julep of modern Writers which is at this day every where prescribed, retains the name of the Ancients, not the form, and is every where called a Julep, although some very late Writers call it a syrup or Sera●ium as to this day some Italians do, perhaps because a syrup is the basis of Juleps; but at Montp●llier they are called Juleps. But a JULEP is a fluid Medicine composed of an appropriate Liquor, and Syrup, (and sometimes Sugar) mixed together without boiling, for 〈◊〉 or five doses, either to prepare or alter humours otherwise, or to strengthen the body. Hence this altering Medicine may be judged twofold, either it prepares the humours for purgation, as the praepotions of the ancient Greeks, which were fore running potions of general purgations, which may therefore rightly be called a concocting potion; or else altars the humours without any scope or intention of purging; as also the spirits, and other parts of the body: hither appertain a strengthening and Cordial Julep. In this three things are to be considered, the Composition, the use, and the benefit. In the Composition two things chief are to be weighed. 1. An appropriate Liquor, of which it is to be made. 2. What things are to be dissolved in it. In the Liquor two things are to be regarded, the quality and quantity. In relation to the Quality, either there is prescribed a single distilled water, regarding both the affection, and the affected part, which is most frequent (especially in the winter time for the defect of Herbs) either for a Julep to prepare the humours, or alter them any other way, or strengthen the faculties of the body. Or else a distilled water and a juice together, which is most usual for a Cordial and strengthening Julep. Or else a decoction for simple potions to be prescribed in half the quantity of an Apozem, and almost in the same manner, which is often to be put in practice, for the concoction and alteration of humours. But the quantity for every dose of Liquor is to be prescribed to three ounces, or four ounces; so that when the Julep is prescribed for 3 or 4 doses, the quantity of the Liquor for the whole Julep should be eight ounces, or twelve ounces, if for 3 doses; to twelve ounces, or sixteen ounces, for four doses, having in the interim regard to the age, and growth of the body; for 4 ounces will hardly be sufficient for great bodies, unless it be powerful in virtue, or strong in taste. We must mark that when distilled waters, and Juices are prescribed together; sometimes they are prescribed in equal quantities; sometimes the Juice, sometimes the water exceeds each other two or three ounces; but you must observe that when the Juice that is added is sour or sharp, one ounce, or two ounces will be enough for a Julep of two doses. Things to be dissolved are considered in respect of their quality and quantity: A to their quantity, either it is sugar alone which is seldom seen, or some appropriate syrup respecting both the affection, and part affected, which is generally received every where. Besides these sweetners, some other thing is always to be dissolved in a Julep: sometimes therefore there is dissolved, 1. In a preparing Julep, if you prescribe it of a decoction like apozems the same things that are dissolved in altering Apozems as aforesaid; for this kind of Julep is as it were a pretty Apor zem. 2. In a Cordial or strengthening Julep, either some cordial Confection, and that alone, as confectio Alkermes, & de Hiachintho, especially where we are to strengthen in fluxes of the belly, small pox, & Worms; or Treacle in contagious times. Or e●se some Cordial powder alone, and that either simple, and this again arematical, as Saunders; or not aromatical, as is usual in the small Pox, as of Hartshorn, Ivory, Coral-Pearls, unicorns horn, and also in other malignant humours, & in the Worms; as also Coralline among them, etc. Or compound, as the powder of some elect ●ary of the shops, as species of Diamargariti frigidi, etc. as your indications shall require; O● else some confection and powder together: but because in this respect a Cordial Juleb is made of the same things that a strengthening potion is, in his place such a potion uses to be prescribed for one dose only, and so to be renewed as you have occasion: but either of these ways are unblameable. Of late also spirit of Vitriol doth often use to be dissolved in Juleps, especially where there is an ebullition of the humours to be extinguished, or infection to be taken away, or putrefaction to be prevented; it may also be profitably mixed where humours are to be attenuated whether hot or cold; as also where obstrustructions are to be opened. But in relation to the quantity, there is usually prescribed for one dose, Of sweetners, from one ounce to an ounce and half at most. Of clarified Juices, or Liquors made of decoctions as being strong, if sour, half an ounce, if not, one ounce. Confections from a scruple to two scruples at most. Powders from one scruple to two scruples at most; if of the rarer sort, as Bezoar, ●o gr: 4 or 6. unicorns horn to half a scruple; Pearls from half a scruple to one scruple, for the richer sort. From hence it is easy to find the quantity for a Julep for three or four Doses: and because Confections and Cordial powders are esteemed as one thing, if they are prescribed together, 'tis not difficult to limit the quantities of both conjoined. And if spirit of Vitriol be used, the dose is prescribed by saying as much as is sufficient to give it a grateful sharpness (that is which may neither smite the Lungs, or set the teeth on edge.) The use and form of prescribing is set down thus: ℞. etc. (that is, the Liquor and things convenient to be dissolved in it) make a Julep for three or four morning doses, (it may also be prescribed for the evening, especially if it be a Cordial, and for one dose.) But if the Julep be made of a decoction, it is to be prescribed in the same manner as an Apozem. If besides the Liquor, and Syrups (of which only the more simple Juleps both for altering (and preparing are usually composed) you shall add some simple or compound strengthening powder to aromatize it; you may say, make a Julep which shall be aromatized with one dram, or one dram and a half of such a powder, for three or four Doses The Juleps of Infants are to be prescribed, out of a spoon twice or thrice a day. The benefit and fruit of a Julep is very plentiful, as the use of themis at this day famous. First, when you desire to prepare the humours for purging; for by this double form the concoction of the humours is perfected, viz. of a Julep and Apozem, and is chief to be prescribed in the Spring and Autumn, for the same end. A Concocting Julep is chief useful for the Winter, and may supply the place of an Apozem, when not easily to be prepared, either through the defect of green herbs, or want of opportunity to keep them dried; or by the scantiness of time, or urgency of the affection, cannot be made ready neither that nor any other altering Medicine that requires much labour, than an extemporary Julep may be prepared by the mixture of distilled waters and syrups, and some fit Confection, and this way also is cheaper for the poorer sort; so that a concocting Julep may be the deputy of an altering Apozem; but although by this means there is a present remedy applicable, both safe and pleasant, yet can it not be expected to have the same efficacy, for the virtues of an Apozem are much more effectual. 2ly. When your indications require the alteration of the body, humours, or spirits, without intention of a succeeding purgation; but chief to extinguish any fervent heat of them, or Fevers, or other hot affections, or to bridle the malignity of them. They are used chief against hot distempers, to which they are peculiarly dedicated, as also to repress the heat of the Head and Heart, continual and burning Fevers, that are troublesome by their intolerable heat; as also to quench the ardencies of the Liver, Reins, and Bowels, and to quench the thirst. So also is the ardour of the humours restrained and if any malignity be joined with it, it will be commodiously repressed by this cooling Cordial Liquor; so are they usual to prevent the malice of the disease, strengthen the heart, restore the strength, confirm the spirits and vigour, through the whole course of the disease, and partly to alter the affections themselves. So also to restrain the motion of the humours, as cruptions of blood, from what part soever; as in the beginning of Pleurisies following the preposterous motion of the spirits, as in extraordinary watch, etc. In sum, this liquid form is convenient to prepare humours for purging, to strengthen the heart, restore strength suddenly, or alterto any other intention; to perform it speedily when the parts afflicted, either humours or affections, lie deep in the body; to which place alterers in any other form cannot so well be conveyed. CHAP. III. Of Potions. A POTION is a liquid form of Medicine, made of things conducing to the purpose, either cathartics, Cordials, or others dissolved in a meet Liquor, to be prescribed for one dose only, and to be drunk down (from whence the name) prepared either to purge, strengthen or alter the body any manner of way. Hence a Potion is usually 3 fold, Purgative, Cordial, or Strengthening, and altering. A Purging Potion Is often understood under the name of Potion spoken simply, so that this name is generally received to signify a purging Potion, and of late is called a dose, because it is not to be drank otherwise then at one time, not at divers, unless some days after, or some short time be interposed. But it is a liquid form of a Medicine composed of a purging Medicine, decocted or infused, or dissolved some other way in a Liquor and added, and a syrup; to be given at once, purging either some certain humour or divers, and specifically casting it out by stool. Hence the differences of a purging Potion are taken from the difference of humours they cast forth; hence some are Cholagogues, some Phlegmagogues, others Hydragogues, others Melanagogues, and others composed of all these proprieties are called Panchymagogues, or Holagogues. In general three things are to be considered in them, Composition, Use, and Profit or Utility. In COMPOSITION two things are to be regarded, an apt Liquor of which it is made, and such things as are to be dissolved in it. The LIQUOR that is fit to dissolve your Medicines for a purging potion, is to be considered in quality and quantity. In respect of the quality, there is prescribed either, 1. Some Decoction, or 2. Some Infusion, or 3. Both Decoction and Infusion together, or 4. Some other Liquor serving to the scope and intention of the Physician. In special, 1. the decoction that is usually prepared to make a Potion is either purging, altering, or both together. A purging decoction is usually prescribed of only Senna, (for a Liquor to purge Melancholy, and Phlegm) to half an ounce, six drams, or one ounce, (according as you intent to purge; or some other purgative of the shops, viz. electuary or syrup, to be dissolved in the Liquor) adding its proper correctives, as Aniseed, Cloves, etc. to 1 dram: you may also add of the cordialflowers (as Borage, Bugloss, Violets) of each P. j and at Mont Pellier they call these sorts of decoctions simply purging decoctions, and take it absolutely so, when some purging Medicine, as for example, Diacarthamum, is prescribed to be given with it. And this sort of decoction may be made of other cathartics in such a quantity that may suffice for one dose; according to the diversity of the humours, adding also their Correctors, as for your Phlegmagogue potion Turbith, Carthamus, and Hermodactils: for a Melenagogue, Polypody, Epithymum, and Senna; but the first is least in use, because Senna can make the Liquor sufficiently purging to supply their place, and make it otherwise satisfy the divers intentions of the Physician: but this sort of purging decoctions are very necessarily and profitably to be prescribed when we want the proper purging Electuary, or would purge that only humour; which often happens in a phlegmagogue, and melanagogue potion; for seeing there is no Electuary that merely purgeth phlegm, if the in lication require such a purge, prescribe your decoction of Senna for the basis, adding Carthamus; or if you would have it work more strongly, or draw from remote parts, add Turbith, or Hermodactits, to the fourth part of that proportion that is prescribed for a purging Apozem, correctives also being added; so because there is no Melanagogue effectual, (for Diasenna is weak) or safe, (for confectio hamech the greater composition being both dangerous, & of doubtful operation is seldom used) and the lesser so cried up against Melancholy, rather purgeth choler) for it neither hath Senna (a chief purger of Melancholy) and the whole composition hath but ten parts of Melanagogues, but of Cholagogues viz. of Sammony, forty eight parts or doses; so that the purgers of choler are more than the purgers of melancholy by above three parts; therefore for these causes when Melancholy only is to be purged, we rightly prescribe a decoction of Senna, Epithymum, Polypody, Fumitory, etc. thus much for a purging decoction. An altering decoction such as is used at this day every where, may be presumed two fold, one usual of the shops such as the Apothecaryes' make every where, without the prescription of a Physician: Another which is never made but for the present occasion, and this may fitly be called a Magisterial decoction. The shop decoction is threefold, viz. the common docoction for a Medicine; the decoction of fruits and flowers, and the pectoral decoction. The common decoction for a Medicine, so called because it is commonly used to make purging potions with all as fit for every part and humour, is thus compounded. Take of Barley P. j sweet Prunes 4 or 6 pair, Raisins of the Sun, and Liquorice shaved and a little bruised, ana. half an ounce, Aniseed, Fennel seed, and the four greater cold seeds (in the summer,) ana. 2 drams, the 3 Cordial flowers, ana. p. j Make a decoction. But it is not wont to be thus usually prescribed in every particular by the Physician, but uses to be noted singly in the receipt by its name, which is also to be understood of the decoction of flowers, and fruits, and the pectoral decoction. The use of this decoction is threefold, for it serves both to dissolve simple purgers in, but chief compound, as Electuaries and syrups for potions, which is most usual; or else to infuse simple purgers in: or lastly, to decoct them in, to the same scope or purpose. 2. The decoction of Fruits and flowers is made of Liquorice shaved, etc. and Tamarinds, ana, two drams, Raisins of the Sun stoned half an ounce, Jujubes, Sebestens, sweet Prunes, ana. 4 pair, flowers of Borage and Bugloss, ana. pug. 1. etc. Make a decoction. In Italy where this is most frequent, they use to make it purgative, by adding Senna to half an ounce, or six drams; and there they use it to dissolve other Medicines in, that are proper for the Breast and Reins chief, and also for the Choleric The pectoral decoction of Mesues particularly intended for the affections of the Breast consists of whole Barley, P. 1. Liquorice and Raisins of the sun, ana: half an ounce, Maidenhair, M j Hyssop dried, M. ss. fat Figgs, Jujubes, and Sebestens, ana, three pair, or in number, six. Make a Decoction. The principal use of this is in cold affections of the Breast, to dissolve Medicines in that purge phlegm, or to infuse them, or boil them in. Sometimes this itself is made purgative by adding Senna, as is said in the cordial Decoction. The Magisterial or altering Decoction that is prescribed by the Physician for present use, and is never otherwise extant in the Apothecary's shops, is composed of divers parts of plants, which are to be prescribed to a quarter of the proportion of the altering Apozem aforesaid, (for as that is ordained for four doses, so is this for one only) although to avoid trouble in the dispensation of it, you need not add all the parts of the several plants that are in an Apozem, to make a heap, but 'twil suffice if you prescribe the leaves, or two or three which you shall see most convenient, of each one pugil, etc. This sort of decoctions is extreme profitable and necessary, as often as it is convenient to be us sed, whereby the purging Medicine dissolved is made amicable to the part with which otherwise it would have no conveniency; or if of itself it have no peculiar inclination to the humour, it is by this means made correspondent; hence you must choose for these Decoctions, simples which have a propriety to the parts affected, and that may direct the force of the purging Medicine to the humour by a secrret disposition they obtain; then will the commodity of the purging Medicine appear most plentiful in its operation. But the chief use of this decoction is to be a convenient Vehiculum for the decoction, insusion, or dissolution of your appropriate purgers. Sometimes in the place of an altering decoction is substituted (to the same end) the broth of a Chicken altered with the leaves of Endive, Sorrel, Maidenhair, Borage, etc. the use of this is best in hot distempers, in the summer time especially, to dissolve cathartics in. A Decoction both altering and purging is often prescribed, for reasons before mentioned, two several ways. 1. Either it is prescribed with Senna alone boiled in one of the common decoctions of the shops, or in a magisterial decoction, for a potion to purge either Melancholy or Phlegm, which is now very frequent. 2. Or else with other purgers boiled with it in the decoction, as is before said in the purging decoction, which is also a received practice. And the use of this is as those before, either to infuse, boil, or dissolve purgers in. I ●. INFUSION: as to infusion, you must understand that here by that word is meant the maceration or steeping of any thing in a fit Liquor, whereby its virtue loosened from its earthy body is conveyed (after the manner of tinctures) into the liquor, which impregnated with those virtues is called an infusion or dilution. In it two things are considerable, 1. The purgers that are to be infused, and 2. The Liquor in which they are to be macerated. In both the quality and quantity are to be regarded. The things to be infused in respect of their quality may be all purgers, as Senna, Agarick, etc. (except Manna: and also Aloes and Coloquintida, for their bitterness) for at this day in Paris they often infuse Cassia Fistula. In relation to their Quantity: if the infusion only should be sufficiently purging without dissolving any other either simple or compound Cathartick in the strained Liquor, they ought to be prescribed in a larger quantity, than if they were given in substance, yea in a double proportion, if they are the stronger sort: or in a triple quantity if they are the gentler sort, adding also their proper correctors, to a proportion, if strong: or to a six-fold quantity, if weaker. The Liquor as to the quality is either simple, as common water which draws forth the virtues of things but slowly, or some certain distilled water, especially in hot affections: Whey of Milk in Melancholy; the broth of flesh, and Aqua vitae, which is endued with a wonderful faculty of extracting the virtues, dissolving the spirits, and operating substance of things, and attracting it to itself; in which it surpasseth all others; and therefore chief to be used for cold affections, and infusions to correct Phlegm and Melancholy, a small portion of it being mixed with the Liquor of the infusion White Wine is next in praise for extracting and inbibing the virtues of things, w'h is most fit in cold affections, if you make the infusion in it and water, of each a like quantity; or otherwise you may find some other convenient Liquor. Or else compound, as some of the aforesaid decoctions. The Quantity is not determined, but left to the discretion of the Apothecary, & is prescribed by the Physician with qs. that is, a sufficient quantity. But although in general the infusion of cathartics be so used as is said, that of all, or either, you may excusedly prepare an insusion for purges to better purpose than when they are boiled, as is said in the Apozem; yet more specially of late i● is grown in use, only to have two kinds of infu●●ons for the Liquor of a purging potion, which as most usual are wont to be generally prescribed. 〈◊〉 An infusion of Rhoubarb alone, to one dram, or a dram and a half, correctives as cinnamon or Spikenard being added to gr. 6 or helf a scruple in cold persons; or else in hot tempers, yellow Saunders to half a scruple, for the liquor of a Cholagogue potion, as also for a Phlegmagogue. 2. Or the infusion of Rheubarb from 〈◊〉 dram to a dram and half, 2 scruples of Agarick being newly made into trosches being added with his correctors, for a phlegmagogue potion, or where Phlegm and Choler are mixed together. An infusion is usually made in the distilled waters of Endive and Succory, as in Ch●l rick people; or Plant ain water, if a flux of he belly be present: it may also be made either in an altering or purging decoction, or some of the , or in some other appropriate Liquour. III. A DECOCTION and INFUSION together are very usual; & when it shall be prescribed, let such purgers with their Correctors be infused in s q. of some of the decoctions; to which purpose are Rheubarb and Agarick only usually admitted; so at this day it is most usual and frequent, to have the decoction o● Senna rescribed to be mixed with the infusion of ●heubarb alone, or Agarick; according as the indications require; a potion purging either Phlegm, Melancholy, or adust choler. iv Any other LIQUOR that can satisfy the intention of the Physician, is sometimes taken to make a purging potion, and dissolve Cath●rticks in; as for example, any of these, as Diacarthamum, and may be prescribed to half an ounce, or six drams, to be dissolved in such a water or broth, and to be made into a potion; and this is chief useful, when sometimes, (as in a sudden case, through the urgency of the affection, or the shortness of time, or want of leisure, or for other inconveniences) decoctions, or infusions cannot be prepared. As to the quality of the Liquor, some distilled water respecting the part affected, and humour that is to be evacuated, is to be chosen; or broth (so we usually prescribe Manna to be taken in broth, either simple of flesh, or else of a chick altered with cooling herbs for the choleric; so for phlegm a tablet of Diacarthamum is usually prescribed with them,) or else white Wine, with which the root Mechoacan and Jalop (which of late is come in use, for the same things that Mechoacan is used) are usually taken, in substance to one dram, or one dram and a half, after they have slightly infused, for phlegmatic and serous humours; or else Whey of Milk, or Mead; but this matter is treated of thrice before. As to the quantity, the dose of the liquor in which the things are to be dissolved, varies much according to the age of the Patient; for to Boys two ounces will suffice, to Youths three ounces, to elder people four or five ounces at most; because seeing they require a greater quantity of purging Medicines, to be moved with all, unless you dilute them with a considerable quantity of Liquor, your potions will be too thick and ungrateful. Things to be DISSOLVED are considered either in quantity, or quality. In relation to the quality, there are dissolved, 1. Purgers, viz. when the Liquor of the potion is little or not enough purgative, which because it usually happens, there are for the most part always purgers dissolved in it. 2. Alterers, viz. tweetners, which are always to be dissolved in it, for the better relish sake; Purgers that are to be dissolved in it are either simple or compound. Simples are, Manna, Cassia, which are usual in purging choler gently; as also to lenify the affections of the Breast, and Reins: or hard & dry, viz. in the form of powder, as usually the powder of Rheubarb, in the spitting of blood, dysentery, or other flux of the belly, etc. Mechoacan for phlegmatic and waterish humours, and the root of Jalop● which of late is used in the room of Mechoacan. Compounds are either officinal or magisterial. Officinal, or the purgers of the shops, are either syrups, as syrup of Roses solutive, of Succory with Rheubarb, of Fumitory compound, De pomis Regis Sabor (if to be had) honey of Roses strained. Or Electuaries, which are either soft as Opiates, or solid as Tabulets; Opiates either purge all humours, as Catholicon; or phlegm only, as Diaphoenicon, Indum minus, benedicta Laxativa, Hiera picra, though unpleasantly; or Choler, as Diaprunum simplex, Diacassia, Tryphera Persica, Diaprunum solutivum, Electuar. of Roses Mesues, Electuary de Psillio; or Phlegm and Choler together, as Diaphoenicum, Indum minus; or Melancholy, as Catholicon best of all, Diasenna solutive, Confectio hamech minor; or else waterish humours, as Benedicta laxative; solid Electuaries either respect choler, as Eleci: de succo rosar: or phlegm, as Diacarthamum, Electuary de citro solutives or Choler and Phlegm together, as the two last. Or some powder extant in the shops, as Diaturbith in Germany, for phlegm and waterish humours. Magisterial purgers use to be prescribed by the Physician, for present use, and as is the infusion of Rhuebarb always prescribed, but chief for choleric humours, thus; let the infusion of 1 dram, or a dram and a half of Rheubarb made in Endive, or Succory water; or else the expression of one dram, or a dram and half of Rheubarb: or the infused Liquor of one dram, or a dram and a half of Rheubarb; for these three ways sound the same thing. ALTERERS or Sweetners, besides those now mentioned, are usually syrups, (but Manna is often given alone with broth; Diacarthamum, Rheubarb, & Mechoacam are most commonly prescribed to be taken in white Wine. And these in respect of their quality are only used as alterers (if the decoction or infusion be sufficiently purging itself; or if a sufficient quantity of other purgers be dissolved in the strained Liquor,) and those respecting both the humour, and part affected, from whence succeeds a happy event. Or purgers also, when things are otherwise; and the most usual, for all potions almost is syrup of Roses solutive. But in relation to the quantity, in general, the dose of the purgers to be dissolved shall be more or less, according as the decoction or infusion, or both, shall be nothing at all, or more or less purging: for cathartics are to be dissolved in such a quantity that they may make one whole and allowable dose with the simple purgers (if any be either decocted or infused;) which may easily be known by the several doses both of simple and compound purgers: as for example, the dose of Senna in a decoction, that it may only moderately purge, is an ounce, or an ounce and a half, or rather from half an ounce to an ounce; of Rhubarb in the infusion, that it might moderately purge, from a dram and half, to half an ounce; so that if you prescribe a decoction, of half an ounce of Senna, in which it should be infused, because half an ounce is only one third of the dose in which it may be given, that is, of an ounce and a half, in which it purgeth moderately; and also prescribe one dram of Rhuebarb, which is but a fourth part of the whole dose of Rheubarb; it comes to pass that these joined make only 7 twelfths of the whole dose, which make not up the whole dose by five twelfths, to supply which you must dissolve so much of some fit Electuary as may make the dose complete, as Electuary Diacarthamum, whose dose since it is fix drams, you must borrow from thence 7 twelfths, viz. two drams & a half, so have you the proportion which may allowably be dissolved, that with the help of the others it may moderately purge the body, where other contingencies are indifferent. And thus the dose of those things that are to be dissolved is to be examined, that all things may be prescribed safely, not dangerously or by chance. But in special, when the Liquor of a potion is little or nothing purging, at Montpellier (for a body where all things are moderate, we may dissolve Manna to 2 ounces, or 3 ounces. Cassia in a small quantity, and not unless some powerful indication require it, (as in lenifying the affections of the breast and Reins,) because it makes potions gross and ungrateful if it should be dissolved in his legitimate dose, therefore 'twil be best to dissolve not above three drams, or four drams; but that this small quantity may be made up, you may add the stronger sort of purging electuaries to three drams, or half an ounce; wherefore usually that it may be more acceptable in potions, 'twere better to infuse it as they do at Paris. Rheubarb if it be dissolved in substance against the dysentery or flux of the belly, etc. you may do it to one scruple, half a dram, or one dram; for a purging powder should not much exceed one dram, otherwise it may be too thick, and thereby ungrateful; Mechoacan to one dram, and a dram and half. Jalop to one dram. Syrup of Roses solutive new to three ounces, and four ounces, for old syrup is not used. Some things are seldom used or dissolved, to purge by themselves, as the syrup of Roses solutive, unless in delicate persons, as to them that are easily purged, or else (as it is sometimes) when the decoction of itself is very purgative. Electuaries of the shops in the form of opiates, if gentle, as diaprunis simple, diacassia, Tryphera Persica, Diasebesten, Catholicon, (though seldom) to one ounce, or an ounce and half at most; for in a greater quantity they thicken the Liquor too much; diaprunis solutive, and Electuary de Psillio, to half an ounce, six drams, or one ounce at most for strong people, Indum minus, Diaphoenicum, from three drams to six drams: Benedicta laxativa, from two drams to five drams. But those which are in the form of Tabulets, as diacarthamum, de citro solutive, de succo rosarum, from 3 drams to six drams at most in the strongest people. The dose of the infusion of Rheubarb is . Sweetening syrups, when altering, (although purgers are only dissolved) from one ounce to an ounce and half; when purging, from one ounce to half an ounce, unless you would purge with them only, which is seldom seen. The USE and FORM of prescribing is various, according to the variety of the Liquor. I. If the Liquor be any of the decoctions, 'tis prescribed. ℞. etc. (viz. the said ingredients) make a decoction in q. s. (of a fit Liquor) to three ounces, or four ounces, strain in it, etc. (or without straining make a decoction, etc.) take of the strained Liquor three ounces, or four ounces (for either way is usual) in which dissolve, etc. make a potion to be taken in the morning with care and order, having eaten a light supper the night before. But if you would not describe your decoction at length, 'twil be sufficient, if (having set down the purgers) you prescribe any, as for example, the decoction of Endive, Agrimony, Maidenbair, etc. Make a potion, etc. II. If of any officinal decoction, ℞. etc. (viz. the things that are to be dissolved) with q. s. of such a decoction, make a potion, etc. or else turning the order say, ℞ etc. (viz. of such or such a decoction 3 ounces) in which dissolve, etc. Make a potion. This same form is likewise commonly used, with the common purging decoction of the Shops. II. 〈◊〉 of an 〈◊〉. ℞. etc. (viz. those things that are to be infused) make an infusion in q: s. of some Liquor before mentioned (over hot embers twelve hours, or a whole night; or if you please without noting the time) then strain it, and dissolve in it, etc. so make a potion. It may otherwise be more briefly prescribed thus. ℞. The expression of one dram, or a dram and half of Rheubarb made in a fit water, in which dissolve, etc. So make a Potion. This is to be noted, that when Mechoacan, or the root of Jalop are infused, they should be prescribed to be infused in white Wine; so let it be given in the morning with the usual ordering, without any expression to one dram, or a dram and half. iv If of a decoction, and an infusion together, ℞. etc. viz. those things that are necessary to be b●yled● make a decoction in q. s. of some appropriate Liquor, in a sufficient quantity of the strained Liquor; infuse, etc. viz. those things mentioned before in the infusion; then having strained them dissolve etc. so make a potion; and this order is now most usual. V 〈◊〉 without these, the potion be prescribed of some other Liquor, than thus. ℞. etc. viz. the purger that is to be dissolved, as Diacarthamum, six 〈…〉 to purge a phlegmatic person, make it into a potion with s: q: of such a Liquor. The UTILITY: a potion in general is very commodious when we have an indication of purging, either with a minorative Medicine to lessen the humours before concoction, or an eradicating Medicine to exclude the humour already prepared and concocted, or else of otherwise evacuating it without this preparation, which seeing it may be done with Medicines under the threefold form of pills, boles, and potions, (for powders and purging tablets, as also syrups never come in use, unless in the form of a potion, dissolved in some convenient Liquor) of these a potion is to be preferred in these cases, When humours in respect of their situation are gathered in the first region of the body; and are to be expelled without any perturbation of the body, not to be drawn from far, for in this liquid form the purging quality soon descends into the belly with the Liquor, and is soon communicated to it, so that in so short a time the purging quality cannot be diffused to the more remote parts, (although some small evacuation happen also to them by consecution of the humours) unless you boil or dissolve stronger Medicines, and in a greater quantity, which cannot be done so safely; in which case pills are better, which staying long in the belly, the virtue of them at last insinuates itself into the habit of the body; therefore a potion is most commodious, in affections of the stomach, and neighbouring parts, Pancreas, Mesentery, Spleen, Liver, and other inferior parts. But in respect of the several sorts of humours to be evacuated, the form of a potion (as also of a bowl) doth more agree with tempers and affections that are choleric than the solid form of pills; because both to moisten, lenify, and cool, (which three properties such a hot and dry constitution requires,) those things which are suppable and liquid do more aptly perform, and therefore rather to be used, unless a great weakness of the stomach, and a broken strength (which are more dissolved by Liquid things) require the contrary: then 'tis better to use pills or boles. 'Tis also very profitable to purge Melancholy, because this humour as it were dusty with drought may be washed down by such actual moisture, and the ways by which it is to pass made slippery, and all other hindrances relaxed and moistened; 'tis also very useful in phlegmatic affections, unless the stomach be very weak, so that the phlegm be found in the first or second region of the body: for if it be in the third Region, or remote parts, it will be little advantageous, unless composed of the stronger and greater quantity of purgers from whence danger. 'Tis also useful in obstructions of gross, dry, condensated humours; and also in the summer, as pills in the winter. A Corroborating Potion. A Corroborating Potion, which also sometime is called a Julep, drink, or Cordial potion; is a liquid form of medicine composed of Confections, or Cordial powders, and a syrup dissolved in a fit liquor to strengthen and confirm the principal parts, restore strength, and help the peculiar affections of the heart. In this three things are considerable, the Composition, Use, and Utility. In COMPOSITION two things are to be regarded. 1. A fit Liquor of which 'tis made. 2. What things are to be dissolved in it. The Liquor is to be regarded in relation to his quality, and quantity. In relation to his quality there is prescribed. 1. Some distilled Cordial water, as of Borage, etc. 2. Some distilled water and a convenient juice together, which is most usual; for 'tis seldom made of a Juice alone, and seldom also of decoctions or infusions. In respect to its quantity the dose is the same, as of the purging potion, three ounces, or sour ounces, yet in summer, and in the great heat of Fevers, and other hot affections, you may prescribe a larger quantity. Things to be dissolved, are also considered in respect to their quality and quantity. In relation to the quality there is always dissolved some fit Cordial syrup, and besides it always, 1. Either some Cordial confection alone, as usually Confection Alchermes, de Hyacintho, etc. of which see in the Juleps. 2 Or some Cordial powder alone, and that either simple, as Hartshorn, Coral, Bolearmoniack Terra sigillata, Pearls, Fragments of preticus stones, unicorns horn, Bezoar stone, these may be prescribed, and are to be chosen according to the urgency and variety of the affections: Or else compound, as the powder of some electuary of the shops, (as Diamargaritum frigidum, etc.) and this is most usual to be prescribed for this sort of Cordial Potions, as the simples are though much seldomer. 3 Or some Confection or powder together. In relation to the quantity, syrups are usually prescribed to an ounce and an ounce and half. Cordial confections from half an ounce, to an ounce, and an ounce and half at most. Cordial powders from one scruple to two scruples, or one ounce at most. But if it be of the more scarce and precious sort, let it not exceed one scruple; so for the most part 'tis prescribed to half a scruple, and one scruple. The fragment of precious stones and Vnicornshorn from gr 5, to half a dram. Bezoar stone to gr 4, or 6. Confections and powders together are so to be prescribed that they may complete the whole dose, taking the greater quantity of this or that, or equal parts as you see fit. The USE is for 1 dose only, according to the present necessity, at any time of the day, or the disease. And this is the usual FORM of RESCRIBING. ℞ etc. viz. the Liquor, in which dissolve, etc. so make a potion to be taken at such or such an hour. Mark this, that because some Cordials are dissolved in the potion, they may be prescribed in the said form: or else without the straining after dissolution 'tis usual to prescribe all the ingredients, adding only, Make a potion. The UTILITY: 'Tis very effectual against divers affections of the heart, as Swooning, panting, etc. malignant affections, poisons: and when it is to be strengthened, being made weak by the violence of diseases; as also when the virtues of it, and all other principal parts are dejected, they are through the continuance of the whole disease to be assisted and restored; being weakened, to be strengthened, and confirmed, being exhausted, to be recruited. An altering Potion. THat is to be called an altering Potion which is under a Liquid form not allotted either to purge hurtful humours, or comfort the strength of the body oppressed, so it be to alter any way, or evacuate, so it do it not by purging, (as in expelling the stone of the Reins, etc.) prescribed for one only dose to be taken by the mouth at one time The COMPOSITION of it is the same, as of the corroborating potion, viz. of a Liquor fitted for your present intention, either a distilled water only, or else some Juice or decoction being added to it, and some convenient powder, to be altered according to the variety of your indications, and a proper syrup serving to the intention of the Physician; all which are prescribed in the dose, & after the same manner as the strengthening potion, as you may perceive by one or two examples following. A somniferous potion, restoring and corroborating the strength exhausted by over-watching. ℞. Water of red Poppyes, water Lilles, and Lettuce, of each two ounces, syrup of white Poppy, one ounce, syrup of Violets, half an ounce, Consectio Alkermes, half a dram. Make a potion to be taken at the time of going to sleep. A Potion for the Worms, and also Cordial. Take the water of Purslane, and grass, of each two ounces, Confection of Hyacinth, half a dram, powder of Earthworms dried, one scruple, Coralin, and the shave of Hartshorn, of each one scruple, syrup of Lemons one ounce. So make a potion. A potion to hasten delivery of a Child. Take Hippocras (made by the infusion of Cinnamon, and Dittany in white Wine) four ounces, or five ounces, Cinnamon water half an ounce, Corfectio Alchermes one dram, Saffron half a scruple, syrup of Mugwort one cunce. So make a potion. CHAP. IU. Of Syrups. DIvers simples there are, Herbs, Roots Seeds, Fruits, Flowers, and others, or the Juices of them, which cannot be had always when need requires them, especially in winter, and autumn, that decoctions, infusions, or other Medicines may be prepared of them for a present use: or else they cannot be preserved sound without loss of their virtues so long a time: or if they may, yet the urgency of the affection, or other inconveniencies do not always allow such leisure as to attend the preparing of Medicines of them in divers forms, or till the virtues of them may be sufficiently extracted, from hence appears the necessity of syrups for the divers virtues of Plants thus kept and preserved by the benefit of Sugar or Honey, in the form of a syrup, are always ready for use in every pressing necessity to serve for the various scope of the Physician; and are preserved sound without any depravation, having joined with them a grateful taste; so that syrups are as it were a certain preserving of a medicinal Liquor. Juice, decoction, or infusion, in which is retained the efficacy of the Medicines. But a syrup is the invention of the Arabians, and was scarce known to the ancient Greeks; we read of only mention made of Oximel and cute, in Galen, and Hypocrates; after whose example the Mauritanians have a lorned their pharmacentick art with a various collection of syrups: the modern Greeks as Actuarius, calls it Scrapium. Some derive this name from the Greek, others from the Arabic, but this is little considerable. Whatsoever it is, though at this time it be taken either properly; for that which I shall describe, and for that which is extant in the shops, or improperly for a decoction preparing humours, or an Apozem (as Rondeletius and Jeubertus have written) as an altering Julep, for the Italians at this day call a Julep Serapium, (perhaps because a syrup is the basis of a Julep) yet at Montpelier. A SYRUP: is a fluid form of a Medicine, made of a decoction, Juices or an infusion, preserved with Sugar or Honey, boiled to such a consistence, that a drop on a marble or plate may not spread abroad, prepared either to alter or purge. It is of two sorts, an altering syrup (as was the syrup of the Ancients, and this hath been revived by our latest Physicians) and a purging syrup. The altering Syrup. The definition of an altering syrup is to be sought among those things which we have said before in the altering Apozem, as also the differences there set down. But for the clearer method, use, and prescription sake, it is twofold, Officinal and Magisterial, The officinal or usual is that which is publicly extant 〈…〉 in the Apothecaries shops, of which I 〈…〉 in the use of it, and in respect of the prescribing of it, many things occur necessary to be known, hereafter to be rehearsed. And this diversely divided, as well in relation to its virtues, as its composition. The differences taken from the virtues are considered either in general, hot, cold, moist, dry, temperate. Or in special: in respect of the humours, and other parts of the body. In relation to the humours, it altars either in the first qualities; to which belong according to the diversity of the humour, that which altars, concocts, digests, prepares either choler, phlegm, melancholy, or blood; or in the second qualities, in which number are contained those which cut, attenuate, incrassat, cleanse, bind; or in the third qualities, hither are referred those which cause easy coughing, lenify, expectorate, provoke Urine, break the Stone, provoke the courses, condense the parts, expel poison, and corroborate. In regard of the parts which they properly respect, some are Cephalical, others Cordial, etc. which you may seek among the store of Physical remedies; here I shall only propound the division of the Officinal syrups, according to their composition and faculties, only considered generally, because other things more appertain to the physical magazeen; withal intending to give a Catalogue of the more usual sort, because some are here in use, which in other places are grown obsolete, and so on the contrary; neither is there the same number in use every where: here is to be noted that those which have a star at their beginning fixed to them, are at Montpelier, of the more usual sort. The altering Officinal syrup is compounded either, 1. Of Juices only, and this is either temperate, as syrup of the juice of * Borage, of ʰ Bugloss, * Bizantines of Mesue, of Fumitory simple, * Oxymel simple. Or Cooling, as simple Syrup of * Vinegar, and Oxy saccarum, syrup of Verjuice, of the juice of Sorrel, Alexandrinus or Julep of Roses, of the juice of Citrons, Barberries, * Quinces, of the juice of Succory, Endive, Pomegranates both sour and sweet, of Lemons, of Apples, of red Corans, of Violets. Or heating, as simple Syrup of Betony, Miva of Quinces though moderately, especially the aromatical, Oxymel of Squils', though moderately. 2. Of INFUSION, and this also is cooling, as syrup of water Lilies simple h. of red * Poppyes, and of dried Roses. 3. Of a DECOCTION, and this is either Cooling, as syrup of * Succory compound, of * Jujubes, yet moderately, of white Poppy, h. Or heating, as syrup de Althaea of Fernelius, of Bettony compound, of the barks of Citron, of Calamint, of * Hyssop, of * Horehound of the two roots, of the five roots, of * Staechados, of Colt's foot, h. 4. Of infusion made in Juices and Decoction together, and is either Cooling, as Oxysaccarum compound, syrup of Purshine, h. Or heating, as syrup of Wormwood, * Mints, Oxymel compound. Or some other Liquor and a decoction, and is either temperate, as syrup of * Maidenhair, and of Liquorice, which is moderately hot, or heating, as syrup of Mugwort. V Or a decoction and a Juice, and this is either temperate, as Bizantinus compound, or cooling, as syrup of Vinegar compound; but moderately, of Endive compound; of Myrtles, of water Lilies compound; or heating, as syrup de Eupatorio, or Maudiens, of Fumitary compound. But as from this division of the syrups you may perceive how these altering syrups are affected in the active qualities, so must you note also that all of them are drying in the passive qualities, unless such that have the letter h. annexed, which moisten and humect● but how they severally are appropriated to divers parts and to concoct divers humours, you must find in the Materia medica. A magisterial syrup is that which is prepared for present use according to the various scope of the Physician, composed of either more or fewer of the precedents. The division and differences of it are to be sought from what I have before said in the officinal syrup, and in the altering Apozem. In it three things are to be considered, the composition, the Use, and the Utility. In the COMPOSITION four things are to be regarded, the matter or Liquor of which it is made; the things to be dissolved in it; the clarification and aromatization. The matter is to be weighed both in quality, and quantity. The consideration of the matter is twofold, Remote, viz. the several parts of simples spoken of in the Apozem, and near, which is threefold, Decoction, Juice, and sometimes infusion prepared divers ways of the aforesaid ingredients, of which I must next treat. 1. The decoction of which the syrup is to be made is the same with the decoction of the altering Apozem, made and prescribed by the same reason, of the same things, & after the same manner and form, of which I shall say no more in this place. 2. The Juice is drawn out of Leaves, Fruits, and flowers bruised and pressed, and so effectually purified, is used with better Fruit, and to more purpose than the decoction whether it be to strengthen or alter any way. And this 3 several ways is used in the making of a syrup. 1. Either it is taken merely, either of one only thing, or drawn from divers, and that either of Leave, (as of Borage, Bugloss, Hops in melancholy people, of Sorrel, Succory, Endive in the choleric, etc. and so in the rest according to the diversity of the directors:) or of Fruits, (as of Lemons in the choleric, of Apples in the Melancholy) and is exactly to be purified from the feces by a gentle heat, whereby they settle down at the bottom, else they may afford occasion of corruption. 2. Or else for the greater efficacy, or some other reason, arising from the indications, other things are boiled usually, three pound or four pound of the clarifled Juices is taken to prepare the syrup, and those things that are to be decocted in it (which must respect the part affected, or humour) are to be prescribed to half the quantity that is set down for an Apozem. 3. Or else more profitably specifical and proper ingredients are only infused to the same intent, as Roots, Seeds, Flowers, Spices: and usually for the quantity of a pound and a half or two pound, of a Juice for a syrup are prescribed two ounces or 3 ounces of things to be infused, according to the several efficacy of the ingredients. 3. An infusion sometimes is taken or used for the siquid subject of a syrup, and is to be prepared of ingredients fit for the intention, of very forcible virtues, and for the most part are spices, (the reason of which you may find before in the purging Potion.) In relation to the quantity, the usual proportion of a decoction, clarisied Juice, or infusion for a syrup is a pound, a pound and half, or 2 pound at most, according as we intent the use of it shall be more rare or frequent, or of shorter or longer continuance. Things to be dissolved in the aforesaid syrups, either to preserve them the longer, or for tastes sake, are considered in relation to their Quality, there is therefore dissolved in it, 1. either sugar, which is convenient for all, both hot and cold affections, and more acceptable to the sick; or sometimes Honey in cold affections of the head, and breast, or when you would more effectually heat, cut, cleanse, or when natural heat languishing is to be revived. 2. Or else together with the sugar some officinal syrup; but then the quantity of sugar is to be lessened, for a syrup is but sugar dissolved, & then sugar is only prescribed, q. s. 3. Besides some of the aforesaid sweetners that are perpetually dissolved in it, there are also dissolved (especially in that syrup that is prepared of a decoction, and sometimes in those prepared of infusions) some clarified Juices of Leaves or Fruits, and other Liquors, as Vinegar, Wine, etc. to m●ke them the more effectual▪ as is aforesaid in the altering Apozem, in which place see more. In respect of the quantity: sugar is dissolved in equal proportion with the liquor; of this see in the animadversions following: so also is Honey (when used,) in syrups to five ounces, or six ounces, but then sugar to a sufficient quantity only: Juices to six ounces, more or less, according to the quantity of the infusion or decoction. Clarification and Aromatization, see of them before in the Apozem. The USE and FORM of prescribing, In the use of a syrup either officinal or Magisterial we must consider three things methodically: after what manner, how much, & when they ought to be prescribed and given. 1. How, or after what manner; that is, whether they are to be given in that form or consistence, that they are of themselves, or whether diluted with other Liquors, as in Juleps. 2. How much; that is in what quantity, or dose. 3. When, that is, at what time; neither doth there appear more things necessary to be considered in the right and legitimate administration of them. As to the manner of taking them; because a syrup taken by itself, not diluted with any Liquor, penetrates not so far into the body, neither can quickly or easily without losing some strength and virtues; and withal works slower upon the part affected, and humour that is to be altered; and on the contrary a syrup diluted in the form of a Julep doth sooner, easier, & farther insinuate itself into the parts of the body, & noxious humours, (the clamminess little hindering it,) and can come to the most intimate spaces with firmer and less altered virtues, than when it is sincere, and doth sooner alter whatsoever it toucheth, so that according to the nearness and distance of the parts affected, the affections themselves, or causes that are to be altered, this or that form is chief to be used. Therefore sincere syrups are prescribed commonly by themselves, and are taken 1. To intercept or stop defluxions by thickening them from falling violently either on the Throat, Lungs, or stomach, for by the help of their clamminess by reason of the stay they make in the mouth, and in regard they do not very soon pass down, they easily stay the humour that is descending, and these are to be taken out of a spoon, and to be held long in the mouth. 2. When there is a hoarseness of the throat, and a roughness of the Windpipe, which by its gentle clamminess (where with it (as it were) smears it) it helps, being swallowed by little and little, or licked down like lohoches. 3. For expectoration, or the spitting up of matter, collected and impacted in the Lungs, by taking it by little and little out of a spoon, or licking it down from a Liquorice stick. 4. To mitigate coughing after the same manner. 5. In diseases and affections of the stomach, especially cold ones, (for they which are hot and dry, as in hot and choleric affections, should rather be tempered by moisture, unless its strength be much decayed) although usually they are dissolved in a small quantity of Liquor (except syrup of Wormwood) or when your scope be to strengthen or bind. 6. In the affections of parts nigh the stomach, to which it may easily be conveyed. But diluted or dissolved syrup in the form of a Julep is best, 1. When the Liver, Spleen, or Mesentory are affected. 2. When the head, heart, Lungs, Reins, Bladder, Womb, habit of the body, & Limbs are diseased, to which the virtue of a syrup could either not at all, or very slowly, and much altered from its own nature, otherwise have entrance. 'Tis to be prescribed to be dissolved in a fit, and appropriate Liquor, that may either respect the humour, affection, or part affected, or all these together: but most usually in some distilled water; or with a proper decoction which is much more effectual than water, or with the broth of a chick, and that either simple or altered, with Roots, Leaves, etc. agreeing to the same purpose, as hereafter. The quantity is to be considered, as singular and several. As to the singular or united quantity or dose, an officinal altering Syrup may be given from half an ounce to an ounce, an ounce and half, and two ounces at the most, in defining which dose more exactly four things are to be diligently regarded. 1. The situation, or distance of the part affected, for when the virtue of the syrup is to be conveyed to parts far situated and remote, it ought to be given in the greater quantity, yea in the highest dose of all if you see it fit; otherwise you will hardly perceive any benefit in the operation, because in a long passage its virtues must needs be much broken and altered; unless the Liquor in which it is dissolved be also very effectual. 2. The action or motion of the affection it self, and the morbifical causes, and the quality of them, either vehement or remiss, that requires a middle, or else the highest dose; this a lesser. 3. The Age: as to Infants half an ounce, which is the least dose; to Boys of better growth one ounce, which is next the least, will suffice for the highest of al. 4. The efficacy of the syrup itself, and the vigour it hath naturally to operate; hence 'twil suffice to prescribe syrup of Poppy, only from half an ounce to an ounce at highest, because of his narcotick quality; so also unpleasantness ought to lessen the dose, as usually one ounce doth suffice for the highest dose of syrup of Wormwood. 5. To these may be added the manner of taking it; for that which is taken to be swallowed down by licking it leisurely, because they cannot be taken in a large quantity, against divers affections of the Windpipe and Lungs, for than it would soon slip down without doing any good, therefore it is often to be iterated, and is always prescribed to four ounces, or 5, or 6, for frequent use to be often repeated; so that such ought not to be included within the aforesaid rule; the same is to be said for such as are prescribed to quench thirst in the heat of diseases, because the use of them is to be frequent, for which purpose they are prescribed to four ounces, five, or six. But the quantity of the Liquor, to dilute them in is much like that of the Juleps, as to three ounces, or four ounces: yet you may prescribe less when the stomach or any near part is affected: but more to allay thirst, as in Fevers, and all sorts of hot, boiling diseases, especially in the summer time. As to the several or divided quantity, digestives may be taken morning and evening when the stomach is empty: but they which are given against thirst, coughs, or to help spitting, are taken often; they which provoke sleep only once, and that about the accustomed hour of sleeping, neither are they to be reiterated unless necessity require it; others are taken either oftener or seldomer, as the several occasions require. As to the Time of taking them, preparing Syrups, and those which are allotted for the digestion of humours, are to be taken in the morning 4 or five hours before meat, lest the virtue of them should be stackned either by meat newly taken, or not yet concocted: they may also be taken at evening when the digestion of humours is to be accelerated, but at a good distance from feeding when the stomach is empty: those for a cough, at any hour when it is troublesome: they which provoke sleep, or are to stop defluxions, are best taken at the time of going to sleep: these to expectorate, in the morning; those to quench thirst, when they are dry; any others, as near as may be when the stomach is empty. As to the magisterial syrup, the use of it is either by itself, or else diluted with some fit water, or other Liquor, simple or compound broth; and is taken after the same rules as the officinal. And this is the USUAL FORM of PRESCRIBING. 1. If it be made of a decoction. ℞. etc. viz: (the ingredients of an altering Apozem) make a decoction in etc. take of the strained Liquor, &c in which dissolve, etc. make a syrup well boiled, clarified, and aromatized with etc. keep it in a glass safe; let him take of it one ounce, an ounce and half, or two ounces by itself, or with, etc. at such an hour, so often in a day, etc. see more above. 2. If of a Juice without any other mixture; ℞, of the Juice of such a thing bruised, newly pressed out, & well clarified, etc. in which dissolve, etc. So make a syrup. 3. If of a Juice in which other things are boiled or infused, ℞ of the Juice (newly pressed out and clarified) of etc. in which dissolve etc. So make a Syrup. 4. If of an infusion, ℞ etc. let them be infused in, etc. of such a Liquor, take of the liquor strained, and gently pressed out, etc. dissolve, etc. The Utility of a syrup in general is sufficiently declared above, whether officinal or magisterial; for it is instituted to conserve divers virtues of plants, with which decoctions, Juices expressed, and infusions prepared of them are plentifully fraught, that they may be the readier at hand, and fit for use without loss of their natural efficacy. The efficinal also more specially serves for the making up of divers forms of Medicines: so is it added to Apozems, Juleps, and Potions, for taste sake, an● also to add to their virtues; so also is it ●●ken to make up opiates, pills, preserves, Lohoches, Troscisches into a convenient form or consistence, and for the uniting of a compound Medicine, and preserving of it. But the magisterial syrup as of old, so at this day, and hath been chief in request of late to prepare both humours, and the body; and is very necessary to precede a prosperous purgation (of which see in the altering Apozem,) and is very useful also to alter the body, or parts of it, divers ways, both by correcting the distempers of them, and tempering the peccant humours: of this see also in the altering Apozem. In sum, against all internal affections or causes, that engender them: and to alter and strengthen the parts afflicted by them, any proper and specifical Medicines, suggested by the indicantia (or things from whence you take directions what is to be done) may be reduced into the form of a Syrup; so that the utility of it is of large extent against any affections, dropsy, plague, etc. but 'tis fittest to be prescribed, when you would continue your altering for some time, or must cherish the strength continually: (when otherwise that labour must be fain to be renewed often; with the trouble of a new prescription of some Apozem, Julep, or potion:) hence it is most profitable in long diseases and affections, and chronical distempers of the parts which have taken such rooting that there must be a continual alteration to remedy them; yet because some usual syrup is to be had, that hath the same virtue, unless you think its virtue less effectual, or decayed, or that it consists not of those things which your specifical indications require, or that you hope to compose one more powerful; prescribe them but seldom. A Purging Syrup. YOu must seek the definition and division of a purging syrup according to the variety of the humours, in the chapter of the Apozem. A Syrup is twosold, officinal and Magisterial. The officinal is here chief divided both in respect of the composition, & the chiefest of their virtues, as you may see in the following table. The officinal purging syrup is compounded either of A decoction made A juice, and purgeth Melancholy, as Syrup of Fumitory compound, Water, & purgeth Melancholy, as Syrup de Epithymo. Water, & purgeth Choler, as of Succory compound Water, & purgeth Mixed humours, as Diasereat, A juice, & purgeth. Melancholy, as syrup de Pomis Regis Sabor. Infusion in Water, & purgeth Choler As Syrup of Roses solut: Syrup of Violets, each made with 9 infusions, sy. rup of Peach flow: Phlegm As Honey of Roses strained. The definition and division of a magisterial purging syrup may appear out of what is aforesaid. In it three things are to be considered; Composition, Use, and Utility. In the Composition four things. 1. The matter whereby 'tis made purgative. 2 The things that are to be dissolved in it. 3. Clarification. 4. Aroma ization. The matter of which 'tis made, is either remote, and this in regard of its quality, are the purging simples with their correctives, either boiled or insused; or near, and thus the matter is twosold, either a purging decoction, or a purging in usion. A purging Decoction is nothing else then the decoction of a purging Apozem, made of the same things, both alterers and purgers, varied according to the intention of the Physician, to be prescribed after the same manner and order, and upon the same conditions, as is before specified. This only is to be marked, concerning the dose or purging Medicines, that the Montpelier Physicians for a syrup do usually double the quantities of purgers prescribed for Apozems; but 'twil suffice if you take only the same quantity; or if I might persuade you, the double quantity 〈◊〉 it matters not if it be the triple, for so it will be contracted into the lesser dose, and be taken with the less nauseousness to the patiented, so that you exactly find out the true dose, and not measure it according to the usual proportion; see the use. It is also to be noted, that when fit juices are to be used, the purgers may be boiled in 4 ounces, or 5, or 6, with their correctors. How a purging infusion is to be prepared, is said before in a purging potion, and from thence easy to be collected; but how to preferred before a decoction, see in the animadversions. Things that are to be dissolved in the decoction or infusion, are also considered in quality and quantity. Concerning the quality, there is dissolved either sugar, or sometimes Honey; or else together with the sugar some officinal syrup, and that either altering or purging. Besides those sweetners that are perpetually dissolved for its preservation, there are frequently to the aforesaid purpose dissolved, 1. Some fit Juice, and that either altering, as of Leaves, Fruits, etc. according to the indication; see in the Apozem; or purging, as the juice of Roses, especially in the Spring time, against choler; of Fumitory or Hops for Melancholy. 2. The complete infusion of Damask Roses, especially in the spring time, when 'tis to be had, and most effectual. 3. Sometimes the infusion of Rheubarb (if the indication require it) made by itself, and added at the latter end; otherwise should it be added in the beginning before the syrup come to a consistence, its virtue may exhale by long boiling. In an infusion the same thing is to be observed, except concerning the aforesaid Juices, which 'tis best to prescribe in the beginning. In relation to the quantity, sugar or Honey are to be added in the same quantity with the strained Liquor, which for the most part is to be prescribed to a pound, or a pound and a half; this one thing is also to be observed, that the quantity of sugar or Honey is exactly to be set down, (contrary to that custom which Physicians vulgarly use) and not to be left to the pleasure of the Apothecaryes'; otherwise you can never be certain of the exact dose, which is one, where there is but a little sugar; another, where there is much. This makes practisers stammer when a dose of a purge prescribed by themselves is to be defined: then they admonish you to begin with a less dose, so proceeding till you have found the true quantity without error. If a Syrup be added, 'tis for the most part to 5, six, or eight ounces: and because this is accounted of as sugar, 'twil be easy to find out the right quantity, making an abatement for the quantity of syrup: but it matters not whether it be altering or purging, so that you use this way to find out its right proportion in your computation. Juices may be added to six ounces or eight ounces; only be mindful of the purgers in appointing the dose. See CLARIFICATION and AROMATIZATION before in the Apozem. The USE and form of PRESCRIBING: in the use of a purging syrup whether officinal or Magisterial, three things should be briefly considered; how 'tis to be prescribed and ought to be given, in what quantity, and at what time. As to the manner of giving an officinal syrup, 'tis either by itself out of a spoon, or else diluted: the former way is rare; for every one of them use to be dissolved, and that in a fit Liquor, as aforesaid. As to the dose, in general, this may be appointed, viz. from one ounce, to two ounces, three ounces, and four ounces, which is to be the highest; yet syrup of Fumitory and de Epithymo may be given to five ounces, or six ounces; in the mean time comparing other circumstances, which I have said should limit the dose of purgers in the purging Apozem. The time of giving it is the same as of other purgers, viz. in the morning, the stomach being empty, lest the virtue of them should be dulled, or their operation by the meat or chile be much retarded. The magisterial syrup (as to the manner) is used either by itself, out of a spoon, or (which is most usual) dissolved in some fit liquor, as above. As to the quantity, and that the continued, or united, they usually but very ill define it from two ounces to three ounces: they may truly look into the quantity of the cathartics, but 'tis but cursorily; and perhaps in the mean time are ignorant of what quantity of sugar the Apothecary hath made it up with all; hence is it that they are uncertain concerning the dose; I for my part conceive it may be half an ounce, an ounce, an ounce and half, two ounces, three ounces, 5, 6, according as the Liquor with which the sugar is boiled into a syrup, is impregnated with the more copious or violent purgers but thus it is, the doses of the purging decoctions, infusions, things dissolved, etc. are to be accounted, for how many times they may serve to purge withal, considering them all together. As for example, suppose them to suffice for eight times, and to one pound of Liquor; impregnated with the virtues of those purgers you may add one pound of pure Sugar, and boil it to a Syrup. If you shall divide those twelve ounces into eight parts, (for there are eight purging doses) there will be an ounce and half for one dose: and if you add only eight ounces of sugar to make it to a syrup, there will be one ounce more for every dose: etc. As to the divided quantity, it is usualy given once or twice a monethin chronical diseases; and so that filth that is usually gathered is gently taken away, that it cannot arrive at a quantity sufficient to breed a disease. But the time of taking it is fittest in the morning, as before. The UTILITY is great in chronical diseases, in which there is need of a continual precaution, or a gentle evacuation to be frequently renewed; lest otherwise, excrementitious humours that are apt to breed divers affections should be heaped together in such distempered bodies, and illaffected bowels, which are by this means opposed; and an occasion of future affections quite taken away. ANIMADVERSIONS of SYRUPS. COncerning the quantity of Sugar for Syrups, 'tis much disputed on, so that you will hardly find any precept absolute, and agreeable to the nature of every thing: Mesues that Author of the Art is varying, for he prescribes in cold Syrups, especially of juices, to one pound of liquor eight ounces of sugar; as in syrup of Verjuice, so that the Liquor is more than the sugar by a third part: in other places he prescribes the Liquor to double the quantity of Sugar: as in Syrup de Ponnis Sabor; sometimes to triple it, as in the syrup of sour Prunes, and that which is most wonderful, sometimes to be six times more than the sugar, as in the sour syrup of Quinces: sometimes that the sugar should double the Liquor, so that to six ounces of Liquor, he prescribes one pound of sugar; sometimes to eight ounces of Liquor twelve ounces of sugar; sometimes he prescribes a like quantities of Liquor and sugar; but most commonly Mesues prescribes in hot syrups both of Sugar and Liquor, a like quantities, or a little more or less, etc. Modern Writers do much wrangle among themselves: sometimes they appoint according to the rule of Syrups a like proportion both of Sugar and liquor, sometimes more of the Sugar, or more of the Liquor, Silvius, Fernelius, Joubertus, and Rondeletius, chief Writers of this Art, prescribe several quantities. In Syrups made of Juices, the Liquor generally exceeds the sugar: but in particular, for one pound of the Liquor they sometimes put seven ounces, seven ounces and a half, eight, eight ounces and a half, nine, or of each a like quantity, as the nature of each particular Juice requires. In syrups made of infusions they every where put off the infusion and sugar, and; but in syrups made of decoctions, sometimes of each alike, or (as it is most commonly) they let the Liquor exceed the sugar by one third. The thing seems indifferent to me, only the nature of the syrup is somewhat more exactly to be weighed; in which two things are chief to be considered. viz: 1. The sugar (or sometimes Honey) which is only as the subject to receive the essence of the simples, and preserve their virtues. 2. That virtue or essence, consisting in the Juice, Infusion, or Decoction, from whence the syrup hath his force or energy, as the conservation of that essence from the sugar; the syrup being composed by the union of both, through the evaporation of the superfluous humidity. Now every one knows that if you dissolve one pound of Sugar in any quantity of Liquor, it may easily be boiled to the consistence of a syrup; that is also apparent, and approved to them that know the making of extracts, that the Liquor in which the essence was diffused, and with which it was drawn forth (which is correspondent to the Juices,) whether it be 2, 3, 6, or 8 pound, etc. may be wholly evaporated, set in Balneo, or over ashes, the essence by little and little taking what consistence you will either of a syrup, or some solider form; why therefore need they trouble themselves about the proportion of either in vain, seeing they may reduce any of the aforesaid proportions to the form of a syrup: for if the things compounding the syrup: (viz: Sugar, Juices, Decoctions, Infusions, etc. whatsoever be their quantity) can be boiled to that ordinary consistence, by consuming the waterish parts, what matter is it in what quantity they are joined. If Joubertus and Silvius boil three pound of Liquor with one pound of Sugar to the height of a syrup; why may it not be done with the like proportion of your Medicinal liquor, whether Juice, Infusion, or Decoction; and on the contrary, if to three pound of Sugar you add only 1 pound of the Liquor, as Rondeletius in his Syrup of Lemons, why may not this be done also; therefore in appointing the quantity of sugar for a syrup, we must not so much regard the quantity as the force of it, and intention or purpose of the Physician; as for example: suppose that one pound of simples decocted or infused have imparted three ounces or four ounces of virtuous essence to four pound, or five of the Liquor of the decoction or infusion strained, if you prescribe of that Liquor and Sugar, and, one pound, as we usally do for a syrup, 'twil truly make a syrup, but of l●●l● efficacy; and in a pound of which there with contained only a dram of essence; so that each ounce will con●●in but v. gr. but if the aforesaid half ounce of essence be diflused only in two pound of Liquor, and you prescribe one pound of syrup to be made of that & sugar and, you will have a syrup, and that effectual, in which bound are contained two drams of the essence, and in an ounce of which remains half a scruple of essence: but if you boil those two pounds of Liquor in which four drams of essence is contained with one pound of sugar only, you will have a most effectual syrup, in which is contained three drams, or half an ounce of essence, and in anounce of which is one scruple: but if you yet desire it more effectual, take to those two pound of Liquor but half a pound of Sugar, and you have also in this three drams, or half an ounce of essence; and in every ounce of it will be half a dram, or two scruples of essence. Therefore we must not so much look on the quantity of the Liquor, as on the virtue and essence wherewith it is fraught; or from what quantity of matter it is extracted. Lastly, what weight of Liquor soever you boil it in, whether a pound, two pound, or three, etc. this is to be chief marked, (that you may be the more certain of the efficacy of your syrup, and may prescribe it weaker or stronger as shall be for your purpose) that you should see, to the virtues and efficacy of it rather than to the quantity of Liquor you prescribe; therefore 'tis best to follow the common rule, where they usually prescribe the Liquor and Sugar in equal parts, that you may have some knowledge of its operation. CHAP. V Of Vomitoryes. THe excrementitious humours, whether natural exceeding in quantity, or preternatural in any quantity, either mixed with the blood in the veins, or residing elsewhere, are apt to breed an i'll habit, and therefore require an evacuation, chief that way they naturally tend, by conducing places or veins for their expulsion, whether by purging (either particular or universal) Urine, Sweat, insensible transpiration, or Vomit. And although Medicines which perform either of these may in general be called purgers, yet particularly they are counted so which draw forth the excrements of the body by stool and vomiting: and of these those which by stool evacuate, are significantly called purgers; those which expel things upwards, Vomitories. A Vomitory is not so much a name of the liquid form of a Medicine as of the faculty of it, taking its name from the operation; yet it usually signifies both, viz. the Medicine procuring that motion or evacuation of the humours upwards, and also the form in which it is prescribed; of which my intention is here to write. A VOMITORY therefore is a liquid form of a remedy prepared of a simple emetical Medicine, boiled, infused, or dissolved in some Liquor, evacuating & expelling perforce by the mouth any thing hurtful to the Stomach, and superfluity, either of meat, or excrementitious humours from it and the adjacent parts. This from its effect may be said threefold, evacuating, revelling, and deriving. But from the manner of working one may be termed gentle, correspondent to the mollifying and lenitive purger, working more by its quantity; another moderate, which operates by its quality; another violent, answerable to those purgers properly called cathartics, provoking this motion by a specifical and internal virtue. Vomitoryes are simple, or compound. The more SIMPLE consists of fair water warmed, drank suddenly to a pint or better; warmed Barley water in a good quantity; the fat broth of flesh drank plentifully, Mead plentifully taken, which Galen prescribed; any sore of drink drank suddenly and liberally; Hydraeleum, i. e. water and oil, to eight ounces or ten, common oil to four ounces or six drank warm, and melted butter. The which and such like other gentle vomits (improperly so called) we use chief, when those things that are to be voided this way, (whether things taken down, or divers sorts of impurities, and vicious humours contained in the stomach,) are so ready for evacuation, that upon every little occasion, without much trouble they may be expelled whether nature be inclined to it or not, or whether she strive to shake off such a burden nimbly enough or not, or be not sufficient of herself, then with these gentler sort do we give occasion of such a motion to the excretive faculty, if it be dull, and as it were show her the way: or else if she moves but unperfectly, we render her endeavour the more easy by these means; which we often do also (without giving a vomit) by thrusting the finger down the throat, or a feather dipped in oil. But those which work only by their quantity, and move the excretive faculty by their warm moisture & fatness, are not profitable when that that is to be vomited up, either is not in the stomach, but in the adjacent parts; or else are contained in the more remote parts; or if in it, are fixed in the tunicles of it; or are not prepared; so that they cannot be shaken out without a greater and more violent motion; for then 'tis better to use the compounds. In the COMPOUND Vomitory two things are to be considered, 1. The matter of which 'tis made. 2. The things to be dissolved in it. The MATTER of a Vomitory is twofold, Liquid and solid. The liquid matter (or liquor) with which I defined a Vomitory, and which is for the most part used, either provokes vomit, or doth not provoke it. That Liquor which doth provoke vomit is either a decoction or an infusion, or sometimes water, or a distilled Liquor. As to the VOMITING DECOCTION, in it three things are to be regarded 1. The matter or ingredients whereby it becomes a vomitory. 2. The Liquor in which these things are boiled. In either of these we must see to the quality and quantity. The matter or ingredients, as to their quality are divers parts of vomitive simples, and those moderate (for the strongest sort seldom are put into decoctions) as Roots, Barks, Leaves, and sometimes Seeds and Flowers, of which 2, 3, or four should be prescribed together. As to their quantity, those moderate vomitories are prescribed almost as those of Potions, that is, that they make in all one ounce, two ounces, or three ounces at most; but particularly, if one or 2 of these following be added with others, or should be prescribed of themselves, it should usually be in these following doses. The root of Asarum to one dram, two drams, or three drams. The middle Bark of a Walnut-Tree, to 1 dram, or two drams. The roots of Pompions dried to two drams, and half an ounce. The flowers of Broom to two drams, or three drams, or so many pugils. As to the quality of the Liquor in which they are boiled, you may take very commodiously fair water, or (where the humours are also to be cleansed from the stomach) Barley water, or some decoction (where they be dry, sharp, and hot,) or Mead, (where gross clammy humours are to be attenuated, cut, and cleansed;) or Oxymel made with water in either case, or fat and lenifying broth where the acrimony is to be tempered, whether it be of the humors-or poisons taken, or of sharp violent vomits, so also water and oil in the aforesaid case; which are therefore chief convenient, because they are reckoned among the gentler vomitories. The quantity of the liquor is usually let to the judgement of the Apothecary; yet you may prescribe it having regard to what is said before in the Apozem and potion; only observe, that because for the most part they take eight ounces of Liquor for a vomiting potion, those moderate vomitories should be prescribed to double the quantity. A Vomiting Infusion in relation to the quality of the things to be infused is most commonly prepared of the strongest sort of vomitories, which are more rightly infused then given in substance or decoction; as those two most famous for their vehemency in working, white Hellebor of the Ancients, and Antimony of modern practisers; and although to the same purpose we may take also the moderate vomitories, as Asarum, Radishes, Pompey roots dried, the middle bark of Walnuts, etc. yet because there cometh no danger from them, either given insubstance, or decoction, they are to be prescribed only in decoction; but in these stronger 'tis better only to give the infusion, which communicates only its spiritual virtue without any quantity of the substance, which might make the operation last the longer, or irritate the excretive faculty too much. Therefore two things chief serve to prepare an infusion of white Hellebor of old most famous, not only in rebellious and desperate affections, but also in the slighter sort; but now scarcely used in the greatest, and then with caution, which being prudently had, you may infuse it from half a dram to one dram, and a dram and half in broth, adding withal one scruple of Cordials for correctors. In the place of this you may give an Apple made hollow a little, then filled with the root of white Hellebore and roasted; afterwards the Hellebor being taken out give it to eat. So also the root of a Radish stuck thorough with slices of it, then roasted and eaten. But in the place of Hellebor (as it is now generally used) take Antimony, the other growing out of date; neither let it trouble you that it hath hitherto been rejected by the unexperienced; for 'tis far safer than the other, and finisheth its operation without any manner of suffocation, convulsion, or danger of other vehement symptoms: to the same purpose some use Antimony crude, some its Vitrum, and some the regulas of it: but 'tis better to choose that preparation of Antimony which they call Crocus Metallorum, because so prepared 'tis spoiled of its fetid sulphur, which otherwise may be the cause of great symptoms. To the same end take Antimony so prepared, to 1 scruple, or half a dram; or rather half a scruple, or gr. 12 infuse it in three ounces, or 4 ounces of white Wine over hot embers, strain the liquor thorough a brown paper, and give it. Of the same Crocus is made that water commonly called Aqua benedicta: instead of the aforesaid Crocus you may infuse the vitrum to one scruple, [or rather to gr. 12.] in any fit Liquor. As to the quantity of the things to be infused, what is said before wil serves or these stronger; if you would use them which are moderate, you may prescribe The root of Asarum from one dram and a half to three drams, and half an ounce. The roots of Pompey dried from one dram to three drams. Nettle seed, from one dram to half an ounce. The bark of Walnut to 3 drams, and half an ounce. But 'tis better to use the Antimony before spoken of. As to the DISTILLED Liquor it is seldom prescribed by a Physician, except distilled Vinegar of late by the vulgar brought into Physical use, which being most violent in workings is to be used with caution, and that in strong people only: and it is prescribed two ways; either distilled alone out of a leaden still, or else as it is in use by the Women of Montpelier, they take a Loaf hot out of the Oven, infuse it in two or three pound of Vinegar, and so distil it; the use of this Liquor as also of the former is, to give three ounces or four ounces in Fevers, and chief Agues that are of long continuance, either before or in the very fit. Hitherto of the vomiting Liquor. The liquor that is not vomiting is also used commonly without the infusion or decoction of any simple vomitory made in it, in which after is dissolved either things helping to vomit, or preparing only for a gentler vomit, or some simple vomiting powder in the manner of a julep. But for the quality see that before in the quality of the liquor for a vomitory decoction. In relation to the quantity, it should be prescribed to 8 or ten ounces. Thus far of the liquid matter of vomitories of which (as we have said) now they are only composed, and which before I defined a vomitory, as that which was the received form to give them in. They may also be given in a form that is not fluid, viz. of powder, bowl, etc. some of your vomitories being powdered and incorporated with a conserve. (So modern Authors prescribe vitrum antimonii, crocus metallorum, & Mercurius vitae.) which thing may also be done with other vomitories which work in a greater quantity, (as Asarum, the root of Pompey, etc. (except Hellebor, which is not to be given in substance, but its purging virtue to be drawn out by infusion: but a liquid form seems more commodious, because by its moisture the stomach is wet and relaxed, that those things which are to be voided may be erected with the greater ease, and more readily, because all things in the stomach are as it were washed out, and cannot cleave to as otherwise they would; as also because the stomach is filled, and thereby the readier to empty; otherwise the whole bottom must be as it were inverted, and turned up to the mouth of it before it could expel them. But as it is, if you desire to use that solid form, you may by taking some of the following powders either of itself in a spoon moistening it with a little liquor, or by mixing it with some fit conserveses, to two drams, or three drams, in the form of a ●ole; and thus the usual things shall be prescribed, Root of Asarum, from one dram to four scruples. Pompey root dried, from two scruples to one dram. Nettle seed, from half a dram to a dram. Radish seed, from three drams to half an ounce. Bark of Walnuts to one dram. But if you take the vomitories of Minerals, used by late practisers, you may take Of Vitrum Antimonii to grains six and eight to the strongest sort. Crocus metallorum to grains six or eight. Salt of Vitriol to one scruple, or half a dram. Roman vitriol or white vitriol prepared, from half a scruple to 1 scruple. THINGS to be dissolved, are either not used when you in tend to move it gently, and only to give occasion of motion to the excretive faculty, as above; or when the Liquor is sufficiently vomitory; but chief if that that is to be voilled upwards, be readily prepared; if otherwise, divers things are dissolved in the said liquor, which may be reckoned twofold, Vomitories, and not Vomitories. The not vomitories are often and usual in a vomitive decoction, and also in a Liquor that is not vomitive; in relation to their quality, they are to a threefold end, viz. for the stirring up of the excretive faculty; for the preparation of the humour to be voided; and the correction of the symptoms, which may arise either from the humour, or vomitory. For some are oily and fatty, which move vomit by overthrowing the strength of the stomach, and give occasion to the excretive faculty, though irritated when it moves but slowly; and therefore are only used in the slighter sort of Vomits when the stomach is apt to vomit, else not so fit; they are also useful for the quelling the sharpness of humours, or other things taken down, and poisons, such are common Oil, Linseed Oil, and Butter. Other things are used to bridle the violence of the choleric gnawing humours, as Vinegar, Oxymel simple, Syrup of Vinegar. Others (and this is the chief end of things to be dissolved) respect the preparation of the humour that is to be voided, and are either cleansers when vicious humours are to be loosened from the stomach, or when they are slimy, clammy, and stick fast (as is usually phlegm;) these are Oxymel simple, Oxymel of Squils', Sugar, Honey; you may also note that some do (much amiss) reckon among the vomitories, (contrary to experience) Oxymel, and syrup of Vinegar; when we see Vinegar itself (either smelled to or taken down) from whom the former have their energy doth bind, and that eruptions of blood, fluxes of the belly, and vomitings are stayed by it; so that they can only be used to prepare the humours that they may the more easily be voided. In relation to the quantity, they should be prescribed from one ounce to an ounce and half, or two ounces, but these are not wont to be dissolved in a vomitory made by infusion, or of other distilled Liquor, because a preparation ought to precede the use of them, and because that Liquor of Vinegar serves well enough to the same purpose, yet 'twil be no great error if you do dissolve them in it. But Vomitories that are to be dissolved are best used when the Liquor itself is no way vomitive, and are some of the foresaid, in the same dose there set down. The USE: in it three things are to be considered, after what manner, how much, and when. As to the manner, as Vomitories should be usually liquid, so should they also be taken warm; for so they the easier make a nauseousness, and stir the excretive faculty; but if they are given in form of a bowl, they are to be taken as boles are wont: but 'twil be convenient to give some Liquor warmed half an hour, or an hour after, to make the vomiting easier. As to the quantity or dose, a simple vomitory may be rightly given to one pound in them of ripe age, for so the excretive faculty of the stomach is more oppressed. A Compound, of a decoction and that moderate to eight ounces or ten. The dose of an infusion (as also of a vomitive Liquor) is before noted, the proportion also of a Liquor not vomitive, to 8 ounces, or ten ounces. As to the time when, in chronical diseases they may rightly be taken in the morning, the stomach being empty, like other purgere, especially if the humours that breed the nauseousness are thin: but when on the contrary they are tough, gross and clammy, if you take them after meat; they will work the sooner and the easier: in periodical diseases, and intermitting Agnes, as the fit gins; because we see nature ordinarily endeavour this way of evacuation at that time of her own accord. Yet take them at any time when poison, or any hurtful thing hath been taken down into the stomach. And this shall be the FORM of Prescribing. 1. If of a Decoction, ℞ etc. make a decoction in, etc. q. s. take of the straining, etc. make a vomitory to be taken warm at such an hour; and if he do not vomit a little after, let him provoke a vomit by his finger thrust down his throat: if you would dissolve some things in it, you may add, take of the straining, etc. in which dissolve, etc. 2. If of an infusion, ℞ etc. Make an infusion in, etc. let them be strained and filtrated thorough a brown paper (because an infusion for the most part consists of the strongest sort; if you should be content with only straining it, there were fear that some of the gross substance might pass thorough with the liquor, which sticking long in the tunicles of the stomach might too long provoke vomiting, and trouble the patiented;) so make a vomitory. 3. If of a distilled liquor. ℞. of such a liquor etc. let him drink it, ●nd a little after let him vomit. 4. If of a liquor that is not vomitive, ℞. etc. in which dissolve, etc. Make a vomitory. 5. If in a solider form, as of a bowl, ℞, of the powder etc. mingle it with such a conserve, which let him take as a bowl; a little after let him vomit: but if in the form of a powder, ℞ etc. let him take it in a spoon in a fit liquor. The UTILITY: vomiting and vomitories were used by the Ancients both to prevent diseases, and also to cure them; for with them it was usual (for health sake) to vomit every month, as may be observed out of Hipocrates; and for this reason they did the more easily bear vomitories through custom. But at this day they are only used for the cure of diseases; and they are very few which in a sound condition will use them to prevent diseases, unless such as are much given to intemperance: neither in our age will they give them indifferently in any diseases, but in those which are rebellious and chronical. But the utility of a vomitory is either particular, respecting the stomach, or universal, regarding the whole region, or some other part of it, deriving the offending humours of them; or if it flow from some other place to them, withdrawing it; so that the motion of nature, and inclination of the humour, together with the verge of the places, and parts wherein it stays, and where into it falls, and the ways by which they are to be derived or withdrawn be naturally disposed thereto, and have some proximity and communion with the stomach by free passages by which they may communicate: so that a vomit is in general an emptying or purging remedy, as well particularly of the stomach, as otherwise universally for derivation and revulsion. But it evacuates in special, 1. The stomach, from all excrementitious humours both choleric and Phlegmatic, either thin, gross, & clammy, gathered by the imbecility of that itself, or sent thither from the whole Body, Head, Bowels, or Veins; which a vomit doth clearly exclude whether they fluctuate in the cavity, or are impacted in the tunicles of it. Hence it is profitable in the proper affections of the stomach, especially want of appetite, nauseousness, frequent vomitings, pains of the stomach, and heartburning, etc. and also for those diseases of other parts, contracted by their sympathising with it; for the very fountain from whence they sprang being exhausted, they also must needs vanish; for this it was that Galen said, it helped the affections of the Pericranium, and also the Falling Sickness, Megrim, Suffusions, and all other affections of the head, engendered by sympathy with the stomach, either by reason of the morbifical humours translation to the part affected, or the expiration of some vapour arising from the filth contained in the stomach: it also suddenly relieves the stomach, & frees it from the hurt might arise by things taken down, either me●t or drink, so much in quantity, or of an ill quality; also from Surfeiting, ●ru lities, and poisons. Furthermore, according to Galen, it cleanseth the first region of the body from a various impurity, and purgeth forth the filth from the hollow part of the Liver, the Spleen, P●ner as, Mesentery, and other parts adjaeent to the stomach: and as he himself hath noted, it excludes that at once which any other vehement purger cannot eradicate at divers times; and for this reason contumacious diseases of those parts have been healed miraculously by it; for from those parts to the stomach the passages are short and expedite, therefore it is profitable in the proper affections of those parts, as Ill habit, Jaundice, Dropsy, Obstructions of the Liver and Spleen, Agues, which there have their fomenting causes, etc. and also (as we have said) it helps the stomach troubled by the diseases of other parts with which it hath communion, all whose impurities the causes of these sympathetick diseases are (according to Galen) by this way eradicated. Lastly, out of the same Author in his Lib. 1. concerning Fevers, it also purgeth the second and third region of the body, but 'tis only by the consecution of the humours, unless you use the strongest sort, as the Ancients did their vomit of Hellebor, whereby they drew the excrementitious humours even ●rom the most remote ●arts into the stomach; by the sam● reason that we see your violent purgers do th● like; therefore because it is not safe to use such violent means to empty withal, in relation to those parts 'tis only to be esteemed 〈◊〉 revelling remedy. It is, ●●o profitable when the humour is contained in the parts near the stomach, or falls to them from some other place, which by this means is a●tly derived; for which cause 'tis ●ood for the inveterate aff●ctions of the Liver, Spleen, Mesentery, and entrails, therefore good in hypochondriacal affections, so that the diseases of those parts arise not rom●ventosity, a hot distemper, or some tumour. It also turns the course of the humours falling into divers parts, whether the original of the defluxion be the stomach, o● other arts contained in the first region and recals the vicious humours (falling to them) to the stomach from whence they are expelled by vomit; hence (as aforesaid) 'tis profitable in the sym pathetic affections of the Head, Fluxes of the Be●ly, the Sciatick, and pain of the joints; so that Galen concludes a vomitory the most wholesome of all purging Medicines, so it work easily and moderately; but what observations are to be had in the administering it, see Hipocrates in his Aphorisms. CHAP. VI Of Medicinal Wines. MEdicinal Wines as they were in use among the Ancients, as may be seen in Dioscorides; so also are they now in frequent use, especially among the Northern people, and those which are curious palated; who abhorring both altering and purging Decoctions, Syrups, infusions, and Potions, for their unpleasantness, do more liberally admit this sort of Wines, stored with the virtues of the same simples, and that to good purpose, as well because Wine doth plentifully draw forth the inmost virtues of things; as also because by the help of his most piercing spirit, conveys them into the farthest parts speedily; you may add also, that seeing many do fancy the taste of Wormwood-Wine, and use that, and that which is called Hippocras familiarly, divers purgers may be concealed under the taste of the Wine, so that they shall not find it out; who without such a deceit would hardly take a purging Medicine. A MEDICINAL WINE is that that hath drank up the virtues of divers simple Medicines infused in it; prepared either to alter or purge. Hence it may be counted twofold, one purging, the other altering. Both these in general are compounded, 1. of Mu or new Wine, such as can be had only at the time of Vintage; and therefore you should then prepare) your Wine sufficient to serve a long time, viz. that it may help chronical affections. It is made in this manner; the medicaments dried and cleansed are grossly bruised and sowed up in a thin linen sack or bag; (either bigger or lesser, according as you prepare more or less Wine, or intent it for a shorter or longer time,) put them in a vessel full of new Wine, so that it may hang in the middle of the Wine; let them boil together; afterward let them work some days; and as your Must sinks put new to it to fill it; when it hath done working, the vessel being close stopped, let all things steep fifteen or twenty days; then let your Wine so cleansed be drawn into other vessels, (lest by too long steeping the ingredients should corrupt, and contract some ungrateful, hurtful quality, and impart it to the Wine;) so lay it up for your use. 2. Or of Wine cleansed from the lees, and this may be prepared at any time, and therefore may be made in a less quantity as you please, (according as the present use requireth) after this manner; let your medicaments being dried and cleansed be somewhat grossly bruised, and put into a glazed vessel (either bigger or less according to the quantity you intent to make) putting to them of the best white Wine, (or other quick tasied) three, four, six or eight times their weight (or more, as you intent the dose to be great or little, or the continuance of it long or short) let all (the vessel being close stopped,) steep eight, 12, 15, or twenty days (if it be prepared in a greater quantity;) otherwise, (if you make but little, and would use it suddenly,) for three or four days; afterwards strain it, and shift it into other vessels for your use; or else (to make it the more pleasant and palating) let it be strained thorough a Hippocras bag, (if it be prepared in a small quantity; else 'twil be better to infuse the following things in it after it is strained:) let it let it be aromatized, and sweetened with s. q. of sugar, thus made, you ma● call it either purging, or altering claret or hippocras, especially if it be aromatized by much spice But in special, because in either some things ●re to be specially observed, I will treat of both, beginning with the purging Wine. The Purging Medicinal Wine. THat is called a Medicinal purging Wine which being impregnated with the virtues of divers purging sim●les, is prepared to purge either one humour alone or more 1. In regard o● its composition it is either simple consisting of one simple Cathartick together with his correctors or commound, which is made of many purgers together with their correctors, or in which are also infused divers ●lterers, respecting the part affected or humour to be purged. 2. In respect of the quality of the purgers themselves, and the humers to be evacuated, one is an universal purger, others &c. 3. La●ly it 〈◊〉 made without sweetening or spicing, of the aforesaid things only, and is simply called a purging Medicinal Wine; or else 'tis over and above sweetened with Sugar, and seasoned with spice, and strained divers times thorough a Hippocras bag: and is called purging Claret, or purging Hippocras (for that term absolutely taken signifies a Wine prepared for pleasure.) In it three things are to be co●●i●lered, the Composition, the ●●se, and the profit. In the COMPOSITION three things are to be examined. 1. The Wine of which 'tis made. 2. The things to be infused in it. 3. The things that are sometimes dissolved in it. In all these we must consider both the quality and quantity. The WINE in respect of its quality is either new and uncleansed, which is otherwise called Must, which is much commended for this purpose, because by the protection of its colour, and working heat, the colour and taste of the ingredients are the better obscured; or else Wine cleansed from the lees, and kept for use, either red or white. But in relation to the quantity, this in general is limited by the use and dose; as, if the use be to continue long or short time, or the dose to be a larger or a jess quantity; as thus, it may exceed the things that are to be infused, eight, six, four, or three times their weighty but those which add 12 times their weight do it in favour to them that love bibbing, perhaps not with respect to the intention. And it will be always best to let the dose for a purging Wine be as little as you can in quantity, that it may be the less, and more acceptable. But in special, they usually define the quantity of Wine and things to be infused in it, thus; A purging Wine that is to be prescribed is to be used twelve days, either together, or every other day; in which you must be sure to have twelve several doses of the purgers with their correctors, and if it ●e needful fit alterers; then must you compute the quantity of them all, as for example, suppose them 8 ounces, now if you would have the dose o● the Wine to be about an ounce and a half, or two ounces, prescribe it to 3 times their weight; and so for other quantities as you please; by the same way and reasons you may proceed as you see fit: but if the Wine be purely purging, made of the gentler sort of cathartics, 'tis to be taken four, five, or six times, allowing requisite internals, as in the magisterial syrups. The things to be infused in respect of their quality, are 1. either purgers only, with their correctors, (among which Cinnamom is chief used for pleasantness of the spice; as also Calamus Aromaticus of the shops for its fragrant smell) either one or more: and these are to be chosen such as are not of a very strange and unpleasant taste; such are Senna, Polipody, Epithymum, black Hellebor, (especially for Melancholy persons) Carthamus, Turbith, Hermodactils, (for the phlegmatic) Scammony, Cassia, and Manna sometimes, (for the choleric and sweet palated, though seldom) Me choacan, and the seeds of dwarf Elder, (for purging serous humours;) of the which Wines may be prepared to purge any humours; either of some of these single, or (for the mixture of humours, and complication of intentions) of divers joined together. 2. Or else with them are also infused divers alterers dried, as Woods, Roots, Barks, Leaves, Seeds, Flowers, spices either fewer or more, such as respect the humour, or part, whereby the wind is rendered more familiar to it, and generally the Germans (because they are pleased with it) mix wormwood with it. In relation to the quantity (whether it be a simple purging Wine, or made of more things) the number of doses for which the wine is prepared shall direct you, as for example: a Wine of Senna is desired for twenty doses; now the dose of Senna an infusion is half an ounce, or six drams; therefore ten ounces or fifteen of it is to be prescribed, adding correctors in the proportion aforesaid. If the Wine be prepared of many purgers both gentle and strong, and also alterers joined with them; this proportion is for the most part to be generally observed. Of the gentle sort of purgers let there be one part. Of the stronger sort, a quarter so much as commonly it is (though you may add them to a third part or to half, it matters not so you find out the right dose of the Wine,) of Correctors, a quarter so much as of purgers, or else to a third part, if the purgers are the strongest sort. Alterers' should be half so much as the purgers, or a third part (if very effectual, as dried Roots, Seeds, and Spices especially) marking this, that dried Leaves are to be prescribed by handfuls, ounces, and drams; And flowers by pugils, and ounces also, and drams. THINGS that are to be DISSOLVED, in respect of their quality (if perhaps the taste or smell doth not please the curious palated) are Sugar, some certain spices, especially Cinnamom, which are cast into the Wine (if it be much;) or if a small quantity, they are put into a Hippocras bag g, and the Wine often poured thorough them, and is made into a purging Hippocras. As to their quantity: for every pound of purging Wine you may add 3 ounces, or 4 ounces of Sugar, and two drams of Cinnamom; as the Apozems, Juleps. Hypocrass, etc. are wont to be made and aromatized. As to the USE: in it two things are chief to be considered, how much, and when. As to the quantity or dose of Wine to be drank which is not always one but divers, and which (of whatsoever quantity of purgers or Wine you compose your Wine withal) you shall thus find out, and exactly define. Measure your Medicinal Wine when you strain it, and shift the vessels, and by the measure collect the weight; or else by some other means; And (as for example) suppose it to be three pound, and this was made purgative with four ounces of Senna, two ounces of Polypody: of Epithymum and black Hellebor of each an ounce and a half, there being one ounce, or an ounce and half of correctors also added over and above; Now because all these infused suffice for seventeen doses, they are also sufficient for seventeen times; then if you divide it into so many doses, you may find it out without error, and the true dose of it will be two ounces, if you would purge strongly, for once; but if you would purge often and gently for some days together, half that dose will suffice. As to the time when; because a Medicinal Wine is usually destined for tedious, stubborn, and especially cold affections, (such as many are that have had continuance from dreggy mucilaginous humours) whose causes cannot suddenly, but must by little and little be taken away; therefore the use of it is to be continued for divers days (especially in the winter time, to 10, 15, or 20 together, or every other day, like the usual pills; so may this also be drank in the morning, or two hours before dinner: but if it be not intended for this kind of purging (which is called Epicrasis,) but that you would give it for once to work strongly; the use of it will be the same as of your other eradicators in the morning, when the indication of purging shall require; or if it be prescribed instead of your purging magisterial syrup the use is the same with that once or twice in a month, in the morning like other purgers. The FORM of Prescribing may easily appear from the manner of compounding it. The UTILITY: as to the benefit arising from this form, whether you look upon the virtues of the simples infused that are to be extracted, & which the Wine doth copioufly attract to itself, or the conveying them into the most intimate parts of the body, by the help of its piercing spirit: or whether you consider the familiarity of it with our nature; which makes it be friendly received by her; or its formal essence, what affinity it hath by its very substance with the radical moisture, heat, and spirit of the solid parts of our body, for which cause it easily is converted into them, and united with them, carrying with it the virtues of those simples steeped in it, I say considering all these, it cannot but be to our great benefit: so that whether it be to purge, and separate the dreggy humours, confused with the rest of the humours, spirits, and solid parts, it can do it perfectly, by the familiarity it hath with our nature, whereby it may insinuate itself, and the virtues it is imbued withal; or whether it be to alter divers ways, either to cleanse away the relics of the foregoing impurities, or restore the natural vigour by appropriate means, or to strengthen the parts: either of these are this way effectually performed through the sympathy it hath with nature, and is united to it, together with the Medicinal virtues it carries with it. But though the benefit of Medicinal Wine be so great, yet 'tis not so frequently used in all regions, nor at all times of the year; but is most usual with them that inhabit cold Countries, and chief in the Winter, Spring, and Autumn. In general, 'tis good in a cold time of the year, a cold Country, and cold temper of the body, etc. as is specially profitable in chronical affections, & a cold time of the year for delicate palated persons, and is prescribed against paleness of colour, difficulty of breathing, confirmed obstructions of the bowels; and for them that are also paralytical, though Wine be forbidden to them, (in which respect wine made of Honey would be much better) in affections of the stomach, and weakness arising from crude cold humours, Wormwood-wine made purging would be excellent. The Medicinal altering Wine. UNder the notion of altering Wines are contained Wines imbued with divers faculties, which both respect certain parts, break the relics of humours left behind blot out the remainder of diseases, and also specifically corroborate (as of simple Wines) are Sage wine for cold affections of the brain, Hyssop and Elecampane wine for the Breast, and wormwood wine which is familiar to the stomach.) As also they which evacuate, yet without a purger, (as Wines prescribed to move sweat, break the Stone, provoke Urine, and the courses;) as also those which excite, cherish, and confirm the virtues of the principal parts; as those which are made of spices to strengthen. And this is (as the purging Wine) in respect of its composition either simple or compound. In respect of its essect, either altering the body, humours, or spirits, in the first second or third qualities or else strengthening. Moreover, 'tis made either without sweetening, or spicing, and is simply called a Medicinal altering Wine; or else is seasoned with such things, and let often run thorough a Hippocras bag, as above, and is called a Claret or Hippocras, although these names belong to such as are made for pleasure. In it three things are to be weighed, the Compo. only sition, the Use, and the Utility. The COMPOSITION is the same with that of the purging Wine; either 'tis made with Must, (when the use is to continue long, for the altering of chronical and stubborn affections,) & one simple medicament dried; or of more, respecting the affection, humour, and part affected with a particular propriety; or else with wine defecated. But what ought to be the proportion of the must, and dried ingredients, is before declared in the purging wine; yet you may add (because altering wines may be taken in a larger quantity, and aught to be so) a greater quantity of wine then in the former, to ten times, or a 11 times the quantity of the ingredients. But the quantity both of wine and ingredients is to be limited by the dose that is to be taken either greater or less, by the short or long contiance of its use. Lastly by the quality of the simples, either weak, or effectual, as that which spices in art to it. We have said before that this sort of Wines when they are passed thorough a hypocrass bag, and sweetened, are called clarets. Hither also belongs that which is otherwise called Hippocras absolutely, which is also corroborating, composed of divers spices, pleasant both in smell and taste; as of cinnamon, Ginger, Grains of paradise, Cardamomes, Pepper, infused to two drams in one pound of claret Wine, for some hours, afterwards strained thorough a Hippocras bag divers times, adding sugar s. q. viz: two ounces or three ounces; but '●is generally ma●e jess compounded of cinnamon only, but if in stead of sugar the Wine be relished with honey, 'twil be vere profitable in cold affections, where wine alone is hurtful, as in the Palsy, etc. the honey working most effectually; and this is called Oenomel, or honeyed Wine; and also Mulsum, which the Ancients used much, made of one part of honey, and two or three parts of Wine, Spices also being added if need required, either to the quantity of half a part, or to one fourth part, or one fifth part. The USE contains these two questions: how much, and when? As to the time when, it may be given every day, or every other day, or interposing a longer time, according as the disease requires, 1, two or three hours before dinner. As to the quantity or dose, that is moderated according to the quality and quantity of the ingredients, and the divers proportion of the wine they are infused in; as when the ingredients infused In it three things are to be considered, Composition, Use, and utility. In the COMPOSITION also three. 1. The matter of which stamped the milky juice is drawn forth of. 2 The liquor with which it is milked out. 3. Things to be dissolved in it. In all these the quality and quantity are to be considered. The MATTER in relation to its quality are both fruits, as Almonds, viz: the sweet, blanched, and also seeds, viz. the 4 greater cold seeds, of which emulsions are every where usually made. To these are sometimes added both fruits, as the kernels of pine nuts in affections of the breast, or where we would moisten, and also restore, as in Hectic; and also seeds, as usually of white poppy, Lettuce, and Purslane, when we would either-provoke sleep, or cool more effectually, or thicken thin & hot humours, and temper their acrimony. In respect of their quantity, both fruits and seeds are in general prescribed from one ounce to three ounces, but in special, there may be of fruits, an ounce and half or two ounces; of seeds, one ounce, or an ounce and half. The LIQUOR with which this milky substance is drawn forth, in relation to his quality is either fair water, or some simple distilled water; or usually the decoction of whole Barley, especially where we desire to cleanse; or ptisan, that is, the second decoction of huld barley, after the first w●ter is thrown away, or else the decoction of liquorice, where we, would lenify; or the decoction of other pleasant things tending to the same purpose. In regard of the quantity for every particular dose, three ounces, or four ounces will suffice; hence (because Emulsions are for the most part prepared only for three doses, for 'twil not be kept longer without corrupting) you may prescribe 9 ounces, or one pound. Things to be DISSOLVED, in relation to their quality, are sometimes Sugar alone; or as it is generally received, some fit Syrup pleasant to the taste, that may moisten, lenify, and cool, as Syrup of Violets, and Maidenhair. Sometimes to make it the more pleasant, there is added some Rose-water. They also which dissolve Manus Christi made and with Pearls do very well. As to the quantity of sweetners, one ounce, or an ounce and half at most will serve for one dose; an ounce, or an ounce and half of Rose-water will serve for the whole Emulsion, and a dram of Manus Christi for every dose. The USE: in it three things are to be considered, the manner how, the quantity how much, and the time when. As to the manner; 'tis taken either by itself in the form of a drink, or else 'tis often prescribed; 3 ounces, or 4 ounces of it with the broth of a chick altered with appropriate things. As to the quantity, the dose is apparent by what is already said. As to the time when; 'tis taken morning and evening; and if it be prescribed to procure sleep, then at the time of going to sleep. The FORM of prescribing, ℞ etc. let them be beaten in a marble Mortar, pouring to them by little and little, etc. in the strained Liquor dissolve, etc. so make an Emulsion for three or 4 doses, to be used as aforesaid. The UTILITY: an Emulsion is not only prescribed to lenify and assuage the affections of the Breast and Lungs, especially the hot and dry; the burning of the Reins, and Bladder, sharpness of Urine, and Gonorrhoea, as they usually will have it; but to other uses also: against thirst, and to temper heat in any hot diseases; and therefore is most peofitable in burning continual Fevers, to temper the drought of them that always accompanieth such diseases; therefore are they very usual in the Hectics, and to provoke sleep; and altar in Fevers or any hot distempers instead of Apozems. Generally 'tis used to lenify, cool, and moisten. CHAP. VIII. Of Almond Milk. THis differs not much in colour and taste from an Emulsion, only 'tis usually thicker than it. This is twofold, one more liquid, being a milky substance drawn out of Almonds, like the Emulsion as aforesaid; another thicker, made thick with boiling, of which at present. And this is a restorative Medicine, somewhat thinner of substance than syrup, much like Milk, (hence 'tis called Almond Cream, & Almond milk) drawn and sweetened with Sugar, prepared both to alter and nourish. CHAP. IX. Of Barley Cream. THat which we (from the matter it is made of) call Barley cream, the Ancients from the manner of preparing called Ptisan: which was a meat made of barley huld, and baked, (for the Greek word signifies, to hull and bark,) and water; usually we call this barley cream; but our ptisan is a drink. And though it be seldom prescribed, yet 'tis COMPOUNDED, either after the grosser manner of barley cleansed and boiled, which is given together with the broth, adding sugar as you list; but this is only convenient for sound people. Or else that which is truly barley cream, of huld barley two ounces; let it boil in fair water, over a gentle fire, then cast away the water, and boil it is a new water four or five hours with a gentle fire, then pulp the barley thorough a strainer, sweeten it with one ounce, or ounce and a half, or two ounces of sugar, and after let them be a little boiled. The USE: anciently it was wont to be the meat of feverish people, but now a days 'tis given for the most part near sleeping time; and than if they are troubled with overwatching, there is added to it little of the emulsion prepared with white poppy seeds. The UTILITY of it is much in fevers, in which it is an alimentory medicine, cooling, cleansing, nourishing much, & breeding good juice; it moistens, and is best for affections of the breast, & hectics. CHAP. X. Of Milk, and the whey of Milk. MIlk also happens to be prescribed, but chief in the phthyfick and disentery, and that with some caution, both in the sort of milk, and also in the dose, and manner of giving it; Asses milk is chief commended in the hectic, because it restores radical moisture, and is of good juice; Cows milk is the fattest, and fullest of butter; sheep milk is fullest of cheese, Goat's milk moderate between all, best for persons extenuated. As to the USE, DOSE, and manner of PRESCRIBING, 'tis this, ℞ of Ass' milk, (when you would cool & cleanse, but Goat's milk when you would nourish) four ounces; of sugar or honey (left it corrupt or grow sour in the stomach,) one ounce, and this for the first dose; for the second dose increasing one ounce, to five ounces, so proceeding till you come to ten ounces, or twelve ounces, and then decreasing again by the same degrees, till you are returned to the same quantity: let it be taken 4 hours before meat, neither sleeping, nor moving the body violenly after the taking of it. But the use of milk is never to be begun, till the body be very well cleansed. The UTILITY: 'tis chief prescribed for those that are hectical, for it fattens, restores; in the use of it we must have a care that the body be not impure, for in a cold stomach it sours; in a hot, it turns to a nidorousness, from whence comes Headache; it is not therefore profitable for them that are Feverish, or have their short rib-region puffed up: but 'tis very commodious in the dysentery, both to lenify, and also cleanse and heal the Ulcer, especially if it be chalibeated, and you give a good quantity of it morning and evening, with one scruple of Terra sigillata, four hours before any meat. The WHEY OF MILK is not nourishing, but medicinal, and evacuates both serous and adust humours: if it be liberally taken it cools, and is good in those that are Feverish, and in the heat of the Liver and Reins in summer time; but most profitable in Melancholy, and affections proceeding from it, as the Leprosy, Scabbiness, etc. especially if Fumitory be steeped in it. This is the USE and manner of PRESCRIBING. ℞ Whey of Milk let it be strained & boiled, (both because it is windy, as also that any thing of curdiness in it may be separated and settled;) then steep in two pound of it, for one night, one handful of Fumitory, of Succory, m. ss. when 'tis strained add to it an ounce, or an ounce and half of Sugar; but the second day two ounces are to be added more; so every day increasing till you come to three pound; afterwards on the contrary decreasing till you come to one pound. Otherwise let one pound serve every day for a month together, steeping in it the same quantity of Fumitory, adding to it when 'tis strained one ounce of Sugar; and in Melancholy people as much of the Cider or juice of pippins. Otherwise 'tis used for fevers and heats, to eight ounces, with sorrel steeped in it, and that in the morning four hours before meat. that they more hang in it tied in a rag 2 drams, or more of yeast, or Leven, and add to it half a dram, or two scruples of spices; to every pound; and so according to the quantity of Hony. The USE and UTILITY, it is prescribed for the ordinary drink in cold affections, and especially the phlegmatic, and where the abstaining from Wine is advantageous, or where the use of it is hurtful, as in the Palsy; or when we desire effectual virtues, powerful both to alter cold humours, and strengthen the natural heat; it also wonderfully preserves from putrefaction: But as it is convenient for them that are of cold complexion, and for old men; so is it hurtful for those that are feverish, choleric, or hot of temper: because it soon turns into choler, and grows bitter, as we may find in boiling it overmuch, or by keeping it too long: therefore Hypocrates forbids it to them that are very choleric, or that have great spleens, in which it is too suddenly drawn into the body; from hence it is that it is the cause of crudities, and incredible windiness of the entrails; it is also according to Hypocrates diuretica), wonderfully cleansing and driving forth sand 〈◊〉 or gravel. The Winish performs this more sorcibly, and like Malmsey powerfully concocts cold humours, expectorates, ●●en●thens the stomach and concoction, discusseth windiness, & concocts crudities; as also doth the commoner sort according to Galen; it wonderfully, loosens humours in the breast, and is good for them that be asthmatick. The Medicinal Mead is easily prepared of the simple by boiling dried simples in it, respecting the part to which it is destined, and of those such as are most pleasant; let them be boiled after it is clear scummed, & let them be (for example) four handfuls of Herbs; boil them, and strain the LIquor from them, in which infuse for two or three hours half an ounce, or six drams of spices. The Utility is great, and the virtue of it specifical, (besides what is aforesaid) in taking away diseases, especially cold ones, and those of long continuance, as the Palsy, etc. CHAP. XII. Of Sugared Water, and Barley Water. SUGARED WATER is a more sweet and pleasing drink than Mead, and is almost as effectual, in those in whom we abstain from the use of Mead for fear of heat, and is chief convenient for them that are abstemious. It is made of Fountain water clarified at the fire, 12 parts, and sugar one part, more or less to your palate. You may aromatize it with Cinnamom, or in fevers with Saunders to 3 drams, or half an ounce; so let them use it for their ordinary drink PTISAN was a meat of the Ancients, which we now call barley Cream. Our ptisan is a drink fit broth for the healthy, and Feverish, and when heat is either present, or imminent, and where Wine is forbidden. And this is made divers ways, according to the desire of them that take it. Either it is made simply of whole Barley, and fountainwater, to one part of Barley, ten, fifteen, or which is better, twenty parts of water, as 'tis generally made in the shops, which is to be boiled to the consumption of five parts, and till the barley swell much; (Nicholaus therefore directs ill to boil it to the consumption of fifteen parts, unless it be for meat) and such like is vulgarly ealed in the shops, Barley water, and decoction of Barley. Or else Liquorice, Raisins of the Sun, the roots of Grass or Sorrel, and other things, according to the palate of him that takes it, are boiled in it, though in small quantity; but 'tis seldom now a days prescribed by the Physician. The UTILITY: it moistens, cools, cleanses, yields little nourishment, but such as is fit for choleric and sanguine people, and for them that are in fevers, or have hot affections of the Liver, Stomach, or Reins. Note, that Barley water, or that which we now call Ptisan, consists of whole barley, one part; of water, twenty parts, boiled till the barley swell, and the cream of Barley, till it be bursted: but that which we call Barley cleansed and boiled, is boiled till it go into a pulp, represents the Ptisan of the Ancients; and if it be pulped thorough a hair strainer, 'tis called the juice of Barley. CHAP. XIII. Of Diet-drink. BY this name of Diet, we do not so much understand the regulating of the six things not natural, as divers decoctions made of usual sweeting Medicines; through the whole use of which, because an exact and accurate way of living temperately is to be observed, from hence it is that these have been absolutely called by the name of Diet. But that which we understand by the name Diet, is a decoction of one of the usual sudorifical Medicines, or more, made in a fit Liquor, prepared either to alter simply, or evacuate insensibly by transpiration, or sensibly by sweat. Therefore a Diet-drink is to be accounted twofold, altering and evacuating. The altering Diet-drink. ALthough these four usual sweeting Medicines seem to be destined only for provoking sweat, yet are they often prescribed with very good success in divers affections without sweeting; hence it is that I call it an altering Diet-drink. In this three things are to be considered, the Composition, the Use, and Utility. In the COMPOSITION three things also, the matter of which 'tis made, the Liquor, and the things to be dissolved in it. The MATTER in relation to its quality, is twofold. 1. Some of the common Sudorificks, as Guaiacum, China, Sassafras and Salsaparilla. 2. Divers alterers, as roots, leaves, seeds, flowers, etc. respecting the affection, the humour offending, and part affected. But in special, that matter is chosen diversely, according to the variety of the parts in which the affections that are to be removed are inherent. For in altering and removing powerfully phlegmatic and inveterate affections, we usually take Guaiacum, China, or Salsaparilla, either alone, or mixed together with fit alterers, as aforesaid. But in affections of the breast, as the stuffing, Ulcer, and putrefaction of the Lungs, (in which now a days such an altering diet is usually prescribed, and is every where called the pectoral decoction,) we choose either China alone, or else there is sometimes added to it Salsaparilla, or Sassafras, together, with alterers appropriated to the breast. So that from what is said before, an altering Diet drink may be reckoned twofold, 1. Not pectoral, insensibly consuming the phlegmatic affections of divers parts, 2. Pectorel, viz. a decoction of China, (sometimes Sal●ap●rilla being added) prepared of pectoral seeds and fruits, such is only now a days prescribed. As to the quantity; those sudorificks in a diet-drink not pectoral are prescribed either alone, or mixed, to six ounces more or less, according as the time, age, and region shall further require; but alterers, as Roots, Leaves, Seeds, Flowers, either all or some of them are to be added to half the quantity they are appointed for the Apozem aforesaid. But in a pectoral Diet-drink, whose basis is China, this (if alone) is added to one ounce; if other things aforesaid be joined to it, then to two drams, or three drams of these, they usually take six drams of China. Of alterers' pectoral fruits are added to an ounce and a half, or two ounces; pectoral seeds to an ounce, or an ounce and a half; and if (as sometimes in the Phthysis) the flesh of Craw-fish, or tortoises be added, 'tis to an ounce, or two ounces. The LIQUOR, in relation to its quality in an altering Diet drink not pectoral, is common water, or some other fit liquor, as before in the Apozem, chief Mead) because these sorts of decoctions for the most part respect cold affections, and humours. In a pectoral Diet-drink also, either common water, or decoction of Barley is taken; but with this proviso, that the China be infused in this Liquor for some hours; then let it be put up together with the pectoral fruits and seeds in the belly of a chick, or hen; then let them boil in the aforesaid Liquor till all be boiled to pieces. As to its quantity, take 10 or 12 pints, or q. s. as is required to boil it throughly. Things to be dissolved, as to their quality, in a diet-drink not pectoral, are sometimes syrup, or sugar, and are prescribed to be dissolved together with the aromatics, as in an altering Apozem. In a pectoral drink sugar of Roses is generally prescribed, yet it may be also some fit syrup. As to their quantity, they are dissolved to an ounce, or an ounce and a half, in every dose. The USE: in it mark three things, the manner, the quantity, and the time. The decoction not pectoral, as to the manner indrinking, is to be taken without sweeting. As to the united quantity, or dose, it is to be taken to four ounces, or six ounces; as to the divided quantity, it is to be used ten or fifteen days. As to the time, this sort of alterer ought to be taken in the morning. The pectoral drink also, as to the manner, is taken without sweat. As to the dose, six ounces also, and is to be continued also for fifteen days. The Time also is the morning. And this is the FORM of PRESCRIBING. In a decoction not pectoral, ℞. etc. make a decoction, keep it in a glazed vessel for four or five morning doses, which (the body being first purged) let him continue for ten or fifteen days; in the mean time observing a moderate and drying diet; and for his ordinary drink, let him use the second decoction of the aforesaid ingredients, which is called a Bochette. But in a pectoral one, ℞. (China, or other thing, infuse them in, etc. of water, than put them in the belly of a chick, together with the fruits, etc. boil it till it be all to pieces, adding at the latter end of the decoction the leaves, etc. (viz. the preparers) strain all with a gentle pressure; in one pound of the strained liquor dissolve, etc. for two doses, to be given in the morning, keeping his bed two or three hours after, without sweeting; let him continue this fifteen, or 20, or 30 days, the body being first purged with Manna, which is to be repeated once in fifteen days: in the mean time living temperately, and using the second decoction of China, or small mead, for his ordinary drink. The Utility is remarkable in all long-lasting affections, when your scope requires the attenuating, resolving, or otherwise insensibly consuming that collection offilthy humours that foments this sort of chronical affections; as also to rarify the ways and passages by which they are to be digested, and to prepare them powerfully for expurgation: neither is it safe to use them with sweat, as in the Asthma, and Phthysis especially, in which now a days this sort of diet is only prescribed; in which affections 'tis pernicious to use either purgers, or Sudorificks. Neither can we consume or evacuate those humours that are the fomenters of such affections any other way. An evacuating Diet, drink. Such as is now a days for the most part only prescribed, is here understood, which consumes and empties the morbifical causes by sweat. And this is twofold, one only sweeting, the other is also purgative. The sweeting decoction is now only properly called a Diet-drink; and is (as I said before) that which visibly consumes the Antecedent, and conjunct causes of diseases by sweatings. In this three things are to be marked; the Composition, the Use, and Utility. In the COMPOSITION two things are to be considered. 1. The matter of which this sort of decoctions are made. 2. The Liquor in which they are boiled. And in either of them both the quality, and the quantity. The matter, in respect of the quality is either sudorifical, or also altering both at once sometimes. As to the sudorificks, 'tis compounded either of Guaiacum, and its barkonly; or only China, seldom of Salsapar●lla alone, and hardly ever of Sassafras alone. Either of Guaiacum as the basis, with sometimes one, sometimes two of the others mixed with it, according to the divers intentions of the Physician; or else that the too much heat of Guaiacum might be allayed, yet retaining the same benefit of sweeting. Or of China as the basis with Salsaparilla, or Sassafras where the scope is to heat less; yet it dries as much, and consumes vicious humours equally. As to the alterers, it is most profitable (with the aforesaid) to add divers altering simples towards the end of the decoction, that may be appropriated to the humour and part affected, whereby the Diet-drink becomes famous; or else they are added to this end only to correct & allay the heating and drying quality of the Guaiacum, lest it too much inflame the Liver; and for this are used Roots, Leaves, Seeds, Fruits, Flowers, either more or less. As to the quantity, sudorificks prescribed alone, or mixed, should be allotted to one ounce, or an ounce and a half for every dose; and because a sweeting diet-drink is usually prescribed for 4 doses, only four ounces, or six ounces ought to be prescribed; which quantity may be lessened or augmented according to the variety of the tempers, age, strength, time of the year, constitution of the disease, Country, etc. But the alterers when they are added to them, should be prescribed to half the quantity they are appointed for the Apozem; and as to their order they should be set after the sudorificks; this is every where to be observed, that in the decoction of Guaiacum you are to add Liquorice, and Raisins of the Sun, ana, an ounce, or one ounce, and a half. The LIQUOR, in relation to its quality is prescribed to be fountainwater. As to the quantity, although by the precepts of art in the decoction of Roots and Woods it ought to be eight times so much as of the things to be boiled; yet because in the decoction of these sweeting drinks much of the Liquor useth to be wasted, it ought to be twelve times their quantity; so that to one ounce of Sudorificks should be one pint of water, and then to be boiled till half be wasted, which is the most usual manner; it may also be prescribed to a pint and half, and then boiled till two thirds be wasted. The USE: as to the quantity, eight cu●ces of this sort of decoction may be given. As to the manner, let it be drank warm, covering the body with many clothes more than is wont. As to the time, 'tis best in the morning sometimes, though seldom 'tis repeated at evening: in very strong and phlegmatic bodies, abounding with excrementitious humours. The FORM OF PRESCRIBING is after this example of Guaiacum, ℞. the shave of the wood of Guaiacum four ounces, the bark of the same two ounces; let them be infused in six or nine pints; of fountain water twenty four hours, over warm embers, the Vessel being close stopped; then boil them with a gentle fire of fresh charcoal without smoke, till half be wasted; afterwards run them throrow an hippocras bag, (but if you desire the decoction the stronger, press them out gently, sweeten the decoction with three ounces, or four ounces of Sugar, and aromatize it with a dram and a half, or two drams of Cinnamom (but this sweetening and aromatizing may better be omitted in those that are less curious palated) so keep it in a glazed vessel for your use; let him take of this decoction eight ounces warm in the morning, covering him warmer than usually, and let him sweat as he can reasonably endure it. Note, that when Alterers are prescribed wi●h the sudorificks, it may be appointed in the form thus, towards the end of the decoction add such things, etc. ℞ the remainders of the decoction aforesaid, (viz. when no other simples are added to it) add (if you will) an ounce of some of the aforesaid sudorificks fresh, infuse them in 12 pints of founta in water, eight or twelve hours, boil them till a third part or a quarter only be wasted, strain them through an hippocras bag, sweeten it with s. q. of S●gar, and aromatize it with a dram and a half, or two drams of Cinnamom, so make it for a second decoction, or a bochet for your ordinary drink. Observe, that this manner of diet should be continued for fifteen, twenty, or thirty days (unless the strength fails, then may it be now and then intermitted three or four days space) in which space let him rather use roast meats then boiled, as mountain and field-birds stuck thorough with Cinnamom and cloves, as also hens and capons, bisket-bread baked with aniseed, and raisms of the Sun, torrified Almonds, and in the last course at table, coriander and aniseed comfits: let him use the second decoction strained, and aromatized with sugar and Cinnamom, q. s. for his ordinary drink, but if his belly be bound, let a common clyster be now & then administered, or which is best, every six or eight days, renew the use of pills, potions, or other purgers prescribed, (that the more gross matter which (the thinner parts being consumed otherwise) useth to remain behind in the bowels may also be expelled) on which day let him abstain from the use of the decoction. And as they ought to be purged well before the use of the decoction, so ought they also every eleventh or twelfth day. There useth also in the prescribing these diet-drinks, of digesting head-herbs, (the hair being first shaved off) two bags to be applied to the head reasonable hot for a quarter of an hour, till the sweat burst forth of the face, as soon as the drink is taken down) to provoke sweat, and also after sweat is wiped off, especially in affections of the head, as well todigest as consume the offensive cause; and when these are taken away, the head is to be wrapped in warmed locks of Hemp, fumed with the ordinary fume. The UTILITY is eminent and plentiful, not only in external, but also in the internal affections, especially the contumacious, whose causes have taken deeprooting, and could not be removed by ordinary purgers, and alterers, so that they need these sorts of medicines, which by their subtlety and tenuity of parts may either insensibly dissolve them, or visibly expel them by sweat, and discuss the relics of vicious humours; so also is it used against inveterate defluxions from the head, and catarrbes of long continuance, the ill habit, dropsy, and other affections of like sort, proceeding from abundance of phlegmatic humours, and also against the French Pox, &. Thus much concerning the sweeting diet-drink. But the PURGING-SWEATING diet- drink is a decoction, which in the aforesaid diet moves both sweeting, and to the stool together, an invention of the Modern Physicians, and not used till within these few years; neither was it invented without great hope of a happy success: seeing that by the help of this, both the inner parts of the humours are expelled by sweat; and grosser relics, which otherwife use to stick very firmly to the entrails and other parts, are by this means profitably eradicated together; nor matters is all what some may object, concerning the contrary motions for the natural heat, that instrument of the expulsive faculty, together with the faculty itself, is ready indifferently for any motion, so that where there is a way made by the stimulation or attraction of the medicine, it indifferently stirs up it self for the expulsion of the morbifical cause, especially since it is approved and confirmed by experience itself; this discovereth the reason of the name and definition. In this three things are considered, the composition, the use, and the Utility. In the COMPOSITION, chief two things. The Matter or Ingredients, and the Liquer; in either of them, the Quality, and the Quantity. As to the MATTER in regard of its quality, you may take the aforesaid decoction, consisting as is aforesaid of only sudorificks, or else also of altering simples joined with them, from whence it hath the name of sweeting. To this matter (that the decoction may be also purgative) those things are added which are spoken of in the purging Apozem, as those purgers appointed there for the basis, Senna, Car. thamum, and Polypody, as also other purgers, that chief are appropriated to the phlegmatic humour, turbith, hermodactils, rheubarb, and agaric, (together with their correctors) more or less, as is for your purpose. As to the quantity: concerning Sudorificks, and alterers, see before; but purgers are to be added near the quantity they are prescribed in, for the purging Apozem, or something less, (viz. by a quarter) because the strength can not bear such copious evacuations, both by stool and sweeting together. Of the Liquor, both touching its quality, and quantity, see before. The USE: as to the quantity, 'tis given to four ounces, or five ounces; as to the time, in the morning, and that for four days usually, in the beginning of these sort of diets; for in the rest of the days following, the simpler sweeting diet drink is to be used without the purgers. As to the FORM, 'tis this, ℞. etc. i: e: the things aforesaid, o● the sudorifical decoction; in the end of the decoction add the purgers aforesaid; or else with them the alterers; let them be strained, etc. see before. This purging decoction being ended, and the four morning doses being finished, let them use the same decoction (excepting the purgers) 15 or 20 days, etc. The UTILITY: this sort of Diet-drink is most usual our late Physicians in bodies that are very soul, and also strong, which require that double evacuation; to expel hose morbifical humours residing in the first, second, and third region, that both the gross with the thin might by one labour be cast forth: but this as it is most profitable, so most usual in the ordering and curing the French Pox. ANIMADVERSIONS. THis is to be noted about Sudorisicks, in the forms of Prescribing, and specifically. Of the Wood Guaiacum it is said, ℞. of the resinous Lignum sanctum, i. e. Guaiacum. Of the Wood Sassafras, ℞. of the wood Sassafras newly brought over, together with his bark cut or shaved into thin slices. And Of the Root China, ℞ of the weightiest root of China, not worm eaten or rotten, cut in thin slices, & c and of the root SALSAPARILLA, ℞ of Salsaparilla cut in slices, together with his hairy strings. This also is to be noted, that the decoction of China is to be kept in a warm place, otherwise 'twil grow sour, and the decoction of the Wood Sassafras if kept will ose his grateful smell. CHAP. XIV. Of a Bochete. ABOCHET is the most profitable of the aforesaid diet Drinks; otherwise useful in affections, in which Wine is not safely given, or where your scope is to dry leisurely, and consume the dregs of humours. And it is (briefly) compounded, in diets of the residency of your sudorifical decoction; (so that no alterers or purgers have been boiled with it, as hath been above declared in the form of the sudorifical diet-drink; otherwise it is to be prescribed, and prepared of fresh ingredients) one ounce, or two ounces of the same, or some other sudorific being added over and above; let all be infused twelve hours in twelve pints of water, as above, solet them be boiled, only to the consumption of a third or fourth part; let them be strained thorough an Hippocras bag, and relish it with half a pound, or a pound of sugar; or else season it to your palate, and aromatize it with three drams, or half an ounce of Cinnamom, so make a secondary Decoction or a ●ochete, to be kept in glass bottles for your ordinary drink. Or else 'tis made for present use, either in regard no diet-drink hath been prescribed before, out of whose residence this may be prepared (or because perhaps it was composed of other simples, both alterers and purge●e, whose virtues are not needful in this kind of ordinary drink,) then is it to be prepared of some one or more of the suborificks, prescribed to two ounces, or two ounces and a half, after the same manner as is abovesaid; so make a Bochete, to be used as is said. The USE, FORM, and UTILITY, are already sufficiently declared. CHAP. XV. Of Cock-Broth. THe reason of the name is plain; this was the invention of the Ancients, and is much confirmed by the use and practise of late Physicians. But this DECOCTION of a Cock is a broth prepared either to alter or purge, of an old Cock, together with some certain sudorificks, and also alterers; and sometimes also purgers. From hence this sort of decoction is twofold, altering, and purging. The altering Cock-borth. IN the altering broth are considered chief the matter, and the Licuor, and in both of them the quality and quantity. As to the matter, in respect of its quality, an old COCK is taken (as it were) for the basis. Then either his belly is filled with these following things, or else they are added near the end of the decoction, and they are usually these sudorificks, as China, Salsaparilla, Sassafras, either alone, or mixed; in the Asthma, and Hypochondriacal melancholy they are chief prescribed: as also to them alterers, as Roots, Leaves, Seeds, Fruits, more or less. As to the quantity, Sudorificks are prescribed to two ounces, but the alterers much like their quantity in the altering Apozem, or somewhat less. The LIQUOR, as to the quality, is always fair water. As to the quantity, q. s. The USE: as to the quantity, the dose is six or eight ounces. As to the time, 'tis to be taken in the morning, continuing the use of if fifteen days, or the space of a month. And this is the FORM, ℞. an old decrepit red Cock, or of four or five years old, that hath been tired with coursing, and beating; pull off his feathers whiles he is alive, then strangle him, and take out his bowels, let his belly be filled with the Sudorificks, fruits, and seeds as aforesaid, then sew it up, and boil him in a glazed pot with a sufficient quantity of water, till the flesh be consumed, and wholly fall from the bones; but when the broth is scummed, at first add the roots, etc. and towards the end of the decoction add the leaves and flowers, etc. boil them till there remains about three pints of broth, strain it, and press it out strongly, and keep the decoction in a glass bottle, in a cold place, taking off all the fat when it is cold. Take of this broth from one pint to eight ounces in the morning, adding if you will, especially in the affections of the breast sugar, or some fit syrup to an ounce, continuing it fifteen days, or the space of one month. The UTILTY of it is much in stubborn obstructions; hence it is that it is generally prescribed in the hypochondriacal melancholy: for which purpose there is usually prescribed for this sort of broth the ●●ots of Parsley, Succory, Grass, & Asparagus, the leaves of Ceterach, Baume, Bugloss, Burnet, Agrimony: Fruits, as Corans, and sometimes China, and Sassafras wood: it is also used in any other durable obstructions of the entrails, as also in the affections of the breast, especially the Asthma; to which China is added, with fruits ●dedicated to the breast; and in arthritical pains with wood of Sassasras, and for paleness of the face, etc. The purging Cock-broth. IT differs not from the former, except that beside the aforesaid ingredients there are also added purgers, and for the most part these, of Senna, Polypody, Carthamus, and, two ounces, or two ounces and a half, Agarick one ounce, as much Epithymum, which are shut up in the belly of the duck, and is prescribed to be made a decoction to two pints, in which dissolve (if you will) four ounces of sugar, and to be aromatized, etc. for 4 morning doses thus to be used every month: And the hypochondriacal melancholy, obstructions of the bowels, Gout, and Colic: but 'tis very seldom used for the Asthma, or difficulty of breath. CHAP. XVI. Of the Restorative distilled liquor. WHere the sick are extremely weakened, either by the violence or length of the disease, or some extreme evacuation, they very hardly digest any meat to repair their lost spirits, or else through nauseousness they refuse all; yet ought the strength both to be preserved and restored: wherefore the late Writers have invented a way to preserve them by liquors distilled out offlesh, that hath both good and much nourishment. This from the effect is called the distilled Restorative; as also sometimes from the matter 'tis made of, they call it Capon-water. This DISTILLED RESTORATIVE, distilled water, or Liquor thus drawn by a still, imbued with the nourishing virtue of the flesh (chief of Capons) and with the Medicinal virtues of divers conserveses, powders, waters, and Juices, is chief prepared to restore lost and decaying strength. And in this three things are to be considered, the Composition, Use, and Utility. In the COMPOSITION two things chief, the matter of which 'tis made, and the things 〈◊〉 be dissolved in it. As to the MATTER, 'tis commonly the flesh of a Capon, or Hen, or else of two Partridges, cut in the middle, cleansed from the fat & bones, washed in some Cordial Liquor, as Rose-water, white Wine, etc. to this they take, & mingle with it, ●ivers Conserves, Preserves, Cordial powders [to little purpose] leaves of Gold, etc. and sprinkle all with a convenient Liquor, and distil it in balneo Mariae: but because by this means the nourishing quality of the flesh is very small, or none, in the distilled water, and this manner also is reproved, the thing is to be more accurately performed; which will be done if you boil the aforesaid flesh to a perfect pap, and thence strain forth the broth, and with it mix the aforesaid things, and distil them. The matter of this sort of distillation is twofold, nourishing, and Medicinal; the nourishing matter, as to the quality, usually one Capon is chosen, (it may also be a Hen) and that either alone, or else one Partridge may be added, or a shank of veal; as also, if this distilled Liquor be prepared to restore one that is either hectical, or phthysical, there may be prescribed the flesh of a tortoise that lives in the woods, either one, or two; so the things of frogs are also prescribed. This nutritive matter is boiled in s. q. of water, and (according to the medicinal quality required) divers parts of plants, (as they also use to do in altering broths,) as Roots, Leaves, Seeds, Flowers, etc. and for the most part those that are the most grateful in smell, and taste, and which do most respect the affection itself, the cause of that dissipation of the strength, and that near the quantity they are prescribed for the altering Apozem, or somewhat less; by which means you see to the restoring of the strength, and the alteration that is to be made both together. When all things are boiled to pap, so that the flesh falls from the bones, the broth is strained, and the relics strongly pressed forth; and when 'tis cooled, the fat that is congealed in the top of it is to be taken away. And this broth the near matter of the future distilled Liquor, which is to be prepared of three or four pints of it, and eight or tenounces of some fit cordial waters, with which afterwards are mixed four, five, or six ounces of conserveses, or fit Preserves, (and sometimes confections are taken, as Alchermes in the greatest weakness, and also treacle, when there is malignity to three drams, or half an ounce) or the powders of cordial simples, or officinal electuaries, as Diamargariton frigidum, to half an ounce, or an ounce, where 'tis less precious; and this is to be constantly noted, that Pearls, fragments of precious hones, bowl Armoniac, terra sigillata, and leaves of gold, are added in vain, because this gentle sort of distillation by Balneo Mariae can draw no virtue or spiritual essence from them: seeing they will scarce part with any for a greater heat, and that in a dry still, though they have been diligently prepared for it. The aforesaid things mixed are put into your glass body, & are afterwards distilled in that manner which they call Balneo Mariae: Note also that if you desire the virtue of Ambergris, or Musk, these to gr. 5, 6, or half a scruple, may be tied up in a thin linen rag, and so tied to the snout of the almebick, that the Liquor as it distils may pass thorough them, and take their virtues along with it, which in this manner are more certainly extracted than if you mixed them with the other things: the distilled Liquor is to be kept in a glass bottle in a cool place. Things to be DISSOLVED (though seldom used) are sometimes prescribed (and are fit cordial juices, as Juice of Lemons, Juice of sour Pomgranats,) and that profitably to three ounces, four ounces: according to the quantity of distilled liquor, although they may also be mixed with the broth and waters before distillation. The USE: as to the manner, this sort of distilled liquor is either used alone of itself out of a spoon, or dissolved with other broths & Panadaes. As to the quantity, one, two, or three ounces may be taken. As to the time, when you please, and that 3 or 4 times a day, or oftener. The FORM is, ℞ the flesh of one of the best Capons, or Hens, (or with other flesh as is said) slit in halves, and taken from the bones, or only from the fat, put it into a pot glazed with s. q. of water, boil them, towards the end adding the roots, etc. i. e. the alterers, when all are boiled to a pap, strain them, and press them hard; then having taken off the fat as aforesaid, take of this broth four pints, or five to which add &c. (viz. the conserveses, etc. distil all in B. M. let the Liquor distilled be kept in a glass bottle in a cold place, of which let him take, etc. by itself out of a spoon, & ●. The UTILITY is the same with other analeptics, or restoratives, viz. suddenly to restore, and (as it were) patch up the strength and spirits exhausted either by the length of the disease, famine, or over much evacuation, to recreate the languishing condition of the principal parts; much used in many affections both of the heart, and other parts, not only in the ho●, but also cold epidemical, malignant, and continual fevers, hectics, and consumptions of the Lungs. In fine, 'tis useful when the vigour of the parts extremely languishing can digest no stronger form of nourishment, and yet ought necessarily to be refected; from hence we conclude that these distilled restoratives are rather to recruit the strength & spirits, than firmly to nourish the body. CHAP. XVII. OF Broths: BROTHS are also often prescribed by Physicians to this end, that by altering we may also nourish, and that the virtue of the Medicinal things might be the more eagerly received by the parts themselves, under the form of nourishment, and thereby might be the less trouble some to them. And these are either altering, or restorative. Altering broths are made diversely, according to the scope of the Physician, most frequently with a chick: As at Moutpelier they usually prescribe the broth of a Chick altered with heoatical leaves, and roots, and also with cooling things in fevers: 'Tis not particularly prescribed by Physicians, only commanded, let them use the broth of a Chick, altered with such leaves, etc. either 2, 3, or 4, in the morning, or else also in the evening; and this is most usual in hot diseases. Restorative broths prepared to restore lost strength, which are otherwise (from this manner of working, and from the consumption wherein they are much used) called Consumption broths: these are made of a fat Hen or Capon, (the bowels taken out) out in pieces, boiled in a glazed pot, or an alembeck close stopped, (lest any thing breath forth,) to a perfect pap; these are all strained, and the juice pressed forth. Lastly, (when it is cold) the fat taken clear off; and this Liquor is kept in a glass bottle for your use in a cold place: in this broth sometimes other things are dissolved, viz: in each pound of it three ounces of white-Wine, (if your scope require it) or other cordial liquor, two ounces of Sugar, one dram of Cinnamom, and confection Alchermes; lot them warm till the swar be dissolved, then strain them, and keep them for your use. They labour in vain, which only for vain●glory add to these Consumption broths, the leaves of gold, for they do no good. The USE is the same with the distilled restorative. And the UTILITY is also the same, only these Consumption broths are great nourishers, and restore and nourish the solid substance of the body. THE SECOND SECTION Of the First Book: OF THE SOFT FORMS OF MEDICINES. CHAP. I. Of a Bowl: ABOLE is a form of Medicine, almost of the consistency of Honey, or somewhat thicker, prepared either to alter or purge; and because it is a bit a Medicine, as much as the mouth can well contain, therefore it hath its name. A Boble is threefold, viz. purging, altering, and strengthening. A PURGING BOLE. WHat a purging Bowl is, and what are his differences taken from the variety of humours that are to be purged, may appear by what hath been said before in the Apozem. But in it three things are to be considered, the Composition, Use, and Utility. In the COMPOSITION, chief the matter of which 'tis made; in which there is to be considered its quality, and quantity. As to the quality of the MATTER, in general 'tis composed of purgers both simple and compound, as any purging powder, both simple and compound, and sugar. As to the quantity in general, a bowl ought not to exceed six drams, or 1 ounce, seldom 10 drams, unless it consist of the gentlest sort of purgers. But in special, a purging bowl, as to the matter, is composed, 1. Either of Cassia alone, which is most commonly the basis of a bowl (or also pulp of tamarinds, especially in the choleric,) though 'tis better to have it of Cassia, and some other purger together, that its purging quality might be acuated, which else is only lenifying; lest otherwise by staying too long in the entrails it might overslacken them; and then as to the quantity, there is prescribed half an ounce or six drams of Cassia; but of the purging opiate, or tablet, two drams, or three drams, more or less, examining the doses by that caution before noted; that if two or three be mingled with the Cassia, the complete dose of all might be found out. Note, that 'tis commonly used in the affections of the reins and bladder, to prescribe a bowl of the aforesaid Cassia, as the basis to six drams, to which add two drams of Turpentine washed in violet, or pellitory water, with a sufficient quantity of powder of liquorice and sugar: to which purpose also Turpentine alone is prescribed, & sometimes with a scruple of Rheubarb added to it, as is hereafter setdown. 2. Or of the purging officinal opiate; which is either prescribed alone in that quantity which hath been before in the potion, and shall hereafter be defined; or else together with it is added a purging tablet, or solid electuary in that proportion, that all together may make up the complete dose, yet should the opiate somewhat exceed the others. Note, that sometimes, either to these two joined, or to the opiate alone is added some purging powder, and that either simple, as the powder of Rrheubarb, Mechoachan, etc. from half a scruple to half a dram, or compound, as of diaturoith, from half a scruple to a scruple, according to the quantity the other things are prescribed in; or else sometimes not purgative, but either directing or correcting, or strenghening, to half a scruple. 3. Or else of a tablet or solid electuary, either alone, in the dose aforesaid in the potion, and hereafter to be set down, with some syrup or S●gar, or sometimes an opiate being added, or a purging powder, as aforesaid. 4. Or, which is very seldom of a powder only, either simple or compound, made up with a syrup or sugar, but this manner is less used. 5. Or else (which hardly deserves the name of a purging bowl, yet is used in affections of the reins) of Turpentine washed in violet water, etc. to two drams or three drams; with a scruple of the powder of Liquorice. The USE, as to the manner, 'tis taken by swallowing it down, which is easiest done out of a spoon, with some syrup that is grateful to the taste. A● to the quantity, 'tis above defined. The time is in the morning after the manner of other catarrticks. The FORM of PRESCRIBING, when Cassia only is taken, is, ℞. take the marrow of Cassiae newly drawn, and (sometimes 'tis added) by the vapour of some decoction, as of Barley, Liquorice, Mallows, for the Reins) or else 'tis said, the pulp or flour of Cassia, etc. make a bowl with Sugar. If of an Opiate, ℞. etc. with Sugar make it a bowl. But when a bowl is made of the drier things, as tablets, and powders, so that they can hardly stick together in the form of a bowl, ℞ &. let them be moistened with such a syrup, then with Sugar reduce them into the form of a bowl, which let him take etc. but when the bowl is made of Turpentine, ℞ Turpentine washed, etc. make a bowl, let each bit be wrapped in Wafers, so take them out of a spoon, with a convenient Syrup, as of Maiden hair, Violets, etc. let them be swallowed down in the morning three or four hours before dinner, and that usually for three days together. The UTILITY is the same with that of a potion, viz. when the cause of the affection is in the inferior region, or the parts adjacent; but a bowl of Cassia is particularly profitable in the reins and bladder, in which we should deal very gently, and only lenify. The strengthening bowl. IN it three things are to be considered, the composition, use, and utility. As to the COMPOSITION, in respect of its quality, it is prepared. 1. Either of officinal conserveses, and a powder, which is either the Species of some Electuary of the shops, or other aromatical powder, as of Cinnamom, etc. with Sugar. Note, that sometimes with the aforesaid conserveses are also taken cordial confections, as alchermes, & de hyacintho. 2. or of some strengthening officinal confection alone. As to the quantity, this bowl in general seldom exceeds three drams, or half an ounce. In special, the quantities and dose of the first sort of these boles is this; as of conserveses let there be three drams, half an ounce, & powders a Scruple. Of confections (if added) one scruple, or half a dram. But of the second sort, viz. the confection, is prescribed from a dram, to a dram and half. The USE, as to the time; it useth to be prescribed, the day after a purging Medicine, two hours before dinner, or otherwise at any other convenient hour, simply to strengthen, without any purge preceding it. As to the manner, 'tis to be swallowed out of a spoon (if you will) with syrup, drinking aft●r it a little wine diluted, or other liquor fit for the purpose. The FORM; ℞. etc. make it a bowl with Sugar, which let him take etc. The Utility sufficiently appears in its name; see also the cordial potion; but most usually they are prescribed after purging medicines, to comfort the stomach and parts afflicted by them, as also by the violence of diseases, and also simply to strengthen, without Relation to any preceding Purgation, as often as the strength (growing weak, or feeble by any other cause) requires it, as also to alter, together with the strengthening: so also this sort of boles are used against fluxes of the belly. CHAP. II. Of Opiates. THe Ancients called those medicines which had in their composition either opium or other narcotics by the proper name of opiates, but now adays we abusively and improperly call those medicines opiates, which are without opium, whether to strengthen, altar, or purge, only for the consistency wherein they are made, like Treacle, and other Opiates of like sort. They otherwise call them more rightly, Electuaries, which now are in use twofold; the solid, which is otherwise called a tablet, or the soft, otherwise called an Opiate; both these were by the Greeks called antidotes, yet this name extends not to include the purgers, as our appellation of Opiates. But an Opiate is a medicine of a thicker substance than a syrup, scarce running abroad (like that true Opiate treacle) prepared of divers things, mixed in honey or syrup, to keep long either to purge, altar, or strengthen. Hence, 'tis twofold, purging, and altering, or corroborating. The purging Opiate. WHat it is (& its differences) may be sought in the purging Apozem and potion. Here I shall at present account it twofold, Magisteriall, and officinal. What a Magisteriall is, see in the purging syrup. Nevertheless three things are to be considered, the composition, use, and Utility. As to the COMPOSITION, 'tis prepared, 1. Either of powders only taken in syrup, or honey, or both together. These powders are every where chosen out of purging Simples (and sometimes may be in use the spices of purging Electuaries) together with their fit correctors, both Simples, and compounds, as also their directors. As to the quantity, these sorts of purging powders ought to be prescribed, according to the number of doses for which you desire or intent your Opiate; as if you desire an Opiate for six times, you must prescribe six doses of purgers in substance, adding also their correctors; as to the quantity of that they are made up withal, they usually, though ill prescribe it, q. s. as is before noted in the purging syrup; for as it is there said, the quantity of these is also to be defined, and its proportion aught to be three or four times the weight of the powder, and that expressly to be set down, that you may be certain of the dose. Note also, that when Cassia or other things which have the consistency of honey, are added, they are to be accounted instead of so much honey. 2. Or seeing that now they are very seldom made of powders only, they are usually prescribed of officinal purging opiates, Cassia being also added, where we would purge more gently; or else there is also added a solid purging Electuary of the shops, together with a purging powder, and their correctors; all which are to be taken in a convenient syrup: And this is their proportion. To an ounce of opiate you may add a dram or two drams at most of a purging powder. But for the most part, four ounces of these sorts of Opiates are required, and then the dose of the syrup is not defined, for there is need but of very little. 3. Or only of the softer sort of purging simples, as Cassia, tamarinds, manna, pulp of prunes, raisins, or Sebestens, with their correctives, when you would only lenify; and if you would yet purge more, you may add the simple purging powders in the proportion aforesaid. 4. Or else with all these together, as the lenifying Simples, officinal Electuaries, purging Powders, together with the aforesaid proportion of syrup. The more usual officinal Opiates. CAtholicon, all humours. Diacassia, chol. mel. Diaprun-simpl. chol- Diasenna, or Elect. lenitivum, melanch. Hiera picra, phlegm- & choler, and all humours that are easily moved. Diaprun. solutive, chol. Elect. de Psillio: phleg. mel. Diaphoenicon. phlegm. & chol. Benedicta laxativa. phleg: and waterish humours. Confectio hamech. chol. melanchol. The less usual, are: Elect: rosarum Mesues, purgeth choler. Triphera persica, chol: mel. Indum majus, phleg. chol. Hiera Pac hii, phlegm. The use of the officinal Opiate. AS to the manner, they are taken either by themselves, as a Bowl, or else with a fit Liquor dissolved in the form of a potion, see before. As to the time, 'tis in the morning, as other cathartics. As to the quantity or dose, 'tis this. Dose the least. moderate, highest. Diasebesten, to dra. 6, ou, 1 & half, ounces 2 Diaprun-simpl. owned. 1, ou. 1 & half ounces 2 Dia prun-solut. ou. half drams 6 ounce 1 Elect. rosar. mes. ou. half dram 6 ounce 1 Elect. de Psillio. ou. half drams 6, ounce 1 Diacatholic. dra. 6, drams 10 ounces 2 Triphera Persic. owned. 1, ou. 1 & half, ounces 2 Diaphoenicon. dra. 2, drams 3 drams 6 Indum minus, dra. 2, drams 3, dra. 5, scr: 2 or dr. 2. h. dra: 3, scr. 2 drams 7 Benedict. laxativ. scru. 4, dr. 2 & half oun. ss. scr. ss. or drams 5. The USE of the MAGISTERIALL Opiate. As to the manner and time of using, 'tis as the Officinal. As to the quantity in general, 'tis also as the officinal; but in special it cannot be defined, unless (as is aforesaid) by computing the doses, and by the weight of the whole purging opiate; for the whole mass is to be divided into so many parts, as there be purging doses in the whole composition. The FORM of PRESCRIBING. ℞ etc. with a Syrup or honey, s. q. (which nevertheless is to be set down precisely, that you may be certain of the dose) either to three or four times the weight of the other things, so make an Opiate, of which let him take, etc. either by itself, in the form of a Bowl, or else dissolve it in broth, decoction, or some other fit liquor, and that every fifth day, having taken a Clyster the day before. The UTILITY is the same with that of the purging Syrup, only as the Syrup is used in Summer, so this in Winter; but the profit of it is, that it may by little and little draw away vicious humours, that are heaped, or are abounding in us, at certain distances of time; and that we may not suffer ill humours to increase so far, as to produce a disease; therefore 'tis very useful for Cacochimical natures: and where through the ill complextion, or temper of the entrails, they use to gather many excrementitious humours, from whence comes the original and durability of diseases. And seeing, of these, one is only lenifying, another purging particularly; The first is usually prescribed, for affections of the Reins, Bladder, and Breast, and also to move the belly, and against the heat of the Liver, and consists for the most part, of the Pulp of Cassia, Tamarinds, Prunes, Sebestens, Manna, etc. with fit altering powders: Here is to be noted, that this form of medicine is chief to be used in them whose Liver is heated, which with the use of pills would be more inflamed. The strengthening Opiate. Beside the lenifying and purging Opiates, others use also to be new prescribed by the Physician, for the present use, not only to strengthen, and confirm the vigour, and restore the spirits, as aforesaid in the corroborating potion, but also to alter the body in any manner, in first, second, or third qualities. In a strengthening Opiate, three things are to be considered, Composition, Use, and Utility. And in the COMPOSITION, two things chief; the Matter, and the Form-Giver; and in both, their quality, and quantity. The Matter, in relation to its quality, is either moist or dry; the moist is some officinal conserve, of which, as its basis, a strengthening Opiate is compounded. To this is sometimes added, according to the scope, some officinal preserve, as of roots, stalks, fruits, barks. And if occasion require, Confections, as Alchermes, Confect. de hyacintho; also Treacle, Mithridate, etc. The dry, which is always joined with the Conserve, is some strengthening powder, either simple of Spices, or some other strengthening proper things; or compound, of some strengthening Electuaries, as of Aromaticum Rosatum. As to its quantity, because the whole composition of a strengthening Opiate should not exceed six ounces, or seven ounces of the aforesaid things, this is to be their proportion, Of Conserves four ounces. Of preserves if admitted an ounce and a half or two ounces. Confections if added 2 drams, 3 drams, or half an ounce. But the proportion of powders in respect of the things aforesaid should be so that an ounce of them should contain a dram, a dram and half, or two drams of powders at the most, according to the efficacy, or as you desire the Opiate more or less powerful, or according as the powder is more or less precious. The FORM-GIVER, or that which gives it the consistence, as to its quality, is some proper officinal Syrup, or the Syrup of some appropriate preserve. As to its quantity, 'tis seldom expressed, only is set down, q. s. yet (as is aforesaid in the purging Opiate, where 'tis to be three or four times so much as the powder,) it may easily be defined; yet 'tis not here to be limited by that proportion, in regard of the Conserves, which helps to the giving the form. Here is to be diligently marked, that when the aforesaid matter is prescribed, this order should be kept: 1. The Conserves. 2. The Preserves. 3. The Confections. 4. The Powders: and lastly, the Syrup is to be prescribed, and also Ambergris, and Musk, are usually added to some few grains, and when condited Mirobalans, and Nutmegs are joined, they are usually prescribed by number, as one, two, etc. or else half an ounce, or an ounce, etc. The Use, as to the manner, 'tis taken in the form of a Bowl, and then (if you desire it, and the scope of the Physician can admit it) drinking after it a small quantity of wine, or some other liquor, according to the intention prosecuted, that nothing might stay behind in the jaws or gullet, and that it might be the easier carried down into the stomach. As to the quantity, the dose is two drams, three drams, or half an ounce, more or less, according as it is stronger or weaker from the quality or quantity of the powders, or confections joined with it, otherwise 'tis prescribed to be taken to the quantity of a filbert or Chesnut, according to its faculty in operation. As to the time, 'tis generally prescribed an hour or two before dinner, if the stomach or other entrails are to be strengthened, and that every other day in which he abstains from these usual pills; for these two, the usual pills, and strengthening Opiates, are successfully prescribed to be taken after one another in Cacochimical bodies, where the entrails are also distempered; it may be used twice in a day, as before supper also, when there is a greater necessity of comforting: in affections of the head, they are taken to very good purpose after dinner, and supper, for so with the suming of the meat, the virtues and spirits of the medicines are together easily elevated; but if it be not strengthening, but only altering: or evacuating by urine, or the courses, or to open obstructions, or for other the like inventions, let it be prescribed when the stomach is empty, that the virtue of it may not be dulled, therefore let it be taken long before meat. The FORM of prescribing; ℞ etc. with the Syrup, etc. make an Opiate, of which let him take, etc. i e. to two drams, or three drams, or to the bigness of a filbert or Chesnut, an hour before dinner, etc. drinking after it a little, etc. The UTILITY is much to restore strength to the parts weakened, or afflicted, and to preserve them, when there is need of a continued corroboration in chronical diseases, in which together with these the usual Pills are prescribed, than the use of this and them by turns is appointed. They are done also to alter divers ways, (as is said) divers parts, and divers affections, arising from unlike humours, both in first, second, and third qualities; also to purge by urine, open obstructions, provoke the courses, break and force out the stone, etc. or where any malignant quality is to be prevented, or taken away. CHAP. III. Of lohoch's, or licking Medicines. THat which the Arabians call Loch, or Lohoch, and the Greeks Eclegma, from Ecleicho, to lick, the Latins call Linctus, the name in all being taken from licking them by little and little, the manner of taking them. It is a medicine of the thickness of honey, mean between the consistence of a Syrup and an opiate, composed of divers thoracical simples, destined to divers affections of the Windpipe, Lungs, and Breast, which retained in the mouth, & melting by little & little, with its smoothing slipperiness imparts its Cough-curing virtue to those parts; and this is twofold, Officinal, and Magisterial. The Officinal Lohoch or Lincture, is either heating, cutting, cleansing, Sanum & expertum: De pineis: De farfara: Of Coleworts: Of Fox lungs: Of Squills, simple and compound: cooling, thickening De Papavere: De Psillio: In the Magisterial, three things are considered, Composttion, Use, and Utility. As to the Composition, 'tis various. 1. It is compounded of powders taken in a liquor, or rather honeyish substance, and made in the form of an opiate. These powders, in relation to their quality, are appropriated to the lungs, fit for the purpose, and those either simple, as the roots, leaves seeds, dried juices, of bechical or cough-curing simples, or else of some thoracical electuaries, as species diaireos, either alone, or mixed, to which often (if the scope permit) are added sugar or penidies. As to the quantity, they are most commonly prescribed to one ounce, with four times the quantity of the liquor they are made up withal, so that a Lohoch seldom exceeds three ounces, or four ounces. That in which these powders are taken, in relation to its quality, is usually some fit Syrup, sometimes honey or sape, called also cute, the mucilage of some convenient gums or seeds, sweet wine, etc. as the indication requires; but most usually they are made up with a Syrup. As to the quantity, 'tis not expressed, but said s. q. yet it may be defined, that the Syrup may be four times, or five times, the weight of the other; for a lohoch or lincture ought to be thinner than an opiate or electuary. 2. Or else 'tis made of a decoction impregnated with the virtues of fit bechical simples, but chief of leaves, fruits, and flowers, thickened with mucilage, sugar, or something equivalent, as honey, cute, adding to them also fit powders. As to the drawing of that mucilage; first the decoction shall be described of thoracical things, that are by their own nature muscilaginous; by this order, that there may be of roots two or three ounces, of leaves four or five handful, of the greater sort of fruits, pairs 18. of the lesser sorts pairs, 20.24: one ounces and an half, of seeds one ounce, or an ounce and an half, so make a decoction till all be pap, then press all strongly out of a press, with a new strainer, so drive them thorough. There is taken of this mucilage one quartern (for that will be enough) and therefore the ingredients of the decoction are to be prescribed, for the making it in a less quantity, for that which is set down will afford a pound. To this mucilage is added one ounce, or an ounce and half of sugat only; or over and above, the powder of some electuary, or other sit things, from half an ounce to an ounce, more or less, according to the consistence of the mucilage. 3. Or of the pulp of fruits, as an ounce of the powders to six ounces of the pulp. with Syrup, s. q. 4. Or of some officinal Lohoch, to one or two ounces, to which you may add two or three ounces of powder, with Syrup, s. q. 5. Or of thoracical fruits, seeds, and juices, beaten all together, and forced through a hair strainer, taken with syrup, honey, mucilage, according to your intention; in this proportion, that there may be of fruits two ounces; of seeds an ounce; juices half an ounce; syrup; s. q. And note, that a powder may also sometimes be added. 6. Or which is most usual, a single pectoral Syrup may be prescribed for a johoch, to four or six ounces, to which you may, if you will, add some fit powders in the proportion aforesaid. 7. Or else, (and that chief in those that are phthisical) of astringent conserveses to two ounces and divers powders to six drams, or an ounce syrup, s. q. yet a greater quantity of these may be prescribed, because the use of them ought to be frequent and daily. Note also, that sometimes 'tis prescribed of butter, with twice so much sugar or honey, in the cough and roughness of the windpipe, to which are sometimes added three drams of powder, with s. q. of syrup; and evermore in cleansing a cold matter, an ounce of Turpentine may be joined; or in its place, Oil of sweet Almonds an ounce, in the Pleurisy and Physic. The USE of the officinal; as to the manner, if a syrup only be prescribed, it is said, let him take of this often out of a spoon, licking it leisurely; but if it be a compound Lohoch, let him take it from a Licorice stick, bruised at the end, licking gently and frequently. As to the quantity, a Lohoch should not exceed three ounces, four ounces, or six ounces, unless it be prescribed for them that live remote, than it may be made to a pound and half, and if it be often to be used, you may exceed that quantity; as also when it is prescribed for the Phthisis: The particular dose is about a spoonful, or as much as a liquorish stick bruised can take up: as to the divided quantity, 'tis to be taken often, except Lohoch de Papavere, which is to be taken only once a day, when the time of sleep is. As to the time, let it be some distance from meat, either before or after it, or at any time, if necessity requires. The USE of the Magisterial is the same. The FORM is, ℞ etc. Make a Lohoch, which let the Patient (holding his head a little lifted up, or leaning forward, that the epiglottis which covers the windpipe might open a little) use with a Liquorice stick etc. or out of a spoon. The Utility: they are prescribed only in the affections of the Lungs and breasts, as in the Asthma, Cough, etc. Catarrhs, and faults in the windpipe; so that now adays they are prescribed; only to lenify the asperity of it, arising either from the acrimony of the humours, or otherwise composed of bechical things that are both sweet and sharp: and in cleansing the clammy, of things that are sweet and bitter; but these must be small in quantity: or else to stay Rheums falling into the breast, or to thicken thin rheums, of clammy muscilaginous things; or else to bind in the spitting of blood, of healing things; as also in drying up the Ulcers of the Lungs; but do this with caution, for it stops the way by which the breath is drawn, and 'tis very necessary to have an easy clear breathing to maintain life. CHAP. IU. Of Candied Confections. THis is an invention of late Writers, so called, because of the similitude it hath with the candying of flowers in sugar. And it is a pleasant medicine, of a mean form, between electuaries and powders, made of divers strengtheners, to preserve the vigour of the principal parts, and restore strength decayed. In it three things are considerable, the Composition, Use, and Utility. As to the Composition, in respect of the quality, of conserveses, as the basis, to which are sometimes added cordial confections, but always a cordial powder and sugar. As to the conserveses, in respect of their quality, they are chosen strengtheners, and cordials, and such as are sweet; as also divers preserved fruits and roots, which are esteemed as the same thing; in respect of their quantity, three ounces will suffice. If a confection be taken, it should be in quality cordial, as Alchermes chief, because of its pleasantness; and the quantity of it from a dram to two drams. A powder, in respect of its quality, should be also cordial and strengthening, and that either simple, as of pearls, and fragments of precious stones, etc. or the seeds of cordial simples, or compound of electuaries; to which for the richer sort you may add Ambergris: As to the quantity of the powder, for every ounce of conserveses, let there be one dram, or four handfuls of powder at most. Either white sugar, or sugar of roses in Tabulets, and that double or triple to the other things is taken to make it into a confection, or else is prescribed, s. q. To these may be added also leaves of gold, in number six, but more for ornament than any virtue comes from them. The USE: as to the manner, it is either taken by itself, or dissolved in a convenient liquor, or some simple water or other, or in a Julep wine, or broth. As to the quantity, 'tis taken to a spoonful, or a spoonful and an half, or two. As to the time, if it be for strengthening the animal faculty, 'tis best after meat, or at going to sleep; if for the vital, at any time, when need requires; for the natural, either before, with, or after meat. The Utility, is to preserve the vigour of the principal parts, to restore the strength wasted by diseases: Hence it is that the use of these candied confections is wholly restorative, rather helping nature and the strength, than regarding the disease, which nevertheless is not to be neglected; therefore these candied confections are made heating, cooling, binding, etc. the use of them is frequent in the hypochondriacal affection, panting of the heart, consumption of the lungs, weakness of the stomach and liver, etc. THE THIRD SECTION Of the First Book. OF THE SOLID FORMS OF MEDICINES. CHAP. I. Of Paste-royal, and morsels. THere is also an invention of modern Writers, which in consistence resembles Pineolates, or Paste of Pine kernels, made of divers things, wrought together like paste, (from whence its name) and of sugar dissolved in some convenient liquor, and boiled to the height of Tabulets; this is made into boles or morsels, like Conserves of Roses dried, (hence it is called morsels) which being leisurely dried are kept for use, and are sometimes gilded; and this is called Paste-Royal, for the Sovereign virtues it hath in affections of the breast, lungs, and in extenuated bodies. In this also three things are to be noted, Composition, Use, and Utility. As to the Composition, 'tis made two ways. 1. Either without the flesh of living creatures, (as shall be said) of bechical fruits and seeds only, and sugar. These fruits are for the most part blanched Almonds, washed, soaked, and bruised; the kernels of Pistaches, and pine nuts, washed also in a fit water, as of violets, or roses. They are usually prescribed to the quantity of four ounces. The seeds are the four greater cold seeds usually, huld and bruised, to which (when sleep is to be provoked) the seeds of white poppy and lettuce are added. Let these be prescribed to the quantity of two ounces, or two ounces and an half. The sugar is to be chosen white, dissolved in a fit liquor; the quantity of it is usually set down q: s. yet it should usually be double the proportion of the rest. 2. Or else this paste is made restorative, with the flesh of the tortoses of the wood, washed and boiled in barley water, the head and tail being left out; and this is afterwards called Testudinate paste, or passed of Tortoses; or with the flesh of Crawfish, Capons, and Partridges, or else to these are added the fruits aforesaid, seeds and powders mentioned in the Candy's, and sugar dissolved in Rosewater, usually in this proportion; Of flesh, three or four ounces. Fruits, three ounces. Seeds one ounce, an ounce and half. And let one dram of powders answer to every ounce of the rest, and of those that are precious a less quantity. Sugar is mentioned, q. s. Sometimes Ambergris and Musk are added in small quantity to some few grains; sometimes also the paste is covered over with leaf gold. The USE: the manner, is either by itself, or in broth. The Dose, or united quantity, is to half an ounce, or an ounce, the morsels in numb. one or two. The divided quantity; 'tis to be taken often with meat, and in your meals. The time is expressed. The FORM, ℞ etc. make a confection in morsels, and sometimes 'tis added like pineolate, so let it be used. The UTILITY; the paste that is not nourishing is good for divers affections of the lungs and breast, to incrassate, lenify, cleanse, or expectorate; &c: but the restorative paste, both in the same, and the consumption, for them that are extenuated and weakened by the ulcer of the lungs, it nourisheth, drieth, and thickneth rheums; therefore the use is wholly restorative, regarding also the affections from whence that lack of nourishment, and dejection of the strength proceeds. CHAP. II. Of a Pandaleon. THis invention of the Arabians, and latter Physicians; is a medicine dedicated to the breast and lungs, made of pleasant ingredients, agreeing with the Lohoch to the same purpose, differing only in form, in which it resembles Tablets: From them also it differs in this, because they are made up in a certain shape; but this (when the sugar is sufficiently boiled, and the ingredients mixed with it) is poured into a box, and there suffered to harden, and at the time of using it, a bit is taken out with a knife or spoon, etc. Therefore it is a medicine solid, like Tablets, kept in a box like a cake, made of powders, bechical conserveses, and sugar dissolved and made into a Tablet- consistence appointed for the same uses as Lohoches are. And in it three things are to be noted, Composition, Use, and Utility. The COMPOSITION is two ways. 1. Either of bechical powders, simple or compound, several or mixed, and sugar dissolved in a fit liquor boiled, in or near this proportion, that to half an ounce of the powder there may be four ounces of sugar dissolved, or else q. s. 2. Or of thoracical fruits and seeds, powders of electuaries, sugar dissolved, after these proportions. Of fruits two drams, seeds an ounce, powders three drams, sugar q. s. Note that conserveses may sometimes be added to three drams, or half an ounce. The USE; the manner is to contain it in the mouth, that it may leisurely melt, and may gently be swallowed down, and used frequently: The quantity; let a bit of this be taken from a spoon, or the point of a knife. The time is the same with that of the Lohoches. The FORM: ℞ etc. make a Pandalcon in a convenient box, of which, etc. The UTILITY is the same with that of the Lohoches, from which this differs only in form, and that this for the most part consists of the pleasantest things. CHAP. III. Of Marchpane and Pineolates. MArchpane is a most pleasant confection of latter writers, nourishing much, convenient for people that are lean, and for affections of the lungs, instead of sweet meats. 'Tis compounded of blanched Almonds, three ounces Pistaches cleansed, one ounce stamped in a marble mortar, with a little rose-water, adding half a pound of white sugar, make a paste, which make into little cakes, to be baked gently in an oven, till they begin to be coloured yellow, and are a little hardened; other pleasant things may also be added, as cinnamon, etc. A PINEOLATE is made to the same end, of equal parts of pinekernels, and sugar dissolved, of which are made morsels, adding musk for the better grace, if you will; but this is to be enjoined by the Physician, not else to be usually prescribed. CHAP. IU. Of Tablets. THat which they were wont to call the solid electuary, is otherwise called from its flat shape, a Tablet; and because the sugar of which they are made when it is boiled and flatted is cut into divers figures; as when square they were called Tessellae (i.e. little dice) and Lozenges, commonly by the Apothecaries; or else when they were made round, in the fashion of Manus Christi, they were called Rotulets, and Orbicles, from the rotundity of their figure. It is a solid medicine, chief of sugar dissolved, and a powder, boiled to a higher consistence than syrup, and drawn into a flat board, as it were, prepared either to alter or purge. Therefore Tablets are twofold, purging and altering. The purging Tablets. The distinction and difference is as above, yet are these twofold, officinal and magisterial, of which here chief. In the magisterial Tablet three things are to be considered, Composition, Use, and Utility. As to the COMPOSITION, they are made of powders, and sugar dissolved in a convenient liquor, boiled beyond the consistency of a syrup; and sometimes purging Tablets, and the species of purging Tablets are added. The powder is either purgative, or altering, viz. some fit correcting spice, or the species of some electuary. As to the quantity, the doses of the purging ingredients are to be computed as is aforesaid in the purging opiate; whatsoever they are (because the whole composition should not exceed four ounces, or six) 'twill suffice to prescribe one ounce of powder, and three or four times so much sugar dissolved, though commonly they do not set down the quantity, the which is very ill. The USE; as to the manner, 'tis either taken by itself, or dissolved in some convenient liquor: See the potions. As to the Dose, see the purging opiate. As to the time, in the morning, as other purgers. The FORM; ℞ etc. with, etc. of sugar dissolved in a convenient liquor, make Tablets of the weight of three drams, or half an ounce; let him take, etc. The Utility is the same with that of the opiate, viz. to purge withal; & being under a divers form from electuaries, it is a means to avoid that nauseousness which the often giving one medicine will procure; and besides, 'tis a neat way to deceive the curious palated; for thus the purgers are concealed, and they eat Physic instead of sweet meats. The strengthening Tablets. What they are, and their differences, see in the cordial potion. As to the COMPOSITION, 'tis made of divers sorts of strengthening powders, either simple, as of some spice, or other proper things, or compound, of some officinal electuary, and sugar dissolved in a fit liquor, that the whole mass may not exceed six ounces, by this proportion of each several. Of powders let there be one part. Of sugar six, or eight, or ten parts, according as you desire your Tablets stronger or weaker, or as the powders are more pleasant or unpleasant, effectual or otherwise, more or less, though the sugar be only said, q. s. the dose of powders is always expressed, and that usually to five or six drams. Note, that to these powders is very conveniently added sometimes a confection, is Alchermes to two drams, of which alone at Montpellier they make most pleasant Tablets, and sometimes they add fit conserveses, to three drams. To these strengthening Tablets may be referred those which are prepared of divers things, (without cordials) only to alter, according to the scope of the Physician, powdered and made up in the same manner with sugar, and in the same dose, yet may they be prescribed in a greater, adding only three times the weight of sugar, of which sort there are divers extant in the shops, serving to the various scope of the Physician. The Use of the strengtheners; as to the manner, they are used chief by themselves, or dissolved in some fit liquor. As to the quantity, from one dram to three drams, according to the efficacy of the ingredients. As to the time, three hours before dinner, or also before supper; and that the day after purging, if it hath preceded; or if the usual pills are prescribed, then are they to be taken by turns every other day; or otherwise where you will simply strengthen, they may be used at any time. The USE of alterers, as to the manner, is the same. As to the quantity, one dram, two drams, or three drams, according to the faculties of the powders, and the scope. As to the time, that the nature of the affection must limit, yet 'tis usually taken with an empty stomach. The USE of the officinal Tablets, as to the manner, time, and quantity, is the same. The form of prescribing, ℞ etc. with s: q. of sugar dissolved in, etc. make Tablets of the weight of one dram, three drams, etc. of which let him take one, etc. The UTILITY of the strengthening Tablet see before in the strengthening Electuary; as also that of the altering Tablet in the same place, which usually are every where prescribed to stay rheums falling into the breast; of binder's and thickners', of which also one that is prescribed for use, is to be frequently held in the mouth. CHAP. V Of Pills. THey are so called of the Latins, in regard of the similitude they have with a ball, which with them is pila; but of the Greeks they are called Catapotia, because they are swallowed down whole. It is a solid form of medicine, round like a ball, made of powders, and sometimes gums, juices tempered with some clammy liquor, chief prepared to purge withal, but sometimes also to alter and strengthen. But for the clearer explication, they are three sorts, Purging, Usual, or Epicratical, and altering. The purging Pills. Although in speaking properly Pills are purgeing, yet because they may be prepared for divers uses, and because those which purge do it either strongly or gently, and are more strengthening, these last are commonly called usual pills, the other purgeing Pills, which are seldom prescribed by the Physician, because the officinal or shop pilis are wont to be used in their stead; yet shall I hereafter declare the orders for making them. And these are either officinal, or Magisterial; the officinal either purge, or do not purge. Those which do not purge are the pills of Bdellium and Cynogloss, the Hypoglottides white and black; yet these do not properly belong to this place. The purging Pills are those which are most usual, or less usual. The more usual are, Aureae, choler, Aloe phanginae, chol. phlegm. Aggregatia, chol. phleg. Sine quibus, all humours, chol. de Agarico, phl. Cothiae, phl. Lucis majores, phl. serous hum. Hermodactil, phleg. serous hum. Indae, melanch. phlegm. Fetidae majores purge the same. The less usual are, Pills of Rheubarb, cho. Assaiereth, ch. Eupatorio, ch. Imperiales, ch. phleg. Ruffi, cho. de Hiera, ch. phleg. Arthriticae, ch. phl. Arabicae, phl. Pil. de 5 generib. Mirobalanor. chol. phleg. melanch. of Mastic, Phl. de Aloe, Sagapeni, Sarco collae, ante cibum, phl. chol. Stomachicae, de Fumaria, Melanch. de Lapid. lazuli, melan. chol. phlegm. The Magisterial, as to their composition, are made first either of some fit powder, made up with a convenient liquor. This powder, as to its quality, is either some purging simple, yet so that Aloes (which is the basis of all Pills) must always be one ingredient) or else some fit corrector, or appropriate director, as is said in the purging Opiate. Note, that the purer sort of gums may be also added, as Ammoniack, Opopanax. As to the quantity of the powder, one ounce will suffice, seldom to an ounce and half; for seeing the dose of pills is near a dram, that will suffice for eight doses, and will last a fortnight; but let two parts of this powder be purging, and one part correctors. The Liquor to make them up withal, in relation to its quality, may be cute; some fit juice or mucilage, but more often honey boiled and clarified, but generally some appropriate syrup. As to the quantity, 'tis said, s: q. 2. Or (which is most effectual,) let the purgeers be boiled (after the manner of extracts) to four or six ounces, together with their correctors, in some appropriate liquor or juice, as for the Apozems, afterwards straining and pressing them out hard; in six, seven, or eight ounces of this strained liquor dissolve six drams, or one ounce of Aloes Succotrine for a continuance of the use; after coagulate to the consistency of Honey, then add some corroborating powder to two drams, as also Scammony, if it be to the scope of the Physician, (because that must not be boiled) to one, two, or three drams. The USE of the officinal: as to the manner, they are to be swallowed whole. As to the quantity, the stronger are given from one scruple in youths, to one dram, in men of ripe age; as are Aureae, Cochiae, Fetidae majores, Arthriticae, Indae, de lapide lazuli, de Hermodactilis. The moderate sort from two scruples to four scruples, as Agregativae, sine quibus, de agarico, de aloe, the 5 mirobalanis, de fumaria. The gentler sort from one dram to two drams, as pill. de Rheubarb. assaiereth, aloephanginae, ante-cibum, mastichinae, Ruffi, de hiera. But if these be used after the manner of the usual pills, one scruple, or half a dram will suffice, two hours before meat, dinner, and supper. As to the time, in the morning, as other purgers. The USE of the magisterial pills, as to the manner and time, is the same. As to their quantity, see the purging opiate. The FORM of prescribing the officinal pills; ℞ etc. i. e. the mass of such and such pills, etc. Diagridium four or five grains, etc. (as a quickener of the rest) in choleric people; as also four or five grains of the Troschiscks of Alhandall, in phlegmatic; or four or five grains of Casior in cold affections of the head; with such a water make pills in number six, seven, or eight, which being gilded, let it be taken betimes in the morning, or else just after midnight (if they should draw from the head) with the due care and custody, having taken a light supper; or at going to sleep, if for the head, that the purging faculty, together with the gentle vapours of the supper might be carried up to the head: The FORM of prescribing the magisterial pills, ℞. etc. with etc. make a mass of pills, which anoint with oil of sweet Almonds or anniseeds, and wrap it in a bladder, and keep them in a convenient box. Take of this mass etc. and make etc. The UTILITY: it is most eminent for purging from the habit and third region of the body; then this form is chief to be chosen, for the purgative faculty staying longer in the stomach, by reason of its slow dissolution, and not descending so quickly into the entrails, hath time to diffuse its virtue to the very habit of the body, with great benefit; but the use of them is chiefest in phlegmatic persons, & less in the choleric, rather in the winter than the summer; they are effectual also in opening obstructions, for the reason aforesaid, especially if they admit gum ammoniack, for the belly of such is apt to be bound, and is scarce mollified, unless they contain ammoniack; and then a little broth should be drank after it. VSVALL PILLS. These purge truly, but very gently, and are rather strengthening; and because the use of them is often in a week, and that without any care or custody, therefore are they called usual pills. As to the COMPOSITION: they are made of Aloe succotrina, as the basis, to half an ounce, or six drams, other gentle purgers being added, as rheubarb, agaric, etc. to one dram or two drams, and some strengthening simples, as cinnamon, cloves, mastic, compound spices, to one dram or two drams, with s. q. of syrup of wormwood, etc. Note that ammoniack dissolved is generally added in obstructions, to one dram or two drams, so is myrrh. Also in the ●orm, aloes mollified in the juice of Wormwood, is sometimes profitably prescribed, and Rheubarb sprinkled with some convenient liquor, till it be soft. The USE, as to the manner, is as above. As to the quantity, and time, half a dram of the aforesaid mass (of which is made four pills) is to be taken; of which let him take two in the morning two hours before dinner, and the other two two hours before supper, twice or thrice a week; in those days in which he abstains from the strengthening Opiate, if that be also prescribed; otherwise without this admonition, for they are usually prescribed together, as aforesaid. This is their form, ℞. etc. with etc. make a mass of pills, of which take, etc. The UTILITY is great, in bodies very cacochymical, especially the phlegmatic, in whom the stomach is daubed with a continual drossy phlegm, from whence springs the whole series of diseases: for they much strengthen the stomach, help concoction: and if any noxious thing lurk in it, they purge it forth; neither suffer they any noxious thing to be gathered in it: therefore they are profitable in all affections arising from thence, either of the mesentery, Head, Liver, Joints, etc. Of the strengthening and altering Pills. Although all pills properly aught to be purging, yet the solid form may, and useth to be composed for other in tentions, to strengthen and alter variously, both in first, second, and third qualities, viz. when we would have the medicine stay and delay some time before it descend, either that the medicinal quality may work more effectually on the part where it is, or that by its delay might be diffused to other parts communicating with it, and might be distributed both by secret and visible passages of the body. And these either are retained in the mouth, and are not swallowed; or else are swallowed. Those retained in the mouth, are Pillul. Bechichae, so called for their round form, (or else in a Lupine fashion, and then are they referred to the Troschisches:) and from their admirable quality of stilling the cough, and from the manner of using them, they are called Hypoglottides, or Sublinguales, because they are contained under, or on the tongue, till they leisurely dissolve, and are dedicated to the cough, and affections of the windpipe and breast. These are COMPOUNDED of a powder of lenifying thoracical simples, as powder and juice of Liquorice, gum dragant, Arabic, Starch, Penidies, Sugar, White Poppy-seeds, etc. to one ounce, or two ounces, as need requireth, or the time you use them be long or short. And that powder is taken with a sufficient quantity of mucilage of gum dragant drawn with Roserwater, or with the mucilage of Quince-kernels, etc. or with a pectoral syrup, and made into Troschisches, or pills. The USE and FORM, ℞. etc. with the mucilage, etc. make a mass, out of which make pills to be dissolved on the tongue; of which let him frequently hold one under his tongue till it dissolve of itself, and be leisurely swallowed. The UTILITY is as above, to ease the cough, the roughness of the Windpipe and Jaws, help hoarseness of the voice, and facilitate spitting. Hither belong the Lupine fashioned Troschiscks, which are held in the mouth to stay rheums. But those Pills that strengthen or alter any way are commodiously swallowed down, in the affections of the stomach, proceeding from its crude flatuousness, and those which communicate with it, as the head especially, or those that are nearly adjacent, as the Liver, etc. those made of appropriate strengtheners are convenient in the affections of the head, by the continuance of them, in the stomach especially, if they be taken after meat; for so the fuming quality of them ascends; and so they conduce to the affections of the eyes, against the dimness of sight, made of eye medicines, or ophthalmics. Or else they are given at going to bed; such are the sleeping officinal Pills, as those of Cynoglosse, which are every where prescribed to stay and dry up rheums, and to provoke sleep; and hither Laudanum may be referred (as most used) to gr. IU. or V they are prescribed also for fluxes of the belly, of strengtheners and binder's, to be taken both before and with meat; as also against the imbecility of the Liver, Gonorrhoea, Ulcers of the Reins and Bladder, Stone, and divers affections of the womb. But they are COMPOUNDED of a convenient powder, serving to the scope of the Physician, as the affections shall suggest, and that prescribed to half an ounce, five or six drams, which is to be made up with a convenient syrup. The USE, as to the quantity, of one dram of the mass are made six Pills, of which two are taken once or twice a day. As to the Time, they may be taken morning, and evening; before, after, or with meat, as aforesaid in the Candy's. As to the Manner, they are swallowed down; and if it be for affections of the lower parts, as affections of the Liver, Bowels, Reins, Bladder, Womb, a little of some convenient Liquor should be drank after them, that thereby the Medicinal virtue might be conveyed to those parts the sooner, to good purpose. The UTILITY is enough spoken of before. CHAP. VI Of Troschiscks. THey are otherwise called Circulets, and little Cakes, by the Greeks, and Pastils by the Latins, and of some Orbicles. It is a solid and hard form of Medicine, in the forms of Lupins, made of divers powders into a paste with some convenient liquor, which made into little round Cakes are dried and kept. And these are either officinal or magisterial. And both of them either internal or external. The officinal internal ones, are either, Purgative, as Agaricus troschisatus, trosch. of Alhandal, trosch. de violis. Or altering, either without Opium, as trosch. of Vipers, of Squils', Cipheos, Hidecroy: or with Opium, as trosch. de alkekengi, for the reins and bladder; of Amber, for the Womh. Or Cordial, as gallia Moscat. alipta matosc. Or pectoral, as Bechici albi, nigri. Or opening, as trosc. Diarrhodon, and of Rheubarb for the Liver, trosc. de Lupatorio, of Wormwood, and de lacca, for the Liver and Spleen; trosc. of myrrh for the Womb. Magisterial, as they were formerly most usual, so are they now scarcely at all prescribed, unless for fumings: (for which they are frequent, as shall be said) or for coughs and defluxions, as the pills Sublinguales before mentioned; they are also made usually for the ulcers of the bladder and reins, sharpness of the water, and to stop fluxes of blood, seed, and the belly, both to bind and open; and they may also be made to strengthen; ●n sum, they are prescribed instead of powders, as more effectual; because in this form the medicinal quality doth not so easily vanish, but is preserved by this means commodiously. They are COMPOUNDED of a convenient powder of divers things taken in a convenient Liquor, and mixed till they come to the form of pills, or a paste, out of which they make little round cakes, which (being marked with your mark) are to be dried in the shadow, and to be laid up for use and these are made to the weight of 1 dram, 1 dram and a half, 2 drams, 3 drams at most, according to the virtue and efficacy of the ingedients; but the powder of which they are made is to be chosen out of divers parts of vegetables, especially such as are easily powdered; as also of gums that are powderable, as Cherry gum, Styrax gum, Tragants; and also juices thickened, as Acacia, Hypocistis: and generally out of all things e●sie to be powdered. As to the quantity, this sort of powder may be prescribed from an ounce, to an ounce and half, and two ounces, according as your use of them shall continue; but most commonly an ounce and a half will suffice. That which these are made up withal, is either thin as wine, water, distilled water, the juice of herbs; or clammy, as the mucilage of gum dragant, or Arabic, drawn with a convenient water. As to the quantity they are prescribed, q. s. The USE, and form, ℞. etc. Make Troschisches as big as Lupins, of the weight of, etc. let them be dried in the shadow; when you use them; break one or two according to their efficacy and weight; dissolve it in a fit Liquor; let it be used either inward or outwards, for they are prescribed as is said for both internal and external uses: yet note, that those which are for fumings are not to be dissolved, as neither are those called Hypoglottides. The UTILITY is sufficiently expressed; for in this form may be kept both Alterers & strengtheners. For Troschisches are rather invented to preserve the virtue of the powders entire, than that it should be any otherwise a useful form of a medicine; for we do not use them whole, but dissolved first in a convenient Liquor, except the Hypoglottides, and these for Suffumiga●ions. But this form is most profitable, because powders (especially the cordials) and others that consist of a thin essence, easily exhalable) by this means retain their virtues against the injury of the air, nor will suffer them to be diffused, and as it were centres them, and so produceth a more effectual united faculty. To the Troschisches are to be referred the Muscardines. WHich are little pastils, so called from the musk they contain, chiefly composed for the perfuming the breath, and to exalt venereal moriscoes; such are these of Gallia moschata, that are most effectual. They are compounded either simply of ambergreese, musk-grains three, four, &c: as you will, and q. s. sugar dissolved in rose-water with a little starch. Or else more compounded of the powder of some aromatical things of sweet savour, as cinnamom, Saunders one dram, musk, Ambergreese, gr. three or four, as you list, and sugar q. s. make troschisches, of which let him hold one often in his mouth. CHAP. VII. Of Powders. THe USE of POWDERS is extreme necessary, both that solid medicines may come in use of themselves, as also that they may the easilier be mixed with other forms of medicines; but that which the Latins call a powder, the Arabians call by 3. names; Suffuff any gross powder, Alcohol the finest powders, and Seiff the grinding of any sort of troschisches, which is done on a stone with a fit water, for affections of the eyes; but a powder is either officinal or magisterial, of which this discourse is. The magisterial is either internal, or external. The internal is either purging, strengthening, or altering. Purging Powder. The definition and differences may be sought out of what is aforesaid. It is compounded of cathartics, and for the most part those that are the pleasantest with their proper correctors, in a proportion often before mentioned. As to the quantity, to an ounce; an ounce and half is the most is prescribed; and note that sugar for the more delicate may be added, but in a small quantity, or equal to the powder, and that exactly defined. The USE, as to the manner, 'tis to betaken in broth, or some convenient liquor. As to the quantity, the doses of the purgers are to be computed. As to the time, in the morning with custody. The FORM, ℞ etc. Make a powder, of which, etc. The UTILITY is to purge, see afore. The strengthening powder. Although it may be prescribed to strengthen divers parts, according to the scope of the Physician; yet 'tis either to confirm the stomach, and is called a Digestive; or the heart, and is called a Cordial, and an Alexiterial; it may be also made for other uses, as to strengthen the Liver, entrails, etc. The COMPOSITION, 1, of the digestive powder, is in general of stomachical things that help concoction, dissolvers of wind, and binder. But in special, Coriander-seed prepared is usually the basis, prescribed to an ounce, to which are added things that discuss wind, as Aniseed to half an ounce, or 6 drams; then strengtheners of the stomach, either simple or compound, to 2 or 3 drams at most, with sugar of Roses in tablets, s. q. 2. The Cordial powder, or that which strengthens other parts, which is compounded both of simple and compound powders of Electuaries, proper and specifical to half an ounce, 6 drams, or 1 ounce, according as the use of it shall continue, long or short, yet so that the more precious Cordial powders be joined but in a small quantity, either to a fourth or sixth part; & these are prescribed either alone, or for the better taste sake, sugar rosat is mixed with them to three or four times their weight. The USE and form of the Digestive powder, ℞. etc. Make a powder, of which let him take a spoonful, neither eating nor drinking after it. But of a Cordial, or other strengthening powder, as hepatical, etc. this is the form, ℞. etc. Make a powder, of which let him take 1, 2, or 3 drams, with water, broth, or other convenient liquor, and that in the morning, the stomach being empty, or else when necessity requires, especially if it be Alexiterial. The UTILITY, is for the strengthening of the principal parts, and others also, and consists for the most part of hot things, yet with the same intention of strengthening, they may be prepared of cooling things. Hither appertains the altering powder, altering divers ways, according to the scope, in first, second, and third qualities, as that which is generally prescribed of steel against obstructions, with other openers, to one ounce, or two ounces, with an equal quantity of sugar; of which a spoonful is taken every morning, drinking after it a little wine, or other convenient Liquor, so against the stone or gravel, of stone-breaking medicines to an ounce, an ounce and a half, and Sugar, s. q. of which take one dram, or a dram and a half, with a diuretical Liquor: so to provoke the birth and courses; as also to bind the fluxes of blood both by stool, and from the Womb and bladder: against all kinds of fluxes, and to alter divers ways, when moisture is one cause offending. Thus much of an internal powder. The external powder is also sometimes prescribed, and is either physical, or chirurgical. The physical or medicinal is for the most part strengthening, as is usually prescribed for comforting and drying the brain; of proper cephalical things, as Roots, Leaves, etc. prescribed to two ounces, adding to it also, and that frequently the violet or cypris powder to one ounce, or one ounce and a half, more or less; but for the most part they take of roots two ounces, seeds six drams, flowers three drams, spices two drams. The USE and FORM, ℞ etc. Make a gross powder, with which let the head be dried in the morning, which is most usual laughter the washing of it. The UTILITY is to strengthen the brain, and dry the phlegmatic, and to waste the excrementitious moisture of the hairs of the head. The Chyrurgical powder is various, to be prescribed only by a Chirurgeon, to cleanse, fill, and heal Ulcers, stop the bleeding of wounds, etc. the quantity of prescribing it varies according to the various occasion of its use. THE SECOND BOOK. OF EXTERNAL REMEDIES. The First SECTION: Of Remedies common to many parts. CHAP. I. Of Epithemes, or liquors to be applied to any part. IF you regard the signification of the name, every external medicine that is appliable to any part may be so called; but now it claims a peculiar kind of right in designing only those remedies that are externally applied to the Heart, and Liver, and the nobler parts of the body to alter & strengthen; and is twofold, liquid, and solid. The liquid Epitheme. The name is apparent, and it is fluid like water, or a Julep, chief composed of a convenient liquor, and cordial powders. In it three things are to be considered, the Composition, Use, and Utility. In the Composition we must regard the matter of which 'tis made, whether liquid, or dry, (as powder) or mean between both: and in either of these the quality, and quantity. The Liquor, as to its quality, is for the most part a distilled water as the basis, such as is proper both for the affection and part affected; and that either alone, or else other things are joined with it, either chief to make it penetrate, or give it the more efficacy, and this is most commonly white wine for the heart, Vinegar for the Liver; so also for its greater virtues, there are usually added the juices of Fruits, as of Lemons, or else of Leaves proper for the affection. Sometimes the Liquor is a very liquid decoction, of appropriate things, but seldom. As to the quantity, 'tis usually prescribed to one pint, or 15 ounces; therefore if water be prescribed, it should be to such a quantity; but if other liquid things be added, let this be the proportion; of water, 8 ounces; of Juices, from two ounces to three; of Wine, or Vinegar, from half an ounce, to an ounce. The Powder, as to its quality, is either simple, of Cordial or Hepatical woods & barks chief; also of flowers, seeds, etc. or compound of strengthening electuaries, and sometimes aromatical troschisches. As to the quantity, to every ounce of liquor one scruple or half a dram of powder will suffice, so that to the whole proportion, half an ounce, or 6 drams may be prescribed, so that not above a dram or two of the species of Electuaries may be taken. The things of mean consistence, in relation to their quality; there is sometimes besides the liquor and powder (of which an Epithe me always consists,) a strengthening Opiate, or cordial confection, as Alchermes, prescribed to one dram, or two drams. The USE: as to the manner, it is applied with a scarlet cloth, or some soft linen dipped in it, gently pressed forth, and applied warm; and when it either grows cold or dry, 'tis to be renewed several times, and continued thus a quarter, or half an hour, twice a day. No quantity for each time is set down. The time is in the morning and evening, if the affection be cold, or it be in winter; otherwise it is to be used 4 times a day if hot, or it be summer; and note this diligently that if the strength be extreme weak, after the use of a liquid one, the solid one should be prescribed. The FORM of prescribing, ℞ etc. Make a liquid Epitheme to be kept in a glass; at the time of using it take a scarlet cloth, etc. The UTILITY: 'tis generally used to corroborate, and also to cool, seldom to heat, (for this purpose the solid form is more effectual) it is prescribed against the hot distempers of the heart and Liver, as also to strengthen and resist malignity, if there be any suspicion of it: their use is chiefest in Fevers in the Summer time. Note, that liquid Epithemes may be applied to the whole breast profitably, in burning and hectic severs, composed of moist and cooling waters, or decoctions prescribed in a greater quantity; as also in the burn of the head, Frenzy, etc. see Rose-vinegar. They are also sometimes applied to the testicles in extreme heats; for by their communication with the whole body, the very habit of the body and the blood is cooled; therefore it is most profitable in the bleeding at nose or otherwise, and to this purpose they use a mixture of vinegar and water; to the same end sometimes cooling things are applied to the hand-wrists, against the heat and fervency of the heart, so also to the fieriness of the face, etc. in sum, every thing comprehended under the name of an Epitheme may be used to any part inflamed or beset with a hot affection; though the word Epitheme be properly understood of a thing in relation to the heart or Liver. The solid Epitheme. That is called so that is not fluid like water, though they are prescribed of a divers consistence, as well a soft as otherwise. In it note three things, Composition, the Use, and Utility. As to the COMPOSITION, 'tis made divers ways. 1. Either (and this is most usual) in the form of an Opiate, made of conserveses of flowers, powders of electuaries, (but seldom of a simple powder) and of Confections as aforesaid, with a fit Liquor, distilled water simple or compound, an appropriate juice, etc. As to the quantity in general, it scarce exceeds four ounces; but in special, let there be of conserveses, three ounces; confections, three drams; powders, one dram, or two at most. 2. Or else in form of a lineament, especially in hot affections of the heart, as also in cold; they may also be used in affections of the Liver, of ointment of Roses, ceratum santalinum, etc. two ounces; fit conserveses, half an ounce, six drams; to cordial powders, half a dram, or two scruples. 3. Or of [See what Pipio signifies, for it is not a Pippin] a Pippin cut in two, in the middle, and is most usual, which let bestrewed with one dram of the powder of some cordial Electuary, or two drams of the powder of ordinary Epithemes. Hither may be referred Puppies and Kittens cut in halves to be applied to the head, chief in the declination of Frenzies, sprinkled with a digesting and strengthening powder, of the flowers of Roses, Chamomil, berries of kermes, and such like, to half an ounce. The USE: as to the manner, let the solid one in the form of an Opiate be extended on a scarlet cloth wet in a convenient Liquor, and gently pressed; and then be applied warm to the region of the heart, and that either after the use of the liquid one, or otherwise also. The time is indifferent, it may be renewed twice or thrice a day. The FORM appears out of the composition, ℞ etc. make an Epitheme, etc. The utility of a solid form like an Opiate is chief to strengthen and heat, as also that in form of a Lineament and that made with a Pipio; see before; they may also be made to cool of Conserves, in the form of a Lineament; but that form is chief used, and most profitable for the Liver. In general, they are made to alter & strengthen where the strength is much wasted. CHAP. II. Of Lotions. THe reason and definition of the name is clear; for it is as it were a particular kind of , dedicated chief to the head and feet; hence I account it twofold; Cephalical, and for the feet. The Cephalical Lotion. Is COMPOUNDED of a decoction of Cephalical simples; in which two things are to be considered, the matter, and the Liquor; & in these the quality, and quantity. The MATTER, in relation both to quality, and quantity; there is taken of roots, to two ounces, or three ounces; of Leaves, from four handfuls, to eight; seeds, from one ounce to two; flowers, pug. 4. Note, that sometimes spices are added to half an ounce, or six drams, and when you would dry powerfully, unmelted brimstone, half an ounce; and when the head is to be particularly purged, after general means you may add Senna leaves to one ounce, white Agarick half an ounce. The Liquor, as to the quality, is either a Lie made of Vine ashes, or the ordinary Lie of Barbers, adding white wine if you will, or to the wine add water to 4 ounces. As to the quantity; 'tis said of wine, s. q. or of each a like quantity. The USE: as to the manner, the head is wet with it, in the sunshine, in a clear day, and if you can, a quiet warm place; afterwards the head is to be throughly dried with sponges soaked in Aqua vitae; and lastly, 'tis to be covered diligently with dried locks of hemp well fumed with suffumigations. The time, let it be washed in the morning, two hours before dinner, the belly being first evacuated. The Form, ℞. etc. Make a decoction, wash the head, etc. The UTILITY is great after purging, where the relics of the matter imparted is to be dissipated & consumed; as also where the head is to be strengthened, and they are for the most part addicted only to the cold distempers of the head and brain: they may also be prepared for other uses, as for outward affections of the head, as tetters, dandruff, louse, filth; made of the sharpest sort of cleansers, with urine and lie, always adding cephalical-herbs. The lotion for the feet. Is compounded of the decoction of simples, hot or cold, made either in water or Lie, as is fittest for the purpose; the ingredients of the decoction should be in the same dose, as for the cephalical lotion. But note, that (as to the quality of the ingredients,) because this is usually instituted to provoke sleep, the cooling cephalical simples are to be chosen, and that the heads of white Poppy in number 4, may well be added. Note also, that where you would dry, heat, and strengthen, and in the swelling oedematous, or phlegmatic affections of the legs, Salt and Alum may be profitably mingled with it to four ounces, and Quicksulfure to two ounces. The USE and FORM, ℞. etc. Make a decoction for a lotion for the feet, morning or evening, before meat, or before sleep, if it be to procure it. The UTILITY is either to mend their own proper affections, trembling of them, to call down the humours from the higher parts, if they are made of heating cephalical medicines; also to ease weariness, or (which is most generally the use of them) to provoke sleep in the raging heat of Fevers, and fervency of the brain. CHAP. III. Of a Fomentation. IT is called a Fomentation because it doth foment and cherish the parts to which it is applied, by the heat it is applied withal, for all Fomentations are in action hot, seldom any cold. And it is twofold, moist, and dry. The moist Fomentation. The moist one is a Liquor fit to be applied to divers parts by the help of Lemons, sisters, Sponges, serving to divers intentions. And this is again twofold, simple, and more compound. The SIMPLE Liquor that is wont to be prescribed for a Fomentation, as to its quality, is either hot or warm water, when we would relax in pains that come from overmuch fullness; or Wine, when we would discuss and strengthen; or wine and water together where we would do both at once, or either temperately; or milk in great pains, or oil common, or other where we would mollify in relation to the pain, and digest as to the scope; or water and oil, Vinegar and water, or Vinegar of Roses in hot affections, or Lee of Vine-ashes in cold affections, if we should digest and dry strongly. As to the quantity, that is to be defined by the long continuance of the use of it, and the bigness of the part to be fomented: so for the eye 4 ounces will suffice; for the stomach one pint, or a pint and a half; for the short rib-region and belly, as is usual in obstructions three pints. The Compound is made of the decoction of various kinds of simples, parts of plants, and a convenient Liquor, in which we must consider quality, and quantity. As to the quality of the matter, there are prescribed roots, leaves, fruits, seeds, flowers, sometimes all together, where a greater quantity is to be prepared, sometimes some few only. As to the quantity, it is various according to the diversity of the parts. As for example, for the eyes, it may be prescribed to the dose of a potion, or the fourth part of the Apozem, for four ounces will suffice, or six at most; for the stomach, half the proportion of an Apozem, or something more; for the whole belly, the whole dose of the Apozem. The Liquor in which the decoction is to be made, is simple water, or water and wine together; sometimes milk where you would lenify; Lie where you would digest; Smiths water where bind, etc. according to the scope; as to the quantity, 'tis prescribed q. s. Note, that sometimes the decoction being made and strained, divers things may be added, as white wine in obstructions of the bowels, to one pint, or a pint and a half; sometimes Vinegar, in affections of the spleen, to 6, 7, or 8 ounces for penetration sake; Aqua vitae for the stomach, to two or three ounces, and to strengthen also, or appropriate oils to 4 ounces, half a pint, etc. and it is generally the use in practice to prescribe them after the use of the Apozem in obstructions of the bowels; as ℞ of the decoction prescribed for the Apozem, three or four pints, add to it of wine, etc. make a somentation for the belly. The USE and FORM, ℞. etc. Make a decoction for a fomentation, with which let the part affected be fomented with a doubled linen cloth, shreds, or a sponge wet in it, and a little wrung out again; or else use a hogs bladder half full of the Liquor, morning and evening; so as it cools apply another by turns. Note, that in the fomentation of the belly, under the short ribs, 'tis usually said, let the short-ribregion be fomented in the morning, 2 or 3 hours before dinner, or else before supper for three or four days, changing often the fomentation, lest it cool too much: and it is usually prescribed after the fomentation to be anointed with such an oil, lineament, or unguent hot. The Use is after general purgations, otherwise when need requires. The UTILITY is large, so that there is hardly any part, which as it may be fomented, shall not receive very much benefit from it; it is used to the eyes affected, both for the pain, and inflammation of them, etc. Also against obstructions of the spleen and bowels, etc. against the pains of divers parts, to provoke the courses; for the choleric affections of the reins, inflammations of the reins; it rarefies the skin, that the humours contained may be the better digested, attenuated, dissolved when they are thin; and when hard mollified; it turns things to vapours, and helps much by its gentle heat; hence it is used, in pains, to relax, mollify, digest, dry, bind, strengthen, heat, and also sometimes to cool, but then there is rather to be used an Epithem, as in choleric inflammations, The dry Fomentation. So I call (from the effect) that fomentation, and bags which are chief prescribed to dissolve, from whence they are usually called discussing bags, of which hereafter. CHAP. IU. Of the petty Bath. THis is between a Bath and Fomentation, larger than this, lesser than that, whose use it when a fomentation cannot cover the whole part from which it doth not differ; otherwise either in matter or utility; so that it is a half bath, in which the sick set from their thighs, their knees and legs being lifted up; Or else from the bottom of their feet, up to their Navel or stomach, from whence the Greeks and Latins call it by names that signify a setting in; and if the incession be in an open stool, they call it a Vaporary, which is chief dedicated to the affections of the lower parts of the belly, and is called a SEMIOUPE, or half bath, because it is not a whole Bath, but a bathing tub only half full, and is COMPOUNDED of the same things a Fomentation is, to double the quantity of the Apozem, or to half the quantity of a bath, so that there is nothing else worth marking. The USE and FORM, ℞. etc. Make a Decoction for a half bath, in which let the sick set, from the feet to the Navel, morning and evening, long from meat, having first had a stool to be continued three or four days, (according as there is need,) warm without sweeting: let him stay in it about two hours, the moisture being wiped off, let him rest in his bed, the place affected being anointed, (if you will) with a fit Lineament. Note, that in the affections of the Anus, Womb and bladder, chief the matter of the half bath may be applied to the part affected in a bag, on which let him set. The UTILITY is the same with the Fomentation, but chief to be used in affections of the parts contained in the belly, or lower region, when for divers reasons we dare not bathe the whole body; and is most commonly to ease pain, (which is most usual in nephritical affections, made of convenient mollifiers,) to help the Hemorrhoids swelled with pain, the difficulty of Urine; also for the pains of the legs & hips, of things that mollify, ease pain, in affections of the bladder, and difficulty of making water, 'tis most admirable; as also in mending, the affections, and distempers of the Womb, either provoking, or stopping the courses; in all affections of the Anus, to mollify the Belly, ease pains of the colic, etc. A VAPORARY, which otherwise is called a setting over, is prepared when they set not in the Liquor, but the VAPOUR (from whence it is called a Vaporary, or suffumigation) is received through a hollow stool with a hole cut in the seat, setting a pot full of the hot decoction underneath, which being cold, another is set hot in the place. The MATTER and dose of it for the decoction, is as in the fomentation, to be prescribed in the quantity of a Clyster, or something greater. The USE and FORM, ℞. etc. Make a decoction, the steam of which let him receive thorough a hollow stool, a pot being set under of the hot decoction, etc. The UTILITY: it is used only for affections of the Womb and Anus, for pain, and divers distempers, Hemorrhoids, to provoke the courses; they may also be prescribed for divers defects of the bladder; See the moist Suffumigation. CHAP. V Of a Bath. IT was most usual of old among the Romans for pleasure, but now a days only used for the recovery of health, and resisting of diseases; what it is is manifest, but it is twofold; the Airy Bath which they call a hot house, of which hereafter; and the waterish Bath, when the parties setting in a tub are washed, and this is called a Bath, viz. the washing of the whole body for the most part for hot and dry distempers of the whole body, seldom for cold ones, for which purpose the Stove is most convenient. And it is twofold, simple and compound. The simple is usually only water a little warmed, chief in Hectics, where there are lean and dry bodies, which this tempers by its gentle moisture, and with it also altars the distemper; to this also is sometimes added Oil, Butter, or Milk to moisten the more; as also in the pain of the Kidneys, and Convulsion; or else of Milk only for the richer sort of people, to the same purpose; or Milk and water; or oil alone in pains of the sinewy parts, and Reins, convulsion through drought, pricking, and stitches, suppression of Urine. etc. or water and Oil to the same end. The Compound is made of a decoction, in which are to be considered the matter, liquor, and sometimes the things to be dissolved in it. The MATTER, in relation to its quality, and quantity, are Roots, from three lib. to 5 or 6 at most; Herbs, in number 10 or 12, of each, M. 3, 4, or of 6, 7, or 8, of each a bundle; seeds, from 4 ounces to one pound; sometimes Fruits, to a pound and a half; Flowers 4, etc. ana. P. 4, etc. The Liquor, as to quality, and quantity, is sweet or fair water, q. s. for a bath. Sometimes there are dissolved, or added to the decoction, and that profitably to the various scope of the indications, those things mentioned in the Fomentation in a three or 4 fold proportion; so usually for the Hectical is added oil and butter, ana, lib: 3. white Wine lib. 4. as also sometimes at the latter end of the Decoction in cold affections, in which a bath is very rare. The USE and FORM, ℞. etc. Make a Decoction for a bath, which let him enter into morning and evening, when the meat is gone out of the stomach, (or else when need requires as in pains,) (having first been at stool) warm without sweeting; let him continue in it from one to two hours, according to his strength; then after his egress, from the Bath, wipe off the moisture, & anoint the region of the Liver & Reins with a cooling Ointment, which is usually prescribed. The UTILITY is for outward affections of the skin, as the scabbiness, drought, and 〈◊〉 of it, etc. as also for internal affections, and especially a bath of fair water, most convenient for the Hectical and lean people, because it moisteneth, and withal mends the hot distemper; they are also convenient in the diary Fevers, as was generally the practice of Galen; for it relaxeth and openeth the pores by which that which is offensive may be easily excluded; and are also good for the heat of the Liver, and every distemper, but especially the hot; only the moist one is usually remedied, and better by the hot house, (as also the cold one) which fitly resists the morbifical cause. They are also made to heat and strengthen, as generally to help Conception, of Hysterical simples; to procure the menses, of opening mollifying simples, appropriated to the Womb: against obstructions of the bowels, Dropsy, Colic, Stone in the Kidneys, weariness, of relax ingmollifying things. Lastly, in every affection that wants cooling and moistening, or heating and moistening together. CHAP. VI Of a Stoveer Sudatory. IT is otherwise called a Laconic, because the Laconians were wont to use it as the Romans, to bathe; others call it a vaporary: In this, the sick party is not dipped in the Liquor, but only warmed with either a hot and dry, or a hot and moist vapour, and caused to sweat. Therefore a stove is twofold, a moist, and a dry. The moist Is made by the vapour of some decoction, whereby the air under the Canopye grows hot. It is COMPOSED of a Canopy (with a Bath) erected and placed over the sick, on which are laid sheets or blankets to keep in the vapour. And this is heated diversely by the vapour. 1. Either by stoves fiery hot so placed underneath, that the Decoction to be used being cast cast on them, the vapour ascends to the aforesaid purpose. 2. Or else the Decoction is first poured in (yet so that it touch not the sick) and then into it the stones are dropped fiery hot. 3. Or (which is more commodious) the decoction is prepared in two Cauldrons, which are heated by turns, and poured into the under tub, as each other cools. This Decoction is prepared of proper Roots, Leaves, Flowers for the most part hot, cephalical, well scented, of thin parts; and in quantity as the highest proportion of the Apozems, and to be prescribed with water, q. s. The USE and FORM, ℞. etc. Make a decoction, whose vapour let the sick receive under a Canopy close shut, so let him sweat at his pleasure; let him use it twice a day, long after meat, the belly being first emptied, and that for two days: let his stay in it be according to his strength; when he comes forth wipe off the sweat, and let him rest in his bed, etc. the use of this is most convenient in the winter, and spring, as of the bath in summer. The dry Stove. That is so called which only is heated with the heat of the fire. This is made 1. Either in the manner of an Oven, as in Ger. many, & is usually called a hot house, or laconic. 2. Or else fiery flints are laid under the Canopy on plates of iron, and so give a heat. 3. Or at this day for the French disease, 'tis made of a frame of wood like the cover of a burial bear; and with this the sick are covered, and sheds laid over it; & under it are placed little red hot stones, till the sweat follow plentiful, the party having first drank a draught of the Decoction of Guajack, or some other sudorific. The USE is as the other; the stay in them according to their strength, which are thus much wasted, so that they can hardly endure one quarter, or half an hour. The UTILITY; it warms the matter of the disease spread over all the body, and attenuates it; loosens the skin, and empties it; it is very effectual in cold and moist affections, looseness of humours, the dropsy, Leucophlegmatia; for it powerfully dissolves the humours, and consumes them by sweat, very profitable for them that are fat, especially those who are cacochymical, if the foulness of humours be either in the habit of the body, or in the veins. In the French Pox 'tis generally used dry, and is not to be used at all unless the body be first emptied, for then the relics are by this way easily quite rooted out. CHAP. VII. Of Embrocation. IT is not properly a certain Form of Medicine, but only a manner of using it, when we pour on any part some liquor or oil, and that either pouring it from high, or only rubbing it gently in: for Practisers use the name of Embrocation either way, and usually confound it with irrigation; for 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 signifies to rain, water, or dip; but be it as it will, here for distinction sake we will distribute it into Irrigation and Embrocation. Irrigation. It is a pouring of Liquor from high, like rain on any part (but chief the head) making it distil out of a snouted vessel, and differs from a Fomentation only in form of using it. It is PREPARED divers ways. 1. Either of the decoction of divers parts of Plants, hot or cold, according to the scope in the quantity as for a Lotion, made in water or wine, as your indication requires, boiled to the consumption of the third part; in which being strained to one pound, may be sometimes added vinegar, wine, aqua vitae (according as the affections be cold or hot) two or three drams, etc. 2. Or of Oil only plentifully poured, but this is better applied as an Embrocation with linen rags dipped in it, especially in convulsions, and affections of the nerves. 3. Or of oil, distilled water, and vinegar in hot affections of the head; see the Oxirrodinum. The USE and FORM, ℞, etc. of the decoctior, lib. one, two or three, make an Irrigation from high with a stream on the part affected, etc. See the Lotions. The UTILITY; 'tis chief dedicated to hot affections, especially of the head, the inflammations of the brain and membranes of it, and that on the forepart of the head; as also in provoking sleep, in hot affections and great watch, though of late the Lotions of the feet be used in its stead; 'tis very useful in Fevers where there is a delirium; and for hot affections of the head, for it cools much, because falling from high it pierceth the deeper, and because still a fresh Liquor comes on it; and the part so cooled, is thereby the more tempered. It may also be used profitably to its cold affections, but most of all to the hot, to which it chief belongs; and when we would most of all cool in the beginning of inflammations, we do it either with a cooling decoction, Oxirrodinum or Oxicratum in the Erisipelas. In cold affections (though these may be used) we rather use the Fomentation, as also in dissolving an inflammation: in Fractures and Luxations where 'tis not safe to untie the Lig●tures, when pain is urgent, this may be used with oil of violets, or to repel, oil of roses. [Oils are suspected in Fractures and Luxations.] Note that the dripping of bath waters may be referred to this place. Embrocation. It is not taken here for watering a thing from on high, but as it is at this day used, or for a gentle rubbing of the part with oil, or for the applying of wool or linen dipped in oil or other convenient liquor; for Embrecho in Greek signifies both to dip; rain, or water a thing. It is COMPOUNDED and prescribed, 1. Either of Wool, or Lints (which others call bolstrings) dipped (from whence its name) in oil only, or in some other convenient Liquor, applied to the part after the manner of an Epitheme, to be often renewed. This Liquor is either oil alone, or some juices only, or distilled waters only, or else all together in this proportion, Oil, Juices, Water, ana four ounces. 2. Or as at this day Embrocation is understood for a gentle rubbing with the hand made with a convenient oil; afterwards applying bolsters of hemp-hurds, linen or cotton, either dipped or not dipped in the aforesaid. It is also made of juice only, or of the others mixed with it, and then the Dose of them together, or of each several is four or six ounces. The USE and FORM, ℞, etc. for an Embrocation; first let the part be gently rubbed, with it; after apply bolsters of linen or cotton dipped, or not dipped in the same oil. Or according to the former manner, ℞, etc. dip your hurds and bolsters in it, and apply them renewing them often. The UTILITY, the Embrocation of oils is most frequent after bathe; it is also profitable to repel, in inflammations, erisipelas, frenzies, watch, pains of the head, to warm all parts of the body, they are usually after bathing, the moisture being first wiped off; but evacuation should always forego the use of them: but they are chief profitable in external affections. CHAP. VIII. Of a Lineament. ALiniment is a Liquid Form of Medicines, which is applied outwardly, in consistence thicker than oil, but thinner than an ointment, whose basis is an oil, prepared for divers uses. In it three things are to be considered, the Composition, Use, and Utility. As to the COMPOSITION, 'tis variously made of divers things. 1. Either of oils and butter melted together without any wax (which some will (very much mistaken) not have in a Lineament.) And the quantity of the whole Lineament is four, six, or eight ounces, according to the greatness of the part, and continuance of its use; let this be the proportion of the Ingredients: viz. three or two parts of Oil to one of batter, they are seldom equal. Note, that if the scope of the cure require it, to these may be added fresh Fats, old Marrows, Muscilages, one, two, or more together, which seeing they are accounted of as Butter, should be in the same proportion prescribed. Note also, that sometimes, though seldom, powders are added, viz. half a dram of them to a dram of Oil. 2. Or else (contrary to the opinion of some which will not admit of wax, with which it may commodiously be made,) it is made of convenient oils and wax; as let an ounce of Oil have one dram of wax; or which is usually done, wax, q. s. but generally the oils are prescribed to 4 or 6 ounces; wax, q. s. make a Lineament, to which as is said, you may add a powder, which is usual. 3. Or else some officinal unguent is prescribed double to the oil, to which may also be added the powder if you wil Generally a Lineament doth not exceed four, 6, or 8 ounces. The USE and FORM, ℞. etc. Make a Lineament; with which anoint the part affected, either after fomentation, if that hath preceded, or otherwise. The UTILITY: they are for the most part paregorical, to ease pain coming from distemper, either hot or cold, to relax parts condensed, to soften them that are hardened, to help tumors, weariness (for which they were of old called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉) the hardness of the Spleen, Liver; to relax the parts, as the womb in hard birth, in the stone, and to digest and discuss in, flammations; they are also made to heat, moisten, or dry, though unguents are more effectual; and to cool, the Embrocation is better. CHAP. IX. Of Ointments. THe Arabians called Cerecloth and Ointment by the same name, and now adays they usually confound unguents with Liniments, though an ointment properly be a topical Medicine, of a mean consistence between a Lineament and a Cerecloth, much like hard Honey, made of Oils, Powders, and Wax for divers uses. In it three things are to be considered, Composition, Use, and Utility. As to the COMPOSITION in general, they will have it made of three several substances, Oil, Wax, and powder, in this proportion, that the whole mass may contain 4 ounces, half ●apint, or a pint, according to the greatness of the part, and length of the use; and this proportion of each in general is used; to oil an ounce, wax two drams; powder one dram; but in special 'tis thus made diversely. 1. Either without fire and wax against the common opinion, by that way which they call nutrition, and is prepared by beating things together, as Ointment of lethargy, & de Bolo, which they call Nutritum. But this sort of Nutritum is made of an Oil, a fit Liquor, and a Powder. Oil is taken either alone variously according to the scope; or else with it are joined either other things equivalent: one, two, or more; the powder is for the most part mineral, burnt, and washed, etc. of which afterwards. The Liquor is the juice of Leaves, or vinegar, if the intention bears it. Of these three consists nutritum, whose propertion is often recited, but usually only the quantity of the powder is set down; as for example, to one or two ounces of powder, of the Oil and Liquor, q. s. viz. as much as the powder can drink up. And this is the FORM of Nutritum, ℞. etc. viz. the powder with the Oil, or those things that are equivalent, one or two, etc. q. s. let them be beaten strongly in a marble mortar with a leaden pestle against Ulcers, leisurely pouring to your convenient Liquor by little and little, so make an ointment. 2. Or with fire, which is most usual in practice, which manner is most received and plainest; and is prepared of oil, (or it's like) and wax; the oil being defined for its quantity to two, three, or four ounces, but the Wax, q. s. yet its proportion appears as above. 3. Or (which is more compound, and also received in use, and at the first mentioned) of oil, Wax, and Powder in proportion aforesaid, which is to be observed in hot Ointments, in which sometimes you may prescribe a dram and a half of powder to one ounce of Oil; but in cold ointments as Unguent. de tutia, & de siccativum rubrum, you may see to one ounce; of oil, half an ounce of powder, contrary to the rule. But be it as it will, in hot ointments ye may prescribe to one ounce of oil, one dram, or a dram and a half of powder, and the wax indefinitely, q. s. Note that also officinal Ointments are sometimes mixed to one ounce, and one ounce and a half, etc. 4. Or which is very usual and effectual, of Juices and oils, which must boil to the consumption of the Juices, near this proportion of oil, four, six or eight ounces, according to the use and part, as often aforesaid, and as much of the juices, or something less, to which afterwards is added either wax alone, q. s. or together with that a proper powder in the aforesaid proportion to the oils, or sometimes over and above; some officinal ointment to two ounces, may also be joined with them. 5. Or (which also is usual) of an officinal unguent, a powder, oil, wax, unguent to two, three or four ounces; powder to half an ounce, or six drams, oil and wax is said, q. s. 6. Or sometimes without any other addition, an unguent of the shops is alone prescribed to four ounces, and six drams, etc. The USE and FORM, is as the lineament, as to the manner either warm, hot, or cold as the intention requires; and it is often prescribed, let there be added at the time of using it a little vinegar, especially in cooling ones, to help it to penetrate; so also in heating unguents, you may add Aqua vitae. The Time of using it is various according to the several indications. The UTILITY is large, and extends itself to all parts, and affections which do not easily bear other remedies, or when we would deal more effectually than can be done by oil; 'tis used to alter diversely in the first and second qualities, to mollify, digest, and cleanse, etc. Animadversions. Note, concerning that common rule, by which for one ounce of Oil two drams of Wax are taken, and one dram of powder, as Galen also appointed, it is valid in heating Ointments, in which the powders nevertheless reach to a dram and a half, but in cold Ointments it is not observed in dispensatories, which few make; nor in Ointments which are to cleanse, dry, replenish, and cicatrize Ulcers, which for the most part consist of Minerals, and are weighty, in which you shall (if you examine) observe that to one ounce of powder, there is of oil two ounces; wax, half an ounce, five or six drams. And of this sort Mineral powders are, red Led, Tutty, Led, terra sigillata, Bole, lap. Calaminaris, Ceruse, lethargy, which two last for the most part make the basis, and are prescribed three times as much as the others. But in the composition of an Ointment these things are to be esteemed for Oil, and are equivalent with it, as divers Fats, Grease, Marrow, Butter, oesipus, Mucilage, Honey, Turpentine, and such like; all which are accounted of as Oil, and therefore the quantity of other things is to be proportioned to them as to Oils, but if you prescribe both oy land other things equivalent, they are usually added alike, or more or less as you see occasion. Concerning wax, in hot Ointments choose yellow; in cooling, the white; equivalent to it are gums, as Ammoniack, Bdellium, Myrrh, etc. and therefore the consideration of them is to be had in the Composition; and mark this, that in winter less, in summer more Wax is to be prescribed than the rule allows of. As to the powders, they may be of all kind of things, but commonly they are taken out of vegetables, as Roots, Woods, Herbs dried, Juices thickened, Raisins and gums that may be powdered; seldom of Minerals, unless in cooling Ointments, where we must dry, cleanse, etc. and chief in external uses; etc. as Ulcers, etc. in hot Ointments never, and very seldom of animals, because they are scarce powderable; for those things taken from them are rather to be melted, as grease, marrow, etc. CHAP. X. Of a Cerecloth, IT hath its name from Cera Wax, and is also called Ceroneum, though now adays Surgeons call Plasters by that name; at first it was made of Oil and Wax only, but now adays they commonly confound the name with Unguents, as Ceratum album, Resrigerans, or the white cooling Cerecloth: and Ceratum santalinum, or Cerecloth of Saunders, which are Unguents, and are now called Cerecloths. But properly it is a Medicine of a mean consistency between an ointment and a plaster, harder than that, softer than this. 'Tis COMPOUNDED in general of an Oil, a powder, and wax, in this proportion; Oil one ounce, powder one dram, or a dram and half; wax half an ounce. But in special, 1. Either properly, as of old, of wax, oil, (from whence the name) in the aforesaid proportion; but because Galen in his cooling ointment to one ounce of oil puts but two drams of wax, it makes it merely au ointment: and that which he sets down ten of Method; where for one ounce of oil he puts three ounces, and calls his solid cerecloth, is absolutely a plaster, perhaps he more regarded the matter of the Medicine than the form: but the order should be as aforesaid, for one ounce of oil, half a ounce or 6 drams of wax. As to the quantity; the proportion of the whole mass of a cerecloth is to be defined by the bigness of the part, and the continnance of the use, and is usually to eight ounces, or lib. 1. etc. and for private use three ounces will serve for a large cerecloth; two ounces for a moderate one; or one ounce for a less. 2. Or more improperly, besides wax and oil, (of which the cerecloth of the Ancients) is added, 1. Things equivalent to wax only, oil only, or of both, with the same caution, and in the same quantities there mentioned. 2. Or powders only, of which we have said the cerecloth is usually made, in this proportion; oil one ounce; powder, one dram, one dram and a half, sometimes two or three drams, but then so much of the wax is to be abated. 3. Or of the aforesaid equivalent things and powders together. 3. Or of officinal plasters melted in oil, viz. when the part grieved cannot otherwise suffer it, then of the plaster, two, three, or four ounces, oil q. s. make a cerecloth. 4. It may be made of all those things of which an ointment is made; only observe the due consistency, and the porportion now set down. The USE and FORM is as of Plasters, to be spreadon a Leather, or cloth. The UTILITY is divers in general, lest they should drain off without benefit, or the virtues of it be dissipated, or when the grieved parts will not suffer the hardness of a plaster which they require, as usually in Fractures, or when soft parts in regard of their bending cannot admit a plaster, as in affections of the Liver, Stomach, Spleen, for which they are usually made in obstructions of the Spleen, for the womb, bones broken or out of joint, hardness of the bowels, burstness, etc. They are also made where we would heat, moisten, relax, molline, concoct, digest, ripen; they may also be made to dry and bind, seldom to cool; for the cooling cerecloth of Galen is an ointment. CHAP. XI Of a Plaster. O Intments, Cerecloths, and Plasters, as they agree in virtues, so they differ as much in consistence. A Plaster therefore is a topical Medicine, thicker in consistence than the others, but clammy, so that spread on a Linen, or Leather, it may stick fast to the skin. The Arabians for the most part call them Cereclothes; the ancient Greeks called them Plasters, from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to shape or mould, or from their Emplastic or sticking quality. And it is twofold, Officinal and Magisterial, of which at present. The Magisterial is Compounded (to be brief) of the same things of which an Ointment is; of oil, wax, things equivalent, a powder, or some or more or all of them, near this proportion, which is very doubtful amongst Authors, who for one ounce of Oil take near three drams of powders, four ounces of wax, in which you will find no firm example; therefore take it thus. For a plaster less hard, take of oil one ounce, powder half an ounce, wax one ounce. For a harder plaster, take oil one ounce, powder six drams, wax an ounce and a half, which is generally used. For the hardest plaster, oil one ounce, powder six drams, or one ounce, wax two ounces; for when they triple the wax to the oil, you must understand it is when there is none, or little powders; and they that appoint the wax fourfold to the oil, have no example in the dispensatories for it. But in special 'tis made of oil, wax, and powder, as is said in an unguent, those things being added (if the scope permit) which are clammy, as Rosin, Turpentine, Pitch, Gums; in defining the proportion of which we must consider whether they be equivalent to the Wax or Oils, so shall you easily judge them: but whatsoever they are, where Turpentine can be admitted, let it be prescribed, because 'tis clammy, which is required in a plaster, as also gums, if the scope require it. 2. Or of Oils, Juice, Powders, Wax, and things equivalent if need be: see the Ointment. 3. Or of an officinal plaster, powders, wax, and oil, and generally Turpentine near this proportion; of the plaster an ounce and a half, or two ounces of the powder, half an ounce or six drams; wax and oil q. s. adding a little Turpentine, or omitting them, prescribe it to be incorporated with Turpentine, q. s. 4. Or else an officinal plaster is prescribed alone in a fit proportion for the part, etc. 5. Or sometimes gums only are melted with a hot pestle, and spread on a Leather, to 6 drams, or one ounce, as usually in the suffocation of the mother; there may also be added powders and oils. 6. Or sometimes powders of appropriate things may be prescribed to 6 drams to be made up with ship-pitch to an ounce and half, or Turpentine. q. s. to which may be added gums to one ounce. The USE and FORM, ℞. etc. with, etc. make a plaster, which spread on Leather, and apply, being first anointed with oil, or sprinkled with powder if you would not have them cleave too fast. But the figure of the plaster is prescribed in relation to the part, as for ●he head like a T; for the stomach like a Scutcheon; for the spleen, longish; for the Womb round; for the reins square. The UTILITY: it was invented that the virtues of the medicine might stick to the longer, and not vanish: they are profitable to heat, strengthen, dry, concoct, ripen, for they increase heat by stopping the pores of the skin; they also digest well, and draw out things fixed in the body, by a drawing quality; they are also usefulto mollify hardnesses, to strengthen, heal and cleanse Ulcers, to dry and cicatrize, for fractures also, seldom to cool, unless they be sometimes prescribed of binder's and repellers to stop fluxes CHAP. XII. Of a Spanadrap. THey call that so, when the cloth is plaistry on both sides; usually they are called tela Gaalteri, perhaps from the inventor; but 'tis nothing else than linen worn soft with age, in the form of a swath, or otherwise, dipped into a liquid sort of plaster, then taken out, and spread at the full breadth, afterwards when 'tis cold made smooth. 'Tis Compounded, 1. Either of a fit plaster, adding (if you will) a little oil, if it be hard, in which old cloth is dipped, etc. 2. Or according to the indication 'tis prescribed fresh, and that for the most part to stop rheums, and dry; of binder's, as Bole, terra sigillata, sanguis draconis, balaustines, Roses, Mastic; astringent oil, as of Myrtles, etc. and Wax. Or if it be to cleanse Ulcers, incarnate, cicatrize, or for fractures, of fit powders, oil, wax, or things equivalent, of which this plaster consists. And the proportion of them is answerable to the proportion in the fofter sort of plasters; for the most part of oil, 8 ounces; powders, 4 ounces; wax, 8 ounces; and if you admit of the equivalent things, 'tis easy to define their quantity; let the cloth that is to be dipped be prepared in pieces 3 or 4 fingers broad, and of a fit length. The USE and FORM, ℞. etc. and make a Spanadrap for the arms, thighs, jeggs, for they are fittest for those parts; they may also bs applied to other parts, as Ulcers, but then a plain form will serve, whereas for the others they must be like an expulsive ligature. The UTILITY: they are fit for the knitting of broken bones, to strengthen the parts, cleanse Ulcers, heal and cicatrize them, to hinder the courses of the humours to the Legs, especially those that breed or feed Ulcers, in which respect they may properly be called intercepting Medicines, and be used for expulsive Ligatures; they are chief dedicated to the arms, Legs, Thighs, and also other parts afflicted either with Ulcers, or flux of Rheum: Hither may also be referred those Cere-cloths, that are for beautifying either of hands or face, to get the favour of Girls, made of fit things; thus is made an excellent one; ♃ of Chalk finely ground, one ounce, oil of white poppy three ounces, Camphire one dram, Borax one dram and a half; Virgins Wax often washed, three ounces, or q. s. make a Cere-cloth for cleansing the face, against the redness and paleness of it. CHAP. XIII. Of a Cataplasm. IT is the Malagma of the Ancients, a Topical soft medicine, almost of the consistency of a Poultis, prepared for divers uses. It is COMPOUNDED divers ways. 1. Either (which is most usual) of the mucilage of divers parts of plants, to which are after added either oils alone, or with Powders usually, and that to this proportion: Let there be of Mucilage, or that matter that is driven thorough the strainer, ten drams, or lib. 1. of powders one, two, three, or four ounces; oil or things equivalent, three ounces or four ounces; or else you may express only the quantity of the equivalent things, and set down of oil, q. s. so that the whole Cataplasm do not exceed, lib. one and a half; it may be much less, according to the bigness of the part, and use. As to the Mucilage, it is made in respect of the quality, of boiled roots, especially those that be fatty, as Marshmallows, Lilies, etc. leaves, seeds, fruits, especially; to be prescribed in a quantity as for the fomentation, then to be boiled in a fit Liquor, after stamping all thoroughly, and driving them thorough a hair strainer; or particularly because a Cataplasm is commonly used after a Fomentation, the residency of the decoction that is made is prescribed to be beaten in a Mortar, and to lib. 1. of that pulp those things aforesaid are to be added. The Powders in relation to their quality are pulse, as the flower of barley, beans, linseed, fenegreek seed, and these alone; or also the powders of other things, as to discuss, Ireas, Cummin, Camomile flowers, etc. and these either alone, or both sorts together, in the aforesaid proportion. 2. Or sometimes of fruits, ripe or unripe, as Apples, Prunes, Quinces, etc. roasted under the embers, or boiled in a fit liquor, and bruised, adding fit powders in the quantity aforesaid, as in the flux of the belly, and dysentery; it is made with the pulp of Quinces, and astringent powders: so for the eyes made of apples. See Collirium. 3. Or sometimes, in fluxes of the belly, vomiting, and to strengthen the stomach a slice of bread steeped in wine, and toasted hot, is prescribed, which being sprinkled with one ounce or two ounces of an astringent strengthening powder, let it be applied to the stomach. Hither belongs the crumbs of white bread steeped in milk to half a pint, to which is added two yolks of eggs, half an ounce of Saffron, and q. s. of oil fit for the purpose, and is applied for a Cataplasm in pains. 4. Or (as Chirurgeons do) of astringent powders to one ounce or two ounces, made up with the white of an egg, which they lay on locks of hemp or bolsters of linen rags, and apply to parts wounded, and Physicians also apply it to the belly in Fluxes. The USE and FORM, ℞, etc. make a Cataplasm, let it be spread in a folded linen cloth, and applied. And note this, that 'tis convenient to foment the part first with the decoction, in which the Cataplasm was boiled; it uses to be applied once or twice a day. The UTILITY: they are applied chief to ease pain in parts inflamed or others, to soften hardnesses, to ripen humours and turn them to matter, to digest & dissolve the cause of inflammations, to discuss windiness; they heat rather than cool; yet they are usually prescribed of astringent things to stop Fluxes: and are profitably made to provoke urine, of Pellitory of the wall, and oil of Scorpions, applied to the bottom of the belly, for they relax, mollify, and empty powerfully. To Cataplasms may be referred that which is usually called a Pultis. It differs from a Cataplasm in nothing else, saving that that is prepared of the mucilage of things boiled to pap, and this is usually made of the flowery part of things boiled to the consistence of a Pultis, from whence its name. And it is COMPOUNDED, 1. Either of the Flower of Pulse to four ounces boiled in a convenient liquor to which afterwards are added oils, or if the scope requires grease or some other thing equivalent to oil to three ouncess or four ounces. 2. Or of the crumbs of white bread as before for an easer of pain, as in the cataplasm, and to ripen. 3. Or of a convenient mucilage and powders, and oils, but this is rather a cataplasm; see before. The USE and FORM as in a cataplasm, The UTILITY is chiefly for pains, to digest and dissolve; see the Cataplasm. CHAP. XIV. Of Rubifiers. THese couched under the several names of Dropax, Sinapismus, Vesicatories, and Phaenigmus, differ little or nothing in form from Cere-cloths, Plasters, and Cataplasms; they only differ in their effect, and in general may be called Rubifiers, though this name properly belong to that called Phaenigmus; of all which briefly thus. Dropax. Dropax, properly called Pication or Pitching by the Ausients to whom it was usual, is a topical medicine in form of a plaster; seldom of a Cataplasm, prepared to fetch nourishment and life into the parts, or to draw forth old pains and infirmities that are hard to be cured. This is Compounded, 1. Either more simply of pitch to an ounce, or an ounce and a half, and oil half an ounce, or six drams melted together, and spread on a a Leather. 2 Or more compound, powders that are hot in the first, second, or third degree, being added to the simple, as Pepper, Pellitory of Spain, Ginger the dungs of living creatures, etc. to half an ounce, or six drams. 3. Or as 'tis at this day made both for the attraction and discussion of humours, two several ways, 1. Of the powder of hot things, spices, and things of thin parts, to six drams. Mustardseed, and Pidgeonsdung to one ounce, are made up with pitch and turpentine, q. s. make a plaster for the mould of the Head. 2. To the same purpose 'tis made of Emplastrum de Mnscalaginibus 3 ounces, with one ounce of the aforesaid powders, oil of Ireos, q. s. make a plaster like the letter T for the mould of the head, or let them be incorporate with Turpentine, and make a plaster, etc. they commonly (but amiss) call them vesicatories or blistering Medicines, for they operate without blisters: and 'tis to be done for the most part before the blistering Medicines, and sometimes after them, in contumacious affections of the head, to draw the morbifical causes from within, digest and empty them, which said use of the Dropax is now most frequent, and also most profitable. The USE of the Dropax of the Ancients was to apply it hot to any part, the hairs being shaved off, and pull it off again before 'ttwere quite cold, and this was done often till the part were become red, which is usually the bounds of applying the Dropax; then is it to be left off, and that being removed, if it be to draw nonrishment or heat to the part, lest either should breathe forth, the part is to be anointed with oil of Camomile, that the pores may be shut. The USE of our Dropax, is chief for stubborn affections of the head, and 'tis spread on a leather like a plaster, and cut in the shape of the letter T, and applied to the mould of the head, the hair being first shaved off, from which you may easily conceive the FORM of prescribing it. It may also be applied to other parts in another convenient form The UTILITY of the Dropax of the Ancients, is to nourish & revive parts extennated and languishing; nourishment, heat, and spirits being by this means called forth; and now adays also we imitate them profitably in parts overcooled and paralytical. They used them also for other things; to dry moist bodies, help cold and rebellious affections; it draws forth humours, that lie deep, and discusseth them; 'tis profitable in the Palsy, Catarrhs, and affections arising from thence, Phthisis, etc. Failing sickness, Headache, and in other affections of like sort where there is need of drawing forth powerfully, and therefore they were called of old 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or drawing discussers. The UTILITY of our Dropax doth correspond with the latter of these, and is chief used in cold and diuturnal affections of the head or neither parts flowing from thence; for it discusseth and draweth powerfully those morbifical causes that lurk in the brain. A Vesicatory. The Ancients had in use a Sinapisme, usually in form of a Cataplasm, made of Sinapi, viz. Mustardseed (from whence its name) which if it were milder, so that it would only make the skin red, 'twas properly called Phaenigmus; but the stronger sort that raised blisters is called a Vesicatory. A Sinapisme was anciently made of the pulp of figs steeped till they were soft, and the powder of Mustard, near this proportion: for a strongone, one part of figs, two parts of Mustard seed; for a moderate one, ana, of each like quantities; for a weak one, two parts of figs, and one part of Mustardseed; it was applied to the part till it were red, from whence comes the name of a Phaenigme, as the name of a Sinapisme from the composition. But now instead of those Sinapismes Vesicatories are used, so called from their raising blisters, which are also by some called Phaenigmes. The Vesicatory now in use is COMPOUNDED, 1. Either in the form of a plaster, and that two ways, 1. Of an officinal blistering plaster, if it be extant, to an ounce, or an ounce and a half, according to the largeness of the part. 2. Or else taken 2 or three ounces of Emplastrum de Muscilaginibus, and two or three drams of Cantharideses; let them be incorporated with Turpentine and spread on a leather, to make a blistering plaster. 2. Or in the form of a Cataplasm, which is most usual, of two ounces of old leavens, and two drams of Cantharideses, with Aqua vitae or Vinegar make a paste for a Vesicatory. But this proportion will serve for a reasonable large place, which otherwise is to be lessened; for if it be (for example) to be applied behind the ears, one ounce of stuff will suffice. Note that sometimes there are added of the sharper sort of powders, as pepper, ginger, Enphorbium, to one ounce, or one ounce and a half, Mustard seed to half an ounce. The USE and Form, ℞, etc. make a Vesicatory of a fit bigness, let it be applied, etc. till it raise blisters, which are to be pricked thorough with a needle, and suffered to run as long as you see fit, and a Colewort leaf a little scalded at the fire, daubed with oil is to be applied, so suffer it to remain open till the whole humour be evacuated. The UTILITY, they are generally used to empty, withdraw by revulsion, and derive divers humours; they are also profitable for humours that are fixed and clammy, so that they cannot be discussed either by mollisiers, or attenuators; for being thus melted, they are easily drawn forth, and dissolved; they also help in the Dropsy, Sciatica, the lasting pains of the head and joints, all cold stubborn affections, and as it were deplorable; it is an admirable revulsive Medicine, famous in Catarrhs, falling on divers parts; useful in stirring up those that be over-sleepy, or lethargical, they also help all poisonous stingings, carbuncles, buboes, etc. and are rather a remedy for phlegmatic diseases than the choleric. CHAP. XV. Of Sacculets, or little Bags. FRom their effect they may be counted divers, viz. discussive or dissolving, strengthening, Anodine or pain easing, mollifying, etc. Whatsoever it be, three things are to be considered in it, Composition, Use, and Utility. In the COMPOSITION is to be considered the matter of which these Sacculets are usually prepared, and that which contains the matter. The MATTER, as to its quality, are divers simples convenient for the present scope, shred small and bruised, as Roots, Barks, Woods, Leaves, Flowers, Seeds, Spices, Gums; one, two, or more, according to your scope. In relation to their quantity, the bigness and proportion of the part to which it is to be applied, should define the measure and weight of them, as for example, for the heart, an ounce, or an ounce and a half will suffice, for the stomach two or three ounces; for the whole belly a greater quantity is required; therefore the several quantities of each simple are to be contrived that the whole composition exceed not that quantity that is convenient for the part it is to be applied to. That which is to CONTAIN this matter, is a Linen cloth, or silken one, especially for the more noble parts; of which are made Sacculets of divers shapes, square, Oval, or of some other figure, according to the form of the part; they which are to be applied to the head, aught to be of the shape of a Cap; they for the stomach scutcheon fashioned; for the Liver like a half moon; for the Spleen like an ox tongue. Note, that first sometimes the matter is to be terrified in a Frying-pan, before it be put into the bag, and be generally renewed with Wine, or Aqua vitae, q. s. especially where we would discuss. 2. The more precious or finer powders, or they which are prescribed for the more noble parts, should be sprinkled among sleive silk, or cotton, that they may lie the softer to the body. 3. Lest the matter should clod, and fall in lumps or to one place, it should be stitched through, and quilted in divers places. The USE, as to the manner, sometimes these Sacculets are applied dry to the part, as they which are applied to the head and heart. And sometimes they are wet with some liquor, and that after two sorts; for either they are sprinkled with Wine, Vinegar, or some other Liquor to accelerate their operation; and then are laid on a hot stone or tile, till they are warmed, and then applied. Or else they are boiled a little in some fit Liquor, after pressed out, and applied to the place; therefore they are commonly provided by pairs, that so they may be still applied hot by turns. As to the time when, and how long they are to be worn, or used, the condition of the affection must teach that. The Form appears by what is aforesaid. The UTILITY: in general they are good to heat, dry, attenuate, discuss, draw and strengthen, to ease pains, call forth and consume humours and windiness. But in special, your Cephalical Sacculets are used to divers affections of the head, especially the cold, long lasting and flatuous, and to prevent distillations &c: those for the breast are applied in the Pleurisy that is spurious and proceeds from windiness, and other pains of the breast; to the short rib-region in obstructions and swell of the Liver and Spleen; and to the region of the reins in the pain of them to the belly; in the colic and iliack passion, etc. Lastly Sacculets are applied to any parts for Schirrous, phlegmatics, windy swell, to ease pain as in the gout. THE SECOND BOOK. The Second SECTION. Of the proper Remedies of certain parts. CHAP. I. Of a frontal. IN general it may be called any form of Medicine applied outwardly to the forehead, but in particular it now signifies a topical cooling, or appeasing, or restbringing Medicine, made of cooling cephalical things, bruised and included in a linen bag four or five finger's breadth: this the Greeks call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉; though that word signify properly a Medicine made of sticking things, as the finest flower, and binding things as bowl, Sanguis Draconis, Acacia, mixed with Vinegar and the white of an Egg, and applied to the forehead against bleeding at nose, or to stop the course of humours flowing to the eyes. In our usual Frontal we consider three things, Composition, Use, and Utility. 'Tis COMPOUNDED 1. in a dry form, which is properly a Frontal; as to its quality, 'tis usually of the flowers of Violets, Roses, water Lilies, white Poppy seed, and Lettuce seed. As to their quantity, the flowers use to be prescribed to 3 or 4 pug. the seeds to half an ounce. Note, that sometimes to these are added to strengthen and discuss flowers of Camomile, and Melilot, ana, p. half; the seeds of Coriander and Dil, ana, half a dram. Note also, that sometimes these Frontals are made only of the leaves of Lettuce and Henbane, to 2 or 3 handfuls bruised, and sprinkled with oil of Violets and Vinegar, or sometimes one handful of these are added to the former. 2. Or else in a moister form, and that 1. in the form of a Lineament of Vnguentum Populeon, or of Roses, to 6 drams, oils of Violets, etc. half an ounce, or of Unguentum Populeon only, 2. In the form of a Cataplasm, of Leaves, Flowers, Seeds, as aforesaid, adding a little oil and Vinegar to it. The USE and Form of the drier sort is, ℞. etc. bruise them, and fold them up in a thin linen cloth; make a Frontal, which either moistened with the vapour of Vinegar, and sprinkled with it, is to be applied to the forehead and temples at the hour of sleep. That of the Lineament is, ℞ c. Let them be anointed on the forehead and temples at the hour of sleep, and after four or five hours let it be wiped off, and renewed. That of the Cataplasm, ℞. etc. Make it like a Cataplasm, which folded between a doubled Linen cloth, let it be applied to the forehead and temples. The UTILITY is chief to cool, against the burn of the head, as in Fevers and the Frenzy, to procure sleep in long wakefulness; which in those affections do much prey on the strength, and trouble the mind; also to repress vapours in Fevers, sometimes to repel, and for pains of the head, etc. CHAP. II. Of an Oxirrhodine. SOme refer this to the Epithemes, some to the Embrocations, taking its name from Vinegar, and Oil of Roses; yet seeing 'tis a form of Medicine which seems wholly dedicated to the head, I will adjoin it for the liquid frontal. 'Tis Compounded, 1. Either more simply of four parts of Oil of Roses, and one of Vinegar, beaten well together, so that the whole composition do not exceed 8 ounces, or lib: 1. at most. 2. Or more compound of oil of Roses, and other cephalical oils, with Rose vinegar, and cooling cephalical waters to this proportion, of oils 4 or 6 ounces; Vinegar, 2 or 3 ounces; Waters, 4 ounces: let them be beaten well together. 3. Or instead of waters with Juices of the same things, prescribed in the same quantity. The Use and Form, etc. beat all well together, let Linen clothes dipped and wet with this mixture be applied to the head, forehead, and temples, changing them often. The UTILITY: 'Tis excellent in the frenzy, and diliniums, or illness of head, to repel thin humours, and vapours from the head; and in burning Fevers where you fear an alienation of the mind. CHAP. III. Of a quilt Cap. THis is dedicated to the cold and moist affections of the head. 'Tis Compounded in relation to its quality, of cephalical simples well scented, either roots, dried leaves, flowers, woods, spices, (as Cloves and Cinnamon, etc.) seldom of seeds; and of gums (as Benzoin,) and sometimes Styrax, because easily powdered, Musk and Ambergreese may be added for the richer sort. And this is their usual proportion, of roots one ounce, dried Leaves two or three handfuls, which may also be prescribed by weight to half an ounce, 6 drams; flowers, to p. 2, 3, which may also be appointed by weight, to two or three drams, or half an ounce; gums to one: or two drams; Musk half a scruple, or a scruple, etc. so that the whole composition do not exceed three or four ounces. Note, that some will add those sweet powders which we call Violet powder and Cyprus powder to half an ounce. The USE and FORM, ℞, etc. Make a powder, which mix with fine cotton, or sleivesilk, so baste it, and quilt it between two silks, and make a quilt to be worn on the head, or sewed to the inside of the Cap; sometimes two are prescribed, and then the quantity of the powder is to be doubled, and 'tis said, make two Caps, of which let him wear one in the night, and the other sowed to his cap for the day, and when they grow fatty with sweat, etc. let them be left off, and new ones made. The UTILITY: is famous in cold affections of the brain, & moist ones also, from whence spring divers diseases of the nether parts; but they are chief prescribed after general purge to draw a way the relics of the morbifical matter for cold and lasting affections of the head itself, for Catarrhs, to retain, consume, and stop all defluxions, to cherish the animal spirits, and to strengthen the head and brain, (therefore they ought to be medicaments of thin parts, that they may the easier penetrate the skull;) lest it should either receive or engender new impurities, etc. CHAP. IU. Of a Collyrium. IT is a topical eye-Medicine, addicted particularly to the affections of the eyes, called a Collyrium by the Greeks from its virtue to stop rheums. And it is twofold; the moist which is now only called a Collyrium; and the dry, properly called Seife by the Arabians. The moist Collyrium. This is twofold, the Liquid, which in form of a Liquor is dropped into the eyes; and the grosser which is anointed on, of the consistency of honey or a Lineament. But vapours are not said to be any of the sorts of a Collyrium; which seeing they are nevertheless prescribed in affections of the eyes, I will first speak of them: so that I shall aecount a moist Collyrium threefold: one like vapours, another as liquor, the last like honey. The vaporous is not so much a form of a Collyrium, as of a Medicine preparing the humours and eyes, that the virtues of other things may be received to the better purpose; as in suffusions, spots, etc. It is also prescribed by itself to discuss, which is altogether the best way, as also when the sight is to be cleared, etc. 'tis COMPOSED or made, 1. of the breath of ones self, or another, as of a boy having washed his mouth, and chewed fennel seed, etc. breathed into the eyes, which is often to be done, and continued sometime, as need requires. 2 Or else may be prescribed a decoction, to the quantity of a Clyster, made of leaves, seeds, flowers, sharpening the sight, discussing and rarifying, and that in white wine, often in water, sometimes the urine of a boy Child being added to two ounces. The USE and FORM of the decoction, ℞, etc. make a decoction in, etc. for a suffumigation, let him receive the vapour or fume of this to his eye, either through a narrowmouthed Pot, or a Tunnel (other vents being closed) morning and night, long from meat, for so many days as there is need; afterwards let the eyes be fomented with a sponge, dipped in the decoction, or with little bags filled with the ingredients, which let be applied warm by turns, for a quarter or half an hour. The UTILITY is expressed: it may also be made to bind, as in the dilation of the apple or pupil of the eye, of convenient things, and in the running of the tears; but the first use is most frequent. These for a vaporous Collyrium. The LIQVID one is absolutely called a Collyrium, though anciently Collyriums were properly dry, in the forms of Troschisches which they dissolved in a fit liquor at the time of using them. But 'tis COMPOUNDED diversely. 1. Either of a distilled water alone, simple, or compound. The simple may be prescribed, either one, two or more to four ounces, make a Collyrium. The Compound which is magisterial, and chief addicted to digest, discuss, cleanse, sharpen the sight, and take away suffusions, and is to be prescribed by the Physicians, and is made in relation to its quality, of things that sharpen the sight, leaves, seeds, as also Cephalical heating things, as leaves, seeds, spices, as Ginger, Pepper, sometimes adding Gall, the Urine of a Young Boy, White Wine, Honey, etc. As to the quantity, let there be of sight sharpening leaves, M. six or M. eight; seeds one ounce & a half, or 2. ounc. Cephalical leaves, M. 2. spices half an ounce, six drams, Gall two ounces, Urine lib. half, or lib. 1, 2. Honey lib. half, Wine lib. 2. The FORM, ℞. etc. Let them steep eight days in a glass vessel, in a warm place, or horse dung: afterwards distil them in Balneo Mariae; put the distilled water in a glass bottle, and keep it for your use; which is as that of others. 2. Of Juices only, and chief of Leaves clarified and infused into the eyes, or applied with linen rags wet in them. 3. Or of a Decoction only, of Leaves, Seeds, Flowers, fit for the purpose to be prescribed in the quantity of a potion; for four ounces will suffice for a Collyrium. 4: Or of an infusion only, of metalline things, as of Antimony 1 dram, in 4 ounces of water, which is admirable to clarify the sight, so also gr. 1.2.3. of Vitriol in Rose or Fennel water is admirable against the redness and pain of the eyes. Or else made of proper vegetables infused either in a distilled water, Juices, or a decoction, etc. to 4. or 6 ounces, the Liquor afterwards being strained, and filtrated, is to be kept in a glass for use. 5. Or of a distilled water, Juice, Infusion, Decoction, 2, 3, or all of these together, mixed according to your intention, to 3 or 4 ounces. 6. Or other liquors are used alone according to your scope, as Wine, Water, whites of Eggs, in pains, etc. 7. Or some convenient powder made of proper eye medicines added to the aforesaid Liquor, several or mixed. As to the quantity of the powder, 1.2 or 3 drams is to be the most; those that are strong should not exceed 1 dram so with 4, 5, or 6 oun: of Liquor make a Collyr 'em. Note also 'tis best to strain a Collyrium for the roughness of the powders, unless it be to scour. The USE and FORM; ℞. etc. make a Collyrium, a few drops of which, 2 or 3 is to be dropped into the greater corner of the eye, or and besides (which seems best to me) apply a Linen cloth dipped in the same Liquor to the eyes, and change them often, so let it be as it were a fomentation, or an Epitheme. Or when the Liquors are gentler, let the Patient lie forward, and apply the Collyrium in a cup fitted to the eye, so that it may as it were bathe the whole eye. The UTILITY, of the liquid moist one chief is to cool and quench the burn of the eyes, to drive away pains and inflammations in the beginning; afterwards to discuss them; also to repel and stay rheums, to dry and consume tears, to cleanse off any filth from them to sharpen the sight, and discuss gross humours. Thus much for the liquid Collyrium. Here follows The COLLYRIUM like Honey, 'tis so called because 'tis of the consistence of Honey, and that threefold, in the form of a Lineament, a Pultis, and a Cataplasm. The Lineament fashion Collyrium is made, 1. Either of the powder of some fit things made into an Alcohol, and a fit thing to embody it withal, which is various according to the scope, as a fit Mucilage, honey, butter, ointment of Roses, etc. according to your indications. As to the quantity, let the whole composition be an ounce, viz. of powders, 2 or 3 drams, and half a ounce, or six drams of that with which they are embodied. 2. Or without a powder of the mucilage of fit seeds, as of Quinces, etc. but the former way is the more usual. The Cataplasm and Pultis is for the most part made only to ease pains, and that of two ounces of the crumbs of white bread soaked in q. s. of milk, to which is added sometimes the mucilage of Fleawort, to half an ounce, Opium, gr. 2 etc. 2. Or of only the pulp of a Pippin softened at the fire, or boiled in Milk, to two ounces. 3. Or of both together, 4. Or to repel, of the pulp of Quinces boiled to two ounces. 5. Orchiefly to discuss, after the manner of cataplasms, of the mucilage made of the residence of the sight-sharpening decoction bruised and driven through the strainer; see the vaporous Collyrium. The USE and FORM of the Lineament, ℞. etc. Make it like a Lineament, with which anoint the corners of the eyes, that it may leisurely penetrate to the inward parts. Or else it may be applied with a pencil to the eyelids at the place affected. Of the Cataplasm, ℞, make it like a Pultis, or a Cataplasm, lay it on a fit linen cloth, wet in a fit liquor and apply it. The UTILITY of the Lineament is special where we would help the affection of the eyelids, or cleanse, to which purpose 'tis most useful, and also to dry; it may profitably be used to discuss, and for pains, but than it is better in the form of a Pultis: Collyriums are made in this form that by this means the powders sticking the longer, may work more effectually on the part; and if there be any sharp medicines, they are thus allayed. The Cataplasm and Pultis are used only to ease pain; they may nevertheless be applied to discuss, and repel, as aforesaid. Thus far of the moist Collyrium: here follows the dry. The dry Collyrium. This useth to be prepared two ways, in the form of powder, and of a Troschisck. The POWDER is made of simples, levigated into a very sine powder, and is properly called by the Arabians Seife. It is COMPOUNDED of Ohpthalmical simples reduced to a very subtle powder, called Alcool, to be prescribed to half an ounce, or one ounce at most. The USE and FORM, ℞, etc. Grind it on a stone with some convenient liquor, to a most subtle Alcool; after dry it, of which let gr. two or three be blown into the eye through a small quill, after it let the eyelid be gently rubbed for some space: or else that Alcool may be mixed with some convenient Liquor, and so made into a Collyrium, or of it may be made a Lineament as aforesaid. The UTILITY is great, and chief to cleanse off spots, suffusions, etc. if powder only be blown in; as also to cicatrize or heal: or if it be dissolved in Liquor, as is said, it may be for divers uses, though this be less usual. TROSCHISHES, are usually made without saying in Troschisches, of the Alcohool, of divers powders, to six drams, or one ounce at most, which are made up with a convenient Liquor. See Troschischs. The USE and FORM, ℞, &c, with, etc. make Troschisches as big as Lupins, or pastils to the weight of one dram, dry them in the shade, grind one of them, dissolve it with the aforesaid things, to make a Collyrium or Lineament. The UTILITY: they may be for any intention, seeing that these Troschisches are only a convenient form for preserving the virtues of the medicines, but they are generally used to dry and cleanse, etc. and for the inflammation of the eyes, with Opium, as trosch. albi Rhafis, which also are prevalent for the redness, to digest inflammations, diminish scars, and other intentions of like sort: In this form fit powders may be kept, which are ready at hand for use either in a Linniment or Collyrium, or a powder according to the variety of the scope, of which before. CHAP. V Of a Gargarism 'tIs a Liquid Medicine dedicated to the affections of the Mouth, Gums, Jaws, Larinx, and sometimes of the head, by gargarizing as they call it, washing of the Jaws, and top of the throat, without swallowing it down. 'Tis Compounded of WATERS, and things to be dissolved. The waters are distilled in quantity to a pint, or a pint and a half. The things to be dissolved, are always some fit syrup to three or four ounces, sometimes according to the scope, Diamoron, Dianucum, Honey, to one ounce and a half, or two ounces; also sometimes some juice convenient for the affection, as Vinegar, Verjuice, in repellers to 2 or 3 ounces. 2. Or of waters and Juices chief cooling, of the first sort 8 ounces, of the latter 4, with the aforesaid things that are to be dissolved. 3. Or (which is usual) of the decoction of divers parts of plants, according to your scope, more or fewer, near the proportion of a Clyster, made in a fit liquor, in lib. 1. or lib. 1 and a half, in which let the aforesaid things be dissolved. The USE and FORM, ℞. etc. make a Gargarism, with which wash the mouth often an hour before dinner and supper, or else at any time if need be, cold if to repel, warm if to digest. The UTILITY, is various according to the variety of the affections, to repel in the beginning of inflammations, for every hot distemper of the mouth, for defluxions, to cleanse, to digest in inflammations, for the i'll savour of the mouth, for divers affections of the Jaws and mouth. Sometimes though seldom 'tis made to draw phlegm out of the head, of the decoction of cutting, cleansing, cephalical things, of thin parts; but mastcatories are better for this. CHAP. VI Of an Apophlegmatisme. IT is a sort of the Caput-purgiums, or head-purgers, as also is the Errhinum, dedicated to the phlegmatic affections of the brain, to draw forth forth phlegm from it, from whence it hath its name: as for that which some do in calling them Masticatories, 'tis abusively, for there are liquid Apophlegmatismes, yet 'tis of late received for a practical use, because the solid form of an Apophlegmatisme is the the more usual, so that by the word Apophlegmatisme they simply understand a Masticatory, as you may easily perceive. But be it as it will, 'tis two fold dry and liquid. This Form of Head-purging Medicines is properly called a Masticatory, but commonly called also an Apophlegmatisme. 'Tis COMPOUNDED or prescribed, 1. Of fit phlegm-purging simples; (see the matter) as usually (Pellitory of Spain, etc.) steeped a night in an ounce or two of Vinegar, which let him chew in the morning. 2. Or else of the powder of the aforesaid sharp things of thin parts, to 3 drams, or half an ounce, which is mixed with wax, q. s. Or else with only Mastic; others do otherwise, but wax is most convenient, for so the powder holds the firmer together. 3 Or the aforesaid powder is included in a thin, but strong linen cloth, and is tied in a knot, for which usually one ounce of Mastic is taken for a basis, and 2 or 3 drams of other sharper things, these are prescribed, make them into little knots, etc. The USE and FORM of the second manner, ℞. etc. with etc. make pellets, or spitting balls, or globulets like great pills, or troschisches in the form of Lupins, hazzle Nuts, etc. of the weight of 2 scruples, one dram, etc. Make chewable cakes, of which let him chew one, and roll it up and down his mouth every morning, when his stomach is empty: and that for half an hour holding down his head, often spitting out that that dissolves from the pellet; after let him wash his mouth with warm water, wine, etc. that the relics remaining may be washed often away; it may also be reiterated two hours before supper. The UTILITY: 'tis singular after general evacuations for the particular purging of the brain; it draws away the relics of phlegmatic humours, especially from the brain, and chief from the centre and foremost ventricles of it, as also from the adjoining parts to it, it also purgeth the parts near the mouth as gums, jaws, teeth, (in the ache of which 'tis usual) mouth, throat, and whethersoever the heat of it it can diffuse itself. Lastly, it melts, cuts, and draws forth phlegm, and is excellent in cold and inveterate affections of the brain. The liquid Apophlegmatisme. It is like the Gargarism, which may be called the purging gargarism. 'Tis Compounded of the Decoction of Cephalical things that attenuate and cut, whether roots, leaves, seeds, flowers, near the quantity of a gargarism, adding also things that draw forth phlegm; to an ounce, an ounce and a half, or two ounces, made in wine or Mead. Note, that it may be made more purgative by adding in the decoction Senna, Carthamum, and sometimes Turbith, to half an ounce, or 6 drams. The quantity of it, and of the things to be dissolved is as in a Gargarism. The USE and FORM is the same; for it is really a purging gargarism. The UTILITY is the same as of the masticatory; yet because when gargarized, it enters farther into the Throat, and it also draweth farther from the almonds of the ears, and ousle, and 'tis also thought to draw more powerfully from the brain. CHAP. VII Of Dentifrices. THis Remedy though it seem only beautifying, yet 'tis often prescribed by Physicians for other affections. 'Tis Composed, 1. Either in the form of water, with which either the teeth are washed, or else they are rubbed with a linen with it; hither belong the spirits of Vitriol, and Sulfur in a small quantity diluted in the water, with which the teeth may be rubbed. It marvellously cleanseth and whiteneth them, and preserves them from rotting: yet it must be done warily, for it makes them apt to break. 2. Or else in the form of a lineament of six drams, or 1 ounce of powder with a s. q. of honey of Roses; so make it of the consistency of an Opiate or a Lineament. 3. Or in the form of Troschisches like a suppository, with which being dried and hardened, let the teeth be rubbed; These are made of an ounce and a half, or two ounces of powder with the mucilage of gum dragant, q. s. make Troschisches like suppositories, and dry them. The USE and FORM, ℞. etc. Make etc. with which either let the mouth be washed, etc. or anointed, or let the teeth be rubbed afterwards, let the the mouth be washed with a convenient liquor, water, wine, etc. The UTILITY; 'tis prescribed chief to whiten the teeth, cleanse and fasten them, also to remedy the scates and rottenness of them, to strengthen and incarnate the gums, and defend them from defluxions: Note, that as to the matter of them there is usually and profitably to cleanse, Tartar, Coral, crust of bread burnt, Salt, Scuttle-bone, Pumicestone, etc. to which for the richer sort sweet smelling things, as Musk, Ambergris, should be added. CHAP. VIII. Of Errhines, or sneezing Medicines. 'TIs a Medicine in general which is drawn up in the nose, (from whence its name) either for affections of the head or the proper affections of the nostrils, to purge the first, to alter the others diversely, so that I may rightly esteem it twofold, purging and altering. The purging Errhine. 'Tis dedicated to purge the brain of divers vicious humours, which it doth either without sneezing, and then is called absolutely an Errhine, which they otherwise call a he adpurge, or with sneezing, and then is called a Sternutatory or sneezing Medicine. Of that which is called absolutely an Errhine. It emptieth the brain without sneezing, and in relation to its form is threefold, Liquid, soft, and solid. The Liquid is compounded 1. Either of Juices only of head-purgers, which is pressed out of 4 handfuls of the leaves bruised, and strained with four ounces of white Wine; this Liquor is kept in a glass bottle for use; this is otherwise prescribed thus more briefly. ℞. of the Juices newly drawn out of the leaves of green Herbs with white wine, &c, four ounces, eight ounces, seldom 'tis prescribed to lib: 1. unless for a continual use, and in diets. Note, that sometimes to make it the more cephalical, Betony, etc. may be joined with it, or a little of some cephalical decoction, and that it may the more penetrate, one ounce of Aqua vitae may be added. 2. Or altogether of a decoction of cephalical things, as the Apophlegmatisme is, the leaves of head-purgers being joined, of which strained, take 6 or 8 ounces, in which either nothing is dissolved, or sometimes fit juices to 2 or 3 ounces, Aqua vitae, etc. Note that some to purge the more wil-dissolve purging opiates in it, but 'tis better to boil some fit purger with the rest of the things. The USE and FORM, ℞. etc. Make an Errhine, or a head purge, keep it in a glass bottle; let it be used warm in the morning, two hours before dinner, or also before supper; snuff it up out of the palm of the hand; the mouth being full of water, continue this 3 or 4 days, 3, or 4 times at once, or if a diet be appointed, let it be continued the whole time of the diet. The SOFT Errhine is compounded 1: In the form of a Lineament of divers juices, and oil of Iroes, ana, two ounces, boil them to the consumption of the juices, add wax, q. s. make a Lineament, to which may be added a dram and a half of sharp powders; or which is best, half a scruple, or a scruple of Elaterium. 2. Or in the consistence of an Opiate, of two ounces of the aforesaid Juices, Wine an ounce and a half, Honey, q. s. boil it gently to the consistence of an opiate, N B, that besides sharp or or purging powders, as Elaterium, Colocinthis may be added to one scruple. Note also that the Opiate may be made without Juices of two drams, or 3 drams of powder, honey, q. s. The USE and FORM, ℞, etc. make etc. and with your finger or a feather, anoint the inside of your nostrils, and holding forwards your head, let the humours be drawn forth; 'tis best after it to wash the nostrils. See Errhinum. The SOLID is compounded, 1. either in the form of a powder, of fit things to two drams, 3. drams, half an ounce. 2. or in a solid form, and is properly called a Nasal, of the powder of such like things, two or three drams; make it up with a fit mucilage, or turpentine, q, s. and wax, make a Nasal in the shape of a Pyramid. The USE and FORM of the Powder, ℞, etc. blow up a little (as for example) half a scruple, or a scruple with a quill into the Nostril's. Of the Nasal thu●, ℞, etc. make it in the figure of a Pyramid, which being anointed with oil, put it up in the Nostrils. The UTILITY is after general purges, in affection's of the head, especially the cold and lasting ones: and also in them that proceed from choler, and waterish humours, from whence often spring very sharp pains; and for all affections arising from the foulness of the brain; therefore in diets it is most usual and most profitable; it purgeth the foremost ventricles of the brain, and the meminges or cover of it; but 'tis warily to be prescribed in affections of the eyes. The sneezing medicine. 'tis COMPOUNDED of the Powder of sneezing simples, to one dram and a half, or 2. drams, for they are strong. The USE and FORM, ℞. etc. Make a fine powder, whose steam is either to be drawn into the Nostrils, or especially when cephalical things are mixed with it in equal quantity, a little, as gr. 1, 2, 3, by the help of a quill may be snuffed up in the morning, or at other times, when the brain is benumbed, or when the birth is to be provoked. The UTILITY is remarkable to empty the brain of gross vapours, and slime from the foreparts of it; and is profitable in lasting and sleepy affections, to expel the birth, having first taken medicines to that purpose; it powerfully draws from the tunicles of the brain, and is profitable in affections of them, proceeding from choleric humours. The altering Errhine. I call that so which is used to cure divers affections of the nostrils, and this is also threefold, liquid, soft, solid. 'tis Compounded, 1. Either of convenient Juices drawn out of Leaves with water, or some fit Liquor, to 6 or 7 ounces, in which afterwards is dissolved Honey, or some convenient syrup, to an ounce and a half, or two ounces, and sometimes a powder to half an ounce. Or of some fit decoction to the quantity of a Clyster; in which also is dissolved honey, or some proper syrup to two or three ounces. 2. Or in the form of a Lineament of fit things as above. 3. Or in a solid form, viz. of a Turund as they call it, of a powder chief of binder's and dryers', to three drams (viz. for one) and the white of an egg, some fit juice, or honey to make them up withal; make them up into a Turund or Pyramidfashioned Tent (adding if you will the hairs of an Hare) and put it up in the nostrils. The USE and FORM is as that of the purging Errhine; yet the use of this may be at any time; and particularly, when they go to bed, let them put in one; in the morning another. The UTILITY is great, in particular affections of the Nose, as in the Ozena, Polipus, Ulcers, stench, bleeding, to which Turunds are used, in the form of a Lineament. CHAP. IX. Of Suffiments or Fumes. SVffiments differ from Adoraments or sweet-scented perfumes, in this, because the last cast their scent without fire; but Suffiments do not part with theirs without the touch of fire: And this is twofold, one for pleasure, another for health sake; and either of these may be dry or moist; that is called a Fume or suffiment, this is rather to he called a vapour. The Suffiment for pleasure. This is chief dedicated to grace the Court, and for pleasures, consisting of sweet-scented things, and is either dry or moist. The dry is COMPOUNDED, 1. Either in the form of a Powder, the matter of which is either well-scented Gums, as Stirax and Benzoine chief, and also roots, as Acorns, etc. Barks as of Citrons, Oranges; Woods, as Lignum Aloes; Leaves, as Margerom, etc. Cephalical flowers and spices, as Mace, Cloves, Cinnamon, etc. Also Camphire, Musk, Ambergris, Civet, etc. Of these more or fewer. As to the quantity, the Dose of the whole may be from one ounce to two ounces, according as the things are costly (but if it be for the perfuming the head-cloathes, it may be prescribed to four ounces, of the cheaper sort●) Therefore of this quantity, viz. one ounce, two ounces: let there be of gums, half an ounce, or four drams, of powders three drams, etc. or of each, alike parts; Ambergreese, Musk, Civet; as you think fit. 2. Or in the Form of Troschisches, the aforesaid powder being made up with gum-fragrant dissolved in a fit water, make Troschisches, etc. of the weight of one dram: so let them be dried. 3. Or in the form of Cypress Birds, as they call them, of sweet Gums, three ounces, the aforesaid powders, half an ounce, or six drams, Charcoal of Willow-wood two ounces, or three ounces with Gumtragant dissolved, or Labdunum melted q. s. make Cypress birds, Caldles for Fumes, etc. Musk and Ambergreese may be added at your pleasure. The USE and Form of the Powder, ℞. etc. Make a powder, to be cast on bright Charcoals to perfume Chambers or . Of the Troschisches this, ℞, etc. make etc. cast one, or two on the coals; so for the birdlets, ℞. etc. light one of them for a fume for the chamber. The UTILITY: though they seem only intended for pleasure, yet seeing they consist of precious cephalical and cordial simples, they cannot but cherish the brain, heart, and spirits of them, and drive away malignity. The moist is at this day usually prepared, and they call it a Cassolete. 'Tis COMPOUNDED best of Gums, as Storax, Benzoin, to two ounces, and if you will of some of the powders to two or three drams; these are all dissolved in some sweet water, as of Roses; and then Cassolets made for a long use like paste, and dried; at the time of using them a Cassolete is sprinkled with some sweet water, and then heated over the fire it breathes forth a very fragrant perfume: and to make it the more delightful, you may add gr. 3 or 4 of Musk. The Utility is the same with that of the dry one. Suffiment for Health. That Fume that is addicted to the conservation of health is from its effect twofold; one strengthening the principal parts, and refreshing the spirits, almost of the same things as that for pleasure; The other altering, as drying the brain, cleansing the Lungs, moving the courses, helping suffocation, etc. From the form 'tis also twofold, dry and moist. The DRY in general is made of things which breathe forth a Fume, and that wel-sented, as Laudanum, Storax, Benzoin, etc. as aforesaid, and sometimes ill-sented, as Galbanum, assa Foetida, Castoreum, etc. the use of which is from beneath; in affections of the Womb 'tis also made of the powders of things serving to the scope, as of Roots, Woods, etc. therefore in general 'tis made of gums and powders. But in special 'tis compounded first in the form of a powder of the aforesaid things, from one to two ounces, according as the use is, to continue long or short; and particularly let there be of gums, 2 ounces, of powders half an ounce etc. sometimes more, sometimes less, as you think fit. Note, that in the affections of the Womb are usually taken among the powders Gallia, and Alipta Moscata, and sometimes the powders of strengthening electuaries to one dram. And sometimes a Fumigation or Suffiment is made only of Tobacco cast on coals, or else of the smoke taken by a pipe or tunnel; it purgeth the head and brain wonderfully from choleric and phlegmatic excrements. 2. Else in the form of Troschisches, see before. The USE and FORM of the Powder, ℞. etc. Make a powder, of which cast &c. on bright coals, (and if it be for the head) receive the smoke at the mouth; or else smoke the headclothes with it if it be for the diseases of other parts springing from thence, as the Phthisis, etc. if it be for the breast receive it with open mouth, if it be for the Womb, and other cavities, receive the smoke by a tunnel, as also thorough a hollow stool; if it be for pains of the joints, fume well cotton, etc. and apply it. But of the Troschisches ℞. etc. Make Troschisches; see before, The UTILITY is, as is said, either to strengthen, or alter diversely, usually to dry the brain, and consume Catarrhs, & strengthen, for Phlegm contained in the breast, in divers affections; to dry the ulcers of the lungs, of Tobacco, Coltsfoot, Brimstone, etc. to provoke, or stop the courses, of fit things, as also to stay the Fluxes of the belly, as the dysentery, against fits of the mother, of ill-scented things to the superior, and sweet scented things to the inferior parts; to dry and strengthen the womb, and help conception: for Ulcers of the ears, nose, mouth, lungs, womb, etc. for the French Pox of Cinnaber, as is usual (whose fume received in a close place, cures that filthy disease by a spitting Flux) and all affections depending thereon, as Ulcers, pains. And 'tis usually made in the form of a powder or Troschisch; as ℞ Cinnaber, one ounce and a half, Gum, balf an ounce, four dram of a strengthening powder, two drams, three drams, make a powder, or else with turpentine make Troschisches. The MOIST Suffiment is otherwise properly called a vapour, and is made of a liquor fit for the purpose, sending forth a vapour by the help of boiling it. 'tis COMPOSED, 1. Either of a simple liquor, as vinegar, wine, Aqua vitae, or Rose water, etc. Note that sometimes red hot flints, are quenched in the vinegar, for the discussing of hard Oedematous swell; as also red hot tiles to be quenched in vinegar, and the vapour received, as is usual in the time of the pestilence. 2. Or of the decoction of fit simples to be prescribed in the quantity of the fomentation, or according to the ampleness of the part. Therefore in affections of the ears, a third part of that will suffice. The USE and FORM, ℞, etc. make a decoction, whose vapour let them receive in affections of the womb, and others also thorough a hollow stool, and a leaden Pipe, or Tunnel; see the Insession: in affections of the ears, by a Pipe or Tunnel, which they vulgarly call an EMBOIE. The UTILITY is great, especially in affections of the Womb, in staying or provoking the courses, of mollifiers and attenuators; in the dysentery of binder's, in divers affections of the Anus, or Fundament, in stopping and easing the Hemorrhoids; they are also prescribed for affections of the ears and eyes. In general they may be used to dry, bind, relax, mollify, discuss, open, etc. CHAP. X. Of Odoraments, or Perfumes. THey are prescribed partly for delight, partly for health, but chief to alter the brain, refresh the animal spirits, to put away ill scents, and infectious air; for the increasing the vigour and spirits of the heart also, the sent of them being attracted with the breath into the Lungs, and thence to the heart. They are made of sweet smelling things, and are either dry or moist. Dry Perfumes. These are Compounded, 1 In the form of a powder: see the suffiments: but the quantity of this is to be limited according to the manner of using it; if it be for the greater bags, 'tis best to use the Violet or Cipreos' powder: but for the lesser sort two or three ounces will serve, yet so that the quantity of the gums be diminished; see above: which in a box bored full of holes, or otherwise you may hold to the nose in a little knot, or bag of silk. 2. Or in the form of a Pomander, of the powder aforesaid in Suffiment for pleasure, to one ounce, an ounce and a half, or two ounces, adding Musk: Ambergreese, Civet, to grains 6. half a scruple, or a scruple, as you please; And 'tis made up either with Gum tragant dissolved in Rose water, so make two Pomanders to be carried in the hands, or which is better, let them be incorporated with Laudanum dissolved: so make a Pomander, which anoint with some sweet oil. Note also, that 'tis better for your Musk; Ambergreese, Civet, not to go into the Composition, but to wipe the outside of it over with them dissolved, as also with oil of Cinnamom, Cloves, etc. alone or mixed, and to renew them often. 3. Or in the form of Globulets or beads, made of the same mass as the powders are; but the proportion of it must be according to the quantity you intent to make; to which the Apothecaries to increase the quantity of them add willow charcoal finely powdered. 4. Or in the form of a perfumed soap, for the washing of the hands and head, of Venice soap, or other white soap to 4 ounces; sweet powder six drams, and if you will, Musk or Ambergris gr. 3, 4 etc. with a sufficient quantity of Rose water incorporate, and make balls great or little. The USE: let the sent of them be often snuffed up, but the scope is only to cleanse the hands and head from filthiness, etc. The UTILITY is expressed at first. Moist Perfumes. They are Compounded, 1. in the form of sweet water; and this is either simple, as Orange-flower water to 3 ounces, of which you may add of Musk, or Ambergreese gr. 2 or 3, The Compound is made of Odoriferous things liquid, as Rose-water, Orange-flower water, etc. 4 ounces, Cinnamon water one ounce, and dry things, as of sweet powders to 2, 3, or 4 drams, and if you will, some few grains of Musk and Ambergreese. 2. Or in the Form of a Lineament, which now adays they call sweet balsam, of white wax often washed and melted, one ounce, of some convenient chemical oils one dram, and if you will, Musk, Civet, Ambergreese, some few grains, or more coarsely, of half an ounce of sweet powder, wax 3 drams. oil of Ben, or of sweet Almonds, q. s. so maken Lineament, adding Musk, Ambergreese, etc. to some few grains. The USE of the water is to wash the hands, beard, and hair of the head chief: The use of the Balsam and its utility is the same as that of the dry perfume; the hand also may be lightly smeared, and the inside of the nostrils to avoid stenches; to comfort the brain and heart, and the spirits of both. CHAP. XI. Of the Scute. IT is in general a topical Medicine for the stomach, made in the form of a Scutcheon, which seeing it is usually made both of plasters, and bags; custom hath so far prevailed, the strengthening bag is often used for the Scute. 'Tis COMPOUNDED therefore 1. in the form of a bag, of the powders of heating stomachical stomachical things, observing these rules in every thing that are set down for your Quilt Caps, from whose Form it only differs in the use, so that 〈◊〉 the proportion of the powder be also two ounces. 2. Or in the form of a Plaster, of the mass of some stomachical plaster, as Empl. de Mastiche, 2 ounces, and of some stomachical powder, to half an ounce; to which also are sometimes added well scented gums to 2 drams, and are all made up with Turpentine, q. s. The USE and FORM of the bag, ℞. etc. make a gross powder, which is to be taken in perfumed cotton, or in the wool of a scarlet die, and with a silken fold, make a bag scutcheon fashioned to be quilted all over, which being hung about the neck, let it be always kept to the region of the stomach, let it be sprinkled sometimes if you think fit with a little Aqua vitae. Of the Plaster, ℞. etc. make a scutcheon-fashioned plaster, spread on Leather; let it be applied to the stomach a little smeated with some fit oil, or sprinkle it with powder. lest it stick too fast. The UTILITY is great to strengthen the stomach after purging: to correct a cold distemper, help concoction, strengthen it, and stay vomiting. CHAP. XII. Of a Pessary, and Nascall. IT is a Medicine to be put into the secret parts for helping divers affections of the Womb, and from its various form was diversely called of old. 'tis now called a Pessary, and is in shape the length of the forefinger, the thickness of a thumb, and is otherwise called a Pesse, and those which are made like knots or nodes, are called Nascals, They are from their effects twofold, purging and altering. The purging Pesse Is COMPOUNDED, 1 either of a purging Opiate alone, to an ounce and a half, or two ounces, viz. for 2 (for two are always to be prescribed, that when one is taken forth, another may be put in) let it be incorporated with some juice, as of Mercury, etc. Note, that sometimes powders may be added to the Opiate, either sharp hysterical opening powders to a dram and a half, or two drams, or else the powder of purgers, simple or compound, to two drams; let them be incorporated with juice; also instead of them gums, as Ammoniack, Myrrh, etc. are often added to two drams. 2. Or of the powder of cathartics, and of compound Electuaries, as Hiera picra, to 6 drams, or one ounce, together with a dram and a half, or two drams of hysterical altering things; so with honey, or a juice, or both q. s. let them be incorporated. 3. Or of juices and honey boiled to the consistence of an Opiate, adding purging powders to this proportion, of Juices two or three ounces, honey an ounce and a half, powder half an ounce. The USE and FORM, ℞. etc. with red Saunders, or a silken fold, make a pesse. or else mix it with a little cotton, and wrap it in a silken fold, and make a pesse of the fit bigness, which is to be put in, which being tied to the thigh with a thread that it may be drawn forth again at pleasure, which is usually done after 4 or 6 hours, the dregs may be cleansed from it, afterwards that or another is put in again, therefore they use to have two at evening when you go to sleep. Note, that before it be put in, that or the interior parts of the Wombs entrance is to be anointed with some fit oil, the use is to continue three or 4 days The UTILITY is after purgations, and chief in cold distempers: in which are heaped Phlegmatic excrements & dregs; from whence often proceeds barrenness etc. also sometimes when a diet is prescribed, than they are to be continued as long as that is appointed▪ And 'tis the best course to compound them of purgers and strengtheners, of each equal parts. They are also useful to provoke the Terms, for they draw much, especially if you add Musk or Civet to them; 'tis most profitable and usual to make it of purgers and strengtheners as aforesaid, to help conception, one of which let be worn in some time before the Woman accompanieth with her Husband, and afterward let her put in another of only strengtheners and binder's. Of the altering and strengthening Pessary. Pessaries which do not purge are prescribed two ways, either to strengthen the Womb, or to alter diversely. 'Tis COMPOUNDED, 1. in the form of an Opiate, a powder made of fit hysterical ●oors, leaves, spices, etc. which are to be incorporated with fit things. The quantity of powders is six drams, or one ounce, sometimes an ounce and a half, and that which makes them up, either honey or some juice, q. s. and then usually cotton is daubed with that mixture, and rolled round for a pessary; but when 'tis made with honey because 'tis of a thicker consistence, there is no need of Cotton, and the pesse is made with silken covering, etc. it may also be made up with a fit syrup. Note also, that it may be profitably made with juices boiled up with honey to the form of an Opiate. Note also, that sometimes an officinal Opiate may be prescribed, as Triphera Persica sine opio to half an ounce, and powders to two drams, or half an ounce after the manner of Opiates. 2. Or in the form of a Lineament of six dram●, or an ounce of powder with Oil of Spikenard, and wax, q. s. make it a Lineament with which a cotton is daubed, or carded wool, and is form like a Pesse, to be covered over with a thin silken fold. 3. Or in the form of a Suppository, of honey an ounce and a half, or two ounces, boiled with a convenient juice to 2 or 3 ounces, adding if you will half a dram of powder. 4. Or of only ointments fit for the purpose, mixed with a cotton, or otherwise; where you would been the, of Vnguentum Connitissae, and a fit powder, ana, an ounce. 5. Or of a handful of green herbs bruised and incorporated with a juice or honey, adding if you will half an ounce, or six drams of powder. 6. Or of Cotton only, especially in the fits of the Mother, rubbed with half a dram of Civet, or Musk dissolved, and with other Odoriferous things suddenly put up. Also a cotton may profitably be used for a Pessary to other scopes, imbued with fit juices to 2 or 3 ounces, which is effectual where we would bind, to which may usually be added powders to half an ounce, 6 drams as above, or other convenient things, as buster, grease, fat to mollify, etc. The USE and FORM: see the purging Pess; the solid pessary should always be wrapped in a thin silken sold, that it may the easier be drawn forth, for else 'twil dissolve; also when you would bind and dry, it ought to be renewed often. The UTILITY is to strengthen the womb, as is said, also to alter diversely, as for its inflammations, to mollify its hardness, and for divers distempers; for all fluxes from the Womb, the falling of it forth, fits of the Mother, to expel the Birth, and afterbirth, to provoke the Courses; but those are for the most part also purgers, which must not be used unless after universal purgations; also for Ulcers of the passage or neck of the Womb, and for suffiments for the Womb. This of a PESSARY: Here follow, a NASCAL. Some will have them the same thing that a Pessary is; others will have it signify a node or pencil, 'tis invented for Virgin's sake, who for shame or modesty refuse a Pessary; or for Women who cannot admit them, as when they have Ulcers. Whatsoever is the reason, they are COMPOUNDED in the manner of a Node, or Pencil, and are very soft, of fine locks of cotton or wool moistened, either with some fit juice, or ointment, or other things aforesaid, the quantity of which is scarce limited; generally a flock of Wool is prescribed to be imbued with q. s. of such a thing. Such are made for fits of the Mother, a flock of cotton being slightly rubbed with Givet, or Musk dissolved in nard oil, as above. The USE is as of Pessaries. The VTILITT in Virgins is the same as of the other in Women; they are made for Ulcers in the neck of the womb, and pains of it. CHAP. XIII. Of a Suppository. 'tIs a topical Medicine used to the fundament, or anus, three or four inches in length, slender and round like a small candle; of old in the form of an acorn, from whence they were called of the Greeks Balanoi; at this day 'tis commonly called a Suppository, chief to move the belly to stool, and for some other afsections. And 'tis either simple, or compound. The Simple. This is made either of the stalk or root of Beets, Colewort or Marshmallows, the outward rind peeled of, to which is added sometimes salt (to augment the provocative virtue) rubbed on the outside, so smoothed over with oil they are put up; also of the stalk of a Leek anointed with butter, or white soap sharpened like a suppository; also honey alone boiled to a hard consistence, for so it becomes more sharp. The Compound. This is made of Honey as the basis, boiled till it will not stick to the fingers, then adding powders to it near this proportion, as to one ounce you may add one dram, or 4 scruples of powder at the most, according as the powder is lighter in weight, or stronger in operation; which quantity will serve for two or three suppositories. But the Honey is boiled by itself, or with fit juices to irritate, or for other purposes, of which let there be an ounce, or an ounce and a half. The USE and FORM, ℞. etc. Make suppositories, one of which let be put up, first being anointed with oil, or butter when need requires; so that if they be purgative, once or twice a day will suffice; if only to alter, they may be used oftener; if they consist of Narcoticks for pains, let them not stay too long lest they induce a Palsy, (and therefore thy use to be fastened to a thread, that they may be drawn forth at pleasure,) neither ought they often to be used. The UTILITY in general is twofold, either to provoke the expulsive Faculty to stool, o● else for the proper affections of the Anus, and straight gut. The Belly is to be moved with a suppository, either when the age of the Patient will not receive a clyster, as in sucking children, or in humorous people, whose custom and waywardness will not admit of one, as usually in Virgins; also when clysters put up work not, as in the colic is seen; or when purging Medicines taken down do not move as they should, or when the dung stays in the belly only for want of irritating; or when it is so hardened in the straight gut that you cannot put up a clyster. And lastly, when the expulsive Faculty is unmindful of his office, and sluggish. Also to revel or withdraw when humours tend wholly up to the head and midrise; or otherwise, when for revulsion sake they are to be drawn down, or purged forth, as generally in cold and sleepy affections of the head, in which the expulsive faculty benumbed, is by this means excited, or also when Clysters offend the sick, etc. And bsides this scope of purging, they are made for the proper affections of anus, and straight gut, of honey as the basis, and other matter serving to the intention, after the manner aforesaid: so to open the hemorrhoids, with sharp things, to stop them with other fit things: also for Tenesmus, Ascarides, Ulcers, the Relaxation and Palsy of the Sphincter, and pains, with appropriated powders, mixed with honey in the aforesaid proportion. And mark that concerning the matter of laxative Suppositories, some are gentler, as the simples afore recited, for infants; others stronger, which consist of Salt, Mousedung, purging powders; simple as Aloes, Agarick, Senna; or compound, as usually Hiera Piera, and also other strong things, the use of which is chief in the sleepy affections, as Sal Gem, Shall Ammoniack, Salt Peter; and Purgers, simple as Coloquintis, or compound as Hiera diacoloquintida, to half a scruple, or one scruple: also if for pains, opium be admitted, 'tis to be done warily, for fear of a Palsy, and you should scarce ascend to half a scruple. CHAP. XIV. Of a Clyster. IT signifies a washing from the Greek word Elyzo, and in Greek is called Clyster, and from its being injected, Enema, from Eniemi to inject; in general it signifies any Lotion or Injection into any part, but particularly, that which is injected by the fundament. And this may be accounted threefold, purging, altering, and strengthening. A Purging Clyster. Is COMPOUNDED, of a fit liquor, in which together with honey, sugar, and oil are dissolved divers purgers; and therefore so many things are to be considered in the composition, but chief two; the liquor of which 'tis made, and the things to be dissolved in it. The Liquor as to its quality is either the common decoction for Clysters usual in the shops, or a Magisterial decoction prescribed, according to the urgent occasion and intention of the Physician, of convenient things: and is either Altering or Purging. The Altering which is most usual, is composed of fit mollifying things, heating or cooling, according to the intention, of roots, leaves, seeds, fruits, flowers, near this proportion, as of roots, two or three ounces, leaves four handfuls, seeds six drams, or one own, or an ounce and a half at most, fruits pa. eight, flowers pugil. three. If you would make it purgative, you may do it by adding for phlegm, of Carthamus' seed bruised 6 drams, or one ounce, Agarick tied up like a node in a rag, 3 drams, Elect-Turbith 2 drams, for Melancholy 1 ounce, or 6 drams of Senna, Polipody an ounce, which is very rare, all which are to be added after the roots, and are prescribed to be boiled after the seeds also; all these are boiled in a convenient liquor, or in water only. (But this is rare to boil in purgers, because purgers are afterwards dissolved in it, which will be sufficient.) As to the quantity of the Liquor, it varies according to the age of the party very much; for 3 ounces will serve for a child of 4 or 5 months old; if one bigger, 5 or 6 drams; for people of ripe age usually lib. 1. for great men lib. one and a half. But here we must observe in them which are with child, or Hydropical, troubled with wind, and in old Folks we should rather take less, so that the whole Clyster exceed not 12 ounces; also when we would have it kept long in the body. The things to be DISSOLVED, in relation to their quality, are either alterers or purgers; the Alterers which are generally dissolved, are Honey and Sugar, and always oil, yet it may be left out when the expulsive faculty is to be sharply provoked, or where we would draw powerfully. To these are sometimes added Salt, usually sal gem. where it should be more provokative, as in sleepy affections. But the purgers are officinal electuaries, either only lenifying or purging, according to the variety of the humour to be purged, and the divers constitution of the body. Sometimes instead of them are dissolved pills in the drowsy affections. As to the quantity, Honey and Sugar are dissolved to two or 3 ounces at most; in them of ripe age, in children a fourth part will suffice, and less in infants. Oil, in those ripe of age 3 ounces, salt to half a dram, or a dram. Electuaries to double the dose in which they are given by the mouth; but usually they are proportioned to an ounce and a half, unless they are very gentle, or you would have it work very strongly, than you may add 2 ounces; in Infants you may prescribe a quarter of that proportion; but if you prescribe pills (which is seldom) do it to two or three drams. The USE and FORM, ℞. etc. Make a Decoction, take of the strained liquor, etc. in which dissolve, etc. make a Clyster to be injected long after meat when the stomach is empty; yet it may be prescribed at any hour when need requires, as in the sleepy affections. The UTILITY. 1. To purge forth the excrements of the belly, and draw forth divers excrementitious humours, from whence soever then are accumulated. 2. To evacuate the adjacent parts, as Reins, Bladder, Mesentery, and Stomach from them; also to empty the more remote parts as the head and breast, etc. for the nether parts, being cleared and emptied by a certain consecution of the humours, the uppermost are also disburdened: and for this cause they are esteemed as revulsive Medicines. The altering Clyster. This is also COMPOUNDED of a fit Liquor, and proper things to be dissolved in it. The LIQVOR, as to its quality is various, according to the scope, and is either simple or Compound. The simple is sometimes Milk, or the broth of a sheehead, and appurtenance, for a fit Liquor, as in the dysentery, Colic, etc. Sometimes of Oil only, as in windiness, and the colic, and of strong Wine, or Hippocras in the same affections. Sometimes of chalibiated Milk for an astringent, and sometimes otherwise of the decoction of the decoction of Barley, or with it of bran, Roses for a cleanser, which is usually done: those 3 being prescribed, ana, p. 1. The Compound Liquor which is generally in use for these sorts of clysters, is the decoction of divers parts of plants as aforesaid, more or fewer, which respect both the part affected, and the affection, in the same proportion as is said in the purging clyster. As to the quantity of the liquor, see there also. Things to be dissolved in the altering Clyster, in relation to their quality, are very various according to the variety of indications; though they be seldom altering without purging, unless the indications do wholly dissuade, as in the pain-easing, and nourishing Clyster, etc. Usually there are dissolved Honey, Sugar, Oil, in the dose aforesaid: sometimes there must not be oil, but only sugar and honey, as in the cleansing Clyster; and on the contrary in the Emollient Clyster oil is to be preferred: as also Butter, if you will, and such like fat things. Besides these, or sometimes without them according to the urgency of the indications, juices are dissolved, as in the astringent Clyster, made of leaves (which are also profitable in purgative Clysters, of drawing medicines) also astringent powders, as is generally used in the fluxes of the belly, and dysentery: sometimes Goats suet in the dysentery and pains, to daub as it were the inside of the entrails, lest the sharp humours in their passage should more ulcerate. Note also that the yolk of an egg is to be dissolved, else it will soon harden; sometimes urine as in the dropsy Ascites, so also Philonium in a Narcotick Clyster. But for a nourishing Clyster, fit Conserves are convenient, white Sugar, Consumption broths, also confection Alchermes, when you would strengthen powerfully; and Tracle also, of which must be well noted, that in the overworking of Physic, and in the Epidemical dysentery, it works miraculously and suddenly. As to the quantity, 'tis also divers according to the diversity of the things that are to be dissolved. Honey and Sugar to 2. or 3 ounces. Butter and other fat things to 3. ounces. juices to 2. or 3. ounces. Powders to six dram, or one ounce, more or less, according to their efficacy. Suet to half an owned. or 1. owned. in whose place also you may use an ordinary candle, by the anointing of which, we see execriations presently healed. Urine to 2 or 3 ounces. Philonium to two drams from one. Conserves, from half an ounce to an ounce. White Sugar, two or three ounces, as also nourishing compositions. Confections, from 1 dram to 2 for the richer sort. New Treacle, from half a dram to a dram, or somewhat more. Yolks of Eggs, in number 1. 2 in a Clyster, to ease pain, gently cleansing and nourishing: The USE and FORM see before, but it may be injected at any convenient hour when need requires. Note, That nourishing Clysters ought to be prescribed in a greater quantity, and often to be repeated, and to be kept longer than ordinary, in others observe the contrary. The UTILITY appears divers in the affections of the gutsses especially in the greater; next in the affections of the neighbouring parts; they are made also to alter the intestines diversely, and the whole body, as to cool in divers affections, and temper the heat of the adjacent parts, to mollify the excrements, lenify the acrimony of humours, to ease the pains of the guts, Reins, Bladder, Womb: to discuss windiness, and cleanse both excrementitious humours, and the Ulcers of them which have the dysentery, and to heal them: to bind and stay fluxes of the belly, draw forth, and kill Worms, and to nourish: so that there is almost no affection, or part of the body which may not receive benefit by a Clyster, especially by that which purgeth the belly, and therefore they are profitably prescribed to precede every purgation, that the succeeding purge might work the easier and quicker, without either griping or vomiting; when otherwise many impurities may be left behind, which either may return to divers parts, or at lest offend them with the putrid vapours that proceed from them, contaminating the good juices and spirits, and clouding and oppressing the natural heat. CHAP. XV. Of divers Injections. BEsides those Injections that are made into the fundament, others also are prescribed for divers parts of the body; as into the Ears, Womb, Bladder, Yard, Ulcerous cavities, especially Fistuloes, and are by a general name also called Clysters. Of that into the Ears. They are COMPOUNDED 1. Either of oils only, or juices, waters decoction fit for the purpose, according to the variety of the affections. 2. Or of 2 or 3, or more of the aforesaid mixed together, in which sometimes things serving to a divers scope are dissolved; but in a small quantity, and these which are almost liquid themselves. As to the quantity of liquid things, Of Oils, half an ounce, an ounce, or six drams will suffice, according to its efficacy, and the continuance of its use. Juices, Waters, Decoctions, one or two ounces, either several, or mixed, according also to their efficacy, and the use, will be enough. As to the quantity of things to be dissolved, it must be small because of the exquisite sense, and smallness of the part; if they be powders, half a scruple, or a scruple; if fat things, two drams; Honey, half an ounce, etc. will be sufficient at most. The USE and FORM, ℞, etc. drop into the ear two or three drops, according to the faculty of the Medicine, and sometimes the ear is to be filled with the Liquor: but a little after holding down the head, it is to be cleansed, as chief when we use the Decoction; If it be Oil only, some few drops are poured in, after the ear is stopped with perfumed cotton, especially if it be a cold affection. The UTILITY: 'tis chief used for inflammations, Ulcers, noises, deafness, Worms, and other particular affections of the Ears; See the Magazeen Physical. Of that into the Womb. They are otherwise called hysterical Clysters; and the pipe by which they are injected into the Womb, is by the Greeks called a Metrenchite, and the medicines from that Metrenchiticks. They are COMPOUNDED 1. In relation to their quality, as of the decoction of roots, leaves &c. in the quantity, as for a Clyster, of which liquorstrained, take 3 or 4 ounces, make an Injection; yet they reserve one pint for many Injectons. Note, that thus is made the Injection simply; but sometimes, and that usually, other things are added diversely; according to the scope, as is said in an altering Clyster, and that to half, or a third part of the quantity of that. 2. Or of the juice of Herbs clarified. 3. Or of distilled waters. 4. Or of some other simple Liquor; See the Clyster. 5. Or of those mixed together, so that 3 or 4 ounces may suffice for an injection, in which if any things serve to the same intention: you may dissolve them in the aforesaid proportion. The USE and FORM, ℞. etc. Make an injection into the Womb by a Metrenchite, or Womb Clysterpipe. The UTILITY may be for divers affections of the Womb, as inflammations, ulcers, pains, windiness, to heat, cool, to provoke the courses, or stay them, bring down the afterbirth, for the falling out of the Womb, and to cleanse it from divers impurities; see for matter among the hysterical things in the following physical Magazeen, or other tables. Of those for the Yard and Bladder. These are Compounded of a convenient liquor, as hath been often said, simple or compound; See the altering Clyster; they are also made of Emulsions, as in the running of the Reins, sharpness of the Urine, etc. As to the quantity, three ounces or four ounces will suffice. Note, that in this sometimes nothing, sometimes honey chief, or some fit syrup is to be dissolved to an ounce, and sometimes the powders of divers things, but ground to an exact Alchool, to a dram, a dram and a half, or two drams. The USE; ℞. etc. Make an injection by a syringe; sometimes when the way to the bladder is stopped, 'tis prescribed to be done by a Catheter. The UTILITY, 'tis chief to cleanse, both slime sticking to the orifice of the bladder, and also filth from Ulcers, for pains, exulcerations, excrescences of the flesh, etc. for heat and inflammation, as usually in the virulent Gonorrhoea, and dry Ulces, &c Of those for Ulcerous Cavities, and Fistula's. They are COMPOUNDED of a fit Liquor, proportioned to the largeness of the Fistula, in which are dissolved fit things, and that somewhat plentifully, where we must imitate other particular Injections, viz. to the quantity of the Liquor. and things to be dissolved. The USE: make an injection by a Syringe. The UTILITY: for the lessening of the callous, or hardness of Fistulaes', but chief for cleansing them, to breed flesh, and cicatrize matter, for which you may see in his proper place. God be praised. FINIS. An Appendix of the doses of Purgers given in substance, of which there is frequent use in the treatise of the Composition of Medicines. Cholagogues, or Medicines purging Choler. The gentler sort. Cassia, from half an ounce, to an ounce and a half, and two ounces. Manna, 1 ounce, 2 ounces, 3 ounces. Tamarinds, 1 ounce, 2 ounces, 3 ounces. Juice of Roses, one ounce, one ounce and a half, two ounces. Moderate Purgers. Aloes, one dram, two drams, two drams and a half. Rheubarb, one dram, one dram and a half, two drams. Citrine Myrobolanes, two drams, three drams, half an ounce, five drams. The vehement sort. Scammony, gr. six, fifteen, one scruple. Paulus & Etius, to one dram, Mesues, gr. 12. Melanagogues, or Medicines purging Melancholy. The gentler sort. Senna, 2 scruples, 1 dram, 2 drams, some to three drams. Polipody of Oak, 2, 3 drams, half an ounce. Epithimum, 2, 3 drams, half an ounce. The more violent sort. Black Hellebore, gr. 15. half a dram, two scruples. Mes. one dram. Lapis Armenius lotus, half a dram, a dram, a dram and a half; unwashed a dram only: Lap. Lazuli lotus, half a dram, a dram and half. Mesues, from two drams, to two drams and a half. Phlegmagogue●, or purgers of Phlegm. Gentle. Carthamus' soed, a dram, half an ounce, six drams. Moderate. Agarick, 2 scruples, 1, 2 drams. Violent. Turbith, 2 scauples, 1 dram, 4 scruples. Mesues 3 handfuls, from one dram to two. Hermodactils, 2 scruples, a dram, a dram and half. Mes. a dram and half to three drams. Mechoacan, 2 scruples, a dram, a dram and half, or two drams at most. Jalap, 2 scruples, 1 dram, 4 scruples at most. Coloquintis, gr. 6.15. one scruple. Dioscorides to two scruples. Opopanax, to half dram, and a dram. Sagapene, half a dram, and a dram. Euphorbium, gr. 3, 8, 12. Hydragogues, or purgers of Waterish humours. Gentle, as of dwarf Elder, or Danewort, The Seed, one dram. The Bark two drams. The Juice, half an ounce, six drams. So Elder in the same manner. Vehement. Soldanella, a dram, a dram and a half, two drams. Juice of Ireos, half an ounce, 6 drams, 1 ounce. Elaterium, gr. 6. half a scruple, gr. 15. Esula prepared, the same. Mechencan and Jalap, Of these see in the Phlegmagogues. FINIS. THE PHYSICAL MAGAZEEN OR A Systeme of the Matter of PHYSIC, CONTAINING A Series, or Scrol of Medicaments, Universal, and Particular, Simple, and Compound; Fitted to the method of Physic, and forms of prescribing Remedies. By Doctor JACOB A BRUNN. Phil. ac Med. Doctore, and in the University of Basill both Practiser and public Professor of Physic. In good will to the new Students of Physic LONDON: Printed for Nath, Brooke, at the Angel in Cornhill. 1657. The PREFACE to the Students of Physic. AS an Artificer can bring nothing to perfection being destitute of a fit matter to workon, although he be skilful in the manner of effecting: so a Physician can do nothing for the health of the sick Patients, nor prescribe any forms without a plenteous furniture of Medicaments fit for this purpose, though he be never so well skilled in the way of compounding them. Hence appears the necessity and Utility of the Physical Matter, of which you may find plenty in this ensuing system, taken out of divers parts of Plants, (viz. Roots, Barks, Woods, Leaves, flowers, Seeds, Fruits, Spices,) and humours of them, (viz. Juices, Raisins, Gums;) Also out of living creatures whole, as well as the parts & humours of them (Fats, Suets, Marrows;) as also out of their excrements; as also out of things growing bothin sea & land, as metalline things earths, divers serts of stones, and things belonging to the sea: alsocompound things of the shops contracted together, and digested into certain classes, according to the series of directions for curing. So that from hence as out of a most plentiful Magazeene, and a most subtle matrix, (having the method of Physic for your guide) a numerous store of Remedies may be had in readiness; so make that Polydaedalian heap of compound Medicines. You therefore ye disciples of A●ollo receive this our Labour in good part, as a thing undertaken merely for your sake. THE PROOEMIUM, OR PROLOGUE Concerning the Name, Definition, and distribution of the Materia Medica, or matter of PHYSIC: THe word Matter of Physic is an ambiguous term, signifying chief two things, 1. The subject of Physic, or the Matter on which the Physician works, and this is the Pas. five matter. 2. The Active matter, which comprehends under it the instruments of healing that are in being separate from the understanding; amongst the natural things, or the Matter of Medicinal helps: which matter I shall rightly with Galen, 1. Alim. fac. chap. 1, distinguish from the help or remedy itself, which is the image or representation of the aforesaid matter remaining in the mind of the Physician, representing the very same thing to the life. In this latter signification 'tis used either generally, for all things that may be instruments of health, with which it is preserved or restored; whose engines are threefold, Aliments or Food, Medicine, and manual operations; or more specially, because the cure of diseases is most usually perfected by the help of Medicaments, therefore Physicians by the name of Matter of Physic understand the whole series of medicinal things, either simple or compound; thus much briefly for the name. Therefore the Medicinal Matter, or matter of Physic is the orderly series of Medicaments simple or compound, fitted to the method of Physic, and to the prescribing forms of Medicines. As to the distribution of this Physical Matter, I first distinguish it thus; either it is universal, respecting no certain part, or particular, regarding some certain part; or affection of the body. The Universal is subdivided into 3 other parts; the first respects the Morbifical cause where ever it be; the second the chief heads of diseases; the third the common symptoms, and those that are most urgent, which require sometimes the help of the Physician, distinct from that of the cause, or the disease. The Particular shall consist of four Sections; the 1. Of the remedies belonging to the Head. 2. Of remedies for the Breast. 3. Of remedies belonging to the belly, or inferior cavity. 4. Of remedies of the limbs. THE FIRST BOOK. OF THE Universal Matter of PHYSIC. PART 1. Of Remedies respecting the Morbifical cause. THis part consists of Four SECTIONS; The first contains Medicaments, respecting the morbifical cause as it offends in quality. 2. Such Medicines as respect the Morbifical cause offending in quantity and substance. The 3. contains such Medicines as respect the cause offending in motion. 4. Those medicaments that respect the cause offending in quietness. SECT. I: OF ME DICAMENTS That respect the Causes offending in quality. A Type of this Section. Medicaments that respect the cause offending in quality, are referred to the cause offending, either in the Manifest qualities, & thateither in the First qualities, as Alterers. or second qualities viz. Grossness, as Attenuators of the hum. Grossness, as Cutters of the hum. Thinness, as those which thieken the humours. Hardness, as Softeners. Hither also belong they which dissolve clotted blood. Clamminess, as Cleansers. Sliminess, as Cleansers. Acrimony, as Mitigaters, or Lenifiers. Occult qualities, as Alexipharmacal Medicines. Alterers, called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Latin Alterantia. Although Alterers generally taken be a term for all those Medicaments that work on us, not only by the first and second qualities, but also those that change us by their substantial or occult qualities, yet have (for eminency sake) being specially taken, signify such a Medicament, that by his quality corrects and amends the excess of the first qualities of the morbifical cause, whether it consist in the humours, or other contents, or in the parts of the body themselves. There are so many kinds of Alterers as there are several distempers, that every distemper might be opposed by its peculiar contrary Altere●. There are four degrees of contrary qualities in every altering medicine; and so many several mansions in each degree. I here set down no matter for Alterers, as well because it seems superfluous; for whether the humours are to be altered, or the parts, we never use alterers so general and underterminate, but such as respect the determinate humour and part; as also because it is not so necessary for this method of composing Medicines, according to their external forms, as that wherein there is no such matter made of the several degrees and mansions, as is in the other method of compounding them, which considers them according to their internal form, and teacheth the manner of composing a Medicine, such or such in a certain degree; as for example, hot in the second degree of divers simples, both hot and cold in the first, second, and third degree, so proportionably mixed together, that the degree desired may bear the dominion in the composition. Attenuaters, in Latin Attenuantia, Graece 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. These are those Medicines which attenuate, and separate thick and compacted humours, that in the same weight they extend to fill a greater space; these in general should be all of them of thin substance, that they might thereby the easier penetrate, and mix themselves with the substance of the humour. But in special, some of the attenuaters are cold, as juice of Lemons, Vinegar, Oxymel, but of very thin parts; some things, and indeed most are hot and dry in the second and third degree, such as are all sharp and biting-tasted things, especially spices. The use of these is as well internal, to open divers obstructions of the bowels, to purge phlegm out of the breast, provoke the courses, break the stone, etc. as also external to melt cold humours impacted in the skin by their heat, and to make them separable, and extenuate them by its dryness and thinness of substance, that afterwards either of their own accord, or by the use of discussing or attracting Medicines they may be wholly dissipated. The Matter of these is either internal for internal uses; or external. For the internal matter there is no need of any particular table, seeing they may be collected out of divers, according to the scope and intention of the Physician, viz. of the Divereticks, Sudorificks, provokers of the courses, and others that are endued with an attenuating faculty, as may appear in the several descriptions; but of the external matter for external uses this is the table. Roots, of Smallage, Birthwort, Elecampane, Ireos. Leaves, of Dil, Southernwood, Wormwood, Calamint, Centuary the less, ground Pine, S. John's wort, Hyssop, Bays, Margerum, Mints, wild Marjoram, Penyroyal, Rosemary, Rue, Succory, Time. Flowers, of Dil, Chamomil, St. Johnswort. Seeds, of anise, Smallage, Cummin, Fennel, Rue, mustard: Fruits, Juniper herries, Barberies. Fats and greases, the elder sort, especially of Foxes, Bears. Oils, of bitter Almonds, Dil, St. Johnswort, Ireos, Bays, Nuts, Rue, Scorpions, Turpentine, and Foxes. Ointments, Agrippae, Arragon. Out of which divers external forms may be made, Fomentations, Embrochatians, Ointments etc. Of Cutters, in Latin Incidentia, Graece 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. THese cutting Medicines differ not from the Attenuaters really and in their faculty, but only in their object, and manner of operating; for Attenuators are for thick humours, but cutters for them that are tough and clammy. Now thick and clammy humours may be separated by the same faculty, unless that the cutters be stornger than the Attenuaters; for that which is clammy and glutinous is more difficultly divided then that which is simply thick or gross; therefore the matter of the Cutters is the same with that of the stronger sort of Attenuators. Of Mollifiers, Latin Emollientia, Graece 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. THese are those which soften those things which are hard; but seeing that a hardness may be caused three several ways, by dryness, repletion, or overfilling, either with a humour or wind, and by concretion either from the proper distemper of the part, or the nature of the humour flowing into it; that cannot properly be called a a mollifying Medicine that moistens those things which are dry, or that empties those things that are over-filed, but that which heats, dissolves, and melts those things which are hardened. Such in general are things that are hot, as in the active qualities (because concretion comes from cold,) and in the passive either moderately dry or temperate, because drought is the mother of hardness; and therefore those which are usually reckoned amongst the mollifiers (as gumm Ammoniack, Galbanum, Opoponax,) which also dry much, that they may be perfectly mollifying are to be tempered with oil of sweet Almonds, oil of Violets, etc. which are contraries, and manifestly moisten; in special the degree of heat must not be the same in all, but proportionably answering to the humour that is hardened. For if it be contumacious, as in Scirrhus' tumours, then is required a heat to the second or third degree, that the coldness of the concrete humour may be mastered; but if the affection be milder, a moderate heat will serve. That we may observe the sentence of Galen, 5. Simpl. c. 7, 8. where he appoints temperate mollifiers, viz: in respect of the affection to which they are used. The USE of mollifiers is for the most part external in any Scrirhous disposition of the Belly, Spleen, Liver, etc. in mollifying Clysters. The matter is this following. Roots, of Marshnmallows, Bryony, Onions roasted, wild Cucumbers, Ireos, white Lilies, Liquorice. Leaves, of Orach, Beets, holy Oak, Borage, Bears breech, Bugloss, Mallows, Pellitory of the wall, Elder, Violets. Seeds, of flax called Linseed, Fenergreek, Mallows. Flowers, of Chamomil, Violets, Mallows, Melilot, Saffron: Fruits, sweet Almonds, fat Figgs, Raisins of the Sun, Jujubes. Liquors, The vapour of sharp Vinegar caused by being thrown on bricks or flints made red hot, and so received on the part; nothing can breathe out, but the part must first be a little mollified with convenient Plasters, Oils, or Fomentations: the decoction a sheep's head or feet. Rozins, of the Pine, Turpentine. Gums, ammoniack which is most usual, Bdelium, Galbanum, Opopanax, Styrax. Fatts. Of a hogg, a man, a calf, hens, capons, ducks, of a Hart, a Cow, a Sow, a Badger. Suets. Of a he or she Goat, of a Bull. Excrements of living creatures. As Butter, oesipus, fat wax, Propolis or Bee-glew cowdung, honey comb, the first washing of wool. Oils. Olive, Linseed oil, oils of white Lilies, Violets, sweet Almonds, Earthworms, Dil, Chamomil, Ireos, rock oil or Petroleum. Ointments. Dialthea, Resumptivum. Plasters. de Mucilaginibus, Diachilum simple, and with gums, of Melilote, de Ammoniaco, Empl. de Succocicutae oum ammoniaco. Note that old gums do rather discuss them mollify, unless they are tempered by the mixture of other moistening things. Fats and grease do more mollify than oils, and those which are new more than those which are old (which by age become hotter, sharper, and salter,) and the fats of young creatures more than those of old ones. Fats that are sharp and salt are to be often washed in water, that they may be altered from their drying quality. Of mollifiers these are the strongest, Briony root, the roots of wild Cowcumber Ireos, also Rosins and Gums. Of such things as dissolve clotted Blood, or curdled Milk. THese in respect of their use may be referrd to the Mollifiers, because they are convenient for dissolving either blood or milk that is clotted and hardened; yet in respect of their faculty they might better be accounted among the strongest sort of Attenuaters: for it is with such that clots of blood and curdlings of milk are dissolved, as you may see in the following table: Roots, of round Birthwort, Swallowwort. Leaves, of Garden and mountain Parsley, Garden Rue, Mugwort, Wormwood, Southernwood, Savory. Time. Seeds, of Cummin-seed bruised with Vinegar, Radish seed. Juices, of mountain Calamint, Vinegar of Squils', Lie of Juniper ashes, and Vine ashes with Vinegar or Honey. Syrups, Oxymel simple of Squils', Mead. Parts and Excrements of living creatures, Mummy, the curd of a Leveret, Kidd, the ashes of a Crawfish burned. Gum Ammoniack dissolved in Vinegar. The charcoles of a Lintree quenched in Vinegar. Chemical salt, (see the Diuretics) spirits of Salt, Turpentine. With all which Mollifiers are to be mixed; chief Marsh mallows, Mallows, Butter. Of Cleansers, Graece 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Latin, Detergentia. IN general they are so called, which by their joining with humours that are either tough and clammy, sticking to the body, or fixed as it were in it, do scour them away, and in their passage take them with them; they may be in nature hot, or else cold in the actives, but the hot are the most effectual; in the passives they are dry, and something of thick parts, by which means they make some stay, and consequently by tugging, and as it were shaving off the tough humours till they yield, they afterwards take them with them, and carry them forth. But in special, according to Galen 5 Simpl. 12, these cleansers are twofold, cleansers or scours, and unstoppers; the first cleanse the parts of the skin, and are of a certain kind of nitrous, and thin substance; the last free the internal cavities from stoppages, and (as shall be said in its proper place) do not differ from the preparers of humours, in which place also they are to be sought for. Here therefore I will only propound the matter of the cleansers; the use of which is to purge and cleanse the superficies, both of the skin and cavities, and also Ulcers from filth that is apt to grow in them. Roots, of Smallage, both sorts of Birthworts, Cuckoopits, wild Cucumbers, Dragons, Ireos, Gentian, Plantain, Solomon's seal. Leaves, Of Wormwood, Smallage, Pimpernel male and female, Agrimony, Germander, Centaury the less, Celandine, Beets, Horehound, Plantain. Seeds, Of Nettle, Plantain, smallage, Orach. Flower, Of Linseed, Fenugreek seed, red Vetches, Lupins, Barley, bitter Vetches, Beans, hither also may be referred Bran. Juices, Sugar, Aloes, Wine, Tartar, all Lies, and Lac Virgins. Excrements of Animals, Urine, Gal, whey of Milk, Honey. Rosins, Turpentine, Frankincense, Myrrh. Minerals, Alom, Vitriol, Verdegrease, white Vitriol, Tutty, salt Peter, Orpment, brass burnt, Spodium of the Greeks, Borax both natural and factitious. Oils, Of bitter Almonds, Turpentine, Tartar. Ointments, Ung. Apostolorum, Egyptiacum, soap, especially the black. Of Allayers of Acrimony, Grae. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Latin, acrimoniam retundentia. These are those which abate the acrimony of the humours, and the exasperated sense of the part, either by their emplastic quality, or by their temperate moisture; of the emplastics in their proper place; the Epicerasticks or Allayers simply spoken are these. Roots, Of Marsh-mallows, Mallows, Licorice. Leaves Of Mallows, water Lilies, Housleek. Purslane, Lettuce. Seeds, Of Barley huld, white Henbane, Lettuce, Flax, white Poppy, Rice. Fruits, Jujubes, Raistns, sweet Apples, sweet Prunes, Sebestens, sweet Almonds, Pine nuts. Juices and Liquors, Almond milk, Starch, Barley water, fat broth, Milk of Sowthistles, Cream of Barley, juices of the leaves of Nightshade, and winter Cherries. Excrements of Animals, Whites of Eggs, Butter, all Milk, whey of Milk; Parts of Animals, Calf's head and foot, also Lambs head and the broth. Muscilages, Of the seed of Fleawort, Quince kernels, of the seeds and roots of Marshmallows, of Linseed, Mallows seed and of the roots of Borage. Oils, Of Olives, violets, sweet Almonds, of the seeds of gourds by expression, of white Henbane, and white Poppy seed, oil of Lead. Ointments, of Roses, Album camphoratum. Syrups, Of Violets, of Apples, of Marshmallows, according to Fernel. Syr. of Liquorice, Jujubes, Poppyes. Purslane. Divers officinal things, Pulp of Cassia, Diacodium, Diapenidium, sugar-candy of Violets, Julep of Violets, Honey of Violets. Of Alexipharmacal Medicaments. Grae. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Lat. Venenis Resistentia. Of these some are common, which resist all poisons generally; others proper, which only oppose some peculiar sort of poison: of the common sort in this place, to which for the most part we have recourse, especially if the sort of poison taken be unknown: of which (in respect of the diversity of the poison, not of their use) some are internal, which have a peculiar use in the plague, malignant Fevers, and poisons taken inwardly. Others external, which cure the bitings and stingings of venomous creatures. Internal. Roots, Angelica, Anthora, Snakeweed, Cresswort, or Gentian the less; white Dittany, Elecampane, both sorts of Eringoes, viz. common and sea; greater Gentian, Masterwort, Lovage, Burnet, Saxifrage, Viper's grass, Sentinel or Tormentil, Swallow-wort. Barks and woods, Lignum aloes, all the Saunders, Barks of Citrons. Leaves, Of Wormwood. Dittany, Cinquefoil, (viz. the greater creeping Cinquefoil,) garden Rue, Goats rue, Scabious, Scordium, or water Germander, greater Valerian, Mede sweet, Paul's bettony. Seeds, Of anise, Sorrel, Carduus Benedictus, Citrons, Corianders, Juniper berries, Grains of Chermes, seeds of St. Johnswort, Turnips, Basil, Pimpernel, Saxifrage, Purslane. Flowers. Of Borage, Bugloss, Clove-July flowers, the flowers and tufts of heath, Diascorid. flowers of Marigolds, Cetaury the less, St. John's wort, water Lilies, Rosemary, red Roses, Violets. Fruits, Oak Acorns, Walnuts, Citrons, Oranges. Spices, Cinnamon, Cloves, Mace, Nutmegs, Cardomomes, all sorts of Pepper, especially the long, Zedoary. Juices, Citrons, Oranges. Rosins and Gums, Myrrh, Camphire, Benzoin. Parts and excrements of Animals, Flesh of Pheasants, Castor, cured in the read of a young Hare, Mummy, Musk, Unicorns horn, Ivory, bone of a Staggs heart, new budding Harts-horns, Bezar-stone Earth's, True bowl Armonack, true terra sigillata. Precious stones, Corals, Pearls, Rubies, Emeralds, Jacinths, Saphires, Topaz. Things of the sea, Ambergreese, Amber. Confections, Treacle, Mithridate, Confect. de Hyacintho, Alchermes, Elect. de ovo. Lon. Treacle, Compound waters, Water of Angelica the greater composition, Bezoar water, cold cordial water of Saxony, Gilberts water, water of Petasitis compound, aq. Protheriacalis, water of Scordium compound, Treacle water, both that distilled, and that by infusion: Condited things, Barks of Citrons, Myrobalans. Insuper, the roots and stalks of Angelica, the roots of Burnet, and Zedoary walnuts green, Nutmegs, Eringo-roots. Conserves, Of the flowers of Borage, Bugloss, Violets, red Roses, water Lilies, Rosemary, Marigolds of the flowers of Oranges, Clovegilly flowers, Sage flowers, Scabious flowers, of the tops of Carduus benedicius, Balm, leaves of Rue, etc. Species or powders, Aromaticum Rosatum, de Gemmis, Diambrae, Triasentalinum, Dianthos, Diamoscum, Diascordium, red Pannonick powder of Saxony, Powder of Crabs claws compound, Magisterial cordial powder; Magisterial Bezoar powder, Species of Confectio liberantis, temperate cordial powder, Troschisches, Trosch, alexiterii, etc. Out of which may be prepared divers magisterial antidotes, waters, extracts, candied Confections, Tablets, powders, etc. READER, TAke notice that these additions where you see these two Commaes (") at the head of the line, were not in the Latin; wherefore seeing it defective most in this head where it should have been most large, I added them, but shall not exceed the limit of the Latin book hereafter. External. As those which are used for venomous bitings, etc. and are either given inwardly, 1. The aforesaid Alexipharmacal things mixed with Cordials. 2. The powder of Vipers which is prepared of the flesh of the Viper, (the heart and liver being left out) washed in white wine, and dried gently in an oven till it may be powdered, then mixing it with other alexiterial things; the dose is half a dram, or thereabouts in fragrant wine. 3. For the biting of a mad dog: the Antidote of Galen, of one part of Frankincense, 5 parts of Gentian, and 10 parts of the ashes ofa Crawfish; the dosefs from half a dram to a dram, or two drams in wine. Or else outwardly, 1. The Alexipharmacal things mixed with things that draw to the skin. 2. The flesh of any venomous creature, applied to the sting or the bite. The Second SECTION, OF THE FIRST PART OF The First Book. OF MEDICINES respecting the Causes offending in quantity. A Type of this Section. Medicaments respecting the morbifical cause offending in quantity, are either Preparers, Of the humours, otherwise called Digestives. Of the body, called otherwise Openers. Or Universal Evacuaters, as Purgers, viz. those tha● are properly so called. Vomitories, Diuretics, Sudorificks. Preparers of the Humours, or Digestives: THese are those digestives that correct the fullness of the humours either in first or second qualities, that any way hinder concoction by contrary qualities, and by this means do as it were prepare them, partly to help nature in the concoction, partly to procure the more commodious evacuation by the succeeding purge; and of this preparation is meant that Aphorism 22. Sect. 1. These are threefold: for some prepare Choler, some Phlegm, others Melancholy. Preparers of Choler. CHoler, in respect of the first qualities, because it is hot and dry, requires those things that are cold and moist; but in relation to the second qualities, because some is very thin, as that which is yellow, other of it thick and gross, either by adustion, or by mixing with gross humours, as the Vitelline, Leek-colourd, Aeruginous, and azure coloured; the first sort is to be thickened, this last to be attenuated; therefore alterers of Choler are twofold, some thickeners, others attenuaters. Concerning which note this, that although all of them are not moist, yet because they are cooling, they abate the heat, and prevent any farther dryness, and so by accident do moisten. Thickners of Choler. The Roots, of Bugloss, Plantain. Leaves, of Purslane, Plantain, Lettuce, Garden Nightshade, great Housleek. Seeds, of Quinces, Lettuce, Mallows, white Poppies, Plantain, Fleawort. Flowers, of water Lilies, Violets, red Poppies, Roses, Mallows. Fruits, Jujubes, Quinces, Pomegranates, Pears, sweet Apples, Sebestens. Gums, Tragant, Arabic. Juices, of the leaves and fruits before rehearsed in this table, starch. Waters, of the leaves and flowers aforesaid. Syrups, of the leaves, flowers, and fruits aforesaid, usual in the shops; as also the syrup of white Poppy seed. Conserves, of the flowers of water Lilies, violets, red Roses, Mallows. Species or Powders, of Diatragacanthum Frigidum, Diamargaritum Frigidum, Diapenidium, Pulvis Haly. Elect. Diacidonium without spices. Rob. As of English Corans, Cherries, Sloes, etc. Attenuators of Choler. Roots, of Asparagus, Sorrel, Succory, Grass. Leaves, of Sorrel, all the capillary herbs, (viz. black or common Maydeehair, yellow maidenhair, wall Rue, or white Maydenhair, Cetrach,) Endive, Succory, Sowthistle, wild Endive, Dandelion, gum Succory, Liverwort, wood Sorrel, Harts-tongue. Seeds, Of Sorrel, Endive, Barley, the four great cold seeds. Flowers, Of Succory, Endive. Fruits, Oranges, Lemons, Citrons, Melons, Pompions, sour Prunes, sour Cherries, Corans, Barberries. Gums, Camphor. Clarified juices, of the Leaves and fruits before rehearsed, also verjuice. Waters, Of the Herbs aforesaid whatsoever you can have. Syrups, Also of the Leaves and Fruits aforesaid, which are extant in the shops. Conserves, Of Succory, Sorrel, Citron. Species, Diatrionsantalon. Preparers of Phlegm. PHlegm, in relation to its first qualities, is either cold and moist, as the insipid, sour, and glassy; and these are to be corrected with heaters and dryers; or is heating and drying, as the salt phlegm, and that is prepared as choler, mixing with the others those things also which respect phlegm; but in relation to the second qualities, all phlegm is gross, rough, and glutinous; therefore to be corrected by attenuaters, cutters, and cleansers. Roots, The five opening roots, (viz. the roots of Asparagus, Parsley, Fennel, Smallage, Kneeholm,) Acorus, Angelica, Birthwort, Ciperas or English Galangale, Calamus Aromaticus, Elecampane, China, Galingale, blue Flower de luce, Masterwort, Liquorice, Peony, Salsaparilla, Valerian, Zedoary. Leaves, of Wormwood, Agrimony, Betony, Calamint, Germander field Cypress, Fennel, Hyssop, St. Johnswort, Bayes, Margerum, white Horehound, Mints, Balm, wild Marjoram. Penniroyal, Rosemary, Rue, Sage, Savory, mother of Time, Time. Seeds, the four greater and lesser hot seeds, and of Carduus benedictus, Corianders, Citrons, Lovage, Pyony, Silvermountain, Nettles, Mustard. Fruits, Barberies, Juniper berries, Nutmegs, Figgs. Flowers, of Rosemary, Lavender, Centaury the less, St. Johnswort, Lavender, Lily of the valleys, Sage, French Lavender. Barks and woods, of Guajacum, Sassafras, barks of Citrons, Oranges. Spices, all in general. Rosins, Myrrh, Mastic, Storax, Frankincense. Things taken from animals, Honey, Musk, Castor. Things of the sea. Ambergreese, Amber. Waters, of the aforesaid things which you can find ready at the shops, Aqua vitae, Aqua coelestis, Imperialis, Theriacalis or Treacle-water. Syrups, of Wormwood, Byzantinus, Maydenhair, syrup of the preserving of the roots Acorus, and Citron peels condited, and of Condite Ginger, syrup of Hyssop, Mints, Honey of Roses, Oxymel simple, and of Squils', syrup of Horehound, of the two or five opening roots, syrup of Lavender cotton. Preserves, and Condites, the Roots of Acorus, Elecampane, Ginger, Emblick Myrobolanes, Nutmegs, Walnuts, barks of Citrons, Oranges, Olives pickled. Conserves, of the flowers of Rosemary, Lavender cotton, Sage, Wormwood. Powders, Aromaticum Rosatum, Caryophillatum, Dianthos, Diambrae, Diamoscam dulce, Diarrhodon abbatis. Confections, Aurea Alexandrina, Treacle, Mithridate. Troschisches, of Wormwood, Gallia, and Alipta moschata, of Maudlim. Distilled oils, of Aniseed, Cinnamon, Cummins, Cloves, Orange peels, Fennel-seed, Nutmegs, Rosemary, Marjoram, Amber. Preparers of Melancholy. MElancholy is twofold, either adust, which because 'tis very hot, dry, and gross, requires coolers, moisteners, and attenuaters; therefore we must here have recourse to the table of the attenuaters of choler; but chief the juice of fragrant apples (as Pippins and Pearmains, etc.) incommended, of which may be made a syrup; or else not adust, and is called the melancholy juice, which by nature is cold, dry, and gross, and therefore is to be prepared with things that moderately heat, moisten, and attenuate. The matter of these follows, where note, that if any among them be drier than is fitting, such things are to be tempered with moisteners. Roots, of Coocoo-pits prepared, Bugloss, Elecampane, Ferne, Polipody of the Oak, Satyrions, the 5 opening roots, Liquorish which is always to be prescribed to temper the dryness of others. Barks, of Citrons, the roots of Capers, the middle barks of Ash, Tamarisk, Elder. Leaves, of Borage, Bugloss, Brooklime, Dodder, Centaury the less, Maydenhair, Fumitory, Hops, Balm, Cresses, Heart's tongue, Time. Seeds, the four greater hot seeds, of Smallage, Agnus Castus, Basil, Carduus Benedictus, Citrons, Dodder, Cresses, Parsley. Flowers, the four Cordial Flowers, (see the premonitions) flowers of water Lilies, to temper the drier medicines, of Marigolds, Broom, Walflowers, Tamarisk, Elder, Saffron. Fruits, Capers, Raisins of the Sun, Corans. Gums, Ammoniack, Lack. From Animals, the shell blatta, bone of a Staggs heart, Honey, Silk. Waters, of the leaves and flowers aforesaid that are used in the shops. Syrups, of Fumitory, Bugloss, barks of Citrons, the 5 opening roots, Maydenhair, Byzantinus. Confections, Alchermes, Treacle. Conserves, of the flowers of Bugloss, Borage, Elecampane, Maydenhair. Condites or preserves, Citron-peels, condite Myrobolanes, green Ginger. Spices, or powders, Diamoscu dulcis, Diambre degemmis, Laetificans Galen. Troschisches, of Wormwood, of Capers, Gallia Moscata, of gum lack, of Maudlin's. Distilled oils, of Aniseed, Fennel seed. Salts, of Wormwood, Ash, Tamarisk. Preparers of the Body. PReparers and Openers of the body, are those things which remove any thing that may hinder in easy purgation, viz. the grossness of the humours, or obstructions of the passages, of which it is to be understood, Aphor. 9 Sect. 2. Such are Attenuaters, Cutters, and Cleansers. They are in general called Anastomaticks, (which word may signify any thing that opens any passage whatsoever.) And Openers, also Ecphracticks, or unstoppers, because they open the passages, and free them from obstructions. Neither do they in substance differ from Preparers of the humours, but only in the subject they work on; for sometimes it happens that humours that are not crude, or are already prepared, cannot be expelled because other gross humours are in the way, stopping the passages, by which the peccant humour is to pass; hence appears the necessity of this preparation; which Galen 1 Aph. Com. 24. requires also in acute diseases, when the causes are turgent or moving, if there be any quantity of clammy crude humours. But in special, Openers are twofold; hot, fitted for phlegmatic humours, and natural melancholy, or cold, dedicated to prepare gross choler, and adust melancholy; the hot are to be sought in the Table of the preparers of Phlegm and natural melancholy, and the cold out of the Table of the preparers of gross choler, and adust melancholy. Of those that are properly called Purgers. PUrging Medicines are so called, either properly or improperly; these are called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Lenientia, Lenitives, the others specially cathartics. The Lenitives are of a difference; some loosen the belly by making it slippery, as whatsoever by its own fat moistening substance doth smooth the inside of the guts, which otherwise is perhaps dryer and rougher than it should be, so that by this means the excrements cannot stick to them; such are oil of sweet Almonds, Butter, fat broth of flesh. Others are called Washers, or Cleansers, which by their abundance of moisture dissolve the dung, and cleanse the internal superficies of the entrails; such are fair water, Whey, Milk, Beets, Pellitory of the wall, Coleworts, Spinach, and the broths of these. Others may be termed Compressers, which by contracting together the entrails, press forth that which is below them, and by this reason Quinces taken last at meat loosen the belly; so also uncleansed Wines, and things very sour purge some folks, which can be by no other quality than their binding faculty. Lastly, others are Fretters, which stir up the expulsive faculty by their biting quality, of which sort are all hot and sharp things, and besides, they are of thin parts, and some of them salt. And in this manner a certain Carter cured divers people troubled with a lasting Fever by giving them a draught of wine, in which was dissolved a handful of Salt: for they which took it were immediately purged both by vomit and stool very violently. In this manner also meats much salted or aromatized, loosen the belly by stimulating nature; and by the same reason also happen those purge which sometimes nature moves of herself; also those things which purge being applied to the Navel: as the Ointment of Showbread commonly called Vnguentum de Arihanita. And all these are improperly called Purgers which purge any humour that comes in this way, without a peculiar choice. But those which are properly called Purgers are those which by choice purge some particular humour, of which I now intent to treat. There are four several Classes of those properly called Purgers, Cholagogues, Phlegmagogues, Hydragogues, and Melanagogues. The Cholagogues, or purgers of Choler are, Cassia, Manna, Tamarinds, Juice of Roses, Aloes, Reubarb, Myrobolanes, Scammony. The Phlegmagogues are, Carthamus, Agarick Turbith, Hermodactils, Mechoacan, Jalap, Coloquintis, Opopanax, Sagapenum, Euphorbium. The Melanagogues are these following, Senna, Polipody of the Oak, Epithymum, black Hellebore, Lapis armenius washed, Lapis lazuli. And lastly, the Hydragogues, or purgers of waterish humours are the seed, bark, and juice both of Danewort and Elder, Soldanella, or sea Colewort, the juice of Ireos, Elaterium, Spurge called Esula prepared, Mechoacan, ●h● root Jalap, and of late the berries of blackthorn or Khamnus; to which may be numbered divers others quite out of use, rather to be referred to those improperly called purgers or preparers of humours; also compounds, as Syrups, Electuaaries, purging pills, etc. which are all mentioned in the foregoing treatise of prescribing the forms of remedies; And in all these aforesaid purgers severally, I shall consider these six heads. 1. The Kind. 2. The Election, or the marks how to know the true from the adulterated purger. 3. The Qualities, as well the first, viz. their temperature, as the second & third, in which I comprehend the parts for whom they are good, and the affections which they oppose; also the sex and age for which they are most convenient. 4. Correctors. 5. The Dose, both least, mean, and greatest. 6. The Form, in which they are most conveniently given, although this last rather belong to the method of compounding. The First Classis of PURGERS, In which are handled the Cholagogues, or purgers of CHOLER. CASSIA. The Kind. CAssia meant here, is the fruit of a certain Indian tree of the bigness of a Pear-tree, having leaves like the Peach-tree, flowers like broom, yellow, smelling like Cloves; this Fruit is a long Codd, round, somewhat black outwardly, inwardly replenished with much black pulp, and many seeds, round, plain, and flat, resembling the form of a heart, divided from one another by certain woodish membranes set tranverse or cross the Cane, and is called Cassia of the Arabians from the Inventor, by Actuarius, Cassia nigra, or the black; by others, Cassia of the Canes; also Lenitive Cassia, to make a difference from the Cassia of the Greeks, and the Cassia of the Poets. For the Cassia of the Greeks is nothing else but the Cinnamon of the shops, commonly called Canea, and for difference sake, woody Cassia, and sweet smelling Cassia. The Cassia of the Poets is a certain coronary herb which The ophrastus calleth Cneoron, whose figure is set forth by Matthiolus. The pulp only of our Cassia is in use, which they call Flower, or pulp of Cassia, and Cassia newly drawn; although Fallopius and Manardus affirm that the cane and seeds powdered have also a purging quality, and that greater than the pulp, which sentence of theirs is not approved by Anton. Musa, nor Garcias ab Horto. The Election. The greatest canes are rather to be chosen, and those which are new, weighty, and full, which if it be shaken doth not rattle or sound, shining without, and full of fat pulp within. Neither is it to be drawn till to be used, for after 'tis kept in, it groweth sour. The Qualities. As to the first qualities, Cassia is very near temperate; for Avicen lib. 2. ch. 197. writes that it is temperate in the active qualities, but that in the passive it doth somewhat moisten. Serapio lib. Simp. ch 12. makes it altogether temperate; Mesues cap. 6. Simpl. writes, that it a little inclines to heat. Ant. Musa in exam. simple. says it is hot and moist in the first, or beginning of the second degree. As to the second qualities, it lenifies, mollifies, and loosens, purgeth choler and phlegm, and makes the blood pure. As to the parts and affections, 'tis dedicated to the Breast, Lungs, Liver, Reins and bladder, and is therefore profitably used in the Pleurisy, burning Fevers, hot distemper of the Liver, heat of the Reins and bladder; and also in the stone, in the running of the Reins or Gonorrhoea, proceeding from a sharp matter, or choleric sperm. As to the age and Sex 'tis safe for all ages, and very profitable for Women with child. Correction of it. Besides the aforesaid commodities, Cassia hath this discommodity, that 'tis very windy, maketh so slippery, and is of slow operation; hence it is hurtful for them that are troubled with windiness, and that have a weak moist stomach; and less commodious for them that are of a lose belly, and is hurtful for the Ulcers of the Reins and bladder; and little helps them that are of a costive nature, unless these defects of it be correrected. But it is corrected as to its windiness with halfadram or a dram of the seeds of anise, Fennel, & Citrons, as it overmoistens or relaxeth, with the powder of the bark of Myrobolanes, Reubarb, Cinnamon, Mastic, but chief Coriander seed prepared, and as to its sloth in working, 'tis to be quickened with two drams, or half an ounce of some purging Electuaries, or Tablets. The Dose. 'Tis given for the most part to children from three drams to half an ounce; to those of ripe age an ounce, an ounce and a half, two ounces; to those that are with child, or weak, one ounce; if Cassia with the cane be taken, the dose is the same. But the most usual dose of Cassia is from half an ounce to an ounce. The manner of giving it. Cassia is taken either in the form of a bowl, or a potion; if it it be taken in the form of a bowl, the basis is Cassia to an ounce, or an ounce and a half, as need requires, correctors being added, or things respecting the part affected, to half a dram or a dram, or things that quicken it to two or three drams, more or less, and so with q. s. of Sugar is made a bowl: as for example, in affections of the breast, ℞. of Cassia newly drawn one ounce, more or less, Flower of brimstone, or some other pectoral powder, to a scruple, or half an dram, the seed of anise or some other corrector two scruples, with sugar make a bowl. In burning Fevers, ℞, etc. of Cassia one ounce, the seeds of Citrons powdered, one dram; with sugar make a bowl. In affections of the Reins and Bladder 'tis prescribed, of Cassia six drams, Turpentine washed in Pellitory-water, two drams, with powder of Liquorish, sugar q. s. make a bowl, so according to the indication may be adjoined those things that suppress the effluvium of the seed, as Coral, Mastic, Oriental bowl, Troschisch of Amber, to half a dram, or two scruples, and so with sugar make a bowl; 'tis a most excellent Medicine if the faculty of Cassia is to be acuated, ℞ of Cassia six drams, or half an ounce; some purging Tablets or Electuaries, as Diaprun. solutive, or Electuar. de succco Rosar. two or three drams, Coriander seed prepared, 2 scruples, with sugar make a a bowl. In those that are of a lose constitution other purgers are added that are endued with a strengthening & binding faculty, as to 1 ounce of Cassia take an ounce of Reubarb, or the barks of Myrobolanes, and half a dram of some of the correctors, so with Sugar make a bowl. But if it be taken in the form of a potion, some Liquor is to betaken, in which the Cassia is to be dissolved. This Liquor is either a distilled water, as of Sorrel, Endive, Succory, or some decoction of fit plants; as for example, take of Cassia, an ounce & a half, which dissolve in q. s. of Liquor, make a potion. Of late at Paris they have begun to use Cassia in infusion, which way is of all the best, because Cassia in the form of a bowl is ungrateful through its extreme quantity: and if it be dissolved in a fit Liquor, it renders the potions too gross; therefore 'tis much better if Cassia be infused in some conveniet Liquor, in some hot place, and a q. s. of the in fusion strained be dissolved in other things, etc. or if need be some other may be joined, and so given; as for example, in burning Fevers, ℞. Sorrel. water as much as you will, in which infuse of Cassia newly drawn an ounce and a half or less, in q. s. of the strained Liquor, dissolve two drams of Electuary of the juice of Roses more or less; make a potion. MANNA. The Kind. THe word Manna is a doubtful word, for sometimes 'tis taken for the Manna of Frankincense, which is nothing else then the small corns of frankincense broken off in carriage; or else 'tis meant of a dew condensed; in this latter sense I here understand it. Of this there are divers differences taken from the Provinces, but that which is usual in the shops is that which is brought out of Calabria, which is gathered in Calabria by the Inhabitants about the dogg-dayes upon the leaves of the Ash, and the wild Ash; which is twofold, Manna in grains, which is as it were in small grains; and the Masticine Manna, which consists of the greater grains like Mastic. The first is called Manna of the leaves, because 'tis gathered from the leaves; the other is called Manna of the body, because 'tis taken off from the greater boughs. And this Manna is altogether celestial, i. e. falling from the very region, doth settle on the leaves, and doth not proceed like Gum out of the tree, as Altimarus and the Monks (that have commented on Mesues) have written; for it falls not only on the leaves of trees, but also on the Meadows, so that the mowers cannot untangle easily their sickles from the grass by reason of the Manna dissolved on them with the heat of the Sun; but the reason why 'tis only gathered from the Ash and wild ash called Ornus, is because the Ash hath some occult quality, whereby it doth thicken and coagulate the Manna, which from other trees drops off like Honey on the grass benerth. The Election. That is to be chosen that is white, new, not more than a year old, (for that which is red or brown is too old) round, whose grains being broken are not spnngy, nor ash'coloured, but solid and white. The Qualities. According to Avicen and Mesue, 'tis temperate, to Averrhoes 'tis hot and moist, it opens mollifiers, smooths gently, moves the belly, draws forth choler, and purgeth waterish humours, chief dedicated to the windpipe and breast; hence it is profitably used in hectical Fevers, and to quench thirst: 'tis less useful in burning Fevers for its sweetness, for which reason it easily turneth into choler; 'tis safely given both to Women with child, and children. The Correctors. Because it is flatulent 'tis corrected with a little Cinnamon, Ginger, or Aniseed; and because 'tis slow of operation, 'tis usually quickened with syrup of Roses solutive, or some gently purging decoction; some add two, three, or four grains of Diagridium. The Dose. Is from an ounce to two or three ounces, but commonly to an ounce and a half, and to children one ounce; Mesues appoints from six drams to fifteen, but perhaps he meant the best sort of Masticine Manna. The form of giving it. 'Tis given i● the form of a potion dissolved in the broth of a Chicken, in which 'tis scarcely perceived, or in Whey, or in some decoction, or in a convenient water. In the Colic with oil of sweet Almonds, to which a little Malmsey should be added; sometimes 'tis prescribed to be eaten down. TAMARINDS. The Kind. 'tIs a fruit of a certain kind of Indian tree which the Arabians have referred to the kind of dates, as if it were the fruit of a wild Datetree, because 'tis called the Indian date; for Tamar in their language signifies Date. But they have not properly called this fruit Dates, as if the tree were of the kinds of Dates, or like a Date tree, but more respecting the similitude of the fruit, which also contain little stones in them, as Dates do, than which they had found no fit name; but the pulp of this Fruit only is in use, the stones being to be cast away. The Election. Those Tamarinds are the best that are fat and pulpy, brown, sharp, and soft, from whence they were called Oxyphaenica. The Qualities. They are cold and dry in the second degree, as Mesues writes, and that to the height, as Brassavolus, and as Avicen saith in the third; they mitigate humours too much burnt, especially choler; they move the belly, and purge choler, therefore are profitably used in vomitings, to quench thirst in madness, and for those that are obstructed, hydropical, sick of the Jaundice, and Spleen-sick; they also prevent all exulcerations of the skin happening through too much torrifying of the blood, as the Scabs, Leprosy, Freckles, and Ringworms. The Correction. They hurt by their coldness a cold stomach, and are of slow operation, and are therefore corrected with Mace, Mastic Cinnamon, and Spikenard, and are quickened with whey of Goat's milk, Juice of Fumitory, or Hops, Manna, or Cassia. The Dose: Is from one ounce to two and three ounces, which varies according to the manner of giving them. The manner of giving them: They are given either in the form of a bowl or potion; if in the form of a bowl, than the mass of them is first to be washed with a pestle, after driven through a hair sieve, placed over steaming hot water, and afterwards adding correctors (to the proportion as is said in the Cassia) with Sugar, make a bowl. But for the most part Tamarinds are not given alone, but to half an ounce of the pulp of Tamarinds is added one ounce of Cassia, then adding Correctors as is said in Cassia, make a bowl; the form of a potion is used either in an infusion, or a decoction. The infusion is made thus; they are steeped in Endive water three hours, afterwards make an expression, and give the strained Liquor with Sugar. The decoction is made thus, ℞. of Tamarinds one ounce, boil in it ten ounces of Whey, or some other broth, altered with Hops or Fumitory, till two ounces be wasted, strain them thorough a thick cloth; take of the strained Liquor two, five, or six ounces; with Sugar make a potion. The Dose of the decoction and infusion is the same, viz. from ℥ two. to ℥ v. or ℥ vi. JUICE of ROSES. Roses used in the Shops, are white. red. damask. either common or musked. The Kind. This is the juice drawn forth of the damask Roses, or else from the musked white ones, not the common ones, wherewith risen Gardens abound, but either of the damask or musked. Election. The juice of the musked Roses and damask Roses is to be preferred before the juice of other pale Roses; and the juice of Roses full blown is better than that of the buds. The Qualities. This juice is hot and dry in the first degree, though Roses themselves be cold in the first, and dry in the second degree; the reason according to Mesues, is because the juice is here separated from the earthy and cold substance; It discusseth, cleanseth, opens, purgeth choler and yellow waterish humours, and moves the courses gently; therefore not to be given to women with child; 'Tis good for the liver and heart, and is used in obstructions of the liver, and pant of the heart; as also in choleric Fevers, for it purgeth humours that cause these diseases; it strengthens the bowels by purging them, and there is no malignity in it. The Dose and manner of giving it. 'Tis given from ℥ i. to ℥ two. with sugared water, or according to Mesues, with whey or honey, giving ℥ i. of the juice of Roses with ℥ two. or ℥ iii. of whey; but now with us is prepared an infusion of damask Roses, and of that is made syrup of Roses solutive, simple (called Muchard) and compound, also honey of Roses solutive, and out of the juice is prepared Electuary of the juice of Roses, but this is of red Roses. RHUBARB. The Kind. 'Tis called Rhubarb by an Antonomasia figuratively, and is a famous root of a barbarous people in the East Indies, or of some Province of Barbary, called the Trogloditick, but very ill so esteemed; For as Garcias ab horte, Lib. 1. c. 37. and Linscot Par. 4. Ind. Orient. Cap. 29. there is no Rhubarb in India, but only in China where it grows, from whence it is carried to Ormur through Tartary, and thence into India, and again by the Western Tartars into Turkey, and so to Venice, from whence the other Kingdoms of Europe are stored with it. This Root was unknown to Galen, and Dioscorides, and therefore divers think amiss, that this is the Rhapontick of Dioscorides and Galen, and so confound that with our Rhubarb; For the Rheum of Dioscorides hath no purging quality, and besides wants the marks of the true Rhubarb; for Rhubarb is in substance compact, weighty and brittle, bitter in taste, and sharp in smell, of a reddish brown colour without, within of a yellowish red colour, somewhat near the colour of the inside of a Nutmeg, and when it is either steeped or chewed, it gives a yellow die; Rhapontick on the contrary is not solid or compact, but porous, not weighty, but light, not brittle, but tough, not bitter, but sharp to taste, neither scented nor coloured like Rhubarb; Neither ought the Monk's Rhubarb, or horse dock of Dioscorides to be confounded with ours, for this hath not the faculties of the genuine Rhubarb. The Election. That Rhubarb is to be chosen which comes nearest the aforesaid marks. The Qualities. 'Tis hot and dry in the second degree, as Mesues writes, which cannot be understood simply and without distinction; for according to the same Mesues, Rhubarb consists of a twofold substance, one grosser and binding, which is waterish and earthy; another thinner, which is airy and fiery; and for this duplicity of substance, it hath a mixed temperature, and per consequence, mixed faculties, for by reason of its thin substance, it hath a faculty of purging choler and phlegm, and of opening obstructions; but by reason of its gross substance, it also by purging, binds; If you respect the parts, it is chiefly addicted as a remedy for the liver, which it very much comforts, from whence it is by some called the treacle of the liver; as to affections, it is convenient for all that rise from obstructions, as Jaundice, Dropsy, swelling of the Spleen, longlasting putrid Fevers, stichy pains of the sides, by reason of its thin substance; but by reason of its gross and binding substance, it is good for the lientery, dysentery, spitting of blood, and to stay bleeding wheresoever it be, also for any part broken or bruised, and inward bruises; but it is hurtful for them that are troubled with the sharpness of Urine, which this increaseth, because it is diuretical, and soon seeks the bladder; It may be given safely at any time, even to them that are recovering out of diseases. The Correction. It's slowness is corrected with Cinnamon or Squinanth, to ℈ s. or ℈ i. or spikenard, to gr. iii. iv. for ʒ i. of Rhubarb; but you must abstain from this last, in people that are with child, and in Fevers, and in those which easily vomit; Some correct it with mastic, but it is better first to sprinkle it with aq. vitae, afterwards to infuse it in convenient liquors. The Dose. In substance Mesues gives it from ʒ i to ℈ iv. in infusion from ʒ i s. to ʒ iii. and now a days, none give it in substance beyond ʒ i or ℈ iv. In infusion we very seldom give beyond ʒ two. never beyond ʒ iii. The manner of giving it. 'Tis given either in substance, or infusion, or in a decoction; In substance, when the indication is to bind after it, and when it should bind more forcibly, it ought also to be torrified; But in an infusion or a decoction, when our mind is more to purge; for by steeping, the purgative faculty being in the thinner substance is transplanted into the liquor, but the binding and earthy substance remains. The substance of it is given divers ways; 1 In form of Pills, so there are divers officinal Pills that have Rhubarb in them, as pillulae aggregativae, pill. de tribus, pill. sine quibus, pill. de rhabarb, of Mesues. 2 In form of a potion, dissolving the powder of rubard in a fit liquor, a broth, whey of Goat's milk, some convenient distilled water, as of Plantain, Smallage, Endive, white wine, adding correctors, and sometimes syrup of roses solutive: as for example. ℞ of the liquor ℥ ij. more or less, of Rhubarb ʒ i. or ℈ iv. of correctors ℈ s. or ℈ i. syrup of roses solutive ℥ i. Make a potion. 3 In form of a bowl, by mingling the powder of it with Cassia, Raisins, Figs, sugar of Roses, etc. or with the juice of Roses, or syrup of Roses solutive; so with a little Cinnamon and Sugar, make it into the consistence of a bowl, which we suffer to fermentate a little in the heat of the Sun. 4 In the form of lozenges, for children; ℞ of Rhubarb ℈ i. and with Sugar, q. s. dissolved in a convenient water, with which make lozenges, which children will easily eat. 5 In the form of little cakes also for children, kneading it up, the honey boiled to a consistency for cakes. 6 In the form of a marmelade, mingling the powder of Rhubarb with marmelade in the boiling of it up; Or else take a Quince, slit it in halves, take out the core, and fill up the cavities with the powder of Rhubarb, Senna, Carthamus or Agarick, then join them together, wrap them up in a wet paper, and roast it in an oven or chimney till it be pap, then loosen or open it, throw away the medicine, and eat the pulp. The infusion of Rhubarb is also diversely given. 1 and that commonly, Rhubarb with its correctors is infused in s. q. of a convenient liquor, as ℥ two. or ℥ iij. which after is strained from it, and this strained liquor is taken; or else in it is also dissolved syrup of Roses solutive to ℥ i. or electuary of the juice of roses, ʒ i. ʒ i s. and so make a potion. 2 In the form of Cakes for children, by taking the infusion, and adding fine flower or crumbs of bread, with which mixed together, make a past, of the which are made Cakes; 3 Or else after this manner, for those that are more delicate, ℞ of rhubarb powdered q. v. infuse it in aq. vitae enough to lie above it four fingers breadth, in B. M. four days, then pour of this coloured liquor, and pour in another new one, as before; thus do till the liquor will be no more coloured, then distil all those infusions mixed together, till the extract remain in the bottom as thick as honey, and to every ℈ i. will suffice, ℥. of the juice or extract that remains; add ℈ ij. of the oil of Cinnamon. For infants and women with child, it is a precious and harmless medicine, the Dose is ℈ i. with a spoonful of wine. The Decoction of Rhubarb is made by boiling Rhubarb out of hand, with its correctors, in s. q. of some fit liquor; afterwards pressing it out with strained liquor is taken, or else over, etc. above may be dissolved in it syrup of Roses or electuary of the juice of Roses, as aforesaid. A LOES. The Kind. Aloes is a thickened juice of a certain Plant, which Dioscorides describes, lib. 3. cap. 21. which in the shape of its leaves, resembles the greater Housleek, and because of its long lasting green, it is by divers called sempervivum marinum, i.e. sea liveever, but commonly sea sengreen; there are two kinds of it, one Aloes Caballina, or horse Aloes, so called, because it is used by Farriers to purge horses, asses, and mules; the other is Aloes Hepatica or liver-coloured Aloes, because it is condensed and coloured like a liver, the best fort of which is that that is usually called Succotrine, so called, not from the citrine coloured juice, as Fuchsius (l. 1. de comp. Medic. c. de aloe.) will have it, but from its native place, viz. the Island Succotra. Therefore some make the Succotrine a particular difference of itself, distinct from the hepatick, but they differ only in the degree of goodness. The Election. Aloes Succotrine is rather to be chosen; for the Caballine is only the dregs and sedement of Aloes, and the Hepatick is not so good as the Succotrine; but the marks of the best Aloes are taken from the substance, weight, colour, smell, taste, in all which severally some conditions are to be required; the substance of it ought to be solid and firm as the liver is, yet easy to be broken or melted, if it be put into water, not sandy, but fatty and smooth; in weight it should be light; and by how much the lighter, so much the better it is; for the lightness showeth that sand is not mixed with it; of colour it should be brown, somewhat yellowish and reddish, also something transparent; for that which is thick and dark is older than the rest; the smell should be good, inclining a little to the sent of myrrh; the taste according to Galen, should be somewhat astringent, but extremely bitter. The Qualities. It is hot in the second degree remissly, or the first intensely, and dry in the third according to Galen, though according to the same Author, it is not of a simple, but a mixed nature; for it doth a little bind, though it be very bitter; As to the second qualities inwardly taken, it hath a faculty to open the orifices of the veins, and cleanse the parts it passes through; Therefore it is to be avoided by them that are apt to bleed, either at mouth, belly or womb; therefore hurtful for them with child; it purgeth choler and gross phlegm; choler by a similitude of substance, but phlegmatic and gross humours by its cleansing quality; but its purging quality reacheth not beyond the liver, it empties only from the first veins, Galen 8. comp. med. local. in mentioning Hiera; As to the parts, it is chiefly addicted to the stomach, if any thing else be, as Galen says, and Mesues gives it the prerogative above all other purgers. Cardan in con-medic. affirms the contrary, in strengthening the stomach; It is profitable also for the head that is affected by sympathy from the stomach, and for the eyes and liver; As to the affections and diseases, it is profitably used in nauseousness, crudities, worms, jaundice, ill habit or cachexia, soreness of the eyes, troublesome sleeps, so they be without a Fever. As to the temperatures, it is best for cold and moist ones; but for the dry, as choleric young people, old folks, or those that are lean or hectical, it is hurtful, unless it be when there is a great collection of moist excrements in them; therefore also it is hurtful for either stomach or liver that is hot and dry, or cold and dry; and it is very cantiously to be used to them that are Feverish. The Correction. There are three things in Aloes which want correction. 1 because it is slow of operation. 2 It is anastomaticall, or opening of the orifices of the veins too much. 3 It is but weak in operation. The first inconvenience is corrected by adding spices that are of thin and sharp essence, as Mace, Nutmegs, Cloves, Cinnamon, Spikenard, Calamu● aromaticus, Cubebs, Squinant, Saffron. The weakness of operation is corrected by Ruffus, by adding Turpentine, or some other sharp rosin, but Mesues mingles other purgers with it, as Coloquintis, Turbith, etc. And modern Writers wash it in the decoction of Rhubarb, or the infusion of roses, and thus make it the stronger. The second fault of it is corrected by mingling with it Mastic Gumtragant, Bdellium, and such like, or else by washing it in Endive or Succory water, because these simply being cold and moist, take away a great part of the medicinal substance from it by that washing. The modern Physicians take away all offence from it by these following preparations. 1 Some prepare it thus, ℞ Aloes lib. i rose vinegar, 2 parts, rose water part 1. of both these s. q. boil all three or four boils together, then strain it, and press it forth; let that which is strained be boiled over a gentle fire, always stirring it till it come to the former consistence of the Aloes, then keep it for use. 2 Others infuse Aloes Succotrine in certain juices, as of Borage, B●glosse, Violets, red Roses, Carduus benedictus, Fluellen, field Cypress, Chamomell, either single or mixed together, taking to lib. s. of Aloes lib. j s. of the juices, or more, afterwards straining them and boiling them to the due thickness. 3 Others imbibe the powder of Aloes with Whey, juice of Roses, Endive, and so dry it again in the sun, or in an Oven, or B.M. when it is dried, they put to it a new juice and dry it as before; thus they proceed also a third and fourth time or oftener. Lastly, they pour the same juice anew to it, and bring it to a convenient consistence, or else dry it altogether, and lay it up for use. 4 Lastly, others prepare it in form of an extract. ℞. of Aloes Succotrine, q. v. pour to it spirit of Wine, or Endive, or Sorrel water, q. s. let them steep in B.M. till the liquor be coloured, then separate it by gently, pouring it off, and pour a new liquor to it; iterate this so often till the liquor that is put to it will be no more coloured, than strain or filtrate all these liquors together, and reduce them to the consistency of an extract either by exhalation, or distillation; then keep it for your use. The Dose Is from ʒ i to ʒ ij. Mes. infused from ʒ i to ʒ iii. to wit when you intent it to purge; but if it be only to loosen the belly, it is given from ℈ i to ʒ i due consideration being had. The Form. It is given first in the Form of a potion, steeped in the decoction of some of the aforesaid spices, and strained out; but this form is usually refused for its extreme bitterness, unless it be in sleepy affections to stir up the numbed faculties. 2 In form of an electuary as hiera picra Galen. taking Aloes with its correctors, and with honey, boiling it to the consistency of an electuary; let there be of Aloes three parts, of the correctors one part, honey three times so much as of all the powders. 3 In the form of Pills, and that most usually so; all Pills of the Shops almost have Aloes in them, but Pills are diversely made of Aloes according to the various preparation of the Aloes. But if it be corrected, and prepared after the manner of the Antionts, there are taken of it two parts, of correctors one part, so with a fit juice or liquor make a●masse of Pills; so are made the Pills of washed Aloes of an unknown Author, of Aloes washed in the juice of roses, ℥ i. of agaric troschisated, ʒ iii. Mastic ʒ two. of the species of diamoscum dulce, ʒ s. with Malmsey wine, s. q. make a mass; But if it be of the la●● preparations, than Pills may be made either of that alone, or with some liquor if need require; so out of ʒ i of Aloes rosata with wine may be made as many Pills as you see fit: or else over and above may be added some juice thickened, or other liquor, with correctors or directors; and Pills may be made whose dose is from ℈ i going forwards to ʒ i o● more; so are prepared the Pills called the angelical Pills. MYROBALANS. The Kind. Myrobalanes are a certain kind of Plums, which the interpreter of Avicen and Serapio without any reason translated Myrobalans; for Myrobalanus signifies a nut or fatty acorn, out of which oil is pressed for precious ointments, of which Dioscorides lib. 4. cap. 254. but our Myrobalanes neither bear the shape of an acorn, nor smell like a precious ointment. There are of them in the shops five kinds, produced by divers Trees, viz. Citrine or yellow, Chebules, Indian or black, Emblicks, Bellericks, whose bark only is in use. The Citrine are so called from their citron colour; they have a small and thin bark, and a great stone. Chebules are the greatest and longest of all, rugged, full of corners, having a small stone; the Indian are small but very black; the Emblicks are rather pieces then whole plums; the Bellericks are round like galls, having both a thick bark and stone. The Election. Those Citrine Myrobalanes are commended, which are of colour between green and yellow, which are heavy, as being well replenished with a firm, and much of their fleshy part, which are gummy, and if broken, have a little stone: those Chebules are the best which are the biggest, of a dark somewhat purplish colour, and which being cast into water, suddenly sink to the bottom. The Indian Myrobalanes are the best which are the blackest, most weighty, and have no stone within, and which when they are broken seem all as one thing: Those Emblicks excel which are in the greatest, thickest, firmest and most weighty pieces, and which have less of the stone than of the pulpye part: The Bellericks are to be chosen which are great, and by reason of their thick fleshy part, weighty, and which have a thick bark. The Qualities. All Myrobalanes are cold in the first, and dry in the second degree, except the Emblicks; which Mesues saith are cold & dry in the first degree only, but understand it in the height: Therefore as to the second qualities, all of them together with their purging bind, therefore are they used in all fluxes, and help the hemorrhoids; they are addicted to the stomach, heart and liver; but in particular the citrine purge choler, the Indians melancholy, and make men merry: the Chebuls and Emblicks purge phlegm, the Bellericks' effect all that the others can. The Correction. The astriction of them is corrected by adding those things which open and provoke Urine, as any sweet seeds, or else if while they be broken and powdered, they be anointed with oil of sweet Almonds or butter. The Dose. In powder. ʒ two. in infusion or decoction from ℥ s. to ʒ vi, etc. The manner of giving them. They are given either condited, or else in infusion or decoction; The condited are given when you would strengthen, giving one of them every day after meat, divers days together; But in infusion or decoction when you would evacuate, they are boiled or infused in water, broth, whey or wine, to ʒ vi. by themselves, or to ℥ s. with other things, adding correctors; Then in the strained liquor other things are added, as is said in Rhubarb. SCAMMONY. The Kind. It is a thickened juice of a Plant of the same name, which is gathered from the root being cut, which is full of a milky juice, of which there are divers differences according to their native places, as Dioscorides, Pliny and Mesues write, yet that of Antioch is the best. The Election. The marks of the best Scammony are taken from the substance, weight, colour, smell and taste; in substance it is smooth, porous, like a sponge, friable and tender, easy to be powdered, and soon melting; In weight it should be very light, as Pliny will have it; In colour it should be glistening and shining, like gum transparent, like glue when it is broken, yellow, iubbed on the tongue, or melted in water, of a milky colour; In smell not loathsome, though not pleasant; In taste insipid, nor much heating the tongue, which if it do, it is a sign of the mixture of Spurge with it. The Qualities. Scammony is of temperature hot and dry, and that in the third degree, as M●sues saith; and therefore hurtful for them of a bot and dry nature; nevertheless I must descent from this opinion; for if it be true Scammony not adulterated with the juice of Spurge, it is rather to be accounted hot and dry moderately; for it is neither sharp in taste, nor bitter, as Mesues hath mistaken, but rather insipid; it purgeth from the remote parts thin choler, and yellow waterish humours; for it hath a strong drawing faculty, and therefore if it be taken in too great a quantity, the thin sharp humours being too much drawn into the entrails, do cause most violent symptoms; for by their acrimony they corrode the guts, from whence comes gripe, the dysentery, and tenesmus; they also open the orifices of the veins immoderately, from whence come fluxes of the belly, sometimes with blood; besides they send forth certain sharp fumes, whereby the heart, liver, and rest of the entrails are disturbed, and the stomach is so tired and hurt with it, that it breeds nauseousness to them that take it, and lastly by their acrimony they inflame the spirits of the body, and so easily occasion fevers; all which things both Mesues and others ascribe to the proper nature of Scammony, when they rather proceed from the corroding humours which by a proper quality it attracts to it: for pure and legitimate Scammony hath no such nature as they attribute to it. The Correction. Scammony is corrected (because it was thought to occasion those symptoms by its own nature) with binder's, coolers, lenifiers, and things that strengthen the heart, liver and stomach; of which there are divers ways of preparing Scammony, as you may see in Mesues; But the most usual, is that correction that is done with the juice of Quinces, Barks of Citrone, Myrobalanes, and Mastic, of which according to art are made troschisks; as to lib. i. of choice Scammony are taken of the Barks of Myrobalanes and Mastic ana ℥ s. of the juice of Quinces l. s. and ℥ s. Make troschiscks: or else Scammony powdered is put into a Quince, made hollow, and wrapped in past, and so is roasted either in an Oven or under the Embers; then is the Scammony taken out of the Quince being first cold and kept for use: But the true preparation of Scammony is done with the juice of Lemons clarified, in which it is dissolved in B. M. and whilst it is yet hot, it is strained through a linen, by which means the gross and impure substance that doth nothing but hurt, is separated; Scammony thus prepared and corrected, is called Diagridium. The Dose. The Dose of prepared Scammony, i.e. of Diagridium, is from gr. vi. to xii. and ℈ i. Mesues from gr. v. to xii. Dioscorides and Ruffus to ʒ i. Paulus, and Aelius to ℈ two. But perhaps the Scammony of the Greeks was gentler than ours, not adulterated as now a days with the juice of Spurge; therefore it is better to follow the dose appointed by Mesues then that of the Greeks, so that the lowest Dose be to gr. v. vi. the middle Dose to gr. xii. and the highest to gr. xv. or ℈ i. The manner of using it. Diagridium is used in the form of a potion, bowl, electuary, pills, powder. Dioscorides gave it in form of a potion, with fair water, or water and honey. But now a days it is neater used with oil of sweet Almonds or syrup of Roses solutive, and some convenient distilled water; as for example, ℞ of syrup of roses solutive, ℥ i. Diagridium, gr. seven. more or less with succory water. s. q. make a potion. The Bowl is made of gr. x. or xii. of Diagridium with conserveses of roses to ʒ two. and the chemical oil of cloves three or four drops, a most pleasant purge; It is used in form of an Electuary, in the Electuary of the juice of roses, and transparent diacidonium purgative, the Dose of both which is ʒ iii. yet the Electuary of the juice of roses is never given by itself, but dissolved in some convenient distilled water, in the form of a potion. There is also made a pleasant electuary of the jelly of apples to twice the weight of the sugar, to which boiled up to a just consistence, there is added the infusion of Scammony in this proportion, that ℥ i. of the electuary may receive ʒ i. of the infusion, then boiling it up to the consistence, and make an electuary like clear Marmelade; the dose is ʒ iii. And this infusion of Scammony is made in aq. vitae, which afterwards is filtrated through a grey paper. 'Tis used in the form of Pills, in many masses of Pills of the shops; also it may be made into magisterial Pills, of a certain proportion of diagridium, as gr. viij. ix. xii. with a fit juice or syrup. Lastly the powder is thus composed out of Diagridium, ℞ of cream of tartar ℈ ij or ʒ i. of Diagridium gr. seven. or more according to your indications; mix it, and make a powder to be taken in broth. THE SECOND CLASSIS OF PURGERS, IN WHICH ARE CITED THE PHLEGMAGOGVES OR PURGERS OF PHLEGM. CARTHAMUS. The Kind. IT is the seed of wild or bastard Saffron, whose kernel is only used to purge withal, and therefore in prescriptions it is commonly set down the kernel part or middle of Carthamus bruised. The Election. That seed is best that is white, plain, thick and full, whose kernel is fat and unctuous, and husk thin. The Qualities. Mesues saith it is hot in the first, and dry in the second degree, Galen and Paulus say it heats in the third degree; if it be used outwardly) it purgeth phlegm, and waterish humours, it wonderfully discusseth windiness, and therefore is profitable in the colic and dropsy; it is addicted to the breast and lungs, but is nought for the stomach. The Correctors. It is corrected for its hurting the stomach, with stomachical things, as Aniseed, Cinnamon, Galingale, Mastic, and the like, but as to its slow operation, by adding sharp things, as Cardamomes, Ginger, Sal gem. The Dose. Is from ℥ s. to ʒ vi. and ℥ i. in infusion. The manner of using. It is seldom given, unless in composition, especially the Diacarthamum of the shops, either in a liquid or solid consistence; But by Mesues, both by his own and others judgement. 1 In the form of Pills, making a mass of ʒ x. of the kernelly part of Carthamus, and ʒ i. of Cardamomes, of which make Pills like pease, and give ʒ v for one dose. 2 In the form of a honeyed syrup, viz. of an oxymel; The kernelly part of Carthamus being tied up in a thin cloth, and soaked in oxymel of squils, whilst it is a boiling, by which means it is made solutive. 3 In the form of a bowl. ℞ of the Medulla or kernelly part of Carthamus' ʒ xii. pinidies, ʒ iv. Cardamomes and Ginger, ana ʒ i with honey make pills like walnuts, of which let him take one or two at a time. 4 In form of a potion, the same Medulla being boiled in cock broth to ℥ s. or thereabouts, and afterwards the broth drank down. A GARICK. The Kind and Election. It is a Fungus or excrescence growing to the trunk of the Larch tree, taking its name from Agaria, a country of Sarmatia, in which the best did grow; yet now the best is had from the Dolphiny in France, and from the mountains about Trent, as also in Rhetia, Vindelitia and Noricum, Counties of Germany. The marks of the best Agarick are included in the distich following. Agarick's best that's soon broke, shining, white If much goes to a pound, for then 'tis light. That which is black, weighty or wormeaten, is discommended, and that part of it that grows next the Tree. The Qualities. It is hot in the first, dry in the second degree: it cuts, attenuates, cleanseth, openeth, and discusseth; it purgeth phlegm, especially that which is gross and tough, and both the sorts of choler, from the brain, nerves, muscles, organs of the senses, backbone, breast, lungs, stomach, liver, spleen, reins, womb, joints, it also resisteth poisons; And therefore perhaps it is called by Democritus the medicine for the family, because it hath some influence on all the parts of the body, and takes away their obstructions, and any disease thence arising; and is safe for all ages; but let women with child avoid it, for it provokes the courses, and is apt to cause abortion. The Correction. Two faults are to be corrected in Agarick; 1 The sloth in working; 2 The lightness or levity of it, whereby it floats in the stomach, and provokes vomiting and sticking to the entrails, it moves defluxions, and as it were pricking and fretting them, breeds gripe; which fauls of it are diversely corrected by Mesues; but the best way is to make it into troschiscks, with s. q. of white wine or Malmsey, wherein Ginger hath been steeped. The Dose and manner of taking it. The powder both of that in troschiscks, and the other is given from ℈ two to ʒ i and ʒ two; but in decoction or infusion, from ʒ two to ℥ s. ʒ v; It is given both in the form of a potion, pills and bowl; In the form of a potion, if the powder of Agarick, especially the troschiscated be dissolved in a convenient liquor, and so given; or else it may be boiled or infused in it, and then the strained liquor given to drink, in the form of Pills both officinal and also magisterial, by making the Pills of a certain Dose of the Agaric, (adding if you see fit such things as may convey it to the part,) with honey or some fit syrup; Lastly in the form of a bowl, by taking a convenient quantity of Agarick, and making it into a bowl, with diaphaenicon or conserveses of Roses. TURBITH. The Kind. Turbith is a root of some of those Plants that yield a milky juice; but what it is, is a doubtful controversy, and therefore so many men, so many opinions. Actuarius sometimes takes it to be the root of the spurge Pityusa, sometimes of the Alipus of Dioscorides; Serapio and Avicen think it the root of Tripolium of Dioscorides: Brasavolus thinks it the root of the spurge Mysinitis; Others, among whom Fuchsius think it the root of Thapsia, others of scammony, whereupon Clusius upon Garzias, tells us that in many parts of Spain they use the roots of Thapsia for Turbith, and in other places of Europe the roots of Scammony. The Election. That is most praiseworthy, that is weighty, somewhat white or ashcoloured, new, easy to be broken, gummy within side; for that which is adulterated, is only gummy at the ends. The Qualities. It is hot in the third degree, and hot in the second to the height; it purgeth gross and clammy phlegm, and that which is putrid, from the breast, remote parts and joints; Therefore it is good for them that have the gout, phlegmatic Fevers; it preserves from the scab, Leprosy and other phlegmatic vices of the skin, as Mesues writes. It hurts the stomach, bringing nauscousnesse and provoking vomit, and is not fit to be given to children, old folks, or women with child. The Correction. It is corrected for its slowness in operation with sharp things, as Ginger; for its offending the stomach with stomachical things, as Mastic, pepper, and spices; and for its extenuating the body with mitigators, as oil of sweet Almonds, whey, syrup of violets, raisins of the sun, sugar. The Dose. The Dose of it in powder is from ℈ two. to ʒ i and ℈ iv. Mesues gives from ʒ i to ʒ two. but in decoction you may give twice so much. The manner of using it. It is given first in the form of Pills, as ʒ i of this in powder, adding a third part of correctors, may be made into pills with a fit syrup, as of violets, etc. Secondly in the form of a powder. ℞ of Turbith ʒ i. of correctors ℈ i. sugar, twice the weight of the powder, mix it and make a powder to be taken in broth. Thirdly in the form of Tablets taking the powder of it, and making it into Tablets with sugar melted according to art. Fourthly in the form of a bowl, mixing the powder with conserveses of roses, N B. It is very profitable to give the powder with Rhubarb in the worms. Fifthly in the form of a decoction or potion, as ℞ of Turbith ʒ two or ʒ iii with its correctors boil it in a s. q. of some fit liquor, and give the strained liquor; or else dissolve in it besides other things, syrup of violets, etc. HERMODACTILS. The Kind. It is the root or bulbus of the bunchy rooted Ireos of Lobell, which being dried is brought to us, and is accounted the true Hermodactil of Paulus. Instead of which as before, so now is used in many places to the great damage of the sick, the common Hermodactil, which is the root of meadow saffron, which is either poison as that which grows in Colchis, and therefore not to be taken inwardly; or else doth not purge, as that of our Country; or else doth purge but not like the Hermodactil of Paulus, as the Syrian meadow saffron. The Election. The notes of good Hermodactils are contained in this distich, Hermodactils hard and white, If solid too, be sure they're right. This solidness is opposite to porousness, looseness or flagginess, and friability. And the roots of meadow saffron are little correspondent with the aforesaid marks; for this when it is dried, is riveled, and looks black both within and without, or somewhat of a reddish brown. The Qualities. It is hot and dry in the beginning of the second degree; yet as Mesues hath it, joined with an excrementitious humidity, both flatulent and nauseous wherewith it offends the stomach; It effectually draws tough phlegm, and clammy humours from the joints, and therefore according to Paulus it is dedicated to the gouty affections. The Correction. It is corrected with attenuaters, as Cummin-seed, Ginger, Spikenard, Cinnamon, and such like stomachical and arthritical things that may convey its faculty to the joints. The Dose and manner of using it. Mesues appoints it from ʒ i to ʒ two. it is used. 1 In the form of a powder, ℞ ʒ i of Hermodactils with the powder of Ginger and Pepper, make, etc. 2 Of a decoction, ℞ of Hermodactilsʒ two. some of the correctors ana ℈ i. bruise them grossly, and boil them in a convenient liquor. 3 Of Pills, as in the greater Pills of Hermodactils of Mesues, whose description may be had in the Pharmacopeia Augustana. 4 Of troschiscks, according to Mesues, taking Hermodactils with their correctors, and making them into troschiscks with the juice of radish or squils. MECHOACAN. The Kind. It is the root of a foreign sort of Briony brought from Mechoaca an Island in new Spain, and it is twofold; the white or common Mechoacan, and the black Mechoacan, which the Massilians from the place where it grows, call Jalap and Gelap. The Election or Marks of either. The common Mechoacan is to be chosen whitish and new; that is to be rejected which is either very white or black, or wormeaten or mouldy. It is adulterated with the roots of Briony cut in slices and dried after the manner of Mechoacan. The deceit may be perceived by the tenderness of Mechoacan in respect of the Briony which is of a gross substance. Black Mechoacan or Jalap is like the former, only the outward bark is somewhat black; inwardly it looks reddish, which is cut in round slices, in quantity and figure like tablemen; it is of a gummy and not unpleasant taste, and by reason of its great gumminess if it be held to the fire it takes flame quickly. The Qualities. It is hot in the first, and dry in the second degree, and almost quite without taste, nor doth it partake of any acrimony, otherwise then our wild Briony, which is very sharp and hot; it purgeth phlegm and waterish humours, and in purging it strengtheneth the parts; it is very good in an old cough, the colic, and in the French Pox, useful for any age; Besides it is given to purge phlegmatic slime from the stomach and entrails of children, and both to prevent, and kill and drive forth worms. But Jalap surpasses the common Mechoacan in faculties; for by reason of its gumminess it draweth down waterish humours much more powerfully; This worketh very violently in respect of the former; it purgeth phlegm and waterish humours, and that from the outermost parts, as from the skin in scabbiness, and inclinations to the Leprosy; and from the whole body, as in the Dropsy; and from the joints, as in the Gout and nocturnal pains of the French Pox; It is only to be given to strong bodies, and such as are with humours for it to work on; it is not safe for children, old folks, or women with child, or for young folks of a dry constitution, or that have any malignity lurking about them; for it inflames adust choler, stirs up malignant vapours and humours if any be extant, and much weakens the strength of the body where it hath not plenty of humours to prey on; and therefore in such bodies it is apt to make a fever. The Dose and Correction. Mechoacan is corrected with Cinnamon, Aniseed and Mastic, to a third part; the Dose is from ʒ s. to ʒ i and to ʒ two. only in them that are hydropical, else it is too much. Jalap is corrected with Nutmeg, Lemmon pills, and liquorish infused in the liquor wherein it is given; for so its incensive quality for inflaming the humours is abated by the liquorish, its malignity by the Lemon Bills, and its nauseous quality by the Nutmeg, which is not of so thin parts as other spices, yet strengthens the stomach as much; But the London Physicians do usually prescribe with it either London Treacle or Mithridate for the aforesaid reasons; The dose of it is from ℈ i. to ʒ s. and ℈ two. to ʒ i. saith the Author, but it must be only in hydropical strong bodies. The manner of taking them. They are both taken for the most part only in substance, with some fit liquor, especially with wine, yet they may also be taken with broth; they are never given in decoction; for it is found by experience that their purging quality doth vanish, or at least abate in boiling; And when they are prescribed in infusion, the liquor is not to be given alone, but the powder also. COLOQUINTIS. The Kind. It is the fruit of the wild Gored, whose pulp being white and light, is chiefly in use, being first cleansed from the seeds. The Qualities. 'Tis hot and dry in the third degree; it purgeth phlegm and other gross and clammy humours from the deepest and most remote parts of the body, as Brain, Nerves, Muscles, Joints, Lungs, Breast and Womb especially, for which cause it is used for the inveterate pains of the head and hemicranies, Apoplexy, falling-sickness, Megrim, or swimming of the head, Asthma, Coughs, difficulty of breathing, cold diseases of the joints, and wind Colic, to scour glassy plilegme from the entrails; it hurts the stomach and guts much by sticking to the films of them, and is hurtful for children, old folks, and women with child. The Correction. It is corrected either in the form of troschiscks, which are called Troschiscks of Alhandale, and are nothing else but Coloquintis prepared, which goes into all compositions that have Coloquintis in them; Or else by adding Cordials, hepatical, stomachical, and lenifying things, as Gum Tragant, oil of sweet Almonds. The Dose. Is from gr. vi to xv. and ℈ i. Dioscorides gives it to ℈ two. The manner of using it. It is used most profitably in Pills, though sometimes also in Electuaries, as hiera diacolocinthidos; pills of it may be thus form, ℞ of the pulp of Coloquintis, gr. x. Cinnamon and Ginger ana gr. vi. musk gr. i. with a fit syrup make pills. It may also be made in the form of an extract in this manner; Pour to the powder of it spirit of wine, to the eminency of six fingers breadth; let them steep twenty days or more, then gently pour off the clear, lastly reduce it to the thickness of honey, and to ℥ i of this extract, add ʒ i of oil of Cinnamon; the dose is ℈ s. and ℈ i. in syrup of roses. OPOPANAX. The Kind. It is the juice of Hercules, all-heal, according to Dioscorides, Galen, and almost all, except Mesues, who saith it is made of a fennel fashioned, all-heal, called Asclepium, and some few others that will have it made of the all-heal, called Chironium. The Election. That is approved that is very bitter, inwardly white or yellowish, fat, tender, friable, soon dissolving, and of a strong smell. The Qualities. It is hot and dry in the third, as Mesues writes, but Galen saith, dry in the second; It draws forth gross and clammy phlegm from the most remote parts and joints, although neither Galen nor Dioscorides attribute any purging quality to it. The Correction. It hurts the stomach, and is of slow operation, and for that reason is corrected with a third part of Mastic, Spikenard, Ginger, Cinnamon and Elecampane. The Dose. Is from ʒ s. to ʒ i. as Mesues says, from ʒ i to ʒ two. Brassavolus to ʒ iii. It is used in Pills, as Pills of Opopanax of Mesues, or ℞ of Opopanaxʒ i quicken it with gr. iv. of Diagridium etc. and with a syrup make Pills. SAGAPENE. The Kind. It is the juice of a certain Plant which itself is called Sagapene, Galen. 8. simple. and is brought out of Media. The Election. That is most commendable that is transparent, without of a yellowish colour, within whitish, sharp in taste, strong in smell, of a gross substance, yet easy to be dissolved in wine. The Qualities. It is hot in the third degree, and dry in the second; it purgeth gross phlegm, and other tough humours, according to Mesues, for the Greeks pass by the purgative quality in silence. The Correctors Are as in Opopanax. The Dose. From ʒ s. to ʒ i. it is used in Pills. ℞ of Sagapene. ʒ i. Mastic, Cinnamon, Ginger, ana gr. iii. make pills with some convenient syrup. EUPHORBIUM, The Kind. It is the juice of a Libyan Tree, taking its name from Euphorbus Physician to Juba the King of Mauritania. The Election. Choose that which is transparent, of a pale redgathered into little corns, which being but gently touched with the tongue, leavs the mouth burning for a long time after. The Qualities. It is hot and dry in the fourth degree; It purgeth gross tough phlegm, and waterish humours; and therefore is a most powerful medicine in affections arising from it; as the Gout, Colic and Dropsy; but it is a vehement medicine, and causeth a troubledness of spirit. The Correctors. Therefore it is to be corrected with medicaments that mitigate its fretting quality, as oil of sweet Almonds, juice of Citrons; and besides these, with cordial and stomachical things, as Mastic, Saffron; The best way of preparing it is with distilled Vinegar, juice of Lemons clarified, or the distilled liquor of vitriol, called the phlegma impregnated with its own spirit; in some of which Euphorbium is to be dissolved in. B.M. and whilst it is yet hot, it is to be strained through a linen cloth. The Dose. Is from gr. iii. to viij. and xii. The manner of using it. It is used either in Pills, as ℞ of Euphorbium gr. vi. mitigaters, as of the seeds of Lettuce, Purslane, Endive, flowers of Roses, ana gr. iij with juice of Lemons make Pills; Or else it may be dissolved in the juice, or water of Endive, like a potion; Or made into the form of a bowl, with Cassia, as ℞ of Cassia ʒ iij. Euphorbium prepared gr. iij. with sugar make a bowl. THE THIRD CLASSIS OF PURGERS, WHEREIN ARE TREATED THE MELANAGOGVES OR PURGERS OF MELANCHOLY. SENA. The Kind. IT is a codded Plant, first brought to us out of the Eastern Countries, very like to Collutea, which we call bastard Senna; we use chief the leaves, though Mesues says the cod are the more effectual, which is to be understood of the cod that are gathered whilst they be green and juicy, and suddenly dried, but not of those that are fading and dried on the Plant. The Election. But seeing the cod are seldom brought to us, we are to take those leaves of Senna which are green, throughly dried, not spotted or wormeaten, but cleansed from their stalks. The Qualities. The leaves are hot and dry in the first degree, they purge melancholy, choler and phlegm from the brain, lungs, liver, spleen, stomach, and mesentery; and therefore heal diseases of the aforesaid parts, arising from such like humours, safely to be given to all ages, and to them which are with child a most profitable purge. The Correction. It is corrected for its windiness, and the offending of the stomach, that is imputed to it, with Ginger, Cinnamon, Aniseed, Cloves. The Dose. In substance is from ʒ i to ʒ i s. ʒ two. some will give ʒ iii. but in infusion or decoction, from ʒ iii. to ℥ s. ʒ vi. and in the stronger sort, to ℥ i. if there be no other purgers. The manner. It is given either in substance, or infusion, or decoction,; In substance it is given diversely. 1 In the form of Pills, as ℞ of the powder of Sena, ʒ i. Ginger, Cinnamon, ana ℈ s. salt peter gr. v. make them into pills with some convenient syrup, which may either be taken all at once, or else some only as the usual pills. 2 In form of a potion, dissolving the powder of Senna with the correctors in some fit liquor, especially whey. 3 In the form of Lozonges for children, as is said in Rhubarb. The infusion. The infusion of Senna is also diversely used. 1 The leaves of Senna are infused (to a double proportion to that they may be given in substance) in s. q. of white wine, afterwards the liquor is strained forth, which may either be given of itself, or other things may over and above be dissolved in it, as is said in Rhubarb. 2 In form of an extract, prepared according to art, with the water of hops, harts-tongue, borage, fumitory, adding to it a proportion of Cloves, Ginger, Fennel-seed, etc. 3 In form of a sennated spirit, as ℞ of the leaves of Senna cleansed, ℥ iii. cream of Tartar ℥ two. Cinnamon ℥ i. Mace ℥ s. spices of Diagalangal ℥ i s. Ginger ℥ s. infuse them three days in spirit of wine, either common or of Malmsey, afterwards filtrate it, and keep for your use. The Dose is from ℥ s, to ʒ vi. in phlegmatic fat people only for its heat. The Decoction of Senna is made after the same manner as the decoction of Rhubarb, only changing Rhubarb for Senna. POLIPODY. The Kind. 'Tis a herb like Ferne, growing on mossy walls, and the old bark of Trees, whose root (which is only in use) hath many knots and tufts of sprigs, like the fish Polipus, from whence the name; 'tis also called tree-Ferne. The Election. That is to be elected that grows on the Oak, and is new and knotty; for that which is old, binds. The Qualities. As to the Qualities, it purgeth burnt choler and phlegm, helps the colic, and is peculiarly appropriated to the Spleen, and is most effectual in hypochondriacal affections. The Correction. But because it drieth very much, it is to be corrected with liquorish; and to quicken it in the working, add a third part of Aniseed, Fennel or Ginger, etc. The Dose. Is from ʒ two to ʒ iii. and ℥ s. The manner. It is given either in decoction or infusion, made in some fit liquor, i. e. that is appropriated both to the part and affection, as whey for scabbiness and choler; in Barley water for Quartane Agues, adding fit correctors to a third part. EPITHIMUM. The Kind. It is a herb that grows upon thin hyssop, savoury, mother of Time, and other Plants like D●dder, from which it differs in figure, native place, and qualities; although some use Epithimum and Dodder promiscuously. But these medicines should rather be referred to the openers than purgers; and it is better to use them with others, then them alone, and therefore they should have been referred to the alterers, for which place also I reserve them. Though this purgeth but gently, yet it doth move the belly, and might claim a place among the purgers, as Polipody, which also more openeth than purgeth; but the best use of Epithimum is with others purgers of melancholy, for it doth specifically direct their faculties to the humour, opens obstructions, and makes that humour yield and be obedient. 'Tis hot and dry in the end of the second degree, and of thin parts; it is best corrected with liquorish, and raisins of the sun stoned, and is most used in infusions or decoctions. ʒ i or ʒ two. of this at most will be enough to put into any other purging potion; it is chief used for them that have stiches in their sides, through obstructions, coming of gross cold humours, and after Quartane agues. Black HELLEBORE. The Kind. Black Hellebore is of two sorts; the false, and the true; The false is either the Garden false Hellebore, which Fuchsius calls Eristwarken, or the wild, which is called Helleboraster; The true black Hellebore is by some thought to be that which Mathiolus calls the purple flowered; by others to be the Sanicula femina of Fu●hsius; by others to be that which Mathiolus calls Psendohellebor, which hath flowers like them of Ox eye. The Election. For use we must choose the true black hellebor, viz. that with the purple flower, or for want of it the false or adulterine Garden black hellebore. The roots only are in use, the small pith being cast away, which is to be steeped in wine of Quinces in a warm place, and after dried and laid up for use. The Qualities. As to the Qualities, it is hot and dry in the third degree, it purgeth the dry sort of me lancholy, and other humours, that are hardly loosened; therefore it is profitable for all melancholy diseases, as madness, melancholy, leprofie, quartane agues, etc. Where note, that black hellebore rightly used is a hurtless medicine, and may safely be given to children; have a care of women with child, and other weak bodies. The Correction. It is corrected with cordial and stomachical things, as Cinnamon, Aniseed, Fennel seed, etc. The Dose. In substance is from gr. xv. to ʒ s. ℈ two. Mesues gives to ʒ i. In infusion it is given from ʒ two to ʒ two s. Some give it to ℥ s. but then they ascend by degrees, from ʒ i first; so likewise in the decoction. The manner. It is given either in substance, infusion or decoction; The substance is given 1 in form of powder, taking black Hellebore to ℈ two. Ginger, Mastic, red Roses, Cinnamon, Aniseed, ana gr. iv. mingle it and use it in broth; for children, take but ℈ i 2 In the form of pills, making pills of the aforesaid powder with a convenient syrup. 3 In the form of Lozonges, as is said in Senna and Rhubarb. 4 In form of a Marmelade, as is said in Rhubarb. The infusion. The infusion of Hellebore is made, 1 The common way, with some fit liquor, decoction, mead or barley water, etc. as hath been often said; 2 In form of an extract, where is to be noted, that for the Menstruum, (or liquor for extraction) some will take Aniseed water, adding the due correctors; some will take only rain water without correctors, because they have found that its purging quality is acuated and made stronger by the admixtion of them. The Dose of this extract is from ℈ i to ʒ s. The Decoction is also made two ways. 1 And commonly in a convenient liquor, as other purgers. 2 In a Helleborated apple; an apple is stuck full with the sprigs of the root of black Hellebore and some cloves, then wrap it up in a paper wet with cold water, and so it is roasted under the ashes, then drawing forth the hellebore and cloves, the apple itself is to be eaten with suga●. LAPIS ARMENUS. The Kind. This is not only brought out of Armenia, but is also found plentifully in the silver mines of Germany; of which is made the co●ou● for Painters. The Election. That is best which is between sky colour and green, not sandy, yet friable. The Qualities. It is hot and dry in the second degree, it purgeth melancholy, and cureth the same affections that black Hellebore doth, The Correction. It is corrected, being finely powdered, by often washing in cordial waters, as borage, roses, bugloss, etc. iterated so often, that the water, thence receives no more either colour or taste. The Dose. Of that which is washed, is from ʒ s. to ʒ i and ʒ i s. of the unwashed to ʒ i. 'Tis taken all the same ways that Lapis Lazuli is. LAPIS LAZULI. The Kind. Lapis Lazuli, Lyaneus or Cerulcus, which we call azure, hath so great an affinity with the Armenian aforesaid, both in their original and faculties, that one may easily be used for the other. The Election. That Lapis Lazuli is chief to be chosen, which is distinguished by its golden spots, or in the break and flaws of which appear little glitterings of gold, and therefore it was called by Mesues Lapis Stellatus or the starry stone. The Qualities. It is hot in the second, and dry in the third degree, and hath the same virtues as the Armenian stone, but something weaker. It is Corrected as that also. The Dose Is from ʒ s. to ʒ i and ʒ i s. Mesues saith from ʒ two to ʒ two s. The manner of using it. 'Tis Used 1 In the form of Pills, as ℞ ℈ two or ʒ i of Lopis Lazuli prepared, and with Cinnamon, Ginger, Camphor ana gr. vi. with some convenient juice or syrup make P●●s. 2 In form of a powder, by taking the powder of this finely ground, and with some certain spices, give it either in broth or other liquor. 3 In form of a bowl mixing the aforesaid powder with conserveses of Borage. 4 In the form of Cakes and Lozonges, but then the stone is to be ground to an alcool, lest the powder being corpse grate in the teeth. 5 In form of a potion, taking the powder in sweet wine. 6 In any convenient breakfast meat. Note it is always to be reduced to a very fine powder. THE FOURTH CLASSIS OF PURGERS, IN WHICH ARE HANDLED THE HYDRAGOGVES OR PURGERS of WATERISH HUMOURS. ELDER and DANEWORT. The Kind. DAnewort and Elder are alike in the leaf, flower, and fruit of the plant, and differ according to Dioscorides only in the bigness of it; for Danewort is a smalller elder or chameacle, i.e. field elder, commonly dwarse elder, but Elder itself is a Tree; of either of these, the middle bark, and seed, and the juice of the roots and leaves are in use to purge waterish humours. The Dose. Of the seeds of their berries is ʒ i. of the bark, ʒ two. of the juice, ℥ s. or ʒ vi. they are corrected with Cinnamon. The Use. The seed is used in powder, given in strong wine or wormwood wine, or in the decoction of Chamepitis or field Cypress in gouty affections; the bark is steeped or boiled in wine to ʒ iii, but its purging quality decays in the boiling; according to Dioscorides, the juice is taken to ℥ i. in broth altered with wormwood, as also the juice thickened with honey, fometimes Cinnamon water is added; but for the most part it is not given by Practicians alone, but mixed with other things. SOLDANELLA. This is the Sea Colewort, Dioscorid. whose leavs and juice are in use. The Qualities. 'Tis hot and dry in the second degree, some say the third; it is an admirable remedy to purge waterish humours, yet so that there be always some choler mixed with it. But because it is offensive to the stomach, it is to be corrected with Cinnamon, Ginger, etc. The Dose is from ʒ i to ʒ i s. ʒ two. of the juice ℥ 〈◊〉. The leavs are Used. 1 In a pickle of vinegar and salt, six mouthfuls or bits of which do wonderfully purge waters in the Dropsy; sometimes also it is boiled in broth, like garden Cabbage. 2 In powder, adding if you think fit Rhubarb and Cubebs, which is given either in broth, or some other breakfast, or else is made into Lozenges for hydropical children; 3 In decoction, as other things, adding fit correctors; 4 In Pills but then a less quantity of this is to be taken, and other quickeners added, least through the lightness of the powder, the Pills be too many in number. But the juice is given with Rhubarb, in form of an infusion, which purgeth waterish humours profitably. The Juice of IREOS. This juice is pressed out of the root of the Ireos or Flowrdeluce of our climate, but most usually out of that which bears the blue or purple flower, and it is hot and dry in the third degree, and purgeth yellowish waters powerfully, but is not safe for children, old folks or women with child; for in these it moves the courses, for the others it is too strong. 'Tis corrected w●th Cinnamon. The Dose is from ℥ s. to ʒ vi. and ℥ i. 'Tis used to be taken, first in a little wine with some Cinnamon, or else in broth, in which hath been boiled raisins, Cinnamon and Spikenard. 2 In form of a syrup; if the juice clarified be boiled up with sugar, the Dose of it is ℥ two. ELATERIUM. It is the juice of the wild Cowcumber thickened, and made into troschiscks. The Election. The oldest is the best, which being held near the candles, puts out the light, and before it put it ou●, makes it sparkle upwards and downwards. The Qualities. 'Tis hot and dry in the third degree, it purgeth waters or any thing else, and as other gentler things purge water out of the veins, this draws it forth from the cavity of the belly beyond the veins. The Correction. 'Tis corrected, because it is fretting, and anastomaticall, and hurts the principal parts, with milk, gum tragant, and bdellium, and fit strengtheners, as Cinnamon, species diar●hodon abbutis, and other cordials. The Dose Is gr. vi. ℈ ss. to gr. xv at most, divers will not easily give above gr. v. 'Tis used first in pi's, as ℞ of some easy gentle pills, such as pills de tribus, with Rhubarb, Aloephanginae, of hiera, etc. ʒ ss. or ℈ two. of Elater 'em gr. v. or x. make pills, for thus the unbridled violence of the Elaterium is restrained. 2 In form of an extract, extracting its essence according to art with spirit of wine that hath had sanders steeped in it, or diam argariton frigidum, and to every ounce of this essence thus extracted, add of the chemical oils of Cinnamon and Nutmeg, and ℈ i. The Dose Is ℈ ss. with some convenient liquor, or else it may be made up in the form of Pills. ESULA or SPURCE. The shops comprehend all the sorts of the tithymals under the name of Esula, because it is manifest that all of them purge waterish humours; But as there are divers Authors, some take one thing, some another, some use the spurge called Ciparissia, others the sweet Spurge of Tragus, others that called Platyphyllon or broad leafed Spurge, others leafed Spurge, called Peplus, others the greater Spurge or Pityusa of Dioscorid. which is now out of use. The Qualities. It is hot and dry in the third degree; it purgeth phlegm and choler, but most especially waterish humours, and that from the remote parts. 'Tis corrected with Cinnamon, Nutmeg, Tragant, Mucilage of Fleawort, but it is the best way to steep it four and twenty hours in vinegar, juice of Purslane, or juice of Lemons. The Dose. Of the bark of the root is from gr. vi. to ℈ ss. gr. xv. of the juice or milk of it from gr. iii. to vi. or seven. 'Tis used all those ways that any purge hitherto mentioned is or can be used, but chief there is prepared of it an extract according to art, whose dose is to gr. xv. And thus far of Purgers properly so called, now follow the Vomitories. VOMITORIES. Those Medicaments are so called, which do evacuate, derive or revel all hurtful things from the stomach, and surfeitings of meat, and excrementitious humours of other parts, and expel them by force and violence at the mouth; And this they do either by a manifest quality, as relaxing the superior mouth of the stomach, whereby the retentive faculty being weakened, the expulsive faculty of the stomach being irritated either by the abundance or acrimony of the humours, expels whatsoever is contained within its verge upwards, the nether parts contracting themselves to forward that motion; and these we use when there is nauseousness and desire of vomiting, together with a bitterness of the mouth, and a pain or oppression about the short ribs; such are salad oil, fair water warmed, butter, and all fat and oily things; Or else they do it by an occult quality, by which they rather purge upwards, then downwards; the Matter of all these to be reduced to a practical use, are usually divided into gentle, moderate and violent vomitories. The Gentle. Simples. Fair water or Barley water warmed, drank plentifully to a quart or more; broth of flesh that is fatty, drunk in a good quantity; oil Olive warmed, given to ℥ iv. or vi. butter melted and hot. Compounds. Meade largely taken, water and oil, called Hydraeleon, to ℥ viij. or ℥ x. simple Oxymell with warm water, syrup of Vinegar with warm water; new figs eaten, drinking after them a draught of warm water. The Moderate. Roots of Orach, Asarum from ʒ i to ℈ iv. in infusion from ʒ i ss. to ʒ iii. and ℥ ss. of Betony made into a potion with Meade, as Dioscorid. the roots of Garden Cucumbers, Maudlin's, Avicen. Gesner. lib. 2. epist. 11 fol. 63. of Melons, bulbes of Narcissus or Daffodils roots of Pompions powdered from ℈ two to ʒ i. in infusion from ʒ i to ʒ iii. and radish roots. Barks. The middle bark of Wal-nut trees, to ʒ i. in infusion to ʒ iii. and ℥ ss. but chief the catlings of the Tree, called Juli, dried in an oven. Seeds of Dill, Orach, garden Cucumbers, Rocket, Radish from ʒ iii. to ℥ ss. of Nettles from ʒ ss. to ʒ i. in infusion from ʒ i to ℥ ss. Flowers of Dill, of Walnuts, viz. Catlings, as is aforesaid, in the Barks, given to ʒ i. in wine to them that have the colic or stone. Juice of Radish to ounce two. The shave of ones own nails drank in wine. E'ectuaryes, Diasarum, Fernel. lib. 7. Meth. whose dose is ʒ iii. in Barley water, honeyed water or whey. The Violent. Roots of Spurge, Showbread, Danewort, hedge hyssop to ℈ i. but in infusion from ʒ i to ʒ i ss. or ʒ two. white Hellebore infused in broth chiefly to ʒ ss. ʒ i. or ʒ i ss. at most, adding cordial things to ℈ i. but it is to be given very warily, the roots of Cresses. Barks of the roots of Danewort and Elder. Seeds of Spurge, Cataputia, ten or twelve cleansed from their husks, bruised and given in a rear egg; these are profitably given to them that have drank poisons or love potions; the seeds of broom from ʒ two to ℥ ss. of Cresses of Palma Christi. Flowers, of Danewort, Broome. Fruits Nux Vomica. Juices of showbread, vinegar distilled with the crumbs of rye bread, to ℥ iii. it is a most strong medicine in agues. Chemical things. Vitrum antimonii of any sort infused to ℈ i. rather gr. vi. or seven, etc. in a fat liquor. Mercurius vitae prepared, to gr. v. at most with ℈ i. of some fit pills. Antimony prepared, which if it be rightly used, is a famous and safe vomitory. Concerning whose preparation and manner of using it, because there are divers opinions of the chemics extant, I shall give my opinion for that which they call Crocus Metallorum, which is the best of all. ℈ i. of which infused in Malmsey fourteen days in a warm place, stirring the wine every day, afterwards keep it for your use; The Dose of this wine is from ʒ i to ʒ i ss. taken out of a spoon. It is a famous remedy both in Fevers and other diseases that have been deeply rooted in the body. You may safely give of that infusion ℥ ss. or ʒ vi. nay, in a strong body you may give the whole ounce prescribed, so the liquor be cleared from the powder. Compounds. are stibiated tablets, eaten to ʒ i or dissolved in a fit liquor, as balm water, etc. also this following infusion. ℞ the roots of Briony and Showbread ana ℥ iii. of white Hellebore ℥ vi. diligently cleansed, powdered and dried in the air, pour to them aq. vitae to the eminency of two fingers breadth above the powder; let them infuse some few days in B.M. then distil them, and let that which remains in the bottom be again dried and powdered, pouring to it again the former water; do this three times, dip the tip of a feather in this liquor, and then slice it about in a glass of wine, and give it to drink, it provokes vomit suddenly. DIURETICS. Those are called Diuretics which evacuate the waterish humours of the body by Urines, and they are two fold, some properly so called, others improperly. Those which are properly Diuretics are for the most part hot and dry in the third degree, of thin parts, and which easily penetrate to the veins, and there melt and dissolve the blood, and separate the waterish part from the thicker, much like the turning of milk, when it curdleth; from whence that which is grosser, returneth to itself with the rest of the blood, but that which is serous, is drawn by the proper faculty of the reins. Such are Roots of Smallage, Asarum, Calamus aromaticus, all the thistles of Ciperus or English Galangal, of Dancus, of town cress, sennel, cammock, parsley, radish, madder, kneeholm, saxifrage, valerian. Leaves of Wormwood, Smallage, Betony, Mountain Calamint, Dittany of Crect, Bayes, Cresses, Parsley, Penny royal, Savory, mother of Time. Flowers of Chamomill and broom. Barks. the middle bark of broom, bays, radishes. Seeds of Anise, Smallage, Cardamomes, Chervill, red Cicers, or Italian pease, Cubebs, Daucus, Fennel, Juniper berries, of Lovage, Groomwell, Parsly, Paliurus, of some called Christ's thorn, silver mountain seed, and nettle seed. Fruits. bitter almonds, figs. Spices. Cassia Lignea, Cinnamon. Rozins. Turpentine both, of Fir, and Larch, that is both Venice Turpentine, and common. Liquors, White Wine. Animals. Cantharideses, to gr. two. or iii. but with these conditions, that they be given. 1 after all other things have been tried. 2 they are to be given whole, ex 11 simplic. 3 never to be given alone, but with some fat broth, altered with mallows, Marshmallows. Locusts or Grasshoppers, given to ℈ two. Goatesblood. officinal waters. as of fennel, smallage, and the herbs aforesaid. Syrrups. of the five roots, of the two roots, of radishes compound. Species. as Lithontribon of Nicolaus. Conserves. of the flowers of broom, bettony, wormwood. Those are called improperly Diuretics, not which melt the blood, but those which by a certain tenuity of parts, drive the wheyish part of it to the ways of the Urine, and so provoke it, and have either a remiss temperate heat, or else incline to cooling, and these we use in hot affections, where we may fear lest the hot Diuretics by too much drying the blood, should rather stay the Urine; or else are such as only lenify the passages of the Urine, as Marsh mallows, mallows, liquorish, and such like lenifiers, which are very improperly called Diuretics. Of the former sort are the Roots of Asparagus, Sorrell, Eringo, strawberries, grass, narrow docks. Leaves. of Sorrell, tops of Asparagus, Maidenhair, Rupturewort, Pellitory of the wall. Seeds. The four greater cold seeds, seeds of sorrel, Alkekengie or winter cherries, barley. Fruits. Strawberries, Cherry kernels, Medler stones, Lemons, Pompions, Cucumbers, Goards. Juices. Of Lemons, Pellitory, Gums. Camphor. This may better be referred to those, properly called Diuretics before. officinal things. as Waters. Of Sorrell, grass, barley, pellitory. Syrups. Of the juice of Sorrell, Maiden hair, Lemons. Troschiscks. Of Camphor. of Alkekengie, of Saunders. Chemical things. Sal prunellae, from ʒ ss. to ʒ i. with water, adding some pleasant syrup, as of violets. Out of those Diuretics, divers forms of remedies, both inward and outward may be composed. SUDORIFICKS. They are so called which evacuate the whole body by sweeting, of the Greeks they are called Hydroticks, the nature of these is very agreeable with the Diuretics; for heat being thin and subtle, insinuates itself far into the body and humours, which it attenuates and dissolves into evaporations, but they also open the pores of the body, from whence the vapours of their own accord breath out, and are condensed into a sweat; The same matter doth after move both sweat and Urine; Urine if the reins be hot, and the skin thick, sweat if the reins be cold, and the skin thin, such are these. Rootes. Of Smallage, Angelica, Burdock, China, Fennel, Hops, Parsley, Burnet, Cinquefoyle, Salsa parilla, tormentil or Setwell, Zedoary. Woods. Box, Guaicum, Ginger, Sassafras. Leaves. Carduus benedictus, Maiden hair, Germander, Celandine the greater, Chervill, Fumitary, Burnet, Scabiosse, Damesviolet. Flowers. Of Camomile. Seeds. Barley, Millet, Lentiles. Juices. Rob. of Elder berries, and Danewort. Earth's. Terra sigillata, especially in the plague and infectious diseases. Parts of animals. Heart's horn, Bezoar stone. Chemical things. Salt of Wormwood, Ash, Scabiosse, to gr. x. xii. rather to ℈ i. with water of Carduus benedictus, and Scabiosse, Antimonium diaphoreticum. to gr. iv. or vi. with a fit conserve. Compounds. Out of those divers things may be composed, but potions especially; those made of decoctions are preferred before all, or else of infusions, or of sudorificall things dissolved in a fit liquor; and although they should be taken in a bowl or other form, yet it is best to drink down a potion after it; hither is referred the syrup called of St. Ambrose, which consists of millet boiled in two parts of water, and one of wine. officinal things are the waters of Carduus benedictus, Chervill, Fumitory, Elder flowers, also Treacle, Mithridate, and others, as electuary de ovo and such like. THE FIRST BOOK. THE FIRST PART. THE THIRD SECTION. Of Medicaments respecting the cause that offends in motion. The Type of the Section. Medicaments respecting the morbifical cause offending in motion, are in regard of the matter that is flowing. Thickeners. of the part receiving, Repellers. to which you may add emplastics. of the ways by which it flows. Intercepters. of the ways by which it flows. Binder's. Thickeners, by the Latines Incrassantia, by the Greeks' 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. THey are so called which render thin and fluxible humours thicker, and so less apt to flow; such as are those which in the active qualities are cooling or temperate, without any acrimony; of a gross and earthy substance, by the commixture of which, the thinner sort of humours acquire a thicker substance, by much; as water, by the mixture of dirt becomes clay as to the matter of Thickners, because they agree in quality with the Repellers, Binder's, emplastics, gluing and scar breeding, or wound closing medicines, and with the thickeners of choler before mentioned, therefore they are to be sought in those Tables. Repellers by the Latins Repellentia, by the Greeks' 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. THey are those which prohibit the flux of a humour into any part, or else do repress and drive back that which is already fallen into the part, so it be not yet fixed in it; They are of a cold nature, and some of them are moreover dry and of an earthy substance, which are most powerful, and are properly such; Others be waterish and moist, and these are more gentle, for by howmuch the thicker substance and more condensed, any of the first qualities are inherent in, by so much the more effectually it operates; The prime use of them is to prohibit both the beginnings and increase of inflammations; The secondary use is, in any sort of flux of humours, proceeding either from Plethora or Cacochymia; yet note that those things which are the more powerful, may easily be known by their harsh and austere taste. The Roots. Of Slooe tree, of Cinquefoyle, of Snakeweed and Tormentill. Barks. Of the root of Mandrake, of an Oak near the root, rinds of Pomegranates. Leaves. Of Mastic, Cypress, Brambles, nightshade, plantain, myrtles, vine-twists, sumach, oake-leaves, prinet, hen-bane, housleek, Venus' navel-wort, purslane, lettuce, endive, cichory, knotgrass, mouse ear, duck's meat, horstaile, pear-tree leaves. Seeds. Of Fleawort, Plantaigne, Myrtles, Roses. Flowers. Of red Roses, Balaustines, or the flower of wild Pomegranates; Cytines, or the flower of the manured Pomegranate. Fruits. Quinces, Services, Berberryes, Cornelians, Cypress nuts, Myrtles, Green galls, Meddlers, wild pears. Juices. Acacia, Hypocistis, Verjuice, Vinegar, juice of Pomegranates, Lemons, and unripe Mulberries. Excrements of animals. Whites of eggs. Minerals. Alum, Vitriol, Ceruse, Led, Salt, Tutty. Earth's. Bole armeniack, Terra sigillata. Gums. Sanguis draconis. Waters. Of the leaves before recited, which soever of them are in use in the shops, risen water. Oils. Of roses, myrtles, quinces, sour grapes, of mastic wood, of mastic. Ointments. Unguent Comitissae, Galens. cooling ointment; ointment of Populeon, of bowl armenack. Plasters, against the rapture, of mastic. emplastics, the same name is kept both in Greek, Latin and English. THey are so called, which being spread on the poares of the body, cleave very fast to them. i.e. they daub, fill, and stop the poares; As to the Qualities of them, they are hot in the actives, without any acrimony or corroding; but in the passive qualities, some of them have altogether a gross and earthy consistence, drying without biting, and some of them have over and above, an airy or waterish humour, by which means they cleave too, and are clammy. The Use of these is in stopping all manner of defluxions and bleedings, especially at the nose, and in drying moist wounds and Ulcers that are fomented by the defluxion: Secondarily, also to ripen or suppurate, for they fill the pores of the skin, and keep in the heat, by which means, swell are the easier ripened; Such are these following, which are prescribed, chief in the form of a Plaster, Cataplasm or Pultis. Roots Of Marsh mallows, Lillyes, Mallows, Cumfrey. The Leaves Of Vervain-Mallowes, Mallows, Purslane. Seeds Of Fenegreek, Lupins, Sesamum. Fruits. Raisins of the Sun, Figs, Pine nuts steeped in water. Gums. Arabic, Tragant, Sanguis, Draconis, Mastic, Frankincense, and its bark. Parts and excrements of animals. Mummy, Wax, whites of eggs, new fats, marrow of fourfooted beasts, new butter, new cheese, Oesipus, lambshead, hog's feet, calf's head and feet, Spodium made of Ivory. Earth's. Bole armenack, terra sigillata. Flowery parts of seeds, or meal, of wheat, starch, fine flower, bean flower. Muscilages. Of all sorts. Minerals and metalline things. Alum, lethargy, ceruse, stibium or antimony, burned lead, cadmia, or the condensed fuligo in the boiling of brass, tutty, lime. Stones. Blood stone, plaster of Paris, lapis calaminaris. Rosins. All of them, pitch. Sea things. As Coral, snails, amber. Oils. All that are temperate. Ointments. Album Rhasis, ung. nutritum: diapompholigos, the red drying ointment. Intercepters or Defensives. They are commonly called defensives, which by their cold binding faculty, stop the passage of the humours, so that they cannot fall into the part. They differ from the Repellers only in respect of the place to which they are applied; for the repellers are applied to the part affected, but the intercepters are applied to the ways or passages by which the humour falls to it. Therefore the matter of the intercepters is the same with that of the Repellers. Binder's, by the Latines Obstruentia, by the Greeks' 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. AND commonly Binder's, under the general signification, comprehend under that word Repellers, Condensers, Thickeners, and strengtheners of the parts; But more strictly in this place, it signifies such medicines as strengthen the larger passages of the body, and that as it were, bind them round about, to set a difference betwixt them and the condensers, which only strengthen and bind up the small pores of the skin, and other parts, and as it were make them solider; Binder's are according to Galen 5 simple. facult. c. 14. cold and dry, and of a gross substance; The Use of these are in stopping the fluxes of the belly, dysentery, catarrhs, and in staying the force of any humour, or any sensible way of excretion, as the veins of the womb, and all other fluxes; Such are these following, with which you should always mingle things something heating and strengthening the parts. Roots of Snakeweed or bistort, the greater cumfrey, tormentil, rhubarb torrified. Barks Of myrobalanes, pomegranates, frankin sense, acorne cups. Woods. As Saunders. Leaves Of Plantaines, the greater knot grass, horsetaile, shepherd's purse, mouseare, myrtle. Flowers. Of balaustines, roses. Seeds. Of sorrel, purslane, myrtles, plantain, white poppy, roses, stones of raisins of the sun, rice. Fruits. Quinces, pears, services, cornelians, medlars, pomegranates, English Corans, berberries, unripe mulberries, cypress nuts, galls. Juices and liquors. Starch, acacia, hypocistis, juice of quinces, verjuice, sour wine, chalibeated milk, and ironed milk. Animal things. Hartshorn burnt, Ivory, Mummy. Gums. Tragant, Mastic to ʒ i. sanguis draconis. Stones and Earth's. Blood stone, terra figillata, bowl armenack. Metalline things. Alum, Iron, Crocus Martis. Sea things. Coral, Amber, Pearls. Waters. Of Roses, Plantain, Purslane, knotgrass, sorrel. Syrrups. Of quinces, dried roses, pomegranates, myrtles, conserve of quinces. Condites. Preserved Quinces, and cornelians. Conserves and Confections. Old conserveses of roses, diacodion, philonium, new treacle. Troschiscks Of rhubarb, spodium, and Amber. THE FIRST BOOK. THE FIRST PART. THE FOURTH SECTION. Of Medicines respecting the cause offending in rest or quietness. The Type of the Section. The matter fixed in a part is emptied by medicines, which relax. Insensibly as discussers. Insensibly as consumers. Insensibly as drawers either by a quality manifest or occult as those that extract peculiar things. or sensibly under the form of thin water as the blisterers. or sensibly under the form of natter or corruption as suppurators. or sensibly under the form of natter or corruption as openers or breakers of impostems. Relaxers, by the Latines Laxantia, by the Latins 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. THey are properly called Relaxers, which evacuate the matter that is collected and fixed in any part, either senfibly or insensibly; Those things evacuate insensibly which attenuate, mollify, rarify, discuss, and sometimes they which draw, consume, and sometimes (in the beginning of inflammations) they which repel; but those things do it sensibly which (when the matter impacted can neither be repelled nor discussed,) convert it into purulent matter, and after open a way for it to be emptied; All which, according to the diversity and manner of the affection, may be used either several or mixed, of which circumstances there hath been partly spoken already, and partly shall be said hereafter in its proper place, so that it is needless to allow a proper Classis of Relaxers by themselves, because they make up the same matter with some or other of the aforesaid divisions. Discussers. Those medicaments are commonly called Discussers, Diaphoreticks, digesters, dissolvers, which by turning the humours into exhalations, empty the morbifical cause by insensible transpiration, of which some are more gentle, digesting but weakly, and are therefore called Rarifiers, of which hereafter in the second part of this Book; others are more forcible, digesting more strongly, and are simply called Diaphoreticks, which are hot and dry, and of thin parts; for such by their penetrating, attenuate gross and clammy humours that are inherent in any part, and turn them into vapours, that afterwards what remains may easily be discussed and dissipated; they are of a near nature with those that discuss windiness, or rather the same with them; The matter therefore of these is to be sought in the Tables, of the more powerful attenuaters and mollifiers, as also in the Table of them that discuss windiness, which you may see in its proper place. Consumers. Those medicaments which feed upon and consume a humour, (mollified and attenuated) by their strong attenuating, drying quality, are called usually in Latin absorbentia, that is consuming medicines. The Use of which is chief in phlegmatic tumours, sometimes in schirrous swell; but it must be after the use of mollifiers and attenuaters; Such are these following, which may be used either in the form of a vapour, fomentation with a sponge, an Ointment or a Plaster. Liquors. Vinegar, brine, sea water, lie of vine ashes, etc. also that lie made of the quenching of lime. Ashes. All sorts, especially that of the fig tree, of vine branches, of Ilex or dwarf oak, of coleworts and other nitrose herbs. Minerals. Alum, salt, saltpetre, lime, brimstone. Oils. Of Tiles, of peeter or rock oil, of Euphorbium, of Castor, of Costus. Drawers, by the Latins Attrahentia, by the Greeks' 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. THese are those which draw forth humours seated deep in the body, to the superficies of the skin, and that either by an occult quality, of which next, or els● by a manifest quality, and that either inherent, as in Thapsia, or else acquisite by putrefaction, as pigeon's dung; And these are such that are hot and dry, and of thin parts; for it is the part of heat to attract; dryness is as it were the file to heat, to make it more forcible; and tenuity of parts to accelerate the action. As to the degree, some are gentler drawers, hot and dry in the second degree, others stronger, which also discuss, and are hot and dry in the third degree; The use of them is in drawing humours, spirits or flatuousnesse that lie deep in the body up to the skin; as for example, in critical abscessus or separations of humours, also in buboes, sciatica, dropsy, poisons, and in withered members to draw the nourishment to them. This is the Matter. Roots of Thapsia, Elecampane, Ireos, round birthwort, showbread, pellitory of Spain, of reeds, daffodils, onions, garlic. Herbs and Leaves, Of Lady's smock, Calamint, treacle mustard, blew flowered Pimpernel, Ivy, Tithimal, and all the sorts of spurge, flammula or strong Clematis, pepperwort or lepidium: cuckoopit, sopewort, dictamny of Crect: Crowfeet (especially the wild) nettles, water-pepper or arsmart, widdowaile, spurge, laurel. Seeds of Mustard, nettles, cresses, treacle, mustard, staves-achre, mullen, cardamomes, ginny pepper. Gums, Ammoniack, Euphorbium, Galbanum, Sagapene, Bdellium, Opopanax. (Which that I may note once for all, I have here inserted, both in this and other Tables among the gums, for custom sake, least young students in the reading of the matter of physic or receipts, should be puzzled, otherwise Bdellium is properly a rosin, the rest thickened juices.) Rosins. Dry pitch, common rosin, burgundy pitch. Excrements, Honey, Goat's dung, pigeons' dung, ass' dung, and all dungs. Animals, Cantharideses, Scorpions, Castor. Stones and minerals. Loadestone, Brimstone. Sea things, Amber. Plasters. Oxicroceum, of Mellilat, sour levens, plastrum Epispasticum. Drawers forth or Extracters. Under the Attracters or drawers are comprehended, those which by an occult quality, draw out poisons, splinters and other things fastened in wounds. Of which because there is an indefinite number, and it is not certainly known what medicament is the proper extracter of each peculiar body, therefore we must be content with the gegenerall and undeterminate collection of them, such as help to the drawing out of any thing infixed, such are these following. Roots of round birthwort, of Ireos, with the purple flower, reeds, wild parsnep, cuccoopits, all, the bulbe, the roots of Eringo beaten with honey. Leaves, Dictamny of Crect, Tobacco, (which too draw forth poison) both the pimpernels, common mullen. Barks. The middle bark of tile tree. Seeds. Of Mullen, Mustard. Gums. Ammoniack, Galbanum, Opopanax. Animals. Land snails beaten with their shells, the head of a lizard powdered, a fox tongue prepared, as its lungs are moistened with red wine, or decoction of round birthwort serves to draw out lead. Excrements. Propolis or Bee glue. Stones. Loadstone prepared draws forth Iron, Lapis Lincis, which draws out straws or the stalks of herbs. Sea things. Amber also draws straws. Emplasters. Apostolicum, Levans. Unguents. as Unguentum nigrum, sen fuscum Nicholai. Blisterers, by the Latines Vesicantia, by the Greeks' 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. THey take their name from the effect of them, and those which do only make the part red, are called Phaenigmi; but those which also besides that raise blisters, are called Vesicantia. They are of temperature hot in the fourth degree, but of thin substance, by which means they penetrate the superficies of the part; The use of these is when the matter cannot be discussed either by attenuaters, mollifiers, or attracters; for they draw violently, dissolve and melt, and raise up the skin, like a bladder full of water, in which all the humidity that is attracted is gathered; As to the matter, many things use to be referred hither, out of the Table of the attracters, conducing to the operation of the blisterers, for they are but few, which of themselves are reduced to this Division or Classis. as Cantharideses beaten up with strong vinegar, and a little leven. Thapsia. viz. the root and the flower. The root of the lesser Crowfoot. i e. 5th. of Matthiolus, and the third of Fuchsius, which is called by Gesner Flammula. Burned Levens: Emplast. Epispasticum. Ripeners, by the Latins Suppurantia, by the Greeks' 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. THose are so called which help nature in converting the moibificall cause into pus, or matter; The use of which is when the malady will not yield to discussing medicines in sanguine tumours, or in those of other humours, so they be mixed with blood, because that only is capable of suppuration; for in tumours proceeding from choler, or melancholy, suppurating medicines are not to be safely administered, for they easily turn to a Cancer, or such like malignant ulcers; they ought to be according to Galen, 5 simple. cap. 8.9. of a temper most agreeable to the body and part to which they are to be applied, (both in heat and moisture,) that they may both increase and cherish the natural heat, which is author of this concoction; they should also be emplastickall, that by their daubing quality they may stop the pores of the skin, that they may keep in both the heat and spirits, which being thus augmented, do the more easily ripen the humour, such are these of which if any seem too moist or too dry, they are to be tempered by the mixture of others. Roots of Marshmallows, white Lilies, Colt's foot, new briony, wild Cowcumber new gathered, Onions roasted. Leaves of Marshmallows, mallows, sorrel, bears breech, miscle toe. Seeds of Flax, fenegreek, barley, wheat. Flower of barley, wheat, vetches called ●robus, wheat bread. Fruits. Fat figs, raisins, fat dates. Gums. Ammoniack, Bdellium. Resins. Larch, Turpentine, Frankincense, liquid styrax, pitch, common rosin. Animals. The sat of hens, geese, hogs, marrow of a calf, butter, oesipus, yolks of eggs, yellow wax, be glue, milk. Suets of all sorts. Juices and liquors, soap, hot water poured on, water and oil, laudanum. Oils. Sweet oil olive, oil of sweet almonds, of linseed, of white lily roots. Unguents. of Marshmallows, resumptivum Basilicon, Agrippae, Aureum. Plasters, Diachilon, simple and compound, and that with gums, levens. Openers of Imposthumes. There are divers things that let out water, among which, pigeons dung, Crowfoot, Cantharideses, Figmilk; but it is more usual to open tumours when they are ripened, either with Iron, or some cautery, either actual or potential. THE FIRST BOOK. THE SECOND PART. Of Remedies, respecting the general heads of diseases. The Division of this part. THere are three general heads of diseases, viz. Distemper, Vitiated Composition, and separation of the continuity. Distemper is either simple, which is helped by alterers, or else it is joined with matter, and then we are to have regard to the cause, for it requires remedies to oppose the cause, of which already in the first part. Vitiated composition of the parts, such as may be remedied by medicines are, 1 Too much straightness of the invisible passages of the body, which is called condensednesse, to which we oppose rarefiers. 2 Too much dilatation of the said passages, to which are used Condensers; and if it be in the visible passages, we oppose it by Binder's. 3 There are some diseases arise from overgrowing of the flesh, as the constipation or shutting up of any cavity by such excrescence, or else the greatness or number of the parts exceeding what is natural, and these require Catereticks or eating medicines, of which where I shall speak of the Pyroticks in general. Other remedies of the diseases of ill composition, are either preservative, opposing the causes, with which they are together removed, and therefore not to be repeated here, or v, and so not pertaining to this place. Separation or Division of the continuity of the parts, requires gluing or joining medicines; hither also belong vulnerary things, or else they are joined with the loss of the substance of the part, to which belong Sarcaticks, Epuleticks, ingenderers of a callous or hardness; of each severally. Rarefiers, by the Latins Rarefacientia, by the Greeks' 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. THey are so called, which open the pores of the skin, to procure a free transpiration; such are hot, but moderately, very near our natural heat, and moist, that they may relax; for drying things straighten; of thin parts that they may penetrate. The Use is chief external, to prevent internal putrefaction, by exhalation of the fuliginous vapours of the blood, also in external tumours, where the matter is over hot, and the part wherein it is, is soft and thin, that the humour contained in the part, causing the swelling and pain, being dissolved, may the better evaporate in fumes; such are these following. Roots of Marshmallows, white Lilies. Leaves of Dill, Mallows, Violets, Elder, Danewort, Bears breech, Mercury. Flowers of Chamomill, Mellilote, Elder. Seeds of Flax, Fenugreek. Fruits. Dried Figs. Fats and Greases of Hogs, Calves, Hens, Men, and Geese. Excrements. New Butter, Oesipus. Waters of Chamomill, white Lilies, warmed water, especially a bath of it. Oils of Olives, white Lilies, Violets, sweet Almonds, earth worms, Chamomill, Dill, Linseed, of Ireos, of Jasmine. Oymments. Ung: Resumptivum, and Dialthee. Condensers, by the Latines Condensantia, by the Greeks' 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. THey are so called, which contract the pores of the skin, and repress or hinder transpiration; they are of a more waterish nature than the binder's before mentioned. The use of which is to hinder too much sweat, and the dissolution of the spirits; the matter follows. The Leaves of Sengreen great, and little, Lettuce, Purslane, Maiden hair, Endive, Sowthistle, Dandelion, Fleawort, water Lilies, Ducks meat. Cold water, and generally whatsoever cools without binding, contract the smaller pores, but they cannot bind the whole part effectually. Corrosives, by the Latines Adurentia, by the Greeks' Pyrotica and Caustica. THey are so called, which by their extreme heat, do burn the skin to divers purposes, no less than fire or scalding water, and therefore it is necessary that they be of a fiery nature; yet they differ both in degrees of heat, and manner of their matter. Of the first rank are the rubifiers, and blisterers, which are the gentlest of all, of which is spoken before; of the second rank are the Cathereticks or corrosive medicines, eating and consuming, opposite to the sarcotics, yet these only work on the superficies, (without corrupting the adjacent parts) and corrode, extenuate, consume and wear away that very gently. They are hot and dry in the third and fourth degree, and of thin substance, that they may insinuate into the matter that is to be taken away, and be dissipated or made invalid before they penetrate far; Of the third sort are those called septics or putrifiers, sharper than the Cathereticks, penetrate deeper, and dissolve, putrify, and corrupt the thinner part of the flesh, and this they do, not so much by the benefit of the intenseness of their heat, as by a malignant quality, wherefore they are most irksome to nature, and destroy the sabrick of it, and therefore there follows them the dissolution of the radical moisture, and a carcase like putrefaction; they are of much a grosser substance than the former, (but moderately, for they are otherwise of thin parts) for that which is too thin is easily dissipated by our heat; Of the fourth sort are those which burn to a crust, commonly called Escaroticks, or potential Caustics, (though some make an other distinction between Escaroticks and Caustics, and induce the first as the milder, the other as the more forcible) which penetrate deeply, and do not only burn the cuticle, but the whole skin, like fire, and that suddenly, causing a very hard crust, which they usually call an eschar; They are most hot in the fourth degree, of substance absolutely gross and earthy, for which reason their extreme heat is not easily dissipated, but holding firm together, burns and gnaws violently. The use of the Cathereticks is in the excrescence of flesh, affections arising from proud flesh, as in the hypersarcosis of wounds, Polipus of the nostrils, caruncles, warts and other hardnesses that are to be taken away. The use of the septics is also in taking away divers tumours, Polipus, ozenas, (ulcers of the nostrils) hard excrescences, putrid, eating and malignant Ulcers, and corrupted parts of the body; but these because they leave behind them an incorrigible inconveniency, should be quite driven out of chyrurgical use, and instead of them, if need were, may be used cleansers, cathereticks, and escareticks. The use of Escareticks and Caustics is when the skin for some cause or other is to be opened, and the sick cannot well endure the opening of it by section, or burning, then are we forced to use Caustics; also when we would suppress blood, breaking forth from some corrosion of the veins, we are feign to cause a crust or escare to cover the part from whence the blood breaks forth; to these pyroticks may be numbered the Psylotres, or medicines that take away hair, i. e. such as make the part they are applied to bald, for these have also a corroding and burning quality. The matter of the Cathereticks or the Consumers of proud flesh. Roots of round birth-wort dried in an oven, asphodel or kingspeare, wild cucumbers, which are milder, black hellebor, which is stronger. Ashes of Muscle shells, of Tithimales or Spurges, of Galls burnt. Stones. Pumice stone burnt to a powder, Lapis Laznli unwashed, these are gentle. Minerals. Vitriol calcined, Led burnt, Alum burnt, Mercury precipitate, Verdigreece, Mercury sublimat, peclings of brass, lime, white vitriol, mysy, sorry, antimony calcined, especially for cancers, fall ammoniack, vermilion. Oils of vitriol, brimstone, aq. fortis. Unguents. Apostolorum, Aegyptiacum, Isid. Troschiscks of Musa, Passionis, Andromis, self de Plumbo, Troschiscks Poliydae, Andromachi. The matter of the septics or Putrifiers. Arsenic pure. Arsenic sublimat. Orpment. Gedar liquor. Borax. Sandarache, of the Greeks. Wolves bane, Osmund royal. Pithyocampe. (This is ill inserted here for it is usually given inwardly in the rickets. The matter of the Caustics or Esearoticks, i. e. crust causing-Medicines. The common matter is the lie of which soap is made, of which only it may be made, and this Heurnius prefers before all others, lib. 1. Method. prax. of whom, see the place quoted; but the particular matter is of divers kinds, so that there is scarce a Chyrurge on which will not boast of some secret way of his own in this particular; some to this lie will add vitriol, some mercury sublimate, orpment, salt ammoniack, salt peeter, sandever, cinis clavellatus, or ashes of vines or tartar, etc. of which they compose their divers cauteryes. Psilotres or Medicines that take off hair. To make bald any part, some use those things that actually burn, especially gold mode red hot, others, such things as work potentially, as Strong lie, Unquenched line. Emmets eggs, Sanderake, Arsenic, Orpment, Oil of brimstone. Oil of vitriol. Agglutinaters or Closers, or joining Medicaments, by the Latins Glutinantia, by the Greeks' 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. THey are so called which conjoin the lips of new made wounds; such are in heat temperate, lest they should hurt by their acrimony in the other qualities; they dry with astriction and grossness of substance, for so they hinder any other humour, either from falling or growing between the lips of the wound. The Use of them is in bleeding wounds, and also in Ulcers, so they be well cleansed; the matter follows. Roots of Cinquefoyle, Tormentill, Cumfrey. Leaves of Sanicle, Winter-green, Mouseare, Rupturewort, hounds tongue, plantain, St. john's Wort, Vervain, Willow, Scabiosse, Carduus benedictus, woad, Field Cypress, Centaury the less, Yarrow, Bettony, Bugle, Tutsan, Goldenrod. Gums, sarcocol, Sanguis draconis. Rosins, Frankincense, Myrrh, Pitch, Turpentine. Juices, Aloes, Hypocistis. Animals, Mummy, Earthwormes, Hares hair burnt. Minerals, lethargy, Led, Lapis Cadmia, and Calaminaris. Unguents, de Lythargiro, Betonica, Vng. aureum, of gum elemi. Emplasters, Catagmaticum primum & secundum, diaphaenicum. de gum elemi, de minio compound. stipticum, or Paracelsus Plaster. Wound Medicines or Vulneraries, by the Lalines Vulneraria, by the Greeks' 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. THey are so called, of which wound drinks are made, whose virtues are singular in purifying the blood, and cleansing it from all dreggy humours, that flesh or any other substance that is lost, may be laudably and speedily restored and engendered from it, and thereby the part be restored to its former unity; see Pareus lib. 15. cap. 28. The Roots of tormentil, both sorts of Cumfry, Zedoary, Galengal, Angelica, Snakeweed, round Birthwort, Liquorish, Avers. Herbs and Leaves. Sea-lavender, Sanicle, winter green, Vervain, Lady's mantle, arsesmart, periwinkle, Agrimony, Adder's tongue, Showbread, golden rod, horsetaile, bettony, burnet, cetrach, mugwort, lily of the valley, centaury the less, Paul's bettony, knotgrass, plantain, savine, carduus benedictus, mouseare, St John's wort, tansy's rupturewort, scordium, snakeweed. Fruits. Red vetches or cicers, juniper berries, bruised, walnuts. Animals. Crawfish, Mummy, Crabs eyes. Sea things. Sperma ceti. Stones and Earth's. Coral red and white, bowl armenack. Waters. Those distilled out of the aforesaid herbs. sarcotics or breeders of flesh, by the Latins carnem generantia, by the Greeks' 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. THey are so called which remove those things that hinder nature in the breeding of flesh, viz. that twofold excrement that is always engendered in the repairing the flesh; one thin, which the Latins call Ichor and Sanies, as it were a weeping mattery watrishness, by which it is apt to prodnce a moist ulcer; the other gross, as dregginesse and filth, which breeds foul filthy ulcers; The first is to be dried, the other to be cleansed; therefore sarcotics are of nature moderately hot & dr●, within the limits of the second degree, and cleansing without biting; for that which is hotter dissolves the flesh; that which is colder binds it, and repels the blood from engendering flesh; that which is drier consumes that which doth flow to the part: that which cleanseth with binding doth not only suffer the flesh to grow, but also by its biting is apt to procure defluxions. The Use of these is in filling up hollow wounds and ulcers. As to the Matter, those which are rehearsed as sarcotics, are not to be thought so simply, but are withal either glutinative or closing, or else cleansing, or procuring suppuration, and therefore are to be tempered by the mixture of others; But these following are properly called such, of which note that the drier sort are to be used to dry bodies, and those that are least drying are to be applied to moist bodies. Roots of Cumfrey, Ireos, Birthwort. Leaves of St. John's wort. Juices. Aloes. Flowrye parts of barley, vetches, orobus, and ervus, and of senugreek. cousins. Frankincense, Burgundy pitch, Mastic, rosin of the pine, and of the sir tree, pitch, turpentine, myrrh. Gums. Tragant, Sanguis draconis, Sacrocall. Mineras As Cadmia, Ceruse, Tutty, both white and grey called Pompholix, Lytharge, lead burnt and washed. Unguents. Aureum, rubrum desuccativum. Emplasters. de betonica, de gratia dei. Epuloticks or skinning medicines, but more properly Cicatrizers, by the Latines Cicatrizantia, by the Greeks' 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. THey are so called, that skin an Ulcer or wound after it is filled with flesh; they should be in the passive qualities very drying, that they may not only consume the moisture, that flows to the part, but also that that remains in the flesh of the Ulcer; they are also of a gross substance, that they may bind and contract or draw together; In the active qualities they should rather be cooling then heating, and altogether without biting; though there be many things numbered amongst the Cicafrizers that dry with biting, yet such are convenient only for the hardest sort of bodies; The Use is plain; The Matter follows. Roots of round Birthwort, Tormentill. Leaves of Plantain, Myrtle, Pomegranates, horse tail, money wort. Barks of Pomegranates, Acorne cups. Ashes and things burnt, as wool, linen or cotton burnt, sponges burnt, a hare's hair burnt, tiles burnt to dust. Gums and juices. Sanguis draconis, Acacia. Fruits of the Cypress tree, unripe galls. Flowers. Balaustines', red roses. Earth's. Terra jemnia, bowl armenack, chalk. Stones. Blood stone, calaminaris, plaster of Paris. Metalline things. Scale of Iron, Alum, lead burnt and washed, powder of lead, of which see Fernelius lib. 6. M.M. cap. 16. brass burnt, ceruse lethargy, Calcitis or white vitriol, Cadmia washed, pompholix or white tutty, brimstone, aurpment, vitriol; pompholix and spodia are both sorts of tutty; why he sets tutty here by itself, I know not, see Screderus in his pharmacopia, lib. 3. cap. nineteen. tutty and washed, antimony burnt, lime washed, spodium or grey tutty. Animals. Heart's horn burnt, scutle bone, Ivory burnt, oyster shells burnt. Sea things. Coral. Ointments. Ung. album Rhazis. Nutritum, or ointment of lethargy, ointment of Ceruse, of tutty or red lead, and rubrum desiccativum. Things that take away Sears, which for brevity sake may be called Scar Curers. Fats and marrows of men, asses, hearts, the fat of the fish Thymallus. Oils of Myrrh, yolks of eggs, campher, oriental balsam. Flower of beans, Juice, of Ivy. Seeds of rocket, mustard. Minerals. borax, salt peeter. Waters of Lily flowers, bean flowers, out of which things are made divers compositions, ointments and liniments. Things breeding a Calleus or hardness in joining broken bones, may properly be called Call-breeders, by the Latins callum generantia, be the Greeks 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. THey are so called, not because they properly breed a Calleus, for that is the work of nature, but because they assist nature in that work, such are in the active qualities moderately hot, (lest they should dissolve and consume that juice of which the Calleus is engendered,) in the passives they should be drying; as to the second qualities they thicken, harden and bind, and are either Internal, as the juice of primroses, the roots, juice or powder of Agrimony, and especially the stone Osteocalla or bone glue given to ʒ i. in cumfrey water. Externall things, as Aloes, Acacia, bowl armenack, Mill dust, Osteocalla or bone glue, nuts of Cypress, Frank in sense, Gum tragant. THE THIRD PART OF THE FIRST BOOK. Of Medicaments respecting the most common and most urgent Symptoms. The Type. Symptoms that are the most frequent are these following, together with their opposite remedies. Pain to which are opposite anodine things and Narcoticks. watching Hypnoticks. flux of blood. stenchers of blood. swooning. refreshers of the spirits Anodynes, by the Latins dolorem mitigantia, by the Greeks' 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. THey are so called which ease pain without stupisying the senses, though the cause of it remain; such medicines should be temperate in the active qualities, much agreeable to our natural heat; but in the passives moist, either waterish or eyrie, of thin substance void of all astriction, for these by their mild and gentle heat, foster the heat of the part, and by their tenuity of substance, penetrate into the parts, and by their gentle moisture relax them, by which means the cause contained in the part by transpiration, may be the easier discussed, and evacuated. The Matter is this, which is for the most par● external, and topical or appliable to the very place. Roots of Marshmallows, mallows, lilies. Leaves of Elder, mallows, violets, dill. Seeds of Flax, fenugreek, wheat, barley, and the meal. Flowers of Chamomill, melilot, mullen, saffron. Animals, their parts and excrements, Warm milk, new butter unsalted, Oesipus, yolks of eggs, flesh of animals whilst it is warm, lungs of animals new killed, the kell of animals also. Marrows. All that are kept in the shops. Fats and greases. Hog's fat, goose's, hens, man's. Oils. Sweet oil Olive, of earthworms, chamon ill, sweet almonds, sillies, linseed, yeolks of eggs, of dill, jasimine, wall flowers, of sesamus, water and oil mixed together. Wheat bread new baked whilst it is yet hot. Crumbs of white bread. Mucilages of the seeds of Mallows, fleawort, marshmallows, fenugreek. Suets of a Hart, of Goats. Ointments. Pectoral ointments, Dialthea, unguent. anodynum, resumptivum, ointment of the opening juices. Narcoticks by the Latins Stupefacientia, by the Greeks' 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. THey are Medicines which take away or stupefy the sense of the part, that it cannot be sensible of that which manes the pain. The Use of these is in the most vehement pains, and they are all extremely cold, but do not stupefy so much by their coldness, as by an occult quality they possess. Roots of Mandrake, Henbane. Leaves of Henbane, Mandrake, Poppies, sleepy nightshade, Tobacco, Hemlock. Flowers of Henbane, Poppy. Seeds of white and black Poppy, Henbane, Darnell. Thickened juices of Mandrake, Henbane, Opium. Syrups of white and red poppy, diacodium. Oils of Mandrake, white poppy seed. Opiates, New Treacle, requies Nicholai, Philonium romanum, persicum, Philon Magistrale. Pills of Cynoglosse, of Styrax, Laudanum and nepenthes opiatum, to gr. iii. iv. v. Sleeping Medicines by the Latines Somnifera, by the Greeks 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. THey are so called that procure sleep, by sending mild vapours up to the head, to temper the hot, dry and sharp fumes that are in the brain, whose Use is chief when overwatching are caused by sharp fumes, such are these following. Leaves of Lettuce, Sengreen, Dill. Seeds of Lettuce, the four greater cold seeds, white Poppy seeds. Fruits. Sweet Almonds, Peach kernels. Waters of Violets, water Lilies, Lettuce, Purslane, Nightshade, Roses. Syrups of Violets, water Lilies, Poppies, Cowslips. Conserves of Violets, water Lilies, Cowslips. Candied things, Stalks of Italian Lettuce, Candid. Juices of Lettuce, ℥ iii. of the juice of Lettuce is a deadly draught, therefore be wary, water Lilies, night shade. Species. Diamargariton frigidum, powder of Haly, diatrion santalon. Trow chiscks, Gordonii. Oils. To anoint the forehead, remples and soles of the feet, oil of violets, water Lilies, sweet Almonds, Dill, Willows, Mandrake Frogs, Poppyes, Roses. Marrows of the thigh bones of calves, hearts. Unguents. Populeon, out of all which divers remedies to procure sleep, both internal and external may be prepared. Stoppers of Blood by the Latins Sanguinem sistentia, by the Greeks' 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. THey are so called that stay or staunch blood flowing out of the veins or arteries, whether opened by relaxation of the orificies, or by corrosion, or violent breaking, or cut as in a wound; and this other medicament can perform besides caustick medicines (which stop it by inducing a crust or escara instead (as it were) of a stopple) and that divers ways, viz. i. by an emplastic quality; for such as are of a gross and clammy substance, they stop and fill up the orifices of the veins; Secondly by a cooling, binding, drying virtue, or lastly by some other propriety or occult quality; The Matter of all which is this following. Roots of Cumfrey, Cinquefoyle, Rhubarb torrefied, nettles. Barks of Pomegranates, Pine trees. Leaves of Plantain, knot grass, horsetaile, periwinkle, burnet, both sorts, ●ursan, nettles, willows, ducks meat, lettuce, purslain, night shade, both the sengreens, bramble buds. Flowers. Balaustines', Citrines. Fruits. Quinces, sour pears, services, medlars, bramble berries, mulberries unripe, of sumach, unripe galls, galls that are suddenly quenched in vinegar or sour wine. Juices and liquors. Acacia, Hypocistis, Aloes, vinegar, vinegar with water, called Posca, verjuice, cold water, juice of gourds, purslain, sour wine. Rosins. Frankincense, myrrh, mastic, rosin rubbed, Fernel. 5. M. M. 3. Gums. Sanguis draconis. Sea things. Coral, Amber, Sponge burnt. Animals, their parts and excrements. Glue, Mummy both inward and outward, white of an egg, spicers web, especially it it be such as is full of the fine flower of mills or bakehouses, clots of blood dried, Spodium mode of Ivory, hens feathers burnt hair of horses and men burnt, bones burnt to a fine powder. Stones. Bloodstone, Schistus, Jasper, plaster of paris washed. Earth's. Common earth. 8 Simpl. bowl, terra sigillata. Flower of wheat, beans, starch. Sootes. Soot scraped from the oven mouth or off a brass pot, foot of Frankincense or Mastic. Minerals. Litharge, Ceruse, white Tutty, Vitriol, Alum. Refreshers of the spirits, by the Latins spiritus reficientic, by the Greeks' 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. I intent not to speak here of such things as remove the causes, that oppress the spirits, or of them that by accident restore them, nor of those which strengthen the heat of the heart, for they are to be referred to the Cordials; but only of such as with their grateful scent, or vapours suddenly restore the spirits, whose Use is in swooning and faintings; such are the Roots of the true Acorns, Angelica, Avens, Ciperus, blue Flower deluce of Florence. Barks and Woods of Citrons, Oranges, lignum Aloes, Saunders, especially the yellow. Leaves of mountain Calamint, Hyssop, Lavender, marjerome, balm, mints, bazill rosemary, pennyroyal, mother of time, time. Flowers of Oranges, clove gilleflowers, Citrons, Jasimine, Lily of the valley, lemons, all sorts of spike, roses, purple violets. Berries of Juniper, Bayes. Fruits. ripe Quinces, fragrant apples. Spices. Cloves, Cinnamon, Mace. Rosins and Gums. Styrax, Camphor. Excrements. Musk, Civet. Waters and Vinegars. Water of Cinnamon, Citron and Orange, and Limon flowers, of Lavender, Jasemine, and roses, vinegar of strong wines, of clove gilleflowers, of roses. Sweet Oils. as of Cinnamon, Costus, Nutmegs, Spike, Camphor, Jasemine, Cloves, oil of Balsam, of Citron peeles, and such like. Note that in women, such fragrant things are not to be held to the nose, lest it should cause fits of the mother, but rather ill scented things, as Caster, Rue, etc. THE SECOND BOOK Of the particular matter of Physic. SECTION. I. Of Remedies belonging to the head. The Type of the Section. Remedies dedicated to the head, are either dedicated to the brain, as cephalical things. purgers of the head, as Errhines. Sternutatories. Apophelegmatismes. Eyes, as opthalmicall things which are either sharpeners of the sight. anodynes, or easers of pain. repellers. digesters. cleansers. Ears, as Oticks, ro ear medicines. Teeth, as teethish medicines. cephalical medicines, by the Latins Capitalia, by the Greeks' 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. THey are properly called cephalical medicines, that have a virtue to preserve or restore the natural heat and vigour of the brain, and which strengthen it, being first cleansed from the annoying filth that molests it. The Use of which (as also of all other strengthening medicines that have their denomination from the part) is both before diseases beginning, and in them, and also after they are removed; but most usually after, general purgations, to restore strength to the parts, (from whence they have their name of strengtheners) lest they should again heap more vicious humours, and by that means occasion new affections, or conduce to the return of the old; And although the faculty of these strengtheners seem something occult, yet hath it either heat or coldness joined with it, by whose help the relics of a cold or hot distemper are removed, together with the other operation, so that in special cephalical things are twofold; hot in cold affections of the brain, cold in hot affections of the brain, and also the dry, as those things that are proper for mitigating deliriums. The hot are these. Internal. Roots of Birthwort, which is famous in the falling sickness that proceeds from the womb, calamus aromaticus, Acorus and Galingale, for winedinesse, of Male pyony against the falling sickness, and vain fears, also misle of the oak, florentine ●reos, English Galingale, Zedoary. Leaves of Betony, Marjerome, for windiness, narrow leaved sage, Centaury the less to strengthen the nerves, rosemary for the trembling and palsy, bays, myrtles, for catarrhs, mountain calamint, lavender, primrose, bazill, savoury, hyssop, balm, wild marjerome. Barks and Woods, Barks of Citrons, guiacum, ●asaphras, lignum. Aloes. Seeds of Coriande●● Fennel, silvermontan. Berries of Juniper, bays, myrtles, grains of kermes, seeds of Peony and Nigella. Flowers of S●aechas of Arabia, which are as it were the life of the brain and nerves, most sefull in the swimming of the head, falling sickness, and melancholy, lilies of the valley, cowslips, line tree, spikenard, centaury the less, betony, of rosemary, mellilote, camomile. Fruits. Anacardines', but warily, because they burn the blood. Spices. Nutmegs, Cubebs, gr. v. swallowed every day, Cardamomes, Mace, Cloves, Cinnamon, Ginger and Pepper for a moist brain. Rosins. Frankincense against forgetfulness, Mastic, Styrax Benzoin. Animal things. Castor which is famous, Musk, ashes of Swallows, dung of Peacocks, in the falling sickness. Sea things. Amber, Ambergris. Distilled waters of the aforesaid leaves. aq. vitae with Castor, treacle, water with the juice of Betony, imperial water, aq. caelestis, cinnamon water. water of Peony compound, spirit and water of lavender compound of Dr. Mathias, spirit of castor. Oils Chemical. of Nutmegs, Cloves, Cinnamon, marjerome, amber, rosemary. Syrups of slaechadoes, of bettony, chamepitios, of Peony compound, syrup of the infusion of Peony flowers, of the juice of sage. Conserves of the slowres of rosemary, betony, sage, french lavender, and of the lintree flowers. Candied things and preserved things. Citron peels, roots of Acorus, Myrobalanes, Nutmegs, Walnuts, Coriander candyed. Confections. Treacle, old Mithridate, the confection aurea alexandrina, and of anacardines, but warily; diacorum, diacinnamomum. Powders. Those mentioned in the preparers of phlegm. Treschiscks. de carabe, gallia moscata. Externall heating things. The Seeds of Nigella or Gith, of Cummins torrified, put in a bag, and applied to the mould of the head. Oils of * these are rather cooling. myrtles, * these are rather cooling. roses, bays, spikenard, nutmeg by expression. Plasters, de betonica, de baccis lauri, and in the long lasting pains, Emplaster de Ranis, or Plaster of Frogs of Vigo, with Mercury. Rue and wild Time for pains, idle headednesse, disturbance of mind, and over-watching; and Vervain the same way. Cold things internal. Herbs. Sorrel, Lettuce, Purslain, Violets, Cucumbers, twinings of Vines called Capreoli. Woods. All the Saunders. Flowers. Roses, Violets for sleep, water Lilies. Seeds. The four greater cold seeds, of Lettuce, Fleawort, white Poppy. Juices. Of Citrons, Pomegranates, Currants, Vinegar, Verjuice, Opium, have a care. Gums. Camphier. Distilled Waters. Of the Flowers and Leaves aforesaid, black Cherry water. Conserves. Of the Flowers aforesaid. Candied and Preserved things. Lettuce stalks, and the flesh of Gourds preserved. Powders or Species. Diamargariton frigidum, Diatrium santalon, Diatragacanthi frigidi. Troschisches of Camphier, of Saunders. Cooling external things. The aforesaid simples; to which add the Leaves of Henbane, Nightshade, great Housleek, Mandrake, Willow, Vine branches. Oils. Of the the aforesaid Flowers, and the seed of white Poppy, Oil of unripe Olives, Oil of the flowers of Willow, for anointing of the Nostrils and Temples. Unguents. As Ointment of Roses, Refrigerans Galeni, Populeon, Cerecloth of Saunders. Opposite to these Cephalical things are those which hurt the Head: such are these following, taken from Galen, lib. 2. compos. med. sec. loc. cap. 1. near the end. The seed of Agnus castus, juice of Wormwood, Olives that are black and ripe, the fruit of Arbutus, or Strawberry tree, Myrrh, or Frankincense, if it be drank when one is healthy, as Diascorides will have it: For according to Avicen, they are good for the Memory; the tops of Ivy, also the berries of it, Saffron, Sulpherwort, Showbread dried, and drank in Wine; much Storax makes troublesome dreams, but a little drives away sadness. Lastly, all things that are oderiserous induce troublesome sleeps, and the Hag-riding or Nightmare, because they fill the Head with vapours, especially in those that are plethoric. ¶ To these he might have numbered Coleworts, Beans, and all sort of pulse, which cause troublesem, heavy sleepiness, and fearful Dreams. Erthines, or, Snifting Medicines; by the Latins, Nasalia: by the Greeks, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. THey are Medicines that are to be snifted up into the Nose, to draw forth the Phlegm that lurks about the Brain and tunicles of it; either without any agitation of the Brain, when the excrements come down of themselves, or else with sneezing; and then they are properly called Sternutatories: they should be hot, thin, sharp, and cleansing. Among which, some are to be chosen that are also Cephalical: the Matter of these is either Simple or Compound. The simple ones are either dry or moist. Dry Ones. Powder of Acorns, Castor, Saffron, Cloves, Elaterium, (but warily, and dissolved with other liquid things) Hellebore white and black, Nutmeg, white Pepper, Pellitory of Spain, Ginger. Roots of Showbread, and Beets cut like tents, and put up into the Nose. Leaves of Tobacco dried and put into the Nose: this is the best Errhine. Fumes of Marjoram, Hyssop, Time, Tobacco, all taken through a pipe. Moist Ones. Juices of purple-flowred Pimpernel, Beets, Coleworts, Bettony, Celendine the greater, Showbread, wild Cowcumber, roots of Ireos, of Tree-Ivie, Hyssop, Marjoram, Horehound, Tobacco, Nigella, wild Marjoram, Pennyryal, Sage, Savory, Elder, ground-ivy, or Alehoof. New Butter put up in the Nostrils. Compounds. Honey of Roses, of Rosemary, Oximel. simple, and Oximel of squils: Syrup of Hyssop. Confections: as Mustard, Aurea Alexandrina, Anacardina, old Treacle and Mithridate. Oils: of Pepper, Ireos. Sternutatories, or, Sneezing things: by the Latines Sternutatoria: by the Greeks 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. THese are the stronger, thinner, sharper sort of Errhines, or snifting Medicines, which stimulate the Expulsive faculty very strongly; of which these following are the most usual. The Roots of Ireos, white Hellebore, Euphorbium; than which nothing is quicker, if you mix a little Castor with it: Pellitory of Spain, powder of Tobacco blown up; out of which, with other sharp Errhines finely powdered, are made sneezing Powders: to ʒ i s. or ʒ two. mixing Cephalical things with it, in equal proportion with the rest; of which gr. i. or two. blown up into the Nostrils with a quill, or, if they be vehement, let them be put in a brazen box, and the box only held to the Nose: or let a Nodulus, or Knot be prepared of Pellitory of Spain ℈ s. of black Hellebore, ʒ i Cresses, ʒ s. all powdered, and tied up in a Lawn rag, for a Nodulus; which being steeped in Rose-water, and held to the Nose, provokes sneezing without trouble. To these add Ptarmica or Sneeswort, and Stavesacre. Apophlegmatisms, or Spitting Medicines: by the Latines Pitissantia: by the Greeks 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. THose Medicines are so called, which either chewed, gargarized, or daubed on the like a lineament, procure much spitting, by drawing out a great deal of phlegm from the Head, either by their heat or acrimony, whereby they attenuate the matter contained in the Head, and melt it (as it were,) and withal irritate the Expulsive faculty of the Brain, to cast it forth: Such are these following. Roots. Of Acorns, Angelica, Ireos, Costus, English Galingale, Gentian, Galingale, Masterwort, Pellitory of Spain, Valerian, Ginger. Barks. Of the roots of Capers, Oranges. Spices. Cubebs, Nutmegs, Cloves, Pepper, grains of Paradise. Leaves. Of Hyssop, Bays, Pepperwort, Arsmart, Margerum, Cresses, Tobacco. para; The Leaves of Tobacho (the stalks taken out) being tied up, as it were, in a round pellet as big as a Nutmeg, is an excellent one held in the mouth in the morning once or twice a month, and is before all other. It should be held half an hour: let not the juice go down; and if you can be early enough, take a sleep after it. Seeds. Aniseed, Fennel, Mustardseed, of Stavesacre, Treacle-mustard, Sesely, Silvermontan. Fruits. Figs, Raisins, bitter Almonds, Juniper berries, Bay-berries. Gums. Mastic, Ammoniack, Myrrh. Animal things. Castor. These Simples, as to their use, are either chewed, as is usually the roots of Pellitory of Spain, steeped all night in Vinegar, to ℥ i. or else a powder made of the aforesaid things to ʒ iii. or ℥ s. is taken with s. q. of wax, and made up into Troschisches, as big as Lupins; one of which is chewed in the mouth, and so rolled up and down a reasonable while. Opthalmicks, or, Eye-Medicines: called by by the Latins and Greeks Opthalmica. THey are called so in general which are used to heal divers affections of the Eyes, and are divided chief into three Classes: The first contains the Oxidorcicks, or Medicines that sharpen the sight. The second contains those Medicaments that are for the inflammation of them, either in the beginning, as Repellers, and Anodynes, or easers of pain: or else in the state and declination, as Digesters or Discussers: the third includes the Cleansers, that are used in the Ulcers, Spots, Suffusions, and such like affections of the Eyes. Oxidorcicks, or, Sharpners of the Sight. Internal. Roots. Of Fennel, Celendine the greater, Avens, Valerian. Leaves. Of Eye-bright, Celendine, Fumitory, Fennel, Vervain, Rue, Clary. Seeds. Silvermountain seed, Rape seed, Radish seed, Fennel, Carraway seed. Clarified Juices. Of Fennel, Vervain, Eyebright, Margerum, Rue. Distilled Waters. Of Eyebright, Vervain, Celandine, Fennel, Rue. Wine. Of Eyebright. On the contrary, these hurt the Sight: Radishes, Garlic, Onions, Mustard and Cresses. Externall Oxidorcicks, or Quickeners of Sight. Water of Honey, if the dimness proceed from the thickness of the tunicles, distilled Waters of the aforesaid sight-sharpning simples mixed together, adding Gall, and the Urine of a Boy under age, white Wine and Hony. Antimony to ʒ i. infused in ℥ iv. of Water. The Juices aforesaid dropped into the Eye: the Juice of Rocket, and of flowering Willow, that which drops out at a cut in the Bark. Anodynes, or Easers of Pain. Mucilages. Of the seed of Fleawort, of white Poppy seeds, where you would also Lenify: of Quince seed where you would also bind. Waters. Of Roses, of pickings of Roses, of Plantain, Nightshade, Housleek, Purslain. women's milk, white of an Egg beaten with water. Sweet Apples roasted under the Embers, or boiled in Milk, juice of Apples. Crumbs of Bread steeped and boiled in Milk, adding a little Saffron to gr. iv. or v. White Troschises of Rhazis, where there is great pain. And in vehement pain Opium to gr. two. in liquid Colliriums. Repellers. Waters. Of Roses, Myrtles, Plantains, Violets, Purslain, Nightshade. Juices. O● Quinces, sour Apples, Pomegranates, white of an Egg. Mucilage. Of Quince seed, pulp of Quinces boiled in some binding Water, as in the Water of stalks or pickings of Roses. Discussers. Decoctions. Of Fenngreek, Camomile, Melilot. Fomentations and Vapours. Of the same things, together with the Oxidorcicks before named. Waters. Of Eyebright, Aqua vitae. ¶ Of Fennel, Celendine, Rue, with a little white Vitriol, or salt peeter in it. Animals, their parts and Excrements. Woman's milk, the blood of Pigeons and turtle Doves, the feathers of young Pigeons that are full of blood, drawn forth and pressed into the Eyes, the gall of Fishes. Gums. Sarcocal fed with milk. Rosins. Myrrh and Frankincense. Juices, Aloes, Verjuice, where there is also a burning joined with the others. And lastly, Saffron. Cleansers. Some are gentle without biting, the use of which is in the declination of Inflammations, as Sugar-candy, Honey, juice of red Roses, Antimony washed, Cadmia, Pompholix, or white Tutty, grey Tutty, Skuttle-bone, Pumicestone, Led burnt and washed. Others are stronger, and joined with a biting; the Use of which is chief in Suffusions, Skins, and sometimes in Ulcers; as galls of Fishes, which are the gentler, of fourfooted Beasts which are moderate, and of Birds which are the strongest, to which add the gall of Vipers and Serpents; (Note, that the gall of Partridges is the strongest of all, and that of Hens is the gentlest.) Juices. Of Fennel, Quinces, Celendine, blew flowered Pimpernel, Urine, water of Honey compounded with the Oxidorcicks. Others are the strongest of all; as Vitriol burned, Verdigrease, white Vitriol; a liquor of which made with the whites of Eggs, is excellent in the inflammation, Itch, and redness of the Eyes, crude Antimony. Oticks, or Ear-Medicines: by the Latins Auricularia: by the Greeks 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, & 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. THese are Remedies that help the Hearing, and are twofold; Internal and External: The Internal are the Cephalical Medicines before rehearsed, which altar, consume or discuss the Humour contained in the inward cavity of the Ear; whether they be hot, if the Malady come from cold and gross Humours: or cold, if the cause of the Deafness proceeds from hot Humours; which useth to happen in acute Diseases, after the Crisis, the matter of the Disease being sent to the Ears. External also are twofold; Hot and Cold. The Hot are these following. Waters. Aqua vitae simple, or compounded with some of the other Cephalical things, made in white Wine; this cuts, cleanseth, digests any slimy Humour: And to this purpose, there are infused the roots of Radish, Leeks, Onions, Showbread, white Hellebore, Castor, Saffron, salt Peter, Cow's gall; besides the Cephalical things. ¶ Crato commends Carduus benedictus, infused in Spirit of Wine, and then distilled, for a singular Experiment. See Crato, Ep. 59 Decoctions made of the same things in Aqua vitae, simple Vinegar, or Vinegar of squils. Juices. Of Onions, Leeks, Radishes, Rue, Ash. Common Oils. As of bitter Almonds, Spikenard. Distilled Oils. These following (besides the Cephalical Oils aforesaid) of Sage, Rue, Cummin seed, Carraways, Fennel seed, Bay berries, Spike. Animols. The fat of an Eel that drops from it whilst it is roasting, dropped into the Ear, for is mollifies and relaxeth, by reason of its fat substance, attenuates and discusseth, partly by the quality it obtains from the fire, but chief by that it gets from Bay leaves, wherewith it should be stuck full when it is laid down. ¶ To these may be added the fat of an Hedgehog, prepared after the same manner; and Woodlice, which some call Monks pease, others Cheeslogs, powdered and mixed with somu auricular Oil, and dropped into the Ear. Suffumigations made of the like things as are before spoken of. Musk wrapped up in wool or cotton, and put into the Ear. ¶ Civet is much more forcible, especially if you add to it a drop or two of Oil of Cinnamon or Cloves. The Cold are these. Oils. Of Water-lillies, Roses, Violets; women's milk warm from the breast. Juice, or liquor of Vines which distils from the branches, cut in the Spring. Decoctions of Cooling things, as Roses, Mallows, Violets, Willow, Lettuce, Water-lillies. ¶ Plantain, Endive, Strawberries, Purslain. Odonticks, or Teeth-Medicines. THey are so called that strengthen the Teeth, and by cleansing them from the filth, whiten them: these are a fit matter for Dentifrices; and they are these following. Of Plants, the stalks of Burnet, Pellitory of the wall, Beets, Maidenhair: Leaves of Myrtles, Mastic tree, wild Olives, Penniryall, wild Marjoram, Hyssop, Mints, Sage, Rosemary, either several, or many of them mixed, burnt and reduced to ashes. Of Animals. Scuttle bone, Crabs eyes, all sorts of shells, and the shells of Land snails, Heart's horn. Of Stones. Pumice stone, Sponge stone, Alabaster, Chalk, all of these most exactly powdered; or if that cannot hand somly be, let them be first burnt, and then powdered. Stones of Dates, Mirobalanes, Olives, Cypress nuts, Medlars, burnt. Sea things. Coral, Sea froth, Amber. Earthy juices. Common salt, salt Gem, Alum, salt Peter, melted on a Tile-shard, and burnt: sal Alkali, or the salt they make Glass of, and the fattiness that swimmeth on the top, when it is dissolved in water, called Glass grease: Tartar of white Wine, crusts of Bread burnt. To these are to be added, the powders of Spices, as of Lignum aloes, and other odoriferous Plants, the root of Ireos, Musk, Amber grease; and for the strengthening of the Gums, Mastic Frankincense, Myrrh. ¶ And to those that will resolve to endure the taste, there is no better thing than Aloes dissolved in Claret wine. THE SECOND BOOK. SECTION II. Of Remedies of the BREAST. The type of the Section. Remedies of the Breast respect either the Heart, as Cordials. Lungs, as Bechical, or Expectorating Medicines. Pneumonical, or Medicines that altar the distemper of the Lungs. Breast, as Breeders of Milk. Driers of Milk. Cordials: by the Latines Cordialia: by the Greeks 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. THey are so called that are either proper for strengthening the Heart, resisting malignity, or increasing the Spirits: such are all the Alexipharmacal internal medicines before rehearsed, except that there the hot are confusedly mixed with the cold, which in the use of them are to be distinguished: but besides those, these following are profitable, which are not there cited. The Hot Cordials. Roots. Of Doronicum, or wholesome Wolfs-bane, Zedoary, Cinquefoil, Avens, Butterbur. Barks. Of Oranges and Citrons. Leaves. Of Carduus benedictus, Sage, mountain Calamint, Motherworts, ground Ivy, Mints, Bazil, Rosemary. Flowers. Of Sage, Lily of the valley, Spikenard. Rozins. Frankincense, Storax, Benzoin. Animals. Mummy, Silk. Sea things. Amber. Waters. Of Carduus benedictus, Balm, scabiosse, Sage, Cinnamon, Treacle water. ¶ Angelica water the greater composition, Aqua Petasitis, or water of Butterbur compound, Bezoar water, Gilberts water, Scordium water compound, Aqua Imperialis. Aqua Mariae. Oils. Of Cloves, Cinnamon, Saffron. Condited things. Citron barks, roots of Scorzonera, or Spanish Viper's grass. Troschisches. Of Gallia Moscata, Alipta Moscara, Trosch. Alexiterii. Species or Powders. ¶ Bezoardicus Magistralis, Cardiacus Magistralis; temperate, cordial Species, Powder of Crabs claws compound, Diamoscum, Species of the Electuary Rosatae Novellae. See the Alexipharmacal Medicines before. Cooling Cordials. Roots. Of Sorrel, bugloss. Leaves. Of Sorrel, wood Sorrel, Borage, bugloss, water Lilies, Myrtles. Seeds. Of Quinces, Plantain. Fruits. Sour Cherries, fragrant Apples, Quinces, sour Pomegranates. Flowers. Of Willow. ¶ The four cordial Flowers, Clove Gilly flowers. Juices. Of Sorrel, Roses, and the Fruits aforesaid. Stones. Garnets', Rubies. Minerals and Sea things. Gold, Silver, Coral, Pearls, mother of Pearls prepared. Waters. Of Roses, Violets, bugloss, water Lilies, Sorrel, Cherries. Syrups. Of Vinegar, Pomegranates, Lemons, Verjuice, of the juice of Sorrel, Violets, Roses, Quinces, water Lilies, Apples, Currants, Oxisaccarum. Conserves. Of Roses. ¶ Borage and bugloss flowers, Clove Gilly flowers, of wood Sorrel. Condites. Lemons preserved, Barbaries, Currans, sour Cherries preserved. ¶ Quinces, Pippins, Oranges without the peels, Borage roots. Species. Diamargariton frigidum. Treschisches. Of Spodium, Camphier. Unguents. Of Roses, of Sanders. Expectoraters: by the Latins Expectorantia: by the Greeks 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. THey are such Medicines as render those things or Excrements contained in the Lungs, fit to be purged out by coughing, and are called Bechicks, from their manner of evacuating by coughing; for the Greek word Bex signifies a Cough, from whence comes Bechicus. They are otherwise called procurers of spitting, and Anacatharticks; as also from the part that is to be evacuated, they are called Thoracicals, and Expectoraters: and they are of two sorts, according to the variety of Excrements, viz. attenuaters, and thickeners: the first expectorate by attenuating, cutting and cleansing the gross Humours: the others by thickening, and also lenifying. Where is to be noted, that if any thing among the attenuaters seems too sharp, it is to be tempered with the lenifiers, lest the Cough be too much irritated, or lest the gross Humour by too much using them, be hardened. The matter of the Attenuaters. Roots. Of both the Birthworts, marsh Mallows, Angelica, Cuckoopits, Enulacampain, Ireos, Squils', Onions, Ginger. Leaves. Of Maidenhair, Calamint, ground Ivy, Hyssop, Tobacco, both for a Syrup and suffumigation, wild Marjoram, Penniryal, Jerusalem Cowslips, Horehound, Catsfoot, or mountain Cudweed, Scabiosse, Sundew or Ros folis, Coltsfoot. Seeds. Of anise, Coleworts, Carthamus, Fennel, Cresses, Massilian Seseli, Silvermountain, of Nettles. Berries. Of Bays, Juniper. Flowers. Of Rosemary, Camomile, Scabiosse, Saffron from ℈ s. to * Never exceed ℈ s. for it causeth faintness by over mollifying. ℈ i. Fruits. Bitter Almonds, dried Figs, Capers. Rosins. Myrrh, Turpentine. Animals. Hony, Fox-lungs prepared to ʒ s. ʒ i. Chemical things. Flowers of Brimstone made either into a Loach or Tablets; oil of Brimstone, a few drops of which use to be mixed with the Lohoches. Waters. Of Carduus benedictus, Hyssop, Coltsfoot, Scabiosse. Syrup of Maidenhair, Hyssop, Horehound, Coltsfoot, of Catsfoot, simple Oximel, Oximel of squils. ¶ Syrup. de Erisimo, botruos. Conserves. Of Enulacampain, Maidenhair, Rosemary Flowers, of Coltsfoot Flowers. Powders. Dia Ireos Solomonis, and simple Diacalamintha. lohoch's. Of Fox lungs. ¶ Sanum & expert. Lohoch de Farfara, or Coltsfoot, de Passulis. External things. Oils. Of bitter Almonds, Ireos, Camomile. Ointments. Resumtivum, Dialthea, Pectoral Plasters, Filii Zachariae. The matter of the thickening lenifying things. Roots. Of Liquorice, Holihocks. Seeds. The four greater cold feeds, white Poppy, Lettuce, Mallows, Barley, Rice. Flowers. Of water Lilies, Violets, red Poppy. Fruits. Sweet Almonds, Dates, Jujubes, Pine kernels, Phistick nuts, sweet Prunes, Raisins, Sebestens. Juices. Of Liquorice, Starch, Penidies, Opium with caution. Animals. Butter, Marrows new drawn. Waters. Of Violets, red Poppy, water Lilies. Syrups. Of Liquorice, Jujubes, water Lilies, red Poppies, Violets, white Poppies, Honey of Violets. ¶ Diacodium simple and compound, Syrup of the Muscilages. Conserves. Of Violets, water Lilies. Powders. Of Diatragacanthum frigidum, and Diapenidium. Pneumonicks, or altering Medicines for the Lungs. THey are those that are used to correct the distemper of the Lungs; the matter of which is the same with that of the Expectoraters: among which, to heat the Breast, the most excellent is flower of Brimstone, given to * Rather to ℈ i. ʒ i. in a soft dressed Egg: also ʒ two. of Turpentine dissolved in ℥ two. of Oximel. Outwardly, the Sulphurous natural Baths. But to cool the Breast, the use of sour things, of Milk, red Saunders in the beginning of a Consumption, and to prevent the spitting of Blood, will suffice. Also Conserves of Roses, made sour with a little oil of Vitriol, used often morning and evening at going to bed. See for others amongst the Expectoraters. Encreasers or Breeders of Milk. THey are so called properly or unproperly; they properly breed Milk that cause much and good Blood: such are Meats of much and good nourishment, and temperate Medicines: for of such things Milk is the material effect. They improperly breed Milk, which are endued with a moderate cutting quality, whereby they render the Blood fluid, and move it to the Dugs, that it may there be converted into Milk; of which this present Discourse is. Where note, that some certain of them do force the Blood, as it were, to the Dugs. Some are external, some internal. The Internal. The Leaves of the true Macedonian Parsley, of Dill, Smallage, water Parsnips, poley; all of them must be green: Poligalaor, Milkwort, Lettuce in hot tempers, for in cold ones it diminisheth milk. Green Seeds. Of anise, Fennel, Rocket, Nigella. Juices. Of Gourd, Dandelion, blue Goatsbeard, Ptisane, or thick Barley broth. Powder. Of Crystal made very fine, and given to ʒ i. in a fit Liquor, Lac Lunae given to the weight of ʒ i. External things. Mollifying simples; as the Roots of marsh mallows, the Leaves of Dill, mallows. Seed of Flax, flowers of Camomile mixed with the aforesaid Leaves and Seeds for a Fomentation: Also Rubifiers, if other things will not avail. See Rubifiers. Things drying Milk. THose things diminish Milk, that either by their vehement coldness thicken the Blood, or by their too much heat discuss and dry it up; or else by a propriety of substance, hinder the breeding it. Such are either Internal, and those either Hot, as Bazil, Rue, Calamint, Sage, Agnus Castus: or cold, as Purslain, Housleek, Gourds, * This should rather have been referred to the heaters, for it resists Milk by drying and consuming, and is withal hot, as appears by its aerimony and small. Camphier: or external, as a Cataplasm of the hot things aforesaid, boiled in Oil. 2. Linens dipped in Verjuice, and applied. 3. Smallage stamped with Vinegar, and applied. 4. A sponge dipped in the Decoction of Cummin, or Coriander seed, made with sharp Vinegar and applied: 'tis the secret of some people. ¶ I have seen this very successfully and speedily done by a Midwife, only first fomenting the Dug with Vinegar, and afterwards applying a Plaster of Diachilon simple, which was suffered to lie on two or three days; this prevented any hardness that otherwise might have happened. THE SECOND BOOK. SECTION III. Of Remedies of the inferior Cavity, viz. The BELLY. The Type of the Section. Remedies of the inferior Cavity, or Belly, are properly these, viz. for the Stomach, Stomachical things. entrails chief above other parts are used Discussers of windiness. Killers of Worms. Liver, Hepatical. things. Spleen, Splenetical things. Kidneys or reins, Nephritical-things, and those either lenifiers, cleansers, brekers of the Stone. Bladder, cistical things. Testicles, encreasers of Seed. diminishers of Seed. Womb: Histerical things, and those either strengthening the Womb. or moving staying the courses. Stomachical Medicines. THey are called Stomachicals, which by a peculiar faculty alter those humours that are contained in the stomach, and also help together with it the Concoction, and other functions of the stomach, and strengthen it; of which some are hot, some cold; and both these must not be too much opening or diuretical, but somewhat astringent. The Hot. Roots. Of Calamus aromaticus, Cupresse, Galingale, greater Gentian or Felwort, Zedoary. Barks. Of Oranges, Citrons. Woods. As Lignum Aloes. Leaves. Wormwood, Betony, Mint, wild Marjoram, Rosemary, Sage. Seeds. Of anise, Citrons, Cummin, Fennel, seeds of Chermes. Flowers. Of Bettony, Sage. Fruits. Bitter Almonds, Peach kernels. Gums. Mastic ʒ s. given with a little Ginger or Zedoary in a rear Egg. All Spices, especially Ginger and Pepper, swallowed whole. Sea things. Ambergris, Amber. Waters. Of the Leaves aforesaid, of Cinnamon, Aqua vitae, spirit of Aniseed. ¶ Spirit and water of Wormwood, the greater composition, Aqua Mirabilis, Imperialis, Mint water distilled with Wine, D. Steevens his Water. Distilled Oils. Of Cloves, Nutmegs, Cinnamon, mace, Cummin seed, Amber. ¶ Especially Oil of citron, and Orange Barks. Syrups. Of Wormwood, mint, Bettony. ¶ Of citron peels, of cinnamon. Conserves of the Flowers of Wormwood, Bettony, sage. ¶ Of the tops of Mint and Balm, of Roses with Mithridate. Condites. Citron peels; Acorus Condite, Nutmegs, Walnuts, Ginger condited. Confections. Alcherms, mithridate, Treacle. ¶ Diacorum, Diacinnamomum, Electuary of Bayberries, Electuary of Sassafras. Species, or Powders. Aromaticum Rosatum, Diagalanga, Diacidonii cum speciebus. ¶ This last had been fit among the confections, not here. To these add Aromat. cariophillatum, Species Elect. Rosatae novellae, Diatrion Piperion, Diaspoliticum, Dianisum, powder of the roots of Cuckoopits compound. Troschisches. Of Wormwood, Rhubarb, Gallia moscata. External are Oils. Of Wormwood, mint, mastic, Nutmegs by expression, of Nard. ¶ Distilled Oils of Wormwood, Amber, Nutmegs, Mace. Emplasters. Of Bay berries, stomachale Galeni, stomachicum magistrale. Cold things for the stomach. Roots. Of sorrel, succory, Plantain. Leav●s. Of sorrel, Endive, sowthistle, succory, the five capillary Herbs, Dandelion, and the Leaves of myrtles. Seeds. The four greater and the four lesser cold seeds, mirtleberries, Barley. Flowers. Of succory, red Roses, Cytines, or flowers of Pomegranates. Woods. All the sanders. Fruits. Barberries, Quinces, Pomegranates, Cherries, medlars, services, strawberries, Citrons, all the mirabolans especially. ¶ Prunelles, currants, Raspes. Juices. Of the Leaves and Fruits aforesaid; also Acacia, Hypocistis. Gums. Camphier, adding Binder's with it. ¶ Camphier taken in any considerable quantity offends the Stomach and Head, especially if nothing be joined with it, Faculties of Camphier. to allay that fumous acrimony wherewith it is fraught, which is so searching and fiery, that it rather dissolves Nature with the heat, then cools otherwise then by accident being outwardly applied. Sea things. Coral. Waters. Of Roses, Plantain. ¶ Of Quinces, Brambleberries, Succory. Syrups. Of Verjuice, of the juice of sorrel, of Quinces, Pomegranates, myrtles, rob of Quinces, juice of O●anges. Preserves. Cherries, Quinces, Currants, Barberries, sour Grapes preserved. ¶ Oranges and Lemons preserved without their peels, Goosberries, Raspes. Species. Diatrion sanralon, Diarrhodon abbatis, Diamargariton frigidum. Troschisches. Of Camphier, Spodium, Maudlin's. ¶ Trosch. of Saunders, Barbaries. External Coolers. Oil of Mastic wood, of Quinces, of Myrtles, of Roses, omphacine. Ointments. Unguentum Rosatum, Orange flower ointment, Unguentum sumach. KILLERS of WORMS. Called by the Latins Vermes necantia, by the Greeks 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. THose are called Killers of Worms, which the Worms abhor, either for some manifest quality; as sharpness, bitterness, sourness, which tastes are loathsome to them: or else such as by an occult quality are destructive to them. Where note, that without a Fever we may use the hotter sort, but in a Fever, them that are less hot, i. e. sour ones; or else things mixed with such. Roots. Of Birthwort, Swallow-wort, Alkanet, Snakeweed, white Dittany, Gentian the greater, Crosswort, Fearn male and female, Carline Thistle; Enulacampain, Devilsbit, Tormentil, Zedoary, Rhubarb, Madder, Burdock, Butterbur. Barks. Of the roots of Mulberries, Capers. Leaves. Of Wormwood, (Pontic and sea wormwood) Time, Mints, Rue, Dandelion, Polly, Asarina of Matthiolus, Savine, Horehound, Calamint, tansy, Arsmart, Peach leaves, Carduus benedictus, Goats rue. Flowers. Of Century the less, Hops, Hyssop. Seeds. Wormseed, Lupins, of Coleworts, Corianders prepared, Purslane, Citrons, Oranges, Grach, Dill, Hedisarum or French Honysuckle, Pseudomelanthium, or St Katherine flower, Nigella or Fennel flower, Cresses, garden and wild Rocket, of Turnips, Lovage, Hops, Sorrel, Hemp, Leeks, Barberries. Gums. Of Juniper or Varnish, Myrrh, which is a Rosin. Animals. Shave of Heart's horn and Ivory, powder of earth Worms, the cochal bone of an Ox, Unicorns horn. Earth's. Bole armoniac, Terra sigillata. Minerals. Brimstone, salt Peter, Quicksilver given to ℈ s. ¶ Pewter filled small. Sea things. Coralline, red Coral. ¶ Amber. Juices. Of the aforesaid things, of Lemons, Purslane, Verjuice. Waters. Of Wormwood, Gentian, Grasse, Purslane, sea Radish, Perwinkle, Rue, Mints, of the flowers of Slow tree, Endive, Succory. Condites. Orange and Citron peels. Syrups. Of Wormwood, Endive, Succory, of the juices of Citrons, Oranges, Barberries, Currants, Sorrel, Bizantinus. ¶ Syrup of Succory with Rhubarb, Syrup of Peach flowers, of the juice of St. John's wort, of wood Sorrel, Syrup of Rhubarb augustan, Syrup of Rese solutive with Hellebore, Syrup of the juice of Scordium. Conserves. Of Peach flowers, Clovegilly flowers, Orange and Citron flowers. Oils. Of Olives, bitter Almonds, Peach kernels, of Vitriol, one, two, or three drops. Confections. Treacle, Mithridate. ¶ Treaclediatessaron, London Treacle, Diascordium, confect. de Hyacinth, Elect. Amarum, Magistrale utrumque. Powders. Diaspoliticum, Diacalaminth compound, Dialacca, Purging powders, Diaturbith cum Rhabarbaro, Warwick powder, Mercurius dulcis: Salts of Wormwood, Centory, Broom, etc. External things. Oils. Of Wormwood, Rue, Coloquintis, i. e. of Coloquitis infused in Oil, and boiled; Oil of Bayberries. ¶ Oil of Myrrh, Savine, Sicionium. Ointments. Unguentum de Arthanita, Ointment for the Worms of the Augustan Physicians; Gall applied to the Navel, or anointed on the Belly. ¶ The Ointment called in the London shops Vnguentum amarum, or the bitter Ointment, is worth them all. Note, that the chemical Oils of any of the aforesaid simples, are used both inward and outward, if there be no Fever. DISCUSSERS of WIND. Called by the Latins Dicutientia, and Sarminativa: by the Greeks 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. THose simples are so called which are of the like nature with the Diaphoreticks before mentioned: they differ not in faculty, but in the intention and use. The Use of these is in pains of the Colic, and griefs of the Womb. Roots. Of Angelica, Galingale, Masterwort, Indian spikenard. Barks. Of Oranges, special in curing and preserving from the Colic. Leaves. Of Bays, Calamint, wild Marjoram, Dill, Majoram, savoury, Rue, Pennyrial, Hyssop, mint, Bazil, Time, wild Time. Seeds. Of anise, Fennel, Carraways, Cunimin, Daucus, Bishopsweed, Parsley, Agnus castus, Angelica, Oranges, Citrons. Flowers. Of Camomile, Centory the less; for Wind in the short Ribs Region. Fruits. Bayberries appropriated to pains of the Colic and Womb, Junipe● berries. Spices. Mace, saffron, Cloves, Ginger, Cinnamon, Pepper. Animals. Castor. ¶ Wolf, guts dried. Waters. Of Cinnamon, Aqua vitae, and Waters of the Leaves aforesaid. Distilled Oils. Of Aniseed, F●nnel seed, Carraways, and Camomile, which is the best. Electuaries. Of Bayberries, Treacle, Treaclediatessaron to ʒ i. in white Wine. Species. Diacumini, Diagalingal, of Rosata novella. External things. Oils. Of Wormwood, Dill, Rue, Mints, Bays, oil made by infusion of the seeds and flowers of Agnus castus; this is admirable in the Colic. Plaster of Mellilate, Cataplasms and Bags made of the aforesaid Leaves, seeds, flowers, are most profitable in the Colic. A great Cupping glass with much flame set upon the tumisied place, and in the Colic applied to the Navel, it easeth pain as it were an enchantment, as Galen affirms. hepatics, or Medicines for the Liver: called by the Latins and Greeks Hepatica. THey are so called, which correct the distemper of the Liver, and hinder its obstructions, to which 'tis very apt; or else which help it when 'tis come to pass, and withal do a little bind its substance, that the spirit and heat of the Liver, as of a principal part, may be preserved. Such are those that cut and cleanse without vehement heat, and that are withal somewhat binding. ¶ These also are either hot or cold; internal or external. The hot internal. Roots. Of Cypress, Enulacampain, Calamus aromaticus, Rhubarb, sulpherwort. ¶ Sharpdock Roots. Leaves. Of Wormwood, Agrimony, Germander, field Cypress, Fumitory, Hops, white Horehound, Mints, Bettony, squinant, Rosemary. Seeds. The four greater hot seeds. Flowers. Of Rosemary, Century the less, Spikenard. Spices. Cloves, Ginger, Nutmegs. Fruits. Fistick nuts, Raisins. Waters distilled of the aforesaid-Leaves and flowers. Syrups. Of Wormwood, Agrimony, Bettony, Byzantinus, of Fumitory, Mints, of the 2. and 5. Roots. Condites. Acorus, Walnuts, Nutmegs. ¶ Eringo Roots, stalks of burdock's. Confections. Treacle, Mithridate, Diacrocuma. Conserves. Of the flowers of Rosemary, Sage, Wormwood, Enulacampain. Species and Powders. Aromaticum rosatum, Diarrhodon abbatis, Laetificans Galeni. ¶ Dialacca. Troschisches. Of Wormwood, Maudlin's, Dialacca, rhubarb. External hot things. Oils. Of Wormwood, Spikenard, Mastic, Mints, Nutmegs by expression. ¶ Of Myrrh per deliquium, of bitter Almonds. Ointments. Dialthea, Martiatum, and of Mostick; Cataplasms of the aforesaid Herbs and Seeds, with Wine. Cooling Hepatical Medicines. All those things that are contained in the Table of the cooling stomachical things, may also be reckoned of this number amongst the coolers of the Liver; to which add these following, which are less agreeable to the stomach, but very profitable for the Liver. Roots. Of Kneeholm, Sparagrasse. Leaves. Of Agrimony, Strawberries, Ducks meat, Grass. Seeds. Of winter Cherries. Flowers. Violets. Waters. Of Agrimony. Syrups. Byzantinus, of the 2. and 5. opening Roots, where there be lasting Obstructions. Externall. Oils. Of Roses, Omphacine, or of unripe Olives, of water Lilies. Ointments. Unguentum Rosatum, Refrigerans Galeni, Ceratum santalinum. Epithemes of the distilled Waters and Spices is most usual. Splenetic things: by the Latins Splenetica: by the Greeks' 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. THese are of the same kind as the hepatical medicines, according to Galen; only they are more powerfully attenuating and opening, and less binding, by reason of the grossness of the excrements of the spleen; They are two fold, hot, for natural melancholy, and cold, for the correcting of choler. The Hot. See the Table of the preparers of natural melancholy, to which add these following. Roots of a both one thing, see Seroderus. Calamus Aromaticus, Birthwort, asarum, bryony, radishes, the true a both one thing, see Seroderus. Acorus * these are two several plants. , or * these are two several plants. galangall the greater, Ireos, squils, hops. Leaves of betony, calamint, St. John's wort, Germander, Rue, pennyroyal. Seeds of Madder, Ash keys. Fruits. Iw berrynes. Spices. Saffron, Cinnamon. Minerals. Steel prepared. ¶ Chymicals. Tartar vitriolated, cream of Tartar, Tartarus chalibeatus, Crocus martis, ¶. Liquors. Vinegar of squils, ¶ spirit of wine tartarisated, lie of the ashes of tamariske and broom, ¶. Syrups. Oxymel simple, and of squils, ¶ syrup of ammoniack, of epithimum, ¶. Conserves of the flowers of tamarisk, of broom. Condites. The roots of Acorus condited. Species. Diacurcuma, Dialacca. Distilled oils of Cummin, Cinnamon, Vitriol, ¶ of the barks of citrons, of tartar by deliquium. The Externall are Oils of Capers, tamarisk, wall flowers, rue, bitter almonds. Unguents. de Althaea. ¶ Vng. splanchnicum, and Vng. splanchnicum magistrale, ointment of the juices, commonly called ung. è succis. Emplasters. de mucilaginibus, Diachilon cum gummis, ¶ the ammoniaco, and the compound plaster of Melilot, ¶. And other magisterial ointments, wherein gum ammoniack, bdellium, and the powders of Ireos, Asarabeck and showbread, should be prescribed, and divers other forms, made for present use of the aforesaid things, especially rue, cresses, nettles, mustard, centaury the less, asarum and showbread. Cold splenetic things. These are to be sought out of the Table of the attenuaters of choler, which also are convenient for choler gathered in the spleen, to which add narrow leaved docks, and these external, topical things. Oils of violets, water lilies, Unguents refrigerans Galeni. ointment of roses, cerecloath of sanders, sharp vinegar, ¶ juice of hemlock, vinegar of hemlock. Animadversion. Sweet things by themselves are hurtful to the spleen, but added with other things are good conveighers: Pythagoras when he was scandald by a certain fellow, recited this metaphorically, sharp and bitter things help them that are splenetic, but sweet things hurt them. And this is now become a practical rule. nephritical things i e. Medicines appropriated to the reins or kidneys: by the Latines Nephritica: id in etiam Gre●è, ut etiam 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. nephritical medicines are three fold, divided according to the structure, office, and peculiar affections of the reins to which they are subject. 1 Lenifiers, the use of which in the scalinesse and roughness of the reins, as also in the heat and sharpness of the Urine. 2 Cleansers, the use of which is in the obstruction or suppression of the Urine, either by the stone, mucilaginons' matter, or sand, these are comprehended under the Diuretics. 3 lithontriptics or breakers of the stone, the use of which is in crumbling, and diminishing the stone, that it may the more easily be expelled. The cleansers are to be sought in the Table of the Diuretics, with which they agree, only there they have a more general use, here a particular one, wherefore I shall here only recite, the lenifiers and the lithontriptics. The Lenifiers. Roots of marsh-mallows, liquorish, grass, sparagus; eryngoes. Leaves of Plantain, common maiden hair, Pellitory, sorrel, lettuce, mallows, water lilies, purslain, sowthistle. Seeds of marshmallows, cotton, mallows, flax, fenugreek, four greater and four lesser cold seeds, of plantain, fleawort, white poppy. ●lowers of violets, camomile, water lilies, red poppyes. Fruits. Sweet almonds, jujubes, sebestens, fistick nuts, raisins, sweet prunes, dry figs, apples. Gums. Tragant, of the bitter almond tree, cherry tree, camphor. Animals. Butter, Milk, Whey. Juices of Licorice, almond milk, barley cream. Chemical things. * Sure these are not lenifiers. spirit of vitriol, sal * Sure these are not lenifiers. prunellae. Waters of the leaves in the table aforesaid. Syrups of violets, jujubes, water lilies, apples, of marshmallows, by Fernelius. ¶ syr. de mucilaginibus, of water lilies compound. Conserves of violets, water lilies, ¶ mallow flowers, ¶. Condited things. Lettuce stalks condited, the flesh of goards and melons condited. Species of diatragacanthum frigidum, dia penidi●m, ¶ pulvis hali. troschisch. gordonii, trosch. of sanders, trosch. of camphor, bechicinigri, alkekengy: Electuaries somewhat purging, Diacatholicon, Lenitive elect. passularum, pulp of Cassia: altering Electuaries, Diaspermaton, antidotus analeptica, ¶. Oils of sweet almonds, camphor, ¶ Vnguentum potabile. Externall Lenifiers. Oils. Violets, water lilies, ¶ of poplars, oil of wall flowers, camomile, ●asmine, ¶. Unguents. Ointment of roses, refrigerans Galeni, ¶ of orange flowers, anodynum, dialthea, resumptivum, ¶. Lython tripticks, o● breakers of the stone. SOme medicines that break the stone, do it by a manifest quality, of cutting and cleansing without any extraordinary heat, as Galen, lib. 5. simple. c. 13. doth affirm; for such medicines do easily pass through narrow exile passages very far, and so by insinuating itself, and piercing all the parts dissolve its continuity; but too much beat doth the more concoct and harden the stone that is already gathered together; Others do by their asperity, as it were shave and scale the superficies, and by that means diminish the stone: Others are thought to do the same by an occult property, to which the Author of that treatise of the knowing and curing the affections of the reins, gives little confidence; but be they as they will I will here propound the matter of them all that are used by authors in breaking the stone, except only those that are to be found among the Diuretics, which are to be joined with these following, as the use of them shall require, where note that those that are marked with a star are the most excellent. Roots of Birthwort, a By Pliny's description it is teasels, by others it is englished corn marigold, or chrysanthemum. damasonium, elecampain, dropwort, galingale, acorus, bastard rubard, Ireos, lovage, saxifrage, burnet, pyony, sea radish, brambles, nettles, squils. Leaves of southernwood, hare's ear, the capillary herbs, germander, field cypress, coleworts, celtic, hard Roman chamomil, ground Ivy, wild marjerome, polly, hyssop, fluellen, oak and willow leaves, scordium, all seed, teasel, golden rod, dead nettle of Fuchsius, for the stone in the bladder. Barks of Acorns, the middle bark of hazel. Flowers of larkespare. Seeds of dill, ca●away, cummins, silver montan, bishop's weed, macedonian parsley, corianders, sampire; I think he means that by tretamarina, kneeholm, bazill, radish, St. John's wort, ladies thistle, ash, nigella, cresses, burnet, lupins, broom, small burdock. Fruits. bay berries, peach kernels, Ivy berries, the spongy, dog or wild rose. ¶ Juniper berries. Spices. Ginger, lignum, aloes, red sanders, nutmegs, mace, cloves, p●●pe, carpobalsamum or balsam berries, cubebs, spike, squinant, saffron, which also add a graceful relish to the medicines. Gums of cherry-trees, plum-trees, walnuts, vinces, arabic, tragant, elemi, Olibanum, bdellium. Rosins of the Larch Tree, Fir Tree, true Turpentine. Animals. blood of a Goat prepared, taken to ʒ i. in wine, hare's blood. Ashes of earthworms, of hedge hogs, of an ass' liver, feathers of wild pigeons, of a whole hare burnt, with the skin, flesh and hair, or else the skin of it daubed with its blood burnt, reed sparrows burnt, ashes of scorpions, cheese logs or wood-lice, or monks pease, beetles, hares kidneys, powders of a Man's skull, of the warts and hooves of horses, of the cocall bones of a hare, Ivory, pikes jaw, craw fish, the stops of snails shells in the winter,, egg shells, crabs eyes, mouse dung, stones voided by Urine from a man, kings fishers burnt, 3 Dioscorid. the stones found in the gall of an Ox. Stones. Lincis, Nephriticus, of sponges, judaicus, crystal prepared. ¶ Irish clat. Sea things. Amber. Earth's. Ochre. Minerals. the ashes of glass burnt. Juices. Vinegar allayed with water, natural vitriolated waters, juice of sour oranges, ¶ and lemons, winter cherries, of yarrow, of fennel. Distilled waters. Pellitory, Mallows, marshmallows, broom flowers, bean stalks, restharrow or chammock, saxifrage, sparagus, parsley, fennel, toad flax, than which these following are more effectual, water parsnep of Cratena, sampire, radishes, Ivy berries, winter cherries, camomile, vervain, peach kernels, larch turpentine. Oils of ●eech kernels, cherry kernels, of bitter almonds by expression, given to ℥ i. oil of vitriol. Alimentary things. Radishes eaten with vinegar, sea radish bruised with almonds for a confection, roots of parsley boiled, the tops of sparowgusse and hops, water, parsnep, ladismocks, and water-cresses eaten in a salad with vinegar, sampler pickled, lemons, hips, boiled with wine, and made into a confection or conserve, hair's flesh, red sparrows, especially the wagging rump. Cystick medicines, called by the Latins vesicae appropriata, by the Greeks' 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. THese are such medicines as are appropriated to the bladder; now the same things that are good in the affections of the reins, are also profitable for the bladder; only the situation of the bladder (as being more distant) requires the stronger sort of them, lest their virtues should be dissipated before they could penetrate so far; But more especially in its hot distemper, or the heat of the urine, see for those things which cool the liver and lenify the reins; because the Urine is made sharp either by the hot distemper of the liver or the reins. INCREASERS of SEED: called by the Latines Semen generantia, by the Greeks' 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. THose things increase seed properly that are either nourishments of good juice, or medicines temperate in heat and moisture, and those improperly, which affect it by stimulating the seed, or exciting veneral thoughts (of which in its place) such are those things that are sharp and flatulent. Roots of Eringoes, slatirions, turnips, all eatable bulbous roots, of sparagus, rocket, potatoes, galangal, green ginger, navew, ¶ Parsneps, Skirrets. Leaves of rocket, clary, cresses, crowgarlick, ¶ The sprouts of Asparagus, ¶. Seeds of red vetches, beans, rocket, navew, nettles, kidney bean, ash seed, linseed. Fruits. Pine nuts, fistick nuts, kernels of Indian or Coconuts, Artichokes, both the bottom and stalks. Animals. The pisle of a bull or red dear, scincis, musk, civ●t, cocks stones, sparrows b●ines, oysters. ¶ Eggs, especially those of the goose, pheasant and partridge, emmets or pismires, especially made into aqua magnanimitatis distilled with honey, spice and wine. Spices. Saffron, pepper, nutmeg, cloves. Sea things. Amber grease taken in a rear egg. Condites. the roots of satirions, eringoes, meats condited, the confection diasatirion taken to ʒ i or ʒ two. in muskadine after supper. Note that many things that are hot may be referred to this Classis, as also salt things, which provoke lust by making the seed the thinner, not by increasing it; hither may be referred the use of cantharides, which provoke it even to decoction of blood and exulceration. Extinguishers of seed or allayers of blood: called by the Latines Semen extinguentia, by the Greeks' 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. THey are either very cooling, or discussing; of the first sort are water Lilies, Lettuce, Camphor, but this may better be referred to the latter, as hath been before hinted at, for it heats, dries, attenuates, rarefies and discusseth. ¶ purslane, hemlock, etc. the latter sort are agnus castus, rue, mints, dill-seed, and the seed of agnus castus, frankincense, syrup of Nimphea. ¶ of agnus castus, the troschisck of agnus castus, externally, oil of rue, water lilies, anointed outwardly on perineum, allay the too much turgency of the instrument. Histericall medicines: called by the Latins Histerica: by the Greeks' idem, usually Womb medicines. THese Medicines so called, from the intention or end they are directed to, some are emptiers of the womb, viz. those which move the courses, expel the birth and afterbith, and cleanse the womb from all dreggy humours: Others are binder's staying the immoderate flux of the courses; and lastly others are strengtheners, which preserve its own proper temper and natural heat; The use of which is in helping the actions of the womb, viz. conception, or the child, (from whence they are called helpers of conception, and preservers of the child, hither also are reduced those which bind) or else in curing the symptoms, which disturb the actions of the womb, or of the whole body, viz. in appeasing fits of the mother. Movers of the Courses: called by the Latins Menses moventia, by the Greeks' 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. THey are called Movers of the Courses, either properly or improperly, they are properly movers of the courses, which open the obstruction of the veins of the womb, and bring blood to it, they are hot either in the second or third degree, and dry in the first or second, almost 〈…〉 height, not absolutely of a thin substance, but moderately gross, lest their virtue should be dissipated in the passage; among which sort those are the most effectual which have a bitterness mixed with sharpness: Those that improperly move the courses, are the Diuretics, which attenuate and melt a gross blood, that at the time of the courses, it may flow the more plentifully; but these ought not to be used alone, (because by the drawing away of the watrishness of the blood, the blood afterwards becomes grosser, by which means the courses stop,) but used with the appropriated things: This following discourse shall be only of them that properly move the courses, the stronger of which do a so expel the birth and after birth: the matter of them is this following. Roots of Cocco pits, Birthwort, Asarum, Briony, Bilinguis, Ciperus, Showbread, Centanry the less, Dittany, Gentian, of yellow flags, Ireos, Bayes, Lilies, Pionies, siivermontan Valeri. Leaves of Mugwort, Souchernwood, I fear it rather stays them, Garden Daisies, Maiden hair, Motherwort, a spoonful of the powder provokes the birth, Lilies, Feaverfew, Wood been, Marjerome, balm, Wild mints, Mercury, Bazill, wild Marjerome, mountan polly, horehound, yellow Maiden hair, Savin, Clary, Scordium, water-parsnep; for the birth, Sage, Rue, sweet trefoil. Seeds of Agnus Castus, Amomum, Bishopsweed, Bazill, Nigella, Pyony, Rue. Flowers of Southernwood, marigolds, Centaury the less, St. John's wort, wall flowers dried, Saffron, for the afterbirth, Cadings of a walnut-Tree (viz the long flowery tassels, of the wallnut-Tree, given in powder to ʒ i. is a famous remedy for the fits of the mother) of Feaverfew, Spikenard. ¶ Chamomill. Gums. Assa fetida, Bdellium, Galbanum, myrrh, Opopanax, Sagapene, Storax calamita. All Spices. Especially Saffron and Cinnamon. Animals. Hawks or Faulkons dung given to ʒ i. with wine, powder of horse stones, cut in slices, washed in wine and dried, given to ʒ i. in hippocrasse, a turtle dove roasted, the belly stuffed with Cinnamon, bay and juniper berries, eaten every other day before the time of lying in, the afterbirth of an Ewe dried and given in powder. Juice of Scordium given to ℥ ss. with Saffron, to provoke the birth. Minerals. Native Borax is excellent to provoke the birth, given to ℈ i. in liquor. Waters of the aforesaid herbs, which are usual in the shops, Briony water compound. Syrups of Mugwort, horehound, Bettony, ¶ Of the juice of St. John's wort, of Mercury, of the juice of Scordium. Distilled oils of Castor, Savin, Cinnamon, myrrh. ¶ Amber, Mugwort, Rue, Turpentine, Sulphur. Trosc●iscks of Myrrh, to ʒ i. in the form of pills. ¶ Troschischi Hysterici. Externall things. Oils of Lilies, Chamomill, Wall flowers. Stones. The stone Aetites tied to the thigh, provokes the birth, so doth a Loadstone held in the left hand. The Gall of an Ox, pulp or powder of a wild Cowcumber, and Coloquintis, in Pessaries. Animals. Thee hoof of an Ass, fumed, provokes the birth and afterbirth. Stoppers of the Courses. BEcause these are very near the same, with the binder's, expounded above in the first Book, Part. 1. Sect. 3. therefore the matter for such medicines is to be sought in the Table of Astringents or Binder's. Strengtheners of the Womb. Roots of Snakeweed, Calamus Aromaticus, Costus, Cyperus, Galingall. Leaves of Bettony, Marjerome, Sage, which two are eminent, Rosemary, Baume, Nigella. Flowers of Marjerome, Rosemary, Sage. Fruits. Juniper Berries, Bay Berries. Animal excrements. Musk, Civet, Ivory. Sea things. Amber, Coral, Ambergris, Mother of pearl. Rosins. Storax, Benzoin, Frankincense, Mastic. Spices. Nutmegs, Cloves, Mace, Spikenard, lignum Aloes. Waters of Bettony, Marjerom, Baume, Sage. Syrups of Bettony, Balm. Oils of Amber, Cloves, Mace, Nutmeg. Condites. Acorus condited, Walnuts and Nutmegs preserved, Myrobalans, and Satirion roots condited. Opiates. Triphera magna, both with and without Opium, Treacle, Mithridate: ¶ Diascordium, Alchermes, Diacinnomomum, Tripheia masor. Species. Aromaticum rosatum, Diambra, Diamoscum: ¶ Species diacurcuma, Dialacca, Diagalanga, Diacalaminth, Dianisum. Externall things. Oils of Nutmeg by expression, of Nard, of myrtles: ¶ Oil of Costus, Mints, Mastic, Quinces, Castor, of St. John's wort, Moschaeleum. Ointments. Vnguentum comitissae, Martiatum, Mastichinum, Sumach. Plasters. Promatrice, ad herniam, of mastic, ¶ Cerecloath of Galbanum, Emplast. Caesaris. de crusta panis, Diaphaenicum utrumque Metropropiolicon. ¶ Note that to the best of these, some add the more strengthening provokers of the courses. THE SECOND BOOK. THE FOURTH SECTION. Of the Remedies of the LIMBS. arthritical things, or things appropriated to the joints, Latin and Greek called Arthritica. THey are called arthritical medicines which are destined to the strengthening of the sinewey and membranous parts, of which the joints are composed. The Use of which is both to prevent and cure the several sorts of the Gout. They are twofold, Internal and Externall; the matter of the internal things is the same with the cephalical things, whether you understand this of the hot cephalicks in a cold defluxion, or of the cold ones where it proceeds from a hot cause; for there is the same reason for the sinews as for the head; but particularly these following are appropriated to the joints. Externall or topical medicines for the joints are useful either in the beginning of the Gout as to mitigate both the heat and pain; or else in the end to dissipate the relics of the impacted matter, lest it turn to a stony indissoluble hardness. The matter of each particular is this. The chief Arthritical internal Medicines. Roots. Of Achorus, Elecampain, Ireos, Cinquefoil. Leaves. Of Mullen, Cowslips, field Cypress, Calamint, Gentory the less, St john's wort, Bettony, Sage. Woods. Sassaphras, which is excellent. Flowers. Of red Roses. ¶ Sage, Rosemary, Stechados. Animals. Castor, ashes of Heart's horn, a Man's skull. Sea things. red Coral burnt. Spices. Indian Spikenard. Rosins. Of all sorts, especially Turpentine. Juices. Opopanax. Conserves. Of field Cypress, in a cold Cause; of red Roses in a hot Cause. External things mitigating the heat & pain. Leaves. Of Nightshade, Plantain, marsh Mallows, Henbane, both sorts of Housleek, Mallows, Pellitory, Danewort, Elder, Duck's meat. Flowers. Of Roses. Juices. Vinegar, Phlegma, or insipid water of Vïtriol, whites of Eggs, Vinegar with water, Sal Prunellae dissolved in red Poppy water. Gums. Camphier. Mucilages. Of the seed of Fleawort and Quinces. ¶ of marsh Mallow roots, Pulp of Cassia. Waters. Of Roses, Nightshade, Plantain, red Poppy. Oils. Of Violets, water Lilies, Roses, Oil of Man's blood, called the Elixir of Man. Ointments. Unguent of Roses, Populeon. External things dissipating the relics of the Humours and pain. Roots. Of Elecampain, Showbread, Briony, Coloquintis. Leaves. Of Mullen, Cowslips, field Cypress, Calamint, Cresses, Centory the less, Nepe, Pennyroial, Danewort, St john's wort. Rosins. Mastic, Bdellium, Turpentine. * Rather Roots. Fruits. Hermodactils. Thickened Juices. Ammoniack, Opopanax, Fuphorbium. Animals. Castor. Fats. Of a Cat, Badger, Fox, Bear, Serpent. Ointments. Martiatum, Dialthea. Oils. Of Tiles, Castor, Turpentine, St john's wort, Honey, Wax, Ireos, Foxes, Euphorbium, (which is to be used warily) and of Elder. Plasters. Of Frogs of Vigo, of the Mucilages, Mellilote, Oxicrocum. To these are numbered those which strengthen the Sinews; called by the Latins Nervos Roborantia, by the Greeks 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Roots. Of Acorns, Eringo, Masterwort, Sulpherwort, or Hogs Fennel, Rhaphontick, Costus. Woods. Sassaphras, Misle of the Oak. Leaves. Of field Cypress, Hyssop, Lavender, Margerum, Cowslips, Rosemary, Sage, the three sorts of Spike, viz. Indian nard, Celtic and Italian, wild Time, Goat's marjoram. Fruits. Anacardines', Pine nuts. Berries. Of Juniper, Kermes. ¶ Bayes. Spices. Cinnamon, all the Peppers, Ginger, Mace, Nutmegs, Cloves, Cardamomes. Rosins and Gums. Myrrh, Venice Turpentine, with the Powder of field Cypress, Opopanax, Sagapene. Animals. The Brain of a Hare roasted, Castor given to ℈ i. in Pills. Conserves. Of Rosemary, Cowslips, Sage, Eringo, Bettony. Confections. Treacle, Mithridate, Confectio Anacardina. ¶ Diacorum. Powders. Diagalanga Pleresarconticon. ¶ Dianthos, Diamoscum dulce, Pulvis Antilyssus. Waters. Of Lavender, Sage, Margerum, Treacle water. ¶ Sp. of Lavender compound of Mathias, Peony water compound, Aqua Imperialis, Spirit of Castor. Syrups. Of Bettony compound, of Chamepitis, or field Cypress, of Staechados. External strengtheners of the Sinews. Fats. Of Vipers, Foxes, Stags, Men. Oils. Of Tiles, Wax, Camomile, St john's wort, earth Worms, Nutmeg by expression, Turpentine, Foxes, Vipers, Costus, oil of Peter, Dill, Ricininum, of Rue. ¶ Of Mace by expression, oil of Amber chemical. Baths. Those which are sulphurous, nitrose, bituminous, aluminous; and let the drippings of these fall on the beginning of the Back bone: also the mud or slime extracted from them, may be applied profitably to the part affected. Grease. Of a Goose that drips from it whilst it is roasted, being filled with Frankincense, Myrrh, Bdellium, Mummy, etc. Aqua vitae poured on the part, helps much. Fomentations and Bathe. Of Mugwort, Fleabane, Calamint, Rue, Camomile, Sage, Dill, field Cypress, wild Marjoram, St john's wort, salt Peter, common Salt. Cataplasms. Of the same. Cold strengtheners of the Sinews. They are the same with the cold Cephalicks, or Head Medicines. To which add Among the Seeds, Barley; among the Species, Diarrhodon Abbatis, Diatrion santalon; and among the external things, Mucilage of Fleawort, Vine leaves, Vinegar, Rose water, chalibeated water, and natural Iron Baths. An APPENDIX of Remedies for BURNINGS. REmedies for Burn, according to Fernelius, l. 6. M. M. cap. 20. are three fold: Some ease the inflammation, and draw forth the fire: Others hinder the rising of Pustles, and ease the pain: Others mitigate the ulcerated and painful parts, and by moderately drying heal the sore. Of the first sort are, 1. All things that are cold in the first degree, which extinguish the inflammation, as are those Juices and Liquors, Water, Vinegar, Water with Vinegar, white of an Egg, juice of Housleek, Lettuce, Nightshade, Endive, Plantain, Purslane. Distilled Waters of the aforesaid Herbs. Earth's. Any that is next hand, but chief the Cimolian, Bole armoniac dissolved in any convenient juice, water, or oxycrat. i e. water with vinegar, and anointed on the place. Minerals. Ceruse, Alum dissolved in water, or with the white of an Egg; Dioscoride, used to anoint the place with writing Ink dissolved in water. Gums. Camphier. 2. Some certain hot things that call out the fire; as, Leaves of Cookoopits, Leeks rubbed on the place, Elder and Danewort applied in the same manner. Roots. Onions bruised with Salt, and laid on the Burn, the Root of Kingspear boiled in Oil, and the juice anointed, helps both Chilblains and Burn. Of the second sort are these Remedies following. Leaves. Of Privet, Sage, Myrtles, made into a Cerecloth, or Salve, with Hog's fat, and applied: also the same green stamped up with Hog's grease, and only laid on; the leaves of Mallows and horned Poppy used the same way. Glue mollified in warm water, Dioscord. The Leaves of mircles burnt, and the ashes mixed with the white of an Egg. Salt Peter with oil of Roses, or oil of Eggs. Waters. Of mullen, Plantain, Nightshade, Roses, adding sometimes red Saunders, and a little Camphier. The juice of Fennel and white Wine with cold water poured on the part that is burnt. Of the third sort are these. Ointment of Lime washed, which is compounded, of Lime washed, and oil of Roses, or Butter; adding other things as you please, as Ceruse, Camphier, mucilages. Oil of St john's wort with washed Lime, is effectual in any Burn, though of Gunpowder. Vnguentum album, of Rhasis, or of Ceruse. See more in Fernelius in the aforesaid place, I have only added these as a finishing Compliment to fill up the empty pages. ¶ Note, that without this methodical proceeding, I will undertake a Burn or Scald may be healed only with the Ointment of Stramonium, or Thorn-apple, described in Gerard's Herbal, in the Chapter of Stramonium; make two sorts of that Ointment: one only of the Leaves and Apples bruised, boiled up with Hog's grease: and another by adding a little Turpentine and Wax, as he there shows. When the Burn or Scald is now made, apply the first for two days, till the fire and inflammation be fetched out; then apply the other twice a day, till it be whole: and if you see it fit to skin the sore, take Vnguentum rubeum Desiccativum, or de Cerussa, and heal it up. With these any curable Burn will be healed speedily and safely. Gerard healed one burned with Lightning. See his own words in the aforesaid place. GOD be Praised. The Treatise or Tract of prescribing the forms of Remedies, contains two Books: one of Internal Medicines Liquid: Apozemes. Juleps. Potions. Syrups. Vomitories. Medicinal Wines. Emulsions. Almond Cream. Barley Cream Milk and Whey. Mead. Sugared water and 〈◊〉 Diet Drinks, Cock broth. Distilled Restoratives. Broths. Soft: Boles. Opiates. lohoch's. Preserves. Solid: Paste royal or Morsels. Pandalcon. Marchpane and Pineolate. Tablets. Pills. Troschisches. Powders. another of Externall Medicines Common to many parts: Epithemes. Lotions. Fomentations. Half Baths. Baths. Stoves. Embrochations. Liniments. Unguents, Ointments. Cerecloths. Plasters. Spanadrape. Cataplasm. Rubifiers Deopax. Vesicatory, Sacculets. Proper to certain parts: Frontals. Oxit redinum. Caps quilted. Collyriums'. Gargarisms. Apophlegmatisms. Dentifrices. Snifting Medicines. Suffumigations. Perfumes. Scutes. Pessary. Nascale. Suppos●tory. Clyster. The Matter of PHYSIC is either Universal, respecting The morbifical cause offending in Qualities, manifest, As in the first, Alterers. Second, as if in Grossness, Attenuaters. Cutters. Thinness, Thickners. Hardness, Mollifiers, dissolver's of clotted things. clamminess, Cleansers. Sharpness, Mitigaters. Occult, are Alexipharmacals, or Resisters of Poison. Quantity, are either Preparers of the Humours, as Digestives. of the Body, as Openers. Universal Evacuaters, as Purgers, Vomitories, Diuretics, Diaphoreticks. Motion, and are in respect of the matter flowing; Thickners. part receiving; Repellers and Emplaisticks. ways, by which it flows Intercepters, Binder's. Rest, which is to be evacuated either insensibly, by Discussers, Consumers. Attracters by quality. manifest, occult, as extracters. waterishness, by Blisterers. matter by Ripeners, Breakers of Imposthumes. The chief heads of Discases which are either similar, as Distemper, which if simple, 'tis cured by alterers. material, by emptiers and alterers. Organical, which are either in the Straightness of the in sensible passages, which requires Rarefiers; but in the insensible requires Openers. Too much dilation of the Pores. insensible, requires Condensers or Thickners. sensible, requires Binder's. Over-growing of the parts, as Stopping of the Cavities, by excrescence of flesh, and are cured by Cathereticks. Exuberancy of the parts, either in greatness or number, and are cured by Chirurgery. Continuity dissolved, and is either simple, and requires Agglutinaters, and vulnerary things. Or Continuity dissolved, and is either with loss of the substance of the part, and requires sarcotics and Epuloticks. Symptoms that are most common, and most urgent, as Pain, to which we use Anodynes, if not great. narcotics, if violent. Overwatching, to which Hypnoticks, or sleepy Medicines. Bleeding, to which stoppers of Blood. Swooning, to which Restorers of the spirits. or particular, respecting Medicines dedicated to Head, which are either Brain: To strengthen it, as Cephalicks. Purge it, as Errhines, Sneezing Powders, Apophlegmatisms. Eyes, as Opthalmicks, which are either Sharpners of Sight. Anodynes. Repellers. Digesters. Cleansers. Ears, as Oticks, or Ear Medicines. Teeth, as Odonticks, or Medicines for any affection of the Teeth. Breast, either for the Heart, as Cordials. Lungs, as Expectoraters. Alterers of the Lungs. Dugs, as encreasers of Milk. dryers up of Milk. Belly, either to the Stomach, as Stomachical things. entrails or Guts, as Discussers of Wind. Killers of Worms. Liver, as Hepatical Medicines. Spleen, as Spleneticall. Kidneys, as Nephritical Medicines, which are either Lenifiers, Cleansers, or Breakers of the Stone. Bladder, as Cystical Medicines. Stones, as encreasers of Seed. diminishers of Seed. Womb, as Hysterical Medicines, which are either Strengthens, Purgers, as movers of the Courses. stairs of the Courses. Limbs and Joints, as Arthritical Medicines, internal, Hot, as the Cephalicks. Cold, as the Cephalicks. external, in the beginning as mitigaters of heat and pain. end of the Gout, dissipaters of the relics of the Humours imparted in the parts. Place this Table at the end of the Book before the Index. Here follows an Expository INDEX of such Words as I was fain to use in the translating, for which our Language hath not so fit Expressions that are Intelligible as some might wish; so that to satisfy them that might think I strove to speak strange Words, as some Novices use, to show themselves more than they are: I have given an Exposition to make every word that is innovated by Me (and somewhat more) intelligible, if they have recourse to this TABLE, as they read and find words not facile to them. A ABbreviation, A shortening. Abscessus, a parting away of an Humour after a disease; converted into a Swelling, or such like, into some other place: Absolete, out of use. Accumulated, gathered together, or heaped up. Acquisite, obtained by use, or otherwise, not natural. Active qualities. See Qualities. Acuated, made sharp, or more violent in working. Alchol, a fine Powder. Alexipharmacal, Alexiterial, both signify Medicines resisting the Plague and Poisons. Ana, of each alike. aluminous, having Alium in it. analeptics, Restoratives. Anastomaticks, openers of the Orifices of the Veins. Anodynes, casing pain. Antidote, a Medicine against Poison. Anus, the Fundament. Appropriate, convenient and particularly fit for. Apozem. See the other Index of the Leaves. Aromatizing, spicing, or seasoning with spices. Arthritical, belonging to the Joints. Ascarides, Worms in the Fundament gut. Asthma, a difficulty of Breathing Astringent, binding. B B. M. Balnco Mariae, or a distilling by setting the Still in water boiling. Balaustines', Flowers of the wild Pomegranate. Basis, a fundamental, or chief thing in the composition; that that giveth the ruling quality. Bechical, purging the breast by coughing. Bituminous's having Bitumen in it, which is a fat sulphurous substance arising out of the earth. Bulbous, knobby, as any knobby Roots, as Turnips, Onions, etc. are buibaus Roots. C Cacochymical, full of ill Humours. Carthamus. See in the other Index. Caruncles, excrescences of flesh in sore parts. Cathartick, purging, or a purger. Chalibealed, properly that hath steel quenched in it. Cholagogne, that purgeth Choler. Chranical, lasting long. Citines, the Flowers of manured Pomegranates. Concrete, grown together, or hardened. Concretion, such a hardening. Corroborate, strengthen. Coronary, used in garlands. Costice, bound in belly. Crust causing Medicines: See the other Index in Escaroticks. Cute, Wine boiled to the thickness of Hony. D Decocted, boiled. Digestives, Medicines that reduce Humours or parts to a good condition, either by concocting or discussing that which is noxious. Diuretics, provokers of Urine. E Eminency. in this book it signifies the height of liquor above the matter 'tis poured to. emplastics. See the other Index. Energy, vigour, virtue, force. Epicerasticks, mitigaters of Acrimony. Epicrasis, it is a sort of gentle purging, often repeated in weak bodies, and that are full of Humours, yet cannot suffer them to be purged out strongly. epulotics, Medicines that close and skin a Wound, or join the scar. Equivalent, here it is often used for such things as may serve turn in stead of others that are harder to be gotten. Any thing of like virtues and substance. Eradicate, to root out. Erisipelas, a fiery hot inflammation called S. Anthony's fire. Expectorate, to cough up any thing out of the Lungs. F Factitious, made by art. Ferment, any ●hing that setteth other mixtures a working together, as Yeast doth Beer. Fermentation, such a working together. Fe●id, stinking, ill scented. Fra●ulent, windy, breeding windiness. Friability, an aptness to break or beat to powder: Function, the same that Faculties. G Gonorrhoea, a disease called the running of the Reins. H Hectical, inclining to, or sick of a Hectic Fever. Hepatical, appropriated or belonging to the Liver. Hydragogue, a purger of wartish Humours. I i. e. that is to say. Impregnated, fraught with the virtues of any thing. Imbibing, drawing forth, or drinking in the virtues of any Medicine. Imminent, near at hand, ready to happen. Incorporate, to mix throughly those things that are to be mixed, that they may seem as one body. Indication, that reason of the mind in the Physician that persuades him what is to be done in the curing of the sick: You may call it a direct on taken either from the cause, the Disease, symptoms, or circumstances about the sick. Insipid, without taste. Ironed, having Iron quenched or steeped in it, or otherwise naturally infected with Iron. L Lenify, sometimes 'tis taken for to make smooth, soft or gentle, a part that is rough, hard or stubborn: sometimes to mitigate the sharpness of Humours, and ease pains. M Macerated, steeped. Magisterial, a prescription of the Physician, invented peculiarly for his present purpose: any Composition that is not usually sold in the shops. Materia Medica, the latter of these Books so called: sometimes also named in the first Book by the name of the Magazeen Physical. Me●d, a drink of Honey and water. See the Index. Melanugogue, a purger of Melancholy. Minorative, those purges that are given before preparation of the Body, are usually called a Minorative, because it is given to diminish the Humours, least being copious, when attenuated by preparation, they should be apt to move to some ill purpose, or stir up an Hyper catharsis, or excess of the working of the Physic that is after prescribed. Modern, of late times. mollify, to soften or make gentle. Morbifical, increasing or breeding the Disease. Mucilage, a Jelly stuff, as it were, drawn out of some Seeds and Roots by much boiling, but it should be such as are only of a slimy nature. Also the dissolving of Gum Tragant and Arabic is usually called a Mucilage. Mucilaginous, of such a slimy substance as a Macil●ge is: or full of Mucilage. Must, new Wine before 'tis purged, at the time of Vintage. N Narcoticks, Medicines that have a stupifying, benumbing quality, forcing violent sleep, driving away pain, not by mitigating the cause, but by dulling the sense. Nitrous, full of salt Peter, or of such a like quality. O Odont●cks, Medicines appropriated to the Teeth. Officinal, belonging to the shops, or usual in the Apothecary's shops. Opthalmical, appropriated to the Eye. Otick, things appropriated to the Ears. P Panchimagogue, a Medicine that purgeth all Humours together Passive Qualities. See Qualities. Pectoral, appropriated to the Breast. Perincum, the distance ketween the Fundament and sitting place. Phlegmagogue, a purger of Elegm. Phtisick, the Consumption that cometh with Ulceration of the Lungs. Phtisical, inclining to, or sick of such a Disease. Pincolate, a Marchpane made of the kernels of Pine Nuts. Premonitions, admonitions or directions, set at the beginning of any thing. Pulse, usually taken for any kind of Grain that grows in cod, as Pease, Beans, Vetches, etc. Q q. s. or s. q. a sufficient quantity of any thing. q. v. as much as you will. Qualities are either First, Second, or Third: Manifest, or O cult: Active, or Passive Mention of all these is divers times used. The first Qualities are counted those obvious ones that we call Heat, Coldness, Moisture, Dryness. The second are Qualities arising from the former, through a peculiar mixture of substances, as softness, hardness, thickness, thinness, saltness, sweetness, cleansing, daubing: cutting, making clammy; attenuating making gross; opening, stopping; making slippery and rough; loosening, binding, etc. The third Qualities are the proprieties of things to this or that part: as to purge this or that Humour, strengthen this or that part; as Head, Breast, Heart, Stomach, etc. or to be good for this or that Disease. These are occult Qualities. Manifest Qualities are usually meant of some of the aforesaid, viz. Qualities for whose operation Reason can give itself a 〈◊〉, at least, if not a plenary satisfaction. Occult Qualities are the same with the third Qualities; only of late by a new distinction some distinguish those Medicines that resist Poison, Plague, Infection, &c and call them Qualities arising from the form or whole substance of the thing, and will have these only to be occult, and poisons their opposites. Active Qualities, are heat and cold. Passive Qualities, are moisture and dryness. R ℞ ♃, these two marks are the usual notes by which Physicians begin their Receipt, and stand for Recipe, i.e. take. S s. q. or q. s. as much as is sufficient. Sape. See Cute, 'tis the same. Scope, the course that the Physician is to take in his applying of Remedies, the way of martialing his Indications. See Indication. Schirrus, a hard swelling of the Liver or Spleen, or any other place. Schirrous, hard like such a swelling. septics, corroding, poisonous Medicines. See the other Index. Series, a scroll or roll, or numberless company of things, yet orderly. Sincere, without mixture. Somniferous, provoking sleep. Splenetic, if it signify Medicines, it is such as are good for the Spleen: if Persons, such as are troubled with the Spleen. Splenetical, the same. Stibiated, fraught with the virtue or strength of Stibium, i. e. usually understood of the Vitrum Antimonii. Stomachical, appropriated to the Stomach. Sudorific, a Medicine procuring Sweat. Sudorifical, that hath such a virtue. Sulphur, 'tis usually spoken of Brimstone, and also very often taken for any fatty, strong scented substance, either in the Earth, or in any Vegetable. T Tenesmus, a vain desire of going to stool, wherein the party voids little or nothing. Testudimate, a Marchpane made of Tortoise flesh and Almonds, etc. Thoracical, appropriated to the Breast. Torrified, that is, scorchingly dried by the fire, but not burnt. Turund, a kind of a tent made of pith of Elder or Gentian root; sometimes of a sponge dipped in any melted Plaster, and put into any very deep sore, that is like to harden round about, or turn to a Fistula: also if any proud flesh arise in any hollow sore, or in the Nostrils. V Vomitory, a Medicine to provoke vomit. Vomitive, having such a quality. BOOKS sold by Nathaniel Brook at the Angel in CORNHILL. Wit's Interpreter, the English Parnassus, or a sure Guide to those admirable accomplishments, that complete English Gentry in the most acceptable qualifications of Discourse or Writing: also the whole Mystery of those pleasing Witchcrafts of Eloquence and Love are made easy, in the Art of Reasoning, Theatre of Courtship, Labyrinth of Fancies, Lovesongs, Drollery, The perfect Inditer of Letters, A la mode, by J. C. The floating Island, a Tragicomedy, acted before the King by the Students of Christ Church, by Dr Stroud. 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