NEW Anatomical Experiments OF JOHN PECQUET of DEIP.  
By which the hitherto unknown Receptacle of the Chyle, and the Transmission from thence to the Subclavial Veins by the now discovered Lacteal Channels of the Thorax, is plainly made appear in Brutes.  
As also an Anatomical Dissertation of the Motion of Blood and Chyle.  
Together with the further Description of the same Lacteal Channels newly discovered in the Body of Man as well as Brutes.  
Being an Anatomical History, Publicly proposed by Thomas Bartoline, Dr. and Reg. Professor both in Physic and Anatomy, To Michael Lysere, Answering.  
London, Printed by T. W. for Octavian Pulleyn, and are to be sold at his Shop at the Sign of the Rose in St. Paul's Churchyard. 1653.   

TO THE READER.  
NOT to insist upon that general way of Commendation, the universal and ready reception this late and true discovery of our Author, Pecquet, hath had, may clearly appear in this, That no Man in all that Crowd of Anatomists (of whom some are only ambitious of being Contradictory, as more desiring Controversy than Evidence of the Truth) not any but hath rather confessed its Verity, than that they would in the least seem ignorant of being able to trace those Vessels, so difficult to be found, that the Inventor himself durst, out of justness to his good fortune, call it Chance. How this may yet be made clearer, let those that have seen what hath followed, be but indifferent Judges. So many able Physicians Congratulating his Discovery, and as willing to appear Admirers as Justifiers of this Truth: One, an approved Doctor both of Physic and Philosophy, undertakes to make out the benefit and use of this Discovery, from hence concluding those grand Absurdities that the Masters in Physic and Chirurgery have so many ages laboured under to be only cleared and made out by this so admired Experiment.  
Another undertakes, with admiration of himself, to make it his own, without taking notice of our Author, in hope to produce (at least upon some) a Confession how much they own to him for this Discovery.  
A Third, an approved Master both in Physic and Chirurgery, after in his opinion the finishing of all that could concern the body of Anatomy, is, as I may so say, compelled to set Pen to Paper, and by the discovery of that in Humane, which our Author hath done in Brutes, to heap up to himself a Fame as lasting as the Subject (I mean, Man) can be.  
From hence it was I was so willing to get this so great and new a Masterpiece of Anatomy made public in our own Language, my Observation being this, That there was no Theatre, nay scarce any private house of such as called themselves but pretenders to Anatomy, in which the disquisition after this Truth was not laboriously prosecuted; and having been very well satisfied in the Roughness at least, if not Crabbidness of the stile, for a Public Good, I could do no less than to add what lay in my power to help those weaker persons, whose Hands are better than their Latin, to a Verity so demonstrable, so desired. I undertake to teach none, Translation being only my Design; and if any thing may be thought fit to make it perfect, I will not be wanting in the least, so far as I am able, to contribute.  
I confess it were to be wished that some among us of those most accurate Observers of Nature's most secret Passages, would be pleased to offer something out of their many Observations, to the completing of so beneficial a Truth as this, no Nation, I am confident, having taken more industrious Trouble, or greater Charge, in Discoveries and Prosecutions of Anatomical Experiments than this our own, Witness that great Master of Circulation and Generation, Dr. Harvey.   

The new Anatomic Experiments of the Learned John Pecquet of Diep.  

CHAP. I. B Asellius who was the first discoverer of the Milky Veins in the Mesentery, and the rest of the Anatomists were ignorant of the place of their meeting. The Receptacle of the Chyle above the Loins, and the passage from it, not to the Liver, but to the true source of blood, the Heart, is discovered.  
THE enrichment of the Anatomical Commonwealth by the Milky Veins was the finding, not feigning, of the famous Asellius: But that he believes, with the Ancients, that the Liver is the source of blood, and that the Milky Veins have their confluence to it, This is [O Reader, if thou canst behold with thy eyes] his error. Nevertheless beware in the least thou slain not the fame of so gallant a man; 'Tis not a Little thou owest him, who first searched out the unknown turn of the Chyle, and by whose favour thou needs not to walk in darkness. Asellius opened it, 'tis enough. The discovery is not to be despised, though never so mean. The Besieged discover by the lightest repercuss of a Drum the Ambushes of the Enemy's Mines; And Stargazers gather their Wonders by Shadows.  
This was the cause (except I mistake myself) of Asellius his error, That beholding all the Milky Veins to meet together in that Glandule placed in the middle of the Mesentery [which he calls the Pancreas] and from it to be stretched upward and downward, he verily believed that those branches (which were sometimes double, sometimes more, and not seeing them concentrate in any place) ascended to the very fissure or cleft of the Liver.  
Neither since that time have any of those [that I know] who in the Anatomic Theatre exercised themselves (often, and with great praise in living Brutes) endeavoured to trace into any other parts the Milky liquor of those veins, which even they themselves did discover.  
And indeed the learned Wallaeus in his Epistles to Th. Bartoline saith, By these Milky Veins the Chyle goeth upward: but by what means it doth so, is a matter more intricat. This seems to me to be most likely, which I have taken notice of in great and lean Hounds, That some of the Milky Veins with one and a continued passage have entered into the Mesenterick-Branch, some into the very Vena porta, some into the hollowness of the Liver, and a very small number sometimes into the Vena cava near the Emulgents.  
So conclude the most skilful Physicians, Harvey, Vesling, Conringe, Bartoline, and many other; Neither doth Riolane himself think better (which is marvellous in respect of the man's excellent quickness and sharpness of wit whereby he hath gone before all others in Anatomical dissection) hear his Opinion of this matter in the XVIII Chapter of his Encheirid. This one diversity of distribution, saith he, troubleth many; For in a living full and opened Beast, those Milky Veins are seen spread indeed in the Mesentery, and some of them proceed to the Pancreas, some to the Liver, others are derived to the trunk of the Vena Cava, but none of them go to the Spleen, neither do they after the manner of the Vena porta run together in one stem.  
I, by the leave of so great men, would say that not any of them by a particular inquest have searched the Lurk of these Lacteal Veins within the Thorax. But I believe this is rather to be attributed to their misfortune than negligence, because none of them knew that the Chyle was not derived to the Liver, nor to the Vena porta, nor to the Vena cava near the Emulgents, as the received error held forth: but, which in dissection may be seen to any man more clear than the light, From the Guts to a certain RECEPTACLE of that bigness, which will full up the interstitium between the Lumbar Muscles, at least in Beasts.  
Now this receptacle above the Vertebers' of the Loins receives the Liquor of the Milky veins spread in the Mesentery, and rendereth it again by those Milky Veins, which being hid within the breast, in a continued passage run to the Subclavial venal branches, till within the ascending stem of the Vena cava about the External Jugulars, being mixed with the blood, and running in one and the same Channel, it throws its self headlong into the Whirlpool of the Heart, there to receive its purple dye & preparation for alimentary substance; As might be evinced by that noble Testimony the Prince of the Peripatetics hath asserted, That the Heart is the Original of the Veins, and Forge of the Blood.   

CHAP. II. The Chyle being found on the Confines of the Heart and Vena cava, is discovered to be conveyed thither by the Subclavian Branches; And the Insertion thereof is plainly perceived at the concourse of the Axillar and Jugular Veins.  
BEware (O Reader) and think not that thou owest to me the Originations of these Milky Veins, or the Original of this my design: No, it was the gift of Fortune sporting with me altogether ignorant. But to use good words, and such as become a Christian, It was the great gift of Providence, which is God, revealing it to me imprudent. And lest by any Claim the duty of thankfulness should be intermitted, It seems good to me for the praise of him that is Strong and Zealous, to set down plainly the whole History of my happiness, if indeed it be as pleasant for thee to hear, as me to rehearse it.  
After I had some years ago, by Cutting up of Dead Bodies, acquired a dumb (I may say) and cold Knowledge, I resolved to squeeze forth true knowledge from the Harmony yea of twenty Living Creatures. And because these differ from the former almost only in Motion, which hath its chief seat in the Heart, It was my purpose, having unclothed and cut out the Heart, to contemplate it more manifestly.  
Therefore having cloven asunder the Thorax of a Great Hound, I begun my view of the contained parts without delay; I plucked out the Heart, having cut asunder those Vessels wherewith it was tied to the rest of the body; The abundance of blood, which immediately flowed, did at present stop my prying fight; that being spent, I did wonder to see flowing in the Pipe of the Vena cava at its connection to the right Ventricle a milky liquor, casting itself out by intermission.  
The remaining drops of the blood had stained its colour, so that I suspected by the first view of it that it was Pus discharged from some apostumation lurking (may be) within the breast: But when the Heart being altogether plucked from its place, and placed on the Table, had almost with equal vehemency contracted itself into ninety Systoles, and in as many Diastoles dilated itself, and with a little palpitation had breathed forth its last spirits, I was ashamed of my former thought, nor could longer think that so great a disease could be neighbour to so grand a vigour.  
Therefore having perfected my design, and perused all the remaining contained parts which offered themselves fair and sound, as also the whole Thorax, I did open the Vena cava from the Diaphragm unto the Throat. Immediately there appeared a little stream of that Liquor I doubted of, not stained with any mixture of blood.  
From the Subclavian Branches unto the Pericardium within the Vein there settled down a very white Liquor, most like the Chyle spread abroad in the Mesentery; so that they being compared together, both their colour, smell, taste and consistence show there was no difference betwixt them.  
The motion of the emboweled Beast ceasing, that also did stop its flowing; neither did the rest suffer me to know whence or from what place that Milky stream had its rise: Nevertheless inflamed with the desire of the concealed Mystery, I pressed the Thymus, I bond the neck, and I disquieted all the limbs of the foreparts, if any where perchance the residue of that whitish substance would distil out of its winding vessels: But from thence only came some drops of blood, and not the least Milky substance appeared in the Vena cava.  
Therefore [that which only remained to show my industry] I go about to demonstrate what part of this matter the Milky Veins of the Mesentery might have by pressing them with the weight of my finger. They yield to my pursuit: for out of the Subclaval-branches such abundance of the juice I had observed did flow, that I both knew the Milky Veins to be the source thereof, and did esteem it a great madness to hold this to differ from the Chyle.  
Lest any thing nevertheless should be left unattempted, seeing from the upper parts of those Branches the matter did rush down, I cloven the Veins of the neck, and all other the foreparts; and pressing the capacity of the belly immediately where it swelleth below, and turning my sight to those opened Channels near the Claviculars, behold to the accomplishment of my wishes, the Chyle did flow abundantly in the upper parts of the Subclavicular-branches on both sides.  
I noted also small Valves covering those minute perforations, or rather insertions, places most manifest to the beholders, viz. little holes gaping with as little Valves, a little below the Cataracts or meeting together of the Jugular and Axillar: Veins: But there also I did observe the little Valves of the Jugular Veins, altogether to stop the easy ascent of the Chyle, which would otherwise fall into the deep pool of the Heart. But indeed I could not demonstrate by what way, by what passages the Chylus was conveyed thither, by reason of the emptied Mesentery of the Beast long ago dead, the Milky Veins altogether vanishing with the outpressed liquor.   

CHAP. III. The double way of the Milky Veins discovered within the Breast, from the discharge of the Chyle into the Subclavian Veins down to the fourth Verteber of the back; beyond which insertion there is no Twig of the Milkie-Veins stretched to the upper parts.  
I Had immediately in the place of the dead dog another which unexpectedly was offered to me by accident, but his leanness seemed to foretell the emptiness of his Lacteal veins through his long hunger. Therefore I went about to cram this hunger-starved Dog; when at the desire of those, whom the newness of the matter had invited to the spectacle, I did unbowel the hungry Beast.  
Then it clearly appeared, which I told those that did urge me unseasonably; for the Stomach with the guts were so miserably empty, that not any show of the Lacteal veins in any place, yea not in the Mesentery, did remain to be perceived by the eyes of any of the beholders.  
Immediately their haughty austerity did reproach my busy censure, and did deny any faith to things not appearing. I, when I did see the most, I might say all of them, to give no credit to me (by a contemptible gesture) for all I could argue; Well [said I to myself] at last you have learned to use your eyes: But, 'tis just that these same eyes, whose loathing winks I obeyed with willing service, be punished in you hereafter with a steadfast beholding, as with an unavoidable scourge, and iterated inspection of the entrails.  
I had foretold truly to those that rashly hastened the unseasonable dissection, that the Pipes of the Lacteal veins were most slender, and only remarkable by the whiteness of the Liquor they convey; which juice, whether it follow the upsucking Diastoles of the Heart, or which is more likely, it rusheth forward by the incitement of some impulsive cause afterwards to be enquired of, it maketh a very little stay in its passing. In vain is the Channel sought, when the fullness of the Fountain faileth. Neither is Chyle procreated by fasting, neither is meat presently after the eating thereof converted into that nourishing substance.  
Therefore, not being hindered by any man's command, I brought the ensnared Dog under my diet; and when I had refreshed his long fasting with abundance of meat, again about the fourth hour after his fullness, we addressed ourselves to the examining of his Entrails.  
Our chief purpose was, not to observe the Lacteal veins, which we beheld with infinite flowing rillets streaming in all places through the Mesentery, but with all our endeavours to pry into the Thorax.  
The Heart there untouched did unfold its Systoles; the rest of the Life's Instruments which are near to the Heart, did each accomplish its own duty. Neither as yet being resolved to offer violence to any, I turned back the Lungs, being lifted by the steadfast hand of a servant, from the right side towards the cavity of the left, that I might view all the secret-rooms of the back.  
I beheld the branches of the Vena cava, all were livid; no branch of the ascending Arteries was discovered near the Milky holes I had lately found out: I followed the sprules of the Sixtpars, whereof these were stopped by the opposition of the Diaphragm, other swallowed up of the lower belly. At last turning my sight to the highest sides of the Vertebers' of the Back, I know not what whitishness, like to a pipe of Chyle, stayed mine eyes, it creeping forward a little, with crooked turn close to the backbone; by the shape of it I doubted whether it was a Nerve, or that Vessel which I with all care had enquired after. Therefore tying a ligature a little below the Clavicles, I immediately perceived that it emptied itself, and became flaccid above the Ligature, and below a tumour not only remaining, but rather increasing by reason of the Flux of the matter, my doubt was then satisfied.  
But because Mistakes in this kind produce as erroneous consequences, I durst not yet pass a peremptory sentence, by mine eyes which were witnesses of so evident a matter; I inquire also into the left side, there also a brother-conduit to the right side did stray up and down, who likewise being bound up as the other, by the same event confessed himself to be a ducture of the same kind; I hastened therefore to divide these Vessels, so conspicuous through the middle of the Pleura, from the rest of their fellow-parts of the breast, with my sharp Knife: The unexhausted neighbour-head of the untouched Heart did overflow my work with a bloody inundation: But the Heart immediately being pulled out, was both punished for its troubling the work, and removed all obstacles of its further continuance.  
After the Blood was sponged away, from both the Ligatures, and the Pleura being removed, I discovered the Milkie-Canals to the Throat. From the third Verteber of the Back, where they had forsaken the society of their upholder the backbone, adhering to the Oesophagus under which they windingly did creep, hither and thither did they proceed to the Clavicles themselves; firmly leaning on the Thymum, in a fourfold or more numerous stream they enter the Subclavian Veins: I beheld these Veins with most covetous eyes being immediately split asunder; when behold again through these little holes found out about the Jugulars, the Ligatures being untied, on both sides a Milky rivulet did pour forth abundantly Chyle into the Vena cava.  
But then the Spectators contempt repenting at the miracle, by their encouragement it was imposed on me to search out whether any continued Conduit of the Chyle did go to the Head, or was derived to the Fore-limbs. But when I had cut off the head, and dismembred the limbs, no Milk did follow, no not by pressing the Inferior belly. Now from that abundance of Chyle which emptied itself into the Vena Cava, I argue, that the Chyle neither runneth to the Head or Fore-limbs, but altogether floweth into the Subclaval Branches.   

CHAP. IU. The double way of the Lacteal Veins is cleared from the fourth Verteber of the Back to the Centre of the Diaphragm.  
MY hope did grow by fortunate events, and my toil was forgiven to my prosperous labour. The discovered Door emboldened me to search the Gallery. I return to the Ligatures; and having bound them near the outstanding sides of the third Verteber of the Back, now I certainly follow downward the swelling Milkie-Veins.  
About the fourth Verteber, which is the seat of the Heart, they were hid under the gullet; I than did disengage this gullet, being tied with all the rest of the vital parts, making my amputation near the Clavicles; Yea the Aorta also which I had spared, thinking it would not shadow it, cutting gently the branches which are interlaced amongst the ribs, upon that account that it was an hindrance, was commanded to departed the Cavity of the Thorax; and having removed all impediments of the remaining engagements, you might behold openly, without doubting eyes, the whole course of the Milkie-streams along the highest platform of the Backbone.  
The fourth Verteber did uphold their joining together, the rest of the space to the tenth Verteber upheld them parted in two and divided with winding turn like to Rivers. They did flow with like fullness, not seldom with traverse trenches, as it were for mutual help obliquely tied together. At length in a common Channel, and again in divided streams by little and little growing into embossed billows, do swell up at the Centre of the Diaphragm; not a slender token of the near fountain from whence the Chyle through the breast floweth into the Subclavian veins.  
Therefore when I went about to separate the Diaphragm itself from the Lacteal Vessels, that it might not hinder my last (which I hoped for) search, the swelling billow of the Vessel being torn on the left side near the twelfth Verteber of the back, whose tunicle is very thin, wondering at the abundance of the poured-out milk there harboured, I suspected there was not a little Receptacle of that Liquor hide there. But the unwariness of my hand stopped my progress, and made me throw away the rest of the Carcase as useless; for the outflowing of the Chyle altogether emptied the Lacteals, and the remaining pellicle of the vanishing tumour, where it seemed to grow in billows, the Ventricle (as they say) thereof being cut could promise no happy event to my further Inquest.   

CHAP. V The Receptacle of the Chyle till this day unknown, is searched after. 'Tis demonstrated that the Chyle floweth not towards the Liver, neither the Lacteal-veins tend thither. The Receptacle of the Chyle is discovered under the Centre of the Mesentery. This receives the Chyle from the confluence of Asellius his Lacteals. Asellius his Pancreas is not always in all, nor the same, neither one. The Milky Veins lack not their own Valves through the Breast.  
HAving fed a Dog abundantly with fitting diet, a few hours after his repast, I placed him on the Anatomical Theatre. The first Exercise only opened his Breast: Neither made I any stay, but stopping on both sides the entrances of the Lacteals beneath the Clavicles by a Ligature, I prevented the Chyles escape. Pulling away the stops of the staying parts, I hastened my progress; And to enlarge the belly which straitened the Cavity of the Thorax, I made incision from thence clean through the Abdomen, according to its longitude, and by this means exposed to view the whole Cavity of the Thorax.  
I had not long time to contemplate the Sisterly-Lacteal rivulets, not differing in much from the other. My young-grown suspicion of a Receptacle urged me by degrees into a mindful belief, that the lurking place was by all tokens evinced to be beyond the Diaphragm, hid under the Centre of the Mesentery. Neither would I have delayed by the destruction of the resisting Entrails to have unlocked the Entrance, except that old Error of Sanguification now last of all had not troubled my mind, even hardly departing from her former principles.  
Until this Time, Opinion, not Truth, thrust the Chyle from the Mesentery into the substance of the Liver, and did attribute the undeserved privilege of Sanguification to that Entrail provided by Nature for another use. I with exact diligence did examine all the branches going thither, each by itself, whether the Chyle run through any of them to that place. I on every side did seek out the Milkierillets, and found none of them to be stretched to the Liver; I cloven the Venaporta, I opened the Splenick-passage, neither did I spare the Mesentery itself, except in so far as the rising tumour of the Milkie-veins appearing white through the Mesentery, seemed to allow; which my careful fear of the evanishing Chyle did preserve, being mindful of the Receptacle. I discovered the Centre of the Venacava, not only where it enters the Emulgents, but even from the Iliacks to the Diaphragm; and from all parts nothing flowed but Blood, no spring of Chyle did in the least colour this false-believed passage.  
Neither [O Reader] trust thou to mine eyes, which I used most diligently in a matter of so great weight: There are Witnesses, no more friends to me than to the truth, which beheld it, and whose scornful laughter I rather feared, than hoped their pardon, if I had stuck in the matter. Thou thyself enter the Lists, seeing long ago I have roused up and challenged thy spirit to so brave achievements. He is a sluggard who for fear of labour hath all his faith in his ears; neither is he worthy of wisdom, who follows that error whereof he may undeceive himself.  
The truth being unsheled by so great testimonies, viz. That the Chyle did not flow to the Liver, nor to the Venaporta, neither to the Venacava near the Emulgents; Upon this View of the Entrailss we were commanded by the Chyle to seek some other place of the lowermost belly by which this discharge of Chyle was to be protruded out into the Thorax. The fruitfulness of the Milkie-veins did keep the Mesentery from falling; I discharged the turgid veins, and made them fall flat by tying Ligatures about the Basis thereof. Then by piece-meal, to be more wary, taking away the Diaphragm, you might see clearly the residue of the Trunk of the Aorta, that lurked under the productions thereof, together with our Lacteal-veins.  
These likewise on the left side, under that part of the Aorta which sendeth forth the Phrenetick-Arteries, did unfold their swelling Channels, below both sides running into one stream, seeming to grow into a swelling lake of Chyle. And then, my eyes allowing the touch its part, by pressing with my forefinger I oft tried on each part the escape of the enclosed liquor: There, which is wonderful! the passage did render itself flat to the compressing finger; The softness coming by jumps did argue a bladder not of small capacity to hold Chyle lurking under the Centre of the Mesentery.  
At last, I cut with a sparing Knife all the hiding tunicles; Such a bladder I espied, not divorced from the Aorta, but as it were received into its protection, under the Coeliack stern and Emulgent branches, neither altogether lurking, nor altogether appearing: So at last was laid open that most desired storehouse of the Chyle, and that Receptacle searched out by my so much labour.  
This was stretched downward from the Diaphragm upon the prominences of the Vertebers' of the Lower belly, even to the third Verteber of the Loins or thereabouts; here and there it did adhere betwixt the Kidneys to those emulgent Kernels or Cases, which are called Atribilar Grandules; being kept in below with the Dams of the Lumbar muscles on both sides, it did occupy the whole space in the middle, but with a furrow something inclining to the right side.  
But whence comes so great provision of Nourishment? I say, by what Channels doth the Chylous liquor run into that Lake drained by its continual gliding through the breast? I long ago suspected the Mesenteries diligence, and chief that neighbouring tumour of the Lacteal veins therein, which was believed by me to disgorge into this Receptacle the nourishment they received from the Guts. The dawnings of truth, which are ever unquiet, suffered me not any longer to be tossed in these mists of Conjecture.  
Therefore immediately the tunicle of the Receptacle being torn, the Chyle ran forth; and following by the cloven of the same wound the Chyle, which I had set free, by losing my ties in the turgid Lacteals of the Mesentery, by its evident springing out removed all my doubts.  
The knowledge of this Receptacle evanishing altogether with the Chyle, being mindful again of Asellius, turning over the middle of the Mesentery, I search for that great Glandule he saith is placed there; but the absence thereof did altogether dis-appoint my labour. For, for the most part Domestic Beasts want that Glandule, or at least you shall see it to fall into many distinct little ones, sometimes divided into five, as Walleus hath observed before me.  
The Mesentery of the Beast being viewed, presented three, placed at a manifest distance one from the other: They were adjacent to the Emulgents, one of them to the right Emulgents, being of a more longish figure; The rest lay near the left, with a more round body, more representing a Globe.  
It is, my resolution to discover the use of these, and of Asellius his Pancreas, wherever 'tis found. While the Mesentery swells with turgid Lacteals, a part of the Chyle is poured into the hollow bosoms of these Glandules; which is clear not only by the many Conduits of the Milky veins encompassing them like Spiderwebs; but also their shedding of Chyle if you cut them up. Indeed the Mesentery having unburthened the Lacteal veins, the Chyle also is then poured out of the Glandules into the Receptacle by the lower, yet more ample pipes: From which the flowing again back to the Mesentery [as doth evidently appear by the turgidness of the Receptacle when the Mesentery is quite taken away] is stopped by the forbidding Valves: There remaining only in the Glandules a remnant of serous liquor, which I esteem the spongious Glandules have only drunk up, being superfluous to the passing aliment, as a reward of their hospitality.  
I would have sacrificed, if the double Vessels of the Lacteals straying on the Vertebers' of the Thorax, had not by their constantly whitish tumour called back my wand'ring eyes to their view. The shutting of their passages with a Ligature about the third Verteber of the back, had raised up their Channels downward; neither did they, while the Mesenterick Lacteals emptied themselves of their Milky substance through the torn passage of the Receptacle, at all change into a smaller stream, or throw out their Chyle.  
Therefore when I pressed back again the full Conduits with the force of my forefinger, the little Valves lurking in the knotty veins did dis-appoint this my last labour, not without a most delectable testimony of their presence.   

CHAP. VI Not only a Dog, but other Domestic Beasts have their Milky Veins and Receptacle; and 'tis shown 'tis not lacking in man. The Testimonies of Grave men are called to witness the truth of this Book.  
THus (good Reader) you have the exact History of the Lacteal Conduits. Within the course of three Dissections I have comprehended the continual work of almost three years; because by the loss of so little a time, you may be delivered from error. The cutting up of three Dogs will afford thee that which was scarcely at length granted to me by the unboweling of more than a hundred living Beasts.  
Neither believe thou I was only convinced of this by the evidence of prying into the entrails of Hounds: All kind of Beasts almost vindicates also to itself this Glory of the shown Chylous Conduit: Kine, Horse, Swine, and not a few of other sorts being offered, did stain with their blood my incision-knife.  
Nature only sports itself for a while in Sheep: In these not a double Conduit, but one Pipe alone doth carry the Chyle from the Receptacle to the fourth Verteber of the back, and thence cleft in two ways it unburthens itself into the Vena cava by these little Valves in the Subclavian holes, as hath been shown in a Dog. I have observed the same, but seldomer, in other Beasts: but howsoever the Chyle desireth short ways, and shuns the multitude of passages, notwithstanding from the same starting off at the Receptacle, it endeth its course at the same mark of the Jugulars.  
I spoke not of Men, because I abominate the Thoantean Sacrifices, being inur'd to a more meek devotion. I did not spare Beasts who were framed by the Creator for the use of Man. I honoured the Living Creature which was more holy than these: The remembrance of that inbred Law, which I adore, abstained from this; his health is my scope, and not that that is to him most fearful. That Medicine is to be shunned that Cruelty doth teach, and that Wisdom to be abhorred that Murder produceth.  
Nevertheless I boldly affirm, That also Men, whom the universal Parent hath endued with the same burden of entrails with Beasts, have not a different storehouse of Chylous substance. This [lest you should scorn our opinion, as Shipwrackt in the very Haven by our lack of Experience] besides the long continuance of the Lacteal veins in the humane Carcase, observed by Tulpius in Amsterdam, by Veslingius in Milan, and Folius in Venice, is proved by the famous Testimony of that worthy Gassendus, which affirms that the Illustrious Peireschius did behold in the Mesentery of a Thief opened a little after his execution, the Veins turgid with Milk. Writing his Life he thus proceeds: Wherefore Peireschius did procure, that before the sentence of death should be pronounced against the person condemned to be hanged, he should be securely and well fed, that there might be matter for abundance of Chyle against that time he should search for it; and thence within an hour and a half after he was hanged, and the body commanded to be brought unto the Anatomic Theatre, it was performed with so great diligence, that the Belly being immediately opened, the white Veins did appear, So that from some of them, being opened, you might have gathered a Milky liquor, which indeed seemed very wonderful. Gassendus himself was present at this spectacle, which he told me long ago with his own mouth, whilst he lived in Paris.  
And because that is not good which desires not to be communicated, I brought many, not Common men, not out of the dregs of the people; but men Learned, and much seen in Anatomical matters: That, being rather partners of my happiness, than witnesses of my knowledge, they might at least by their authority compel you to venture on the matter.  
It pleaseth me by some of their pickt-out names to overthrow the obstinateness [if yet it remain] of your mind. In the mouth of two or three Witnesses every word is justified, saith the holy Oracles. I will produce more. And amongst the first indeed James Mentellus, a Patrician, and famous Professor of Physic in the College of Paris, and his most worthy Grandchild unto whom the World oweth the Invention of PRINTING. Then Peter Mersennus, a Learned Doctor of the same faculty. I will add Adrian Auzot of Rouen, a man endued with all sorts of Learning, by whose help, advice and intimate friendship, not a few things were discovered to me. I would have wished that Ludovick Gayan, the famous Chirurgeon, whose great skill I admired while he dissected in the Public Physick-Schools of Paris, and the noble Mentellus read the Lecture, should either be the Condemner of my Errors, or Assertor of that Truth manifested to me by so many Experiments. Neither would I have passed by, if Death too soon had not envied, James Duval, a most skilful Doctor of the same faculty in Paris, who ingenuously was long ago a Herald of this discovered verity, as the love to the same made him a most diligent spectator of my Experiments.  
I will not speak more of these men, lest by the unpolished rudeness of my speech I prejudice them. I would likewise produce more, but the faith of the Witnesses is suspected where a few and so famous do not suffice. Neither is the mind of him that judgeth free of unbelief, if he will have, beyond the Laws appointment, the number multiplied of the Witnesses.    

The Exposition of the Figures.  
The First Figure showeth the Milky Vessels found within the Breast, together with the Receptacle of the Chyle, by themselves distinct from the cut-up Beast.  

A. The Ascendent Trunk of the Vena cava opened all along upwards.  
BB. The meeting together of the Jugular and Axillar Veins, where the springing out of the Chyle into the Vena cava, or the little entrances of the Lacteal Conduits, are marked with points.  
CC. The Valves of the Jugulars stopping the ascent of the Chyle running into the Vena cava.  
DD. The distributions of the Milky Conduits at their springings into the Veins.  
EE. The divers meetings of the Lacteal Vessels at the appointment of sporting Nature.  
F. The Bottle or Billow which oft hath appeared within the breast on the left side near the uncut Diaphragm.  
G. The Channel on the right side swelling greater.  
HH. The portion of the Diaphragm which remaineth.  
I. The RECEPTACLE of the Chyle.  
LLL. The stems of the Mesentericks Lacteal Veins; the greater Tunicles of these near the Receptacle signifieth there are Valves placed there to hinder the reflux of the Chyle.  
MMM. Divers Valves within the breast giving passage to the Chyle to the Vena cava, but stopping its return to the Receptacle.   
The Second Figure demonstrateth an open Dog with the Vessels expressed in the First Figure, as each one in his proper place is situate in the Beast.  

1. The Ascendent Trunk of the Vena cava.  
2. The part of the Aorta remaining betwixt the Kidneys, sticking to the Receptacle of the Chyle.  
3 3. The Kidneys.  
4 4. The cut-up Diaphragm.  
5 5. The Muscles of the Loins, called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.    

AN Anatomical Dissertation Concerning the CIRCULATION OF THE BLOOD, AND MOTION OF THE CHYLE.  
By JOHN PECQUET.  
Printed in the Year 1653.   

An Anatomical Dissertation concerning the Circulation of the Blood, and Motion of the Chyle.  
The sum of the Dissertation.  
The Circular motion of the Blood through the whole body of the Living Creature is demonstrated; the cause of that motion is shown; the opinion of Attraction is refuted by Water-works; the pressing of the Chyle out of the Guts into the Milky Veins is set forth, and the Straining-office of the Liver is asserted.  

THE prosperous success of the discovered paths in which the Chyle is carried, by the former Experiments, is an encouragement stirring up the bold endeavour of a confident mind to make inquest whither it rusheth. But because the commerce which the Lacteals have with the Ascendent Vena cava show the Chyle is tributary to the Blood; 'Tis most fitting that the Superiors motion be considered in the most honourable place, before the Vassals course come in view.  
Here than we will first conclude, That the Blood rushing into the Arteries by the impulse of the Systoles, and returning again by the crooked small passages of the Veins even into the bosom of the Diastoles, is circulated in the whole body, as is proved by the tests of Experience, and so returned into the Vena cava, as also by the reflowing motion of the Vena porta.  
Next we will reason concerning the beginning of this motion, chief against those who attribute the return of the Blood, shed out of the Arteries into the Veins, and so into the Ventricles of the Heart, unto the attracting Diastole; and the Mysteries of Pneumatical or Wind-works whereby they advance Attraction are discovered; So that by the touchstone of Experience it shall be cleared, That the Water followeth the Clack in a Pumppipe not only by the weight of the air which compresseth the Globe of Earth-water, but likewise by the Elatere of the Air, that is, by its Spontaneous dilatation, or extending itself of its own accord: As also that the same Air in an Aeolipilas or Windgun that is thrust hard together; and that in Bellows are heaped up, and that in Flesh doth protuberate in Cupping-glasses.  
Afterwards we will demonstrate a threefold incitement of the same motion in the Blood: For [good Reader] the Systole doth not only stir up the Blood; There is also a natural quality in the greater Vessels, according to the measure of their capacity. Add to this at least the Elastic or extended burden of the adjacent weight either of the pressure in Respiration, or of the Muscular Contraction.  
Lastly, having by the same Arguments held forth the motion of the stream of the Chyle, we will demonstrate with all clearness possible the Transcolatory or straining use of the Liver, appointing with Aristotle the Gall for the Excrements of the Blood.  

CHAP. I. The motion of the Blood from the Heart by the Arteries to the Extremities of the Body, and from the Extremities by the Veins again to the Heart, is asserted by Experiments.  
THat I might try whether the Blood flowed by the Arteries, I tied straight with a thread the Artery sometime of the forefoot, sometime of the hind-foot, sometime the Carotidals, lest any thing should escape me, in a living Dog. The Artery in a short time beyond the Ligature, viz. towards the Extremities of the Body, falling, and rising on this side; I mean betwixt it and the Heart, by reason of the obstructed stream, doth teach that the Blood is carried from the Heart by the Arteries unto the Extremities of the Body.  
But lest (Reader) thou shouldst accuse my inference of Lightness, the Artery being cloven beyond the Ligature, yea to take away thy cavilling, being quite cut off, did scarcely slain the wound with Blood; when being opened on this side the Ligature, it burst forth in a spring of Blood.  
Having examined the Arteries, I resolved to view the course of the Blood in the Vena cava: This being freed from its Teguments, I bond it in the same place, still reserving its Fellow-Artery free: But with a success directly contrary to the other; for on this side the band towards the Heart it fell, and rose beyond the Ligature towards the Extremities of the Body: Then being wounded in that place that was flaccid, it emitted no Blood; but being opened where it was dilated, it threw forth more Blood than the whole capacity of the skin of the thigh and leg should contain: Therefore, say I, as the Blood from the Heart is spread abroad by the Arteries, so being returned by the branches of the Veins into the Vena cava, 'tis again gathered into the Ventricles of the Heart itself.  
But lest any should doubt that the Blood which springeth out of the Veins hath not flowed into them from their Fellow-Arteries, I opened the Crural vein where it most appeared; the Blood swiftly sprung from it: then I tied its Fellow-Artery, and which is wonderful! the force being abated, the Blood of the Vein distilled by drops first, and at last choir stopped: But the freedom of the loosed Artery renewed its stream; and the Blood issuing out of the Vein with former vigour show what commerce the Arteries have with the Veins.  
Neither [Reader] let it trouble thee, that sometimes, though seldom, Blood springeth from the Vein on this side the bandage where the Veins are then most fallen. Believe me, not affirming but as one that hath tried, that the dispersed twigs do disburden themselves of this Blood so discharged into the Vena cava.  
One day (as I have said) I was at work, and wounded on both sides the Ligature of the tied Vein, behold not only beyond, but on this side the Ligature I wondered to see unceasable springing of the Blood. I then did separate the Vena cava from her cover upwards, even to the division of the Iliack Branches, and I bound all the Branches of the Veins I met with in my passage straight, the Blood stopped: Then indeed on this side the Ligature the Blood evanished, and was exhausted from that place up to the Valve that lurketh in the Groin, its Clack stopping altogether the descent of the Blood which pressed it, show clearly that the Blood had no power to descend by the Veins.  
Then concluded I, If the Blood be only spread by the Arteries, a member, the Artery being tied, may be amputed without bloodshed. Sooner than I had said it I tied the Crural Artery, leaving the Veins lose, and at the ham a little below the bandage I cut off his leg: some drops of Blood indeed did flow from it, viz. such as the last Valves of the cut-asunder Veins did not contain, and with which the twigs of the Arteries dispersed up and down the skin for the nourishment thereof were filled. But when the Cut-veins are emptied of that Blood which is beneath the Valves, and the small Branches of the Cutaneous Arteries are stopped, partly by the congealing occurse of Cold repressing the Heat, partly by the contraction of the grieved parts through the wound, the flowing of the Blood did altogether cease; neither did any more Blood spring from any of the dispersed Vessels spread over the whole amputation, till way was made for the Arterial Blood by untying the Crural Artery.  
I tried the same in the Axillar, in the Jugular: but because 'tis more troublesome in a Dog by reason of his short neck, in a Goose the Experiment did easily succeed.  
And lest you should deny that in a man which is demonstrable in a brute, pray you look upon your Arm, if leanness perchance suffer the full Veins to appear; there if you rub downward with your finger, it than swelleth most, you will wonder to see the knotting of the Shut-Valves, and from them downward to the pressure of the finger the Canal of the Vein empty. Look to a Chirurgeon ebrathing a Vein, he binding straight a Ligature about the brawn of the Arm, stoppeth the flowing of the Blood from the hand to the heart: He looseth a little the Blood-band, being to hard tied, that the Artery being freed from the straitness of the compressed Muscle of the Arm may refresh the choked Veins with a fresh stream of Blood.  
Neither imagine thou that I have but once made Trial of the Circulation of the Blood in the greater Vessels of the Veins and Arteries. Indeed having tried this every where, yea in the smallest Branches of both, as my sight would serve, I found it every where the same. This was shown by Ligatures in the hands and feet: This both the breathing and Valves of each Vein, yea those in the finger, did demonstrate.   

CHAP. II. The Vena porta doth discharge itself by the Liver into the Vena cava of the Blood it receives from the Coeliack Artery; and hence the Gallant Harvey's Opinion is confirmed.  
HAving manifested the Circulation of the Blood from the Heart by the Arteries unto the Extremities of the body, and from thence by the Veins hither again, I resolved to know how this holds in the Vena prrta.  
Having tied the Branches of the Coeliack Arteries, where the Blood enters the Mesentery, they fell and risen after no different manner from the rest, viz. swelling from the Trunk to the bandage, and becoming flaccid betwixt the Ligature and Intestines.  
I ofttimes tied the Meseraick-port-veins, yet nevertheless they filled betwixt the Intestines and Ligatures, and did altogether fall betwixt the Ligature and Liver; yea being opened on both sides the Ligature, the Blood issued out. I tried the Veins of the Spleen with the same success; also that Vein which is called Vas breve, betwixt the Stomach and Ligature in the middle thereof full; but betwixt it and the Spleen it seemed to wain, notwithstanding being opened on both sides, the Blood followed.  
From these I infer [except you please to admit frequent Synanastomosies betwixt the Branches of the Port-vein and their Fellow-Arteries] that the Blood is either stopped by none, or at least very small Valves within the Branches of that Vein.  
The opinion of Riolan presently came into my mind, viz. That the Blood of the Vein-port doth not at all pass into the Vena cava. And the Authority of so famous a man had altogether stopped my further search, if my eyes, which I appointed strict Judges of the game, had not withstood it, reproaching my laziness that failed in the midst of the course.  
Therefore being more troubled, I had my recourse to the Trunk of the Vena porta, and I bound with a Ligature the Mesenterick branch three fingers broad from the Liver: At the same distance I bond the Splenetic; the knot indeed was straight, but easy to be loosed. Scarce had I left off binding, when behold the Pipe betwixt the Ligature and Liver which before risen Turgid, was now a bloodless Channel, and became flaccid, on the other side the Pipes of both the Branches were filled with an indifferent stream of Blood flowing from the Intestins and Mesentery, yea from the Stomach and Spleen also.  
I filled again the emptied trunk of the Vena porta, by untying one of the Ligatures; which being presently again tied, next the Liver, it was emptied. The Experiment being frequently reiterated, it was evident that the Blood flowed abundantly and swiftly out of the Vena porta into the Wind of the Liver. And perceiving that through the Concavity of the Liver the Vena porta did divide itself in many Branching for the conveyance of Blood after the manner of Arteries: Whether [say I] doth not the Vena porta itself, instead of an Artery, thrust out into the Liver, an abundance of fervid Blood for the cherishing of the stomach and concocting faculty? The smallness of the Coeliack Branches being altogether, as I thought, unable for so great an effect.  
And rightly I thought it; for the Vena porta within the Liver is altogether an Artery: For as the Arteries issue their Blood from out their Trunk into their Branches, but the Veins return it from their Branches into the Trunk: So the Vena porta from its Trunk distributeth Blood to its furthest Branches that are within the Liver, which Blood it hath gathered into its Trunk from the Branches it hath without the Concavity of the same. And as the Coats of the Arteries are thicker than those of the Veins, so the Vena porta hath a thicker skin within the Liver than it hath in its Vessels without the same.  
Neither believe that I depart from ocular inspection when I say that the Coat of the Vena porta is thicker within the Liver; for I broke in pieces at leisure all the substance of the Liver of the Beast which I anatomised, and laid open the form of the unclothed Vena porta: The Tunicle whereof without the Liver retained the thinness of a Vein, but within the Liver did altogether appear to be an Artery: So that it did undoubtedly appear which before I did suspect, That some of the Vessels of the Blood, as the Aorta, deserve only the name of Arteries; Others admit only the name of Veins, as the Vena cava; And to conclude, some are appointed by Nature for both duties, such as we have found the Vena porta to be.  
But when I doubted whither so great a current of Blood flowed, and believing it had its course unto the Vena cava, I tied [I will not say with the Ancients the Trunk, but] the branch thereof where it entereth the gibbosity of the Liver, as far from the Liver as I could; and then the Blood rushing to the bandage [the branch greatly rising betwixt the Ligature and Liver] showed the manifest commerce betwixt the Vena porta and the Vena cava; and how appositely the Learnedest English Physician, Will: Harvey, held the motion of the whole Blood to be Circular.   

CHAP. III. That the Blood floweth out of the Right Ventricle of the Heart through the Lungs into the Left Ventricle.  
THis one thing did remain to perfect so great a Circulation, to know fully the Passage of the Blood from the Veins through the Heart into the Arteries. The evident diversity of Cavities and Turn for the carrying of the Blood both in Children in the womb, and more adult persons, did vex my troubled mind.  
Indeed in persons of firm age that oval perforation, or rather communication [which is sprinkled with Botalus the Inventor's name] or, if you will, that Synanastomosis useth not to remain. It is that by which, in the Child in the womb, the Blood directly from the Vena cava filleth the right Ventricle of the Heart; also by the Venal Artery entereth immediately the left Ventricle.  
Neither doth that little Ductus remain Pervious, but degenerateth into a Ligament, by which the Aorta of the Child in the womb receiveth the Blood through the Arterial vein, the shortest way from the right Ventricle, without any turning into the left.  
Then at last, that the commerce of the Heart, with the Entrances of the Vena cava, might be discovered, with the famousest Anatomists I considered the structure of the substance of this Noble-intrail; and in the first place, the three doors of the three-cornered Valves, situate betwixt the joining of the Vena cava to the right Ventricle of the Heart, offered themselves to view: I was willing to take notice of their office, which was, to give easy entrance to the Blood into the Heart, but stopped its return into the Vena cava.  
The impervious solidity of the Septi, or Partition of the Heart which lieth betwixt the Ventricles, denied it altogether a passage. Therefore I inferred, the Blood issueth out of the right Ventricle into the Arterial vein: And indeed in that place the three Sigmatoidal or S-like Valves give place to it rushing forwards, but withstand its return.  
Nevertheless having burst asunder the partition, I viewed the left Ventricle: It differed from the right in that it was of a more oblong and narrower hollowness: Into two Entrances of it two Canales were inserted, on this side that which they name the Arteria Venosa, on the other side the Aorta was placed, at the boundings of both were placed Valves: This [the Aorta or great Artery] had, as in the Arteria Venosa, three sigmatoidal Valves, to give way to the Blood thrust out, and to stop its return: That [the Arteria Venosa] had two Miter-like Valves, that kept Sentry, to give Entrance to the Blood into the Heart, and to stop its flight from thence.  
By reason of this fabric and fashion of the Heart, and the offices of its Instruments, I could not any more approve their denying the flowing of the Blood from the Heart into the Lungs by the Arterial Vein, and again its return from the Lungs into the Heart by the Venal Artery.  
And lest some perverse people should charge me only with suppositions, behold I produce an Experiment. I bound with a Ligature both the Vessels as near the Lungs as was possible, and then the Arterial Vein in its body was dilated betwixt the Heart and Ligature, beyond the same Ligature towards its furthest Branches in the Lungs it became flaccid: But the Ductresses of the Venal Artery altogether in a contrary effect did swell and fall.  
But seeing indeed our speech is fallen on the two Veins of the Lungs, the Anatomists have with unfit terms [in my judgement] named them: For what mattereth it, if with the subtle des Cartes, I call that only an Artery through which the right Ventricle disburthens itself into the Lungs; seeing both the thickness of its Coat, the figure of its Valves, and the office of its Pipe receiving Blood from the Heart, do altogether assimilate it to the rest of the bodies of Arteries? And why, I pray you, entitle they that an Arterial Vein through which the Lungs disgorge their purple streams into the Heart, seeing the testimony of its Coats, Valves and Office, assert it a Vein? Notwithstanding name them as they will, 'tis all one to me, so they be known: But a demonstrative truth in this matter should not have sacrificed itself to Hypocrates his opinion.   

CHAP. IU. The Circulation of the Blood in the Child in the Womb.  
THat which we have already shown concerning the Circulation of the Blood, I would have thee [Reader] to understand it chief of grown persons: Not to deny its Circulation in Children in the womb, but that in them the Circular motion differeth a little in its passages.  
By the Hypogastrick Arteries the Blood is carried into the womb of the Woman with Child; the Umbilical Vein carrieth that part of it which is best concoct into the Liver of the Embryon: but that which is more serous and unconcoct returneth by the Maternal Veins unto the Heart as its Pot, whilst the thicker groweth together into the Placenta or Lump, as into the wombs Liver.  
The Vena cava thrusteth the Blood, received into the Embryos Liver, from thence into the right Ventricle of the Heart, where it joins with it, and so into the left Ventricle thereof, by the then open Oval-passages. The Blood going out of the right Ventricle into the Arterial Vein, partly by an interjected little Pipe, as it were by a sloping Canale, it floweth freely into the Aorta; Partly a good quantity possessing the Lungs, oppresseth them with so great weight, in respect of want of breathing for the hard passage from the furthest branches of the Arterial Vein into the Venal Artery, that the Lungs of the Child in the womb [if it did not breath sometimes] representing both the colour and density of the Liver, would never swim above water.  
Certes, Respiration stirreth up the Blood in the Venal Artery. The Bronchia [Canales of the Windpipe] by their breathing dilatation pressing together their fellows, on the one part the Arterial Vein, and on the other part the Venal Artery, to press out the contained Blood so far as the Valves will suffer.  
The Blood of the left Ventricle immediately penetrateth into the Aorta, and from thence rushing to the furthest parts of the body, returneth by the Veins to the Heart, as hath been shown in Adult persons.  
And because the Umbilick Vein emitteth more Blood than the nourishment of the Child requireth, the Providence of Nature hath branched out a pair of Branches, the Consorts of the Umbilick Vein, either of them from the Iliack, or [which I have most frequently observed] from the Hypogastriack Arteries even unto the Placenta. They refound the Blood that is more than nourisheth the Child into the Liver of the womb, whether this be required by the celerity of the motion, or whether the impure mass of the Mother's blood requires a better digestion by the mixture of a warmer.  
But lest I should seem to have found out this reflux by vain Arguments, put I pray thee a straw into the Umbilick Vessels that belong to the Placenta or Lump; then blow thou, and the Vein alone will carry the wind into the Child: But on the contrary, if thou blow by the Reed into the Child, the Arteries will carry the wind into the Lump, the Veins remaining altogether flaccid.  
At last the Umbilical Vein by degrees becoming unprofitable, degenerateth into a Ligament: by the same chance the Canale of the Arterial Vein, going into the Aorta, evanisheth, and the Botalian perforation is filled: but the Umbilick Arteries nevertheless remain. I have many times observed it in cutting up of Adult persons, viz. the wind blown into the Hypograstriack and Iliack Arteries, did not only show the Umbilicals near the Navel by the small tumour it did raise, but entering their infinite Branches on every side, by them its empty tumour declared the many branchings of the Artery in that place.   

CHAP. V That the Arterious Blood is partly by Synanastomosies poured out of the Arteries into the Veins; partly being extravasated by the Anastomosies of the Arteries, returneth again into the Veins.  
HAving demonstrated the Circulation of the Blood to and out of the Heart, 'tis fitting that according to the example of those that are well deservers of the Anatomic Commonwealth, we search out, with an inquest resembling the former, its passages from the Arteries into the Veins.  
Many are of opinion that the furthest points of the Arteries are inserted into as small parts of the Veins; but the smallness of the points of the minute Vessels not to be discerned by any eyes, though armed with Spectacles doth not confirm, doth not confute this opinion.  
They aver also, that wind blown into the roots of the Vena porta within the Liver, doth enter the conjoined Branches of the Vena cava; and that it doth insinuate itself from the Trunk of the Arterial Vein into the Lungs, and furthest Branches of the Venal Artery.  
I have many times tried it in the Liver, but the Experiment ever failed; I doubt whether more by defect of breath in me, or error in them. In the Lungs indeed I have found that the common passage of the Synanastomosies of the same Pipes were open.  
One day it was my business to view the Arterial Vein, being made bare of all its Clothing. I did observe it, not with a few knots of Embracements to stick fast to the Venal Artery. Putting a Reed into it in that place where 'tis insert into the Heart, I blew; presently the spreading breath did raise the bloodless Canals, and being rolled to the ends of the Capillar Veins, was received into the hollowness of the Venal Artery, which is indeed an evident token of their Synanastomosie. But though it held in the Lungs, yet nevertheless I will not conclude it holds so in the Liver or Muscles.  
Indeed I will confess, that by the intermediate openings of the Synanastomosies, that the Blood may be turned out of one Vessel into another, seeing the individible coherence of the Veins with the Arteries in some places, proves this, and their not easy separation without tearing of both. But I believe he admitteth absurdly this Synanastomosis where the Veins have no coherence with the Arteries; yea rather I would believe, that a part of the Blood by the Anastomosies without the enclosures of the Arteries, doth abound to be strained in the flesh, that that of it which is more exactly concoct may turn to nourishment in the simular parts, But that which is not well digested, may return into the Veins, which perchance in all places without have entrances to their most inward places.  
For if the perpetual Flux of the Blood within the Vessels casteth forth no Blood without the Vessels, whence proceeds the increase of the body's bulk? And if the substance of the parts of the body be in perpetual motion, from whence, I pray you, will proceed the restorement of the tabid leanness of withered bodies?  
There is indeed some seedy substance in the Blood fit for the restoring of the decay of the parts, viz. That which being more concoct useth to unite itself into a fibrous thickness: And indeed, the Blood drawn from the Limbs into hot water, doth spread its serosity and colour in the water, when in the bottom of the basin there remaineth a fleshy thickness of membranous dregs composed of white fibers, and therefore more fit for the solidity of the body; to wit, that which either remained after the satisfying of the parts, or was melted by the washing vigour, may be, of the following Blood, or was transvasated by the short passages of the Synanastomosies, and did hasten to be recocted in the Pot of the Heart.  
And lest any should confound the Offices of Synanastomosies and Anastomosies by reason of the likeness of the words, I call Synanastomosies the intermediate opennesses of the Arteries cohering to Veins for the carrying of the Blood out of one Vessel into another; I call Anastomosies the furthest points of the Arteries whereby the Blood is extravasated and received by the tunnels of the Veins for the gathering together of the same.  

The OBJECTIONS against the Extravasation of the Blood, answered.  
BUT I hear them objecting the prerogative of the more subtle Blood in the Artery: For if the Blood be strained in the flesh, how comes it to pass that the Veins issue forth more gross Blood?  
Deservedly indeed, and together with thee wondering would I be amazed at the undeserved grossness of the Blood, if the Arteries should thrust into the Veins all the serosity they contain; if the heat with the same warmness; if their Blood unmixed with the age of the withering flesh: But no man doubts but that the serosity of the Arteries partly goes a part into the Reins, partly is spread in the flesh, and partly evanisheth by insensible perspiration; even as by the thickness of the Coats of the Arteries, and neighbourhood of the Fountain, the heat is sustained: So by the coldness of the Spermatick part, and by the distance of the forsaken heart it doth by little and little grow chiller: Add the easy passages of the pores for its expiration: For as the flesh increaseth by food, so they perish by fasting: This is confirmed by the interchange of vigorousness and languishing each day, yea by hunger and fullness. That which now doth grow into flesh, within a short time withering, doth for the most part give place to the succeeding nourishment, viz. that which did grow together by the offence of cold, being melted by the coming of a hot stream again, reneweth the journey it was stopped in, and doth return to be recocted in its former forge.  
The serosity is diminished, the heat tempered, the dregs of the changed flesh mixed with it: What wonder then that the Arterial Blood is excelled by the Venous, in respect of the consistency of its substance?  
Neither canst thou more wisely object the unavoidable corruption of its standing without the Vessels. Indeed the wand'ring Blood, out of the enclosures of the Arteries, doth abound through the whole bulk of the body; the increase of the Living Creature declareth this; the scarlet dye of the blushing brow holdeth this forth; the red incirculing burning tumours do the like; and such kind of passions evanishing in paleness immediately after Blood-letting.  
But notwithstanding, the only narrowness of the Veins stayeth the Blood, if by the again flowing of it they be strained beyond the bounds of their capaciousness; and in its stay, if it be longer, that Blood which followeth is defiled by the mixture of the retained dregs, and doth end in divers sicknesses, according to the diversity of hurtful humours. So while the heat doth burn more vehemently, the Blood is kindled into an inflammation, Thou shalt behold the more plentiful serosity, except exhausted in sweat, or exhaled by transpiration, grow into a Dropsy, or sometimes spread itself into a Rheumatism; the Phlegm endeth in an Oedema; the Choler boileth into an Erysipelas, and Melancholy is condensed into a Schirrus.  
Hence 'tis that the Blood itself doth grow into a Pleurisy, viz. when sudden cold seizeth on the inward parts, it beateth back most unseasonably the more vehement heat of breathing; and with its sudden cold binding up the Canals of the intercostial Veins, it straitneth the Channels, now scarce sufficient for the reflowing Blood, which by the more frequent motion of the Systoles is gathered thither, and turneth into atter the same Blood, being longer seated there, and extravasated, wandreth in the flesh, except it be prevented by Phlebotomy.    

CHAP. VI The beginning of the Blood's motion is enquired after; the innate weight of the Blood, though the Arteries should pay the part of a Syphon with the Veins, is shown not to be enough for its Circulation.  
THE undiscovered cause of the discovered matter rather aggravated than abated my grief: The motion of the Blood is discovered, but its beginning being yet concealed, challengeth me to 〈◊〉 new labour, the difficulties of which, (Reader) I will essay to make plain by these admonitions.  
The Blood rusheth forward either by its own proper incitement, or 'tis thrust forward by another's; we acknowledge it hath no proper one, except its heaviness, whose virtue I will prove vanishing by these following reasons.  
The Blood indeed, whom the innate weight may carry downward by the descendent Arteries, and the Trunk ascendent of the Vena cava, cannot by the selfsame endeavour flow to the upper parts of the ascendent Arteries, neither by the descendent stem of the Vena cava; except, with some famous Philosophers, you ascribe the reason of this effect to the disposition of the Vessels: For (say they) the Arteries so cohere with the Veins, that you may say not undeservedly their fablick imitateth a Syphon.  
They call a Syphon a reflexed Pipe, either whose declining Legs uphold a high Angle, or whose elevat Legs lean on a depressed Angle.  
That therefore the ascending liquor may come to the high Angle of the Syphon, 'tis needful that the Leg by which it should flow, be placed under a more depress outsending Vessel, that from thence the greater weight of the liquid heap may make the weaker water movable to follow it through the other door. So by the ascending stem of the Vena cava, which the providence of Nature hath placed a little lower than the Entrances of the ascending Arteries, the Blood floweth down (say they) which for this aught altogether following to ascend.  
And as the Liquor, rushing by its own weight into the depressed Angle of the other Syphon, is reflected out of the bottom by its own instinct, till on both sides, by an equal Superficies it point forth the quietness of a just balance; and if the Pipe of reflection being more short, doth hold abroad a more declined openness than the tunnel of the other Leg, it cometh to pass that for the same heaviness, that 'tis poured out by its own proper stream. So the Blood [say they] by the eared trunk of the descending Aorta throwing itself headlong to the lower parts, of its own accord riseth up again from the bottom by the descendent Vena cava, and by the door of the same, which is a little low situate, by a spontaneous flowing again is refunded into the pool of the Heart. Remember, Reader, lest the doubtfulness of the name should trouble thee, that that is called the Ascendent Vena cava which springeth upward from the Heart; but that which spreadeth Branches from this down to the extremities of the parts, is called the Descendent, taking the name from its Original, not from its office.  
Truly you may say, that with the workmanship of Nature, Truth itself hath conspired to their opinion, and that injuriously I deny my assent to most evident reasons.  
But if with me you take notice, that at the same time the liquor ascendeth to the high Angle of the Syphon, that it rusheth downward; and again, that it ascendeth in the same moment from the depressed Angle of the overturned Syphon, by which it is poured into it: Then it will be clear, how incongruous the succession of continual flowing of the Syphon is with the motion of the Blood.  
And indeed the Blood, while the Expression of the Systoles thrusteth it in the wide-open Arteries, at the same moment by their Extremities, penetrateth into the Veins: But then only it breaketh out of the Veins into the Heart, when the Systole ceasing, leaveth to the Diastole it's own part by intercourse to be acted. And even from this 'tis clear, that the Blood no ways imitateth the liquor in a Syphon.  
But because we do hardly departed from those things that please us, I demand, that if the Channels of Blood play the part of a Syphon, and for that the Law of Conterposure requireth an equal fullness necessarily on both sides, how comes it to pass, that in a dead Body Death doth altogether empty the Arteries, whilst the Veins remain turgid?  
Yea the Experiments of Circulation will voice against the Syphon. The Jugular Vein representeth the emissary of a standing Syphon from its sublime Angle into the Heart: When I had tied this Vein in the Neck, notwithstanding, by the Ascendent Arteries Blood was sent upwards, yea and above the Ligature it extended above measure the Jugular Vein.  
The straitened Pipe of the Crural Vein taught the same, viz. it becoming flaccid from the Ligature towards the Heart, cleared that it issued the Blood thitherward: But shall I believe that any foolishly will attribute the ascent of this into the Heart unto the heaviness of the rushing heaps of Blood into the Aorta?  
But neither that Artery itself which watereth the Leg when 'tis tied [if it be to be attributed to the weight of the Blood, as the motion in an inverse Syphon] can be evacuate under the Ligature, against Experience; For the so little remains of Blood there, will not be able to thrust upwards the whole weight of Blood which weighteth in the Vena cava.  
But when I said, the exhaust Arteries of dead Bodies, do not thou believe 'tis to be attributed unto the evanishing subtlety of Arterial Blood. For this also hath its own density, neither less perchance than that grossness which is included not only in the Vena cava, but Porta also.  
Easy experience will supply my admonition. The wounds of a Living Beast at the same time emptying the Vena cava, together with the Aorta, and, if thou please, the Vena porta itself: Let the Blood drawn out of each place settle in its own platter; Let none of them be dissolved into a vapour, and except that which was drawn from the Branches of the Arteries blushed with a more clear purple, with a moist vain trial shouldst thou search after a difference.  
Thou mayst in a dying Creature stop the Arterial Blood, if thou tie the Artery in the Leg; and I myself many times having tried this, I beheld the Artery towards the Heart to be tumid, with Blood that did not at all vanish.  
Therefore, seeing neither the course of a Syphon agreeth to the Circular motion of the Blood, neither the weight thereof seems to serve for that purpose, yea many times 'tis impediment thereto, as 'tis clear in Limbs hanging more negligently, Laziness making the vigour of the Blood more stupid; we are to have our recourse to the virtue of an external incitement, the innate one failing.   

CHAP. VII. The impulse of the Systole alone is not enough for the Circular motion of the Blood. In a Diastole there is no Attraction.  
THE impulsion of a Systole, Attraction of a Diastole, the rough contraction of the Vessels, and endeavour of the adjacent parts upon every occasion, seem all extrinsecally to affect the Blood. Let us discover by an exact Examination which of these, and how much each of them conferreth to the motion of the Blood.  

Of the Impulse of the Systole.  
The Systole thrusteth the Blood; & that part of it so promoted driveth before it the former part; but that which last leaves the Heart, whilst the Arteries are emptying in dying Creatures, albeit no following part doth drive it, nevertheless hasteneth into the Veins; And while we tie the Crural Artery in a living Beast, beyond the Ligature we see it to issue out that Blood which is enclosed towards the Extremities, becoming by little and little flaccid, without incitement of Blood following, which is stopped by the thread.  
Let us try the same in the Vein which watereth the Leg, by staying the continued flowing of the Blood with a Ligature; then swelling from the Thread towards the Extreme parts, the Blood nevertheless hasting towards the Heart, will demonstrate that the course of the Blood by the Arteries towards the Extremities, is not to be attributed alone to the impulse of the Systole urgent, neither its return thence by the Veins to the Heart.   

Of the Diastole's Attraction.  
We are therefore to observe the office of the Diastole. 'Tis the duty of it to receive the Blood: but whether, as some think, it draweth it by Attraction, or such it, and so assisteth the impulse of the Systole, is to be enquired after.  
Diastole immediately followeth the Systole: Therefore when the Systole endeth, the Canals of the urging Veins swelling, the heap of the Blood prepared for eruption beateth at the gates of the Heart, and doth ingurgitate its Ventricles, the Diastole only offering the duties of obedience; so that it undoubtedly appeareth how superfluous it is to appoint an Attractive, or rather, if you will; a sucking virtue, which in the business of fluid things I ever tolerated with tingling ears.  
And indeed, whatsoever our Adversaries argue, and whatsoever Engines they apply in assistance of Attraction, Experience, which is clearly more eloquent, doth both throw it down and refute it. It pleaseth me to fight with the fame Engines, that being vanquished by their own Arms, at last they may confess those examples they bring, of the Air in the Bellows; of the water in the Aeolipilaes', or Pump, or Reed; And to conclude, of the Flesh in Cupping Glasses, succeeds by no allurement of succing, but only by the violence of External Impulsion.  
That I may be more able with a more happy success to unfold this hitherto unfolded Mystery, 'tis to be supposed that the Globe of Earth and Water is compressed, not only by the weight of the Air, but likewise by the virtue of Elateries innate in it: But because indeed that is not easily supposed which yet is in doubt, suffer thyself, I pray thee, Reader, to be persuaded with me by the same Arguments, and clearness of Experiments.    

CHAP. VIII. 'Tis shown by Experiments, that there is not only a Weight in the Air, but likewise a rarefactive Elatery.  
I would treat of the Air's ponderosity, yea in its proper (as they say) place, except it were an Argument known to all. For who doth not see the Air of its own accord to descend into the Chinks and Ditches, yea even into the lowest Centre of the Earth, if you delve so deep? Who doth not know that a little Bladder, the more turgid it is, is so much more heavy than itself being flaccid? Who, if he weigh a Gun burdened with condensed Air [they call it a Windgun] will not observe that its weight than is heavier than 'tis when it is discharged? To conclude, to whom is it unknown that the lightness of an Aeolipila, the Air of which is rarified exactly by the force of heat, is not at all to be compared with the heaviness of it being cold?  
Neither indeed believe thou that I am affrighted with the opinion of that kind of airy weight in refunding the vapours of the Athmosphere. For by the Air I understand the Athmosphere, neither for the present doth my Philosophy ascend higher.  
Feign to thyself this, as a heap of spongious, or rather woolly matter encompassing the Earth-watrish Globe, whose superior parts therefore are sustained by the inferior, compressing it by degrees, so that the nearer they come to the Earth, so much the more they are compressed compactly by the weight of the parts incumbent; And for that cause by its Spontaneous dilatation [which I call Elater] howsoever the heaped on burden do press them down, yet the under parts, if they have liberty, will endeavour to rarify themselves.  
Hence I infer, that the lowest of those parts, as being placed under the whole burden, so to be most condensed of them all; And for this reason the superfice of the Earth-watrish Orb is pressed of the same, not by its weight alone, but also by the virtue of his Elatery, whose endeavour to rarify is most valid.  
But because they are words, and I have given you leave to proceed from the Ears to the Eyes, I will prevent thy desire, and I will view the misty secrets of the Air by the search of Experience, which I at all times follow as my Leader.  
I will produce in the first place some Experiments concerning Vacuum, or Emptiness, which I believe as yet have not been committed to the Press; no Monuments of my own deep cunning, far be it from me to arrogate to myself the glory of those detected Miracles which were not first discovered to me: For whatsoever I did exquisitely elaborate with an exact endeavour more frequently about so weighty a matter for fear of error which troubled me, it was imitation, and not invention.  
I will produce Authors, not of Books, which as yet I have not so much as heard to be extant; but of those Experiments at lest which follow, and whose Authority is great, and Name venerable.   

Experiments PHYSICO-MATHEMATICAL OF VACUITY.  

The first Experiment. A little Bladder being emptied of its own accord at falling down of Quicksilver, rarifying in the high Viol of the Pipe, declareth the Rarefactive Elatery of the Air.  
RObervallius, the most famous Reader of Mathematics in Paris, in the King's Chair, did after this manner operate, while I was present, in favour of that virtue whereby the Air of itself doth dilate itself, indeed not without success.   assorted vials 


A  
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A wonderful sight appeared to the beholders; the carps little Bladder, which the straitness of the narrowneck kept up into the higher bottle, did of its own accord swell again. Indeed I had been amazed [except my mind had cured the errors of mine eyes] at the swelling fullness of that sudden Meteor in C, in the middle [as they say] of Vacuity. But the residue of the Air within the secret passages of the writhed indeed, but not altogether exhausted Bladder, taught that there was a Spontaneous Elatery in the Air, whilst free, and not compressed by the weight of any thing lying above it.  
For 'tis but a vain reason they bring; The Airs subtlety, say they, penetrateth the thickness of the glass, and being spread abroad in every place of the writhed bladder, at last entereth the same by its pores, and extends the whole to his former swelling. But let them remember that which they believe, That the Glass is on every side pervious to the entering Air, and therefore the Air is carried in all places with the same force of its rushing rays towards the Bladder, staying in the middle of the Bottle C; so that it should rather compress and oppress it, than reacting itself against itself, have a care to raise its unprofitable dilation. Add this, that the pierced on all hands B adder could not stay the Air, or contain it which it had received within.  
Neither troubles it me, that they say that the pores pervious open to the entering Air, forbidden its return. For then the entered Air should be compelled, by the Valves shut on all sides, to remain within; So that the little Bladder should retain, the swelling it hath once received, and should still remain full; which is demonstrated to be most false, by the lankness of the Bladder, either by inclining the engine a little, or by admitting therein a little portion of the Air from abroad. And hence their opinion is ruined, which believe the Bladder swelleth again by the Spirits of the Quicksilver.  
By which, seeing it clearly appears, that the Air which after writhing lay fast in the most inward places of the Bladder, did dilate the skin thereof by its insited Elatery in the falling down of the Quicksilver. Likewise it appears, that that Air which was pressed to the inward Superficies of the Vial by the Metallick weight, and did stay enclosed in the outward folds of the Vesicle, was enough by the virtue of the same Elatery to fill the whole Vial.  
Neither let my Adversaries believe, that the heaviness of the Quicksilver while it filled the Vial did quite thrust forth the Air; The contiguity of dry things doth not exclude the Air, whose outrooting is only done by glue; In other things there is either Air, or both the Superficies adhere; so boys wet leather, by whose force they elevat, and weigh up, and throw forth the hanging weight of heavy stones. Neither do Liquors themselves altogether go away; beat together the wet palms of your hands with as great force as you can, notwithstanding the humour remaining in the inward bosom of the skin will not vanish for any pressure; Glass by nature is smooth, nevertheless it is polished byart; neither doth the whitish silver-shining of Quicksilver argue its most perfect smoothness. Truly the weight of the Metal bruising the sides of the glassy porosities, the Air, as I have said, being freed by the falling down of the Metal, doth display itself by its proper Elatery in every place within the Pipe.  
May be you will infer, The Air by the iritating of the Quicksilver falling tumultuously, doth become fit for dilatation. So also would I think, except the unmoved stability of the Glassy walls should seem to gainstand her course downwards, and should rather roll down those sliding parts of the Quicksilver, which are contiguous to the Glass, towards the Centre, than suffer them to fall down perpendicularly. So the brinks of the shore restrain the sides of those streams which glide a pace in the midst of their Channels. So the capacity of Tunnels only granteth liberty of flowing to these whirling Liquors in the middle pool only of the falling stream, and likewise to the grain in the Milhopper, if you have taken notice of it.  
I should have admired the interchangable violence of the skipping beat within the Pipe, except the Air which then was outwardly incumbent on the Quicksilver of the Vessel D, and whose substance is easy to be compressed, being compelled to give place to the heavier weight of the body rushing down from the top of the Vial, had not made me suspect the Air itself by the repercussion of its Elastic or dilating virtue even to reciprocate the jumps of the Quicksilver within the Pipe itself, till at last the essays of it enclosed within the Pipe be not overcome with the weight of the Quicksilver.   

The second Experiment. The divers falling of Quicksilver according to the sundry heights of a Hill, proveth that the lower parts of the Air by degrees are more compact than those that lean on them.  
NEither believe thou that I obscure the matter with unskilful speeches, when I say the Earth is pressed by the Air; I have a most eminent witness, the most subtle Pascalius the son, who first among our French did, not only with Quicksilver, but other Liquors also, raise up the Experiment concerning Vacuity, scarcely being well born, and almost suffocate amongst strangers; yea with such a success of his wonderful industry he carried it up, that he did put in all the Devotaries of true wisdom through all Europe an eager desire to try the Experiments of Vacuity.  
By his care there was lately an Experiment tried in Avernia, at the root of the high Mountain commonly called Le puy de Domme, near the City of Claramont, Quicksilver being poured into a Pipe four foot long, almost like that which we have described above, it did fall down to the third half line of the twenty seventh inch above the superfice of the Quicksilver standing in the undermost Vessel. Ascending then the Region of the Mountain, which was about an hundred and fifty paces higher than the roots thereof, the Cylinder of the Quicksilver which remained in the Pipe possessed the length but of twenty five inches. At length coming to the top of the Hill, at least five hundred paces higher than the root, the same Cylinder of the Quicksilver found his bound of rest and height in the second line of the twenty fourth inch; and so from the lowest roots of the Mountain to the highest top thereof, it was shortened the length of three inches, and half a degree, viz. the Air which encompassed the top being lighter, by reason of less pressure, than that about the middle and root of the Mountain, ought also to hold up a shorter Cylinder of Quicksilver, according to the equality of the balance.  
Neither wonder thou that this Experiment doth not agree with those that I tried in Paris by falling of Quicksilver: For both the difference of the foot of measure in Avernia from ours, which it exceeds in some lines (which I exactly observed) and the divers distance of Places may be from the Centre of the World (even thou being Judge) may not keep equality in these Experiments.   

The third Experiment. The equality of weight of the outward Air with the internal Cylinder of the Quicksilver, is shown.  
IT pleaseth me also, lest the stubborn opinion thou hast of the Ancients should murmur against my reasons, whereby I have asserted the equality of weight of the external Air, and internal Quicksilver, to teach the Experiment of Vacuity in Vacuity, first happily tried by the sagacity of the acute Auzotius.   assorted vials 


A  
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F  
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The Air presseth downward the Quicksilver in E A, by reason of the changed equal weight of the outward Air and enclosed Quicksilver, proceeding from the increase of adventitious Air entered by G: It thrusteth it upwards into C F, because the restored endeavour of the compressory virtue searcheth inwardly after an equal weight.  
What then, Reader, is to be concluded from these things? The outward Air ballanceth the Cylinder of the interior Quicksilver A E, therefore the Air even in its own sphere, as they call it, is weighty.  
The parts of the Air in the Pipe and Carp Bladder are distended by their own spontaneous dilatation; therefore the insited Elatery of the substance of the Air to rarify itself, doth imitate the nature of a Sponge or Wool.  
And so the thicker the Air is, as hath been manifest in the Mountain Experiment, and that of Vacuity in Vacuity, insomuch it acteth on all sides with a greater and stronger Elatery invading the superfice of the Earth-watrish Globe.   

The fourth Experiment. The Water only by its weight compresseth the Earth-watry Globe; But the Air compresseth it, not only by its weight, but by its Elatery.   assorted vials 


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Hence it clearly appears, that Water only by its weight, and by no endeavour of an Elatery, as 'tis heavy to Quicksilver within the Pipe, so it is to the superfice of the Earthly lump.  
But the virtue of the Air is far more excellent; for if over again essaying the Experiment, you fill up, not with Water, but Air, the remaining space of seven inches C A, that is, if you shut up with your finger the Pipe from the Quicksilver B C, to the mouth A, being only full of Air for the space of seven inches C A, being afterwards overturned and dìpped in the Engine D, you shall admire to see the Cylinder of Quicksilver A E to be lower by seven inches under the twenty seventh inch. So that it clearly appeareth, that as the subject Quicksilver, so the Earth-watry Globe is not so much pressed by the weight, as by the Elatery of the Air.  
I would have you note, that when I said the Cylinder of the Quicksilver rested at the twenty seventh inch within the Pipe, I spoke then according to the most frequent Experiments; For the place of rest changeth in the Pipe according to the divers changes of the external Air in its rarefactions and condensations.    

CHAP. IX. The Engines drawn to the assistance of Attraction, are demolished.  
HAving demonstrated by Experiments conquering all stifness, and subduing all belief, That, more than in a wool heap, the heaping up of the intricate parts in the Air, and the Elater innate therein for rarefaction doth beat the Globe of Water and Earth; I proceed to examine their Engines who advance Attraction.  

That the Water entereth into Water-works, not for fear of Vacuity, but by necessity of an equal weight is cleared by the period of the Water's ascent in them, and Experiments.  
And first indeed the office of the sucker in the Pump, which they esteem the greatest, is to be considered: For they believe our opinion is overthrown, and that we have nothing to object, when they have attributed to the Heart the worthy name of the Vital Anilia: For as, say they, the rising Clack sucketh the Water, and falling down beateth it back; So the Heart by the gaping Diastole by drawing the Blood suppeth it up, which in the pressure of the Systole it compelleth to departed.  
The mention of Anilias is so common in the Mechanics, which some call sucking in, that none is ignorant of their office when he hears their names: But howsoever the r●use in drawing up Liquor is frequent, not any as yet hath found out, in an instrument of so great use, the true inciter or genuine cause of its liquid motion.  
The Inventors, and all those that afterwards have been occupied in Water-works, believed that the Water is drawn and sucked up by the rising of the Clack, which whiles it riseth raiseth up the Water, and accelerateth them for fear of vacuity to rise upward against their falling nature: But I will show by the following reasons whether they think well or no.  
The Earth-watry Globe is compressed on all sides, not only by the weight of the Air, as we have proved, but likewise by the most strong endeavour of the Elatery innate in it: Therefore where the heaping of the Aerial parts doth equally act in the subject Waters, it shall also be right that their emulous superficies should remain in the balance of equal height.  
But if the endeavours of the Air be unequal, 'tis necessary also that the superficies of the Waters should become unequal; So that the Water should rise higher, where the pressure of the Air is lighter; and so long it should elevate its superfice, till the rising heap of Water, together with the Air which it sustains, should equally balance that other Air which is of more heavy pressure.  
'Tis easy for thee to be taught this in a Bucket mechanically.  


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Situla  
And this is the incitement of the ascending Water in the Pump.  
Before you place in the Pipe of the Pump, standing now in the Water, the Clack, the Elastic (enforcing) weight of the Air beateth no less the inward than outward Water: Whence it comes to pass, that the Superficies of the Water both without and within the Pipe is of the same altitude: But when the Clack is fitted to the Pipe, and is lifted upwards, it together with it heaveth up the Pillar of Air which is perpendicularly stayed thereon: Hence all weight within the Pipe is taken away, and then the Water which is urged sharplier by the perpetual pressure of the outward Air leaning thereon, rusheth into the easy Pipe; so long ascending till it come to two and thirty foot height, and there at last it is of equal weight with the circumfused Air.  
Neither will the Rule of Counterposure [if we believe experience] suffer the superfice of the Waters springing within the Pipe or Pump, though the Clack should be elevate, to ascend higher.  
You may likewise marvel at this in Quicksilver. For the Cylinder of Quicksilver inwardly will not ascend more than twenty seven inches above the superfice of it which standeth in the Vessel, in either Pump or Pipe: For indeed that Cylinder of Quicksilver doth counterpose, a heap of water of above two and thirty feet, in weight.  
None of the Water ariseth above thirty two foot, none of the Quicksilver above twenty seven inches, though the Clack be drawn up with the greatest force of the Pipe: Therefore neither fear of Vacuity, who in the highest places of Nature should offer itself, moveth the Waters to follow: Neither the endeavour of the Air, which is spent with so little force of Counterposure doth oppress the Earth-watry Globe with its infused Elatery.  
Hence let all Water-workers take notice, and all those Craftsmen who hope by the benefit of eared Syphons to draw Water over the tops of intermediate Hills, that the Hill be not above two and thirty foot high above the Spring, otherwise they shall lose their labour. The same judgement concerning drawing, as they call them, Pumps, is firm and stable. I omit other Pumps, and especially those in which the Clack like a Bucket is dipped in the Water to draw it up; For the elevate Water receives no period of ascent in their Pipes, except what is prescribed by the force of that power that moves the Clack: Yea they have not any business with the fear of Vacuity or of the Air.  
Seeing therefore that the Water hasteth into the Pump, not by the incitement of Attraction, but by the Elastic heaviness of the spreadabout Air, there is no reason why we should spend any longer time in refelling the Argúments which our Adversaries draw from this Engine, to prove the Attraction of the Heart.   

That Bellows do not draw the Air, but only receive it thrust in them from without.  
Neither will the Heart more happily prove Sucking or Attraction, by playing the part of Bellows. A pair of Bellows do neither suck nor draw the Air to them, but are compelled to receive it being thrust in by external violence.  
The Air lying hid within the lurking places of the folded and closed bellows, is of the same Elatery (that is, Spontaneous dilatation) that the circumfused external Air is of; and so the resting of the equal weight contains both unmoved; Whiles you distend the bellows, even than the inward Air [as was made clear in the Bladder of a Perch] of its own Spontaneous dilatation, which is therefore more weaker, it would ratify, except a more strong force of an outward Air did compel the Air next their Pipe without, and any liquid thing that is within, to equal balance.   

The force of Aerial dilatation, which it hath from its proper Elatery, doth languish, but by an external cause becometh firm.  
Neither let any man with more successful Eloquence persuade me of the Attraction of Aeolipilaes' and Cupping Glasses, proceeding of the effect produced by the Fire; and that thou mayst more easily understand how deservedly I oppose it, hear my opinion concerning the business of Heat.  
Indeed the least Heat doth dilate the Air, as no man doubteth; But with this difference from that dilatation whereby it is sometimes of itself freely dilated, That the Spontaneous dilatation enerveth the power of the Elastic (impulsive) faculty, as the Experiments of Vacuity in Vacuity, and the Carp Bladder do demonstrate; But the other, which is extraneous to the Air, viz. from the accession of heat, will make it firm, and will augment its growing, and is found by little and little to remit in its languishing.   

The Weatherglass doth demonstrate, that not only the Air, but that the Water also is extended by the accession of Heat.  
So the Hand or a Coal put upon the upward Bottle of a Weatherglass, causeth the water therein contained to descend; A great Argument that the Air which is dilated within doth in force excel the descending water which it compelleth to give it place.  
Neither doth the only Air produce its own ends by the incitement of Heat; Yea the heap of water is likewise extended thereby.   depiction of thermostat 


A  
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I prescribe no Law to the water to be hung in C; for ofttimes I have found it by chance hanging, and not a little distant from the water in B in the under Vessel, which by the diligence of my labour I could have brought to pass.  
The Air growing cold in A, the water floweth upward, for the Elastic virtue of this, as it imitateth the increments of Heat, so likewise it observeth the changes of the deficiencies in the same.   

How the Flesh and Blood is thrust into the Cupping-Glasses.  
The kindled fire doth thrust out of the Cupping-Glass the greatest part of the rarified Air; and afterwards by the Cupping-Glass pressed hard to the skin, so that no external Air can enter [because of the stopping of the motion may be of the Fiery Spirits hindered by the Glass] it is extinguished; Therefore the Heat doth languish, which the motion of the Fiery Spirits did sustain: At last the Air within the Cupping-Glass becometh cold, and that strength of it being weakened, which the heat raised, being feeble 'tis overcome by the strength of the outward Air. Which external Air, to conclude, compressing in all places equally the body, except that space that is contained in the Cupping Glass, doth thrust into it the Flesh and Blood, as the Liquor into the Pumps.  
Add, that those Aerial parts which possess the porous lurking places of the body, neither do they less lie in wait for Dilation than Externals watch by Elatery to raise the obedient Flesh and Blood into a tumour. For whiles the Air enclosed in the Cupping-Glass gins to wax cold, and by this means its endeavours become less, than the Air, which wandreth in the Pores of the Flesh, being delivered of its trouble, raiseth the skin into a little tumour by its Spontaneous Elatery.  
But Snow, say some, or any cold thing crammed in the Cucurbite, hindereth its commerce with the Flesh; and on the other side a Linen Cloth a little hotter put thereon, as Surgeons do, stirreth up the Attraction; Wherefore the Elastic force of the Air closed within the Cupping-Glass becometh not dull with cold.  
But I know not out of what intention they object that which I have found not once altogether contrary to Experience. For I have oft put Water, yea Snow, on a Cupping-Glass applied to the Flesh, but the inward Air was with such swiftness condensed, that the Flesh suddenly grew into a little tumour not without most great pain; But so soon as I had covered the Cucurbite with a very hot Linen Cloth, presently the pain did remit, and the tumour diminish. 'Tis then no wonder that the Surgeons cast such a Linen Cloth over the Cupping-Glasses, lest either they should stir up more vehement pain, or raise the Flesh to too great a tumour, or draw out the Blood in too great abundance.  
Neither believe thou that with this success I have applied a Cupping-Glass only to live Bodies, yea I have applied it to Carcases and Liquors. And indeed put into Boiling Water a Cupping-Glass, you will admire to see a heap of Water crept into it, the Fire being altogether extinguished, or the Heat become Lukewarm; and if then you apply to the Cupping-Glass a Cloth dipped in any Cold Liquor, or Snow itself, or Ice, the inward Air contracting itself, and its Elatery being debilitated by the Cold, a greater abundance of Water shall be thrust into the Cupping-Glass.   

How Water is thrust into the hot Aeolipila.  
So Aeolipilaes' [Wind-balls or Globes made of Copper, with Canals going out of them, which Glass-makers use instead of bellows] being placed in the midst of a Fire, exhale most of the Air they contain; and then as the residue of the Air within grows cold, and the force of the Elatery being weakened, the external prevailing Air hasteneth the Water into the Engine by its Tail-pipe dipped therein; and that with no little force, as we discern by the noise of its murmuring.  
And hence likewise falleth to the Ground the Prop of the Attractive Opinion raised by Heat.   

Other ways of drawing Air out of Aeolipilaes' are proposed and explained.  
There is another way of filling Aeolipilaes', viz. by out-sucking; a strong argument against our impulsion, if indeed it were firm, which all have already believed, That the Air when we suck is drawn backwards to the Throat. It pleaseth me therefore to explain this Mystery.  
Close the Tail of an Aeolipila in thy Mouth, so that the Air contained in both places may become continued in the same Closet of the Mouth; Indeed so long as the Tongue is not moved, nor the Breast enlarged, and the Air likewise in both places [to wit, in the Mouth and Aeolipila] quiet, doth persevere in the Law of equal poisure. But where there is either Motion in Tongue or Breast, 'tis needful that in both places the Air is moved: and because by one of the Motions at least the Aeolipila is emptied, it pleaseth me to inquire after what manner this is perfected.  
Either use only the Lungs, or the Bellowes-like dilatation of the Breast, or the beating only of the Sucking Tongue, as they believe, against the Palate.  
By the first way indeed the whole Breast is distended, in the mean time no breath of exterior Air entering in either by the shut-lips, neither by the breathing holes of the nostrils either to the Mouth, or to the Aeolipila. The distended Breast likewise prepares a more ample place for the Air, which is contained by the den of the Mouth, contiguous to the Aeolipilary Air. The Air having received room extends itself towards the Breast, and therefore the Elater of it becometh more weak than that of the Aeolipilar; which when this [to wit, closed within the Aeolipila] perceives, and that it is repressed by the endeavours of none, it rarefies itself, and it doth propagate its bounds without the Aeolipila, as the force of the weaker will suffer it.  
But by the latter manner, the whole Tongue, together with the Pipe of the Aeolipila, doth more compactly beat against the whole Palate; Then the middle of the obsequious Tongue sinking to the door of the little Pipe, forsaketh the Palate, and by a more sharp endeavour doth fold itself into a Furrow; So that of that force the space that is obnoxious to the Aeolipilar Air, not being empty indeed, but full with the little Air which had remained below the cavernous Cuticles of the Tongue and Palate, sollicitateth the Elatery of the same (I mean of the Aeolipilar) Air to dilatation, and allures and inviteth this Spontaneous Elatery out of the Aeolipila into the Furrow of the Mouth; and doth not, as our Adversaries believe, compel it by drawing.  
When so much of the Air hath flowed out of the Aeolipila both ways as could, by the pressure of the external Air which is then more thick than the internal, the Water shall so long run into the Engine by the Tail suddenly dipped in the Water, till a just counterpoise shall give rest to the equal strength of both that's without and within.  
After the same manner sometimes thou suckedst; after the same manner Children plunder the Winehogsheads by stealth, dipping therein their Drinking Reeds; yea by the same way fill the Syihons with Liquor, viz. by the weight and endeavour of the outward Air, stirring up the flowing of the Liquors according to the dilatation of the Throat or Mouth.  
Thus having demolished the chief Engines whereby our Adversaries establish their Attraction, I am resolved to spend no more time in superfluous matters.    

CHAP. X. The true Causes of the Blood's Motion are discovered.  
HAving demonstrated what a light incitement the weight of innate gravity is to the Motion of the Blood, and having observed by evident Experiments that the Heart's Systole sufficeth not alone for this effect, and having altogether cut off the helps of the Diastolick Attraction, it remaineth that we consider the Construction of the Vessels, and that we ponder their Compression from the Agitation of the neighbouring parts.  
'Tis certain that the Vessels are straitened by Spontaneous Contraction, or by Violent.  
I call that Spontaneous whereby of themselves they leave their swelling fullness.  
I call that Violent which an External Cause produceth.  
I demonstrate the Spontaneous after this manner.  

Of the Spontaneous Contraction of the Vessels.  
I believe no man doubteth, that the Blood is urged out of the Ventricles of the Heart, and floweth into the Arteries by a certain force or compression of the Systolick Motion; And if at that time the force of its flowing were not hindered by any stops, the Blood was able to return even to the Heart by the endeavour only of Compression.  
But remember [Reader] that the Blood thrust into the Arteries by reason of its Continuity, so thrust with it the Venose Blood, so that notwithstanding nothing flows again from the Veins into the Heart, till the action of the Systoles be quite ended, and the Diastoles begun; And for this that not only the Arteries, but the Veins also in the last moment of the Systoles are turned with abundance of two sorts of Blood, viz. with the old and with the new comed.  
The Tunicles of the Vessels being then more stretched by reason of the stay of the Blood during the Systoles continuance, doth stir up the innate Elatery according to the measure of its natural capacity, that immediately so soon as the Triglochinon Valve had finished his duty by the succeeding Diastole, should quickly discover his power that lay at wait, and should compel the compressed Blood to rush into the open and empty bosoms of the relaxed Heart.  
Hence appears what the Spontaneous Contraction of the Vessels is: The Violent followeth.   

Of the Violent Contraction of the Vessels.  
This is raised up either by the sharpness of the more piercing humour; so the sharper Bile doth straiten the Intestine Membranes into wrinkles, or pricking and solution of Continuity from whatsoever Cause: So when sometimes I opened the Duodenum according to its length making incision, that I might observe the Liquor flowing out of the Pancreatical Vessel of Virsungus into this Gut, the Gut did so wrinkle itself, that it contracted the incision to the middle; and closing up the little entrance of Virsungus his Canale, did altogether stop the running waterish humour which flowed from thence. And the same judgement which belongeth to the Guts is to be given of the other Vessels and Membranes of the Body.  
The Contraction of Vessels after this manner may be brought to pass by the help of Ligatures, viz. the pricking of Pain, being Companions to the straitnesses of the Ligatures, do solicitate all the neighbouring parts to the help of the diseased; and whilst they concur to the spending of their obsequious Blood, where the Valve doth permit, the Vessels become wrinkled. Hence the Blood in the Veins hasteneth from the Ligature to the Heart; but that in the Arteries hasteneth to the Extreme Parts, the Valves admitting it, whereof some indeed forbidden regress by another way towards the stoppages.   

Of the Compression of the Vessels.  
But so far as belongeth to the Compressary Coarctation of the Vessels, I say the same is perfected both by the pressure of breathed Air into the Lungs, and by the endeavour of the Muscles adjacent to the Pipes whilst they are stirred.  
So a more vehement motion maketh the Pulse beat swiftlier, and produceth a more frequent blowing; so the quaking tumult of the leaping parts in a dying Creature, proceeding from the Cold falling on them, doth empty the Arteries, the Veins remaining full.  
Therefore I say the Blood is Circulated by a threefold incitement, viz. by the Impulsion of the Systoles; by the Contraction of the Vessels, whether Violent or Voluntary; and by the Endeavour of the Adjacent Parts, by the Compression of their Vessels: These three are so disposed towards one another, that some of them evermore recompenseth the defect of the other, though slowly, by the perseverance of his duty. While the Heart doth beat, it doth out of itself thrust the Blood into the Veins and Arteries; The Contraction of its own Tunicle doth empty the tied Artery beyond the Ligature; The Contraction of the Vicine Parts gives assistance to this effect; The Tumour of the tied Vein beyond the Ligature, that is, betwixt it and the Extreme Parts, is intended by the Continual motion of Blood which the Arteries, being free of a Ligature, issue out; On this side the Ligature, that is, towards the Heart, the Evacuation is perfected by the Contraction of the Tunicle, and pressure of the Vicine Parts.  
And so the Blood is pressed out of the Heart into the Arteries; it is tunned partly out of the Arteries into the Veins by the Synanastomosies, partly 'tis poured out into the Flesh, and from thence gathered into the Veins, it returneth again into the Heart in a Circle so necessary for the Life, that being never so little hindered, either Faintness, or Swooning, and not seldom also Death follows thereon.     

OF THE MOTION OF THE CHYLE.  

CHAP. XI. It is demonstrated, that the Chyle is also thrust into the Lacteal Veins, and is driven towards the Heart, and that it is not sucked.  
THE Motion of the Blood being perfected, it may easily also be shown whither the Chyle is roled.  
All know that the Chyle is expressed from the Aliments that fall into the Intestines from the Stomach which concocteth them, and that they go through the Tunicles of the Intestins by the little Pores opened by Nature into the Pipes of the Lacteal Veins, But whether the Pervious Intestins imitate a Sieve or a Sponge, their double Coat (which is proper to them) doth not denote any one of them, but them both. Nature hath woven their outmost coat with the threads of most small Fibers artificially, like a straining Sieve, unto which by her providence with a wonderful anointing she hath glued on the inside a wrinkling or spongeous, if you will, lining, of a most soft substance; that both the sharpness of the Aliments may pass unhurting them; and that that juice which is most subtle may be strained out of the Excrements into the Lacteal Veins.  
The former Experiments clearly showed the passage of the Chyle; now we are to search whether the Chyle is thrust or drawn.  

That the Chyle is not drawn.  
The Chyle is not drawn or sucked; for whether you bind in the Mesentery the Lacteal Veins, or whether you put a Ligature on the same, within the Chest of the Breast beyond the Ligature, that is, towards the Intestins swelling up, they will suffocate the Attractory or sucking opinion.  
Neither affirm thou that the Lacteals, like Bloodsuckers, do draw the Chyle by sucking: For the Bloodsuckers do not draw the Blood, neither do they otherwise draw out the same, than we, when putting a Reed into a Spring or Hogshead, we draw out the Liquor by the distension both of Mouth and Lungs; for the Bloodsuckers do prick the Cutaneous Veins, and whiles they swell, by the labour of the Lungs playing the part of bellows, by their dilatation the Blood entereth into their easy Stomaches. Therefore the Chyle is not thrust forwards into the Lacteal Veins, but it comes to be enquired of whether by the proper action of the Intestins, or by a virtue extraneous to them.   

Of the Contraction of the Intestins.  
When the Chyle or Juice fried out of the meat slideth from the Stomach into the Guts, it tumifieth them, and doth extend their Fibers most obsequious-like into an Elatery: So that their vigour being augmented by intention, returning again of their own will to their natural estate, they straiten the Guts by depressing the Chyle from the Stomach to the Fundament. And hence I conclude, The Guts, like some Membranous Bodies, have their proper Contraction, but an Extraneous dilatation.  
Besides this Contraction you are to observe the dilatation and wrinklings of the Spongeous Membrane which is within the Guts: For that Tunicle drinking up the more fluid juice of the Chyle that slipped out of the Stomach, doth swell as a Sponge; and when 'tis wrinkled by either the Compression of the adjacent parts; or some other Cause, partly it removes the Chyle inwardly, partly it doth express it into the Lacteal Veins.  
Moreover, you are to take notice, That that Contraction of the Intestins, and wrinkling of the inward Membrane, succeedeth the extraneous dilatation, and that it little or nothing avails for the thrusting of Chyle into the Lacteal Veins, yea rather that it much stoppeth its passage: For the Gut the more Contracted it is, the more it stoppeth the Pores, and therefore the open ends of the Lacteal Veins, and giveth a less pervious passage to the enclosed Liquors. And this also is taken notice of above in the violent Contraction of the Vessels, and easy Experience doth prove, it both in other Membranes, and most in the Bladder new pulled out of the body; For indeed 'tis contracted, the piss flowing out; neither will it then being pricked up and down with a Needle, shed any of the Urine out of the Needle holes, except by compressing it violently you wring the Liquor out of it.  
So the  motion of the Guts, if any such be to be admitted, for it was not any where discovered to us in Living Creatures, because it successively draweth together their Coats, closing with wrinkling the passages, is unsufficient to thrust the Chyle into the Lacteals; Except may be you join to it the other motion of dilatation, by which, while it doth corrugate the upper part of the entrails together with it, it distends the inferior, which being filled with meats, it may issue through it a greater deal of Chyle into the Lacteals.  
But seeing that dilatation, which is produced from the falling down Chyle, is of little force, and scarce opens those little Pores wherein the Chyle is thrust, indeed we are at last to arrive at a more vehement Compression of the Guts.   

Of the Compression of the Guts.  
I find amongst the first a twofold Cause of this, viz. Respiration, and a Contraction of the Muscles in the Belly and Breast; such an one chief as is stirred up by the emptying of the Excrements out of the Guts, and unburthening of the Bladder, and may be of evacuating the Gall. For then the Air enclosed in the Lungs which they draw in, and the vehement endeavour of the Muscles do not a little compress the entrails: So that I believe by that motion the Chyle is expressed out of the Stomach into the Guts, and that this white substance breaketh out of the Guts into the Lacteal Veins.  
I pass by that Contraction and Dilatation, by whose means the Muscles of Respiration are stirred up by a Continued motion; For they do not so Compress the entrails that they are able to express the Chyle out of the Guts. I forbear the beating of the Arteries about the Guts; for the Arteries being quiet after the tying of the Coeliack Branch, the sliding-in Chyle doth no less tumify the Lacteal Veins. It only remains then that we fly to the vehement Contraction of the Muscles, or to the Continual Vicissitude of Breathing outward and inward.  
But because the perpetual passing of the Chyle, so long as Aliments remain, requireth likewise a Continued Cause of Compression, which in vain is sought in that almost Momentary Contraction of the Muscles: We are in my judgement at last to fly to the Vicissitudes of Breathe.     

OF RESPIRATION. 'Tis declared how Respiration is wrought, and what it availeth the Motion of the Chyle. That the Lungs are not a pervious Tunicle, is known by Experiments.  
REspiration is done, as is known to all, by the Alternal Elatery of the Lungs and Air, so as by the dilatation of the Air, which is received and rarified by the heat of the Lungs, the Lungs together with the Muscles of Respiration are distended, and afterwards by their Spontaneous Contraction the Air itself is compelled to go out.  
But the distension of Lungs in fetching breath, which the open wounds of the Breast declare, is an Argument, That their Tunicle is altogether impervious. And indeed 'tis more compact, neither ever will it give leave to the Air to go through them by any force or breathing.  
These things will be manifested by Experiments. If you blow with an Oat-reed into the Bronchia [Windpipe] of a Living Creature, whilst you are cutting it up: For use what means you can, the Wind will not touch the flame of the Candle you hold to it, except in that place you have opened the Coat thereof.  
Here you are to take notice, That Surgeons ofttimes err in the wounds of the Breast; They hold near to them the flame of a Candle, and by its motion, which is procured by the Air breathing out thereat, they foolishly infer, That the Lungs are wounded. But if they shall reply any thing, then in Empyick operations they may be bold to aver the rapture of the Lungs from the like mobility of the flame.  
Neither should you esteem the Tunicle of the Lungs porous by the matter of a Pleurisy avoided by Screation or urine. For as our Riolan hath exactly set down in the third Book and fourth Chapter of his Encheiridion, There is no such effluxion, except the Pleura be burst, and the Lungs excoriate; viz. if either before the Pleurisy they stuck to the Ribs, or whiles the inflammation gins to increase, the Lungs sticking to the Pleura, both by the Glue of the Viscous humour swearing out by the Phlegmones heat, and by the smallness of the motion, hindered by the pain and tumour, they are joined together. For the Phlegmone then touching both the Membranes Infects both together with rottenness turning into an Ulcer: Whence it comes to pass, that the Matter rushing into the Lungs, is either thrown out by the Windpipe in spittle, or is carried by the Venal Artery into the left Ventricle of the Heart, and thence going into the Aorta it goes through the Reins, and is avoided with the Urine.  
What, say you, if there be no Contiguity of Membranes, the Pleura nevertheless will burst, will the Atter remain in the bottom of the Breast? It will altogether remain, even to the undoing of the party, except by the quickly opening of the Empyema you empty it of this Purulent burden.  
But I return to Respiration, in which whilst the Pulmons are dilated, they also press the Midriff downward; and the Liver, which then plays the part of a Pistil acting by the weight of its bulk beating by intervals, doth not only compel the Chyle to departed out of the Stomach through the Pylore into the Guts, but also distends their little Pores, and thence thrusts into the Lacteal Veins the most subtle substance of the Aliment. So Children gripe with their hands an Ele-skin full of water, and through the little holes with the small point of a Needle made therein every where, by pressing it they cause the water to spring forth into many small streams.  
But because our speech is arrived at the depression of the Diaphragm, it will not be besides our purpose to declare all I have observed conterning its Motion.   

OF THE MOTION OF THE DIAPHRAGM.  
Whilst the Lungs draw in the Air, by little and little swelling at that middle of the Diaphragm where it is tied to the back, they drive downward the descending fibers of this middle, which in the Circumference indeed are fleshy, but membranous in the Centre, and by their palpitation compress the inferior places of the Stomach hanging under, together with the Liver: But indeed the other middle, where the Diaphragm is placed, under both the Breastbone, and Cartilages of the Bastard Ribs, and doth unfold the membranous Fibers of its Centre, and lifteth up obliquely its fleshy Fibers of the Circumference together with the fore-region of the Breast; So that whilst the hinder parts of the Diaphragm are depressed, at the same almost moment the former parts are lifted up with a vehement striving indeed.  
Neither believe thou that those Muscles in Breast and Belly, which they call the Muscles of Respiration, do any way assist this motion; for they being quite cut away even till the Cartilages of the Breastbone be discovered [the Intercostal Muscles and Diaphragm being preserved] and the den of the inferior Belly being laid open, nevertheless the Creature doth breath as much as if these Muscles were not wounded at all.  
And these are the Motions which I have observed in Aspiration [drawing in the Breath] but in Expiration, both the foreparts of the Diaphragm together with the Breastbone, do fall, and the hinder-parts, together with Liver and Stomach, doth rise, and then the Diaphragm is drawn in wrinkles by its Fibers, both in its membranous Centre, and fleshy Circumference.  
Before I finish my speech of the Diaphragm, I would have you take notice of this one thing, That those fleshy productions of the Diaphragm above the Loins, as it were Appendicles, do lurk under the Receptacle of the Chyle, so that they cannot be distended, but together with them distending the Receptacle itself, they compel it to issue out the Chyle it contains; and these are enough of the Diaphragm. We will answer the Objections brought against our Opinion, asserting, That Respiration is the sole inciter of the Chyle into the Lacteal Veins.   

THE OBJECTIONS AGAINST RESPIRATION Answered.  
Why therefore, sayest thou, should not Respiration of itself blind thrust into the Lacteals digested with undigested, with pure seculent? Except, Reader, I were resolved of Common Opinions, only to admit that which is voiced by the testimony of Experience, I would answer; Seeing the Lacteal Veins do not immediately receive the Chyle from the Stomach, for it hath not Lacteals, that Concoction is perfected before it comes from the Stomach; and for that whatsoever Aliment descends into the Guts most ready prepared, that Chyle should be expressed out thereof, it cannot become raw by the mixture of any undigested substance.  
But because many times not a few things do rush down out of the Stomach towards the Fundament, or Bladder, before the finishing of requisite Concoction; neither is there any patent way betwixt the Stomach and Bladder, but that of the Lacteals; I am myself compelled to confess, that many times even Crude Aliments do descend from the Stomach.  
And indeed presently after the immoderate drinking of Wine, a man in Cups shall make water; neither doth that limpider Urine which he maketh receive any taste or tincture. Hence I reason, that it hath not flowed through the Mass of Blood, from which it should have received something of either. The stay of Urine in the Body made of Mineral waters, is most short. The Urine within a quarter of an hour after the taking of Asparagus receives its swell and colour. Yea the Juice pressed out of the Indian Figs makes the Urine become Purple.  
Therefore I, I say, believe, that before the Concoction be finished, these Liquors hast to the Bladder by the passage of the Chyle; the Pylore admitting them either for the urging over-fulness, or for the opening force of these Diuretic Liquors, or for some other reason.  
Neither object the Vas breve, that its postern doth empty these superfluities in the Milt, and from thence spread in the Liver, are gathered again, that they may ascend to the Heart; and afterwards being thrust into the Arteries, at last are thrown headlong by the Emulgents into the Reins; For both the shortness of time doth not agree to so great a Circuit, and they through so many errors and mixture of humours should not only receive a tincture, but, which is against our daily experience, should be sharpened with saltness.  
But if thou shouldst suspect unperceivable passages from the Stomach towards the Reins, suffer thyself, Reader, not to believe such passages, till with their grown greatness they leave of to vanish out of thy sight.  
I would rather believe that these Liquors flow out of the Stomach by the Pylorus, and that they are thrust out of the Guts through the Lacteals unto the Receptacle of the Chyle discovered by us under the Mesentery; and from thence partly by the Chylous passage of the Breast do flow unto the Heart, the Forge of Blood; partly being separate from the Chyle, do flow into the Reins placed on both sides, either by the Trunk of the Emulgent Arteries sticking firmly to the Receptacle of the Chyle, which perchance for this use is thence from without pervious within, and fit like a strainer to transcolate the serosity: Or if you had rather, they have diverted by the adjacent Ministry of the Atrabilar Cases; or by the Ministry of the Peritoneum, whose doubling is very subject to carry the Liquors, in respect of the neighbourhood of the Parts.  
Truly there appears no fit way to me for the carrying out of those things which ofttimes leave the Stomach not only without Concoction, but ofttimes not being so much as hot therein.  
So, whiles the Air is most hot, immoderate drinking of cold water openeth the Belly; The same force is in Ass' Milk, and Mineral Waters. The Tunicles of Grapes, of Berries, and all the slughes of Fruits, Seeds or Pulses, though never so long boiling in the heat of the Stomach, nevertheless they are even then thrown out Crude: How much more shall they rush out of the stomach before they be concocted, who are of an apertive and laxative quality? And hence it is, that Medicines being drunk and avoided by the siege, both taste and smell sometimes with the colour remaining.  
Your Object again, That the Chyle rusheth into the Lacteal Veins, even when the spirit of the Lungs is spent, and the force of breathing altogether extinct: So that opening the Breast of a Living Creature, and the Pulmons becoming flaccid, nevertheless the Lacteal Veins tied in the Mesentery will swell for a little time.  
Truly 'tis a weighty Argument against our opinion; For answering of which, I wish you to take notice of that, that I have oft tried, That the Lacteals tied in the Mesentery, then only swell, when the Living Creature, the Breast being unhurt, vehemently doth yet move the whole entrails of the lower Belly, together with the Muscles of all the body: For when, the Breast being opened, the motion of the Animal is extinguished, the Lacteals leave off altogether to swell; except may be the Spongeous Membranes of the Guts, in respect of the Colder Air, or pricks of grief, drawing themselves together, they express a little of the residue of that Chyle they before had gathered, into the Lacteals.  
I conclude, Therefore Respiration doth thrust the Chyle into the Lacteals, the other two, viz. Contraction and Compression, assisting it. This, by the endeavour of the Vicine parts, stirreth up the Chyle contained both in the Guts, and likewise in the Lacteals: But the other is such an Enemy to the fullness of the Canals, that it suffers not, after death, any footstep to remain either of Lacteals in the Breast or Mesentery, neither of the Receptacle on the Backs Vertebers'.  
And these are the things I had to publish concerning the Motion of Blood and Chyle, and of the incitement thereto. It remaineth (Reader) I should take away the Complaint thou hast in behalf of the Liver, from which I took away the office of making the Blood.  

CHAP. XII. Of the Transcolatory use of the Liver.  
AFter I have taken from the Liver that usurped Glory of Blood-making which undeservedly it retained for so many ages; 'tis just I should assign to it that duty for which it was made, and placed in the Forge, as they call it, of the first Region, and that I should disclose the true office thereof.  
Besides that office which it dischargeth, as is said before, instead of a Pistill beating the parts placed under it in the Lower Belly by the motion of Respiration; The Liver also doth, by that great stream of Blood it receives from the Vena porta, administer Heat to the Stomach to help the Concoction of the Meat; And moreover, doth strain the Blood through his most fit Parenchyma [Substance.] And as the Reins purgeth the Blood of its Serum, and the Melt of its Acidity, so the Liver doth deliver it of the fellowship of the Bile that is mixed therewith.  
For if no source of Chylous matter doth come unto it, neither therefore doth the Liver impurplush any Aliment into Blood; And only the Trunk of the Vena porta [which likewise doth not from any place receive Chyle, as hath been shown] doth fill it with the Blood wherewith it swelleth; Neither doth any man wisely [if I be any whit wise] repute Bile the Excrement of the second Concoction, neither should he esteem it separable by any other Instrument.  
And indeed you shall not find any where, in any kind of Living Creatures, the Blood without the mixture of Bile; The yellowish and salt Serum will testify so much: Except perchance in some Creatures, to whom meek Mistress Nature hath concocted a sweeter Blood; As in others, in which she hath infused Blood without Acidity, whom she hath endued either with no Melt at all, or at least with a very little one.  
The continual Heat, which cherisheth the Heart, and warmeth the mass of Blood, dissolves all the subtlest parts of the Serosity into Vapours, and again Concocting the rest [which by its frequent frying, and pressing of the sweet from the salt, I call the remaining Progeny] it would altogether turn it to Bile; Except the providence of Nature for the purging of the bitter Excrement, or rather of Salt thickened by too much Concoction, had endued the Body with a fit Emunctory.  
And as Fuller's use to colour their hands with those Liquors they die with, so that Bilous Intral, the Liver, according to the divers tinctures of Bile, either is yellowish red, or of a languishing ash-colour, sometimes blackish green, or brown, though the Blood be exactly red.  
Hence in the Child in the Womb, in which there is never any Chyle bred, about the beginning of its forming, the Liver hath its Saffron-coloured Cystis full of Bile, though other ways the Blood be of a purple die: Which is an evident Argument, that the Bile is not the Excrement of the Second, as they call it, Concoction; but an Excrement of the Blood, which (Blood) is only transmitted into the Liver of the Child in the Womb.  
Neither may be the fervid Blood in the Mother, and strained by the Uterin Liver [the Lump] in the Matrix, should in such purity err in the Veins of the Embryon, except it should leave the greatest part of it in the Liver, into the which it first floweth by the Coeunt Pipes of the Umbilick Veins.  
And this, as I believe, is the Chief Office of the Liver in Living Creatures.    

THE OBJECTIONS Answered.  
WIll you so indeed, say you, exhaust the whole Blood of its Bile by the diverting Coeliack Branch?  
Before (Reader) I answer what I think, I will interrogate thy knowledge by vicissitude in this place: Prithee tell me by what Engine the Blood, which at the same time enters the Iliack Arteries that it enters the Emulgent, doth issue its serosity into the Reins? For that without doubt the wisdom of Nature appointed the necessity of the Blood's Circular motion, that through divers periods at last the whole Blood might succeed into the same Inns.  
Again, you demand, by what means this Transcolation is perfected; and how it cometh to pass, that those passages pervious to the Bile, exclude the Serum and Blood: Neither they on the other side are patent to the Bile which admit the Serum? whether because the Serum is more subtle than the Bile? or otherwise?  
I confess the Cause of so great a wonder is hid from me, if you will not admit for a sufficient reason the diversity of Figures which is in the straining bodies, and in the openings of the Colon.  
In vain wilt thou endeavour to put a Triangle of the same altitude with the Diameter of a round hole, into it, or into a three-angled hole a Quadrangle, or some other many Angled Figure: And I shall easily suffer myself to be persuaded, that the same kind of Figures is not found in Aqueous Parts which is found in Bilous; and that therefore the Bile [at least that which is most gross] being unfitting to the passages of the Reins, cannot retire thither; As neither can the thicker serosity, for the same discommodities enter into that Province which is only proper to the Bile.  
But if thou demand, whether or no there be Figures in the most smallest particles of Bile or Water.  
I will answer first, That the Water is not only a porous body, but likewise cavernous with many Figures of pores. The Learned Gassendus hath demonstrated this with great sagacity. But in vain shall the diversity of Figures be asserted into the Aqueous Pores, which diversity thou deniest to admit in those parts whereof the Water consists. But that there was diversity of Figures in the Pores of the Water, Gassendus proved by a Noble Experiment.  
He threw a Measure of common Salt into Spring Water; the Water within a short time did only dissolve a certain part of this, the rest of the Salt remaining untouched. In the same Water Nitre being infused, a part of it did by melting mix itself with the Water, a part remained undissolved. Thirdly, by the same a part of Allom dissolved, a part remained whole. Fourthly, Sal Amoniack tried the same Fortune, with others, which by themselves he had mixed with the Water.  
As I think you may also express the Figures of melted Salt in that Water which is commonly called Stygian, or Aqua Fortis, and the ways of dissolving Metals in the same.  
This Aqua Fortis is of two sorts; One, called Common, dissolves all Metals except Gold; The other, called Regia, reduces their King to Powder; Silver nevertheless therein reserving his Figure with unspotted Constancy, scorning the Pride of such a prerogative.  
The Matter of the Common is the Spirits of Vitriol, Nitre, & Sea-salt.  
This becomes Regia, if you impregnate it with as much Shall Ammoniack as it can dissolve. But neither, as I think, can the Common make impression in Gold, because the figured little Bodies of these Spirits do so exactly fit the Golden Pores, that flopping their motion, they rest within the Metal. It dissolves the rest either with its Fire, or with the Sulphur which is in Metals arroding with the sharp points of their Figures the divers Cavities of the Metallick Pores, whilst they contend to be admitted into the fellowship of those fit to them; I had almost said, battering down the Cavities: But because Sal Ammoniack, mixed with these Salts, doth agree with the Pores of Silver, but no ways with with those of Gold, it first occupieth the Silver Pores, so that it quieteth the invasion of his fellows, whom it stirreth up against Gold, the Wall being demolished, and admits them desiring it.  
If thou have any other Cause of these Events, Reader, different from the Figures of the Aqueous Pores, and those which determine the Salts and their Spirits, prithee communicate it to our knowledge.  
Truly the quadrat space of the Pores shall be so filled with the wont quadrature of Sea-salt, as their six-cornered profundity shall be possessed with hexaedron solidity of the points of Nitre.  
The same judgement is to be given of the Figures of the rest of the Salts.  
If Bile, which we acknowledged to be Salt mixed with a certain Oilous humour, be mixed with Serum, it salts it: and the Urine is in so much more brackish, as there is more Bile mixed with it: And if the abundance of Bile exceed the dissolving force of the Water, whatsoever remains, being rolled up in Crystalline Sand, and like Salt, fusi'e by Fire under it, 'tis just it should settle in the bottom. Hot Water will contain more Salt mixed with it than Cold Water will, viz. the Fire enlarging its Pores by reason of the fellowship of the Air contained there, and easily rarified.  
Whence, seeing there is neither Guts nor Cavities promiscuous to the Bile and Serum, neither promiscuous diverticles, but seeing that only of the Bile floweth out to the Urine, which being most subtle in the mass of Blood, is most fit to tincture the Urine; so neither doth the grossest of the Serum penetrate into the Gall, but that only that can lubricate the way, and in which the Bile can flow; it will not therefore be amiss to admit in both Bile, viz. and Serum, diversity of Figures.  
I said the most subtle: For the Bile is not of one only consistency; Yea I think it threefold, and that to be most subtle which being mixed together with the Serum, avoideth with the Urine.  
The other two sorts is demonstrated by the Liver; That which is more subtle, entereth the Gall; The other, of more gross juice, possesseth the Hepatick Passage; The outflowing of both may be moveth the inmost Tunicle of the Intestins, both of them discharge the duty of natural Clysters, and being mixed with the Excrements, are evacuated.  
So the variety of the Searcher-like passages, and the divers configurations of straining. Bodies, doth in this place stop the passage of fluid things, but in that allows it. Hence the Urine, together with the Bile, passeth through the Reins into the Bladder, I mean that which is subtlest in the mass of Blood; The Acidity goeth to nourish the Melt; The Subtler Bile floweth out of the Liver into the Gall, the Grosser running into the Hepatick Passage. I will say in a word, That the Excrements can take up their Inns by the Gates only appointed for them, the Posterns of others being altogether shut against them.    Mundus regitur Opinionibus. 
FINIS.