〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 OR, A TREATISE OF Phlebotomy Demonstrating the Necessity of it in diseases; the time for Elections. And likewise of the use and application of Cupping-glasses, and Leeches.  
Whereupon is added a brief and most Methodical tract of the Crisis.  
Written Originally in French, by Dade Plumis Campi Chirurgeon.  
And now faithfully rendered into English, by E. W. Wellwisher to Physic and Chirurgery.  
LONDON, Printed by John Streater, for John Place, Furnifalls-Inne Gate; and William Place, at Grays-inn Gate, next Holburn. 1658.   

To the most High and Puissant Princess, Mary De Medici Queen, Mother to the King of France.  
MADAM,  
THe cause which hath induced me to consecrate upon the Altar of your exquisite merits this little Offering (composed for the ruin of so many Phlebotomists of our Age, who most commonly are the cause of the loss of so many persons of all ages, qualities, & sexes, by reason of their undue Administration of this chirurgical Operation, viz. Phlebotomy) is, the observing of so many excellent and truly royal Virtues, shine and dart forth their splendour in you, which are more to be admired, than known; more to be known, then imitated; and more to be imitated, then equalised, And which have received birth; and being from the exquisite perfections of your Divine wit, the Fame whereof, serves as a subject matter, for the most fine Wits to commend; and for an example of well doing, to the most magnanimous souls. Your fair actions, are as so many glittering Stars, which embellish and illustrate the Heaven of our France. France, who may from henceforth, glory, for having been delivered from the devouring Gorge of a storm of miseries, by the sage providence of a Queen; yea, the most wise of Queens that ever governed it. A Queen, with how great honours loaded? with what respects honoured? with how many Triumphs clothed? and with how many Laurels adorned? As many humane mouths, so many Trophies to your Grandeur; as many hearts, so many Temples erected to your Virtue; as many souls, so many Vows and sacrifices to be imolated upon your Altars. In brief, Your Virtues are such, that I shall not adventure to handle, rashly, the praises of them, because I cannot arrive thereto, but in admiration, nor recount them worthily but in silence. This air is too clear for the flight of my dull Plume; wherefore by the example of the Swallows, which presage Rain, I will content myself to couch to the surface of the Earth, to beseech You (Madam) on the behalf of our chirurgery, that you will be pleased to dart forth the Rays of your sweet favour upon this little scantling of its Operations. For whatsoever apprehension I have had of the greatness of Your Merits, and the weakness of my judgement; it hath not been able to withhold me from offering it up unto You for a Testimony, rather of my good will to the Public, then for any thing that is in it, worthy to see the Light under your Royal Authority, and Divine Greatness. If it have the favour to be well accepted, I doubt not, but being protected by the Buckler of Your Minerva, it will easily beat back all the assaults of envy, & be looked upon by all, with a favourable Eye. And for my part, I shall therein take so great contentment, that my desires shall be more strongly redoubled to appear; and be acknowledged all the rest of my life,  
MADAM, Your Majesties, Most humble, most obedient, and most affectionate Subject and Servant, Campi Chirurgeon.   

To the Benevolent Reader.  
Bade Masters do occasion the loss of credit to good Mysteries, and disparagement to good Masters. The esteem, or the stighting of Arts and Sciences doth depend, upon the ability or insufficiency of those who handle them; and according as they are well or ill practised The Vulgar, without entering further into the knowledge of their cause, (as several persons who will not permit themselves to be reprehended (although they mistake exceedingly) in an art which they practice, with abundance of more presumption than knowledge) do adjudge unto them (upon the first view) either good or bad reputation; so that such actions as are commendable, and those that are reproachful are, (by the Vulgar popularity) measured by the same rule, and weighted in the same balance, without any manner of distinction, insomuch that most commonly Virtue gives place to vice, Wisdom to ignorance, and Experience to incapacity.  
So by Capricious ignorance we praise  
Vice more than vittue and do seem most glad  
All at a venture to bestow the Bays  
On ignorance herself, in surplis clad.  
And they will take the name of Philosopher, formerly so reverend and so much respected among the Greeks, that from the time of Pythagoras, It was caused to be called, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, that is to say, Wisdom. Notwithstanding, it is certain, that this word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, or Philosopher, signifies nothing more, nor less, but A lover of wisdom. And yet there is not a man in these days so shallow brained, so inconsiderable a person, nor so great a Lord, but would be very angry, yea would be enraged and take exceptions in good earnest, if one should take him for any other but [A person desirous of knowledge] which to express in one word is (A Philosopher.) A title wherewith Emperor Antoninus himself was well pleased, to be honoured. Let us consider what course that title hath passed for some years past, how it was ordinarily taken; And after what fashion it is made use of, now.  
It is the common Compliment, and the little jovial Epithet which one doth usually give, promiscuously at the first meeting a person, though he have the Countenance of one that hath slept rather then watched over his books. If one meet with a man that doth not well know the Court Carveate, nor how to dispute in a quarrel according to the modern fashion, who discourses with Ergees framed upon all occasions, upon the foot of a Fly, (thereby showing himself as indiscreet in familiar common entertainment, as averse to civil Actions,) presently they give him the Style of Philosopher by head and shoulders. Notwithstanding that the true Philosophy, if we may herein believe Ulpian, the Civilian, consists in management of affairs, in the conversation and conservation of humane society, accomplishment in matters of Law, in Court affairs, and in all the points of honour; so that a Philosopher, and a person of honour or Statesman, to speak properly with Ulpian, (who was such an one) is one and the same thing. What then is it that hath embased it, and brought it so low from so high a degree? Who hath stripped and disrobed it of all its ancient honours and prorogatives, making it so to serve as a Laughingstock? but the impudent ignorance of a crew of Misshapen discomposed Pedants, whose gesture and discourse stinks strongly of the Mustiness of the School, who because they have passed over a bridge amongst a crowd of Asses, without leaving their packsaddle behind them, do presently conjecture themselves able to hold Port with the great Horses. Which fate, or worse (the more the pity) is also fallen upon the title Physician. For I pray, what is now become of the ancient splendour of the Science of Physic? What is become of its Glory and Ornament, and the inclination and well wishing of Ancient Princes and Potentates thereunto. Who did not think it below them to learn and exercise this divine Science, (by good right called Divine, in regard it receives that Elegy from the very mouth of God): But did treat it with great Liberality to confirm its dignity, and maintain its authority.  
(The Science of Physic, I say) which the ancient Hebrews did honour as being come from Heaven for conservation of health, and prolonging of life. And it is testified by the holy writ, that the chirurgical Physicians are made, instituted, and recommended by God, as in 38. Ecclesiasticus, Honour the Physician with the honour that belongs unto him, and for the occasion that thou hast for him, for the Lord hath Created him: Do not withhold from him the reward of his pains, to the end, that he may succour & assist thee in thy necessity: he shall receive rewards from Kings and the knowledge of the Chirurgical Physician, shall cause him to exalt his head, and render him admirable among Princes; As for examples concerning the Liberality of Salaries and Presents, wherewith the Ancient Kings, Princes, and Emperors have been pleased to honour Physicians; Pliny relates that the Caesars did allow unto the most famous Physicians, who practised Physic at Rome, two hundred and fifty Sesterces yearly, which (according to the Common Account) comes to about six thousand two hundred and fifty Crowns, although the other professors had but a hundred. Thadeus the Florentine received of every Prince that he served, fifty Crowns per diem. And he having cured Pope Honorius of a strange disease, he had allowed him 100 Crowns per diem. And (as Volateran reports) a reward also of a thousand Crowns. The Emperor Augustus gave to Anthony Musa (who had helped him in a great sickness) a Gold ring enriched with a stone of a great price, and not content with this, he honoured him with the dignity of Knight of his own order. And not only he, but also all those who exercised that profession, were (out of respect to him) honoured with the same Title. Darius, the Monarch of the Persians, had Demades (a Physician) in so great esteem, by whose assistance he had been freed from a tedious disease, that, (as Herodotus reports) he gave him two great Chains of Gold of great value. And the Queen his wife gave him for a present two Bottles made of Massy Gold. Let us leave the Ancients and their Antiquities, to speak of James Cantier, a most Learned and excellent French Physician, who had as a Salary from King Lewis the eleventh, ten thousand Crowns per mensem: from hence we may collect in what esteem the chirurgical Physicians have been in all times, maintained in all Liberty and freedom, exempt from all Charges, Subsidies, Tributes, Tallies, and Imposts. Behold in what dignity the Physician and Physic, was formerly; and yet notwithstanding we see in this unhappy age wherein we live, (where vice marches in the same Rank as Virtue) it is so changed, corrupted, & altered that it seems to be now no more than an Idol or Phantasm, its Countenance vailed its Credit destroyed, its Honour degraded, its strength abated and weakened, and its reputation withered; in short, it is fallen from that most high station of glory, whereunto our predecessors had raised and advanced it: it is (I say) profaned and trampled under foot by a Crew of ignorant empoisoners, Impostors, Mountebanks Quacksalvers, Men of evil conversation, and Cawterized consciences, who (like new Esculapians descended from the Heavens) brag impudently, and promise audaciously the curing of all Maladies: of whom the ignorant popularity do ordinarily make more Account, and do give more credit to the exterior appearance of a gallant port & flaunting behaviour, accompanied with the vain glory of sumptuous Apparel; than to Learning and Experience. Yea certainly, for if there be any Mountebank, Quacksalver, or cozening drug-seller, some cracked brain fellow of an extravagant wit, who giving the Career to his fancies shall mount up to a theatre, and make some strange kind of Compositions; or else, if he carry a Gold ring upon his finger, and his Moustaches well mounted, a well composed demure Countenance, and using these words often in his mouth, (to wit) Blood, Humours, Spirits, tumors, Wounds, Ulcers, Fractures, Dislocation, Hypocrates, Galen, etc.  
Behold this is the man, who is reputed of every one, the most famous chirurgical Physician of the whole earth. Soft, soft, my Masters, not so quick; for you may he deceived: for it is not the habit that makes the Monk. Words and deeds have a great difference. Ask these Mountebanks, first if they have the knowledge of Geography, of the Mathematics, of Astrology, of Music, Geometry, Logic, Arithmetic, Rhetoric, of History, Poesy, and Philosophy: In short, in one word, he must be an Encyclopaedian for he that, in one word, would call a man a perfect Physician must call him so: for to imagine a Physician to be separated from the knowledge of his above mentioned Companions, were to suppose him ignorant, mute, and dead. Again, demand if they have the knowledge of all things that fly in the Air, of all things which swim in the water, of all Vegetables, of all things which have sense or life upon the Earth; finally of all which the Universal Mother doth enclose in her bowels, either of Water, Metals, Minerals, Salts, Juices, Sulphurs. Besides, if he hath entered into himself, there to observe his own structure, to dive into his own bones, to number his Muscles, to follow his veins, particularise his Arteries, search out the Cartalages, or admire his Nerves, Tendons, Ligaments, Films, etc. If they have done all this, and if a solid Judgement, be the soul of their experience; in truth than you may caresse them with immunities or privilidges, acknowledge them with applause; or else you are to blame.  
But it may be some hypocondriac person, will contradict me and say, that it is not fit for a Chirurgeon to prescribe rules to Physicians. In good time! neither do I do it to the Learned chirurgical Physicians, (for those we honour and respect as our Masters); but I speak to a Crew of (I know not what sort of) Medicasters', viz. without shame or wit, without foreheads. Oh what a number is there of them! So that now one may take up that pretty sentence of an Ancient man's; [That the ignorance of some and the incredulity of others are the reasons, why so many chirurgical Physicians are altogether ignorant of the Maladies, which they hold for incurable], which notwithstanding are curable, as the Leprosy, the Dropsy, Apoplexy, Palsy, Contraction of the Members, falling-sickness, Quartain-feaver, Hectic fever, Hand-gout, Foot-goot, Hipp-gout, and Sciatica, and several other Maladies which are hard of digestion for them. But it may be some one, (who doth not well understand me) will be amazed to observe me to put the Chirurgeon in the Rank of Physicians; yet I assure you I do it by good reason, for I do not value a man who doth only vapour, but him that saith and doth too. Oh miserable age! wherein men believe that a Chirurgeon knows nothing but how to apply Cuping-glasses to let blood, and to spread a Plaster, and it may be 'tis true too, Alas too true, to my great grief; but it is not such that I mean. For the art of Physic and Chirurgery, is not acquired by money, as some shameless persons have caused themselves to be called Master Surgeons by that means.  
Oh times, O tempora! O mores, Oh manners! To this purpose hath one well said.  
'tis Gold that makes the Idiot and the Sot  
To be called wise and prudent and what not:  
And which is more, (men dote so on their woe)  
They're well contented that it should be so:  
For is it not a misery to see  
Men of mean parts raised to such high degree,  
As to converse in Lives, so uncontroulled  
Not for their wit or Learning but their Gold.  
It costs them sometimes two hundrens Crowns at a time, a silk Coat, Embroidered beds, feasts, and Banquets to friends and kindred, and other good considerations, to palliate their admittance.  
Oh good God what a fashion this is to make Market of men's lives? It was better consulting with the successors of Cain, to endure a Plague: for then some, one Hypocrates or Paracelsus, would be found to resist and stop it. But in this case it so falls out, that those who bring in the abuses and support them, will take no heed to resist or overcome them. By good reason then say I that the skill of Chirurgery is not attained to by money or succession, nor by reading only, but by a long and painful Laborious industry & search. Wherefore I do admire that there are such abundance of Surgeons who do believe that, which [french Authors] Thibauld and Anceline have determined, as an Indissolvable Law, alleging that such an Author hath done so and so; and that because it is a custom, that therefore they may do so too. Take notice here, my friend, that Custom will not serve to demonstrate the Art. And one cannot call that an art which cannot truly be demonstrated by operation. But they will neither believe this, nor take the pains to re-illustrate this famous Chirurgery, which hath been formerly in as great honour, as it is now in neglect. Yea, one may well be astoniished that so noble a science should be so degraded from its pristine reputation, that having been Anciently the favourite of Kings, and the employment and occupation of great Personages; It is now abject and prostitute to the der●sion of the most inferior of City and Country.  
What is there, I pray, more famous admirable or divine, than this holy Profession and yet you see how it is slieghted of every one? And (which is most destestable) by those very persons who are grown rich and fattened thereby, for if one propose unto them some most necessary rule, you shall have them immediately give the Title of Emperique by the head and shoulders, even to such as (being friends to nature) would conscientiously raise them from their weakness: for truly there is no profession wherein one ought to be more cautious of erring, then in ours of Chirurgery; in regard of its subject, which is a Humane Body, a beam of divinity; and yet notwithstanding some take the less heed to it, and blame the good design of others, and like Aesop's Cock slight the precious Stone, and scatch and scape into the Dunghill. Is it not a shameful thing to sleight things that are good and necessary & to run to I know not what ill-grounded practice, which is more Empirical than rational? I shall leave the judgement hereof to those who, stripped of all Passions, do know the errors which are thereby committed; particularly to those who practise Chirurgery, for if they err in the least operation, by much stronger reason must they needs err in the greater and most difficult; so I say, if upon all occasions they are at a stand in observations concerning Phlebotomy, they must needs be so by much stronger reason, in matters of greater Speculation.  
Object. But, will some one say, Do you think it an easy thing to know the motions of the Stars, and to number the Numerous motions of the Starry Spheres, to comprehend the Directions, Declinations, and Retrogradations of the Planets, for so small an operation as that of Phlebotomy? Besides, considering (say they) that these Chymericall observations, are so unprofitable, that most commonly they pay their Scrutators, with events no less distant from their expectation then the subject of their Science is from the Earth.  
Answ. To which I answer. That truly I find it most easy, in regard my Art obliges me, and my reason constrains me to it; but by how much, Sciences do seem to be difficult and arduous, they are by so much the more subjected to Calumnies and Censures; because the ignorant, and blind witted (seeing no further than the nose-end of their simplicity) do sleight all things that are difficult to their understanding. And as for that which concerns the small benefit of this Science: Stay here a little, you fanatique wits, you enemies of the Muses, insensible do-nothings, you mercenary Pipers; open the eyes of your understandings, be not like unto the Numean Lion, (killed by Hercules) which fed in the Forest of ignorance, making a General destruction of all that which was good, and conserving that which was bad. Confess ingenuously the excellence and worth of this Science, which discovers the wonderful effects of the ordinary motions of the heavenly bodies. For since that those who lop wood & dig in the earth (considering first the Position of Heaven) are not ignorant that many mishaps do depend thereupon, as worm-eating and corruptions, and the like; by much more strong reason ought we to observe the Stars, for operation upon so noble a subject as a Humane Body. Which also was well understood by those who do prohibit the provoking of the Menstrue in Women or Maids in all the four Quadratures of the Moon; not being ignorant of the power, which the Stars have over our bodies. I pray let us ask the Genethliaque Astrologers, if when Saturn and Mars do enter into Conjunction, they do not cause the Plague; alleging as a reason, that the said Planets do endeavour by all means to destroy man, whose radical humour consists only in heat and moisture, and their nature and faculty depends only upon dryness and coldness. But while I spend paper in this discourse, Me thinks I here a noise or buzzing of Hornets, who love nothing but dirty infectious places, I mean their own wills, who conducted by their ignorance, always turn about the pot, (as one may call it) of their old doctrine; (I say) me thinks I perceive these to scoff at my pen, perceiving I treat of an operation which hath been so learnedly deduced before our time, by some of the most sublime personages which antiquity hath produced.  
To this I answer, that (although one would think one could say nothing more upon this subject, there having been several Volumes of it) yet notwithstanding they are not performed with that method wherewith I treat of Phlebotomy in this place; not following the old opinions, because that would be nothing but singing the same song again; but discovering the fault which people daily fall into, in this so important operation, I describe a means so to behave one's self, that one shall very seldom fall into irreparable faults. Wherein I do assure myself, loving Reader, that, if putting off all Passions, thou dost come with a favourable eye to look on these Lines, (which proceeding from an honest Leisure, do run the hazard of Censure) thou wilt confess that it is not without great consideration, that I have put hand to pen, to a Treatise of this matter. Not that I have been provoked thereunto by any vainglory, but possessed with a good desire to serve the Public. And truly I should have believed I had failed of my duty, if having received something peculiar from the Liberal hand of the Almighty, I should not have distrubuted it to the lovers of true Learning. To the end that all their and my works, might be to the honour and glory of God, for the edification and health of our Neighbour, and to the salvation of our souls. To which God, Father, Son, and Spirit, be rendered all honour, and glory, for ever, Amen.   

A Treatise of Phlebotomy.   

A TREATISE OF Phlebotomy.  

CHAP. I. What Phlebotomy is. It's property, and of that which is to be observed particularly for the good performance thereof.  
MAny Philosophers both Grecians, Latins, and Barbarians after they had diligently contemplated all sorts of Animals, & curiously sought out their manner of living and compared their Condition and Nature with ours have writ that amongst all Creatures breathing and moving upon the Earth;  

Man is more miserable than all Animals and the reasons therefore.  
There is not any more Miserable than Man by reason of his unsatiable desire and disorderly Appetite: for continually he is hunting after new food, and having found any according to his taste, he devoureth them after such a fashion that I exceedingly admire that the bellies of many are not already rotten and infected by that excess of drunkenness and debauchery which they do commit. I am amazed in thinking of it. And what doth there proceed from it? except abundance of Rheums; Catarrhs, and infinite other kinds of diseases, which do nothing but adulterate change and corrupt, this second part of our generation, The treasure of life, the seat of the Natural heat, the matter or substance of the seed, and of the Milk of the Duggs or Paps, that is to say, the Blood: which is so well dispersed and mingled through all the parts of our bodies, that there is not any one of those parts which doth not receive its nourishment from it; and there is not any good thing in us which is not maintained and supported by It. It is the Mother of the spirits which does impregnate the seat of the faculties, for the maintaining the strength of the whole Body, which does foment and entertain its primitive moisture; It is so replenished with spirits, that the conservation thereof is the cause of our life; insomuch that some have esteemed that it was the proper seat and habitation of the Life, and that therefore our unruly wills accompanied with our (more than unreasonable) Debaucheries are causes that this continuance of our lives is almost wholly extinguished.  
One shall see nothing else in the Countries but Doctors and Docteresses for the renewing of this scource of our lives; so many bloodings made improperly, that I wonder that instead of helping their Patients, they do not destroy them.   

The diligence of the Learned Chirurgeon praised.  
Not that I would here blame the diligence of the Learned & skilful Physician and Chirurgeon, who as friends to nature do endeavour with all their might to preserve her in her health or integrity. And that by purging and cleansing, or evacuation; which last is not to be done but by incision of a Vein. This is called Phlebotomy 〈◊〉 word Compounded of the Greek words 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, which signifies a Vein and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, that is to say, division of whole parts.   

The derivation of the word Phlebotomy.  
Behold therefore why in particular this word is taken for making incision of a Vein by which evacuation is made of blood and other humours contained with it: Galen. 13. Method. Ch. 6. You must take notice that there are several sorts of bloodings; As of a Vein, of an Artery, Scarrifications and others: we will speak especially as to Phlebotomy.   

For what causes one should open a Vein.  
We make bloodings for six principal causes, The first. To Evacuate. Secondly, To divert turn back or make Revulsion. Thirdly, To Attract. Fourthly, To Change. Fifthly, To preserve. And sixthly to alleviate; which is according as all those who have treated of this matter have defined it. But let us content ourselves with these two Causes, (to wit) Plethorall and Chachochymicall: the one consists in nothing but too great quantity of humours, & the other in the evil quality.   

How far Phlebotomy doth extend its self.  
But the benefit of Phlebotomy doth not extend itself only to the evacuation of the fullness, (which ought to be made according to the kind or difference of it) but also to divert, and to drain which are the three sorts of evacuation. It serves also for great and extreme pains principally when they proceed from Tention, insomuch that all the learned Physicians and Surgeons do hold that blooding, is a most excellent & assured remedy, if the rules requisite thereunto, be therein well observed: yea more ready and secure then Laxative Physic, which being taken works immediately and forceth its operation, it not being in our power to hinder it.   

Phlebotomy more safe than purging Physic.  
But Phlebotomy (the Reins of the Conduct whereof we hold) doth nothing but what seems good unto us, forasmuch as we do stop it and draw it forth, when we please. And in truth, among all chirurgical operations, blooding holds the first Rank, because it is the Common remedy of diseases which proceed from Plethore, and cacochymy, as we have said before; both which are the Antecedent causes of diseases.   

What Plethore and Cacochymy is.  
Let us then define what Plethore, and cacochymy is, and then we will appropriate unto them Revulsion and Derivation.  
Plethore is nothing else then a repletion of all the humours equally increased, or else of the blood only.  
cacochymy is a repletion of Choler Melancholy, or Phlegm. Plenitude hath two kinds the one Ad vires, and the other Ad vasa; there is another added unto them called, Supra vires.  
The first, (to wit) Ad vires, Although that the blood be not excessive neither in quantity nor in quality, yet it may oppress the weak powers notwithstanding; the other (to wit) Ad vasa surpasseth the Natural Symmetry or proportion; But although the vessels seem to burst by reason of the abundance of blood, if it doth not suffocate the powers, but it happens that the strength is debilitated thereby; This than shall be (plenitudo supra vires), But it must be taken notice, that cacochymy is threefold, Choleric, Melancholic and Phlegmatic. Enough of this: for he that would see more therein let him read, Lafframboisiere in his [Loix de Medicine.]  
Let us now return to Revulsion and Derivation where we find there is great difference between the one and th'other, forasmuch as the Revulsion is to be performed on the Contrary part according to Galen.   

Galen in the 5. of his Meth. Ch. 5.  
If the right Nostril bleed, you must apply a Cupping-glass upon the Region of the Liver; but if both do bleed, you must apply two; th'one upon the right Hypocondre or flank and the other upon the left: and if the distemper be strong, one must breathe the vein under the elbow. If the mouth and the throat be distempered, open the Cephalique, and it is Revulsion, and if one draw blood from the veins under the tongue, it is Derivation; In like manner, if the hinder part of the head ache, you must make Revulsion by the vein of the arm, than Derivation by the vein of the forehead; also Revulsion and Derivation must be made on the same side, (if it may be); as, if there be a Phlegmon in the Liver, you must breathe the Basilique or Mediane of the right Arm; If in the spleen, on the left; If in the kidneys, the Bladder, or privities, you must open the vein of the ham or Ankles. If in the right Leg, on the Right Arm; Gal. in his 13. m. Ch. 11. and Aph. 36. d. 6. If in one Arm, on the other, and so of the rest, (if it maybe) as I said before; forasmuch as if there happeneth a Phlegmon in the Liver, and that the Right Arm should be hurt, one cannot nor ought not to take any blood from it, but you ought to take it from the other Arm, or from the Ankle-veines.  
Oribas l. 1. Ch. 22. Note that they Launce the Arteries, especially those of the Temples, to evacuate the hot windy humours which flow into the eyes and cause tedious pains of the head, vertigoes or swimmings of the head, which are principally caused by hot things and windy, and the Arteries behind the ears are for the same effect; Gal. 13. Metho. Ch. 22. One never lanceth the Great Arteries, as those of the Arms and other places; As well, because of the too great dissipation of the vital spirits, as because there can be no agglutination or knitting made there, by reason of their continual moving, we will speak more largely hereof, hereafter.   

Observations concerning blooding.  
It is time now to know who are they who ought to be blooded, and those who ought not so to be; Those who can easily bear such lancing & to whom it can do no hurt, are those who have a strong constitution, the veins big, full, & large, who are neither lean nor wasted, who have their colour good and ruddy, their flesh firm hard and solid: those who are of a contrary disposition cannot bear it healthfully; neither must one blood Children, before the age of fourteen; nor old men after threescore and ten; unless in case of great and extreme necessity; and considering this, That with the blood slides forth part of the life, which you must always do prudently, (measureing the greatness of the disease with the power of the Patient's strength) to the end that one may easily judge of the matter or substance, and likewise of the evacuation; but you ought not only to consider of the forces or virtue at present, but to know for the future if they will be sufficient to support the length and continuation of the disease: also you must observe, if those whom you blood have been accustomed to be lanced; For those who have not been accustomed to it, do not undergo it easily, Insomuch that Custom must be considered in all manner of evacuation especially as to that of blood. Moreover all those who have weak stomaches, or who are wrought on and oppressed by the Dyarrhe or looseness and flux of the belly, or who undergo some indigestion, ought not to be blooded also the women with Child ought to abstain from it, principally in their first and last months: also those who have used too great sobriety, those who are of a cold and Phlegmatic Nature, and those who Live in a Region or Air too cold or too hot, do not easily bear blooding. All things which weaken the powers, as horror and trembling, the immoderate use of venery, too great frequenting the bath, the flux of the belly whether it be by nature or Physic, great perplexity and care, watch, and labour and tedious diseases, do prohibit our use of blooding. For conclusion, whether to blood, or not to blood, All these things above mentioned, and several others, must be observed (which I shall here omit) for fear of being accused of writing any thing here, which hath been already long ago treated of by the more Learned: & somuch more for that reading their writings I lose my hopes of being able to say any thing upon this subject, worthy to see the light.  
All which would have been enough to have rendered my pen silent in this affair, if the greatness of the case, (which ought to be examined by divers writings,) together with a good will which doth move my affection to be able in something to serve in public, had not emboldened me unto it. And also to leave unto posterity some mark of my duty; And, that, as well, to solace and refresh the Memory of my Companions in Chirurgery (giving them also some entrance into Astrological observation) which few among them know.   

The Charity of the Author.  
As also, for the health and benefit of those who are to be blooded, having always preferred, the health of the poor sick persons who need blooding, or those who use it to preserve themselves from diseases, before the arriving to my own gain, and profit.   

The great error and Covetousness of some Phlebotomists.  
Many of the Surgeons of our time do let blood at all hours, at all times, at all seasons and all ages, without considering the power and strength of the party whom they Launce, (induced thereunto by this cursed desire of gain) never taking heed to the accidents which may come upon those who have been blooded, making evacuation of more blood than they ought, or else making operation upon the Member at the time wherein the Star is ruling or predominant there; insomuch that some are dead by reason of the undue administration of this Remedy, which hath cut of the use off their life; or if they be not killed thereby, they have fallen into a prolonged weakness, and their bodies are thereby cold, wan, and discoloured; and all this by the ignorance of the operant who will put himself to the performance of this so noble help of Nature, without being provided of all those things which are Necessary for him, as well gifts of the body and mind, as other external Instruments.   

Condition of the Phlebotomist.  
As to be young, well sighted, to have a steady hand, and exercised unto Phlebotomy, a good Anatomist to know the situation of the veins, and of other parts of the body; for without that, he will be like unto a blind man which cleaves wood. But it will not be from the matter to note here, that if the veins, should not be apparent, in the morning, you must not breathe them, until about one a Clock in the day, and then those who are able to walk, let them use a little Exercise, and then the most occult, and Invisible veins (as one would say) will appear. But I have not mentioned this here, except only concerning those who have small veins, and covered, either with flesh or fat; Also shall I not instruct the Chirurgeon to fill the veins by rubbings or bathing of the Member in warm water, Ligatures, and assuring the sick party not to put them to any pain, for it would be too Trivial.   

What Instruments are to be used in Phlebotomy.  
But I shall say (to return to our purpose) that the external Instruments by which this opeation is to be accomplished, shall be good Lancets of several fashions, Ligatures, Swaths, Bolsters, Red powder,  lint, to stop the blood if there be need of it, or with Cotton Pulverised according as we have shown in our [Chirurgie Chymique.]   

Default in Phlebotomists.  
This default especially is found in the greatest part of the Phlebotomists of our age, viz. That, of the knowledge of that so excellent & wonderful Astrology, without which it is as it were impossible to be able well to exercise Physic, or Chirurgery upon our bodies, which are by good right called a little world, for their having a great Sympathy with the great one, as I shall show hereafter by the help of God; as also the observation that ought to be made in the Concurrence of the Stars, and the influence of them upon our bodies, to the end that we may avoid those unhappy accidents which we see daily to happen to the share of those who have been blooded so inconsiderately. That which hath withdrawn me from picking and culling out, all the conditions requisite in this operation, as well for the Chirurgeon as for the sick person, and other things requisite thereupon, is, I not having intended to treat on this subject, except of the two principal points of this operation, under which two may be Comprehended all the rest, whosoever will explain them. Notwithstanding I shall content myself to have traced this little path for some one who (endued with a more high Style, and accompanied with a greater knowledge, provoked by one less than himself,) shall have had a desire to have the knowledge of this science appear (above the small knowledge which it hath pleased the divine goodness to give me) and to make the desires and lovers of true and perfect Chirurgery partakers thereof; Provoked (I say) by this desire, doth stretch out his sails of Eloquence to steer in a higher or greater Sea than I do. But winding up the thread of my discourse, I shall content myself, (I say) with these two principal Points, that is to say, the time of Necessity and the time of Election.   

The time of necessity from whence taken.  
That of Necessity is in all times and seasons, and at all hours, without considering any thing which may hinder, provided that the Necessity be certainly known to be the most strong or pressing, as I shall mention in its place.   

The time of Election from whence taken.  
That of Election, is taken either from the nature of the body of the party who ought to be blooded, or of superior, and external things; which ought to be a fair clear and clean day, and not Rainy, not by no means at new Moon, nor very near to the full. And rather in the spring then any other season. I shall declare also upon what parts of our bodies the Planets and heavenly Signs do particularly rule; also in what day or hour, in what time or season; To the end that having the knowledge of these things one may not commit so many errors in this operation, as are committed by the ignorant.   

Protestation of the Author.  
Protesting that I have not writ this Tract possessed with any other desire but to assist and help so many diseased persons, who die for want of being well comforted by this excellent remedy, and not to receive any glory thereby. But if I shall receive some one spark, I do Consecrate and dedicate it from hence forward to the Author of all things. To whom, Father Son and holy Spirit, be glory, honour and praise, for ever, and ever, Amen.    

CHAP. II. How the Chirurgeon ought not to be Ignorant of Astrology, and the profit that proceeds therefrom, as well for Phlebotomy, as for all the diseases which happen to humane bodies, The Sympathy of the Stars therewith, and other discoveries most profitable to Surgeons.  
FOr good cause did the Comic Poet pronounce this Sentence, which is worthy of great consideration, (to wit) That there is nothing more unreasonable than the ignorant man, who esteems nothing good, but the things which he doth himself, and of which only, he hath knowledge. The which I make mention of here, by reason of a Crew of Sophisters, who dare contradict the force which the superior bodies have upon inferiors, alleging that the Ancients never took heed to these foolish fancies as they call them, (which they urge) being ignorant that the great Hypocrates, did Prognosticate the plague which was to happen to the jyllnians. And that, only by the knowledge which he had of this Admirable and divine science of Astrology: By that means preserving a great number of the Inhabitants of Greece, who in acknowledgement of one so great benefit, did give and attribute unto him great honours, which he dedicated to Hercules. Besides having not read that the same Hypocrates restoring and increasing Physic, did so far praise and respect Astrology, that he hath demonstrated by knowledge, and concluded by reason, that Physic is maimed without the knowledge of Astrology, insomuch that the Athenians after his death caused his image to be engraven, after they had built the Notable Colleges, for Physic and Astrology Lectures. Plin. Lib. 7. Ch. 37. And particularly for one Berosus a great Astrologian, after the death of whom was erected (in the College of Athens) a Statue having a tongue of Gold, by reason of his Eloquence and great knowledge in Astrology. St. Jerome in his Epistle to Paulinus affirms the profit of Physic, Astronomy, and Astrology, for the preservation of mankind. St. Dennis the Areopagite, by means of this Science, had knowledge of the death and passion of our Lord Jesus Christ. Besides, it is sufficiently proved in the holy Scripture. Luke 22. where it is held forth that future events may be predicted by the order of the Elements, even the fair and rainy days, as also in St. Matthew, (St. Matthew, Ch. 16.) The whole text whereof I had inserted had I not feared to weary the Reader, and should produce many other Authorities, and examples drawn from the Doctors of the Church, (which the most studious could find out) to cheque the presumptuous, ignorance of the envious: for none can doubt of the verity and necessity of this Science, which caused Lycurgus the Lacedaemonian to cause, that in the Administration of the Commonwealth, the course of the Stars should be observed, and to ordain by express Law that the Laconians should not go to war before the full of the Moon. That Grand Legislator, Moses, had attained the perfection of this Science, as doth testify the Protomartyr, Saint Steven, in the Acts of the Apostles. And a fore Moses, the great Patriarch, Abraham, did esteem it in the Land of the Chaldeans: as also the Lybians, Indians, and Sages of Persia, reported by St. Augustine.  

The Ancients great Astrologers.  
Which is more; Do we not read that Pericles King of the Athenians and Emperor, delivered, his Army which was in Amazement from the Eclipse of the Sun, and this only by the only Science of Astrology, the practice whereof, if Ilicias had had, he had not lost his fair Triumphant Army in Sicily, being discomfited by a like motion. Which wound was not small to the Athenians, but the beginning of infinite misfortune. In short, to the end that such evils should not fall on the Romans, Sulpitius Gallus did prognosticate the Eclipse of the Moon, long time before, to the end that his horsemen should not be affrighted, and lose their courage by seeing these things: which are sufficient testomies to show, that this Science was known by the Ancients, as well Physicians, as Kings, Princes, and other great Personages, which I omit for brevity sake, to the end that I may produce that excellent book of Guidon of Caulias', whereof our Surgeons do make so great a Trophy. But it is only to keep it in their closet, or to make it keep the shop; for if they did read attentively the most profitable discoveries made therein, they would learn that then when he speaks of the Superior Root, and the inferior Root in his Treatise of Phlebotomy, that he understands or means by the Superior Root, no other thing but that the Chirurgeon be advised in times of Election, to know and choose what Planet or what Heavenly sign concurs, in that time or in such an hour wherein he would make his operation. Also that he know, whether the Star that Governs the part, be there in the the same time, to the end to obviate or discover the strange Accidents, which might be followed by death or great diseases, as Ptolemie saith in the twenty sixth Proposition. But they will say; This would be very good if there were a means to learn all these things in a short time. In regard that our life is very short, & the Art very long, as the Prince of Pyhsiticians Hypocrates hath well observed. Hip. Lib. 1. Aph. 1.   

Ex quovis ligno non fit Mercurius.  
It is true, I agree with you: behold here the reason, wherefore all wood is not fit to make an Image of Mercury of. Since thou dost acknowledge thyself not to be fit to comprehend all that which is necessary to be known to a good Chirurgeon, why dost thou not forbear to exercise this so excellent, and so admirable (yea more divine than humane) Science of Chirurgery, knowing well that we shall render an Account before God of all our Actions. And it will not then serve for excuse to say, You had not a means to exercise any other calling, having had some entrance in this. And what progress is it, to make a beard for a Peasant though with a thousand scratches? to pull out a tooth, with a thousand pain? to know how to spread a Plaster like a Plasterer or Mason? and so many other miseries, which are committed by the malicious igrance of many, all which I leave, that I may not be seen to go out of the line of my discourse, And say that beyond the great profit that Surgeons do gather from the knowledge of Astrology in this operation called Phlebotomy; It serveth yet very much to the healing of diseases, which come upon our bodies, also for gathering of Plants, and to dig out the Metals and Minerals out of the bowels of the earth; of which one may prepare by the Art of Alchemy, most healthful remedies; and administer them to the diseases which come into our bodies, by the mixtion or meeting of the three principal simples, whereof all bodies are Composed, (to wit) Sulphur Mercury, and Salt; from which three substances, all the diseases that proceed there from are called by their proper names, as Sulphereous, Mercurial, and Saltine: the which not making to this matter are contained in another Volume. In his Little Chemical Chirurgery.  
But some one will ask me why are such names given to all diseases; Making this question, because they are ignorant (as they confess it publicly) of the three first substances, whereof all bodies are composed, which are (as we have said) Sulphur, Salt and Mercury. Which substances Hypocrates. Hip. Lib. de vet. med. Doth call in man; Bitter, Sweet, Salt and Moist: One whereof, (to wit) the Moist as being more apparent, he hath divided into four parts, which he calls Blood, Choler, Phlegm, and Melancholy which is but the third part of that which constitutes the matter. And which also gives us to know the diseases growing by its depravation. Lib. de Genit. But the two others, his being silent, or letting them alone neglected hath buried the knowledge of diseases which are of their essence, which is the reason they are held incurable, if they do not determine by nature. These three substances are demonstrative, and by consequence may be Anatomised; but the four humours, not. Which things, or the like caused that pretty sentence to be pronounced by Fabius, that the Arts and Sciences would be happy, if there were none but wise and good unfolders, who should give the judgement.   

The Common opinion of heading, rejected.  
But to answer and clear up what is above mentioned, I say, that it is material, not only to know them in their true Anatomy, with their original and cause; but also, to give understanding what ought to be the Remedies, and the nature of Medicaments necessary for their cure: so that the Common opinion doth not please me in any wise, which saith, Diseases are cured by their contraries. That is to say, the hot distempers by cold Medicaments, and the cold ones by the hot, be it either in such or such a degree; which doth not seem unto me any way considerable. But rather regard aught to be had above all things, to the specifique virtue of Medicines, against every disease, because to heal well, one need not take great pains upon accidents, (As one who would extinguish the fire, doth not take pains about the smoke,) because the disease being taken away, the accidents discontinue. Notwithstanding, if the Accidents surpass the disease, in this case one leaves the disease to take heed to the Accidents, as in the great Haemoragie (or flux of blood at the Fundament:) Oh thou second Hypocrates (divine Paracelsus) what great obligation have we unto thee; but rather, what obligation have we not unto thee! for having conducted us even to the perfection of Physic. If the Learned Galen were living, I am certain he would say, (seeing the Books of Parracelsus) as he did formerly when he saw the books of Hypocrates, [Let us begin at them.] And I believe that instead of disparaging them, (as many Jack-Apes do,) he would give an entire explanation of them; which Apes, neither will nor can, take the pains to find out new remedies, for the poor afflicted sick persons. Therein doing as a bad Shoemaker shooing e●ery man by the same Last: for in truth I am confident, there is a Thousand and a Thousand of those who say, that a hot remedy must be used to a cold disease, who know not to render a reason wherefo e it should be so done. But I will insist upon this, and do ask, Wherefore names are given to simple vegetals, which do also belong to several parts of our bodies, As the little Leaves and flowers of B●thonie to the head. Mirabolans, Citerinae; Alleluga, or Sorrell; and Mellifol, or Balm, to the heart. The Pulmonaria or Lungwort, to the Lungs. The Hepatica Lichen or Liver-wort, and the Jecoraria to the Liver. The Aspelnum to the Spleen. The Vmbilicus Veneris for the Navel. The Calamus Aromaticus, and Cassia fistula, for the Intestins. The Vesicaria for the Bladder. To the hands, the Palma Christi. The Plantain or five-Nerve, to the Nerves. Savina to the Veins. For the Tibia, and the bones, Legeranium Ossisana. Mace, for the Matrix. For the Teeth, Dentaria: For the Throat, the Cervicaria and Vlmaria. To the ears, the Leaves of Asari, and so of others. Will you answer me, That because they have some kind of agreement with those parts, that therefore by consequence, they have some kind of property contrary to the Maladies that seize upon such parts. Courage! I will wager, (oh rejoice, the Ape who sought to devour this holy Science is taken his own self) that he cannot escape. But tell me, consider a little the qualities of these simples, with the cause of the Maladies that happen in these parts, and you shall find, That men have not amused themselves to give names to these Plants, for any cause but the Sympathy which they have with them, giving relief and succour to those parts, when wrought upon by diseases or Maladies. And this is done by the property which they have to drive out such or such a Malady, and strengthen the part affected; and not by reason of their heat or cold. And therefore it is that we see in Pestilent fevers, they give some Theriaque or Mithridate which are of a hot quality, having in no wise respect to the Favour which is caused by heat.   

Medicaments prepared by Chemical art, are more wholesome than Common ones.  
But to the end that such Medicines be powerful, well tempered, and altogether friendly to Nature, recourse must be had to Quintessences very dexteriously extracted from every compost, whether Vegetal, Animal, or Mineral, according to the specific; virtue which nature hath given to every one of them respectively. The same thing might I say as to Metals: for, what means this pleasant harmony, with the heavenly bodies? if they had not some agreement one with the other; as also of the principal parts of our bodies, with the Celestial, and the Metals?   

The Harmony which the heavenly bodies, have with our humane bodies.  
As the Sun in the middle of the 7. Planets; so is the heart (which is subject to it) placed in the middle or man, for the first and last mover, having within itself the Artery beating without rest; which is the Ecliptic of the Zodiac: (wherein the Sun continues without rendering itself Erratic), which hath as a centre to its sphere, the Navel, and the Continent thereof, and from the Groynes to the Furculary bones, the neck Comprehended, and lends to the Mass this part of the Lyliaste, called vital power. And as the Sun is the most excellent above all Planets, in like manner also he hath agreement with the most excellent of all Metal, viz. Gold.  
Let us proceed and speak of Saturn the Centre of whose Spear is in the Arteries, and who hath for its Region the Cavity of the Conduits, the Ligaments, Nerves, Marrow, Joints, the bone of the head, the forehead, the hollow of the eyes, and the upper part of the Nose; and for its entire body, the Spleen: and there placeth the receptive faculty, and hath Sympathy with Lead, as his true Legitimate Child.  
Let us come to Jupiter who hath for his Spherical Centre the Lungs, and for its Region the windpipe, Trache, or Artery, the Muscles serving for respiration, and the Skin of the head, and from him his natural virtue hath Communication with Tynn.  
Let us speak of Mars, who hath for his Centre the bag of the Gall, and for Region to his Sphere, hath the face from the eyes downwards; the palms of the hands, the sole of the foot and the neck of the Matrix, where he sows the Irascible and expulsive power, and adjoins to Iron.  
Then Venus extends her rule and her Sphere upon the vessels destined to generation, and gives the Concupiscible faculty and pleasant tickling doth Communicate her power to Copper.  
Afterwards comes the Sphere of Mercury, which spreads itself in the interior of the stomach, comprised in the Superior Orifice, wherein fear hath its place, and sorrow in the Inferior, and laughter in the small Guts, and for Centre to its Sphere hath the Liver; where he plants the Fantastic virtue, and hath power over Quicksilver.  
Lastly, The Moon possesseth the bone of the back, the shoulders, the Loins or virtue in venery; and retains for entire body, Brain, giving the growing virtue or power, and having Silver for her Inferior.   

You must draw Metalique Medicines, for the Maladies of the same kind.  
And it happening that one of those parts become depraved, it appears, and is made known in the place of its Emuncter, and then I pray will it not be necessary to extract Remedies from Metals, to heal Metalique distempers without enquiring sophistically, whether they be hot or cold diseases. Wherefore it is, that we see Mercury to be the true Alexipharmacon, of the poison of the Pox; being as it were like in quality to the essence of this disease. But how much effectual would it be, if the pure of it were separated from the impure.  
From these things we do first learn to know the Metalique Maladies, with their original, when any of the inferior parts of the body of man is diseased; & secondly, from whence their most specifique and Neighbouring Medicines should be drawn, and those of the greatest virtue; which without all doubt is from the seven above named Metals, and from each of them being appropriated to its Malady, As to the disease of the heart, the Medicine of Gold must be taken: to the Maladies of the brain, the Medicine of Silver: to those of the Liver, the Medicine of Quicksilver: to those of the Lungs, the Medicine of Tin: to those of the kidneys, the Medicine of Copper: and to those of the Call, the Medicine of Iron.  
All which things are not of small worth or consequence, then when they are brought to the sublime degree of their perfection, the preparation whereof lies only in the art of Chemistry. An Art truly divine, and whereof so many new persons date give their opinions so leightly, without knowing the very habit of it; Notwithstanding their ignorance makes them calumniate this so admirable Art, for it is hard for a blind man to judge of Colours. From hence it appears, that the bodies here below are ruled by the Superiors, as true and Lawful fathers of them. But in regard I have not intended to treat more largely of these things in this place, as not making to the subject taken in hand; and also in regard, as I have said before, I do desire (God assisting me) to discourse more amply of it in my Treatise, the Chyrurgie Chymique Medicinale. Reg. 2. Ch. 5. I shall pray all young Surgeons withal my heart that they will lend an ear to these things, and embracing my counsel to reject the old opinions, from whence we see so many miseries are come, they being directly contrary to true Physic: And let us not fear to be punished like Asa and Ochasias for having rejected it, who suffered thereby.  
Lib. de lege. Hypocrates saith of this time, that Physic was so be clouded by those that exercised it, that it was slighted and rejected, as well by reason of their abuse of it, as by the people who esteemed them Physicians, and reputed them like unto Players, who by their gestures and habits represent the persons who they are not.  
In Epist. ad Democrit. The same Hypocrates confesseth of himself, that though he had attained unto old age, he had not attained the end of Physic: since he doth acknowledge that he had not had the perfect knowledge of it, of necessity there rests something further to be known of it, To wit, whether he that shall find out the rest, aught to be rejected.  
Galen (6. de la Metho.) is not backard to give himself the glory, of having invented several Medicines unknown, and not in the practice of men before him. Let us not then reject Novelties, then, when they are for our benefit and profit, if we may call Novelty such an Art as is as ancient, as Espugerie. In which, in truth, one can make no great progress being ignorant of Astrology, which is very requisite and necessary to this chirurgical operation, called Phelebotomy, considering which I have undertaken this small Treatise. For if our good Master Guidon, (of whom the whole Aca demique School of Physic and Chirurgery make so great esteem) hath not despised it, but, as he saith in his Treatise of Phlebotomy, hath made a whole book of it: which book is not to be found through the injury of the times, wherein he discourseth at large of the observation of the Stars for this subject; by much stronger reason we who pretend ourselves his Scholars ought not to slight it, but to embrace and cherish it with all our heart, to the end that we may commit no error in performing this operation.  
This little Treatise will serve you therein, for a guide by means whereof you shall never fail or at least not often, if you take heed thereunto, Culling and gathering out that which is worthy of observation: which doing, you will therefrom receive a great consolation, according to God. To whom Father, Son, and Spirit, be honour, and glory, for ever, and ever, Amen.    

CHAP. III. Of the time of necessity, wherein are shown the Maladies, in which Phlebotomy doth necessarily fall.  

Chirurgery is the most certain part of Physic.  
CHirurgery, being one of the most noble and comely parts of Physic, as well for its certainty (for its operations are assured); as for that it hath been in all times exercised among the Greeks, by their Princes and great Lords, hath great extent, and contains many more things than the Vulgar people do imagine. It is ordinarily divided in five parts. The first concerns tumors, which the Common people call Apostumes, which are Maladies increased in quantity and greatness. The second is of Wounds, which are defined to be, Dissolving of continuity made in the soft parts, fresh and bleeding. The third is of Ulcers: and the fourth of fractures which belong to the bones. And the fifth and last of Luxations, which is when the bones are out of their natural place.  
All which Maladies in the cure of them do require the ofttenest, amongst the remedies, that of blooding, without which the cure of them cannot be perfectly accomplished, as also in several other sorts of Maladies, which we shall name hereafter, wherein the necessity of Phlebotomy is requisite and necessary, Blooding may well serve in th' one and th'other, but it is not necessary unto them, but when necessity compels; We will here discourse briefly of them all; to the end, that the young Chirurgeon may know what Maladies require blooding, and which not.   

In what Maladies blooding is useful.  
So that for a great pain in the head, which is in the hinder part of it, we Launce the veins of the forehead; in Squinancies, they breathe the vein under the tongue. Phlebotomy is necessary to all affections or Maladies which take away the breath, and strangle one; and to those which cause one suddenly to lose their speech: Also to all great Contusions either of the internal or external parts, as to full from on high or to receive a blow. Although the power or force were but small, and though the blood be peccant neither in quality not quantity, you must use the blooding. What Delire is. Galen. 2. Aph. 2. In the Apoplexy, Plenresie, Burning fever, presently and in the beginning of the Delire, which is nothing but a depraved and errand motion of the imagination, hurt; you must let blood, provided that the powers be strong enough, and the age suffer it, and the season, and region. Lib. 13. de Metho. Ch. 2. And although that be not yet provided that the power be a little strong. Also such a one who after a fall vomits blood, you must blood presently; otherwise the blood may jelly or clott if one suffer it to rest, and grow cold. You must not blood the sick person in the Rigour of the seavor, for he that doth it, is the Cutter of his throat. But if the  doth not increase, and also doth not decrease, and we do not hope for any declination of it, in such a case you must not lose this only occasion of blooding, although it be worse than in the declination of the fit. In the hand-gout and the foot-gout, one may open the veins of the foot or the hand; & for the Migren the Arteries and veins of the Temples: and by this evacuation of the blood, which floweth with the Arthritique powers, and the boiling spirits, which evacuate, the pain presently ceaseth. But in the intermitting , blooding aught to be not after the third access, or fit, as Galen would have it; but in the beginning: but this evacuation of the blood ought to be understood to be if there be Plethory in the body, and fullness of the vessels: and for the breathing and refreshing of the Mass of humours, for otherwise there should be no evacuation of the blood, because it is the bridle of the Choler.  
In the quartain , or (again) if the blood do abound, you must take some from the Mediane or Basilique of the left Arm, or from the splenique vein, with this Caution, that if the blood do show itself black and dull or thick, you may let it run, but on the contrary you must stop it presently, if it show itself fresh and well coloured.  
In the cure of the Fehris Synochus, a continual favour, the benefit of Phlebotomy causes the opening of the belly, and the sweatings to issue forth very abundantly, a thing much to be wished in this kind of fever, which moved Galen to say, that one ought to bleed in this case, even until Lipothemie: but notwithstanding fearing that one should let slip the soul with the blood, one ought rather to reiterate it several times, as much as the strength of the sick party can bear it; even in the burning fever, espece de Tierce continue, one ought to blood in a good quantity, if the powers, the age, and other Circumstances do permit.  
In like manner, you ought to blood, in the quartain fever, (Glistering first): for the doing whereof Artificially, you must open the vein of the left Arm, which hath more Communication with the Spleen, to which the most part of this fever is often heaped. We say also, that in Pestilent fevers, we must not indifferently (as is done presently when they see the person struck with the plague) prescribe him blooding, which hath been often times the cause of the death of an infinite Number of persons: but if the matter be urgent in quantity, quality, and Motion, I must draw a conclusion, That in the Plague occasioned by the viciousness of the Air, with fullness of blood and humours; Blooding I say together with purgation are there necessary, which is held forth by the saying of Celsus, Cells. Lib. 3. Ch. 7. That forasmuch as the Plague is an Active and Tempestative disease, you must quickly use remedies even with rashness,  
Wherefore you must consider, if the person infected hath a burning fever, and great repletion in the Conduits, and that the virtue be strong, which may be known by the veins, being full and stretched, the eyes and the face greatly inflamed, also sometimes in spitting blood with great beating of the Arteries of the Temples, pain in the throat, pain or difficulty in breathing, pricking or shooting throughout the body, with exceeding heaviness and dulness, the waters or urine being red, thick, and troubled, in such case you must blood presently, to help nature, to discharge herself, lest the natural heat be suffocated by the abundance of blood. Then you must rather breathe the Basilique vein of the left side, than the right, because the heart and the spleen are much affected in this disease, and take abundance of blood thence, according as you shall see necessary, always having respect to the power and virtue of the sick person, and taking heed not to blood, whilst the shivering of the fever is upon him.   

Observations in blooding, for the difference of the disease.  
But you must here take notice, that in such a repletion of blood, blooding must be otherwise performed in a simple Pestilent seaver, than in that which is accomplished with a Bubon or Carbuncle: for if the one, or both together be conjunct with the great and furious seaver, than it is requisite to open the vein nearer to the Apostume, or plague soar, and according to the rectitude of fevers, to the end, that thereby the blood may be draw a forth, and evacuated directly, in regard that all retraction and Re●ulsion, of infected blood towards the Noble parts, is prohibited by all good Physicians and Surgeons. But enough of the fever, until we speak of Symptomatiques. And beginning at Tumours in general, I say, that if there be repletion in the whole body, you must purge and blood, and besides makes frictions and Bathe. As in the Cure of the true Phlegmon, you must divert the flux, which will be turned away, if we take away the cause thereof, to wit, the Chachochimie or Plethory, which is to be done by purging first, but chief by Phlebotomy.  
Come we now to the Erisipela, for if it be in the face, and doth possess it very much, Phlebotomy is very necessary to it, which must be performed upon the Cephalique vein; in like manner Phlebotomy is necessary, if there be some portion of blood mingled with the Choler: but if it be in any other part, and be not in great quantity, and be made of pure Choler, Phlebotomy is not necessary, because the blood is the Bridle of the Choler, as we have made mention before: besides, the Cancre is cured most commonly by purging and Phlebotomy.  
For the Tumours in particular being a Parotide, we say that Phleb. is therein very necessary, specially when there is redness in the part, which demonstrates great inflammation & abundance of blood, also for the kernels great, and swelled, you must purge, but specially purge and apply Cupping-glasses, behind the shoulders with scarifications, to the end to obviate the accidents which may come thereupon, as suffocation and consequently Choking.  
The same remedy is necessary to the Tumour or inflammation, and relaxation of the Wula, called by the Latines Collumella.  
Also for Esquinancy, the Chirurgeon ought to be ready and prompt, in regard this disease doth not give great Leisure, wherefore he must blood the sick parts on the Basilique on that side where the fluxion is, and the same day on the veins under the tongue to evacuate the Conjunct matter.  
Let us speak of Felons, or whitlows, the curing whereof consists only in blooding and purgations; but yet notwithstanding further according to the prudence of the good Chirurgeon.  
Come we now to Wounds, wherein for the Little ones there is no great necessity of blooding; but in the great where there is danger of fluxion, or where the body is replete, as in wounds of the Joints, Tendon, Nerves, and where one fears pain, raving, and inquietude; yea also when they are accompanied with a fever. And as for the Spasme coming in Wounds through repletion, it must be cured by inanition, and that by the good government of purging food, and blooding, and for a resolutive remedy, friction, and sulphured baths.  
As to particular Wounds, if there happen in those of the head, with fracture or contusion, a Continued fever, and Raving with great phlegmatic inflammation, accompanied sometimes with the hurting of the Pericrani●; 'tis then that you must take abundance of blood, but yet therein the Chirurgeon must consider the strength of the Patient, concerning the motion of the Brain, (the Chirurgeon seeing that the bone is not fractured, but doubts that there is some vessel broken within) let him presently take some blood from the Cephalique vein, on that side is hurt, in a good quantity; having regard to the distemper, present and future, and principally of the strength as I have said before, and other things which ought to be considered in blooding.  
You must take notice, that in wounds by Gun-shot, there doth not come forth much blood, wherefore the day after he must use revulsive Phlebotomy, and take so much blood as is proportionable to the fullness of blood; and the strength of the party; and he must not fear to make aversion of the blood towards the noble parts, so long as in such wounds there is no venomous quality.  
As to that which concerns the blood of great Contusions within the body, it must be evacuated either sensibly or insensibly, which insensible evacuation is done by bloodings, Cupping-glasses, or Scarrifications, or by Horseleeches, and that upon the same day, or the next morning.  
And unto this Hypocrates seems to agree in his book of Fractures; in saying, if any one is fallen down from on high, the same day one ought to give him Physic or blood him: and Galen saith upon this subject, that if any one is fallen from an high place, although he have but little blood, (or nor enough), It is so that some of that blood must be drawn from him to prevent it from coagulating and corrupting in the inner parts of the body, being out of his proper vessels; and in the cure of the Gangreen, one part of its curing lies in Purgation and blooding. If the habit of the body be Plethorique or cacochymical.  
Besides, for curing the scald or Leprosy, if those who are infected with such a disease, be of a sufficient age, they shall be blooded, and over and above purged and blooded.  
In the cure of the Ophthalmie, or inflammation of the uppermost skin of the Eye, the Chirurgeon must propose three points. The first is the regulating food. The second is evacuation of the Antecedent matter. And the third is the application of Topical medicaments: two of which I shall let alone, as not conducing to this subject; and shall only say, that he who ought to evacuate the Antecedent matter, shall perform it by purgation and Phlebotomy, and by Cupping-glasses, applied to the shoulders, in like manner for the Vngula.  
In the beginning of the curing, whereof you must use purgation and blooding; especially if there be great inflammation.  
And which is more in the cure of the Mydriasis, which is no other thing but a dilatation of the pupil of the eye, either occasioned naturally or by accident; its cure consists in nothing but applying upon the eye, repercussive things, and to appease the dolour or pain●, and prohibit the defluxion by regular diet, but specially by Phlebotomy, Cuping-glasses, frictions, and other things, which one shall see beneficial.  
For the pain in the Teeth occasioned by fluxion; one may let blood for evacuating the antecedent matter, and all by the advice of a good Chirurgeon.  
In the preservative cure of the Stone, especially if there be repletion, you must evacuate as well by Medicaments, as by Phlebotomy, and vomiting, which is a singular remedy to prevent the Stone. And if one should come to take it out, you ought to purge the patiented well, and blood him two days after he hath taken the Physic.  
In the small Pox or Measles, diseases which are very frequent in Children, you must in no wise blood them, unless there be great plenitude, or some Complication of some disease, (as a Pleurisy, Ophthalmie, Esquinancy, and such like) or if it be not at the declination of the disease, or at least the first or second day of sickness, at the furthest.  
But you must take notice, that in several Maladies, you must not attend until the Malady appear, to the end, to use Phlebotomy afterwards, (as Galen saith,) but you ought to foresee it, blooding them in the Spring, as we shall discover in the Part concerning Election.   

Necessity hath no set time for blooding in.  
Finally, for the Necessity to use Phlebotomy, or not to use it; I say, that then when the disease requires it, and that necessity presseth, one may blood at all times, in all seasons, and at all hours, be it night or day, always considering the power and strength of the patiented, the quantity and quality of blood taken out, carrying one's self in all the Phlebotomique operations above instanced, with a sound Judgement, accompanied with knowledge and experience; In the contrary practice the Chirurgeon will very hardly arrive to his proposed end, in regard that then when he shall understand it to be necessary to use Phlebotomy, when the saving of one's life is in dispute; and that he finds himself all alone, not able to consult with any body, concerning the disease, he ought not to present before himself any obstacles; whether of the quality or greatness of the Person, or for fear of making the operation without advice, for that will hinder him in making a good operation, because fear coming upon him, and causing his hand to tremble, is sufficient to hinder such an effect of the operation as we expect. The Plebotomist, aught to be bold.   

Times of Election divided into two.  
Let us come now to the time of Election, which is divided by Guidon into two parts, (to wit) the inferior Root, and the superior Root: meaning by the inferior root; The disposition of the body, of the time, the Region, the Custom, the force, and strength, and so of others. And by the superior Root; the observation in the Concu●●●●… of the Stars: which time of Election we shall deduce briefly, not having undertaken to discourse of any other things here, save that. Yet, as I have said before, I will do it as succinctly as possibly I can, by the assistance of the grace of God. To whom father, son, and spirit, etc.    

CHAP. IU. Of the time of Election for the inferior root, and of the superior root, which reaches to the knowledge of the Stars, as well in the concurrence which they have to the parts of our bodies, as upon the humours and Maladies which happen therein.  
THe Astrological Science is so admirable, that it hath caused all the Philosophical Physicians, as well Ancient as modern to say, that it is most necessary to Surgeons, to have the knowledge of it; as well for the advantage and profit, which one may extract therefrom in several respects, as for the necessity of knowing the concurrence of the Stars upon the bodies, the influence whereof the Surgeons ought to observe punctually upon our bodies, in all his operations, especially in that of Phlebotomy. And all those who have Treated thereof, have observed two times, as we have said here before, (to wit) the time of Necessity, and the time of Election, in which time of necessity the Chirurgeon will know how to regulate himself, according to the discourse before inserted; Now it remains to speak of the time of Election, which according to the doctrine of the good Guidon, we will divide into two parts, to wit, the Inferior root, and the Superior root.  

Observation concerning the time of Election.  
Now the Inferior root may be thus understood. First concerning the concoction of the food, it must be throughly performed, before you let blood, (if you have eaten lately before): Also if ones blood be gross, it is necessary before bleeding, to use a little exercise for the subtilising the blood; or at least that one take some kind of things which have the faculty of subtilising it, which are, the syrup of the herb Calamint, and such like; In the second place, one must consider the force, and the strength, the temperature and the necessity of him who ought to be blooded, to the end, that the re-iteration thereof be not performed sooner, or latter, then is necessary, choosing a serene day, and not subject to inconstancy, clear and not dull not rainy, in the spring, and in Autumn, making choice also of a wind which is uncertain, as if it be in Winter, you should take a day wherein the southwind blows.   

A Digression.  
But some one may demand here, If the winds have any power over our bodies, that we need to make observation of them. To which I answer, that experience lets us see the effects, which they produce upon our bodies, as the Plague, the Coqueluch, (a new disease which troubled the French in the year 1510 and 1557.) Pleurisy, Aposthumes, Catarrhs, Fluxions, small Pox, and scabbiness or the Itch: also so many venomous Creatures, as Frogs, Toads, Locusts, Caterpillars, Spiders, Flies, Hannetons, Snails, Serpents, Vipers, Snakes, Efts, Scorpions and Asps. Yea in all hot and moist times, if the Southwind blow, Meats will Corrupt or taint in less than two hours, let them be but fresh; wherefore one need not enter into doubt, that humane bodies enter in affections contrary to nature, when the seasons pervert their qualities, by the evil disposition of the Air, and the wind that is mingled within them. Unto this I will adjoin, that which the great Hypocrates hath truly pronounced.  
Hip. in his preface of Prognostic, and Galen in his Comment. [That the Air hath (I know not what) of divine in itself] in regard that it doth (in blowing through the Universal World) encompass all things contained within it, and doth nourish them miraculously; sustains and supports them firmly, and entertains them in an Amicable union; the whole Symbolising with the Stars, into which the Divine providence is infused; which changeth the Air according to his pleasure, & gives unto it power as well over the mutations of times as the natural bodies. And therefore the Philosophers and Physicians have expressly commanded us to have respect to the situation of places, and to the Constitution of the Air, and concurrence of the Stars, when you are in agitation for the preserving of health; Or to cure the sick, in which cases the motion and change of the Air is very powerful.  
Hip. his third book of Aphorisms Ch. 5. and 17. The same Hypocrates affirms our bodies, do receive great alteration by the vicissitude of the times and seasons of the year, as by the Southterne wind, which doth render us subjected to all sorts of Maladies, which acknowledge moisture for their first cause, and it doth enfeeble our natural heat, which (in the opposite case of a cold and dry wind) doth fortify itself, and is rendered more vigorous, and doth in like manner render our spirits more Subtle and Active.   

A pretty observation, upon the winds and our bodies.  
Besides, there is ascribed to the four principal winds, four Elements, four humours, four seasons, and four ages. The South wind or Auster doth in quality participate with Tender years, then to fire and Choler, and also to Summer.  
Austraphricus, or a middle wind betwixt Auster and Africus, participates of the stronger years, of the Air, of the blood, and the spring.  
Subsolanus, or East wind, particip●tes of the more Grave years, of water, Phlegm and Winter.  
Favonius, or West wind, to the more decrepit and decayed years, to the Earth, the melancholic humour, and to Autumn.  
I should have insisted longer upon the property of the winds, but that I have treated sufficiently of it in another place, In his Book called Grande Chirurg. and have only spoken of it here, to show how they have power over our Bodies; and therefore, not out of rule or order, if we observe them in Phlebotomy Elective. But returning to our purpose, we say, that if the Veins be small, you must stay till ten of the Clock in the morning, for at that time, they appear better then at six a Clock: such are the veins of the Tongue, of the hands, and the feet; observing also to let blood in the winter, on the left side or part; and in Summer on the right, as saith Guidon. The reason thereof is, saith he, because the humours which at those times, we endeavour to evacuate, are properly in those parts; it being true also, that the cold humours do rule most in the left part, and the hot humours in the right: behold therefore, why in Winter (which is cold) we draw blood from the left part, and in the Summer from the right.   

The Region must be observed in blooding.  
In like manner, the natural habit of the Body ought to be considered in the emptying it of blood; for we do largely empty those who have large veins, and who are not too lean, nor too whitely or pale; nor have their flesh too tender; but on the contrary, we do less empty those who have but little blood, and the flesh tender: in like manner, you must have respect to the Region; for if it be very warm, as it is in France, the Country of Languedoc, and Provence, in this place, you must make no great evacuation, the like must be observed in the cold Region, because that the natural heat being emptied out with the blood, the Region doth chill the body too much, and the hot Region by its heat, doth debilitate the strength, for this very reason, the Summer season, nor the Winter, are not in any wise, fit to breathe a vein in, but the most proper time, is the beginning of the Spring, (because it is temperate) breathing the vein in the morning, (not immediately) upon your wakening.  
Besides, you must consider the former life of the Patient to wit, whether he you are to blood, have used great quantity of meats or drinks, principally, of such, as give great nourishment; for if so one may blood them boldly, but (if on the contrary) not so much; notwithstanding, to those, who are too full of excess, and are drunkards voluptuous, or Gourmandizers, never put your hand; for truly, one doth not help them much, by taking blood from them, because by their intemperance, they immediately heap up abundance of humours.  
Also one ought not neg igently to let slip the Custom of bleeding, for those who have 〈◊〉 themselves to it, do undergo it better than those who have not: so that by very good r●●son, one may blood those, who have lost the benefit of evacuation of excrements, by having forborn accustomed exercise.  
But enough hath been spoken concerning the inferior Root, let us speak now concerning the superior; for as Galen saith, (in Libro de Criticis diebus) and also as Philosophy saith, The inferior World is governed by the superior, so that it is necessary for Surgeons, to consider the Influences of the seven Planets, also of the Signs, and other heavenly bodies, to the end, that having the knowledge thereof, he may take heed of blooding in the part which is possessed by one of these Signs; which Planets and Signs, we will put in order, according to the parts of the Body which they possess.   

Upon what maladies the Planets rule.  
In the first place, Saturn cold and dry, hath respect unto the melancholic humour, and upon the maladies composed of melancholy, and by consequence, rules over the Spleep.  
Jupiter hot and moist, hath respect to the blood, and upon the maladies caused by blood, and from that reason, governs the Liver.  
Mars, hot and dry, hath respect to the Choler, and upon Chollerique Diseases, and by this means, governs the Cystis felix.  
Sol, hot and dry, governs the Heart.  
Venus, cold and moist, extends her power upon the Vessels appropriate to generation.  
Mercury, of a temperate Complexion, is indifferent to all the humours.  
Luna, cold and moist, hath power principally upon the Phlegm, and Phlegmatic maladies, she rules in the brain; but her power is extended much further, in that which concerns her property for elective blooding; for she being delivered from her hindrance, and in Conjunction with Jupiter Venus and Mercury, in the sixth, third, and fourth opposition, in her own sign, it is excellent for blooding.   

The Aspects of the Stars ought to be observed in blooding.  
On the contrary, it is not good to let blood, the Moon being in Leo, or in 12 degrees before, or after the Dragon; and principally, you must take heed, that Saturn be neither in opposition to, nor conjunction with her, or Gemini with Mars; for such Aspects are very dangerous, but the Moon being in conjunction with the three Planets above mentioned, which is Jupiter, Venus, and Mercury, it is very good: Pisces and Sagitarius for the Phlegmatiques: the first part of Libra, for the Melancholic: for the Chollerique Cancer and Pisces, and their contraries, which are Leo, the second part of Libra, and the first of Scorpio: the others are indifferent and mean for Phlebotomy; notwithstanding, we will speak more particularly thereof hereafter.   

Division of the times of the Moon.  
But here it is worthy of observation, that the Moon, (the Mother of humours) is divided into four parts: The first is from the Conjunction, or new Moon, unto the first quarter, signified by Gemini, which continues seven days, wherein it is good to blood young Children.  
The second, is, from Gemini, until the Opposition, which is the full Moon, 7. days more, wherein it is good to blood the young and active, about the age of 20. or 30. years.  
The third, is from the opposition to the last part of Gemini when you may blood the strong and ancient, from 30. to 60. years.  
The fourth part of the Moon, is the last 7. days of her last Gemini, wherein you must blood the decaying, who are above 50. years old, only in cases of necessity; but in whatsoever Aspect the Moon be, you must not make incision on any member, nor touch it with any Instrument or Cauterizer, either actual or potential, if the Moon be in the Sign, ruling that member: You must take notice, that the third quarter is best for Phlebot. Besides, the first quarter is hot and moist, the second, hot and dry; the third, cold and moist, and the fourth cold and dry; 'Tis true, that at all times, the Moon is effectively cold and moist; but in her several quarters, she doth acquire several Complexions, according to the several Aspects of the Sun, so that we say, Every one ought to be blooded, in that quarter wherewith he hath most agreement, or likeness; and the first quarter, gins after the Conjunction of the Moon with the Sun. But you must here take notice, that by Conjunction we mean, when the Sun and Moon are in the same Sign: And by opposition, or full Moon, we mean, when the Moon is in one Sign, and the Sun is in an opposite Sign in the half of the Zodiac.  
But the Aspects of the Moon are Conjunction, Opposition, Quadrate, Trine and Sextile, marked by the Astrologers, after this manner.  

Conjunction in this manner. ☌  
Opposition thus. ♂  
Quadrate. □  
Trine. △  
Sextile. ⚹    

The propriety of the twelve Signs, upon the humane bodies.  
Besides, we consider in the eighth Sphere, which is the Starry Heaven, (and which is called the Zodiac) twelve Signs; whereof three are of the nature of fire, which are Aries, Leo, and Sagittarius, proper for Phlegmatic persons, (except in the burning parts above mentioned) Signs which pass by eight Degrees, unto the thirteenth degree of Sagittarius, and doth strengthen the attractive faculty.  
The other three are of the nature of water, to wit, Cancer, Scorpio, and Pisces, very proper for choleric persons, good to comfort the expulsive faculty, and to administer Laxative Physic.  
The other three, of the nature of Earth, which are Taurus, Virgo, and Capricorn, very good to sanguine persons, and good to comfort the retentive faculty.  
The other three, participate of the Air, to wit, Gemini, Libra, and Aquarius: these are very proper for melancholy persons, and good to cherish the digestive faculty. But for the knowing upon what parts of our Bodies the said Signs do rule, we will set it down in order; to the end, that the Chirurgeon commit no error therein; for the day and hour wherein they concur, you must have recourse to some good Almanac, Ephemeris, or rather to the Ephemerideses of Origan, which will continue yet, until the year 1660.  
You must take notice here, that I send you to the Ephemeris, to know in what day, hour, degree and minute, the Sign will rule; for it is out of my design, to teach it you here, or to know their Ascendant Conjunction, or Oppositions, good or bad, although in my Book called (Grandee chirurgery) I speak of it largely enough, wherefore I say, you shall have recourse to the Ephemerideses: In the mean time, I will pursue the declaring upon what parts of the body the Stars do rule, with their proprieties. And in the first place, Aries is hot and dry, of the nature of fire, he governs the head and face of a man; and it is good to blood, when the Moon is there, unless it be in the part which the Moon governs.   

The parts wherein the Signs rule together, with their property concerning blooding.  
Taurus is cold and dry, of the nature of the Earth, and governs the neck and Windpipe; and it is bad to make use of bleeding, the Moon being in that Sign.  
Gemini is hot and moist, of the nature of Air, and governs the shoulders and Arms, and hands; is ill for blooding.  
Cancer is cold and moist, of the nature of water, and governs the Breast, the stomach & Lungs, and is indifferent: neither too good, nor too bad for blooding.  
Leo is hot and dry, of the nature of fire, and governs the back and sides, and is ill for blooding.  
Virgo is cold and dry, of the nature of the Earth, governs the Belly and the entrails, is neither very good, nor bad for blooding.  
Libra is hot and moist, of the nature of the Air, and governs the Navel, the Reins, and the lower part of the Belly; good to blood in.  
Scorpio is cold and moist, of the nature of water, and governs the parts for generation, is neither good nor bad.  
Sagittarius is hot and dry, of the nature of fire, and governs the Thighs; is good to let blood,  
Aquarius is hot and moist, of the nature of Air, and governs the Legs; is neither good nor bad for letting blood.  
Pisces is cold and moist, of the nature of water, governs the Feet; and is neither good nor bad to let blood.  
Aries, Libra, and Sagittarius, are very good; Virgo, Scorpio, and Aquarius and Pisces, are indifferent; Taurus, Gemini, and Leo, and Capricorn, are evil.  
Yet we say, that the Moon being in Trixe, and Sextile with Venus, it is a good time to purge Choler by Electuary; with the Sun, 'tis good to purge Phlegm by drinks with Jupiter, 'tis good to purge melancholy by Pills.   

Division of the Signs.  
Furthermore, you must take notice, that every one of the Signs, is divided into 30. Degrees, from whence it follows, that in the whole Zodiac, there are 360. degrees; and again, every degree is divided into 60. minutes, and every minute into 60. seconds, and every minute into 60. thirds, and so of the rest following, until ten.   

The rising and setting of the Signs.  
Besides, you must take notice, that when we have the longest day of Summer, which is to say, then when the Sun is in the beginning of Cancer, there arises six Signs in a day, which do rise directly, and in the night six Signs obliquely; And on the contrary, when we have the shortest day of the year, to wit, the Sun being in the beginning of Capricorn, than six Signs rise in a day obliquely, and the six of the night directly; but when the Sun is either in th' one or th' other Equinoctial point, than they rise, three Signs directly, and three obliquely in a day, and in the night in like manner: For there is a Rule, that let the day or the night be long or short, as you will, six Signs rise in the day, and six by night; so that either for the length, or the shortness of the day or night, neither the more, or less Signs do rise. For the knowledge of which Signs, you must take notice of the Characters following, as the Astrologers mark them.  

Aries with such a Sign. ♈  
Taurus such a one. ♉  
Gemini such. ♊  
Cancer. ♋  
Leo. ♌  
Virgo. ♍  
Libra. ♎  
Scorpio. ♏  
Sagitarius. ♐  
Capricornus. ♑  
Aquarius. ♒  
Pisces. ♓   
Let this suffice for the discovery concerning the 12. Signs, let us come now to the 7. Planets: whereof we should here make a Table or Figure; but because we have sent the Reader to Ephemerideses, in relation to the Signs, we will do the like concerning the Planets, contenting myself only in this place, to set down their Characters, for the discovery of the more easy understanding them, and their differences. Behold then how the Astrologers mark them; 

Saturn thus. ♄  
jupiter thus. ♃  
Mars thus. ♂  
Sun thus. ☉  
Venus thus. ♀  
Mercury thus. ☿  
Luna thus. ☽    
Here follows the difference of the Planets, as well for purging and blooding, as for the making other operations upon humane bodies.  

Most good. ♃ ♂  
Indifferent. ☉ ☽ ☿  
Bad. ♄ ♂    

The Chirurgeon must Encounter the Stars.  
And you must take notice, that then when Mercury is with a good Planet, he augments its goodness, and with a bad one its Malignity: wherefore it is that when one is wounded, you must take notice whether Mercury be not with some bad Planet, which rules the part wounded; and if so, than the Chirurgeon must Encounter the Stars, and so you must mind these things, but most especially in blooding; to the end that (we having done nothing improperly through our negligence) may have an occasion of praise and , to the Author of all things: to whom Father, Son, and Spirit, be honour, and glory, for ever, Amen.    

CHAP. V That it is necessary that the Chirurgeon have the Astronomical figure in his study, or in his shop; and of the profit that proceeds therefrom, as well for the sick persons as for those who exercise it; which is proved by a History, and other examples. As also, that it is better to keep & cleanse the blood then to evacuate it. With the description of two admirable remedies, for this end.  

The good desire of the Author.  
I Should desire by good reason, as well for the profit of those who search relief or Remedy from Phlebotomy, as for the spiritual contentment of those that practise it, (to the end that the whole, might be to the honour and glory of God) that every Chirurgeon had within his shop, the Astronomical figure, as formerly the Ancients had; and who had recourse unto it, then when they would know the Domination of a Star, on the part whereon they were to operate, observing with all their power the rising and setting of the above mentioned Signs, and their constellations; insomuch that the Ancients have not found it to be unprofitable. Of the truth whereof (among several of them) Arnoldus de villa nova, shall be a most faithful witness. Therefore I shall again hearty entreat the Surgeons, that they would take heed unto it, and not to pretend that their Art is subject to Calumny; seeing it is they themselves, which are the cause of their arts being so Calumniated, whilst they neglect that which is most necessary to be known in their profession, to wit, Astronomy.   

The ignorance of Astronomy is, cause of great evils.  
Insomuch that not having the knowledge of it, there doth arrive many evil Accidents, and the vulgar being ignorant of the causes of them, do Calumniate and slight all the Judgements of Surgeons and their (so admirable) Art together. See how it is weighed and esteemed at nought and contemned by the ignorant, and all this by reason of the small care which Surgeons have to mind it well. But, to show that the knowledge of the Stars is most necessary for a Chirurgeon, I will insert a History which may serve as an example to those, who shall know well how to put it in practice.   

A Remarkable History.  
It happened that at Chatellerault, a Chirurgeon having blooded a Maid in the right arm, in the time when the Moon passed under the sign of Gemini: on the next day about noon there came upon her a great defluxion causing inflammation, with a fever: at the same time this Maid goes complaining to another Chirurgeon, saying, that one had spoiled her, & had pricked her Nerve, & that it rendered her a Cripple, using revile concerning him that had blooded her: they appeased her as well as they could, promising her, it would be nothing, and that she should be suddenly cured, applying unto her at the same instant a Cataplasm, continuing Cataplasm upon Cataplasm, and making Revulsion by blooding; but notwithstanding all they could do, the Arm became extremely swelled, yea to the danger of her person: insomuch that in a short time, the same was known through the whose town, and behold here the Poor Chirurgeon is so disgraced, as not to be ever received into any house upon any occasion whatsoever, (the present age is so scruplous, being ignorant of things how they may happen). Which he seeing, resolved to frame a rational excuse to defend his reputation, and to maintain his innocence, which he did when there was a pretty Company together, in the house of the said sick person: his reasons were these. That she was upon the point of her Terms, and that her body was Cachochymicall and full of humours, and that at the time when she was blooded, she helped at the washing a Buck, and also to do other business of the house, and other things which might excite defluxion and attraction in the part, having been blooded before; for if so it had been, said he, that I had pricked the Nerve or Tendon, the Accidents would have appeared in the same instant, as convulsion, Spasm, great pain in the part, difficulty in the Action; none of which happening, (saith he), one may thereby judge, that it was none of my fault.   

In Lunar purgations, the vein of the Arm must not be opened.  
But that is contrary, for his reasons served to fight against himself; for since she was upon the point of her purgations, he ought not to have been so rash, as to have opened a vein on her Arm, but rather the Saphena for provoking them, and several other reasons which rendered him mute, confessing as it were by his silence, that he was in fault; but if he had known how to have discoursed or argued, concerning the science of Astronomy, he had been heard attentively, in regard that was not vulgar to them. Notwithstanding, continuing to dress the Maid, she was cured in three weeks, but not without having endured a great deal of pain.  
I have been willing to relate this story, (which happened in the year 1613. in the said Chastelerand in the shop of a Chirurgeon named Bureau, to the end, I might induce and provoke the Chirurgeon to learn the Constellation of the Stars, with all his power, for otherwise it is impossible that he should come to his intended end of Phlebotomy, Elective; without some dangerous accident, which I have seen happen several times: but for brevity sake, I shall pass on.  
Yet notwithstanding Guidon dela Nanche speaking of blooding in his Tract, [Dela Santé Corporelle] saith, that he hath seen several expert, and famous Surgeons of his time, as well at Paris and Mont-pelliere, as at other good Cities of France, and at the Court, and Armies-Royall, let blood, which hath caused swell in the Arms, and other parts which have been blooded, and many other evil accidents, which (as he saith, flattering himself) did arrive by the fault of the Patient, pulling back or throwing up his Arm, through fear, or sudden apprehension, or by having lain upon his Arm after blooding, or by sleeping, or by having wrought, or exercised the Arme. In the second Tome, lib. 2. Chap. 16. He here deceives himself exceedingly, for if he had searched further, he would have found that it is rather the fault of the Phlebotomiser, than the Phlebotomised; for in regard they are ignorant of the concurrence of the Stars, and of the hour and time wherein they govern the part, they commit these blockish and irreparable faults.   

Objection.  
This is also for answer to that which may be objected. That several sick persons are blooded at the same time, and yet they are not ill: It may be so, but I say, that if there happen no Malady in the part touched with the Lancet, yet there happens other Symptoms, as vomiting, weakness, vertigo, Giddyheaded, souning, nocturnal pains, and sometimes death.   

Accidents arriving in blooding, through ignorance of the Stars.  
Objection.  
But (may some say) that is by reason of the great evacuation of blood. To that I answer, that experience lets us see every day, that when there hath not been drawn out, perhaps an half ounce of blood from the patiented, that he falls into some one of these accidents.   

Objection.  
Yes (but will some reply) that is because he hath conceited such a thing but who hath ever heard say that, that which one hath premeditated, (it may be a day or two before) is capable to do us hurt, when we come to effect it? It cannot be in anywise wherefore let us leave all these Trifles, and let us follow verity.   

Objection.  
But (will some one reply) the knowledge of the Stars with the observation of them, is prohibited?  
To that I answer, That in truth if one should believe that the Stars had Sovereign power over men, he would be worthy of Censure: but we do not find in any place, that any person hath ever been blamed, for knowing and observing the elevation of the Stars.   

Advertisement of the Author.  
For Conclusion, I shall content myself, to admonish the Chirurgeon Phlebotomist, to behave himself wisely, with reason, in the extraction of blood, for it is the treasure of life; insomuch that you had better conserve and cleanse the blood, then to evacuate it inconsiderably; in regard that doth shorten our days, and is the cause of several other Accidents, as we have said elsewhere.  
But, will some say, By what reason would you make use of the extraction of blood, [in the time of necessity,] as when a man falls from on high, in great Contusions of the interior and exterior parts; or when one hath received some dry blow, or in the Pleurisy, and other Maladies, whereof you discourse, in your [time of necessity.] To that I answer, that it is true, I discourse of it, for three causes, which induce me to discourse of it, in that manner. The first is the honour and respect which I bear to the Hippocratique Doctrine, and that of Galen, for having been nourished therein, ever since my young years.  
The second is, because by that means, I would give to understand, (as I shall show in a book which I will make apart from this) the agreeing reason and affimity, that there is between the books of Hypocrates, and Galen, and those of Paracelsus, as I have made one Chapter thereof in my [Petite Chirurgie Chymique.] The third reason is, That so the Learned Chirurgeon may make use of it, as he shall know to be necessary; for since in all his operations, he ought to follow Nature, he ought also to take special heed to maintain and preserve Her, and not to alter her, as he doth in the emission of blood, which is the Treasure of Life, as before I have said.   

Definition of the Pleurisy.  
For, I pray, how can it be possible, that the blood, which is out of its vessels spilt, in capacity of certain parts of the body, yea even Clotted and Coagulated therein, can re-enter into the vessel to be evacuated by blooding, for example, in the Pleurisy which is a tumour made of subtle blood which comes out of the vein Azuges, stopped between the Membrana pleura, and the Muscles Mesopluri; in the curing whereof they prescribe Blooding, Glisters, Syrups, Tablets, and other like remedies. But I ask what is it that blooding serves for there? seeing that the blood (which as we have said is out of the veins) cannot enter thereinto again, to be thereby evacuated; I know well, that they will answer me, that the matter, continued in the same place, doth not enter into the veins to be evacuated; but that they use it for the hindering of any more, from flowing into that place; and also that the Medicaments given inwardly, do work more easily. Oh this is a pretty doctrine, for the healing of a patiented! to weaken nature, (which one ought rather to corroborate) for the rendering her more strong; to strive against the disease, for curing the Pleurisy, they evacuate the good and pure blood, which ought to be preserved for maintaining the strength of the Patient, and leave the impure blood in the body, which ought to be taken away.  
I will not therefore say, that blooding being performed in the beginning of the true Pleurisy, is not profitable, but is very necessary being performed opportunely: but (oh unfortunate time!) I have seen those who in all the seasons of that Malady, do not forbear with too bold a rashness, to evacuate this Treasure of the life.  
But, to the end that none may continue any longer in this error, and that I may not amuse myself by disputing in these things, therein following Galen, who is not willing that one should dispute neither of Apollo, nor of Aesculapius, but that one should endeavour to enlarge the Doctrine, for I know that one may allege Sophistical Arguments to prove falsities, but it must be to those who know not how to guard themselves from them; I shall only say that Hypocrates understood well what he said, when he affirmed, that by probable and subtle fictions in Physic, there did often happen great and heavy falls. From whence one may perceive that Physic is fallen so miserably, having been called (by its own props or upholders) opinionate, or subject to opinion, and Conjectural. (616. Precept. Com. 2 Aph. 2. de Comp. me Secund. loc.) That the verity thereof cannot appear but by subtle Arguments, and that is is incertain. This is it which hath induced Galen to reprehend Hypocrates for having called Physic Conjectural, which he had need to do, seeing it is neither Conjectural, nor imaginary, but on the contrary, Scientifique.  
So that as a kingdom divided against itself, cannot stand, can Physic subsist when the supports thereof are divided among themselves? That is it which hath given occasion to the Vulgar, to slight it, as it is slighted. But wherefore do we assemble seven or eight, as well Physicians as Surgeons, for consultation upon one disease, which if it be known, what need is there of opinion upon it?  
In short, either the Science of Physic is True, or it is not True. If it be true, its rules are certain. But it is true, that it is true, because it is of God's Creation, and God and nature make nothing vain: It follows then, that its precepts are true. Which Hypocrates perceived, although he was an Ethnique, in regard he saith, the Philosophical Physician is like unto God; but he cannot be so, who follows not Truth. That is it which I desire to follow, avoiding, to the best of my power, Sophistryes, which are the only causes of nourishing falsities, wherewith (to my great trouble) our Chirurgery is replenished. But to the end, as I have said before, I may not keep the Reader in such an error, I give him two Remedies, for all sorts of Contusions, Dry-blowes, Bruises, Phlegmatick-Swelling, blood clotted, or congealed within the body, by reason of a fall from some high place, In which, from these two Remedies borrowed from Paracelsus, one shall see a very great effect, without running to Phlebotomy, as many who follow the ordinary error do. One may by these serve himself to his own great honour, the benefit of the Patient, and to the Glory of God.  
Of these two Medicines, the one you may take inwardly, when you suspect there is some quantity of blood spilt and coagulated in the inner parts of the body; and the other is to be applied outwardly, when the Phlegmatic Tumour appears to the sense of the eye; and both of them together may serve, as in Pleurisy, Eshimose, (collection of Corrupt matter, within the body, between Breast and Lungs) Empyeme, and such like, as I intent to mention in the book which I have heretofore promised, by the assistance of God.  
Let us come now to the description of these two Remedies, which are as followeth.   

A Remedy for the external Parts.  
℞. Flowers of white Mullein M.j. flowers of St. johns-wort M. iij. root of Asclepias or Swallow-wort M. ss. Mumie ℥ j fresh oil Olive Lib. ij. There bentine al. Turpentine Lib. j White-wine Lib. iij. which you must boil together on a soft fire, for the space of five hours, than you must afterwards put it into a Glass well stopped, and set it in the Sun, leave it there for the space of a Month or six weeks; than you must strain the whole through a piece of Cloth, and Squeeze well the dregs; & you shall have an oil, incomparable for the effect above mentioned, which you must keep carefully, and therewith anoint the part, evening and morning.   

A proper Remedy for the Internal parts.  
Rec. of good Rhubarb, ℥ ij. Mumie, ℥ ss. Red Gum, Lackwit, Sperma Caeti, ℥ j Bolarmeniack, and Terra Sigillata, an ℥ ss. root of Asclepias ℥ iij. you must beat them all to powder, of which you must give the weight of a drag. with the water Florum Tiliae, Tilia is a tree bearing fruit as great as a bean, round & in which are seeds like to Aniceseeds, some call it the Linden tree, or the like, for it is most good to take away the Phlegmatic tumour, as well within the body as without. There is no necessity of discovering any other of these Medicines, now, because it is not my intent in this place, for I have not brought in these two in this place, but only to show that one may cure these kinds of Maladies, and several others, without having recourse to Phlebotomy, of which Medicines the Learned Chirurgeon will know how to make use according as he shall see occasion; and will invent others, according as necessity shall require. But above all, I entreat those who shall read this little treatise, that they will not slight it: for I have not taken pen in hand, to Teach; but to give wholesome advice and Council for the sick, and most necessary for the augmentation of the honour, (which the true Surgeons aspire unto) and which is more, to provoke to do better, as I have said elsewhere; to the end, that doing and pursuing from good to better, we may go into heaven with God: to whom Father, Son, and holy Spirit, be honour and glory, Amen.    

CHAP. VI Of Veins to be blooded for several Infirmities which come upon men's bodies; also of the use and benefit of Cupping-glasses, with scarification, and without scarification; what must be observed in that Operation; & lastly, of Horsleeches.  
ALthough it is true, I have with good reason here before said, that it is not needful to blood for all maladies, and at random without any consideration, as is done ordinarily: yet I shall not omit to describe the number of the veins, proper to be blooded, with the benefit of opening them: together, with the use of Cuping-glasses and Horsleeches; for I shall thereby please the Galienists and Paracelsians; and it is also the end which I have respected.  
Let us begin then at the Vein, in the middle of the forehead, which is between the two eyebrows, usually called Recta, sive preparata, the breathing of that vein is good against old Infirmities, for foul Ulcers, Leprosy, scabbiness, Morphew, Inpetigine, in Maladies of the eyes, in old continuing pains of the head, in the affections of the brain, in madness or raging.  
The two veins of the Temples, are proper to be breathed in the Megrim, in the great pain of the head, in continuing maladies, old Inflammation of the upper skin of the eye (called Ophthalmy) in cloudy dulness of mind, watering of the Eyes, Pimples, or Scabs on the Eyelid.  
The veins of the little corners of the Eyes, which makes a little extuberance upon the Os Jugale, are to be blooded against the same Maladies, as those of the Temples.  
The veins behind, or round about the ears, which appear in the hollow place, behind them in the place, where (if you put your finger, you will feel pulsation) is to be breathed, for the Megrim, old Cathars, the scald, for reviving or repairing the memory; for Ulcers of the Ears or Neck, for clearing or mundifying the countenance, for the pain and defluxion in the teeth, for the pains, and ripe imposthumes and Ulcers of the Head.  
The Vein which is between the two Cartilages of the Nose, for the Frenzy, in acute Fevers, old pains of the Head, the old redness of the Face, for the trouble of bleared Eyes running with water; for dulness or heaviness in the Head, for Hemorrhoides, the itching, or tickling of the Nose, and Aposthumes thereof.  
The veins under the Tongue, which are called Ranulles, for Aposthumes of the Throat, and the mouth, for the Squinacy, (you must first blood the Cephalique) for the heaviness of the tongue, for the Apoplexy, and for all pains of the teeth, for the pain and malady of the gums, for Cathars, and other defluxions of the Head, for the Cough, for the spots of the face, and in the passions of the Jaws.  
The vein, which is between the Chin and the under lip, for the stinking of one's mouth, for the corroding, breaking out, and for chapped lips, or soreness of the gums, for Ulcers of the Nose, for an ill complexioned face, for the pains of the Dugs, or Paps, and for the pain of the Head.  
The two veins of the neck, called Jugulary Veins, th' one on the right side, and th' other on the left, for the Impetigo, or Ring-worm, for Serpigo being Pushes, and angry read wheals, the Noli me tangere; for the Cancer Corrosive, in the swelling of the Gums for the Squinacy, for the Asthma, for a hoarse voice, for the Aposthumes of the Lungs, for the Passion of the Spleen, for the pain of the sides.  
The Cephalique Vein which they call humeral, Cubitall between the thumb and the forefinger, one may make incision of it, without any danger in the superior part of it, in the bending of the Arm, against the infirmities of the Stomach, and the shaking in the hand.  
The Median, in the bending of the Arm, between the Cephalique, and the Basilique, which is commonly called black, and the vein of the heart; and this is for the evacation of all the humours, in maladies of the whole body, principally those of the heart, and strengthens the stomach, or appetite, for all the Passions of the stomach, of the Liver, of the Spleen, of the Lungs, of the Breast, and of all the Body.  
The Basilique, called the great Basilique of the Liver, for the Spleen, the Breast, the Lungs, the Stomach, the Liver, abundance of Choler, and for the heat of the Liver, for the pain of the Teeth, of the Back, of the sides, parts laterales, and of all the members, for the Hemorrhogie of the Nose, for the itching and pricking in the skin, and in Fevers.  
The Salvatella, called the Splenatique vein, between the Auricular, or little finger, and the Medicus (otherwise called the Ringfinger) declining towards it; the breathing of that vein, to wit, that on the right hand, is prevalent in the affections, and obstructions of the Liver, and that of the left hand, in the stops of the Spleen; in short, the one or the other, is prevalent for the pain or the Heart, Yellow Jaundice to all Fevers, to the obstruction in the breast, for the yellowness coming in the eyes.  
The Apoplectique, or vena poplitis, which is at the bending of the knee, for the provocation of the Menstrue, for pains in Arms, for affections in the Loins, for the provocation of Hemorrhoides for pains in the Blather, for passions in the testicles, for the infirmity of the feet, for all maladies of the Articulations.  
The Ischiadique, or Sciatique Vein, under the Vein which runs across the outward Ankle of the Foot, called Maleolla, or round about it; for the pains of the Ischium, or hipgout, the Foot-Gout, Leprosy, Varices or Veins swelled with corrupted blood, for pains in the Bladder, for the difficulty of Urine, for Ulcers and swell of the Testicles, in Ulcers and Tumours of the Kidneys, and other evils.  
The Saphaena, under the interior Maleolla, or Ankle, vein of the Foot; yea, which runs a cross it sometimes; for all the passions of the Matrix, for all the affections of the Testicles, old scabbiness, salt Phlegm, for the griefs of the Cox. & tibia, It strongly provokes the Menstrue and the Hemorrhoides; for the purging of the Vterus, after birth of a Child; it takes away barrenness; for the affections of the yard, for the derivation of blood from the Matrix, Yard, and Testicles.  
The vena Tarsi, appearing and ending about the great Toes, for the vices of the Bladder, to the faults or spots of the Face, inflammation of the upper skin of the Eye, called Ophthalmia; for redness of the Eyes, blear-eyedness, running with water, being red and soar; for the Cancer, for the Varices of the Tibia, with corrupt matter, and for the maladies near the Saphena.  
The Vein in the middle of the Foot, is to be blooded for pains, or maladies in the Kidneys; for the weariness, and dull heaviness of the Members of the Body; Apoplexy, Palsy, and Epilepsy.  

Of Cupping-glasses, and of the benefit of the use of them in general.  

Intentions for which one should apply Cupping-glasses.  
Every one knoweth well, what Cupping-glasses are.  
They are to be applied, where blooding cannot well be performed; some are with scarrifications, and others without it; those with scartification, are for the evacuation of a matter Conjunct in one part; and the other is, to make attraction; they are also applied to make revulsion and derivation in several parts; as for deflexion into the Eyes, the Cupping-glasses are to be applied upon the shoulders; for the flux of the blood at the Nose they are to be applied to the Hypocondryes.  
Besides, they being applied without scarification, are good for diverting of Aposthumes from the Noble parts, to the ignoble parts; and to draw the heat to a member debilitated by cold.  
They are to be used in the Cholique, being applied above the Navel, or under it, for easing of the pain, for drawing from the Centre to the Circumference.  
To evacuate the windiness, to stop the Hemorrhoides, to reduce the members into their place.  
For the pain of the Matrix they being put upon the Navel, the part being first well warmed.  
For the immoderate Flux of the Menstrue, if they be applied about the Region of the Paps, at the same time.  
Also for the Flux or bleeding at Nose, (as we have said already) being applied upon the Liver, if it be the right Nostril that bleeds; and if it be the left Nostril that bleeds, you must apply them to the Region of the Spleen.  
For drawing pestiferous Aposthumes from the Interior parts, and in venereous Bubons.  
For diverting the blood which flows immoderately to one place.  
To stop the Fluxes of the stomach.  
For the drawing out of Poison, and for the coldness of the Ventricle.  
But in the use of them, you must consider four things.  
First, the matter of them.  
Secondly, The manner of applying them.  
Thirdly, The time.  
And Fourthly, The Intentions and parts to be applied to.  
In the matter, you must consider three things.  
First, The substance, which is either of Horn, or of Glass, or Metal, or Earth.  
Secondly, The quantity of them, which is great, mean, or little.  
And Thirdly, The Figure or Form, which is Circular, or round, and somewhat long, like a Horn.  
The manner of applying them, is with fire, or else without fire, and that with scarrifications, or without scarrifications, (as we have said) deep or superficial.  
The time of the Application, is either necessary, (which being) there is nothing to be respected, or Elective, and then you must take heed, that it be with the necessary regularity proposed by Guidon.  
Concerning the intentions we have spoken enough thereof already before.  
Notwithstanding, you must take notice, that the Attraction of Cupping-glasses, doth not depend upon any natural faculties of them, nor of any similitude, but upon an accidental virtue of hindering of the Vacuum.  
This Attraction is made, when the fire for want of ventilation, or breathing, (being choked) doth degenerate into Air, and possesseth less room then when it was fire; for, as the Philosophers say, one little part of Air, produceth ten parts of fire; and on the contrary, ten parts of fire turn themselves into one part of air; so that nature to supply the place of the fire, contracts the flesh, the Spirits, and the humours into its place.  
Finally, the parts whereupon the Cupping-glasses are to be applied, are the shoulders, the neck, the hinder part of the Head, the Hypocondyres, the Reins of the back, the stomach, the Matrix, the Thighs, the Buttocks; for the better understanding whereof, we will mention them more particularly, and distinctly, together, with the maladies wherein they are profitable.   

Of the use of Cupping-glasses, as to the parts or places, as well with scarification, as without it.  
In the first place, Cupping-glasses being applied upon the Head, are very commodious in madness or distraction, scotomy canicie, manginess, scabbiness, knots or pimples in the eyes, and in the maladies of the nape of the neck; but they do prejudice the Intellect, and the memory, because they do stupefy.  
They being applied to the forehead, do help very much in the pain of the hinder part of the head, in the heaviness and swelling thereof, in all affections of the brain, for madness and distraction; for old infirmities of the face, Ring-worm or Tetter, Ulcers, Leprosy, scabbiness and Morphew, for all the maladies of the Eyes, and for the Vertigo, or swimming in the Head; but they do prejudice the reason and Intellect.  
They being applied to the Chine, are very profitable against Pustules, and swell in the mouth, for maladies of the Teeth and Gums, for the Spots and viciousness of the face, for Wens, for swell in the throat, for all maladies of the Jaws.  
They being applied between the neck and shoulders, are very commodious for maladies of the face, of the neck, Teeth, nostrils, eyes, for the stinking smell of the mouth, for Ringworms or Tetters, for the Squinacy, having first opened the Cephalique, or median vein, but they do prejudice the memory, and cause the head to shake.  
They being applied between the shoulders, in the part against the heart and stomach, are very commodious in the affections of the Breast, in the maladies of the neck, for the Asthma or Spasme, for the trembling or quivering of the heart, and for the blood in the throat; but they do prejudice the stomach and the heart: the which in its trembling, doth not send forth the blood.  
They, are to be applied upon the breast in the pain thereof, and for the Asthma, on the Region of the Liver, for the Inflammation thereof, upon the back, for the pains that happen therein, over against the part grieved.  
They being applied upon the stomach they avail much in swell thereof; and when it is grown cold, and for the humours and viciousness thereof.  
They being applied upon the hands, are prevalent against all the distempers of the Head, Eyes and Ears.  
They being applied upon the reins, are prevalent against the Apotemes of the Coccix, Sabbine, so Hemorrhoides, Gout, Leprosy, for the itching of the back, and scabbiness there; for the windiness and coldness thereof, and other distempers for the winds in the Bladder.  
They being applied upon the Navel, are prevalent against the Maladies of the Matrix, and for the Colic.  
Upon the Hypocondries, to draw back the Impetuous issuing of blood at the Nostrils, and for immoderate Flux of blood from the Uterus.  
They being applied to the Loins, stop the Hemorrhoides, and cause the pain of the back to cease; as also of the Matrix, and of the Loins, to repress the too strong desire of Venery, to heal the scabbiness and Aposthumes within side of the Thighs.  
They being applied upon the Buttocks, do cleanse the blood, and are beneficial for the cure of the white Menstrue, for the pains of the privities, and of the Loins and the Breast.  
In the Interior part of the Coccyx, for the Aposthumes of the Testicles, in the Issues, or sores of the sides, and of the Coccyx.  
They are to be applied on the hinder part of the Coccyx, in Aposthemes, and running sores of the Buttocks.  
They are to be applied under the Ham, or bending of the knee, for the pulsation of the sinew, near the knee, which turns the Leg inwards, which is occasioned by a cold humour, and for Ulcers and running sores of the Feet.  
They being applied to the fleshy parts of the Thighs, they do good to all the parts of the Body; for the Tumours, or swell of the Buttocks, and for Aposthemes thereof; for pains of the Reins of the back, and the Bladder; for Fluxions in the Eyes, for affections in the Head, for cold Aposthemes, and tremble of the knees, for maladies of the stomach, or breast, pains of the back, for Aposthemes of the Testicles, for wounds and ulcers in the Coccyx, and in the privy parts; yea, in the old pains of the Matrix, for purging the Matrix of its superfluities, for the Aposthemes and sores of the hands, to provoke the Hemorrhoides, and the Menstrue; for the Sciatica, Gout, and Vertigo, or swimming in the Head.  
I should have spoken much more of the utility of Cupping-glasses; but I forbear for brevity sake. And come now to speak of observation concerning the manner of the use of them.    

Those things which ought to be observed, before applying of Cupping-glasses.  
THose who are best versed in the Rules and Observations, Astrological and Medicinal, are of opinion, that you ought to apply Cupping-glasses, or little Horns, for that purpose, upon Phlegmatic persons, when the Moon is in Aries, or Sagittarius. To the Choleric, when she is in Cancer, Scorpio, or Pisces. To the melancholic, when the Moon is found in Gemini, Libra, or Aquarius: notwithstanding, you must take notice, not to scarify the part, when the Moon is in the Sign which governs it, and in general, not to use it, neither with Glasses, nor with little Horns, when the Moon is in Leo: it is true, there are Horns applied at all times, but it is without Fire or Candle.  
You must also take notice, not to scarify before four years of age, nor after 60. And you must also avoid that operation, in the new and full Moon.  
The scarrifications may be made about the second or third hour of the day, an hour before eating or drinking.  
The place where one ought to apply the Cupping-glasses, or Horns, should be well fomented with warm water, or use frictions for half an hour, or an hour, with a warm Linen Cloth; especially, to such who you suppose have thick blood; or, if it be in the winter time.  
Besides, you must not apply them, before the Body be empried, or purged; neither are they proper in a Plethorique body, nor in any part affected with a Phlegmon; as for the rest, the wise Chirurgeon will dispense with these rules, according to the violence of the Malady. Necessity derogating from all Laws.   

Here followeth the use of Horseleeches.  
There is no so dull blockhead, but knows what Horsleeches are; they are ordinarily applied there where Cupping-glasses can take no place, as on the nose, upon the lips, gums, fingers, privities, Hemorrhoides, at the entrance of the Os Matricis and other places. One should choose them, such as are bred in good clear and running waters, which have yellow streaks upon their backs, and not those among rushes, in bad waters, and which are of a horrible colour, and have a great head, because those are venomous. Gui. Treatise 7. Section 1. Chap. 1. And you must not apply them, being fresh taken, but keep them a whole day in clean water; to the end, they may vomit forth that which they have in their Bellies. Oribas. Lib. 1. Chap. 15. It is good to leave them without water, three or four hours' space, before you apply them; for they will, after that, be more greedy. You must wash the place, where you apply them, with warm water, and then dry, and rub the place with a Linen Cloth, until it be red, (except in places where there is great pain); then having made a slight scarification upon every place, where you would apply the Horseleech, put thereupon a little drop of a Chickens blood, and then apply the Horseleech, holding it in a clean Linen Cloth; for most commonly, they will not take hold, if you hold them in your naked hands; and when they have sucked enough, they will fall off themselves; otherwise, every one knows the way to make them, and to order them in these things. Above all, let one take heed, not to apply them, when the Moon is in the Sign, governing the part; for you must observe the same, in applying these, as in the operation of blooding, and using Cupping-glasses.  
I beseech the Author of all things, that all those who read this Treatise, may make use of it, to their advantage: To whom, Father, Son, and holy Spirit, be honour, and glory, for ever, Amen.    
The end of the Treatise of Phlebotomy.   

A Brief Treatise, Or, discourse concerning Crisis'. Wherein is shown how people do deceive themselves, in their judgements upon them, being ignorant of the Motion of the Stars.  

All things have a regular motion.  
GOd the Creator, according to his inestimable goodness, Clemency, and wisdom put into the nature of things, well ordered and regulated motions; insomuch that he hath been pleased that not any thing should move by chance, or rashly, but that all should move by good order and a continual succession; And so the Stars, The Elements, the Ocean, the seasons of the year, and the Spheres of the heavens have their motions and vicissitudes, and perform their Courses absolutely regular.   

The humours have a Limited course.  
In like manner, the humours which are in humane bodies have their effects, their proper motions, and certain Periods; so that in every one of the four Seasons of the year, each humour performs its part, and doth exercise its power and faculties upon the body.   

Division of the Sun in its Circular Motion.  
So also as the Circular motion of the Sun is divided into four parts, which are called Quarters of the Heaven, representing the four Elements and Seasons of the Year, together with the four parts of the Day; from whence requites that there is a certain Sympathy as well between the four quarters of the Moon, and the Elements, and the four Seasons, and the four Humours, and the four parts of the Day; yea I shall also say with the very four Winds, and four Ages; Nay such a Sympathy, that it is impossible, that (the one being depraved) the other with which it doth Sympathise, should not have a resentment thereof.   

Division of the Season with the Elements.  
But for the more clear understanding hereof we say, That these four quarters of the heavens do represent the four Elements, and the four seasons of the year, That is to say from the Sun rising unto the Midday, The first; from Noon to the Sun setting, The second; from Sunset to midnight, The third; and from thence to Sun rising, The fourth: so that the Sun being in the first quadrature with the fixed Stars therein, Then is the spring which is represented by the Air; being in the second, then is the Summer, which is represented by the Heavens or Fire; and being in the third causeth Autumn, represented by the Earth; and lastly being in the fourth, it causeth Winter, which is represented by the water. Moreover we see the Symbolisation of the spring, to the Air, to blood and to youth; of the Summer, to fire, Choler, and manhood; of Autumn, to the Earth, to Melancholy, and by consequence the first part of old age; and in fine, the fourth is of the Winter, to water, Phlegm, and decrepit age.   

Division of the day for the Elements and humours of the body.  
The same division is of the time wherein the Sun moves round the Earth, which is one day divided into four parts. The first part is from three of the Clock in the morning until Nine; for the Air, the spring and the blood. And from Nine a Clock in the morning until three afternoon; for the Fire, Summer, and Choler. And from that time until Nine, for the Earth for Autumn, and for Melancholy: and from thence following, until three of the morning, for the Water for Winter, and for Phlegm. And if it so happen, that one of those Elements be depraved or Malignant in a man, or that thereby a disease of its temper or degree, insallibly it will discover itself in the time so appropriate or ordained.   

Maladies occasioned by the Signs, are healed by the opposing of contrary Signs.  
Now it is impossible that these humours Symbolising thus with the Heavens, and the Elements, can continue without alteration; seeing that the Stars do make known their effects in them, as we have said in another place: wherefore it is, that the blood hath such force and power, that the Spring being come, and it being in vigour, doth engender Maladies and fevers of its nature, to wit, continual ones which give no space or respite, which Maladies are caused by the depravation of the three signs, which govern the above mentioned humour, such are Gemini Libra and Aquarius: and the healing of such Maladies, aught to be performed in contrary signs, which are Taurus, Virgo, and Capricornus. In like manner, the Choler in Summer, making its course and recourse by days alternate, occasions the Tertian fever, and that by the depravation of the three signs, which have influence upon that humour; that is to say, Aries, Leo, and Sagittarius: which Maladies are cured by opposition of the contrary sign as Cancer, Scorpio, and Pisces. Afterwards the Phlegm in Winter, when it is putrified, engenders the Quotidian intermittent fever, also caused by the three signs which govern that humour, such are Cancer, Scorpio, and Pisces: and those diseases are cured in like manner, as the last above mentioned, and that is, by the observation of Aries, Leo, and Sagittarius: finally the Melancholy at the beginning of Autumn stirs up the quartain Fever or Ague, caused also by the aspect of these signs which govern over that humour, such are Taurus, Virgo, and Capricornus, and the curing of them is found by the Concurrence of these three, Gemini, Libra, and Aquarius.   

Wherein consisteth the one-day Fever.  
So the Ephemere, or one-day ague, doth end in one day or shortly after, in regard that it doth not consist in the Putrefaction of the humours, but only in an inflamed exhaled spirit. All which things are done by the same reason, the same proportion and the same order, as the rising and setting of the Sun, The Ebbing and flowing of the Ocean, and the pleasant vicissitude of Plants, and Herbs, and Trees, which bear seed and fruit.   

How the fits of the Fever appear.  
Insomuch that if one do take good heed hereunto, we shall easily observe, that almost at the same time that the humours are forced by the Stars, they demonstrate the fit of the fever, not as some would say, who allege that then (when the humours do every one by its turn perform its office) comes the fit of the fever, but when the time is completed of each the hours which serve to the humours, (provided that they be pure, and not intermingled th' one with th'other) than they cease and conclude.   

A Considerable reason.  
But I say, these reasons are not to be received; but, much more to the purpose, and with more verity, this; that the accesses of the fever appear then, when the Star which governs the humour concurs upon it: wherefore it is, that we see the fits to become retrograde, or to skipp forward, even as that Star renders itself Retrogade or direct.  
So that we ought by good right to consider more narrowly of the Judgement upon Maladies, that destroyer of that Little World, Man, who is constrained to suffer Change every four days, which the Vulgar do call Crisis, which is done by looseness in the belly, by bleeding, vomiting, or sweeting, excited and occasioned by the Course of the Moon, through the points of the Zodiac.  
But because I have resolved to speak succinctly of Crisis'es' in this place, and how you ought to observe the Critical days, from the Concurrence of the Stars; we will discover first what a Crisis is; for of necessity the Malady quits the patiented in the same instant by the Crisis, or else by solution, by little and little.   

Definition of the Crisis.  
Now Crisis is a sudden change of the disease either to health, or to death; which is done then, when nature separates the ill humours from the good, to the end, she may force them out.   

Two sorts of Crisis.  
And of this Crisis, there is two sorts; the one perfect, and the other imperfect. The imperfect is that, by which the matter is not absolutely forced out of the body, but is evacuated from the Noble parts to the Ignoble, and from the interior parts to the exterior.  
The other, is called perfect, whereby nature even as Mistress and Lady governing the body, doth absolutely and wholly reject the matter out of the body, and this is done either by vomiting, or by flux of blood at the Nostrils, or by menstrue, or by the Hemorrhoides or by sweatings, as we have said above.   

A pretty similitude of Avicen, concerning Crisis.  
Avicenna, had an excellent understanding of Crisis when he saith, that, The Crisis is no other thing, but the strife and contention of two persons, pleading the one against the other in a civil case: for, saith he, even as in one civil proceeding there doth concur four sorts of persons: that is to say, he which accuseth, he who is accused, the witnesses, and the Judge: In like manner, do these four concur also, in the Crisis, first the accuser, who is the power which governs the body, secondly the Malady, which is accused; and thirdly, the witnesses are, the signs of that Malady, and the Physician is the Judge.  
And even as the civil Judge giving sentence, the one of the parties continues sorrowful, and the other is joyful; so in like manner in the Crisis, if the signs are bad, the Physician adjudgeth the patiented to die; and then he and his kindred, continue sorrowful, but if the signs be good, signifying victory of the powers over the Malady, the Physician makes Judgement, and passes sentence that the Patient shall recover, and thereby he and his kindred continue joyful,   

The Common Critical judgement, of no value.  
It is true, that the greatest number of Surgeons do pass Judgement, but it is most commonly of no value; and that by reason of their not being able to discern that which causeth the said Crisis, or rather by reason of his not observing it; for if they did calculate well the Critricall days, they would not be deceived in predicting the events, and would in no wife fail to hit the Mark.  
You must take notice in this place, that they hold that the Salutary Crisis arrives ordinarily the seventh, fourteenth, or twentyeth day: wherefore it is that those days are called Critical days. They foresee the future Crisis by the signs of Coction which appear, the fourth, eleventh, and seventeenth days which are called Indicative and Contemplative days; for according to Hypocrates the fourth day is the Indice of the seventh, the eighth is the beginning of the other week; the eleventh also is remarkable, because it is the fourth of the other week, & yet the seventeenth is remarkable, because it is the fourth after the fourteenth & the seventh from the eleventh: some do not go to search so many fashions, but they hold simply that the Crisis doth use to conclude either the fourth day or the seventh, or else the ninth and eleventh and fourteenth days.   

The Common opinion concerning the Crisis, is fallacious:  
As much upon the one side as the other; the one party are as good shooters in a Crossbow as the other, for it is most certain that the Crisis is either sooner or latter, ascribing these days of decision to the effects of the Moon; And so the Astrologers assign the Indices of Maladies, when the Moon is distant in degrees about the fourth part, or about half of the Zodiac, from the true place where she was at the beginning of the Malady. But (because her motion is more quick or slow at sometimes then at others, & sometimes she arrives more late, and sometimes more early to such aspects) that if it happen that upon a Critical day, the Moon is in her house, or in her exaltation with Jupiter and Venus, which are benevolent and healthful Planets, that doth denote, that the change will be good.   

A most true sign concerning the Crisis.  
And if the disease consist in a great affluence of humours, it is good that the Moon be in the increase in a quartile aspect, or in opposition. If the Moon be in the same time in Conjunction with the Sun or Saturn, it is an ill sign, and denotes that it will be a very dangerous disease, or else of a long continuance. If the Moon increasing do accompany Saturn, precisely in the beginning of the disease, it doth denote, that the Malady will be of a long Continuance, or Mortal. But if the disease happens then, when she is in her decrease, it is a sign that the Malady will not continue long, and will not be dangerous: for this cause you ought not to slight the salubrious or nocent signs of the Stars, but to observe them exactly, to the end, that you may attain the honour of Prognosticating Divinely; for the wise man doth oppose himself to the mutation of the heavens made on the earth. And that no otherwise then in removing away, or repairing the earthly matter wherein the Heavens do operate; or else not finding a subject to act upon, his Action is turned in an Eclipse.   

The Charity of the Anthour is Commendable.  
Notwithstanding, I desire in this place to make known that the fall of an Innumerable multitude of men, is occasioned by not knowing any thing but the name and word only of Crisis, and not the cause of the effect. And that several men who by by their extreme ignorance, cause the Heaven and the Earth to be opened, and fix there their ears, and do there bound the eyes of their understanding, to the end, that they may take notice of the earth, covering or Entombing their errors, which ought rather to serve as Scarlet, to make them blush. And behold the manner how!  
It is certain that our bodies are moved, and inflamed by the superior bodies, otherwise they could not suffer; for in the method of the distribution of things, the body of the Moon in her Sphere doth by the points of the Zodiac produce that mutation which is made from time to time, in all bodies, none excepted. As for example.   

Example concerning the above named opinion.  
If it happen that some one is taken sick, the Moon being in the first point of Aries, infallibly, on the fourth day following, counting from the time of falling sick, the Moon is found in a point repugnant in property to that wherein she was at the time of the first falling sick; And then is the Crisis made either by vomiting flux of blood, flux of the belly, or sweatings, as we have said before. In this day is prohibited the offering force to Nature, whether it be by blooding or Physic, either solutive or restringent, for fear that nature intending to discharge herself by sweat, be not forced to do it by other Emunctory; and for this cause evacuation is to be practised upon the third or fifth day from the beginning of the sickness. And none can deny, (however he be opinionate of himself) but that this is true.   

A too Common error.  
But alas, behold the evil which doth often (nay most commonly) happen, That while men are attending the Crisis on the fourth day, because of the above mentioned motion of the Moon, it happens that the Moon expedites her course, and comes on the third day to the point which causeth the Crisis. And without taking notice thereof the Physician who would count her hours, makes too much haste, and only counts the fourth day for the Crisis, and without any other Ceremony, being bold, causeth the sick person to be blooded or purged, and by that means sends him to ask St. Peter for his Keys to open heaven with.  
And when the Moon becomes declining or Retrograde, she is not come to that point until the fifth day, wherein happens the same oversight. Behold the reason why Hypocrates. Lib. de flatibus. would have the Physician to have but a few patients, and to languish with them for whom, as saith Paracelsus, he is created father, and not Doctor.  
I should enlarge myself further upon this discourse concerning this matter, to make seen to the eye, and felt (by the finger) the great error which is commonly committed in Judgement upon Critical days, and should show the true means of giving a true Judgement according to second causes, of either life or death. But because that doth require a greater speculation, and that the age of a man will not suffice for it; I shall so bear, praying to God that he will be pleased so to bless our Labours, that what we do, may be to his honour and glory, the edification and benefit of our Neighbour, and the safety and salvation of our own souls. To whom Father, Son, and holy Spirit, be honour and glory eternally, Amen.    

To the Benevolent Reader. A Quadrine.  
Believe not, That, In Ostentation, I have writ this Treatise of Plebotomy:  
But as a friend to life, I undertook to show its operation, In this Book.   

A TABLE OF THE Chapters.  
CHAP. I. 
WHat Phlebotomy is, Its properties, and that which must be particularly observed for the good performance thereof.  CHAP. II. 
How that the Chirurgeon ought not to be ignorant of Astrology, and of the profit that comes thereby, as well for Phlebotomy, as for all the Maladies which do happen unto humane bodies. The Sympathy of the Stars therewith, and other discoveries most useful for a Chirurgeon.  CHAP. III. 
Of the time of Necessity, wherein are shown the Maladies, wherein Phlebotomy doth necessarily fall out.  CHAP. IU. 
Of the time of Election, for the Inferior Root, and of the Superior Root, which extends its self to to the knowledge of the Stars, as well in the Concurrence which they have to the parts of our bodies, as upon the Humours and Maladies which happen therein.  CHAP. V. 
That it is necessary that a Chirurgeon have the Astronomical figure in his study, or at least in his shop, and of the benefit that proceeds therefrom, as well to the Patients as those that exercise or practise it, which is proved by a History, and other examples. Also that it is better to mundify the blood, than to evacuate it; with the discovery of two excellent remedies for that effect.  CHAP. VI 
Of the Veins proper to be blooded for several infirmities, which arrive to humane bodies; together with the benefit and the manner of using of Cupping-glasses, with Scarification and without it; and of that which is to be observed in this operation; and lastly of Horseleeches.   
A short treatise or discourse of Crisis', wherein is demonstrated how men do deceive themselves in the judgement of them, not knowing the motion of the Stars.   
FINIS.