Ardua Regni: OR, XII. Arduous Doubts Of great Concernment to the KINGDOM, Requiring a full and speedy Resolution: Propounded to M. Speaker, and the House of Commons, Touching some of their late Proceed against their own Suspended, Ejected Members, and the Impeached Lords.  
Printed in the Year 1648.   

Twelve arduous Doubts of great Concernment to the whole Kingdom, requiring a full and speedy Resolution: Propounded to M. Speaker and the House of Commons.  
1 BY what Law or Authority can the House of Commons alone, without the concurrent assent and Judgement of the King and Lords (the only proper judges in Parliament) eject or suspend the late impeached Members, or any other, having no power of judicature in themselves alone, nor authority to exanime Witnesses upon Oath, as all other Courts of Judicature have, and being all equally impowered, and entrusted by the Countries, Cities and Burroughs for which they serve, and 
* Cromptons' jurisdiction, p. 1, 2.  summoned to the Parliament by Writ, only to advise and consult together with the King and Lords, about the arduous 
Cook 4: Instit: c: 1:  and urgent affairs of the Realm and Church of England, not to suspend, nor expel one another the House? And being all but equals, whether one justice of Peace, of Assize, judge of the King's Bench or Common Pleas, Commissioner of Oyer and Terminer, Sewers, Committee-man, Grand-Iury man, and the like, may not as lawfully displace & thrust out another by their own Authority, without the Kings, Parliaments, or Lord Keeper's consents and advice, as one Commoner suspend or put another out of the Commons House, without the Kings and Lords assents, since Par in parem non habet imperium; and no Freeman by Magna Charta ought to be outed of his Liberties or free Customs, but by the lawful judgement of his Peers (in a legal way) or by the Law of the Land; and that in some 
Cook 4: Instit: c: 1: p: 11, 24:  Court of Record and judicature, which the House of Commons alone is not; no Writs of Error nor other Records being returned before them? and they being the grand Inquisitors only of the Realm to inquire and impeach offenders, not judges to censure or condemn them, whose impeachments they are only to transmit to the King and Lords to judge and determine.  
2. Whether this ejection and suspension of Members by their Fellow-Members, without confession, or legal conviction upon Oath, be not a late dangerous innovation, and tyrannical usurpation upon the Subjects and people's Liberties, depriveing them of the benefit and freedom of enjoying the counsel and advice of those Knights, Citizens and Burgesses they have elected to Vote, assent and descent for them in Parliament? And whether the House of Commons be able to produce any one ancient Precedent before Queen Mary's Reign, in all the Parliaments before or since the Conquest, to warrant their own sole suspentions or expulsions of their own Members? If yea, let them then produce them to satisfy the Kingdom, which expects an account of the justice of these proceed at their hands: If nay, (as confidently they cannot) then these their expulsions and suspensions must of necessity be unwarrantable and merely void in Law, and the ejected and suspended Members may and aught to be readmitted, till they can produce sufficient evidence and proof of their sole Authority to suspend or expel them without the Kings or Lords concurrence upon full hearing and conviction of some horrid crimes, which really disable them to be Members.  
Every County, City and Burrow ought 
* 5. R. 2. Stat. 2. 0. 4. 7. H. 4. c. 14. 6 H. 6. c. 2. 32. H. 6. c. 6. 9 H. 8. c. 16. 4. E. 4. 44. b. Cromptons' jurisdiction of Courts, Tit. Parliament.  ex debito justitiae, to send Knights, Citizens and Burgesses to consult, debate, vote, assent and descent for them in Parliament, and every of these aught to come to the Parliament when elected, and to continue there all the Session without intermission, unless he can reasonably excuse himself by sickness or otherwise, neither ought he to departed the House, without special licence of the House (and King too anciently) first obtained, under pain of being amerced and otherwise punished. And for this very reason every Member of Parliament during the Session of Parliament and so many days before and after, is privileged and exempted from all Arrests of his person, 
* Dyer. f. 60.  because he is bound personally and constantly to attend the House till the Session or Parliament ends, and his presence so necessary that he cannot be spared, nor absent upon any occasion: for proof whereof you may consult Modus Tenendi Parliamentum, Sir Edward Cook 4. Institutes chap. 1. and the Authorities and Records there cited; how then their Fellow-Commoners, Knights, Citizens and Burgesses can exercise or claim any legal Authority or Jurisdiction to eject or suspend any Member lawfully elected without legal trial, conviction and the concurrent judgement and consent of the whole Parliament, (whereof the House of Commons is but one branch or Member) and that upon such just and weighty reasons as may satisfy the Freeholders, Citizens, and Burgesses, who elected them, whose persons they represent, and whose Attourneyes and Proxies they are, and so ought not to be discharged of their trust without their privity by any of their Fellow-Commoners, of the justice of their expulsion or suspension, is a Moot-point which concerns the whole Kingdom's Interest, and fit to be resolved by M. Speaker and the Commons of the Long robe, in a substantial manner for the Kingdom's satisfaction: the rather because the Speaker of the Commons House cannot be removed or changed for sickness or other cause, but by the Kings and Lords assents, Cook 4. Institut. pag. 8. & 39 H. 8. num. 38, 39 Baron Thorpes Case.  
3. Seeing the Writ for " Elections of Knights, Citizens and Burgesses cannot be altered in any thing but by Act of Parliament, and all Elections ought to be freely and indifferently made, without any prayer or commandment of the King, by Writ, Letter or otherwise, or of any other, and no Letter, Order, or Ordinance can disable any freeborn Englishman of full age, & not attainted of Treason or Felony to be chosen a Member, but only an Act of Parliament, as 
* 4: Ins●it: ch: 〈◊〉 p: 10: 3: E: 1: c: 1 4: E: 4: 44:  Sir Edward Cook affirms, and the Statutes of 5 R. 2. Stat. 2. c. 4. 7. H 4. c. 15. 32. H. 6. c. 15. determine. And seeing no Member anciently was or could be dismissed or discharged from his attending the House till the Session or Parliament itself was dissolved, as is apparent by all the Adjournments, Prorogations, and Dissolutions of Parliaments and their forms. How can the Commons House alone, by any clause of the Writ that summons them, or any Law or Statute extant, suspend or expel any untainted Member, before legal trial and conviction in full Parliament, without the Kings and Lords consents (with whom they are chosen, and trusted to advise) against the tenor of the Writ, and these Acts; and disable any from sitting or voting as Members, whom the Freeholders, Citizens and Burgesses by their free Elections, and the Laws and Statutes of the Realm have made as free and absolute Members in every particular as themselves who vote them out, and their only trusties and Attorneyes; especially since the Commons whom they represent, and from whom they derive their power and authority (as the 
* Cromptons' jurisdiction, S: 1, 2:  Writ recites) gave them no such Commission at all to eject or suspend their fellow-Members, " but only to consult of, do and assent unto such things as should be ordained by the COMMON COUNCIL (not Commons) OF THE REALM in Parliament, concerning the urgent and weighty affairs thereof for which they were summoned to advise about; of which the ejectment or suspension of their Fellow-Commoners certainly was none, neither in the Kings nor People's intention, when the Parliament was first summoned, and they made their elections of those they most confided in.  
4. Whether the Statutes of 5. Eliz. c. 1. and 16. Caroli made this Parliament, for preventing the inconveniences happening by the long intermission of Parliaments, which enact; That every person which shall be elected a Knight, Citizen, or Burgess, or Baron for any Cinque Ports, or any Parliament hereafter to be holden, shall before he enter into the , or have any voice there, openly receive and pronounce the Oath of Supremacy before the Lord Steward for the time being, or his Deputies: And that he which shall enter into the  without taking the said Oath, SHALL BE DEEMED NO KNIGHT, CITIZEN, BURGESS, NOR BARON for that Pailiament, NOR SHALL HAVE ANY VOICE, but shall be to all intents, constructions and purposes, as if he had never been elected, nor returned Knight, Citizen, Burgess, or Baron for that Parliament, and shall Suffer such pains and penalties, as if he had presumed to sit in the same without Election, return or Authority, be not a direct resolution and judgement in print; that no Member of the House of Commons once lawfully elected and returned, can be disabled to sit and Vote in the House by his Fellow-Commoners alone, but only by Act of Parliament, or joynt-judgement and concurrence of the King, Lords and Commons at the least? And whether the taking away of the Archbishops, and Bishops Votes this Parliament by a special Act of Parliament, be not a full Declaration of the Law in this particular, that Members of Parliament (especially such as sit, Vote in others rights, and behalves) ought not to be ejected or unmembred by the Commons, Lords, or King alone, in a divided capacity, but only by Act of Parliament, or by the Kings, Lords and Commons joint assents and judgements, 
Cook 4. Instit. c. 1 Dyer. f. 60. a. 19 H. 6. 63, 64.  because the whole House of Parliament is but one entire body and Court, which cannot be deprived of the presence or assistance of any one legal Member, but by common consent of the whole Body and Court, and not of one branch or Estate alone without the other, being contrary to all rules of reason and justice, and proceed in other Courts, where one Judge or Justice, or Commissioner cannot be unjudged, unjusticed, uncommissioned by the others alone.  
5. Whether the Commons late usurpations of such a power of suspending and ejecting their own Members (especially without any legal hearing, and examination, viva voce, of witnesses against them upon Oath, or admitting their just defence) be not a precedent of very dangerous consequence, destructive to the very freedom and being of Parliaments and Counsels, wherein all Members 
Cook. 4. Instit. p. 8.  ought to have equal liberty and freedom of speech and advice, and to carry all things by plurality of voices, and strength of argument, not by new devised suspensions and expulsions, seeing it gives the strongest party and faction a liberty to expel the weaker, and the lesser number backed with an armed-force, a possibility not only to pack and make a House of what Members they think meet, and eject and over-Vote the greater part of the House upon mere pretended offences and Misdemeanours, and then to vote and pass what Acts and Ordinances they please in a thin and empty Parliament, when the major part of the Members are suspended, ejected, or forced away? And whether all those Counties, Cities and Burroughs, whose Knights, Citizens and Burgesses have been or may be thus ejected, and the whole Kingdom too concerned in it, be not bound in point of conscience and duty for the maintenance of the Honour, Freedom, and fullness of Parliaments, and their own and the Kingdom's safety, publicly to protest against it.  
6. Whether the Commons suspending and ejecting of their Members by their own sole Votes and power, gives not the King and Lords (who are Judges in Parliament) a like Authority, jointly or severally to imprison, eject or suspend the Members of the Commons House without the Commons consents as well as the Commons, who have no sole Judicature, and are but inferior Members and no Court of Parliament alone, and so justifies the King's imprisonment, and impeachment of any Members in this and former Parliaments, without the Lords or Commons, who hath a greater Jurisdiction over any Members of either House, being his Subjects and the 
* Modus tenendi Parliamentum.  chief Members of Parliament, who summons and dissolves it, than any Members have over their Fellow-Members and Subjects.  
7. Whether those Counties, Cities, and Burroughs whose chosen Knights, Citizens and Burgesses have been 
Co. 4. Institut. p. 1. 25.  thus illegally suspended or ejected without and against their privities or consents, or any revocation of that trust and power wherewith they invest them, are or can in point of Law or justice be obliged by any Votes, Orders or Ordinances of one or both Houses, to which themselves, nor those they elected, by reason of their illegal ejections or suspensions, either did or could assent, & to which perchance they would not have assented, but voted against and overruled by the majority and plurality of voices, if present and admitted to give their Votes? The rather, because our 
* 7: H: 6: 35: b. Bro: Wast: 81: Dyer: 373: b.  Law Books are express, ‛ That Tenants in ancient Demesne were not bound by Acts of Parliament heretofore, because they sent no Knights nor Burgesses to the Parliament, which contribute to their wages, and so neither did nor could assent unto them by their Representatives or themselves: ' &, Quod omnes tangit, ab omnibus debet approbari: the very ground why any Acts of Parliament bind all being only this, 
* 39: E: 3: 7: Cook 4: Instit: c: 1: 3: E: ●: 1: 4: E: 4 44:  Because all are consenting to them in their Knights and Burgesses. But those whose Knights and Burgesses are either expelled or suspended the House, without and against their good wills, neither do, nor can be legally said to assent to any Votes, Orders or Ordinances, no nor Acts of Parliament made after their expulsions or suspensions (recorded in the journal Book, which absentees are not, and therefore are intended always present:) how than those Counties, Cities, Burroughs, can be obliged by them, it behoves the Commons who ejected and suspended them to declare in print, if they expect any future submission to their Votes, or Taxes from them, to which they did not consent?  
8. Whether, since every Knight, Citizen and Burgess is chosen and called to attend the Parliament only by the King's Writ, and may be amerced, fined, and otherwise punished by virtue of the Writ itself, by the Statute of 5: R: 2: c: 4: the Common Law of the Realm and custom of Parliament, 3: E: 3: coram Rege, Rot: P: 3: E: 3: 13: Stamford's Pleas, f: 38: 155: Cook 4: Instit: p: 15 to 22: in case he absent himself or departed from Parliament without the King's licence, unless he can honestly excuse himself to our Lord the King. And since the words and form of dissolving Parliaments, The King licens●th th● Lords and Commons to departed, etc. 37: E: ●: n: 34: 38: E: ●: n: 18: 4●: E: 3. ●: 1●: 43: E: 3: n: 34: 45: E: 3: n: 9: 13: and all dissolutions of Parliament since, which intimates, that none but the King, who summons all Members to Parliament, can remove or discharge them, without the King's consent: whether the Commons alone, without his or the Lord's privity, can lawfully suspend, eject or discharge any of their Members, upon any pretence?  
9 Whether those Members who have been ejected or suspended in a thin and empty, may not appeal to a full House of Commons for justice and restitution, or at least wise to the upper House of Peers, to whom the power of Judicature in Parliament appertains of ancient right, not only in the cases of Peers, and other Commons, but even in cases of illegal Elections and Returns, and breach of Privilege by imprisonment of Knights and Burgesses of the Commons House, as is evident by 
* ●: H: 4: Rot: Parl: n: 38: 31: H: 6: n: 25, 26, 27, 28, 29: Thorpes Case.  some notable Records: And whether a Writ of Restitution lies not to the Commons House to restore and re-admit an ejected or disfranchised Member, as well as an ejected or disfranchised Citizen, Alderman, Mayor or Common Councell-man; of which there are sundry precedents in Sir james Boggs Case, & M. Estwicks of late.  
10. Whether the ejecting of the Members lately impeached in the name of the Army only, without any particular Prosecutor, personal summons, hearing, defence, or once reading, debating, or overruling the Answer and Demurrer put in by them in writing under their hands to the particular Articles of their Charge, (even whiles a Garrison of their Prosecutors and Accusers are residing at White-Hall, the Mues, and Tower of London, and a guard of them attending at the Commons door;) and the voting of M. Glyn Recorder of London and Steward of Westminster, not only out of the House, but out of his Recordership and Stwewardship (being his freehold) without ever being heard, or summoned to answer any Charge or Articles concerning them; and that about 7. or 8. a clock on a Saturday at night, when there were not above 51 present in the House, and accommending others to his places, which are not in the Commons disposal, be not an usurping or exercising of a transcendent arbitrary and tyrannical power, contrary to Magna Charta, ch. 29. and 
* Collected and recited in Rastall, Tit. Accusation: & the Petition of Right.  sundry other Statutes, the fundamental Laws of the Realm, the Liberties of the Subject, the Solemn League and Covenant, and sundry Remonstrances and Declarations of both Houses; and an higher act of tyranny and injustice then ever King Charles, Strafford, Canterbury, the Council-table, or High Commission were guilty of in the worst times; for which those Members who did it, are in point of justice obliged to give their absent and dissenting Members (fare the major part) and the ejected Members, those for whom they serve, and the whole Kingdom satisfaction and reparation, to prevent the like proceed against other Members, and Freemen who are no Members, who may justly fear far harder measure from them upon all occasions, since they are so arbitrary and unjust towards their own dear Members, some whereof have deserved as well, and done as good service for the Realm and Kingdom, as any now sitting in the House.  
11. Whether some of the Commons impeaching of their own Members, Lords and Citizens of high Treason, for sitting and acting in the Houses, or by Orders, Votes and commands of one or both Houses, only for their self-defence against the Army's violence, and the fugitive Speakers and Members who engaged with them, who were not a Parliament in the Army, and not half so many as those who continued sitting in the Houses, be not a dangerous and inevitable impeachment of themselves, both Houses of Parliament, and all those who have acted under them by virtue of their Ordinances and Commissions, ever since the King's departure from the Houses, in military, judicial or criminal affairs, for Traitors & high Treason, and a nulling of all Ordinances for Indemnity, who have no other Plea in Bar, or Justisication to bear them out, or protect them against the King, or any other that shall indict, impeach, sue or question them now or hereafter, but only this, that what they spoke, voted, ordained, did or acted, was in, or by authority of Parliament, or in obedience to the Votes, Orders, Ordinances or Commissions of one or both Houses; which Plea these impeachments utterly subverting, must of necessity expose all and every Member of both Houses, and all who have acted for, or adhered to them during these wars, to the mere merciless tyranny of the King and his Cavaliers, if ever they prevail in present or future times, and declare them guilty of high Treason; and so disengage and discourage all men from adhering to, or acting for or under them any more, to prevent the guilt and danger of high Treason: which seriously considered, may justly engage both Houses, and all those who have cordially adhered to, and served under them, to question and impeach those of high Treason, who were the plotters and contrivers of these Impeachments of so dangerous and destructive consequence to both Houses, and all their cordial friends and adherents, who stand amazed at such proceed.  
12. Whether some Commoners impeachment of seven Lords at once of High Treason, and suspending them the House, be not a plot of Cromwell and the Levellers, to destroy and abolish the House of Peers, by leaving them not Members enough to sit and make an House by degrees? and what assurance have the few remaining unimpeached Lords, if they condemn or eject those now impeached for what they did or acted in or by authority of Parliament for their own defence, and the Houses against the Army, that their turns and impeachments will not be next, till they be all impeached, ejected and made no House, since there is an apparent design in many of the prosecutors of the Lords impeached to have no House of Peers, or Lords at all to overtop them, that they may be the only Lords and Kings themselves, and command and dispose of all things at their pleasures, as they have for the most part done of late, before and without the Lord's concurrence. If so, (as is very probable) it will be wisdom in the House of Lords to consider and prevent this Design in time, before it be too late, and to make no Precedents to destroy themselves, and the very freedom and being of Parliaments and Peers, after so vast an expense of blood and treasure to defend them against the King and his armed party, whose designs are now almost accomplished against them by those Heads and Hands which of all others we did least suspect, who reallize and verify this Adagy to the full, Nulla fides pietásque viris qui castra sequantur. To close up all; Let the Commons consider well of S. Paul's caution, Gal. 5. 15. But if ye by't and devour one another, take heed that ye be not consumed one of another.  
FINIS.