A Description of the SANDS. SHOALS. BUOYS. BEACONS. ROADS. CHANNELS. AND SEA MARKS. ON THE COAST OF ENGLAND From the Southforeland to Flamborough head, being furnished with new & exact draughts of the sands,  to the said descriptions.  
By John Seller.  
Hydrographer to the Kings most Excellent Majesty  
And are to be Sold by him at the Hermitage stairs in Wapping.   depiction of English explorers 
England's Famous Discoverers  
Cap. Davies  
Sr. Walter Raleigh.  
Sr. Hugh Willoughby.  
Cap. Smith  
Sr. Fran: Drake  
Mr. Tho: Candish  
free holder   view of London 
LONDON   

A DESCRIPTION OF THE 

Sands, Shoals, Rocks, and Dangers; The Bays, Roads, Harbours, Rivers, Ports, Buoys, Beacons, and Sea-Marks, etc. upon the Coasts of England, from the South-Foreland to Flambrough-head.  
Showing the Courses and Distances from one Place to another: The Setting of the Tides and Currents: The Ebbing and Flowing of the Sea. With Directions for the bringing a Ship into any Harbour on the said Coasts.  
Being furnished with New and Exact Draughts, Charts, and Descriptions of every Harbour; gathered from the Experience and Practice of divers Able and Expert Navigators of our English Nation.    
Collected, Described, and Published, by JOHN SELLER, Hydrographer to the King's Most Excellent Majesty.  

A short Description of the River of Thames, from London-Bridge to the Point of the Hope: Showing the Shelves and Dangers in each Reach.  

The Pool,  
IS that part of the River that lieth from London-Bridge to Cuckolds-Point, and is divided into three parts. First, From London-Bridge to Wapping-Ness, which lieth West-North-West and East-South-East. And about the lower end thereof, near to Fountain-stairs, 
A Rock.  lieth a Rock on the South side, which is dangerous for Ships to come aground upon. The second part reacheth from Wapping-Ness to Ratcliff-Check, and lieth N. E. and S. W. The third part reacheth from Ratcliff-Check to Cuckolds-Point, and lieth rounding upon four Points of the Compass, from the N. E. to the East. These three Reaches are noted in the Draught of the River with the letters a, b, c.   

Limehouse-Reach.  
This Reach leadeth from Cuckolds-Point down to Deptford, and lieth North and South; on the West side are two Windmills, from the southermost of which, about half a mile down the River, 
A Shoal.  is very shoal and flat, shoaling from the East side of the River, called the Isle of Dogs; 
Isle of. Dogs.  there being not above six foot at low-water. This Reach is noted in the Draught with the letter d.   

Greenwich-Reach.  
This Reach lieth from Deptford to the lower end of Greenwich, and is much winding, but about the middle it lieth East and West: At the lower end thereof is a convenient place for Ships to ride, 
Greenwhich-hole.  called Greenwich-Hole; and there is in this Hole about two fathom at low-water. There is a Shoal, 
A Shoal.  at the upper end of this Reach, that lieth off from Sanders-Ness. This Reach is noted in the Draught with the letter e.   

Blackwall-Reach.  
This Reach lieth from the lower end of Greenwich to Blackwall Town: 
Blackwall.  This Reach is very good for Ships to ride in any part thereof, but especially on the West side, which is the best of the Channel from Layness or Blackwall-point, which lieth right against Blackwall, from whence runneth off a Shoal which is dry at low-water 
A Shoal.  This Reach lieth North by West and South by East, and is noted in the Draught with the letter f.   

Nel-Hope, (alias) Bugby's-Hole.  
This Reach leadeth down from Layness to Hookness, and lieth N. W. and S. E. It is somewhat shoal off from Hookness, wherein is not above two foot at low-water. This Reach is noted in the Draught with the letter g.   

Woolwich-Reach.  
This Reach lieth down from Bugby's-Hole to the lower end of Woolwich Town, East by North, and West by South: On the North side is Ham-Creek, a little to the southward of which lieth a shoal, called Woolwich-shelf, 
Woolwich shelf.  whereon is not above two foot at low-water; it lieth one third of the Reach over from the Essex-shore: In this Reach there is three fathom and a half water, but below the Town deeper. This Reach is noted in the Draught with the letter h.   

Gallions-Reach.  
This Reach lieth from the lower end of Woolwich-Town, almost to Barking-Creek, and lieth N. N. E. and S. S. W. On the West side thereof standeth a little House and some Trees, called Galleons House and Trees; right against them is good riding for Ships; and at the lower end of this Reach is a Point called Maggot-Ness. This Reach is noted in the Draught with the letter i.   

Barking-shelf-Reach.  
This Reach lieth down from Maggot-Ness to Cross-Ness; a little above Cross-Ness, on the Kentish-shore, stood one of the halfway Trees, 
Half-way-Tree.  and the other opposite to it on the Essex-shore; they bear that name, because it is reputed to be halfway between London and Gravesend. This Reach lieth somewhat crooked, going in with a Bite on the Kentish-side. In this Reach is the greatest shoal in the River, 
Barking-shelf.  called Barking-shelf, from whence this Reach taketh its name, which lies in the middle of the River: Between the Shelf and Barking-Creek, there is not above six foot at low-water, but the best of the Channel is between the Shelf and the Kentish-shore; it is narrow, and there is but two fathom, and two fathom and a half at low-water. This Reach is noted in the Draught with the letter k.   

Half-way-Tree Reach.  
This Reach extendeth itself down from Cross-Ness to Gillion-Tree, 
Gillion-Tree.  which stands on a Point of Land on the Kentish-shore, almost against Raynham-Ferry; it lieth in two parts, the westermost lieth E. S. E. and W. N. W. and the other part East by South and West by North; in this Reach is four fathom, and four fathom and a half at low-water. In most parts of this Reach, off the Point where Gillion-Tree stands, lieth a shoal, but not very dangerous, there being about eight foot at low-water. On the Essex-side, lieth out a Jetty to secure the Bank from the strength of the Tide, (which setteth very much on that shore) it is called Dagenham-Jetty; 
Degeham-jetty. A shelf.  between which, and Cross-Ness on the Kentish-shore, lieth a small Shelf, which is sometimes dry at low-water. This Reach is expressed in the Draught with the letter l.   

Erith-Reach.  
This Reach lieth N. N. W. and S. S. E. and extendeth itself from Reynham, down to a Point on the Essex-shore, 
Gold-harbour.  called Cold-harbour. In most part of this Reach there is about four fathom water; but right against the Church is the best place for great Ships to come to an anchor, because it is somewhat deeper. This Reach is noted in the Draught with the letter m.   

The Rands,  
Is a short Reach, extending itself from Cold-barbour to Crafford-ness, which lieth on the West side of Dart-ford-Creek, bearing East by North and West by South: Right against which Creek, lieth a shoal in the middle of the River, called Rand-hill, but not dangerous. 
A shoal called Rand-hill.  This Reach is noted in the Draught with the letter n.   

Long-Reach.  
This Reach taketh its Name from its Nature, being the longest Reach in the River, and lieth E. S. E. and W. N. W. and extendeth itself from Crafford-ness to Greenhith-Town. On the North side, between Pursleet and Sleepers-hole, lieth a shoal, but not dangerous; 
A shoal.  in the upper part of this Reach there is five fathom and a half at low-water, and all down the North Reach there is seven fathom water. This Reach is noted in the Draught with the letter o.   

St. Clements-Reach.  
This Reach lieth in two parts, first from Greenhith to St. Clement's, and lieth N. N. E. and S. S. W. and from St. Clement's to Gray's it lieth East and West. This Reach is the most dangerous in the whole River, being very subject to foul weather, by reason of its situation, especially with some Winds, as a South-west and North-east wind, which doth make very bad weather, so that here are more Boats cast away, than in all the Reaches in the whole River; and by reason of the bad weather that annoys this Reach, 
Fidlers-Reach.  it is called Fidlers-Reach, because any little wind will raise the Waves, and make the Boats dance: At the lower end of this Reach, a little above Grayes-Town, 
Black-shelf.  lieth a shoal called Black-shelf, whereon Ships sometimes come aground, taking no harm, but sit upright. This Reach is noted in the Draught with the letter p.   

North-fleet-Hope.  
This Reach leadeth from Grayes-Town down to North-fleet, which is on the Kentish-shore, and lieth Northwest by North, and Southeast by South; there is about eight fathom water all along this Reach, and is bold enough, having no danger on any side. This Reach is noted in the Draught with the letter q.   

Gravesend-Reach.  
This Reach lieth East and West, and extendeth itself from North-fleet below the Town of Gravesend, to a place called the Piles; 
Piles.  there is good riding on any part of this Reach: The water riseth here three fathom and a half; above the Town you will have eight, and below six fathom. This Reach is noted in the Draught with the letter r.   

Lilbury-Hope.  
This Reach lieth North-east by North, and South-West by South, and extendeth itself from the Piles aforesaid, down to Mucking-Creek, which is on the North shore; and Hope-ness, alias, Sands-head-Point, on the South side: Here is in most parts of this Reach, five, six, and seven fathom at low-water: Ships may conveniently ride in any part of it. This Reach is noted in the Draught with the letter s.    

A Description of the Sands, Shoals, Buoys, Beacons, and Sea-Marks on the Coast of England, from Thames-Mouth to Flambrough-head.  
Showing their Bearings and Distances from the most Eminent Places on the Land; with the Depths of Water on them, as well as in the Channels between them.  

Blyth-Sand.  
THis Sand gins at the lower end of the Hope, from Hope-ness, alias, Sands-head-point, on the South side, and runneth down below Hull-haven; it lieth E. N. E. the lower down the broader: there is some distance between the eastermost end and the shore, but the westermost end joineth to the Land: Those that turn, either going up or down, must come no nearer it than five fathom at low-water, and seven fathom at high-water. On the North side you will have five and six fathom at low-water. This Sand is noted in the Draught with the letter a.   

Hole-Haven-Scarrs.  
Hole-Haven-Scarrs is a dangerous shoal, being very hard ground, and joining to the shore a little below Hole-Haven, stretching off from the Land about two Cables length, being very steep, and having ten fathom close by it. This, and the lower end of Blyth-Sand, makes the Channel more narrow than either above or below, and causeth the Tide to run very strong. In spring-tidings it is dry at low-water. This shoal is marked in the Draught with the letter b.   

The Chapman.  
The Chapman is a shoal that lieth about two miles below the Scars on the North side: 
Chapman head.  The West end thereof joins to the shore, and is called the Chapman-head; it lieth down nearest from the Scars East, is near half a mile in length, and steep too, having nine fathom close to it; a good part of the East end thereof appeareth dry at low-water, being hard, strong, and uneven ground, having six fathom water close aboard of it. The thwart mark for the East end of the Chapman, is to bring Hadley Church and Hadley Castle both in one. This Sand is noted in the Draught with the letter c.  
From hence runneth a shoal which reacheth below Canvey-Island, 
High-Sand.  and is called High-sand.   

Middleground.  
This Middleground is a shoal that lieth against Lee, in the middle of the Channel, and at low Tide there is no more than 11, 12, or 13 foot water, and on each side about 4, or 4 fathom and a half. The South side is the deepest, it is about two miles in length, and lieth down East as the River doth. 
Marks of the middle Ground.  The Mark for this Sand, is to bring Lee Church on the East Point of the Marsh, (which is the East end of Canvey-Island) then are you thwart of the shoalest part of it, where you have but ten foot at low-water: To avoid it, you may go on either side thereof. This Shelf is noted in the Draught with the letter d.   

The Nower and Buoy.  
The Nower is a Sand that lieth from part of the Isle of Grean, and runs down nearest East two little miles; on the East Point thereof lieth a Buoy in twelve foot at low-water: this Sand is broader in some places than in other, by reason of some Swatches that are in it, 
Marks of the Bovy.  and dries every low-water: Minster-Church, in the Isle of Sheppy, bears South by East from the Buoy of the Nower, and Shyrness West, half southerly, about three miles: From the Buoy of the Nower to the Buoy of the Oaze-edge, the course is East, one quarter southerly, near five miles. This Sand and Buoy is marked in the Draught with the letter e.   

The Cant.  
The Cant is a great Flat that lies on the North side of Sheppy, and joins to the shore, and gins a little to the eastward of Shyreness, and so runs to the East end of the Island, where the West end of the Redsand and Spaniard joins to it; this shoal lieth off from Sheppy in some places a mile, in others two; the more to the East the farther off, by means of its joining with the Redsand. There is no mark for this Sand, (only the depth of water being four, five, or six fathom) so near the Ship may go (the time of Tide considered): But from the lower part of the said Cant, gins deep water close to it down to the Spile, as 11, 12, 
Spile.  or 13 fathom, and is called Bradgate-hole.   

Shooberry-Ness.  
Shooberry-Ness is part of a great Flat that beginneth below Lee-Town, and runneth down the River northerly to the North-east of Whitaker. This Ness lieth right off a mile from the shore, and falleth dry at low-water, is steep too, having ten fathom close to it. To avoid this, come no nearer it than eight fathom. 
Thwart Marks of Shooberry Ness.  The thwart Marks of it, Is to bring two high Trees a little open to the West of Shooberry-steeple, which is a spire Steeple. To go clear of Shooberry-flat, 
Longest Marks.  keep the high Land of Lee open of the Land on the North-east of it, and that will go in the best of the Channel.   

Black-Tayl.  
This is a part of the foresaid great Flat, and lieth below Shooberry-ness, E.N.E. about four miles, being steep too, and having six, seven, and eight fathom above and below it; but you must come no nearer it than 8 fathom.   

The Warp.  
The Warp is a shoal that lieth in the Fair-way, coming out of the Swim up the River, beginning near to the Buoy of Oaze-edge, and tayleth up as high as the Middleground of Lee; upon it there is but four fathom at low-water. On the North side there is eight and ten fathom, and on the South side ten and eleven fathom. This Sand is noted in the Draught with the letter f.   

The Shoe and Beacon.  
The Shoe is also a part of the forementioned great Flat, being very steep too: The course from the black-tail to the Shoe and Beacon, is North-east, half easterly, about four or five miles. You must not come nearer the Beacon than nine or ten fathom; and you may stand over towards the Mouse in ten fathom, and so nearer. From this Beacon to the Buoy of the Oaze-edge, the course is South-west by South, distant about four miles. Between this Beacon and the Whitaker, you may come in six fathom on the North-side, and on the Southside, near the Mouse, in ten fathom. In the Fair-way is seven, eight, or nine fathom. The Shooe-beacon and Buoy of the Redsand, do bear North and South, nearest one of the other, betwixt five and six miles.   

Middleground and Buoy.  
This Sand lieth between Buxey-sand and the East-Barrows, being about five miles in length, and lieth near North-east and South-west; upon the South-west end is placed a Buoy, which bears from the Shooe-beacon North-east by North, two degrees easterly, about five miles; you may sail from the Shoe (being below it) by your Lead, towards the Whitaker, in 6, 6 fathom and a half, and 7 and a half, and on the Barrow side in 8 fathom; and in the Fair-way is 9 or 10 fathom; the Buoy, at low-water, lieth in 18 foot. And on this Sand, at low-water, is 4, 5, and 6 foot water.   

The Middle-Middle-Ground.  
This is a small Shoal that lieth W.N.W. half a mile from the Buoy of the Middleground, and extends itself a little below the Whitaker-beacon; on this Sand there is no more than 14 foot at low-water. To avoid it, you must keep within two Cables length of the Buoy of the Middleground. At the North end of this shoal there is 5 or 6 fathom water, This is noted in the Draught with the letter g.   

The Whitaker and Beacon.  
The Whitaker is also a part of the forementioned great Flat, and is the North-east Point thereof, on which standeth a Beacon, from whence runs off a tail of the foresaid Flat, a little to the northward of the Beacon: To avoid which, come no nearer than seven fathom; betwixt this and the S. W. end of the Buxey, goeth in a small Channel up towards Foul-ness, called North-fletch, useful only for small Vessels. From Whitaker to the Buoy of the Buxey, you may sail in 6 or 7 fathom, and towards the Middleground in 8 fathom; in the Fair-way there is 7 fathom, and on this tail there is but two fathom at low-water.   

The Burey and Buoy.  
The Buxey is a Sand that lieth on the North side of Whitaker, and stretcheth itself South-west and North-east, falling dry at low-water. At the North end thereof lieth a Buoy; betwixt this Buoy and the South-west end of the Gunfleet, goeth in a Channel called the Spits, where there is but six and seven foot at low-water, being a quarter of a mile broad. 
Marks for the Spits.  The Mark for it, is a flat Steeple, called great Holland; bring it into a small Swamp or Gaul in a red Cliff, then doth the Church bear North, half westerly; then steer in Northwest till your water deepen; then bear down toward the Naze, according to your Wind; the nearer the Gunfleet, the deeper the Water is; as you sail, you shall have 5, 6, 7, and 8 fathom water.   

The Gunfleet and Buoy.  
The Gunfleet is a long Sand, by judgement eight or nine miles, and hath in it some small Swatches; the South-west end of it, and the North-east end is flat, and good shoaling, but on either side steep, in some parts of it more than other: You may sail alongst it on the South side; from the South-west end downwards in seven fathom, till you come within a large mile of the Buoy, come no nearer than nine fathom: Here lieth a Hook E.S.E. off from the Sand a long Cables length; 
A Hook.  on the Southeast side of which goeth a small Swatch quite through the Sand to the Northwest, which causeth the Tide to set in there; so that when Vessels pass near it, (if not careful in time) it draweth them into the Swatch, or upon the Hook; to avoid which, come no nearer this part of the Sand than ten fathom. From this Hook, to the North-east end, this Sand is very steep too, but at the end flat as aforesaid: This Sand lieth North-east and South-west, a good part of it drieth, in some parts half a mile, and other parts one third of a mile broad; and if you stand from this Sand to the Heaps, come no nearer them than ten fathom; in the middle of the Channel is eight fathom. The Buoy of the Gunfleet lieth from the Naze Southeast by East four miles.   

The Heaps.  
The Heaps are several Banks of Sand, as it were, 
By some called the Hurdles.  joining to the North-east end of the Middleground, E.N.E. and W.S.W. on which, at low-water, is but seven foot, and very steep too, and runs down about three miles; the North-east end thereof doth bear from the Naze South by East, half easterly: The Channel betwixt them and the Gunfleet, is four miles broad; in turning up or down, come no nearer them than ten fathom. Some of these Heaps do dry on spring-tidings. These are noted in the Draught with the letter b.   

The Andrews.  
The Andrews is a narrow Point of small stones that lie out from Landguard Point near half a mile, and drieth at low-water: On the South-west side of this Spit, lieth several heaps of small stones that also dry at spring-tidings; but when you have the two Light-houses in one, (sailing so) it directeth you free of them; and as you sail out of Harwich to the northwards, when you have brought Bawdsey Steeple open of the Land to the South of Bawdsey, then are you clear of the Andrews, and may sail towards Oazely-Bay. 
Oazeley-Bay.    

The Altar.  
The Altar is a small Ridge that lieth N. N. W. and S.S.E. right against Landguard-fort; the Channel here, at low-water, is not more than a Cables length broad; on the Fort side is five fathom, on the Altar is six foot at low-water; a Cables length within the Fort is a Cross Ridge, on which at low water, 
Cross-Ridge.  is but fifteen foot, it lieth quite cross the Channel; than you must sail along the Beach on the Fort-side, to avoid the great Flat, called the Guard, 
Guard.  that lieth off from Harwich-Town, till you bring open Manning-Tree, and a high Tree that stands to the southwards of the Hill Point (next above Harwich-Town) in Manning-Tree-Water; then may you anchor where you please, in five, six, or seven fathom, taking care of a long spit of Sand that runs out from Shotley-Point, cross to Ipswich-Water. 
Shotley-Point.  This shoal is noted in the Draught with the letter i.   

The Ridge.  
The Ridge is a small Bank of great stones, and lieth on the South side of you, as you sail in by the Andrews, on which is four or five foot at low-water. The Mark to avoid it, is to bring the two Light-houses at Harwich in one; and if you shut Harwich-Mill in the North end of the Cliff, you run right on it; if open, than you may go clear; it lies North-east and South-west, and is but narrrow, and half a mile in length. Noted in the Draught with the letter k.   

The Rowling-Grounds.  
The Rowling-grounds is the Road where commonly Ships ride, being without the Altar, and within the Ridge, 
Marks of the Rowling-grounds.  and thwart the Andrews, where is at low-water 4 or 5 fathom. The Marks for it are, to bring the Windmill on the North end of Harwich-Cliff, and the Beacon on Bawdsey-Cliff, over the North-east Point of the Beach that runs from Landguard-Fort to the northwards.   

The Platters.  
The Platters are several Heaps and Banks of small stones that lie between Landguard-Fort and Woodbridg-Haven, 
Wood-bridge-Haven.  they lie close to the shore: To avoid them, come no nearer than four fathom. To the northwards, near Woodbridge-Haven, 
A shoal.  lieth a small Shoal, where is but ten foot at low-water: To avoid this, come no nearer than five fathom off the shore thereabout. This Shoal is noted in the Draught with the letter l.   

Westrocks.  
The Westrocks are a great many Heaps and Banks joined together, having several small Swatches amongst them, the Ground being of several qualities, partly Sand, and partly Stones, both great and small; in several places it dries, and in most other parts of it but 2, 3, 4, 5 foot at low-water; the ground uneven, and is of great extent, N. E. and S. W. about 3 miles, and lieth N. W. and S. E. near 5 miles. There are several shoals that lie within it on the N. W. side, that are accounted parts of it, and the Cork-Sand that lieth on the North side of it, there being only a small Swatch of 7 foot water that parts them; the S. W. part of this Shoal, lieth a mile and half from the Buoy of the Gunfleet, North by East, and N. N. E. you must come no nearer to it than 7 or 8 fathom on the South side: when you are to the southward, 
Marks of the Westrocks.  and against the Body of it, than Harwich-Church will be a little nearer to Landguard-Fort than to Harwich-Cliff.   

The Cork.  
The Cork is a Sand that lieth on the North side of the Westrocks, and doth almost join to them, there being only a small Swatch of seven foot water betwixt them; it dries at low-water, and lieth near three miles from Landguard-Fort, and S.E. by East from the out-part of the Andrews. The Marks to go clear of it, in and out, is to bring Harwich-Church on a black Brewhouse, that stands a little within the Land; as is before expressed in the going out of Harwich.   

The Cutler.  
The Cutler is a shoal that lieth off from the N. E. of Bawdsey-Cliff a small mile, on which is but six foot at low-water: This Sand lies badly, if men be not careful of it, because the Tide of Flood or Ebb sets so right upon it, that if a Ship cometh aground, it is bad getting off, the Tide binding so directly upon it; you may come in four fathom of it; in the Fair-way is 5 and 6 fathom: it is almost round, and very hard ground. The Longest mark to keep clear of it, 
Longest a mark.  is to bring Harwich-Steeple a Sails breadth open of Felsteed-Cliff. The Thwart Mark for it, 
Thwart mark.  is Bawdsey-steeple on the North end of a thick Wood by the Water side; then the Steeple bears off you Northwest, five degrees West. This Sand is noted in the Draught with the letter n.   

The Middleground.  
The Middleground is a Bank that lieth betwixt Orford-haven and Orfordness, half a mile from the shore; on which at low-water is eighteen foot, and between it and the shore is five and six fathom, and lies one third part of the way off to the Whitingsand; it is about half a mile in length, and lieth along as the shore lieth: between this and the Whiting is 6 and 7 fathom. This is noted in the Draught with the letter o.   

The Onion.  
The Onion is a round Knowl that lies a third part of a mile to the southwards of Orfordness, just within the Stream of it; and there is on it, at low-water, 14 and 15 foot. Marks there are none, but to observe the Tides. This Shoal is noted in the Draught with the letter p.   

The Sledway.  
The Sledway is a Channel through which all Ships pass that come within the Sands at Orfordness, and go up or down the Swim. The Marks for it are, to bring Bawdsey-steeple open a little to the northward of Bawdsey-cliff, in two or three Trees, and then the Church will bear from you N. N. W. and so you must keep those Marks together, and sail out S. S. E. in the very best of the Channel, which directs you clear of the South-ends of the Sands of Orford-Town, and of the Cork and Westrocks to the northward of them; and if you bring Bawdsey-steeple on the North end of Bawdsey-Cliff, than it will bear from you North by West, and brings you very near the Westrocks; and if you bring Bawdsey-steeple N. W. from you, it will bring you near the South end of the Shipwash: When you sail out of the Sledway from Bawdsey, (it bearing N.N.W. from you) the depths are 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, fathoms; then steer S. W. by West, and W.S.W. according to the Wind, and that will bring you near the Buoy of the Gunfleet, to direct you up the Swim; and when you come to 10 and 11, then hale South up towards the Buoy of the Gunfleet. This Sledway is very uneven Ground, you shall have 7, 8, and 9 fathom, and the next throw 4 and 5 fathom.   

The Whiting.  
The Whiting is a Sand that lieth against Orford-Town, and lieth N.E. by North, and S. W. by South, on which is but five foot at low-water, and is in length 3 miles and a half, and in breadth 3 Cables length; the North end of it beareth from the Light-house on Orfordness S.S.W. 4 miles and a half, and Orford-Church N. N. W. a large mile from the shore; the South end is the broadest, when you are at the South end in four fathom. The Marks are Alterton-steeple, West, 
Marks of the Whiting.  eight degrees northerly; and Bawdsey-steeple West by South, three degrees southerly: This end of the Sand lies from the shore two miles; and about half a mile Southeast from this end of the Sand, there is but five fathom at high-water: Not knowing whether this be that which some Collier's report, that lieth about the South end of the Whiting, which they call the Kettle-bottom, being a round Knowl, on which some of them said they have seen a Ship aground, but could not tell us where it was, neither could we find any other. The Whiting is noted in the Draught with the letter q.   

Bawdsey-Sand.  
This is a Sand that lieth without the Whiting, lying North-east and South-west, in length four miles and a half, and in breadth three Cables length, and a great part of it drieth at low-tydes. The Marks for the South end of it, is Bawdsey-steeple, Northwest, six degrees: then the Church stands open to the South of a little tuft of Trees. This end lieth from the shore four miles and a half, and is very steep, having eight and nine fathom close to it, and a very strong Tide runs by it. 
Marks for Bawdsey-Sand.  The Marks for the North end, is Orford Castle, North by West, six degrees westerly; the Light houses North, six degrees easterly; five miles off this end is more flat and broad than the South-end; this end, and the South-end of the Whiting, doth bear Northwest by West, and Southeast by East, two miles asunder; the depths betwixt them is 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 fathom the most, and on the East side, 8, 9, 10 fathom, and 7 and 8 at the West; and from Alterton-Church it lieth West by North, half northerly; and from Bawdsey-Church, West, half southerly; then will Bawdsey-Church be on the North end of a short Wood   

The Shipwash.  
The Shipwash is a Sand that lieth without Bawdsey-Sand, and is properly so called, it having, out of doubt washed many a Ship quite away; It is a very dangerous Sand by reason of its length, and the strength of Tide that runs by it, and the great part of it that dries at low-water, and the devouring Nature thereof, swallowing up any Ship that is lost on it, quite out of sight in few days: it lieth North by East, and South by West, and and is in length nine miles, and in breadth a quarter of a mile; but at the South end it is half a mile broad, by reason of a Hook that runs off the Northwest side, as in the Draught is described. 

Marks for the North end of this Sand.  
Marks for the South-end.   The Marks for the North end, are Orford-Church, Northwest, six miles off, and five miles from the Light-houses: Or Orfordness Southeast by South. The Marks for the South end, are Bawdsey-steeple Northwest, five degrees West, eight miles and a half off from the shore. The Southeast side of this Sand is very steep too, having ten fathom close to it; but the Northwest side is not so steep, for you may sail along that side in seven and eight fathom, taking care of the Hook; the South end is more flat than the North end. The Depths between this and Bawdsey-Sand, are 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 fathom; two miles without this Sand, to the East, is fifteen and sixteen fathom.   

Alborough-Knapes.  
Alborough-Knapes is a Sand that lieth about five miles from Orfordness. The Marks to carry you clear of it, are to bring Orford. Church and Castle one in anothor: Alborough-Church, West, brings you just upon it; there is but two fathom and a half Water upon it at low-tyde. If you come within the Knapes, you will have twelve or thirteen fathom Water; and if you go without it, you shall have sixteen fathom; which are sure Notes to know whether you are without or within the Sand.   

Bernard.  
The Bernard is a Sand that lieth a little to the northwards of Eastness; it lieth in the Sea North-East one mile and a half; the South end lieth East from Covehithe-Church, if you are bound to the northward; to go clear of the North-east end of it, keep Southwold open of the South end of the Cliff, until you bring Leystaff Windmill open to the northwards of the Town of Leystaff.   

The Sea-Horse, or Newcome.  
The Sea-Horse is a Sand or Bank which lieth thwart the Steeple of Covehithe, (which is a high sharp Steeple) not far from the shore, which falleth almost dry at low-water, but at half-flood you may sail through between the Land and it in 2 fathom: upon the outer-side it is very steep, so that you cannot come nearer it than in nine or ten fathom. When the Steeple of Covehithe is W. N. W. from you, than you are to the southward of it; and when the Steeple is South-west by West from you, then are you to the northwards of it two leagues.   

St. Matthews-Sand.  
Off from Pakesfield, almost three miles, lieth St. Matthews-Sand, being in length one mile and a half, and in breadth about three Cables length; it lieth in the Sea North and South; the South end beareth from Eastness North-east by North, five miles and a half; the North end lieth from Leystaff East by South, three miles and a half.   

The Holms of Yarmouth.  
Off from Leystaff beginneth the Holms of Yarmouth, which are several Banks and Sands, having many Channels going between them, and you may sail through upon divers Marks, if you are acquainted: And also within these Banks, from Leystaff until you come past Winterton, (for they reach thwart of it) most of the Banks have particular appellations, as Corten-Sand, Leystaff, Knock, New-warp, Cockle, Hombsby, Hurd, the Knock, Middleground, Thredle-dore, St. Nicholas-Sand, Scroby, etc. If you sail alongst by the Land, you must keep the Soundings of the shore in 5, 6, or 7 fathom; some of them are steep too on the outside, where you may have 12 and 13 fathom; but off Thredle-door, St. Nicholas-Sand, and Scroby, you have but 4, 5, and 6 fathom, three or four miles off. To go without the Holm-head, keep the Knock-Beacons one in the other: Also upon the Ebb, if occasion serves, you may borrow into four fathom of the North end of the Newcome; or you may go off in 11 or 12 fathom as you please; coming from the northwards, you must go no nearer the Cockle than five or six fathom, but on the shore you may borrow in four fathom.   

Scroby.  
E. N. E. from the Town of Yarmouth, two miles from the shore, is a Sand called the Scroby, lying North and South in the Sea, being in length almost two miles; this Sand is steep too, having on the outside ten and eleven fathom; in the middle of the Channel you will have twenty fathom between it and the New-warp; the South end of this Sand lieth half a mile from the end of the Knowls, and the North end almost the same distance from the Knock.   

New-warp.  
Southeast by East, five leagues and a half from Wintertonness, lieth a Sand called New-warp, being in length two miles and a half, and lieth in the Sea East and West; on it, at low-water, there is but two fathom; without it you will have ten and twelve fathom, between it and the Holms five and six fathom, but near the Holms ten fathom.   

The Overfalls.  
East from Yarmouth, about nine miles, lieth the South end of the Overfalls; extending itself to the northwards more than five miles in length, but in breadth not considerable: This Bank is dangerous, because it is very shoal; on the East side of it you will have five fathom and even ground, but being about two miles distant you will have 20 and 24 fathom.   

Bounses.  
The Bounses is a Sand which lieth North-east, a little northerly from Wintertonness about five miles and a half, being a round Sand, whereon there is three fathom at low-water; within it you have 16 and 17 fathom, but without it 8, 12, and 16 fathom; it beareth from New-warp North by West, a little Westerly, about a mile.   

Haseborough-Sand.  
This Sand lieth from Haseborough North-east by East, about six miles and a half, and lieth in the Sea Northwest and Southeast, being in length two miles and a half; the Southeast end lieth from Wintertonness North and West, a little westerly, nine miles and a half; between it and the shore you have 12 and 13 fathom water, but on it 3 and 4 fathom.   

The Lemon.  
The Lemon is a Sand that beareth from Haseborough E. N. E. about 8 or 9 leagues; when you are near this Sand, you cannot see the Land, but Haseborough-steeple will bear from you W.S.W. and if you stand that Course one or two glasses at the most, you will then have sight of Haseborough-steeple, and the Wood that is by it, if the weather is any thing clear. This Sand lieth a little more northerly than the Orrey.   

The Orrey.  
The Orrey is a Sand that beareth near East by North, half northerly from Haseborough-Church about seven or eight leagues off, and is about two miles from the Lemon; between which two Sands there is a Channel, where you will have about 17, 18, and 19 fathom water: When you are near this Sand, Haseborough-Steeple will bear near West by South, half southerly.   

Blackney-Sand.  
This Sand lieth before Blackney, being distant about five miles; on the inner side you will have four fathom water, and without 4, 5, and 6 fathom.   

Pole and Piper.  
The Pole and Piper is a Shoal that lieth between Blackney and Wells, joining to the shore. The Beacons that you sail by, lie alongst by the Piper, at the West end whereof goeth in the Channel of Wells.   

Burnham Flats.  
Between Wells and Burnham, there lieth the great Flat called Burnham-Flats, a league distant from the shore, which at low-water lieth dry in divers places. At high-water you may well go over it. The ground on the North side goeth up flat and plain; On the South side it is very steep; as soon as you are over the shoalest, you shall get suddenly deep water, and good sandy ground; within it is good riding for easterly winds.   

Pearls-Hole.  
In the Latitude of 53 deg. 38 min. and to the East of the Meridian of Flamberough-head, 20 leagues distant from it, E.S.E. two degrees southerly 22 leagues, and from the Spornhead East 19 leagues, is a great Hole called the Hole of Pearls, wherein is 35 and 40 fathom, fine brown Sand, three Cables length sailing, and then 13 fathom.   

New-Bank.  
Four leagues S. E. by East from this Hole, you will find a Bank whereon is but 5 and a half, 6 and 7 fathom for several casts of the Lead, and on either fide 16 fathom. The depth of water from Pearls-hole to this Bank, is 13, 15, 14, 14, 16, 10, 16 fathom, fine brown Sand and small Gravel: The Tide sets on this Bank N. W. and S. E. it being in the Latitude of 53 deg. 32 min. Distant from Haseborough-steeple 12 leagues, North by East, and from Flamborough-head E. S. E. 26 leagues. The Soundings hereabouts are uncertain in depth and ground, and many Banks there are which we know not of.    

The Sands and Shoals in Lin-Deeps.  

The Sonk.  
THe Sonk is a Sand which is nigh the South end of Burnham-flats, and lieth to the northward of Chappel-land, and is dry at low-water; you may sail about it on both sides.   

Dousing.  
The Dousing is a Sand which lieth on the North-side of Burnham-flats; it beareth from Wells North, half westerly, 21 miles; the Southside is steep too, where you will have 19 fathom not far from it, and on the North side 9 and 10 fathom.   

Inner Dousing.  
This Sand lieth from St. edmond's, N. W. by North 13 miles; and from Skegness N.N.E. 10 miles.   

Dogshead.  
Dogshead is a small Sand which lieth on the North side of Wilgriph, about a mile from the shore.   

Boston-Knock,  
Is a Sand which lieth off the Point of Legerness, which falleth dry at low-water; between it and the Land there is but two fathom; but it floweth thereabout five fathom up and down. When Legerness bears W. N. W. from you, then go on South-west through between the Knock and a Shoal (which shooteth off from the Westward of Legerness) until you can get again the depth of six or seven fathom.   

Longsand.  
The body of this Sand lieth against Legerness, distant about three miles; being without the Point of the Ness, you may run through between Boston-Knock and it; when the Trees in the Point come a hand-spikes length to the eastward of Legerness, then go on South-west, and you may run right into the Deep between Boston-Knock and Longsand: between the Knock and the Point of the Longsand you will have five fathom; being past the Knock you will have eight, nine, and ten fathom deep.    

A Description of the Sands, within the HUMBER.  

Rose.  
THe Rose is a Sand which lieth before Salt-fleet, being a round Sand, and is two miles from the shore.   

Riff.  
The Riff is a Shoal which joineth to the shore between Sandhall and Clay-ness, and stretcheth itself N. E. by East almost six miles into the Sea, the Point whereof lieth from the Sporn S. E. by South, four miles, and from the Buoy of the Bull Fast by South four miles.   

Bull.  
The Bull is a Sand which lieth almost in the middle of the Channel, on the N. E. side whereof lieth a Buoy, which lieth from the Sporn S. E. half southerly, three miles and a half; the Buoy lieth in 7 or 8 fathom water. The thwart Mark of the said Buoy, is a House upon the West end of the Cliff of Clay-ness, and from thence to Grimsby-Road, and anchor a little below the Beacon.   

Stone-Banks.  
These are several small Banks which lie East from the Spornhead. If from the Point of Kelsey you steer South by East, until the Point of the Sporn be West, half northerly, then are you clear of them.   

Borcom.  
Borcom is a Sand which lieth off Stanningborough about a mile from the shore; on the North-side hereof lieth a Buoy, which lieth from the Sporn West by South, half southerly, seven miles, and from the Buoy of the Bull East by South four miles and a half.   

Sonk in the Humber.  
The Sonk is a Sand that lieth on the North-side of the River almost as far down as the Sporn; if going up on the Southside you bring Pauls-Tower open of the Redcliff to the eastward, than you are clear, or about the Tail of the Sonk.   

Holms.  
The Holms is a Sand which lieth about a mile from the shore. The East end cometh within the Tail of the Sonk, and on the West end lieth a Buoy, which beareth South a mile and half from Pauls-Church, and from the Buoy of the Bull N. W. by West about 13 miles.    

The Banks that lie off in the Sea.  

The Dogger-Bank.  
On the Dogger-Bank the ground is even for ten leagues together; on the Southside of it there is 24, 24, 25, 25, 25, 24, 24, 23, 22, 21, 20, 19, 18 fathom, fine white Sand; and on the North-side it falls off with a flat, and deepens by little and little; in sailing four leagues North after you have sixteen fathom, you will have your water every cast deeper; at four leagues you will have twenty fathom, fine white Sand; the Bank lieth nearest North-east from the Sporn, and runneth near the Juttish-Riff: On the Southside, a mile from the Bank, you will have 20 and 22 fathom fine white and grey Sand; you will have 18, 17, 16, 14, 11 fathom, fine whitish grey Sand, and continueth in the depth of 11 fathom on the Dogger-bank for 7 leagues together, in the Latitude of 55 deg. 9 min. to the Eastwards of Flamborough-head 34 leagues. The Soundings on the very Ridge of the Dogger-bank, toward the West end, be 11, 11, 12, 11, 10 and a half, 10 and a half, 10 and a quarter, 10 and a quarter, 10 and a half fathom. In standing a mile southerly, you will deepen from 10 and a quarter to 12 fathom, and sailing Westerly you will find shoaler water: In sailing 30 leagues East and West, the ground is of the same nature: For three leagues breadth North or South, it is 11, 12, 10 and a half, 11, 11, 13, 14, 15, 14 fathom; then the water grows deeper on either side, but more steeper on the North than on the South; yet towards the West part of this Bank, you will find the South side to deepen more suddenly than to the East end: It lieth nearest S. W. by West, and N. E. by East, stretching within 16 leagues of Flamborough-head. The Soundings on the West end Flamborough-head bearing East by North, four degrees northerly, distant eight leagues, and steering W. S. W. you will have white and brown Sand, 20, 19, 17, 16 fathom, with small stones of Gravel. But further off towards the Dogger-bank 32, 30, 25, 32, 27, 30 fathom, fine brown and grey Sand. About two leagues to the southward of Flamborough-head you will have 10 fathom water, small gravel stones and brown Sand. When Hornsey-spire-steeple bears W.S.W. about three leagues, and Flamborough-head N. W. by North, you may anchor in 17 fathom, gravelly ground. Flamborough-head lieth in the Latitude of 54 deg. 14 min.  
In the Latitude of 54 deg. 3 min. to the East of the Meridian of Flamborough-head 5 ⅓ leagues, you will have 25 fathom, grey Sand, with small stones and pieces of shells. The Soundings from 17, 18, 20, 21, 23, 24, 25 fathom, fine grey Sand, sometimes gravel, and sometimes shells.   

Crouch-Bank.  
In the midway between Flamborough-head and the Naze lieth this great Bank, North by East and South by West in the Sea, being in length 35 leagues; the South end hereof is distant from the Dogger-bank five leagues, and from Flamborough-head North-east, half easterly, 39 leagues; on the South end of this Bank is 22, in the middle 38, 39, and on the North end 28 fathom, which beareth from the Naze W. S. W. 39 leagues.   

The Whitebank.  
About twenty leagues North from Friezland lieth the Whitebank, being in length 27 leagues, and in breadth five leagues, being distant from the Dogger-bank 13 leagues; lying East by North, and West by South in the Sea; on the West end is 23 fathom, and on the South end 22.   

The White-Water.  
North-West by West, fourteen leagues from the Texel, lieth a Bank called the White-water, lying N. E. by East, and S. W. by South in the Sea, being in length ten leagues, on which is 16 fathom, the West end being distant from the Well seven leagues, where you will have 24 and 25 fathom, and between it and the Dogger-bank 27 and 28 fathom.   

The Well-Bank.  
The Soundings of the Well-bank are 15 and 14 fathom, brown sand and small gravel; between Flamborough-head and it the distance being 20 leagues, you will have 25, 23, 22, 21, 22, 18 fathom; near the West side of the Bank you will have 12, 14, 16, 17, 13, 15 fathom, brown Sand, with small gravel stones in it red and black, and some Casts fine brown Sand, and pieces of shells. On the South-west part of the Well-bank you will have 13 fathom, brown Sand: This Well-bank stretcheth far easterly towards the Whitesand. The depth of Water between both is 15, 14, 18, 17, 17, 23, 17, 21, 21, 23, 21, 14 fathom, brown Sand, but no certainty in any ground to know the distance of places from the Land.  
In the Latitude of 53 deg. 6 min. Flamborough-head bearing N. W. by West, five degrees westerly, distant 43 leagues; sailing South, your depth will be 16, 17, 21, 21, 23, 21, 14. In the Latitude 52 deg. 54 min. 20, 18, 23, 19 fathom, brown gritty Sand.  
The Tides run North by East, and South by West, 
Flowing of the Tides.  of an indifferent strength; it is high-water here on the Change-day of the Moon.    

A Description of the Sands, Shoals, Buoys, Beacons, and Sea-Marks upon the Coast of England, from the Buoy of the Nower to Dover.  

The Flats.  
THE Flats are so called, by reason of their general flatness, on which you may sail 4 or 5 miles and not alter one foot in depth. In the course from the Narrow to the Redsand, you may have ten foot water; to the eastward, in some Holes, you have 15 and 16 foot water. The Dangers that are in these Flats, are discoursed of in their place; for he that keeps himself on the Course that leads from the Buoy of the Woolpack to the Buoy of the Redsand, (which is N. W. by West, a quarter North) if he take Tied according to the draught of his Ship, shall not meet with any dangers.   

The Gilman.  
The Gilman is a Shoal that lieth up from the Buoy of the Spell W.N.W. about five miles, and a quarter of a mile Southeast by South from the East end of the Spaniard, and falls dry on spring-tidings. He that keepeth in the Course that leadeth from the Buoy of the Woolpack, to the Buoy of the Redsand, will not come near it. This Shoal is noted in the Draught with the Letter C.   

The Spaniard.  
The Spaniard is a Sand that takes its beginning from Sheppy-Island, and runs down East by North, until the Buoy of the Redsand is N. W. by North from the East end of it, a mile and a half distance: a good part of this Sand falls dry. And he that keeps the West end of St. Nicholas' Wood in the Gore, open to the Eastward of the Reculvers-steeple, will not come near this Sand. Between this and the Redsand, runs down the first Depths, where there is 5, 6, 7, and 8 fathom; the more to the eastward the deeper water.   

The Redsand and Buoy.  
The Redsand is very long; on the East end whereof lies a Buoy to direct them clear (to the North of it) into the Channel, betwixt this Sand and the Oaze-edge, which leads towards London, or downward over the Flats; the North side of this Sand, from the Buoy upwards, is steep too, but indifferent shoaling. This Buoy lies from the Buoy of the Oaze-edge East, half North, 
Marks of the Buoy.  and West, half South, about 3 or 4 miles. The Mark on the Land for this Buoy, is to bring the Landsend S. W. and St. Nicholas' Wood open to the Reculvers, or to bring the Reculvers S. E. The eastermost end of this Sand lies out with two Tongues, upon the northermost of which is placed a Buoy.   

The Oaze-edge and Buoy.  
The Oaze-edge is a Sand that lies to the northward of the Redsand, and lies E. N. E. and W. S. W. containing about 4 miles in length, and half a mile in breadth. The Channel betwixt this and the Redsand, is in some parts more, and in some less than a mile broad: The South side of this Sand is steep too, and the deepest part in the Channel is nine and ten fathom. At the West end of it lies a Buoy, and bears North by East from the Landsend, 
Mousehole-Church.  (on the N. E. of Sheppy) than Mousehole Church is open to the eastward of the said Landsend; from this Buoy to the Buoy of the Nower, the Course is West, a quarter South, about five miles.   

The Spile.  
The Spile is a small round Sand, and lies almost thwart the Buoy of the Oaze-edge to the southward: On the North side of the West-tayl of the Redsand, you have but six foot at low-water, and lies very dangerously.   

The Buoy of the Woolpack.  
The Buoy of the Woolpack is the westermost Buoy in the Narrow, on the North side of the Channel, 
Marks of this Buoy.  and lieth on the West Spit of the Woolpack-sand, and bears from Reculvers-steeple North by West; than you have two little Hills like two Paps on the upper Land to the southwards, just open and shut to the Reculvers-steeple. This Buoy is noted in the Draught with the letter x.   

The Buoy of the Spell.  
The Buoy of the Spell lieth on the Southside of the Narrow or Channel, a little to the eastward of the Buoy of the Woolpack; betwixt these Buoys, the Channel is a Cables length and a half broad, and but nine foot at low-water. This Buoy is noted in the Draught with the letter●y.   

The Hook.  
The Hook is a Shoal that runneth out from Marget-sand S. E. so far to the southward, that it makes the Channel very narrow. The thwart Mark for this Sand, is to bring Birchington-steeple into a green Dauk or Valley in the Cliff, than the Steeple will bear from you S. E. five degrees southerly. The longest Mark, is to bring St. Peter's Church upon the West end of the Cliff. This Shoal is noted in the Draught with the Letter z.  
The longest Mark to direct you clear of the Hook to the Buoy of the Searn, 
Longest Mark.  is to bring St. Peters-steeple over the East side or Cl●ff of Westgate-bay. You must keep them so, till you bring Birchington-steeple over the Gaul, when you take hold of the Mark to go through.   

Middleground at the Cliff-end.  
The Middleground is a Shoal that lieth below the Ho●k, nearest the shore, on which there is but fourteen foot at low-water, and on each side four fathom: this being a small narrow Ridge, lieth E.N.E. and W.S.W. one third of a mile long. 
Marks to lead clear of it.  The Marks to keep you clear, Is to bring St. Peter's Church over the East-side of the Westgate-bay as aforesaid; or to bring the nethermost Tree on the next high Land (to the westward of the Reculvers) a little open to the southward of the Reculvers, (this Tree leaneth a little to the southward) and is a good Mark for the Hook downwards, or from Marget-sand upward. This Sand is noted in the Draught with the letter A.   

The Horse.  
The Horse is a Shoal that lieth a little above the Hook of Marget-sand; on the Southside, a little below the Reculver Church, on which it is very shoal at low-water. 
The Mark.  To avoid this, you must keep St. Peter's steeple (on the East-side of the Westgate-bay) a little upon the Cliff, upward to the Buoy of the Searn, and so from the Buoy downward. This Sand is noted in the Draught with the letter B.   

The Buoy of the Searn.  
The Buoy of the Searn is the eastermost Buoy that lieth on the North-side of the Reculvers; the Steeple bearing from the Buoy South by West, then have you a Windmill a little open of the Channel of Reculvers-Church, or to bring over a small House that standeth a little to the East end of the Church. The Course upwards from this Buoy through the Narrow, is W.N.W. The longest Marks on the shore, 
Marks of this Sand.  is to bring Birchington-Church right over a Gaul, or black Hole in the Western part of the Cliff end. This Buoy is noted in the Draught with the letter w.  
Between the Woolpack and the Pan-sands, or the West end of the Wedge and the Pan-sand, goes down a Channel of one mile and a half broad, 
A new Channel.  and runs down E.N.E. At the first entrance, below the Wedge and Pan-sands, you have five fathom water; and so down to the eastward deeper, as 6, 7, and 8 fathoms; but at the North-side of the Woolpack, betwixt that and the Pan-sands, there is but three and a half, and four fathoms at low-water; the more to the East, the Channel is deeper and broader.   

The Wedge.  
The Wedge is a Sand that lieth on the North side of Marget-sand, being broad at the West end, and sharp at the East end, resembling its Appellation; it lieth West by North, and East by South, about six miles in length, having at the westermost end, between it and Marget-sand, three fathom water, and so down to the East end until it join with Marget-sand, there is two fathom, and on the North-side 7, 8, and 9 fathom.   

Marget-Sand.  
The East end of Marget-sand lieth before Margot, and Westgate-bay, and up till you are thwart the Reculvers. And by reason of some Swatches that are in it, it is divided into more names, the Searn, the Woolpack. The East end of this Sand beareth from Marget-Church North, half West, four mile's distance; and as it runs up to the westwards, so it grows nearer the shore. 
Marks for the East end.  The Marks for the East end, is to bring Marget-steeple and the Mill in one. The Depths you have along this Sand, as you turn up or down, are at the East end, and so upward, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5 fathom. On the North side of this Sand, a quarter of a mile off, lieth another Sand, called the Wedge, 
The Wedg.  which runs down alongst by it, and a Channel of 4, 3, 2, 1 fathom water; at the lower end it joins with the other Sand: At the East end, the most part of this Sand dries at low-water.   

The Colborn.  
The Colborn is a Shoal that lieth to the northwards of White-dike, and a little to the southwards of Broad-stairs-Peer, (which sometimes ebbs dry) it lies a large half mile off the Shore, and there is nine foot water between it and the shore. The Mark for a small Ship to avoid it, Is to keep the top of St. Peters-steeple open over the Land. This Shoal is noted in the Draught with the Letter u.   

The White-Dike.  
The White-dike is a Shoal that runs off from the shore a large half mile, and lies half a mile to the northwards of Ramsgate; all the inner part of it dries every Ebb, and on the outer part it is two foot at low-water; and at sometimes there is but eight or nine foot in the Channel betwixt this and the Querns. 
Inner Channel.  This Shoal is noted in the Draught with the letter t.   

The Querns.  
The Querns is a small shoal that lieth W.N.W. from the Brake; 
The Inner Channel.  between them both is a Channel for good Ships at high-water; it is a mile broad, only at the South end there lies a small Middleground near to the Brake, on which there is but seven foot at low-water.  
The longest Mark for this Middleground, 
Longest Mark.  Is to bring St. Margets-Church (near the South-Fereland) a Ships length open to the southwards of Deal-Castle.  
The thwart Mark, 
Thwart Mark.  Is to bring Winsborough-steeple a Ships length open to the northwards of Sandwich-steeple, then are you to the northward of this Middleground.  
The leading Mark through this Channel, 
Leading Mark.  Is to bring St. Margets-Church in the middle, between Wamor and Deal-Castle, (the Middleground excepted) for when you come near that, you must keep the Church as aforesaid: Or you may turn the Church from the middle between Deal and Wamor-Castle. If you bring the Church more than half over towards Wamor-Castle, you will be near the Brake, if not on it.  
The Mark for the North-end of the Querns, Is to bring St. Lawrence-steeple a Ships length to the Southward of the Cliff.  
For the South-end, Bring the Mill near Ramsgate, to the northward of Ramsgate-Peer.  
Depths in this Channel, at low-water, are two and a half, three and a half, and four fathom; the nearer the Broke the deeper. This Sand is noted in the Draught with the letter s.   

The Brake.  
The Brake is a Sand that lieth to the westwards of the North part of the Goodwin; between this and the Goodwin, is the Channel for great Ships to pass; the North end of it is the narrowest, and most steep too, and dries most at low-water.  
The Mark for the North end, Is to bring St. Lawrence-steeple on the South end of the Cliff, to the northward of Ramsgate-Peer. This Sand lieth N.N.E. and S.S.W.  
The Mark for the South end, Is to bring Ash-steeple open a hand-spikes length to the South of Sandwich-steeple, then are you clear to the southward of the South end; or else the Windmill on the Cliff, at the S. E. end of the Town of Ramsgate.  
The Depths in this Channel, are 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12 fathom.  
The Mark to lead through to the northwards of the Cliff of the South-Foreland Point, or else Marget-Church on the third Cliff from the Foreland northward, to te northward of the Bunt-bead. The Goodwin is not so steep too, but you may come there in 8 fathom, and to the Brake in 6 and 7 fathom, according to the time of Tide. This Sand is about two miles long, and a quarter of a mile broad.   

The Goodwin.  
The Goodwin is a Sand that lieth before the Downs, and is from the shore, in some parts four miles, and in some five; the southern half lies S.S.W. and N.N.E. rounding towards the South-Foreland, the northern part of it lies North and South, rounding to the East side, and is in most places steep too; at the North end there is indifferent good shoaling. The Sand, by storms and strong Tides, altars every year, is very broad, and dries a great part of it, but most to the North end.  
The Marks for to go clear of the North-sand-head, 
Marks for the North-sand-head.  Is to bring St. Peters-steeple on Broad-stairs-Peer; this Mark will direct you by it in 5 and 6 fathom, according to the Tide; and in the Night, the Light on the North-Foreland N. W. half West.  
The Mark for the South-sand-head, 
Marks for the South-sand-head.  Is the steeple of Ring-joul, on the Village called Kings-down, or the light-Houses on the South-foreland together.  
From this Sand, spits out against the Brake, a Sand called the Bunt-head, 
Bunthead.  which is very steep too, having 11 sathom close to it. The North end lieth off Broad-stairs about six miles, and the South end about 3 miles off the shore. If you, coming from the West, do keep Folkston-Land open of Dover-Land, it will carry you without the South-sand-head.   

The Fatts.  
The Falls is a long narrow Sand that lies South by West from the Galloper, about 12 miles; it is 15 miles in length, and lieth South by West, and North by East: The South end lies about 7 miles without the Goodwin-sand, and bears from the Light-house on the Southforeland E. N. E. about 13 miles: The North end bears from St. Peter's Church on the North-foreland E. N. E. about 16 miles; the South end is shoalest, where there is but 20 and 21 foot at low-water: This end hath a broad, round, flat Head like the Galloper, where the Tide doth ripple and whelm very much; close to it there is 20 fathom; some say they have been on it in 15 foot water; on the North part of it, 4, 4 and a half, 5, and 5 fathom and a half. Whether it altars or not we cannot learn of any; the ground is gross Gravel, and the Soundings about it are very uneven; a mile within and without the North end there is 27 fathom; it is steep too on both sides. The Soundings we had from the North-Foreland, are 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 19, 22, 24, 27, 28: 24, 23, 22, 20, 11, 6 and a half; and on the North end there is, as about the South end, 15, 19, 20, 25, 28 fathom within and without it.   

The Galloper.  
The Galloper is a Sand that lies near S. E. by South from the Gabard about ten miles, and is properly so called, by reason of the great length of it, with the strength and crossuess of the Tide that sets over it, being very steep on both sides; all which, in foul weather, makes such a great short Sea, that if any Ship come near it, it makes Her, and the People in Her to gallop to get from it. Of all the Sands, none are like to this for narrowness; it is a wonder, that being it consists on the upper part of small shingle or stones, and the Tides setting so strong and cross over it, together with the Sea that must fall upon it in foul weather, being so great, with the steepness on both sides, and the narrowness atop, that it is not dispersed and carried away: It is supposed, that the most part of this Shoal (some depth under the shingle) is a Rock, the top whereof holds in the shingle: And it is also very like, that it doth alter every Winter in stormy weather; it lieth North by East, and South by West; in length it is 8 miles and a half, and in breadth 20 or 30 foot; but at the South end it hath a broad head, and flat at top, half a mile broad, but steep too round about it: Close to the South end was a Hole, where we saw the Tide make a very great whelming and ripling; we thought that the least water had been there, but when we had have the Lead within it, we had 20 fathom the next Cast; without it we had but 7, 8, 9, and 10 fathom. The North end of it bears from Orford-Church S. E. seven degrees East, 24 miles off. The South end bears from the North-Foreland N. E. five degrees North, 27 miles: Within the body of this Sand we met with a Hole, S.W. and N.E. three miles in length, where we had 20 fathom water. Other Depths that we had betwixt this Sand and the Shipwash, were 14, 16, 17, 18, and 20 fathom, and such like. On the S. E. side of this Sand, two miles off, we had from the Sand off-ward 15, 17, 18, 20, 24, and 26 fathom.  
The Tide sets over it N. E. by East, and S. W. by West, four leagues a Watch; and it floweth South and North, and hath but 14 and 15 foot at low-water; on the top of the Spring, and close to the outward side of the Sand, you will have 14 fathom, and at the inner side ten and eleven fathom.   

The Gabard.  
The Gabard is a Sand that lies near East from the Shipwash, about 8 or 9 miles, and lieth North and South, being in length three miles, and a Cables length broad; on which at low-water there is but 12 or 13 foot, and hath good shoaling on both sides; it lieth E.S.E. five leagues from Orford-Church and Castle.  
The Depths between this Sand and Orfordness, 
Bearings of the Gabard.  is near 18, 19, and 20 fathom, only a mile W. N. W. from the North end of it we had, two casts off, 27 fathom: The South end of it, by judgement, lies from the North end of the Galloper nine or ten miles, S. E. by South, and N. W. by North.  
The Depths betwixt this Sand and the North end of the Galloper, were 14, 15, 16, 17, and 18 fathom.   

Kentish-Knock.  
The Kentish-Knock is a Sand, the body whereof lies five mile's South from the Long-sand-head, and is three miles in length N. E. and S. W. and in breadth 2 miles N. W. and S. E. This Sand hath the resemblance of an Oval, and hath a ridge in the middle, from N. W. to S. E. on which there is but six foot at low-water: To the N. E. and S. W. of this Ridge, there is 18, 10, 12, 14 and 15 foot, as you are near the ends of it, and is steep too round about. Between this and the Longsand, is a Channel near two miles broad, where there is 12 and 13 fathom: From the S. W. and N. E. end of this shoal, runs a Ridge more than a mile to the N. E. and S. W. on which there is 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 fathom; and off either side more water. South by East from the Long-sand-head, you will go to the eastwards of this shoal. To the E. S. E. of this, you will quickly come in 15, 
Bearings of the Kentish Knock.  17, 19, and 20 fathom water. The body of this Knock lies from St. Peterschurch (on the North-Foreland) N. N. E. three degrees East, fifteen miles; The N. E. end of the Knock and the Long-sand-head, bears South by East, and North by West.  
To know when you are near the Knock or Longsand head, 
A note to know the Knock from the Longsand  is thus, When you are near the Knock, you shall see the Land of the North-Foreland very plain; but when you are at the Long-sand-head, you will hardly see the Land, except it be very clear weather, or unless you go up the Shrouds. At the Knock you may see it plainly on the Deck.   

Pan-Sands.  
These are a heap of small Sands of divers shapes, lying at the South-west end of the Longsand, which dries at low-water, and hath some water running betwixt them, but no passage for Ships; one of which Sands joins to the S. W. end of the Girdler, and lies up from it W. S. W. in length two miles and a half, and makes the entrance into the Black-deeps, where the Channel is but half a mile broad, and 10, 11, and 12 fathom water. The rest of these Pan-sands lie E.S.E. from this 4 miles, and then trend away N.E. 5 miles and a half, even with the Longsand, and to it. These Sands are noted in the Draught with the letter E.   

The Girdler.  
The Girdler is a Sand that lies S. W. from the Longsand, and spits home to it; it lies N. E. by East, and S. W. by West; it is four miles and a half long, and half a mile broad, being steep too on the N. W. side, where there is 12, 15, 16 fathom water. From the N. E. end of this Sand, to the Southwestward, the Channel grows narrower and narrower. This Sand is noted in the Draught with the letter D.   

The Longsand.  
The Longsand is properly so called, by reason of its great length, containing 15 miles and a half; in breadth it is from one mile to two, and lies N. E. by East, and S. W. by West. On the N. W. side it is steep too, having in most places ten fathom close to it: But at the N. E. end, which is called Long-sand-head, is good shoaling, lying off a mile N. E. but in nine fathom; the S. E. side not so deep, you may sail along it in 4, 5, and 6 fathom. 
Longsand head.  Much of this Sand dries at three quarters Ebb, and in some parts of it there is long narrow Swatches, two or three one by another, which run upward and downward as the Sand lies, in which, at low-water was three and four fathoms, the Ridges between are dry: 
Bearings of the Longsand.  The Head of this Sand bears from St. Peterschurch (on the North-Foreland) S. S. W. and N. N. E. about 20 miles; and from the Naze E. S. E. five degrees South, 17 miles; and from the South end of the Galloper West, five degrees South, about 11 miles; and from the North end of the Falls, it bears N. W. by North about 16 miles. At the head of this Sand it flows North and South, and the Flood and Ebb sets on several Points of the Compass.   

The Shivering-Sand.  
The Shivering-sand runs up to the S.W. from Knock-John, and lieth N. E. and S. W. being in length about seven miles, and in breadth a mile, running away sharp at both ends, and rounding on the Northwest side, where you have 8, 9, and 10 fathom close to it; on the South side 10 and 12 fathoms; and in the middle, between it and the Girdler, there is 12, 13, 14, 
Black-deeps.  and 15 fathom: From the South-west end of this, to the Buoy of the Redsand, is three miles W.S.W. and E. N. E. and from the Northwest end of the Mouse, to this Sand, is four miles and a half, East by South, and West by North; and from the South-west end of this, to the South-west end of the West-Barrows, is two miles and one third, N. N. W. and S. S. E. and from the South-west end of this, to the South-west end of the Pan-sands, is half a mile South by East, and North by West.   

Knock-John.  
Knock-John is a Sand that lies at the South-west end of the Sunk, lying N. E. by E. and S. W. by West, and is in length about six miles, and a mile broad in the middle, growing narrower towards each end, and runs up with a Tail on the Northwest side of the Shivering-sand, where there is a small swatch that parts them, but is not navigable: This Sand is winding and sharp at both ends, the North-east end tayling on the South-west side of the Sunk: A great part of this Sand dries at half-tyde, and is steep too on both sides, having ten fathom close to it: Betwixt this and the Longsand, the Channel is a mile and three-quarters broad; and betwixt this and the East-Barrows it is a mile broad.   

The Sunk.  
The Sunk is a Sand that lieth on the North side of the Longsand, 
Bearings of the Sunk.  whose North-east ends do bear one from the other E. S. E. and W. N. W. about two or three miles distant; between them both enters the Channel called the Black-deeps, where there is 11, 12, 13, 14, and 15 fathom water, and ten fathom close to the Sands on both sides. This Sand lieth N. E. by East, and S. W. by West, about 8 miles and a half, the West end running a little on the Northwest side of Knock-John, having a small swatch that runs through betwixt them, dividing them into two Sands, but is not fit for Ships to pass through. This Sand dries in several places, and is half, and three quarters of a mile broad.   

East-Barrows.  
The East-barrows is the North-east part of the whole Barrows-sand, and lies down from the North-east end of the West-barrows, N. E. by East, about four miles, in two several Sands, one at the end of the other, the South-west end of them tayling upwards.  
On the Northwest side of the North-east end of the West-barrows, 
Bearings of this Sand.  is a small swatch passing between them; also between the two East-barrows there is a swatch, where small Vessels that are acquainted do pass through; both these Sands fall dry at low water, and are in length about four miles; the South side of these two Sands is steep, the Northwest more bolder, yet something steep. The North-east end of these doth bear from the Naze South by East, ten miles distant. The Channel betwixt this and the Heaps, is a mile broad, in which you have 7, 8, 9, and 10 fathom water; and in one place a cross Ridge lies thwart the Channel, where there is but two and three fathoms.   

West-Barrows.  
The West-Barrows is the South-west part of the whole Barrows-sand, there being some Swatches two third parts down to the North-eastwards that divides this Sand, which makes it to be called the East and West-Barrows. That part which is called the West-Barrows, gins at the North-east end of the Mouse, and lieth down N. E. and S. W. it falls dry in several places at low water, and is steep too on both sides; on the Southeast side there is seven and eight fathom close to the Sand; but on the Northwest side, you have 10, 11, and 12 fathom close to it. This Sand is in length 6 or 7 miles, and betwixt it and the Shivering-sand, you have in the middle 9, 10, and 11 fathom; this Sand dries in several places. Amongst all these Sands it flows South by East.   

The Mouse.  
The Mouse is a Sand that lieth from the body of the Oaze-edge, North-east about a mile; between them is a Channel, where is 7 or 8 fathom water, and lower down to the Eastward there is 9 or 10 fathom. This Sand is between three or four miles in length, and half a mile in breadth, being steep too on both sides; it lies in length E. N. E. and W. S. W. and joins to the West-Barrows, (only a small Swatch runneth between them) the North-east end of this Sand beareth N.N.W. two miles and a half from the South-west end of the Shivering-sand.    

Directions for Sailing into all the Harbours on the East Coast of England, from the Downs to Flambrough-Head; Showing the Marks for bringing a Ship to an Anchor in any of the Roads and Harbours on the said Coast: The Depth and Soundings amongst the Sands.  

Directions for the Mouth of the River.  
FRom the Point of the Hope, called Sands-head-Point, down as far as the Isle of Sheppy, the Reach lieth East and West: A little below Sands-head-Point, is Cliff-Creek; and between this Creek and that Point, lieth Blyth-sand, which lieth close by the shore, whereon is but seven foot at low-water: Right against Cliff-Creek, lieth Shell-Haven on the North side, and a little below that lieth Hull-Haven; about a Cables length from the shore lieth Rocks, called Hull-Haven-Scars, 
Hull-Haven-Scarrs  which are very dangerous, for a Ship that draweth but twelve foot water hath been aground on them. A mile to the eastwards of these Rocks, is the entrance into Lee-Swatch; the Channel going into Lee, is at the eastermost part of the Sand between the Marsh-Point and it. A mile below this entrance into Lee, right against which Town is a low Island, 
Canvey-Island.  called Canvey; and from the eastermost Point runneth off a Sand four miles in length: There is also a Sand called the Chapman, 
Chapman.  lieth far from the shore, and is steep too, for close by it you will have seven fathom water, and the next cast aground; and to the eastward of the Chapman, lieth a smooth Sand which is dry at low-water; and between this Sand and the Kentish-shore, there are two Middle-grounds, which do tail down from Shooberry to the Whitaker, and there is no riding for a Ship that draweth 17, 18, or 19 foot water. From between Shooberry-ness and the Nower, and so down to black-tail, there lieth a Sand called the Warp, 
Warp.  whereon there is not above three fathom and a half, or four fathom at low-water; on the southermost side, right against Shooberry-ness, is a Sand called the Nower, whereon is a Buoy, which is right against the West-swayl, coming out of the Waters of the Medway, which lieth between the Isle of Grean and the Isse of Sheppy.   

Directions for sailing from Tilbury-Hope down to the Buoy of the Nower.  
When you break ground from Tilbury-Hope, if the wind be southerly, keep the South shore close aboard, but be careful of Blyth sand, 
Blyth-sand  which lieth close to the South-shore; and accordingly observe these marks to carry you clear of it; keep the Steeple of Tilbury-Church a great Sails breadth without Sands-head-Point; or if it be in the Night, or hasey weather, keep your Lead, and come not within five fathom at low-water, and seven fathom at high-water, on the Southside, and that depth will carry you clear without the Sand; and those depths will lead you down to the Nower-head. 
Nower-head.  But if the wind be northerly, than you must keep the North-shore, which is steep too, until you come as low as Hull-Haven; and so keeping the Soundings aforesaid, you may come down to the Nower; and if you please, you may come to an anchor at the East end of the Nower. And that you may know how to anchor clear of the Sand, bring Prickelwel-steeple a Sails breadth to the eastward of the Wood that is on the North-shore by the waterside, and there you may come to an anchor.   

Directions to sail from the Nower to the northward through the Swim.  
From the tail of the Nower, or thwart of Shooberry-ness, to the black-tail, the course is E. N. E. 
black-tail  but if the wind be westerly, you may keep along the Essex-shore, and you may wear off and on the Sand, in six or seven fathom water; or keep the Hill to the westward of Bemfiet, open of Hadly-Land above Lee, and that Mark will lead you down to black-tail.  
Thwart Marks for the black-tail, are the tuft of Trees upon the Kentish-shore, called Challock-Trees; right over the Isle of Sheppy, commonly called the Landsend, from the black-tail to the  beacon, the course is North-east, and you may borrow off and on upon the Sand, in 6, 7, or 8 fathom water, until you come to the Shoo-beacon, for there it is deeper, and steep to the Land. 
Shoo-hole.  This Deep is called the Shoo-hole, where you shall have 10, 11, 12, or 13 fathom, according as the Tide is; by which depth you may know where you are, and the Hole is not above half a mile in length: Right against the Shoo-beacon, the tail of the East-barrows-head, 
East-Barrow-head.  extends from the eastwards very far, so that the Channel is narrowest in that place, and is not a mile over.  
From the Shoe to the Whitaker-beacon, the course is N. N. E. if the wind be westerly, you may borrow upon the Sand in six or seven fathom; and when you are right thwart of the Whitaker-beacon, the Mouth of Bornam-water will be directly west from you, and the spire Steeple, that is three miles to the northward of Bornam, will bear Northwest, half northerly. From the Whitaker to the Buoy of the Buxey, 
Buoy of the Buxey.  or the entering in of the Spit, the course is North by East about 5 miles; you may borrow upon this Sand, in five, six, or seven fathom, which will carry you clear within two middle Grounds that lieth between you and the East-barrows; on the westermost middle Ground, there is ten foot at low-water; but on the eastermost, there is not so much, for in some places it is almost dry: At the South end of this Middleground, there lieth a Buoy, which is almost a mile below the Whitaker-beacon; 
Whitaker-Beacon.  if the wind be ●asterly, you must be careful to give the Buoy a Birth, for the tail of that Sand is flat, and tayleth over towards the Whitaker, (being to the Northwest of this Buoy) than edge over to the eastward, and you shall have the deepest water toward that Sand, about seven, eight, or nine fathom, according as the Tide is; this Sand is steep also, so that if the wind be northerly, that you are forced to run down, stand not over to that Sand, until your water shoal, for you shall have eight or nine fathom, and the next cast aground, but you may stand over to the westward Middleground into five or six fathom; the North end of the eastermost Middleground, 
East-Barrow-head.  doth tail or join to the East-barrow-head, and there it is flat, with a Tail a good length over to the northwards: The North-east Flat lieth near Northwest from the Buoy of the Buxey, and then the Trees on the North side do bear Northwest from you.  
When you are thwart of the Buoy of the Spits and Buxey, 
Spits and Buxey.  you may steer out N.E. by East, down the Kings-Channel; or, if the Wind will give you leave, to borrow upon the Gunfleet in 7 or 8 fathom water, than that depth will lead you down to the Buoy at the East end of the Gunfleet.  
Also by this means you shall be sure to keep clear of the Middleground that lieth between the Gunfleet and the eastward Sand, which is called the Heaps, which at low-water hath but ten foot in some places. This Middleground reacheth a great length; when you are at the South end of it, the Naze-land will bear North from you, and Orfordness N. N. E. When you are at the North-east end of this Sand, than you will be thwart of the Buoy on the North end of the Gunfleet, and Harwich-Church will be open and shut of Harwich-Cliff; from whence, if you be bound for the North-Foreland, you may steer E. N. E. and East by North, till you bring the Naze-land to bear W. N. W. from you, and then you may be sure you are northward of the tail of the Sonk; but if the wind be southerly, borrow close aboard the tail of the Sonk.   

Other directions for the Swim, and so through the Kings-Channel towards the Downs.  
When you come down as low as the Whitaker, then take heed and keep the shoaling thereof, until you are two miles below it; 
Middleground.  than you come to the shoaling of the Middleground, which is steep too; for if you do turn down, you must about when you come to ten fathom water, because it is narrow; and so the shoaling of the Middleground doth continue till you come down as low as the Buoy of the Spits: 
Buoy of the Spits.  The Channel gins to be broader, and if the Wind be so that you must turn, be sure to keep hold of the Gunfleet; 
Gunfleet.  but if the wind be fair that you may lead it, run down in the shoaling of the Gunfleet, till you bring the Naze N. N. W. and then go thence North-east by East also, that it will lead you clear of the Sonk; and go still that course, till you have brought the Naze-land W. N. W. or West by North. The Sonk doth lie from the Naze North-east and South-west; so that if you bring the Naze-land to lie West by North, you may be bold to go a more easterly course, until you come to 16 or 18 fathom; for 14 or 15 fathom will go hard by the Kentish-Knock. Note also that you may see the Trees over the Naze, when you cannot see the Naze.  
The Kentish-Knock doth lie from the Long-sand-head, 
Kentish-Knock. Long-sand-head.  three or four miles E. S. E. And when you have the aforesaid sixteen fathom, than you may judge the Naze-Land to be W. N. W. or West by North; then go thence S. S. W. upon an Ebb, and upon a flood South, or S.S.E. as the Wind is, or the weakness of the Tide, so must you work, and that will carry you clear with the North-Foreland; and if you go about the North-sand-head, or about all, or the Goodwin, than you must keep more easterly; and note, 
North-sand-head.  that the North-sand-head and the Long-sand-head, lieth South and North, and the Kentish-Knock lieth from the North-foreland North by East, and South by West; there is nothing between Marget-sand and the North-foreland, and therefore you need not fear: And as I said before, to go about the Goodwin, run off till you come to 26 or 30 fathom, for 18 or 20 fathom goeth near the Sand; and so run in this depth until you have brought the Land of Dover open of the South-foreland, than you may be bold to hale in with the Foreland; there is nothing between the Goodwin, and Marget-sand, or North-foreland to fear.   

To sail unto Cowen and Malden-Water.  
When you are at the Buoy of the Spits, 
Spits.  your course is W. N. W. in 4 or 5 fathom, as the Wind serves, for the Ebb setteth upon a Shoal that lieth to the Eastward, called the Eagle; 
Eagle.  and the Tide of Flood setteth on a Shoal, called the Knowl, and is to the westward of your going in; and you may run down to the southward, borrowing in five fathom upon the Main, until you bring Banbury-land (which is the high Land that lies above Malden) a Sails breadth open with Bradwell-point, (which Mark will bring you between the Eagle and the Knowl) and run with these marks until you bring a steeple that stands on the North-shore, open of the red Cliffs end; and so run with these marks open and shut, North up, 
Marzey-Block-House.  until you come to Marzey-Block-house, and there you may come to an anchor in six or seven fathom water.   

Directions to sail into Harwich coming from the southwards.  
If you come from the southward, keep Harwich-steeple open a good Birth off the Cliff-end, and on the North end, keep Farberry-Clifts open of the Beach on the East side; and so you may go in, bearing close by the Beach for fear of the Altar, 
Altar.  which lies within a Cables length of the Beach; and so you may go along clear, keeping by the Beach, till you come to the Wore-bore-head, and then you may steer up with Ipswich-water, and anchor with Harwich S. S. W. in five or six fathom water; and the higher up, the better ground, till you bring the Town South of you.   

Other Directions for Harwich coming from the Northwards.  
When you come from the northward, and are shot past the Whiting as far as Bawdsey-Cliff, keep Orford-Church and Castle open of the Cliff, and that will carry you clear of the Andrews; and then when you see the Light-houses, bring them one into another, and get into four or five fathom water, or somewhat more towards high-water, then run in about by the Point: The Channel lieth in due North, but in the midst of the Havens lieth a sunken Rock, called the Altar, which you must avoid, by sailing on either side, by one Shore or the other, but along by the East-shore is best; being within it, you cannot sail amiss, or take hurt, except you run against the shore: There you may anchor all over where you please, before the Town, in 4, 5, 6, or 7 fathom-water; or you may go further into the Bite, for it is every where clean.   

Other directions to sail into Harwich.  
The Mark in this Channel, to sail into Harwich, is to keep the top of Harwich-steeple half way betwixt the Fire-beacon on Harwich, and the North end of the Cliff, or the lower Light-house, a little open of the North end of Harwich-Cliff, and so sail in N. N. W. keeping those marks so, till you come within half a mile of Harwich-Cliff; then bear to the North-eastwards so far, till you bring the body of the Church open to the northwards of the Cliff, than edge toward Land-guard-Fort, till you bring both the Light-houses in one; then run in with them so, till you see yourself within the South Point of the Andrews, which you shall know, by having Bawdsey-Church open and shut on the Land to the Southwards of Bawdsey; or if there be any Sea or half-tyde, the Andrews is plain to be seen; then you must edge near to the Beach where the Fort stands, to shun the Altar, another Shoal that lieth directly against the Fort.   

To sail out of Harwich.  
In the North-Channel you may sail out, as is before described in the going in, till you come without the Fort; then bring the two Light-houses into one, and so sail out, till you bring the steeple open of the Land to the southward of Bawdsey-Cliff, then are you clear of the Andrews and Ridge; then steer North-east by East, until you bring Harwich-Church on the North side of a black House, called the Brewhouse, which stands a little to the northward of Land-guard-Fort, keeping them Marks so standing, until you bring Bawdsey-Church open a little to the northward of the North end of Bawdsey-Cliff, then are you open of the Sledway.  
Between Alborough and Dunwich, half way, lieth a Wood, which is high at both ends, and the midst low, in form of a Saddle; this you shall commonly see first, when you fall with the Land thereabouts, and is the best to know the Coast by, for the Land without, and to the southwards, is very low, and shingly ground; about two leagues to the southward of Alborough, lieth Orfordness; between them both there standeth two Woods, which showeth at a distance like Castles and Towers; on Orfordness standeth a flat steeple, and a broad Castle, which hath also a thick flat steeple, almost in fashion like the steeple of Ranop, open above, with Holes in it like Bellholes; before Dunwich you may anchor; there is good lying in eight or nine fathom water, somewhat soft ground: Before Alborough is the best Road of all the Coast thereabouts, in six or seven fathom.   

To know Bawdsey, Oasly, and Alterton- Churches.  
Bawdsey-Church is the highest and biggest steeple, being flat at top as the others are; it stands to the southwards of all the rest, a mile from the Shore.  
Oasly-Church hath a flat large steeple, but is lower than the other two, and stands a mile to the northwards of Bawdsey-steeple, three quarters of a mile from the Sea.  
Alterton-steeple stands to the northwards of Oasly-Church a mile and a half; it is a very high square steeple, but much smaller than the other two, and stands about a mile from the Sea.  
Some say that Oasly-Church is the northermost of the three; and if you keep Alterton-Church (the middle of the three) open to the northward of Bawdsey-Church a sails breadth, you may run out clear of the Westrocks.   

To sail out of the Sledway to the North-Foreland.  
First, Bring the North end of Bawdsey-Cliff North-West from you, then shall you see a flat steeple right with a Cliff, which you must keep on, or a little open of the Cliff-end, until you bring Beamont-Tree on the Naze-land W. N. W. and then you may steer Southeast, or Southeast by South, if the Wind serves, having not less water than seven or eight fathom; and when you have laid the netherlands to water, you may sound for the Kentish-Knock, and come no nearer it than eight or nine fathom, as the Wind and Tide serves; and being about the Knock, you may go S. S. W. as you see occasion.   

To sail out at the backside of the Gunfleet.  
If you will sail out at the backside of the Gunfleet, being in the Sleds in seven fathom, borrow on the Westrocks in four or five fathom, steering S. S. W. or South-west by West; but go not to the southwards of five fathoms, till you be over the tail of the Rocks; and when you are over the Rocks, you shall have 7 or 8 fathom; but go not without 8 fathom on the West side, and borrow on the Gunfleet in 6 or 7 fathom, going S. W. by South, or S. W. till you come up to the Spits, or as you see occasion.   

To sail by the Naze to the Northwards.  
From the Eagle to the Naze, you may borrow to the shore, and the course is N. E. by North, or N. N. E. To go by the Naze, you must bring Harwich-steeple unto the East part of the Saddle in the Cliff-end; be sure you shut not St. Helen into the Naze, before you bring the Steeple into the Saddle; and so you may steer with the Steeple, until you bring the Dove-house with the Naze; or the Naze-end unto a Tree on the lower end of the Hedge-row that is to the southward of the House; and being in one, then may you have your other marks, and steer to the eastward, keeping the House and Tree in one; and more to the southward of the Hedge-row, in the lower end of the Field, a stones cast from the Hedge, is a lively Tree, or great Bush, which you may bring into a Tree, between two high Trees, that are to the southward of the House; and these marks you may keep in one, steering North-east by North, keeping Harwich-steeple open of the East end of the Cliff, and then you may bear in with the Harbour; but the best water is when the Steeple is on the Hommock, between the Beacon and the Cliff, and so steer to the northwards as you please.   

To sail clear of Alborough-Knapes.  
East from Alborough, two leagues, lieth Alborough-Knapes, which is a Sand that at low-water is not deeper than seven or eight foot; you may sound round about it in five fathom, but it is not good to come nearer with Sea-winds; you may discern it plainly by the breaking of the Sea; but with northerly and westerly winds, the Sea breaks not at all upon it, if it be fair weather: he that runneth by it to the northwards with an Ebb, shall see it ripple much upon it, likewise upon most of the English Banks; and indeed not upon the Banks, but against them, for upon the shoalest of them is always the smoothest water, as experience teacheth every where: When-as Alborough is West from you, and the two Steeples of Orfordness one in the other, there you shall find Alborough-Knapes. These are sure marks of that Sand.   

To sail to the westward of the Whitingsand.  
The Whiting is somewhat a small long Sand lying to the southward of Orfordness, and the shingly ground to the southward of Alborough, lieth alongst the Reach, but the South end lieth further from Land than the North end; there is not above six or seven foot water upon it at low-water: Coming from the northward, men most commonly sail to the westward of it, that is, through between the Land and the Whiting, towards the Naze; Men may also sail along to the eastward of it, through between the Whiting and the eastermost points of Bawdsey-sand; the North end of the Whiting lieth near the Shore, and lieth from the Steeple of Orfordness S. W. by South; it is so exceeding steep and sharp, that at one cast you have 9 fathom, and the next but five, and then you are but a Ships length from it; and before you can heave the Lead again, you shall be upon it; when you sit with the Foreship against it, you have 5 or 6 fathom at Stern.  
Alongst the inward side it is also every where so steep that you cannot sound it; but on the outside you may run alongst by it in 5 fathom, till you come within the Sands. When you come from the northwards, and will sail through within the Whiting, you must run close alongst by the Shore, and South-west about by the Point of the Shingle, to the southward of Alborough, until you come within the North Point of the Whiting. When the Steeples of Orfordness come to the N. W. by North from you, than you are right thwart of the North Point of the Whiting; being within it, go again more southerly, (viz.) S. W. by South, towards Barzey-Cliff.   

To run in to the Eastward of the Whiting.  
Bring the Steeple of Bawdsey W. S. W. from you, and so sail in right with it until you come by the Whiting in 5 or 6 fathom; and lead it in so by it upon the Lead, until you come by Bawdsey, or can get deeper water.  
When you come near Bawdsey, whether you come in from the northward or southward of the Whiting, you must keep somewhat off from the Shore, because of a small tail that shooteth off from the Shore, thwart of Bawdsey-Cliff, which you must avord with Ships of great draught, for there remaineth upon it, at low-water, no more than two fathom; you may perceive it well by the rippling of the Tide most commonly.   

Directions from the Buoy of the Buxey down to the Kings-Channel, and from thence to the Northwards.  
When you are at the North end of the Gunfleet, or thwart of the Buoys, in ten or twelve fathom, if you be bound to Sea for Norway, East-land, Hambrough, Holland, etc. Steer out N. E. by East, and E. N. E. until you come to twenty fathom water, than you are clear of all, and direct your course to the place you are bound: But if you are bound for the North Coast of England, and would hale in for Yarmouth-Road, then from the Buoy of the Buxey, steer North-east by East, until you have brought Bawdsey-Cliff to bear from you Northwest by West; than you may borrow upon the Shipwash in ten or eleven fathom; or steer away North-East by North, and North-east, until you come to bring Alborough-Church to bear from you Northwest; then bear in with it N. N. W. till you come to nine or ten fathom upon the Shore, and that will bring you within the Sand called Alborough-Knapes, on which there is 10 or 11 foot at low-water, but there is 17 or 18 fathom between that and the shore.  
The thwart Marks for the South end of it, is Alborough-Church W. N. W. for the North end of it, the same Church W.S.W.  
The longest Mark for it, is Orford Church and Castle one in another, going right upon it; but keeping them open, a great Sails breadth one off another on each side, carrieth you clear, either without or within the Sand.   

From the Sonk to the Longsand, and so to the North-Foreland.  
When the Naze-sand doth bear Northwest by West, you may hale up East, and East by South, and E. S. E. being careful to keep the Lead, and to look out for the rippling of the Sand, and bear off and on from it in seven or eight fathom; and being below that in eleven fathom, then if you have a Neap-tyde, you may steer for the Long-sand-head; but with a Flood, and an East wind, or northerly wind, you may steer E. S. E. or Southeast, till you come to 14 or 15 fathom, dirty owsey Ground; then steer S. S. E. for a good distance, for you have Pits of 20 fathom, and 14 or 15 fathom; but having a continuing depthing of 18, 19, 20, or 21 fathom, and stony ground, than you may assure yourself that you are without the Longsand, and may steer S.S.W. with the Foreland, and S. W. by South.   

To sail alongst the Coast by Alborough, Dunwich, and Covehith.  
The Coast lieth North by East, somewhat easterly, and South by West, somewhat westerly; from Covehith to Leystaff, North and South, two leagues. Between Dunwich and Covehith lieth the Haven of Southworld, 
Southwold.  which is a small Creek; and a little within it, divideth itself into three parts; upon the northermost Arm lieth Southwold, 
Dunwich. Covehith.  upon the middlemost, Walderswick; and upon the southermost Dunwich: Covehith hath a high sharp steeple; thwart of this steeple lieth a Bank not far from the Land, which falleth almost dry at low-water, but at half-flood you may sail through between the Land and it in two fathom; upon the outer-side it is very steep, so that you cannot come nearer it than in nine or ten fathom: When the steeple of Covehith is W.N.W. from you, than you are to the southward of the Bank; and when the steeple of Covehith is South-West by West from you, than you are to the northwards of it two leagues.  
To the northward of Covehith lieth Leystaff, 
Leystaff.  and two leagues to the northward of that lieth Yarmouth; the Steeple is a high sharp Steeple, and standeth a great Musquet-shot within the Land from the Houses; so that in sailing alongst, you may bring the Steeple on both sides of the Houses.  
Off from Leystaff, beginneth the Bank called the Holms of Yarmouth, 
Holms. Winterton  and lieth along to the northward; past Yarmouth, until you come thwart of Winterton, there go divers Channels through them, which you may sail through upon divers Marks for those that are there acquainted; you may sail within these Banks, off from Leystaff, until you are past Winterton.  
You may anchor in Southwold-bay in 16 fathom, near six miles from the shore, fine yellow Sand mixed with yellow Grits. The Soundings alongst the Coast are 20, 19, 20, 21, 19, 18, 17, 15, 16 fathom; when Leystaff-Church bears West by North five leagues from you, the depth of water is 18 fathom, brown Sand, with pieces of yellow shells; before you have sight of the Land, your Soundings will be 25, 19, 21, 19, 18, 17, 18 fathom; at first white Sand mixed with red, but at last brown Sand, with a stone or two in it.  
The Sounding in the Channel is very fair, the water looketh whitish, spotted with white-water.   

To sail within the Banks of Yarmouth.  
If you will sail through from before Leystaff within these Banks, then look out for the Light-houses which stand by Leystaff, which are two little white Houses, the one standeth beneath upon the Shingles on the Seaside, and the innermost upon a little Hommock, somewhat farther within the Land; when you come to the southward, than they show themselves to the northward of the Town, but come at last thwart of it. In the night there is always fire on them.  
To sail in there also by night, Bring these foresaid Light-houses Northwest by North, or somewhat more northerly from you, and sail in right with them either by Night or by Day; when the Church of Leystaff cometh to the southward of the Town, over a Country House by the waterside, than you come against the Channel, there is no more than three fathom at low-Water. Keep these foresaid Light-houses one in the other, or bring the innermost rather a little to the northwards of the outermost, to avoid a little Flat which lieth to the South side of the Channel: But the Channel is indifferent wide, run in until you come against it, in two fathom and a half, or two fathom, as near as you will or can; then go up northward alongst by the shore, you shall then (having sailed a l●ttle to the northward) meet with a Flat, whereupon remaineth at low-water less than two fathom; you must anchor before that Flat, with laden Ships, and stay for high-water; it floweth there about eight foot up and down: As soon as you are over the Flat, it will be five, six, and seven fathom deep; edge then to the shore, and sail towards it, and you come before the Brewhouse; there is a Road where you may anchor in five or six fathom; from thence northward towards Yarmouth, alongst the shore, is all over good anchoring, and good ground.  
About a mile, or somewhat more, 
Yarmouth Haven.  to the southward of the Town of Yarmouth, it hath two wooden Heads, you must sail in between them both, against the highest water, when the strength of the Flood is spent; at half-flood it is dangerous, because of the strong Tide which shall forcibly carry you into the Bite against the shore; it is also best to carry your Ship in alongst the South-head, for there it is deepest: At Yarmouth, in the Road, men do commonly anchor to the northward of the Haven, right overthwart the Town, in five, six, seven, or eight fathom: The nearer you anchor to the Sands, the deeper water you shall have, but all good Sand, and soft Ground.   

To sail into Yarmouth-Road through the Holms.  
If you sail into the Road of Yarmouth, then bring the sharp little steeple that standeth to the Northward of Yarmouth, within the Land, over the broad Castle; or, bring the Mill to the North side of the Town: Keep these Marks so standing, and go in W. N. W. you shall find in this Channel no less than 8 or 9 fathom at half-flood. This Channel is called St. Nicholas-Channel, 
St. Nicholas Channel.  on the North side it is deepest; being come in, the Road is right before the Town, in five or six fathom.  
Thwart, or over against the Haven of Yarmouth, goeth also a Channel through the Holms: To sail in there, coming from the Southwards, Bring the Souton over the North side of the Haven, between the great Tree, and that flat little House or Castle, and sail in right with them, and keep these Marks so standing within the Holms; within them lieth a Flat on the Starboard-side, a little Northward of the Haven, called the Middleground; you may sail about on both sides, the inner side in five fathom; but toward the Holms, or toward the eastward of it, in 8 or 9 fathom. From Yarmouth to Winterton, the Coast lieth North by West, and Northwest, two leagues.   

To sail from Yarmouth through the Sands.  
If you sail from Yarmouth through within to the northwards, sail alongst by the Land, and keep the sounding of the shore in 5, 6, or 7 fathom, until you have the two Light-houses (which stand a little to the northwards of Castor) one in the other, 
Castor.  and then sail in right with them, either by day or night, (in the night there is fire in them) and then shall you run over a Flat without the Buoy, which lieth upon the Tail of the Sand called the Barber; 
Barber.  sail boldly in with the aforesaid Light-houses, until you come again near the shore in 5 or six fathom; being come by the shore, run again alongst by it, and keep the Sounding as before, till you come before Winterton.   

To sail by Wintertonness.  
This Ness formerly hath been very shoal and dangerous, but now it is worn away, so that Ships may run between the Ness and the Main, and you will have three fathom water at half-flood; but if you sail without the Ness, there is a Channel between it and a Middleground; and the Marks to carry you through, are, to bring the two small Light-houses one into another, and keep the great Light-house South of you, so you will keep in the best of the Channel.   

To sail from Orfordness to Leystaff through the Stamford.  
First, You must steer North, and North by East, and borrow on the shore in six or seven fathom, until you come in the Midway between Alborough and Dunwich, where you must give the shore more Birth, and come no nearer than five or six fathom; and so you may borrow on the Shore, till you come between Southwold and Covehith; and when Covehith-Church is West, you are then thwart of the South end of the Bernard, 
Bernard.  it lieth North-east into the Sea; and to go clear of the North-east end of it, keep Southwold-steeple open of the South end of the Cliff, until you bring Leystaff Windmill open to the Northwards of the Town, there may you steer with the Town of Leystaff, keeping the Light-houses in one, to go within the Knock; but to go without the Holm-head, keep the Knock-beacons one in another, (or if you can see it) keep Goulston-steeple open and shut of the Waters-Edge and Beach-end, and so you may go in the best: Also upon the Ebb, if occasion ferves, you may borrow into four fathom of the North end of the Bernard or Newcome, (for they point both together) and having Pak●field Church West, you may go in with the shore, or you may go off into 11 or 12 fathom-water as you please: And to go through the Stamford, bring the top of the Terret (on the Clockhouse) over the white-House in the midst of the Town.   

To sail through Yarmouth-Roads to the Northwards.  
First, To turn between the Cork-Sand and the shore, come no nearer the Sand than five or six fathom; but on the shore you may borrow in four fathom, if need be, and so you may keep until you come to Castorness, 
Castorness  and so run until the two Light-houses be both in one; the shoalest of the Ness is a Musquet-shot to the Northwards of the Light-houses; the Spit lieth off the Shore, and on the Cork you may borrow into six fathom, and on the Holms in ten fathom, for it is all steep too; and the shoalest of Wintertonness, is when the Steeple is S. W. Being thwart of the Steeple, a mile off the shore, lieth a Shoal, whereon is but two fathom and a half at low-water, but within or without there is six or seven fathom.  
Being at Haseborough, your course with Flambrough-head is N. W. and S. E. as you take the Tide, (for the Flood setteth over Burnham-flat, and the Ebb cross to the Sea) and being so far to the N. W. as you can see Haseborough-steeple, (which is the highest steeple on all the Coast, and riseth out of the water) you shall have ten fathom water; and when you have it S. S. E. then Cromer-steeple will be S. S. W. and being in this course, halfway over the Well, you shall have sometimes 7 or 8 fathom, and sometimes more. From Flambrough-head to Newcasile, the course is N. W. or W. N. W. but if you keep the shore, the course is more northerly.   

Directions for St. Nicholas-Gat and Yarmouth-Road.  
From Alborough-bay, your course to Yarmouth-sands is North by East; and when you are thwart the South end of Holm-head, you shall have 17 or 18 fathom water, which is directly thwart of Leystaff; and being past that, you may borrow upon the Sand in 7, 8, or 9 fathom water, until you have brought Goulston-steeple, which is the Southermost steeple of the two, upon the North Peer of Yarmouth; and steer with those Marks one over the other, till you come to six or seven fathom water upon the shore; and then bearing to the Northward, anchor at the South end of Yarmouth, or before, as you shall think convenient, in 6, 7, 8, or 9 fathom water; from whence, if you are bound to the Northward, and would go over Castorness, steer alongst the shore in 5, 6, or 7 fathom water, and so alongst the back of the Barber-sand, until you have brought the Light-houses one over another; and then bear within the Buoy of the Cockle, 
Cockle.  borrowing upon the Main in 6, 5, or 4 fathom, until you come thwart of Winterton, and that depth will lead you until you come within the Middleground, that hath not above twelve foot water: And when you have brought Winterton Light-houses S. S. W. from you, you may steer out N. N. E. until you come to 8 or 9 fathom water, and then you may be sure you are without the Ness, and may steer alongst the Coast, or direct your course as you have the Wind.  
But if you be in Yarmouth-Road with a Ship that draweth 17 or 18 foot water, your best course is to go to the Northward, between the Cockle and Scroby.   

Marks of the Channel are as follows.  
You must bring the Southermost round Tower of Yarmouth to bear with the two Southermost Windmills; 
To sail between the Cockle & Scroby.  and so run, until you bring the said Tower open of the Mills, the breadth of the Tower; and so steer into the Northward with that Mark, which will carry you out between the two Sands.  
Also there is another nearer Mark, which is therefore better, (but they come all to one) which is; The Windmill which stands on the Northwest part of the Town, a little Sails breadth to the Westward of the Northwest Tower of Yarmouth, it showeth like unto a Dove-house; this Mark will lead to the Northwards, and you shall not have less than six or seven fathom, until you come to the Sea-heads, which is a Shoal that lieth thwart between the two Sands, on which there is not above four fathom, or four fathom and a half at low-water; and when the Windmills come one upon another, than you enter upon the South part of the Shoal, which will continue without deepning or shoaling, until Winterton-Church and the Light-house be one in the other, and then you may presently come into deeper water, and may steer away unto the Northward N. W. or N. W. by West, or N. W. by North, and this course shall carry you clear within the Rock that lieth E. N. E. and W. S. W. from Winterton, on which you shall not find fifteen foot at low-water in some places.  
If you be coming from the Northward, and would go into this Channel, follow this direction: To the Northwest of Haseborough you shall see a low flat Church, keep that a Sails breadth off Haseborough-Cliff, and steering directly with this Mark, will bring you into the Channel before mentioned.   

Yarmouth-Road.  
To bring you into Yarmouth-Road, and to know the right Church, when it is open and shut of the Cliff of Haseborough, is this; When Haseborough-Church doth bear N. W. by West from you, and steering away S. E. by East, will bring you into the Marks and Channel aforesaid, and within all the Over-falls that lie short of Wintertonness. From Winterton to Haseborough-Point, the course is N. W. three leagues. From Haseborough to Cromor, the Coast lieth N. W. and West by North, and W. N. W. 3 or 4 leagues.   

Directions for sailing from the Buoy of the Nower over the Flats, and through the Narrow into the Downs.  
From the Buoy of the Nower to the Buoy of the Oaze-edge, the course is East, one quarter Northerly, and West, one quarter Southerly, distant about five miles; betwixt the Buoy of the Oaze-edge, and the Buoy of the Redsand, lieth a round Shoal called the Spile, 
Spile.  and bears South from the Buoy of the Oaze-edge, on which shoal there is but six foot at low-water; the Buoy of the Redsand bears from the Buoy of the Oaze-edge, East, half Northerly, and West, half southerly, four miles.  
If the weather be clear, you may have a direct longest Mark that will lead you down directly between the Oaze-edge and the Redsand, (viz.) you will see a round Tree on the Island Grean; 
A mark to go between the Buoys.  keep that Tree in the Valley between the little Hills that are upon the Highlands, next to the Westermost end of the Isle of Grean; and this Mark so kept will lead you down.  
The eastermost part of the Redsand lieth out with two Tongues, 
Redsand.  on the northermost of which is placed the Buoy.  
The Marks for the Buoy of the Redsand from the Land, is to bring the Landsend of Sheppy S. W. and St. Nicholas-Wood in the Gore open of the Reculvers Southeast; the Channel goeth in betwixt the Oaze-edge and the Redsand; The depth between them is 10 and 11 fathom.  
From the Buoy of the Redsand to the Buoys of the Spell and Woolpack, the course is N. W. by West, one quarter northerly, and S. E. by South, one quarter southerly, over the Flats, where you will have, at low-water, on this course, 10 foot, and in sums Holes 15 or 16 foot water.  
About a quarter of a mile S. E. by South from the East end of the Spaniard lieth the Gilman, 
Gilman.  which falls dry at spring-tidings; but if you keep the aforesaid course you will not come near it.  
The Buoy of the Woolpack is the westermost Buoy in the Narrow, 
Woolpack.  on the North side of the Channel, and lieth on the West Spit of the Woolpack-sand, and bears from the Reculvers-steeple North by West; then have you two little Hills like two Paps on the upper Land to the southwards, just open and shut of the Reculvers-Steeple.  
The Buoy of the Spell lieth on the South side of the Channel, 
Spell.  a little to the Eastward of the Buoy of the Woolpack; betwixt these Buoys, the Channel is a Cables length and a half broad, and but nine foot deep at low-water.  
The Buoy of the Searn is the eastermost Buoy that lieth on the North side of the Channel, 
Searn.  the Steeple of the Reculvers bearing from the said Buoy South by West, then have you a Windmill a little open of the Channel of Reculvers-Church. The course upwards from this Buoy through the Narrow, is W. N. W. and downwards it is E. S. E.  
The longest Mark on the shore, is to bring Birchington-Church right over a Gaul or black Hole in the Western part of the Cliff-end.  
On the North side of a Channel, a little below the Buoy of the Searn, 
Hook of Margaret-Sand.  shooteth out a Shoal from Margaret-Sand S. E. called the Hook; it runneth so far to the southwards, that it maketh the Channel very narrow.  
The thwart Marks for this Sand, is to bring Birchington-Steeple into a great Dauk or Valley of a Cliff, than the Steeple will bear from you Southeast, five degrees southerly; the longest Mark, is to bring St. Peter's Church upon the West end of the Cliff.  
The longest Mark to carry you clear of the Hook to the Buoy of the Searn, is to bring St. Peters-Steeple over the East side or Cliff of Westgate-bay: You must keep them so, till you bring Birchington-Steeple over the Gaul, when you take hold of that Mark to go through a little above the Hook, on the South side of the Channel.  
A little below the Reculvers, lieth off a Shoal called the Horse, on which it is very shoal at low-water. 
Horse.   
The Marks to avoid it, Is to keep St. Peters-Steeple (on the East side of Westgate-bay) a little upon the Cliff, which Mark you may use either going up or down.  
Between the Hook of Margaret-sand, and the Buoy of the Searn, is a good Road for Ships to ride in, called the Gore, 
Gore.  which is useful for Ships when they have not wind and weather to carry them over the Flats.  
The Marks for the best Riding, 
Marks for good ancorage.  Is to bring a Mill (in the midst of a Wood) near the Seaside, and St. Peterschurch, in the midst of Westgate-bay, together.  
There is also a Shoal called the Middleground at the Cliff end, 
Middleground.  which lieth a little blow the Hook near the shore, on the Southside, on which there is but fourteen foot at low-water, and on each side four fathom, being a small narrow Ridge, and lieth E. N. E. and W. S. W. in length three quarters of a mile.  
The Mark to keep you clear, Is to bring St. Peterschurch over the East side of Westgate-bay, or to bring the nethermost Tree on the next high Land (to the westward of the Reculvers) a little open to the southward.  
This is also a good Mark for the Hook downwards, or from Marget-sand upwards.  
Marget-sand lieth before Margot and Westgate-bay, on the North side of the Channel. The East end of this Sand beareth from Marget-Church, North, half westerly.  
The Mark to go clear of the East end, Is to bring Marget-steeple and the Windmill in one.  
The Depths you have along the Sand, as you turn up and down, are at the East end, and so upward, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5 fathom; the greatest part of this Sand dries at low-water.  
If you be to turn up in the Night, between the Main and Marget-sand, you shall find, 
Middle-grounds.  by keeping of your Lead, two Middle-grounds; upon the innermost Middleground, you shall have five fathom and a half, and to the southwards of it you shall have 6, 7, or 8 fathom, as the Tide is high; without the inner Middleground you shall have 8, 9, or 10 fathom, and then you shall have 7 or 8, as the Tide is, and without that 9 or 10 fathom; and when it comes to shoal again, you may be sure it is on the Sand, and likewise the shoaling on the Main within the inner Middle-grounds; these Middle-grounds do reach up to the Gore; and the farther you come to the westwards, the shoaler, for they tail unto the Searn and the Dry-sand without it, which is called by some men the Girdler.   

The Mark to Ride in Marget-Road.  
The Mark to Ride in Marget-Road, Is to bring the Mill and Steeple together, as far off the Shoar as you please to anchor. The greatest part of Marget-sand dries at low-water, from Marget-Town up to the Cliff-end: Above Birchington spits off several shoal places that must be taken care of in turning up and down, especially at high-water near Margot; stand no nearer the shore than six fathom, and from Westgate-bay upward in five fathom.  
The Mark to go clear of all the Spits below Marget-Town, (that runs off the shore on the North side of Foreland) Is to keep the top of Marget-steeple open above the Land, and Fairness and Whiteness on the East side of the Foreland.   

The Gore.  
The Gore is a Road where Ships use to ride when they have not wind and weather to sail over the Flats. This Road is to the westward of the Hook of Marget-Sand, and to the eastwards of the Buoy of the Searn.  
The Mark for it, 
Marks of the best Riding.  Is to bring the Mill on the middle of a Wood near the Seaside, and St. Peterschurch in the middle of Westgate-bay.   

Westgate-Bay.  
Westgate bay is a Road where Ships do use to ride, by reason there is more water and more drift, and better ground for Anchorhold than is in the Gore. The Mark for it, Is to bring a Windmill on an old House in the middle of the Bay, in 7 or 8 fathom water.   

Directions to sail from Margaret-Road to the North-Foreland, and the Marks for both Channels in the Downs.  
From Margot, steer down alongst the Shore, East, and East by North, as the Wind is, but come no nearer the Shore than in 7 or 8 fathom, for the Spit of Fairness lieth far out; 
Fairness.  but that depth, or keeping of Marget-Church a man's height above the Land, will carry you clear of it; when you have brought the South-Foreland and the Land of the Downs open, then if the Wind be westerly, you may steer to the Southwards alongst the Shore in 5, 
Marks to come into the Downs  6, or 7 fathom, as you have the Tide under you, or your draught of water, for you shall find divers Banks or Overfalls, where you shall suddenly shoal a fathom, sometimes more, and then deeper again; there is one that lieth in the stream of five fathom and a half at low-water, on the which there is not above twenty foot: This lieth something to the northwards of Broad-stairs-Peer; and likewise something to the southward of Broad-stairs, there lieth another in the Stream of four fathom and a half at low-water, whereon there is not above fourteen foot: Also to the southward of that, right against a green patch that showeth on the upper part of the Chalk-Cliff, as if it were stained with Green, there is another, on which there is not above ten foot at low-water; these you must be careful to shun, if there be any strong Tide, they show themselves by the wasting of the water as an Overfal doth; and where it is smoothest, there it is shoalest. This Sand is called the Coleburn. When you are so far to the southward that you can see the red tiled House of Ramsgate open of the Cliff, than you are clear of this Shoal.  
There is another Shoal to the Southwards of this, 
Mark of the Brake.  which some men call the Querns. The thwart Mark for the North-head of the Brake, is St. Lawrence-Church which stands above Ramsgate, upon the North-Cliff of Ramsgate, one sails breadth, and the Querns lieth N.N.W. from that a good Birth, with the said Church, two Ships length or more upon the said Cliff; so that when you come to have the Church but a Ships length upon the Cliff; then if you will come into the Inner-Channel, you must sail into the shore by your Lead; if it be thick weather, that you cannot see your leading Mark, (viz.) St. Margarets-Church upon the South-Foreland, right over a Chalk-pit that showeth white, almost midway between Waymor-Castle and Deal-Castle; or the said Church two Sails breadth without Deal-Castle, and this Mark will lead you directly through between the Brakes and Querns, and so into the Downs: 
Another Mark.  But if you cannot discern the aforesaid Marks, than there is another nearer Mark, which is Winsberry-Church, and a round Tree not far from the Church, which stands up in the Country to the Southwestwards of Sandwich; keep that Church and Tree between the two Southermost Steeples of the Town of Sandwich, and this Mark will lead you directly through the Inner-Channel; and if so be you be forced to turn through, you may stand to the Northwards, until you bring the Trees to the middle Church, and to the South-eastwards, until you bring the Steeple near unto St. Maries-Church, which is the eastermost Church of Sandwich, and so you may turn between the Brake and Querns.  
The thwart Mark for the North end of the Brake, 
Thwart Mark of the Brake.  is as aforesaid, St. Laurence Church on the Point of the North-Cliff, or a Wood end open and shut of the Cliff next Sandwich.  
For the South end of the Querns, bring the Mill near Ramsgate to the Northward of the said Peer.  
Depths in the Channel, is two and a half, three and a half, and four fathom, the nearer the Broke the deeper.   

To sail through the Gulls.  
The Gulls is a Channel that runs between the Goodwin-sand and the Brake; and therefore the Marks to bring you through the Downs, going to the northwards, are these; You must keep St. Margets-Church, which stands near the South-Foreland, on a piece of Wall that is built near the third Cliff, to the northward of the South-Foreland; Or else to bring the Light-house in the South-Swamp; which Marks will carry you through the Gulls, and in the Fair-way, between the Goodwin and the Brake, into 8, 9, and 10 fathom water; borrow on the Brake in 7 fathom, and no nearer the Bunt-head than 10 fathom; 
Bunt been  and between the Bunt-head and the North-sand-head in eight fathom.  
FINIS.     

All sorts of Books and Instruments belonging to the Art of Navigation, are Made and Sold by John Seller, [the King's Hydrographer] at the sign of the Mariners-Compass, at the Hermitage- stairs in Wapping.  
 map of the coasts of England, Flanders, and Holland 
A Chart of the Seacoasts of ENGLAND FLANDERS & HOLLAND Showing all the Sands Shoals Rocks and Dangers The Bays Roads Harbours Buoyes' Beacons and Sea-marks on the said coasts. By John Seller Hydrographer in Ordinary to the King And are to be sold at his Shop in Exchange-Alley in Cornhill and at the Hermitage in Wapping: London.  
Ornat more Consult moque Viro D. JOS. WILLIAMSON Equiti Aurato, In Regni Comitijs Senatori. Regiae Majestati ab Archivis status, Et Sanctiori Concilio a Secretis. Tabulam hanc qualem qualem L. M. D. C. Q Joh Sellerus.  Jo: Clark sculpsit.