Chemistry Made Easy and Useful. Or, The Agreement and Disagreement Of the Chemists and Galenists.  
Daniel Sennertus, Nich. Culpeper, And Abdiah Cole. DOCTORS OF PHYSIC.  
The two next Pages show what is chief Treated of in this Book.  
LONDON. Printed by Peter Cole, Printer and Bookseller, at the Sign of the Printing-press in Cornhill, near the Royal Exchange. 1662.   

THE CONTENTS. Of the BOOK Of the Chemists & Galenists Physic.  

CHap. 1. Of the Nature of Chemistry Page 1  
Chap. 2 Of the Truth and Dignity of Chemistry. Page 5  
Chap. 3 Of the Inventors and Users of Chemistry Page 9  
Chap. 4 Concerning Paracelsus. Page 14  
Chap. 5 Of the new Names and Principles by which Paracelsians are to be known Page 21  
Chap. 6 Of the Analogy of the great and little World Page 25  
Chap. 7 Of the first Matter Page 28  
Chap. 8 Of the Elements Page 30  
Chap. 9 Of the Forms, Seeds, or Stars of Things. And Page 36  
Of the Original of Forms Page 38  
Chap 10 Of the Spirit and inbred Heat Page 44  
Chap. 11 Of the Principles of the Chemist's Page 50  
Chap. 12 Of Generation and Mixture Page 64  
Chap. 13 Of the Foundation of Medicine Page 76  
Chap. 14 Of the strength of Imagination Page 83  
Chap. 15 Of the Physiological part of Physic Page 92  
Chap. 16 Of pathology, or Diseases Page 99  
Chap. 17 Of that part of Physic which is called Semiotick, or of Signs Page 119  
Chap. 18 Of Medicines, and the Method of Curing Page 125  
An Apendix Page 151  
Chap. 19 Of the Constitution of Chemistry ibid.   
FINIS.   

●●oks Printed by Peter Cole at the Exchange in London.  
Several Physic Books of Nich. Culpeper, Physician and ginger, and Abdiah Cole Doctor of Physic, commonly called, The physician's Library, containing all the Works in English of Riverius, Sennertus, Platerus, Riolanus, Bartholinus. Viz.  
1. A GOLDEN Practice of Physic; plainly discovering the Kind's, with the several Causes of every Disease And their most proper Cures, in respect to the Causes from whence they come: after a new, easy and plain Method of Knowing, Foretelling, Preventing, and Curing all Diseases Incident to the Body of Man. Full of proper Observations and Remedies, both of Ancient and Modern Physicians. Being the Fruit of One and Thirty years' Travel, and fifty years' Practice of Physic. By Dr. Plater, Dr. Cole, and Nich-Culpeper.  
2. Sennertus' Practical Physic; the first Book in three Parts. 1. Of the Head. 2. Of the Hurt of the internal senses 3. Of the external Senses, in five Sections.  
3. Sennertus' Practical Physic; the second Book, in four Parts. 1. Of the Jaws and Mouth. 2. Of the Breast. 3. Of the Lungs. 4. Of the Heart.  
4. Sennertus' Third Book of Practical Physic in fourteen Parts, treating, 1. Of the Stomach and Gullet. 2. Of the Guts. 3. Of the Mesentery, Sweetbread and Omentum. 4. Of the Spleen. 5. Of the Sides. 6. Of the Scurvy. 7 and 8. Of the Liver. 9 Of the Ureters. 10. Of the Kidneys. 11. and 12. Of the Bladder. 13. and 14. Of the Privities and Generation in men.  
5. Sennertus' fourth Book of Practical Physic in three Parts. Part 1. Of the Diseases in the Privities of women. The first Section. Of Diseases of the Privy Part, and the Neck of the Womb. The second Section. Of the Diseases of the Womb. Part 2. Of the Symptoms in the Womb, and from the Womb. The second Section. Of the Symptoms in the Terms and other Fluxes of the Womb. The third Section. Of the Symptoms that befall all Virgins and Women in their Wombs, after they are ripe of Age. The fourth Section. Of the Symptoms which are in Conception. The fifth Section. Of the Government of Women with Child, and preternatural Distempers in Women with Child. The sixth Section. Of Symptoms that happen in Childbearing The seventh Section. Of the Government of Women in Childbed, and of the Diseases that come after Travel  
The first Section. Of Diseases of the Breasts. The second Section. Of the Symptoms of the Breasts.  
To which is added a Tractate of the Cure of Infants. Part 1. Of the Diet and Government of Infants. The second Section. Of Diseases and Symptoms in Children.  
6. Sennertus' fifth Book of Practical Physic, Or the Art of Chirurgery in six Parts. 1. Of Tumours. 2. O Ulcers. 3. Of the Skin, Hair and Nails. 4. Of Wounds, with an excellent Treatise of the Weapon Salve. 5. Of Fractures. 6. Of Luxations.  
7. Sennertus' sixth and last Book of Practical Physic in nine Parts. 1. Of Diseases from occult Qualities in general. 2. Of occult, malignant, and venomous Diseases arising from the internal fault of the humours. 3. Or occult Diseases from water, air, and infections, and of infectious diseases. 4. Of the Venereal Pox. 5. Of outward Poisons in general. 6. Of Poisons from Minerals and Metals. 7. Of Poisons from Plants. 8. Of Poisons that come from Living Creatures. 9 Of Diseases by Witchcraft, Incantation, and Charms.  
8. Sennertus' Treatise of Chemistry, showing the Agreement and Disagreement of Chemists and Galenists.  
9 Sennertus two Treatises. 1. Of the Pox. 2. Of the Gout.  
10. Sennertus thirteen Books of Natural Philosophy: Or the Nature of all things in the world.  
11. Twenty four Books of the Practice of Physic, being the Works of that Learned and Renowned Doctor Lazarus Riverius. Physician and Counsellor to the late King, etc.  
12. Idea of Practical Physic in twelve Books.  
13. Bartholinus Anatomy, with very many larger Brass Figures, than any other Anatomy in English.  
14. Veslingus Anatomy of the Body of Man.  
15. Riolanus Anatomy.  
16. A Translation of the New Dispensatory, made by the College of Physicians of London, in Folio and in Octavo. Whereunto is added, The Key of Galen's Method of Physic.  
17. A Directory for Midwives, or a guide for women The First and Second Part.  
18. Galens Art of Physic.  
19 A new Method both of studying and practising Physic.  
20. A Treatise of the Rickets.  
21. Medicaments for the Poor: Or, Physic for the Common People.  
22. Health for the Rich and Poor, by Diet without Physic  
23. One thousand New, Famous and Rare Cures, in Folio and Octavo.  
24. A Treatise of Pulses and Urins.  
25. A Treatise of Blood-letting, and Cures performed thereby.  
26. A Treatise of Scarification, and Cures performed thereby.  
27. The English Physician enlarged.  
The London Dispensatory in Folio, of a great Character in Latin.  
28. The London Dispensatory in Latin, a small Book in Twelves.  
29. Chemistry made easy and useful: Or the Agreement and Disagreement of the Chemists and Galenists. By Dr. Cole, etc.  
30. A New Art of Physic by Weight, or five hundred Aphorisms of Insensible Transpiration, Breathing or Vapour coming forth of the Body. By Dr. Cole, etc.   

To the Physical Reader.  
THe greatest Reason that I could ever observe, why the Medicines prescribed in the Physic Books before mentioned, do not (sometimes) perform the Cures promised, is, the unskilfulness of those that make up the Medicines. I therefore advise all those that have occasion to use any Medicines, to go or send to Mr. Ralph Clarke Apothecary, at the sign of the three Crowns on Ludgate-Hill, in London; where they shall be sure to have such as are skilfully and honestly made.   

Divinity Books Printed by Peter Cole, etc.  

Eighteen Several Books of Mr. Burroughs' viz. on Matth. 11.  
1 Christ's Call to all those that are weary and heavy laden, to come to him for rest.  
2 Christ the great Teacher of Souls that come to him.  
3 Christ the Humble Teacher of those that come to him.  
4 The only easy way to Heaven.  
5 The Excellency of Holy Courage in Evil times.  
6 Gospel Reconciliation.  
7 The Rare Jewel of Christian Contentment.  
8 Gospel-Worship.  
9 Gospel-Conversation.  
10 A Treatise of Earthly Mindedness, and of Heavenly Mindedness, and Walking with God.  
11 An Exposition of the Prophecy of Hoseah.  
12 The Evil of Evils, or the exceeding sinfulness of Sin.  
13 Of Precious Faith.  
14 Of Hope.  
15 Of Walking by Faith, and not by Sight.  
16 The Christians living to Christ upon 2 Cor. 5.15.  
17 A Catechism.  
18 Moses Choice.   

Dr. Hills WORKS. VIZ.  
1 The Beauty and Sweetness of an Olive Branch of Peace, and Brotherly Accommodation Budding.  
2 Truth and Love happily married in the Church of Christ.  
3 The Spring of strengthening Grace in the Rock of Ages Christ Jesus.  
4 The strength of the Saints to make Jesus Christ their strength,  
5 The best and worst of Paul.  
6 Gods Eternal preparation for his Dying Saints.   

Twenty one several Books of Mr. William Bridge, Collected into two Volumes, Viz.  
1 Scripture light, the most sure Light.  
2 Christ in Travel.  
3 A lifting up for the cast down.  
4 Of the Sin against the Holy Ghost.  
5 Of Sins of Infirmity.  
6 The false Apostle tried and discovered.  
7 The good and means of Establishment.  
8 The great things Faith can do.  
9 The great things Faith can suffer.  
10 The great Gospel Mystery of the Saints Comfort and Holiness, opened and applied from Christ's Priestly Office.  
11 Satan's power to tempt and Christ's Love to, and Care of his People under Temptation.  
12 Thankfulness requiin every Condition.  
13 Grace for Grace.  
14 The Spiritual Actings of Faith through Natural Impossibilities.  
15 Evangelical Repentance  
16 The Spiritual Life, and In being of Christ in all Believers.  
17 The Woman of Canaan.  
18 The Saints Hiding place, etc.  
19 Christ coming, etc.  
20 A Vindication of Gospel Ordinances.  
21 Grace and Love beyond Gifts.   

Four New Books of Mr. Sydrach Sympson, VIZ.  
1 Of Unbelief, or the want of readiness to lay hold on the comfort given by Christ.  
2 Not going to Christ for Life and Salvation, is an exceeding great sin, yet pardonable.  
3 Of Faith, Or, That believing is receiving Christ; and receiving Christ, is believing.  
4 Of Covetousness.   

Mr. hooker's New Books in three Volumes: One in Octavo, and two in Quarto.  
These Eleven New Books of Mr. Thomas Hooker made in New-England, are attested in an Epistle by Mr. Thomas Goodwin and Mr. Philip Nye, to be written with the Authors own hand: None being written by himself before. One Volume being a Comment upon Christ's last Prayer, in the seventeenth of John.  

Wherein is showed,  
1 That the end why the Saints receive all Glorious Grace, is, That they may be one, as the Father and Christ are one.  
2 That God the Father loveth the Faithful, as he loveth Jesus Christ.  
3 That our Saviour desireth to have the Faithful in Heaven with himself.  
4 That the Happiness of our being in Heaven, is to see Christ's Glory.  
5 That there is much wanting in the Knowledge of God's Love, in the most able Saints.  
6 That the Lord Christ lends daily Direction, according to the daily need of his Servants.  
7 That it is the desire and endeavour of our Saviour, that the dearest of God's Love, which was bestowed on himself, should be given to his faithful Servants.  
8 That our Union and Communion with God in Christ, is the top of our happiness in Heaven.   

Ten Books of the Application of Redemption by the effectual Work of the Word, and Spirit of Christ, for the bringing home of lost sinners to God By Thomas Hooker of New-England. In which (besides many other seasonable, and Soulsearching truths) there is also largely showed.  
1 Christ hath purchafed all spiritual good for HIS, and puts them in possession thereof.  
2 The soul must be fitted for Christ before it can receive him: and a powerful Ministry is the ordinary means to prepare the heart for Christ.  
3 The heart of a Natural man is wholly unwilling to submit to the Word that would sever him from his sins.  
4 God the Father by a holy kind of violence, plucks His out of their corruptions, and draws them to believe in Christ.  
5 Stubborn and bloody sinners may be made broken hearted.  
6 There must be true sight of sin, before the heart can be broken for it.  
7 Application of special sins by the Ministry, is a means to bring men to sight of, and sorrow for them.  
8 Meditation of sin a special means to break the heart.  
9 The Lord sometimes makes the word prevail most when it's most opposed.  
10 Sins unrepented of, make way for piercing Terrors.  
11 Gross and scandalous sinners, God usually exerciseth with heavy break of Heart, before they be brought to Christ.  
12 They whose hearts are pierced by the Word, are carried with love and respect to the Ministers of it: And are busy to inquire, and ready to submit to the mind of God.  
13 There is a secret hope wherewith the Lord supports the hearts of contrite Sinners.  
14 True contrition is accompanied with confenion of sin, when God calis thereunto.  
15 The Soul that is pierced for sin is carried with a restless dislike against it.    

The King's Trial at the High Court of Justice.  
The wise Virgin: Published by Mr. Thomas Weld, of New-England.  
Mr. Rogers on Naaman the Syrian his Disease and Cure discovering the Leprosy of Sin and Self love, with the Gure, viz. Self-denial and Faith.  
A Godly and fruitful Exposition, on the first Epistle of Peter: By Mr. John Rogers, Minister of the word of God at Dedham in Essex.  
Mr. Rogers his Treatise of Marriage.  
An Exposition on the Gospel of the Evangelist St. Matthew: By Mr. Ward.    

A BOOK Concerning the Agreement & Disagreement Of the CHEMISTS, With Aristotle's and Galens Followers.  

Chap. 1. Of the Nature of Chemistry.  
WE shall not stand much upon the Interpretation of the word Chemistry, because it is disputable whether it be derived from the Greeks, or from the Arabians or Egyptians.  
Paracelsus & other modern Physicians called it Spagery from the Greek words that signifies to pull in pieces or divide, and also to unite or join together, as being an Art to dissolve and Unite again any natural bodies.  
Some proudly call this Art Philosophy, and they who study the Philosophers-stone, are called the only true Philosophers, and Philosophers Sons; of which see the Book called Turba Philosophorum.  
It is called from Hermes or Mercury the Hermetick Art, and thence come the Hermetical vessels and seals, of which hereafter.  
It is also called the Separating and Distilling Art.  
But the distinction of Disciplines is from the end, and that of Chemistry is not only to melt Metals, and separate one Mettle from another, but a hope to turn inferior Metals into Gold. And by use and operation, they still discovered new things, and so came to distil and separate Vegetables. So the whole Art of Chemistry consists in working of Metals, and preparing of Medicines. But they are by custom called only the true Chemists, that labour to turn the cheap Metals into Gold and Silver, or that make good Medicines of Minerals or Vegetables, or Animals; and the inferior Metal-workers are not honoured with this Name of a Chemist.  
Nor doth a Chemist only exercise in Natural bodies, as an Apothecary, but he dissolves compounded bodies into their first principles, and separates them, the good from the bad, cleanseth all, altars, perfects, and exalts them, and makes them efficacious; and if need be, he again joins them together, as when the strength of the whole compounded body is required.  
Hence there are two ends in Chemistry, the internal and external. The internal end is that, whose work being perfect the operation ceaseth: and to dissolve bodies into their first principles, to cleanse, altar, exalt, and purify them in particular together, and make them fit for use, is very necessary. In respect of this end, Chemistry of itself is an Art separate from Physic, because it doth not only serve the Physician, but other Artists.  
This end hath two parts, for the Chemist either only labours in transmuting of Metals, or studies Physic. If the later, the Apothecary and the Chemist are little different; now the Physician useth the Apotehcary as a Servant therefore he ought to be skilled in Chemical operations, to direct his Apothecary: and when the Physician himself prepares Chemical medicines, he is a Chemist, as when he cures wounds and dislocations, he is a Chirurgeon.  
The external end of Chemistry is twofold, it is either exercised in transmutation of Metals, or to cure man's body. In respect of the first end, it is a distinct Art from all others, and therefore it is called by way of eminency Alchemy, or the Art of the great Magistral, the Magistery of wisdom, the Art of Hermes. In respect of the latter end, Chemistry is not a peculiar Art, but belongs to Physic, and is the perfection of it, for it is the part only of the Physician to use and apply Chemical medicines for cure, and may be called then a Chemical Physician, and the Medicines Chemical, which are the perfection of Physic.  
Some will have no difference between common Medicine or Physic and Chemistry, and say that the old Physicians & Apothecaries knew all the Chemical preparations, as Digestion, Sublimation, Distillation, Calcination, Reverberation, Extraction, and the like. We confess they knew some of them, 
7. De comp. med. sec. ge. c. 11.  for Galen teacheth to make medicines by long steeping. And Treacle is not good till it be sermented long, but they knew it not so well as it is now known; & what they had was from the Refiners, 
Lib. de simp. med. facul.  as Galen shows, and Chemistry was not then brought into the Apothecary's shops and Physicians house from the Refiners furnace and Chemical work-houses.  
Some enlarge Chemistry, and dispute principles and labour to bring in new operations into all the parts of Philosophy and Physic, but it is not for Chemists, as such, to dispute of principles, but for Physicians and Philosophers And Chemistry doth but only bring some observations and experiments by working, from which the Physician and Philosopher makes conclusions.  
Therefore a Chemist is exercised about all natural bodies, to dissolve, purify, and work them as to his internal end. But as to his external end, he is conversant only about Metals, to transmute them. In respect of the latter end, he is conversant, not only in Metals, but all natural bodies that may be medicinable, whether Vegetables or Animals.  
Moreover, Chemistry is an art, that is not only conversant about natural things to know them only, but to make something out of them. And though it hath its principles and conclusions, yet is it not a science, but an Art or factive habit according to reason. Therefore Chemistry is neither a part of Physic, nor subordinate unto it, though it be conversant about the natural body, as Physic is, because the manner of ordering is divers from Physic, for skill only in operation or working, neither makes a Philosopher nor a Physician, but every fool may attain to operation, if he have but a good purse.  
From hence we give this Definition of Chemistry. It is an Art to resolve Natural compound bodies into their Principles of which they are made, and to make them pure and strong for Medicines, or to perfect or change Metals.  
Therefore the Sophistical operations to make base Metals like gold or silver in colour, are not worthy of the honest name of Chemistry, though the Chemist may for trial, do something therein to obtain a higher end.   

Chap. 2. Of the Truth and Dignity of Chemistry.  
IT is commendable; first from the transmutation of Metals: secondly from the good Medicines that are found out by it. That Metals are transmuted, it is proved by experience. In Hungary by the Town called Smolnitium, in the Mountain Carpath, there are Fountains into which if iron be cast, it is turned into the best copper. The same is done at Gossaria; and the same may be done by Art, for if Iron be cast into Vitriol-water, there is a red powder that sticks to it, which being mleted, turns to copper. Also Quicksilver is turned to Led, as John Rhenan shows in his Definition for the truth of Chemistry: although Nicolas Guibert Physician of Lotharing thinks otherwise.  
But the chief question is concerning turning of other Metals into gold, which though it seems impossible to many, yet experience is again, them not to speak of the Ancients Arnold de villa nova and Raymund, Lul, and others. Such things have been done in the memory of our Fathers, and of ourselves, and it is impudence to deny such a certain Experiment.  
The chief objection is, that Metals are distinct in specie, and cannot be transmuted one into another, unless you can make a Pig of a Dog. But I answer, That the form of Iron, and the form of Lead cannot be turned into the forms of copper or gold, but the form of iron departing, the form of copper may be brought in, and the form of Lead departing, the form of gold may be brought in; and this is easier in Metals, because they have one common matter: the Elements are transinuted; Wheat and other Plants are perfect species in their forms, yet they are turned into chyle, and blood is turned into flesh, bones, and membranes  
Nor let it seem absurd, that Metals in so short a time can be turned into gold, except you are ignorant of the power of Spirits, and of Chemical operations; what force hath thunder upon Metals? What force hath Aqua fortis and other Spirits?  
Nor let any say that Chemical gold is not true gold, but apparent, for the forms of things being hid from us, we know them by their proper accidents and proprieties; but Chemical gold hath all the proprieties of gold: therefore it must be acknowledged to be true gold. The proprieties of gold are, that it be yellow, not ringing, malleable, so that one ounce beaten, may cover ten acres of ground; and the third part of a grain may be drawn into wire of 134. foot long, as Cardan writes: 
Lib. de varietate rerum. De vanit. scient.  to be incorruptible in air and water, and to endure all tests by the assay-men.  
Some, with Agrippa, say that the Chemists draw a tincture of gold, which they give to other Metals, and make them gold, but only so much as that was from which the tincture was drawn, and so there is no profit. But experience shows the contrary, for Edward Kelley an Englishman at Prague, in the house of Thaddaeus Haggecius, turned a pound of Quicksilver into gold with one drop of a very red liquor; and it is still to be seen, and the sign of the liquor sticks like a Ruby upon the Quicksilver so turned to gold, and as much more gold may be made of the same: let this one experiment serve turn: Yet though this art be true, it is very difficult, as appears by the lost labours of many; and none can easily attain to it by reading or practice.  
There are many cheaters. But let none trust him that promiseth this art for money. First let them make gold for themselves, which they commonly want. I shall recite some of their cheats. First they carry gold or silver in a stick, with which they stir their Metals. Others dissolve gold or silver in Aqua fortis, and mix with Ink, and write upon paper, in which they put the Metal they pretend to turn. Or they use the powder of gold or silver, as sand upon a letter. Others mix gold or silver dissolved, within charcoal. Others have false bottoms to their crucibles, into which they put gold. Others have filled great coals with gold, and laid them upon the crucible. But the greatest cheat is, when they have gotten some of the true tincture, and done wonders till they have gotten money, but can go no further being ignorant.  
The other end of Chemistry is for Physicians, for first the medicines Nature afford us, have often parts of divers strength and force; but by Chemistry they are ingeniously separated. The Chemists imitate the industry of the Ancients in preparing of meats, by boiling, and other preparations to make them pleasant and wholesome. And the Ancients, when the patiented wanted much nourishment, and could not well concoct, found out consummate broth or cullises, in which the unprofitable parts for nourishment were cast away, and that which nourished best was preserved.  
Thus are Chemical medicines made powerful, pleasant and safe, and the Physician may cure by them safely quickly and pleasantly. For when the thick earth, and unprofitable parts are separated from the profitable and spirital, the thinner parts sooner pierce into the whole body, and exercise their force.  
And being given in a small dose, and freed from unpleasant qualities, they are taken without loathing, and so work the better. And some medicines that are rank poison, are prepared by the Chemist, and made safe. Nature is the Chemist's leader, which makes us wholesome, Spaw-waters from Minerals and Metals, by which desperate diseases are cured.  
But observe, that we here only commend the true Chemistry, but hate the false Chemists, who when they can prepare a medicine or two, promise golden mountains, and scorn all the Galenists, when they themselves are ignorant in all good Arts, chief in Physic and Philosophy. And will be called by no other name then Hermecial Physicians; when they may be more truly called Haeretical Physicians.   

Chap. 3. Of the Inventors and and Users of Chemistry.  
CHymistry had been no worse, if it had been found out later; for that is old enough that is good enough, and there is nothing which was not new at the first.  
Some suppose that all the Chemical Books were written but three or four ages since: but they are out, for we have Greek Authors that treat of it. Some show that Chemistry may be proved ancient, say that Adam invented it, 
Gen. 4.  but this they cannot prove.  
But the Rudiments of Chemistry were more probably invented by Tubalcain the Master of Iron and Brass. And if he shown how to fashion Metals, he must needs know how to find them out, melt and separate them, and purify them. The Scriptures commend him for an excellent Metal-man, and his Successors were iudustrious in the same. And if they knew how to work on Iron and Brass, they questionless known how to order Metals  
After the flood, the invention or propagation of Chemistry was by many imputed to Hermes Trismegistus, and from him it is at this day called the Hermetical Art, the vessels and seals of Hermes are so called from him. And he was called Tresmegistus or thrice great, because he was the chief Priest, Philosopher, and King, or (as others say) the chief King, Priest, and Prophet. He lived in ancient time, about the 2000d year of the World heard Noah preach, and was (as the Learned say) the Master of Chamephis or Chusus. The Grecians as well as the Egyptians, honoured him for antiquity and learning, and imputed the invention of all Arts and Sciences to him. They say he wrote 25000. Books all set forth in his Name.  
Mesue mentions another, Hermes that succeeded him, and mentions a Hiera of Hermes, and Pills of Alhandal of Hermes, and so do other Physicians; but these vulgar medicines were not worth of the Name of Hermes Trismegistus.  
There is also a Smaragd Table esteemed by all Chemists, which was found in the Valley of Ebron after the flood, but the Author of it is unknown. Some say it was found in the Sepulchre of Trismegistus, by a woman called Sarah; it is the foundation of all Chemistry: and I shall here mention it.  

The Smaragd Table.  
To speak plain truth without lying, it is most true and certain, that, what is below, is as that is which is above: and that which is above, is like that which is below, to perpetuate the miracles of one thing. And as all things were from one, by the meditation and invention of one, so all things are from this one thing, by adaptation or proportion. The Father of it, is the Sun, the mother the Moon, the wind carried it in its belly. The Earth is its Nurse. This is the Father of all Talism in the world. The virtue of it is complete; if it be turned into earth, you shall separate the earth from the fire gently with much ingenuity, and that which is subtle, from that which is gross. It ascends from earth to heaven, and descends again to the earth, and takes the power of things above and beneath. Thus you may have the glory of the whole world, and so all obscurity shall fly from thee. This is the great force of all fortitude, because it will overcome every subtle thing, and pierce through all solid bodies. Thus was the world made. And from hence you may make wonderful adaptations. Therefore I am called Hermes Trismegistus, because I have three parts of Philosophy of the whole world. What I have said of the work of the Sun, is complete.   
They deny this to be the Table of Trismegistus, because it is not in his Works: 
De metallis lib. 4. c. 6.  all Chemists have hitherto thought the contrary, and Albertus Magnus writes that Hermes is the Root that holds up all Philosophers.  
Moses was next to Trismegistus, who was skilled in all the Knowledge of the Egyptians; but it can scarce be proved clearly, that he understood Chemistry: 
Exod. I. 32.  though they burnt the Calf that Aaron made, and made it into powder, and cast it into the water. Some say that Mary the Prophetess Sister of Moses, was a Chemist, because her Name is mentioned in some Books that teach the making of gold; but it is an usual thing in Chemists to make their Books famous by setting the Names of great persons to them.  
Some mention the Expedition of the Argonants, for the antiquity of Chemistry. Suidas reports that the Golden Fleece which Jason and the Argonants brought together Medea the Daughter of King Aaetes from Colchis, when they went into the Pontic Sea; was not such a Fleece as the Poets seign, but a Book written in Parchment for the making of gold. But whatsoever others imagine, there is no cause to reject the opinion of Suidas, for all things agree unto it. The watching Dragon is Mercury, which is hard to be laid a sleep, to this the gold which Phasis kept in Colchis was committed This matter is put into the Temper of Mars, that is the Philosopher's furnace. The keepers thereof, are the Bulls that breath out fire, that is, heat that increaseth by degrees. The teeth of the Dragon that go to war, and wound each other, is the fight of the matter in the vessel, till it be brought to unity. At length by Medea's art, the Jason brings the Dragon to sleep, That is, fixeth that which would fly away, and makes a good Medicine of that which was poison. Now this is probable, because that exposition of a fable is best which agrees to truth, either in Natural or Politic things. Especially because the Names of Jason and Medea signify a Physician.  
Also the fable of the Apples of Hesperides is spoken of Chemistry. 
Metamorph. 10. fab. 14.  And that fable of Atalanta and Hippomenes in Ovid And the other fable of the Dragon that Cadmus killed.  
Solomon the wisest of all men, wrote beyond all the Greeks and Arabians, if his Books of natural things were extant, and we may affirm without absurdity, though not clearly prove that he was a Chemist. It is ridiculous with some, to fetch Chemistry out of the Canticles, and to interpret the King which is the Bridegroom, to be gold, and the Queen to be silver, because they embrace each other in Chemistry. And when it is said, I am black, but comely, to understand the Crow's head, which is black outwardly, and inwardly very rich. These are trifles, and the Art of Chemistry is so plainly ancient, that we need not bring these uncertainties and lies to defend it.  
I like not that of Esdras, 
Esdras c. 1  to prove the antiquity of it, as if those golden Cups to be made of precious Brass, better than common gold by the Art of Chemistry.  
Since Christ, Chemistry flourished in Egypt, so that they report all their treasure that they maintained themselves by against their enemies, was artificial Hence Dioclesian commanded all the Chemical Books for making gold in Egypt, to be burnt, lest they should grow rich thereby, and rebel again. Thus Suidas.  
Julius Firmicus in the time of Constantine the Great, in the year of Christ 320. mentions Chemists, from the Astrologers Predictions.  
Heliodore wrote in Greek of making of gold An. Dom. 383. and there is a notable argument for Chemistry in the History of Maximus Olibius concerning his Monument in Milan, 
Pet. Appian. in antiquitatibus.  in which a candle was found burning in the year 1500.  
In late ages Chemistry was famous among the Arabians, as you may see in Mesue, and others, and Geber, Avicen, Rhasis, Arnold de villa nova, Raymund Lul, John de Rupescissa, Bonus Ferrariensis, Hortulanus, Isaac Holland, Roger Bacchus, Augurellus, 
In exam. sent Paris scholeo.  and others mentioned by Andreas Libavius have written much of it.  
From whence it appears false, which Nicolas Guibert wrote, and others namely that the Chemical Books now extant, were made lately by Impostors and Sophists. He that will know more of this, 
Super lib. 12. de re metalli.  may read the Preface of George Agricola to Mauritius and Augustus Dukes of Saxony and Brothers; and Andreas Libavius in his Defense of Alchemy against Nicolas Guibert.   

Chap. 4. Concerning Paracelsus.  
PHilip Theophrastus Paracelsus was born in Helvetia Ann. Domi. 1593. he had excellent Masters for Chemistry, and began to raise a new Sect, with a desire to throw down that of Hypocrates and Galen. His chief Tutor was Peter Severinus, from whom there is a new Sect at this day called Severians.  
Therefore this Paracelsus, when Chemistry was not vulgarly known in the Schools, observing that Medicines might better be prepared that way, began to reform Physic, but he almost overthrew it, together with all the Sciences. He railed at Galen & Avicen, and all the Academics; called the Doctors of Paris, Milan, and Monpelior, and all the Professors of Physic, Professors of Lies, and said they were Liars, and not Doctors in his Writings. He burned the Canonical Volume of Avicen, to show his hatred to old Physic, and to incense his Disciples with hatred against other Physicians. Sometimes he seems to avoid, being a Novelist, and would be accounted a Galenist, better than all the rest, and to persuade the world that the Works of Galen and Avicen were not right, but counterfeit.  
Nor did he only brag himself, 
Pag. 7. suae praefationis.  but his Disciples cried him up, and Crollius wrote that none was like Paracelsus, and made Hermes Trismegistus and Solomon inferiors to him in Natural Philosophy and Metaphysics. And his Disciples wrote high commendations on his Picture and Epitaph.  
Hence it was, 
Epist. 137.  that he was by many called the Prince of Chemists, and none was counted a true Chemist, that was not a Paracelsian: but they are deceived, as Crato shows learnedly. And there is a difference between Chemistry and Paracelsian Physic, for Chemistry was used before the time of Paracelsus. And though he used it, yet it is not necessary that all Chemists should be Paracelsians, and embrace his opinions. But let us examine whether those arrogant Titles that he and his Disciples attribute to themselves, be due, or not.  
He brags that he was born of an ancient and Noble family in the Wilderness of Helvetia. But Erastus saith that he heard that there were no such there, that acknowledged themselves of his kindred, not so much as an ignoble family; and that there was a strange Schoolmaster that lived there, who was born at a place called the Highnest, and that he was called Paracelsus from thence.  
Operine a Citizen of credit in Basil, followed him two years, of whom there are Writings by Jociscus in his Life of Operine, where it is said, That Paracelsus was drunk night and day, and could not be found one hour sober, especially after he left Basil, and went to Alsatia, and was adored as Aesculapius by the Nobles and Rustics. Operine adds further, That he never heard him pray, nor did he care for the Church, but slighted the Gospel, which was then begun to be preached. Nor did Operine only write so, but told it to others, as Dr. Henry Bullinger that knew Paracelsus at Tigur, witnesseth whose Letters Erastus citeth. I could (saith he) find no Religion in his speeches, 
Disp. contra Paracel. par. 1.  but much Magic of his own making. If you had seen him, you would have taken him for a Carter, rather than a Physician, and loved the company of Carters, with whom he eat and caroused, so drunk sometimes, that he would sleep upon any bench. For conclusion, he was a sordid, nasty Fellow, seldom went to Church, and slighted Religion.  
Erastus also saith that George Vetter a godly man learned, 
2. part disp. contra Para.  that loved Paracelsus, and followed him two years and three months in Austria and elsewhere to learn Surgery, which he only perfected, and honoured Paracelsus for teaching him, affirmed, That Paracelsus studied Magic, and made him study it, and he called his evil Spirit his Companion. But I shall pass over this, having showed Paracelsus was a wicked Liver.  
He learned no Physic in the Schools, but had his knowledge from Chemical Books and operations. For about that time, and a little before, Isaac Holland and Basilius Valentine wrote, and practised Chemistry, and others; and it was well known in Germany, as Books written before Paracelsus, do declare. And he himself writes that he studied Negromancy in the end of his Books of occult Philosophy, where it is thus written. A Physician cannot learn what he ought in the universities, but must sometimes ask old Women, Conjurers, and Negromancers, and old Mountebanks, and the like, and learn of them; and speaking of Diseases from Witchcraft, 
In praefatione paragrani.  he saith, They have more knowledge of such things, than all the Universities. And let any men judge if he wrote wisely, when he said that he had Letters sent out of Hell from Galen, and disputed with Avicen at Hell-gates concerning his Potable Gold, the Tincture of Physic, Quintessences, and the Philosopher's Stone.  
If any observe his Travels, of which he writes in his preface to his great Surgery, he may judge how ill they hang together, and how unlike to be true. Therefore it is more probable that he had no skill in Languages or Philosophy, and therefore he traveled and consulted with Mountebanks and Negromancers.  

In praefat. admonit.  These being so, I cannot consent to Crollius that none was above or equal to Paracelsus, who had the absolute knowledge of all divine and humane Sciences; 
Re 3.  for we must believe the Scriptures that say of Solomon, Behold I have granted thy request and given thee a wise and understanding heart, that none before thee had, nor after shall have the like. Moreover, if Paracelsus were so wise, why led he no better life? 
In labyrinth. M●d●crrant.  He writes from the Apostle, That he which lacks wisdom must ask it of God, and that the beginning of his Physic is to seek first the Kingdom of Heaven. But what I said shows whether he did or not.  
That he had not an absolute knowledge of all divine and humane things appears by his absurd and wicked opinions: 
In lib. meteor. c. 3.  for he writes that the Night is not the absence of the Sun, but is from the arising of the nocturnal Stars, which cause darkness. And that some Stars are like Gourds and Glasses that hold Salt, Sulphur and Mercury, from whence by the operation of the airy fire, the winds were sent, as wind bred in man's body is sent out by the lower throat. Many absurd things are in the same Book that show his ignorance, but his followers admire them, not searching into the truth of them, but admiring Paracelsus that wrote them and taking every absurdity for a Mystery. 
Lib. 1. de generat. rerum.   
He wrote not only absurd but wicked things, showing how a little man may be made by Chemistry without a Father or Mother, and saith it is not a great secret; 
Lib. 1. de Saga Philoso.  and that in the new Land's men are not from the true Adam, parent of all, but from another Adam; in his Book Azoth, or of the wood and line of life Chap. 2. He writes, That Adam and Eve before the Fall had no Stones, Reins, or Womb, but received them after the Fall. From which and many other impieties you may see that Crollius wrote falsely that Paracelsus was the most knowing man in divine and humane things. 
Querc. in resp. ad Aubertum  Quercetan writes better, saying I never intended to maintain Paracelsus his divinity, 
Disp. 1. contra Paracel. p 244. & aliquot seq.  nor to believe him in all things. He that will know more of this, let him read Erastus who condemns Paracelsus for seven horrible blasphemies.  
Let us see what he did in Chemistry and Curing where his chief worth lay, which so renowned him. As for the transmutation of metals, 
In Epist. Citata.  I deny not but he did something therein, for Operine writes thus. He spent money prodigally, and was sometimes so poor that he had not a halfpenny to my knowledge, yet he would show the next day a purse full, and I wondered whence he had it. And Michael Neander saith he made Gold of Lead and Quicksilver, 
In sua geogra.  and Franciscus in his Epistle which Andrew Labavius brings against Guibert in his defence for transmutation by Alchemy. But how he did it, and whether he made the medicine or had it from another it is not known. Evaldus Vagelius a Dutchman in his Preface to his Book of the Philosopher-stone writes thus of Paracelsus. I dare affirm that Paracelsus never knew the Philolosopher-stone, and that he understood neither Raymond, Lul, nor other Authors in that Art, and besides certain reasons, I was persuaded to this belief by an Epistle from a noble man, whose Father knew Paracelsus very well, for he had had the Philosophers-stone, & could make it when he pleased, he had not so railed at Philip Marquis of Banden for ingratitude, in not paying his bargain.  
As for Chemical Medicines, he brought many to light, but not without envy, and he communicated not faithful such as he found out: for contemning all the ancient Chemists besides himself, he is to be suspected. I will not here accuse him, lest I seem partial. But Bernard Penot learned in Chemistry, writes thus of him. 
In fine lib, de denario med.  If the Works of John Isaac Holland were extant, the Works of Paracelsus would be of no worth. This is he of whom Paracelsus prophesied, saying, Elias the Artist shall come after me, who shall reveal hidden things. Penot hath much more, which though I believe not, yet are not contemptible. And John Crato writes to Erastus, That the Remedies he used were not his own, for I saw a Book written 200. years since by a Monk at Ulme, in which are the same Medicines which Paracelus hath here and there in his Works. 
Tom. 2. pag. 651.  Andernachus the great Chemist writes, That there was one Paracelsus a famous Master in Chemistry, but he wrote many vain and false things, and so dark, that few can benefit by reading him.  
His Epitaph shows what diseases he cured, as the Leprosy, the Gout, and other incurable maladies in the body by a wonderful art. And Oporine saith that he had an excellent activity and success in composing of remedies against all diseases, and that he wrought miracles in curing of all sorts of desperate ulcers, without any prescribed or observed course of diet, but he drank nights and days with his patients, and cured them upon a full stomach and diet.  
He mentions the Medicines he used, 
Lib. de trinit. Philos. c. 2.  as the Philosophical Tincture, for curing the French pox, Leprosy, Dropsy, Colic, Apoplexy, Estiomene, Cancer, Fistulaes', and all inward Maladies, but let them believe it that please. Oporine witnesseth that he used Praecipitate, Treacle, or Mithridate, or juice of Cherries in pills in all kind of diseases for a purge. He often bragged he raised the dead to life by his Laudanum only. A certain learned Chemical Physician, to distinguish the truth of this matter; and after he had read the Chirurgery of Paracelsus, he concluded that he cured all diseases only with Mercury, sublimated and calcined, and give it divers names that it might not be discovered.  
Many confess that he cured the most stubborn ulcers, but say that he did not perform what the Vulgar say he did in the cure of the Dropsy, Gout, Leprosy, Epilepsy, and the like, and prove by plain arguments, that he did not cure all diseases. And some doubt it, because he used such diversity of remedies against the Epilepsy. Sometimes he saith it is to be cured only by black Hellebore, sometimes by Antimony, sometimes by the liquor of Gold, sometimes by the Tincture of Coral, sometimes by Vitriol, or by Man's blood prepared, or by Man's skull. And they think that he wrote down certain Medicines promiscuosly for his memory, that in time when occasion was offered, he might make trial of them all, and knew not which was best. And the diet of Paracelsus himself seems to confirm this, which was such that he could not have such knowledge in the cure of so many desperate diseases. Nor could he cure himself, who was not only long afore his death in a convulsion, but lived not above 47. years when he had promised long life unto others: when the Universal medicine, if he had had it, would have preserved, and freed him from all contagion.  
Hence any may judge that Paracelsus had a good wit, and if he had been endowed accordingly with the knowledge of Languages and solid Hippocratical and Galenical Philosophy, and could have used it in Chemistry, he had advanced Physic, and had been famous among Physicians and Philosophers For the want of which, he divulged so many absurdities in Divinity, Philosophy, and Physic without any reason, but sat like a Dictator or Emperor in Learning, and wrote many things so soolish and confused, that his Writings are not methodical, so that he is blind with the love of Paracelsus that shall approve of his mad Doctrine. His dissolute life shown that he was not a fit Reformer of Physic, much less a man absolute in the knowledge of Divine and Humane things.   

Chap. 5. Of the new Names and Principles by which Paracelsians are to be known.  
IT is proper to this Sect to deceive by Names and Titles, and to get the opinion of being wise thereby, witness the Titles of Paracelsus his Books, as Paragranum, Paramirum: and these words, Ens, Pagoicum, Castagricum, Iliastrum, Achaeus, Relloleum, Cherionium, Ylech. Trarames, Turban, Leffas, and six hundred other words never heard in any age: and none of the followers of Paracelsus hath showed their original, or to what language they belong, and when they use other, they give another sense, and use parables.  
But the goodness of every thing consists in that for whose cause it was made. Speech is a great gift of God given to men, that one might declare their meaning to another, and that which doth not so, is not worthy the name of a speech; for the knowledge of things follows the knowledge of their Names.  
Peter Severinus is to be blamed for this, whom the Paracelsians follow at this day, as Paracelsus himself, he useth the word Anatomy often according to nature and constitution of things; and sometimes he useth the same word for the resolution and dissolving of things. Sometimes for the place, as when he saith, The seed is anatomised to the stones, that is flows to them. Also he useth the word Tincture, to signify the propriety from whence the force of acting proceedeth, and repeats improperly almost in every leaf, the Tincture of the Pleurisy, meaning the cause of the plourisie; and the invalid Tincture of diseases, that is, the beginning of diseases.  
So Paracelsus from whom Severinus had this trick, calls ancient things by new Names, but improperly. For the Hippocratical 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and Cheirionia of Paracelsus are the same. (Rorollaceum) is the same with that which is weak, and without power. Archaeus is the same with the natural spirit among Physicians and Philosophers, as if Paracelsus and Severinus were such, as they ought to leave the usual words, and use new unheard of expressions. Nor is Chemistry a new thing, or first found out by Paracelsus, so that he was bound to give new names unto things when he might well have used the language and words of the old Chemists very properly. There is darkness sufficient in Nature, so that he needed not to have increased it with monstrous words. It may be they spoke so that they might not be understood, and to get the Name of being wise among the ignorant, and that they might not easily be confuted by any.  
The conclusion is as Galen saith, That Speech is the Character of the mind, and a monstrous speech is the sign of a monstrous mind. And therefore it is intolerable to insinuate words into an ancient Discipline, and to change the custom of an art, and to desire to bind up the art to such terms: rather let the words be retained, which use hath approved, which is to judge of the force and form of speaking.  
Let us come to the new way of teaching and knowing which they propound. Hitherto reason and experience were the original of all knowledge, and whatsoever agreed with them, was accounted true, and what differed from them, was rejected. And therefore the Works of Hypocrates, Aristotle and Galen are highly esteemed. But Paracelsus and his followers, propound all their opinions without foundation, and begin a new way of knowing, 
In Praef. admonit. p. 3.  of which Crollius speaks at large. A Physician (saith he) must have the light of Nature and grace, from the internal and visible Man, an internal Angel, and light of Nature And if you ask what this light of Nature is, he saith, It is the Firmament that gives man all things naturally. If it be asked again, Why they who teach in the Universities, have not the light of Nature alike? He answers nothing clearly, but flies to the light of grace, and speaks of Paracelsus, That he was undoubtedly by the favour of Heaven made the Prince and Monarch of all Physic, but shows not how.  
Therefore false Chemistry hath its peculiar Religion, for because they think they have reform or perfected all Philosophy & Physic, they stay not there, but proceed to Divinity, and mix profane and holy things together: and so, they bring in any absurdity, and dispute wonderfully of the Kingdom of the Blessed, the Angel's Miracles, Faith, and the Resurrection.  
But to come to our purpose, natural all knowledge is so far true, as it agrees with things, for things measure our knowledge, but not on the contrary, nor are things so, because we think the so; but because they are so, we think them to be so, when we know rightly: and this being not naturally in us, must come from without. Before the Fall, Adam had that knowledge, but none hath it since. Therefore whatsoever men know, is either immediately revealed from God by revelation, or learned another way. Since therefore the words of Paracelsus cannot challenge to themselves a peculiar illumination, nor can we grant it; they must needs learn as other men did, and do, and learn knowledge from things.  
There is a twofold faculty of knowing in man, sense and understanding. Things are presented by the external senses to the fancy, and by that to the understanding. And the soul while it is in the body, understands not without a phantasm, and the beginning of knowledge is from the senses; and we make principles from those things that senses have comprehended without error. From principles we go to things unknown, which may be concluded from them. This is the ordinary way of knowing and learning, by which the unlearned learn from the wise, and are instructed either by speech or books. Thus were all the Paracelsians taught: for this cause Paracelsus took such long journeys. Crollius writes that he got his Chemistry by long travel, pains, and watch, and observations. This may be spoken of others of that gang.   

Chap. 6. Of the Analogy of the great and little World.  
THe whole Philosophy of Paracelsus is built upon the Analogy of the great and little World which they extend largely. And they of Marpurg writ the opinion of the Chemists thus. The Chemists call Man a little World, 
Disp. 8.  not from a superficial likeness, but because he comprehends indeed, and according to the species (though invisibly) all things in himself that are contained in a visible form, in the three Kingdoms, Vegetal, Animal, and Mineral, and in the whole World. This is gathered from divers places in Paracelsus his Works. Crollius' in his Preface writes thus. A man is a circle that contains in it all creatures. Man carries all things about him, the whole Firmament, and all the Stars, and Planets. Man hath the parts of all the world, and there is nothing in it that is not really in him. He communicates with God in his mind, with Angels in his reasonable soul, and his invisible starlike body, and with the Stars with the same invisible body, and with the Elements by his visible earthly body.  
They say there are two bodies in every man, the one physical, elementary, visible, and to be touched, made of earth, which the first man had from the earth. Another invisible, insensible from the Stars. Crollius' pag. 36. calls this the Genius, Household God, shadow of Man, the little Man that the wise knew, Evester, and I know not what. Severinus speaks warier of this, and dissents not from it.  
On the contrary the Aristotelians and the Galenists use the same words with a divers meaning. 
Disp. 3. contra Paracel.  And though man be called often a Microcosm, yet they render another reason, why he is so called, as saith Erastus. He hath a visible Elementary body, a Heavenly soul, that hath power to grow and nourish as in Plants, sensible as in Brutes, and the mind is Angelical. Also he is like the World in the position of his members, and rise of them. For there are three parts of the great World, The Elementary, Celestial, and Supercaelestial To these three, man answers by the head, breast, and belly; the last, Religion answers the Elementary, in which there is perpetual generation and corruption. By the breast in which the fountain of vital heat, he answers to the Heavens, in which is the Sun, the original of heat to the world. In his head, where the mind abides, and from which all senses come; he is not only like the Celestial and Angelical world, but in that particular the image of God.  
Hence we may gather that the Analogy of the great and little World, 
In labyrin. med errand.  is extended too large by the Chemists, because they make not an Analogy, but an identity, or the same thing. For Paracelsus requires in a true Physician, that he say this is a Saphire in man, this is Quicksilver, this Cypress, this a Walflower, but no Paracelsian ever shown this.  
In this great world, not only are the Heavens and Elements, Metals and Minerals, but Plants and Beasts. Therefore Paracelsus and Severinus are out, saying, There is no phlegm, choler, or melancholy in the great World, therefore not in Man, for humours are found in Beasts as in Men. Also I grant there are many hidden properties in man, that agree with many natural things, not only in general, but with their species or kinds, and also with their individuals, and descent also from them wonderfully. Hence comes the Sympathy and Antipathy of many things with man's body. The Astrologers affirm that peculiar Stars have agreement with the peculiar parts of our bodies. But the sublunary things are better known, Peony hung about the neck, cures the Epilepsy, Cantharideses hurt the bladder, and no other part, the Saphire agrees with the heart, also Bezoar and Pearl, but the causes of this consent and descent, and whence these hidden qualities arise, are hard to be found. And it is more hard to find out individuals in man, as Balm and Walflowers. If Paracelsus could have done it, he had done well for profit; for as cold and heat, moisture and dryness are in man, because the Elements are in him: and as the vital heat in the heart like that in the Heavens, is sent to the whole body; therefore because they say the properties of Balm and other plants are in man, let them show in what subject they are, and where they lie.  
They are also, because the knowledge of man is only from outward things; for there is more in the species then in the genus, or general, and there is more in man who is the end of Natural things, then in other Naturals, and what man hath in him, he hath as a man.  
Therefore the soul that loves truth, is not satisfied with similitudes only, but desires solid demonstrations; and volves things from their own, not from the principles of another. And as they who think they have demonstrative arguments, are often deceived, much more may they who use only comparisons. There is nothing so like, but in some part it is unlike. Moreover, the Chemists know not the great World all over, how then can they bring us to the knowledge of the little World thereby? If they know it perfectly, let them examine themselves, if they can arrogate that unto themselves truly.   

Chap. 7. Of the first Matter.  
THe Modern Chemists call Aristotle's first matter a changing Protous, a lustful Thais, and a deformed Monster.  
Paracelsus calls the first Matter of all things a great Mystery, and says thus of it. As a Child is born of its Mother, 
In Philosophia, ad athenians.  so are all things from the great Mystery; and this is the Mother of all corruptible and mortal things. But these are but trifles being without reason, and to be rejected: or they are taken from the Greeks, and involved with hard Names.  
That some Paracelsians are forgers, appears in that Paracelsus speaks otherwise of the first Ma●ter than his followers, and both without reason. For Paracelsus and Dornaeus say all created things are from the first Matter and great Mystery stery. But the late Chemists say the first Matter was put into rude mass which was before it.  
By Mystery, Paracelsus means nothing but the Matter which invisibly contains something in itself, or that out of which something comes that was not observed to be in it. So Dung is the Mystery of Beetles, Milk of Cheese, and Butter and Whey, Cheese of Worms or Mites. And to explain him. It is an Idea or Platonic Soul of the World, or the Chaos which many Philosophers mentioned. For Paracelsus his great Mystery is like the Idea of Plato, for Plato writes thus. If this World be beautiful, 
In Timaeo.  and the Maker good, it is plain that it was made by an eternal and permanent Pattern. 
Lib. de anima mundi.  And Paracelsus calls this Idea, The great uncreated Mystery, and saith all things came from it, and as it is uncreated, it agrees with Plato's Idea. 
Lib. Philoso ad Athen.  In others it is the Chaos that ancient Philosophers mentioned. Therefore Paracelsus told us no news, but to make us think he did, he gives strange names. And he is out, when he calls the great Mystery uncreated; for it is against Scripture and reason, that any thing should be uncreated besides God.  
Therefore the Chemists ought not to inveigh against the first Matter of Aristotle so much: let them take heed, lest they speak against the Creator of all things, and dispraise that which he saw to be good. For in regard there is a difference between the Matter and the form, and the generation, and corruption, and transmutation of natural things cannot be denied, we cannot deny the first Matter. The form only in the Elements is not the whole Essence; nor is it from the form that a thing is of such a quantity: therefore there is something in material things, that with the form makes up the whole, and sustains the form, and in the Elements it is nothing but the first Matter. And because all natural bodies are material, they must needs partake of the common matter. Let them that deny the first Matter, consider that it is one thing to be begotten, another to be created, another to be corrupted, another to be reduced to nothing. Those are from something to something; these from nothing to nothing. And because one thing is made of another, and the form is abolished there must something remain, that is the subject of the change. This Plato and Aristotle call the first Matter.  
And though its Essence distinct from its form, cannot be comprehended by sense, but only by reason, yet it is not a being only of reason, or a mere figment, but a real being, and a substance or being distinct from an accident. But it hath of itself properly no existence, which is proper only to compound bodies. But it is wholly a power not as to its being, which it hath by its Essence, but as to its being thus or thus: nor was it created of God as a definite and distinct species of a natural thing, but it is rather created together with natural things, and is as it were a Rudiment and Principle: nor doth it remain extant any time without a form, but lies under it.   

Chap. 8. Of the Elements.  
Such is the confusion of the Chemists in explaining of the Elements, that we need an Oedipus to interpret. And which is worst, they go contrary to the old Philosophers, that is, from known things to unknown, by showing of reasons. And seem to command all men to believe what they say, as if they were Gods, and so wise that they might determine what they please.  
Paracelsus denies not the Elements, nor his Disciples, but they speak of them otherwise then the old Philosophers do. They say the Elements are visible and invisible. The visible are the fire, air, water, and earth, which they scarce think worthy of the names of Elements, but call them dead bodies without secrets, 
In Praefat. lib. meteor. & philosoph. Sag. lib. 1. Idea medi. c. 5.  and that they are but shells of the Nuc-kernel contained in them, having none but relolling qualities.  
But they say their Elements are invisible, and they are the essence, life and act of all beings. Paracelsus calls them the Matrices that bear and nourish fruit. Nor, say they, can generations be made from these Elements, but there are seeds in them all, which at certain times do generate. So his Element is whatsoever produceth and nourisheth fruit, or any created species. Severinus divides the Elements into two Globes, to each he allows two Elements; to the upper, the Firmament, Heaven, Fire and Air: to the lower, the Earth, Water. And he saith each Element produceth its fruit. The fruits of the Firmament are Manna, and Dew-waters, Minerals, Metals, Stones, and these Elements are not mixed.  
The modern Chemists follow Severinus, and Crollius saith they are lighter, but they are more dark. Thus he writes: 
In praefat. admonit.  Our visible Elements are only the bodies and houses of others and keep off their force. The Earth is twofold, the outward visible, the inward invisible. The outward is not an Element, but the body of the Element, and is Salt, Sulphur, and Mercury: but the Element of the Earth is Life and Spirit, in which the Stars of the Earth lie, which by the body of the Earth produce all growing things: and so of the rest. In which he follows the Doctrine of Paracelsus, but differs from Severinus and other Chemists.  
But many things here cannot be proved. First they abuse the word Element contrary to the custom of all ages: for it properly signifies the least part of that, from which the thing is made as from its matter. But their Elements are only places, matrices, receptacles. And the place differs much from the matter.  
The wiser Chemists have three principles that come from the Elements, or are joined in the composing of natural bodies. But Paracelsus puts his principles before the Elements, and from one mixture of Salt, Sulphur and Mercury, and makes Fire; 
In labyr. med. err.  from another Air, another Water and Earth, which no Philosophy can allow.  
Others make the Elements vile and servile Bodies, in disgrace of God and Nature, who made all very good. They serve God and man, and all sublunary creatures, and so are to be commended; nor are they by that of no value, or relolling as they say. For the Chemists know their actions, who can do nothing with heat and cold.  
They err also in making the Elements gross Bodies, though the Earth be. Also they err in calling them visible, they may see Earth and Water, but when they will see air or fire, I know not. They foolishly say they are dead, because they never were alive. And it is worse that they say, The Earth is cursed.  
As for their invisible Elements, 
Inexam, philoso.  we shall believe it when they prove any such hidden under these: for their affirmations only cannot create new beings. Libavius writes well of Severinus: The good man saith he speaks well, as if he came from the treasure of Nature, and saw all open, but he proves nothing.  
Severinus his Eloments' being without bodies and dimensions, are not to be allowed; for all learned men say the principles of bodies are corporeal. He says they are not infinite, therefore they have dimensions and bounds. Nor doth it hang together, when he calls these incorporeal Elements, empty and void, and allows to them contrariety and resistance, and explains their invisible Nature. It may be that Paracelsus put one Element within another, for the form and beginning of action, and original of all qualities: for when the external visible Elements, which are inferior to their internal, have noble qualities, their Elements must have more noble qualities and actions; but they never shown us any yet. They say in general, only that they are vital and strong to nourish the seed of generation.  
Nor do they prove that seeds are without their species in the Elements as they say. Nor did God put seeds in the Elements in the Creation, but into the species of natural things in the Elements. Nor are seeds seen out of the individuals in the Elements, but only in the individuals of their species. Nor did God say in the Creation, Let the seeds of Plants be in the Elements, the same reason is in Animals. All things have their seed in themselves, and multiply by force of the Divine Word, and so the species are preserved.  
And to that they say from Orpheus and Hypocrates, We know they spoke often from the opinion of the Vulgar and themselves, and many things are attributed to Hypocrates which were not his. And many absurdities are among the Ancients, most from ignorance of the Creation. Erastus examines their Doctrine at large.  
As for the first qualities which they value not but call relolling and dead. It is foolish to fight against the experience of fence, by which it is plain, that the first qualities have great force for generation and corruption of natural things, and are as considerable as scent, savour and colour.  
While we descend the Elements, we must not adhere to them alone, as some, Aristotle knew above the Elements, as in his Books of the Soul. And when he saith; 
2. de generat. anim. c. 3.  The virtue and power of every soul partakes of another body, which is more Divine than the Elements; and as the souls are more or less noble, so is the Nature of that body. For there is in all seeds which makes them fruitful, which is heat, not a fire, but a Spirit which is contained in the seed or frothy body. And the Nature in that Spirit is like the Element of the Stars, etc.  
Alexander Aphrodisaeus saith many things are in Nature that are known only by experience, 
In proemio probl.  and are called by Physicians secret proprieties, and accuseth them that say the causes of such effects come from the Elements or their qualities. Galen accuseth Pelops his Master, 
Lib. 11. the simple. facult. Exercit. 101. sect. 14.  because he would bring all things to manifest qualities, and Scaliger saith it is great impudence to Cardan, thus. What evil genius hath lead thee to say that iron may draw the Loadstone only by mixture of Elements? Hence we see that Galenists and Aristotelians are not drowned in the qualities of the Elements.  
Also they knew the Sympathy and Antipathy of things, and we defend not them that know nothing but the first qualities. For alteration or hurt from manifest qualities, cannot kill a man so soon as poison. Secondly, the first qualities have not very great force in a small quantity, but poison hath: & a little spittle of a mad Dog lieth sometimes above six months in the body and then offends grievously, 
3. delo. art c. 7.  which elementary qualities cannot do; and so of other things, as the Loadstone, and Purgers, and Antidotes. Nor do occult qualities arise from a singular temper of things mixed unknown to us, 
Lib. 1. de plantis.  called Idiosynorasia, for occult qualities cannot arise from the first qualities. For as Scaliger saith: There is no savour or taste in any Element, as it is an Element, nor can it be in a compound from the Elements. And if occult qualities are from a singular mixture of Elements, may not life, laughter, sense, and voluntary motion, and the soul come from the same? And to what they say, the strange actions come from the form; though the qualities are the instruments of forms, and are directed by them, yet they never lose their strength or Nature, but only exercise them. If any more noble action be done, it is from other faculties and qualities meeting. And while they are directed by their forms, they act not beyond the strength of their species. As things differ in essence, so they differ in operations and instruments. For heat, the instrument of a vegetative soul, 
2. the gene. ann. c. 1.  only heats; but chyle is made in the stomach, not from heat, but the chyle-making faculty. So heat in the liver makes blood by sanguification: but the soul never useth heat to cool, or moisture to heat and dry, or any thing to act beyond its strength. And the first qualities by what unspeakable way soever mixed, are not poison in venomous beasts, but the Nature of poison is from another principle. And as divers actions are from divers forms, so Nature hath given divers instruments to divers forms, for divers actions. Therefore we must confess that the virtues in Natural things transcend the condition of the Elements, and are to be ascribed, not to the Elements or matter of things, but to the forms and their qualities.   

Chap. 9 Of the Forms, Seeds, or Stars of Things.  
THey say the Seeds or Stars of all things that are Natural, to be generated or corrupted, are in the empty Elements, Abyss, Hypocrates Hells, Night of Orpheus, Ilias, or Iliastrum, of Paracelsus; hence all things are bred, and all actions of life and qualities came from them. And these seeds lie invisibly in the Elements pure, and are defiled by the mixture of bodies; they call them Seeds, 
Severinus c. 8.  because they perpetually produce fruit in their season.  
And Stars, because they keep the laws of motion in all natural actions. And Roots, because in them all the fruitfulness of the Tree of the World is contained. And they say every Element hath its seeds.  
And though the inserior Elements have not such perfect individuals, yet they have bodies to last for ever in their treasury, by which the perpertuity of the seeds and species, is kept from destruction.  
They say the Starry Bodies of the lower Elements are twofold; some are purer, like those celestial, and are not seen but by the industry of Artists: and as the seeds differ in their offices and proprieties, so do the bodies.  
All these are not new, but contain the vulgar Doctrine of forms, therefore they only put new names to things known.  
All famous Philosopher's thought that the forms of Natural things were a Divine and unchangeable principle, 
Ideal Philos. cap. 6. & 8.  and an instrument or hand of God the Creator. Galen calls the wonderful works of generation, a great Art or Wisdom, and the Christian Philosophers say they have not their power from themselves, but their Creator at first when he said, Let Earth bring forth the herbs bearing seed, and the tree in its kind bearing fruit which hath its seed. The form or soul of things, Star or Root, is the act of a thing, and the cause why the matter is actually what it is, the perfection, quiddity, and the cause of all motion in a body, and the image of a Divine essence. Therefore the modern Chemists call the Souls (Stars) for as Stars end their motions at certain times, so do the souls observe laws of motion. Black Hellebore flourisheth in Winter, the Daffodil in the beginning of the Spring, Violets in March, Roses in May, the Elder in June, the Vine and Hops in July, than they are ripe at a set time, and their motion ended, they rest till the next year. And if we knew more of the Soul, we would declare it. Though Severinus brags he knows more, saying; I have laid the Rudiments of this Nature, and it is not fit to deolare all. But he was ignorant without doubt, as all men are.  
Moreover Severinus says that qualities, numbers, conformation, and other signatures come from these forms or seeds, and right, for while the inward form makes her body, she makes also forms which Libavius needs not admire, for they do not by their own force, but as they are instruments in the hand of the Creator, who gives them this force, not immediately, but from his first blessing.  
Therefore Severinus was not the first that taught this, but Sealiger before him, saith, That qualities, quantities, number, and order, and situation are from the Soul, and she made the body for her Temple. But for truth sake, let us consider this opinion farther, and speak of the Original of Forms.  

Of the Original of Forms.  
THe Philosophers did not only admire generation, but laboured to find out the forming cause, which made the matter so perfect, and and greatness, number, figure, and order, and other things in bodies that live.  

Lib. de form. foetus.  Some despaired, Galen asketh all the Philosophers, that if they have found any truth, they should communicate it, for nothing was yet known that could satisfy a learning Soul. The inquirers have divers opinions. For though neither the form, nor the matter is generated properly asunder, but the copound; yet because generation cannot be without the form, it is demanded whence that is.  
Fernel saith the form is sent from without and shows that strength is sent to the seed with heat and spirit, 
1. de abditis ter. causis.  which by force of the womb, and a gentle heat, prepare the matter, that the form may be received; which done perfectly, the form comes from without by a natural mevitable necessity, and from whence forms come: he saith, That Heaven brings forth many creatures and plants from no seed, 
Cap. 10.  and all the forms are contained in the form of Heaven in power, and Heaven being as it were great with child of many forms, begets all things. But he brings no probability to establish this his opinion. The Heavens help the producing of things, and nourish them, as a remote cause external: but give not the species to things, and if all forms should flow from Heaven, there would be no univocal generation in inferior things, and the Trees and Beasts were only the progeny of Heaven.  
Secondly, it is a common opinion of the Peripatetics, that forms are raised from the power of the matter, but if the matter should contain forms in itself, and they came from it, the matter would be the most noble being, and a more noble principle than the form, and forms would be scarce worthy of the name of a principle.  
Some say the matter doth not actually contain the form, but there is in it a disposition to a form, which being completed, than it is actual, what it was before in power. And the Nature of seed is, that when there is an adequate or fit efficient cause, it comes from power to be in act or form; and so this power is only a certain determination, that this, & not that, should be made of this matter. As for Example, a Chicken comes of an egg, not a Horse. But whence is this act or form or substance? doth that power and disposition, which is a quality, turn into a substance? or is the form made of nothing, so that the agent gives nothing of its essence unto it, 
Lib. de facult. ann. c. 11.  besides action? But both these are absurd and contrary to truth; namely, either that the form is made of nothing or the act is produced from the matter, and the substance brought forth from an accident. Therefore Zabarella writes better. saying, Thae when living Creatures beget their like, they communicate some of their own matter, and some of their own form; as they send forth animated seed, having the same vital faculty which is in the begetter.  
From this opinion, it follows that a Living creature begets not its like, and forms do not multiply, which all the old Philophers affirm. For to a true generation and production of the like essence, a matter is not sufficient with a propensity to receive the form, for then the agent and the accident of heat would confer more to generation then the begetter, because it maketh the form be in act, which by the begetter was only in power. And so it is not explained, whence the substantial form of a thing, or the more Divine and chief part cometh.  
And if we grant that every form will multiply, we need not fly to the production of forms, from the power of the matter, for the species is preserved by the multiplication.  
So we must determine, that forms were made at the first Creation by a divine benediction, when God said. Let the Earth bring forth fruit and herbs bearing seed, etc. and increase and multiply by the begetter, by the help of the seed as one light is from another kindled, and manifests itself, when it hath a fit matter and instruments fit for operations. But of this we have spoken at large in Hypomn. 4. Cap. 6.  
To return to our purpose. The modern Chemists call that the Star, Seed, and Root of things, which the Philosophers and Physicians call forms and Souls; but let me tell them, they make things more dark than plain, and bring Roots and Seeds into Heaven without a cause. Yet they teach right, that these forms of themselves are neither great, nor have distance of parts, nor bound to the dimensions of the living creature, only they have quantity and dimensions from the matter which they inform: as all turns of generation, and live itself, force of action and power come from the forms.  
Hence what they say of the progression of seeds into a clean Scene, may be taken in a good sense. For they say that every seed takes a body and fit qualities for its nature and use; as one to go upon a stage, takes a fit garment to act in: it is right, so that mean seeds coming from the Individuals of their species, not from Hell or the invisible Elements, nor can any Peripatetic deny it, for a plant when it first groweth from the seed hath only two small leaves, and not a perfect structure, but daily increaseth to perfection, and so the soul of the plant makes itself a body agreeable to its Nature.  
Nor do we differ from them, when they say that hitherto many Philosophers have ascribed all actions almost to the firmament only, and the change in the Elements, is not from the stars born in them, but from the Stars in Heaven: and that seminal virtues and fruitfulness come from heaven. Many Philosophers have erred in this; first because they saw inferior things to be cherished with the benign heat of Heaven, and raised up, therefore they thought to bring the forms of things from Heaven, when indeed every thing hath its form in itself that can be multiplied. Secondly, because they observed the motions of the Heavens to be most orderly; when they saw any thing orderly, and to return, and certain periods beneath, they said the cause of this orderly motion was from Heaven, when indeed that constancy and orderly change comes from the force of things within.  
But we differ from the Chemists in this, because they say that the Seeds & Stars are in their invisible Elements, and dwell there as in a pure Country, and rest blessedly, and then are sent into bodies. For the forms of Natural things are not where, but in the individuals of their species, by which alone they are preserved and propagated. Nor doth Severinus speak right of this, saying, That the Seeds in the Celestial Element produced the Individuals, that were to endure for an age, as the Sun, Moon and Stars, for the most perfect bodies have their Seeds. For we know from the Scripture that God created the Lights and the Stars, as & placed them in Heaven, which cannot grow Plants do out of the Earth.  
And observe the modern Chemists abuse the Name of life, and extend it too large, when they give life to the stars, and say they have vital seed, when indeed nothing can truly be said to live, in which there appears no operation of any soul, at lest of a vegetative or growing soul. They say, Metals, Minerals, Gems and Stones do live, but life in them is nothing but an Energy or operation, which is in all things, Salt, Sulphur and Mercury, Vitriol, Arsenic, Metals, Gems and Stones do live, because they have a scent, are to be tasted, and have other powers. For they say, that which hath no force or efficacy is dead: but they are out, for to act, is more general than to live, and none will say that a withered dead plant is alive, but that which hath power to act; otherwise by the opinion of Paracelsians, dead plants might be said to be alive, and the same thing might be at the same time dead and alive.  
Aristotle and his Followers are more sound, who say that Natural things are either animated or vital, and not vital, and the principle of life is only the soul, and where there is no soul, there is no life, and therefore the parts of Plants and Animals being dead, though they have some force to act, yet can live longer.  
Concerning the life of Metals, Gems, 
In lib. de subtilit. & apud Scalig. exercit. 102.  and Stones, not only Chemists, but Cardan and others attribute life to Metals. I say that they err commonly in that they take Metals, Minerals, and Gems, and Stones for mixed bodies, only and simply, and teach that they have nothing in them besides the Elements mixed, and the form by which one Metal differs from another, is only the form of mixture. For the effects of Minerals and Metals show otherwise, especially the more noble, that they cannot be ascribed only to the Elements. Moreover their peculiar colours, properties and shapes show the same, for Crystal is of one figure, the Diamond of another; some Jewels grow, and are congealed, which cannot be from only heat or cold, but from an internal form, which makes its habitation as in Plants and Animals.  
Therefore I shall not say that Metal, Gems, and Stones live and are nourished, for in their increase, parts only grow to parts, but they increase not in all dimensions, yet every one hath its specific form, besides the form of mixture, out of which as in Vegetables and Animals the figure & qualities arise. And I think it not absurd, to say that every form hath its force to multiply itself. For it is most certain, that the Veins of Alum, Vitriol and Metals, being exhausted, after some time have been filled again; 
In ex trac. quaest. Chymi. de la. Philo.  of which see John Conradus Gerhard Doctor of Physic.  
Nor is it absurd in Minerals, to say that the Spirit that makes gold or silver, will grow with a sit matter, and being gold or silver, and this gold and silver before it grow solid, and be boiled out can send from itself gold and silver-making spirits, which may turn a fit matter into gold or silver, and so the Mines are kept still full.  
But the doubt is, 
Lib. 1. de plantis.  whether they grow properly. Scaliger denies Stones to grow: yet some allow a seed to Metals and Minerals, if not univocal or proper, yet Analogical or like. This I take to be certain, that these forms or seeds were first created of God, to be the principles of their kinds. And this seminal principle or spirit that formeth, 
Lib. de lapid. & gen. c. 1.  is in an hidden manner in Metals and Stones: see Anselme Boetius concerning this.    

Chap. 10. Of the Spirit and inbred Heat.  
SEverinus and other modern Chemists mention a Natural Balsam, a vital Sulphur, a vital Mummy, and they mean nothing but the inbred Spirit, and natural heat, mentioned by Galen and the Peripatetics.  
For this natural heat, the question is not concerning the bare heat or quality, but the body; for Aristotle calls it a Body, others a Spirit. And Galen saith that the natural heat is the active Spirit: 
3. the sympt. med. fac. c. 9  and it is better with Aristotle to call this substance a Spirit, then with the Physicians (a Natural Heat) although it signifies not only a naked quality, but a substance. Yet this appellation came from the perfectest animals, which are hot when touched, and act by a heat that may be felt: for in plants there is the same spirit, but it is not to be felt, though it is in the coldest weather in them.  
The word Spirit is used diversely, but here for a substance thin and subtle that belongs to the constitution of animals, vegetables, and other things, which the form or soul useth as a principle instrument to act by.  
But whether is this Spirit of Aristoles of an elementary Nature? We deny not that it is joined with elementary heat, so that it can scarce be found without it, as the animal faculty is not found without the natural. But if you ask if that Spirit have nothing in it but what is elementary, we answer with Fernel, Variola, Schenkius, and others, that there is something spiritual in natural things besides the Elements.  
To prove this, take Scaligers arguments, 
Exercit. 307.  saying, Every form of a perfect mixture, though it be not a soul as in a Diamond, hath a fifth Nature distinct far from the four Elements. From whence there is a strong argument against Alexander that made the soul to be composed of the four Elements. There is in the powers of the soul which never was in the powers of any Elements. But there is nothing contained in any thing that was not actual in its principles: for the principles are the acts of those things of which they are principles. But in the soul there is faculty to move forward, backward, to the right or left, which is not in any Element; also there are many powers in the soul which are not in the Elements.  
This strong argument we apply thus to our purpose: There is that in the powers of this Spirit or heat, which never was in the powers of any Elements, and the powers are more excellent. Therefore this Spirit is not only from the Elements. Another is from Aristotle, though he only applies it to Seeds. 
2. De gen. ani. c. 3.  That which partakes of a Spirit, in which there is a Nature that answers in a certain proportion to the heavenly heat, hath a body better than the Elements. But every soul hath such a Spirit, therefore it partakes of a body better than the Elements. For certainly there is a more divine virtue then the Elements, in a body that is better than the Elements. For the virtue and the subject must answer each other; hence it is that according to the noblenss and ignobleness of the soul, the begetter of those virtues, and the subject body, are different. And because this Spirit makes fruitful seeds, like the celestial heat in proportion, I thus argue. A heat like the celestial, is more divine than an elementary heat, but the heat of the seed is such, therefore it is more divine. I prove the major from the efficacy of both heats: That heat is more like celestial heat, whose operation comes nearer to the efficacy of a coeleitial heat: but the heat of the seed comes nearer the acting to the celestial heat then the heat of the Elements; and therefore is more like the celestial heat: 
Alchy. triumph. c. 9  for the heat of the fire is not so sweet and benign, as that of the Heavens. Therefore Libavius writes that neither the common Elements, nor the virtue of them all, nor any conjunction of them, can effect that Rhubarb should purge, or that a fly should not be bred. The heat of Animals is from the Elements, as it is heat, but as it is fruitful, it is from a nobler cause. As for examples the hammer makes a pot, not as it is iron, but as it hath a power from the Artificer.  
If they say this heat is elementary, but it acts more powerfully in a mixed body then when it is simple, we say that it cannot act beyond its strength in a mixed body, and nothing can do what is not in its own nor in the Elements power with which it is mixed. And if these noble actions may be from the mixture of Elements & temper of the first qualities, why may not life, voluntary motion sight, and all animal actions, and the Soul itself as Alexander saith be fetched from the same mixture?  
We grant that heat doth much as it is the instrument of the Soul, which alone it cannot do, as it hath divers effects, as to make chyle in the Stomach, blood in the Liver, but these actions are not to be attributed to heat alone, but to the Soul that useth the heat. Yet it followeth not hence that all actions which are nobler than those of the Elements come from the Soul, for the dead parts of beasts have some operations and force which cannot be reduced to the Elements, Why then may there not be actions in living creatures and accidents which come not from the Soul? what is common to the Soul with Scents, Savours, Colours? Therefore do they that deny this heat to be like that of the Element of the Stars, in vain fly to the Soul: For the divers distinct qualities, affections and actions in natural things are to be referred to the distinct principles from whence they flow, for every species hath its proper qualities and powers as reason is in a man, heat, cold, moisture, dryness, come from the Elements, and divers temperaments that arise from them, also lightness and heaviness, and what cannot be referred to these, comes from another principle.  
To this belong the intentional qualities, as the visible species known to all, and others like: hence are many hidden consents and dissents of things which have their subjects, in which they are and from whence they come, as for example, many cannot abide the presence of a Cat though she be in a Cupboard, and they neither see nor hear her. So there are many hidden influences of heavenly bodies, which affect a man, and yet they are not perceived either by sight, hearing or scent, or any other sense, but only by the affect: we confess that something doth fly out of the Loadstone to the Iron by which it comes to it, but sense cannot comprehend it.  
And this is the chief foundation of natural magic (if there be any) some say it is the perfection of Natural Philosophy which doth wonders by the fit application of Agents and Patients, others deny it. First, because Physic is a Science, but this Magic is an operation, therefore it cannot be the end and perfection of Natural Philosophy. Secondly, what is delivered by Baptista Porta concerning Natural Magic are not above and besides the condition of Nature. 
Prius Merand. de rer. praevol. lib. 7. c. 2.  They think best of this, that say some Magic is from the Devil by an open and express league; another which is honoured of many as being Natural, which comes from a silent bargain with the Devil, and to this belongs that which Plato writes of in his Alcibiades: thus the Magic of Zoraster is in the worship of Gods which were Devils. It was famous among the Egyptians and Chaldaeans, and the Paracelsians at this day commend it highly. We deny not that Magic Natural, which goes beyond the bounds of Nature, and which consists in a Sympathy of Natural things.  
But to the business. The conditions of Natural heat are different from those of the Elementary: for in cold Animals and Plants cold in respect of their elementary temper, the inbred Heat is the cause of all attraction, excretion, increase, generation and life, this is not in the Elementary, and the heat there is not contrary to the cold, for Plants and their seeds and roots in winter and frost keep their strength, and often they grow under the Snow, and if that heat were Elementary, it would be easily overcome of the cold.  
Moreover, that Spirit and body like the Air is swifter and lighter than any Element, and hath fit heat to perform all actions agreeable to its kind, from whence it hath its denomination in Animals: 
v. 4. de mundo.  Also this body hath great piercing force, and Aristotle calls it a Spirit.  
Nor is it absurd for Spirits to pierce each other, for the Animal, Vital, and Natural pass through each other without confusion; as may be observed in the Eye, which lives, feels and fees, which actions are performed by divers motions.  
It is not hard to answer Zabarells argument concerning the heat like the Airy Element. He thinks there are not two heats in a living creature, one Elementary the other Vital, because two accidents cannot be in one subject, of the same species distinct in number. First I deny that they are of the same species. Secondly, that they are in the same subject, the Elementary heat hath fire for its subject, the vital or celestial hath the spirit or body like the Element of Stars. and if the subjects be mixed, there is nothing hinders that these two heats should be united.  
To conclude, 
In defensio Contra ano. renum. c. 23. Syntag. arca. Chymi. lib. 1. c. 22.  To know the nature of Spirits, read Quercetans' History, where he shows that a Rose or Marigold in a Glass sealed up by Hermas his Seal, may revive by their Spirit, like the Resurrection. Libavius saith the same which the haters of Chemistry have not observed.   

Chap. 11. Of the Principles of the Chemists.  
ISaac Holland, Basil Valentine, and after them Paracelsus and Severinus make three Principles of Chemistry, and also Quercetan, they are Salt, Sulphur and Mercury, they give the names of the Species in which the faculties are most flourishing, liquors of Mercury, oils of Sulphur, thicker bodies are called Salt, not that they are the principles of things, but because the differences of three substances of which all bodies are made, with the properties and conditions are not explained more in any species of Nature. And being there are three orders of the bodies of the lower world, Animals, Vegetables and Minerals. 
Ideae Phil. c. 8.  Severinus shows that these three principles are to be found in every individual of them. And they say a Physician must resolve all bodies into these principles, and all the properties of all bodies are found either in the Salt, Sulphur, or Mercury: nor do they plainly declare their offices in the constitution of things. Severine saith Salt gives the consistence of solidity and coagulation, Sulphur with his oil tempers the congelation of the Salt. And Mercury by dewing it with a fluid substance, makes the mixture more easy.  
Quercetan saith the divers taste is from Salts, 
Lib. de intervis rerum li quaturis.  sent from Sulphur, and colour from both, especially from Mercury. And Hermes called these three, the Spirit, Soul, and Body; Mercury the Spirit, Sulphur the Soul, Salt the Body.  
Begwin saith, 
Tyroci. Chym. lib. 1. c. 2.  fault is the bond of the other bodies, that Mercury and Sulphur fly not away. Sulphur is like the Sun, digests, concocts, nourisheth, generateth, pleaseth the scent, consumes superfluities in the body, attracts. That Mercury is the Spirit of the World from the great Mystery: so they are not fixed in delivering their principle, and explain not what they are, nor distinguish them, for they say they are in each other, as Sulphur and Mercury in Salt, in Mercury Salt and Sulphur, in Sulphur Salt, Mercury.  
They call these Vital Principles, because they give strength, faculty and power to things, and are the causes of actions. They call them also formal Principles, because they give power of action to things, and open the hidden ways of action, and supply the explication of occult qualities.  
Now are there such principles; How, and of what things are they principles? 
In labyrin. med. errand.  I reject their opinion, because they say they were before the Elements and Heaven is made of them. For they have not proved them to be the principles of things subject to generation and resolution.  
The Learned modern Chemists dare not defend this, but say the Elements were before these principles in order of natural bodies. Therefore let us see whether there are other principles besides the Elements, of natural sublunary bodies, Metals, Minerals, Gems, Stones, Flants, and Animals? I say Chemical principles were not before the Elements as simple bodies, but either mixed or peculiar natures made at the first Creation, with other kinds of natural things, as the principles of their kind, which among themselves and mixed with the Elements, give convenient matter to other natural things subject to generation and corruption, as Metals, Minerals, Gems, Stones, Plants and Animals.  
When I say they were mixed, I deny not the concurrence of other Elements to their constitution: as resolving of them doth prove to the Chemists. Moreover, I suppose that they have their peculiar forms from God in the first Creation, as was given to other kinds of natural things as Scaliger saith: 
Exercit. 138. s. 20.  The form of every perfectly mixed body, though it be not a Soul, as in a Diamond, is of a fifth Nature, and far differing from the four Elements. And I suppose that from these diversely mixed, by concurrence of the Elements, the divers bodies of natural things are made, and that the divers qualities and accidents come immediately from the same, as from their first and proper subjects, which others in vain bring from the Elements only: for there is no force in the Elements to produce scents, savours and colours. And if there be any, it is that Spirit which Aristotle saith is like the Element of the Stars.  
And let none think that there is a matter required for mixture from the regions of the four Elements: for when God created the Elements, he mixed them by his Word, and gave them their peculiar forms, and seminal, and essential reasons, like those of Heaven, and so he keeps on still the course of Nature by propagation of the species in the Individuals. And now since the Creation those principles are to be seen in the Water and the Earth from divers corruptions.  
For as the order in Nature is that inferior things should serve the superior, so it is in bodies the Elements are first: thence Salt, Sulphur and Mercury, or the first mixture by what Name soever termed; which though made of Elements, yet have they forms by which they differ, that arise not from the forms of the Elements mixed together, but from the first Creation. Then from these being diversely mixed, by concurrence of the Elements, Minerals, Metals, Stones, and Gems, Plants, and Animals receive their matter and bodies; in which by the form of every species, they are diversely bounded: as we see Salt drawn from the Earth, may be taken out of the Plants that drew it, and Creatures feeding upon plants, are changed, but never plainly change their Nature.  
And this is not against the Ancients, though these names are not mentioned, it is sufficient that the thing is still extant, and we may put new names to things newly known, because words are at men's disposing.  
Hypocrates saith, 
Lib. de nathuma.  That Plants drew not only heat and cold, moisture and dryness, or that which was mixed of them, but whatsoever was in the Earth agreeable to their Nature, whether four or bitter, sweet or salt. And man is nourished of them, and every living creature also, and therefore they are in man and them, and natural bodies are made of them being mixed; and when they are well tempered together, they cannot be seen, nor be troublesome to man. But when they are not well tempered, they offend: he writes thus. Heat alone is not the cause of a disease, 
Hippocr. lib de veceri medici.  but heat and bitterness, or heat and sharpness, or heat and saltness, and many more are the causes of diseases. Hence the cure of pestilent, malignant and venomous diseases is divers, and hence are the divers Symptoms in malignant and pestilent Fevers and constitutions which cannot be from only putrefaction or distemper.  
And though Hypocrates names not plainly Salt, Sulphur and Mercury, yet the Chemists call them four, bitter and salt.  
But by what arguments we may prove there are such Principles? First, wheresoever the same affects and qualities are in many, they must be in them by some common principle, as all things are heavy by reason of the earth, and hot by reason of the fire: but colours, scents savours and the like, are in Minerals, Metals Stones, Jewels and Plants Therefore they are in them by some common principle and subject but the Elements are not such a principle because they have no power to produce such qualities. Therefore we must search for some other principles. And they are deceived who think to prove colours, scents and savours to come from the Elements.  
The next is the argument of Galen and Aristotle. 
Arist. 3. the coel. c. 3. Gal. lib. 2. de ele. c 3.  Natural bodies are made of such things as they are resolved into, but they are resolved into those three principles, therefore they are made of them. It is evident that Salt is in all things, and may be drawn from them, as from Plants and Animals. And though Chemists say that Metals are made only of Sulphur and Mercury, yet they speak of the next principles, as Physicians when they say that seed and blood are the principles of man's body, deny not the four Elements. And he that knows Metals right, and can make Crystals of them, may easily find Salt in them. And though all mixed bodies taste not Salt, yet it doth not thence follow that there is no salt in them: nor can we deny fire to be in all mixtures, though all things are not felt to be hot: nor is this Salt to be accounted earth, because Salt is hot and dry and cleansing, but earth is cold and dry.  
What I have said of Salt, may be said of Sulphur, it is plain to be found not only in Plants, 
In praesat. in Georg. Agricolam  but Metals and Minerals, and as Cornelius Martin writes, Sulphur is in all Metals except gold, I mean combustible Sulphur that will flame and smell as the ordinary Brimstone. Nor are they bound to show the pure principles, it is enough to show the bodies in which they excel.  
The forms of Chemical Elements or Principles do not their duty then, 
Zabarel. de generat. & interm. c. 2.  but since forms are made for a more active composition, the superiors are made subject, and are instead of matter, and are called hot or dry, as they are mixed by the predominate Element. So from these principles are four, salt, combustible and scented things, and when a mixed body is corrupted, some parts turn to fire, earth and air, others into Salt, others into Sulphur, and to be plain and short, the Chemical principles are in other mixtures, as the Elements are in them, and are so brought forth: now in the next Chapter we shall show how Elements are in mixed bodies: but for the matter in hand, I am of their side that hold the Elements are whole in mixed bodies according to their forms; and when a mixed body is resolved again into the Elements, the Elements return not again in specie or kind, but in number, I shall stand to this, till I am convinced by solid reason.  
Nor is the same quantity of Salt or Sulphur drawn by the same fire out of any body, for much Salt is drawn from Wormwood, Fennel, Vine-branches, but very little from the Gourd or Cowcumber.  
But they object that the resolution is artificial not natural, and the axiom that all things are made of such things as they are resolved into, is meant of natural, not artificial resolution. But we deny that Chemical resolutions are not natural, if we consider the immediate agent though the Artificer be joined, for they are from heat and fire, which are natural causes; as for example: When a plant is burnt to make Salt, the action is plainly natural, not in respect of the plant which is destroyed, but in respect of the agent. When the spirit of Wine is raised by heat, the action is as natural as when the same spirit is sent to the brain by the heat of the stomach and liver, or when a thing is evaporated by the heat of the Sun. Therefore we say, the thing made by the Chemists is natural in its being, the action of heat by which it is made is natural, and the motion of the thing is natural. But it is artificial in respect of the Chemists putting it into a vessel, and applying fire to it: nor is it any otherwise artificial then health, which is recovered by the help of a Physician.  
The use of Chemical principles is, that the proprieties which are in mixed bodies, and cannot be immediately showed from the Elements, may be showed from them, as the next and proper principles; as it is plain in the searching out of the faculties of Medicines. For though Erastus thinks that all these may be fetched from the Elements, he proves it not; let them tell me why, when Opiates are distilled, the vapours cause sleep, so that the servants are many times sound asleep, other vapours do not the same? Why doth the fume of Lead and Quicksilver corrode gold, not the fume of Vitriol and other things? Why doth only a phlegm distil from spirit of Vitriol and sealed Earth? These questions cannot be answered without the Principles of the Chemists, only from the Doctrine of the Elements and Meteors.  
Nor do I think all the proprieties of bodies are to be reduced to the Chemical principles, for some come from nobler forms, as I shown. Nor am I of opinion in all things, and I dispute not here whether the force of purging be from Salt; only in general I say some properties are from Salt, others from Sulphur, and in what mixture soever such a property is found, there you must seek for the principle, hence arise the profitable separations of Chemists.  
But note, these common Principles as such, are not proper and next principles of particular affects; nor is force of purging from Salt, nor is a narcotick force from Sulphur as Sulphur, for then all Salts would purge, and all Sulphur would be narcotick. But these principles as they are common, are only the principles of common affects, but the special affects come from determinate principles.  
So we have showed in general, that besides the Elements, there are other principles of mixed things, nor is the generation made immediately from the Elements, but there are other bodies which as the first subjects, some qualities do flow, which cannot come from the Elements, which Hypocrates acknowledged, and the Chemists have given them names: and I care not what the names are, so the thing be true.  
But as for the species, number and nature of particulars, it is not clear, I will pin myself upon no man's sleeve, but give my judgement, not to descent, but consent with the Aristotelians and Galenists, if it may be.  
The three Principles are, Salt, Sulphur, and Mercury, I'll give my judgement of every one. First for Salt, 
Lib. 31. hist. nat. c. 7.  it is so plainly in every natural body, that Pliny saith, Salt is a necessary Element, only consider the growth of Plants, what makes them fruitful and flourish: the chief cause is piss which hath much Salt, and consider that there is no art used.  
As for the properties of Salt. It is first a thing to be tasted, and all things to be tasted are so from Salt; nor is Kitchin-salt the only Salt, but that in Mustard, Rhadish, Garlick, Vinegar, Choler, Alum, Vitriol, and the like. And because taste and feeling are senses united, and have objects alike, acrimony is ascribed also to Salt, and that which twitcheth the feeling is Salt. Hence there is in smoke, Radishes, Watercresses, Onions, and the like force to twitch the eyes from the volatile Salt in them, Secondly, Salt will melt in moisture, and be hard in a dry place which earth will not, and though earth dissolve in water, yet it melts not in it as Salt, much less will earth melt in a moist air as Salt wil Thirdly, from Salt is the coagulation of all things, the Crystal and Diamond are hard from Salt, the Metals are strong, also Bones, Herbs, and Trees consist by it.  
Also the stone in the bladder and kidneys grow together from Salt. The Chemists prove this by many things in the Sea that grow, as Coral and Waters that make stones, the growing of Vitriol and Alum, and other Salts in the water. Moreover they who have the stone, piss like snot or the white of an egg, which taken into a clout, turns to a stone, and it hath much Salt, because it is sharp and corroding, and causeth pain in pissing, the cause of these cannot be heat, cold, or dryness. For stones bred in the bladder in cold and membranous parts, and in infants in whom there is no excess of heat, but manifest signs of crudity. And how can a stone-making juice be caused of heat in a cold Well that turns, sticks into stones? Nor can cold be the cause, because stones are found in the arteries of the heart, and in the heart and lungs. Nor are these causes by accident, or by drying up the moisture; for in some waters things turn to stone, of which Anshelme Boetius speaks. 
Lib. 2. de gemmis c. 300.  Also stones breed in the kidneys and bladder, where moisture is never wanting, and there can be no such drying.  
Hence they think it in vain to seek for the cause of concretion in external causes, but to consider the internal matter and disposition, by which stones are made hard: nor are they against Philosophy.  
I shall deliver my opinion in short. First there are many equivocations by which they are baffled in the causes of coagulation and concretion, for concretion and coagulation are not the same, for juices and gums, and water, and many other things may be concreted, as ice by cold, and clay by the Sun. There is Crystal and glass, and solid Metal, but they are not concreted from the same cause; nor is water or Crystal hard or concreted from the same cause. To speak distinctly, the question is not here of things which are coagulated, and made hard only by dryness, after the moisture is consumed, by which they were soft before, or by nature were concreted, and made fluid by heat, and then concreted again by cold. But in regard many things congeal in moisture, and grow together hard, whose cause is neither heat nor cold nor dryness, we must think of another internal cause.  
Two kinds of concretion are to be here considered, which are when no part of the matter is taken away, or any other added, but the whole taking its consistence and concrescence from moisture, which we want fit words to distinguish. The Chemists call one of these by the High-dutch word Schiessen: this coagulation is properly of Salts, as Vitriol, Alum, Niter; Salts of Herbs, come from a moisture to a consistence. This is of Salt properly, and they by nature tend to this by their form. But being there is one form by nature of Niter, another of Vitriol, another of Alum, another of common Salt. Every Salt according to its form and proper spirit, coagulateth and grows together in this or that figure, so do Gems concrete in certain figures, 
Lib. 2. demasc. prima. v. 9  for every form makes bounds to the bigness and quantity and figure, as Zabarel shows.  
Another sort of concretion is called Lapidescentia or turning to stone, the next and adequate cause of this, is not the Elements, nor the principles of Chemistry only, but a stone making juice or spirit, which is not without Salt, and contains more than Salt, as the order of nature is, to go from simples to things more compound. This is in all Jewels and Stones, but according to their special forms. We said it was a spirit and a juice, but the chief force is in the spirit, and the juice hath it from the spirit, because that stone-makeing force is found in the spirit without the juice.  
As for the differences of Salts, they are altered in divers Plants and Animals, as in corruption of humours there are divers differences. There is Salt in Vitriol, Alum, Shall Armoniac, Iron. There is a volatile Salt in a Nettle, Arsmart, Cokow-pints, small Celandine, Mustard. There is a salt in humours that causeth the Itch, Scab, Cancer, and other corroding Ulcers. There are made Salts, as Borax, Sal Armoniac, and the like.  
Sulphur is another Principle of the Chemists, which is properly to burn, and nothing burns without it. The Elements of themselves are not inflamed, and if they seem to burn, it is from the sulphurous vapours in them. Therefore Sulphur is the first scented thing, and other things are smelled by their Sulphur, many things that are very sweet, being whole, scent not, but when they are burnt or bruised. Hence it is that Sulphur and Fats scent not much but when they are burnt or smoke.  
Some join scents and savours in a subject, and say the scent is of the savoury part, but experience shows otherwise; for there are many most savoury, and sharp things which have little or no scent as Arsenic, Sublimate, Mercury, and other corroding Minerals that have little or no scent.  
Some impute colours to Sulphur, and more probably then to Salt, but in colours the matter is more difficult. Aristotle's Interpreters that bring colours from the mixture of the Elements, proye nothing. Therefore let the principle of colours be Sulphur, or as Anshelme Boetius saith, God himself who gives colours as well as shape to Jewels, and the like, for they come from the proper seminary of every thing.  
Common Sulphur, Petroleum or Naphtha, Amber and Sea-coal have much Sulphur. Gums and Rosins of fat Trees, as Pine, Fir tree, Pitch, Oil, and the like. Fats of Beasts, of which see Libavius. 
Parte. 3. singular.  He useth the word Bitumen generally, as the Chemists use Sulphur.  
The third Principle is Mercury sometimes taken for Quicksilver, 
Ide. Philos. c. 8.  sometimes for a Principle Salt and Sulphur. Severinus saith it is added to the other Principles, that by daily moistening of them, to nourish them from decay by often action. 
In defence. contra ano. c. 14. In Tyrocin Chymico.  Quercetan saith it is a liquor sharp and penetrable, pure and aetherial, and so saith Beguin. But they agree not, therefore Libavius writes that the modern Chemists describe Salt. Sulphur and Mercury by Notes, but when we ask what it is, they confound all, and say that Salt is in Sulphur and Mercury, 
In exami. Philoso. vit.  and Sulphur and Mercury in Salt, and Mercury and Salt in Sulphur, and then he gives this definition. Mercury is an essential Liquor drawn by the Chemists from a mixed body after the elementary impurities are separated, opposite to the Sulphur and Salt of the same mixed body.  
To speak my mind, if there be any such Mercury, it is a spiriful Liquor or Spirit, which can scarce be separated from subtle Sulphur and volatile Salt to be seen by itself: and though it be not seen, it is no matter, for pure fire is not seen, nor air, nor the spirit in Animals, which are true parts of the Nature of things, and the best. Such things (saith Scaliger) deceive the vulgar eyes, but wise men see them. But I appeal to the Learned, whether I be absurd in making these principles mixed with the Elements, the common matter for the habitation of forms of the Natural bodies.  
To conclude Metals, Minerals, Stones, and Gems, and Plants are not simply mixed, and have not only their forms from the forms of the Elements, much less from a double exhalation which maketh the next matter of Meteors, because they have better actions, then are from Elementary qualities and a double exhalation. But the Elements give them matter with the chemical. Principles, and may hence be better by the causes of many things, then from the doctrine of Meteors. We can clearly show Salt and Sulphur from a Chemical separation, though they are not manifest before.  
We desire to know more of Mercury, not of the Metal, but of the Principle. Aristotle attributes all to a Spirit, which the Chemists do to Mercury, for Quercetan and Beguin call it a substance, or body to be passed through penetrated, aethereal, pure, subtle, quickening, and the next instrument of the form, and call it the Spirit of ancient Hermes.  
The Chemists call that vital Sulphur, which Aristotle calls the Natural heat, and describe their Mercury as that it is in the Natural heat. And this Sulphur and Mercury are so united in Nature, that they cannot well be separated, but when the Sulphur is on fire, Mercury flies away. Also the actions from the whole substance, and the hidden qualities are attributed to this Spirit, as to the proper subject; this in poisons is a venomous spirit, in purges a purging spirit.  
As for the original of these Principles, some think them to be the first mixtures: others to be peculiar natures in the first Creation concreted with other species of natural things, to be of the Nature of the Elements. He that will embrace the first opinion, must hold that these bodies have nobler forms, by which they are more noble than the Elements, and from which other qualities flow that are not in the Elements: 
Exercit. 307. sect. 20.  so that is true of Scaliger. Every form of any perfect mixture, though it be not a soul, is of a fifth Nature far different from the four Elements. For God created forms and substances like that of Heaven, & put them into natutal bodies. These opinions whether they be mine, or other learned men, do no whit diminish the splendour of Aristotelean Philosophy, and Galenical Physic, for he that supplies a defect, overthrows not the former.   

Chap. 12. Of Generation and Mixture.  
THe former Principles being granted, the modern Chemists lay down Generation & Mixture, thus. They place the ground of generation in seeds, and define generation thus. It is the progression of seeds from their fountains and abyss, and vital Principles, into this scene of the world, by which from invisible things they become visible, and produce all the ornaments of all bodies; and by this renovation of individuals, they preserve the perpetuity of all species or kinds. 
Ideae Philos. cap. 8.  And they add many things out of Severinus; as that seeds have this power, that they acquire to themselves things consentaneous or agreeable, and that they are not in every subject, but in such a hot, cold, moist, or dry body, or this or that Salt, Sulphur or Mercury. For the confirmation of which they quote Hypocrates, 
Lib. 1. de diaetta.  saying: That nothing wholly perisheth, nor doth any thing arise that was not before, etc. And after he saith thus, Light goes, and is transmuted into Jupiter, darkness into hell, and light into hell, and darkness into Jupiter, etc.  
For say they, bodies being adorned with the signatures of seeds, and clothed with comeliness, represent the image of light; but when they whither and lose the vigour of their seeds, they are covered with darkness, and therefore are called dark. And Severinus saith, That Operations are by mechanic Spirits, which being not armed with knowledge, are dispersed into naked vapours and smoke.  
They assign three kinds of generation to the inferior globe, namely of Animals, Vegetables and Minerals. They say that in Animals there is a seminal matter, in the animal Balsam, the vital Sulphur, in the vital Spirit and Mummy, which is always in man. Perfect creatures beget, and are begotten only of their own proper seeds. Others from seed and putrefaction, as Mice. But Plants have a thicker body, more slimy, in respect of the seed of Animals, and in them some parts resemble the testicles or stones, by which the seed is prepared more perfect, and more safely kept, and such parts by that do propagate the seminal matter. Hence it is that some plants propagate by their seed, others by their roots, others by other ways.  
They make the generation of Minerals much different from the former. Their seeds and speciesflourish in the seminal reasons of the matter, and are kept in the Night of Orpheus, and the Hell of Hypocrates, or the Iliastrum of Paracelsus, and there they expect their fate which is destinated, and at times appointed, they enter into the world with vital Principles and mechanic Spirits. They deny not life to be in Minerals, but prove it to be from the times of maturity, from the fixed Periods of Paroxisms, by orderly running of the veins from the agreeable compositions of their bodies, from their taste and colour. Also they acknowledge no greater art in living forms, than what is in the variety of their colour, scent and taste, and that the colour of a Saphire, and hardness of a Diamond are as wonderful as the organs of a Bat.  
As for the upper Globe, there are in it certain distinct generations. For in the Celestial Elements (they say) there are perfect Individuals that last with admirable vigour. And that they flourish with abundance of vital spirit, which being fermented to a due exaltation and maturity, go into the air with a spiritual invisible, but abundant fertility; and having acquired bodies as fit garments, they produce their fruits.  
They say some Stars are made to produce winds, some Eastern, some Western, some Southern, some Northern. And these Stars have not only the first qualities, but other virtues and properties. And that there are Stars for rain, hail, snow, lightning, fair weather, and for other Meteors. That every month the Moon by a new generation produceth fruits, and that there are vital principles of generation in the air, that at appointed times are hot with the dispensation of their fruits.  
They deny that the change of times are from the lower or higher position of the Sun, or from the obliquity of its beams, or from the direct influence of them: but they say some Stars are for Summer, others for Winter. The Sun is the chief Summer star, but if it should be without the rest, there would be a perpetual Winter. That the Moon is the chief Winter-star, and that the Summer-stars do spring up as plants in the Spring, and die again. And that as Trees are not every year alike fruitful, 
In lib. Meteo.  so those Stars are sometimes barren, sometimes fertile. Paracelsus makes the like generation of Winds, Rain, Snow, Lightning, Thunder, the Rainbow, and the Morning, etc.  
This is their opinion of generation, and they make a mixture accordingly: they say the mover of mixture is a vital Principle, adorned with Knowledge by the power of which, the Divine offices of mixture are performed. 
Severinus.   
They say that Transplantation is an accident of generation, as the faculty of the seed is strong or weak, and as the spirits of seeds are subject. That transplantations are seldom in perfect creatures, and not in any but such as are alike in seed and Nature; as Wolves and Dogs may mingle. Horses and Asses: but in such as the difference of Sexes is not apparent, there are usual Transplantations. They say that in Vegetables and Minerals, Transplantations are companions of generation; so Calamints turns into Mints, because the seed is equivocal: so there is the form of Darnel in Wheat, but as a servant or companion, which if it get outward, aid will turn Master, and bring in its own signatures. See Severinus for more of this.  
Of all these we thus think. When they say that generation is the progression of seeds from their fountain and abyss into the stage of the World, they tell us no news, for it is the opinion of the most ancient Greeks, not only of Hypocrates but of Hermes Tresmegistus, Dionysius, Aropagita, Apollonius, Thyaneus. And this error came from their ignorance of the World's Creation, from which every thing hath its Nature and Being. Therefore they supposed that all things came forth into light from night, hell, and an invisible abyss, and returned thither again. But the Scripture teacheth otherwise, 
Gen. 1.  for God said, Let the Earth bring forth fruit. The herb that brings seed, and the Tree fruit after their kind, and it was so. Let the Water bring forth living creeping things, and let the Birds fly over the Earth in the air. Let the Earth produce Creatures after their kinds, beasts and creeping things, and it was so. And that God blessed the Creation, saying: Increase and multiply. Hence it appears that God by his power created the kinds of all natural things, and gave them their forms and bodies. He that made the Elements, mixed them according to his Wisdom, and joined them with those close Principles. Thus all things are multiplied by the divine blessing, and preserved to this time, so that the species of Plants and all living Creatures are only in their Individuals. God at the Creation gave forms to all things, and made them not of the Elements, as some modern Writers say, that know nothing but the Elements.  
Therefore the forms of things come not from an abyss, and take fit bodies by their Mechanic spirits, but God in the Creation gave every thing its form, 
In examine Philo. vit. part. 2. contra Paracel.  which multiply by his blessing. The other opinions are baubles, like the gate by which Aeneas came from Hell. Libavius and Erastus have written at large against them.  
What they say of the superior Globe, and its fruits, and generations, is absurd and ridiculous, against both reason and experience, the Stories of Lucian are more probable; and Erastus saith right of Paracelsus. The Principle upon which all his Doctrine of Meteors stands, besides its profaneness against Scriptures, is so foolish and simple, absurd and ridiculous, and false, that a man cannot without fear of disgrace, rehearse them, or speak of the confutation of them among wise men.  
What they say of the generation of Plants and Animals, may agree with Aristotle, if they would allow that the species came not from an abyss or Hypocrates his Hell, but the propagation came from seeds; as that corporal things are made of incorporeal, and incorporeal of corporal. For they differ rather in words then sense from Aristotle and Galen, because spirits sometimes are condensed into bodies, and bodies are turned into spirits, when vital and animal spirits are made of blood.  
Their Doctrine of Transplantation, is not to be disallowed altogether, for it is probable by many things in Nature, that the same form may be in a divers body, or many forms, may be in one seed, but subordinate, so that one be chief, the other servants, as appears in the silkworm: but every worm doth not breed from every plant and the forms of such worms are subordinate to the forms of the Plants and other Animals. 
Exercit. 59 sect. 2. & exer. 195.  Scaliger and others show what worms are from such and such Plants.  
I spoke in my Hypomnema Chap. 5.8. of Scotch Geese, and also of the degenerating of Plants into other; for it is certain that they are changed, but not every one into any: if that be observed, there may be a cause given of many generations.  
Some fly to an equivocal generation and putrefaction, therefore it is questionable whether there be any generation truly equivocal, without any seed? Therefore consider that for the propagation of all Plants and Animals, there is requisite an inbred matter rightly disposed, by which the form may propagate itself, but this preparation of matter is greater in some then others. Most of the perfect Animals are generated from the womb by the mixture of the male and female seed. Others lay eggs from which by heat external, the chickens are hatched. In ignobler Creatures and Plants, generation is not tied to such strait conditions. Some Plants only by seeds sown in the earth do grow; others by the roots only planted, others both ways, others by slips and sciences. In some the seminal humour is throughout the whole plant, so that any branch or root being taken off, and set in the earth, they will grow as Willows and Vines. I heard from a credible person that from the foam of a mad Dog cleaving to a garment, there arose little creatures like Dogs. For this seminal principle of ignoble things, lies long hidden in a tough clammy matter, and resists external injuries and impressions, and at length gets up and acteth. Let this seed be called Analogical, if not Univocal, so long as the thing generated be not from putrefaction only.  
Moreover, it is not against reason and experience altogether that some seeds are ambiguous, and have many forms, so that one be chief, the other subservient, or that some seeds are disposed to divers forms, as appears in silkworms.  
Therefore Averro and his Disciples speak against reason, saying that Animals from putrefaction, are different in species, from those that are from seed, for they are not wholly destitute of seed, nor can putrefaction alone produce any creature.  
Since than no generation is without mixture, things do not arise from a contention between the Elements, but in the first Creation every thing received from God, not only its proper form, but also a body fitted thereunto, and they keep this their Nature by the will and blessing of the Creator to the last. Therefore in the propagation of things, a specific form is required, which the concourse of Elements, and that rash mixture cannot make. Therefore the form and soul is the architect, and the first mover of every thing in mixture is that soul and form. The common operator and instrument of Nature to nourish the virtues of things, is the innate and imbred heat and spirit: but the operator of mixture is the Divine command which was given to the Elements in the Creation, namely that they should agree exactly among themselves for the generation of every particular, as Erastus saith, but he had said better, if he had said that convenient matter had been attracted (from the Divine command) by the vegetative soul of every creature: for since natural things are not only first produced in the Creation, but still mixed by the vicissitudes of generation and corruption, he should have added that still in generation of things, all things are directed by the form, not by the mixture of Elements that agree for the constitution of every thing. For the forms are the Divine and unchangeable Principle, that determines all the actions and passions of natural things, and they are as the instrument or hand of the wise Creator that gave them that efficacy at the first Creation, than which nothing can be more wonderful.  
The next thing to be considered, is whether always in the generation of things, there be a resolution to the first Elements, so that nothing is mixed but the Elements? And whether no sour, salt or bitter things be mixed? 
Lib. de prisca medicina.  Hypocrates writes, That a salt and sharp humour is made thick by concoction and mixture. And this is so certain, that even Vegetables partake of the Nature of Minerals, as you may see in the Leaves of Oak and Bayberries, Pomegranate peels green, which die a black colour from the Vitriol that is in them: so that the Chemists offer to draw Vitriol from green Walnut-shells.  
Lastly, it may be doubted whether the first qualities are immediately causes of mixtures? For the force of hidden qualities is such, to alter a body, and of the spirits, that they may not be excluded. The Works of the Chemists show this, for when the spirit of Vitriol and Tartar are mixed, there is presently a great change, and they that have written so much for the first qualities, dare not bring all the qualities of mixture from the first qualities, to which Erastus ascribes all, except position, number and figure, and the like.  
Also we may doubt whether all other affections of mixture, besides conformation, may be referred to cold and heat? But there are many affections in mixture, which cannot be drawn from the first qualities; and lest any should fly to the soul, the Loadstone draws iron; Rhubarb purgeth choler; but this comes not in the Loadstone from the form or soul.  
The Philosopher's dispute much of the Nature of mixture, and how the Elements remain in a mixture. 
Exercit. 10.  I confess I am of Scaligers judgement, who defines mixture to be the motion of the least bodies to a mutual contraction to make an union. For to the Nature of mixture it is requisite, that by it a body be made one, not only by continuation, but by the form. But it is very hard in this darkness of man, to see how the union of the smallest things is made, whether by breaking or mixture, or whether they be quite abolished. I think it fit that in mixture, that the things mixed, being united in small parts, should act, and suffer together by contrary qualities, but not lose their forms wholly (which if they be abolished, there would not be an union of things mixable, being changed, but a corruption) but that one form is made of all, or rather all being mixed, and made one, abide under the Dominion of one superior form, from which it is a species. I leave it to others to dispute whether the forms remain whole, or are broken: this is certain, that every mixed body may be changed into that of which it was first made; and therefore the forms of the Elements are not abolished, otherwise in resolution or putrefaction there would be a generation of new Elements. Notwithstanding we must not think that the specifical form of every thing that gives its name and being, comes from the Elements only: for there is in every natural thing a more Divine Principle and Nature, by which they are what they are, and belong to such a species. The Elements are only the matter of bodies, and therefore cannot give the act or action. This is the old opinion of the Ancients, and chief of Democritus that said all things were made of atoms. 
In Epist. c. 1.  Nor can we think that this excellent Interpreter of the World (as Hypocrates calls him) thought absurdly of atoms and the generation of things, as we shown at large in our Hypomnema 3. For the ancient Philosophers gave their opinions in dark sentences, and therefore their Adversaries thought they said what they never thought, and disputed Logically against Democritus, who would have been persuaded by natural reason as Aristotle saith, 
1. De gen. & cor. c. 20.  for whatsoever is brought against the opinion of Atoms, is not Physical but Mathematical, as that of continuities, of lines not to be cut, and the like. For Domocritus saith atoms are bodies, nor doth he deny in them the proprieties of Mathematical bodies, nor by them doth he take off the Natural or Physical proprieties: and when he says, That generation is by the concretion of those little bodies he denies not mixture, but only will have either the Elements not to penetrate themselves, or that we must not dispute mixture fly always to the Elements and first matter; but that of small bodies mixed before, and constituted in their essence, new mixtures may be made. 
Lib. de prisc. demic.  Hypocrates taught this when he wrote, that not only Elements, but salt, bitter, and four were mixed.  
Now let us consider, if such be the Nature, either in respect of generation or corruption. For when any thing putrefies or is burnt, a smoke ariseth, which the sight at a distance takes to be a continued body, but it is many thousands of atoms confused as judgement shows. Chemical operations show the same, especially sublimation, where these atoms are gathered together in the alembick. You may see the same in Spaws & sharp waters, where there are as it were Ice-sickles, when the water that flows from the pipe is very clear; and how can so thick a body be from so clear a water? In such Mineral waters the stony matter was resolved into the smallest bodies, which by meeting together, make a hard body. And truly digestions and concoctions in Plants and Animals is only a resolution of bodies to be mixed, and a concretion of them again, for the use of Nature of every one: but the superior form directs all by the instrument of heat.  
And here since we spoke of resolution and concretion, let us speak of fixation and flying away usually in Chemistry, as it is said. Make that which is fixed, volatile, and that which is volatile, fixed, and you have the whole matter; this is chief good in Physic, when the same thing being volatile is poison, and being fixed, doth no hurt but is a safe medicine, as Antimony, Mercury, Arsenic.  
That is fixed which holds in the fire, that volatile which endures it not, but flies up by heat, and fixation and flying differ from coagulation and rarefaction, though they are sometimes confused. That is coagulated, which from a spiritual thin body, becomes thick and touchable, which every fixed body is not. A rarefied resolved body is, that which from a touchable thick body, becomes spiritual and subtle: for Chemists can make bodies of spirits and spirits of bodies.  
There is also a difference of mixed bodies, some are simply fixed, as gold that flies not with the fire, but grows finer by it and better. Others are fixed respectively in comparison of spirits, such as in a gentle fire are fixed, but fly in a strong, as iron. Of this we shall speak at large, when we show how to fix.   

Chap. 13. Of the Foundation of Medicine.  
HItherto we have examined the Chemist's Doctrine of the Nature of things: now we that treat of their Philosophy which they endeavour to establish upon the aforesaid principles. They call their Philosophy Vital, because it is not taken from the Elementary, material, dead principles; but is conversant about the explication of seeds and powers. And this kind of Physic they prefer before Galens: for he calls Galenists Elementary Philosophers, and say they look through Nature. Though there are many Peripatetics and Galenists that look not above the Elements, yet all are not so, as Scaliger, Fernel, Shenkius, and others: let them brag, we will examine how they agree with truth and experience.  
For the foundations ●f Physic, they require many things in a Physician. Paracelsus requires four things in him, 
Lib. Parrgran. 1.  Philosophy, A s; tronomy, Chemistry, and their properties.  
First for his Chemistry, whence he would have his Physic called Paracelsian, we say no more, but by this he cannot now be accounted a good Physician, that is ignorant of Chemistry.  
Paracelsus makes the second foundation of Physic to be Magic and its parts. He shows, 
In labyr. med. err. c. 9  That the Magic Art is the Anatomy of Physic, and the Teacher and Doctoress to cure diseases. We shall not here say what Magic is Natural, and what is Diabolical: read Picus Mirandula and Peucer.  
We shall show what Paracelsas says of it, but speak all he hath written of it in his Labyrinth, 
C. 9  in his Error of Physicians, he saith: Magic is the Art of Arts, and the Inventor of all hidden things, and we must learn from it, and not from Galen and Avicen. And he saith; 
De pestitit. tract. 2.  A Physician must learn Magic and Astronomy, Pyromancy, Chyromancy, Hydromancy: and he saith that St. John the Evangelist, and all the Prophets were Magicians. And in the end of his Book of occult Philosophy, he saith that Magic is a hidden Art, and the chiefest knowledge of supernatural things. And there was no Divine that without Magic ever cast out a Devil and the like blasphemies.  
And to conclude, 
5 De morbis inusibil.  his whole foundation of Magic, he writes thus. It is the safety from our enemies, and keeps us from the hands of them that hate us; and he concludes: That the effects of Magic depend upon the Heavens, or from Spirits good or evil. That Heaven or the Stars, and Spirits are subordinate to man, and the force of the Heavens and Stars may be brought into Characters, that words, and wax, and other things, and the Spirits themselves may be constrained to serve man; so he thinks Magic to be very lawful, and to be as that of the Wisemen, and that a true Magician doth that by faith and imagination, that a Witch doth by conjuration. Read Paracelsus of wise Philosophy, Archidox, and of occult Philosophy: and his Labyrinth of erring Physicians.  
He makes six kinds of Magic. The first is, 
Lib 1. philos. sagac. c. 4.  the Interpretation of preternatural signs such was the Interpretation of the Star that brought the Magician or Wisemen from the East to Judaea: and to this belongs the Interpretation of the Prophets and the Revelation.  
The second kind is, the Transformation of Living creatures, as was in the time of Moses and Pharaoh.  
By the third, are made words, which have all strength, and whatsoever a Physician can do by Medicines, may be done by words. This kind of Magic he calls Characteral.  
By the fourth he shows how to make Hamachyes, that is, Images and Sculptures, upon which the strength of the Heavens is impressed, and which do all things which instruments made of Natural things can perform, as a key opens a lock, or a sword wounds.  
The fifth sort is, when images are made like the people for whom they are, and whatsoever is done to them, they suffer whose pictures they are, and he saith that in an image of wax, any may be roasted, made blind, wounded, or have a Palsy.  
The last kind he saith is Cabalistical, now the Cabal among the Ancients was a kind of Mystical, Symbolical and Enigmatical Divinity, and the Cabalists did believe the Tradition of their Ancestors, and examined no opinions. This was threefold. The first was that by which Adam delivered the Knowledge he had from God to his Children. The second was that by which God explained the Law to Moses in Mount Sinai, when he was with him forty days, and by which he again taught Joshua. The third was invented by the Rabbis, who turned the letters and syllables into numbers, and brought hidden meanings out of them.  
But Paracelsus speaks not of this Cabal who calls the Jews stupid Asses. 
Ci●●. libro Philos. saga●.  But the Cabal of Paracelsus shows the way how wonders are wrought by Characters, Seals, Figures and Words. By this a voice may be heard from beyond Sea, and one dwelling in the West may talk with him that dwells in the East. And a Horse may do that in one day, which by Natural strength cannot be done in a month: that the Wisemen of the East had such Horses, and they came to Bethlehem by Magic, not Natural force. 
Lib. 1. de vit. longa c 9  And Trithemus fetch his Supper out of France or Italy, saying this word, Affer, that is, Bring to me.  
Crollius' consents with what is said, saying, 
In praefact pag. 36. & 38.  Whatsoever we see in the greater World, may be produced in the imaginary World; so all herbs and things that grow, and Metals, may be produced by imagination, and the true Cabal. Crollius calls this kind of Magic Gabalistical, from the Gabal, or internal Heavenly or Starry Man, who by the affinity of Magnetic virtues, can attract to himself all the strength of the Stars, and apprehend by his Starlick spirit, the knowledge of all things.  
He saith this Cabalistical Magic stands upon three pillars; the first upon the prayer in spirit and truth, when there is Union with God in the Holy of Holies and the created Spirit: where God is worshipped by a sacred silence. The second is Faith, not saving, but natural, as he calls it, which is that wisdom which is equally given to all men at the first Creation, which is common to men and Devils, 
Lib. de peste. & 1. the origin. morb. invis.  this he calls enchanting Faith. The third is the Imagination strongly lifted up: of which Crollius speaks. Ernestus Burgravius says the same in his Book called Achilles Revived. And he promiseth his lamp of life and death, in which as in a fatal light, the fortune, diseases and death of every man may be seen. See more of this in Burgrave and Roger Bacon his Book of the wonderful power of Art and Nature, and Paracelsus in his Books of Archidox Magic, and others.  
Now Andreas Libavius in short mentions whatsoever the Paracelsians promise by Magic. 
Lib, contra Crollacus pag. 55.  And if they be well examined, they are almost all ungodly and blasphemous. And though Paracelsus seems to condemn that infamous Magic which is from the Devil, and to commend that which is natural and lawful, yet you may know by what hath been said alleged, and from his Writings what he followed. 
Lib. principio seu. de mist.  Especially by his upholding that infamous Conjurer Judaeus Techel, and there was scarce any Magician in any age but he commends him. He saith the Magicians of Pharaoh had their Art from God, and is offended that the Scripture gives them such harsh language. From whence, and from many other arguments, it is manifest that his Magic was from the Devil. And he makes only this difference between lawful and unlawful Magic, that one doth flatter the Devil by Incantations & ceremonies. And the other by force commands his Arts, and makes him serve by faith and strong imagination: yet it is never lawful to ask any things of the Devil, or expect his help. Nor is there any Example in Scripture that ever the Devil did any man good. Certainly Crollius is very wicked in saying, That true prayers in spirit and truth, are the foundation of Cabalistical Magic. For prayers are the worship of God, according to the 5. of John, and they must be according to his promises and will, and this worship ought not to be profaned with such wicked Speeches.  
Now that natural saith he speaks of, which is a power to do miracles, and given equally to all men in the Creation, is a mere lie. For true miracles only belong to the Church; and those done by Infidels and Conjurers, are from the Devil, and are not true, but lying wonders.  
What Crollius writes of Imagination, 
In Praefat. admonit.  are dreams of Enthusiasts: none deny but there is great force in imagination, but that it can do what Crollius' mentions, it is a mere fable; and if Crollius could have cured diseases by imaginaon, why did he spend so much time in preparation of Chemical medicines.  
In a word, concerning Crollius his Magic, avoid it, there is knavery in the Baker, and under the honey of Chemical medicines, there is a venomous gall. Therefore beware least under the pretence of Natural Magic, and Divine Philosophy, and light of Nature, you do not use Diabolical Magic which may be, though you make no contract with the Devil: for it may be made not only explicitly, but implicitly. An explicit contract is, when one makes a Covenant with the Devil. An implicit is, when any useth such means with another who hath contracted with the Devil explicitly, and plainly hath before used.  
For though there are examples in Scripture that the Apostles ruled over the Devil, and cast him out, yet there is no example, that any Saint used the help of the Devil for a good end to profit man. And though it may be objected for Paracelsus, that it is no inconvenience for any to get better medicines than are known from the Devil, to cure incurable diseases: yet I suppose it is neither safe nor religious, and St. chrysostom says well, That a man had better die, then recover by such remedies. God that wounded can heal, therefore seek help from him alone. There is a famous Example that it is not lawful to seek help from the Devil, 
2 Kings c. 1.  in Ahazia 2 Kings c. 1. by which we are taught to seek for cure from God alone, not from the Devil: and we can expect no good from that great Deceiver.  
Moreover, the means in Magic are not ordinary nor natural, as you may see in Paracelsus, but are words, characters, waxed images, and superstitious inventions of the Devil. And that we may not use such superstitions that are suspected to have an occult contract from the Devil, observe what follows. For where there is neither miracle nor force of Nature, nor Arts ingenuity, there is a contract with the Devil, whosoever he was that made it. And when characters and unknown words are used, that are obscure, and do not cohere or agree, or are holy, but applied to another meaning, or when Ceremonies of no force are used, or the like, there is a strong suspicion. 
Lib. de occul. Philos.  As when Paracelsus says a man may be freed from diseases from enchantment, if he put on an old shirt with the wrong side outwards.  
He makes Astrology the third pillar of Physic, 
Lib. 1 de Philos. sagaci. Lib. de aere lo. & aq.  but he extends it too large, comprehending all Magic under Astronomy, and dividing it strangely. As for Astrology, if it be right, and upon Natural principles, we hold it necessary for a Physician, as Hypocrates shows. And there are many reasons why a Physician should not be ignorant of it. Therefore I consent to the modern Physicians, that say the Stars work upon inferior bodies, not only by heat and light, but by occult influences. But here we are to seek, and the strength of the purest Stars is not known. And Paracelsus and Crollius should engage us, if they would explain the consent between the upper and lower World more plainly. But here they are at a loss with the Aristotelians and Galenists, many whereof were good Astrologers, and studied the force of Stars very much, but ingeniously confessed their imperfections of whom Cardan says well, 
Astrolog. aphor. sect. 1. aph. 34.  That Astrology as it is most excellent, so it is most difficult. And the motions of the Stars can never be known perfectly, nor the judgements from them, etc.   

Chap. 14. Of the strength of Imagination.  
BEcause the effects of Natural Magic seem to the Paracelsians to depend upon Imagination, not only to cause diseases, but to cure them, and they show wonders done by imagination from Philosophers and Physicians: we shall here show what the strength of it is.  
But note first, that those effects which are attributed to imagination, do not immediately depend upon it, nor doth the soul produce such effects by imagination. For imagination is only a knowing power, that hath an immanent action which goeth not forth to other things, and imagination doth nothing effectually but know, but the other powers vegetative and moving, do act upon others. And though the fancy concurs to local motion as knowing it, yet is it not the immediate cause of motion, therefore it doth not act upon any body, of its own or another's, nor doth it by any sort of motion alter, move, or change it. But appetite or desire follows knowledge and then there is a prosecution or flight which is by a local motion. Whose cause is a place moving power distinct from the imagination.  
Therefore the humours are not moved of themselves, or immediately by the imagination, but only by accident, stirring up the natural powers, whose office is to move the humours and spirits to nourish the body. The imagination directeth the humours and spirits, to move towards this or that part, and it determines the moving faculty, that it may move the spirits and humours to this or that part: as when one is lasciviously minded, the spirits and humours go to the privities, by which motion the body is altered, not by the fancy of itself, nor can the species of the fancy produce a real quality, nor formality make an alteration, because the formal and essential reason of it is only in representation, and it cannot act beyond its force and perfection. Therefore when some are lose bodied from the conceit of a purging medicine not taken; it is not because the species of the purging medicine hath a purging force, but because the moving natural faculty is drawn to consent with the imagination, and stirs the humours, which being stirred, do provoke the expulsie faculty to stool, especially if humours abound.  
First, it moves the desiring faculty or appetite, and by the passions of the mind affects the body: for the passions follow knowledge, which causeth gladness at what is pleasant, and sorrow at what is unpleasant, these passions have great power to alter the body. But fancy doth not immediately alter the body by the appetite, but as the appetite moves the natural moving faculties in the members, and chief in the heart, these being moved, do move the humours and spirits, and the spirits coming and going to the part, do change them. Therefore the remote cause of alteration is the fancy, and so it affects its own body, and causeth divers diseases in it: but of itself it causeth none. And if it should, the disease would be but imaginary, not real. So some melancholic people have thought they had great noses or bodies, and yet were not so.  
And though some fall into diseases by imagination, yet the fancy doth not of itself, but by accident, by reason of fear which moves the malignant humours lurking in the body, and these being moved, cause the plague. One Vincent thought his body so big, that he could not pass through the door, and when the Physician commanded him to be carried through, he complained that he was very much bruised, and soon after died. But this is not, because the patiented imagineth, but because he is diseased. And if imagination doth any thing, it is by accident, from sorrow or fear, and the like passions.  
Many diseases come by accident, by means of the spirits and humours, as they are different in nature and motion. And imagination being the cause of divers passions, as anger, sorrow, much joy, they have such force to corrupt and change humours, that we need not prove it. Moreover, strong imagination draws the spirits and humours strongly to the head, and the heat is taken from the parts ordained for nourishment.  
Thus imagination may cure diseases, namely, by accident, not of itself, for confidence makes the patiented obey orders, because imagination brings passions, by which the humours and spirits are moved, by which motion they oppose the disease. Therefore confidence begets cheerfulness, and this stirs up the natural heat and spirits, and so there is better concoction, and the bad humours are overcome, and the disease opposed. Hence it is that they who are always sad, have many crudities and soul humours, from the constant loss of heat and spirits. From the same cause if patients have some meats they longed for, they recover, though they be not wholesome. And Hypocrates saith that the best meats, 
2. Aphoris. 38.  if not affected, cause loathing, and the stomach doth not rightly embrace and concoct them, hence come wind and crudities, and the disease increaseth, or the patient is longer sick.  
〈◊〉 ●●at taken in with pleasure, sometimes curethe because either by the joy, the spirits which were dull by the disease, are raised and refreshed, which are the fittest instrument to conquer soul humours and the disease: or because when then the patiented hath his desire, ceaseth from that imagination, and the disease which was falsely supposed. There are many Histories of this in Thomas á Vega and Alexander Trallian, 
Com. in art. med. Galeni. c. 48. Tralia. lib. 2. c. 17.  who speaks of a Woman that thought she had swallowed a Serpent.  
Therefore if imagination of itself cannot afflict its own body, it cannot change, or hurt any other body. For the soul cannot act upon externals, but by means of the body, because the fancy is an immanent action, not transient.  
But by accident it may do somewhat, for what is said of Witchcraft, is not to be wholly despised. They say the Baselisk kills a man by the poisonous beams from his eyes. These come from spirits and vapours, by which the occult Sympathies and contracts of things are. And the imagination may somewhat direct these spirits, as we said by moving the natural faculties, or stirring up the passions, so in envy, hatred, anger, venomous humours which are moved in the body, are carried to the eyes, and flow from thence.  
But a certain distance is required, and it is absurd to think that any can be afflicted at many miles distance: and it is worse to ascribe to imagination things beyond its force, and to which it no ways concurs, as when they say a man may fall from a horse by imagination, or corn be carried from one field into another.  
Lastly, let us consider what imagination can do in childbearing? 
Hipp 1. de supert. Gal dether. ad pis Avic. fen. 2. lib 1. doctr. 2. c. 14. gen. c. 30.  of which there are many Observations, so that it is simple to doubt them. Hypocrates, Galen and Avicen. and many other Authors prove it, and that of the Patriach Jacob is well known.  
But it is hard to know how imagination could change a child. It is certain, that the fancy being known, and an immanent power doth not of itself change the child, and the forming faculty is the immediate cause of quantity, figure, number, position and heat, and not the imagination.  
Nor is the child changed by a species of the fancy, because of itself it cannot produce any real quality, nor hath it any force but to move imagination, and to represent to its object; and if this species had any force, there would be more changes in children.  
It is therefore more probable to reason, that the child is changed by the fancy, either through the passions and motions of the spirits and humours, or by directing the forming faculty.  
The changes and hurts in children are of two sorts; common and determinate. The common are abortion, death, inward sickness, and weakness, smallness or greatness of some part, defect or abundance in number. The determinate are changes and signatures which have a determinate similitude to some outward thing, as for Example, when they long for Cherries, the impression of a Cherry will be upon the child.  
The first changes may be from fancy, by means of the passions and motion of the humours and spirits, but the determinate signatures which answer to external things that are offered to the imagination, cannot be by motion of the humours and spirits by the imagination. For the passions stirs the spirits and humours, which stirred, are carried with force or in plenty to the child which troubles it, and cause abortion by stirring up of the expulsive faculty of the womb. Sometimes the forming faculty is disturbed from the same cause in its operation, or is overwhelmed, or the spirits and humours being sent another way, the parts are not rightly form, or they are greater or less. But these are not determinate faults, nor have they any resemblance with external things, because they are made by an accidental motion of the humours only stirred by the passions: and they are not determinated by a peculiar manner, according to the species received in the imagination. Therefore these errors are to be attributed rather to the passions of the mind ●hen to imagination: nor doth the fancy truly and effectually conduce to them, nor otherwise then as it stirs up the appetite.  
But when these signatures are determinated and peculiar according to the species received by the imagination, they are ascribed to the fancy: nor can the passions of the mind of themselves produce them, as when Mulberries, Warts, and the like come from the imagination upon the child. And it may fall out that the same signature may be upon the child from divers passions: and a woman may bear a child somewhat like an Ape, if she either loved an Ape and played with it, or was frighted by one, which is a sign that something else goes with determinate signatures, namely the imagination which directs the conformation. For the forming faculty alone immediately makes the whole child, whether well, or ill fashioned. But the fancy sometimes seduceth the forming faculty, and directs it, to make such a thing as is not conformable to the nature of the seed but like that which is imagined. And so it is said to be the cause of these marks concurring to determine them: but this is hard to be explained, and some are of another mind. It is safest to conclude that the forming faculty is directed by the imagination by the species exemplarily or objectively as they say, by objecting the species conceived, to which as to an example or rule, the forming faculty doth her work. But if any wonder, that the forming faculty which belongs to the vegetative, should know this exemplary species, let him understand that all the faculties in a man, are powers of the same soul, and have some communication among themselves, although the manner how is not known plainly. Then let him know that the soul doth not this by its own power, but a power given by the Creator. And though the knowing faculty differs from the forming, yet they are in some things agreeable, for so all parts know, and attract the nourishment.  
But how the species being conceived in the brain, should be carried to the womb, is hard to be understood. We may say that while the child grows to the mother, and partakes of her life, those things that move the powers of the soul in the mother, may stir up the faculties in the seed also, and more affect the child then the mother, because her body is so perfect, that it needs nothing but nourishment, but the soul is still busy in forming the body of the insant, therefore any external thing may easily be admitted to direct it or seduce it to do this or that. Many arguments are for this, so as the passions of the soul are not always necessary, but a fixed intention and imagination is sufficient to mark the child. The Queen of Aethiopia conceived of a white child by only viewing the picture of Andromeda. So jacob's sheep marked their lambs by beholding and imagining the particoloured rods, and we see the same in other beasts.  
These changes are in the time of conception and childbearing, but more usually when they are gone some time, in which time the forming faculty is at work, and busy to make the parts after conception. But all marks are not made at all times, at the end of the colours may change, and the whole figure, the foot may be like that of a Horse, the head like a Dog or Hog, in the last month this cannot, because all parts are fashioned. For when Nature hath once fashioned the child she cannot alter the figure, divide or change the number of parts.  
Nor can the imagination make impression of any changes, but only such as the matter of the body is disposed to, and the forming faculty is apt to make by Nature's order: she cannot produce true feathers, scales or horns; and the reason why these are rather stamped upon the child then the womb, is because the forming faculty is not busy about the womb, but the child.  
Hence it appears, that the fancy cannot act upon a strange body, and although the imagination of the mother affects the child, yet is it so joined to her, that it seems as a part of her. 
Avicen. Alchirus. Crol●ius.  Therefore they all are out, that think the fancy can affect strange bodies, and they that would show causes disagree among themselves: Paracelsus is of their opinion, and heaps one absurdity upon another, and give reasons as weak as the rest.  
They should have showed that Phantasms move another way then by representation, nor doth the fancy do any thing but receive the species of things from the senses, to judge and bring them to the understanding. And how can the species and representation that only are to represent the thing from which they came, change or move any thing without a man? Especially seeing the action of the fancy is immanent. And as for the imagination of women with child, and the marks upon their children by the fancy, they only prove that the soul any way moved by the imagination, may be the cause of peculiar motions in its own body.  
Therefore what Paracelsus and Crollius have written concerning the imagination, is not worth the refuting, and to speak short, the foundation of all Magical operations, and the great Wheel of all Crollius his Magic is false; and it is this opinion of the strength of imagination, and sew modern Writers follow them.  
This Magic is old (nor is it better for that) because it came from Plato, 
Lib 3 de vit. caelitus comparanda.  and the Egyptians given to Idolatry; the foundation of this was laid by Marcus Ficinus, when he writes, that by the application of our spirit, to the spirit of the world, by the Art of Physic and affection that deeds are cast upon the soul, and heavenly good upon our affection. But this union of the soul of man with the Angels and Spirits which is by imagination, and the calling upon Spirits to do man service, is the work and invention of Conjurers.   

Chap. 15. of the Physiological part of Physic.  
THough Severinus and the Chemists seem in many things to descent from the Galenists, yet they disser not much, but teach almost the same things, only they deliver themselves in other language.  
First, 
Contra Anonimum.  they make three Principles in man, and Quercetan placeth them in the three principle parts of the body. He saith that the natural faculty which is seated in the liver, hath its conservation and nourishment from salt, which is the first radical Principle, and the foundation of the rest. That the vital faculty in the heart is sustained by a sulphurous liquor. And the animal faculty is preserved by Mercury, which is altogether aetherial and spiritual.  
Then they make a twofold body in man; the one visible of the four Elements and blood, the other invisible. This last is called by them, The Starlick Man, within, incorporeal, a kind of Gabal man, a household God, a visible shadow of the body, a familiar a shade, a little wise man, a Daemon, or good genius. The internal Adech of Paracelsus, A ghost the Euestrum or presaging light of Nature which is a Prophet; also the imagination which contains all the Stars in itself, and knows all Stars, and keeps the same course of Nature and power with the Heavens.  
Concerning the Creation of Man Severinus saith, Man is a quintessence extracted from the Firmament and Elements; or a subtle Essence of the whole World extracted and concreted into one body. And so is the complete image of the Universe; and he adds that God in creating the World, played the Spagyrist or Chemist.  
These things plainly taken, are not to be endured, because there are two parts that constitute man, the soul and the body, neither of which being alone, can be called man. There are also spirits in the body which are the principal instruments of the soul, and the soul useth them immediately in the actions of life.  
These spirits are invisible, but corporeal: if the Chemists take these for the invisible man, they tell us no news: only they speak improperly, when they give the name of the whole to a part of man. If they mean any thing besides spirits to be the invisible man, they multiply beings; or they must prove that besides the body, soul and spirit, there is an other substance in man; and I shall not yield to them till they do.  
Then in describing the Creation of man, Crollius is very rash; for God by his power created man of clay, and gave him strength as he pleased, nor had he need of the Spagyric Art to give him strength, and we read that man was made according to God's image, and we read not that that clay or dust of which he was made, was the quintessence of the whole World: therefore the Paracelsians are out.  
What they say of generation, nourishment and rule of man's body, is according to Hypocrates and Galen: only a little coloured with other fictions, yet some things are false. When they say that generation is from mechanical spirits, and that after generation the body being complete, all natural actions are administered, they say true, but it is no news. But they err in two points. First for rejecting the temperament to be from the first qualities, as though it availed not for actions for an animated part, having its temper and full of natural heat, and spirits is the adequate or fit organ for every action: therefore none of these must be wanting. Then they err, in that they give knowledge to act, simply to the spirits, for they act not by their own strength, but are directed by the soul, and this knowledge is belonging to the soul, which is the first cause of all actions in a living body.  
Fourthly, they think not right concerning blood, when they deny it to be the nourishment of the body, and place it above the dignity of the parts: for experience teacheth that the chyle is turned into blood, as the meat into chyle, for no other end, but that the whole body should be nourished with blood. Therefore since Severinus hath questioned so plainly a matter, and brought no reasons against it, we may with as much ease deny what he says.  
Fiftly, when he saith the spirits are hungry and filled, it is absurd; for it is the creatures properly, but the spirits are refreshed and restored: it is one thing to indicate, and another to desire. Consumed spirits indicate restauration, but the appetite desires to be preserved by its like, and to have what is troublesome removed.  
Sixthly, they make blood one of the parts, and and it may be allowed, but let them understand parts as Hypocrates did when he divided the body into parts containing contained, and such as do force: otherwise blood is no part but nourishment. They do ill to give the government of the body to blood, because it is only for nourishment, but the spirits govern the body under the soul.  
Seventhly, they do ill to accuse the Galenists of idleness. Nor are they ignorant of that of Hypocrates, of places in men, which Severinus quored, nor are they ignorant that the diseases in the joints are worst, when humours flow from other parts under them. This they call by a new name Synovia, and they know not what to determine about it. But Hypocrates only attributes that humour to the joints, that they may move better.  
Paracelsus thought otherwise of Synovia, when he said, It is a nourishment of its part. 
Lib. 7. paragr. par. 7  And they since say, it is an internal virtue and agility, or a sweet Milk which nourisheth the parts: all these hang not well together.  
Eightly, Severinus doth undeservedly accuse Galen, because he reckoned not the gall among the parts of the body; for it ought to be cast out as an excrement, it is so far from being a part that constitutes a body.  
Ninthly, when Severinus makes a stomach in the liver and other parts, it is simple to quibble so upon the word Stomach, as Paracelsus did when he said the pleurisy was in the head. The 10. Chapter of Severinus is Galen in other words. 
Lib. 3. the morb. tartareis c. 4.   
The Paracelsians toss the humours strangely, and say they are but bare words, and call the Galenists Humorists, because saith Paracelsus, Neither Heaven nor Earth knows phlegm, choler, or melancholy, therefore they are not in man. And why should we prove the humours from the Analogy between the great and little World? It is foolish without sense or experience, to fly to such Analogical proofs. For as in other creatures, so in man there is blood which nourisheth: now sense teacheth that blood is made of meats received, but not Salt, Sulphur or Mercury, and when a vein is opened, blood is let out, not Salt, Sulphur or Mercury; and in all bodies, in all times, ages, places and countries, blood is found. But Paracelsus differs in this from himself, and mentions blood and humours in many of his Books.  
But they will answer that it is manifest to the senses, that blood is in the veins, but they will show by an artificial dissolving of it, that it hath three Principles, as they show from what fountain actions proceed: but here they seem wise, for while we speak of blood and humours, the question is not touching the first Principles of things, but of the immediate in man's body, and perfect animals. Suppose we grant that blood and humours are made of Salt, Sulphur and Mercury, therefore must the ancient names of choler, blood, phlegm and melancholy be rejected? by the same reason you may reject the appellations of bones membranes, flesh, and of all parts: for by the principles of Chemists, these are made of their three principles as well as blood.  
Therefore it is fit that ancient should be kept, to which Galen, Hypocrates, Aristotle, Avicen, Mefue and the rest have agreed, both Chemists and others: For it is not for every one to give names to things, nor was Paracelsus so great a man that he ought so to do. The names of the humours are not insignificant without essence and properties. Seed, Flesh and Bone are made of Blood as the rest, but because they have a new form, they take new names. And that which was before called Bread may be called Chyle, than Blood, Choler or Phlegm, etc.  
Severinus is out when he saith there is blood in Balsam, with spirit, flesh, bones, ligaments and nerves, and that these are separated from it by help of the mechanic spirits. There is in all sood something familiar to us that turns nourishment, and may have divers forms, as the parts are to which it comes; call it Balsam or Mummy, I am indifferent; but I allow not that the things mentioned should be contained in them, and be only made known and separated by the mechanic spirits. Thus we should say with Anaxagoras that all things are in all things, and there is no true generation. But when chyle is made of bread, blood of chyle, bones, membranes, flesh of blood, in every change there is a new form. And every part hath force to turn its nourishment into its own nature, which is the peculiar faculty of the vegetative soul: what we have spoken of blood and humours is meant of alimentary humours that make blood. We shall speak of excrementitious humours in the next Chapter, in the Causes of Diseases.  
Lastly, They make two Anatomies, the one local which they esteem little, as the dissecting of bodies to see the shape, figure and position, and number of parts, this they called a dead Anatomy for Butchers, by which the Carcase is only seen, but not the secrets of the nature of man.  
The other they call essential, vital, formal, by by which every body is dissolved into its principles, 
Paracel. de orig. morb. ae tribus primis substantiis c. 6. & alibi. Severin. c. 3. & alibi passim.  he that will try this must first know the nature of seeds and properties, the offices of the elements, and of the principles, the roots of generation and transplantation, the laws of Astronomy, and the disposition not of the dead but of the whole living body. Therefore they say the heart is wheresoever there is vital heat. The Stomach is every cavity or place of concoction. The womb is every place where there is seed of any fruit, and they think the consideration of the great world is chief to be had in this Anatomy. They say whatsoever is in the great world is also in man, not according to a superficial likeness, but indeed, and according to the species, and that man contains all things in himself, though invisibly.  
As to the local Anatomy, they speak of, they dishonour it, for Anatomy is much beyond a Butcher's work; for by it all parts are artificially found out, and their constitution, and use. Thus did Galen in his Book of the use of parts, and others, which if Paracelsus had read, he had not written so absurdly.  
They arrogate to themselves only the vital Anatomy, but the Galenists had it as you may see in Galens Books of the faculties of nature, of the Seed, of the sorming of the Infant, of Breathing, temperaments, Elements, etc. in which he speaks of the faculties of the soul which govern the body, and of the instruments thereof in action. Yet if the Chemists by their Principles can give it more light, we will accept of it thankfully. But they here rather quibble with words, and with new terms they sell the opinions of the Ancients as their own, and do little discover them, or clear them up; as when they say the heart is wheresoever there is vital heat. It is the part of a wise Philosopher to call things by their own names, and not so to quibble with names as to confound things that are distinct.   

Chap. 16. of pathology, or Diseases.  
THe Chemists seem also to enlarge the Pathological part of Physic, 
Ideae Philos. c. 13.  when they suppose that the antecedent cause, the Disease and the Symptom differ not in kind, essence or specifical properties, but only in power and act. Thus Severinus, and that they differ not otherwise then a sleeping Physician doth, from the same being awake; brimstone not burning, from that which burneth; salted not dissolved, from that which is dissolved; therefore he supposeth names are to be given from the roots, as from the hidden roots of diseases in intermitting fevers, when no heat is fired in the heart, while the fever lies close in the body, and not from the antecedent cause. But Galen doth better divide all things that are besides nature in man's body into three, 
Cap. 12.  that is, the disease, the cause, and the symptom, and there is no Discipline that makes no difference between the causes and the effects; therefore it must be in Physic, for the humours are the causes, the diseases the effects; and again the symptoms are effects of them both, and all these differ in their whole essence and nature. Therefore Severinus writes foolishly, saying, That which is most remote from producing of an effect, is a genus, that which is nearest to the individual, is the species, and the effect is the individual. He makes the most general genus or kind to be the stony tartarous Mucilages in fruits, and those in the stomach and guts to be the sudordinate genus. But when they cause diseases and symptoms, they are species; and the last actions being hurt or hindered, are the individuals. But every true Philosopher may perceive this absurdity. He writes like a fool, when he saith he saw a fever vomited forth; for he saw the cause, but not the fever. And more simply, when he says that matter so vomited up, shaked for a time like an ague. But either he read not, or observed not what Galen and Galenists have written concerning the shaking of fevers.  
But these Severinians are offended, that the names of diseases are not given from the causes. But they are unreasonable to think names must be given as they please, and that fit names may be rejected. Therefore it is not bad to define a fever from its essence, then let them inquire into the nature of the cause, and whether the cause of a fever may be called Choler or Sulphur.  
Nor do the Galenists allows eye the disease alone, but look often more at the cause; much less do they only observe the symptoms, for many of them come often from the same cause, and one sometimes from divers causes, and if these be not diligently disting dished, he plays the Empiric, and will be deceived; and if the Chemists will help us in curing, we shall thank them.  
As for the nature of a disease, Paracelsus errs exceedingly, when he saith a disease is a substance, and that the disease is a whole man, and hath an invisible body, and this he shows by the Jaundice. But every disease is nothing else but a quality in the body besides Nature, 
Lib. 2. the morb. podag.  by which the body is so disposed, that it is unfit for its proper actions. Now all error is from this, that as plants come from their seeds, so they think diseases do also; and the true cure of a disease is nothing else but the taking away of those seeds, and if they be not taken away by changing of cold and heat, and their qualities, and evacuation of humours, no disease can be truly cured. He illustrates this by an Example, as saith he, he that labours to keep fruit from growing in his garden, doth not enough to pull off the fruit every year, or lop off a branch or two from a Tree, much less if he die the leaves or the fruit of another colour, but he must take up the Tree by the roots. So to take away heat or cold, and the like qualities by their contraries, is to take away the fruits only and leave the root.  
Concerning the original of the seeds of diseases, they say, That though in the first Creation when by divine power, the seeds took their force to generate and multiply, & all things else were without corruption: yet after the Fall, there came new tinctures by the curse upon those pure seeds (as Severinus saith) by the mixture of which the beauty of the Creation was transplanted into a calamitous condition, and these pure seeds were covered with unfortunate new garments (and he adds) that man who useth all sublunary things, and lives upon Plants and Animals, is defiled with universal impurity, and hath many sorts of diseases and deaths.  
Severine brings the rise of hereditary diseases from hence: so that they may be to the fourth Generation. And hence he saith is the reason why people not having the Gout or Falling-sickness beget children that have: For the inbred impurities of the Parent not being ripe in them, may be increased in the children, and bring unexpected symptoms. He saith on the contrary that they which have the Gout may beget children that have not. Either because the seeds of those diseases are not fixed in the root and Balsam of man, but cleave only superficially, or because they are overcome in the womb by the power of its natural Balsam, or because the seeds grew old and barren, For (say they) those seeds which are not united in species, but individuals have their ages, and when their root is exhausted they are barren and unfruitful.  
They allow not the first qualities to be causes of Diseases; and when they are convinced, they say they are so inconsiderable that they require not the help of a Physician. They regard not compound Diseases, and say they are but a certain hindrance to actions: For they affirm that the desect of Instruments and Figures, and Cavities, and Solution of Continuity come not as Diseases from Seeds, but they say the Diseases of the Similary parts have their seeds.  
They say humours are but Fancies, 
In labyrinth. med. err. c. 8.  and though Paracelsus allow them, yet he denies that they are causes of diseases, and saith the humours come from diseases, not diseases from humours. But many of these opinions are not to be believed, for in the generation of diseases it is otherwise, for the good humours are altered, corrupted, and infected from the bad, as from Leaven, and do hurt the parts, and bring preternatural qualities. But we cannot find any forming force in the causes of diseases, as in the seeds of Plants which may produce such a body. And they are like the doting Manichaes when they say, Those seeds and evil matters of diseases were made by God. First they make God the Author and Creator of evil and diseases, as if he had made any substantial, which is wicked. For God saw what he had made, and they were very good; for all substance as a substance is good, and evil is not consubstantially but accidentally joined unto it.  
Then they make a double creation, the first which was by the blessing of God in six days, the other was by the curse of God upon the pure seeds and roots of things, by which the evil roots of Diseases and Death were added. But God rested from all his labour the seventh day, and the Curse of God only declared punishment.  
Severine doth ill in bringing hereditary diseases from seeds. It is true, that the diseases of Parents come to the children by the seed and mother's blood; but an hereditary evil is a vicious disposition in some part by which in time, humours of the same kind are gathered, and so produce the like diseases.  
It is against experience to leave the first qualities out of diseases and their causes, for all ages have allowed them: for as soon as any preternatural distemper is in any part all acknowledge that its actions are hurt, nor can it do its duty till the natural temper be restored; 
Hippo. 3. Aphor. 16. & in Epid. Severin.  this is daily observed in the Stomach, and there are thousands of Examples of this in Hypocrates and Galen.  
Nor can we admit of the new interpretation of Hypocrates made by Severine, saying that the South Wind makes not dull hearing nor other symptoms mentioned by Hypocrates. First he should prove that absurd opinion, that wind, rain and snow, are the fruits of the Stars, nor need they fly to occult qualities, powers and tinctures, when a manifest cause may be showed as appears in Hypocrates.  
They are out also in Diseases of conformation, saying they are only impediments of actions, as if all diseases were not such; they reject the humours erroneously, because it is manifest to sense that divers humours are evacuated in divers diseases by vomit and stool by Nature or Art; when they cannot deny this, Severine thinks that excrementitious humours are to be called by other names; and leaving the fantastic names of Vitelline, eruginous, salt and crude phlegm, he flies to the kinds of Salts, nitrous, aluminous, vitrlolate, and to the properties of salts in Plants, as in Cookowpints, Nettles, Celandine, etc. That the names of Choler, Melancholy and Phlegm are to be rejected: but there is no reason or cause why these ancient names should be rejected, no more than the names of a Fever, Apoplexy, Dropsy. If they can find out more proper names, we shall admit them, provided they expound the intrinsical nature of the things: For to speak plainly, the difference and nature of humours cannot only be explained by the first qualities, but they may be more specially determined by their more proper qualities, which Hypocrates teacheth saying, 
Lib. de vet. medict.  It is heat, moisture, cold or dryness that hath much force, but sourness, sharpness and bitterness, etc. The Cancer is an example in which he that acknowledgeth not a corrosive sait, is blind. And the same may be seen in the itch, scab and ulcers that corrode and creep. Therefore I deny not but such humours the causes of such diseases, may be so called from the Salt or other Chemical principle; although I denied when I spoke of blood and natural humours, that such humours in which such excess appear not, aught to receive denomination from the Chemical principles. Nor do I think that the excrementitious humours in which a manifest excess doth not appear, should be denominated from the Chemical principles, but keep their ancient names. Yet it is not unfit that the differences of strong corroding humours, which are divers, should be distinguished with names taken from Sulphur or Salt, when there appears any remarkable excess of any one humour. For Hypocrates calls a defluxion from the head, 
4. De rat. vic. in acu. sent. 31. Lib. de ye Medici.  hot and nitrous, and writes, That men are not only feverish from heat alone, nor can that alone cause a disease, but bitterness and heat, and sharpness or saltness with heat, and the like.  
Nor is it strange, that such things should be in the body, when a man is fed with Plants, and Animals which are nourished with plants, and these have from the earth their nourishment, which contains in it salt, bitter, and the like juices, and Mineral spirits, which are derived into man, whose altering force changeth them as much as it can, but they can never be overcome by our nature. Nature indeed labours to void them being unfit for nourishment: and if they be retained, and separated from the good blood, and abide alone, they hurt the body divers ways. Galen and other Physicians own this, who mention salt and nitrous humours, and the effects of Salt are manifest in Catarrhs or Defluxions. Some humours are called Aeruginous, not that they are like Verdigreece as Erastus thinks, but because there is the taste and force of corroding, as in Verdigreece and other qualities.  
Nor is it unprofitable to observe these differences of humours, for they are of concernment for cures; therefore there being great difference of humours, as to their colours, taste, consistence, and essence, and they cannot be called at by the same name. If the Chemists can here help us, there is no cause why we should not observe them, yet we must not cast off the old names of the humours: for Rhubarb doth always purge choler, not Salt or Sulphur.  
The Chemists speak diversely of the differences of diseases; 
In labyrinth. medic. arr.  Paracelsus saich, that there are two kinds of seeds, the Iliastrum, Cagastrum. The Iliastrum is when the feed of the disease is from the beginning, as of Apples, Pears, Nuts. Cagastrum is that which is from corruption. The diseases from the Iliastrum are the Dropsy, Jaundice, Gout, etc. Of the Cagastrum, Plague, Fevers, Pleurisies, But as I said, diseases do not spring up from seeds, but from preternatural causes in the body, either bred therein, or gathered.  
Paracelsus hath another difference, by which he constituteth five Being's of diseases. First, the Ens or Being of God, 
In paramiro.  for he saith some diseases come from God. The second being is an Astral Ens, under which he comprehends not only diseases from the Stars of Heaven, but such as come from the stars in Man that depend upon the stars of Heaven. The third is a Natural Being, when a disease by a fault in Nature, and they consider Nature by their three Principles. The fourth is a Mental Ens, under which are comprehended all diseases from imagination in ourselves or others, and under this they comprehend Incantations. The fifth kind is a Being of Poison natural or artificial.  
Here Paracelsus shows his ignorance in Logic and Philosophy, and he never learned from the Metaphysics what Ens or a Being is. It is ungodly to say that any disease is from a Being of God. And he speaks improperly in all the rest of his differences. But we may bear with improper speeches, so good things be under them. 
Ideae Philos. c. 14.  Nor can we suffer what Severine saith in referring all diseases and cures to four Monarches, The Epilepsy, Dropsy, Gout and Leprosy, to every one of these he reduced certain diseases; under the Epilepsy he placeth Catarrhs, Palsies, Cramps, Migraines, Melancholies, Apoplexies, and Suffocations of the Womb. Under the Dropsy, Aposthems, Jaundice, Cachexy. Under the Leprosy all Ulcers. Under the Gout, the Colic, Stone, Toothache and Headache. But it is evil to refer diseases, that differ so in essence and causes to the same head.  
Nor is this division to be admitted into coagulation and resolved diseases. They say that some impurities come from the seeds, whose fruit doth coagulate. Others come from seeds whose fruit ends in flowing resolution, those they call coagulated, these resolved diseases.  
What Severine saith of the disease and fruits of the superior Globe, hath many absurdities, except they are explained otherwise then the words sound. We grant that the causes of Epidemic diseases depend in a great part upon the Stars and their influence, and arise from the air and spirits that we attract and breath in. But that there should be any Opiate, Arsenic, Orpiment, or the like, or fruits of celestial bodies, or resolutions of celestial seeds, I cannot admit, because matter of such corruptions which is in the air, and drawn in by the breath to infect the body, comes not from Heaven, but is contained in the inferior World, and the celestial bodies may diversely stir, dispose, and mingle, and alter them. The modern Chemists dare not defend this Doctrine of Severine. Quercetan searce mentioneth any seeds, but saith, 
In defension contra Anoni.  That Mercury, Salt and Sulphur have all sorts of virtues, faculties and properties: from whence come infinite varieties, colours, tastes and scents, and the like, which produce divers diseases from their distemper, and the company of other things. If Sulphur abound, it brings divers inflammations and fevers, besides other narcotick effects, which the sleepy Sulphur produceth by its narcotick spirits, which do the same thing that wine or the like doth, which cause sleep, not by cold, but a narcotick Sulphur. From mercurial, sour and sharp vapours, come Epilepsies, Apoplexies, Palsies, and all kinds of Catarrhs. From Salts, he saith come corrosions inwardly, Imposthumes, Ulcers, Dysenteries, Bleeding, and from the dissolving of them come heat of Urinal, and Strangury. And from the variety of Salts, come divers Ulcers, Imposthumes, Corrosions, by their sharp and sour spirits, also divers kinds of Colicks. From Salts coagulated, he brings Nodes, Scirrhus' Tumours, and swollen Joints, and infinite sorts of Obstructions.  
The best distinction of the Chemists, is that from the three principles and causes of diseases, if they would be constant therein, or explain themselves, for the matter is very intricate concerning Mercury. For if they say every humour is not Mercury, but the first and substantial humour which gives sense and motion to all parts, it cannot be the cause of diseases. But if Mercury be taken for the cause of a disease, who will say that it is an excrement of natural Mercury and phlegm. And I see not how they can distinguish it from Tartar (from which Severine saith Catarrhs do arise.)  
The differences of Salt and Sulphûr are manifest, because sour, bitter and fault matter is gathered in the body, and vomited up. Sometimes the humour is so sour in the stomach, that before it is vomited up, the teeth are set on edge by it. The differences of Salts are plain in divers Ulcers, as in the Scab, Cancer, heat of Urinal, and the like.  
To this division belong tartarous Diseases, of which they speak often, and many fly to that in time of ignorance; they say then the disease is from Tartar, but few explain what Tartar is. 
Lib. de morb. tar. tar. c. 1.  Paracelsus rails against the Galenists, because they call tartarous diseases, sand or the stone, because it is a Metaphorical appellation, but in Physic we must speak properly, and things must the denominated from their Nature, which he doth not observe. He saith the cause of this appellation, is because an oil, and a water, and a tincture, are made of it, which burns the sick as the Tartar of Hell; therefore if the name be from the likeness of Hell fire, it is taken from a similitude, and is not proper.  
Others extend the word Tartar larger than that it should be given only to the stone, for they call a slimy humour by the same name, which causeth the Colic, corrosions, and divers pains in the stomach. Thus they call divers things by the name of Tartar, to which it doth not equally in reason belong, and so is not proper.  
But to the purpose (agreeing about names) let us see whether the Chemists and Dogmatists may be reconciled in this. The Chemists have no clear definition of Tartar. 
Lib. 2. the tar. tract. 1. c. 1.  Paracelsus. defines it thus, It is stony disease, or a bowl, or between a bowl and a stone, which hinders the effect and virtue of Nature. Other Chemists say, Tartar is that impurity in the nourishment, under a resolved form that cannot be discerned, but yet tends to coagulation and a stony Nature. Some from Paracelsus say, It is an excrement coagulated by its spirit.  
Some Chemists seem to agree with the Galenists, who say, Tartar is a stone-making juice, or a matter by Nature apt to coagulate. And this juice is drawn from Plants with the nourishment, and sent from Plants into Animals, and then it hurts much when Nature is weak to concoct and void it. They make four kinds of this Tartarous juice. Viscous, bolare, or like bowl, sandy and stony: and hence come divers diseases in divers parts of the body.  
First, they bring most diseases of the stomach from Tartarous impurities, when such a matter covers the sides of the stomach, the vital spirits are obstructed, which are the Author of all natural actions: hence comes slow concoction, compression, loathing, and the like, and as the tinctures of the Tartarous spirits are stronger to wholly overcome the inbred spirits, there follows want of concoction and nourishment. But if these impurities have strange spirits with them, they turn the nourishment into a strange nature, and there is belching and stink, and if they have vomiting properties, as of Hellebore or Antimony, they cause loathing and vomiting. If they have the tinctures of Salts, there is burning of the stomach, gnawing, and the like. If of vitriolated Salt, there is a Doglike appetite.  
Let us grant all this, that we be not so unjust against the Chemists as Erastus. 
Part 4. disp. con●a para.  Yet this tartarous matter is not the only cause of the hurt actions of the stomach, for a hot or a cold distemper often hurts it. Moreover, from the opinion of Severine diseases breed from those tartarous impurities mixed or alone; from the mixed come sulphurous stinking diseases, thirst, heat, bitterness of mouth, headache, with cold and shaking, called ordinary fevers. But he thinks they come rather from their roots, which are Niter with Sulphur. Because he saith fevers have seeds and roots, in which slimy and salted spirits with Niter, are mixed with impure, stinking, dissolved Sulphur. Therefore at set times when the mineral or matter of the disease gins to spring, being nitrous Sulphur, there is horror, chillness, panting, and the like, as the nitrous Sulphur differs.  
As we are not in this enemies to them, so let them be milder against the opinions of Galenists for first we must distinguish the seaver from the cause. The cause is that matter which they call Nitrous Sulphur, from the accession of which there is a hot distemper in the whole body, by which all the parts are unfit for their offices, and this preternatural disposition is called a fever. Nor must the name of humours be rejected, for Niter or Sulphur are never vomited up, or purged forth, or sweat out, but only humours. Though we grant that the humours are set on fire by Sulphur, we will not therefore reject the name of humours.  
Scheunemamnus his opinion of the original of fevers is ridiculous, he saith that a globe or bal of many Spheres, like a Bezoar-stone, is bred in the stomach or liver, and thence come seavers and fits; and when this ball is struck from Heaven, it flames and smokes, and infects the air, hence comes a little cold and trembling, and then heat. But this globe and its circles of which it is made, aught to be very great, because he writes that the patient shall have so many fits as are circles in it.  
Against Severine I say the Colic cannot breed from a slimy Tartar mixed with styptic, or binding, four spirits, because he made one cause only of the pain of the Colic. I agree with him about the name, for the case is plain, that the colic is from glass like phlegm as Galen taught. But if he make that the only cause, he errs exceedingly, because there are great pains from wind that extends the guts, nor doth sharpness or wind cause pains but by stretching, which being made to pass by a Clyster or two the pain ceaseth better than by the laborious Chemical medicines. 
Ideo Philos. 13.  It is false that he saith, the sharpest pains are only from the sharpest spirits of Salts: he calls the pains from cuts, burn and strokes Relolls. But all men living do witness by sense, that there is no greater pain than that from cutting and burning, etc.  
Severine proceeds, and says, and describes the generations and differences of inflammations, saying, That the seeds of these diseases come to the matrices, not only in a liquid form dissolved, but in a spiritual vapour, and continual nutrication, and digested fermentation, and except the time of neaturity and separation, which coming, the spirits break forth and boil. And then the signatures that lay hid before in the spirits are explained colours, tastes, scents, heat and other qualities. And by nourishment daily attracted, they make bodies agreeable to the principles, mattery, slimy, bloody, coagulated, dissolved, stinking, red, black. He brings the kinds of inflammations from the proprieties of the sulphurous spirits. And Arsenic spirits make plague sores. Orpiment spirits make Pleurisies, not only in the breast, but in the brain, lungs, heart, liver, spleen and stomach.  
He accuseth Galen and other Doctors for saying, That inflammations come from much blood, violent exercise, falls, contusions. And denies that these effects can come from these causes, except some Arsenical seed cause the Plague, or other the Pleurisy lying in the blood, till it get an occasion to boil.  
For the breeding of ulcers, he saith thus. If from the inbred Balsam weakened from error by immoderate diet in the mummy of the blood, the Synoviae of flesh defect of separation come from impure matter: the impurity being left, which is full of corrosive salts; if this happen often, and then tincture be strong of the corrosive seeds, and the mummy of the blood be transplanted, they will bring in the roots of the flesh or Synovia, and by constant nourishment, from things of like impurity, at a digested time they will produce fruit agreeable to the roots. He saith that salts of iron breed the roots and fruits of a Cancer in the flesh, veins and members, resembling the Anatomy of Mars, and they dwell in the face, lips, paps, breast, and sometimes the womb. The Herpes and Wolf have aeruginous roots, near of kin to the Cancer, and place themselves in the musculous flesh in the joints and breast, etc. I shall not repeat more for brevity sake.  
But many of these are false and absurd. First, he denies the causes alleged by the Galenists, but every one may see them daily, especially if they be in an impure body. Moreover, inflammations rise not as plants out of seeds, but when bad humours are heaped up in the body, if nature cannot expel them by usual ways, she sends them to ignoble places, where, with blood gathered out of the vessels, they are hot and putrefy: hence comes pain and inflammation, the skin discolored according to the variety of the humour. And that which Nature doth every where, she doth here also, that is, she makes divers quittors according to the humour: the same is to be thought of the breeding of ulcers. Nor are the Chemists to be totally rejected for their explaining of the differences of inflammations and ulcers, though it may be objected against them, there are divers effects of Arsenic, Orpiment, Vitriol, if they be applied outwardly, by things that appear in inflammations; for animal Salt and Sulphur differ from vegetable Salt and Sulphur, and things taken from the earth, have a kind of alteration, and the greater in Animals, though they do never wholly change their Nature, as you may see in Bubo'es, Carbuncles, Cancers, and the like.  

2. De loc. att. c. 9  Concerning the cause of pain, they say that the spirits of Salt dissolved, causeth pain, this we allow, but it is also from burning, cutting, stretching, as I said. But I take it ill, that he should reprove Galen, because he denied that the names of tastes should be applied to pains. Galen says right, That every sense hath its proper sensible, therefore as colours cannot be perceived by the ears, so tastes cannot be apprehended by the touch, as they are such; yet Galen denies not that things that are tastable, as they are salt and sharp, do diversely afflict the touching, but this is not from a savour as it is tastable, but as it is sharp, which may be tasted also: which Severine confessed, therefore he unjustly accuseth Galen.  
Also it is evident, that differences of pain come from the nerves in the part, being more or fewer. Severine says, Those parts are most pained in which are the sharpest spirits of Salt, which go outwardly at the mouth of the stomach, the guts. But he is out, for parts covered with nerves and membranes, have the sharpest pains.  
Scheuneman in his Book called Reform Physic or his Hermetical Penny: lays down ten chief Causes of diseases: as spiritual Mercury, burnt Mercury, sublimate Mercury, praecipitate Mercury, Sulphur coagulated, Salt calcined, Salt dissolved, and Salt reverberated. But he shows no cause of these Principles; they are new beings, which he no ways proves, and therefore he useth new words, nor plain Greek nor Latin, as Pneumosus, or spiritual Mercury, Cremosus, which is we suppose from Cremare to burn.  
At last he propounds an aetherial Spirit-like fire the governor of all actions, the radical moisture that bedews the whole body, the spirit of the radical humour, the quickening substance, and immediate instrument of actions, the aetherial spirit author of concoction and digestion. But these being not sufficient, he adds a fourth, the most pure, white, sweet pleasant, panting, the cherisher of the heat of the whole body, etc. which he calls congealed Sulphur, the first moisture or Virgin's milk, that bedews the body, and refresheth it, the first subject of generation, also a moist and soft substance, a fifth spirit, which he calls Sulphur dissolved.  
But here we admire. He propounds so many Spirits and Principles, and proves not in the least whether they are in being, or be so many. He brings inflammations from Sulphur congealed and burned; but in the fifth Chapter he brings the Quinzy and Pleurisy from Mercury sublimated. Then he brings Fevers from Sulphur fired. So Hypocrates and Galen call them by the name of Fire, but he mixeth false things with them.  
What he says of dissolved Sulphur, is not wholly to be rejected, for the Galenists say that pleasant vapours sent to the brain, cause sleep: nor when he says, That Narcoticks cause sleep, not from cold, but from Sulphur. But he errs in saying all sleep is from a moist Nature and soft substance, that bedews all the parts; for who will say that the venomous quality in the Plague which produceth deep sleep, is such? In that he brings Fluxes and Dysenteries from congealed Sulphur and dissolved; he differs from other Paracelsians, that say they come from Salt, which is more probable.  
But he accuseth the Galenists false, for saying excrements are diseases. For the Paracelsians do so, and Severine that saith he saw a Fever cast out by vomit. Then he makes diseases of Salt threefold: calcined, dissolved and reverberated Salt. He saith the calcined Salt is the Balsam of life; and if it melt in the body, it causeth Dropsies, Oedema and Cachexy.  
He saith dissolved Salt is a liquid body, of a fat taste, that coagulateth and astringeth, that nourisheth all with its good relish, and preserves all, and is therefore called the meat and drink of the Gods etc. and whatsoever wants this Salt, is quite unsavoury.  
He saith the reverberated Salt, is the Lixivium or Clenser of all Nature that takes away filth. To this Salt he brings the Itch, Scurse, Morphew, Pox Scurvey.  
Though we disown not the Salts of the Chemists, which the resolution of bodies shows. Scheuneman did well in a few things, but adding some falsities, he made the rest suspected. He gives no reason why so many Salts, nor is it needful that what compounds the body, should cause diseases. Moreover, he is not constant in describing the kinds of Salts, as appears when he derives all tastes from calcined Salt, and that it is now bitter, than salt, now four, and then sweet: yet in another place he brings the taste from dissolved Salt, & says nothing is savoury that wants dissolved Salt. Other Chemists are more right, as we have showed in the Chapter of Salts.  
Moreover, he errs much in showing the causes of Sweat, Cachexy, Dropsy, and the like. That Sweat hath Salt, is not to be denied, but is not only Salt: for in us it stinks often, which the Chemists say is from Sulphur; nor is sweat a dissolved Salt coming from the substance of the body: we sometimes allow it to Diaphoretick sweats, but not to others. But the serous matter is the sweat, and that sweat and urine have the same matter. And if sweat were thus made, fevers would not be gone with sweeting, which we see. It is as absurd when he brings Cachexy and Dropsy from resolved Salt, for the Dropsy is otherwise caused, as in Lib. 3. Pract. Cap. 1. you may see.  
Nor had Paracelsus or Severine any cause to bring the Dropsy from the resolution of parts or their Salts, for there is water and Salt enough in our meats and drinks, which if it be not well separated, it breeds a Dropsy by degrees. Nor doth a Scirrhus of the liver or spleen always follow a Dropsy, and never go before it, for experience shows the contrary.  
To what he saies of Tartar, I grant that many difeases come from Tartar and Salt, or being mixed with slimy humours But he errs, saying that such Salt is the nourishment of the body, and the meat and drink of the Gods, and when it doth not its duty, it breeds cartarous diseases. This Tartar is rather an excrement unfit to nourish the body, 
Lib. de veteri Medici.  as Hypocrates saith, and wine which hath little Tartar, is best.  
As for his reverberated Salt, I commend him for bringing the Itch, Scab, Scurse, and Teter, and Ulcers that creep, from Salt, and the Galenists say that salt humours cause them; but I see not what he doth more than others. For these diseases differ in their causes, & cure very much, and the kind of Salt or salt humour is different in a Cancer, and a Teter, or Scab, and if he had explained them, he had sound favour from all Philosophers. For there is great difference of diseases from salt humours and the French pox, the Scurvy, Cancer and Carbuncle differ not only in respect of the part affected, and the greater or lesser heat of the salt Spirits, or the kinds of Salts, which the best Chemists confess, and therefore they apply divers medicines to divers diseases that arise from Salts: nor do I believe that Scheuneman cured the Leprosy, French pox, Cancer, Teter, Scurvey, and all corroding Ulcers with one only Salt.  
What he speaks besides, is not considerable, and I should lose time to treat concerning it.   

Chap. 17. Of that part of Physic which is called Semiotick, or of Signs.  
PAracelsus varied in his Doctrine of Signs, 
Part. 3. disp. contra Para.  as Eraslus shows, sometimes he allows them, sometimes he rejects them. But when he says we must not regard Signs and Symptoms, he there erreth; for Signs and Symptoms are considered of Physicians, not for themselves, but that they may bring us to the knowledge of hidden diseases and causes. Nor can we commend the Paracelsians for slighting them, for there is no curing of that disease which is unknown.  
He speaks nothing in general of Signs, let us consider what he says in particular, and first of the Pulse. The modern Physicians think that he was well skilled in pulses, as appears in his Book of the Plague Tract. 1. where he saith, The pulse is the measure of the temper of the body, according to the propriety of the six places, which the Planets possess, etc. And wrote more of pulses, 
Lib. 2. de urina. judi.  as you may see. And he saith the pulse continues till death, and sometimes a quarter of an hour after.  
If he had no more to say of pulses, he had but little, and what could be more simple, then to write that the gall, reins, liver have their peculiar pulses? and the feet and other members, to attribute anger to the pulse? And that is most simple when he says, A pulse may beat a quarter of an hour after death: for how can there be vital actions when the soul is gone?  
He was larger concerning urine, which he desines thus: It is a salt separated from the nourishment, and some of the three first Principles neglected by Nature, namely the stomach, liver and reins send forth the urine. He is not to be despised for referring urine to salt, 
Institut. lib. 1. c. 9  which is not in things by adustion only, for the volatile salt of urine is without any adustion, and in that part which it first comes forth, of which we spoke elsewhere.  
He divides the urine into the external, internal, and mixed. The first he will have to come from the Elements, and to show no more than what belongs to the stomach, reins and liver. And saith it is of Tartar, which shows that the separation from the pure and the impure, is made in the three chief parts, the stomach, liver and reins, and in this urine, Salt, Sulphur and Mercury may be known.  
The internal urine which is of blood, comes not from the nourishment, but from the excrements of all parts, and the Minerals that are in Nature. He calls that a mixed urine which is compounded of the internal and external. But Paracelsus did not much regard this distinction, as appears in the Life of Oporinus, who brought an urine to him, and desired the Doctor's opinion, but he broke the glass against the wall, and called him fool.  
He errs in making the internal urine of blood, not from nourishment, but from the excrements of parts and Minerals in man's Nature: for in a part constituted, there are no Minerals that send forth a peculiar excrement. John Rhenavus mentions other differences of urine from Paracelsus in his Vrocriterium Chymiatricum, where you may see strange opinions of urine, but let every man beware of them.  
Some Chemists have spoken well of troubled urins, but not they alone, nor are they the first, for in a troubled urine, many things may be known which are not to be seen in a clear, chief in fevers; for in some something sticks so to the glass, that it is hard to be scoured off. In others, though it stand long, there is none. This is easily known when the urinal lies on one side: therefore in such diseases I suppose from experience, that you may judge as well from troubled as clear urine.  
Some Chymasts in Epidemic diseases distinguish urins from Arsenic, Orpiment and Mercury. They say Arsenic is like unslaked Lime, and cleaves to the urinal, and corrodes it: that Orpiment is like Okar in colour, and sticks fast also, but doth not corrode the glass so much; that Mercury is skycoloured, and is first seen in the circle.  
Others teach that you may judge of diseases by distilling the urine, but Paracelsus tried it not, 
Gerhardus Doraeus de urine. dost.  I suppose, (but this is my opinion) in great diseases if any will distil it, I am not against it, that they may know better what is in it, as you do in Spaw-waters. Whatsoever he says more of the part affected, the disease and the event, is foolish What doth a furnace as high as a man concern the coustitution of the urine? Why should the bigness of the vessels in a certain part answer to the just stature of a man? All men are not of one stature, and therefore this proportion will not fit all, and you must make other furnaces and glasses for others: but these are trifles.  
Moreover, Severine thought otherwise then Galen concerning the place affected, and knowing the times of diseases: but Severine jesteth at the word, and distinguisheth not the disease from the cause, nor the place from the cause, nor the part affected by itself from that by consent. And he unjustly accuseth Galen for making the brain the part affected in an Epilepsy, because the beginning of sense and motion, is from the brain: Nor was Galen ignorant that the cause which twitcheth the brain, and produceth it, was not always in the brain: but he willingly taught, and all other Physicians after him, that it came often from the womb, stomach, and other remote parts, as in other diseases.  
The Galenists knew, and taught that the root and fountain of the disease was to be found out. And it is very hard to find out the part that affords matter to the disease. Moreover, the way of finding out the seeds of diseases, is uncertain, for the relation of the patiented (which Paracelsus slights) shows us sometimes best to know the disease, as for example, in the Epilepsy by consent from the leg, may be known best by the relation of the patiented, which cannot be known by giving medicines; let them show it otherwise, not by promises, and till then, let us retain the old way of finding out the parts affected. And let us not imitate the rash Chemists, who writ little of the part affected, and not say, That medicines of themselves know how to find the centre of a disease, which is mere folly.  
Severine saith, the times and periods of diseases come not from numbers, or the peculiar Nature of man, the motion of the Moon, the flux of excrements, and certain motion of the expulsive faculty, but from the seeds and stars of the members, and that in diseases, the offices of Nature cease, and all things are governed by the seeds of diseases.  
And though it be true, that concoctions and excretions are at certain times, we must not deny that these inferior things are governed by superior causes, which the very Countrey-swayns know from the motion of the Moon: for all men are equally affected by the same celestial influence and motion.  
It is false, that hereditary diseases, as Epilepsy, Gout, and the like, grow like Plants from their seeds (as Severine writes) which have their time of digestion, and bringing forth fruit, some in the seventh, tenth or fourteenth year, etc. for there is another cause which is the vicious disposition of the parts. And the reason why they seize not on all at one time, but upon some in infancy, others in youth, is, because the cause that produceth. diseases, is not easily bred in all ages. The Epilepsy seizeth upon infants, the Gout upon old folk, but commonly the hereditary disease comes at thirty, because that age useth to heap up the causes of that disease.  
But it is against experience, when Severine brings the continuity of diseases from Homogeneal roots, and the intermission of them from heterogeneal roots. For the cause of continuity and intermission, is divers, as we shown in Fevers. But this cast him into many absurdities by supposing that diseases arise only as fruit from Trees. He hath many absurdities, but this is worst, because in diseases he takes from Nature the government of the body: but he speaks contrary to himself and to experience. Thus, It is the proper faculty of all vital Elements, not to endure any strange thing in their Region, but they expel all contraries by force. Right, for Nature doth not only her duty in health, but in sickness. Therefore Hypocrates saith well, 
6 Epid.  that Nature is the Physitianess which is not meant of the Nature of Medicines, as Chemists interpret, but of the body. For while Nature opposeth a disease as an enemy, we must not despair of cure, and the Crisis comes by Nature's benefit, which to impute to Medicines, is foolish.  
Nor is Paracelsus constant in Prognostics, 
Lib. 1. de orig morb. c. 8. Lib. 6. param. in sine & in scholijs.  for he saith all diseases without exception are curable, though they be from the birth, because if venom be in Nature, it is to be cured. Elsewhere he saith some diseases are uncurable, as the Leprosy.  
Therefore this is the question, whether all diseases are curable? First, it is a wonder that Paracelsians should die so soon, when they defend all diseases to be curable, why do they not prove it in themselves? The vulgar is governed by opinion and fair promises, but not the Learned. Moreover, they err in counting the Leprosy, Epilepsy, Dropsy and Gout curable, which Galen says are uncurable. For they are not always curable nor uncurable, but some are of themselves so, others by accident. Of themselves they are uncurable, when their Nature is such, that no art of man can help in any patiented, and when there never was an example of cure. They are uncurable by accident, when there are remedies, and by Nature they are curable, and in some they are cured, though in this or that patiented they are not cured, because something happens which makes it impossible. Therefore the Epilepsy, Dropsy and Gout, are not well referred to discases of themselves uncurable. Galen mentions some Lepers that were cured with Vipers and Treacle. 
Parte 4. disp. contra Paracel.  And Galenists have cured the other, as Erastus shows, and daily experience confirms, and only by Galenical Physic.  
Yet I deny not that there is great power in Chemical Physic in such difficult diseases, but it is as impossible for the Chemists as for the Galenists, to cure all Leprosies, Epilepsies, and Dropsies, and it is as impossible, as to raise the dead.  
The reasons they bring for the cure of all diseases, are of no force. For though there are in Nature all things necessary for pleasure and necessity, and God could make Medicines against all diseases, as our Saviour cured them that were otherwise incurable, and raised the dead, yet it follows not that God is envious for not making them. Nor doth it follow that though God gave a remedy against eternal death, that he also hath given a remedy against all diseases: diseases and death are the punishment of sin; therefore though God of his mercy hath given a remedy against eternal death, yet he is not enviious nor unjust, that he hath not given remedies against the first death and all diseases. Read Bruno Seidelius of incurable Diseases.   

Chap. 18. Of Medicines, and the Method of Curing.  
PAracelsus valued not diet, as appears by his Practice; for he drank with his patient's nights and days, and said he cured them with a full belly. But here he did ill, for all Physicians have acknowledged diet to be necessary to the cure of all diseases, and he that neglects it, finds it by experience. In fevers it is plain, for if the patiented eat too freely, or that which is improper he relapseth. And in many diseases good diet is half the cure.  
As for Physic, let us consider the universal Medicine which the Chemists so commend, by which a man may be preserved from diseases to the determinated time of his life, as Robert Valensis writes. 
Lib. de verit. Chymiaes.  This as Arnold de Vill a nova faith, Hath virtue and force above all Medicines, to cure all diseases both hot and cold, because it is of an occult and subtle Nature, it keeps Nature in health, strengthens its virtues, and makes the old young, and expels all infirmities, etc. But many Chemists think there is no such universal Medicine that can cure all diseases in similary and organical parts, in excess and defect and in conformation. They confess that wounds, fractures, and luxations, Ruptures, and the like which require Chirurgery, are not meant here. They except also the stone, hereditary diseases, hectics, and diseases in number deficient, fixed Cancers and Gangrenes, because God alone, not man, can cure all diseases: only they are only curable with this universal Medicine that come from the inward fault of the humours, or as they say, Which spring from an internal Root. And they call it a Medicine of much use, as the Ancients called it a Panacea.  
But the Chemists brag of this, but few or none have explained it. They say it is enough to know the patiented to be sick, and that next to the Word of God, by which eternal life is promised, there is nothing more precious: but this Medicine is rather to be wished then hoped for; nor was that yet found that hath done that which the Philosopher's stone doth in transmutation of Metals, it is plain, and many of our age have had it, but it is not evident what it hath done in curing diseases, nor yet any thing proved by good witness.  
If this Philosophers-stone can transmute ignoble Metals, yet it follows not that it is an universal medicine, for they should first prove it upon themselves, as Paracelsus and others that bragged of the Philosophers-stone, and yet died all young.  
But they which have this universal Medicine, and do hid it, have no mercy like Christians, when they see so many men tormented, and will not help them. Nor are good things to be concealed, because they are abused. I doubt whether a Christian Physician can with a safe conscience conceal a Medicine that can cure great diseases, and if he do, he doth not like a Christian that must love his neighbour as himself.  
They agree not among themselves in determinating this Medicine, for many take it for the Philosophers-stone, yet Scheunaman makes the leaves of black Hellebore almost equal to the Philosophers-stone, and saith that they being brought into a Balsam, make a man live a second age, and do purge beyond all.  
There are three opinions of the universal Medicine. The first is of them that think that it cures all diseases, not primarily, but secondarily, by strengthening Nature wonderfully, for according to Hypocrates, Nature is the Physician, she concocts, separates, voideth, and takes away all faintness. And here the Chemists extol their Quintessence and Balsam, and their incomparable vital Sulphur, they call the secret flower the Sun and the Heaven. They say their Quintessence and aetherial Spirit diffused through all natural things, is the fountain of all vigour and actions. In Animals it gives soul, in Vegetables it gives growth and vegetation, in Minerals and Metals it doth according to them. In men it makes concoction and Crisis, and then triumphs over his conquered enemy.  
They say this Spirit and Quincessence and Balsomick Medicine, comes from the great World to the less, that the spirit in the body of man being helped by external aid, that is by this strengthener, may oppose diseases more valiantly, and either change what is foul in the body to a natural state, and expel it. Some say this is to be done by Chemistry, so that it may easily agree, and be united to our natural heat, and radical moisture, and spirit, and increase it, and raise it to the height of purity. And though this quintessence be in all things, yet it is more in some then in others. And the universal Medicine is to be made of that in which this Quintessence doth most abound, but what, and what kind of matter it is, they do not explain.  
Of this first opinion I think thus. First, I admit of what they say touching the strength of inbred spirit. The Galenists teach this, only let us have the soul to be the principle agent & this inbred spirit, 
Inst. l 5. p. 1. s. 1. c. 3.  to be only an instrument of it. Nor do I wholly reject their Quintessence, but admit it so as I shown in my Institutions; namely, to be something like to the Element of the Heavens, a spirit such as is in wine, by which it so strengthens the body, and refresheth the spirits: and by Chemical resolution you may show it in all plants. And many Galenists confess that there is in Medicines, not only that which works by the first qualities, 
Part. 2. disp. contra Paracels.  but by a nobler force. Therefore Erastus speaks too rash to call the Quintessence a Dream of idle persons that desire to cheat.  
But let us grant them this, and that there is Nature that which abounds with this Quintessence and Spirit, which being artificially prepared, hath great power to strengthen, and therefore may be called an universal Medicine. Yet they prove not that it can cure all diseases without purgers, alterers and openers, and the like. And it cannot be that Nature should purge water in a Dropsy, with Medicines that move the belly, or discuss the nodes in the Gout, or the Stone without help of Medicines. And though all diseases should come from the hurt of the vital spirit, yet the cause of that hurt may be manifold; therefore to restore the spirits, divers Medicines must be given according to the variety of causes that hinder it. Therefore it is not sufficient that the spirit which governs the whole body be strengthened, but the strength of every private part must be preserved.  
The second opinion is of those that allow not only force to the universal Medicine to strengthen the inbred Balsam and Spirit, but to dissolve, consume and dissipate the seminary tinctures and impurities, or diseases and causes thereof. But let us consider if this may be to defend their opinion, they say that fire burns all things, Antimony consumes all Metals mixed with gold, and hurts not that, therefore the same may be by the universal Medicine, which like a purging fire, consumes all the impurities of our bodies. Secondly, they say as there are poisons as Arsenic, and that of a mad Dog which hurts all men, so there may be Medicines that do all good, and cute all diseases. But these do not evince. For fire doth not consume all things, but only combustible things, for it doth no hurt to earth or gold. What they say of Antimony is not agreeable here, nor doth he prove that the same thing may be done by the universal Medicine in man's body. Therefore they should prove that such a Medicine may be as may resist all the distempers of the body, and consume all causes of diseases, and hurts not the body as Antimony doth all but gold which is safe.  
To the similitude of poisons, I say that every poison hath its own Nature, and man hath his; therefore it is the action of a determinate thing upon a determinate; nor is every poison a poyso to every creature. And there are many things which hurt men, & do no hurt to other creatures. But if all diseases are to be cured by a medicine, there would be an universal action upon a determinate, because there are divers diseases and humours which have their peculiar nature, all which an universal nature ought to resist.  
They who think there is no such universal Medicine have sounder principles. First, the cure of a disease is a changing of the body into a contrary to the disease, But all change is between contraries, and from the contrary. There are many differences of diseases and bad humours. Some diseases are from manifest qualities, some from occult, and there is a great difference in these, as appears by variety of poisons: and every disease and humour requires a peculiar remedy, nor doth one Medicine cure diseases from cold, heat, nor doth it moisten, and dry, and oppose all poisons. If they say this universal Medicine is so tempered that it can resist all, how then being so tempered in the first qualities, cannot amend the great excess of cold and heat at once. And to speak Chemically, if Sulphur abound, and Salt be wanting, how can a temperate Medicine, supply the defect of Salt, and take away the abundance of Sulphur.  
God therefore alone cures all diseases, but the strength of natural things is determinate and distinct, and the medicinal virtue is dispersed into many things; nor is their strength given naturally to one Medicine to do all things: hence is the great variety of Medicines, that every disease hath its peculiar remedy. And this variety had been in vain given by God, if all diseases could be cured by one simple universal Medicine. And all Apothecaries would break, and Physicians might burn their books, if that Medicine were sufficient.  
Hence it sollows, that this soundation of Physic is unshaken. That which is besides Nature, is to be taken away, and that which is according to Nature, is to be preserved, like things are preserved by their like, and contraries are cured by their contraries. The Chemists themselves admit of these general Indications. And therefore they give a force of strengthening the natural Balsam to their universal Medicine, and to comfort and consume diseases breeding impurities, and so of curing all diseases: but they have not proved that one Medicine should do both.  
The Author of the Natural Physic of the round Vision and Cabalistical Chemistry in his Book called, The open Chest of the most Artificial Secret, hath so many absurdities as words. And the learned Chemists approve it not, whether he wort it in earnest or in jest. There is such another Book called, The New Knowledge of the Universal Medicine, set out by a Professor of Physic of Fribury in Brisgoy called Wolfang. And though he promiseth much concerning this Medicine, no man yet can hear what he hath done, though many inquire. Therefore the Chemists do rather wish and hope for this universal Mendicine then enjoy it.  
In the matter of Physic they differ little from the Galenists; first in finding out the faculties of Medicines, they go another way, which they call by Signatures, and say that the Plants that represent Animals, or any parts of them, or are like any way, are good to strengthen those parts or to expel diseases. To these they add the Dominion of the Planets, and the Plants that are subject to such a Dominion, are dedicated to those parts as are under those Planets. Under Saturn they place Plants that are rough and unpleasant, black, swarthy pale, and Lead-coloured, thin and dry slalks, binding, stinking, moorish: these have an Antipathy with the Plants of the Sun, and are dedicated to the Spleen.  
Plants of Jupiter are oily, pleasant in scent and taste, with red and sky-coloured flowers, these belong to the Liver; as Balsam, Oil, Clove-giliflowers, Bettony, Avens, Lilies, Centaury.  
Plants of Mars are reddish, sharp, and rough, Corrosives, and such as grow in dry places, as Nettles, Carduus.  
Those under the Sun are sweet in scent and taste, yellow flowered, or gold-coloured, that grow in the South Sun; to these they refer Wine, Saffron, Citrons, Oranges, Balm, Rosemary.  
Under Venus are Plants of a sweet taste, and an amurous scent, with a white flower, as the Dog-stone; Plants, all Lilies, and Lily Convals, Daffodils.  
They say Mercury governs Plants of divers colours that grow in sandy grounds, bare Cod, have a subtle scent, as Pellitory, Chamomil, Columbines, Beans, Daisies, three-leaved Grass, etc.  
The Moon governs the Plants with soft leaves thick and full of juice, as Gourds, Cucumbers, Melons, Musk melons, Pompions, Lettuce, Garlick, Onions, Leeks, etc.  
The modern Chemists from these made Medicine peculiar to every humour and part; they thought that these have great relation to the blood, as Gillyflowers, Roses, Peony, Bugloss, Borage, Violets, and therefore serve for Sanguification. And that Bugloss and Borage purge the blood from melancholy, Fumitory from choler, the Peach-leaves from phlegm, and all Plants that are like blood do stop blood, as Tormentil, Snakeweed, Herb Robert, with the red Root, red Roses, the Bloodstone, red Coral. They say that these following are like to choler, and do purge it, as Rhubarb, Agrimony, yellow Mirobalans. They are such as are black or dusky, are like melancholy, and such as are bitter or astringent, as Polypody, black Hellebore, Senna, Asarabacca. These are proper to evacuate phlegm, as wild Cucumbers, Mercury, Arage, all these are under the Moon, and belong to the stomach and brain, and purge them, are good against phlegm, and the moist scab, and the like.  
As to the parts of the body: the brain, because it is governed by the Moon, hath relation to the Medicines under its Dominion, and against all diseases of the brain, Moonwort, Silver, and Pearl are good. Finally, they ascribe proper Medicines to every part of the body, either from the signature or colour, or from the Dominion of the Planet over the part.  
They say the Herbs with pointed Leaves, as Carduus Mariae and Benedictus, Eryngus, Juniper, etc. are good against pricking pains. That plants that have knotty roots, are good against tumours and pustles. They which are persorated, or are like an axe or saw, or any thing that will wound are good against wounds. That plants that have slimy and glutinous juice, and have gums and rosin heal wounds: those that are spotted and scaly leaved, cure the scab and all defilements of the skin. Those like Serpents and other venomous beasts, are good against their bitings and stings. 
Questot. lib. designat. externis. Crol. lib. de signat. exter.  See Baptista Porta, Quercetan, and Crollius.  
All these are not to be rejected, nor do I think with Libavius that it is by chance that things answer to their external forms. For experience witnesseth the external figures are the signs of the internal virtue. And let Signature have its place among the rest, for finding out the faculties of Medicines and diseases. The Galenists have long approved that Medicines are proper to such parts as they resemble, as Peony and Poppy are good for the head and brain, but we must not trust only signature, though it is the chiefest, and let experience be yielded unto.  
Nor is it to be contemned, that every plant is under a peculiar Planet, because Heaven (by experience) acteth not upon things below only by heat and light, but by an occult influence. But this was not the Chemist's Invention, but the Astrologers of old.  
Here's a question: 
Lib. 1. philos sagacis & lib. de occulta Philoso.  Whether there be any force in Words and Characters in Physic? Paracelsus caused it, when he said Characters would cure diseases otherwise uncurable, and he saith it is lawful to fetch remedies from the Devil, if they will cure a man. We answer as for words they signify from a compact and convention of men. For thoughts are the same in all men, but the words or notes by which they are expressed, are divers, and the same words signify divers things in divers Nations. 
Lib 1. philoso. saga. c 6.  Therefore words do only declare the sense of the mind, and work no further, for all principle of operation by which bodies are changed, is a quality and a natural power, and things have their efficacy by their qualities. Paracelsus saith that words have an hidden for●e and virtue as Roots and Plants, but because he proves it not we ought not to believe it. The Devils in old time shown their worshippers by what words, signs and images they would be worshipped and called upon, and so from a Covenant they are of power. Hence it happens that they which read such words and conjurations, though they understand them not, yet do raise the Devil: Martin Delrio hath an example of this. 
Disquis. magic. lib. 2. q. 29. sect. 1.  There is great abuse in holy words, which the Devils and Conjurers use often to delude the simple.  
There is the same reason for Characters and Seals; nor did Paracelsus and the Chemists first give power to them, 
Lib. 30. nat. histo. c. 1. Lib. 9 the simple. me dic. facult. c. de lapidib.  but the Astrologers and Physicians, and the Magicians chief, as Pliny writes. It is an ancient trick to grave a Dragon upon a Jasper-stone, and put it in a ring. Paracelsus propounds many Characters out of Galen in his Book of Archidox Magic, and in that of occult Philosophy, he prefers two before all Sigus and Characters: the one in which the word Adonai is written in a figure, the other in which the word Tetragrammaton is written (as if it were the Name of God) he writes these are good against Devils and diseases from Incantation; nor is the Name of God profaned so, because it is used for man's good, and against diseases of incantation, but evil is not to be done that good may come thereof  
But neither Paracelsus nor others that allow Power to Characters and Seals agree in giving a cause of the effects they produce. Some bring their strength from Heaven, 
Differ. 101  as the Conciliator out of that of Ptolemy. The countenance of sublunary things is subject to the heavenly countenances, so that the celestial Scorpion governs the inferior; which being granted, what doth it concern a Scorpion graven upon a Jewel, nor are they under the same kind. Others say there is a force instilled into them from Heaven, and the Stars. Others say that Individuals beginning to be under a determinate constellation, receive an admirable faculty to work or suffer, besides what they have from their species. But a Jewel or Metal doth not then begin to be when it is graven, but it was before. Others think otherwise, but none could yet bring any probabilities for the virtue of them, much less have any of them power to get favour to men, or knowledge, wit, memory, or love of a King, or Victory in War and Law, or good success in hunting, or merchandise, or make faithful friends, or raise a man to honour, and the like.  
Two things are in Seals, the Matter and the Character, to neither of which can this force be ascribed: not to the Matter which is from nature, nor hath it that strength as they confess, and if it had, it would have it without a figure or Character, as a Loadstone under what figure soever, hath power to draw iron without a Character. The Characters are from the Artificer, and from the Idea in his mind, which cannot work upon external things, therefore cannot have force from themselves or from the Artificer; of themselves they are nothing but figures, but a figure is not active being but a quality of the quantity: nor do artificial things act upon natural, and change them, or affect them, as being such, but they act upon them as they have natural matter, and on the contrary, natural things do not alter nor affect articificial, as such, but as they are of a natural matter. Therefore images or names graven upon Matter, can do nothing of themselves.  
Nor can they take their strength from Heaven, for if the matter of which they are made, can receive any strength from Heaven, it may receive it as well without Characters; nor have they yet proved the contrary: therefore if any efficacy be found in these, it must be ascribed either to imagination, which is of great force, or to the Devil, who by secret signs is invited by such characters, by way of compact made of old with his worshippers. For these came from the Gentiles that were subject to Superstition and Idolatry, and the Devils gave these Characters from a bargain either explicit or implicit, by which only they prevail from the Devil who made a covenant with him that first learned them.  
Nor is it sufficient what they say, that such things are without the invocation of the Devil, or adjuration, or any unlawful way, but work naturally. For first they must prove that there is such a peculiar virtue in such Seals, which Metals and Gems have not of themselves; for though it be not an explicit bargain or conjuration, yet it may be implicit, and the Devil knows the dice he gave his worshippers before. Therefore the Primitive Church ordered the converted Gentiles to abstain from things consecrated to the Devil. 
In Acts Apost.   
But Paracelsus saith therefore that the patiented be forsaken and lie without help, when remedies that work by nature cannot cure him being enchanted? We say first that it is false, that diseases brought by Magic, cannot be cured by natural means, of which we have many examples. For such diseases are often produced by natural means, and when such things are removed as causes, they are cured by natural means, by a strong faith in God. So Medicines that purge melancholy have been given with good success to such as have been possessed of the Devil. See in Rulands' Centuries, for a melancholy humour is the Devil's bath. Also by purges, and vomits, hair, needles, wood, iron, and other strange things have been voided, that have caused suspicion of Witchcraft: and the patients have recovered. Therefore we must never fly to the help of the Devil, because it is deceitful, he cures the body to get the soul, and any disease or death itself, aught to be more desired, than health from the Devil.  
To this is like the magnetic cure by amulets, for many things work naturally by a virtual contract as Galen confesseth, 
6. Templ.  when he writes that Peony hung about the neck, cures the Epilepsy, and the best Physicians confirm it. This force is called Magnetic, from the Loadstone that draws iron, and turns to the Pole without a corporal contract. 
Part 1. dis●●t. contra Para.  He that denies such things, is to be accounted very unskiled in natural things, or rash to deny what is proved by experience. Though Erastus thinks otherwise.  
Now if any cure be done by these occult consents and dissents of natural things; I allow them such are given in the Plague and approved by experience, as the great Duke's Oil, the Oil of Scorpions of Mathiolus. So Fevers are sometimes cured by Annulets and Vesicatories.  
Only take heed that no superstitions nor Magic by an explicit or implicit bargain with the Devil be sold to you. for Seals and Characters cannot be referred to Magnetic operations, nor what Paracelsus allows of Images, nor can all effects in nature be palliated by the example of magnetic operations.  
There is another question here. 
Part. 1. dsput. contra parac.  Whether ought Plants to be gathered at a certain time according to the aspects of the Stars for Physic? Erastus and others deny it, and think the Scripture forbids it, but where I know not. Trees to build with are hewn down rather at the increase then decrease of the Moon. 
In praefat. In diosc.  Therefore I think with Mathiolus and many learned men, that the Aspects of Stars are to be observed in gathering some Plants, for these inferior things are governed by the superior, and consent with them, and many learned men think, that Peony so famous against the Epilepsy doth not please all men, for no other reason then because it was not gathered at the due time; and it were good in Physic to observe this.  
The Chemists also differ from the Galenists, because the Chemists make nothing of the first qualities against experience, by which it appears that the body is distempered by the excess in the first qualities, and by the contrary is cured, yet they do little good who are so intent on the first qualities, regard not the occult; moreover many Chemists proclaim all Apothecary's medicines as malignant and venomous, and willh have none but such as have been cleansed and prepared by Chemistry, This they labour to prove in all Physic.  
First for Purgers, 
Com. 2. the rat. vict. in accut.  nor Pills, nor Potions, nor Electuaries, but they tax as poison, from the consent of Galen, the Greeks and Arabians, and Galen saith, The Nature of Purges ought to be contrary to the nature of our bodies. 
Lib. 6. c. 6.  They say our Alterers are as bad, so they say from Dioscorides that Saffron is deadly, Also Poppy, Henbane, Hemlock, and many others.  
Some are more moderate and say all our medicines are not poison, but have much impurity that hinders their profitable force; and they who give whole medicines do like them that boil the birds in their nests, and eat Oyster-shels and all. But Alchemy is that only Instrument by which the malignant quality given by God for sin is taken away; Let the impurities which hinder the force of the vital spirit, and break it, be cast away. Here they inveigh against the vulgar way of preparing of medicines, and first they argue that there are too many simples in a medicine: because one disease hath but one nature, and requires but one proper remedy. And as simple diet is best for a man, and variety hurteth, much more doth a compound medicine offend a sick person.  
And to contract all in a word that they allege against Galenists, they disallow the ordinary way of cure and making medicines, saying, that borh Purgers and Altererers are poisonous, corrosives, impure, unpleasant, unefficacious, confused and strange. Hence they cast off the ordinary Dispensatory; they inveigh against foreign medicines and say they are Arabian fooleries, and inventions of Apothecaries.  
Then they carp at the Galenists, because they use not Stones, Metals or Minerals, or very seldom, being as they say the best of medicines, and vegetables are not sufficient to root out diseases; because they have a fugitive spirit and make not a fixed Balsam, and preserve not from putrefaction, as Metals do which last long; therefore the Galenists send patients to the Spa waters, which have all their power from the spirits of minerals and metals. Therefore the Chemists having a better physical matter and better prepared, they say they cure diseases by the Galenists uncurable.  
These accusations are not a few, nor weak, and if they could clearly prove them the medicines we use were to be totally rejected: But it is not hard to vindicate the Galenists, for what they say of poison put into creatures by the curse is without reason, and is refuted Chap 16. and the Chemists themselves think otherwise as Rulandus observes. 
Progymnau. Alkin qu. 25.   
Moreover it is foolish to say that all purges have the nature of poison, we grant some that are vehement are adverse in nature to our bodies: But what is that against the Galenists or for the Chemists? They have their Cauteries and Sections, and Vomits that are adverse, and yet they are not always to be rejected. So if the strong purgers molest in some way the patiented, yet the profit they bring by purging bad humours is greater. Albeit the hurt they bring is from the want of right preparation and administration.  
But no Chemical preparation or separation takes away the poison from a venomous body, or can make it a good Medicine: nor do purgers, prepare them how you please, lay aside their nature wholly. Nor have the Chemists given any purge that hath not some way disturbed the patiented, therefore purging extracts are to be given with as much caution as others.  
What they bring against the vulgar composition of Medicines, is of little weight; so that the way of composition used, is not to be abolished, and their arguments are most from the Galenists that allow them not: and all Doctors disallow the crowding in of divers Simples without a cause, and they think it rashness to use Compounds when Simples will do, and that it is bad to put many Simples of the same faculty into one Compound.  
But many may be mixed when diseases are complicate, both in the affects and the causes, when Medicines are to be directed by many ends which cannot be done by one simple Medicine, for one simple Medicine can scarce be found that hath so many faculties joined together, as the Doctor hath ends propounded.  
Therefore let Chemical preparations have their due praise and place, and the Vulgar preparations theirs. But it is the part of an idle and too curious person to prepare all things Chemically, and when a Conserve or a Powder will serve to give an Oil or a Spirit. Nor is the commendation of a Chemical medicine for its small dose sufficient, because it causeth no disgust, for so you may commend poisons. This is the error of many, who to please the palate only, give the Extract of Scammony, Cambugia, or a little Powder, but great in operation, but consider not whether it hit the disease, and evacuate the peccant humour. To conclude, it is the part of a prudent Physician sometimes to use Chemical, sometimes whole Medicines, according to the circumstances of the diseases, place and time.  
They also are not wise, who reject exotic or outlandish Medicines, for neither wine nor spices that grow from home, being used every day, are enemies: Every Land doth not produce every thing. Therefore there is commerce that one Nation should supply the other. It is true that the Galenists say if homebred Physic, it were in vain to get foreign, but if not, there is no reason why exotic Medicines may not be used.  
We reject not wholly Physick made of Minerals and Metals, 
Dios. l. 1. c. 17. Gal. de med. fac. parabilib. 2. c. 36.  being persuaded by the Spaw-waters that cure desperate diseases. The ancient Physicians gave them inwardly as well as outwardly, as Steel, Sulphur vive, scales of Brass,  Brass, and the like. Therefore we may better use them Chemically prepared. Niter prepared called Sal Prunellae, is used happily against Quinzies and Fevers. Antimony and Mercury, if well given, do what other Medicines cannot. A Girl of twelve years old used Antimony Diaphoretic every day, who had many ulcers about the joints, when other remedies were of no force, and was cured. But because these have often done hurt, you must be wary in using them, lest Mercury of life so called, become Mercury, or a messenger of death.  
It may be objected that Metals are enemies to Nature, but we must labour to take away that enmity by Chemistry, you may see this in Arse●●●● which being present poison, lays aside all its venom by Chemical preparation. Yet we commend not them that include all Medicines in a few Metals, as if God had made Vegetables in vain. It is known to all how Medicines made of Vegetables and Animals, refresh both the sound and the sick with their pleasant taste and scent, and it is not yet proved that Minerals can do the same.  
Hence the question is easily decided, whether Chemical or Galenical Medicines are best? To speak my thoughts, they both have their places and praises, but if you ask which is to be preferred, the one simply cannot be preferred before the other. For though the Chemists have a certain prerogative, yet indeed they are not better than Galenists, but the Medicines excel in respect of preparation, nor are they simply to be preferred for this cause, for I said both have their place, and it is the part of an unexperienced man never to desire to use Chemical medicines, or not to use whole medicines, but all Extracts or Essences For some medicines so disperse their virtue through the whole body, that if their parts should be separated, they would partly or wholly lose it. Others have their strength in other parts, where consider in what part it is. Therefore use whole medicines, when the force desired is in the whole body, and vanisheth when it is dissolved: But use dissolved or separated medicines, when the strength of them is divers, and comes from divers parts; or when the force of the medicine may be brought into a small quantity by taking away what is unprofitable.  
Here observe, that which way soever Antimony and Mercury are prepared, they never will be so good and safe, as Cassia, Manna, Tamarinds, Senna, Rhubarb, and the like, and from one grain of them, more hurt may come, then from an ounce of ordinary Physic. And which way soever they are prepared, they are always accounted vehement medicines. Though some brag of secrets and singular preparations, they have not yet discovered them. Therefore let the Chemists prove that the volatile purging Spirit that passeth through the whole body, remains such in Antimony and Mercury after preparation, so that it may be so benign and familiar to our Nature, as Cassia and Tamarinds, and the rest. This they will scarce do, for that Spirit is easier to the fixed or thrown away, then to be qualified as to lose its nature. 
Lib. 4. Epist. ad Andr. de Blaw.  Mathiolus says well on the other side: When the whole mass of blood is all over corrupt, and filled with the seeds of diseases, these cannot be cured but by Minerals.  
Therefore a wise Physician must use sometimes this, and sometimes that, as the nature of the diseases and circumstances requires, as Powders, Decoctions, Infusions or Extracts, Minerals, and domestic and foreign Medicines. As for Example, when you will strengthen and bind, Conserve of Roses doth that which a Spirit, or Water, or Salt of the same cannot do: on the other side, the strength of medicines is greater in Chemistry, as in Oils and Spirits. For the Physical part is separated from what is unprofitable that hinders its operation, and so it is given pure. Therefore we conclude, that Chemical medicines considered simply, are nobler of themselves, because purer and more active, but they are not always and every where to be preferred before Galenical.  
Nor is the objection against Chemical medicines of force, when they say, that what ariseth from the solution of the mixture, is not specifical, and the Chemists while they dissolve the mixture, 
Lib. 3. de simpt. med. fac. c. 14.  destroy the essence. For Galen shows that all medicines, though to sense simple, yet are in nature compounds, and so have divers faculties in the parts, and afford divers uses for divers things. Moreover, the solution is not always into the first Elements, as we shown, therefore when the Chemists dissolve such bodies by art, and dissolve dissimilary bodies into similary parts, they are so far from destroying the strength of the medicine, that they rather separate them from all heterogeneal mixture. Nor doth the Chemist transmute the thing, but makes one thing of another by the power of nature. As that which is extracted from Rhubarb in the Spirit of Wine or other liquor, is the same in number and species with that in which the force of purging depends in Rhubarb being whole And so we grant that as he that gives butter, doth not give all the milk, so he that gives the Extract of Rhubarb, gives it not all, but only that part in which the force of purging lieth. Therefore medicines made by solution, are not of the same species with the whole, but are of the same kind with the parts of the whole, from which they were made.  
Let us conclude thus, he that will be a true Physician needs not only medicines to cure as an Empiric, but he must follow method and his indications, otherwise he will do more hurt then good, for the abuse of the best thing is the worst. Therefore Erastus saith well: He doth least hurt in most diseases, 
Part. 4. disput. contra Parac.  that useth vulgarly prepared Medicines, but he doth much hurt, that gives Chemical Physic where it is not needful, or gives them not aright. This is to teach young Physicians that think themselves wiser than others, and neglect all vulgar remedies approved by long experience, and use only Chemical medicines lately invented, and not well approved, and so get a fame. And to teach some Galenists that being ignorant of Chemistry, yet to seem inseriour to none, give dangerous Chemical medicines, not knowing their strength and preparation. The Chemists offend in this at this time, who being ignorant of all other parts of Physic, yet having a little skill in Chemical operations, contemn other Physicians, and proclaim their own perfection: and so with the Cobbler, they go beyond their last.  
Let us now discuss the Controversy, whether we must use contraries or things like, for curing diseases? It is an old Axiom, Contraries are cured by contraries: whence Hypocrates defines Physic to be addition and substraction, that is, to add things defective by the like; and to subtract or take away what aboundeth, and happens to the body besides nature by the contrary. For curing is a motion from a disease to health, 
Arist. 5. metaphies.  and motion is respect of a contrary.  
The modern Chemists say that like cures like, and when there may be a twofold similitude, with the disease and with nature, they understand both, because Hypocrates saith, Nature is the Physitianess of diseases, and remedies are in vain when she resisteth. Hence Galen shows that the vital indication is to be preferred before all, therefore things are to be given which are like and familiar with nature. Then they think that things alike are to be given in respect of the disease and its causes, for purges attract vicious humours by the similitude of the whole substance, and Alterers must be like to the part to which they are applied, and there are proper medicines for every part, some for the heart, others for the brain and liver. Then they say that diseases arising from Salt, are cured by Salts, and those from Sulphur by Sulphur. But this Controversy is rather in words than things. First, they agree in this, that always there is a care to be had of the strength, and it must be preserved by its like: nor doth the other Axiom oppose this, namely, That contraries are cured by contraries. For here we must distinguish between a vital and a curing indication in species. And when Hypocrates saith, Contraries are cured by contraries, he speaks not of a vital Indication, but of taking away what is preternatural, and must be only meant so. Hence it is that the patiented desires contrary things to the disease, as when he thirsteth, he desires drink which is the cure of thirst; for it is not the disease that desires remedies, as the thirst doth not require drink, but the thirsty: and so by this general rule, whatsoever is besides nature, is to be taken away.  
Nor do the Galenists deny that medicines are to be chosen, which are familiar and proper to the part affected, which familiarity is in similitude and an occult Sympathy.  
Thirdly, I suppose the Dispute is not of the contrariety of Alterers, nor is there any Paracelsian so simple, that will give a hot remedy as hot against a hot disease as so, or thinks that a dried body as such, is to be more dried. For experience is against them, and sense, not only in men but beasts, who in great heat require to be cooled, and in cold to be warmed. Therefore the Axiom of Hypocrates remains unshaken, which Galen confirms, 
Lib. 9 m. c. 15.  That the Remedies of contraries are contrary.  
And though the Galenists contend among themselves about this, and some would overthrow it, yet hitherto they have not.  
Therefore the Controversy remains about the causes, whether remedies must be like or contrary unto them? If by contrary, we understand whatsoever is effectively so, or that can produce an effect contrary to the preternatural affect; I suppose the Chemists will not be against us, for they give their medicines for that end, namely, that the cause and the disease may be taken away, and not increased. Nor do any of them deny that of Hypocrates, 
3. Aphor. 22.  That diseases from fullness must be cured by evacuation. The question than is, How ought medicines to be against the causes of diseases, according to internal strength, and nature, and substance? Here lies the great wheel of the Controversy, for the Paracelsian Chemists refer diseases or the causes of them to their Principles, and call some Sulphurous, some Salt, and some Mercurial, the Sulphurous they say are to be cured by Sulphur, the Salt by Salt, and the Mercurial by Mercury; if Sulphur be on fire, it must be quenched, and in this they admit of contrarieties, but only by sulphurous medicines, and so they think of salt and tartarous diseases, as the stone which is to be cured by Tartar. Hence the stones in  and other Creatures, are good to break it, and the Jew-stone in the stone of the kidneys & bladder, and roots of Butchers-broom, Smallage, Marshmallows, and so they say that the disease always denotes the remedy.  
In this the Galenists and Paracelsians seem to differ, let us labour to reconcile them. And first most Galenists to allow that Purges do attract foul humours by a familiarity of substance, which doth not overthrow that old Axiom, that contraries are cured by contraries. For they are always effectively contrary, for the disease is alwales taken away by contraries mediately or immediately, by itself or by accident; and though Rhubarb attract choler by the likeness of its substance, yet it causeth choler to be purged, therefore Aristotle writes well, 
1. De gen. ercor. c. 7.  the patiented and the agent are the same in general and alike, but unlike in species, and such are contrary.  
Nor do the Chemists deny contrariety, when ●hey say Salt cures Salt, for some Salts have power to dissolve, others to coagulate, therefore they say that humours coagulated by Salt, are to be cured by Salt dissolveth. And they say that a fever from burning Sulphur is not cured by burning Sulphur, but by sharp Sulphur that may coagulate these Spirits that are on fire, and allay them, 
De prisc. mat. med. c. 3. & 3.  and keep them burning. Quercetan proves this by gunpowder, for though Saltpetre and Sulphur are easily set on fire, yet both have a sharp Spirit, with which if you touch the powder, it will flame no more. Therefore in one respect the like cures the like, and in another the contrary the contrary; for between humours and things that dissolve humours, there is a familiarity. But in respect of the taking away of the disease and the causes, contraries are required.  
And thus much of the consent and descent between the Chemists and the Galenists. He that considers this wisely, 
Lib. 4. Epist. ad Andr. Blauv.  will find that Chemical medicines are not to be neglected for Galenical, nor Galenical for Chemical; for as Mathiolus writes. None can be an ordinary Physician, that knows no Chemistry, and he is admirable that knows what is Divine in Diseases, in Medicines and Nature, and finds out the fountains of actions, all which may be done by Chemistry; but he that cleaves only to the first qualities in things, cannot come to this. Other things that respect the constitution, faculties, and actions, the causes and differences of Diseases and Symptoms, the Signs, Prognostics, and Method of Curing, may be found in Hypocrates and Galen, and their Interpreters. He that neglects these, is an Empiric, and no Physician.    

AN APPENDIX.  

Chap. 19 Of the Constitution of Chemistry.  
IN this Appendix, we suppose what Libavius wrote at large, and Beguin in short, and what we mentioned in the fifth Book of Institutions. That though Chemical Opeperations and Medicines are there added, yet here I will plainly lay down as in a Table, the whole Nature of Chemistry, and its Constitution from the places alleged, and add some admonishments. This I shall do without calumniating any, or detracting from them.  
For two may differ in opinion,  
And still in friendship keep communion.  
All Sciences and Arts, as they are found, aught to stand upon some Principles, that reasons may be given of things done in them, otherwise it is rather an ignorance than a science, yet Chemistry the most noble & useful Art, hath few things fortified with reason, and brought from certain Principles; for there are many proceed and Forms of Operation, of which few teach the causes and Principles, so that it seems to be an Art without an Art. But as Physick so Chemistry is wholly subject to the natural Science, and must follow the Laws of Nature, in working, so that there may be a mutual consent between them both.  
In the first Chapter of this Tractate, there is the Subject, Definition, and a twofold end of Chemistry. But laying aside the former end, we shall here speak only of the Constitution of Chemistry, as it serves a Physician, and helps him to good Medicines; and we shall propound some things in Operations which may serve for the last end.  
A Chemist to obtain his end, must have some means or Mediums, which are Chemical operations and instruments by which he worketh. Of which we shall speak in order.  
As for the instruments, the chief are fire or heat, the Menstruum, air and water; but that agents may be applied to the patients, there are required furnaces, glasses, and many other vessels. We spoke elsewhere of furnaces, glasses, and other vessels, and of luting, 
Inst. l. 1. part. 3. sec. 2. c. 11.12.14.  and we added instruments for other operations. And Chap. 2. we spoke of fire and heat.  
The Menstrua are whatsoever things serve for solution, extraction and separation of bodies: and this name is commonly given to liquors, which cast upon bodies, have an actual force to dissolve or extract something out, as common Water, distilled Waters, Dew, Spirit of Wine, Turpentine, distilled Vinegar, and things distilled in it, Spirit of Salt, Niter, Vitriol, Aqua fortis, and Regia, of which in the place of my Institutions cited.  
We may bring all these liquors into three heads, some are watery, some have Salt, others are oily, bodies are not dissolved, but by their proper dissolvers that answer to their nature. The watery bodies are like water, and are dissolved and extracted by watery Menstrua, Sugar and Salt, which melt in water, dissolve salt bodies, and no other. Things spiritual are dissolved by Spirits, salt things by salt Spirits, and extracted by oil and fats. Metals and Stones by Aqua fortis, and Regia, and the like liquors. And without Salt no Metal is dissolved, because all Metals are of a salt nature; therefore the first melting must needs be by Salts. Mercury dissolveth gold, not so much by corrosion as by similitude, or an occult quality. And Aqua fortis, though it be very corrosive, dissolves not Rosin, Wax or Pitch, but they are dissolved in oils and fats. Therefore get the proper Menstruum for dissolving of very thing.  
Some understand by the word Menstruum, not only liquors, but other dry bodies, which dissolve things, as Salt, Niter, Sulphur, which being added to Metals or Stones, and resolved in a fire of reverberation, insinuate into the bodies applied, and dissolve them.  
Thirdly, Chemists must have air which conduceth two ways, namely as it is moist, and hath waterish vapours, and as it is cold; as it is moist, it serves a Chemist, when it is mixed with things by nature dry, and makes them of a moist consistence; this is when air gets into Salts in moist places, and makes them melt. And in some distillations the moist air causeth the Spirits that are by nature dry, and come forth like clouds, to turn moist, as in Oil of Sal Gem made by a bell, in Spirit of Salt and Vitriol, and the like.  
Also air serveth in respect of its coldness, for cold by accident and binding of Homogeneal bodies, doth congregate; therefore Salts sooner grow together in water, then in heat.  
Fourthly, water is an instrument of the Chemists, not only as a Menstruum to dissolve and wash, but to mix itself with dry Spirits in a moist air.  
I should add Earth, and the like, but for offence, therefore in making Spirit of Salt and Niter, Poters' Earth, Bole, and sealed Earth, are used. In distilling some Oils, the powder of Bricks, Sand and Ashes are used. First, that the body to be distilled, may be as fine and small as may be, and be better healed. Secondly, lest the glass should be broken by things that easily dissolve (as Niter) another body is added to make it dissolve gently. Also the Chemists use other instruments for some operations, as Oil of Tartar, to precipitate Pearl and Coral being dissolved, and other for others, but I doubt whether these may be added to the former instruments.  
As for Chemical operations, they are diversely divided, and I let every man use his own way: I divide them into a Diacrisis, and Syncrisis, and Immutation.  
Diacrisis is, when the Fabric of the Body is resolved, and that which was one, is divided. This is done three ways 1. When the impure or strange bodies are separated. 2. When the body is dissolved into Homogeneal parts. 3. When it is dissolved into Heterogeneal parts. In which operations let the Chemists take this proposition, let all things be made as pure, and subtle, and efficacious as may be.  
To the Diacrisis belong Purification, Calcination, Sublimation, Resolution, Extraction, the Essence, the Tincture, Putrefaction, and Distillation.  
Purification is by washing, and often dissolving, and coagulating, and filtration, 
Instit. c. 8. etc. 10.  of which elsewhere. To this belongs drying or exsiccation, which is by evaporation and exhalation, also burning, as when the sulphurous parts and water which are not required to stay, do fly away, and that remains which you desire.  
Calcination is either by actual or potential fire, that is, by a liquor that hath power to corrode and dissolve, as distilled Vinegar, Spirit of Salt, 
Instit. c. 6.  Niter, or Vitriol, of which Chap. 6. Also Metals, Minerals, and Stones, and other hard things are calcined.  
Sublimation is, to separate impurities, and to bring bodies to the least Atoms. By all these ways the body is dissolved into Homogeneal parts, and that which is dissolved is homogeneal.  
Resolution is, when a body is dissolved into divers Heterogeneal parts. In this Diacrisis note, that the properties are in the whole, or in the parts, therefore when you desire the force which is in the whole, you need not this operation, but when you need the force that is in a part that depends upon the whole, observe in what part it is. So Conserve of Roses is good in a Dysentery, not Spirit of Roses. To this belong Tinctures and Essences, 
Inst. lib. 5. part. 3. sect. 3. c. 9  of which elsewhere.  
Concerning Tinctures observe, that there is no true Tincture which doth not remain after the Menstruum, is abstracted. If many Tinctures were examined by this rule, they were not true, but that colour is from the mixture of the Menstruum with the body dissolved.  
Diacrisis is also by Putrefaction, which tendeth to a kind of separation, as parts by nature somewhat separated, may be better separated by art, 
Instit. loc. cit. c. 7.  therefore as we shown, it is often used before distillation.  
To this head, we refer all distillations by descent, by the side, by ascent in a moist bath, dry, or vaporous, 
Instit. loc. cit. sect. 2. c. 11.  in ashes, sand, or open fire.  
The second kind of Chemical operation, is the Syncrisis, when divers things separated, are joined together. This is done first by precipitation, when the body dissolved in some Menstruum, and dispersed by a liquor, is again separated from the liquor, and goes to the body, and unites itself. And he that considers all precipitations, 
Instit loc. cit. 3.13.  may observe that precipitation is universally made when any thing is cast in for solution, or infused, by whose force the liquor dissolving, or that which in the liquor, is the cause or solution, is separated from the body dissolved.  
To this may Reduction be referred, by which a body brought to a powder or liquor, or the like, is restored to its first form: yet reduction is not in all bodies that are dissolved by their Menstruum, or put on another shape by the mixture of other things. For though these may be separated from their Menstruum, yet they are brought only into the form of a powder, not into their first form. This is done best by Precipitation. Reduction is used in Metals, which being brought into divers forms, may still be reduced. Now reduction is by taking away the Menstruum, and that which brought another form into the body. The Salt of Tartar is an usual instrument for reduction, not that it is contrary to all corrosives, and breaks their force, but because it is a friend to all Salts, and therefore attracts them, and unites them to itself by its likeness, and so the body being freed from the Salt of the Menstruum that dissolved it, is restored to its own nature.  
Metals when melted or mixed with dissolving waters, are filthy, separated from their Menstruum by precipitation, sometimes warm water is sufficient to separate a Metal from its Menstruum.  
To Syncrisis also belongs coagulation and concretion, of which in my Institutions. 
Lib. 5. part 3. sec. 2. c. 13.   
To this you may refer Digestion and Circulation, which is for this end, that the liquid parts which are not sufficiently mixed, may be united by the least bodies, of which elsewhere. 
C. 14.   
To this belongs Cohobation, or an often distilling of the liquor cast into the matter let in the vessel; this is, that what was not separated in the first distillation, may be drawn out in the second or third, yet sometimes that the matter which is volatile in the liquor, may be joined to the fixed.  
The third kind of Chemical operation, is Immutation, as when we bring a new manner of substance upon a thing. To this belongs first the changing of a dry thing into a liquid form, this operation is called Deliquium, of which before. For though the moist air is then joined to that body, 
Loc. cit. c. 4.  yet nothing is added that gives it peculiar strength, but the consistence is only changed.  
To this belongs that operation whereby solid bodies are made drinkable, where we shall question whether gold may be made potable? Of which hereafter. Secondly, to this belongs the contrary operation, as when a solid body is made of a liquid, as Precipitate of Quicksilver, of which before. 
Lib. 5. part 3. sec. 3. c. 18.  Thirdly, Fixation or Volatilsation belong to this, as when no part of the thing is taken away, nor other thing added, and a fixed body is made of a volatile, and a volatile of a fixed. It is called fixed or volatile, in respect of the fire or heat, the thing in its own nature is such, but the heat or fire makes it manifest, for that is fixed which endureth the first, volatile is that which flies away by heat. This is done by the addition of an Homogeneal body: for fixed Salts may be made volatile by digestion, and also sublimed.  
Vitrification or turning into glass, is the end of transmutation of natural bodies, after they are melted by the strongest fire.  
We have mentioned the operations which the Chemists use as means to obtain their end. As for Chemical works, they are under two heads, according to the twofold nature of Chemical bodies Some are Homogeneal, some are Heterogeneal, but there are no words to express it: Some call the first work an Extract, 
Libavius.  the last a Magistery. And in the special explaining of these, there are divers appellations, as Ens, Essence, Quintessence, the Secret, Magisterium, Panacaea, and the like, but these are not used alike of all: but let us not fall out about words but things.  
There are three sorts of Chemical works. The first is when nothing is separated from the whole but a thing is changed and made more useful, and a new manner of substance or quality is induced, they call this a Magistery, but it may be called unchanged or impersect. The second sort is when that which is separated from the whole, or extracted, which may be called a Secret, or separated body, or an Extract by the name of the species. The third is that which holds the Compounds: for the Chemist doth not only prepare Simples, but Compounds, some as Elixirs Balsams, and the like.  
To the first kind belong first things that of solid become liquid as Oils made by a deliquium, the making of which is in my Institutions. 
Lib 5. par. 3. sec. 2. c. 14.  As the Oil or Liquor of Tartar, and other Salts, which are not properly Oils, but whole bodies impregnated with their salt Menstruum; and therefore melt in the moist air: to this is drinkable gold referred, and other potable Metals.  
The Chemist's dispute whether Metals may be reduced into a liquid form of themselves? I suppose the liquidity is from the Menstruum mixed, because all Metals are of a dry nature, and they that think otherwise, let them show that there is any moisture in them, if not, it is not in the power of art, that these dry parts of Metals, and their dry fumes, should be turned into water. And though the Chemists add nothing, yet if it be left in the moist air, it gets into it, as appears by Vitriol calcined.  
Of this kind are, the dissolvings of Pearl, Coral, Crabs-eyes. White vomiting Vitriol and powder, and chalks of Metals. The golden Sulphur of Antimony, Crocus of Mars, and other Metals, which is made only of the substance of Metal resolved. But here we understand things plainly Homogeneal, and from which nothing is separated, but only a new kind of substance is induced.  
The second kind of Chemical works is called the Secret or separated Body, where the whole body is not presented, but a part To this belong purified Bodies, burnt and calcined, all the chalks of combustible things, and Salts drawn from them. Also Extracts and Tinctures, or Essences. Also Distillations, as Waters, Spirits, Oils properly or improperly so called, Sublimates and Flowers, when the whole body is not sublimed, but part of it remains.  
But it is absurd to make Extracts or Quintessences or Oils of all things, especially of substances plainly subtle or Homogeneal. There is an example in Pepper whose corns in a cold stomach, when the liver is hot are good, because they heat the stomach, and hurt not the liver, but the Extract or Oil of Pepper is not good, because it goes presently to the liver, and hurts it.  
The third kind of Chemical work is of Compounds, 
Lib. 5 par. 3. sec. 3. c. 5.  to this belongs the Elixir, of which in my Institutes.  
These are the differences in general of Chemical operations, of which there is great variety according to the variety of bodies, as Vegetables, Animals, Minerals and Metals, for every thing is not made of every thing, but one thing of another: therefore the Chemists must understand, what may be made of every thing. For Vegetables to this belong whole Plants and their parts: as of herbs, shurbs, trees, leaves, flowers, seeds, etc. of these are made depurated Juices, Spirits, Oils, Extracts, and Tinctures, and Salts, you may add juices to these in the preparing that they may last better, as Wine, or a little Spirit of Wine.  
We shown in our Institutes the way of making simple and compound Waters and Spirits. 
Lib. proxime Citato.  These are made of green or dry Plants, green Plants we distil in Balneo, or if they be juicy, we make juices, and clarify them in the embers, and distil them; if they be less juicy, we add water, and distil them in a still, or add water, and press out the juice, and then distil it. But when we make Spirits, fermentation is made first.  
A question may arise whether Oils and Spirits differ in Essence? This we leave to every man's judgement.  
Grosser Oils made by burning of bodies, are of woods and barks, as of Box, Guajacum: because in these the oily substance cleaves so close to the wood, that if you boil it, it cannot be drawn out.  
Then observe in Extracts, that every Simple will not afford an Extract, for little is extracted from things that have spiritual parts, and that have spiritual and oily Waters, as Rosemary, Mints; but they whose strength is in a slimy juice and are not volatile, have more extract, as Gentian, Calamus Aromaticus, Carduus, and the like.  
We said that Salts are made of Plants, but some do it only to delight the eyes, 
Inst. lib. 5. s 3. c. 5.  and not increase the strength. They make Salts in Crystals, and sometimes they pour Aqua fortis upon Salts vulgarly prepared as in making Tartar vitriolate this is reprehended; from Salts of Plants there is also a Spirit as we shown to be made. 
C 5.  Things called Faeculae belong to separations made of Plants.  
Of Drops, and Rosins, and Gums are made Spirits and Oils, and an Extract of Scammony called a Rosin, and it is pure Scammony separated from all its impurity, as the Extract or Balsam of Aloes Also there is flour of Benzoin sublimed.  
From Tartar there is a cream of Crystal, a Liquor, Spirit and Oil, Salt, & the Secret or great Magistery is made the same way, as the Magistery only instead of spirit of Wine we use distilled Vinegar. Moreover the cream and Crystal of Tartar is not a pure Salt, because it dissolves not in cold water, and if it be distilled in a Retort it affords oil also. That called oil of Tartar is not its proper Oil, but its Salt dissolved by Deliquium.  
From Coral a Magistery is made, and many talk of a tincture of Coral: but if it be considered the best Chemists dare not promise it to be true, but it is the Solution or Magistery of Coral mixed with some Menstruum.  
Chemist's work also upon Animals and their parts, as Blood, Flesh, Horns, Bones, Stones, Pearls, Perch stones, Crabs eyes, Galls.  
Of Honey is made a Water or Spirit, of Wax there is made an Oil, and from Butter. From fats of Beasts an Oil is distilled which is hotter and drier than they. Of Urine is made Salt; from Blood only a fixed and volatile salt, water and oil: but they are not safely given inwardly by reason of their stink, nor outwardly, for other things may supply. Some make Mummy of blood which is nothing but that fibrous part of the blood, and the beginning of flesh separated from the serous and dried in the Sun. Also Mummy is made of Man's flesh. And a Water is distilled from hearts of Beasts, and from Horns. There is Physic made also, of Man's Skull and other bones burnt: or a Liquor, Oil, or Volatile Salt; by a Retort.  
From Stones bred in man's body there is made a Salt and Oil; and a Magistery from Pearl, Crabs eyes, Perch stones; but I doubt that the spirit of Pearl is mixed with a Menstrual Salt, therefore I suppose that Pearl vulgarly prepared is wholesomer in many diseases.  
As for Minerals and Metals they are objects of Chemistry. Of Amber there is an oil. Of Sea salt or other, a Spirit or Oil. Of Niter is made Sal Prunellae.  
From Sulphur there is flour by sublimation, of this flour there is a Tincture and Balsam of Sulphur with spirit of Turpentine and Wine, and of the same flour is Lac Sulphuris made.  
The Chemists talk much of the oil of Talk, but of itself it is not made into a liquor, but being calcined with a strong fire or with Niter and Vinegar sprinkled upon it, the volatile Salt in the Vinegar unites itself with the caclined Talcum, and then melts, he that can show better let him.  
From Gems are made Magisteries, than Tinctures, but if any coloured Liquor be from Gems, it is rather the dissolving of the Gems than an extracted Tincture.  
Things made of Minerals and other metals are not so easy, we shall speak a little of some of them.  
From Vitriol by distillation is first drawn a Phlegm and Spirit. Spirit of Vitriol is thus made. Take Vitriol as much as you please, calcine it yellow, pour enough of the spirit of Wine upon it to make it like a Paste, distil it, rectify the spirit when it is extracted; thence make a salt of Vitriol by pouring hot water upon the Caput mortuum or Lees. I see no cause why this may not be counted a Salt. Some labour to make a green spirit of Vitriol.  
Antimony first may be calcined, and then it is called Crocus metallorum from its Saffron-colour. You may make flour of the same by calcination. There is also a Stone or Glass made of Antimony. Some make a Tincture, a Regulus, and a Butter. Antimony is made Diaphoretic, and loseth its purging quality by the mixture of fixed Salts: this is done when Antimony is often melted with Niter, for Niter gives another kind of substance to Antimony, and makes it of volatile fixed, this is so hard as Crollius writes wittily, the art of Fire cannot take away the force of causing Vomit from Antimony, though many have attempted it: because they abhor that quality of vomiting, nor hath any Chemist this preparation, though many brag of it; for if the vomiting quality be gone, the purging quality must go with it: Nor is it an argument because some vomit not after Antimony is taken by them, for that is from the strength of the stomach, or the disposition of the humours to be evacuated.  
Let us speak a little of the Physical use of Quicksilver, this only shows that one thing keeping the same internal form and nature, may have divers external forms; it may be dissolved, sublimed, precipitated, powdered, made to flour-like silver, into glass to be like a metal, coagulated and changed, and many ways transformed in divers liquors: yet so that it easily comes to its old nature, flies away, and is fixed, nor is there any heterogeneal part that may be separated, of it are made first many precipitates, of which there are many descriptions, some call it Turbith, others distinguish it. Also there is Mercurius vitae, Crollius called it the flour of the butter of Antimony, but wrong. Of the same is made a Bezoard Mineral, than there is an ordinary Sublimate, and a Mercurius dulcis, the secret of Coral is a kind of Sublimate. Also there is a Silver flour made of Mercury, 
In Apocalyph. hermetica.  and waters, oils and spirits: Libavius hath described the Mercury waters.  
As for other metals some are fixed, others not, the fixed are Gold (which alone loseth nothing though long in the fire) and Silver, which because it is more fixed than others, is counted fixed as Gold, we shown in our Institutes the calcination of metals by fire and a Menstruum. 
Lib. 5. p. 3. s. 3. c. 5. & 6.   
From Lead is made Saccharum Saturni, if this be put into a Retort and distilled, there is made a liquor called oil of Lead. Of Tinn is made a Crystal and oil or liquor. Of Steel is made Crocus martis of which there are divers descriptions and tinctures. If Vitriol be dissolved in water and spirit of Vitriol, it is after coagulated into Vitriol. Vitriol is made of Copper, called Vitriolum veneris. Of Silver is made a Tincture.  
There are many disputes of drinkable Gold, but I suppose that what is sold for potable Gold is only the Magisteries mentioned and Gold dissolved into the smallest parts and mixed with a menstruum, divers menstruums are carried about; the force of dissolving in all which, lies in the Salt. And Gold is to be brought to that pass, that it may be dissolved in spirit of Wine or other liquor, which may be done by divers Menstruums. And in all the end is that the body of Gold being thick and compact may be resolved into very fine atoms, that being taken in it may with more ease exercise its force upon the body. Therefore first they use stronger, than weaker menstruums, and if any menstruum be an enemy to nature, it is separated by the fire or by washing. But then the Gold doth not of itself dissolve into a liquor, but by reason of Salt that is mixed with it from the menstruum.   
FINIS.