THE RUDIMENTS OF GRAMMAR. The Rules Composed in English Verse, FOR The greater Benefit and delight of young Beginners. By James Shirley. Vtile dulci. LONDON, Printed by J. Macock for R. Lownds, and are to be sold at his shop at the white Lion Paul's Churchyard, 1656. Letters in Latin. Capital. A B C D E F G H a I Consonant. I b I Vowel. I L M N O P Q R S T c V Consonant V d U Vowel. U X Y Z. These are used at the beginning of every Proper name, the beginning of Sentences and Verses. Small Letters. a b c d e f g h i i l m n oh p q r s t v u x y z. [c] before [e, or i,] soundeth like an [s,] as cedo, cito; Before other Vowels like the English [k] as cado, colo, cuprum. H. is by some held rather a note of Aspiration, then a Letter. L. is never double at the latter end of a Latin word, Pugil. After q. is always written u. as qui, quoniam. Vowels. a. e. i o. u. and y. which is only used in Greek Words, as In●lytus. All other Letters are Consonants. Consonants. I and V before other vowels, when they loose their sound are reputed consonants, as in Justus. Volo. Where i sounds like a melting g, and v like a dry f. X and Z are double consonants, and I between two vowels, as mayor. L M N R are liquids, all the rest are mutes. Dipthongs five. a. as Musae. ae and oe are pronounced like e. au. as Aurum. ae and oe are pronounced like e. ei as Hei. ae and oe are pronounced like e. eu as Euge. ae and oe are pronounced like e. oe as Coelum. ae and oe are pronounced like e. Of Letters are made syllables. si- * [ti] when a vowel immediately follows, is pronounced like [si] except in 1 Tiara. 2 Infinitives Paragogical. Mittier, borrowed words, as 3 Politia. And when s goeth before it, as 4 justior, robustior. ti-o. Of syllables are made words. Of Words are made parts of speech. Accents three. Acute ´ Grave ` Circumflex These are not in use among the Latins, but for distinction and difference of words which are written alike. Multò much, from the Adjective multo. To note a long, sounded before inclytical conjunctions, as itáne, adésdum. Or to show a syllable long by nature or contraction of vowels, as amaverunt, quîs for qucis. Points. A note of Diaeresis ¨ as aër A note of a vowel cut of called apostrophus, 'Audistn ' Parenthesis is when a word or more (not of essence to the speech) are shut up in two semi-circles, () A note of Interrogation? Of Exclamation, Admiration, or Sorrow! A note of long quantity- A note of short quantity ˘ Comma, or note of pausing, Semicolon, of longer pause; Colon: Period, or full point. The Argument. EIght Parts, two Numbers, Cases six, to these Three Genders, five Declensions, three Degrees. Pronouns nineteen, four kind of Verbs, and they Three People through both Numbers do convey: Four Conjugations perfect Verbs receive, On which four Moods attended, and Tenses five. From race of Verbs four Participles flow. Three Gerunds we admit, and Supines two. These things well laid, three Concoras raise at last A structure, and the toil of Grammar's past. Rudiments. Grammar is the Art of speaking rightly. The Parts are, Etymology, and Syntax. Etymology is that part of Grammar which teacheth the Proprieties of several words, especially in the difference of Terminations; and considereth all parts of speech. Eight Parts of Speech. EIght only Parts the wise Grammarians teach, Because in them we comprehend all Speech. Noun, declined, Pronoun, declined, Verb, declined, Participle, declined, Adverb, undeclined. Conjunction, undeclined. Preposition, undeclined. Interjection, undeclined. To all these Parts belong Species which is Form, and Figura Figure. Form is when a word is either Original, and called Primitive, as Scio to know; or come from another, and called Derivative, as Scientia knowledge, derived from Scio. Figure is when a word is either simple, as just us just; or compounded, as injust us unjust, compounded of in and just us. Two kinds of Nouns, Substantive, and Adjective. NOuns Substantives the names of things declare, But Adjectives what kind of things they are. The Substantives are known by [a] or [the] The Adjectives alone imperfect be. A Noun Substantive is the name of a thing that may be seen, felt, heard, or understood; it signifies without time, and is known by the signs, a, an, or the before it. Domus a House, Pomum an Apple, Judex the Judge. To every Adjective you may join man or thing, and it maketh no distinct sense without a Substantive. Antiqua Domus, an ancient House, Dulce Pomum, a sweet Apple. Nouns Proper are all proper Names, which are referred to one, as Thamesis the Thames. Common are applied to all of the same kind, as Fluvius a River. Numbers Two. ONe is the Number Singular, but all Above, we must the Plural Number call. Homo a man Homines Men. Some nouns in the singular signify many, as Populus a people, Grex a flock: These are called Collectives, yet these are the singular Number, as being considered, one people, one flock. Cases Six. THe Nom'native before the Verb doth go, [Of] shows the Genitive, the Dative [to] The Accusative after the Verb is placed, The Fift calls, Prepositions rule the Last. The Nominative, the Genitive, the Dative, the Accusative, the Vocative, the Ablative. The Nominative and Vocative are alike in both Numbers, so the Dative and Ablative plural in every Declension. Genders three. MAle Female, Neuter, perfect Genders be, All others are compounded of these three, A Noun of the Male or Masculine Gender, as Hic Vir this man A Noun of the Female or Feminine Gender, as Haes Mulier this Woman. A Noun of the Neuter Gender, as Hoc Saxum this Stone. Nouns that belong to both Sexes, are of the Masculine and Feminine, as Parens a Father or Mother. The Masculine Gender is more worthy then the Feminine, and the Feminine more worthy then the Neuter. ALL Nouns the Male or Female Gender have, As nature first to Things the Sexes gave. Frater a Brother. Equus a Horse. Soror a Sister. Equa a Mare. Gender is the difference of Sex by Nature, as they are Male or Female; But by Institution and Art, words may be of the Male or Female gender, and yet have no relation to Sex: as Lapis a stone, m. Musa a Song, Fem. ALL Nouns in [umh] declined with Neuter be, Unless they signify a He, or She. Londinum, The City London. Cuprum Copper ANd upon Nouns we do the Neuter place That are declined * These are called Nouns Aptotes, or Invariable, because they change their Termination in no case. The Substantives of these are Neuters, the Adjectives are of all Genders. alike in every Case. Nihil Nothing. Genio a Knee. THe Proper Names of Rivers, every Wind, And Months, are with the Masculine declined. Thamesis the Thames. Januarius the Month January. Eurus the East-wind. TRees, Countries, Cities, Islands, as they were Of Woman-race, the Female Gender bear. Cerasus a Cherry tree. Mona the Isle of Man Anglia England. Oxonia Oxford. Words of one Syllable we entertain Except some few, under the Female train. Declensions five. HIs true Declension every Noun will given From Termination of his Genitive. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. In ae. in i in is. in us. in ei. As Musa. Viri. Crinis. Manus. Rei. Nouns of the first Declension. ALL of the first Declension that do spring From Latin race, the Female Gender bring. Gemma a Jewel. Pecunia Money. Terminations of the first Declension. Sing. Numb. Nominativo a Genitivo ae Dativo ae Accusativo am Vocativo a Ablativo â Plural Number. Nominativo ae Genitivo arum Dativo is Accusativo as Vocativo ae Ablativo is Example. Sing. Plur. N. Gemma N. Gemmae G. Gemmae G. Gemmarum D. Gemmae D. Gemmis A. Gemmam A. Gemmas V Gemma V Gemmae. A. Gemmâ. A. Gemmis. Filia, and Nata a daughter, make the Dative and Ablative Plural in is or in abus. Dea a Goddess, Mula a Mule. Equa a Mare. Liberta a Freed woman, in abus only. Examples of Nouns in As, Es, and E, Which come from the Greek. Sing. Sing. N. Thomas N. Anchises Proper names want the Plural Number. G. Thomae G. Anchisae Proper names want the Plural Number. D. Thomae D. Anchisae Proper names want the Plural Number. A. Thomam A. Anchisem Proper names want the Plural Number. V Thoma V Anchisa Proper names want the Plural Number. A. Thoma. A. Anchisa. Proper names want the Plural Number. Sing. Plur. N. Epitome N. Epitomae G. Epitomae, es G. Epitomarum D. Epitomae D. Epitomis A. Epitomam, en A. Epitomas V Epitome V Epitomae A. Epitoma. A. Epitomis. Terminations of the second Declension. Sing. Plur. Nom. us, er, umh N. i a G. i G. orum D. oh D. is A. umh A. os a V e, er, umh V i a A. oh A. is. ALL Nouns that by the Second we decline In r and us, are counted Masculine. N. Dominus N. Domini G. Domini G. Dominorum D. Domino D. Dominis A. Dominum A. Dominos V Domine V Domini A. Domino A. Dominis. THe Nominatives in us do end in e, All other with their Vocatives agreed. N. Dominus, V Domine. ALL Proper Names in ius end in i So Filius in the Vocative Fili. Sing. Sing. N. Cornelius N. Filius G. Cornelii G. Filii D. Cornelio D. Filio A. Cornelium A. Filium V Corneli V Fili A. Cornelio. A. Filio. Sing. Plur. N. Deus N. Dii G. Dei G. Deorum D. Deo D. Diis A. Deum A. Deos V Deus V Dii A. Deo. A. Diis. N. Puer N. Pueri G. Pueri G. Pucrorum D. Puero D. Pueris A. Puerum A. Pueros V Puer V Puer A. Puero. A. Pueris. ALL Nouns which do the Neuter Gender claim, In the first, fourth, and fifth Case are the same If you decline them in the Plural, they Without exception do all end in [a] Sing. Plur. N. Specul um N. Specul. a G. Speculi G. Speculorum D. Speculo D. Speculis A. Specul umh A. Specul a V Specul umh V Specul a A. Speculo. A. Speculis. Singulariter. N. Orpheus G. Orphei vel Orpheos D. Orpheo vel Orphei A. Orpheum vel Orphea V Orpheu A. Orpheo. Speculum, A Looking glass. n. g. Terminations of the third Declension. Sing. Plur. N. N. es G. is G. umh ium D. i D. ibus A. 'em A. es V FIVE A. e i A. ibus NOuns of the third we Feminines do call, Whose Genitive hath no increase at all. N. Nubes N. Nubes G. Nubis G. Nubium D. Nubi D. Nubibus A. Nubem A. Nubes V Nubes V Nubes A. Nube. A. Nubibus. THe Feminine to every Noun we given When they increase long in the Genitive. Sing. Plur. N. Virtus N. Virtutes G. Virtutis G. Virtutum D. Virtuti D. Virtutibus A. Virtutem A. Virtutes V Virtus V Virtutes A. Virtute. A. Virtutibus Aetas. Age. Racio, Reason. Fornax, A Furnace. But if they short increase, we must decline Nouns of the third Declension, Masculine. N. Pecten N. Pectines G. Pectinis G. Pectinum D. Pectini D. Pectinibus A. Pectinem A. Pectines V Pecten V Pectines A. Pectine. A. Pectinibus. Lapis. A Stone. Silex, A Flints Furfur, Bran. Terminations of the fourth Declension. N. us N. ûs G. ûs G. num D. vi D. ibus ubus A. umh A. ûs V us V ûs A. u A. ibus ubus. NOuns of the fourth all Masculine we found, Except in [u] some Neuters undeclined. N. Gradus N. Gradus G. Gradûs G. Graduum D. Gradui D. Gradibus A. Gradum A. Gradûs V Gradus V Gradûs A. Gradu. A. Gradibus. Motus, Motion. N. Arcus N. Arcûs G. Arcûs G. Arcuum D. Arcui D. Arcubus A. Arcum A. Arcûs V Arcus V Arcûs A. Arcu. A. Arcubus. Laeus, A Lakes Specus, A Den. Tribus. A Tribe. Partus, A Birth. Portus, A Haven. Artus, A Joint. Acus, A Needle. Quercus, An Oak. Ficus, A Fig. Vetu. A Spit. Sing. Plur, Nom. Genu N. Genua Gen. Genu G. Genuum Dat. Genu D. Genibus Acc. Genu A. Genua Voc. Genu V Genua Abl. Genu A. Genibus, Terminations of the fift Declension. N. es N. es G. ei G. êrum D. ei D. êbus A. 'em A. es V es V es A. oh A. êbus ALL of the Fift do end in es, and tender Themselves conformed to the Female Gender. N. Res N Res G. Rei G. Rerum D. Rei D. Rebus A. Rem A. Res V Res V Res A. Re A. Rebus Fides, Faith. Spes, Hope. N. Dies N. Dies G. Diêi G. Dierum D. Diêi D. Diebus A. Diem A. Dies V Dies V Dies A. Die A. Diebus. Species, A Kind. Fancies, A Face. Nouns of the third and fift Declension have the Nominative, the Accusative, and the Vocative alike in the plural. The Termination of Cases in every Declension. Sing. 1 2 3 4 5 N. G. ae i is us ei D. ae oh i vi ei A. am umh 'em in umh 'em V A. a oh e u e Plur. N. ae i es us es G. arum orum ium vum erum D. is is ibus ibus ebus A. as os es us es V ae i es us es A. is is ibus ibus ebus Example. Sing. 1 2 3 4 5 N Musa Vir Crinis manus Res G Musae Viri Crinis Manus Rei D Musae Viro Crini Manui Rei A Musam Virum Crinem Manum Rem V Musa Vir Crinis Manus Res A Musa Viro Crine Manu Re. Plur. N Musae Viri Crines Manus Res G Musarum Virorum Crinium Manuum Rerum L Musis Viris Crinibus Manibus Rebus A Musas Viros Crines Manus Res V Musae Viri Crines Manus Res A Musis Viris Crinibus Manibus Rebus Felix, [happy] is a Noun Adjective of one Termination, and third Declension. Sing. Plur. N. Felix N. Felice's, Felicia G. Felicis G. Felicium D. Felici D. Felicibus A. Felicem, Felix A. Felice's, Felicia V. Felix V Felice's, Felicia A. Felice vel Felici A. Felicibus. Tristis, [sad] is a Noun Adjective of two Terminations, and third Declension. Sing. Plur. N. Tristis, triste N. Tristis, tristia G. Tristis G. Tristium D. Tristi D. Tristibus A. Tristem, triste A. Tristes, tristia V Tristis, triste V. Tristes, tristia A. Tristi A. Tristibus. Suavis, pleasant. Humilis, humble. When the Adjective hath two end in one case, the first is Masculine and Feminine, as Tristis, and the second Neuter, as Triste. Bonus [good] is a Noun Adjective of three Terminations, of the second and first Declension. Sing. Plur. N. Bonus, bona, bonum N. boni, bonae, bona G boni, bonae, boni G. bonorum, bonarum, bonorum D. bono, bonae, boro D. bonis A. bonum, bonam, bonum A. bonos, bonas, bona V bone, bona, bonum V boni, bonae, bona A. bono, bona, bono. A. bonis. When the Adjective hath three divers end, the first is Masculine, as Bonus, the second Feminine, as Bona, the third Neuter, as Bonum. Unus, One. Singulariter. N. Unus, una, unum, G. unius D. uni A. unum, unam, vaum V une, una, unum A. uno. unâ, uno. Alter, another, or either. Singulariter. N. Alter, altera, alterum G. Alterius D. Alteri A. alterum, alteram, alterum, V caret A. altero, alterâ, altero. So totus whole, solus alone, ulius any, uter whither, neuter, neither. Unus wanteth the Pimal, unless it be joined with a word that wanteth the Singular. Alius, another Singulariter. Pluraliter, N Alius, alia, aliud N. Alii, aliae, alia G. alîus G. aliorum, aliarii, aliorum D. alit D. aliis A. alium, aliam, aliud A. alios, alias, alia V 〈◊〉 V caret A. alto, aliâ, alio A. aliis. Duo two. Pluraliter, N. Duo, duae, duo G. duorum, duarum, duorum D. duobus, duabus, duobus A. duos duas, duo V duo, dua, duo A. duobus, duabus, duobus. Ambo both. Pluraliter. N. Ambo., ambae, ambo G. amborum, ambarum, amborun D. ambobus, ambabus, ambobus, A. ambos, ambas, ambo V ambo, ambae, ambo A. ambobus, ambabus, ambobus. Duo and ambo are sometimes used for duos and ambos. Tres three. Pluraliter, N. Tres, tria G. trium D. tribus A. tres, tria V tres, tria A. tribus. Quatuor four. Pluraliter. N. Quatuor. G. Quatuor. D. Quatuor. A. Quatuor. V Quatuor. A. Quatuor. Acer [sharp] is a Noun adjective of three Terminations, of the third Declension. Sing. Plur. N. Acer, acris, acre N. Acres, acria G. acris G. acrium D. acri D. acribus A. acrem, acre A. acres, acria V acer, acris, acre V. acres, acria A. acri. A. acribus. So Celer, Silvester, Pedester, Campester, Paluster, Volucer, Celeber, Saluber, Alacer. Three Degrees of Comparison. THe Positive declares without excess, With the sign [more] Comparatives increase, By [most] the bold Superlatives are known, Beyond which, there is no comparison. Pos. Durus, Hard. Com. Durior, more Hard. Sup. Durissimus, most Hard. An Adjective of the Comparative Degree hath two Terminations, or, and us. N. Tristior, tristius N. Tristiores, tristiorae G. tristioris G. tristiorum D. tristiori D. tristioribus A. tristiorem, tristius A. tristiores, tristiora V tristior, tristius V tristiores, tristiora A. tristiore vel tristiori A. tristioribus. The Positives and Superlatives are declined like Bonus. The Comparative and Superlative are form of the first case of their Positive that endeth in i, by putting to it or and us; as from duri, the Genitive of durus, by adding or, and us; are made the Comparative durior, and durius; and by adding [si] and [simus] to duri, is made durissimus, the Superlative; and this is the regular formation or Comparisons. Irregular Comparisons. ADjectives in [oer] form their Superlative of the Nominative by putting to it rimus, as Pulcher, Pulchrior, Pulcherrimus Pulchra Pulchrior, Pulcherrima, Pulchrum Pulchrius Pulcherrimum. Adjectives that end with a vowel before us, have no formation or change at all, but make their Comparative by magis more, and maximè most, as Pius, Godly. Magis Pius, more Godly, Maximè Pius, most Godly. ADjectives that are compounded of dico, facio, volo, loquor, change us in entior, and entissimus, as Maledicus, Maledicentior, Maledicentissimus. So Magnificus, Benevolus, Magniloquus, etc. ADjectives compounded with per, are compared like the simple Nouns, but before the Comparative, are put the Adverbs multò, or longè, and before the Superlative, the particle quam. Perdoctus very learned. Multò vel longê doctior, far more learned. quàm doctissimus, most. Perpius very godly. Multò vel longè magis pius. quàm maximè pius, or piissimus, etc. Bonus good Melior better Optiusus best Malus evil Pejor worse Pessimus worst Magnus great Major greater Maximus greatest Parvus little Minor lesle Minimus lest Nequam wicked Nequior more Nequissimus most Dives rich Ditior more Ditissimus most Exterus outward Exterior more Extremus furthest Inferus below, Inferior lower, Infimus lowest Superus above, Superior more high Supremus vel summus, highest Posterus late, Posterior later Postremus last Facilis easy Facilior more Facillimus most Gracilis small, Gracilior smaller Gracillimus most Humilis humble, Humilior more Humillimus most Similis like Similior more Simillimus most Agilis nimble Agilior more Agillimus most Docilis teachable Docilior more Docillimus most Multus much. Plus more. Plurimus most. Comparisons Defective. These Adjectives want the Positive. Prior the former Ocyor swift Deterior worse Penitior more inward Proprior nearer Ulterior more remote. Primus the first, Ocyssimus most swift Deterrimus worst Penitissimus most Proximus nearest, hence proximior Ultimus furthest, or the last. These want the Comparative. Novus new Invitus unwilling Inclytus famous Diversus different Meritus deserving Sacer holy Falsus false Fidus faithful Nuperus late. Novissimus newest or last Invitissimus most Inclytissimus most Diverfissimus most Meritissimus most Sacerrimus most Falsissimus most Fidissimus most Nuperrimus most. These want the Superlative. Dexter, Lucky. Dexterior. More. Sinister, Unlucky. Sinisterior, More. Optimus, Fat. Opimior, More. Juvenis, Young. Junior, The younger. Senex, Old. Senior, The elder. Declivis, Downward. Declivior, More. Acclivis Steep up. Acclivior, more. Lonquiquus, Far. Longinquior, Moore distant. Salutaris, Healthful. Salutarior, More. Supinus, Careless. Supinior, More. Adverbs. Saepe, Often. Diu, Long. Saepius, More. Diutius, Longer. Saepissime, most. Diutissime, Longest. A Type of the degrees regular. Sing. Plur. N. durus dura durum durior durius durissimus durîssima durissimum duri durae dura duriores duriora durissimi durissimae dürissima G. duri durae duro durioris durissimi durissimae durissimi duro●ū durarun durorun duriorun durissimorun durissimarun durissimorun D. duro durae duro. duriori durissimo durissimae durissimo duris durioribus durissimis A. durum durum durum duriorem durius. durissimun durissiman durissimun duros duras dura duriores duriora durissimos durissimas durissima V dure dura durum durior durius durissime durissima durissimum dura durae dura duriores duriora durissimi duriissimae durissima A. duro dura duro duriore vel duriori durissimo durissima durissimo duris durioribus durissimis Pronouns nineteen. PRonouns are words, that do supply the place Of Nouns, and have their gender, number, case, Ego, tu, sui, ille, ipse, is Hic, iste, meus, tuus, suus, quis Qui, noster, vester, nostras, vestras, some To cujas add cujus cuja cujum. Some are called Demonstratives, as, ego, tu, sui, etc. Some Possessives, as, meus, tuus, suus, noster, vester. Qui is a Relative. Cujas, cujus, and quis are Interrogatives. Ego tu sui are Pronouns Substantives. Sing. I, me. Plur. We us. Nom. Ego. N. Nos. Gen. Mei. G. Nostrum vel nostri. Dat. Mihi. D. Nobis. Acc. Me. A. Nos. Voc. Caret. V Caret. Ab. Me. A. Nobis. You, thou, the. Ye. Nom. Tu. N. Nos. Gen. Tui. G. Vestrum vel vestri. Dat. Tibi. D. Vobis. Acc. Te. A. Vos. Voc. Tu. V Vos. Ab. Te. A. Vobis. Singulariter & Pluraliter. Nom. Caret. Gen. Sui, of him or themselves. Dat. Sibi. Acc. Se. Vo. Caret. Ab. Se. He, she, that, him, her. They, them, those. Sing. Plur. No. Ille, illa, illud. N. Illi, illae, illa. Gen. Illius. G. Illorun, illarum, illorum Dat. Illi. D. Illis. Ac. Illum, illam, illud. A. Illos, illas, illa. Voc. Caret. V Caret. Ab. Illo, illa, illo. A. Illis. So iste, ista, istud. Sing. Plur. Nom. Ipse, ipsa, ipsum. Ipsi, ipsae, ipsa. Gen. Ipsius. Ipsorum, ipsarum, ipsorum Dat. Ipsi. Ipsis. Acc. Ipsum, ipsam, ipsum. Ipsos, ipsas, ipsa. Voc. Caret. Caret. Ab. Ipso, ipsa, ipso. Ipsis. He, she, it, that, him. They, their, those, them. N. Is, ea, id. N. two, came, ca G. Ejus. G. Eorum, earum, eorum. D. Ei. D. üs vel eïs. A. Eum, cam, id. A. Eos, eas, ea. V Caret. V Caret. A. Eo, eâ, co. A. üs vel eïs. N. Idem, eadem, idem. G. Ejusdem. Acc. Eundem, eandem, idem. Gen. pl. corundem, earundem, etc. N. Hic. haec, hoc. N. Hi, hae. haec. G. Hujus. G. horum, harum, horan. D. Huic. D. His. A. Hunc, hanc, hoc. A. Hos, has, haec. V Caret. V Caret. A. Hoc, hac, hoc. A. His. N. Isthic, isthaec, istoc vel istuc. Ac. Istunc, istanc, istoc vel istuc. Ab. Istoc, istac, istoc, Pl. N. A. Istaec. So illic. N. Hiccine, haeccine, hoccine. A. Hunccine, hanccine, hoccine. Ab. Hoccine, haccine. Pl. Haeccine. Who, which, whose, whom. N. Qui. quae, quod. Qui, quae, quae. G. Cujus. Quorum, quarum, quorum D. Cui. Quibus, vel queïs. A. Quem. quam, quod. Quos, quas, quae. V Caret. Caret. A. Quo, qua, quo, vel qui Quibus, vel Queis. So quilibet every one, quivis any one, quicunque whosoever, qui dam a certain or some. Who? what? whose? whom? N. Quis, quae, quid. Qui, quae, quae. G. Cujus. Quorum, quarum, quorum D. Cui. Quibus. A. Quem. quam, quid. Quos, quas, quae. V Caret. Caret. A. Quo, qua, quo. Quibus. So ecquïs who. But the other compounds make qua, and quid. as siquis if any, fiqua, fiquid; aliçuis, aliqua, aliquod vel aliquid. Quispiam any. Quisnam; who quisque, every one are declined like quis. Quid is always a Substantive of the Neuter Gender. Whoso ever. whatso ever. N. Quisquis, quicquid Qui, qui G. Cujus, Cujus Quorum, quorum D. Cui, cui Quibus, quibus A. Quem, quem, quicquid Quos, quos V Caret. Caret A. Quoquo Quibus, quibus. my, my, N. Meus, mea, meum G. Mei, meae, mei D. Meo, meae, meo A. meum, meam, mêum V mi, mea, meum. A. Meo, mea, meo And in the Plural Number like bonus, so tuus thy, suus his, or their, noster our, vester, your, cujus whose. But that noster only hath the Vocative. Our countryman, or one of our side. So vestras, and cujas, saving they want the Vocative. N. Nostras, like felix Nostrates, nostratia G. Nostratis Nostratium D. Nostrati Nostratibus A. Nostratem, nostras Nostrates, nostratia V Nostras Nostrates, nostratia A. Nostrate vel nostrati Nostratibus. All Pronouns, but tu, meus, noster, & nostras want the Vocative case. So nullus, neuter, alius, alter, ullus, uter, which have the nature of Pronouns. Of a Verb. VErbs are a part of Speech that signify Either to Do, to Suffer, or to Be. Amare to love, amari to be loved, Esse to be. VErbs that have People, we do Personal call, And such as want we call Impersonal. People three. 1. Ego I Nos We. 2. Tu Thou. Vos You. 3. Ille Herald Illi They. Sing. Plur. Ego amo I love, Nos amamus We love, Tu amas thou lovest, Vos amatis ye love, Ille amat He loveth. Illi amant they love. Ego is only the first person, which speaketh of himself. Tu is only the second person, which speaketh to another; and of this person is every Vocative case. Ille, and all other Pronouns, and Nouns whatsoever, are of the third Person, unless they be joined with Ego or Tu. The first person is more worthy then the second, and the second more worthy then the third. Of Verbs Personal there be four kinds. Active, Neuter, Passive, Deponent. THe Active and the Neuter end in [oh] And both alike do signify to do, Amo I love. Curro I run. A Verb Active endeth in oh and is known by any of these signs, do, did, have, had, shall or will, as amo I do love, and this may be changed into a Passive by taking r, as amor, I am loved. A Verb Neuter also endeth in oh and signifieth doing, with the same signs of a Verb Active, but rarely doth admit of a passive English or Sign, and therefore cannot take [r] to be made a verb Passive personal, as Curro I run, dormio I sleep; some few, as vapulo I am beaten, veneo I am sold, exulo I am banished, signify passively, and are called Neuter Passives. IN [or] both Passive and Deponent run, To do, Deponent; Passive, to be done. Amor I am loved. Loquor I do speak. A verb passive endeth in [or] and hath for his signs in, is, are, art, was, and other Englishes of the verb Sum, as moneor, I am advised; and is derived from his active Moneo. A verb Deponent endeth in [or] but signifieth doing, like a verb Active, with the same signs, do, did, have, etc. Moods four. INdicatives without a sign declare. The moods Imperative commanding are. Amat he loveth. Ama love thou. The Indicative mood doth plainly declare or show. The Imperative biddeth, commandeth, or exhorteth to do a thing; as Lege, read thou, legite, read ye, or with the sign let, as legito ille, let him read. This Imperative mood wanteth the first persons, and therefore legamus let us read, and the like, is not properly the Imperative, but the Subjunctive mood, whose present tense is elegantly used for the Imperative in all persons. MAy might, would, should, make the Subjunctive known Sometimes an Adverb, or Conjunction. Si faciam, if I do, ut videam, that I may see, non negarem, I would or should not deny, utinam fecisset, would he had done it. The signs of the Subjunctive mood are made often in Latin by Possum, Volo, Debeo, and then the latter verb will be the Infinitive mood, as possum facere, I can perform it. INfinitives which [to] before them use, Number and Person in their Mood refuse. Amare to love. Amari to be loved. Discere to learn. Doceri to be taught. Gerunds three. Supines two. IN di, do, dum, the several Gerunds close, [um] the first Supine. [u] the latter shows. Amandi of loving. Amando in loving. Amandum to love. Amatum to love. Amatu to be loved. Tenses five. FIve Tenses which their Signs discover still, I do, I did, I have, had, shall, or william These, are both the signs of Verbs, and signs of Tenses, which signify time present, past, to come. Present tense Do Amo I do love. Preter Imperfect did amabam I did Preter Perfect have amavi I have Preter Pluperfect. had amaveram I had Future tense. shall or william amabo I shall or will Passive Signs. Present Tense am, is, are, art amor I am loved Imperf. was, were, wert, amabar I was Perfect have been amatus sum vel fui Pluperf. had been amatus cram vel fueram Future shall or will be. amabor I shall. But if these signs come not before verbs, then they are verbs of themselves. I do facio I did faciebam or feci, etc. I have habeo I had habui I will volo I would volebam, velim, vellem. I will not nolo I would not nolebam, nolui, nolim, nollem. I can Possum. I could potui. I might possem. I aught Debeo. Debui Deberem. I am Sum. I was eram. I have been sui. I had been fueram, fuissem. I shall be cro, fuero, etc. Verbs Impersonal. IMpersonal Verbs by their sign [it] we found In the third Person singular declined. Placet it pleaseth. Ind. Placet, placebat, placuit, placuerat, placebit. Sub. Placeat, placeret, placuerit, placuisset, placuerit. Itur the Impersonal Passive. Ind. Itur, ibatur, itum est vel fuit, itum erat vel fuerat, ibitur. Sub. Eatur, iretur, itum sit vel fuerit, itum esset vel fuisset, itum erit vel fuerit. Inf. Iri. The Participle joined with the auxiliar verb [est] in the Impersonal Passives, is always used Neuter. Verbs Neuter may be Impersonal Passives, and answer to all persons by understanding an Ablative with a Preposition a or ab. Itur ame, te, illo, id est, eo, is, it is go by me, thee, him, that is, I go, thou goest, he goeth, etc. when a deed is signified to be done of many, the neuter Impersonal is elegant, as curritur, i.e. omnes concurrunt, they all run. Participles four. Derived from Verbs declined like Nouns are all Those parts of Speech we Participles call. Participles are so called, of taking part of a Noun, and part of a Verb: they differ not from Adjectives in nature, but that they signify with time present, past, or to come, as amans loving, hath relation to the present time, etc. A Participle of the present Tense Hath [ing] in English, Latin ans or ens. Amans loving. Legens reading. Monens teaching. Audiens hearing. Participles of the present tense are declined like Felix. If the word ending in [ing] have [a] or [the] before it, it is a Noun Substantive, as lectio a reading. BY d t n the perfect tense is known, In tus, sus, xus all the Latins run. Loved, Amatus, seen, Visus, knit. Nexus. TO do, the Future signifies in rus, And to be done, the future tense in dus. Amaturus to love. Amandus to be loved. All Participles that end in us; are declined like bonus, amatus, amaturus, amandus a. um. Conjugations four. THe first hath â long before re and ris, E long the second Conjugation is. 1. As Amare to love; Amaris vel amare, thou art loved. 2. Monêre to advice. Monêris vel monere, thou art advised. E short is of the third a perfect sign, But with i long, io the fourth decline. 3. As legere to read, legeris vel legere, thou art read. 4. Audire to hear, audiris vel audire, thou art thou art heard. Examples of the Conjugations in o. 1. Amo, amas, amâre, amandi, do, dum, amans, amavi, amatum, amaturus. 2. Monco, mones, monêre, monendi, do, dum, monens monui, monitum, monitur●●. 3. Lego, legis, legere, legendi, do, dum. Legens. Legi, lectum, lecturus. 4. Audio, audis, audire, audiendi, do, dum, audiens, Audivi, auditum, auditurus. Indicative Mood of the first Conjugation. Present tense. Singulariter. Pluraliter. Amo I do love Amamus we do Amas thou dost Amuis ye do Amat he doth Amant they do Preterimperfect tense. Singulariter. Pluraliter. Amabam I did love Amabamus we did Amabas thou didst Amabatis ye did Amabat he did Amabant they did Preterperfect tense. Singulariter. Pluraliter. Amavi I have loved Amavimus we have Amavisti thou hast Amavistis ye have Amavit he hath Amauêrunt vel Amauêre they have Preterpluperfect tense. Singulariter. Pluraliter. Amaveram I had loved Amaveramus we had Amaveras thou hadst Amaveratis ye had Amaverat he had Amaverant they had Future tense. Singulariter. Pluraliter. Amabo I shall or will love Amabimus we shall or will Amabis thou shalt or will't Amabitis ye shall or will Amabit he shall or will Amabunt they shall or will Imperative Mood. Present tense. Singulariter. Pluraliter. Ama vel amato tu love thou Amate vel amatote vos love ye Amato ille let him love Amanto illi let them love Subjunctive Mood, ut that, si if, utinam I would. Present tense. Singulariter. Pluraliter. Amem I may love Amemus we may Ames thou mayest Ametis ye may Amet he may Ament they may This Tense supplies the first persons of the Imperative Mood and may be used generally for it, with the Conjunction ut, as ut videam let me see, cures have you a care, fiat let it be done, faciamus let us make, fitis be ye, valeant let them go, or far they well; here may be understood velim, jubeo, fac, jus, est, etc. Preterimperfect tense. Singulariter. Pluraliter. Amarem I did, might, would, should love. Amaremus we did Amares thou didst Amaret he did Amaretis ye did Amarent they did Preterperfect tense. Singulariter. Pluraliter. Amaverim I have loved Amaverimus we have Amaveris thou hast Amaveritis ye have Amaverit he hath Amaverint they have Preterpluperfect tense. Singulariter. Pluraliter. Amavissem I had loved Amavissemus we had Amavisses thou hadst Amavissetis ye had Amavisset he had Amavissent thep had Future tense. Singulariter. Pluraliter. Amavero I shall or will love Amaverîmus we shalt Amaveris thou shalt or will't Amaverîtis ye shall Amaverit he shall or will Amaverint they shall Infinitive Mood. Present, and Preterimperfect tense, Amâre to love. Preterperfect, and Preterpluperfect tense. Amavisse to have or had loved. Although the Infinitives in [rum] as amaturum, moniturum, and the like, were anciently used (when they answered without altering their termination) to every number and gender, as credo inimicos meos hoc dicturum, I believe that my enemies will say this; yet they are not now in use with the best Authors, who supply this tense by the Participle in rus, alterable both in gender and number (of which infinitive Verbs are not capable) before esse or fore, as when we would say, I promise' that I will satisfy, we say elegantly, promitto me satisfacturum, and so in the plural, nos, vos, aut illos satisfacturos esse pollicemur, we promise' that we, ye, or they shall satisfy; Illae dixerunt se empturas, the Women said they would buy; and so in the neuter, by altering the gender to agreed with the substantive. The like may be said for the future of the passive infinitive verb, by the participle in dus. Gerunds. Amandi of loving, amando in loving, amandum to love. First Supine. Amatum to love. Participles. Present tense. Amans loving. Future tense. Amaturus to love, or about to love. The first Conjugation Passive. Amor, amâris vel amâre [amatus] amari, amatu, amandus. Indicative Mood. Present tense. Singulariter. Pluraliter. Amor I am loved Amamur we are Amaris vel amare thou art Amamini ye are Amatur he is Amantur they are Preterimperfect tense. Singulariter. Pluraliter. Amabar I was loved Amabamur we were Amabaris vel amabare thou wert Amabamini ye were Amabatur he was Amabantur they were Verbs in [or] have no Preterperfect tenses, nor Preterpluperfect tenses, nor the Future tenses of the Subjunctive or Infinitive Mood, but these are supplied by the Participles of the Preter tense (which admit of several genders) and the Verb Sum in the several tenses, or by the first Supine, and the Passive Infinitive [iri] as when you would say, I have been loved, it is expressed by amatus fum vel fui, or sim vel fuerim; she had been admonished, monita erat vel fuerat, or esset vel fuisset, It shall or will be read; lectum erit vel fuerit, so amatum esse vel fuisse, me, te, aut illum, that I, thou, or he hath been loved; amatum iri, me, te, aut illum, that I, thou, or he are to be loved. Post quam audierat non Satum iri uxorem filio, after he heard a wife was not to be given to his son, which may be resolved by the Participle in [does] and [esse] as postquam audierat non dandam esse uxorem filio. The like circumlocution is allowed to the Participles in [rus] and [does.] Future tense. Singulariter. Pluraliter. Amabor I shall or will be loved Amabimur we shall or will Amaberis vel amabere thou Amabimim ye shall or will Amabitur he shall or will Amabuntur they shall Imperative Mood. Present tense. Singulariter. Pluraliter. Amare vel amator tu be thou loved. Amamiri vel amaminor vos be ye loved Amator ille let him be loved Amanter illi let them beloved Subjunctive Mood. Present tense. Singulariter. Pluraliter. Amer I may be loved Amemur we may Ameris vel amere thou mayst Amemini ye may Ametur he may Amentur they may Preterimperfect tense. Singulariter. Pluraliter. Amarer I was, might, would, should be loved Amaremur we were Amareris vel amarere thou wert Amaremini ye were Amaretur he was Amarentur they were Infinitive Mood. Present, and Preterimperfect tense. Amari to be loved. Last Supine. Amatu to be loved. The Gerunds are here the same as in the actives, but seldom used in the passive English. Participles. Preter tense. Amatus loved. Future. Amandus to be loved. The second Conjugation Active. Indicative Mood. Present tense. Singulariter. Pluraliter. Moneo I do advice Monemus we do Moans thou dost Monetis ye do Monet he doth Monent they do Preterimperfect tense. Singulariter. Pluraliter. Monebam I did advice Monebamus we did Monebas thou didst Monebatis ye did Monebat he did Monebant they did Preterperfect tense. Singulariter. Pluraliter. Monui I have advised Monuimus we have Monuisti thou hast Monuistis ye have Monuit he hath Monuêrunt vel monuêre they have Preterpluperfect tense. Singulariter. Pluraliter. Monuissem I had advised Monuissemus we had Monuisses thou hadst Monuissetis ye had Monuisset he had Monuissent they had Future tense. Singulariter. Pluraliter. Monebo I shall or will advice Monebimus we shall or will Monebis thou shalt or will't Monebitis ye shall or will Monebit he shall or will Monebunt they shall or will Imperative Mood. Singulariter. Pluraliter. Moon vel moneto tu do thou advice Monete vel monetote vos advice ye Moneto ille let him advice Monento illi let them advice Subjunctive Mood. Present tense. Singulariter. Pluraliter. Moneam I may advice Moneamus we may Moneas thou mayest Moneatis ye may Moneat he may Moneant they may Preterimperfect tense. Singulariter. Pluraliter. Monerem I did, might, would, or should advice Moneremus we did Moneres thou didst Moneretis ye did Moneret he did Monerent they did Preterperfect tense. Singulariter. Pluraliter. Monuerim I have advised Monuerimus we have Monueris thou hast Monueritis ye have Monuerit he hath Monuerint they have Preterpluperfect tense. Singulariter. Pluraliter. Monuissem I had advised Monuissemus we had Monuisses thou hadst Monuisset he had Monuissetis ye had Monuissent they had Future tense. Singulariter. Pluraliter. Monuero I shall or will advice Monuerimus we shall or will Monueris thou shalt or will't Monuerîtis ye shall or will Monuerit he shall or will Monuerint they shall Infinitive Mood. Present and preterimperfect tense Moneré to advice Preterperfect and preterpluperfect tense Monuisse to have or had advised. Gerunds. Monendi of advising, Monendo in advising, Monendum to advice. First Supine. Monitum to advice. Participles. Present tense, Monens advising. Future, Moniturus to advice, about, or ready to advice. The second Conjugation Passive. Moneor, Monêris vel morêre [monitus] moneri, monitu, monendus. Indicative Mood. Present tense. Singulariter. Pluraliter. Moneor I am advised Monemur we are Moneris vel monere thou art Monemini ye are Monetur he is Monentur they are Preterimperfect tense. Singulariter. Pluraliter. Monebar I was advised Monebamur we were Monebâris vel monebâre Monebamini ye were Monebatur he was Monebantur they were Future tense. Singulariter. Pluraliter. Monebor I shall or will be advised Monebimur we shall or will Moneberis vel monebere Monebimini ye shall Monebitur he shall or will Monebuntur they shall Imperative Mood. Singulariter. Pluraliter. Monere, monetor tu be thou advised Monemini vel moneminor vos be ye advised. Monetor ille let him be advised. Monentor illi let them be advised. Subjunctive Mood. Present tense. Singulariter. Pluraliter. Monear I may be advised Moneamur we may Monearis vel moneare thou Moneamini ye may Moneatur he may Moneantur they may Preterimperfect tense. Singulariter. Pluraliter. Monerer I was, might, would, or should be advised Moneremur we were Monereris vel monerere Moneremini ye were Moneretur he was Monerentur they were Infinitive Mood. Present and preterimperfect tense: Moneri to be advised. Last Supine. Monitu to be advised. Participles, Preter tense, Monitus advised. Future tense, Monendus to be advised. The third Conjugation Active. Indicative Mood. Present tense. Singulariter. Pluraliter. Lego I do read Legimus we do Legis thou dost Legitis ye do Legit he doth Legunt they do Preterimperfect tense. Singulariter. Pluraliter. Legebam I did read Legebamus we did Legebas thou didst Legebatis ye did Legebat he did Legebant they did Preterperfect tense. Singulariter. Pluraliter. Legi I have read Legimus we have Legisti thou hast Legistis ye have Legit he hath Legêrunt vel legere they have Preterpluperfect tense. Singulariter. Pluraliter. Legeram I had read Legeramus we had Legeras thou hadst Legeratis ye had Legerat he had Legerant they had Future tense. Singulariter. Pluraliter. Legam I shall or will read Legemus we shall Leges thou shalt Legetis ye shall Leget he shall Legent they shall Imperative Mood. Singulariter. Pluraliter. Lege vel legito tu read thou Legite vel legitote vos read ye Legito ille let him read Legunto illi let them read Subjunctive Mood. Present tense. Singulariter. Pluraliter. Legan I may read Legamus we may Legas thou mayst Legatis ye may Legate he may Legant they may Preterimperfect tense. Singulariter. Pluraliter. Legerem I did, might, would, or should read. Legeremus we did Legeres thou didst Legeretis ye did Legeret he did Legerent they did Preterperfect tense. Singulariter. Pluraliter. Legerim I have read Legerimus we have Legeris thou hast Legeritis ye have Legerit he hath Legerint they have Preterpluperfect tense. Singulariter. Pluraliter. Legissem I had read Legissemus we had Legisses thou hadst Legissetis ye had Legisset he had Legissent they had Future tense. Singulariter. Pluraliter. Legero I shall or will read Legerîmus we shall or will Legeris thou shalt or will't Legeritis ye shall or will Legerit he shall or will Legerint they shall or will Infinitive Mood. Present and preterimperfect tense. Legere to read. Preterperfect and preterpluperfect tense, Legisse to have or had read. Gerunds. Legendi of reading. Legendo in reading. Legendum to read. First Supine. Lectum to read. Participles. Present tense, Legens reading. Future tense, Lecturus to read. The third Conjugation Passive. Legor, legeris, vel legere [lectus] legi, lectus, legendus to be read. Indicative Mood. Present tense. Sing. Plur. Legor I am read Legimur we are Legeris vel legere thou art Legimini ye are Legitur he is Leguntur they are Preterimperfect tense. Sing. Plur. Legebar I was read Legebamur we were Legebaris vel legebare thou wert Legebamini ye were Legebatur he was Legebantur they were Future tense. Sing. Plur. Legar I shall or will be read Legemur we shall Legeris vel legere thou shalt Legemini ye shall Legetur he shall Legentur they shall Imperative Mood. Sing. Plur. Legere vel legitor tu be thou read. Legimini vel legiminor vos be ye read. Legitor ille let him be read Leguntor illi let them be Subjunctive Mood. Present tense. Sing. Plur. Legar I may be read Legamur we may Legaris vel legare thou Legamini ye may Legatur he may Legantur they may Preterimperfect tense. Sing. Plur. Legerer I was, might, would, should be read Legeremur we were Legerêris vel legerere thou wert Legeremini ye were Legeretur he was Legerentur they were Infinitive Mood. Present and Preterimperfect tense Legi to be read. Last Supine. Lectu to be read. Participles. Preter tense, Lectus read. Future, Legundus to be read: The fourth Conjugation Active. Indicative Mood. Present tense. Sing. Plur. Audio I hear Audimus we do Audis thou dost Auditis ye do Audit he doth Audiunt they do Preterimperfect tense. Sing. Plur. Audiebam I heard Audiebamus we did Audiebas thou didst Audiebatis ye did Audiebat he did Audiebant they did Preterperfect tense. Sing. Plur. Audivi I have heard Audivimus we have Audivisti thou hast Audivistis ye have Audivit he hath Audiuêrunt vel audiuêre they Preterpluperfect tense. Sing. Plur. Audiveram I had heard Audiveramus we had Audiveras thou hadst Audiveratis ye had Audiverat he had Audiverant they had Future tense. Sing. Plur. Audiam I shall or will hear Audiemus we shall or will Audies thou shalt or will't Audietis ye shall or will Audiet he shall or will Audient they shall or will Imperative Mood. Sing. Plur. Audi vel audito tu hear thou Audite vel auditote vos hea ye Audito ille let him hear Audiunto illi let them hear. Subjunctive Mood. Present tense. Sing. Plur. Audiam I may or can hear Audiamus we may Audias thou mayst Audiatis ye may Audiat he may Audiant they may Preterimperfect tense. Sing. Plur. Audirem I did, might, would or should hear. Audiremus we did Audires thou didst Audiretis ye did Audiret he did Audirent they did Preterperfect tense. Sing. Plur. Audiverim I have heard Audiverimus we have Audiveris thou hast Audiveritis ye have Audiverit he hath Audiverint they have. Preterpluperfect tense. Sing. Plur. Audivissem I had heard Audivissemus we had Audivisses thou hadst Audivissetis ye had Audivisset he had Audivissent they had Future tense. Sing. Plur. Audivero I shall or will hear Audiverîmus we shall Audiveris thou shalt Audiveritis ye shall Audiverit he shall Audiverint they shall Infinitive Mood. Present and Preterimperfect tense, Audire to hear. Preterperfect and Preterpluperfect tense Audivisse to have or had heard. Gerunds. Audiendi of hearing. Audiendo in hearing. Audiendum to hear. First Supine. Auditum to hear. Participles. Present tense, Audience hearing. Future tense, Auditur to hear, or about to hear. The fourth Conjugation Passive. Audior, audîris vel audîre [auditus] audire, auditu, audien dus to be heard. Indicative Mood. Present tense. Sing. Plur. Audior I am heard Audimur we are Audiris vel audire thou art Audimini ye are Auditur he is Audiuntur they are Preterimperfect tense. Sing. Plur. Audiebar I was heard Audiebamur we were Audiebaris vel audiebare thou wert Audiebamini ye were Audiebatur he was Audiebantur they were Future tense Sing. Plur. Audiar I shall or will be Audiemur we shall Audieris vel audiere thou Audiemini ye shall Audietur he shall Audientur they shall Imperative Mood. Sing. Plur. Audire vel auditor tu be thou heard Audimini vel audiminor vos be ye heard Auditor ille let him be heard. Audiuntor illi let them be heard Subjunctive Mood. Present Tense. Sing. Plur. Audiar I may be heard Audiamur we may Audiaris vel audiare thou Audiamini ye may Audiatur he may Audiantur they may Preterimperfect tense Sing. Plur. Audirer I was, might, would, or should be heard Audiremur we were Audireris vel audirere thou wert Audiremini ye were Audiretur he was. Audirentur they were Infinitive Mood. Present and preterimperfect tense, Audiri to be heard. Last Supine. Auditu to be heard. Participles. Present tense, Auditus heard. Future, Audiendus to be heard. Deponents are declined like Verbs Passives in their several Conjugations, but have their Gerunds. Horror, hortâris vel hortâre [hortatus] hortari, hortandi, hortando, hortandum, hortatum, hortaturus, hortandus to exhort. Participles of the Pretertense in Verbs Deponents have Active and Passive signification, because their Verbs anciently were held common. In Verbs Deponents we must fancy a regular active, as declining, horto, hortas, hortavi, etc. and from hortatum to form hortatus, by changing m into s. Anomalies. Sum, es, fui, esse, futurus, to be. Indicative Mood. Present tense. Sing. Plur. Sum I am Sumus we are Es thou art Estis ye are Est he is Sunt they are Present tense. Sing. Plur. Eram I was Eramus we were Eras thou wert Eratis ye were Erat he was Erant they were Preterperfect tense. Sing. Plur. Fui I have been Fuimus we have Fuisti thou hast been Fuistis ye have Fuit he hath been Fuerunt vel fuere they have Preterpluperfect tense. Sing. Plur. Fueram I had been Fueramus we had Fueras thou hadst Fueratis ye had Fuerat he had Fuerant they had Future tense. Sing. Plur. Ero I shall or will be Erimus we shall or will Eris thou shalt or will't Erit he shall or will Eritis ye shall or will Erunt they shall or william Imperative Mood. Sing. Plur. Esto tu be thou Este vel estote vos be ye Esto ille be he, or let him be Sunto illi let them be. Subjunctive Mood. Present tense. Sing. Plur. Sim I may be Simus we may be Sis thou mayest Sitis ye may Sat he may Sint they may Preterimperfect tense. Sing. Plur. Essem I was Essemus we were Esses thou wert Essetis ye were Esset he was Essent they were. Preterperfect tense. Sing. Plur. Fuerim I have been Fuerimus we have Fueris thou hast Fueritis ye have Fuerit he hath Fuerint they have Preterpluperfect tense. Sing. Plur. Fuissem I had been Fuissemus we had Fuisses thou hadst Fuissetis ye had Fuisset he had Fuissent they had Future tense. Sing. Plur. Fuero I shall or will be Fuerîmus we shall or will Fueris thou shalt or will't Fuerîtis ye shall or will Fuerit he shall or will Fuerint he shall or will Infinitive Mood. Present and Preterimperfect tense, Esse to be. Preterperfect and Preterpluperf. tense, Fuisse to have or had been Participle future. Futurus to be. Eo to go. Eo, is, ivi, ire, eundi, eundo, eundum, itum iens, iturus. Indicative Mood. Present tense. Sing. Plur. Eo I go Imus we go Is thou goest. Itis ye go It he goeth. Eunt they go. Preterimperfect tense. Sing. Plur. Ibam I did go or went Ibamus we did Ibas thou didst Ibatis ye did Ibat he did. Ibant they did. Preterperfect tense. Sing. Plur. Ivi I have go or went Ivimus we have Ivisti thou hast Ivistis ye have Ivit he hath. juêrunt vel iuêre they have Preterpluferfect tense. Sing. Plur. Iveram I had go Iveramus we had Iveras thou hadst Iveratis ye had Iverat he had Iverant they had. Future tense. Sing. Plur. Ibo I shall or will go Ibimus we shall or will Ibis thou shalt or will't Ibitis ye shall or will Ibit he shall or william Ibunt they shall or william Imperative Mood. Sing. Plur. I, vel ito tu go thou Ite vel Itote vos go ye Ito ille let him go. Eunto illi let them go. Subjunctive Mood. Present tense. Sing. Plur. Eam I may go Eamus we may go Eas thou mayst go Eatis ye may go Eat he may go. Eant they may go. Preterimperfect tense. Sing. Plur. Irem I did, would or should go Iremus we did Ires thou didst Iretis ye did Iret he did Irent they did. Preterperfect tense. Sing. Plur. Iverim I have go Iverimus we have Iveris thou hast Iveritis ye have Iverit he hath Iverint they have Preterpluperfect tense. Sing. Plur. Ivissem I had go Ivissemus we had Ivisses thou hadst Ivissetis ye had Ivisset he had Ivissent they had. Future tense. Sing. Plur. Ivero I shall or will go Iverîmus we shall or will Iveris thou shalt or will't Iverîtis ye shall or will Iverit he shall or william Iverint they shall or william Infinitive Mood. Present and Preterimperfect tense, Ire to go. Preterperfect and Preterpluperfect tense, Ivisse to have or had go. Gerunds. Eundi of going, Eundo in going, Eundum to go. Supine. Itum to go. Participles. Present tense, jens, the genitive is euntis, eunti, &c, and so in the compound. Future, Iturus to go. Queo I can, and Nequeo I cannot, are declined like Eo, but that they want the Imperative Mood, the Gerunds, and Present tense Participle. Possum, potes, potui, posse to may or can, or to be able. Volo, vis, volui, velle, volendi, volendo, volendum, volens to will, or to be willing. Nolo, nonvis, nolui, nolle, nolendi, do, dum, Ex non & volo. nolens to will not, or be unwilling. Ex magis & volo. Malo, mavis, malui, malle, malendi, do, dum, malens to had rather, to wish rather, or prefer. Fero borrows a preterfect tense from an old Verb Tulo, and may be of the third Conjugation, admitting the figure Syncope in some tenses, as Fers, fert, fertis, ferto, ferte, ferrem, ferre, for Feris, ferit, feritis, ferito, ferite, fererem, ferere, and so in the passive. Fio is a neuter passive, and borrows the preterfect tense factus, from the last supine factu, and the participle in [dum] faciendus, from the old passive facior of facie. Fero, fers, tuli, ferre, ferendi, do, dum, latum, ferens, laturus to bear, to bring or report. Fio, fis, factus, fieri, factu, faciendus to be made or done. Indicative, Mood. Present tense. Sing. Plur. Possum I may or can. Possumus we may Potes you may Potestis ye may Potest he may Possunt they may. Present tense. Sing. Plur. Volo I william Volumus we will Vis thou wilt Vultis ye will Vult he william Volunt they william Present tense. Sing. Plur. Nolo I will not. Nolumus we will not Nonvis you will not Nonvultis ye will not Nonvult he will not. Nolunt they will not. Present tense. Sing. Plur. Malo I had rather Malumus we had rather Mavis thou hadst rather Mavultis ye had rather Mavult he had rather Malunt they had rather. Present tense. Sing. Plur. Fero I bear Ferimus we bear Fers thou bearest Fertis ye bear Fert he beareth Ferunt they bear. Sing. Plur. Fio I am made. Fimus we are made Fis thou art made Fitis ye are made Fit he is made Fiunt they are made. Preterimperfect tense, Sing. Poteram I could as, at, Pl. amus, atis, ant. Volebam I would Nolebam I would not Malebam I would rather Ferebam I did bear Fiebam I was made Preterperfect tense. Sing. Potui I could isti, it. P. imus, istis, êrunt vel ere. Uolui I would Nolui I would not Malui I would have rather Tuli I have born Preterpluperfect tense. Sing. Potueram I had been able. as, at Pl. amus, atis, ant. Volueram I had been willing Nolueram I had been unw. Malueram I would have had rather Tuleram I had born Potero I shall be able, ris, rit. pl. rimus, ritis, runt. Future tense. Sing. Volam I william es, et. pl. emus, etis, enter. Nolam I will not Malam I will rather. Feram I will bear. Fiam I shall be made Imperative Mood. Sing. Plur. Noli nolito tu do not thou Nolite nolitote vos do not ye. Fer ferto tu bear thou. Ferte fertote vos bear ye. Ferto ille let him bear. Ferunto illi let them bear. Fito tu be thou made. Fitote vos be ye made. Fito ille let him be made Fiunto illi let them be Subjunctive Mood. Present tense. Sing. Plur. Sing. Possim I may or can. is, it. pl. imus, itis, in't. Velim I will Nolim I will not Malim I will rather. Feram I may suffer. as, at. pl. amus, atis, ant. Fiam I may be made. Preterimperfect tense. Sing. Possem I might or could. es, et. pl. emus, etis, enter. Vellem I would. Nollem I would not. Mallem I would rather. Ferrem I would bear. Fierem I would be made. Preterperfect tense. Sing. Potuerim I could ris, rit. pl. rimus, ritis, rint. Voluerim I would Noluerim I would not Maluerim I would have rather Tulerim I have born. Preterpluperfect tense. Singular. Potuissem I had been able ses, set. pl. semus, setis, sent. Voluissen I had been willing. Noluissen I had been unwil. Maluissem I had rather had. Tulissem I had born. Future tense. Singular. Potuero I can hereafter. ris, rit. pl. rimus, ritis, rint. Voluero I william Noluero I will not. Maluero I shall rather Tulero I will bear. Infinitive Mood. Pres. and Preterimp. tense. Posse to can or to be able. Veil to will or to be willing. Nolle to will nor, or to be unwilling Malle to have rather Far to bear. Fieri to be made. Preterperf. & Preterpluf. tense Potuisse to have been able. Voluisse to have willed. Noluisse not to have been willing. Maluisse to have had rather Tulisse to have born. Gerunds. Volendi of willing. Volendo in willing. Volendum to william Nolendi of not willing. Nolendo in not willing. Nolendum to will not. Malendi of wishing rather. Malendo in wishing rather. Malendum to wish rather. Ferendi of bearing. Ferendo in bearing. Ferendum to bear. Supines. Latum to bear. Factu to be made. Participles. Present tense. Volens willing. Nolens unwilling. Malens more willing. Ferens bearing. Future. Laturus to bear. Preter tense. Factus made. Future. Factendus to be made. A Scheme of the Active and Passive Verbs. Conjugat. 1. Active, Passive. Pres. tense. Amo, amas Amor, amâris vel amâre Infinitive. Amare Amari Part. Amans Amatus, Perf. tense. Amavi sum vel fui. Supine. Amatum Amatu Part. future. Amaturus. Amandus. 2. Con. Pr. tense. Monco, mones Moneor monêris vel monere Infifinitive. Monere Moneri Pr. Monens Monitus Perf. tense. Monui sum vel fui Supine. Monitum Monitu Part. future. Moniturus. Monendus. 3 Con. Pr. tense. Lego, Legis Legor, legeris, vel legere Infinitive. Legere Legi Part. Legens Lectus part. pretertense Perf. tense. Legi same vel fui. Supine. Lectum Lectu Part. fut. Lecturus Legendus 4 Con. Pr. tense. Audio, audis Audior, audiris vel audire Infinitive. Audire Audivi Part. Audiens Auditus sum vel Perf. tense. Audiri fui. Supine. Auditum Auditu Part. fut. Auditurus. Audiendus. Some general Rules for the Preterperfect Tense, and Supines of VERBS. AS in the first avi, and atum makes, Amo, amas, amavi, amatum. ES uï forms whose Supine itum takes. Moneo, Moans, Monui, Monitum. VErbs of the fourth their various end show. Lego, legis, legi, lectum. FRom the fourth io, ivi, itum flow. Audio, audis, audivi, auditum. Some words of the fourth end in eo, as veneo to be sold, and eo to go, queo to be able, with their compounds. THe Compound Perfect tense and Supines are The same which in the simple Verbs they were. Voco, vocavi, vocatum, to call. Provoco, provocavi, provocatum, to provoke. The Compound Verb doth commonly follow the Preter perfect tense, and Supine of the simple Verb. Exception. IN Composition rarely Verbs dispense With gemination in the Perfect tense. Respondeo respondi responsum. Spondeo spospondi sponsum. If the simple Verb double the first syllable of the Preterperfect Tense, the compound doth not: Therefore Respondeo makes Respondi, not Respospondi: The Compounds of Sto, Disco, Posco, retain gemination. The Preterperfect Tenses and Supines are not always certain; but the exceptions are at large in the Latin Grammar, to which the Scholar must be referred. Adverbs. ADverbs are parts of speech which must be joined In Construing, next to Verbs, to show their mind. Some be of Time, as Nunc Now Tunc then Intere in the mean time Pridie the day before Postridie the day after Postea afterwards. Some be of Place, as Ubi Where Ubinam in what place Usquam any where Nusquam no where Eò thither Longè far Quò wither Ubivis where you william Some be of Quantity. Parum a little Satis enough Abunde sufficiently Affatim pentifully Partim partly. Conjunctions. COnjunctions may be called the chains of sense, And some do couple Cases, Moods, and Tense. Some be Copulatives. & and que and ac and atque and quoque also nec nor neque neither tum both tum also Enclytical. que, ne, ve. Prepositions. ALL Praepositions have their natural place Before, and must be construed with their Case. These govern the Accusative. Ad to ante before adversus against adversum apud at Cis on this side citra without circum about circa circiter extra without erga toward intra within infra beneath inter between juxta neare in into, upon, for until, against. ob for, by reason of per by, or through ponè behind penes in the power of praeter beside propter for prope nigh post after supra above sub before, about super beyond, above secundum after, next to secus by trans over, beyond versus towards usque until, to ultra beyond. These govern an Ablative. A, ab, abs from, after, since absque without coram before in presence of cum with de, e, ex concerning, of, from in among, in. pro for, instead of, before prae above, by reason of sine without sub under, in, at. super of, upon, touching tenus up to, even to These govern Accusative and Ablative in the same English. Clam privately, without the knowledge of. Subter under. Interjections. IMperfect voices Interjections are, Which sudden Passions of the mind declare. Apage hence, be go at, at have. ah ahime alas ah me au peace, hist. eheu hei alas. euge, eja well done. eho, heus hark. Ehem, him here, hum evax, io. heida o oh proh. o alas malum with a mischief vah, hui, phi pish, fie vae alack, woe to. Concord's three. Conc. I VErbs that are called Personal, must receive Number and Person from their Nominative. Prince's rule. Prîncipes dominantur. It is fit that aelyar be mindful. Oportet ut mendax sit memor. N. B. When you have the English word [that] in a sentence, which may be turned into the English [which] it is made by the Relative qui, quae, quod, etc. otherwise it is a Conjunction, which in Latin is quod or ut. I rejoice that you are well. Gaudeo quod tu bene vales. But this Conjunction may for elegance be put away, if you change the Nominative following into the Accusative, and the Verb into the Infinitive mood, as Gaudeo te valuisse. A verb Impersonal hath no Nominative case before it. If in the English it seem to have a Nominative before it, that word that seemeth to be the Nominative, shall be such case as the verb Impersonal will govern, as me oportet, I must. Tibi licet, thou mayst. Conc. II THe Adjectives with Substantives agreed, Whose number, case, and gender equal be. an ingenious Boy. a weak memory. a good * thing. Ingeniosus Puer. Fragilis memoria. Bona res. N. B. When thing is the Substantive to the Adjective, you may leave out Res the Latin Substantive, and put the Adjective alone in the Neuter gender, which in all respects supplies the place of a Substantive, as Bonum, a good thing. Conc. III ALL Antecedents their own Number given Gender and Person to their Relative. Qui operatur, meretur stipendium. The man that worketh, deserveth a reward. Non sunt amici quos amas. They are not friends whom you love. N. B. The Relative (of what case soever) is always construed in the place where you found him in a sentence, if it do immediately come before the Verb, it will be the Nominative to the Verb, by the first Concord; but if any word come between the Relative and the Verb in that sentence, then the Relative is governed of the Verb, or Noun which follows in construction. Ille and illi, 〈◊〉 and ea, when they are Antecedents, are oftentimes, and not inelegantly understood. So ego, tu, ille, nos, vos, illi, when they come before a Verb. THe guiding part in every Concord's that Which answereth to the question Who or What: This sometimes proves to be no word of case, But made an Aptote doth supply the place. Whatsoever answers to the question Who or What, is the Nominative case to the Verb, the Substantive to the Adjective and Antecedent to the Relative, whither it be a single word, or more, and if it hap to be no casual word, yet because it supplies the place of a Noun, it is to be declined there, like a Noun invariable. To lie is not my duty. Mentiri non est meum. THe Antecedent or the Substantive, Are often shut up in the Possessive. Exaudi vocem mei clamantis ad te, Hear my Prayer calling to thee. Miror stultitiam vestri qui Ae thiopem lavatis: I wonder at your folly who wash an Ethiop. The Genitive case of a Pronoun Primitive included in the Possessive, is sometime the Substantive to an Adjective, and Antecedent to a Relative: As [my prayer] in the example above, is put for the prayer of me; and [your folly] for the folly of you. NOuns Singular when they conjoined stand, May Plural Verbs or Adjectives command: But if their People, or their Numbers be Unlike, these with the worthiest shall agreed. A friend and Gold are to be tried in fire. Amicus & Aurum ignibus sunt probandi. I and my affair are well. Ego & res mea valemus. Two or more Substantives singular joined with a Conjunction, may require a Verb, or Adjective plural. But if the Substantives be of divers People or Genders, then the Verb or Adjective shall be put in the more worthy Person or Gender. N. B. If the Substantives of divers genders singular signify things without life, then the Adjective or Relative is put in the Neuter Gender, as if it answered to Things. Water and Fire are inexorable. Aqua & Ignis sunt inexorabilia. VErbs may between two Nominatives, that be Of divers Numbers, with the last agreed, Thus Adjectives or Relatives, when placed Between two different Genders choose the last. Conscience is a thousand Witnesses. Conscientia mille sunt Testes. All Error is not to be called folly. Non omnis Error stultitia est dicenda. Let no man take away the stone, which is called a Bounder. Nemo tollat saxum, qui limbs p●nitur. A Verb between two Nominative cases of divers Numbers; so Adjectives or Relatives between two Substantives of divers Genders may agreed with the last. THe Case and Tense which doth the question frame In every answer aught to be the same. Q. R. E. Quod est tibi nomen? Jacobus What is your name? Cujus nominis es? Jacobi Of what name are you? Cui nomini respondes? Jacobo To what name do you answer? Quod nomen habes? Jacobum What name have you? Quo nomine appellaris? Jacobo By what name are you called? Q. A. Quot annos natus es? How old are you? Quindecim? Fifteen. Quem librium legis? What book do you learn? Grammaticam Virgilium? Grammar Virgil? Quota est hora? What a clock is it? Prima. One. Cujas es? What Country man are you? Anglus, Cambro Britannus. An English man a Welshman? Questions and Answers when Scholars are examined in their Lectures. QUae pars orationis est () Q. What part of Speech is () R. Est nomen substantivum proprium commune. A. It is a Noun Substantive proper common. Q. Cujus Declinationis? Q. Of what Declension? R. A. Primae Declinationis. Of the First. Declension Secundae Declinationis. Second. Declension Tertiae Declinationis. Third. Declension Quartae Declinationis. Fourth. Declension Quintae Declinationis. Fift. Declension Q. Cujus Generis? Q. Of what Gender. R. A. Masculini Generis. Of the Masculine. Feminini Generis. The Feminine. Neutrius Generis. The Neuter. Q. Quale proprium? Q. What proper name. R. Est proprium nomen. A. It is the proper name. Viri. Of a Man Feminae. A Woman. Urbis. A City. Regionis. A Kingdom. Insulae. An Island. Fluminis. A River. Venti. A Wind. Arboris. A Tree. Mensis. A Month. Q. Cujus Casus Generis & Numeri? Q. Of what Case Gender and Number? R. A. Nominativi casus. Of the Nominative. Genitivi. The Genitive. Dativi. The Dative. Accusativi: The Accusative. Vocativi. The Vocative. Ablativi. The Ablative. Singularis. Of the Singular. Pluralis numeri. Of the Plural Number. Primae. Of the First. Secundae. Second. Tertiae Personae. Third Person. Q. Quae pars orationis est () Q. What part of speech is () R. Est Nomen Adjectivum A. It is a Noun Adjective of unius terminationis. One, Duarum. Two, Trium terminationum. Three terminations. Q Cujus gradus comparationis? Q. Of what degree of comparison? R. A. Positivi. Of the Positive. Comparativi. The Comparative. Superlativi gradus. The Superlative. Q. Quae pars orationis est () Q. What part of speech is () R. Est Verbum. A. It is a Verb. Personale. Personal. Impersonale. Impersonal. Activum. Active. Passivum. Passive. Neutrum. Neuter. Deponens. Deponent. Anomalum. Anomal. Defectivum. Defective. Primae, Of the First, Secundae, Second, Tertiae, Third, Quartae Conjugationis. Fourth Conjugation. Q. Cujus modi temporis, numeri & personae? Q. Of what mood, tense, number and person? R, A. Indicativi. Of the Indicative. Imperativi. The Imperative. Subjunctivi. The Subjunctive. Infinitivi modi. The Infinitive mood. Praesentis. Of the Present. Imperfecti. Imperfect. Perfecti. Perfect. Plusquam perfecti. Pluperfect. Futuri temporis. Future tense. Est Pronomen. It is a Pronoun. Primitivum. Primitive. Possessivum. Possessive. Relativum. Relative. Est Participium. It is a Participle. Activum. Active. Passivum. Passive. Est Prius It is the First. Posterius Supinum. Latter Supine. Est Adverbium. It is an Adverb Temporis. Of Time. Loci. Place. Quantitatis. Quantity. Numeri. Number. Est Conjunctio. It is a Conjunction Copulativa. Copulative. Enclytica. Enclyticall. Est Praepositio. It is a Preposition Interjectio. Interjection. Serviens Serving to the Nominativo. Nominative. Genitivo. Genitive. Dativo. Dative. Accusativo. Accusative. Vocativo. Vocative. Ablativo casui. Ablative. Some necessary Rules of Syntax in English, for young Composers. Substantives. [Of] before the latter Substantive, sign of a Genitive. WHen [of] between two Substantives doth come The latter doth the genitive assume. The Fables of old women. Anicularum Fabulae. When two Substantives come together signifying divers things, the latter shall be the Genitive case, with the sign [of] before it. [Of] in praise or dispraise genitive or ablative. But when it speaks to credit or disgrace, We use it in the sixt or second case. A maid of an excellent shape. A man of a clean Nostril. Virgo egregiâ formâ. Vir emunctae Naris. This latter Substantive of praise or dispraise, hath always an adjective joined, signifying the quality, and is put into the genitive case or ablative. Substantives together without a Sign. WHen many come together, and declare The same thing, all their Cases equal are. O man, a bubble, why art thou proud. H●mo, Bulla, quid superbis? When two or more Substantives come together, and signify the same thing, they shall be put in the same case. Adjectives with the sign [of] govern a Genitive. OF] or [among] when they immediate are After Nouns Adjectives that do compare, Or numeral Nouns or Interrogative, They're tokens of a following Genitive. The fairest of the Apes is deformed. Simiarum pulcherrima est deformis, pro Simia pulcherrima. Nouns Partitive, Interrogative, Comparative, Superlative, and Nouns of Number, govern a Genitive. A Partitive is that which signifies a part of a multitude or many severally, as aliquis, alius, alter, uterque, neuter, nullus, solus, quisque, quisquis, quidam, quilibet, quicunque, unusquisque, pauci, omnes, nemo. Their Latin is often varied by Prepositions, e, de, ex, inter, ante, as for Simia pulcherrima, is made Simiarum pulcherrima, ex Simiis pulcherrima inter Simias pulcherrima. Adjectives and Verbs of Plenty or Want, a Genitive or Ablative. IF want or plenty Nouns or Verbs conspire, They Genitive or Ablative require. A man full of chinks Homo rimarum plenus. A man voided of counsel doth fall to ruin. Vir consilii expers mole ruit. Nouns Adjectives, and Verbs that signify plenty or want will have a Genitive or an Ablative case. [Than] after Comparatives a sign of the Ablative. COmparatives with the sign [then] do given Unto the following Noun an Ablative. Learning is better then richeses. Doctrina praestantior divitiis, vel quàm divitiae. Adjectives of the Comparaive degree, having the sign [then] after them may govern an ablative case, if [then] be not made by [quàm] in Latin: but if [quàm] be expressed, then the word following is put in the same case that goes before. [To] and [For] after Verbs and Adjective, signs of a Dative. BOth after Verbs and Adjectives we place [To] and [For what] signs of a Dative case. He promiseth to me golden Mountains. Pollicetur mihi aureos Montes. All Verbs and Nouns Adjectives may govern a Dative, with the signs [to] or [for] and cuja after them. Vebs that have a Nominative after them. EXisto, Forem, Fio, Sum, receive Before and after them a Nominative. So Neuters, which we Verbs of gesture name, With Passive Verbs of calling do the same. A woman is the safety of a house. Mulier sa us est domûs. No man is born an Artist. Nemo nascitur Artifex. N. B. Not only these, but all other Verbs personal, may have before and after them a Nominative case belonging to the same thing, Boni moriuntur laeti. [Whom] or [What] signs of an Accusative after Verbs. VErbs Transitive the fourth case rule of that Which answereth to the question [whom, or what. He holds an Eel by the tail. Tenet anguillam caudâ. All manner of Verbs will have an Accusative case after them, which answereth to the question [whom or what.] Except. 1. Interest refert, which govern a genitive case of all words but meâ, tuâ, sua, nostra, vestra, & satago, misereor, miseresco, a genitive. Misereor and miseresco sometime a Dative. Potior, utor, fungoe, fruor, an Ablative. Except. 2. TO trust, to profit, aid, obey, and please, Have Datives, so the contrary to these. Trust not Beauty too much. Nimium ne crede colori. Verbs that signify profit or disprofit, trust or despair, help or hindrance, obedience or disobedience, pleasing or displeasing, govern a Dative. Except. 3. DAtives will follow Verbs whose English, are To be angry, threaten, to command or spare. A wise man shall command the stars. Sapiens dominabitur astris. Verbs that signify anger, threatening, command, or pardon, will have a Dative case. Except. 4. AND many Verbs when they compounded be With Prepositions, ob, in, ante, prae, Sub, inter, super, with ad, post, and con, Do rule a Dative of the following Noun. Vice creeps upon us under the name of Virtue. Vitia obrepunt nobis sub nomine Virtutum. Verbs compounded with these Prepositions, ob, in, ante, prae, sub, inter, super, ad, post, con, do commonly govern a Dative. Some Verbs in the same signification have a Dative and an Accusative, as allatro, antecedo, condono, illudo, occumbo, praeo, praesto, praestolor, etc Some Verbs have a Dative and Accusative with ad, confero, conduco, accedo, incumbo, applico, confert sanitati, vel ad sanitatem. These are excepted which govern an Accusative plainly, Aspicio, admiror, alloquor, adjuro, adjuvo, adeo, invenio, invado, obeo, praeverto, subeo. Participles, Gerunds, etc. Word's that do come from verbs, or nouns arrest Those cases, which their Primitives possessed. Horses drawing the Mill. Equi Molam trahentes. Participles, Gerunds, Supines, and sometimes Adverbs, do govern the case of those words from whence they are derived. Measure and Space, Accusative or Ablative. LEngth, breadth, height thickness, depth, and space of place, We measure in the fourth, or the sixt case The walls of Babylon two hundred foot high Muri Babilonis ducentos pedes alti. Do not go back a Nails breadth. Ne latum unguem recedas. Nouns that signify the measure of any thing, or the space or distance of place, are used generally in the Accusative or Ablative case. Manner, Cause, Instrument, Ablative. THe manner, cause, and Instrument, we place Next the signs [by] or [with] in the sixt case. Pleasure by continuance breeds a distaste. Voluptas assiduicate fastidium parit. Every Noun that signifies the manner, cause, or instrument with the signs [by] or [with] are put always in the Ablative case. Price, Ablative. ALL words of Price are Ablative, but we Do use some Genitives Adverbially. What did it cost? Ten shillings. Quarti constitit? Dec●m solidis. All words signifying the price of any thing, are put in the Ablative case, except these genitives, tanti, quanti, pluris, minoris, plurimi, flocci, nauci, nihili, pili, assis, terunti, which are used adverbially. An Ablative absolute. AN ablative put absolute, is that On which a Participle still doth wait; With the Sign [being] it depends on noon, But is made plain by some Conjunction, The Tree being fallen, men gather sticks. Dejectâ arbore, ligna colligunt. An Ablative absolute hath commonly a Participle joined to it, either expressed, or understood [existente] it dependeth upon nothing before, nor coming after it, and may be made plain by some of these Conjunctions, dum, cum, si, qaundo, postquam, ubi, as dejecta arbore, the Tree being thrown down, i.e. ubi quando, cum, postquam, arbor dejicitur. Time. Quando, when. Ablative. Quamdiu, how long. Accusative. THe term of Time, that doth to [When] reply, In the Ablative is used commonly. The word of Time, that to [how long] doth make An answer, the Accusative may take. No man is not wise at all hours, though an hundred years old. Nemo omnibus horis sapit, licet centum annos natus. The time that answereth to the question [When] is put in the Ablative. The time that answers to the question [How long] is most commonly put in the Accusative case, and sometime in the Ablative, and both these times are often used with prepositions, in diem for a day. Place in, or at which, Genitive or Ablative. When in, or at a place is meant the name, If proper in the Genitive we frame: But if it Plural be, and we decline it, After the third to Ablative confine it. Born at London, Natus Londini. The Oracles cease at Delphos, Oracula cessant Delphis. The proper name of a place, that answers to the question Ubi where, is put in the Genitive case, but if it be of the third Declension, or wanteth the singular number, it is put into the Ablative case: Humi, militiae, belli, are used like proper names. Place to which, Accusative, In the fourth Case, we use the Places name, To which, we move, when we the Latin frame. They carry Owls to Athens, Noctuas Athenas portant. The proper name of a place that answers to Quò, whither, is put in the Accusative case without a preposition. Place from, or by which, Ablative. If [From] or [By] precede the names of place, The proper names are put in the sixt Case. He returned from Oxford, Rediit Oxoniâ. He went by Cambridge, Profectus Cantabrigia, vel per Cantabrigiam. Proper names of places, that answer to Unde from whence, or quâ which way, are put in the Ablative case without prepositions. N. B. The proper names of great places, as Anglia, India, and the like, and all common names of places, as City, etc. are used with prepositions, whither at, to, from, or by which. N.B. Rus and domus, though common names, are used in the cases of poper names, in their several declension. Use of the Participle in rus and dus. When am, is, are the Englishes of Sum, Before the Infinitive Mood, Active come, The Latin is made elegant by rus, But if before the Passive Mood in dus. I am to writ, Scripturus Sum. Learned men are to be honoured, Eruditi sunt honorandi. When any of the Englishes of the Verb Sum, am, is, are, art, etc come before the Infinitive mood active, they may elegantly be made in Latin by the Participle in rus; but if they come before an Infinitive Passive in English, the Latin is made by the Participle in dus. Use of the Gerunds di and dum. When the Infinitive English is expressed, After Nouns, [di] or [dum] make Latin best. When the English of the Infinitive mood (which sometimes is varied by the English of the Participle of the Present tense) cometh after a Noun Substantive immaterial, such as, studium, causa, tempus, spes, locus, amor, gratia, modus, ratio, etc. it is made by the Gerund in di; as a love to writ, or of writing, amor scribendi. And sometimes by the Gerund in dum, with the preposition ad, as a place to act in, locus ad agendum. The Rule of Construing. The Vocative must led; if there be noon, The Nominative gins Construction With his relations, then the Verb, and what Is governed, or dependeth upon that: The Accusative doth challenge the next place, And then in order, every other Case. The Relative doth break this rule, which will Be construed where you found him, and doth still Precede the word that governs him this right Claim Nouns of ask and Indefinite. The Vocative is the first Case to be construed with his interjection, and what depends upon it, or is governed of it. Than the Nominative and the Verb with which it agreeth. After the Verb commonly follows the Accusative Case, unless there be an infinitive mood, which must be construed next to the Verb. After the Accusative, the other Cases in their order, as the Genitive, Dative or Ablative, if there shall be so many. This order is interrupted by the Relative, which must be construed where it is placed, whither it come before a Verb, or be governed of any word which is place after it. Interrogatives, and indefinites follow this privilege of the Relatives. The Preposition must be always Construed together with his Case. The Nominative Case is to be also construed with hi● Verb, unless it govern a case, and so must the adjective with the substantive, if the adjective govern no other word. FINIS.