Scarbrough Spa, OR, A DESCRIPTION OF THE Nature and Virtues OF THE Spa at Scarbrough in Yorkshire. Also a Treatise of the Nature and Use of Water in general, and the several sorts thereof, as Sea, Rain, Snow, Pond, Lake, Spring, and River Water, with their Original Causes and Qualities. Where more largely the Controversy among Learned Writers about the Original of Springs, is discussed. To which is added, A short Discourse concerning Mineral Waters, especially that of the SPA. By Robert Witty, Dr. in Physic. London, Printed for, and are to be sold by Charles Tyus, at the three Bibles on London Bridge, and by Richard Lambert in York, near the Minster, 1660. Universis ac Singulis Medicinae Doctoribus, nec non coeteris Gener●sis ●àm in Urbe q●à nin Comitatu Eboracensi in Re Medicâ versantibus. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 TRactatiunculam hanc de Aquis Scarburgensibus Vobis Doctissimi Colendissim●que Viri, qui & virium Fontis hujus celeberrimi Testes estis ocul●ti, inter aquas Spadanas Europaeas palmam facilè merentis, apprimà dico In directionibus ad aquarum usum ad calcem libelli, medicaminum paradigmata omisi de industriâ, non modo propter rationes illic allegatas, sea quia nollem ut instruantur Medic●stri isti Scioli, quos unusquisque ferè Pagus tenet, qui morborum Aegrorumque naturam & fontis vires ignorantos, meo forsam telo aliorum animas transfigereni; vel saltem propositum meum non tenentes, uno eodemque omnes calciarent calopodio. Nostis etenim quantam nobis Molestiam a praeposterâ Medicimentorum exhibitione quotid●è a●ferunt, undè eodem telo quo Samson in Sacrâ Historiâ ●hilasi●●●s, asinina Scilicet maxilla, Aegrorum m●ll●a miserrimè trucidare solent. Vestram 〈◊〉 ●ruditionem sat scio Celeberrimi Viri, ●●a quos ●deo Aegros ablegando▪ censui, ut tam 〈◊〉 p●catâ freti Cynosurâ, recto cursu per has ●quas procedant, ac tandem salutis portum fe●●cater appellant, & optatâ arenâ potiantur●●nod ad reliquun de Aquis discursum, praecipuè de fontium origine ●iatribam attinet, sub judice (Lectore Scilire●) lis est, nec me unicu●que placiturum, aut singulis J●ve ipso acceptiorem arbitror, de quo Theognis suaviter cecinit. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Quem satis appositè vertit Erasmus in Chiliad, Non etenim cunctis placeat vel Jupiter ipse, Seu mitteus pluviam, scucohibens pluviam. Doctis ut spero me voluisse sat est, etiamst adhuc in Origine N●●●au. Demo●●●taeo puteo Veritas ipsa lateret. In●●uce rerum tam tenni homines caligamus, in in sub●●r●arets nil mirum si Talpae sunius. Quicquia sii vobis Ornatissimi Viri, in singularis am●●●●ae objervan● traeque 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 porr●go, quea si unan●ma approbetis ca●●ulo, & eoaem animo accepium ●●iquo datum contigerit, manus mentisque precium habeo, neque erit quod Theo●●●●entis rosionem metuam, i Valete. Dat. Eboraci ex musaeo meo Maij 29. 1660. R. Wittie. Encomiasticon in Scriptorem doctum & Scriptum. WIttodios olim Germanis nomine dictos Ingenio celebres pristina Scripta docent. Wittaeos nobis tam re, quàm nomine habere Contigerit si Anglis, ●am sumus ergo pares. En tibi Lector h●bes specimen quod pagina doct●m Exhibet, & pleni fontis ab ore fluens. Scriptum fons lymphae, Scriptor sons artis, & altae Naturae mists, ambo perennis aquae. Scarbu gi' haurit aquas, cerebri & sua dulcin vina Miscet, gust●to, sum librum ●t calicem. Non opus huic hederam doctae applicuisse tabernae, Tu vinum ac hederam, perlege, & invenies. REader, who dost peruse these Lines with thirst, Start not to meet Aquarius at the first; The Title speaks of Water, yet in fine Though't promise water, it will fill thee Wine. T. C. Mag. Art. A rhapsody on the learned work of my worthy and much honoured friend, R.W. Dr. in Physic. a Omne malum ab Aquilone ALl ill from th' North? nay, that's not so, For here the wholesome waters slow. b 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 a saying ascribed to Demetrius a Greck Poet, Erasm. Adag. No good by drinking waters? rare Language for drunken Poets. Are All of this mind? No Pindar says c 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Piud. Olymp. Od. 1. Water's best: Let him wear the bays, d Lacian. Demosth. Encom. Demosthenes drank water, sure Hence his Orations run so pure. e 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Oppposed by Plato in Euthyd. Nought precious but what's rare? how then (said Plato chief of wisest men) Can Water be the Commonest Of other things, and yet the best? You see that Fame's a liar, and they must Run into vulgar Errors, who will trust Before they trial make; For Water may Be wholesome drink whatever people say. This learned Author proves it, if you look On th' Witty water-works within his Book. Read, and you'll call him Skilful Doctor; when You have trial made, the honest Doctor then. For here you'll find a way to cure your ills, Without profound Apothecaries bills. Let Epsam, Tunbridge, Barnet, Knaresbrough be In what request they will, Scarbrough for me. P. W. In sui nominis Viri Doctoris Witty de aquis Scarburgensibus claboratam tractatiunculam, Carmen 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 SObrius & sanns fieres? haec pagina docta Edocet, est mentis corporis atq dosis. Vinum, si sitias; agrotas? est med●● amen Sospita Scarburgi, fons saltentis aquae. Vilius ut nihil est, hâc nil pretiosius undâ, Hac purgat ventrem fistet alitqua sitim. Nune Galene vale, catapotiae amara valete, Utque magis valeam, Pharmacopaee vale. Searburgensis aqua est medicina, sed ingeniosus Sit Doctor Medicus, sit lib●r ingenium. Your papers I have viewed, and think Your waters are most pleasant drink. Yet (my good Doctor) tell me why That waters nourish you deny; I read your papers, and do find Your waters nourish corpse and mind. Farewell wine, or Hull-ale rather, Who reads your book will drink water. This only fault I fear you made, That you have spoilt the Vintner's trade. Your matters good, yet I can tell, Your art the matter doth excel. Here labour, art, and learning sweet Do all within your papers meet. I think it fit those papers live, That to so many health may give. But what needs this? my labour waste, Here's Scarbrough— warning, I'm in haste. Your Scrabrough Spa I have drunk on, But never drank of Helicon, And 'tis no matter, for I think Your Scrabrough Spa far better drink. Tuissimus 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, J.S. Mag. Art. C.C. Cantab. In opus utilissinum R. Witty Med. Doctoris, de Spadacrene Scarburgensi. CAsta Napaearum cùm Phoebus Aquagia laetie Lustrabat radiis; tùm de temone cadentes Stricturas gremio excepit Scarburgia Nympha: Hâc lege, ut nunquam (nisi de Jovis arbore malo Gustato, imbueret tralucida purpura vultum) Vivaces v●res rutilantis proderet Orbis. Hinc longis seclis latuit vis enthea Nymphae: Dum tandem coelo delapsa Hygiaea benigno Secretum invenit, miseris quod tradidit aegris. Ne Nymphaeque sacris praeclarus Mysta deesset, Nom●is agnoscens omen, radiatus Apollo Signavit lymphae encausto diploma disertum, Quo jus augustum Tibi transtulit alme Sacerdos Phaebi, tum vires, leges, mysteria & ortum Naiadum conscribere, tum specialiter usus, Quos Nymphae vestrae Phoebus concredidit olim. Felice's tribuis latices, panacea reclusa est: Ingeniose, tui sit sostrum fama laboris. L●●ul●ent Musae, ac jam tota Britannia plaudet; S●rò persolvent laudum, nostrique Nepotes Languid●li, vestris sua posthuma pensa favillis. THough it be true, no Ivy need to tell Where sprightful Bacchus, or the Nymphs do dwell; Yet some of th' coyer stomaches must be wooed With sugared words, and Courtship to their food. Tho some look pale, yet some mayn't think it strange Hot liver'd Bacchus for a Nymph to change: But it's for their own ends, because they think It will empower them lustiler to drink. None such are courted hither, for th' intent Is to invite for health not compliment. These draught restore lost health, & what's most sure, Strange maladies find here their common Cure; 'Tis th' Summer Hospital, where Physic's given To all that come, by a propitious Heaven. Phoebus it first salutes, when's rest hath caught In Thetis lap, and takes his Morning draught; Neptune his useful Physic fetcheth hence For's feebler watery Subjects to dispense, And in requital largely Tribute tells Of Rubies, Agars, Diamonds and Shells. Our Author th' water's Universe doth bring In grand Procession to this healthful Spring. Here Minerals, Mount in's, Regions, Cities, Plains Are treated on with such Witty Remain, As may invite the Readers curious stay, In such Discoveries his thinks to pay. An Ocean joins to th' Spring, and it was fit A cousin Germane Ocean of wit Should mark its Hydrography: but now no more, Each River Banks, and Ocean must have shore. Nath. Johnson Med. Dr. Pontesract June 3. 1160. The Author's Contemplation upon his Waterworks. SOme have been wont to entertain Great Princes and their Royal Train With Water-works, and did inherit Applause according to their merit. If these of mine were so polite That I might hope they would delight; Each Letter should due homage bring Upon its knees unto the King, And solemnize with jollity This day and year of Jubilee. And so while each his present offers In Service from his big-swollen Coffers, I'd imitate that honest Clown, That having nothing of his own But's loyal heart, from the next Spring Brought water in his hand to th' King. And of this little Book each Page Should lackey him unto old Age With loyalty. And when he dies, O cruel word! from English eyes 'Twill floods of briny tears extract, And raise up such a Cataract, To make the waters here below Unite with those above that flow: And so another sort begin Fie Subject for a better Pen. York, May 29. 1660. Scarbrough Spa; OR, A description of the Nature and Virtues of the Spa at Scarbrough. IN the Southeast Corner of the north-riding of Yorkshire, Sect. 1. upon the Coast of the German Ocean is situate the ancient Corporation of Scarbrough. It seems to have its name from Scar, which signifies a cloven (as learned Cambden thinks, and Burgh a Town, as if it were said, Britan: a Town in the cloven, being environed both on the West, North, and East, with mighty hills and rocks. It may be said of this place, as of most of our Corporations in England, Caput inter nubila conduit: We know not its Original. The Town is governed by 2 Bailiffs, 2 Ceronets, 4 Chamberlains, and 36 Burgesses, consisting of 3 Benches annually chosen, dignifyed with a right of electing two Representatives in Parliament. It is fortified on the North-east with an exceeding high and inaccessible Rock, which stretches itself at good distance into the Sea, containing about 18 or 20 Acres of good Meadow on the top of it: although Cambden out of William of Newburgh speaks of above 60 Acres; whether the greater part of it be washed away with the Sea, or the difference lies in the various measure of Acres, I will not dispute. The passage to the Rock is by a narrow neck of Land, on which is a draw Bridge over an exceeding deep trench; near which is the Castle, which hath been accounted very strong, although it is now become useless, one half of it having fallen from the other through a battery of Guns in the siege, that was maintained against it by Sir John Meldram, against Sir Hugh Cholmley in the late unhappy Wars. The top of the Rock towards the Town, from the entrance into the gate to the Sea, is further fortified and adorned with a very strong stone Wall, all the other sides of the Rock are open to the Sea. 2 rarities. There are two Rarities which I observe on the top of this huge Rock; the one is an exceeding deep well made with Hewed stone, which seems to be dry at the bottom, through which it's thought there is a secret passage into the Town, (I had rather believe it then go to see.) The other is a spring of fresh Water, within half a yard of the edge of the Rock towards the Sea, which in the most droughty Summers never wanted water, and was of singular use to Sir Hugh Ghomley and his Garrison in the siege, as also to the present Garrison. Peers of Stone. Another observable in this Town is, the mighty Peers of stone which have of old been made, and are repaired by the Corporation, (to which some other maritine Towns do contribute, knowing the benefit of the harbour, for their shipping on occasion) consisting of mighty round stones, many of them of some tuns weight, which are laid lose, and yet piled up together in such comely order, stretching from the foot of the Castle Hill into the Sea, that they become a sure defence against the raging waves of the Sea, and make a convenient harbour for their Ships. That which adds further to the fame of the place, being the main Subject of my present discourse, The Spaw-well. is the Spa Well, which is a qui●k Spring about a quarter of a mi●e South from the Town, at the foot of an exceeding high cliff, arising upright out of the Earth like a boiling pot, near the level of the Spring tides, with which it is often overflown. It is of that sort of Springs which Aristot. calls 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, which in the most droughty years are never dry, but run continually, affording above twenty four gallons of water in an hour, the stones through which it flows being emptied every morning, containing more than twelve gallons will be full within half an hour. It was found out by accident about thirty four years ago, and hath by degrees come into use and reputation, not only among the inhabitants of the Eastriding and the ●own of Hull, among whom I lived and managed my profession near eighteen years, observing very much the operation and effects of this water, but also it hath of late years been well known to the Citizens of York, and the Gentry of the County, who do constantly frequent it; yea and to several persons of quality in the Nation, who upon the large commendations of such as knew its opperration, have made trial of it, with whom it hath gained such credit, that they come above an hundred miles to drink of it, preferring it before all other medicinal waters they had formerly frequented. Nay, I have met with some that had been at the German Spaws, both at Sauvenir and Ponhout, who prefer this for its speedy passage both by siege and urine before them. I having had a large opportunity for twenty 2. years last passed, to observe the effects of this medicinal spring, not only in myself, but very many others, whom I have known to drink of it in various cases; I shall for the further benefit of my Country make out my experience, and will therefore first treat concerning its parts, and of what Minerals it doth participate, with the nature of them, and then descend to its virtues and effects. Galen saith, there are two things that do necessarily concur to the finding out of Arts and Sciences, Lib. 2. de Simp. med. fac. or any simple Medicine, vid. Experience and Reason; From whence did arise two Sects of Physicians in his days, Empirics and Methodists: The former observed the operation of Medicines, not troubling themselves to pry into the nature of them, to find out the reason of those operations, and were wont to use them promiscuously whom therefore he frequently chides, and charges of folly. The other though they had found out the virtue of a Medicine, yet were not satisfied with the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, but proceeded to the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, diving into the nature of it, that they might know from whence it had its virtue, & consequently the reason of its working. These he calls the two legs of a Physician upon which he ought to walk; and further adds, that he that would hope to attain to any competent perfection in the Art of Physic, must take care to use them both. My design shall be to follow his advice as well as I may, and so to let the Reader know, that Experience hath found out that this Medicinal Spring doth work exceeding well both by siege and urine, and that it is found to be effectual in all diseases that require such evacuations. But because I would not have the ingenious to Content himself with this experimencal notion, let him know that this water hath its virtue from its participation of Vitriol, Iron, allome, Its. Minerals Nitre and Salt: the natures of which Minerals I shall inquire into anon. It is very transparent to the sight, inclining somewhat to a Skey colour, As qualities it hath a pleasant acid taste from the Vitriol, and an inky smell. If an equal quantity of boiling milk be put to it, it coagulates it, as do the German Spaws, and makes a very clear Posset-drink. If half a grain of the powder of Gal be put into a quart of this water doth immediately turn it into a Claret colour; or like unto syrup of Violets mixed with water, whereto some drops of spirit of Vitriol hath been put; which if it be suffered to stand some hours after it is so turned with the Gall, a red sand will settle to the bottom, and the water will become clear and bright again. I took 3. quarts of the Spa water, & evaporated it all away upon the sire in a clean Skellet, & there remained in the bottom a brown, saltish & biterish sand, to the quantity of three drams or near upon; but because I thought the sediment might proceed from the mixture of sand arising with the water, (although I could not discern any with my eye) I therefore took three quarts more, which I filtrated through a double thick cloth, that I might be sure to have no mixture of sand, and set it on the fire as before to evaporate all the water, which when I had done there remained the same quantity of brackish sediment as before, and of the same colour, so as it plainly appeared, it was not from any mixture of sand in the water. Then I set on three quarts filtrated as before in a clean Skellet, which after it had boiled a while, I discovered a reddish sand at the bottom, (the very same that falls to the bottom, when it hath been coloured by the gall) so I took it off the fire, and poured it into another vessel, the sand remaining behind which I found to be about a dram, somewhat soft to the touch, not sharp as sand, which I take to be no other than Rubric, or Mater ferri, or as Dr. French calls it, Vitriol of Iron, separated by the heat, whose property it is according to Philosophers congregare homogenea, & separare heterogenea, it having a kind of Styptic taste not saltish at all. Then I set on the same water thus separated from the Rubric, to evaporate it as before, cleansing off the scum which arose, and at the bottom there remained a whitish Sediment, somewhat bitter, and very sharp in taste, to the quantity of two Drams, which cleaved to the bottom of the Skellet as if it were parched meat, not without difficulty to be scraped off. I observed when the water was almost all evaporated and spent, it risen up in Bullas, making a bubbling noise, like the boiling of Allome in the Mines at Whitby within twelve miles of Scarbrough on the Sea c●st; of which Sir Thomas Gower a very ingenious and learned Gentleman, much delighted in Chemical experiments, thinks this Spa doth eminently participate. I think also it is from the Allome that it is so fixed, and cleaves to the bottom, whereas otherwise the nitre would shoot in stir●as, and the Salt in tesseras as Naturalists observe; and I take the greatest part of this sediment to be Nitre, and Salt to be least predominant of all the rest of the Minerals, nor yet can they well be separated, concerning all which I shall speak more at large in the twelfth Section. There may perhaps be some other Minerals in it, but they are not discoverable, however these being most eminently conspicuous, I shall content myself with them, and leave it to others to try experiments, and make what new discoveries they can. Now since Water is the Vetucle of the Virtues of all the aforesaid minerals, Of water in general, I think it proper for method sake, to speak somewhat concerning Water ingeneral, together with its several sorts in particular, and the effects thereof, being taken inwardly into the bodies of men. And hereby the way, I intent nothing concerning distilled waters, which are make out of green plants, nor to dispute whither they have in them the virtue of the plant, out of which they are distilled, as Fernelius and Quercitanus think, De abdit▪ rer. cause. l. 2. Pharm. restituta. or whether they partake nothing of their virtue (especially such as have nothing of the sinell or taste of the plant) but are only the phlegmatic juice of them, and of the same virtue with our common water, and to be used indifferently in stead of it, as my learned and intimate friend Doctor Primrose thought; it sufficeth that we have them always ready and at hand in our Apothecaries Shops, to be a vehicle to others medicines which we have occasion to use for present indications, when wholesome common water would many times be far to seek. Nor do I intent to trouble the Reader or myself, with a Philosophical discourse concerning the Element of water, lib. 2. de gen. c. 8. which is one of the four principles which Aristotle saith, do necessarily concur to the making up of every compound body, and into which it is to be resolved in its dissolution, whether it be animate or inanimate. Neither indeed can that be found any where not being obvious to the external senses, or capable of attaining its qualities of cold and moisture, without losing its form. Instead of it we have our common water, whose proper place is the superficies or convex part of the earth, and is encompassed with the air, being also very near of kin to the Elementary water, although not the same, 1▪ De Element & de simple. med. fac. l. 1. Parac. de Elem. ag. as Galen and Paracelsus do assert, it being of the number of those bodies, which Aristotle calls imperfect mixed bodies in his book of Meteors. It hath also the same qualities of cold and moisture, in which yet it is capable of alteration (especially in the former) from external causes, without any formal diminution. This is called by Paracelsus the mother of all generations, Param. l. 3. & de pest. tract. 1. and the matrix of all the creatures: without this, there would be no procreation of animals or vegetables above the earth, or of minerals within the bowels of the earth; This perhaps made Empedocles be of the opinion that all things were made of water. But water is not only necessary by way of principle, and so an ingredient in the constitution of our bodies, but also in Order to nourishment, for the conservation of them in their being and growth; And therefore Plato called it of all liquors the most precious, In Euthydemo. although it may be had at a cheap rate. Lib. 2. Dypnos. c. 2. I know Galen, Actuarius, and other learned men deny any nutritive quality to be in water, although Athenaeus is of a contrary judgement, because some creatures feed on nothing else, as Grasshoppers: and so we see Horseleeches, that are put into water in our Apothecaryes-shops, will grow bigger. But as for Grasshoppers, for aught I know they may feed as other infects do of green plants, and it's probable they do; and as touching the growing of the Horseleeches, I think the water while it's new and uncorrupt pines them, and makes them hungry, not affording them any nourishment till it putrefyes, which it doth the sooner by their being in it, and so they are nourished aswell as bred by putrefaction, which the water hath contracted, and not by simple and pure water itself. N●t nourishing. Now the reason why it adds nothing to the nourishment of our bodies, I conceive to the this: That which is to nourish the body, is in proximâ potentiâ to be blood, and in remotâ a member, whereas water because of its super-abundant coldness, as also because it is a simple body, is not capable to become either the one or the other, and therefore it cannot have any nourishing virtue. Yet necessary u●to nourishment. Notwithstanding there is nothing more necessary unto nourishment, it being the best vehicle of nourishment, without which those gross meats which we daily eat, could not be assimilated, and turned into our substance: For how should that chyle which the stomach makes, by concocting the solid meats which we daily feed on, be able to pass into those small veins in the mesentery, and from thence to the Liver, if it had not a moist watery humidity mixed with it for its vehicle, as saith Galen. lib 4. de usu part. c. 5. Ob. Sol. If any object that Wine or Beer will serve for this end, as well as water: I answer, Wine and Beer do it by their watery and thin substance, which they have from their abundant participation of water; besides water is more generally used in the World both by men and beasts, than either Wine or Beer, and doth better serve for other inward common ends. And as for Wine, Beer or Ale, the more they do recede from the nature of Water, the worse and more unwholesome are they to be used for ordinary drink. The use of wat●●. By the help of Water, or what is made out of it, is our natural heat kept in a mean, and our radical moisture repaired, so as the latter is not exhausted by the excess of the former: Also with this nature is satisfied, and refreshed as much when we are thirsty, as it is with meat when we are hungry, yet without any addition, or increase of the substance of our bodies, as I said before. The first common drink. This was the common drink both of man and beast, during the first age of the World, from the Creation till the Flood, for above 16. hundred years, when men's lives were prolonged to almost a thousand years. Not that I think the drinking of water was the cause of their so long living; but rather the good pleasure of God for the more speedy propagating of mankind upon the earth was the cause, and their temperance a great help, a virtue almost lost in this declining age of the World: yet certainly it was the most proper drink which man could use, in order to the lengthening of his days, and preserving his health, otherwise God would have shown him a better. And if circumstances be weighed, we shall see that after the invention and use of wine, (which the Scripture attributes to Noah after the Flood) the age of man began to be contracted to near a tenth part, Psal. 90.10. and yet still became shorter, so as in Moses his time, it was accounted but threescore and ten. Nay long after Wine came to be known, I find water was in ordinary use. The ancient Romans used it. Julius Frontinus saith that the Romans were content with water as their only drink, for the space of 440. years from the building of Rome. Yea, even to this day not only the common sort of Citizens drink nothing else, but the wealthier also delight in it exceedingly, keeping it in Earthen Vessels under the Earth, and in their coolest Cellars, that they may have it always at hand. Strabo saith, l. 15. Geogr. c. ult. that the Kings of Persia drank the water of the River Eulaeus constantly, with whom it was in so high esteem, that it was forbidden any of his Subjects to drink of the water of that River. Lib. 1. Herodotus tells the same Story, but calls it Choaspes, which saith he, flows by the City Susa, where the Kings of Persia were wont to keep their Courts in winter. And Agath●eles in Athenaeus further describes it, l. 12. Dypn. c. 3. although he names not the River, it seems to have been a small one, whose water was called by the Persians aqua aurea, So the Persian King●. or the golden water, which was fed by 70. Spring-heads, of which it was treason and punished with death, for any man to drink except the King, and his eldest Son. Water was accounted by the Ancients the fittest drink for all ages and Sexes, However in this age of ours it is fallen under contempt. Hence those Laws which Plato mentions, that young men should not so much as taste any Wine, till they were 18. years of age, and women never: which was observed by the Roman Matrons with very great devotion, as saith Valerius Maximus, Lib. 1. they usually drinking nothing but water, or sometimes a drink called passum, which is made of Raisins boiled in water, when they are not well. Athenaeus tells of a custom among the Roman women, l. 10. Dypn. c. 13. that they were wont at the first meeting with any of their husband's kindred, to salute them with a kiss, who not knowing how soon they must meet some of them, did drink no Wine at all, lest they should smell of it and so be discovered, and have their names set up; that woman being accounted to want no fault, that would drink Wine. And thus also the Italian Women drink nothing but Water; Italians. Ibid. concerning which I find a pretty Story mentioned by Athenaeus out of Alcuinus Siculus an old Italian Writer; He saith, that Hereùles as he was once travailing on the way towards Croton, being thirsty, turned into an House near the way side, desiring some Wine to drink, to quench his thirst; now it happened that there was a Vessel of Wine in the House, which the good Wife had broached for her own tooth, her husband not knowing of it. The Master of the House hearing when Hercules called for Wine, bade his wife go and broach the eask, and give him some, the good Wife not being willing her Husband should know that it was already broached, pretending what a deal of trouble it would be to them both, did churhshly bid him drink Water. Which Hercules (standing at theh Door all the while) hearing, called the Husband to him, and commended him for his good will, and shown him the woman's deceit, and the cask which now was turned into a stone. This story is well known among the Italians, and the stone is to be seen at this day saith my Author, as a warning against the women's drinking of Wine. Likewise at this day in France, French. it is accounted a foul crime for Virgins to drink any thing but water, only their ancient women will mix a little wine with it, which is called by some, although with too much liberty of speech, vinum baptizatum. It were well if it were more in use in England, especially among the younger sort, as that drink which nature first assigned, it would prevent drunkenness which Athenaeus calls the metropolis of all mischiefs, lib. Dypn. c. 1. ●5. de invent. rev l. 3. c. 3. and Polydorus Virgilius the most filthy debauchment of the life of a man, and the original of 600. other vices, (I suppose he intends a certain number for an uncertain) and indeed is the shame of our Nation. I know it is objected, Ob. that the waters in England, in regard of the coldness of the climate, are more crude, and not so pure and wholesome as those in Spain, France, and the hot Countries. I confess great care ought to be had concerning the goodness of water, Sol. of which by and by. But certainly there is no cause for the objection, since there is no Country but it affords wholesome water, The waters of England are good. even the most frozen Country of Greenland, as I have heard from our Seamen of Hull, who yearly continue there m●● months, and use it wiho●● any the least harm. I know the Objection arises from this, that they think because of the coldness of our climate, the water is not so well concocted with the heat of the Sun, and so is hard of digestion. 1. But they must know, that the Sun by its heat pierces no● far into the bowels of the earth in the hot Countries, where they suppose the best water to be; the heat thereof piercing not above 10. foot deep into the earth, according to the judgement of the best Philosophers, the Springs arising much deeper, as we shall show anon. 2. Again the Sun and the Planets have an influence into the bowels of the earth, where neither their heat nor their light can penetrate, to the concocting of minerals, that are above 100 fathom deep, as I might manifest at large, from the judgement of good Authors, and therefore we need not doubt concerning water, which perhaps lies nearer the superfices, and requires less concoction. 3. Moreover water (I mean Spring water which is in most ordinary use) hath its concoction and preparation according to the temperature of heat and cold that is in the earth. Now if we may believe Philosophy, which teaches that the earth is warmer in Winter, in the low caverns of it then in Summer, because of the cold air and frosts, that shut the pores of it, which is also ratifyed by our own experience, that the Springs are warmer in winter frosty weather, then in an hot Summer; than it follows a pari, that in our cold climate, the Earth must be warmer than in those hot climates, and consesequently the water rather better concocted. 4. Besides it is a wrong to the God of nature, whose beams of Divine love are equally extended in his common providence, for the preservation of mankind throughout the whole universe, as if we in England or they in other more Northern Countries, had not as good a provision of water, a thing so absolutely and generally necessary, as they in the more Southern climates have. For my own part I believe, that our waters are as wholesome for our bodies, as theirs are for them in those hot climates, and much more than theirs would be for us; and I think that fluxes and calentures, which happen to Englishmen that travail into those hot climates, do proceed rather from the ungreeableness of the waters to our bodies, then from any other one cause that can be assigned. 5. Again, these medicinal waters, with which England doth abound more than any Country, (such as this at Scarbrough) do certainly require more heat, and concoction then any ordinary potable waters do, of which since England affords so many, if not better than others do, it is without reason to question the concoction of other waters. 6. And lastly, the waters of England do agree fully and exactly with that description, and those tokens of good water, which I find laid down in the writings, either of Philosophers or Physicians, Grecian, Arabian or Latin. If any man require further satisfaction concerning this point, I refer him to my ever honoured and intimate friend, Dr. Primrose his Book of popular Errors. lib. 3. c. 1. The sum of what they all say accounts to this, Tokens of good water. that there must be a concurrence of the Verdict of 3. Senses to prove the Water to be good, viz. Sight, Taste and Smell; I will not trouble the Reader nor myself with many quotations. To the Sight, it must be exceeding transparent and clear, without any sediment when it hath stood long; and which being shaken hath no shreds of any shape whatsoever, or motes, or sand flying about. To the Taste, it must be void of all qualities, neither sweet, nor sour, nor salt, nor acide, nor must it have any other taste that can be discerned by the tongue; the formality thereof consisting in cold and moisture. To the Smell, it must have no smell at all, nor yield any quality that can be discerned by the most accurate nose. Paulus Zachias a learned Roman Physician, l. 5. Med. leg. qu. tit. 4. will have the other two Senses to give verdict also; even the sense of hearing, accounting that bad which being poured from one vessel to another pours like oil with out noise, as being thick and unctuous, on which account ●accius discommends the Water of Tiber, lib. 1. de Tib. aq. as also because it is thick and oily to the touch. To the which I will add one trial more, that which being boiled yields no scum on the top, nor sediment at the bottom, but all evaporates into air; there are other tokens which I shall reserve for their due place. This saith Montanus, is the common matter of all those things with which it is mixed: And as the Astrologers say of Mercury among the Planets, so I may say of water, it is good with the good, and bad with the bad, it heats with hot things, and cools with the cold; yet it is to be observed, it ever dulls the heat of hot things, and such as do attenuate. Good in many cases. Now cold simple water is not only the common drink, which the God of Nature hath provided for all his Creatures; for the sustentation of them in their being, but also it is most healthful being taken inwardly, and is prescribed by Physicians in many cases, both to prevent and cure diseases, and tends much to preserve us in our well being; Concerning which one Hermannus vander Heyden, a Dutchman of very good worth, hath writ a peculiar Tractate, well worth the reading. It tempers our natural heat, Meth. med. c. 5. which otherwise would scorch and dry up the humours of the body, as saith Fernelius, and doth excellently correct that preternatural heat which is caused by Fevers, as Galen and Avicen do affirm, and they both allow it to be drunk in a large quantity, especially if there be signs of concoction in the veins, which a learned Physician is able to judge of, and then it helps the critical evacuations of nature by sweat, siege or vomit. Aristotle saith, that they that use to drink water do see the most clearly, which is agreeable to reason, because it sends no hot fumes up into the brain, but rather allays them. Eubulus commends it to help the invention, and saith that such as drink water, are the best inventors of new things, whereas all strong drinks do dull the understanding, lib. 2. din. c. 2. as Athenaeus citys him. It is good against vomiting, when it proceeds from bilious humours; stays the Hicket when it arises from choler, that corrodes and vellicates the Tunicles of the stomach; and stays the flux; and being drunk warm it causes vomiting. A glass of cold water being drunk after meat, is good for an hot stomach that concocts too fast, and for such as Hypocrates calls 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉; but it is not safe, when a man hath been toiling and is hot, as Cornelius Celsus saith: lib. 1. c. 3. nor can I approve of cold water for such as are old, and have very feeble stomaches, lest it overcome their natural heat, and they find the same fate that Aristophanes relates of Tiresias, who drinking of the water of Tilphosa a famous Spring in Boeotia, when he was very old, Ath. lib. 2. cap. 2. died immediately, the coldness of the water overcoming his feeble natural heat. Water furthers procreation of the Species, and therefore it is observable in those Countries where they drink altogether water, they multiply more than else where; and hence was the Law which I read of in Plato, Dialog. 2. de leg. that those that were new married were to drink nothing but water: They indeed that drink Wine are more salacious, yet they are less prolific. Crato in Scoltzius tells of one, Cons. med. 143. that by drinking every night and morning cold water, found very much benefit in freeing him from his usual violent tormenting pain of the stone, (in the morning he swallowed some grains of Pepper in it unbruised, to correct its coldness) which may very well be, because it tempers the excessive heat of the kidneys, and corrects the sharpness of urine. Hermannus vander Heyden commends it highly against the Gout, as a most sovereign remedy, in his Book before cited. It tempers the heat of the Liver, but it hurts the Spleen, being taken in too great a quantity, and fills it with serous humours; and therefore when we would use it for the hot distemper of the Liver, we should have respect to the Spleen to remove its obstructions, as Capivaccius says well. In Sco●t. Cons. med. 156. And let this suffice concerning water in general, to beget it a little more credit among us, because of its antiquity and usefulness. Sect. 3. I come now to speak concerning the several sorts of water in particular, as they lie in the order of nature, and are or may be the causes of each other: And first of Sea water, Of Sea water. as that which was first in Nature, and very briefly, not being of use to be taken inwardly, yet falling into our consideration in the subsequent discourse. The Sea makes one Globe with the Earth, being yet not confused with it, but divided from it, and gathered together into one place by itself, on the third day of the Creation: Gen. 1.7. The Earth is the centre of the Globe, and contains the Sea water as in a vessel, there being no water, which is not bottemed by the Earth, as naturalists aver. The Water being a lighter Element, lib. 2. met. cap. 3. it's proper place is to be above the Earth, so as the greater part by far of the superfices of the Globe is covered with water; notwithstanding which the higher places of the Earth stand out of the Water, 2 Pet. 3.5. and appear above it, giving bounds to the Water which it cannot pass over, as the Scripture saith, Psal. v. 9 and so are become habitable for men and beasts. It's Nature. Sea Water is Salt and hot in operation, binds and dries the body, if it be drunk, as do all salt waters according to the judgement of Hypocrates, De aere aquis & locis. which he says are 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, De remed. l. 2 c. 53. indomicable and hard, it rather increases than quenches thirst, and hath been found deadly to such as have drunk of it being exceeding thirsty, as saith Paulus Aegineta. I would not be so understood, as if I thought all salt waters were to be rejected from inward use, or as if no salt waters would purge the body; The Sulphur Well at Knaresbrough, a gallon whereof being vaporated away yields two ounces of salt, is daily used inwardly with very good success in many cases, and purges the body, as I know by experience, and as Dr. Dean, and Dr. French do both witness in their Books upon that Subject; This Spring does the same and hath some salt in it: Notwithstanding if salt waters do lose the body, it is from other minerals of which they do participate, and not from the salt, on which account they rather dry up the humours, and are singular good even in hydropic constitutions; especially in the beginning, the truth whereof I have proved by good experience in an Honourable Lady, to whom I commended the use of the Sulphur Well before mentioned in the Dropsy with good success. Hence it is that Hypocrates in the place afore cited, blames them for their ignorance, that upon any slight occasion use salt waters inwardly, expecting to lose the body with them, they having from the salt no such virtue, but rather stay the belly, and cause the body to break out in Scabs, and make the fundament and lower parts troubled with checks, De simple. c. 4. as Rasis saith: The Sea water hath indeed some sweet parts in it, which are thinner and lighter than the substance of the water is, from whence it comes to pass, that the flesh of those fishes that live in the Sea, is as fresh as those that are taken in fresh waters. If one distil Sea water in a cold Still it yields fresh water. And I have read an experiment in Gamillus Flavius which is worthy a trial, Paraph. in Hip. de aq. p. 43. and may be of use to such as go on long voyages, and want sometimes fresh water. He saith, that if a bottle be made of Wax, and the mouth of it be close stopped, so as no water can run into it, and it be cast into the Sea and made to sink, in a few days it will be found to have fresh water in it, very pleasant and wholesome to be drunk. I have inserted this for the Seamens sake, to whom it may be beneficial. Sect. 4. In the next place I come to treat of Rain water, with its original and qualities; Of Rain. the product or original is thus. The Sun and the rest of the Heavenly bodies do by their heat exhale, It's cause and draw forth out of the Sea, and other moist bodies that are on the Earth the vapours, (which are the more rare and thin part of the water and bodies) these by their heat they do so rarify, that through their levity they fly upward towards the upper region of the air next to the Element of fire, the proper place of such light bodies; where they continue till according to the ordinary course of Providence, by the influence of the Moon, or some planetary Aspect out of signs of the watery Triplicity, or some other cold and moist constellation, they become more gross and moist, and so by their weight descend into the middle region of the air, where by the excess of cold they are condensed into waters, and now being become an heavy body, do fall down upon the Earth in showers, making thereby a kind of circulation in Nature, through the ascent of vapours and descent of showers. This I say is according to the ordinary course of Providence, when notwithstanding without any of those previous influences of the Celestial bodies, Almighty God who is a most free Agent, and doth what he will in the Heavens and the Earth, doth sometimes by a special Providence cause it to rain; Exod. 9.18 and at other times also he doth so suspend the aforesaid influences, Jam. 5.17. that it reins not at all, Amos 4.7. as in the use of Elijahs prayer. Thus as the Prophet observes, he makes it to rain upon one City, and not upon another; and this he doth that he may keep us in a constant dependence upon himself, as upon the first and primary cause, without whose concurrence secondary causes can produce no effects at all. No this my judgement concerning the causes of rain, is agreeable to what is writ upon that subject, by the best Philosophers and Physicians, the Scripture also being clear in it. Amos 9.6. He calleth for the Waters of the Sea, and poureth them out upon the face of the Earth: to which add that in Job 36.27, 28. He maketh small the drops of water, they pour down rain according to the vapour thereof, which the clouds do drop. And that the rain doth falls or is withheld from us in ordinary providence, according to the influence of the celestial bodies, is deducible from another place in Job, Chap. 38. v. 25. and so forward; where God, expostulating with job concerning his mighty works of providence, reads a Lecture to him concerning the Meteors, of Rain, Lightning, Thunder, Dew, and Frost, with their causes, and in the 31. Verse he hath this question to him: Canst thou bind (or restrain) the influence of the Pleyades, or lose the bands of Orion? with other expostulatory questions: The meaning thereof is this; Canst thou stay the rain, and hinder it from falling? or canst thou lose the frost and make it thaw? The Pleyades being a moist constellation in the shoulder of the sign Taurus, which brings wet; and Orion a dry constellation in the last decade of Gemini, arising in the evenings in the beginning of the Winter, causing frosts. I might enlarge concerning Mazaroth, viz. the 12. signs, and Arcturus, which are mentioned in the 32. vers. but I hasten. Nor is this my own private interpretation, but it's agreeable to the judgement of the most learned Interpreters upon the place, and particularly of those that were Members of the late reverend Assembly of Divines, in that their excellent exposition upon the Book of job. Now from the consideration of what bath been, said concerning the concurrent cause of Rain, It's nature and quality it will follow, that Rain-water is the most light of all others, clear and of thin parts, and agreeable with the description of the best water before laid down, being also most ethereal, and having the fewest terrestrial or earthly parts of all waters whatsoever. Hence is it that Hypocrates prefers Rain-water before any other, Lib. 6. epid. & de aq. especially that which falls in Summer out of white and thin clouds, and with Thunder or Wind, which do help to purify it more; but he discommends that which falls out of thick and black clouds, and in a storm; nevertheless he would have it boiled before it be used, because of all other waters it is most apt to putrefy and become corrupt. It soon corrupts. Nor let any startle at it, as that therefore it should be the more unwholesome, because it is subject to corrupt so soon, this being rather a token of its goodness, in that it is so easily altered, according to the judgement of Paulus Aegineta, Oribasius and others, although this also may be helped if it be kept in a cool place, and in a pure stone Cistern. Only let me give this caution that it be not long kept before it be used, least being corrupted it cause's hoursness and difficulty of breathing, and breed Choleric humours in the stomach, and weaken its retentive faculty. Rasis saith, it is ill for those that are subject to Fevers when it hath been long kept. And so Aetius is of the same mind, forbidding it also to be used in Choleric constitutions, and in the jaundice, because it is easily turned into choler, but commends it to be used in Eye waters to stop a flux of humours, or to consolidate Ulcers of the eyes, as being more astringent than Spring Water; which yet I cannot believe, because it is as I said before of thin and aerial parts, and not so terrestrial as Spring Water is. And for this cause I think it the best of all others to be used in a perient or pectoral Apozemes, provided it be taken when it is new fallen, and strained through a thick cloth or paper, the body also open. Only to that of Aetius I'll add this, that of all other waters that are drunk cold, Rain water is the worst for cachectick constitutions, which have an ill habit of body, and for such as are Scorbutic, for though it be of thin parts, yet because it is more subject to putrefy then other waters, and those bodies not so pervious as sound bodies are, it is to be suspected, lest it should soon corrupt, before it can pass through the body, and so increase the maladies. This by its admirable secundity refreshes the Earth, and makes it to bring forth friut, filling its lap with variety of vegetables, necessary for the sustentation of man and beast, without which it could bring forth nothing at all, and so would not be habitable. And what falls more than is necessary for the production of vegetables, sinks further into the earth for the supply of Springs and subterreneall generations of minerals and metals, concerning uwhich we shall have occasion to treat more anon. Sect. 5. Like unto Rain is Snow and Hail, especially in their original cause, for they both proceed from the like vapours, which are exhaled (as I said before) by the heavenly bodies, out of the Sea and the terrestrial bodies, & elevated into the middle region of the air, whereby a greater and more intense degree of cold then that which produceth rain, they are condensed into Snow and hail; only the hail is generated by a more remiss degree of cold then snow; and therefore falls ordinarily in Summer, whereas Snow never falls but in winter, or very cold weather. I find that snow was much in use among the Ancients, who carefully preserved it all the year, to mixed it with their wine, to allay its heat, and give it a pleasant coolness to the palate. Thus Chares Mytilinaeus in his History of Alexander the Great, tells how that in his Siege against Petra a City of Indiae, he was exceedingly delighted with Snow mixed in his Wine, and he relates his manner of preserving it; viz. he caused many great and deep Trenches to be digged in the earth, which he covered over with Oak boughs, in which the Snow was laid, being gathered when it was new fallen, and preserved for the use aforesaid. No less careful are they at this day in Spain and Italy, and other the hot Countries of Europe in preserving Snow to mixed it with their Wine, to give it a pleasant coolness, laying it up in their lowest and coolest Cellars, and covering it as before said, and so they keep it till winter come again. De simpy. cap. 6. And thus the Arabians are wont also to put Snow into their Juleps for Acute Fevers, in which case Rasis commends it very much. And Pisanellus an Italian Writer tells that at Messana a City of Sicily where the Climate is very hot, De escud. & potul. fac. p. 162. the Inhabitants were every year in Summer troubled with a pestilential Fever, that swept away thousands, till they found out the use of Snow mixing it with their drink, and then it left them: And hence it is become a custom among them, that every man, even the poorest of all, besides other provision, which they make for their Families, are sure to provide Snow. Notwithstanding which, De Spir. anim. nat. cap. 8. that water which comes of Snow, or Hail, is accounted by all unwholesome to be drunk alone, because of its exceeding coldness, as Actuarius observes, on which account he esteems it the worst of all waters, as also because of its gross parts, for that which hath once been conjealed into Snow or Ice, can never return to its pristine estate, for whatever thin, sweet or subtle parts were in it, before it was conjealed by the cold are now lost and gone, and are turned into a vapour, nothing remaining but the gross and earthy parts: and this is easy to be discerned by a Vessel full of water, which if it hath been once turned into Ice, and thawed again, shall be found to have lost a good part of its measure. Now the thin parts being gone and evaporated away the gross body or caput mortuum becomes obstructive, and so may produce many distempers, besides the violence it offers the stomach and liver, by its excessive coldness; lih. de temper simple. and therefore Averrhoes forbids it especially to be drunk fasting while the stomach is empty, with this expression; let no man presume to drink it fasting, etc. But they that mix it with Wine, do it safely and to very good purpose, the Wine and the Snow correcting one another, and so making up a wholesome composition. Another Use of Snow, is, that while it lies upon the superfices of the earth, unmelted, it preserves the earth, and the vegetables that grow thereon from the nipping, piercing cold of the air, which it also putrifies; and when it melteth it moistens the ground as doth rain, (although it fattens not so much) the superfluity whereof is sucked up by the earth (except that which runs into lakes and rivers) and is coverted to the same use as Rain; to wit, to the supply of springs and subterreneall generations, being corrected and better concocted by the moderate heat of the earth, which in Winter is warmer than in Summer, as I said before. Sect. 6. The next in order to be spoken to, is Fenny pond or lake-maters, senne pond or lake water. which are made by a superfluity of Rain or melted Snow, settling in some low places either above or else in some Caverns of the earth, which are to be avoided from all inward use, as most unwholesome and many times deadly and poisonous. And first for Fens and Ponds, they being made up of melted Snow, are upon that account bad enough, as I hinted before, nor are they amended by the mixtures of rain water; unwholesome. besides that in their passage they carry along with them slime and filth from which they can never be purged. To this add, that they they are standing waters, and lie open both to the heat of the Sun in Summer, which exhales all their thin parts, and leaves them gross and fetid; and to the cold in winter, which freezes them, and makes them still more gross and turbulent. Rufus in Oribasius indeed tells us that the Fens in Egypt, Col. Med. lib. 5. cap. above all Other Fens that ever he met withal, are wholesome being bred by the overflowing of Nilus, which is not so apt to corrupt and putrefy as other waters are, and will keep sweet the longest. They that are forced to drink of Pond water are much to be pitied, as I kow (some Towns that have no other; and those Alewives that brew their Ale with it, when they may have better water, (as I have heard for certain some do, because it makes stronger drink then good water) are much to be blamed; these sorts of water being condemned by Physicians both ancient and modern, Hip. de ag. valer. lib. 2 oom. loc. cap. 2. as poisonous and pestelential, having in them horseleeches and other filthy vermin; and therefore of all sorts of waters these are most to be avoided in times of common contagion, as Plagues and penitential Fevers. These being drunk do cause obstructions in the liver, De aquis. Tetr. 1. Serm. 3. De simple. c. 4. hardness of the spleen, corrupt the blood, and spoil the complexion: they breed dropsies, dysenteries, the Stone of the Kidneys, shortness of breath, and rotten and pestilential fevers, as Hippocrates, Aetius, Rasis and others say. Besides they corrupt and infect the air, Corrupt the air. with the noisome vapours which they send forth daily, to the breeding of very many diseases: and therefore it is observable that most towns that are situate near unto Fens or lakes are more subject to malignant diseases, which when Physicians come to meddle with, lib. 2. loc. come. c. 2. they find very rebellious scarcely admitting of a cure, as Valleriola had experience of, at the City Arles in France. Notwithstanding if necessity enforce to the use of this sort of water, it may be made much more wholesome, if it be boiled before it be used. 2. As for lakes that are within the ground in the low cavern of the earth, Lakes under ground poisonous. they are also unwhole some and sometimes deadly, because they are standing waters close, not open to the air and so have no enventilation, tainted by the filthy damps and fogs that are in the earth, and are often found to have in them poisonous vermin. I read of some that had fish in them which poisoned those that did eat of them. Sen. Nat. qu. l. 3 cig. Carp. l. 2. geog. c. 9 In Caria near about the City Lorus there arose out of the earth suddenly by reason of an Earthquake a great flood of Water, bringing out with it a great number of Creatures and fishes, which had been fatted under the earth, of which whosoever chanced to eat, died presently. I am forced to mention these sorts of waters by the way, yet briefly, having occasion to refer to them in the following discourse. Sect. 7. I now proceed to treat concerning Spring-water, Of Spring-water. as that which comes closer to the main subject of discourse, to wit, the Spa at Scarbrough, which is a constant flowing Spring or fountain: For the better understanding whereof in its virtues and operation, its needful that I say something concerning the spring in general, together with the causes, nature and variety of them, and that as briefly as the nature of the subject will bear, because I would not weary myself, or the Reader, with a long and tedious discourse. It is a great controversy between the Stoics and Peripatetics concerning the Original of springs, 3. Originals of springs. also among several modern, learned Authors; and they pitch especially upon 3. original causes, viz. the percolation of the Sea; the transumtation of air within the bowels of the Earth; and the Rain and Snow. The first is the most ancient being the opinion of Thales, and Plato with his followers; Sea's percolation. de sacr. Philoso. Nat. Bath. c. 3. as also of Valesias, and our learned Countrymen Mr. Lydiat, Mr. Carpenter, Dr. jordan, and Dr. French. Yorkshire Spa. The reasons of their opinion are principally these; because first, there is nothing but the vast Ocean that can afford such abundance of waters, as do spring from the Earth, the Sea being a sufficient store-house for all ends and uses. Secondly, because the Sea is not increased by the multitude of Waters, which flow into it daily, as it must of necessity be, if they had not by the subteraneal channels a recourse to their Fountains. And to this opinion Solomon seems to give ground, 1 Eccles. 7. where he saith, All Rivers run into the Sea, and yet the Sea is not full, unto the place from whence the Rivers come, thither they return again. But as for the place of Scripture, it proves not the point in hand, the question being not about Rivers but Springs; Solomon speaks of the ebbing and flowing of the Sea in great Rivers, into which the Tide runs, they being near the Sea, and they would interpret it of Springs and Fountains, that are perhaps many hundred miles of. Not that I deny the Sea to contribute towards the making of Springs; the Sea sends up vapours in abundance, which being converted into Rain and Snow in their seasons, fall down upon the Earth, and afford matter for Springs, but I cannot believe that there is any such percolation as they speak of, whereby the water of the Sea is conveyed by occult cavities through the Earth to the Springs, which are many hundred miles in some places of the World distant from it, and many of them placed upon exceeding high Land, and Mountains much above the Sea. I know some of them for the making out of their opinion, will have the Sea to be as high, Sea not higher than the earth. if not higher them the highest Mountains, depressed only upon the shore, as saith Aristotle, lib. 1. de Meteor. because terminated by the dry Land. This Doctrine of the Sea's elevation above the Land being also defended by Tully (de nat. deorum,) where he saith that the Sea being placed above the Earth; yet coveting the place of the Earth, is congregated and collected, so as it cannot redouned or flow abroad; Scripture urged. as also by many learned Divines both ancient and modern, who reducing most things to the supernatural and first cause, do many times neglect and overlook second causes. And they seem to be warranted by some Scriptures, Psal. 33. vers. 7. He gathered the Waters thereof together as an heap. Ps. 33.7, As also that place in job, where God himself professeth, that he hath bounded the Waters of the Sea, in these words job 38.11. Hitherto shalt thou go but no further, Job. 38.11. and there shall thy proud waves be stayed. And having thus resolved, they fancy a natural motion of the water from the top of the Sea to the tops of the Hills, although they are not all of this mind, as we shall examine by and by. But we must know, de caelo l. 2. c. 4. De Geogr. p. 489 the Earth and the Sea (according to Aristotle, and a concurrence of Freigius and all Geographers) make up but one body of a global figures, the Sea being a moist fluid body keeps the figure exactly, its superficies being always equidistant to the Centre of the Earth, so as in what part of the Sea soever a man can suppose himself to be, he must needs be in the highest part of the Globe, whether he be in the middle of the Sea or near the Shore, and out of this figure it cannot go without force. Whereas the Earth is not so exact in the figure, that part of it which appears above the Water of the Sea being extuberant, every Mountain and Valley still further breaking the figure; Now if the water of the Sea should so pass from the Sea to the tops of the Springs, as they affirm, it should arise beyond its level, to wit, the Natural Spherical figure, which is absurd to be supposed without an extraneous force. It is most certain, that Ships at Sea will at some leagues distance lose the sight of one another, so as they that are upon the deck in the one, can make no discovery of the other, but if they go up to the shrowds they may discern one another, and still the higher they climb the better discovery they make The reason of this is the Spherical figure of the Sea, which terminates their sight while they are upon the deck, until over-topping the bank by climbing higher they have a clear view. And our Seamen observe no difference (supposing the same distants) from what quarter soever the Ships lie from one another, whither towards the Land or off at Sea. For exampel. Suppose on the Eastern coast of England, which stretches North and South, three Ships signed A. B. C. of equal size. A. lies under the shore; B. lies off at Sea full East from A. towards the Coast of Holland: C. rides Southerly from B. towards the Downs; and A. and C. at equal distance from B Our best Navigators tell me, that f B. lose the sight of C. that she cannot be discerned without climbing into the Shrowds; A. shall in like manner lose the sight of B. which should not be so, Lib. 1. M●t. Nat. Baths, p. 18. if according as Aristotle and Dr. Jordan tells us, the Sea were depressed at the shore, and elevated at distance, but rather B. should appear clearly unto A. as if it were placed on a high Bank at full view. They say indeed, that B. shall sooner lose the sight of A. because of the dark shore under which A. lies. Now if it be thus, (as peritis in arte suâ credendum est) then is that conceit of the Seas elevation above the highest Land but a fancy. Nat. Baths c. 3. p. 18. And that also of Dr. Jordan's will hold no water, when he saith as in Siphunculis, the water being put in at one end will rise up in the other Pipe, as high as the level of the water, so he will have it to be in the bowels of the earth, between the superficies of the Sea and the heads of the Springs. Nor is their reason for the depression of the Sea near the shore of any validity; to wit, because it is terminated by the dry land; the Argument of Demonstration which they use to illustrate the thing, being of sufficient validity for confutation of the Position. Cap. 3. p. 19 For saith Dr. Jordan, if a drop of water be put upon a dry Table, you shall l●e it depressed on the sides, & elevated in the middle like an half G●obe, but take away the termination by moistening the Table, and the drop sinks; and he further ●dds, if this be evident in so sm●ll a proportion, we may imagine it to be much more in the vast Ocean. What! is not the sand of the Sea moistened by every wave as much as the Table which makes the drop fall, and run out of its Global figure? why doth not then the Sea as well dilate itself, as the drop upon the Table, and consequently leaving its Spherical Figure drown the world? We see the dry Land does not so terminate the Sea, but it rises according to the Tides, still more and more, till the Spring be at the height▪ and notwithstanding the moistening of the Shore, it returns again to its lowest Ebb▪ Nor do the Scriptures beforecited make out any thing for their purpose. Psa. 33.7. cleared. As for that in Psal. 33.7. He gathereth the waters together as an heap. The Prophet is speaking of the admirable power and wisdom of GOD in the Creation of the world, as is evident in the 6. ver. By the word of the Lord were the heavens made, and all the hosts of them by the breath of his mouth: And then follows, v. 7. He gathereth, etc. The best way therefore to interpret this, is to have recourse to the story of the Creation, and to see there what God did with the waters, Gen. 1.7. and 9 A●ter GOD had divided the waters that were under the Firmament from those that were above; He said, ver. 9 Let the waters under the heavens be gathered together into one place, and let the dry land appear; So that it lows, the gathering of the waters together as an heap, is no more than the putting them into one place, and the words that follow in that 7th. verse of the Psalm hint as much, which seem to be exegetical and interpretative to the former, to wit, He layeth up the deep in storehouses. Unless they will have the Prophet to hint also at the Spherical Figure of the Sea, to which I can easily assent. Besides the words themselves are worthy our considering, he doth not say on an heap, but as an heap, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 congregans sicut acervum aquas maris; Whereas in the story of the Israelites passing over Jordan, when the waters were divided before them, & stood up in an heap, the same word in Hebrew for a heap is used, to 〈◊〉▪ 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 not 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Iosh. 3 16. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 steterunt acervo uno. The Septuagint Translating that in the Psalm according to this sense, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 gathering as in a vessel the water of the Sea. Job 38.11 cl●a●●d. As touching that place in job, I conceive it makes nothing for their opinion of the Seas elevation above the earth. I deny not Gods miraculous and extraordinary working in some things to manifest the glory of his wisdom & power, yet I suppose the Sea to be confined by his providence within the ordinary bounds of nature: for it were very strange to imagine that God in the first institution of nature, should impose a perpetual violence upon nature seeing we see the Creator in other things to use nature as his ordinary servant, & to administer the regiments of matters by second causes. I conceive no more is meant in that Scripture, but that Almighty God hath set certain limits & bounds which the waters should not pass these bounds and limits I take not to be supernatural, as if the water restrained by a miraculous word of command, should be forced to contain itself within its circuit prescribed to it; but natural as cliffs & hills, within which the water seems to be entrenched; for we may see there is no such force put upon it; but if the natural bounds of the Sea, to wit, the cliffs be removed, the Sea overruns the Land, and turns all into itself. But the Authors of this opinion urge further, Object. that according to the order of the Elements among themselves, the earth should be lowest, and the water above it. I Answer, if we consider these Elements among themselves, Sol. we must give the height to the water, for as much as the greatest part by far of the Earth lies drowned, for that which is above, bears no sensible proportion with that which lies under the water. But here we are not comparing the two Elements entirely betwixt themselves, but the superficies of the water with the parts of the earth that are uncovered, and are habitable, which supersicies of the Earth notwithstanding this reason, may be higher than the water. But they object further, because Mariners coming from the main Ocean to the Land, Object. seem to see the Land far lower than the water. This may easily be made out of optical principles, Sol. that it must appear so, by reason that the Spherical figure and convexity of the Sea, interposed betwixt our sight and the lower part of the Land, doth hid some parts from our sight, whence it must needs appear lower, being couched almost under water; The like is discernible in another Ship at Sea, which seems to be depressed underwater at some League's distance, so as nothing appears but her top Sails. Besides at distance all things seem lower even upon a level at Land, which when we draw nigh unto, do better discover their height. I read that in Noah's Flood, God broke open the springs of the deep, and opened the Cataracts of heaven, to pour down rain continually many days together upon the Earth, of which there had been no necessity at all, had the Sea been heaped up in such sort as they imagine; for the only withdrawing of his hand, and letting lose the reins that the water might have run to an evenness, would have been sufficient to have overwhelmed the whole earth. Again, we find by experience, and our Mariners do all agree in it, that a like gale of Wind will serve to carry a Ship out of the Port to the open Sea, as from the Sea into the Port, which could not be, if the Sea were higher than the Land, for they would need a great and stiff gale to carry them up the bank of the Sea, and none at all to run into the Land. And thus I conceive we are freed from that absurd consequence, which their Doctrine of the Seas Elevation at distance, and depression on the shore, doth necessarily infer; to wit, that the water which runs out of Rivers in the ebb, as soon as it reaches to the Sea, must run up the hill in its own natural motion, which is against the nature of heavy bodies, whose motion is ever downward to the Centre of the Earth, as also Aristotle's own Doctrine else where. Lib. c. de coelo. c. 4. Besides, as Dr. French well observes, a man would think so many great Rivers terminated in the Sea, might be a sufficient moisture for the taking away of the termination made by the dryness of the Earth, and to make the Globus Sea sink to an evenness. Moreover manner of conveyance of the Sea water to the heads of Springs fancied by Dr. Jordan, through the secret channels of the Earth, requires a man of much credulity to believe him; to wit, that the water in those his subterraneal crannies should without any force upon it, leave its natural figure, and correspond with its level, and yet the same water being exposed to the open air near the shore, should both make and abide in a valley. It further implies much easiness of persuasion in him that can believe, that those Springs which are two or three hundred miles from the Sea, as some are in great continents, must yet be supplied with water from the Sea, by Channels of that length. Besides if there were such Channels from the Sea to the Springs as he fancies, that are hollow like pipes, the water of the Springs would certainly be brackish, according to the nature of the Sea water, which in such length of time would have tainted the Channels through which it passes; Nat. Hist. cent. 9 exp. 882. as the Lord Bacon observes, that although pits digged near the Sea will be found in time to have fresh water in them, yet afterwards they will become salt, the sand through which the water is transcolated contracting saltness, so as new ones must be made, and so I think of Dr. Jordan's subterraneal Channels. As for Divines who are of the opinion of the Seas height above the Land, I desire them to consider of that place in Psal. 107. ver. 23. where it is called going down to the Sea in Ships, the words being 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 descendentes ad mare, Psal. 107.23. coming from the same root 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 descendit, with that word which is used, Micha 1.4. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which signifies locus declivis, or a steep place. Yet I deny not, but there may be some Springs which at some small distance have a supply of water from the Sea, but this makes nothing for their opinion concerning the supply of Springs at great distance, and upon the high mountains. lib. 2. c. 56. Pliny tells us of a Spring in the Gades which observes the Seas motion, in ebbing and flowing: and I am credily informed there is another in the Peak in Derbyshire, which ebbs and flows every twelve hours. So the Spring at Giggleswick in Yorkshire ebbs and flows many times a day, even to the admiration, whether that of Pliny's may have any correspondence with the Sea or no, I know not, Lib. ●. Nat Q●●st. I am sure the other two have not, and I had rather with Seneca, look on such as these as wonders of God, then trouble myself curiously to inquire into their causes, that are too hard for me. Se●●●l concet●s. But these that are of opinion of the Seas percolation to be the cause of Springs, are not all for this way of conveyance, they say the water of the Se● is conveyed by transcolation into huge Caverns in the body of the earth indeed, but then they differ again in finding its passage to the Spring heads, each propounding a way according to their fancy: Of agitation by subtterraneall winds as Socrates in Plato. In Phoed. Compulsion by a Spirit or breath that is in the water as Pliny and Valesius, Pl. l. 2. c. 65. of compression, De sac. phillip c. 1. & 63. and that either through the weight of the Sea itself, Nat. Qu. lib. 3. a great part whereof he supposes to be out of its place in the air, as Seneca. ib. 2. The at. nat. Or of the earth as Bodinus and Thales. Or rarefaction and condensation, as Dr. Fludd and Mr. Carpenter. Geograph. Or rarefaction and condensation, as Dr. Fludd and Mr. Carpenter. Or attraction by the heat of the Sun and the heavenly bodies as Thomas Aquinas held. Or Belmonts Sabutum, or Virgin's earth; Ag in Sum. p. 1. q. 69. all which as they seem at the very naiming to be nothing more than empty conceits, besides the disagreement that is among themselves tenders it the more questionable, so they are sufficiently confu●ed, some of them by Mr. Carpenter in his Geography, Lib. 3. Nat. Qu. and the rest by Dr. French in his discourse upon the Spa of Knaresbrough. There is another account given by Empedocles an ancient Greek Philosopher, Spa p. 21. 22. etc. as also Seneca for theebullition of Springs to which Gabriel Fallopius lib 1. de aquis medicatis c. 3. Mr. Carpenter, Mr. Lydiat, and Dr. French adhere, the last taking a great deal of pains to make it out, and that is by heat, wheareby he will have the water which is conveyed from the Sea into the Caverns of the Earth, to be elevated to the heads of Springs, after the same manner as from the Sea to the middle region of the air, and that is by resolving the water into vapours, Dr. French opinion. nor matters he whether that heat be above or beneath the waters, if so be it turneth them into vapours, and maketh them ascend as high as is requisite they should: And this heat he will have maintained by subterraneal fires, that are kindled and fed by Naphtha or some bituminous matter. And he makes two degrees of heat, one more intense in the deep Caverns, to rarefie the waters in the Caverns into vapours, the other more remiss nearer the superficies, which must condense them again into waters; which he illustrates by the head of an Alimbyck; and the cover of a boiling pot, whose more remiss degree of heat turns the vapours into water. Although Aristotle who also will have water to be generated in the Earth, L. 1. Meteor c. 11. says it is condensed by cold, and the Philosopher seems as much to be believed, especially since its more agreeable to their own parallel of the middle region, where certainly the vapours are condensed by cold. That there are bituminous fires our own reason (besides the testimony of good Authors) doth sufficiently evince, Sol. they being the efficient cause of hot Springs, such as are those mentioned by Plato and Pliny the one in Sicily, the other at Somosata; and our own at the City Bath in Somersetshire, besides many others: from whence also are those burning mountains Aetna and Vesuvius, besides others that we read of in Athours. But first Dr. French supposes great Caverns of waters to be in the earth which come from the Sea, pag. 16, 17. pag. 23. the heat also to be of like proportion with the water; what a conflict this would make in nature we may easily judge, when these two enemy's fire and water must be so immured together. I wonder the water being of like proportion which the fire doth not quench it, or that the fire consumes not the water, and so in both cases we should want water in our Springs, and the world would be destroyed: but it seems they do better agree and combine to bring about his end, and he tells us how they both dwell together in the Caverns. Secondly, L. 1. meteor c. 10. this supposes the earth to be almost nothing but Caverns: for if that be true that Aristotle saith concerning Springs, that if all water that runs out of them in one year could be kept in a vessel, it would almost equalise the whole bulk of the earth; and Dr. French tells us, there is a like proportion of fire and water in the Caverns; and reason tells us, that fire cannot be kept in without a greater quantity of air, which it continually consumes, then what may we judge concerning the Caverns. Thirdly, this implies the Earth to be almost nothing but bitumen or Naphtha, nor will his new generations be enough to maintain the expense. Fourthly, this supposes all the Earth to be on fire, since almost in all places there are Springs, and consequently contradicts the whole suffrage of Philosophers, who call the Earth Elementum Frigidissimum. Fifthly, the Earth would in time be consumed by so many fires, as saith Agricola, it being of a calcinable and combustible matter. Sixtly, If it were so, than the water would have a bituminous taste or smell, which we know it hath not ordinarily, it not differing in quality from those waters which are wont to break in the manner of Springs after great rains, of which sort we have many break out yearly on the Wolds in Yorkshire, commonly called by the name of Gypsies. Lastly, it's not probable that there are so many fires in the earth, because those that dig in Mines in several Countries, do meet usually with water which molest them, but no fires. But to proceed, if the percolation of the Sea were the cause of Springs, than we should usually have the most plentiful Springs near the Sea, by reason of the nearness to their Fountain; when as to the contrary we find, that those Towns which are situate near the Sea, are more destitute of water, than others that are more remote. Again those Springs that are upon the Sea shore should probably sympathise in their growth, or decrease with the Sea, and so at the Spring-Tides should flow more plentifully, and at Neap-Tides more sparingly, as those Springs I just now spoke of, the Gypsies, are more or less according to the rain, whereas no such thing is observable in the other. Nor is this Spring of which we treat, to wit, the Spa, which is upon the level of the Springtides, and sometimes overflow by them, in the least wise altered by them, The Spa not altered by the Tides. as ever I could observe to flow more freely at the Spring-Tides, and slower at the Neap-Tides, when the Sea is at somewhat a further distance; nor yet is its taste altered in the least, or its efficacy in working, (notwithstanding which I think it hath some Salt in it from the Sea, and is thereby exalted in some qualities.) Whereas it is very observable, notwithstanding it breaks out of the ground, within three or four yards of the foot of the cliff, which is near 40 yards high, & within a quarter of a mile there is another hill, that is more than as high again above the Cliff, and a descent all the way to the Cliff, so as the rain water cannot lie long upon the ground: I say nevertheless it is observable that after a great rain the water is altered in its taste, But is altered by rain. & lessenened in its operation. Indeed a rainy day or two will not hurt it all. But to return to the ground of the opinion, which is built upon the Seas sole sufficiency, to afford so great and constant a supply of waters to feed the Springs: I easily grant it to be the best Storehouse, and do only descent about the manner of conveyance, of which I shall have occasion to speak by and by. And for the other ground, because the Sea is not increased by the multitude of waters that flow into it daily, which it must of necessity be, if they had not by their subterraneal Channels a recourse to their Fountains: Plato indeed hath a ready answer to it, telling of I know not what great Abyss, which he calls Tartarus, and makes it the original Fountain of all waters, into which by Caverns of the earth, he will have the Sea to empty itself of its superfluity. If this Tartarus be Hell he is surely mistaken, for Dives found no water. De Sac. Phil. c. 63. Valesius indeed interprets it to be the same with Moses his Abyss, or else some hidden part of the Sea. But this I pass over as one of the Philosopher's dreams, being also confuted by his Scholar Aristotle, who gives a full answer, lib. 2. Met. c. 4. which may satisfy any man, with whom agrees Freigius in his hydrography. An immense quantity thereof, Hydrog. p. 442. they say, is spent in vapours, which by the Sun, and the heavenly bodies are drawn out of it daily, and converted into rain, snow, and hail, as also much is dried up with the wind, to which Mr. Lydiat consents. Another large quantity is sucked up by the earth, In praelect. Astron. as is evidently seen near great Rivers, where the adjacent grounds are so much moistened, that near them there is a more signal fertility, then in places more remote. Ibid. And then again, Aristotle saith, that the Sea is not so much the end of the waters to which they run, and wherein they are spent, as the beginning and fountain of them, from which they flow; and so what was spent in exhalations is but regained by the descent of showers of rain and snow, the Springs and Rivers paying Tribute according to their receipt, and hence it comes to pass that the Sea is neither fuller nor emptier. And besides, Valesius gives another answer, viz. De Sac. Philos. c. 63. The Sea is as much extenuated & dissipated under the Zodiac by the exceeding heat, as it is augmented and increased under the Poles with rain and snow. And this may suffice to be said, concerning the first opinion of the Original of Springs, to wit, the percolation of the Sea. Sect. 8. The second opinion is, That Spring water is generated in the Earth, and that either by transmutation of earth into water, or of air, The second Original. Li●. 3 Nat. quaest. c. 7. as others. Of the former opinion was Seneca the Philosopher, who as he was the Author of that fancy, so I think he is alone, for I find none of his judgement. That the Elements may be transmuted one into another, especially those that are placed nearest one another, agreeing together more in quality then the rest, is the doctrine of Aristotle, Lib 2. de gener. c. 8. and agreeable with reason, and very obvious to the senses. I can easily believe, that the thinner parts of earth may be turned into water, as also the grosser parts of water into earth; so the thinner and more subtle parts of water into air, and the grosser parts of air into water, and therefore it may be true that Seneca saith, although it is rejected by Mr. Lydiat, de Origin, font. but that the earth which is a dry body, and accounted by Philosophers Elementum Siccissimum, should by transmutation afford so much water, or the hundred part of what flows out of Springs, is a thing so void of reason, as it needs no arguments to disprove it, and is not likely to gain many followers. I therefore pass on to the other of the transmutation of air into water, performed in the Caverns of the earth, which by cold converts the air into water; an opinion much more plausible than the other, having also the authority of Aristotle to defend it, 〈◊〉 M●●● 〈◊〉 who will have it made in the earth, as it is in the middle region of the air, when by condensation of vapours water is made, an● he is followed by Dr. Fulk in his book of Meteors and H. ab Heers. But this opinion leads also into inextricable difficulties and absurdities. Spadacr. And first, he told us in the end of the tenth Chapter, that so much water runs out of the earth in one year, as if it were kept in a vessel, it would equalise the bulk of the whole earth, (notwithstanding he is sufficiently scourged by Agricola, Cardane, Scaliger, and others for it) and reason tells that more than ten parts of air will not serve for the making but of one part of water, as Scaliger, In subt exere 46. de or font. and M. Lydiat do both observe, (I think twenty would be too little) than it would follow necessarily from these premises, that the earth should be almost nothing but empty Caverns of air, when nevertheless those that dig mines in all Countries, sometime two or three hundred fathom deep, do find no such thing, but a solid body all along. Secondly, this implies such an expense of air, as the whole Element of air would not suffice to feed that gulf. Bodinus saith it would not be sufficient for one day, and therefore he laughs at the Philosopher. Lib. 2. The. at. nat. But certainly it had been long since extinct out of the mess of Elements, if Aristotle had been in the right in this contrversie. Thirdly, for a continual supply of so much air, as is requisite to be converted into water, to supply all the Springs there should be found in several parts of the earth, great and constant in draughts and sucktion of air into the Caverns, with exceeding great celerity and violence, which no man ever did find, nor any Geographer make mention of. Fourthly, how comes it to pass that any winds break out of the earth, as Aristotle teaches in his book de mundo, which he terms by the names of Apogei and Encolpiae, the mund: c. 6. and and that all the air is not rather turned into water, to supply his constant generation of Spring water? And how can two such violent motions of the air stand together, especially seeing he tells us elsewhere, that it is contrary to the nature of the wind (which is nothing but Aer moius) to blow contrary ways at once. L. 2. meteor c. 12. I shall therefore pass over this Original also as not sound principled, and proceed to examine the last opinion. Sect. 9 The third and last opinion that I meet withal in the controversy about the Original of Springs and Fountains, is that they are caused by Rain and Snow; of which I find Albertus Magnus, 〈…〉 and Georgius Agricola the most eminent Patrons The sum of what they say is thus. The Snow and rain falling from the clouds in great abundancy upon the earth, Lib. 2. de ort. & cause. subter. c. 3. do by moistening the superficies cause it to bring forth vegetables, whereas otherwise it would be barren through dryness, The 3. Original. and consequently not habitable: The remaining part (except what suddenly runs into Rivers) sinks down by secret passages into the earth with which the superficies doth abound; (which are like unto small sibres of veins, not discernible by the eye, Rain and Snow the true original of Springs. terminating in the skin in all the parts of our bodies) and in rocky ground it runsthrough the clefts, and by them is conveyed to the subterraneal channels more or less deep in the earth, where it is concocted by the earth, and moves as blood in the veins, receiving many times a tincture, according to the nature of earth, and the Minerals, or Metals by which it passes, helping forward also their generation. What a Spring is? This water at length in its passage through the veins of the earth finds vent and runs forth, which place of eruption we call a Spring or Fountain. Whence its ebullition And this springing forth or eruption of the water. I conceive to be made not by any forcible Agitation, compulsion, or violence, that is put upon it ab extra within the earth, or by suction from the Sun and the heavenly bodies, or by heat which which may be in the earth, or by any spirits that are in the water itself, but from its own natural inclination and tendency towards its proper place assigned to it by the Creator, which as I said in the second Section, is the convex part of the earth, it not resting till it meets with its natural correspondent the Air. And this I think to be the natural reason of its ebullition out of the earth, and I find scaliger in his subtleties of the same judgement, Exere 100 it freeing nature from a violent force which the working fancies of men would put upon it, who yet cannot agree among themselves. Subterraneal lakes contribute nothing. But as for subterraneal lakes that are found in the bottom of great Caverns of the Earth, they are standing waters, oftentimes of poisonous quality, as I hinted in the 6th Section, which having room enough and supplied with air above them, I think they incline not to motion, and do contribute nothing to Springs, nor can any subterraneal heat which Dr. French supposes to be in these Caverns, extract a wholesome water out of them. And this Rain or Snow water in the Channels, wherever it finds vent, it continues to flow, so long as the Channels by which such a Spring is fed, have any water to supply it, and that is more or less according to the wideness or length of the Channels, or otherwise according to the number that meet together, it not resting till it meets with the air; And therefore it is observable in pipes that convey water from one vessel to another, the water will flow till all its store be spent, whether the motion be upward or transverse, till it meet with air, and then it ceases to flow, for if one bore a hole in the pipe, and let in air, the motion is done. These Channels also are furnished according to the quantity of Rain that falls, and the advantages they have of receiving it, by the small and secret passages that come from the superficies of the earth, which concentre in those Channels. Now this opinion of Rain and Snow water to be the Original of Springs, Arguments to prove. is illustrated with many arguments of demonstration by the Authors before mentioned, and others of this judgement, the principal whereof are these. First, Because it is found by experience, that fountains and consequently rivers, are greater and do abound more with water in Winter, and moist weather then in Summer. Secondly, in those years when great Rain do falls in Summer, and great store of Snow in Winter, we find Springs durable, whereas in droughty seasons when there is but little or no Rain or snow, the Springs dry up. A sure proof whereof we had in England in the years 1654., 55, and 56. when our climate was drier than ever any stories mention, so as we had very little Rain in Summer, or Snow in Winter, most of our Springs were dried up, even such as in the memory of the Eldest men living had never wanted water, but were of those sorts Springs which we call fontes perennes, or at least were esteemed so; which if they had received their supply of water from the Sea, or from the air in the earth converted into water, they could not have failed of water. A third reason which persuades to this Original is, because in those Climates and Countries where little Rain falls, few or no Springs and Rivers are seen. As in the deserts Aethiopia, and in most parts of Africa near the equinoctial they have little water, and many times in two or three days journey can hardly find enough to quench their thirst and their Camels, as Historians relate. and so in Egypt where it reins very seldom, but they are supplied instead of it by the overflowing of Nilus, there are no Springs at all. Whereas in Britain, Germany, and France, and other Northern parts of Europe, there are great plenty of Springs and Rivers, in regard they do abound in the moisture of the air, and great falls of Rain and Snow. To the first our Carpenter object, Object. Georg. lib. 2. c. 9 that the abounding of Rivers with water in Winter, is from the store of Rain or Snow water, that runs into them from the higher grounds, and not from any great quantity of water that falls into them out of Springs and Fountains. I deny not but the Rivers are instantly heightened in Winter from Rain, Sol. so as on the sudden they will often overflow their banks, but that water is soon spent in the Sea; It is sufficient for defence of the point in hand, if after that water in reason should be spent, they be yet maintained more plentifully by the Springs, then usually they are in Summer; at which season of the year, though they be filled with a sudden flood of Rain, yet wanting the constant benevolence of the Springs, they suddenly fall as low as they were before. Another Objection I find started by Seneca, Object. Lib. 3. Nat. Quest. c. 7. as also by M. Carpenter in the place before cited; to wit, that the greatest Rain that can fall never sinks above ten foot into the ground; and Seneca citys his own observation for it in the digging of Vineyards, and he gives this reason for it, because when the earth is once satisfied with showers, it opposes itself against the overplus by shutting its pores. I own it thus far, Sol. that into the solid earth the Rain sinks not above ten foot, although learned Cardane allows it ten paces or fathoms, his words being non ultra decem passus descendere. De var rev c. 6. But what becomes of that immense quantity of rain, which often continues for many weeks together, nay oft times some months, wherein we have scarce a fair and dry day, besides the infinite quantity of wet and Snow that is falling all Winter long, causing inundations of water over all the Country round about, not only upon higher grounds near unto rivers, into which it may run per declive, but in plains from whence it can have no current at all, can it be supposed that ten foot of earth will drink up all this water, which who so shall dig soon after the water is drunk up, shall not find it very moist or muddy, which it would assuredly be if it had not some secret passage into the Caverns of the earth, much deeper than they speak of? And therefore Cardane in the place before cited, adds, that the earth is sadned with the Rain, so as it lies above, unless by some empty crevice, or cleft, it sink deeper into the earth, which is all I contend for, and which being granted will be sufficient to quicken and continue the Springs. And to Seneca's observation before mentioned let me oppose Albertus his experience, Lib. 2 met. tract. de orig. slum. who tells us that at the bottom of a solid rock, 120 fathom deep, he saw drops of water distil from it in a rainy season. Another Objection that Seneca makes against the point in hand is this, Object. ●ib 3. Nat. quest. c. 7. on which he lays much stress; That the great mountains of Rock and Stone which have little or no earth on them, and on that account not capable of receiving much rain, do nevertheless yield great and lasting Springs, which are never drawn dry. This makes nothing against, but rather for the point in controvery. Solut. There are no Rocks but they have their Commissure, joints or clefts: now the Rain and Snow water can run more plentifully into those joints and clefts of the Rocks, and and more speedily, then when it falls upon the solid earth; And in that he faith they are not covered with much earth, they are the less rob of what falls from the clouds, and so are better supplied. To this I'll further add, that Rocks have more large and spacious Caverns, that are fit receptacles for the water, the solid earth hath. Add to this that Rocks are usually many together, covering much ground, ordinarily a whole Country is nothing but Rocks, and so can receive much wet, and their store by their nakedness of earth hath a fresh supply from every shower that falls. And therefore on all these accounts, as they have advantages of speedy reception of what falls without diminution, and ca pacities for admission of greater quantities of wet then other soils have, so they may very well afford more plentiful and durable fountains. Besides it is observable, that in the solid clay soils it is very rare to find any eruption of water, because such are sad earth, and have few or no Caverns or Channels in them, but our Springs break out ordinarily in Rocky, gravelly ground, especially the best water, and most lasting Springs, such as we call fontes perennes. Another Objection that Seneca makes against it is this, Object. Ibid. that in the driest soil, where they dig pits two or three hundred foot deep, there is often found great plenty of water, which no man can suppose to have come from the clouds, but he thinks it of that sort which is wont to be called living water. From whence then should it come, Solut. from the Sea? perhaps the Sea is as many miles from that water as the superficies of the earth is feet from it, and may much more be questioned. But we may remember Seneca's judgement concerning the original of Springs is, that they are generated by transumtation of earth into water; de Origin. font. an assertion so ridiculous, as he is laughed at by M. Lydiat, and never had any as yet to take his part. Perhaps it may come from the transmutation of air into water, for such transmutation I cannot deny, we see Churches become wet before rain falls from this cause: But it's most probable to come from Rain, which may possibly pierce by its crannies much deeper than he speaks of, as I have shown already. Our Miners will tell him that in Winter after great inundations of Rain, they are much troubled with water in the bottom of their Mines, finding it frequently distilling through the solid earth upon their heads by the secret capillar veins, (as I may call them) that come from the supersicies of the earth, whereas in Summer or dry seasons they find no interruption at all. Touching the term living water which is used by Seneca, I think no more is meant by it, than such as flows from ever-running fountains, which therefore in English we commonly call quick Springs. But to preceded, Object. York Spa. p. 4. Dr. French Objects concerning the increasing of Springs in Winter, that it's not universally true, and he instances in St. Mugnus well, concerning which he was informed by the woman that keeps it. Nat. Hist. that it gins to rise about May, and falls in October; as also that of Pliny in Cydenia before Lesbon, that flows only at the Spring. There is no rule so general but it may admit of an exception; Sol. it's enough if it be generally true though not universally so. He instances in two only, although supposes others: I might without much ado instance two hundred, and suppose very many more, and an induction of so many particulars is accounted by Logicians an Argument of great force. Moreover as for that of St. Mugnus well, he doth not speak upon his own knowledge, if he had I would not have questioned it, for I honour his memory & learning, he only citys the woman for his Author whom he trusted too far. I have enquired of the Honourable Knight and his Lady who own the ground, Sir. T. H. and they never heard it observed by any, that the Well should rise in May or the Summer months, and decrease towards Winter. M. R. W. Likewise of another Gentleman that lives hard by the place, having good advantages to know it, being brought up from his childhood within a mile of it, and he assures me upon his own knowledge it is not so. If any would know more concerning this Well, I refer him to Dr. Dean and Dr. St. Mugnus well French their Books upon the Spa at Knaresbrough. It is a quick Spring that runs plentifully over, within fourteen mile's West of York, of great repute for curing the rickets in children, whom they dip into it naked, and hold them in it a little while; but they must observe to dip five, seven, or nine times, more or less, according to custom, or some think it will not do, and this they continue for several days together, when they take them out they put them into a warm bed, where they sweat a while. It's also used for Cramps in the joints, and lameness for elder people, who will sometimes stay in it half an hour or more at a time, for a few days together, and many think it hath done good in both cases: Whether it partake of any Minerals or not its doubted. Dr. Dean thinks it doth not, Dr. French thinks it doth, only because of the effects of it, for it seems not to have any preceptible quality different from our ordinary and best sort of Springs, being exceeding cold in Summer when they use to battle in it, and warm in Winter. But whether these effects proceed from a superstitious conceit of this Sainted Well, which raises the imagination of some, or some Mineral quality, or rather (which I most incline to) from the excessive c●leness of the water, which repels the natural heat from the joints to the inward parts, till coming out of the Well into the warmer air, or a bed, it recoils to the joints again with more force, and makes a new fermentation in the humours which is furthered by sweat; I say from which of these I will not determine. If any think fit to make trial in the likecases with any other cold Spring they may perhaps find as much benefit, as some have done in another Spring within half a mile of this City of York for the Rickets in Children, from which they report they found some good for that disease. As for the other of Pliny's mentioning that flows only at the Spring, I question not the truth of it. But this is to be observed, that in the southern parts of Europe, as also elsewhere, they have but little rain in Summer, yet having many exceeding high mountains, as the Alps and the Pirenaenas, which are elevated near the middle region of the air, these are receptacles of great quantities of Snow, which lies all Winter, and melts not because of the intense coldness of the air, till the Sun come near to the Equinoctial point, which is about the eleventh of March, and thence it may come to pass, that such Springs as are supplied from that melted Snow, do begin only to flow at the Spring, which having but scant and narrow receptacles, may soon be drawn and cease flowing. And here let me observe as I pass▪ that the greatest Rivers in Europe have their beginning in those hills, and do begin to flow most violeatly at the Spring when the Snow melts, to wit, Danubius otherwise called Ister the greatest Rive● in Germany, as Ausonicus in his Epigrams relates, which Franciscus Ju●ius in his description of Germany seems to equalise with Nilus; Lie. 〈◊〉. c. 〈◊〉. and Rhodanus and Rhenus two Rivers of France, which stretch themselves from the Alps, the one to the Mediterranean Sea, C●● G●o●. M●nd. 12. pa●. the other to the German Ocean, as Cassaneus mentions, and perhaps this Spring of Pliny's may come from some such cause. But Dr. French Objects further, Object. pag. 4. that notwithstanding that which can be said, though the Springs which were before dried up in Summer, do break out again after Rain, yet it doth not follow that Rain is the material cause of Springs, for (says he) their drying up was not for want of Rain to supply them, but by reason of the dryness of the earth towards its superficies, which attracts to itself the water of the Springs to satisfy its drought, which it doth again let go, when it hath drunk plentifully of the showers from heaven: And he instances in Rivers, which in Summer will many times be dried up, although some fountains at the same time do run plentifully. Perhaps the Earth may drink up a great part of the water of Rivers as they pass along, Solut. and thence it comes to pass, that near Rivers the earth is more fertile, and in Summer those meadows not so much parched with heat as elsewhere, and thence it is that they flow low, having probably but a few Springs to supply them, in comparison of what they had, many being dried up by reason of the heat of the weather and want of Rain. And that the superficies of the earth near Springs may drink up some of their moisture, we may well suppose, but that cannot be much, nor the attraction of such force as to draw from far, so as to weaken the current of a Spring considerably, much less to dry it up, for as much as the water of the Spring is not diffused abroad as the water of Rivers is, but penned up in a narrow Channel through which it passes. Again, since it is true as naturalists tell us, that the heart of the Sun peirces not above ten foot into the earth to dry it, the water that such a little quantity of earth may need, or can draw, will not be in any proportion towards the drying up a Spring, especially seeing it lies in a narrow channel, and also perhaps rises upright out of the earth like a boiling pot. And whereas he objects again, that the most part of the Rain that falls on high places runs into plains, and from thence into Rivers, and where it cannot so run, it remains upon the superficies till it be exhaled by the Sun. I answer, we see a great quantity of water runs into Rivers after great Rains, when they are nigh at hand; but what becomes of all that which falls in a whole Country far from Rivers, and of the infinite quantity of Snow which covered the surface of the ground, and sets all the Country in a flood when it melts, so as a man would think it could not be dried up in many months, and this where there is no current at all into Rivers? The moderate heat of the Sun in rainy weather, especially in the Winter months, is such as it cannot be thought to exhale the tenth part of it into vapours, and yet in a few days its all gone, and no footsteps of it left save in the roads, whereby the continual beating of the horses, it is so sadned that it cannot sink of a long time. As for that place of Seneca which he urges, I have answered it already in this Section; And for the digging of the Well, where sometimes no water can be got two or three hundred foot deep, before we come at Springs: That may be, and yet make nothing against the waters sinking much deeper, since though there be many Channels of water in the earth, yet it is possible to miss them in such a narrow compass as a Well, and yet there may be store of water near hand. Nor can the dust or dirt, which he saith, may be conveyed by the water into the veins or crannies, by which it should pass down into the earth, hinder it any more, than the excrementitious humours that are in the bowels, do hinder the chyle from passing into the Lactaea, or Mesentery veins, and so to the Liver; both which may be thereby hindered in part; so as they cannot pass so speedily, yet it is not so in all bodies, nor all over the ground, only in some places it lies above the earth a while, before it can find passage down. Another Objection which some make against this opinion of the Original of Springs by Rain and Snow is this, Object. that although all this should be granted, yet they think there doth not so much Rain and Snow fall, as may suffice to supply them with such abundance of water as they vent. I would have such to consider what hath been already said concerning the immense quantity of wet that falls in Winter, besides the great Spouts of Rain, that ordinarily every year at some time or other are falling in Summer, which often sets the whole Country in a Flood, together with other frequent showers, and whether there is not a reasonable proportion of wet for supply of the Springs, especially while we consider the paucity of great Springs, and the distance that is betwixt one Spring & another, sometimes two or three miles of ground affording but a few Springs, and those perhaps of very small currents, most Towns being supplied with Well water, of which very little is lost. Again, it is very observable, that a great quantity of that water which runs out of Springs that are placed on high ground near hill●, is in its passage sucked up by the earth, as is also the waters of Rivers, and so is conveyed by secret veins into the subterraneal channels, and serves to give being to nether Springs that break out in lower grounds. Nor need this assertion seem strange to any, seeing we read of great Rivers that hid their channels in the earth for many miles together sometimes, and break out again, as the Rhine in Germany, cited by Seneca; Lib. 3. Nat. Quest. Erasenus in Arg●lica; Padus in the Alps; but more remarkable, Grimston States and Empires. is that of the river Guadiana in Spain, which runs under the ground for the space of thirteen leagues, & near to a Town called Villa Horta breaks up again, which gives occasion to that brag of the Spaniards, concerning a bridge in Spain, on which is daily fed ten thousand sheep. Nor doth our own Country want such precedents; the river Rye in Yorkshire runs under ground a quarter of a mile together and breaks out again near Helmsley, and I am informed of the like near Grantham in Lincolnshire. Yea and those great Seas in Asia are thought to have subterraneal passages from one to another; the Caspian into the black Sea, that into the Aegean, and this into the Mediterranean. Sect. 10. Having thus weighed and answered the most material exceptions, that are made against this Original by learned men, I cannot but join in judgement with Albertus and Agricola, yet not altogether excluding the other two, especially that of the percolation of the Sea to Springs near adjoining; but how such as break out on high Lands, and at great distance from the Sea, can be thought to be supplied from thence, or otherwise then by the showers that fall from heaven, I confess I see not, notwithstanding the Arguments they produce to make it out. And therefore learned Dr. Jordan, notwithstanding he inclines strongly to the Seas Original, pag. 19 nat. Baths. as we have heard already, yet is forced to grant at length, that if any Springs be higher than the Sea, (and I have proved they art all so) they may then proceed from Rain and Snow. Nevertheless we must not forget from whence Rain & Snow do naturally proceed, & that the Sea is the principal storehouse for the generation of vapours, out of which they are made by condensation, the Earth and the moist bodies thereon not affording any proportionable quantity to the wet that falls from the clouds. I shall now hasten to a period of this dispute, being only willing to illustrate what hath been said, by a quotation out of learned and laboborious Dr. Heylin, Cosmog. p. 677. in his Cosmography the second Edition p. 667. where treating of Cyprus an Island in the Mediterranean Sea, in length two hundred miles, and sixty miles broad, he tells that in the days of Constantine the great, there was an exceeding long drought, so as for thirty six years they had no rain, in so much as all the Springs and torrents or Rivers were dried up, so as the inhabitants were forced to forsake the Island, and seek for new habitations for want of fresh water. Now if the Sea had been the Original of the Springs, they could not have wanted water, it being an Island and not very great; or if the transmutation of air into water in the Caverns of the Earth, there could have been no defect; since the Caverns were the same; so that its evident the Springs proceeded from the Rain, which failing they were dried up. Likewise whosoever shall compare the water which flows out of Springs, with that which immediately falls from the clouds, shall find such a full and perfect agreement betwixt them in all qualities perceptible to the senses, as its hard to distinguish the one from the other. Besides that ex●er identity of the water of ever flowing Springs and of the Gypsies I mentioned before, which break out in the Wolds in Yorkshire, and else where, after a great inundation of Rain, which if they proceeded from several causes, must probably differ in their qualities and effects. Lastly the two rarities I mentioned in the beginning, that are to be found upon the Castle hill in Scarbrough; to wit, the deep Well that reaches to the bottom of the Rock, which hath no water, & the Spring Well which is within half a yard of the edge of the Rock towards the Sea, which never wants water, do somewhat illustrate the point in hand. For the deep Well being so near the Sea, should probably have water in it, if there were any such percolation as is spoken of; or if air were so plentifully transmuted in water, it should not be dry; which yet it is, there being no Channels that empty themselves into it; while the other which is upon the top of the Rock, not many yards deep, and also upon the very edge of the cliff is supplied, which doubtless is done by secret Channels within the ground that convey the Rain and showers into it, being placed on a dependant part of the Rock; near unto which there are also Cellars under an old ruinated Chapel, which after a great rain are full of water, but are dried up in a long drought. I now proceed to consider of the nature of Spring water, The nature of Spring water De simple. med. fac. c. 4. which doubtless is the best of all others for general use, eminently excelling in the essential parts of water, viz. cold and moisture, as Galen saith. Nevertheless some Springs are better than others. Hippocrates prefers such as flow out of Rocksand Hills of gravel or stone, as more clear and white then what comes out of other soils; as also such Springs as are cold in summer and warm in Winter, which is assuredly sound in them if their fountains be deep in the Rock, and this is a sure token whereby we may distinguish of Well water also. And to this of Hippocrates I might join the whole suffrage of all Philosophers and Physicians that may have writ upon this Subject. To sum up all in a word, besides what was said in the second Section: The principal token of good and wholesome water is, that it be simple or unmixed, and then it loads not the stomach, and easily passes through the Hypechondres, being also soon hot and soon cold. I find some of the Ancients were wont to weigh their water, and accounted that the best which was the lightest, and for this cause it seems it was, that the Persian Kings would drink of no water but of the River Eulaeus an Attic saucer whereof weighed less by a Dram then other waters, as Strabo saith. Now Pliny tells that an Attic saucer was a measure of fifteen drams; Lib 15. Geograph. c. ult. Lib. 21. c. ult. so than it was a fifteenth part lighter than the other waters of Persia. And the Parthian Kings on the same account drank of the Rivers Choaspes and Eulaeus as the same Pliny witnesses. And thus Athenaeus commends a Spring near Corinth, Lib. 31. N. Hist. cap. 3. which he calls Pirene's, for its levity above all the waters of Greece. Lib. 2. dup. c. 2. And there seems to be good reason for it, because its levity is a token of its purity and simplicity, and that it bathe no earthy parts, and consequently is easier of concoction. Now among the several sorts of fountains Hippocrates commends most those that open towards the East, Aph. 26. Sect 5. as the lightest and fittest for all ages and constitutions; and next to them such as run towards the West, but as for those that open towards the North, he thinks them to be cold and hard of digestion, in that they want the heat of the Sun; and he accounts those the worst that run southerly, because their thin parts are exhaled by the heat, de aquis. and so the water becomes gross. But we need not fear that in this our Climate, where the Sun is not so hot, nor need those that are healthful, be so scrupulous concerning their water, if it be Spring water especially, nor whether it runs East, West, North, or South, they being all indifferently good and wholesome. Now sometimes it happens that Springs break out where there was never any before, The Reasons of the breaking forth of new springs. as in great floods of Rain and Snow, which the subterraneal channels cannot receive, but these are but of short continuance. Lib. 3. Nat. qu. c. 11. So after Earthquakes as Seneca mentions, and so Theophrastus, that in the mountain Corycus after an Earthquake many Springs broke out. And thus after the cutting down of Woods and Groves as Pliny tells us in his Nat. Hist. Spadac. p. 1●. And H. ab Heers citys a passage to this purpose out of Ambrose Perez, who writes that in the City Baja, a great Tree being torn up, to make room for the building of a College for the Jesuits, there broke out a Spring of good and wholesome water; a channel of water running under it, was it seems broken up. So also the stopping of the mouth of a Spring in one place, may cause it to break out in another, as we see by ordinary experience. Of like nature with Springs, is Well water, only not so good, and among these such as are open to the air are better than those that are shut, whose water is fetched up by pumping, and the more they are drawn, the better and more wholesome is the water. Many ●ratities in Spring●. There are also many rarities to be discovered in Springs, both in their operations on those that drink them, as Dr. French hath observed, and I might multiply out of good Authors: as also in their motions in ebbing and flowing, concerning all which its very hard to give a reason. There is a fountain in Idumaea called Job, which is every three months of a several colour; to wit, dusky, red, green, and clear. Another among the Troglodytes, which is three times a day bitter & sweet again. The Fountain Silua that flows out of the foot of Mount Zion runs not continually, but on certain days and hours. A like to which we have at Giggleswick near a Market Town called Settle in Yorkshire, which I mentioned before, that ebbs and flows many times a day; whether such as these proceed from a spongious earth, which resists it a while, being but a slow Spring, till it rally new force, and break through the obstruction; or it be from a Spirit in the water, whose impulse puts it forward, but being a penurious Spring it settles again, as Saxon Grammaticus thinks, In praefat. Da●iae suae. I will not undertake to drtermine having not seen it, till when I will be content to admire it as a secret. I read also of a Fountain in Judaea, which flows six days and rests on the Sabbath, and is therefore called fons S●bb●ticus. Also of a Fountain in Epyrus, which will quench a lighted torch, and light one whose flame is out. So among the Garamantes there is a Spring which is so cold in the day time, that one cannot drink of it, and in the night so hot, that it cannot be touched. cattle gl●r. mund. p. 12 In inst. rei pub. l. 7. tit. 9 These and many more of like nat●te I meet withal in good Authors, especially in Cassanaeus and Patricius, where the learned Reader may abundantly satisfy his curiosity: like wise in D. Fulks book of Meteors, concerning which no reason can be given, so as I think it better silently to admire the power and wisdom of Almighty God in them, than too curiously to pry into the causes of these deep mysteries in nature, which are wrought in the lower parts of the earth; It being the Prophe: D●vids expression in his contemplation upon the secret mystery of his forming in the womb, Psal. 139.15. Sect. 11. Of River Waters The next sort of water which fal●under our consideration, is River water. First therefore concerning the Original of Rivers, and then of the nature of that sort of water. In Original. The Scripture tells us, that all Rivers come from the Sea, Eccles. 17. so as we need not go further to search out their Original; nevertheless they consisting of two sorts of water, to wit, salt and fresh, we may distinguish, and call the Sea the original of the Salt water, and trace the fresh up to its Springs and Fountains, and determine that the fresh water in Rivers comes from the Springs; and in this we are not without a precedent in Scripture, Gen. 2.10. Where it's said a River went out of Eden, which divided itself into four streams; which intimates that the Spring from whence those sour Rivers had their Original was in Eden. Notwithstanding Rivers have also an additional supply from Rain and Snow, which falling from higher places, do carry down with them the water that is in Lakes, Ponds, and Ditches, and fills their Danks. Hypocrates will have River water to be altogether unwholesome, It's nature. being made up of so many several sorts of water, and most of them bad, as also mixed with mud, dirt and slime, De aquis & locis. breeding diseases of various kinds, according to the nature of the waters, and therefore it is very observable, that those Cities and Towns, that are forced to drink of the water of Rivers, are more pestered with Epidemical sickness than others that have better water, which Valleriola observed at the City of Arles in France, Lib 2. loc. come. c. 7. which stands in a low and Fenny soil, having no Springs at all, but the inhabitants are forced to drink the water of Rhone. Notwithstanding I find some Rivers commended to have wholesome water, as Eulaeus and Choaspes which I mentioned before, which the Kings of Persia and Parthia preferred before any other sort whatsoever. But above all other the water of Nilus is commended by Aetius, Tetrab. 1. c. 165. as having all the properties of the best sort of water. And hence it was that Philadelphus the second King of Egypt, having married his daughter Berenice to Antiochus King of Assyria, caused the water of Nilus to be carried to her into Assyria, that she might drink of no other water but that, Lib. 2. dypn. cap. 2. as Athenaeus saith out of Polybius. Yea the water of Nilus seems to be equalised with wine, if not preferred before it; for Scaliger relates out of Spartianus: that when the Egyptian Army was ready to mutiny because they had no Wine, De subt. exerc. 48. Pescenninae Niger their General appeased them with this answer, what do you grumble for wine, and have the River Nilus at hand? But I must not wade too far into this stream, lest I lose myself and my Subject, especially since River water contributes nothing to the Spa at Scarborough, there being none acer it. Nor have we the water of Nilus here; our Rivers in England are compounded of several sorts of waters, and therefore not so wholesome; and yet it is the best or only water that some Town have for their ordinary use; the water of Owse being also most commonly used by this City of York, for whose cause especially I will say something more concerning it. River water is not so good as Rain or Spring Water, the Sun having exhaled the thin parts it is become more gross, yet it will keep longer then either of the other, and will make stronger Bear then either of them, it being more easily impregnated with the strength of the Malt by reason of its gross parts; but it is not so good for Medicines as the other. Now the reason why it will keep longer than Rain or Spring water is, because it hath passed already some degrees of fermentation by the heat of the Sun, yet the water of some Rivers will keep longer than other. Baccius saith the water of Tiber will keep an hundred years and not corrupt, Lib. 1. de ag teber. c. 2. the reason is because it is gross and thick like Oil, on which account its unwholesome to be drunk. River water is not to be used after rain till it hath purged itself, and doth become clear, and its the best when it is taken out of the middle of the River, which if that cannot be done, then let it be taken out of some deep place, and not where it is shallow, also above the Cities and Towns, before the filth of the channels run into it. Great care likewise should be taken by the Governors of Cities that no Carrion be cast into Rivers, both because it corrupts the water, and destroys the fishes; likewise that no be washed, or boys bathe, or horses be watered above those places where the water is taken up, especially in times of common contagion and pestilential diseases. In which particulars the Ancient Lawmakers were exceeding careful, appointing certain Officers for the preserving of their waters, whom they called Hydrophylaces, which were persons of the best quality, and had great immunities conferred on them, and were to see to the putting of the Laws in execution concerning waters, Cat. glor. muud. par. 12. p. 259. as Cassanaeus relates out of Franciscus de Ripa. This water being taken up should be kept in large Stone Cesterns, (not leaden which are apt to breed dysentery fluxes) and those very clean, into which if some gravel stones gathered out of a fresh River were put, it would preserve it longer and cooler. Lib. 2. loc. come. c. 7. Valleriola would have also some little fishes put in to keep in motion; and when it is first put in the Cesterns, it should be poured through a thick woollen cloth, that no sandy or slimy substance may pass through, River water being very subject to have sediment more than other sorts. Paulus Zachias a famous Roman Physician tells of a pretty device which was used by Cardinal Francisco Maria de Monte, L. 5. quaest. med. leg. tit, 4. q. 2. one much delighted in Chemical experiments, whereby he purified the water of Tiber, and made it wholesome to be drunk. He had two large Cesterns of an Holland's sort of Stone, that was of a porous substance, which would hold fifteen gallons a piece, these were so placed that the water that was put into the one, might in some convenient space of time distil through the stone into the other, under which he had a third, which received what dropped through the second. Neither of the uppermost was perforated at all, but the water passed through the pores of them, in the bottoms of both which there was ever found such sediment; This water so transcolated was so pure and thin, that it would easily pass through the Hypochondres, and the Cardinal told my Author, that he found much benefit in it against the stone, and that it provoked urine quickly. I conceive this to be very rational and a neat way easy to be experimented, and very proper for such as have weak bodies, and yet are forced to make use of some of the grosser sorts of water, whereby they may so purify them, as they may become much more wholesome for whose sakes I have thought fit to insert the experiment. Sect. 12. Of Mineral waters HAving thus as briefly as I could run through the several sorts of ordinary waters, with thei● Original causes, natures, and effects being taking inwardly, which may serve as Polycletus his rule the better to judge of Mineral waters, this being as Mathematicians say of linea recta index sui & obliqui; I must again resume the subject, which is the principal occasion of this discourse, viz. The Spa at Scarbrough, which though it be a quick Spring or Fountain, yet differs in quality and operation from our ordinary springs, in regard it hath imbibed the virtues of certain Minerals through which it passes, as I hinted in the first Section; to wit, Vitriol, Iron, Allome, Nitre, and Salt; Concerning the nature of which Minerals I shall say something, and then proceed to the nature and vertures of the Spa itself. Agricola, De re metal. 2. a learned German, and very judicious in the nature of Minerals and Metals, reckons up six sorts of simple Mineral waters; to wit, Salt, Nitrous, Aluminous, Atramentarious, Sulphureous, and Bituminous; this which we treat of is mixed or compound, partaking of several of these together. Water may imbibe the nature of Minerals. Now there are several ways whereby water may imbibe the nature and virtue of a Mineral or Metal. First, by receiving its vapour, and thus let water stand some while in a brass skellet, (or some other Metal as Iron) and it will taste of brass or Iron, and the sooner if it be warm, when yet the skellet hath lost nothing of its substance, and that water would all evaporate into Air. Secondly, when some of their juice is dissolved in the water, and that is while the Minerals are but yet young & in fieri, or as Chemists speak in solutis principiis, for at that time their concrete juices are dissoluble in water, In syntag. p. 221. as Libavius saith. Thirdly, another way is by Corrosion of the substance of the Minerals mentioned by Galen, Lib. 1 de simple. med. fac. and this is performed by the help of the concrete juices we now mentioned dissolved in the water, which corrode and extract Mineral substances. And this commonly is done by such waters as have imbibed Vitriol at the first, for they do thereby become hungry and corrosive, and so the fit to take in to them any other Mineral that lies in their way: an example whereof we see in aqua fortis, which will corrode the substance of another Metal, and convert it into its own nature, the difference only lies in a magis and minus. The like we see in vegetable acide juices, as vinegar, as juice of Lemons, which will corrode Iron, and cause a rustinses to grow upon it, which will soon waste its substance, at least make it more easy to dissolve. Fourthly and lastly, by confusion, changing the substance of the Mineral into water; and this is when the Mineral is of such a nature, and that it is capable of being converted into water, as Salt and Nitre will both so perfectly turn into water (and Allom also although it's not so fusible as the other) a little being put to them, as if they were nothing else. And this they will do the more quickly, if the water hath imbibed a vitrioline juice, but then take the water and evaporate it away, and the Minerals will be found remaining in the bottom. An example whereof we have in this our Spa water, three quarts whereof being evaporated over the fire, there will be found in the bottom three Drams of a brown brackish sediment, which being separated as was said in the first Section, two Drams will be found to be Allome, Nitre and Salt, the rest the substance of an Iron Mineral. But because I spoke now of Mineral juices, while the Minerals are but young and in fieri, its requisite I say something concerning their production. Some have imagined that Minerals and Metals were created perfect at the first, Fallop. de met. c. 11. seeing there appears not any seed of them manifestly, as there doth of animals and vegetables, Lib●v. de nat. met. c. 12 and because their substances are not so fluxible but firm and permanent. But as they are subject to corruption in time, by reason of many impurities and differing parts in them, besides other accidental decays, so they have need to be repaired and preserved by generation, as learned Dr. Jordan observes. Nat. 〈◊〉. It appears in Genesis that plants were not created perfect at first, but only in their seminaries: for in the 2. of Gen. 5. Moses gives a reason why plants were not come forth of the earth; to wit, because (as Tremelius translates it) there had as yet neither any rain fallen, nor any dew ascended from the earth, whereby they might be produced: The like we may judge of Minerals, that they were not at first created perfect, but in their Seminaries also for the same reason, moisture being as necessary for the production of Minerals within the earth, as of vegetables above, as I said in the second Section, Deort. subt. 5. c. 1. l. ib. and to this do consent Agricola and Dr. Jordan. And therefofe it hath been always a received maxim among Philosophers, that Minerals are generated, and our own daily experience confirms it. Our Salt Petermen, when they have extracted Salt Peter out of a floor of earth one year, within three or four years after, do find more generated there, and do work it over again. The like is observed of Allome & Copperas; And so of Iron, Gaudentius Merula reports of Ilva an Island in the Adriatic Sea, where Iron breeds as fast as they work it, which is confirmed by Agricola and Baccius, and by Virgil who saith of it. Ilva inexh●ustis Chalybum generosa metallis. Lib. 10 A●●id. The like we see confirmed in our own Mines both of Iron and Lead, yea, and co●l too, at least in some places as I have heard the Miners affirm. Only the difference is, the plants are increased by an extension of the parts generated in all proportions, by the ingress of nourishment and the Minerals are augmented externally upon the superficies, as naturalists say juxta positionem, by superaddition of new matter, concocted by the same virtue and spirits into the same species. If any demand of me, which of these ways this water comes to be impregnated with the virtues of these Minerals; How the Spa hath imbibed the Minerals. I answer, by them all, according to the nature and capacity of each Mineral. Of Vitriol it partakes by the first way eminently; to wit, by receiving its vapour, and so of Iron, yet so as it hath also something of the concrete juices and substance of them both. From the vapours of Vitriol it hath its inky smell and acid taste, which after it hath been heated by the fire are gone at least in some degree, for it is not so strong as before. From the concrete juices of Vitriol, Iron and Allome, I think it hath its colour being something of a bright azure or sky colour. And that it wants not the substance of Iron is apparent, in that after it hath been boiled a while, there appears a reddish sand, which is nothing else but mater ferri, or rubric, or as Dr. French calls it, a Vitriol of Iron: which is also discoverable by putting a little powder of Gall to i●, as I hinted in the first Section. Lastly Nitre and Salt being apt to dissolv● and turn to water, as also Allome, are mixed and confounded with it, as hath been already made out. I now proceed to speak something concerning the nature of all these Minerals which I find in the water. Vitriol. Vitriol is a name used by modern writers, De temp. simp. c. 376 Lib. 5. cap. 74. whereas the Ancients called it Atramentum Sutorium▪ Serapio and Dioscorides reckon two sorts of Vitriol which they call by an Arabic name Zeg; to wit, Babylonian which being broken hath white specks in it; And Cyprian which is of the colour of brass. But our later writers name three sorts; Toll. in Stock. pr. c. 9 to wit, Roman, Vitriol, or Copperas; Cyprian which is that of blue colour found in Mines in Germany, partaking of the nature of brass, which they call Calcanthum; and another sort, which is found in Liguria, somewhat black, by which Iron may be turned in Brass or copper, called Colcotar. Vadianus in his Commentaries upon Pomponius Mela saith, Lib. 3. this sort was found in Poland, not far from Cracovia, in which he says if Iron be infused, and so melted once and again, it turns it into Cyprian brass. Galen found them all together in a Cave at Cyprus. Vitriol is eminently hot, Lib. 4. de simple. med. facult. and of a biting and adustive quality, and yet is also Styptic and astrictive, and therefore dries up superfluous humidity, and is used in diseases of the eyes, being good in all moist diseases, it stays bleeding, provokes vomit, kills all manner of worms and expels them, but when it is mixed with water it is much more moderate in all its qualities. This is the account given by Galen, Dioscorides, Serapio, Paulus, Oribasius, Aeetius, Actuarius, Fernelius, and others, as I could cite at large out of their writings. Iron called by Averrhoes Veffaf, Iron. and Nadid by Serapio, is dry in the third degree: It is also Styptic drying up the superfluous humidities of the body, somewhat like to Vitriol; many preparations being made of it against the moist distempers of several parts, and particularly of the belly and womb, and strengthens the seminal vessels. It is also opening, and good against the obstructions of the Liver and Spleen, and is commended against the hard swell of them, and against the Dropsy, also it strengthens a relaxed and debilitated stomach especially if it arise from Choler: as Galen, Paulus Aegineta, Oribasius, Averrhoes, Ser. de temp. simple. c 393. and Serapio do witness, to whom especially, I refer the learned Reader. Dioscorides will have it also to lose the belly, but especially he commends the flower or filings of Brass to that purpose: Now Iron being joined with Vitriol in this water, partakes of the nature of Brass, as I said before; and is therefore the more purging and opening, from which conjunction I think ●t is that most of our vitrioline waters in England do lose the belly. Allom is called by the Arabians Sceb. Allom. Dioscorides ●eckons up many sorts of it, Galen but three, to wit, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and saith, they are all of gros● parts and very Styptic, abstersive, heating, and something corrosive; i● hinders the generation of ulcers in the body, and stays women's fluxes, and is used in many sorts of Medicines to dry up superfluous humidity, good against fretting Ulcers and Imposthumes of the Gums, Matrix and testicles, as say, Galen, Oribasius Paulus, Aetius, Serapio, Fernelius, and others. Nitre or Baurach as the Arabians called it, Nitre. is thought by some to be nothing more than efflorescentia terrae, or a certain fatness in the earth, tending to the production of vegetables, Lib. 3. observat. cap. 76.77. Lib. 3. N. H. c. x. and that there are no Mines of it in the earth, of which opinion Bellonius seems to have been, as also Pliny. But Serapio and Dioscorides make out better experiences, telling of Mines of Nitre in Armenia and Arcadia. I think Bellonius and Pliny meant rather Aphronitrum, or the spume of Nitre, than Nitre itself. I also think this Spa of ours proceeds from a Nitrous Mineral within the earth, as else I see not how it should imbibe so great a quantity as it doth, three quarts affording above a dram of Nitre, when it is evaporated, the rest being Allom and Salt. Our best writers say there are two sorts of Nitre, Natural and Artificial; the Natural tends to a reddish colour as saith Serapio: Galen saith, there is also a white sort; but all agree in this, that it is of a drying, digestive, abstersive and resolving quality, cutting gross and clammy humours very strongly, its taste is a mean betwixt salt and sour, inclining to bitter. It is commended for such as have eaten poisonous Mushrums, and cures them presently. Being mixed with water Dioscorides saith, it corrects the sharpness of Urine, and ulceration of the bladder caused by Cantharideses. It is wont also to be mixed in other Medicines when we would attenuate and deterge; it's added to Cerats and Plasters in distempers of the Nerves, as the Palsy and Convulsion; and is good to be put into the Bread of such as are troubled with the Palsy of the tongue. If any require further satisfaction concerning the virtue of Nitre, let them consult Galen, Dioscorides, P. Aegineta, Oribasius, Aetius, and Serapio. Salt or Melch as the Arabians call it is of two sorts, ●alt. viz. Fossile such as is digged out of Mines; and Marine such as is made of the Sea-water, or other brackish water, the former is of a more gross, earthy and compact substance then the latter, yet they are both of one nature, of a detersive, cleansing, resolving, purging quality, drying up superfluous humours, and preserving from putrefaction, kills all manner of worms, and being heated becomes bitter in taste. Many other virtues are reckoned up by Galen, Serapio, Dioscorides, and others, to be in Salt, to whom I will rather ●efer the learned Reader, then trouble him with a large recital at present, because there is not much Salt in our Spring, yet some there is, which I think it receives from the Sea, rather than from any salt Mineral. It sufficeth to have said somewhat concerning the nature of these Minerals severally; doubtless there must some qualities arise from their mixture, and that with water, which was not before in any one particular, I shall now therefore hasten to Treat concerning the nature & effects of this most excellent compound Mineral water, and then say something concerning preparation to it, and right ordering of the body in drinking, and so conclude. Sect. 13. Of the Spa. THe Spa water according to its manifest qualities is cold & moist, and being drunk doth immediately cool and moisten the body, and quench thirst, having those qualities which simple water hath, as I have reckoned up at large in the second Section, & may indifferently be used for it. Although having imbibed the aforesaid Minerals of Vitriol, Iron, Alom, Nitre, & Salt, it is impregnated with the qualities & natures of the said Minerals, & consequently is hot and dry in operation, being found by due and daily use thereof, to correct cold & moist bodies, and cure such diseases as proceed from the excess of cold and moisture. It's nature. Nor let any startle at this assertion, that I affirm this Spa water to be cold and moist, and also hot & dry, which are contrary qualities, since it is cold & moist actually in the instantaneous use of it, but doth heat and dry virtually, & in process of time. Who knows not that wine, though it be cold & moist actually, yet is potentially hot & dry, the ordinary use whereof doth heat & dry the body. Now as all bodies incline to a preedominancy of these four qualities, and most diseases consist in the excess of some one or more of them, each quality so exceeding is tempered by its contrary in the water, so as nature, which is ever solicitous for its own preservation, closes with those qualities in the water (as also in all other remedies) which correct its own excess, and arms itself (unless it be very feeble) against those other qualities that might increase its malady, & hence it is, as D. French well observes, that a distemper will rather be altered by its contrary, then increased by its like. But because these four first qualities are found in this water but in a remiss degree, the heat and dryness being so corrected with cold & moisture, and the contrary, that a forcible operation in respect of any of them cannot be expected from it, I think sitter means may be found out for those intentions: As if a man would only cool and moisten, it may be better done with simple water, which has no potential heat or dryness in it, and may be found in every village; or if he would only heat and dry up humours, it may better be performed by other Medicines that are more eminently hot and dry, then by this cold & moist water, so as no man need goto Scarbrough for these intentions. I therefore pass on to the other qualities of this water, in which it doth eminently excel, through its participation of the aforesaid Minerals. An operation. It is of thin parts piercing into the most narrow and secret passages of the body, & is excellent in opening obstructions, which are the causes of most diseases. It doth attenuate, cut, and dissolve viscous, lentous, & clammy phlegm in the stomach, bowels, mesentery, reins and bladder, and is also cleansing and deterging, casting them forth both by siege and urine, as it finds them by their position most to incline: For such humours as are in primis viis in the bowels, it purges out by siege, and such as lie in the mesentery veins, or venae lacteae, porta, liver, reins, or bladder, it cleanses by urine; and both ways so plentifully, as if all the humours went but one way, for it purges so well, as if it would leave nothing to pass by urine, and yet passes so plentifully by the bladder, as if it found no vent by stool; performing these two operations the more plentifully, by reason of the quantity that is to be drunk. And of such working it doth very rarely fail, nor scarce ever, unless in exceedingly constipated bodies, although it be taken without any preparation, as very many do though not so safely, as shall be said in the next Section: and this it doth without any griping at all, casting forth plentifully both itself and the excrementitious humours, which I have often experimented both in myself and others. An in●●ance. I drank one morning, without taking any preparative at all, three quarts of the water, factâ prius retrogradatione matutinâ pro solito, having also weighed myself before I drank, that I might discern what alteration it would make in my weight. I drunk a pint every half hour, walking about betwixt one draught and another, till I had taken all the three quarts. After I had taken three pints it began to work, and so continued an evacuation both ways, viz. seven times by siege liberally within eight hours. I also measured the quantity of Urine which I had kept by itself, so as within the space of five hours, I had made a pottle of Urine, within less than half a gill, as clear as the Spa Water itself, having neither smell nor taste like Urine. I took the Urine and evaporated it all away, that I might try whether it had yet remaining in it any of the substance of the Minerals, but it afforded nothing but a filthy slimy Sediment of a sandy colour. Hence it may appear how diuretic this water is, when two third parts or near hand, should in so short a space pass through those secret crannies of nature by Urine, and yet at the same time work by siege so freely, as I could not have expected from Pil. Coch. dram one. Herein exceeding if I mistake not most of the waters of Europe, (not excepting the Germane Spaws) some of which pass very well and plentifully by siege, others of them by Urine, but scarce any so well both ways, as I have from the testimony of divers persons of quality that have tried them. Having thus observed the through operation of the water both ways for that one day, I weighed myself again the next morning as before, I had lost two pound and a half o● my weight: now I think the humours being rarified by the water, some of them were evaporated by insensible transpiration. And although I was in my ordinary state of health when I drank this one dose, yet I found after it a better agility of body, and alacrity of Spirit then before. I have caused others to make trial also as I did, and it hath in some fluid bodies wrought more plentifully both ways, than it did with me. Now this water doth not only thus throughly cleanse the body by siege and urine, in the parts through which it passeth, but doth also draw from distant parts, as the head, joints, and breast, and helps to the preventing and curing their distempers, moreover to this evacuating is also joined a corroberating or strengthening quality, whe●●●● it fortifies the parts, and so armse●●ture with new strength to the preventing of relapses. It is found to be good against diseases of the head, as the Apoplexy, Epilepsy, catalepsy, Vertigo, inveterate head ache, especially when they proceed from Sympathy with the stomach or lower belly, as many times they do in cacochymick constitutions. It is good against the diseases of the Nerves, as the Convulsion, especially when it proceeds from sharp and bilious humours, which do vellicate the tunicles of the stomach or the beginning of the Nerves; or from worms, as is ordinary in Children, and others of the younger sort: also against the Palsy, especially if it proceed from the scurvy, which therefore is called Paralysis Scorbutica, and is observed by our modern writers, occurring daily in our practice, although not observed by the Princes in Physic, or the Ancient writers. And of this particularly I have had good experience in several, Mr. K. especially of late in a Minister who found much benefit in the use of it against the Palsy; although not without other specisicall remedies which I added, to fortify the Nervs and the animal faculty. It cleanses the stomach from tough and slimy phlegm, sometimes causing vomit, if the stomach be prone thereto, otherwise not, unless one drink too fast before it hath time to go down. It furthers concoction of the meat, by strengthening the digestive faculty; and provokes an appetite as large experience shows, so as many that have come hither with feeble stomaches, either in craving or concocting meat, have in a very few days found themselves with hungry appetites to crave, and ability to concoct any meat that could be set before them. It opens the Lungs and cleanses them, being good in all diseases of the breast, that need or can admit purgation. It's good against difficulty of breathing, provided it be not accompanied with an Ulcer in the Lungs. It cures the Asthma, if the patiented labour not under the incurable disease of old age, or an exceeding feeble and cold distemper of the bowels. Mr. H.D. I know a Gentleman of Hull, that had been long and sore afflicted with the Asthma, who was perfectly cured with drinking of it in a few days. Mr is. B. A Gentlewoman of York had been much troubled with Rheums which had resisted all remedies, found very much benefit by the use of this water, more than all other methods that had been prescribed. It cures the Palpitation of the heart, and helps such as are subject to frequent fainting through Melancholic vapours that oppress the vitals, and such as are troubled with the Nightmare, or find an opressive load at their breast. It is good against indisposition of the body unto motion which we call Spontanea lassitudo, which some that otherwise are healthful are troubled withal, that they have no lift to stir, or not without short breathing; so as I have observed some who at first coming, have not been able to walk a quarter of a mile upon the plain ground without weariness, have after a few days drinking, been able to walk up to the Castle hill without a rest. It is singular good in opening even the old and inveterate obstructions of the Liver and Spleen, and consequently prevents a Dropsy or cures it, if it bd taken in time or before the Liver be too much weakened. It prevents or cures a Schirrus of these parts, if it be taken in the beginning before it be confirmed, it corroberates the natural faculty of them exceedingly, and strengthens the Liver in its work of sanguification and corrects its intemperate heat. It purifies the blood and cures the Scurvy, even such as have been tainted with it in a high degree, a large trial whereof I had in the late wars, when the Garrison that was kept by Sir Hugh Cholmley on the top of this Castle hill, after a few week's siege, whither from the air of the Sea, or a bad diet, or want of exercise, were most of them ●allen into the Scurvy, especially the Country Gentleman who had fled in thither, who were miserably troubled with it, as many of them as drank and the Spa Water were perfectly and speedily cured, which some of them used without any other means. It cures the Jaundice both yellow and black, the Leprosy in which case its needful the patient should bathe in it, and cleanses the body from the remainders of the French Pox, and consummates the cure▪ I have known Inveterate quartans often cured by it, and other sorts of Agues also, which have long resisted medicine, have been conquered by the use hereof in a short time, but it must be drunk only upon their days of intermission. It is very good to purge away the relics of the Small Pox, Agues, and other diseases, and consequently to prevent relapses, which are wont to ensue through a new fermentation of their matter. It is a most Sovereign remedy against Hypo chondriack Melancholy and Windiness, suppressing the vapours which fly up to the head, and cheering the heart, as I might instance at large. I know a reverend Minister who for help in this disease hath traveled through all the Spaws in England, Mr. L. till at length after trial made of this, he found so much benefit, that leaving all the rest he comes yearly one hundr●d and fifty miles to drink of it. Mr. B. Likewise another Minister in York-Shrie, that was a long time both in his own apprehension and others, in a languishing condition through a Melancholy distemper, being full of fears and fancies, was perfectly cured with it, and is become a very healthful and cheerful man. It helps the Colic and Iliack passion, if it doth not proceed from a cold distemper of the bowels, but in this caseit should be drunk a little warm, and the patient should also bathe in it. It helps such as are subject to frequent Fluxes of the belly, and strengthens the bowels, expels all sorts of worms and vermin out of the body, and the matter of which they breed. It is very good against diseases of the skin, cures the Itch and the Scab, and helps such as are wont to break out into Botches. It it peculiar against the Inflammation and Ulcer of the Reins, corrects the heat & Sharpness of Urine, dissolveth the Stone in the Kidneys, expelling it in gravel, and the mucous matter of which it is bred by Urine; & cleanses all the passages of Urine; It furthers expulsion of the Stone in the Bladder without pain, if it be not too big for the passage, and the tartarous matter of which it is bred, which of times causeth the same symptoms with the stone in the bladder, when yet there is no stone at all; it helpeth the pissing of blood and the Gonorrhaea, and strengthens the seminal vessels. It is good against many disea▪ of the Womb, opening the obstructions thereof, and cures the Green Sickness in Maids; it cures the overflowings thereof both white and red, and helps those that are subject to abortions, and Fits of the Mother; takes away some causes of barrenness, and strengtheneth the Womb; amends the complexions of Women, making them look with a ruddy fresh colour. In some of these distempers it should be used by way of incession, or injection, according to the nature of the malady, and the judgement and advice of some learned and prudent Physician, and then all i●s qualities act more immediately upon the parts, and so it better corrects hot and sharp humours, and is more cleansing and healing. It is good for such as are wont to Bleed often, and for the inflammations of the eyes, an● sudden flushings in the face, correcting the heat and acrimony of the blood. It is very beneficial to be used by such as through obstructions, or abundance of viscous humours have incorrigible bodies that will not be moved by anordinary Dose of Physic; as also for such as have been long detained in a course of Physic, for the cure of some rebellious and chronical disease, to consummate the cure. In a word if any intentions be to be performed in a medicinal way, by allaying or mitigating some hot distemper, opening obstructions, evacuating morbific humours by Urine or Siege, and strengthening the inward parts of the body, it may be fully and completely effected by this water, wherein it operates so safely, as I have very rarely observed any ill Symptoms to arise: nor have I scarce named any distemper, of which I have not made particular observation, and most of them many times over, or been certainly informed by credible Authors. Spa at Malton. Of like virtue with this is the Spa at Malton within fourteen miles. North East from York, but it is not so pleasant to the Palate, and also nauseous to the stomach, by reason of a muddy taste it hath, being a very flow Spring, not affording water enough for many drinkers, although in operation it is as quick and strong as this. If it be demanded whether Children, old people, Quest. and women with child may drink of this Spa water or no. To the first, I know H. ab Heers saith he saw a sucking child drink of the German Spa with good success, Solut. and Dr. French allows that at Knaresbrough to be given to children of a year old; but I think it to no purpose to trouble them with it so young, Children. since either they will not drink at all, or not above a spoonful or two, which can make no operation at all, more than by cooling and moistening, which may be done as well by other Spring water. But if a child be of four or five years, & be troubled with the stone or gravel, or some such distemper, and will be persuaded to drink of it, it may be very beneficial, as I know by experience in several, that at four or five years old have been enticed to drink a quart of it in a morning with good success, and so continued for several days. Nevertheless if a younger child will drink of it, it will do no harm at all. Old people. 2 As for old people, they are to be judged of according to the temper & constitution of their bodies especially the stomach and bowels, for some are more vigorous than others that are younger by much, and of such there needs no scruple; but if any old people do labour under a very feeble stomach, and a cold distemper of the bowels, and that upon trial made, they find their stomach not able to receive it without a manifest dejection of appetite, or some other ill Symptom, they shall do well to refrain: but for such as find no inconvenience they may go on to drink, only in a less quantity and somewhat warm. But as for those that labour under the incurable Symptoms of decrepit old age, whose natural heat is small, let them not meddle with it, but content themselves with a good diet, and a warm bed, and such cordials or Kitchen Physic, as may help to repair their feeble Nature. Women with child Touching women with child, difference is to be made according to the time they are gone with child, as also according to the constitution of their bodies. For the water being both purgative and diuretic, it seems not to be so safe for them, yet it is well known that many have drunk of it without the least detriment, some of whom have been young with child, and others many months gone, even near the time of their delivery. I intent not here to enter into the controversy, whither at all, or how far women with child may be purged, Aph. 1. Sect. 4. & Aph. 29. Sect. 5. , Hypocrates forbids it in the three first and three last months, but allows it in the three middle months. And elsewhere he says, Aph. 34. Sect. 5 that if a great Lask happen to a woman with child, it puts her in danger of miscarrying, which we find true in our daily experience. Now I conceive purging must hurt them, because of the great agitation of the humours which is caused thereby, and the expulsive faculty of Nature which is then irritated, especially if it be caused by a Medicine that hath an acrimonious or malignant quality: and thus Hypocrates tells of one, that in her second month, having taken a Pill of Elaterium, fell into a violent Flux and died. But this water makes no such agitation of the humours, nor causes gripping, nor hath any acrimonious or Malignant quality, to give any ground for such fears: Nevertheless because in the first months of gravidity Nature's cords are tender, and so easily broken; and in the last months the motions of the child are more strong, frequent and violent, and like fruit that is near ripe, which soon f●lls if the Tree be but a little shaken; I conceive it safest in the middle months; to wit, in the fourth, fifth, and sixth. And yet in these also regard is to be had of the constitution of the body; for some are of such tender slippery bodies, especially such as have been subject to frequent abortions, that they can endure nothing; notwithstanding some causes of abortion may be cured by the Spa: Herein I advise them to consult some prudent Physician before they drink of it. But certainly in ordinary bodies if there be a redundancy of Gacochymick humours, it is a most proper and safe medicine, and may serve either to cure or prevent distempers that proceed from thence, in any month of their reckoning. And thus not only the Spa water, but some other purging remedies we find may safely be administered to them, in such a case if need be in any month, Lib. 4. de morb. mul. c. de reggravid. as also saith Dr. Primrose, yet it must be done by a wise hand, although more safely in the middle months for the reasons abovesaid. Sect. 14. IT now remains that I give some directions concerning the use of this Spa water, Drections for the use of the Spa. and that in reference to a preparation of the body for it, right management during the time of drinking it, and what may be requisite to be done after it. I know many go to Spaws not for necessity but pleasure, to withdraw themselves a while from their serious employments, and solace with their friends; such are but whets not lets to business, Such as ●●●in ●●●●th ●●●ed no ●●●paration. and like the whetting of a tool, which sharpens it, and makes it cut the better. If such do drink without any preparation, it matters not, only let them not drink too much at the first, till it hath found passage, which perhaps it may do in an ordinary body within three or four hours, it being a sure working water. I have often drunk myself not for need but company, and ●●●●r took preparatory, and yet never failed of working the first day, both by siege and urine, a touch whereof I have given in the foregoing Section. It may do good even to those that find no need, in regard there may be some latent obstructions in the body, or some lurking humours that may breed distempers afterwards, upon the access of some procatarctick or external cause, which being taken away by this water may prevent a disease. And it is very ordinary in corpulent bodies especially to have such humours and obstructions, for whom this water is very proper, although they find no sensible need at all, for as much as such as are near to a disease or sickness, Sect. 1. Aph. 3. as Hypocrates saith, and do need purgation. But as for such as find some decay of their health, by reason of some distemper hanging on them, there may be need of preparation, and that with reference to the nature of the malady, whether simple or complicated, the parts principally affected, the age and constitution of the Patient, the time of the disease whether in its growth, height, or declination, and the time of the year, The fickly must take advice. all which are considerable. My advice is that no man go to the Spa in such a case, but that he first know what be goes for, by a right understanding of his condition, and a due comparing the disease and the remedy together, that he may have some grounds to hope for good, and so drink cheerfully and not doubtingly, for questionless it is not good for all things; some diseases, as also some bodies not admitting of such evacuation, as they must expect that drink of this water. The best is therefore to advise with some learned Physician, who understanding the nature of the malady and of the water, will be able throughly to instruct him, whether it be a proper remedy or no for his condition. For though the water will not probably hurt any man that is in perfect health, yet it may do harm to such as are sickly, if it be not used aright. And its hard, nay almost imp●ssible for me, to lay down rules that may suit every man's particular case, there being as great variety & difference among them, almost as there are men. Amongst these some perhaps will need no preparation at all, before they drink of the Spa; to wit, such whose bodies are fluid, or humours not many, the malady lying perhaps in intemperie: Or at least some gentle eccoproticks may serve the turn, being given the night before the Patient begin to drink. Others whose obstructions are rebellious, and humours tenacious, or nature dull and slow may need some course of Physic, or at the least some strong cattarticks to make way for the water, for want of a right understanding whereof, some have got more harm then good, and have bought repentance at too dear a rate; especially such whose bodies have been weak, and tender for whom purging was not ●a fit remedy. Again, whereas I commend this water in several cases, as in diseases of the head, breast, or lower belly, Other medicines needful. I mean not as if it were to be used alone, and nothing else; It may be requisite many times to furnish the Patient, with some specisick remedies, that relate more peculiarly to the partaffected, with reference it may be to some complication of maladies, which I cannot so perfectly describe, without making this swell into a voluminous bulk, which I intent not. Let blood. In some cases also it may be fit to let blood, either before or after some few days drinking, especially in plethorical bodies, or hot distempers, without which many times obstructions will not yield to remedies. All these cannot be so well predetermined, but are best judged of by view and conference with the party. It will be sufficient to the wise, that I have said so much of the nature and operation of this medicinal water, as that Physicians that never saw nor heard of it before, may be able well to judge of it, and give good advice to such as consult them with reference thereto. The due manner of drinking. These things being premised, let such as drink of the water, bergin with it in the morning, by six of the Clock or seven at the furthest, taking two glasses of half a pint a piece, intermitting a little space of time betwixt one and the other; after which let the Patient walk about upon the sands half an hour, by degrees (or otherwise ride on horseback, or in a Coach) till he finds his stomach is a little emptier, the water being passed down into the bowels, then let him drink two glasses more and so walk again, which will help to warm the water in the stomach, and further both its concoction and descent; or let him use some gentle exercise, so as he do not provoke sweat, because that throws the water into the habit of the body, and hinders its passage through the bowels. And then after he finds his stomach capable of receiving more, let him drink other two glasses as before, not exceeding a pottle or five pints the first day in ordinary bodies, nor yet so much in weak bodies, unless they shall find it to pass freely, as usually it gins to do within two or three hours, and then such as have strong bodies, & capacious stomaches, may go a littlefurther. Not good to take too fast. I cannot approve of taking the waters too fast, lest the coldness thereof enfeeble the natural heat of the stomach, and provoke vomit, which otherwise it is not apt to do, unless the stomach be prone thereto, or full of phlegmatic humours; and than though one do vomit, it doth no harm at all but good in cleansing the stomach. The next day the Patient may go higher to two or three pints more, he having found a free passage the first day both by siege and urine, so as he finds no distension in the hypochondres. Only it will be needful to have some stomachical Lozenges, or powder to correct the windiness of the water, and preserve the natural heat of the stomach, or at least some Caraway Comfirs, which he may take some quantity of, betwixt every two glasses. Have done by 9 or 10 I would also have every one to take his full dose of water, by nine or ten of the Clock at furthest, that it may have time to pass down before dinner, lest if the meat mix with the water, it do float in the stomach, and be washed down into the bowels unconcocted. Now it's a token that the water hath passed through when the urine, which was pale and clear as the Spa water itself, gins to look with a higher colour, which will usually be within 2 or 3 hours at most after the last dose: at least it will have done its work in the stomach, so as the whole company may go to dinner by twelve of the Clock: But if any have such feeble stomaches that they cannot fast so long, they may take a mess of warm broth which is ever ready in the Inns. Feeble stomaches. And if any have such feeble bodies that they cannot walk to the Spa, being about a quarter of a mile from the Town, such may drink it in their Chambers. And those whose stomaches are not able to take it cold, may air it a little, observing the directions already laid down. It is good to eat somewhat sparingly at dinner, and not too freely at supper: also let the meat be of easy gidestion, and not too many dishes, which are apt to breed an heterogeneous juice, not so fit for nourishment, and also makes nature toil too much to concoct them. Salt meat not so good. I cannot approve of salt meats either beef or fish, although I discommend not that which is a little powdered, especially for such as have strong stomaches & are healthful, who need not be critical. But as for such as are sickly they must be more wary, especially such whose stomaches are feeble in the concoctive faculty, since they are like here to fall into large temptation of great varieties of Sea-fish new and very well dressed, Variety to be avoided. as Tucbut, Cod, Conger, Soles, Plaice, Whiteing, Skate, Herring, Macke●ill, Lobster, Crab, etc. which are brought in by the Fisher men two or three times a week, only let such drink a glass or two of Sack or Claret to further concoction, which I cannot but commend to all such as drink of these waters, to preserve the natural heat of the Stomach; unless it be those that labour under a hot distemper of the Liver, for whom dry medicines in form of an Electuary or Lozenges are more proper, which do moderately warm the stomach, and not at all inflame the Liver. Salads not good. I altogether disallow of Salads of cold herbs, in regard they are hard of digestion, and are apt to float in the stomach with the water, and pass down unconcocted, and breed many diseases. Rasis saith, that a long use of water after the eating of Salads and pot herbs, Cap. 70. l. ult. for such as are not accustomed to it, breeds the Scab, Itch, Morphew, Erisipelas, and other diseases of the Skin. Neither can I like of Sum fruits to be eaten after dinner, as Cherries, Nor summer fruit. Plums, Raspberries, Apples, Pears, etc. they are best to be eaten after complete concoction, or an hour or two before Supper, & yet the more sparingly the better. Not good to drink in the afternoon. Nor do I approve of drinking at all of the Spa in the afternoon, both because it usually works sufficiently with what was drunk in the morning, moving the body even all the day: as also because it doth precipitate the meat out of the stomach too soon, before complete concoction be made, & will not be cast off the stomach before supper; as also disturb the Patient in the night, or fly into the habit of the body, & breed the Gout or some other moist disease of the joints: on which account I cannot allow it to be drunk at bed time; Pag. 104. although Dr. French commends a glass of the Spa at Knaresbrough to be taken then to close the stomach, and suppress fumes; which I think are rather raised by it, I would have the afternoon spent either in some pleasant discourse, or walking about or riding, or some innocent recreation, and sleep to be avoided. since through sleep it must of necessity lie the longer in the stomach, and gathering heat send up vapours, which will oppress the brain. If at any time it shall so happen, that the water doth not find a free passage, so as it causes distension & pain in the belly, difficulty of breathing, or gidiness in the head, it may be helped by a carminative clyster made of the Spa water, in which may be decocted or infused some Hydragogue, or some Species may be dissolved in it, which we use for purging of watery humours, according as the greatness and urgency of the Symptom, or the strength of the patient shall admit. Or if some Physician be present, he may administer some Pills or other purging medicine, that may answer the indication. How long it is fit to drink. As for the time how long it may be convenient to drink, that must be suited according to the greatness of the malady, and the strength of the Patient. Such as have cacochymick bodies, which are full of bad humours; or melancholic, or others whose obstructions are great, and humours tenacious, may stay longer than others that have thin bodies, and which are easily moved. I have sometimes drunk of it not for necessity but company, or to make some little evacuation from phlegmatic humours, being of an athletic constitution, when within three days I found so great an agility and cheerfulness of body and mind more than I had before, as I have wondered at it, that if I had stayed a fortnight, I could not have expected more benefit. I know the German Spaws are wont to be drunk for many weeks, yea months together. Learned Dr. Heers in his Spadacrene, tells of one Ludovicus Hager●●, Cap. 8. They stay long at the German Spa. who for the stone in the bladder drank of the Spa every morning three hundred and fifty ounces, which is more than three gallons for above ten weeks together, and found much benefit in it, it carrying away the mucous matter with which the stone was enveloped, and wasted the stone into gravel. Ibid. Also of an old man of Antwerp, that had been long troubled with an ulcer in his kidneys, for which he had frequented the Spa three years, and drank abundantly of it six months together each year, and found a Cure. And Frambesarius, who was Physician to the French King, thinks the more any one drinks of the Spa the better, if it doth but pass away freely: And in my own observation, I have seen more inconve niences in drinking sparingly (for whom it was fit) then in plentiful drinking. The Germane work nor so well as this. But I cannot approve of so long a stay at this water of Scarbrough for any one, in regard I think it constantly passes through both by siege and urine more freely than the Germane Spaws, which I perceive by Dr. Heers own confession, in some bodies provokes not a stool once in eight days, even in those that before were wont to retrograde once or twice a day ordinarily, without taking any thing to stimulate nature: And therefore although I can agree with Frambesarius, that a greater quantity may be drunk of it, because it passes so freely, yet I think it not needful to stay so long, it perfecting its operation in a less time. Besides the danger there may be in some bodies especially, of cooling and moistening too much, and of causing a wan and pale colour over the whole body. Good to intermit sometimes. I think it much better if a disease be rebellious, that the Patient after a continuance at the Spa a month or five weeks, do leave off the waters a while, and return to his ordinary Diet and state of living, and then after such respite given to nature, apply himself to the waters again. A few days may suffice some. Nor can I here define, how long it may be needful for every particular person to stay at the waters; four or five days may be sufficient for such as have thin bodies, and whose humours do move easily, that have no great distemper, but perhaps a spontaneous lassitude or weariness; whereas others who repair to them for the cure of some malady already begun, or feared, or whose obstructions are great, and humours rebellious, or such whose distempers lie not in the direct passages of the water, but in some remote part must stay three or four weeks or more. When fit to leave of. If any man finds, that after benefit once had by the waters, he gins to decline again in his health, as that his appetite or concoction decay, or the waters pass not so well as formerly, but cause distension either in the belly or the veins, and so bring on a difficulty of breathing, or pain in the head, or the like; it is then time to desist, and proceed no further, or at least to take the advice of some Physician, who may remove the obstruction. When the b●st season to drink. As touching the season of the year, when it may be most commodious to drink of the Spa: The Summer months are the best, when the weather is warm and the season dry, to wit, from the middle of May to the middle of September, it being usually the driest season, and that for several reasons. Summer the fittest Season. First, because in Summer the water is ordinarily more strong of the Minerals, then at other Seasons, when plenty of wet falls, for in dry weather there is no mixture of new moisture, but the Water comes immediatley from the Mineral fully and strongly impregnated, whereas it is very observable that after a great rain, the water is weaker, notwithstanding it lies so deep within the earth. The Spa strongest in Winter. I confess the water is strongest, of the Minerals in Winter after a long and durable Frost, which having a long time together shut the pores of the earth, so as no moisture could descend, and the heat thereby increased in the subterraneal Channels, and consequently a better concoction wrought, must upon that account be strouger both in taste and operation, And may be taken then. of which I have had frequent experience. I advised it this last Winter in January to a Lady of good quality, Lady M. to cleanse her after a recovery of the small Pox, she having an incorrigible body for Physic, so as a strong dose enough for any man would scarce move her at all, and the water wrought effectually, she drinking about a gallon every day. The like I experienced two years ago in a Gentlewoman of York for the stone, Mr is B. who had by my advice drunk of it in the Summer preceding, and still found it at Christmas to work as well as it did in Summer, and with desired success. The German Spaws are wont also to be drunk in Winter frequently, some choosing that season rather than any other, because of the strength of the water. And hence it was that the Duke of Mantua gave it in charge to Ryetitus and H. ab Heers, two German Physicians that lived near the Spa, to send him every Christmas Eve two hundred flagons of Spa water, taken out fresh after a long frost, which they constantly did observe, finding the water at that time stronger, then at any time in the hottest Summer. It was the last Winter also during the frost, that I made the experiments I mentioned in the first Section, when I found very near three Drams of Minerals in three quarts, settling in the bottom of the vessel, besides what spirits might be supposed to have evaporated, the operations also being performed at my house at York, which is thirty miles from the Fountain. Another reason why I think it best to be drunk in Summer is, because at that season the inward passages of our bodies are more open and pervious then in Winter, so as water may pass more freely. And lastly, because one may drink more liberally in Summer, our bodies being more dry, and consequently we more thirsty then in Winter; besides it is more pleasant travelling and residing at Scarbrongh in Summer then in Winter. I know the grand Objection which we meet with too frequently in our other practice also, Object. concerning the Dog-days, that they are not so fit a time for Physic, taking its rise from an Aphorism of Hypocrates, Aph. 5. Sect. 4. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, thereby forbidding purging of the body, as they say, so as neither the preparatives nor the water itself can be safely taken. This hath been found a kill Objection to many in England, Solut. Of the Dogdays. who falling sick of acute Fevers, which at this season of the year, are more frequent than at other times, are wont to defer the looking for help (a fault too common at all seasons) because of the Dog days, till that which at the beginning might easily have been cured, by delay doth many times become incurable. Sure I am Hypocrates never said or thought that the Dog days are unfit time for Physic, Hypocrates explained. nor did Galen in his Comment understand him in that sense; He only says, purgation are difficult about that time of the year, that is, they cause ill Symptoms, as Fevers, Gripe, dissolution of the Spirits, which are already enfeebled by the excessive heat of the weather, imputing it not to the influence of that Star, but to the heat that is wont to happen at that time, the heat also not arising in the least respect from the nature of the Star, but from the Sun itself, which is now again running over the same degrees of the Ecliptic in Leo, that it had done before in Taurus, in July and August, which it did in April and May. It cannot be from an extraordinary malignant influence that is in the Dog-star more than others, Dog star has no malignant influence. it being agreed on all hands by those that are versed in Astrology, that there are many other constellations, and parts of heaven, which are more full of malignity than it is; as Corscorpionis, which arises with the Sun in the later end of November, being also within a few degrees of the body of the Sun. So Caput Medusae or Argol, near unto which the Sun pasles in the latter end of of April. And the Dragon's Tail and imaginary point of heaven full of enmity, by which the Sun transits once a year, besides the monthly conjunction of the Moon with them all: I say Hipocrates cannot be thought to intent the Malignant influence of the Dog. Star to hinder the working of Physic, while he that knew the rest as well as this, never mentions them at all, which if they were observed would imply the unfitness of every season, and consequently very few days in the year would be proper for Physic. It was indeed the heat of the weather which he respected, which happens with us about the Cosmical rising of the Dog Star with the Sun, to wit, Phyfick may be used in the Dog days. towards the later end of July. But neither is the heat so intense in this our climate, as that for it we should abstain from using remedies when there is need, our July and August not being so hot as April and May are in the Island of Coos, (which is called in Maps Laugo, and by its owner's Turks Stancera, not far from Rhodes) where Hypocrates lived. Now although nothing is more necessary to be observed by Physicians then the disposition, rising and setting of eminent Stars, the bodies and stomaches of men receiving mutation according to their motions, to which respect is heedfully to be had in giving of Physic, De aerc in principio. as saith Hypocrates else where; yet there is not so much regard to be had, as that either this Star or the heat should make us wholly abstain, when a disease requires it. Learned Physicians knowing well enough how to muzzle that Dog, and temper the heat with medicines suitable, we having purging remedies as fit for hot weather as for cold and temperate, such as if Hypocrates had known, I verily think he had never mentioned that Aphorism; his purging medicines being exceeding hot, violent, and of a malignant and coroding nature, which we have very rarely any occasion to use (and then every better corrected) and do wholly lay aside in the heat of Summer. Neither is Hypocrates in that Aphorism laying down rules for giving of Physic, but only reporting his observation concerning the manner of working of medicines, which he says, is with some difficulty and bad Symptoms, & well might it be so with his medicines in that Climate; but what is that to us, while our own observations are, that ours do operate without any difficulty; And whosoever shall observe the operations of medicines in the hand of any able Physician at this time of the Withgood success. year, shall acknowledge them as safe and successful, as that which he gives at any other season. And more particularly this is found true in Mineral waters, such as I am now treating of, which are (as I said) the best in hot weather, both in regard of their more eminent participation of the strength of the Minerals; as also because of our bodies, which are more open and free for their passage; and we can also drink more plentifully in the Summer months, which is necessarily to be done by such as go to the Spaws. It any require further satisfaction concerning this point of the Dog-days, I refer him to Dr Primrose his Book of Popular Errors: Lib. 4. c. 11 as also to Doctor Brown's elaborate and learned Tractate concerning Vulgar Errors, Lib. 4. e. 13 where he may be abundantly convinced. Nevertheless, if any man's condition require his drinking in Winter, Directions for such as drink in, winter. let the water be a little aired, that the extremity of the cold may be taken off, and let a good fire be made to warm the Chamber, lest it happen to him, as Fallopius found in himself andothers, by drinking of the Germane Spaws in winter excessively cold, who felt some paralytic and convulsive motions after it. It any inquire of me, whether this Spaw-water will endure to be carried into the Country at distance, Quest. and keep it virtue. I answer, Puriù ex ipso fonte bibuntur aquae. Answ. It is the best when it is drunk at the Fountain, for I think some of its Spirits do evaporate being carried far, it seeming to have a purer azure colour, and a more acid taste also at the Fountain; yet it may be carried many miles without out any sensible decay of its strength and operation, being constantly brought by the Fishermen in Caggs, It hath also been carried to London, and was found good as far as York, and Hull, which is thirty miles, yea often many miles further. It hath also been carried to London, and was found good: I have drunk of it after it had been ten days in the Cagge, and have always found it to work very well; and I think if it were filled at the Fountain into Bottles, and well stopped, it would keep its virtue and sweetness much longer, being set in Sand or Earth in a cold Cellar, and might be carried perhaps as far as the Germane. Nevertheless, I think it much better to drink it at Scarbrough, for those that are able of body to travel thither, and in purse; especially for Students, who being here withdrawn from their Books, and all occasions of Study (than which nothing is more prejudicial to such as drink waters, or pursue any other course of Physic) may enjoy the society of their acquaintance, and lead a more cheerful & active life, which will help to refresh their spirits, and promote the more speedy passage of the water. But as for such as through feebleness of body or estate, are not able to travel, It may be carried abroad. they may get it brought to them into the Country, having been encouraged to the use of it by some able Physician, and they need not doubt its operation, it being impregnated not only with the spirits of the Minerals, which being carried far are subject to evaporation, but with the substance of them, or concrete juice, which will continue as long as the Water itself remains sweet. Compared with the German. And this seems to be of like nature with the principal Spa, in Germany, called by the name of Powhont, which is wont to be carried into several Countries, and was brought into England to Count Bellemont, when he was sent Ambassador from France to King James, and was found as good as at the Fountain, which might well be supposed to be done in less than ten days. And they both arise out of the bottom of a great Rock, having imbibed almost the very same Minerals, only I think this has no lead, and I suppose is not the worse for it, having also more strength of the Minerals than the Powhont: For when Doctor Paddy our Countrymen, and Doctor Heers distilled it, they found nothing but Rubrich, Ocher and a little Vitriol, as Doctor Heers himself relates, whereas three quarts of this affords, when the Rubric is separated from it, well nigh two drams of other Minerals. The other which they call Sauvenir partakes much of the spirits of the Minerals, but hath very little of their juice or substance, so as it is good at the Fountain, but loses its spirits and virtue being carried abroad, in as much as Frambesarius after two days journey found it like common water, whereas that of Powhont was strong and quick. There are two other Spaws in Germany not long since discovered, viz. Geronster and Tonnelet, but they are short of the other in virtue: the former causing vomit often, and dizzyness in the head, as if a man were drunk; and the other muddy, and slimy, and nauseous to the Palate, yet they do each of them also purge the belly. These do the inhabitants of the Towns near adjoining make use of inwardly, both for the preparing of their meat and drink, as ordinary water, especially the two first, and it's observed by the Germane Writers, that in no place of Germany are there to be found older, and more healthful people, than thereabouts. It is observable that the Stones by which this water passes at the Fountains (as also in all other Spaws I read of) are of a reddish colour; as also it turns the execrements of such as drink of it into a sad green or blackish colour, both which Doctor Heers thinks to proceed from Rubric or mater ferri, because all chalybeat Medicines after what manner soever they be taken inwardly do the like. Cap. 8. p. 79. But Doctor French, though he grants Iron may and doth cause a black tincture, yet he seems rather to impute it to the Vitriol. For better satisfaction in this scruple both to myself and others, I made a separation of the Rubric from the test of the Minerals with gall, and drank the clear water, which though I find it purges not a whit the less, yet the excretions were not changed at all, which is an experiment observed by neither of them, so as it plainly appears that change of colour proceeds from the Rubric or Iron. And I also think it is the colour which receives the Tincture, which if it be wanting the excrements are not tinged at all: as in those that have the Jaundice, whose Choler by reason of obstructions doth not pass into the guts, they do find their excrements black, till after they have drunk a day or two, the obstructions begin to open, and the choler is sent down into the bowels. So also they that tarry long at the waters observe their excrements that before were blackish, to become more pale, which arises from the greatest part of the choler which hath been purged away, except what is daily generated, which being but little cannot give so deep a tincture. Leave off by degrees My advice to them that drink long of it is, that they leave by degrees as they began, taking a less quantity every day than other for two or three days, and to purge watery humours, as soon as they have done, either at Scarbrough, or when they come at home, It any after the use there of, find a watery moisture upon his stomach more than ordinary, Wine and Water correct each other. or some other moist distemper, which happens to those whose stomaches and concective faculty are feeble, it may easily be corrected by drinking a glass or two of Wine more than ordinary at meals, for some little while, Wine and water fitly amending the distempers that proceed from a more than usual drinking of each other, as Herilacus observes well, De vinor qd effect 2. so as he that is inflamed with Wine may be cooled with water, and all cold distempers that come by the immoderate use of water, may be amended with Wine. And whereas perhaps there may be some that think it an empirical thing, and to exceed belief, that this Spa water should cure so many maladies, as I have reckoned up, and several of them of contrary qualities, I refer such to the writings of Fallowpius, Solenander, Geringus, Ryetius, Bezansonius, H. ab Heers, who have treated of the Waters of Germany, and else where; as also to several of our own Country men, as Dr. Dean, Mr. Stanhope, Dr. Fiend, and many others, who have writ of several Spaws in England; moreover let them inform themselves well, concerning the cures that have been done by the waters at Epsam, Tunbridge, Barnet, Bristol, Knaresbrough, etc. This of ours coming not short of (if not much exceeding) the best of them all either German or English. Felix qui potuit boni Fontem visere lucidum. Both. de consolat. Philos metr. 12. l. 4. READER, Through the Author's great distance from the Press some gross Errors have escabed the Printer, which do break the sense: He begs so much ingenuity, that these following being some of the principal may be corrected by thy pen before thou begin to read. PAge 2. l. 12. read Coroners, p. 5. l. 10. r. having the, p. 11. l. 14. r. sky, p. 12. l. 2. r. it doth. p. 16. l. 21. in the marg. r. Sect. 2. p. 18. l. 8. r. other, p. 19 l. 5, r. altering, p. 34. l. 13.1. superfices, p. 38. l. 2. c, amounts, p. 39 l. 14. r. Baccius, p. 48 l. 2. r. indomitable. p. 67. l. 3. r. purifies, p. 67. l. 10. r. converted, p. 15. l. 4. r. meal, p. l. last r. vehicle, p. p. 69. l. 14. r. know, p. 70. l. 9 r. pestileutiall, p. 72. l. 13. r. up with it. p. 73. l. 4. r. of my discourse, l. 10. r. concerning Springs, p. 74. l. 4. r. transmutation, p. 77. l. 15. r. redound, p. 78. l. ult, r. figure, p. 90. l. ult r. distance, p. 106. l. deal the p. 108. l. ult, r. renders, p, 112. l. 19 r, with the frre, p, 113. l. 12. r. all the water, p. 115. l. 7. r. break out, p. 117. l. 1. r. overflown, p. 123. l. 21. r. where, p. 127. l. 3. r. abundance, l. ult. r. of the Earth. p. 128. l. 15. del. which, p. 130. l. 3. r. suppply them, p. 131. l. 15. r. Rains do falls p. 132. l. 5. r. sorts of Springs l. 16. r. of Athiopia, p. 133. l. 11. r. M. Carpenter. p. 137. l. 7. r. Commissure. l. 18. r. thee solid.