Compendium Belli: OR THE TOUCHSTONE OF MARTIAL DISCIPLINE. Wherein is set forth brief rules and Directions to take special notice of. The next of Marches, Exercising of a Company, ordering of Muskaters, Imbattelling from 100 unto 40000. The form of Encamping, with brief Notes belonging thereunto: Plots of Fortifications and Forts: With the manner of Lading and blowing off Great Ordnance, making of Granados. Also showing the Extraction of the square Root, with a Table from 16. unto 10000 Likewise certain Questions of Arithmetic concerning Military Discipline: With a Table also for the discovering of numbers by Rank and File. Virtus gloriam paret. Witten by JOHN ROBERTS of Weston near Bath, Gent. London printed by I Norton and A. Mathewes. 1626. TO THE RIGHT HOnourable WILLIAM Earl of Pembroke, Lord Herbert of Cardiff, Lo: Parr and Rosse of Kendal, Lo: Marmion and St. Quintin: Lord Warden of the Staneries in the County of Devon and Cornwall, of the most Noble Order of the Garter, Knight: Chancellor of the University of Oxford, and Captain of the King's Majesty's Town and Castle of Portsmouth, and the Island of Portsey, Lo: Chamberlain to his Majesty, and one of the Lords of his Majesty's most honourable Privy Council. RIGHT HONOURABLE: BEing filled with a studious observation of your noble parts, and a declaratory fame of the Virtues and Heroic actions of your Fame-worthy Progenitors, and those trans-mitted unto You by a successive Lineal and Hereditary right: so that that rare Conjunction of Castor and Pollux, Imeane, Nobilitas, & Ortu, & Art, are both happily conjoined in your noble Person. The Curious survey of the multitude of your Honourable parts bred in me a number of desires: so that I have adventured to break the barren soil of my unlucky Portion, that prosperous success should rather want to my endeavours, then diligent endeavours to my loyal determination. My submissive respect to your noble and Heroic Virtues have been a presumptative cause to desire your Lordship's gracious Patronage of this my Compendium Belli, but how my unworthiness may hope of your Goodness, I cannot find but in the notes of your transcendent and generous disposition. Thus in the lowest humility of affection, I offer both myself, and the Employment of my undeserving service, freely to your Honour's acceptance: and do desire both to be, and to appear to be Your Honour's humblest and most devoted Servant JOHN ROBERTS. To all Gentlemen and Lovers of the Art of War. NOble and ingenious Reader, I have presented to the world, and to thy view this Compendium, that thou with it mayest reap, that only, by thy intuitive speculation, which I have got by my laborious practice: I make no doubt, of thy skill and knowledge herein, but that thou knowest, and hast seen, this in thine own practice, by thy industrious travel; Which now thou seest here in the Theoric, by my laborious pains. Therefore I desire your courteous censure in the perusal of this Book: for if any thing be mistaken through equivocation of words, or ambiguity of sense, blame the fruitless rage of Destiny, that carries the best shafts of my unlucky Quiver far distant from the white I aimed at. I did it for the honour of my Country, and the general good of the common weal: for which reasons, I hope it may pass without the molestation of any of the unskilful: The Learned and Ingenious I honour; and willingly stand to their censure; To the rest Farewell. Compendium Belli: OR THE TOUCHSTONE of Martial Discipline. Principal and especial Rules for every Commander to be perfect in. THose things that helpeth the Enemy greatly, annoyeth thee, and the same that helpeth thee, hurteth him. He that is more careful and vigelant, to observe the cunning and politic devices of the Enemy, and also taketh most pains in the exercising his Company, or Army, shall be sure to incur lest perils, and may have greatest hope of victory. Never enterprise any dangerous encounter with thy Soldiers, but first by thy policy, let there be given out, hope of victory. It is better to conquer the Enemy with famine, then with the sword; in the victory of which, fortune may do much more than valour. No plot or purpose is better than that which is hid from the Enemy, until it be executed. To know in the war how to understand occasion, and take it, more availeth then any thing. Nature breedeth few strong and valiant men, but industry and exercise maketh many. Discipline may do much more in time of battle, than fury. If any of the Enemy's Soldiers departed from them and fly to thee (so they prove faithful) they shall be always unto thee great gains, and stand thee in great steed, for that the power of thy Enemies are thereby diminished, and much more weakened, then of those that be slain, though the name of a Fugitive be to old friends odious, to new suspected. Better it is in pitching the field, to reserve behind the first front aid enough, then to make a big front, which will do great hurt, and disperse the Companies. He is difficultly overcome, which knoweth his own strength, and the power of his enemies. The valour of the Soldiers, more availeth then the multitude. Sometimes the situation helpeth more than valour. New & sudden things make Armies afraid; slow and accustomed things be little regarded: Therefore make thy Army practise; and know, with small fights a new enemy, before thou adventerest to fight a field with them. He that with disorder followeth the enemy after that their order is broken, will become of a Conqueror a Conquered. He that prepareth not necessary victuals, with all manner of Ammunition, is overcome without the Sword. He that trusteth more in Footmen than Horsemen, or in Horsemen more than in Footmen, must accommodate himself with the situation. When thou wouldst see if in the day there be come any Spy into the Camp, make proclamation that every man go to his lodging, so shall you know your own men from strangers. Change purpose if thou perceivest that thy enemy hath foreseen it. Consult with many about the things thou oughtest to do, the same thou wilt after do, confer with few. Soldier when they abide at home, are maintained with fear and punishment; after, when they are led to the war, with hope and reward. Be sure the enemy know not how thou wilt order thy Army in battle; and whatsoever manner sets the battle, make that the first Band be received off first and second. In fight never occupy the battle to any other thing then to the same for which thou hast appointed it, if thou meanest to make no disorder. Sudden accidents are remedied with difficulty, those that are thought upon with facility. Before thou bringest thy Soldiers to give battle, 'cause them to be ranged in form of battle, making of his Footmen sundry Battalions, and of those sundry fronts; to divide the Horsemen also in sundry troops, placing the Lances, Light-horsemen, and Hargubusiers, every front in several troops by themselves, to 'cause the forlorn to issue out, and skirmish them before the battalions, as if the enemy were indeed present, and upon a retreat sounded and beaten, suddenly to retire: The Horsemen to charge, and suddenly to return again into their place; upon their retreat to 'cause certain sleeves of Pikes, and light armed, to run out to their rescue, as though the enemy did pursue them: Than the Battalions of the first front to march forward, and charge the enemy, and suddenly after the sound of the retreat, to retire themselves orderly, between the Battalions of the second front: Than the second front must charge, and march forward together with the other that last retired, and make head together upon the enemy. Last of all, the light armed Footmen and Horsemen must issue out, as it were to do execution upon the enemy. Whilst fair weather is, the General must acquaint the Soldiers to sleep upon bore ground: Although the enemy be fare absent, yet duly to maintain the Skoutes, lay out their Pardues, set forth their Centryes, and perform all manner of Military Orders, as curiously and carefully as if the enemy were present: He must keep his Soldiers in continual exercise; and by feigned Alarms, to see in what readiness his Forces would be (if necessity required:) But if the enemy chance to 'cause any Alarm indeed, it is his policy then to 'cause the Camp to be in arms by the sound only of the Drumbestickes, or some other private watchword, or some Warning-piece, which when the enemy perceives that the Camp is in Arms without any manner of Alarm, will much amaze and terrify them, to find them in such readiness, daring them and their affronts. Also, the General aught to show them all manner of ways how the enemy may attempt them, discovering also to them their remedy, and how they are to answer to those attempts; for no Man is borne a Soldier, but by exercise and industry it is attained, and by discontinuance again it is lost, as all other Arts and Sciences are. You must have a special care, that the Army have not in their faces the dust to blind them, the wind to disturb them, or the Sun beams to annoyed them, before they enter into any main Encounter; the which Impediments, not only altogether, but each one by himself alone, doth bring great toil, trouble, and disadvantage. The form of several Marches. depiction of military formations. IF you mean to exercise a Company, you must bring them into this form. viz. The Musketeers must be placed on both sides of the Pikes, five Files on one side, and five on the other, the Pikes ten deep, and so many square in the middle. To your Right Hand. First note, that before you begin to exercise the Company, you first command them to advance their Pikes, and to shoulder their Muskets: Than you have no more to do, but to 'cause them to turn to their Right-hand, which is thus; They must not remove their Left leg from the ground, but turue upon it, and remove only the Right, to make the Right hand File the Front, as you see in this Figure. As you were. As you turned to your Right, so in the same manner you must turn back to your Lieutenant, keeping your Left leg still upon the ground, until you come even with the Front. depiction of military formations. To the Left Hand. Because the Enemy may sometimes Charge on the Left Hand Flank; Therefore, that you may be suddenly ready to defend yourselves, and offend them; and for diverse reasons beside, this Motion is used: And to do it, you must move with your Right Foot, until your Faces front toward the Left Flank, your Left Foot not moving from the place where it stood before, but turning. As you Were. Than having performed the aforesaid Motion, the Captain commands, As you wear, and then they move all towards the Right Hand, until they are turned to the first Front, moving upon the same Foot you did before. To the Right Hand About. This Motion is used, when the Enemy doth Charge in the Rear; then keep your Left Foot still, and turn to the Rear, and Charge, or otherwise for exercise. depiction of military formations. To the Left Hand as you were. Having performed the former Motion, the Captain commands them, To the Left hand as you were, the Left Foot remains fixed, until their faces be turned to the former front. To the Left Hand about. Sometimes it is more convenient to turn to the Left Hand then to the Right, therefore this Motion is used, the Left Leg still standing. To the Right hand as you were. It is but turning towards your Right Hand, until you come to the former Front. depiction of military formations. Ranks to your Right Hand Double. This Motion is only used, to double and strengthen the Front; and thus it is done, all in the second Rank, march up in the first; and first, they must set forward the Right Leg, and then the Left, making but two Paces to the Front, and so the Fourth, the Sixth, the Eight, and Tenth Rank, must likewise do all at one instant. Ranks to your Left Hand as you were. Having performed the former Motion, you turn about at the Word of Command, and set forward your Left Foot, and so make two Paces, coming into your form again, all at one instant. Ranks to your Left Hand double. This is almost all one as you did with the Right, save you must set forward your Left Leg fi●st, and put yourself on the Left Hand of your Leader. depiction of military formations. Ranks to your Right Hand as you were. You must first t●rne to your Right, because you will come the better into your place; and then set forward your Right Foot, it is more seemly and Soldier like by much than any other way. Because you see there is an odd File of Musketeers, you must place the Musketeers all to the Right Flank, and it is easily done thus, causing the Left Wing to stand still, and the rest to move one pace forwards; then the word of Command is; Left Flank to the Right Hand, and march through thy Files, which with ease is to be done. Files to your Right Hand double. There is occasion sometimes to strengthen the Flanks, and then they use this word of Command, which is no more to perform then this, if it be to the Right Hand; then the Right Flank standeth still, and the next File doubleth it, that is, fall just behind his Side-man, in File with him; Than the Third, Fifth, Seventh, and every other stands: Remember that you must make them do it all at one motion together. depiction of military formations. Files as you were. All those that doubled, return into their proper places, by setting their left Leg first to pace: Remember when you double to your right hand, you put your right Leg forward, and when on the left, your left Leg, and so backwards. Files to your Left Hand double. This motion differeth little from the other, save that the left flank do stand still, and the Second doubles it in this action; in doubling the left Leg, goeth to double, and the right coming back. Files as you were. Is just as the other was, save they fall back to the right hand, with the right leg. depiction of military formations. Having performed the doubling of Files, which was done with the Shot in the Right Hand Flanck of the Pikes: Now you must place them as they were before, one half on the Right Flank, the other on the Left of the Pikes. Half Files to your Right Hand, Double your Ranks. This must be done by the sixth Rank, and you must do it at ten Paces thus; First with your Right Leg set forward, you must March forward, and advance your Ground towards the Front, all the Rank observing the Right Hand Leader, and so move altogether to the Front, with whom you must Rank; observing likewise that when you thus begin to double, you Advance your Pikes, & when you have doubled the Front, Order your Pikes, the sixth must rank with the First, the Seventh with the Second, the Eight with the Third, and so all the rest. depiction of military formations. When you have performed the former Motion, they must turn to the Right Hand, which is more graceful and comely, with the Right Foot set forward, and so Retreat to the Rear, at ten Paces more, observing your Left Hand, and then you will be ten deep again as you were. Half Files to your Left Hand, Double your Ranks. There is no difference, but only that the half Files must march up to the Left Hand of the Files that stand. Half Files to the Right Hand, As you were. The half Files advance their Pikes, and falls back with their Right Leg, to be clear of their Sidemen, & so march into their proper places. depiction of military formations. Half Files to your Right Hand, as you were. Half Files to your Left Hand, double your Ranks. Half Files to the Right Hand, as you were. Files to your Right hand Countermarch. When a Charge is expected in the Rear, and it being thought convenient to have the Leaders of the Files in the places of the bringers up, because they are men best able to receive the Enemy. The Leaders advancing with their Right Leg turned to the Right Hand, and march down towards the Rear, all the body of the Company, moving together: for when the first Filers turn, the Second advanceth in their places, and doth the like, and so Third, Fourth, and Fifth, &c. There is also another kind of Countermarch, which is called the Lacedaemonian Countermarch, which is for the First Rank to Face towards the Rear; the Second, and all the rest of the Body to March up, and turn behind their Leaders, you may Countermarch likewise by Ranks as you do by Files. depiction of military formations. Files to your Right Hand, Countermarch. Files to your Right Hand Countermarch. This motion differeth nothing in the world from the other, for you must turn up on the same Hand again, and advance with the Left Leg, and turn to the Right Hand, and then you March just in the place you were in before. Close your Files both ways at a Foot and Halfe. If a Charge of Horse be expected, than the Foot are to be in the closest Order, which is one Foot and a Half in File, and there in Rank. Close your Ranks to three Foot. Which is nothing else, but to Place on to the Sword point, which is the just distance of Three Foot, depiction of military formations. Close your Files a Foot and a half. Close your ranks to three Foot. Ranks to the Right Hand wheel. If the Enemy Charge on the Right Hand Flancke, to receive them with the most able men which are commonly in the Front, it may be thus performed; the Leader of the Right Hand File standeth fixed, only turning his body, and the rest move upon him as the Centre, observing still the distance and straightness of their Ranks and File, without which, this motion will not be performed gracefully. Ranks to your Left Hand wheel. There is no difference in the performance of this motion, and the latter, but that the Left Hand Leader stands, and the rest wheels towards him. Ranks to the Right Hand wheel upon a Centre. All to the Right Hand of the middle of the Front go backwards, and on the Left forwards. Ranks to the Left Hand wheel upon the Centre. All the Left Hand of the Centre wheels backwards, and the right forwards. Ranks to your Right Hand Wheel. Ranks to your Left Hand Wheel. Ranks to your Right Hand wheel upon the Centre. Ranks to your Left hand, wheel upon the Centre. Open your Ranks backward. To open the Banks, understand that the Front or First Rank standeth still, and the other nine Ranks fall backwards altogether, until the Second Rank be Six Foot distant from the first, and then it stands still: so likewise must you do with all the Ranks, until they be distant six foot one from another. Open your Files both ways. In opening your Files, half the body move towards the right hand, and half towards the left hand engross, and then the two middlemost files when they are three foot distant, stand still, and the rest of the body continues moving both ways until the next two files, are distant three foot more, and so of all the rest. Here you are in your Order as you were at first, three foot in File, and six foot in Rank. depiction of military formations. Open your ranks Backward. Open your Files both ways. How to exercise Muskatieres'. First Rank give Fire, and Countermarch to the Rear. First, you must understand that they must be three foot in file, and three foot in rank, and then the Captain gives the Word of Command, and they Countermarch to the rear, and there rank: note always that you Countermarch still to the right hand, and never to the left: this is done standing, and therefore looseth ground; some will say Countermarching with Muskets in skirmishing is improper, but I say it is as the situation is, for if you have but little ground to make a front, and have a big front to oppose you, than you may use Countermarching, because you have not ground enough for to fight by divisions. The Second Order. You must make a division in the midst, of six foot, than the Captain commands first and second ranks, make ready, and then Marches with them some six paces from the front, and then says, First rank give fire, which when they have performed, they Marchone half through the Division, and the other by the right flank to the Rear. depiction of military formations. First Ranke give Fire and Countermarch to the Rear. First and second Ranks make ready: First Rranke give Fire, &c. The Third Order. As you did before, so you must do now, but that as soon as you have drawn out the two first ranks, and when the first is come in place to present, you may use this Word of Command, Second Rank to your right hand, Double your Front, and give Fire then as you were: Lastly, let them March one half through the Division, and the other by the right hand flank, as afore to the rank in the rear; observe that as soon as the first falls off to the rear; the second immediately follows, and this demonstration is of gaining ground, for the body is still marching softly forward. The Fourth Order. The Company retreating, the Captain says to the last rank, To the right hand about and give Fire, and then they rank in the rear, and performs the same, the one half marcheth through the Division, and the other by the right hand flank, to the front, and so by the last rank continually; this is an order of losing ground. The Fifth Order. Upon your Retreat, the Enemy following hard near you, to annoyed them, you 'cause the last rank to doubl● the rear still, and give Fire, which before you gave Fire with ten; now you do with twenty, and so done, they March in their places as afore. depiction of military formations. Second Rank to the right Hand double your Front, and give Fire. Last Rank to the right Hand about, and give fire. Last Rank to the right Hand about, double your Rear, and give Fire. The Sixth Order. To this Order you must make no Division at all, and when you have given Fire according to the Word of Command, you must 'cause them to stand still, only turning their faces to the front, and prime upon their Rests, and when the other File is clear of the right flank, they perform the like, I mean, turn to the right hand, and give fire; then instantly the right flank Marches up to the front of that File, and the other File primeth upon their Rest the while, and so all the Files doth the like: note that the body still Marches, this Order is used when you are Charged upon the right flank. The Seaventh Order. This order is all one with the last, save that the flank as soon as they have given fire, the one half marcheth through the Division, and the other by the rear, and ranks in the left flank, just as they were before; so the second, third, and all the Files, one after another gives fire. You must 'cause the first rank to give fire, and stand, than the second rank doth March up through the first rank and Files with them, and gives fire, and so of all the rest: note that as soon as the second rank gins to move, the body all moves up to the same distance, as their Order was at first. depiction of military formations. Right Flank to the right Hand, and give fire: Prime on your Rests. Right Flank to the right Hand, and give fire. The Eighth Order. Closing your Division, you 'cause the Company to March, and command them, make ready all together, than you give the Word of Command to them, as soon as they have discharged, they must Countermarch to the rear; this Order is getting ground, all one with the first Order, save one marcheth and getteth ground, the other standeth and looseth ground. The Ninth Order. The Captain commands them to make ready altogether, then saith to the first rank, Give fire, which done, the one half of the Pikes marcheth through the midst of the body, which for that end is divided, every man falling into his own File; this Order is standing, and moves only by ranks. The Tenth Order. As you are marching, the right flank stands still, and the second File, which is next unto doubles him, and then they turn to the right hand, and gives fire, presently upon that they fall into their first Order, and primes upon their rest, until the rest of the Company be clear of them, and then the two utmost files again doth the like; look upon the sixth Order, and there is no difference, but only still in doubling the flanks. depiction of military formations. First Ranke give Fire and Countermarch to the Rear. First Ranke give Fire. First File to your right Hand, double your Flank, and give fire. The Eleventh Order. This Order differeth nothing from the last, but only the action must be performed on the left hand. The Twelfth Order. First, you must 'cause the second rank to double the first; then command them as they were; next, make them two ranks to Countermarch: so of all the rest. The Thirteenth Order. Let the first rank give Fire, and Countermarch, the second must March up where the front was before, and give fire as the first did, and so of all the rest. depiction of military formations. First File to your left Hand, double your Flank, and give fire. First and second Rank make ready, second Rank double your Front, and give Fire. First Ranke give Fire, and Countermarch to the Rear. The Fourteenth Order. The second, third, and fourth Ranks, must March up, and give Fire, and Countermarch; so likewise the same Word of command, must be used still to make them fall into a square, so shall you have a square Battalions out of a Diamond, thus. The Fifteenth Order. To this Order, there is no more but command them give fire, and Countermarch, and they will fall into the same Order as they did before, if you would get ground, they must March, if lose ground, they must stand still. The Sixteenth Order. Look in the fifteenth Order, and as you did that, so must you do this without any alteration, observing that eight give fire at one time, and no more. depiction of military formations. Right and left hand files of the second, third, and fourth Rank march up, give fire, and countermarch to the Rear. First Ranke give fire, and Countermarch. First Ranke give fire and Countermarch to make a Square. The Seventeenth Order. The ranks must be ten foot asunder if the files be five, if six, than they must be twelve, and as soon as you have given the word of Command, they fall into one file, the right hand flank standing still, only turning his face to the right hand, and so likewise if any occasion serve, you may perform it on the left hand, as followeth in the next Order. The Eighteenth Order. The same Order you observed on the right, the like must you do on the left; remember that the files when they do this, must be in their closest Order: also if you have any occasion, you may do it both ways at once by making a division in the midst, the word of Command, is Ranks to your right and left hand, by Conversion, but then your files must be even, as four, or six, or eight, or any other even number, the which is performed in the next following Order. Ranks to your right and left hand by Conversion. This Order is done by making a division in the middle, to charge the Enemy upon both flanks, or for to make a lane for great Ordnance, to play between them, and is no more but to 'cause them to be done at once, just as the former is, only you must turn to the right and left hand in your Conversion. Some do hold that the proper word is, Wheel to the right and left hand, now you are acquainted with both, choose of the two which you list. Ranks to the right Hand by Conversion and give fire. Ranks to your left Hand by Conversion and give Fire. Ranks to your right and left Hand by Conversion, and give Fire. Devisions of Pikes and Muskatieres' to your right and left hand by Conversion. Make two devisions of Pikes, and two of Muskets, than the Pikes next to the right hand division, of that must turn to the right flank of Muskatieres' by Conversion, and the Pikes next the left flank of that, must convert themselves to that division, and the Shot also, as they did in the precedent Order, so shall you make of twenty files but four files only. The Twentieth Order. If you please you may discharge by doubling your ranks, or by fingling; as you see occasion you must command them to make ready altogether, this Order is of great force. depiction of military formations. Devisions of Pikes and Musketeers to your Right and Lelft hand by Conversion. Frontiers give fire, and fall off through Devisions. How to reduce a Diamond out of a Square, and also out of a Diamond, into a trianguler form. If you are disposed to turn a square into a Diamond, look upon this figure, and you may easily perform it, it is no more but to turn their faces to him that leads the right or left hand file, and so march with the Corner forwards: Likewise out of a Diamond to make suddenly a triangle: first I as you see marcheth up to make even with D and KING, than N OH, the rest as you see it performed in the figure: note that any just square will make a Diamond, and out of a Diamond a triangular fashion, and no other number will make them but a just square. The reason I set down here so many several sorts of Battalias, is, because you must when you embattle, order them according to the situation, wherefore you cannot observe one order, therefore as you find cause take choice, for variety is never hurtful. The first Battalions of Pikes and Muskets. The square that you see marked with A, must be 49. Pikes, seven times seven, and three in the rear; the two flanks marked with B 18. a piece, which are three files, and six deep, the rear C seven files, and three deep. 100 The square A in the second Battalions, is 49. whose root is seven, the front B is seven files and three deep; the two flanks C are three files a piece, and six deep. 204. The Diamond in the midst A, must be 84. beginning first with two, next with four, and so Diamond wise, until you come unto 84. the four crosses B, flanks 30. a piece, five in file, and six deep. depiction of military formations. 200. The Border that must go round the square A, must contain 90. Pikes, the uppermost must have 11. Files, and three deep, the lowermost as many, placed in the same manner, flankt with three Files, and four deep, the odd you must place in the front and rear, which are ten: the wings of Muskets B are four Files, and ten deep, at the front and rear of the Pikes C, are five Files, and two deep: when you see cause, the Shott may retire in within the Pikes, and when you list issue out again; the midst of the Battalions marked with D are empty for the Shott to retire in. 301. The front A, rear C, and both wings B and D are Muskateres, the last rank of Muskets (I mean of every flank) are mixed and ranked with Pikes, there are three Files of Muskets eleven deep, the Pikes E are 13. square, charging to every corner of the Battalions, as you may perceive by the form of the Battalions; when you please the Shott may retreat in within the Pikes, from any noyance of Horse. depiction of military formations. 392. The square A of Pikes twenty ranks, the files ten, which is 195. the half Diamonds B in the front and rear 36. a piece, the ground rank eleven, the next nine, and so until they be 36. the six wings C on the flanks twenty, each one five files, and four deep. 400. The long square of Pikes A are ten ranks, the files twenty, the both flanks B of Muskets 80. four files, and ten deep, the six lose wings C 120. four files, and five deep, the Ensigns in all manner of Battalias in the midst. depiction of military formations. 506. The Pikes A sixteen square, the Forlorn Hope B 55. that is four ranks, and eleven in file, the rear C as much more, the four small wings D in the corners fifteen a piece, five files and four deep, the four other wings E in the flanks are five Files, and four deep also. 600. The two squadrons of Pikes A and B, are 144. a piece, eighteen Files, and eight deep, which amount unto 288. the twelve odd Pikes place in the rear of the last division of Pikes, the devisions of Shott in the front C, are 64. a piece, that is sixteen files and four deep, the flanks D are eight files, and fourteen deep, which are 236. the four odd place in the rear. depiction of military formations. 511. The Pikes A are 21. files, and thirteen deep, the two half Diamonds B 49. a piece, the four small wings at the corners C fifteen a piece three files, and five deep, the four greater D are twenty files, and four deep. 714. The Pikes A are eighteen square, and the remainder 26. the wings of Shot marked with B are eight, six files, and eight deep a piece. 750. The two long squares A B of Pikes in the midst, are 180. each one five files and eighteen deep, and ten odd Pikes, the two flanks of Muskets C are 90. a piece six files, and fifteen deep, the four long squares D in the front 180. that is 45. a piece, five files, and nine deep. depiction of military formations. 800. The Pikes A B C D are 400. twenty files, and five deep, 100 in every squadron, the wings of Shot E fifty a piece, five files, ten deep: this Order and all the rest where you see the Shot placed round about the Pikes, are to be used where you are surrounded by the Enemy. 900. The Pikes A are 21. square, and nine odd, the Muskatieres' must be 108. in every square 8, 36▪ that is six square, the long squares C 36. more, four files, and nine deep, which are in all 444. the odd six. depiction of military formations. 1500. The great squadron A of Pikes 27. square, the rear B of Shott 300. thirty files, and ten deep, the Forlorn Hope C fifty, five files, and ten deep, the four other wings D 100 which is ten square, there are thirty odd Pikes. 2000 The four long squadrons of Pikes A are 250. a piece, twenty files, and ten deep, the four long squares B of Muskets, are ten files, and twelve deep, which are 480. the six lesser C which are in the Forlorn Hope and rear, are nine a piece square, the two little squares D are eight a piece, two in files, and four deep. depiction of military formations. 1000 The square A in the middle are 22. Pikes every way, the half Moons B are 100 a piece, files five, and ten deep, in one division, the long wings C in the midst of the half, Moons are six files, four deep. 1200. The four squares or squadrons A B C D of Pikes, are 144. a piece, twelve square, the odd Pikes are 24. the four triangular squadrons E of Shot, are 72. a piece, the ground rank sixteen, the next fourteen, and lessen every rank by two, which four wings or squadrons are 288. the four long squares F are 77. a piece, seven files, and eleven ranks, and four odd Muskatieres' unplaced. depiction of military formations. 4500. The two squares A B must be thirty three a piece square, the remainder of Pikes are 36. the two flanks of Shot C, 300. a piece, twelve files, and twenty five deep, the four wings D in the front 361. a piece, nineteen square, the rear E are 206. Pikes, twenty files, and ten deep, there are six odd Pikes. The great square A must be fifty square, every one of the wings B 200. a piece, ten file, and twenty deep, the small wings in the front and rear C, which are squares, are 196. a piece, fourteen square, the four lesser wings D in the right, and left hand flank, are 56. a piece, seven files, and eight deep, and one odd Muskatiere. depiction of military formations. 3000. The Pikes A which are in the midst, I mean the long square are thirty files, and fifty deep, which are 1500. the two flanks C D of Muskets on the right and left of the Pikes are 420. each one, that is six files, and 70. deep, the two squares at the front and rear D are also 600. ten files, and thirty deep, there are 60. shot remaining, which must be placed in the front or rear. 4000 The squadrons of Pikes innermost, A are fifteen square, and the odd Pikes are 224. which are placed in the midst to guard the Ensigns, the Shot are all in the outside, and are as many more square; likewise the remainder of them are 208. if you note it, the Muskets may issue or retreat in within the Pikes upon any occasion, also the remainder of Pikes and Shot, may be placed in the midst C to guard the Ensigns. depiction of military formations. 6000. The long squares that are like unto a Cross, are 510. a piece, fifteen in file, and 35. ranks, which are four of them, that is in all 2040. the long squares B adjoining, are ten files, and 24. deep; the eight squares C that you see placed by the heads of the Crosses, a●e Muskatieres', and are thirteen files, and fourteen deep, 48. remaining, the twelve other wings D that are placed betwixt the heads of the Crosses are 126. a piece, nine files, and fourteen deep; but out of the 48. odd men, you must borrow twelve to make up your full number. 6690. The four middle squadrons of Pikes A B C D are 860. a piece, 43. files, and twenty deep, the too flanks E of Muskatieres', are thirty files, and ●●fty deep, the two bigger squares F in the front, 〈◊〉 one hundred a piece, ten square, the lest G, at ●●e head of them two are fifty, five files, and ten ●eepe. depiction of military formations. 9000. The eight squares A in the midst, are 460. a piece, two files, and 28. deep, the odd Pikes are sixteen, all the out wings noted with B are Muskatieres', twenty files, and 28. deep, and as many Shot unplaced, the Shot may retire through the lanes and galleries of the Pikes, then may the Pikes join the longest ways together, and make a just square to environ the Pikes; and again when you see cause, form yourselves after this manner again to skirmish with your Shott, this fashion may be used with any number. 10000 All those squares you see within the circle noted with A B C be squadrons of Pikes, the four great long squares must be 936. a piece, 36. files, and 26. deep, the four other long squares B are 206. a piece, twenty files, and ten deep, the squares at the corners C are 100 a piece, ten square. The Shott are all placed without the circumference noted with D, and do contain 24. wings that will do service all at one time without the hindrance one of another, two hundred each one, ten files, and twenty deep, the remainder two hundred: upon any occasion, the wings of Shott may retire within the squadrons of Pikes, and the Pikes but straighten their squadrons, will make a just square to secure and inpall the Shot from any annoyance of Horse. depiction of military formations. 11000. The half Moon Battalions A is 5400. twenty files, and 270 deep, the odd hundred is placed in the square B within the half Moon, to shut up the Muskets, when the fury of the Horse shall force them to retreat within the Pikes, the two longest squares C are 1000 a piece, twenty files, and fifty deep, the four other long squares D are 34 files, and 22 deep, and eight unplaced, the four lesser wings E in the middle of the fourelast named, are 120 a piece, eight files, and twelve deep, besides twenty unplaced. 12000. The two middle most squadrons with the four corner squadrons marked with P are Pikes, the other six marked with M are Muskets, and are 1000 a piece, wanting 39 each squadron and wing, which are in all 468, those you may employ for the guard of the Artillery, or in small wings at your pleasure. depiction of military formations. 14000. The three Battalias or Squadrons of Pikes A are in the midst, and are 2310 a piece, 77 files, and thirty deep, the odd Pikes 70, the Forlorn B and rear 1750 a piece, 70 files, and 25 deep, the four flankers C are 870 a piece, ten files, and 57 deep, there are twenty Muskatieres' to be spared, the Hargabusers D are 200, Lances E 200, and the light Horse FLETCHER as many. 16000 The great square A in the middle is 77 square, which some is 5929, and 71 unplaced, the utmost Pikes B that do impale, the four squares, and the eight long squadrons of Shot are 2000, five in file, and 100 deep, the Forlorn Hope are 2100, one hundred in every square, the rear 2000 more squared, as the others are half Diamond way, the four squares D in the corners are 96 a piece, fourteen square, there are sixteen unplaced, the eight long squares are 385, each one 77 files, and five deep: The Horse E 6000, a thousand in each wing. depiction of military formations. 20000. The four squadrons A in the midst, are 961 a piece, that is 31. square, the Impale B are 4000 which is ten files, and 100 deep, the squares C that comes from the Impalment B to the four squares A in the midst, are 1600, one hundred in every square, the long square I in the foot is 300, ten deep, and 30 files, the remainder 356 to guard the Ordnance, the flanks D E and rear of Shot 3000, ten files, and 100 deep, the Forlorn Hope G 3000, an hundred each one; the four squares H as the corners 441, twenty one square a piece, the remainder 236, you may use as many Horse as you please, and place them at the letter K. 22000. The triangular Forlorn Hope A are 3600, a hundred in every square, the two wings B 800 a piece, the rear C triangular form 2800, the wings D are also 800 a piece, the long squares E that flank the Pikes 1400, which are 700 a piece, seven files, and 100 deep, the four squadrons marked with FLETCHER of Pikes, are 10304 each one, are 1156, which are 24 square, the Horse G 1000 a piece, and upon any occasion the rear may march up through the lanes and galleries of the Squadrons of Pikes, to assist the Forlorn, and the Forlorn to retire back, the odd Pikes are to close in the galleries of Pikes, and to defend the Shot from the annoyance of the Enemy's Horse. depiction of military formations. 30400. Every one of the little squares are 100 men, ten square, the long squadrons of Pikes A 2500 a piece, 25 files, and 100 deep, the four corners B, which are like right angles, are 1000 a piece, fifty files, and twenty deep, the squares C in the corners, are 225 a piece, fifteen square, the remainder are 100, by the figure here placed, you may plainly see how the Muskatieres' may issue out, and again retire in within the Pikes, upon any occasion as they see good, and upon any occasion the squadrons of Pikes A B C, may environ them in, and preserve them from the assault and fury of the Horse. 24000. The Impale A is 133 deep, and fifteen files, which is 5985, the Vanguard of Pikes B, which are eight squadrons, are 37 files, and ten deep, which are 370 each one, which in all the eight squadrons are 2960, the rearward C are divided into four squadrons, ●4 files, and ten deep each one, which are 750 a piece; the total of them four are 3000, the remainder 55. Each of the wings of Shott which are 120 wings, are 100 a piece, ten square, the Horse D 6000, a thousand in each Troop. depiction of military formations. 40000. The three Squadrons ABC of Pikes, are 4000, 100 files, and forty deep, the Impales D also are 4000 a piece, forty files, and 100 deep, the four wings of Shot in the Forlorn Hope, are 961 a piece, 31 square, the five wings FLETCHER in the front of the first Division of Pikes, are 1000 a piece, twenty files, and fifty deep, the rearward G are 1060, that is 53 files, and twenty deep, the utmost Impales H are 5000 a piece, fifty files, and 100 deep, the remainder of Shot are 96: you may use as many Horse as you please, and place them in the squares noted with I depiction of military formations. The proportion of a Camp, or Camps. I Will only at this time set down some few particulars concerning Encamping; note that you aught not to be ruled by the situation of any place, but let the situation be ruled by you, by which means you may keep always one manner of Encamping, which is a great benefit, for thereby the Soldiers by that means will be almost able, their own selves to know where they must build their Huts, especially those that are near the General's lodging, and those of the utmost works: note that where the situation wanteth strength, you must supply the same with Art and industry: take heed likewise that wheresoever you encamp, you foresee that there be room enough to range your Bands according to your own desired Discipline. And because it is wisdom to divide the Armed from the Unarmed, I would therefore separate the men that be cumbered with any thing from the uncombred. Therefore I would lodge all, or the greatest part of the Armed men on the side towards the East, and unarmed, and the cumbered on the West side, making East the head, and West the back part of the Camp, and South, and North, the flanks. The Artillery I would dispose a long the bank of the Trench, and in the space that should remain towards the West, I would lodge the impedement of the Camp, and note that forthwith with cords and staffs you may ordain every man his lodging, especially if you make (as I said before) your Camp one way. A General should not so much seek to place his Camp in seats strong by nature, as to fortify them by Art, as well to keep his Soldiers from idleness (the only ruin of Armies) as also that due order in Camps may be maintained: therefore imitate the ancient Romans, the very Schoolmasters of the Art of War, who never coveted other than the plain to Camp upon, entrenching themselves nightly in as strong and sure manner, as if the Enemy had encamped by them, and that even in places utterly void of all suspicion, to make these Military travails familiar unto them, and to avoid those idle, or rather dissolute effrenate pastimes, that our Christian Camps are still too much bewitched and sorted withal, to the utter ruin of all good Military Discipline, and confusion of our Armies. In settling of a Camp, besides the commodities of Wood, Water, and Forage, you must also consider how victuals may safely come, and leave no Castles at your back to annoyed you, but that you seek to possess them ere you march forward, for great is the annoyance that a little pile at the back of an Army may do as well against Foragers, as to cut off Victuallers from the Campe. And thus much for Encamping. Shape of a military camp. The strongest and perfects fashion of all other for the building of a Curtain or Wall of a Town or Fort. THE Circular fashion is counted the best, so that the Curtains or Walls be made strait, and of such length, that of the Bulwarks they may be flanked, which fashion being made of many Corners, is most meet, if it be erected in a sufficient place, otherwise not, for there it must be builded with few Corners, else the one Bulwark will hurt the other: Therefore the farther that they be made distant from the Bulwark (the duelength of the Curtain being kept) so much the blunter the corners will come to be, which by them must be defended, and the more of those Corners that are there in the same fashion, so much the blunter they shall also come to be; likewise the more men they may have to defend them, and more commodious space within for to retire, with great and strong fortifications, and the plot forms may be made much further in, and have the corners of their Bulwarks blunt, with a large back, meet for defence, and in an assault much surer than the sharp, because the sharp pointed Bulwark being battered, defendeth the Enemy from the platforms, so that under the same, being covered, he may almost out of danger make an assault, where against a Fortress, after the fashion of these plots, following in whatsoever part of such places the Enemy should anproach marching towards them, to encamp, or in Battle ray to assault them, or with Trenches, and Artillery to batter them, either high or low, or by Curraine within, or otherwise, he shall always from many of those flankers of the same place, be greatly hurt and repulsed, and of the platforms, especially more than from any other where, because they be most near, and stand higher than any other, and they shall also hurt him more when he shall be somewhat fare off then near hand, as may be seen by the plain plot, that hath the number three; and so much concerning Fortifications for this time. Shapes of fortifications. The manner that is used of Lading and blowing of great Ordnance. FOrasmuch as if the Gunners should chance to be slain, or otherwise lacking, to the intent that every Soldier, in the time of need, may know how to serve in their places, I have thought good to show something of the manner of Lading Blowing off, and Disparting of a Piece of Ordnance. Some do take ⅔ parts of Powder, some half, and others above ⅔ parts; but that Piece must be well fortified that may, or will safely blow out ⅔ parts of Powder of the weight of the Bullet. After you know the quantity of Powder, you must put in the soul or concave of the Piece the said quantity, with the Ladle, and then when the Ladle comes to the coile, turn about your hand, and the Powder will be left behind, then pull out the Ladle, and turn the other end, and ramm it in softly, then wadd it afterwards, and last put in your Bullet, and wadd him likewise. But note that before you do any of these things, you get the dispart of the Piece, which is no more to do then to put a wire into the touchhole of the Piece, to the lower part of the concave, then mark how high the wire bears upon the quoil, which marked, pull him out, and place him at the mussel to the bottom of the Concave there, and make your Dispart just as high as the notch was at the touchhole: afterwards place the quoil and the top of the Dispart in an even line to the uppermost mark: Thus have you the true horizontal line, or line of Level; now for quick dispatch you may make cartreges of Paper, or Linen bags, and put a full Charge of Powder in them: So may you make a hole with a Gunner's gimlett into the Cartrege, then prime with fine Corner powder, which is more readier to blow him off: and when haste requires, you may be the sooner ready upon any occasion. Also Wine or Vinegar are the best things to cool any Piece of Ordnance when they are hit. Questions and Rules concerning Great Ordnance. IF a Saker at Point blank convey her Bullet 300. paces, and at the best of her random shoot 1500. what will that Cannon do, which at point blank shoots 360. paces. Multiply 1500. by 360. and divide it by 300. your question is answered. If a Saker of 4. Inches Diameter weigh 1600. pound weight, what will a Culverin weigh of 6. Inches Diameter Multiply the Diameter Cubically, then say, if 64. give 1600. what will 216. give: Multiply 216. by 1600 your question is resolved. If a Cannon at point blank range 300 paces, and at the best of her Random shoot 1500 paces, how fare shall she shoot at the mount of one Degree. Abate 300 from 1500, rests 1200 which divided by 45 the quotient is 26⅔ so many paces shall she shoot at every degree. If a Cannon of 10 foot long be shot at a mark 700 yards from the Piece, the dispart being planting an inch wide, how fare shall the bullet light wide of the mark. Look how many times the length of the Cilender or Concave of the Piece is to the mark, so many inches shall the Piece shoot amiss, being laid over or under one inch, if the wind be not to rough to altar it. If you measure with a pair of Callaper Compasses the greatest height of mettle, at the morsel of the Piece, and likewise at the coile; abating the lesser out of the greater, ½ the remainder is the just disparture. It is a general rule, that look how much a Piece is thicker of mettle in any one side at the quoil then at the thickest part of the mussel: as also, look how many times the length of the Piece is to the Mark; so many times that overplus of thickness shall the bullet fly over the mark, being no higher than the Piece, and the Piece blown off without her disparture. How to make Granados to shoot in a Piece of Ordnance. THe Balls of mettle must be of the bigness of the Pieces concave, and a quarter of an Inch thick, made three parts of Brass, and one part of Tin, but the Brass aught to be melted before the Tinn be put to it; which Balls you must fill half full of fine powder, and the other half full of grosser powder mingled with Rosen well beaten: so that for three parts of gross powder, there be one part of Rosen, and then putting in the holes some small Corn powder to make the rest fire, and after they be fired, and thrown, they will break and fly into a thousand pieces, and both hurt and kill whomsoever are neere them. How to found out the square Root; of any number by this Table from 16 to 10000 Number. Root Square Remainder 16 4 16 0 25 5 25 0 36 6 3 0 49 7 46 0 64 8 64 0 81 9 81 0 100 10 100 0 150 11 121 29 200 14 196 4 250 15 225 25 300 17 289 11 350 18 324 26 400 20 400 0 450 21 441 9 500 22 484 16 500 23 529 21 600 24 576 24 650 25 625 25 700 26 676 24 750 27 729 21 800 28 784 16 850 29 841 9 900 30 900 0 950 30 900 50 1000 31 961 39 1100. 32 1024 76 1200 33 1156 11 1300 34 1225 44 1400 37 1369 74 1500 38 1444 31 1600 40 1680 56 1700 41 1681 0 1800 42 1764 19 1900 43 1849 36 2000 44 1936 64 2200 46 2116 84 2400 48 2304 96 2600 50 2500 100 2800 52 2704 96 3000 54 2916 84 3500 59 3481 19 4000 63 3969 31 4500 67 4489 11 5000 70 4900 110 5500 74 5476 24 6000 77 5929 71 6500 80 6400 100 7000 83 6889 111 7500 86 7396 104 8000 89 79●1 79 8500 92 8464 36 9000 94 8836 164 9000 97 94●9 21 10000 100 10●00 0 And so you may proceed infinitely, but now the means to extract the root of any number, is thus found: Suppose your number to be 200, first you must put a prick in every odd place, beginning first on the right hand with the first, third, fift, and so continued until you come to the end of the number, except the last, which sometimes hath but one. Secondly, mark the numbers that belong unto the last prick towards the left hand: Or whether he have belonging unto him one number or two, look the root of that number if it be square, and that root set by a crooked line, as you place the quotient in division, and cansell all that square number belonging to that prick. But if the number belonging to that prick be not a square number, then take the root of the greatest square, which is contained in it, and place the root as I said before, and the square of it shall you abate from the number which belong to the last & prick, let the rest be set over those numbers canceled, as you do in division, and so have you ended that prick, then in the same manner go forward with the rest. As for example 200, you place your pricks first on the cipher next your right hand, the next 2 the first figure, than I ask what is the root of 2, and I find 1, therefore I put that in my quotient, and subtract it out of 2, and there remains 1, than I double the quotient, and it is 2 that I place still between the two pricks, than I ask how many times 2 is in 10, and I find 4 that I put also in my quotient, and subtract it out of 10, then remains 2, now I square the last figure 4, saying 4 times 4 is 16, which I subtract also out of 20, the remainder is 4, which is the truest and speediest way of all. Here I will produce some questions of Arithmetic, which shall be to the purpose we have in hand, and also to show and make manifest unto you, how necessary it is for every Soldier, whether he be Captain, Lieutenant, or other Officer whatsoever that follows the Wars, to have good skill in the depth of Arithmetic, as in the extraction of roots, and also in the Rule of Algebra. 1 A Captain General having three great Armies, would cast them into three square Battles, but he knoweth not how many men he shall set in the front of each Battle. The numbers of the three Armies are these: of the first there are 5625, the second are 9216, the third 15129. Now you must search out the square root by the former rules, so shall you have the answer. 2 A Prince hath an Army very great, with which he passeth in a value, so that in marching the Front can be but 18 men, and by that means the flank containeth ●49352. After that the Army hath passed that value, the King minding to occupy all the best ground, willeth the Battle to be set square. You must multiply the flank by the front, and then your number will be 8088336, and extract the root, and you shall have 2844 for your square root. A City should be scaled being double ditched, and the inner ditch 32 foot broad, and the wall 21 foot high: the Captain commandeth skalling Ladders to be made of the just height, that would reach from the utter brow of the inner ditch, to the top of the wall, as in this figure is partly expressed. As thus 32 multiplied in itself 1024, than 21 multiplied by itself maketh 441, now you must add both these sums together, and there make 146●, then extract the root which is 3812/76, and that is the just length of the line A C. Note also this, that if at any time you have occasion to double any square as a square battle, or a square Camp: you must take the side of that square, which you would double suppose that battle was before 210: now you have as many more Soldiers as you had, therefore you must double it, the way to double either, the ground or men is thus, multiply 210 by itself, and thereof cometh 44100. that must I double 88200, the root of which number extracted, is the double and just square of that number which you had before 296. ●84/296. And hereby you may perceive the oversight of many men, which being required to double a square plot, do double the side of it, thinking it easily done. But if they mark it well, he may perceive that they do make by that means a square 4 times, as big as their first figure, was as by this figure any man may see. A piece of Ordnance of 6 inches Diameter in the soul, doth carry a Bullet of 20 pound weight, what weight shall that Bullet be, that serveth for a piece of Ordnance of 14 inches in the soul. Note that all Globes bear together triple that proposition, that their Diameters do: So in this example, the proportion of their Diameter being as 14 to 6, or as 7 to 3, I must triple it, and then have I the proportion of their Globes. Wherefore I set the three fractions thus 777/333, and there make 34●/27, that is 1219/27, and so are the proportions of the Globes as well in weight as bigness. Therefore I must multiply 20, which is the weight of the lesser Bullet, by the numerator of the proportion, and divide it by the Denominator, and so shall I have 25427/2 for the weight of the greater Bullet. There was a King with a great Army, and his Adversary corrupteth one of his Heralds with gifts, and maketh him swear, that he will tell him how many Dukes, Earls, and other Soldiers there are in that Army: The Herald loathe to lose those gifts, and as loathe to be untrue to his Prince, deviseth this answer which was true, but yet not so plain, that the adversary could thereby understand that which he desired, and that answer was this. Look how many Dukes there are, and for each of them there are twice so many Earls, and under every Earl there are four times so many Soldiers as there be Dukes in the field. And when the Master of the Soldiers was taken, the 200 part of them was 9 times so many as the number of the Dukes. This is a true declaration of each number, quoth the Herald, and I have discharged my oath, now guess how many of each sort there was, mark the work. And first for the number of Dukes, I set 1 then will the number of Earls be 2 that is 1 by 1 multiplied twice, and the number of Soldiers are 8 that is 2 multiplied by 1 four times, but because the 200 part of the Soldiers are nine times so many as the number of the Dukes, therefore must 200 part of 8 be equal to 9 and so consequently 8 _____ 1800 and 1 _____ 225 or _____ For if I set 1/200 and 9 as equal together, and would by the Art of Fractions bring the same proportion in whole numbers, I shall have for 9 this Fraction 1800/200 and seeing the Denominators be all one in 8/200 and is 1600/200 the proportion consisteth between the numerators. Than to proceed if 229 be equal unto one I shall take the root out of the 225 for 1 and that is 15, which must be the number of the Dukes. And so have I the first number, wherefore the second number which is the number of Earls, must be 15 times 15 twice, that is 450, and the number of Soldiers shall be four times 15, multiplied by 4, 0, that is 27000, and for just trial of this work, I take the 200 of the Soldiers that 1350, and I find it to be nine times 15, that is nine times so many as the number of the Dukes, and so is the question ended. A Table to discover numbers by hundreds, placed by 3. 5. 7. 9 and so forth to 15, as from 100 unto 1500, as thus 7 in rank, and 34 in File is 102. Ranks men Ranks men Admonitions for the Citizens of London and Bristol. ANd since I have waded so fare into the Art Military, I have thought good to advertise thus much in general; But particularly, the Citizens of London and Bristol. There are in these City's sundry Companies of three hundred a piece, which are to great by much to observe Ranks and Files, and diverse other Orders necessary and much useful, unless they are often used to be exercised by Devisions: Nevertheless, it was absolutely denied by the ancient Romans, who never desired more than a hundred in one Company, and therefore they were called Centurions, as much to say as Captains over Hundreds. They who were the terror of Christendom, for feats of Arms, be our Precedents; and let us follow the imitation of the Mightiest, rather than of others, whose populous assaults are scaled by the very eye of the Enemy, and repulsed by the disorder of the Multitude. I will similize this to the Husband man, who says, one Acre well manured, yields more profit than ten ill tillde; so one hundred well experienced, are able encounter with two hundred raw Soldiers. Some will (peradventure) say, nay grumble at this my advertisement, because they know it may be a greater charge unto them then now it is, by reason of more Officers that must be used, if you lessen your Companies, and not diminish your full Muster. To this I answer; The City's Lands and Monies are infinite, and therefore able to undergo so small a burden for the payment of more Officers, the ripeness and expertness in Military skill but lame, and extreme decrepit: Add the assistance of Money to the decrepidnesse of Discipline, and you shall be sure to have a mean of both sides, the strength of the City will be thereby much the more enabled, the Honour of it the more renowned, and the fury the more feared: For what a terror will it strike into the hearts of Strangers, and an amazement to our neighbouring Kingdoms, to see every Man so skilful and complete, Marching, Trouping, and Standing in Battell-ray, like so many Commanders, the worst not unworthy the government of a Noble Company, daring Bellona and her fiercest assaults, ready to encounter the worst of Stratagems? Now Noble Citizens, the Honour will be your own, the Strength the Kings, and the Wonder the Worlds, which I hope will be no long time deferred, to the glory of ●od, the defence of true Christian Religion, and to the general preservation of yourselves. Also, there is an other matter, which is not so seemly and Soldier like performed as I have seen it in Forregine parts: That is, your Marching into the Field, for you observe no manner of Order; therefore mark this: Let every private Captain repair, to and attend his Colonels Ensign, and so let the Elder Colonel march first into the Field, than his Captains, according to their antiquity: And in coming out, or Trouping in, first the Youngest, than the next, by which means, you shall be able and ready to join Battle, without the traverse up and down of so much ground, before you know your right range; for you spend a great part of the day in placing your Companies right in their order. These things amended, and orderly performed, will add much Honour to your Cities, and commendations to the Leaders and Officers: and so I rest. The Authors Farewell to his faithful Friends: Or, his Caveats to his loving Countrymen. IT is bad Policy to let Danger knock at the Door. Sollid and grounded Courses which keep dangers aloof, are better than fine shiffts, and neat deliverances, when they are near. Meditation without Practice, is like an unstringed Instrument, whereon no Man plays: Practise without the Theoric, is like a stringed Instrument, but not well Tuned. It is a Maxim in Military proceed, that those things determined, should not be communicated, but to those without whom it can not be effected. Beware of too long Consultations, lest they fly away with the time: Delays and protractions prove dangerous many times frustrary. An Army of Sagges led by a Lion, is better than an Army of Lions led by a Stag. In War, nothing can be worse, then to say, Had I Witted. A General told his excusing Soldier, Thou must not fail twice in War. The wisest Captains, needs not think it a derogation to their Valour, or a diminution to their Honour, to rely on Counsel. Youth are like the first cogitations, not so wise as the second, fit to Invent then to judge; fit for Execution then for Counsel; fit for new Projects then for settled Business. They in conduct and managing of Martial affairs, embrace more than they can hold, fire more than they can quench, stir more than they can quiet, fly to the end, without consideration of the means. Old men obect too much, consult too long, adventure too little, seldom drives business home to the full: Therefore a mixture must be used: Ages Wisdom, and experimental advice, joined with Youth's Valour, and quick dispatch, proves invincible. A Postscript to the Reader. COurteous Reader, I had thought to imposed silence to my Pen, and to have infused a Period to this my Compendium; But I did think fit to add these few Lines, as a supplement & Postscript, to show the cause of this my writing. The Causa movens, or, Primum mobile of it, is a declaratory Instruction to my Countrymen in general, but especially to Noble, (though unexperienced Tyrones) in whom, there is either an inbred, or an adventicious desire of Military Discipline, or to exositate, or stir up those that are unexperienced, to a further prosecution of these generous & well beseeming Qualities. The Terminus ad quem, or, the intentiall scope and drift of this, is for the beneficial good of my Native Country. From the first of these, I do desire their courteous wel-wishing; from the second, their grateful acceptation; from the third, their loving approbation: As for the last, though I own more than I am able, yet when I am able, I will show more; In the mean time, take this as a depositum. FINIS.