A MILITARY RUDIMENT, OR Observations of the form of Military exercise, according to his Excellens Guard in Holland. With the ranges and number of Officers in an Army, from the lowest to the highest, and their duties, in short. As also is added a little anent the composition of an Army. And finally, Some few Principals, in the Art of Fortification. BY GEORGE INNS. ABERDENE. IMPRINTED BY EDWARD RABAN, 1644. BON ACCORD Insignia Vrbis abredonie● An Emblem of the Steps Of Military Preferment. HONOUR. General. 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 This Counter-pyrameid ascended is by those, Who fears not Death, who follows not repose: For Sloth and Ease can never scale so high, And Cowardice makes Honour still to flic. Who would so mount, to gain the larger Banch; Then he must do't, by Steps of lower Range: The smaller Point, the greater body draws, As of a Wedge, the Evidence who knows. O, look above, The GARLAND is the Price, Which doth Brave Minds to gain the same entice. To the thrice Noble and Illustrious Lord, both in Virtue, and in Descent, My LORD GORDON. MY Lord, the exigency of Time, with the request of some Friends & acquaintances, did first urge to this attempt, for their private use; which by accident you viewing, your will was, (which always is to me an absolute Commandment) I should publish the same: My boldness now is in presenting it you. And because it doth (as it were) theoreticallie pervestigiate the tresses of your Noble Practice abroad; where-by ye did tread the Path of Honour, sealed with a part of your Blood: Therefore, supplicateth your acceptance, and protection: for none more worthy to discern, none more able to defend, and to none mine affection tendeth so much in the offer of this my Mite: Vouchsafe it then my Lord, the Shield of your favour, where-by it shall be able to march through an Army of Aspersions; and I fortunate it shall be useful to the inexpert. And thus, my Lord, you shall obliedge all those to your beneficence, for granting it both advancement, and a passport; & also fortify my weakness, in what I zealously can approve myself, MY LORD Yours most affectionately devoted servant, GEORGE INNS. To the Loving Reader. NOthing is so well understood by Theory, as by Practic: But of all studies Military Exercise is hardest, to conceive without Practice: Wherefore I have done this Rudiment. Where first ye shall find the precept of the Practice itself: secondly, the instruction how to perform the Exercise: thirdly, the use thereof: And fourth, the reason of the use, illustrated with divers Explanations, Notes, & Observations; not only for the sooner and better conception of the inexpert obeying Soldier; but also for the use of the inexperienced Commander: For though when perfect in the Exercise itself; yet inconsiderable what Practice to choose, according to the opportunity of time, the advantage of the place, the strength and manner of the enemy's assault, it is not only in vain, hut damnable: For the Physician, though never so skilful, in the nature and virtue of simples, and of their composition; yet ignorant in their application, it is not only to no effect; but that it proveth mortal. Thus I hope the inpractised (for whose use it only is) will accept the same kindly, since I believe he will find no easier conception hereof, in so short a breviary, for a Sum only I intent: I bid Farewell. To the young Soldier. YOung Soldiers, come; here make your address; And you shall find your Practice put in Press. Practice, indeed, doth teach that's not our own. But yet it is sooner, and better, known: You to foreknow that which ye must practise, For so the Act with Mind doth sympathize. Practice learns lay; their own and others speech: But Grammar Rules, the Reason doth us teach. Come freely, come: For here's a Theature; Where The'rie assumes a Practic Nature. Young Soldiers, then, this Rudiment embrace; Accept his pains, who doth such help express. A controversy betwixt Theory and Practic, discerned by M. G. M. in praise of the Author, for preventing MOMUS. PRACTIC. HEnce hence, these rudimental notious, I am praised, for brave practised motious. THEORY. For all that, know, I do them paradise; Teaching you how, when, and where, for to practise. PRACTIC. Tush spayr, a pine for your Direction: Let you profess, I live in Action. THEORY. Ay, but that which ye say, I do profess: It doth the line of acting well, express. PRACTIC. Can subtle words, with gallant acts compare; While Hunger, Cold, and Sword, I do outdare. THEORY. Words but reveal's in me what is divyne; While your gross acts, are servants to the Mind. PRACTIC. What was Ulysses wit, when Ajax Arm, Did quench the Greek Ships fiery alarm? THEORY. Then but remember, Ulysses gained the Pryse; Ajax for's fault, his life did sacrifice. PRACTIC. Thus than the Trophies of the Nobles Nine, Comes far too short, into these Rules of thine▪ THEORY. NO; But note! What is the life of Glory; I am the Soul; thou but transitory? PRACTIC. In fenzied words ye do as much exceed, As I in Valour always you preceded. THEORY. If that the Instrument the Cause excel; With like absurdity, ye press me well. PRACTIC. Are you the Cause, when Provess of an Act; Reducs your Chimaera, in my sole Fact. THEORY. If so, it holds your Sword to dignify; Above that arm, ye so do magnify. M. T. L. HAlt both, I charge, and make a Reference, Discerned in this sequel Inference. This Author he hath better Theorised, That formerly, he hath the same practised. And doubtless better now he can practise, That so well can his Practic Theorise. Soul and Body makes a Man; here it's rare, Act and Thesis, Exactness do declare. A MILITARY RUDIMENT, Or Observations upon Military exercise. BEfore I initiate the Exercise itself, or what is considerable there anent, I give the young Soldier this Frontispiece of Preparation; wherein there is two general Principals, he ought to be acquainted with: First, in the certain Belief, that the Coward is as soon killed, as the Valiant man; and that many more die in flight● as in fight; that Honour and Reward is to the one, but Shame and Punishment to the other. secondly, If this he would shun, and that Gain, it is in knowing how well he can obey his Superior, For upon Obedience all dependeth; and without the same, nothing can be well ruled or done: for from Obedience, cometh Order; and from Order Military Exercise, (as ye may perceive by the Definition there-of) and by Military Exercise all is maintained. DEFINITION. MILITARY EXERCISE, is a Uniformity of Order, in respect of difference of persons; in respect of Distinction of Time; and in respect of distance of place. And for the first of those, in respect of persons, what Commandment is to one, must be practised by all; except accidentally, and in training. And in respect of Time, what is practised be one, all must practise at the self same instant, saving only in the former exception. And in respect of Place: It is to be considered, there are three sorts of Distances; to wit, Open Order: secondly, Order: thirdly, Closs Order. Open Order, or the first Distance is, when the Soldiers both in rank and string, stand six foot romoved one from another. The use hereof, is for exercising your motions: in which case, ye must always keep your Open Order: and the reason is, the larger the Exercise, the greater Distance is required. The second distance, or order, is, when the Soldiers stand three foot removed one from another. The use thereof, is for the Musquetiers, who must never be closer: and the reason is, they must have a free use of their Arms. The third distance, or Closs Order, is commanded by this word CLOSE: which is when there is a foot and half from string to string, and three from rank to rank. The use hereof, is for the Pikes only, and never must be used, but when ye stand firm to receive the Enemy: and the reason is, the closer they stand, they are the more united: and so uneasier to be broken. Having considered the foresayds: and before we come to the Exercise itself; there is four things to be performed: the first is, to place the Company in the first Distance of Open Order: and that for the reason in it own place beforesaid. The second is consisting in this word of COMMANDMENT: to wit, SILENCE. The use thereof, is, that all may give audience, and observance, to that only which is commanded. And the third, is to make known to them all, what a Rank and a String is; and the best Definition I can give you is. To wit, of a Rank, when ye consider it from the right to the left hand, only one man in deepness. And of a String, when ye reckon and consider it from the Front to the Rear, only one man in broadness. The third thing is consisting in two Commandments: to wit, Stand right in your Ranks. Stand right in your Strings. The Instruction how to perform both these Precepts is when their own just and equal distance is betwixt man & man, both in Rank and String; but when they are in their third order, their distance then must be equal, but respectiuè. And the reason is, if standing not right in rank and string, they should be promiscuous; and there-upon confusion, so contrary to order; for the very essence and subsistence of Military Exercise, is Order. The use of these Precepts, is in that they are the foundation of the whole Exercise; For what Exercise can be performed without a rank and string, except simples; which may be done by one only person, without a body. And now of the Exercise itself, whose composition is of motion, and they are of two sorts. The first are the Motions of the Exercise itself; which without Arms may be done. The second are the Motions of the Postures, in handling of the Arms; And for the first of these, they are lykewayes of two sorts. The first of these are Primitive, or more Simple Motions; The second are Derivitive, or Motions, of an ampler practice; and justly the particular exercises, are called Motions. And of these primitive, and more simple Motions; which are in number eight; Four distinguished, and four indistinct; as ye may perceive by the words of Command; to wit, To the right hand. As ye were. To the left hand. As ye were. To the right hand about. As ye were. To the left hand about. As ye were. The Instruction how to perform the distinguished four is; When to what hand ye turn, the foot of the self same hand or side, by moving, indeed, turns; but the contrary foot only remooveth. As for Exple; If ye turn to the right hand, the foot of the right side must moving turn; But theheell of the foresaid foot, must keep the same place, & the contrary foot only remove. And the reason is, to keep a perfect equal distance by all. And the Lesson in performing the other four is to be specially noted, when ye are commanded as ye were, ye are to return by the contrary hand. As for example; If ye turn to the right hand, ye are to return as ye were to the left hand, but the self same foot which did not remove in the turning, must not remove in returning; and that for the reason, in the preceding instruction. The use of these Motiones is, in that they are the fundamental Means, where by ye may frame a Company consequently a greater body, to any fashion or figure that is exigent. But in the mean time, of placing your Company, this general observation, must not be for gotten; that in the Front, Middle, and Rear; the most expert and capable be placed; for they are Leaders; whom the rest must follow in performing the subsequent Motiones; where-upon this general precept is to be published; to wit, Fellow your leaders, and keep with your right hand man. The use hereof is for facillitating their practice; for it is a precept to each other rank, to each other string; as also to the followers of middle-men, and fellowers of bringers up; and the reason is, That is to them only this Rule, they are most inexpert; For rudeness, and inexperience, requireth not only precept, but example; and this for performing the following Motiones, which are of the second sort, and of an ampler practice; and they are in number many. The first of them are Double your ranks to the right hand. As ye were. Double your ranks to the left hand. As ye were. Doubling of ranks is done, when each other rank from the Front, man by man interponeth themselves severally in the former rank, in the distance betwixt string & string, to what hand they are commanded. Double your strings to the right hand. As ye were. Double your strings to the left hand. As ye were. Doubling of strings is done, when each other string from what hand ye double, man by man interponeth themselves severally betwixt man and man, in the distance betwixt rank and rank, to what ye are commanded. Middle-men, double your Front, to the right hand. As ye were. Middle-men, double your Front, to the left hand. As ye were. This is done, when the sixth rank equally marcheth up to the Front; and their placeth themselves betwixt man and man, in the first rank, to what hand they are commanded, and so the seaventh, to the second; the eight, to the third; the nynth, to the fourth; the tenth rank, to the fifth; and this is they being ten in deepness. Bringers up double your Front, to the right hand. As ye were. Bringers up double your Front, to the left hand. As ye were. This is done, when the last rank; to wit, the tenth, equally marcheth up to the Front; and therein the first rank placeth themselves betwixt man and man; and so the penult to the second. The ante-penult, to the third; the seaventh, to the fourth; the eight, to the fifth. So that both their doublings of middle-men and bringers up, maketh but half the deepness; but in the self same broadness, uniteth themselves in confederacy by double the former number. The use of all these doublings in general, is. When upon a sudden surprise ye double your strength, in presenting; but this holdeth not always, in doubling of strings; For than they are all open; and it is for evasion, either of small or great shot: but if the assault be upon the wings, and the commanded to the right or left hand; the first use than holdeth. They are often practised within a Wall, a Hedge, or Advantage, with other useth, which brevity will not permit. Rank to the right hand countermarch. Rank to the left hand countermarch. This is a Countermarch in deepness; to wit, From the Front to the Rear. But if ye would make a Countermarch in broadness: that is to say; From the right hand to the left hand string, ye must command them first Strings, to the right hand. Then Strings, to the right hand Countermarch. Strings, to the left hand. Then Strings, to the left hand Countermarch. The Instruction herein is all one, when ye Countermarch. The first Ranks, or Leaders, only must advance, and step forwards, with the right or left leg: if to the right hand, the right leg: if to the left hand, the left leg: and then turn, and so being fallen down, to the Rear, rank yourself, accordingly in the Rear. And all the other ranks must march up to the same place from whence the first ranks did countermarch before they turned: And so they march to the Rear, by the right or left hand, (as is commanded) of that part of their own string that followeth them. And these that have counter-marched, must still follow them that as yet advanceth to the place of their Countermarch. So that every man regayneth the same place, he first was in. And thus you see, it is contrary to the ordinary March, as the word itself beareth. The use of a Countermarch commonly is, when you Skirmish; For you fight then looss, and disbanded; and doth not advance towards the Enemy. Make your Conversion, to the right or left hand inwardly. As you were. This is done, when the two outmost strings; to wit, the right or left hand string only turneth, the right hand string, to the left hand; and the left hand string, to the right hand; Which maketh the two strings, to be face to face. Then the strings in the body within these two outmost; The one half of them falleth to the right hand string; and the other half, to the left hand string. And so they are all in two strings, face to face. And thus they are so much void betwixt, as the strings within the outmost took up. And the use hereof, is not only to give way, but to make Guard, to the General, to an Ambassador to go in or out at a Passage; or to those that hath rendered a Fort, to go out. Make your conversion to the right or left hand outwardly. This is done, when the two middle strings turneth; to wit, The right hand string, to the right hand; the left hand string, to the left hand; and so back to back, than the strings on the right hand of the middle strings, falleth in to the right hand string, and the strings on the left hand, falleth into the left hand; and so maketh of all but two strings, and that back to back. There is conversions also, when all the strings remain inteir and compleet; but by equal division, the one half turning to the left hand, and the other half to the right hand; and so all faces to faces; or by turning outwardly, the one and other half; and then back to back. The former two Conversions can not be used, but when they are four or six at most in broadness; to wit, in strings; but the latter Conversion may be used, when they are a great many strings. And the use of that outward Conversion amongst others, is, when they are hardly assaulted on both wings. The first rank string consequently the rest. This is performed, when the right hand man in the Front advanceth while the body halteth a little; and then his left hand man followeth up after him; and so all the rank man by man, is drawn up to the string; and after this manner all the remaining strings. And thus as they have stringed, one after another falleth up to his first order. The string on the right or left hand, consequently the rest. This is done, when the right or left hand string advanceth from the body, while the same halteth to the time the last man of the foresaid string be clearly advanced from his collateral string; Then immediately the remaining strings in like manner advanceth one string after another; commonly as the first string is clearly advanced; it then halteth to the time the following string, falleth up to his first order; and so one after another. The use of both Exercises (except in some little respects) are all one they are done, when ye come to port, a straight, a Passage; When one only is able to march in front. Before ye make the Great Turn, or wheeling about ye must perform these particulars following, six in number. Right about. Close your ranks. Close your strings, to the right and left hand. Close your ranks, to the sword point. Mount your Arms, Picks and muskets. The Great Turn, to the right hand. The Great Turn, to the left hand. There is so many distinct Particulars in this Exercise severally performed, that it admitteth no further Instruction, only note when ye will have them close their strings, to the right or left hand, the outmost string on that hand ye purpose to close, must be commanded to stand, and all the rest to close to it. And before you command them to their first Order, you must cause them performing these four ensuing particulars: to wit; Open your ranks, to the Rear. Ranks to your Order. Strings to your Order. Front as you were. In opening ranks or strings, you must make all, both ranks and strings, (saving the outmost on that hand ye mean to open which must stand) to move altogether, to the time the second rank, or string, from that which standeth, have gotten it distance and subsequent the rest. The use hereof, is altogether defensine, to keep themselves unbroken by the fury of horses. And now this much of these Exercises, common to both Pike-men and Musquetiers; But there are others usual only be the Musquetiers; and these are such as followeth. But before ye practise these particular Motions; your men must be set in Battle, ten deep; or upon exigency in Skirmishing; And when your Army is not great, ye may place them six in deepness; And than ye must not fail to command them, to observe that in all their actiones, they turn to the right hand; and that they carry the mouths of their pieces high, as well when they are panning, as when they are pan-guarded; and come to give fire. And the terms usual are. Make ready the first two Ranks. Turn to the right hand, and give fire. And the Instruction of thus giving fire is that always two ranks make ready together, and advance ten paces forwards before the body. At which instance, a Sergeant, or when the body is greater some other Officer, must stand; to whom the Musquetiers are to come up before they present, and give fire. And the second rank keep their Muskets closely, to their Rests: And the pan-guarded; and as soon as the first are fallen away; the second immediately presenteth, and give fire; two more are to make ready. And so one after another; making the advancement of ten paces still; by which ye maintain at least your own ground; if otherways ye loss ground. And the reason is, they being ten in deepness. The Rear men be consequence ten paces behind. Which ten they advancing, they stand in the self same place of these that were first in the Front. The use hereof is in there is the ordinary form in Battle: and when they do not Skirmish; but rather advanceth towards the Enemy. Make ready the first two ranks, in the Rear. Turn to the right hand, and give fire; and fall up to the Front; And so to the last. This is done, when you command the whole body right about. And thus your Front, the Rear; & the Rear, your Front. And then maketh that which is Rear, now give fire by commanding them right about; and after fire, to fall away; and place themselves in the Front. And so one after another. The use is, When you are charged in the Rear; And while you thus give fire, you march forwards to your intended place, whether it be for Relief of that place; or for your own safety; or for advantage in preocupying the Enemy in a Pass, or when you have charged the Enemy, and thereafter intendeth to make a safe Retreat; Because you have the worss, or other respectiuè. Left about. Note; That this a Commandment to all the Company. The string on the right hand, make ready, and give fire, to the right hand; and stand firm. The other two strings, march up. The second and third, turn to the right hand; and give fire. All three thus being in on Front; the Sergeant bringeth up the first to the second, upon the right hand; Then leadeth up the strings, to the Front of the left string. Herein you may see and perceive so many distinct particulars, that the instruction in performing this practice is clear. And the use for the most is when with a few you would occupy the length of a line, of a Wall, or of a Ditch, or any other suitable Advantage. And thus give fire upon the Enemy, as he passeth. All the forsayds, which is usual only by the Musquetiers, are most observable in exercising; and that for teaching and training the unlearned. But in practice, you must use only these Commandments. Make ready by ranks; present, and give fire; and stand firm; and fall about to the right hand, to the Rear; or rather, Make ready. Present. Give fire. Note; As the Captain exerciseth the Musquetiers particularly; So the Lieutenant exerciseth the pike-men; making a Charge with Touck of Drum, in presenting their Arms to the right and left hand; in the Vanguard, and in the Rear, marching and retiring, answering to the Touck of Drum; which upon service are a March and Trouping; a Charge; and a Retreat. And thus much of the foresaid Motions, wherein a young Soldier may be trained; and in some measure, before he have the occasion of Arms. But now of the Motiones of your Postures, in handling your Arms. To wit, Of Pike and Musket. And first of the Postures of the Pike, of whose number some are performed standing; which you shall discern by this letter S. And some are exercised both standing and marching; which you shall distinguish by these letters S. and M. For in the position here I keep only the Method, according to the Order of the Exercise itself in training. Lift your pikes. S. Mount your pikes. S. Set down your pikes. S. Shoulder your pikes. S. and M. Charge your pikes. S. and M. Set down your pikes. S. Palm to the point your pikes. S. Cheek your pikes. S. Which is done, when by palming, you hold your right hand upon your side, with your pike; and your left hand upon the point thereof. is done, when you present your pike by palming. Recover your pikes. S. Which is done, when you present your pike by palming. Charge your pikes. S. and M. Shoulder your pikes. S. and M. To the right or left hand charge. S. and M. Shoulder your pikes. S. and M. Charge to the Rear. S. and M. Port your pikes. S. and M. Stand. Set down your pikes. S. Observe in charging that half the ranks only must charge their pikes; And that they carry them so couched over the heads of the foremost, as may give no offence, either in charging or retiring. And the reason is, In that this way, pikes are not so subject to be broken by the shot of the Enemy. Next; Of the Postures of the Musket; And the words of Command usual in the handling thereof. And these first your Musket being charged, March with your Musket in your hand. Sink your rest, and unshoulder your Musket. Hold up your Musket in the right hand; and let her sink in the rest. In your left hand, hold your Musket; & carry your rest with it. In your right hand, take your Lunt, (or Match) and hold it well. Blow your Lunt. Cock your Lunt. Try your Lunt. Blow your Lunt, and try your pan. Hold your Musket, and present. Give fire. Now, Having discharged your Musket, you must charge again, after the manner following. Take down your Musket, and carry your Rest with it. Uncock your Lunt. Blow your Lunt. Put it again betwixt your fingers. Blow your pan. Morss your pan. Close your pan. Cast off your pan. Cast about your Musket. Trayll your Rest. Open your Charges. Charge your Muskets. Draw out your Ramsticks. Shorten your Ramsticks. Fetch your Musket forward, with the left hand; and hold it up in the right hand; and recover the Rest. Shoulder your Musket. And having thus way charged your Musket, you must again make ready, as followeth. Lay your Musket in your Rest. Hold your Musket in your Rest, with the left hand only in balance. Take your Lunt in your right hand. Blow your Lunt. Cock your Lunt. Try your Lunt. Guard your pan; and be ready. The Ranges of Officers, from the lowest, to the highest. THE lowest Range, and meanest Officer, is Lanspresado; the Leader of half a string; called a Middle-man, or Captain over four, the Corporals Deputy. Next is the Corporal. He is the Leader of astring, and Commander of a Squadre in their Watch and Centrie. Next is the Sergeant; An Officer of great use, for rectifying of ranks and strings, of necesirie he should be Skilful. Next should the Drummer be at least the Drummer Major; whose Place is Gentile; he should be of experience, and a good Linguist; for redeeming of Prisoners; for intimation of Parties. His place of march is three ranks of pikes or Muskets preceding. Next is the Scriver, or the Clerk of the Band. He is no Soldier; yet he ought to be learned in Martial laws; to instruct the soldiers. He receaveth pay from the Tresaurers; and delyvereth it, proportionably, to the Company. Next is the Chirurgeon like no ways, no soldier; And the reason is, if he were wounded, who should cure those of the Company, he holdeth his place of Courtesy. Next is the Antsign, or Colours bearer, The Romans, as the Spaniards: now holdeth him next the Captain. He marcheth upon the right hand of the pikes, commonly two ranks preceding him. In Garnison he ought to have the most eminens place of Lodging, or in Quartering. And the reason is, It is the conveaning place. For therein is the Credit, and principality of the Company. Next is the Quartermaster of the Regiment, or Harbinger. He intimateth their way and passages; and where they set down; and to every Company their quarter and place. He dependeth upon the Quartermaster General. Next is the Provost Martial. He hath the Custody and Respect to Guilty persons, and the Charge of the Execution. He dependeth upon the judge Martial. Next is the Lieutenant, a captains conjunct; in whose absence he occupieth his Vice, as the word itself beareth; he bringeth up the Rear, while the Captain marcheth upon the Van; and the Rear hath the second place. The reason whereof, is, if commanded right or left about the Rear, becometh the Front. Above all these, is the Captain. His Charge is over a Company; commonly consisting of one, two, or three hundreth. He ought to know the duty of the forsayds' Officers, that accordingly he may command. Next is the Sergeant Major, a principal Captain, the Deliverer and Distributer of the Orders of the Regiment. He receaveth them from the Commander of his Brigado: And he from the Major General, of his Brigado, (who commonly is chosen out of the Majors of the Regiments;) And he from the Lord Martial of the Field. Next is the Lieutenant Colonel. He surragateth the Vice and place of the Colonel, in his absence. And above all these, is a Colonel. He is head, and hath Commandment of a Regiment; consisting of ten or fifteen Companies. And the eldest is Magister de Campo. Next is the Sergeant Major General. He is taken out of the Colonel's, commonly, at lest once, he ought to have been on. He commandeth the Colonel's, and rangeth the infantry into Battalia. He is one of the Council of War. Next is the Colonel General, if there be any. He hath a general care of the Government of all the infantry: But in a Army, he hath only commandment of a Brigado. He is ever one of the Council of War. Next is the Lieutenant General of the Horss, or General thereof. For he must have none above him, except the General of the Army; one of the Council of War. He hath his own Commissary, and Quartermaster general. Next is the high Tresaurer of the Army, under the General only. He is to have regard to the Auditor, Mustur-master, Commissarie, one of the Council of War. Next is the Master or General of the Ordinance. He is one of the Council of War. Next is the Lord Martial. He distributeth the General's Commands to all the other Officers of the Army. He ordereth their Lodgings, and encamp. He assigneth in Battle, to every body his place. The Sergeant Major General, afterwards, accordingly rangeth. The Infantry into Battalia. He marcheth in the Vanguard. Next is the Lieutenant General of the Army, younger Brother to the General. He ought to cause all the General's Commands, be put in Execution, as absolutely as himself: But specially in march. For thus he doth ease him. Some think unnecessary this Office, where there is a Lord Martial. Lastlie; Having no parallel is the General; Whose properties ought to be Valiantly to fight; of a resolute Mind, and judgement, in all Recounters; to make a Surprise, with good and foreseeing understanding; to choose well a place of Advantage; to choose a proper place, for lodging, or fight; to pass a River, or escape an evil passage: and, when need is, to make great Expedition: To make falss or true Alarms; or assaulteth to the Enemy, in place and time convenient: To be Skilful in Engynes; and painful in all: To be liberal; and to reward Valiant Acts of Arms; and merciful to Forfeitures. And in a word; He ought to know every one his Duty; and should excel in Virtue, Wisdom, Diligence, and Experience. There is a second Range, and have another Dependence; And most of them wait upon the Horsemen; And take their Direction from the LORD MARTIAL. THE First and Lowest, is Gun-Master, an inferior Officer; under the Master of the Ordinance. And he is called a Constable. Next, is the Trenchmaster. He hath respect to Fortifications. Next, is the Wagon-master. He hath charge of Bag and Baggage. He is called Master Impedimentorum. Next, is the Forrage-master. His charge is for Provision, to the Horss. He dependeth more nearly upon the Lord Martial. He hath his Inferior Officers. Next, is the Proveant-master. His charge is for Victuals to the Army. And he hath his Quartermaster, and other Officers. Next, is the judge Martial. He giveth Sentence upon Offenders. Next, is the Scout-master. He maketh choose of places of Danger; where, and how, to place them. He dependeth also more directly upon the Lord Martial. Next, is the Lieutenant of the Ordinance. He dependeth upon the Master of the Ordinance. They have their Quartermaster, and Inferior Officers. The Last, and Greatest, is Mustur-master General: And is one of the Council of War. These are the Functions and Members, of the total and complete Body: Whose head the General, communicateth and diffundeth his Orders, and Commandments, by the Lord Martial to them all after this Division, or Distinstion. Videlicet, Of the Cavalry, of the Infantry, of the Artillery, of the Victual; Which is to say, The Commissary General of the Horss, cometh and receaveth the General his Orders from the Marshal, and delyvereth them, to the Lieutenant General of the Horss; And then to the Quartermaster General thereof; And from him to all the Quarter-masters, from every Quarter. And so the Sergeant Major General of every Brigado cometh to the Marshal; and receaveth their Orders; which he delyvereth to the Commander of that Brigado; and he to the Sergeant Major of each Regiment; and then to all the Quarter-masters from every Quarter. And so the Quartermaster General of the Artillery, from the Marshal, to the Master of the Ordinance; And from them, to every Quartermaster. And in lyke-manner, the Quartermaster General, of the Victual, cometh to the Marshal, and receaveth their Orders; which he delyvereth to the Proveant Master; And he to the other Quartermaster from every Quarter. Thus you see with what Facility, and what Celerity the Diversity, of one man's Commandments, is distributed and diffunded to the universal Army. And of these Ranges, the Army is perfected. For it is a Body; And these are the Members; and the more distinct, it is in their particular charges, the more complete, the same is. This main body itself, is engrossed of man and man, made up of many individual persons. Which is done, if upon march (which is a space usually of three foot and half) being four, six, or ten, in Front; the Muskets of every Company preceding the pikes of their own Band; they are commanded to halt. Then considering the intended deepness, either of six, or ten, or twelve men, you cause them, that immediately followeth the foresaid deepness, to march up in Front, upon the left hand of the first Division. And after this manner, all the pikes. And in like manner, after these the Muskets, still observing the left hand; making on Front; & on deepness of all the Company. And thus way of Companies, Regiments, and of Regiments Brigadoes, or Bodies; and of Brigadoes the universal Body; which in broadness hath three special Divisions; to wit, The right and left hand wings; Where the best men ought to be placed; and commonly beginneth the Fight. And the third Division, is the Battle; or that which is the middle betwixt the two foresaid wings. The Greeks and Swisses as yet, thus in on Front had their Battle; But compacted very closely together, and made up of many ranks; commonly twentie-four in deepness; They were so closely, that hardly they could be broken. But now having the use of other Arms, we must keep the Distances already mentioned. And there is a second Division; to wit, Of deepness, (specially used when the Army is great and ponderous, the Field, straight, and narrow, that it is not able to contain so large a Front, as the Army would extend to.) And thus it is into three bodies; The first is the Front, or Vanguard; The second is the Main Battle, or middle betwixt the Front, and the Rear: And the third, is the Rear, or Stall. And thus the Army being placed, the first being beaten; the second may renew the Fight. And if both, the last may recover all; As many examples can instance. And it is thought the best way of fight is by Reserves; Yea, by Troops, as to hazard all at once. The Romans used this kind of threefold Battle. But that they so placed them; that the first within, the second and both within, the third might in order retire, if need was. And thus still to maintain; or rather, to renew the Fight. But their form and manner of retreat, now not in use. An Army may be drawn up after many divers forms, and figures, according to the exigency of Time, Place, and new Inventions, and prudency of a General, as into a Triangular. And the form of an Half moon; or into both at one time, as the first point chargeth the Enemy; but composed of the weakest men, that they may the more easily retire; while the two Angles advanceth: and becometh two wings. And thereafter the middle part shrinking, and the wings advancing; is then after the form of an Half Moon. And that for circumdating the Enemy, as the Battle of Cannae was. And some times into the shape of a Diamond, for penetrating and piercing within the Enemy's Battle, into the figure of an Orb, for defending at all quarters; into a Wind-miln, and divers others, for their several reasons. But herein I spare summing all up in this, that an Army is a Body, made up of many singular persons; whose head is the Captain General, whose heart is good Order; whose life and welfare is in good Commanders; Whose Defence is in Horsemen; for without the same an Army, is naked. The Soul of which Body is Cannon; and Powder, and the Sinews, and Nerves, that concatenateth altogether is Money. Thus than I halt: Neither hath it been my scope to undertake that which is only firting for those of greatest Wisdom, and Experience in the perfect Draught of a compleet Army. Only thus much I have given to the young Soldier, as a general view of the reason, and the end of all the foresaid Exercises; To the effect, That he who intendeth to be a Good Captain, he may clearly perceive, that of necessity he must first be expert in the practice of this Military Rudiment. For by the same great matters, have been performed; and without the same all goeth to confusion; consequently, to ruin. Most considerable observations, anent Fortification, both in Engines use of Works, or Skill in Artiliarie; collected from the most expert; who hath verified them by their practice. A Fort is made, that a little may resist a great force, or a few great number of men. And Works from engine, are either simple or componed. The Simples are a Wall, a Rampate, a falss Bray within the Wall, a Counter-scarp, a Line, and Angle, a Circle, etc. The Compounds, are either of some of these; as is Redout, an Half Moon, an Horn-work, a Sconss; or all of these, as is the Fortificationes of a Town. That which proceedeth from Assault, is either from Approaches, or from Artiliarie. But the most furious, is by Artiliarie. But first of Fortification, from Skill in Works; and then of Assault, by Artiliarie. Before you build a Fort, you must observe this Maxim, in four particulars. First, to have a respect to the strength of the Enemy. secondly, That the Expense may bring Commodity. thirdly, That the travaill may bring Rest. fourthly, That the time may bring Assurance. Next; You must observe the most Advantageous place of Situation: And there are six. The first is that of a Mountain, when the Fortification occupieth the Tope of the same. For it can not be commanded by any Art. And it discerneth all round about it, for to hinder Approaches. But it hath that incommodity; often wanting Water, and good earth, and facility of Transportation, The second is upon a mountain also. But the coming to it is by the continuation of another mountain. This hath a incommodity more as the first; Which maketh Approaches easy. for elevating a Mount upon the same; and to have an Command within the place. The third also is upon a Mountain, where there is many ways coming to it, consequently, more incommodities. The fourth is upon a Marish watery, or sea place; where the Approaches can not be without drying the Marish. Thefyft is upon a plain firm ground; which hath the Commodities of good earth, and Water in the Ditch. A Fortification easy to be made within and without. But the incommodities great; For the Approaches are easy. The sixth and last, is, That is commanded by some Mountain, one or more. The Commodities few; The incommodities great. And the third Observation, is, Betwixt the Assailers, and the Assaulted in a fortified place. And that is (excepting accidents) ten without, for one within, with proportionable provision. Lastlie, You must observe that the Assailers hath incommodities, that the assaulted hath not; First, Evil lodged in an Hut. secondly, Discovered in their Approaches. thirdly, To cover them above at the foot of the Breach. Fourtlie, To mount the Ruin of the Breach. fively, To guard them from that which is casten from above upon them. Sixthly, To fight harnished, and heavily armed. And now, of Assaults by Artiliarie; which that you may the better know, you must consider four things. First, The destruction of Cannon. secondly, The necessary proportions thereof. thirdly, The most effectual shooting of Cannon. fourthly, You must understand the proportion betwixt an Army, and Artiliarie. And for the first of these; The most common Artiliarie shooteth 35, and 45 pound. The most vulgar length of a Cannon, is ten or twelve foot. And secondly anent the proportion. A Cannon of twelve foo● in length, is equal to 13, or 17. The Charge is according to the value of the powder; commonly the third of the weight of the Ball, at least. The port of a Cannon in a right line is 600 common space; a Culverin as much, and others less. Distance of Batteries is 200, 300 space, at the furthest, for to evite the hazard of Muskets. The ordinary force of a Cannon is (being 200 space distant) to pierce of well digested earth six foot: but of new builded ground, seven foot; and of sand, ten foot. A Cannon may shoot 80, or more shot a-day. The force of a Cannon, is greatest from a low place to a high. A Cannon is more effectual, and maketh greater ruin; being upon a Fort, with Angles, and Corners, as a simple Battery, of on Front. For thus they shoot athwart. A thousand shot quickly done, maketh greaterruin, with ten piece of Cannon, as fifteen hundreth shot with six Cannon. A good Engynier should chiefly foresee necessary reparations, according to the ruin. Lastlie, anent the proportion betwixt Armies and Cannon; an Army for a Siege, should have twelve Cannon, three Culverines', and some Bascards, for empeaching of forts. You may judge the greatness of an Army by the number of pieces and munition; they being the soul of an Army. As there is proportion betwixt an Army, and that which sustaineth them, so betwixt Artiliarie, powder, and ball. A thousand men should have on Cannon, an hundreth balls, and proportionably powder, and for the carriage thereof an hundreth Horss: But this may change according to the advantage of the place. For it is easier transporting by Water, as by Land. FINIS.