WAR Practically Performed: SHOWING All the REQUISITES Belonging to a Land-Army, IN Marches, Battles, and Sieges. Deduced from Ancient and Modern Discipline By the Experience of Capt. NATH. BOTELER.  
London, Printed for Peter Parker at the Sign of the Leg over against the Royal Exchange in Cornhill, 1672.   

To the Honourable Sir RICHARD BROWN Knight and Baronet, Major-General of the City of London, by His Majesty's special appointment.  
SIR,  
THE Spheres in their several Orbs turning about the Centre that glorious Luminary the Sun, do by a mutual concord serve in their courses to the preservation of the whole Universe. Even so is it with sublunary Bodies in Terrene Governments. The King (who is not only Head but Heart of his Subjects) makes use of suitable Spirits to grand Employments, that so the refulgent Rays of Regality may disperse the influence of good Government amongst his people.  
The eminency of your late sufferings in our distractions, hath most worthily raised you to be a Star of the first Magnitude in the Sphere of this great and populous City. And no wonder, when the meanest amongst us hath found your exquisite industry in making Justice Scale an Armature sufficient to defend our heads from the fury of Mars his sword. 'Tis certain, when Military and Civil Knowledge concur in one Magistrate, the Citizen may then sleep securely, and look upon his Shop without fear of filching. Your Genius leading you naturally to use both Swords, (being centred and cemented in you by long Experience) it hath been a motive inducing me to present you with this Posthumous Work of a Learned Author. No doubt but something may be found worthy observation therein, he having so ingeniously compared Ancient with Modern Discipline, and drawn the whole Art of War into a Compendious Manual. It may be looked upon as a General's Guide, or rather Remembrancer, and the Soldier's Instructor in the Politic part of War; by which means Natural Valour and daily Experience may make him capable of climbing to the highest pitch of preferment. Sir, I hope you will peruse it with pleasure, and find such content therein as may be a recreation to your Martial Spirit; which will something extenuate the boldness of  
Your Servant H. F.   

A DISCOURSE OF The Requisites in making of a War by Land. BOOK I. Of Munitions, comprehending Moneys, Arms, and Victuals.  
THere are three especial Requirables in the making of War by Land: Munitions, Men, Discipline.  
Under Munitions are comprehended all such materials, or things in general, as a War cannot be without: And these, via apparanda sunt, ut vincas celerius. And the principal of these are, Moneys, Arms, and Victuals: for Disciplinam non servat jejunus exercitus.  
The second Requirable being Men or Bodies, are distinguished into Common-Souldiers, and Officers or Commanders: Of Common-Souldiers, there are Footmen and Horsemen, or the Infantry and Cavalry: Of Commanders; the Generalissimo (who is to be only One, under the penalty of losing All) and his Sub-Alterns, as the Lieutenant-General, the Lord Marshal, the Serjeant-Major-General, the Colonel-General, with the rest of the Officers of the Field, hereafter to be particularised.  
The third Requirable (as inseparable in a regular War as any of the rest; for, plura concilio, quam vi perficiuntur) is Discipline. And this comprehendeth all Councils of War, Martial Courts, Stratagems, and Actions of that nature; as also managements of Arms, Forms of Battles, Marching, and the like. And of every one of these, in this our Treatise, somewhat shall be observed; but very briefly of them all.  

CHAP. I. The necessity of Treasures. How they are attained by several Princes: and how they may be best preserved.  
AND first of the first principal, (Monies or Treasure) included under the first Requisite, which is Munition. Now Treasure or moneys are justly termed the sinews of a War, as without which no orderly War can march or be managed: and therefore not to be undertaken (especially offensively) without a sufficiency of this kind, timely and beforehand laid up. The wise Warrior, as well as the wise Builder, being in the first place to forecast his accounts and future expenses, before he enter upon any Action of this Nature. And herein the main difficulties are how to attain them, and how to preserve them.  
The Tyrants of the East, as the great Sultan, the Persian, the , and the Tartarian, furnish their vast expenses of this kind, by being absolute Lords of all their people's Estates, who are all their slaves. The Christian Princes, who pretend not so far this way, but govern more moderately, do this much after one manner, allowing only some petty varieties; as the Monarches of Spain, by their Customs upon imported and exported Merchandise, but in particular and chief by their rich and unexhausted Mines in America. The French Kings by Customs likewise, and Imposts, and especially Imposts upon Salt. The Monarches of Great Britain by Customs also, but most substantially and thoroughly by Subsidies and Fifteen granted in Parliament. As for the rest of the mixed Monarches, as those of Poland, Denmark, and Swedeland, they do the same, by the same ways, with little or no difference; only the great Duke or Emperor of Muscovia, as he is the nearest neighbour to the Eastern Tyrants forementioned, so he cometh nearest unto them in this kind of Tyranny especially. As touching the Commonwealths of Christendom, governed in a kind of Aristocratical way, as those of Venice, the Grizons, and Swissers, and some others, more petty, as that of Lucca, Genoa, and some of the free Towns in Germany; though in the means of their raising their Treasures they differ not much from the absolute Princes forementioned, yet can they better enlarge themselves according to their occasions, as being done by a general Consent, and not at the will or pleasure of any One in particular. Hence is it that the United States in the Low-Countries, having been forced by their exigents to nurse themselves up by a War, adventured upon an Addition to all the former Christian courses, by their Taxes upon all sorts of Victuals, called Excises; and hereby fill their Exchequers, and to admiration have maintained a long War against a Potent Enemy.  
I intent not to enlarge myself farther in this particular of procuring Treasure, as being a work rather appropriated to the Statesman than Soldier: only I shall take liberty to pass a Soldierlike Censure upon them in brief; as, That that of the Tyrants is so insupportable, as it cannot be expected to attend any other opportunity, then to clear itself by a general Revolt; and therefore must be made good by as general a strength, which must needs exhaust any Treasure, be it never so great, and make the Possessors poor, though never so rich: That that of the Christian Princes must needs be subjected to many casualties; as, to a decrease in Customs by the point of Trading, to the hazards of loss when imported from the Mines in Foreign Parts, to the discontenting of the Subject when upon occasion they shall be never so little increased and innovated, and to over-tedious and dangerous delays (not to speak farther) when they are to be had by consent of Parliaments: so that the Low-Country way, when (as now with them) it hath gotten a Prescription by Time, and a Toleration by Custom, seemeth preferable to them all, and especially in regard of the certainty of having them.  
As for the preserving of them when they are gotten, I shall only say, that it may be surest done, either by melting them into Bullion or Wedges, and so to coin them upon occasion (as was the practice of the Ancients) or to lend them out for some small profit to particular persons, upon good caution: an especial care being had withal, that the Officers of the Exchequers be men of integrity, chosen rather out of persons of honourable birth and breeding, then of Mechanics, and men of base condition and quality. And thus we have done all we mean to do about the first principal, included under the first Requirable, which is Munition.   

CHAP. II. Of Armours of proof. Of Buff-Coats, and quilted Jacks. The length of the Pike. Pikes not to be overlong.  
WE shall speak in the next place, and in this second Chapter, of the second Principal contained under the first Requirable, that is, of Arms; and first, of Defensive, and those fitted for the bodies of men: touching which, I shall not particularise in the pieces and names, well enough known to every Train-band-man; but only inquire into the use, and when they seem best fitted for service, and for the turn they are provided.  
And first of those called Arms of proof. A proof indeed of the degeneration of men's spirits and courage, and wherewith the wearers become so overcharged, and shackled, that they seem chief prepared to fight against the shock and brunt of their own coats of Steel; and as if bound rather to defend their Arms, than their Arms them.  
In which regard (for mine own part) I find no reason why they should be in any great request. For should there be found one man of a thousand so well underlayed as to march or stand under one of them, yet shall he not be able to fight, no not to keep his legs against the force of a Musquet-shot within point-blank, or a level Range: for though perhaps it pierce not his thick armour, yet shall it sure enough lay the bearer on his back, there to lie until he find a Comrade or two to set him on his feet, or be trodden to death with the press of his own side. And truly there is but little difference, either in respect of assistance to his Party, or safety to himself, between a man's being killed by a Musquet-shot by the want of his boisterous Arms, and his being overthrown and tortured to death by having them upon him.  
I deny not, but such kind of Arms as are defensible against the Sword, the push of the Pike, and the force of a Pistol-shot, may be usefully born: and I make it a Quere whether this may not be done as well by a good Buffcoat, or at the least, by those quilted Jacks (in my opinion improvidently left off of late) used by our old brave English Archers, as by any iron Armour whatsoever: for these, when they are not pierceable, are not wearable; and when pierceable, make the wound incurable for the most part, by having a piece of the iron of the Armour carried into the body before the bullet. And certainly, (unless we will fall out with most of the Ancients in point of credit) it must be granted, that they had the use of certain linen Arms of excellent proof and use. And Justus Lipsius (lib. 8. dial. 6.) out of Nicetus his Chronicle, thus describeth one of them: Conradus (saith he) fought without a Target, and in lieu of a Cuirass, he had a woven weed made of Flax, soaked in sour Wine, well salted withal, and often folded. It was so sure against outward force, being thus fulled, salted, and folded, that it could not be pierced with Iron or Steel. Pliny (Hist. Nat. l. 8. c. 48.) also maketh mention of the like. And Caesar (De Bel. Civ. l. 3.) hath somewhat to this purpose. And truly it is much to be pitied, that this Invention hath been lost to our age.  
The next Weapon Defensive (especially against Horse) is that of the Pike, of which the most considerable is the length. Touching which, it is generally held, that it ought not to be shorter than eight Cubits, which make twelve foot. Some Pikes (among the Ancients) have been found sixteen foot in length: witness Polyenus (lib. 2. in Cleon. Sect. 2.) where he saith, that Cleonymus besieging Edessa, and having overthrown the Wall of the City, the Pikemen (saith he) sallied out, whose Pikes were sixteen cubits in length. And it is not to be denied, but that short Pikes are greatly disadvantaged, having to do with such as over-lengthen them: for with a long Pike, a man is able to strike and kill his enemy, and himself not be touched. And hereof Patricius (Parel. part. 2. l. 3. c. 8.) gives us an example at the battle of Sorano, where Vitellozze Vitelli discomfited the Almains only with the advantage of Pikes; his (saith the Story) being an arms length longer than those of the Enemies. And at our being at the Island of Rey, after the Enemy's horse (at our first landing) charging furiously French-like, were most of them slain in the place by our foot, and their Bodies of Pikes came up to the push of ours; It was observed, that our Pikes were longer than theirs, and this was thought to be one main cause of our so sudden and thorough routing of them.  
Nevertheless (in my opinion) a consideration is to be had, that no Pikes be admitted to be overlong, lest they both exceed the measure of his strength and management that is to use them, and by their overlength do oversway themselves; and so by hanging crooked when they are to be charged, do hinder both the force and certainty of their stroke. I hold therefore, that the proportionable and due length of a Pike may be, when the head of the Pike of the fourth man in the depth of the File, being charged, shall somewhat advance beyond the face and shoulder of the File-leader. And the ordinary length now required in Pikes, being fifteen foot, is well-near answerable hereunto. As for the Three-quarter-Pikes and Half-Pikes, they are serviceable and proper to be used upon the walls of Towns, and behind Ramparts, Brest-works, and in Trenches; but not so for services against Horse, and in Campagnia. And thus far concerning the Weapons of Defence, proper for the bodies of Men.   

CHAP. III. Of the places and parts fit for Fortification.  
WE are now to give some Advertisements concerning the Defence of Towns: and in the first place, touching the places and parts fit for Fortification.  
Now these are to be such by Nature, as may be made inexpugnable by Art, or at the least brought to the nearest terms of being so. Of which kinds are Rocks, Islands, Hills, and Necks of Land. But herein it is carefully to be observed, that none of these places be commanded by an external height; or if they be, that that part be fortified also. Observation is also to be made, that the soil of the part be not Sandie; for then there can be no repairs either against Battery or Sap. Respect is likewise to be had to the air, that it be wholesome, and especially that the place be well provided with water; and so, that it cannot be cut off by the Enemy: That it be in a Country well furnished with Victual of all kinds; and withal so sited, that it may serve as a Bull-work unto that Country, either by a Guard of a Port, or the Defence of a Passage: That it be apt to offend an Enemy on all sides by Sallies; for so it shall be apt also to be relieved, and cannot be blocked up with any one Fort alone: That it be not so great as to require overmany men to Man and Defend it; nor so little as not of capacity to receive a sufficiency of hands to give an impediment to an Enemy in his passage: the mean betwixt these two, being, when in the Diameter it consisteth of three or four hundred paces: and lastly, That it be in such a part, as that no Siege can be brought before it, but by an Army divided. To which end, the situation upon Rivers, and Tongues of Land lying betwixt two Rivers, are most proper and convenient. And these are the usual Advertisements and Observations to be made and received in the point of choice of the Place and Part that is fit for Fortification. Whereunto I shall only add thus much (confirmed herein by Gyrolamo Maggi, (lib. della Fortif. l. 1. fol. 4.) and jacomo Castriotto, approved Engineers,) that in new parts to be inhabited upon any terra firma, or any large Islands, where all Landing-places are too many to be secured by Fortification; the most useful and provident part to raise the strongest piece upon, is in some Midland place, where there is an Intention to settle: the which nevertheless is to have some smaller pieces of Fortification round about it, or near unto it, upon the most likely and obvious Avenues, that so an assaulting Enemy may be impedited in his approaches, as not daring to leave an Enemy behind him, whereby he may be in eminent peril of being cut off from all manner of supplies, and may expect to receive continual molestation by those in the Forts left behind him; and likewise the Inhabitants may find means not only to shelter themselves in their persons, but to save their goods and cattle within and under the command of this Fort thus situated.   

CHAP. IU. The perfection of Works due to Fortification, in the point of a Bulwark and its parts, and in the point of the Curtains and its defences.  
THe part proper for Fortification being thus found, some Caveats are to be received touching the perfecting of the works. And these are, that an especial care be taken, that the Bulwarks be not hollow, and that the Piazza or Plain thereof be raised equal with the Rampart to the foot of the Parapet: And that there be no Vault nor Casemate that may give Impediment to the play of the great Guns, either by blindings with smoke, or any other way: That no Angle of a Bulwark be over-small, lest it prove easy to be battered; nor over-large, lest the point with a small battery be hidden from the flank: That every Bull-work have his Countermine; the which, though some think (by way of saving of charge) may be timely enough done when an Enemy gins to make his Approaches, yet for my part I cannot approve of so thrifty a presumption: That every Bull-work have two Sally-Ports as secretly contrived as may be; to which end, the Angle of the ears of the Bull-work is the most proper part: That every Flank regard the face of the opposite Bull-work, that so the Enemy may be dislodged from Mining the Rampart: That the Angle of the Flank be a right Angle; because an obtuse Angle layeth the Cannoneers or Portholes over-open, and a sharp Angle disordereth the Face of the Piazza of the Bull-work, and of the ears thereof: That there be in every Flank, one piece of Ordnance at the least, so secured, as that it may serve for a constant defence for the opposite Bullwork: That the Portholes next to the Angles of the Curtain, lie as little discovered as possibly may be; provided nevertheless, that they regard and scour the ditch and the covered way, or false Bray, with some part of the circumjacent Campagnia; That the defence of the Face of every Bulwark be taken out of half of the Curtain, and so be made, that it may be regarded by the Flank, thereby prohibiting an Enemy to Mine; the which cannot be done if the defence should be taken from the Angle of the Flank, as of old: That the distance from the Angle of the Flank to the point of the opposite Bulwark, be not above two hundred paces (within which distance the great Guns may work their effects) nor fewer than one hundred and fifty; that so the Defendants guarding in the Flank, may not be offended by the Enemy's Musquetiers from the point of the Counterscarp: That the Ports be made in the midst of the Curtains, and not of the Flanks nor Ears, which otherwise might be weakened by them: That no part be discovered from the Spalto or shoulder; so shall it not be subject to batteries, or at the least not to the same battery of the Point or Flank: That the Curtains between the Bulworks be drawn in a right line: That no Bridge lead directly to any part of the Work, that so the use of Petards may be frustrated; and this also may be done by Draw-bridges: That the whole Work command round every way, over all the plain where it is erected.  
And these are the material and principal observations and advertisements due to Works of Fortification, when new ones are to be raised, and the choice of the place to be had at pleasure.   

CHAP. V Of defective pieces of Fortification. Of the Forms of Works: the Triangular the worst Form.  
WE are in the next place to make some advertisements touching such pieces of Fortification as are defective, either in respect of Form, or otherwise: and all such are so to be held, which participate not of the correspondence and defence which they should borrow one of another.  
Now this mal-correspondence may be reform, by giving to the parts of the same denomination, equal proportion in height, breadth, length and declination, if the situation will possibly permit. And the defences are secured and amended by increasing of the points of the Bulworks to such a moderation, as that they be not carried to the prohibited terms of sharpness; the which for all that, serves not for the reformation of all old Works, but only for such as are regular.  
As for the irregular (besides the reformations of particular members) it will be needful to build some new and entire bodies of Fortification. The truth is, that in the reforming of the substance and main of old Works, more labour is to be used then skill; for herein it is only necessary to fill the Bulwark, if it be hollow; to increase the thickness of the Curtains and Parapets, if they be not sufficient to resist a Battery; to make the ditches deeper, broader or narrower, as cause shall require; to cut a Counter-scarp with his Ravelins and Flankers round about; to advance the Spalto, or shoulder, if it be over-low, to the heigh of the Cordone; to increase or diminish the scarp, as need shall require: and lastly, to repair the Camiscia if it be ruinous.  
As for such Fortresses as are sited on Sandie Grounds, being in themselves altogether without remedy against battery or sap, the natural defect is to be supplied by an Artificial Camiscia of wood, made with such proportion of Scarp and thickness, as that it cannot be ruined but by much time and great labour. And when the Curtains are excessively long, and thereby defective, the Redress may be either by a Cavalier or a Platform, or by setting the Flanks the nearer one unto another. But the best way is to make two Curtains of one, and to raise a new Bulwark in the midst between them. And the Spalla may be perfected by either the same, with a new Camiscia, or by retiring the Curtain farther into the Fortress. As for the defects of the Gola of a Bulwark, they are not to be reform and made wider, but by removing of the Spallaes' so much as is needful, towards them of the opposite Bulwark.  
As for the Forms of Works of Fortification, the Triangular and Square ones are justly the most imperfect of all others, by reason that the Bulworks must of force become oversharp in the points (and especially in the Triangular Form) whereby they are easily battered in that part, to the extreme danger of the whole Piece; by reason that the Enemy cannot be offended from those parts, but may safely come to the assault, without being endangered in Flank: and besides, if the Parapet chance to be beaten down by the straightness of the site caused by an acute Angle, all place is absolutely taken away for a retreat, and no room left to erect another in its stead, either with Gabions or Trenches. In these respects it may therefore be concluded, that the best Forms of Fortified Towns, are those which consist of most sides, as nearest approaching to the circular Form, which is the most capable of all others, and by consequent can afford the more commodities for the accommodation of strong and ample Bulworks, and have the Angles more obtuse. And the Streets likewise may the better be direct and straight, which is a main matter towards the defence of a Town of War; by reason that they may be the better traversed with Trenches and Barricadoes upon all occasions. And thus much touching the Works due unto a Fort, and a fortified Town, both regular and irregular. It remaineth to say somewhat of the Ports; the which shall take up the Chapter following.   

CHAP. VI The best Forms for Ports. The part where the Ports are to be made.  
TOuching the Ports of a Town of War (not to speak any thing of the Antique ones, justly despicable) the general modern rule is, That the extremities or points of these Works be not extended or thrust out any way beyond those of the Curtains, lest by their interposition, they hinder the operation of the Artillery, and so frustrate the defence of them: And that these Ports are to be raised so near unto the Bulworks, that from them they may be defended by Musquet-shot.  
As for the part where these Ports are to be made, the famous Engineer San-Martin Propoundeth it to be upon the Curtain; their largeness to consist of six Braces, their height of nine: and that near unto each Port, is to be a Postern cut out of the Curtain, in breadth one Brace and an half before, and three behind: and that the Counter-port should be of five Braces in breadth, and eight in height: and between the two Ports, he would have left the covered Piazza, or Plain, or Passage, to be in breadth one Brace, and in length thirty two; having withal two places so framed, as from them to give fire on each side upon the first Gate: and on each side of this passage to be three square Rooms below, of eight Braces on a side, wherein to lodge the Soldiers of the Guard; and as many above, directly over them, to be passed up into by two Ladders or Stairs; the one Stair on the one side, and the other on the other, upon those sides of them which lie within, and towards the Town and the Guard thereof: and so the whole piece become a perfect Square, upon the flat top of which, he would have a Cavalier to be raised, to be passed up unto by two other pair of Stairs in the Flanks towards the Curtains.  
Thus propoundeth the great Engineer, San-Martin or San Mariano. Nevertheless, if the height of these Works be advisedly considered by this prescription, I see not (howsoever the Front may make a gallant Prospect) but it must needs carry which it very much of peril, and lie open to a Battery, by reason of the height. And therefore I am of opinion, that these Ports with their seconds, are not to be made upon the very Curtains themselves, but somewhat within them; and so to make a kind of Ear or Pome unto it, the which may so stand out before the Port, as to hinder the Enemy from beating upon it with his Guns, and withal offend such of the Enemy as shall approach behind the shoulder: and likewise it shall hereby play very freely upon that side of the Bulwark which is next unto it, and upon the bosom or bowing of the foresaid Ear, Pome, or Guard of the shoulder that flankers it.  
True it is, that the way or passage which leadeth from the Port into the Town, is to be (for a good way) somewhat extraordinary large, and withal with such a bending, that two pieces of Battery, at the least, may directly and fully beat upon the Port itself: to which end all the whole passage is to be kept clear from all impediments of houses, or any thing else that may hinder the play of these Ordnance.   

CHAP. VII. Of Forts or Citadels within Towns. The best Forms of these Forts. Of the Cavaliers within these Forts.  
FRom these Ports we have occasion to observe somewhat touching such Forts and Citadels as anciently, and in many places to this day, are raised and maintained in some Towns of War; and serve as well to defend the place against an assaulting Enemy, as to hold the Town itself in a we and order.  
Now to this purpose, the antique use was to seat the Citadels in the midst of the Town, upon some high and elevated part: and if none such was there to be found, then to raise them in any other part, best tending that way.  
The more modern practice hath been, and is, to erect these Citadels in such a posture, and in such a part, that the one half of them might be within the Walls of the Town, the other half without, as the situation would bear. And this was principally done, that supplies might be brought in or out unto the Citadel, without being in danger to be hindered by the Town, if it should happen to be impatronized either by Rebels or by an Enemy. But this way hath not passed without reproof, because the part without the Walls may be so ruined either by Battery or Mine, that the part within shall not be able to put into it any sufficient supplies.  
It's my opinion therefore that Citadels within Towns of War are most properly sited, when they stand upon the most eminent and elevated part, and if it may be, upon the very Walls of the Town, and so serve in the nature of a Bulwark also, to guard and flanker the Curtains of the Wall on each side; but yet so, as not to be offended by the over-vicinity of any of the Bulworks; and that they be contrived with one or more secret Posterns, or private and close Avenues, that Munition and Men may at all times be conveyed into them; and that every way they have a full command upon the Town wherein they stand, and be able especially to beat upon such parts thereof as are most frequented, and especially the Marketplace and Ports; so that if the Town should chance to be surprised by an Enemy, or turn Rebel, it may not only be battered by the Fort, but the parts thereof disarmed, and means and commodity afforded for the receipt of all such supplies as may be intended for the regaining of the Town.  
As for the Forms of these Citadels, howsoever the Triangular and Quadrate Forms are disapprovable in Royal Forts (as formerly was noted) yet in these, in regard they are generally but small, they may be allowed to consist of four sides, and indeed not of above five: yet is their circuits not to be so little, but that there may be a sufficiency of Retreat upon all occasions: for otherwise they may suffer much. As for their Walls, Curtains, and Bulworks, they ought to be (in my judgement) somewhat larger, and their ditches deeper than those of the Town, as sustaining the greater charge, and undergoing the more of danger.  
It is also very necessary, that within these Citadels, Mounts or Cavaliers, be raised in the midst of them, not of stone (for these may not only be easily ruined by an Enemy's Counterbattery, but withal prove dangerous to the defendants in Guard near at hand,) but of good earth: the top of which is to be circled with Gabions, or solid entrenchments. And thus may the Territory and Champain round about be commanded with the Ordnance mounted upon them, and the Enemy be disabled from making his approaches but with much molestation and danger.  
As for the way to furnish these Citadels with water, it must be done by Wells or Cisterns, or both, in convenient places. And for their Arms, Victuals, and Powder, Caves and well-secured parts must be framed, wherein to store them: and especially for their Powder, that it may be so distributed and repartited, that it be not either by chance or treachery fired all at once. But of this more shall be prescribed in another place. Now the benefit and assistance that have been found by these kind of Citadels, was evidenced in that of the Campi doglio at Rome, which recovered that City from the Gauls: In that of Tarento, which held out five years after the taking of the Town, and was the means of reducing it. And of late in an Action of our own in the journey to the Island of Rey, where the Citadel of the Town of S. Martin's, (though it lay without the Town, because the Town was unwalled) after we had been possessed of the Town and whole Island, for three months' space, by its holding out against us, put us to a Retreat, with the loss of our cost and labour, and the lives of some of our best men.   

CHAP. VIII. The best matter whereof to build Forts. How to be wrought where there is sand.  
AS for the substance and matter whereof the Works of this Nature are to be made and to subsist, it is earth; and of earth, the perfect clay is the best. And yet when this is to be had, provision is withal to be made of store of brush and faggots. Of which, in raising the Bastions or Scarps, one faggot is to be laid in every three foot of ground, and so throughout the whole Work: only the Front of the Work is to be made up with good Turf, with the Green side outwards, and to be well lined with brush and faggots, with good mould thrown both upon them and into them; the which will not only make it firm, but comely. And where none of this prime earth is to be had, but that only of the middle sort, which is part of a firm clay, and part of sand; then ought there to be provided the greater store of this brush and faggots, and mud, or the like stuff, to be thrown into the Faggots, and a faggot to be put between every two Turffs of earth.  
But where nothing is to be gotten but mere sand only (which is the worst of all sorts of earth,) a very great abundance of brush and faggots are to be had in readiness; and the most firm and stable Turf is to he fetched elsewhere, and to be proportioned into eight Spans in largeness, and sixteen in length. And the rows of Turf are to be doubled the one upon the other, and with great Pins or Dibbles of strong wood, each of them of two foot in length, to be pinned and fastened together. And every course of two Turffs are thus to be pinned; putting withal into every course a sufficient store of faggots filled with sand: and in the face of all, some of the best earth is again to be laid to the thickness of four Spans, that so this earth may be scarped by little and little, to cause the Work to show fair; two Scarps being to be made between every five foot of ground, always mingling withal, within and near unto the firm earth, some Straw, or Mud, or the like stuff.  
And indeed these faggots or brush, are the most principal materials, as well for defence in Cities, as in all approaches upon them: neither, to say truth, can any defences at all be suddenly raised by any means without them, nor any half Moons, or the like; so that it may well be said, Want Faggots, want Defences.  
And this is evidenced in no part more, then in the Low-country-wars, where most of their designs reflect upon the taking and keeping of strong Towns, and where all, both defences and approaches are chief made up with these faggots: witness above all others, the last famous Siege of the Borse, where the expense in these kinds alone, was on the Assailants part infinite great, and the effects no less admirable.   

CHAP. IX. Of Guns in a Town of War: Where best to be placed.  
HAving gone thus far in the point of Forts and Fortifying of Towns of War, we are to give some advertisements about the Artillery and Guns belonging and due unto them.  
It is the general opinion, that in a Town of War of the true size, which (as before said) is to be in the diameter betwixt three and four hundred paces, there are not to be fewer than sixty pieces of Ordnance, which are thus qualified: Of Cannons twelve, shooting forty pounds of iron, which are to be employed in Counter-Batteries. Of Demy-cannons eighteen, shooting twenty four pounds of iron, for the defeat of the Enemy's defences and trenches. Of those called by the French, Quarts du Cannons, shooting ten pounds of iron, wherewith to offend the Enemy in his approaches, and to endanger his Sentinels and Out-watches. Of Field-pieces twenty, shooting five pounds of iron, or seven and a half of lead; to be employed not only upon the Walls and Ramparts, but upon the entries of Breaches: and besides all these, three Morter-pieces at the least, for the throwing of Granades and Fireworks into the Enemy's Trenches, and to give light in the nighttime, for discovery of the Enemy's Works.  
These are the Repartitions of the great Guns, accounted requisite for the defence of a well-fortified Town: wherein I shall only advise to change the twelve whole Cannons for so many half ones. And my reasons are, first, because they are more manageable: secondly, in that they may the oftener, and with more ease, be charged, discharged, and recharged: thirdly, in regard that they do not over-shake their Walls and Works, as Cannons do: and lastly, in that they exact not so many hands to manage them, nor require so great expense of Powder as the other.  
As for the parts and particular places where these great Guns are to be lodged, and especially during the time of a Siege; the Rules are, that if the Enemy plant his Batteries against the Curtains of the Wall, the Guns in the Town are to be mounted upon the Bulworks next unto that Curtain where the Enemy batters: lodging withal some few Pieces upon the inmost brink of the ditch which flankers with the breach. But in this point, especial care is to be taken, that these Pieces, as well on the Bastion as Ditch, be never suffered to play, save when the Enemy presents himself in multitudes to force the breach, that so they may lie undiscovered.  
But if the Enemy batters upon the Bulworks, than the neck of the Bastion is to be cut and retrenched; and within this retrenchment some great Guns are to be laid, and with good shoulders to be well covered and shadowed, until the Enemy adventures to force the breach, and then to be thoroughly employed on the sudden. And this retrenchment may also be used in defence of the Curtains, if there be a void place for the making of a half Moon, or the like piece of Work. And thus are the great Guns to be lodged and employed in a well-fortified Town of War.   

CHAP. X. Of the Outworks requisite to a Town of War. Of the Ditch, the Ravelins, Horn-work, Counter-Scarp, Half Moons.  
HAving thus far discoursed of the inward Works of a Town of War, we shall now advertise somewhat also of the Outworks.  
And first of the Moat or Ditch, which lieth the next without the Town-wall; and is sometimes in some places without water, sometimes filled with water; and again: sometimes filled with a standing water, sometimes with a current.  
Now of these particulars, as also of the breadth of the Ditch, some disputes have been which should be the best. Of which (as affecting brevity) I shall only say, That the dry Ditch may be fittest in respect of the Works that may be made in it; and the wet, in regard of retarding and troubling of an Enemy, and forcing of him to fill it up, or to lay Galleries over it.  
The second Out-work without the Walls, are the Ravelins; and these generally are cut out trianglewise, and are raised for the most part, in the middle of the Ditch, and serve as well to defend and scour the Ditch, as also in the nature of Casemates.  
The third Work without-dores, is that called the Counter-Scarp; and it is a kind of Brest-work, cut inclining by little and little downwards, and sited on the outmost shore or side of the Ditch: and it serves for the safety of Musquetiers.  
The fourth Work of this nature, is termed a Horn-work; and it is contrived to secure and scour the Curtains of the Counter-Scarp. And it takes the name, by having their corners of the Fronts shaped like a Fork, or two Horns joined together.  
Last of all, before these Horn-works are again cut out certain places of a safe Retreat, called Half Moons; and these are also fortified with a Counter-Scarp about one Cubit in height. And into these Half Moons are passages cut out for the Soldiers to go from the Front of the Horn-work behind them, over little Draw-bridges thrown over their Ditches.  
And these are the chief and prime of all those Pieces termed Outworks; which, to speak truly, are rather the Repairs and Succours of faulty Pieces of Fortification, than any true ones themselves. Touching all which in general, and especial care is to be had, that both the outward and inward Works of a true fortified place, be so contrived, and so correspond one to another, that some of them lying higher than others, and others again in an equal height, they may with the more surety defend each other from the Flanks, and from above: so that from the outmost to the next to it, and from thence to the rest, there may be a safe retreat for the Defendants upon all occasions.   

CHAP. XI. Ways of Defence, by Protraction, Frustration. Batteries, Mines, Assaults, how to make void. Defence of Towns by way of Sallies. How to carry off a Garrison out of a Sea-Town.  
WE shall now propound some courses of defence by way of Protraction, and others by way of Frustration; whereby a besieged place may haply preserve itself against expugnation.  
Now the courses by Protraction, are either by the raising of some small Forts, or by Counter-approaches, or Sallies. The Forts to this purpose are to be raised within Musquet-shot of the Town, whose Ditches are to be emboqued from the Flanks of the Bulwark, or at the least from some part of the Curtain, from which also the platforms of the Forts are to be wholly discovered; that if the Enemy should gain them, he may as suddenly be beaten out, and disabled from maintaining them. The Counter-approaches are to be emboqued from the Flanks, and to begin at the Counter-Scarp, and so to be carried towards the Enemy's approaches. And the use of these are, both to delay the Enemy in his approaches, and to lodge Soldiers in; from whence they may aid the Defendants in their Sallies. And the one part of the earth taken out of these Counter-approaches, is to be cast up towards the Enemies Works; and the rest to be carried into the Town for Munition-earth.  
As for Sallies, whensoever they are to be practised by night, a sure course is to be taken that intelligence be gotten how the Enemy is lodged, that they may be brought on accordingly: if they be to be made by day, it must always be done upon a sure advantage, and a strict injunction that they pass not beyond the distance of a Reserve to be given them by the shot of the Town. And thus by these Sallies discreetly made, the carrying of Galleries and Traverses intended by the Enemy, may be hindered from being brought over the Ditch. And the like may also be done by Countermines, if the Ditch be dry; and by throwing into it combustible matter, as Fireworks, and the like. And if the Ditch be wet, provision must be made of Boats and Floats, for the better conduction of these Sallies whensoever they are made. And these are the courses of Protraction.  
Those of Frustration, are performed either by making void the Enemy's Batteries, or his Mines, or his Assaults.  
His Batteries may be made void either by a Counterbatterie, which may dismount his Guns, spoil their Carriages, or ruin their Gabions: Or by a repair of the breaches made by the Enemy's Cannon; to which end, store of Timber, Pales, Faggots, Hurdles, and Munition-earth, are to be provided: Or by carrying the earth into the Town which falleth from the Battery, that it remain not either in the Ditch, or increase the Scarp.  
The Enemy's Mines may be frustrated, either by Countermines, or by Batteries from the opposite Flank, or by wetting of the Powder in the bed of the Mine, or by giving vent unto the Mine. And either of these may be done when the place of the Mine is discovered; and it may be discovered by the use of a long Piercer, such as are commonly used in the proving and search after Cole-mines.  
The Enemy's Assaults (though they cannot be absolutely restrained) yet may be sustained either by the Cannon securing in Flank, and fully regarding the breach, being continually well plied during the whole time of the assault; or by a Counter-Mure, whose platform ought to be straight, and the Flanks so contrived that one may not endamage the other: Or by Mines as well in the ditch as platform of the Counter-Mure, and which may be covered with boards full of nails: Or by continual throwing of Granades, Stones, Timber, artificial fires, and the like combustible matter.  
And if any place of strength, as Town or Fort, shall happen to be so assaulted and stormed, as that neither hope of any inward defence remains, nor hope of Quarter; in this desperate condition, if a Sally be made out of divers Ports at once, and that unexpectedly and thoroughly brought on, and well followed; it hath been found not only to mitigate the heat and violence of the assault, and control the fury of the Enemy, the better to obtain reasonable and Soldierlike conditions and Quarter; but also quite to alter the face of the day, and absolutely to occasion the quitting of the Siege.  
And hereof we have a punctual example from Caesar in his Commentaries, where Sergius Galba (being sent to make good a certain passage of the Alps, and to that purpose resolving to winter in the part) was suddenly besieged, and assaulted in his standing Camp, by the native inhabitants; and being so over-pressed with multitude, that no hope of longer defence remained, by the advice of Caius Volusenus, the besieged Romans broke out thorough all the gates of the assaulted Camp, on such a sudden, and with such a courage and alacrity, that they gave the assailing Enemy no leisure to consider of what was done, nor to satisfy their judgements and apprehensions upon so unexpected a motion: so that the face of all things being suddenly changed, the Romans (saith the Story) found the means to slay more than the third part of thirty thousand men, and absolutely routed all the rest. And if a Garrison or Army being besieged in a Haven-Town, the Port being open to Seaward, shall be so forced upon by an over-potent Enemy, as that the place must needs be forsaken; the safest course to do this, consisteth in some Works to be made within the Town: and these Works may be of three sorts; either by Muring and Barricadoing up the Entrances and ends of the Streets and Lanes which might give access to the Enemy; or by sinking some Ditches or Trenches cross those ways and passages, which may also be stuck full of sharp stakes and calthrops, covered and shadowed over with light and thin hurdles, that the assailing Enemy may not heed them; or to hedge in all such Avenues as lead unto the Port, with a strong palizado.  
As for the course of conveyance of the Soldiers out of the Town to Shipboard, it must be carried with as little show of fear as may be; and by the stay and showing of some of the lightest armed men here and there upon the Walls and Bulworks, to make a semblance of a longer holding out of the place; and that the Enemy may take no notice of the least intention of a retreat. And these last reserve of men, are to be called off upon the giving of a word, after the rest of the army are embarked, without noise or tumult.  
And of this also we find a precedent during the Civil Wars between Caesar and Pompey, who being besieged by Caesar in Brundisium, punctually practised this course, and safely shipped all the remainder of his forces into Greece, where most of his Legions were before. And this he did without loss or trouble, although Caesar did his best to prevent it.  
And surely had we done the like at the Isse of Rey, and in this manner shipped our men at the Town of St. Martin's, and not marched over into the small Island of Loiz by Land, in all likelihood we had escaped that blow, and had come more fairly off in that our unlucky descent.   

CHAP. XII. Of the expugnation of Forts: how by an Escalade, either in the night or day. The Bridges for an Escalade, how ordered. Of Surprises by the use of Petards. Of approaches upon a besieged Town. Of Galleries used in Sieges, Batteries, how to be made and preserved.  
ANd thus having spoken somewhat of all the ways and practices Defensive in a War, we shall now do the same touching the courses of Offence.  
And first of all, this aught to be received as a Maxim, that whosoever intendeth to expugn any place whatsoever, is to be at that present, in that part, Master of the Field: he ought also to be well informed of the situation, strength and provisions of all kinds, wherewith the place he means to besiege is furnished. As in particular, with what kinds of Ordinance, and how many; with what quantity of Provisions, as well for defence as in point of Victual. A true and perfect designation is likewise to be procured of the Walls, Fortifications, Bulworks, and Bastions; of the strongest and weakest parts of the place, as also of the most Minable and Unminable parts. And if he aim to attempt it by surprise, that it be resolved with judgement, and executed with diligence and resolution: and in particular, if by way of Escalade or Scaling, either by day or night, that perfect information be gotten of the quality of the Ditch; as, whether it be filled with a standing water, or a currant; whether it have a Counter-Scarp or not, on the innermost side. If it have a Counter-Scarp, and the water in the Ditch be a current, the course by way of an Escalade may be, by the provision of a dozen of light bridges made with two poles of Pine, or some other light wood, to the length of fifteen or twenty foot, and the thickness of a man's thigh; upon which poles, traverse pieces of planks are to be fastened a foot-wide asunder, Ladderwise, and to be in largeness about three foot. At the ends of which Ladder or Bridge, as well before as behind, two strong cords are to be fastened; that by them, when the Bridges or Ladders are thrown over the water of the Ditch, they may be drawn back at pleasure.  
These Bridges thus fitted, may each of them be carried by six men: and being brought to the side of the Ditch, and set down upon the water, four or six Soldiers are to bestow themselves upon each bridge, sustaining themselves upon their Pikes, and so to pass over the Moat. These men being thus gotten over, they are to thrust back the Bridges, holding the ends of the cords which are next unto them, and giving room and a length of cord for the bridges to pass over, that so they may reach to the other outward side. The which being done, four or five Soldiers more are (as formerly) to pass upon each bridge; and those Soldiers that were first over, are to draw these bridges up unto them. And thus to continue doing, until there be so many Soldiers passed over as the place is capable to receive, or shall be held sufficient to carry the Town.  
This being done, these bridges are to be drawn up out of the Ditch by the Soldiers that have passed over, and are to serve in the nature of Ladders for the scaling of the Wall. And because they may perchance prove too short for the height of the Wall, it is a necessary providence to have for every one of these bridges a smaller Ladder, not fully so broad as the Bridge-ladders themselves; the which may be enchased and made fast unto them by their steps, and so the want of height in the bridges supplied.  
It is good providence also to provide some Ladders of cords with strong hooks of iron at their ends; the which hooks by throwing, are to be latched to the top of the Wall.  
But these are not so much to be trusted upon, as the former Ladders, in regard that they may be often thrown up, before they fasten. And these are the most probable and secure courses to be practised in Escalades. Many others there are of this nature, which are to be varied, according to occasion and opportunity, to this purpose.  
But if a Surprise be intended by the use of a Petard, one approved course may be, by fastening the Petard to the end of the Mast of a ship, much after the same manner that small barrels of Guns are laid into stocks of wood. At the other end of which Mast is to be hung a weight counterpoising the Petard, that so it may be directed and moved in a strait line. And in the midst of the Mast are certain wheels to be fastened, equal to the wheels of the Carriage of a Cannon. Behind these wheels, when the Petard is brought to the part where it is to do execution, impediments are to be laid to prevent all reverse. And it is to be brought up as close to the place where it is to work, as possibly may be. And against the time of giving fire to the Petard, provision must be made of a Draw-bridge, to supply the place of a Draw-bridge belonging to the Town that is to be attempted, if it should be broken down, or drawn up.  
And thus much only touching such attempts as are to be made upon a Town of War, by way of Surprise. But if this be to be done by encamp, observation is to be made, that the Army be lodged and entrenched with such judgement, that the Quarters on all sides, and at all times, secure and second one another; and withal be so well united, that they may both repel the Enemy in Campagnia (if he shall offer to fall on that way) and to maintain themselves withal against the besieged Town. As for the approaches upon the Town itself, they are to be begun somewhat beyond the distance of Musquet-shot from the Towns Wall (except the situation of the place afford other advantage) and from thence are to be carried forwards to the Ditch, and then thorough the Ditch to the face of the Bulwark: and rather to the Bulwark than the Curtains, (especially if the besieged Town be any thing large) because the Curtains are guarded with more than one Flanker, whereas the Bulwark is only with one.  
And in the making of these approaches, these particulars that follow are always to be observed. First, That all the earth taken out of the Trenches be thrown towards the Town besieged. Secondly, That these Trenches lie not open to any part of the Town, either in Front or Flank. And this to be done by carrying of the Lines of the approaches fully without the points of the Bulwark toward which it is to be approached; and withal, by making them deep below the line to six foot, and not broader in the bottom then to twenty foot. Thirdly, That all these approaches flank one another; which is done by making of many Trenches (all le Forbici) every one of them being to be to the length of thirty or forty paces. Fourthly, That every Trench be provided with some small Works for the lodging of a Corpse du Gardiner; and these are to be cast up at the ends and mid-parts of the Trenches. Fifthly, That at the head of every approach, a small Fort be contrived capable to lodge so many Soldiers as may repulse any Sally. Sixthly, That the Angles of the Trenches be deeper than the rest of them, so to preserve them from being discovered from any part of the Town. Seventhly, That the cutting into the Counter-Scarp be under ground, and not directly embocqued with any part of the Wall. Eighthly, That those approaches which be carried thorough the Ditch to the Wall, be made of matter incombustible; and withal, be of force to resist any battery from the Flank which regardeth them. And this is to be done by Traverses if the Ditch be dry, and by Galleries if it be wet.  
And these Galleries are to be reduced into members or parts, that so the more easily they may be carried from place to place; and to be rejoined when they are to be used; and then to be covered with faggots and earth, or with mats made and kept wet, that the Enemy may not endanger them by Fireworks. And these Galleries may be larger or lesser, as cause requires, carrying the height of nine feet, and the breadth of six: though true it is, that the larger they are, the better they are, as admitting a freer passage for men, be they either Soldiers or Pioners.  
Now whilst these approaches are thus in action, Batteries are to be raised and planted: to perfect which, respect is to be had of their security, their execution, their form, and the expedition. Batteries may be secured against the shot from the Town by Gabions, seven foot high and six foot broad, filled with solid earth well trodden: and against Sallies, by Trenches well furnished with Soldiers to repel the Enemy. Batteries may prove defective in their execution, both by being over-remote, and by the manner of mounting of the Guns. The distance therefore from the part to be beaten upon, is not to be above two hundred paces, nor nearer than one hundred: for when they are within the one, or without the other, the ball loseth of its best force. As for the forms of Batteries, the Guns are best mounted when they may stand parallel with the Battery: because when they are under the horizon, the ball affecteth its natural repose; when above, it suffereth violence. As for the form of the body of the Battery, the most proper is that of a half Moon; preferable to all others, in regard that it discovers wider, flanketh better, and requireth fewer Gabions than any other form. Touching expedition in point of a dispatch, the aptest course is, for the Master or General of the Artillery to make use of a sufficient number of Cannoneers for the attending upon the Battery: and the Work itself is much forwarded by a Trench cast ten foot before the front of the Battery, where the Soldiers may be lodged and shrouded from the Enemy; and withal it will serve for the traverse of the Guns.  
But all this, though never so throughly observed, proves defective in the particular of making an assaultable breach, without the use of Mines or Mining: for though the use of Mines at the first coming up of great Guns, was for a time neglected; yet hath the practice of them been revived, by reason of the perfection of modern Fortification; the which by ocular demonstration hath evidenced, that Artillery is not otherwise profitable for expugnation, then only to take away Defences. And therefore in this ensuing Chapter we shall advertise somewhat of them.   

CHAP. XIII. Mines, how to be made and used. How to lodge the Powder in Mines.  
IN the use of a Mine there is nothing more to be suspected, nor more perilous than a Countermine from the Enemy: to avoid which, the way whereby it may be done, is to be declined, either on the one side or other, as occasion and the site of the place will suffer.  
A Mine therefore is not to be carried in a right line, but courbed and crooked. And the sides thereof are in many places to be bored with long and fit Piercers of iron, that so the Enemies Counter-mining may be heard; which cannot be so closely nor secretly wrought upon, but by this means may be discovered and heard. In the carrying likewise of a well-contrived Mine, an especial care is to be taken against the sinking and falling down of the earth from above, whereby the Miners may be buried: to prevent which, it is to be well fourred or underpropped with pieces or pillars of Timber, seven foot high if the part will bear it: and the breadth of the Mine is to be five foot, sided with planks and roofed with boards. And if the ground be found over-moist, and stored with Springs of water, it is also to be floored with boards, leaving a small Trench for the water to pass away, or digging some small Wells to the same intent.  
The Mine being thus, and in this manner conducted to the destinated part, where it is to do execution; a bed or chamber is to be framed for the receipt of the powder: the which being lodged in it to a sufficiency, is to be very carefully closed up, that no air may enter, save only at that small hole through which the train of Powder is to pass into the chamber or bed of the Mine, whereby the whole mass of Powder may be fired at the time when it is to do execution. And it is to be observed, that the nearer the passage or thoroughfare of the Mine approacheth to the Chamber, the narrower it ought to be: so that though at the mouth of the Mine it may be seven foot high and five foot broad; and at the half way, five foot high and four foot broad; yet at the very chamber it ought not to be larger than only for the entrance of the barrels of Powder to be put in one after another. But above all things, an especial care is to be had by the Conductor of the Mine, that before he begin his work, he be very attentive and diligent in taking the exact distance that is to be between the beginning of it, and the end; with the precise consideration of all its winding and traverses, that so he may be sure of the right placing of the bed of the Mine, under the part upon which it is to do execution; lest otherwise, not only the whole labour and cost be lost, but prove prejudicial to his own party. To which end also, the declination or sloping of the chamber or bed, is to be made parallel to the Scarp of the Wall: for if it decline either more or less than the Scarp, it will there break forth, because it shall there find the least resistance; and so in stead of an assaultable breach, make only a small hole in the Rampart. And thus far touching the conduction of Mines, and the firing of them.   

CHAP. XIV. Of Breaches, and the Assault. How the Ditch is to be passed over.  
THe Mine being thus fitted and fired, (before any assault be offered or attempted) the breach is to be viewed, and judged whether it be assaultable or no; and all the Defences are to be taken away, both in Front and Flank. And this is to be done by planting the Cannons in such a manner, that they may thoroughly discover them, and hereby the Assailants put upon the breach with the better security and hope of success, as well in respect of themselves, as of their Seconds and Thirds, if need be.  
As for the ordering of the Soldiers which are to assault; some appoint the armed men to be flanked with the shot; others put the shot in the Front and Rear of the armed men. But for mine own part, I conceive the most approved order to be, that the armed men be flanked with shot; only placing some three or four ranks of shot in their Front, the better to give fire continually upon the breach, until the armed men have recovered the top of it: And during the whole time of the assault, all the Trenches to be furnished with the very best of the shot, who are to beat the Enemy from their Parapet, that they may not give any aid to the defendants in Flank: And the whole Camp besides to be in Arms, both Horse and Foot; as well for the more terror to the Defendants, as for the intercepting of the Enemy upon all occasions and interruptions.  
And if it fall out that in the assault of the Breach the Ditch cannot be conveniently passed over by the way of Galleries (formerly described) the most proper course in stead of them may be, after the Breach is thoroughly made, and the approaches under the covert of the Trenches brought to the brink of the Ditch, to fill up the said Ditch with earth and faggots; towards which also the ruins and rubbish of the Wall made by the Battery will much conduce: neither is there any Moat of standing water, or Ditch so deep, but by this course may be surmounted.  
True it is, that sometimes to this purpose long and great Trees are thrown into the Ditch, covered over, and fastened together with planks, and shadowed on the sides with Blinds: But this is not held so certain as the former, though both of them are in use where the Ditch hath in it a standing water. But if the water of the Ditch be a current, and any thing swift, than the best way is to make a bridge upon a large boat; the which being apted and contrived to the breadth of the Ditch, over against the Breach, is to have certain Draw-bridges belonging to it, at each end one, so fitted, that they may serve for Blinds and coverts also, to shadow such men as are to conduct the bridge. And being thus contrived and manned, it is to be suffered to float down with the stream from the place where it was first framed (which must be in a place freest from danger of the Enemy:) and to be moored and made fast directly upon the breach, that so the Draw-bridges formerly mentioned, being then let fall, the Soldiers which are upon the main bridge may not only find a sufficient and well-secured passage for themselves, but for the rest of the Army also, (as many of them as shall be thought needful) to assault the Breach, and to storm and carry the Town.   

CHAP. XV. Of all kinds and forms of Battles. Of double Batteries, and the like. How the Guns are to be mounted in double Batteries. Of the Guns proper for Batteries, how employed.  
BEfore we leave this subject touching Assaults upon Towns and Forts, and the approaches due unto them; and though somewhat also hath formerly been noted touching Batteries; yet, for the better understanding of them every way, it will be necessary to add somewhat more at large.  
Batteries are Mounts of earth, and their Forms are generally thus contrived: the sides of the Works toward the Enemy are to be made Cannon-proof, that is, of twenty five foot in thickness: in the Rear and Flank of them they are to have a Wall of fifteen foot thick; only the one side of this Wall is to be thicker than the rest, as rising with a Walk and a Parapet on the inside: in their Front they are to be lined with two exterior Angles, and their faces to be raised with open Windows, or Ports (as they are generally called) thorough which the great Guns are to play: on their insides they are to have a good groundselling or floor made of Turf, Faggots, or the like; of eight foot in height, and in breadth answerable to the greatness of the whole Work. And this floor is to be covered with planks, for the better traversing and reverse of the Guns.  
But before the raising or planting of any of these Batteries, especial observation is to be taken, whether there be any possibility or likelihood of succour to be brought to the place against which this Battery is raised: for if there be, than care is to be had, that though the Enemy should give on with a main force, yet the Ordnance upon the Battery may either be retreated or defended. And this may be probably effected by firming the Battery on all sides, and by so blocking up all Avenues, and making of convenient Parapets, that the Enemy shall not be able to make any other accesses, save by the very Ports where the Pieces lie. And if the Battery be of necessity to be planted upon a Dike, and thereby may be in peril of being drowned; the height of the Dike is to be considered, and provision made accordingly; and a passage toward the Campagnia to be guarded and kept free, that so the Pieces may be carried off that way, if there be no other remedy.  
And because it is generally necessary, and especially in some cases, that the Pieces of Battery be lodged in secret, and as much obscured from the Enemy's Cannon in the Town, as possibly may be; one especial course tending this way, may be practised by making a convenient descent in the Platform; and that in such a manner, that the Pieces may make their reverses so downwards, as being reversed may fully hid themselves from the Enemy's view: and then to be drawn up again by pulleys and cords well fastened to the heads of the Carriages and the Wall of the Battery aloft.  
True it is, that these Guns thus lodged are only to be employed upon the very nick of occasion, and not ordinarily. A second way therefore there is, by making a double Battery, in this manner. First of all, a Battery is to be raised with Shoulders and Ports, sufficiently deep, equal, and large, as well before as behind, in such a fashion that thorough them the Enemy's Cannon may be discovered in a right line. This done, another Battery is to be framed, with Ports and Shoulders in a due and answerable proportion, ten foot behind this; from which through the Ports of the other, the Enemy's Pieces may also be perfectly seen in a right line. And in these innermost Ports the great Guns are to be mounted: the which nevertheless, by reason of the foremost Battery, will lie so closely shadowed and hidden, that the Enemy shall very hardly discover them, or at the least to any hurt or damage.  
A third way to this purpose, may be by the choice and laying out of a natural piece of ground; before which a Ditch being sunk to the depth of eleven foot (which will give a sufficient defence for the Guns and those that manage them) a sufficient quantity of ground is to be allowed for the reverse of the Guns, with the distance of twenty foot one from another in their being lodged; having an overplus of ground behind them, which by the help of Pioners is so to be sunk, that men may safely pass to and again behind them undiscovered; upon which, planks being artificially laid, the Guns are to be mounted. And last of all, Ports are to be cut through the natural earth, to a sufficiency of largeness, depth, and height, through which the Ordnance are to play. And this is a Work so assured, as not to be annoyed or endangered from any part of the Towns Wall, if the earth be firm and solid.  
As for the Guns proper for a main Battery, as well in respect of number as kinds, they may be thus repartited; eight Cannons, six Demy-Cannons, and four Quart du Cannons or Culverins. Touching the distance they are to be lodged in, from the part to be battered, we have spoken before. As concerning the ordering of these eighteen Pieces upon the Battery: The Cannons are to be planted in one Comrade, and to beat and batter in Angle right against the Curtain: The six Demy-Canons to be divided into two Comrades, on each side of the Cannons three, and to beat in Traverse: The four Culverins are to be employed for Defences, and to play upon the Enemy's Pieces that shall be found in flanker of the Curtain from the Bulworks. For though it be true (as aforesaid) that where Batteries are to be laid against Forts and small Towns, where the Bulworks are near one unto another, it is better to batter upon the Bulworks than the Curtains; yet against fortified places of large extent, where the Bastions or Bulworks are far removed, it is more advantageous to beat upon the Curtains; in regard that the Bulworks are better furnished then those Curtains can be: and besides, the Enemy may better entrench himself within the Bastion then within the Curtain; neither can the Bulworks in large Pieces of Fortification bring any extraordinary damage at an assault, by flanking of the Curtains; by reason of their distance one from another. On the contrary, true it is, that in Batteries made against Castles or Forts, it is safest to batter upon the Bulworks: for here the Bastions are so neighbouring, and Flank with so main a force upon the Curtain, that an assault cannot be given without an extraordinary Carnage, and much loss of Men. And when the Battery is thus upon the Bastion, the same Pieces are so to play and batter in Cavalier, or upon the point of the Bulwark, as they did before upon the Curtain.   

CHAP. XVI. A besieging Army, how to defend itself Presidents hereof ancient and modern Observations upon the Siege of the Borse.  
HAving gone thus far in this way, by the way of Offence, we shall now in this Chapter give some Advertisement how a besieging Army is to defend itself when it expecteth to be assaulted by at Enemy, a Friend to the place besieged, and perhaps Master of the Field; which hath befallen both anciently and modernly. And though it be a case of much danger, yet have some expert and wise Commanders provided for themselves and their Armies, to the preservation of both.  
The Rules and practices conducing hereunto, have been these: To entrench so sufficiently against the Town besieged, that no eruptions or Sallies may be made upon them out of the Town, to any considerable loss or danger: That all the Quarters be so well fortified in their Outworks, that neither Horse nor Foot from abroad may make any assaults upon them, but with infinite disadvantage and hazard: That a most especial care be taken that the besieging Army be so lodged and encamped, that by some commanded Passage it may be certainly and sufficiently supplied with Victual, either from some of their own neighbouring parts, or some other Country to friend: And withal, that the circumjacent Country, through which the Enemy's Army is to approach, be as much as possibly may be, harried and wasted beforehand; that so it may either not be able to victual it at all, or at least very sparingly, and that with much hazard and loss.  
And of this, because Precedents work much, I shall set down three: The one ancient, taken out of Polybius (in his ninth Book;) which was acted at the Siege of Capua: before which the Roman Consul Appius being set down, Hannibal seeking to remove him, (and being by far Master of the Field) enclosed the Roman besieging Army between himself and the Town besieged; and finding no possibility of forcing the Consul in his Trenches, he practised to draw him out to some Skirmishes; but failing in both, and wearied with many urging inconveniencies, he was thus forced to march off, and leave him before the Town: by reason (saith the Author) that the Romans had both sufficiently victualled themselves beforehand, and providently so wasted the Country round about, before the coming in of the Carthaginians, that when they were come they were not able to abide it, through the want of Victual, and especially Forage for their Horse. The Marquis Spinola preserved himself in the like manner, at his Siege of Breda. But beyond all others, we have a singular Precedent to this purpose, in the last Siege of the Borses when that Town was taken in by the United States: In their stupendious Works in the outward Entrenchments, which were no less in Circuit then a good days journey; every where fortified with Horn-works, Half Moons, Batteries, and the like: In their diverting of a River from its natural course, so that the besieged Town was not only deprived of necessary water, but all that part of the Country deeply drowned, whereby the Enemy might have an access to relieve it: In that, to prevent a Relief to the Town by Boats, there was raised a firm Causey of three miles in length, through so washy a place, that it was little less than a Lake; the which Causey was broad enough for two Carts to meet and pass by one another; with foot-paths besides, on each side, and every where strengthened with Sconces, Batteries, and Horn-works, all of Earth: And lastly, in that (which made it fullest of wonder) this world of Earth and Faggots was brought in Boats from a part at the least two or three miles distant.  
And yet all these were the Works only (as one may say) without doors. As for those within, they were the particular Brest-works, and the strengthening of every Quarter: The Trenches that first led to the Enemy's Sconces without the Town; and after they were taken in, carried to the Townditch: The Galleries that were laid over the Ditch: And the Mines which were brought under the Wall. So that although the Enemy marched towards us with a very potent army, and every way very well provided, yet durst he not (indeed could not) do any thing to any purpose, save only look upon us as we lay in our Works: but was forced to let fall that important Piece into the hands of such an Enemy, that well knows both how to keep it and make use of it.   

CHAP. XVII. Of Powder: touching the choice and keeping of Magazines of Powder: how to be safely lodged. Victuals, how to be conducted The duty of the prime Conductor. Of the Victuallers or Sucklers.  
ANd thus far we have touched upon the most of the material Pieces belonging to the first Requirable in the making of a War, and that is, Munition.  
It remains to take some notice of Powder and Victual, and so to end this our first Book.  
And first concerning Powder: Of which I shall only speak of the choice of it, and the lodging of it when it is gotten. For the choice of it, or the trial of it: That Powder which being laid upon a smooth stone or plank, or the like, having fire given unto it, doth mount upwards with a clear fire and flame, without much smoke, and without leaving any soil or mark upon the stone or plank, may be received for good Powder. On the contrary, if upon the firing there remain any moist white substance somewhat bluish, it is a sign that the Brimstone is not sufficiently purified, wherewith that Powder is mixed: if there remain any grains of an earthly colour, it is an evidence that it was not well grounded nor cleansed: if there be whitish grains, it is a sign that the Salt-Peter is too salt, and neither well grounded nor purified: if there be seen any reddish or tawnyish grains, it is a token that the Coals were not well prepared: if Powder (some small quantity) being laid upon one's hand, and there fired, offend not the hand at all, or very little, but result with a small noise or puff, it is a singular sign of excellent good powder. As for the ways of trial without fire: if Powder being bitten by one's teeth, taste moderately salt, it is a tolerable token of its goodness: if it be of colour not over-black nor obscure, but somewhat tending to a red, it is a very good evidence of good Powder.  
As touching the safe laying of it up: It is a most-necessary providence for the ordering of Powder for the use of an Army in action, that it be disposed into two or three several places, and many Magazines, the better to avoid the danger as well of casual fires, as treasons, and the Enemies surprises.  
And for the safe keeping and certain security of it in Towns, and especially where mighty Magazines are to be provided, it was the practice of a wise Republic, to lay up the several materials and ingredients in several parcels; as the Salt-Peter by itself, the Brimstone by itself, and the Coal by itself; the which upon all occasions might suddenly be fitted for present use: And in the mean time, all the hazards and mischiefs that might otherwise ensue, be absolutely prevented.  
And thus much touching the particular of Powder. As for that of Victual, it is obvious to every judgement, that it must be provided according to the number of the Army, and the length of the March, and the nature and condition of the Country that the Army is to pass thorough. I shall therefore speak only of the course of conducting it, and of those kind of people that are to sell it, termed Sucklers.  
For the order of conduction of Victuals to or for an Army, (especially when there is peril of being charged by an Enemy upon the way) command is to be given, that all the disordered multitude of Carriages and Wagons wherein the Victuals and the like Baggage is to be carried, be put in equipage either before day, or very early in the morning of that day wherein they are to march. And in the first place, some Troops of Horse are to be sent out to discover upon all the Advennes of the Enemy: and for the better safeguard, the Artillery appointed for their guard may be usefully placed both in the Van of these Carriages, and in their Rear; and that not only to beat upon the Enemy if he shall approach by any of those ways, but by their thundering to give notice which way the Enemy comes; that so the Soldiers may take a general Alarm, and according to former direction repair to the part that shall most require assistance. Both sides of the ways also where the Carts of Provisions are to pass, are to be guarded with lose Wings of Horse, and with them some numbers of Musqueteers may be advantageously intermixed, and the best of the Horse may bring up the Rear. And in this manner may the Carriages march, and be ready to receive any Charge. Diligence is likewise to be used, that such ways of March (as much as may be) be made choice of, as are least subject to ambushments; and that whensoever they are to come to blows, it may be in places of advantage. To which end, either Altes are to be made, or a quick March to be practised, as cause requires. And to this purpose also, good use may be made of Wagons in stead of a Trench, drawing the Soldiers within them when a desperate Charge is attempted by the Enemy.  
As for the prime Conductor of these Victuallers and Victual, he is to be the first man out of the Quarter, when these Troops are to march, and to make a stand, and to take a view of them all, and to hasten them forwards. And when they are well-near all passed by, he is to march in the Rear of all, though now and then he may advance before into such parts as he conceives may most require his presence; but aught to be the last man that takes up his Quarter. He is also to observe that all the Carriages and the Soldiers of that guard be quartered before the dark of the night; that so whilst there is yet some daylight, he may ride round about the Quarter to see that all things be sure.  
Care is likewise to be had (if possibly it may be) that intelligence be gotten from the inhabitant Peasants, as well of the Ways, as of the Enemy; and that as well for conveniency as safety. To which end all Bridges and Passages are to be known, possessed, and guarded. Spies also are continually to be employed, to gain knowledge, and to give notice of the Enemy's designs. And Sentinels in the nighttime to be placed upon all Avenues. And if an extraordinary strength be expected to assault, it will be necessary to raise some Redoubts and Forts upon the Ways and Passages, and upon all places where an Enemy may opportunely give on.  
Touching the Victuallers or Sucklers, and Merchants and Artificers which follow an Army; they are not any of them to bring any of their Commodities or Merchandise into the Camp, without licence from the General; who is to command to have them well viewed, lest their Victuals should be corrupt, and infect the Soldiers with sickness; and their Merchandise sophisticated, and the Soldier cheated and abused. Nor are these men to sell any of their Commodities but in that part and place where the Quarter-master-General shall appoint, lest disorders grow in the Quarters; nor there neither, but at such times, and at such a rate, as shall be allowed by the Provost-Marshall-General, that so there may be no extortion upon the Soldiers.  
And if any of these shall be found Delinquents in any of these kinds, he is to incur the penalty of Imprisonment and Confiscation of his goods. And if he offend against any of the Martial Laws published for the government of the Army, he is to suffer according to the quality of the offence.  
And thus we have briefly run through the three principals dependant upon the first Requirable in the acting of a War, comprehended under the Term Munition. And so we end our first Book.    

A DISCOURSE OF The Requisites in making of a War by Land. BOOK. II. Treating of the second Requirable in the making of a War by Land, which is Men, or Bodies; with other Materials of War.  

CHAP. I. Touching the choice of Soldiers. Of the Officers due to a private Company  
IN this Second Book we shall give some advertisements touching Men, or Bodies, wherewith the Body of an Army is to be made up: It being the second Requirable in the general Subject we treat of, which is War by Land.  
And in the first place, we shall propound some cautions about the election and choice of these men; wherein five particulars are most considerable. 1. That they be rather taken out of barren Countries, and hard breeding, then out of Cities where there is full feeding and ease. 2. That they be young, as rather of eighteen years of Age, than eight and forty: for the one may better be brought to obedience by good Discipline, whereas the other are more apt to obstinacy, and perhaps, vice. 3. That they be of a middle stature, strong of body, and manly looks. 4. That they be of lively spirits, resolute, bold, and well mettled. And 5. and lastly, that they be of an honest condition, and not bred up in effeminate and womanish Trades, much less in Debauchments and baseness.  
As for the choice of men, in respect of the part where they were born; as whether Natives or Foreiners: I consent with those who prefer the Natives; in regard they are generally more loyal; in that they are more patiented, more tractable and obedient, as being every way more interested; in that they are less chargeable, and sooner at hand: whereas Mercenaries and Strangers, as well at going as coming, force longer attendance, greater expenses, and are subject to commit many more outrages.  
As touching the election of Soldiers in the point of the kind of Arms they are to carry: Howsoever the strongest and tallest men are generally ordered to carry Pikes, and the lowest and nimblest to handle the Musket; yet it is mine opinion, that above all other things, respect and consideration is to be had, to what Arms every man doth best frame himself, and to which he stands best affected. To which end, it is not amiss, that the Muster-Master take notice of it, before he distributeth the Arms to the Individuals.  
And for the Composition or number of Soldiers in every private Company (by multiplying of which Companies, Regiments are made; and of Regiments, Armies:) Howsoever this hath been found much varied, yet in regard of a competent advancement for the Captain, and the performance of his Command, the due and aptest composition seemeth to be of two hundred men with Officers and all; to be divided (if you will go according to the vulgar Discipline) into two equal Bodies, of one hundred Pikes and one hundred shot: or after the late Discipline with the Swedes (the which in respect of the use of the fiery weapons, I most approve) into twelve Files of Musqueteers, and nine Files of Pikes; and reckoning six men to every File (for so many and no more they use to order the depth) a complete Company may consist of one hundred twenty six men, besides the Officers.  
Now the Officers due to every private Company (to begin at the lowest, and so upwards) are these following.  
The Lancepesado, or Launspreciado; who is the leading man of the one half of a File, and thence vulgarly termed the Middle-man. And this Officer (as the rest of them) taketh his place, either by his antiquity, or the reputation of him under whom he commandeth; as the Lancepesado in the Generals own Company, is the primest; as he the meanest, that is of the youngest Captains Company of the Regiment.  
The Corporal is the next above this; who is the leader of a whole File, which in number is more or less, according to the use and custom of several Disciplines.  
The next preceding the Corporal, is the Sergeant of the Company; and this Officer hath no settled place or leading with the Company, but passeth to and again, to see that the Files and Ranks be well observed in all parts of his Company.  
The Drum is the next Superior to the Sergeant, who ought to be a Soldier as well as a Drummer, and (if it may be) a Linguist, or at the least, a piece of one; that so he may take and give all passages of Parties about which he is to be employed. And these Drums are ranked according to the Officers and Captains they serve under: as, the Drum-Major of the Army is the principal; the Drum-Major of the Regiments next under him, ranked as their Regiments; and then the Drummers of every Company.  
The next superior Officer, is the Ensign, or Bearer of the Captain's Colours; who is to be a Gentleman, or deserving to be so reputed. And with us (for the Spanish Discipline admits of no Lieutenant, but their Alfereze or Ensigns supply both places) he taketh place next after the Lieutenant.  
The Lieutenant of a Company is next above the Ensign; and in his Captain's absence acteth all the Captains duties, and in his presence executeth his Commands.  
The Captain is the prime Officer of a private Company, and aught to be as prime in his sufficiency and abilities. And these are the Officers belonging to a single Company. For as for the Clerk of the Band, and the Chirurgeon, whereof every particular Company ought to have one of each kind; they are not properly to be accounted Soldiers, nor Military Officers, as having no Command; though the one as necessary for the Captain and Treasurer in keeping accounts, and the other for the Soldiers, in curing their wounds, as any of the rest.   

CHAP. II. Of the Officers due to a Regiment. Officers having a general charge. Of Officers next inferior to Field-Officers. Of Officers of the Field, with their Titles and Charges.  
AS for the Officers belonging to a Regiment, the lowest of them is the Quartermaster; whose Office, besides the divisions of the Quarters, is to take up the lodgings for his Regiment, in the nature of a Harbinger: and he holds rank according to the dignity of the Regiment wherein he serves, and of which he hath care.  
The next above the Quartermaster, is the Provost-Marshal, who takes the charge of all Delinquents, as also of all Prisoners taken of the Enemy; and is to see the executions of Justice to be duly performed.  
In the rank above him is the Serjeant-Major of a Regiment, who is to be elected out of the most principal Captains; and his Office is to form and embattel the Regiment, as he shall be directed by the Serjeant-Major-General: and he is ranked above all Captains of private Companies.  
The Officer next superior to the Serjeant-Major, is the Lieutenant-Colonel; who in the absence of the Colonel, commands as Colonel; and in his presence executeth his directions and commands.  
The supremest Officer of a Regiment is the Colonel; and in dignity is as transcendent to the Captains, as they to the Soldiers. And these Colonels are ranked among themselves, after their antiquity, or the eminency of their Regiment; the eldest Colonel (who of due is also to be chief Campmaster) holding the first and primest place.  
Now besides these Officers of a Regiment, there are certain Officers in an Army-Royal, which though they have a generality of charge, and are superior in that regard to the Officers of a Regiment, yet are not counted, nor attain to be Officers of the Field: and these are,  
The Master-Gunner of the Army, (who is the meanest amongst them;) and he is an Officer under the Master or General of the Ordnance. And his authority extends over all the other Gunners; every one of which he is to overlook in their several places, and to cause them to perform their Duties.  
The next above him is the Trench-Master-General; whose commands extend over all the Pioners, and to the laying out their Works: whether they be to be employed for the Guard or Enclosing of the Camp, or the raising of Sconces, the casting up of Brest-works, the laying open of the Ways, or any the like employments.  
The Officer next preceding this Trenchmaster, is the Master of the Wagons; and he hath a general command over all the Wagons, Carriages, Sledges, and the like conveyances; and is to order them in their Marches, and to see them Quartered, and provided with necessary Tools, and the like.  
The Officer superior next to the Master of the Wagons, is the Forrage-Master; being a principal Dependant upon the Lord Marshal; and is to take charge and to dispose of all manner of Provisions for the Horse; and to oversee all the inferior Officers of that kind: and to take care that equal distributions be made of those kinds of Provisions; and to cause deserved executions to be inflicted and imposed upon the Delinquents of that nature.  
The next to him in place and office, is the Victual-Master, or chief Victualler; to whose care and charge is delivered all the food and sustenance belonging to the Soldiers: and (by his inferior Officers, termed the Provant-Masters) he is to cause distribution thereof to be made to the Soldiers, according to the proportion and allowance appointed by the General.  
The Judge-Marshal is the next superior Officer to the chief Victualler; who is to be well skilled in the Civil and Martial Laws; the which he is to explain, and to make known unto the Soldiers; and to pronounce the censures decreed from time to time in the Martial Courts.  
The next Officer preceding the Judge-Martial, is the Scout-master-General; who hath the command of all the Scouts; electeth them, and appointeth them their Stations, and giveth them the directions which he receiveth from the Lord Marshal. He is also a principal Agent in ordering of the Camp, and informeth the manner of the Horse-Parado when the Watch is to be set.  
The Officer next above the Scout-master, is the Lieutenant of the Ordnance; who hath his chief dependence upon the Master of the Ordnance, and stands charged in particular with all the smaller kinds of the Ordnance, and Munition belonging unto them; and in the absence of the Master, he commands as Master.  
The last, but chiefest of these kind of Officers, is the Muster-master-General; whose duty and office is to take the number and musters of all the Army. He is also to have a care that they be well armed, and their Arms in good order, and in point; that the particular Companies be kept full. He hath also under his command and control all the inferior Muster-masters or Commissaries, and is to give out all the Warrants for full pay; and checketh all gross defaults. And this Officer, though he be none of the Officers of the Field, yet is always to be one of the Council of War.  
The highest rank of Officers in a Royal Army, are those styled the Officers of the Field; the lowest of which kind is the Serjeant-Major-General, who is ever to be of the Council of War: And he hath the Supervisorship of all the Serjeant-Majors of the Army. This Officer in the Swedish Discipline, is termed the Commissary-General.  
The Colonel-General is the next superior to him; upon whom resteth the hearing, and composing, and ordering of all differences of any high nature. And he also is evermore to be one of the Council of War.  
The Lieutenant-General of the Horse, is next in order of precedency; who hath the same Command amongst the Horse, that the Colonel-General hath with the Foot; and by his place is always one of the Council of War.  
The chief Treasurer of the Army hath the next precedency; and he is under no command save only the Generals. He is to fix his respect throughout the whole Army; and in peculiar, is to have an Eye upon the Auditor, Muster-master, and Commissary of the Army, in relation to their accounts. He also is by his place to be one of the Council of War.  
The Master of the Ordnance is the next above him, and is a principal Officer of the Field; as having under his command all the Artillery, Munition, and the whole Train belonging unto them; and constantly one of the Council of War.  
The Lord Marshal hath the next place of precedency; and his commands stretch every way both over Horse and Foot. He hath also the prerogative to make good whatsoever shall be found fit in point of Matial Law. And I have known him in the absence of the Generalissimo, to have the command in chief: But this was when there was no Lieutenant-General. He is always a Counsellor of War.  
The Lieutenant-General is as it were the younger brother to the General himself: for in his absence he hath his sovereign authority, and the absolute command of the whole Army; and at all times is as it were the Superintendent over all of them.  
The General is he that ruleth all; so that it is to be expected that he should be every way also as supereminent: And the rather, in regard that in an Army there is to be but only one Generalissimo. For though it hath sometime been seen that two men have been put in this Command with equal Commission, yet do I not remember that ever any Army so commanded returned with Victory.   

CHAP. III. Of the Exercising of a private Company. Of the giving of Volleys of small shot. The Swedish way of giving Volleys of shot. How to give Volleys of shot in a narrow path. The Discipline of Marches. Of the understanding of the Drum.  
HAving thus far made up the body of an Army with Bodies, and fitted them with Heads, we shall now bring them into action: And in the first place, give some general Rules concerning the Drilling and Exercising of a private Company, and so proceed to the whole body of an Army.  
To Exercise a Company exactly, it is to be divided into three Corporalships; and then subdivided into as many Files as the number will bear; and every File into Fellowships or Cameradoes. The Corporal of every Corporalship is to be the leader of the chief File thereof; and the Lanceprisado (who in the Corporals absence, when he is upon the Guard or elsewhere, executes the Corporals duties) is to lead another File; and the practic and ready men of every Corporalship are to lead the rest.  
The Company being thus divided and ordered, these things are mainly to be taught: the carriage and use of Arms, Marches and Motions; and the understanding of the sounds of the Drum, and words of Command and Direction; which are rightly termed the Soldiers Vocabula Artis.  
The carriage of Arms is to be appropriated to the most of comeliness and use. The use of the Pike, is either in receiving or giving a charge. By being taught the first, the Soldier learns to withstand the Horse; by the second, to encounter with the Enemy's Pikes, and to understand when and how every man, and so every rank are to give their push or blow. In the use of the Musket, the Soldier is first to learn how to present his Piece, how to take his level, and when to give his Volley with those of his Rank.  
Now the ancient and vulgar manner of Discipline for the giving of Volleys of shot, was, that all the shot of one Corporalship should give fire at once. But this was absolutely condemnable: for either those in the Rear must hazard the shooting of their leaders through their heads; or else over-shoot the Enemy, and spend their Powder in vain. And besides, the Volley thus delivered being once given, the Enemy may come on without impeachment or annoyance. In stead of this therefore, a more useful practice hath been, to order the first Rank only to give their Volley; and if the body of the Company march, than that Rank that hath given the Volley to stand; and the second Rank to pass through it, and to give their Volley, and then they to stand; and then the third Rank to advance and give fire: and so all the rest of the Ranks in order. But if the Company, or Brigade, or Battaglia stand firm, than the first Rank having given their Volleys, are to fall back, and the second to come in their rooms; and so the third, fourth, and the rest. And by this course (the men being commanded men) the Volleys may be continued, and the Enemy never free from annoyance. And all this is easily performed, if at the first all the shot be caused to open their Files to open distance.  
But because even this also is defective, in respect that there cannot be brought up so many hands to give fire at once upon the Enemy, as were to be wished; that absolute Soldier the late King of Swedeland disciplined his shot to give fire three ranks at once: and this was done by causing the first rank to give their Volleys upon their knees; the second somewhat stooping, over their leaders heads; the third rank standing upright, to give their Volleys over all their heads: and this to be done at one and the same time. And by this means and course was poured more Lead upon the Enemy at once, then otherwise by far, by any of the other ways.  
And this manner of giving fire must needs also be very useful and advantageous in all Wood-Services, and wheresoever an Enemy is to be encountered in narrow Lanes or Paths, where men cannot be led up but in a single file: for if the three first men thus giving fire, be instructed after they have given their Volley to place themselves close up by the sides of the path where the Enemy presents himself, and so stand there sidelong towards the Enemy, and give place for three others of their followers to advance and do the like; a continued Volley of Shot may be thus delivered, although the whole file of men should consist but of fifteen in all.  
As for the Discipline belonging to Marches; after every man once knoweth his proper place, and understandeth how to observe his file and rank, there is no difficulty at all in a plain march. In a Countermarch also, if the leaders of the files be well chosen, and that every man observe his leading man, there is no great difficulty neither. As touching motions, some are performed without change of place, by turning only their faces to the right hand, or to the left, or about, as the Enemy is found to charge either in Flank or Rear: Some require a change of place, and these motions are performed by removing from one rank to another; and then some move, and some stand still. And these kinds of motions are called doublings of ranks, and doublings of files, as the Enemy or Ground shall give cause, to make the Front or Flank greater or lesser. There is besides these another kind of motion to be taught, in which all do move, and yet none do march: And this is done by the opening and closing of files; and is practised not only when one rank is to pass thorough another, or the whole Brigade to make a Countermarch; but also when there is an intention to draw the Troop together in haste, and yet in order more to the one hand then the other. And thus far only shall be spoken in this place touching Motions; intending to speak more at large of the use of them hereafter.  
Concerning the understanding of the sound of the Drum; the Soldiers are to be taught not only to know and observe what the Drummer beats, but what time he keeps in beating; that accordingly they may hasten or slack their marchings: As by the voice they are called upon to all other motions, of which likewise we shall say more, as occasion shall require.   

CHAP. IU. Of great Guns due to an Army-Royal: of the kinds and choice of them. Of the number of Horse to draw great Guns. The best way of drawing heavy Guns.  
WE have gone thus far towards the proportioning of the body of an Army, as to bring the Men or Bodies together, to fit them with Chiefs and Commanders, and to give them some knowledge in the use of their Arms: We have likewise spoken in the beginning of our first Book, of such kinds of Arms as are fitted for the persons of men, and are portable in their hands. It remains that we give some advertisements touching those sorts of Arms or Weapons which are to be carried with Armies, but are not portable by the men. And these are comprehended under the name of Artillery, or great Guns; of which though we have spoken somewhat in the former part of our Treatise, yet it was only of such as were to be lodged in Forts and Towns of War, and to be employed against them; and not of those to be used in the Field, and to accompany and march with an Army.  
We shall therefore in this Chapter and the next, take notice of the great Guns requirable for an Army-Royal; together with their kinds, carriages, casting, numbers and choice. And we will propound this Army to consist of forty thousand men; of which, thirty four thousand to be Foot, and sixth housand Horse: which is a repartition that may hold proportion with all other numbers, if reduced answerably.  
As for the number therefore of great Guns requirable for such an Army in its march: It hath been regulated (after much debate) by some experimented Commanders, that for every thousand of Soldiers there should be allowed one piece of Ordnance; and so for forty thousand men (as here propounded) forty great Guns. But for mine own part, I find not how this can be brought to any certainty: for who knows not but that several occasions, different ways, and particular accidents may, and must alter the proportion? so that herein no other Law or Rule can be precisely prescribed, then what opportunity offers, and necessity urgeth. Nevertheless, if I should be put to it, to set down a strict and precise number of great Guns for an Army of forty thousand men, I would sooner propound thirty pieces then forty. And my reasons are: First, in that thirty great Guns disponed and well ordered, at the Angles of the Army's Front, shall sufficiently serve upon all approaches of an Enemy, either whilst the Army marcheth, or when it is to be ordered to a fight. Secondly, in that these thirty pieces shall be sufficient also, (duly chosen) for the besieging and battering of any place, though there should be a constraint of raising two Batteries, having each of them three Comrades in six mounts. And lastly, in that by thus lessening the number of the great Guns, as much as may be, there may withal be a lessening of the number and Train due unto them, with the expense for the furniture, and the charge of the Draught-horses, and their Forage: together with the like rest of the unavoidable pressures.  
Touching the kinds of such great Guns as are most proper to answer all the occasions of an Army-Royal: they are (in my opinion) to be Cannons of Battery, Demy-canons, those called (by the French) Quart du Cannons, Culverins, and Field-pieces: thus to be repartited; Of the Cannons nine, of the Demy-cannons eight, of the Culverins (or Quart du Cannons) six, and of the Field-pieces seven. The Cannons to be employed for battery only at Assieges; and the rest, as well for the scouring of the Campagnia on all sides, as to play upon all the Avenues of the Enemy when they come near. And besides, being thus ordered into these kinds, they cannot be so overtopped in the largeness of their bores, but that the Enemy's bullets sent upon them, may from some of these pieces be returned upon those that sent them; and hereby that scarcity and default of bullets supplied, which by many occasions and accidents may befall the best provided Army that is.  
And an example of the neglect hereof, and the ill that succeeded upon it, we have in the Wars between Charles the fifth and the French King; where the Emperor getting Intelligence that the Artillery belonging to the French Army were all of them of the smaller kinds, gave order to the Master of his Ordnance to furnish his own Army with such Guns, whose calibers or bores were greater than those of the Enemies; whereby it came to pass, that in a long play of the Ordnance of both sides one upon another, the French fell into a want of bullets, whereas the Imperialists had abundance; these being able to retort and make use of the Enemy's bullets, but not those of theirs: whereby the Imperialists at that time obtained a remarkable Victory.  
As for the number of Horse requirable for the draught of these several kinds of great Guns formerly mentioned: For every Cannon there are to be allowed three and twenty Horse in fair and level ways; and in foul and uneven, thirty. And this is also when the Cannon is to be drawn in a Wagon or Cart: for if it be to be carried in its proper Carriage, there are never less to be allowed then thirty Horse in the evenest and fairest ways. For a Demi-canon are to be provided fifteen Horse at the fewest; and seventeen in foul and hilly ways. For the Culverin and the Field-piece, nine Horse in fair ways, and ten in foul. But withal, give me leave to give this caution, that for the Cannon, Demi-canon, and those heavy Guns, it is far more commodious and safe always to employ the long kind of Wagons with lofty Wheels, then to have those Pieces drawn mounted in their proper Carriages. And the reasons are: That there shall not need to be so many horses for the draught of a great Gun in a Wagon, as when it is in its Carriage: That the Wagon, by reason of the height of its Wheels, and its lightness, is fit and better able to pass thorough all foul, sandy, moorish and moist ways, than the Carriage can possibly be: That these kind of long Wagons are not only commodious for the portage of the great Guns, but (if need require) for the conveyance also of many pieces of Timber for the building of bridges, and the carriage of them, or any other the like occasions. And besides, if an Enemy should attempt an assault, or to give on upon any encampment; these Wagons may most aptly and advantageously be used for the Barricadoing of all Avenues, and surrounding of all the Quarters of the Camp; and that on a sudden, in the nature of a slight Trench: so that the Enemy, and especially the Enemy's Horse, shall not be able to charge home, but with great disadvantage and loss.  
And if against this portage of these Guns in Wagons, it shall be objected, that they cannot be so readily employed upon sudden Alarms and Onsets of the Enemy, as when they are drawn in their own proper Carriages; it may be replied, that all such sudden alarms may as well be answered by the lesser sorts of Guns, which at all times may march in their own Carriages, as by the Cannons and higher pieces: for these perform the work as well afar off as the Cannon doth. And besides, whensoever the march of an Army is duly marshaled, and the Avant-couriers providently ordered, an Army cannot be so assaulted on a sudden, but that intelligence may be gotten, and a sufficiency of time found to mount and order these great Pieces upon their proper Carriages, out of the Wagons, by Gins and the like Engines, which are constantly to accompany them; and so be brought timely enough to the angles of the great divisions, and with all freedom perform all executions upon the assailing Enemy. And whilst this is in agitation, the lighter and lesser pieces carried mounted upon their proper Carriages, may play at random, and so retard, amuse, and annoy the assailing Enemy, and gain time. And thus much concerning the kinds, number, and portage of great Guns fitted and appropriated for a Royal Army consisting of forty thousand men. We shall in the ensuing Chapter prescribe some rules how to cast great Guns, and to find where they are faulty, that they may be refused: how to avoid the accidental causes of their shooting awry; how to know when they are sufficiently fortified; how they are to be cooled and cleared; what quantity of powder belongs to the due lading of every Piece; and what the weight of their shot is: with some other particulars of that nature.   

CHAP. V Great Guns, how to be cast, and chosen. Of Guns unequally poised, and cast with Honey-combs. The accidental causes of shooting awry of great Guns. How to shoot at a moving Mark. How to fortify great Guns: how they may be discharged without cooling. Of Guns lying long charged. The due charge of Powder and shot for great Guns. The Dispart of great Guns, how to be taken. Touching the laying of Platforms. Of the necessaries dependant upon great Guns.  
SUch great Guns therefore as are cast Taper-bored, that is, not carrying an equal bore, or having the metal thicker on the one side then on the other, are to be refused: for with such, no Gunner can make a strait or certain shot; neither can such pieces be any ways rectified but by a new casting. And if a necessity force the use of any such, care is to be taken that the choice of the shot be made under the size of the bore, lest it stick upon the crooked side or part, and endanger the breaking of the Piece. And in making of the shot, or ranging of the level, consideration is to be had to the side of the Piece that the crookedness inclineth unto. In such Pieces likewise whose bores, though they be strait, are yet more inclinable to one side of the metal then the other, great heed is to be taken that they be not laden to the full of their powder; for so they will undoubtedly break: nor is it possible to make a right shot in any such Gun, by reason that the aim or level cannot be taken from the midst of the bore, unless a due allowance be given to that part and side towards which the bore and concavity is most placed, and so to be ordered and aimed thereafter. And in respect that many pieces of Ordnance, and especially such as have been much used, become sometimes more enlarged at the muzzle or mouth then in any other part of the bore; it is therefore a necessary providence, that for a sudden service, the shot to be used in these Guns, or suchlike Guns, be not chosen to the full height of the bore at the mouth of the Piece, but rather a size under; lest in a hasty lading, the shot stick by the way, before it fall up close with the powder: in which case it cannot be stirred but with art and time, nor the Gun to be used without extreme danger in the mean time.  
Such great Guns also as are unequally and improperly poised, are to be held faulty; and such whose Trunnions are not duly placed: for hereby they either become too weighty at their breeches, and so upon every discharge start up with their muzzles; or else over-heavy before, and then under-sink as much that way: so that no Gunner whatsoever, be he never so true an Artsman, can make a sure shot with any such. For it must necessarily follow, that the shot will hereby be carried either over-high or over-low towards the mark that is aimed at.  
Those great Guns likewise that are cast with pores, cracks, or small holes, (which are termed Honey-combs) within their concavities, are by all means to be avoided: for unless upon every discharge they be thoroughly washed and sponged with water or vinegar, whensoever occasion requireth a sudden recharging of them, the Gunners that lad them become in eminent peril, by reason that some sparks of fire may and are likely to lie hid within these holes, and thereby the Ladle full of Powder fired, as the Gunner is conveying it home into the chamber of the Piece. Now the ways to find out and discover these Honey-combs, may be (if the weather be fair, and the Sun shine bright) by traversing the mouth of the Piece directly against the beams of the Sun, and then holding a Looking-Glass in such a manner between the Sun and the mouth of the Gun, that it may carry the reverberation of the Sun's beams into the hollow of the Piece, that by the light thereof these pores and holes may thus be visibly discerned. A second way there is to this purpose, by taking a Wax-candle, and fastening it to the end of a straight staff, and lighting the candle, so to put it into the bore or cylinder of the Gun. And by any of these means, these Honey-combs may be thoroughly discovered, wheresoever they are, by the eye.  
As for the accidental causes of shooting awry out of great Guns, they are many; of which the Gunner is to take notice: As, when the Trunnions of a Piece are not placed directly one against another: when the platform lieth unequal, with the one side more elevated than the other: when one of the wheels of the Carriage is any thing higher than the other; for then the shot will incline to the lower wheel: when one wheel is more straight upon the axletree, or more greased than the other: when one wheel stands upon softer ground than the other: when the opening of the Carriage is more on the one side then on the other: when the Carriage is over-large, so that the piece lieth not firm. Consideration is also to be had of the Wind, and an allowance to be made of the weathering of the mark. Care is likewise to be taken, lest some stone or the like impediment lie in the way of the wheels reverse. In all which particulars, a considerate Gunner is to be very observant: for any one of them being neglected, will assuredly deceive in the point of shooting right. And by this also it is apparent, and must be confessed; that touching the certainty in shooting right and direct out of great Ordnance, though it be much to be affected, it is nevertheless very hazardously attained.  
It is likewise to be observed, that in making of any shot out of any great Piece, and especially when it is intended upon Squadrons, or main Bodies, either of Horse or Foot, standing fixed, it is more behooveful to under-shoot the mark, then overshoot it: for so, if the place afford any stones or the like rubbish, the fall and beating of the bullet upon these, will effect far more to the Enemy's damage, than the shot itself can, though it hit the very mark that is aimed at; whereas the over-shot executes not at all any way. And in the making of a shot at a moving mark, be it at a Boat, or Ship under sail, or a body of Men or Horse in a swift march, consideration is to be taken whether the motion be towards you, direct upon you, or in passing by you; and the Gunner is to lay his Piece accordingly, and to give fire, that the shot may fall just in the way.  
An especial care is also to be taken in the casting of great Guns (by such as are either to overlook them, or to make choice of them) touching the point of their being sufficiently fortified. Of which I will give instance in the Cannon extraordinary, and the Cannon ordinary; and in the extraordinary Culverin, and the ordinary Culverin.  
The extraordinary Cannon in the circumference at the chamber, is to be of 8 calibers, at the Trunnions 6, and at the neck 5⅔. The ordinary Cannon is to be in the circumference of the chamber 7⅘, at the Trunnions 6⅗, at the neck 5 8/9. The Culverin extraordinarily fortified, is to have in circumference _____ at the chamber, _____ at the Trunnions, _____ at the neck. The ordinary Culverin, at the chamber _____ calibers, at the Trunnions _____ and at the neck _____. As for the lesser pieces, they may all of them be regulated by these proportions, according to their several kinds and quantities. Only it is to be observed, that the lesser the Pieces be, they are always to be so much the longer, and the better fortified in their metals; and this as well to provide against an overviolent reverse, as to preserve them from lying overshort in their Ports; and also that by their extraordinary fortifying, they may the better endure often discharges.  
As for their Ports, we shall only add here, that they are to be in their sizes according to the greatness and size of the Guns that are to be placed in them. And thus for a Cannon, the innermost part of the Port is to be three foot in the largeness; the outermost, twelve. For a Demi-canon, the innermost part to be 2 ½ of feet, and the outermost nine; and so of the rest proportionably. And to give a competency of place upon the Platform where these Guns are to lie, and be conveniently managed, charged, and refreshed, there ought not to be less distance than twenty foot between Port and Port; so that the wheel of the Carriage of one Piece, of one Gun, may be fifteen foot in distance from the wheel of the other. And these Ports are on their insides to be raised from the floor of the Platform as much in height, as they are in largeness; and on their insides to be as much slented down, that so the Pieces may be traversed to play downwards upon all the Avenues of the Enemy.  
As touching the number of discharges that great Guns may endure, suddenly one after another: It is held that in such of them as are extraordinarily fortified, and reinforced, (as aforesaid) ten shot may be allowed for a convenient number to be made out of one Piece, in one hours' space; and eight out of those that are less fortified. But with this caveat, that after forty shot given even in this manner, the Guns are to be refreshed; for there is nothing that more causeth the decay of great Ordnance, than the often heating of them: in which regard, it is very good providence that they be refreshed often, and especially in hot weather, or a hot Country.  
Now the ways to refresh them, are by the use of fair water mixed with vinegar; and upon urging occasion, to wet Sheepskins or the like herein, and so to lay them on the outside of the metal of the Gun, and there to let them lie until the heat of the Piece be sensibly found to be allayed. The use of Lie also is very commendable in this case.  
Gunners are likewise to take notice, that such great Guns as have lain long charged with their shot in them, are not to be given fire unto on the sudden as they lie, because the shot may in all likelihood be rusted within them, and so in the discharge may hazard the breaking of the Piece. They are therefore first of all to draw out the wad lying before the shot, and then to loosen the shot with the Ladle, and if it may be, to get it out. But if the shot be so rusted as not to be stirred by the Ladle, the course than is to abase the muzzle of the Piece, and to pour into the touchhole so much water as may drain away the force and best part of the strength of the Powder, and then to put into the concavity of the Piece by the touchhole, so much fresh powder as may only serve to blow out the shot: the which may thus be done, with all security.  
Having thus delivered some cautions touching all these particulars, we will conclude this Chapter with giving some advertisements touching the due quantity of the powder, and the weight of the shot belonging to all these kinds of great Guns formerly mentioned: together with their several lengths, and the lengths of their Carriages; as also of their several ranges at point-blank, and at their highest elevation: mentioning withal, some necessary observations touching their Disparts and their Platforms, and the proportionable necessaries due unto them all.  
And we will begin with the whole Culverin, which shoots a bullet of twenty pounds in weight; and the Powder as well gross as refined, after the said proportion of four or three fifths: the length of the Piece being of thirty two Calibers, which make sixteen Geometrical feet; the level range six hundred steps; the farthest range seven thousand one hundred and forty steps.  
The Demyculverin carries a bullet of ten pounds in weight, with ⅘ weight of fine powder, that is, eight pounds: the length thereof thirty three calibers, which make thirteen feet; the level range four hundred and fifty steps; the highest range five thousand three hundred seventy three steps.  
The Saker shoots a shot of five pounds in weight, and as much of fine powder: it carries a length of thirty five calibers; the range point-blank three hundred and fifty steps; by elevation, four thousand one hundred thirty nine steps.  
The Falcon carries a shot of two pounds and an half, with the like weight of powder corned: the length thirty six calibers; the level range, two hundred seventy nine paces or steps; by elevation, three thousand three hundred eighteen.  
The double Cannon shoots a ball of ninety six pounds in weight, of corned powder forty pounds. It is to be in length seventeen calibers; the level range, six hundred paces; at the highest elevation, seven thousand one hundred and forty paces.  
The single Cannon carries a shot of forty pounds, the powder twenty pounds; the length, eighteen calibers; the level range, five hundred steps; at elevation, five thousand nine hundred sixty eight steps.  
The Demi-canon shoots a shot of twenty four pounds, with twelve pounds of powder; the length, twenty calibers; the level range, four hundred twenty five paces; at elevation, five thousand seventy steps.  
The double Culverin, being of Brass, its charge of powder amounteth to forty pounds, when serpentine; of corned powder thirty five pounds; the weight of the shot, forty pounds: the length of the Piece, one and thirty calibers; the level range, one thousand three hundred sixty four steps; at elevation, eight thousand one hundred sixty seven steps. And these kinds of Brass double Culverins, I believe carry the farthest of any others: for the farthest range of the most renowned Pieces that ever I heard or read of, hath not been observed to have been much above three English miles; and therefore these steps formerly mentioned, must be understood of single strides only, and not paces, which are as much again.  
Touching the dispart of great Guns; he cannot be any true pretender to Gunnership that knows it not; it being the disparity betwixt the circumference of the Piece at the breech or chamber, and that of the muzzle. Hence is it that in the laying of the Piece upon the level range, a consideration is to be had, that the muzzle of the Piece be so much abased, as may answer to the over-thickness it hath at the breech, beyond that of the mouth; that so the concavity or cylinder of the Piece may be brought to shoot in a level line right forwards.  
Now this dispart may be taken divers ways; of which one of the most ready is, by putting a small twig or piece of wire into the touchhole of the Piece before it be laden, and so to take the precise depth from the superficies of the metal to the bottom of the Boar or concavity of the Piece; and then setting that measure at the mouth of the Piece upon the lower side of the cylinder, so much of the measure as appears above the metal of the muzzle, is to be received for the dispart of the Piece; and so the Gun being to shoot right forwards in a straight line, to be so much abased as may bring the very top of the measure with a direct level upon the mark that is aimed at.  
But because even this way of taking disparts (and indeed much more all other ways) will take up more time than can be allowed in a sudden and hot service; it is the part of a true Gunner to carry the several disparts of all kinds of Guns so well fixed in his mind and consideration, that without any more ado, he may be able to allow every kind of Piece the due dispart; that is to say, a sufficient underlay at the muzzle, to answer the thickness of the chamber. And this to be done only by discretion and judgement.  
As for the laying of the Platforms whereon great Guns are to be mounted upon their Carriages, in respect they are very essential to the point of their quick use and employment, as well as to their shooting right; some Gunners have advised that the hinder part of a Platform should be raised far higher than the forepart, to facilitate the traverse of the Gun into the Port after its discharge and reverse. But for my part, I shall not wish it to be elevated above one foot at the farthest; for hereby the balls will be caused to fall short, by reason that the mouth of the Guns must needs be swayed downwards in their reverses, and the Piece itself so thrown upon the Port with its own weight, that for the recharge, much both of time and labour will be required to reduce it. And besides, if the Enemy have any great Guns in a counter-beating upon the Ports at the same time, they must needs execute dangerously upon all such as are to attend and manage these Pieces, and are to stay any length of time at or about the Ports. And therefore (as I said before) a moderate elevation of the hinder part of a Platform may be commendable, but by no means to be over-high nor lofty.  
Touching the proportions of necessaries requirable for great Guns (with which we will end this Chapter) they are as followeth. To every Piece of Ordnance, of what kind soever, belong the Charger or Ladle, the Sponge, the Coins, the Bed; and these besides the body of the Carriage. As concerning the Carriage itself, an especial heed is to be had that the Axletree be sound and strong; that the wheels be perfect and fit, with a convenient quantity of Grease or Tallow due unto them, to facilitate their reverses.  
And for the use of the Guns, in point of shot and powder, the proportion of one hundred great shot for every Piece may be held convenient, with an answerable quantity of powder; the which is to be proportioned after the sizes of the Pieces, as was formerly noted.  
And thus we have run thorough all the particulars belonging unto the Train of the Artillery requirable for an Army consisting of forty thousand men. It remains only, that we advertise somewhat touching the Officers and other attendants due unto this Train.   

CHAP. VI The Officers belonging to the Artillery: their peculiar duties. Some advertisements for Gunners.  
THe peculiar Officers of a Royal Train of Artillery, are these; the General or the Master, his two Lieutenants, the Treasurer, the Paymaster, the Master of the Munition, and a Muster-Master. And these being the prime Officers, are to be nominated either by the Prince himself, or the General of the Army.  
The inferior Officers to these, are the Gentlemen of the Artillery, the which in an Army of forty thousand men, with the Train of Artillery answerable to it, ought not to be fewer than fifteen: and this proportion may be held according to the number of any Army. The Conductors are to be twelve, the Constables four, the Gunners fourscore, the Porters two, the Farrier's two, the Smith's two, the Carpenters in ordinary four; to which, as aids, are to be added the Carpenters extraordinary, with their chief, in number thirty; the Miners, with their Commander, fifty; the Engineers for fireworks, two; the Engineers for Fortification, two; the Petarders, six; the Provost, one, with his Lieutenant and Halberdiers; Quartermaster, one; Physician, one; Surgeons, two; Apothecary, one; Pioners to lay smooth the ways and make them passable, at least one thousand. And if there be any passages by water to be expected, it will be necessary to have one hundred Seamen, or at the least, men used in some reasonable manner to those affairs. And for the comfort of all their souls, there is to be a Minister of God's Word, to take the charge of them in that nature.  
Concerning the peculiar duties of these forementioned Officers, those of the prime sort are sufficiently known, and are to be of ability to oversee all the rest, and as well to direct them, as to take and give account of them; and some of them have been forementioned. As for the rest, the charge belonging to the Gentlemen of the Artillery, is to take the care of all the Train, and especially of the Guns themselves in a march; to be always in guard thereof in the Quarters: and in point of Battle and Service, they are each one of them to take two or three Pieces into his particular care: they are to solicit the Gunners to ply their Ordnance, and to bestow them well and profitably. In the planting of the Batteries they are to attend the General; and being well armed, to advance in all places of danger, and not to suffer him to be over-engaged in his own person. They are to inform themselves thoroughly, as well of all the Defences of the Enemy, as of the means of disabling them. And lastly, they are to overlook the Pioners, and such as labour at the Batteries, and to cause them to act their parts diligently and usefully upon all occasions.  
The peculiar duties of the Conductors of the Artillery, are to take the charge of the Wagons and Carriages belonging to the whole Train, and to cause them to be ordered according to instructions from the General. They are also to see all the powder and shot to be safely lodged and guarded. They are all of them, every one in his allotted place, to be present at the Batteries, and there to execute duly and diligently whatsoever the General shall appoint.  
The parts and duties of the Constables of the Artillery, are to lay out and describe all the Ports of the Batteries; to visit all the great Guns when they are in their Quarters, and to see them in point; to see them conducted to the Batteries, and delivered up to the Gunners, with all the appurrenances belonging to them; as Coins, Levers, Ladles, Sponges, Rammers, Shot, Powder, Wads, Tackling, and the like. They are likewise to take a survey, and to advertise all the due Refresh of the Pieces, and to make them known to the Lieutenant and the Gentlemen of the Ordnance. They are to Caliber and fit all the shot to the bore of every great Gun, and to see them laid on heaps by every Piece. They are also to have a care that the Gunners be sufficiently fitted with Linstocks, armed with their short swords, provided with their Powder-horns and priming irons of all sizes, and with their Compasses, Quadrants, and the like necessaries. They are also upon the casting of any new Piece to visit them carefully, and to cause them to be every way ordered according to commands and directions from the General.  
As for the Office and duty of the Gunners, it being generally known what they are to do, and some printed Pamphlets teaching how to do it, I shall not enlarge myself farther that way, then only to give some few Caveats: And shall in the first place advise, that before any admittance be made of any such, the pretenders be thoroughly and impartially examined and put to the Test by the Master of the Artillery, or some able and honest men, substituted to that end. And for the ease of these Substitutes, I shall presume to put them in mind to observe unto their Gunners these few particulars following, which perhaps are not so carefully heeded as it were fit and behoveful in these cases. As,  
That in the lading of their Guns (especially if time and leisure may allow) after the second Ladleful of powder is conveyed into the chamber of the Piece, and there well settled by the Rammer, care be taken that the concavity of the Piece be thoroughly cleansed by a dry Sponge, or convenient Wad; lest by the remainder of some grains of lose powder in the way, there accrue some peril by the rolling down of the shot, which may fire by the way, and fire the rest of the powder in the chamber, to the spoil of the Gunner: That in the letting fall of the shot into the concavity of the Gun, when it is charged with powder, an especial care be had that the shot be first well cleansed; and that no piece of any sandy or stony substance be fixed unto it; the which may procure danger, both by lodging of the shot by the way before it get home to the powder, and by hindering the free issue of it upon the discharge: That the Gunner in the lading of his Piece, stand not before the mouth of it with any part of his body, lest he be spoiled by some accidental firing of it, caused by some secret hony-combs, or the like.  
And thus much touching the peculiar duties of the prime Officers belonging to a Train of Artillery. As for the rest of them, their very names speak the nature of their duties, and therefore deserve no farther description.   

CHAP. VII. How an Army is to be conducted in a march. Of the Horse and Foot, and great Guns marching in the Van. Of the Horse and Foot and Guns marching in the Battle and Rear. How to march, the Enemy being in view. Of the Artillery, when forced to march apart. Of the conveyance of the Carriages in general. Of the conduction of an Army over Rivers when the Enemy follows in the Rear, or lies on the further side. Of a Bridge for the passing of an Army over Rivers; and of passing by a Ford. The best kind of Bridges for the passing of Armies over Rivers.  
WE are now come to the conduction of an Army in a march, wherein, in the first place, it is requisite that the Conductor be well informed of the nature of the Country through which he is to carry the Army: as, whether it be Champion or Mountainous, whether subject to Marshes or not. And especially he ought to be careful to be well provided with siklful and trusty Guides. And upon the consideration of the nature and condition of the Country, he is to determine the order of the march.  
As for example: an Army made up of forty thousand men (which number was formerly propounded) being to march in a Champion Country in order of battle, and the Enemy near, may be thus marshaled: First of all, in the point before the Foot may march five hundred Horse, being Corslets or Cuirassiers, repartited into more or fewer divisions, as occasion shall require: And these are in the nature of a Forlorn-hope, to make discoveries upon all the passages on all sides, and to clear the Woodie places of all ambushments. Next after these, may march two thousand Foot, divided into more or fewer bodies, answerable to the Horse in the point: And they are as well to serve for a Second or Reserve to these Horse, as to defend that part of the Artillery marching in the Vanguard. After these two thousand Foot, the division of the Artillery for the Vanguard of the Army is to be ordered, with the requisite Wagons of great shot, powder, coins, and the like necessaries; accompanied with a sufficient number of Pioners, to prepare and lay open the ways and passages, and to make needful defences. And in this division there are to be of great Guns, four Field-pieces at the least, mounted on their proper Carriages, and attended with one Wagon of powder, and another of shot, with all things answerable, commanded by an experienced Lieutenant, with some of the Gentlemen of the Ordnance and their Gunners.  
After this division may march four Culverins, with a Wagon of powder and another of shot, with the appurtenances.  
After these, four Demy-Cannons by pairs, with their Gins, Powder, Shot, and other necessaries.  
And in the Rear of all these may march four whole Cannons, with all that belongs unto them: as, four Wagons of Powder, eight Wagons of Shor, with all things answerable. And these are the repartitions of the Artillery, which are to be ordered to march in the Van of an Army of forty thousand men.  
After this body, and division of these Ordnance, three thousand Light-horse or Dragoons are to be ordered to march; and after them, ten thousand Foot. And in the Rear of these, all the Munitions belonging to the one half of the Army; as, Bridges, Planks, Powder, Shot, Cordage, Pallisadoes, Pikes, Shovels, Crabs, Coins as well of Wood as Iron; together with all the Tools belonging to the Carpenters, smith's, and the like Artificers. All which are to be handsomely lodged in Wagons.  
The Victuallers or Sucklers of the moiety of the Army, are to be ordered to march in the next place, with the Hospital, followed with the Carriages and Wagons belonging to the General, and the other Commanders in chief; and after them, that part of the Baggage belonging partly to the Vanguard, and partly to the Battle.  
After these, may march twelve thousand Foot, ordered into small Bodies, having in the Rear of them a Body of Wagons of Baggage, whereof part is to belong to the middle-Guard, or Battle, and part to the Rearguard; followed with the General's Life-Guards, and the suit of the Ambassadors.  
Next again after these may follow the Munitions and Engines serving for the use of the Rear, with the Artillery, Bridges, and the like appurtenances; and after them, eight thousand Foot, making the Gross of the Rear.  
Then (as formerly in the Van) may be ordered to march four Cannons, four Demy-Cannons, three Culverins, or Quart du Cannons; and lastly, three Field-pieces, with all that belongs unto them, both of Powder, Shot, and other necessaries, with the requisite attendants.  
And after them, two thousand Foot, to serve as a defence and coverture to all the Artillery of the Rear.  
And last of all, are to march five hundred Horse, answerable to the like number in the point of the Van; who are to bring up the Rear, and to discover that part of the Campagnia that way; that so no unforeseen Alarms may be given by the Enemy, to any considerable loss.  
And in this order may an Army on all sides be sufficiently provided in a march against all attempts; especially when the Enemy is not in view, but somewhat remote.  
But if the Enemy be in view, and an assault to be expected, and the Army nevertheless of necessity to march, and this befall in a large Plain or Champion Country; this order now described is to receive some alterations. For it will be needful to have a large Front of Pikes, being ten or six deep in File, with wings of Shot on each side, the which all together are to make an equal Front; between which Shot and Pikes the Artillery is to march in the intervals. And in the midst, right behind the Cannon, or Artillery, may march two Bodies of Pikes, and betwixt them the Carriages or Baggage. And last of all, in the Rear of all, may be ordered a Body of Pikes, with divisions of Shot on each side, equalizing with those of the Front; and on each side of them, some Troops of Horse, to serve as wings to this Body of the Rear.  
And in this Form and Order an Army may both march, and if need be, fight, without being disordered or much impedited in its way. For if the Enemy shall charge in Front, this order may be maintained, and receive the Enemy's charge, be it either of Horse or Foot, by the Front of Pikes; and the Shot in the wings shall opportunely gall them in the mean time, and the Artillery also give them a Salve as they make up; and both Shot and Cannon be well secured, either by the Pikes, if the Enemy's Foot shall charge; or by the Horse in the Rear, which are to advance if the Enemy charge with his Horse. And if the Enemy charge in any of the Flanks, it may be sustained by those Pikes which march there, if his charge be with Foot; and withal, he shall be galled by the shot both of Van and Rear: and if his charge be with Horse, it may be opposed by the Horse marching in the Rear, who are to advance to that end. And if the Enemy give on in the Rear, his Foot may be received (with Faces about) by the Body of Pikes which are ordered there, and also be much annoyed by those Shot flanking those Pikes; and the Shot well secured, as well by their own Pikes, as the Pikes in the Flank; and especially by the Horse marching in the Flanks of this Rear. And all this while, the Carriages of Baggage and Munition may likewise be very sufficiently secured, by their being ordered to march in the very centre of the Body of Pikes.  
But because it may fall out upon occasions either of passages, or ways, or present work and employment, that the Train of Artillery may be forced to march by itself apart, and severed from the main Body of the Army; in this case the order and conduction of it may be, that half the Pioners and Labourers make the Van, marching under their Chiefs and Commissaries, and to be freed from the trouble of any strangers not belonging to their Train, nor with any of their Wagons. After which Pioners, all such Wagons are to march, as carry the Spades, Mattocks, and the like Utensils. Next unto these, the Field-pieces are to follow; after them the Culverins, than the Demy-Cannons, and lastly the Cannons. And thus ordered marcheth the Vanguard: and in the very same order may also march the Rear. And after the Cannons in the Rear, may follow all the Furniture belonging to the Artillery; and with it the Bridges, the Boats, the reserve of the Munitions, and especially the Magazine of Powder, the Tents in general, and the General's Tents. Though true it is, that these are sometimes ordered to march in the Van, that so they may be first in the Quarters, the better to be fitted for receipt and entertainment. After these are to march all the Fireworks, all the Ladders, Planks, Chains, Nails, and Sacks, and the like implements. And after them, the rest of the Pioners and Miners, followed with the Wagons of small shot, with the Store of Lead, with those of the Pikes and Arms to spare. And then the Wagons of the great shot; the which, though properly they are to be ordered to march next after the great Guns, yet in respect that the small shot, and other small parcels, are more subject to the pillage of the Common Soldier, they may best be secured in this manner. And in the last place are to come up the Wagons belonging to the General of the Ordnance, his Lieutenants, with the Gentlemen and Officers of that Train. And then again the Smiths and Carpenters. And in rear of all, the Provost of the Artillery is to march, together with the remainder of the Baggage, and the Victuals of the whole Train.  
And thus may the Artillery belonging to a great Army march in good safety, in all common passages, and in a large and open Country, several and apart by itself. And if it shall be thought that the Train will hereby be over-lengthened, it may be helped by dividing it into three parts; but in such a manner, that the Vanguard may take the right hand, the Battle the left, equalling the Front with the Van; and the Rearguard, with the Ordnance and their appurtenances, to march betwixt them both. And hereby also, the whole Train marching the more closed, shall become the stronger and readier; and every man prepared to know, and fall into his proper rank and place, without the least confusion.  
As for the conduction and ordering of the general Carriages and Baggage belonging to an Army when it is to march: It hath been found (as well with the Ancients as Moderns) to be disponed in five several parts: As, either before the Army, when there was a suspicion of the Enemies charging in the Rear; or behind, when the Army was led towards the Enemy; or on the one Flank, when there was an expectation to be charged on the other; or in the centre of the Battle, when a charge was looked for on all sides. And thus much touching the ordering of an Army in its marching through a plain and champion Country: it remaineth to speak somewhat about the conduction of an Army over Rivers, and the like. In which case, if the Enemy be in appearance, or near unto the Rear, it will be fit in the first place to pass over some six or eight Pieces of the smaller sorts of Ordnance, and so to lodge them on the other side of the River, under good covertures, that they may fully discover and play upon that part whence the danger is expected. But withal, a large half Moon is to be raised on the opposite side; wherein the rest of the Ordnance are so to lie mounted, that they may play upon all the approaches of the Enemy, and withal flanker their friends, and so favour them in their passage: during the which interim, those Pieces on the further side are likewise to be kept in continual play; that so the Enemy may not, without apparent hazard, approach the Rear of the Army. And if there be any suspicion of the Enemies falling upon the very tail of the Rear, some small entrenchment is to be made, wherein some small Pieces may be lodged, and guarded with a convenient number of Musqueteers, who are there to stay and make good the place, until the Army be passed over the River; and then themselves are last of all to take their passage in the last Boats, under the favour of those Guns planted at the first on the further side of the River.  
And in this manner did that famous Prince of Parma make his passage with his Army over the deep River Wale, when Henry iv of France with his Army followed him a long march in his Rear.  
Thus I say may an Army make his passage over a River with Boats, with good security, though an Army of Enemies follow it in the Rear. But if an Enemy lie on the further side of the River, of purpose to hinder the passage of an Army over it, than that course is very approvable, which in the like case was put in practice by that supereminent Commander the King of Swedeland (when Tilly was on the further side of the River to oppose him) who to that purpose made choice of a point of land, (so made by the serpentine bending of the River that he was to pass over) the bank whereof, on the side where the Kings own Army lay, being a Pikes length higher than was that on Tilly's side; being also plain and without covert, but the Enemy's side Woodie and close. Upon this point the King caused a running Trench to be cast up round about; wherein Musqueteers were so lodged, that out of it they might with good security give fire into the opposite Wood, where Tilly with his Army lay in covert. And the same Line or Trench had a great Battery besides at each end of it, whereon some Demy-Cannons and Culverins were mounted, with many lesser Batteries betwixt them, for some smaller Pieces all alongst the point; the which also were every where lined and intermingled with Musqueteers. The Bridge for the passage of the King's Army (for by a Bridge they were forced to pass) was made with Planks and the like materials. The means to support this Bridge, was by certain strong Trestles, whose feet were long enough to fathom the depth of the River. And these Trestles had great stones made fast to their legs, wherewith to sink them: and the length of the Trestles were proportioned to the just depth of the River in every place where they were to be placed: so that the Planks upon the uppermost part of the Bridge were to lie almost even with the surface of the water.  
The Bridge thus fitted and laid over, the King's Pioners were instantly commanded to pass over upon it, and cast up a small Half Moon, with a palisado fitted unto it upon that side of the River: the which works were so contrived, as that they did answer in every particular those of the Enemies made for his Musqueteers; and withal served to cover the Bridge, and to latch such great shot as should be made upon the Bridge. And these Pioners were secured in their workings by the Cannons and Musqueteers of their Party, lodged on the opposite side of the River.  
Now the reasons inducing to the choice of the Part, and the manner of the Works, were, in that the crookedness and serpentine course of the River did afford a conveniency, by flanking it on every side to defend the Bridge, being laid over just upon the point of land; so that it could not be touched by any of the Enemy's Batteries, though they were on each side thereof: because by the sudden shouldering away of the bank of the River at either end, none of the Enemy's Cannon could bear or beat upon the Bridge, but that either the bullets fell short, being latched by the Half Moon aforesaid, and the height of the bank of the River; or else flew quite over the King's Leaguer, and so did no execution. By which means the King's Army passed over safely; and being over, routed the Enemy, and killed their General, that brave old man.  
And thus you have some rules and advertisements about the conduction of an Army over Rivers, by Boats and Bridges. But if an Army be to pass over a River by a Ford, and an Enemy ready to resist on the further side; As it is to be known that that Army runs a great hazard which is thus put to it, so is it not to be practised but upon most urging causes, and then with all cautions possible; among which, I shall propound these following: That in the passage, the most of the Horse be ordered to pass in the Front, and the Foot to march close up after them; for the Horse are better able and provided to sustain the Enemy's resistance at their landing then the Foot; who must needs be much encumbered and tired by their wading thorough the water, and especially if the Ford be broad or deep. And besides, the Horse thus marching in Front, shall opportunely discover the condition of the passage, where it is at best and worst; and may also be ready to relieve and secure any of the Foot that by any accident may be endangered in the water. And this was Caesar's order in his British War, in his passage over the River of Thames; and at the River Sicoris in his Spanish War. And if the Ford be deep, and withal of a swift current, it will be necessary to place a great number both of Horse, and other great Cattle, as well above the part where the Army is to Ford it, as also below; for hereby the Horse that stand above, will break the force of the Current; and the Horse that stand below, may secure and take up any such as shall happen to be overswayed by the force of the stream; and withal, add courage to the Soldiers in general to adventure. And this course was practised by Hannibal in a passage of his Army over the River Po, where in stead of Horse, his Elephants were thus ordered to this purpose.  
A second course to this end (but requiring more time, though with less peril) may be, to abate the depth of the Ford, and violence of the Current, by dividing the River into many Channels. As Cyrus did the River Euphrates, when he took Babylon from Baltazzer; and Semiramis the same River (if we credit Herodotus) long before: as afterwards Alexander. Neither hath this practice been altogether amongst the Ancients; for at the last siege of the Town of the Borse, when the States took it in, that small River that ran through the Town, was so diverted, that the Town was not only straightened in point of water, but all such Passages and Avenues drowned, as might have facilitated a Relief from abroad, and the approaches upon the Town itself made by far more easy and accessible.  
As for the kinds of Bridges proper for these conveyances of Armies over Rivers, whereof we spoke of one even now: Of these there are many sorts; but those most in use, and indeed most commendable, as are made upon flatbottom Boats or Punts, wheresoever these are to be procured. But withal, whatsoever the Bridges be, or howsoever contrived, it is to be received for a Maxim, that whensoever an Army is to pass over any of them, and the Enemy within the distance of half a days march; no part of the Army ought to be severed from the main Body, that no advantage may be taken by the Enemy, to intercept or come between them and their Friends. And this holds not only in the passages by Bridges, but by Boats, or Fords, or any other.  
And thus you have directions for the marshalling of Armies in a march. And these well observed, though an Army should be forced to march even by night, need no other additions, save only that extraordinary care be had in providing a sufficient number of able Guides, which are to be distributed throughout the whole Army: That a well chosen Watchword be given, whereby every Piece and individual Person may be known one to another: That many Altes be made, to hold all the parts together, and no Stragglers lost: That the quantity and length of the march be so laid, and with that discretion limited, that the Soldiers be neither disabled by overlong journeys, nor opportunities lost by sickness: and lastly, that especial endeavour be practised to procure good intelligence of the Enemies proceed.  
As for such marches as are to be made over Mountains, thorough Woods, and Boggy and Marish grounds, and the like; it is not to be expected that any certainty can be prescribed, as touching their forms; for they are to be accommodated to the ground and ways that necessity throws them upon; and commonly are extended in great lengths, made passable by the labour of Pioners, but best secured by vigilancy.   

CHAP. VIII. Of the ordinary way of ordering a Royal Army to Battle. The Leaders in this order, where to place themselves, and who to be. A censure of the defects of this order formerly described. Of the General's placing himself betwixt the Battle and the Rear. The best place for the General in a battle. Of the lining of the Horse with the light-armed, or Musqueteers. Of the longbow, how to be ordered and employed: wherein it is preferable, and hath the advantage of the Musket. How the Horse are most advantageously ordered and placed in a battle. The best Forms and proportions of Horse-battels. The censure upon these Forms, and the use of them. The depth that Horse-battels are to be ordered into. Of some words of Command both to Horse and Foot. Of doubling Files and Ranks, and the use of them. A modern form of ordering a Fight, much approved of. Why an Army is thus to be ordered. Objections answered.  
IN the last foregoing Chapter we propounded some directions how Armies were to march. In this we shall speak of the forms of embattelling them to fight; and shall purposely omit many sorts of them, as being to little or no purpose, save to express the cunning of a curious Serjeant-Major-General, and to please wanton Spectators; but shall apply myself to such as are most of use.  
The customary way of ordering an Army-Royal to a Battle, as well Anciently as more Modernly, hath been to divide it into three Battaliaes, or main Bodies: and these three Bodies have been, and yet are, (by some Nations) ordered into one joint Phalanx: by others distributed into maniples, or small divisions. Between which divisions, for the prevention of some confusions, they leave intervals or distances, that by them, and through them, one Battle or Body may the more conveniently second the other. And the breadth and depth of these maniples are to be made answerable to the Enemy's forces, and the nature of the ground; but with such distances, that if the Vanguard should happen to be broken, it may conveniently retreat thorough them behind the Battle; which thereupon is to join and advance, and so to renew the Front, and receive the Enemy afresh. And in the like manner, upon the like occasion, is the Battle to do behind the Rear. And as the one Body is thus relieved by another, so may one maniple by another, and that without either the advancing or retire of the whole Body.  
As for the Leaders of these several Bodies, those of the Vanguard are to be, the Lord Marshal, with the one half of the Colonels, and half of the Captains, having the best men in the Front. And in a retreat, the same men are to bring up that Rear.  
The Leaders of the Battle, and of the Rear, are to be the other half of the Colonels and Captaius. As for the Generalissimo's place (according to this order) it is to be between the Battle and the Rear; and that as well in regard that it is the place of most security, as that upon all occasions his advice and command may there be best given and taken. And the Ensigns are to be ordered into the midst of the Maniples, or somewhat nearer the Front. As for the Artillery, it is to be ordered before the Front, without the corners of the Vanguard, upon the most elevated ground, that it may the better play upon all parts. Only if the Enemy be expected to charge on all parts, then is the Artillery to be placed on all parts: and such Pieces as are not for the present employment, to be bestowed between the Battle and the Rear; unless the fight be before a Town, or Camp entrenched, and then it is left either in the Town or Camp; and so is the Baggage likewise, and all the unprofitable persons.  
But this ordering of an Army for a Battle, hath not passed without reprehension in divers particulars.  
As first of the Phalanx, and indeed all other overgreat Bodies: for it being an undeniable Maxim, that those Troops stand in best order which can bring up most hands to fight at once; it as undeniably followeth, that the smaller Troops and divisions must needs do this best, and therefore are preferable: Because in great Squadrons or Phalanxes, many men are drowned in the depth of the Files and Flanks, and never appear but when the breaking of the great Body doth present them to the Butchery. The great Squadrons are also reprovable, in regard that they are unmanagable, and cannot be preserved in order but when the ground is large and plain, and withal of an even and perfect level; otherwise they must either stand immovable, or upon the least motion be subject to shaking and disorder; whereas the lesser Bodies are scantled for all places, champion or woody, level or uneven, of what condition soever. Again, if two or three ranks only of the great Bodies happen to be broken, or any way disorderdered, the whole Body is equally interessed in the disorder, and hath far less means to rally itself, than a small maniple: whereas on the contrary, if any violence rout or disorder a maniple, it proceedeth no further than to that part where it taketh; the disranking of any one of these small Bodies, not at all, or very little extending to the confusion or disorder of any of the rest: by reason that their intervals and separations or distances serve to cut off such inconveniencies, and yet no way hinder the general uniting of all their strength into one Body. And these are the exceptions against great Bodies, and united Phalanxes.  
The second exception against the former order, is about the placing of the General himself between the Battle or Middle-guard, and the Rearguard, as the former order prescribes. Concerning which, notwithstanding many opinions are to be found, and various Precedents; Vegetius (in his third Book and eighteenth Chapter) saith, that the General of the Army is accustomed to be in the right Wing, betwixt the Horse and the Foot. And he addeth, This is the place which governeth the whole Battle, as from whence all sallying out are direct and free; so that (saith he) the General resting thus betwixt the Horse and Foot, may best govern them with commands and directions. Now of both these there have been found examples: of the first, Diodorus Siculus affirmeth that it was the manner of the Scythians, that the King should be in the middle of the Phalanx. And Arrian (in his first Book and thirty sixth Chapter) affirmeth that Darius took the same place. And Leo also (cap. 4. Sect 63. and 67. and cap. 12. Sect. 66.) giveth the middle of the Battle to the General. And Plutarch reports, that Timoleon in his fight against the Carthaginians placed himself in the very midst of the Battle.  
On the other side, we have it in Xenophon (Cyrop. lib. 7. fol. 176.) that Cyrus in his Battle against Croesus, took his place in the right Wing, betwixt the right hand of the Battle, and that of the Horse that were ordered in the Wing. And Alexander the Great (though bred amongst the Phalangers) did the like in most of his Battles. And for the Moderns, I find the valiant King of Sweden at the battle of Liptzwick, in the right Wing, in the Front of some Brigades of Horse; and at the Battle of Lutzen, in the very Front of the right Wing of his Vanguard, consisting of six Horse-Squadrons, lined with five Bodies of Musqueteers.  
For mine own part, as (amongst these various opinions) I cannot approve of the Generals placing himself in the midst of the Middle-guard or Centre of the main Body of Pikes, in regard that it neither expresseth valour, nor can he see about him to discover any advantages or disadvantages, and to direct accordingly; so on the other side, I shall not advise to have any General to be over-hazardous in adventuring his person in the very height of the Front, especially when the Army falls up to the charge, lest the loss of the best blood of that body, procure the languishing of the whole. And thus I am sure was lost at Lutzen the best General of the World, though (to the wonder of the World) that headless Army got the day in a fury.  
In mine opinion therefore, though a General may place himself (at the time of a battle) in the right Wing of his own Middle-guard, yet ought it to be with some Brigades of Reserve: and by no means in the very Point or Post of the Van. For questionless it is a great error in a General, when his courage shall not suffer his judgement to distinguish betwixt the duties of a common Carabine and the General of an Army.  
As for the lining of the Horse with Musqueteers, or at the least with the light-armed, (whereof we gave a touch before) it was not uncommon with the Ancients. And it was always held, that Horse being thus charged, could not resist both. And we have a notable example hereof in Hirtius (de Bello Afric.) when Caesar having a march to make, and but a small number of Horse with his Legionary Soldiers, was set upon in his way by the Enemy, abounding with Horse, and light-armed Numidians amongst them. And when Caesar's Soldiers fell out to charge, the Enemy's Horse retreated, and the Foot stood fast, until their Horse with a short wheeling about, returned upon the Rear of the Enemy to their rescue: by which way of fight, Caesar himself confessed, that he was so perplexed, that he found no other course to save himself, then to recover some hills of shelter near at hand; and that had it not been for them, he must have fared worse. And for those Musquereers wherewith the King of sweden Horse at the Battles of Liptzwick and Lutzen were lined, they were so shadowed from the Enemy by these Horse, that when those of the Enemies came up to the charge, they did a very great execution upon them before they were ware, and were a main means of the attainment of those two famous Victories.  
Nor can I apprehend any objection that may (with any reason) be made against this form of order; since hereby these Musqueteers are well secured by their own Horse, and the Enemy's Horse in extreme danger to be terribly galled by these Fire-weapons before they can get up to charge home, or so much as to approach within the reach of their Pistols. And therefore it seemeth to me very worthy both of acceptation and imitation.  
And these ways of lining of the heavy-armed with the light-armed, have not been found to be practised with the Horse only, but with the Pikes also; and that as well with the Ancients, as those of our time. True it is, that these light-armed with the Ancients, were the Slingers and Darters, and were variously ordered; sometimes before the Front of the Phalanx, or main body of the Pikes; sometimes on the Wings, sometimes betwixt the Files of the armed, fronting in a right line with them; sometimes in the Rear of the Battle of the Pikes (and of these Aelian makes mention, chap. 42.) and sometimes also in a quite contrary way; as when these light armed were drawn into the midst of the battle itself. As for the usual Modern ways, they are (as all know) to place and order the light-armed men, which are the Musqueteers, in the Wings, and sometimes in the Front of the Battle of Pikes. And the Swedish Discipline introduced an intermingling of the Musqueteers with small bodies and maniples of Pikes; the which, nevertheless, were so bestowed in the Sections and Divisions of those bodies, as not to be discovered by the assaulting Enemies until they felt them.  
And surely (if the Garb of the Time would allow it) I see not, why some of our long-Bowe-men (which, as the World knows, have been the fame of our Nation) might not be employed in these services, mixed together with our Musqueteers; nor why they should not execute to great purpose, especially upon Horse. And if some of them were ordered in the very Rear of the body of Pikes, they would not only be shadowed from the view of the Enemy, but might be drawn up without any confusion or trouble to any other part, as occasion should require; nay, standing firm in the very Rear of all, they may, questionless, do very great service, (and especially before the Armies join) by delivering their Volleys of Arrows over all that stand before them; the which, as many of them as fall upon any Horse-Troops, and with their barbed heads stick and hang fast where they fall (as they will certainly do) they cannot choose but cause a mighty confusion: nay, their very sticking in the ground, in the way of a Horse-Troop, must needs dazzle their sight, and amaze them. For I am clearly of their opinion, who hold that the longbow is preferable to the Musket in these respects: In that many ranks of Archers, yea all of them, should they stand ten in depth, may deliver their whole Volley at once; whereas the Musqueteers can do this with one rank only at once; or at the most (after the Swedish way) with three: as also, in regard that the arrow strikes as well in descent, as at point-blank, the bullet only at point-blank: In that the Bow may far better be used in wet weather then the Musket, and is withal surer to take, whereas the Musket oftentimes fails in taking fire: In that the Bow is undoubtedly more prevalent against the horse than the Musket; for though a horse be shot thorough with a bullet, he is yet for a while able to bear his Rider, and to do service; but if a barbed arrow do but hang in any part of a horse, he becomes altogether unmanageable, and so unserviceable. And lastly, in that (as aforesaid) though the arrow should miss its mark, yet it's very sticking in the ground (and especially when a whole Volley doth so) proves not only terrible to the horse, but cumbersome both to horse and man; and that in all grounds, and at all assaults.  
I know well, that in some particulars the Musket also is preserable to the Bow; as behind a Rampart, and thorough loopholes; and in that a good Musket duly charged, will carry point-blank to the distance of twelve score, whereas an Archer (especially now adays) can scarce shoot so far at random. It may be also that the Musket is more terrible, and scareth an un-accustomed man, more than the Bow. But for all this, I know not but that they may both pass in Cameradeship; nor do I know (all things considered) why the new invention of the Pike and Bowe united, should find so little entertainment amongst us as it hath done; unless it be, that now adays we have given over our selves to take up all things upon mere trust rather than reason, though evidenced by demonstration.  
But because we have spoken much of the lining of Horse with Musqueteers in a battle, it may well be expected that somewhat should be said touching the placing and ordering of these Horse: and of this I find the common and usual way to be, to dispose them in the Wings. Thus did Alexander at his passage over the River Granicus, as Arrian recordeth, (lib. 2.) and Curtius (lib. 3.) So did Antigonus, as Diodorus Siculus hath it (lib. 19) And so Ptolemy in his battle against Demetrius, as the same Author saith in the same Book. And in brief, all the Macedonians and Grecians, unless some especial cause urged an alteration, did the like. And so the Romans also, since them. And indeed so it hath continued almost in all ages, even to this.  
Nevertheless, I hold it not amiss, upon many occasions, to place and order some Troops of Horse in the very Rear of the Army; provided that some large intervals be left in the divisions of the bodies of the Foot, that thorough them these Horse may be drawn up to charge, when need requires: for hereby these Horse shall both be shadowed from the Enemy's sight, and may be drawn to a charge in any part of the Army wheresoever. And of this also, we find both old and new examples; as of old in the War between the Romans and Spaniards mentioned by Livy (Cecab. 3. lib. 9) wherein the Ausetanes, the Illergetes, with some others, are said to leave broad intervals betwixt the Wings and the middle part of their Battle, to give passage to their Horse to come up to all charges. And I find the like likewise to be practised by the King of Sweden in the battle of Liptzwick, where he ordered divers Reserves of Horse in the Rears, whence they were drawn up, and did very good service, towards the achievement of that famous Victory. Sometimes also it hath been found, that the Horse have been ordered in the Front of the body of Pikes. But I believe that this was only done when that side did much exceed the other in number and strength of Horse, and when there was some distrust in the worth of the Foot. As in that battle between Eumenes and Craterus, mentioned by Plutarch (in Vita Eumenis) where Eumenes placing the Horse before his Foot, did it (saith the Author) because he held them the prime of his strength; and therefore put upon them the hazard of the day: and herein shown himself both in counsel and action, a brave and well-experienced General.  
As for the best forms and fashions of Horse-battels, the most ancient, and then the most common, was that of a Rhombe. And this was in special account with the Thessalians, (witness Aelian, cap. 18.) who were reckoned for the best Horsemen of Greece, (as Xenothon reports them in his Hist. Graec. lib. 7. 644. D.) and held that account to the time of King Pyrrus. And for this form, these reasons are given: That it was fittest for all Encounters, because the Horse thus postured, were ready to turn Faces about any way, upon all occasions: That it could not be surprised in Flank or Rear, as having the best and choice men in the Flank, and the Commanders in every point of the Rhombe.  
But the practice of our days consists most in the ordering of the Horse into square Bodies. And the grounds hereof are, That these forms are with most ease and facility to be put in order: That they are aptest for the joint move of the Horse: And that the Commanders do jointly charge the Enemy in the Front; which in no form can be done but this.  
To speak freely of both these forms, I opine with them who hold that the Rhombe in point of piercing, and artificial breaking into the battle of an Army, is the most proper, (unless perhaps that a Wedge be in the same case to be preferred;) for being narrow and pointed in the Front, it naturally forceth a passage with the point, and withal maketh way for the rest of the Body to follow; and so without much ado, piercing farther and farther, it must necessarily hazard the breaking of the adverse Battle, and so disperse it, that afterwards execution may be done at pleasure. On the other side, the square Horse-battel in respect of doing execution, and violent overthrowing of all in its way, is to be preferred before any other; for it bringeth more hands to fight, and beareth down all things before it. So that I see not but both these forms of Horse-battels may be held in use, even in these times; the one for entrance, the other for bearing down; this for a thorough execution, that for a dispersion.  
But there is one thing more in the ordering of Horse-battels of especial observation, and that is their depth; of which Leo his opinion was (cap. 12. sect. 40.) that a Horse-battel was only to be four in depth; and his reasons were, that (bearing Lances) the fifth was unprofitable, because from thence their Lances could not reach to the Front; neither (saith he) can Horse (as Foot) with their thickness or depth, thrust one another forwards from behind; and therefore in his opinion, the number of four was sufficient for the depth in File. And yet we find in Polybius, that the Horse was for the most part in his time, ordered eight in depth. But this was in the Age of Lances. In our now Pistol-world, I find the King of sweden Horse which were ordered in the Wings of the Van at the battle of Lipzwick, to be four in depth: And those that were in the Wings of the Rear, to be five in depth; and so likewise were Tilly's Horse. In the battle of Lutzen the King of sweden Horse were in no place above three in depth; whereas Walsteins' Horse were every where six.  
It seems therefore, that there can be no certain rule touching this particular; but that it must be varied according to the number of Horse, and the necessity of enlarging the fronts: so that Aelians proportion may be received with most approbation for the general; which is, to double the number of the Front, to the number of the Flank; and as the number of the Troop ariseth, to enlarge the length of the Front and the depth of the Flank proportionably one to another: yet would I not have it to exceed the number of eight at any time in depth, nor under four; for the one extreme loseth the fight of some hands by reason of their over-depth, and the other is over-weak to sustain any great shock.  
I shall add one thing more, which may concern both Horse and Foot, concerning words of Command; touching which, I find, that it was the ancient use, (witness Polyen. lib. 4.217. sect. 2.) that when the Horse were commanded to turn to the right hand, the word of Command was, Turn to the Staff; that is, to that side where the Staff or Lance was then carried: and when they were to turn to the left hand, the word was, Turn to the Reins; because the Reins were born in the left hand. And so to the Foot, the words of Command were of old, To the Pike, when they were to turn to the right hand; and to the Target, when they were to turn to the left. Now the present words of Command to this purpose both to Horse and Foot, are, To the right hand, To the left hand; To the right hand about, To the left hand as you were; To the left hand about, To the right hand as you were.  
Touching which, I shall only offer it to the consideration of our present Commanders, whether it were not safer in this case to take up some other words of Command, than those that are now in use. And this in regard that our present words of Command, To the right hand, To the left hand, are subject to be mistaken, as being of too alike sound, and may very well be taken one for another. And all mistakes of this kind must needs be very disadvantageous, and carry with them much of peril, as all judicious men will readily confess. So that we may do well to be herein presidented by our Seamen, who in their Sea-words of Command for the Condeing of a Ship, use not to say Larboard the Helm, but Port the Helm, when they would have it to be put to the left side of the Ship; lest by the affinity of the sound, it should be taken for Starboard the Helm, which is to have it to be put on the contrary side, and that in many cases to a certain ruin. And this also may be the better perfected by Aelians rule, that the particular be placed first; as to say to the Horse, To the right hand turn your Face, when you would have them turn to the right hand; To the Reins or Sword turn your Face, when they should turn to the left hand. And to the Foot, to say, To the right hand turn your face, when they are to move that way: and To the Sword turn your faces, when you would have them move to the left hand.  
As for the words, Double your Files, or Ranks, or Length, or Depth: The doubling of the length is to be used, either to over-wing the Enemy, or to avoid the overwinging of the Enemy; or else to make the fairer show and outside of an Army; whereby to dishearten the Enemy, and withal to deceive him. The doubling of the Files or Depth, to be done either in respect of the straitness and narrowness of the place, or for the better strengthening of the battle, or to draw an Enemy to fight when you have the advantage of him.  
And thus have you the Genuine uses of both these kind of doublings, as well in length as depth; wherein, nevertheless, due heed is to be taken, that in doubling of the Front there be not given so much length that it fail in its due depth; nor so much depth, that the Front be over-narrowed, and so subject to be environed: the want of length and depth in an ordered Army for a battle, being equally disadvantageous and reprovable. For when it is embattelled over-shallow, it can endure no shock; when over-deep, it is easily encompassed, and in danger to be utterly ruined that way.  
To comply therefore with all these advantages, and provide against the defects, I shall describe a modern form of embattelling an Army for a fight, that hath received a very general approbation, and deserves as general an imitation. And it is in this manner (supposing the Army to consist of twenty thousand men, all other numbers being to be proportioned accordingly:) in the Front of the Van are to be Wings of the best Troops of Horse, to be somewhat advanced before the main Front of the foot of the Van: These Horse to be divided into several maniples or small bodies, and the Divisions to be well lined with Musqueteers. The Van of the Battle or Middle-Guard to be ordered into four Brigades of Pikes and Musqueteers, the middle Front of every Brigade being to be somewhat advanced; before which part the Artillery is to be placed; and to secure it, three divisions of Musqueteers, with some Troops of Horse near unto them, are to be ordered immediately behind these four Brigades: and all these bodies are to be well lined with Musqueteers in every one of their Divisions: and for a strength to these also, some Cannons may be placed in the Rear of them all. In the Rear of the right Wing, is to be placed rwelve Troops of Horse, and as many in the Rear of the left Wing. As for the Rear of the main Battle or Middle-Guard, it is to be ordered into three Brigades of Foot; the which are to serve for a Reserve of that Body. And every middle Front of each Brigade to be somewhat advanced, as those in the Van. And in the Rear of all these, two half Regiments of Horse, of five Troops apiece.  
Now the grounds of this order of embattelling of an Army for a battle, are these: That every part of it consisting thus of several maniples, and small Bodies, if any one of them should happen to be broken, yet is there not so much danger any thing near, as when an Army is ranged into great Battalions; because they may with far more ease (by reason of the agility of their motion, as being little Bodies, and the small piece of ground which they take up to move in) be restored and supplied, than a main great Body can possibly be. Secondly, In that though the thinness of the Files (which are said to be at the best, when they are not above six in depth) may not perhaps be able to endure any main shock or force; yet by this order shall more hands be brought up to fight at once, then can be in great Bodies; and shall also be more able to do execution on the sudden. Thirdly, In that in this order every part so fenceth, flankers, and backs one another, and is so apt to second, relieve, and support one another; so ready either to send out supplies, or to receive them, as that the whole Body looks like some Masterpiece of Fortification; and indeed, becomes so, having (as it were) its Bastils, Towers, Bulworks, and several Retreats. So that though many several and individual persons may chance to be laid on the ground, yet shall the whole order be preserved from being disjointed, and much more the great Body of the Army from being routed.  
Thus I have laid down a form of ranging an Army for a Battle, which some have styled Admirable. And yet I must tell you, that it hath not been free from objections; and those made by some old Soldiers, or at the least, Soldiers of elder time. For first, they say, that in respect that private Companies cannot hold long in their full strength and due numbers, being in the Field, by reason of sickness, slaughter, and the like accidents; that thus to order an Army into small bodies, and as it were into private and particular Companies by themselves, their Volleys of shot can neither be great, nor the harm great that the Enemy shall receive by them. But to this it may be answered, that we speak not here of the ordering of particular Companies by themselves, but of small Bodies made up of private Companies, as cause shall require: so that though it be true that the strength of the Army may be weakened by these accidents of death, or otherwise, yet the divisions may stand fast and full: Though it is as true, that there will be fewer Divisions; which makes nothing against the order in general.  
Secondly, these Objectors say, That the mixing of the Shot and Pikes together in distinct Companies, weakeneth and disableth the whole Body: for (say they) by casting off the Shot in this manner, the intervals and streets are made so empty and wide, that the Enemy's Horse are enabled to break in and disorder them. And if the Shot be not thus cast off, but kept close, and so made to discharge in Countermarch, they are hereby apt to be thronged together by the Pikes; and the distance of place being taken from them, the use of their weapons also must needs fail them, and so all come to ruin.  
But to this Objection also it may be answered, That all this may be helped by the uniting of these bodies into one, as shall be found necessary: nor need these Shot be so removed from their Body of Pikes by any casting off, but that they may be reunited with ease on a sudden; nor shall they be thronged by their Pikes, or deprived of their distances of place; because they shall not need (holding this order) to discharge at all in Countermarch.  
Thirdly and lastly, it is objected against this foresaid order of embattelling an Army into small Bodies, that in what manner soever the Shot be employed, there must needs be a weakness in the Rear, so that the Enemy's Horse may break in at pleasure. But to this it is again replied, that the uniting of the small Divisions being carefully observed, assureth against all these assaults and perils: And that all these objections fall rather upon the embattelling of a single Regiment, than the forming of a Battle or Army made up of ten or twenty thousand men. And thus much of the ranging and ordering of Armies for a fight: we shall in the ensuing Chapter give some Advertisement touching the Dislodgings, Retreats, and Entrenchments of a Camp-Royal.   

CHAP. IX. Observations upon the certainty of Orders for dislodging a Camp. Of Retreats, when to be made in a Campagne, and when to be made in narrows: How to be ordered, and the Reasons. Of an Army forced to lodge in open Fields. Of the encamping of an Army. Of the forms of Trenches. Of Guards due to Entrenchments, and where to be placed. Forms of Entrenchments when an overpowerful Enemy is very near.  
BEing in this Chapter to speak of the Dislodgings, Retreats, and Entrenchments of a Camp-Royal, we will first begin with the first of them.  
An Army being to dislodge, and the General having given notice hereof to the Lord Marshal; he the Marshal is to do the like to the Quarter-master-General, and the Quartermaster to the Provost-Marshal-General, and he to the Quartermasters of the Regiments, and they to the Colonels and Captains, and those to their subordinate Officers, who are to warn the common men.  
Now in the first place the Provost-Marshal-General is to give order to the Provost-Marshals of the Regiments, that they give Command to the Pioners, Sucklers, and the rest that are not Soldiers, to be in a readiness, and employ themselves in the filling up of the Trenches that they are to forsake, and in the firing of the Quarters (and this to be done whilst the whole Camp are putting themselves into their Arms;) that so nothing may remain entire, to give relief or any way to serve the Enemies turn after they are forsaken by themselves.  
This being done, and the one half of the Scouts sent before to make discoveries, that Corner or Wing of the Army which lay next to the Enemy, is first to stir, seconded by the Body of the Vanguard. Then succeedeth the other Wing, and then marcheth the Battle, followed by the Artillery and Baggage, covered with the Rearguard, closed with Troops of Horse, serving withal as Scouts to the Army, and to beat up Stragglers.  
This hath been received for a general order of dislodgings. But surely this cannot be so precisely and punctually observed, but may and must suffer alterations according to the quality and condition of the Country and Ground that the dislodging is to be made in: for hereby an Army may sometimes be forced to march in broken ranks, at another time have liberty to do it in an entire body; neither can the place of the Baggage be so ascertained to be either before or after the Middle-guard, but that in some cases it may better be ordered in the Flank of the Army: provided that that Flank be the securest part: for the place of most security is always the most proper for the placing the impediments. And thus much touching dislodgings of an Army.  
As for the ordering of Retreats, it is to be done in Battalia if the ground will allow it, when the Enemy is in sight, and in Front. And in the first place the Rear is to march off; and whilst they turn faces about from the Enemy, the Van and Battle are to stand their ground, as ready to receive all charges. This done, the Battle or Middle-guard is to move, and in all points to observe the orders and manner fore-practised by the Rear: and in the mean time the Van to make a stand; and when the Rear and Middle-guard have again made Alt, the Van itself is to retreat, and to have the Wings of the Horse at the same time to move and flank with it. And lest the Enemy should charge upon the Rear, some numbers of Musqueteers, with some Cornets of Horse, are to man it. And thus may a whole Army maintain and continue a Retreat, so long as the Enemy shall continue in a pursuit, and the ground be a Champion.  
But if an Army in the retreat, the Enemy following, be to pass through any narrows, as upon Dikes, thorough Lanes, over Bridges; in this case, assoon as any considerable part of the Foot is entered any of these straits, the Horse are to pass in the Rear of that first Division: and in the room whence these Horse departed, a strong stand of Pikes well flanked with Musqueteers are to make it good against the Enemy's Horse, and to stand firm and keep their ground. And for the bringing off of these Pikes and Shot, it will be necessary that some Brest-work, or half Moon, or both, be cast up at the point of the entrance upon the narrow, wherein Musqueteers are to be lodged; and if cause require, some small Field-pieces, as Drakes or the like, to beat upon the Enemy at his approach, and make good the entrance. The which small Pieces may be brought off upon the Narrow in the Rear of all, upon their proper Carriages, with their muzzles towards the Enemy, and upon all occasions to be guarded and secured by the Pikes, in whose Rear they retreat.  
Now the grounds and motives of this Order, are, That though during a retreat in a champain and open ground, the Horse may be ordered to come up and retreat in the Rear; because with a small wheeling about, they may advantageously charge the Enemy's Horse in Flank, if they should attempt to fall on upon that Rear; and the Rear of the Foot also, with faces about, may the whilst receive the Enemies charge with the Body of their Pikes, and gall them with the Shot wherewith they are lined: Yet when an Army is to pass in any straight, these Horse shall then best secure themselves by wheeling about into that Rear of the Division of Foot which hath first entered upon that straight; for hereby a stand or alt may be made good against the charge of the Enemy's Horse by the rest of the Pikes which are not entered upon the straight; and these Pikes brought off under the favour of the Field-pieces and Musqueteers in the half Moon, and behind the Brest-work formerly mentioned; and they themselves brought off under the protection of the last Rear of Pikes, and the Drakes, or Field-pieces in the Rear of them; to be secured partly by their own beating upon the Enemy as they retreat, and partly by the last Reserve of Pikes and Shot, when he chargeth home.  
And the want of the making use of this order in our retreat at the Island of Rey, was the visible cause of our miscarrying in it. For all the while we marched in open ground, though all our Horse retreated in the Rear of our Foot, and the Enemy both in Horse and Foot doubled our number, yet meddled they not with us, but made alt when we did, and marched when we did. But our Forces being got up to the narrow of the Dike betwixt the Salt Pan's, and our Van and Middle-guard well entered upon the Dike, and the Front of our Rear so close up with them, that our Horse could not wheel to put themselves betwixt the Rear of them, and the Front of our Rear; the Enemy did then furiously, French-like, charge with their Horse upon ours, and being by far the greater number, instantly routed them: forcing such of our Horse as sought their safety by flight, to break in upon our own Foot, to their utter disorder; and the rest of our Horse, that could not do so, were all either taken or slain. The execution likewise upon our Foot became hereby very great; and the greater, by reason that there were no kinds of Works cast up to command the entrance of the passage upon the Dike: So that the Enemy was emboldened to charge home all alongst the way of our march, upon the very Dike itself, even to the very Bridge that we were to pass over; where also, by reason of the improvidence in making it without rails on the sides, our men in the haste and terror of their disorder, thrust one another into a Creek of the Sea, and were there smothered in the water and mud. And here it was that we lost the most and best of our men.  
Now because in these Retreats it may fall out, even with the most provident Generals, that an Army may be forced to lie and lodge in the open Field very near unto an Enemy; it will not be amiss to propound some courses touching this particular. And in this case it hath been practised, that every Regiment should lie down and lodge in the very same order that they marched all the day before, with all their Arms by them: the Pikes to stick up an end close by the bearers as they lay; and every Rot or File (that is, every six) of Musqueteers, to bring their Muskets to their Rot-masters or leaders of their File, who were to see them set with their mouths upright, and so bound together with a piece of Match, that they might stand ready at hand upon all alarms. As for the person of the General himself, and the Officers of the Field, they were to bestow themselves in their Coaches, or the like; and the private Captains to make use of such kind of frames of wood as in the Low-Countries are termed Horses, being very proper for that purpose; and of which, it is good for every Captain to have one. Touching the Horse-Regiments, every man was to ease himself and his Horse, by alighting, and resting himself on the ground, and by feeding his Horse near unto him: And in this posture to take repast and sleep; and so to attend the light of the ensuing morn, for the pursuance of their intended retreat. And thus having given some notes touching the Dislodgings and Retreats of an Army, we will finish this Chapter with some Rules touching Encamp.  
In these Encamp the General Quartermaster is especially to observe these particulars following: That friends (as near as may be) be lodged by friends; and this as well for preventing of tumults, as the faithful seconding one of another: That such Horse as are most unready and unfit for sudden occasions, be covered with Foot for three parts of them at least: That no impediments, as Merchants, Victuallers, Artificers, be lodged amongst the Soldiers: and That the Camp be well entrenched.  
And because an Army, be it never so well entrenched, lying thus, will be forced to send Foragers abroad, it is a necessary Providence, (and especially if the Enemy be any thing near) that some convenient number of Troops do by turns stand by their Arms, that they be always ready to answer all alarms: which is greatly furthered, and a Rescue the sooner and with less dismay performed, when some Captains are thus found always in point, and ready to march at the first word of Command. And hereof we have a punctual example at Caesar's first landing in this our Island. For he having received a great loss in his Shipping by a Tempest, the which encouraged the Britain's so much the more to oppose him; the which himself also suspecting, he caused his Army to be strongly entrenched: And sending out one of his Legions in its turn to fetch in Corn, the Enemy on a sudden assaulted it; the which being discovered by an unusual dust, Caesar instantly took two Cohorts (which might amount to the number of 720 men) which were in station before the Ports of the Camp (commanding that other two should supply their places) and led them on to the succour of the Legion that was abroad; the which he found in a dangerous fight with the Enemy: And without this opportune supply, had in all likelihood been cut off; and was thus relieved.  
As for the Forms of Trenches, they are to be regulated, either by the advantage or disadvantage of the site. Their flanks are to be distanced about seventy Paces one from another; Their depth, breadth, and height, according to the time and intention of stay in that place, and the expectance of an Enemy: In them entrances or passages are to be laid out for Horse, Foot, and Carriages: And to be covered with Ravelins without, and Bars within. And these Trenches are to be furnished with convenient Artillery, so ordered and mounted, that being well flanked, they may command the Campagna round about. And besides all this, the Camp is to be secured by strong and vigilant Guards; some whereof are the main Guards; the rest the petty Guards. One mainguard is to be near the General's Quarter, and the Commander thereof is styled, The Captain General of the Watch. Another mainguard is to be in every Regiment, which hath likewise its Captain; by whom the Rounds are laid out, and the Rounders sent abroad to visit the Guards of the Companies: and out of the Mainguard by the General's Lodging, the Rounders are taken out to visit all the petty Guards.  
And because it may be dangerous when in one Discipline two Rounds meet in their Circuit, that they which speak first in taking the Word of the other, may hereby help the Enemy to rob the Word; To prevent it, it hath by some been thought a provident course, that the two elder Rounders should make an exchange of their Companions, and so proceed to finish their Circuit without giving or taking the word of any Round at all. The which I only offer to our present Commanders to take into their consideration.  
As for the petty Guards, they are of two sorts: for either they consist of many persons, and are then termed a Corpse du Guard; or of one single man, who is called a Centinel. A Corpse du Guard may either be of Horse (which is a Guard without the entrenchments of the Camp) or of Foot, who watch within, before or at the Ports of the Trenches, or any where else where the Serjeant-Major shall hold it fit. In the setting out of the Sentinels, it is to be observed that they be not placed overfar from any Corpse du Guard, lest by being surprised by an Enemy, the secrets of the Army be discovered.  
And because it cannot choose but be full of hazard, and subject to many casualties, for an Army to be brought up any thing near to an overpowerful Enemy; a General being to be exceeding circumspect, and sure of some advantage also, either by the place, or his own virtue that shall adventure to do it: If nevertheless necessity force hereunto, it is a fit course for such an Army to encamp and entrench itself round about some good Town being to friend, especially if that Town be withal a place of a pass, and by its situation and vicinity unto some other parts in amity with it, any other way advantageous; for by this means both the Army and the Town may be well secured, and by the pass both of them continually supplied with Victual and Munition.  
As touching the fashion and form of the entrenchments to be practised in this case: In the first place the ground and circumvallation of the utmost lines are to be well viewed and considered, whether it be capable for the whole Army to lodge in. And all such higher grounds or hills as are any way near unto this circumvallation, are to be taken in and included, to prevent the Enemy from planting his Cannon upon them, and so to beat upon the Leaguer, or into the Town. These entrenchments also are to be conveniently stored with Bastions, and guarded with Flanks. And if there be any River passing through the part, both sides thereof are to be commanded and well secured with Forts, or at the least Bastions: And (if it may be) the whole Work to be joined to some Fort erected within the Town itself, or at the least some Suburb thereof. And all these to be well defended with halfmoons and Horn-Works: The Suburbs themselves likewise (especially those that lie most in the Enemy's way of approaches) being to be entrenched and guarded with some Works answering one unto another, and joining one upon another. The main Highways also leading unto the Town are to be secured by some Forts, and some Batteries to be erected here and there between them, furnished with good Ordnance to play upon all the Avenues of the Enemy. As for the Graft or Moat encompassing the whole circumvallation of the Trenches, it ought to be twelve Foot in the breadth, and eight in depth; and at the head-Works, eighteen feet in wideness, and twelve deep.  
And thus much concerning the Encamp, Quartering, and Entrenchments of an Army; purposely omitting the ordinary ways of lodging a particular Regiment; which is only the diminutive of the other, and after the common way commonly known. And thus we conclude our second Book.    

A DISCOURSE OF The Requisites in making of a War by Land. BOOK III. Of Discipline.  

CHAP. I. Of considerations to be taken before the entrance into a War, in point of Strength, Treasure, Country, Shipping; also in point of confederations, and the true justness of the War. Considerations to be taken in a defensive War. How a defensive War may be best-made and maintained.  
WE are in this third Book (according to our Method propounded at the first) to give some Animadversions about the third Necessary requirable in the making of a War; which consisteth of matter of Counsel, Advice, Stratagems, and Martial Courts. Touching which, in regard of their variety, and the answerable dependants, I shall only speak of such as may afford the most general use, and be most properly drawn into imitation.  
And in the first place I shall begin with some considerations needful to be taken before the War be entered upon.  
The Attempters of a War are therefore to deliberate concerning both their own Forces, and those they are to deal with. They are diligently to inform themselves of their Enemy's Treasures as well as their own; how raised, how maintained: and chief they are to consult by what means he may be deprived of them, or of any part of them; and thereby weakened in those main sinews of Military strength.  
The Enemy's Militia as well by Sea as by Land, is likewise to be enquired into. And herein notice is to be gotten not only of the number and value of his Shipping and Boats, but of his Mariners and Sea-Commanders: and concerning his Land-force, what numbers of Horse and Foot he is able to bring into the Field; how armed, how disciplined, of what confidence and spirit; and to what Climate and Country enured, and how bred and brought up.  
Diligent and heedful inquiries are also to be made of what condition the Enemy's Country is that is to be invaded: As, whether it be strong by Nature, by reason of Woods, Mountams, Seas, Lakes, Rivers, Marshes; or artificially strong, by Forts, Castles, and strong Towns: of all which, the number, the site, the quantity of Munition, the number of the Defendants in every strength, and whether they be strong by Nature or by Art, or by both, or by neither, are as much as may be to be known beforehand; that so the preparations may be made accordingly.  
All these particular discoveries being thoroughly made upon those who are to be invaded, no less diligence is to be used by the Invader concerning his own preparations; and especially in Monies, Munition, and Victual.  
And he may be said to be well provided in the point of Victuals, when neither his Army in the Field need complain of scarcity, nor his Towns and Forts remain disfurnished. And of Munition, when he hath not only a sufficiency of great Guns for the Field, Sea, Batteries and Forts; but also Armour of all usual kinds, with the Utensils due to a War, as Powder, Fireworks, Match, Engines, Balls, Gabions, Carriages, Beasts for draught and labour, Bridges, Ladders, Planks, Spades, Shovels, Axes, Sacks, Baskets, Timber, Cables, Ropes, Handmills, etc.  
But besides all these, fit and provident confederations are to be made with all such foreign Princes and States as may either assist or hinder the War; either for Benefit, or Traffic, or for States-sake, or for necessity of dependence, or for alliance and consanguinity. For these considerations being duly observed and provided for, the difficulties will prove less, either for the maintenance of the War, or the making of a Peace, as occasion shall at any time be presented.  
The Justice likewise of the War ought to be divulged; and that for a satisfaction as well to the natural Subjects, as the neighbour-nations. And this may be done by a publication of the original causes: that War being to be allowed for Just, which is (indeed, without false pretences) made for the true Religion, for just Liberties, for repelling of public wrongs by a foreign State after refusals of redresses, in defence of Friends violently and injuriously oppressed: And that War Un just, which is taken up for private Ends, Ambition, Revenge and Empire.  
As touching such Invasions as are to be attempted by Sea and Shipping; whosoever intends them, is to assure himself beforehand of some commodious and sure Landing-places, that neither the Ships suffer wrack or eminent danger in approaching the coast, nor the Soldiers incur manifest hazard at their dis-imbarqueing. And of the same importance is the forecasting of a safe place of retreat; if peradventure the Army should be repelled by extremity of weather, contagion of sickness, or the strength of the Enemy.  
And thus far concerning such considerations and Counsels as are aforehand to be taken in point of an Invasive War.  
As for such as are to be practised in a War Defensive, (though the surest Defence is Offence) yet such as are forced unto it, are by all means to assure themselves of their neighbours by Leagues, or by provision of Treasure to defray all charges, or by an Army so governed by discretion, that no fight be admitted in heat and rashness; and yet so avoided, that the Army may not seem to forbear the battle for fear (which may utterly discourage the common Soldier, or encourage the Enemy) but rather as done out of policy. And withal, that the Country be on all sides wasted where the Enemy is to pass; so that nothing may be found for him to make use of. And in the interim, the defensive Army to be commodiously entrenched, having withal a guard upon the Enemy's Army on all sides; that no relief, or as little as may be, may be brought unto it.  
This defensive War may also be maintained by the erecting of Forts, and the fortifying of Towns: for hereby the Defendants may not only secure their lives from all sudden eruptions, and keep short the Enemy from relief, but defer battles at pleasure, and thereby abate the Enemy's heat and pride.  
As for the parts where these Fortifications are to be raised, they are those which may give the most impediment to the Enemy's attempts, and most security to the Defendants; as upon the Seacoasts, the Ports and Landing places: and in the Midland parts, upon Narrows, and straight passages, and the Capital Cities. And these Forts are not to be so great, but that they may be manned and furnished, as well with Munition as Men, without the weakening of the main Army in the field; nor to be so small, but to be sufficiently capacious to receive the Peasants, and the best of their substance, in case of necessity.   

CHAP. II. Of a Defensive War, how best made and maintained. That when a Victory may be gained without blows, a Battle is not to be admitted. How Troops suspected either for courage or Loyalty, are to be ordered in Battle. What part of the Enemy's Army is first to be charged. Requisite considerations in and after battle.  
IN the foregoing Chapter (occasionally only) we made some mention touching the avoiding of Battles in case of a defensive War. But in this, we shall enlarge our advertisements concerning that particular.  
It hath been always a sure maxim of War, that whensoever by foresight well grounded, Victory cometh towards one without blows, or wounds; as either by blocking up the passages, and so cutting off all supplies, or by any the like means; that in such cases an Enemy is not to be assaulted, nor admitted to the terms of a Battle: for it suits better with the worth of the spirit, and the essence of our nature, so to direct the course of an action, that an Enemy may be conquered rather by Wit then War.  
And hereof we have an example in Caesar's Commentaries: where Caesar having shut up Afranius and Petreius in a place of advantage, although he might have cut them to pieces by an assault, yet finding the Victory sure without a fight, without blood, and without hazard; he thus answered his Captains who urged him to storm them, Cur secundo Praelio aliquos ex suis amitteret? Cur vulnerari pateretur, optime de se meritos milites? Cur denique fortunam periclitaretur?  
And indeed, before the falling upon a battle at any time, these following particulars are constantly to be received:  
That a view be taken of the strength of the Army, and impartially compared with that of the Enemy.  
That the place of Battle be near some safe Retreat, either of a Camp well entrenched, and sufficiently left with Guards; or some Town of defence near, to friend.  
That all courses be taken to give courage and confidence to the Soldiers; either by some fit applied words of exhortation, or by some encouraging stratagems, or by shows of contempt of the Enemy's strength, or augmentation of his own, or by making show of some secret intelligence from the Enemy's Camp, or reporting some rumours of their fears and diffidence.  
That in the ordering of the Army to the Battle, the Enemy's order be heedfully observed; as also the site and form of the place and ground where the Battle is to be fought: to which an answerable accommodation is in every respect to be observed, as well in relation to the form as number of Divisions: as also for the ordering of the Artillery to the best use, and most annoyance of the Enemy.  
And if there be any new Troops that may be suspected in their worth, and especially loyalty; That they be placed rather in the Battle, or Middle-Guard itself, than any of the Wings: for being thus ordered, they shall neither be so put to it in point of courage, if they be wanting that way; nor can they find means or scope to fling out, or to take advantage to a mischief, as if they were ordered in the Wings: for the Wings in a set Battle, are the strength of it, and the principal instruments; and it hath ever been found, that as long as they stand firm, the day stands fair: for by them the Enemy is kept from surrounding the main body of the Army. And the same Army in the mean time hath the advantage of charging the Enemy in the Flank upon all occasions and opportunities.  
Consideration is also to be had, whether it be for the advantage to charge, or to attend the charge. If to charge (which is most approvable in an open Country) that then it be performed with the whole Front at once, rather than by light skirmishes in the Wings and Corners; lest such of these as may chance to be rebutted upon the Main-Vant-guard, strike a terror, and perhaps disorder through the whole body of the Army: of which there have been infinite examples.  
An especial observation is likewise to be made touching the part of the Enemy's Army which is first to be charged. With the Ancients and many of the Moderns it was a Maxim, that it was to be the weakest part. And this was practised by Caesar in his first Battle with Arionistus, and by Scipio in Spain. And the motives hereunto seem to be, in regard that men's judgements are favourable to that which happens well at the first; the sequel of every action depending for the most part upon the beginning; neither can there be a good end without a good beginning: for though a beginning be often disastrous and unlucky, and the end fortunate and happy, yet before it came to that end, there was a fortunate beginning. And therefore that an Army might foresee a happy end in a good beginning, it was the ground of this Maxim, that the beginning of the assault should be with the best of the Army upon the weakest part of the Enemy.  
And yet contrary to this Axiom, that absolute and glorious Soldier, the brave King of Sweden, in the battle of Lutzen, gave order to have the strongest part of the Enemy's Battle to be first charged. For seeing the Cuirassiers of the Enemy's Horse in one Division by themselves in the Front, and the Crabrats the light-armed in another; Charge home (saith he to one of his prime Commanders) these black companions in their complete Arms, for these are they will put us to it; as for the Crabrats, I care not for them. By which it is manifest, that the ground of this his direction was, that the flower of the Enemy's Army being well put to it at the first (and this was likeliest to be done best, when his men were at the freshest) if they should once be routed, it would not only occasion a dismay to the part where they were, but leave an easier task for the routing of all the rest behind. Neither for my part do I find less reason for this, than the Ancients and the others did for their practice.  
Lastly, Care is to be taken before the charge be given, that a Watchword, or rather some particular sign and visible token, or both the one and other, be imparted to the whole Army, that in all medleys they may be known one to another, and distinguished from the Enemy: and then to give the signal of Battle. And the rather, if either any fear or disorder be perceived amongst the Enemy, or a forward desire and heat to the fight with his own men. And these are the observations and directions requirable before a battle be accepted and joined.  
The requirables in, and after it, are these following: That during the heat of the fight a vigilant eye be carried upon all mutations, that so all disorders may in due time be either prevented or repaired: That if the General (after the fight) find his side to have the worst of it, he act according to that which shall be observed in the Enemy's order, and the courage of his own men; and so apply himself either to rejoin or retire, executing accordingly with virtue, industry, and providence: That if after the fight he find himself to have the best of it, he thoroughly to his uttermost prosecute his Victory; and take from the Enemy all means of reuniting his Forces: That he equally distribute the spoil, with a due respect to the quality of the persons, and virtue of the deservers; lest (as now adays in the disordered discipline of the age) those come to most get which come to least blows: That (over and above the common distributions) all eminency of worth, wheresoever it be found, be rewarded. And herein were to be wished a renovation of that Roman way, to give some portable marks of honour, together with a sufficiency of competent subsistence: That (on the other side) all Cowardice be punished, even to the least touch of it, wheresoever it shall be found: That mercy be used to Captives, and good Quarter given them: That the dead on both sides be buried: That the acceptable sacrifice of thanksgiving be offered to the great giver of Victories, as the gift earnestly and humbly craved of him, before, at, and after the attempt.   

CHAP. III. Of the pursuit of a Victory. Reasons for pursuing a beaten Army, rather than taking in Towns. Of mercy to Captives, termed, Giving of Quarter. Of Quarter to be given to Neuters. Orders to be observed in the taking of Prisoners.  
HAving in the last foregoing Chapter made only a mention of the pursuing of Victories, and the showing of mercy to Captives (in the very latter end of the Chapter) we shall in this enlarge ourselves touching both these particulars, as being points of main consequence and concernment.  
Touching the pursuing of a Victory after the gaining of a Battle, it hath been much controverted amongst the greatest Commanders, whether after the routing of an Enemy's Army, the broken Army should be thoroughly pursued; or the conquerors should apply themselves to the taking in of some Frontier Towns belonging to the beaten side.  
Those that hold for the taking in of Towns, have delivered these reasons: That the great astonishment that generally befalleth to such as are beaten out of the Field, doth commonly so extend itself to all the Members of that party, that mere fear may procure a rendry of a strong place at the very first summons, or within two or three days; which at another time would not be carried in twelve months, or perhaps not at all. Secondly, That the taking in of one strong Town is many times of as much importance as the routing of a fresh Army of the Enemies; and especially when hereby the Enemy shall be deprived of all Retreats in those parts. Thirdly, That a routed Army thinks of nothing but flight; and therefore is not to be overtaken and stayed without great difficulties, and much harrasing and toil of the pursuers. Fourthly, That a beaten Army thus flying, falls to pieces of itself, and deserves not any great regard; much less are any important opportunities to be neglected upon this consideration. On the other side, such as argue for the thorough pursuit of a beaten and flying Army, allege that hereupon the one of these two effects must necessarily follow, either that the Enemy's Army shall hereby be absolutely defeated, or that they shall be constrained to capitulate for their Retreat: whereas if they shall be quietly suffered to pass without a perfect Rout, their able Commanders may find means in a short time to become once more able to march.  
For mine own part, when I consider of the reasons on each side, I am made the most inclinable to those that hold for the thorough pursuit of the beaten Army. For though a Victory by the gaining of a battle, may perhaps strike some terror amongst Besognes' and freshwater Soldiers, and with such procure an easy rendry of such Towns as are manned with such men; yet with old Soldiers (though beaten) having true Commanders, who always sell themselves dear, it procureth a quite contrary effect, and obstinateth them to all kinds of possible defence. Besides, though the taking of some one strong Town may (as it may be sited) prove as gainful as the routing of an Army of the Enemies, yet whensoever the taking of any such place shall cost much time, it shall not only weaken the Victorious Army that besiegeth it, and retard it from making use of the Victory lately gotten, but give the beaten Enemy liberty and opportunity to reinforce their Troops, safeguard their Ordnance, and either by way of diversion, as falling upon some other part, or by making head against the besieging Enemy himself, and cutting him short from Victual, quite alter the Face and fortune of the War. Again, though a routed Army may perhaps for the time think of nothing but a flight, and this may hasten it so, as may cost some time and labour in the pursuit; yet being hotly pursued by the Horse only of the Victorious side, it must needs suffer extremely, and especially the Infantry part, and ten to one in the loss of their Artillery and Baggage. And all this done without any great or remarkable disturbance, or harassing to the pursuing Army, whose very Horse alone is to put hard to it upon the chase; the foot having liberty to march fair and easily after, and may come time enough nevertheless to fall up with the flying Enemy, being thus retarded by the Horse.  
And I am confirmed in this opinion by sundry precedents, (amongst which, two are very punctual) set down by that able French Commander La Nove in the domestic Wars of France during his time; being the one of them, that Siege of Poitiers, which became the ruin of the Army of those of the Religion, after their Victory at Rochebelle: the other, that of St. Jean d'Angelie, which proved the like to the French Papistical Army, after their Victory at the battle of Moncontour. Whereas on the contrary, the King of Sweden after all his gained battles, did hotly and thoroughly pursue the utter overthrow of his Enemies scattered Troops; and in regard of that, neglected, or at the least suspended the taking in of any of the neighbour Towns, whereabout the battles were fought. And by this course prevailed, to admiration.  
And thus much touching this great controverted point, Whether after a Victory in the field the routed Army be to be pursued to an utter ruin, or the Victory to be made use of by the besieging of some Towns belonging to that beaten side.  
As for the mercy that upon the attainment of a Victory is to be showed to the Captives, generally received under the name of giving good Quarter, and by the French called Bonne Guerre; it prohibits not only the kill and murdering of any, much less of women and children, or the slaying of any in cold blood, or the not receiving such to mercy (that is, the not giving of them their lives) who shall give up themselves and their Arms prisoners after the fight is over; but also all base and bar barous ravishments of women, and the like cruelties. And withal (as it is now in practice in our neighbour-wars) all prisoners, being enroled Soldiers, are to be freed at the ransom of a months pay, according to their several conditions.  
But this general rule is not without some exceptions: for if the Governor of a besieged Town or Fort shall defend the place he commands so obstinately, that it be stormed and entered by force, and so by an assault taken, and hereupon he yields himself after the heat and violence of the fight be over, to a private Soldier; it shall nevertheless be lawful (without any breach of Quarter) for the General of the assaulting Army to make him die; because this his obstinate and wilful defence was a trespass against the person of the General and the whole Army, and cannot be privileged by any condition with a private person. Also if a private Soldier shall give Quarter to any Fugitive or Spy, or any one that hath at any time practised foul War, or broken Quarter; or to any other which hath formerly deserved death for some capital offence; it is at the General's pleasure whether this shall be made good unto him or not. Likewise, if during the fight of a Battle, many prisoners have Quarter given them upon the routing of some parts of that Army, and afterwards some parts and divisions of it, as the Battle or the Rear, holding firm, give on so stoutly, as that the fortune of the day inclines to a change; and those that had the best of it at the first, begin to be shaken and in danger: it shall in this case be held no cruelty nor breach of Quarter, though those prisoners that were taken at the first, and had Quarter promised, be presently slain in the field by such as took them; because otherwise they may endanger those that took them, or at the least ask more hands for their safe keeping then the exigent will allow to be idle. And thus befell it in one of our bravest battles with the French in France; where the French prisoners which were taken at the beginning of the battle upon Quarter, which were very many, and many of note, upon a second charge given by the Duke d'Alenzon, were all commanded to be slain; which cost the French doubly dear, the loss of all their prisoners, and the utter routing of their puissant Army.  
It is thought also by some, that the subjects of a State Neutral that shall entertain Traffic with an Enemy to another State, may by that State be made prize, and no Quarter to be given them, at least lest in point of goods. For (say they) though they do not this out of any affection of either love or hatred, but only to make their benefit, and not to any proposed relief; yet doth this transport of Merchandise prove a plain and direct aid: And in that regard, howsoever brought to the Enemy, deserveth to be punished with confiscation at the least; because that out of them Customs and Imposts are raised, whereby their War is maintained. But of the right of this I make a Querie; thinking it rather to be understood only of Munition, and Materials of that nature; for otherwise it must necessarily overthrow all manner of Trade, and set the whole World together by the ears.  
Touching such orders as are to be observed in the taking of Prisoners by those that take them, I find them to have been these, by those of our own Nation. That if any Common Soldier did take a prisoner, and another coming up at the same time should challenge the half of his ransom, or else threaten to kill the Prisoner, the menacer was to have no part at all of it; no, though the taker of him had made him any such promise. And if the Menacer did kill the Prisoner, he should be under Arrest with the Marshal until he compound with the party for the loss of his Prisoner: and besides, he was to forfeit his Horse and Arms to the Constable.  
That if any Soldier in any fight did beat down any one of the Enemy, and so leaving him, pursue on in the chase or fight, and another come up after him and take the same man prisoner; this Prisoner thus beaten down, and thus taken, when he was to be ransomed, was to pay the one half of his ransom to him that first struck him down, and the other half to him that took him prisoner.  
That whosoever he were that took any Prisoner, he was, as soon as possibly he could, to present him to his Captain or Commander, upon the penalty of losing his part of the Prisoners ransom to the said Captain or Commander; and the Captain or Commander to present this Prisoner to the General, Constable, or Marshal of the Army, before any other speak with him, that so his examination might be duly taken. And this to be done under the penalty of losing his Thirds of the Prisoners ransom (which otherwise was due unto him by his place) unto him that did first discover the default unto the Constable or Marshal. And that every one in whose custody this Prisoner should chance to be, was to be careful to conceal from him all the secrets and Avenues upon the Camp. To which end, he was not to be suffered to walk at large, nor to range about without a good Guard upon him; and this upon pain of losing his Prisoner's ransom; whereof the one third part was to be allowed to his Captain, the other third to the Constable, and the last to the Informer: And the person also of the Delinquent to be under arrest at the General's pleasure. Neither was any man to ransom his Prisoner without Licence of the General, or the Constable, or Marshal; nor any private person to give any safe-conduct to any Prisoner, upon pain of forfeiture of all his Goods, and his body to be under arrest during the King's pleasure. And whosoever violated the Kings or General's safe-conduct, was to be hanged, drawn, and quartered.  
And being thus fallen upon the punishments of Delinquents in a Martial way, we shall in the next Chapter say somewhat of Martial Courts.   

CHAP. IU. Of the Martial Courts in an Army Royal: the manner of Trials in them. Of the punishments inflicted upon Delinquents in these Courts. Of punishments in crimes not capital.  
IN a well disciplined Army three several kinds of Martial Courts are to be instituted: for it is a novelty to have Martial Law denied in the Government of an Army in the Field, and an absurd one.  
The first Martial Court consisteth of all the Commanders in chief, with the Colonels, and Judge-Marshal General. And this Court, after due notice taken of the offence, pronounceth sentence accordingly. And from this Court lieth no Appeal; but to it may Appeals be made from any of the other two.  
In the second rank are those Courts which are Weekly held in every Regiment, and oftener if cause require. And the Colonels of the Regiments, with the Judge-Marshals, here sit in their several Courts, and pronounce sentence upon the Delinquents of their several Regiments.  
Of the third rank is that Court where the Judge-Marshal of the Army, and the Judge-Marshals of the Regiments sit, and only they. And this Court takes notice of all Causes both criminal and civil; and is instituted for the ease of the Commanders. And into this Court the offenders and their offences are presented by the Provost-Marshals of the Regiments: whose office also it is to produce the accusers, and to attend the trials and censures; the which they are also to see executed.  
Touching the manner and form of the Trials in all these Courts, they are not much dissonant from those in Courts Criminal ordinarily practised: for the accusers are heard upon their oaths, as also the witnesses. And the accused have full liberty to speak for themselves, and are to be heard with patience and equanimity. Only the Decisions, in stead of common Jurors, are passed by most voices, being the Votes of such Commanders as sit Judges in the several Courts; and the Censure pronounced for the most part by the Judge-Marshal; or in his absence, by the Precedent of the Court for the time being, who is commonly the most eminent Officer amongst them. And these Forms and courses of Trials seem to me without exception; and are so proper and essential to the well regulating and Government of an Army, in regard that delays of execution upon Delinquents in many cases cannot be endured without thousands of varieties of danger; that for my part I cannot understand how an Army can subsist without them  
As for the punishments inflicted upon Delinquents by these Courts; in capital causes, they are, Shooting to death, which is held the fairest; Hanging, and sometimes Empaling. That Delinquent is to be shot to death, who killeth any man in Duel within Canonshot of the Camp; or that maketh any attempt upon the Enemy without direction or leave from his superior Commander.  
He is to be hanged that Robbeth, Murders, desperately and obstinately Blasphemes; that is a Mutineer or an inciter of Mutinies; that rescueth offenders from the execution of a Censure: That striketh his Commander: That wilfully dischargeth his Piece to give a false alarm in the night, or in any ambush by day: That licenseth Soldiers for money to leave the Army, without leave of the General: That takes pay of two Captains: That fights or quarrels in the instant of service, or upon the expectation; in which case also it is permitted for any Soldier to kill such a Soldier: That absents himself from his Duties: That abandons his Colours in danger to be lost: That disperseth false News or Reports, of purpose to discourage his Companions: That straggleth from his Colours in a march, or keeps not his appointed place: That gives not the Alarm to the Camp upon just cause when he stands Centinel: That answers not all Alarms: That goes out of the Camp or Trenches by any extraordinary way save the common ones: That sells his Horse or Arms when Service is expected: That succours not his General or Captain being in danger: That quits a place committed to his charge being not enforced by the Enemy.  
That offender is to be Impaled, that willingly and of purpose changeth the Watchword, or makes it known to the Enemy: That committeth treason against the person of the General, or Army in general: That poisons the Artillery, or by any ways maliciously makes it unserviceable, or endeavours to make it so: And lastly, That entertains any secret intelligence with the Enemy. And these are the capital punishments for capital offences.  
As for the inferior and less capital: He is to be imprisoned that fights, swaggers, swears, cousins, drinks drunk: That is a common Gamester, absents himself from his Quarter by night: That pays not the Merchants, Artificers, or Victuallers their deuce: That either by negligence or folly discovers any purpose or intention of the Army: That strikes or beats any Soldier without cause: That neglects Divine Service.  
He is to undergo the Cudgel, that is contumax or insolent towards his Commanders: That keeps not his Arms clean and in point: That either sells or pawns his Arms; or buys or takes any Arms to pawn.  
He is to be disarmed or banished the Army, or Strappadoed, or Whipped, (but this last is seldom to be given to a Soldier) that shall obstinately persevere in any crime whatsoever. And these, and such as these, are the crimes punishable in Martial Courts: And indeed any other crime whatsoever, which shall tend to the disturbance of the Army, or the debanching of the Soldier.   

CHAP. V Of the laying and preventing of Ambushments. How a discovery upon an Enemy may best be made. Of the fittest places for Ambushments. Of the service of Horsemen and Footmen, which to be preferred.  
WE shall in this Chapter give some advertisements (and that very briefly) about two particulars not yet mentioned; Touching the laying out of Ambushments, with the prevention of falling into them; and the comparing of Horse and Foot in the advantages and disadvantages they have one of another; that so the discreet Commander may make use of them accordingly.  
As touching the laying out of Ambushments, the especial point to be aimed at and heeded, is, That it be done in such a part as may lest be suspected; and in such a manner, that the Enemy may fall within the danger of them. To give colour whereunto, one common trick hath been, to pretend aforehand (in such a kind, that the Enemy may so conceive it) some fear, and so a flight; or some want of necessaries, and the like; whereby the Enemy may be drawn to a more eager and bold pursuit, and so the more heedlessly and unrecoveredly fall within the danger of the Ambush. And many other the like practices of this nature may be thought upon to this purpose.  
As for the courses of prevention from falling into these Ambushes, it is a good general rule to suspect all sudden removes and fall off of an Enemy. In which case an exact and cautious discovery is to be made, even to the very place where there is any intention to lodge. And the manner observed in these discoveries have usually been, to send out Parties in three Companies or Divisions: the first to consist of a small number, to beat the way at ease, and to range about from place to place, where any danger may be expected. The second Party to be somewhat stronger, the better to second and bring off the first upon all occasions. And the third to be so strong as to make head against, and to engage a strong Party of the Enemy, if he shall present it. And thus did Cyrus in his so famous descent dispose of his forerunners and discoverers in the like case, (as Xenophon lays it down) and that with very good success.  
And it is to be noted, that these discoveries are ever to be made with the light-armed Troops. For it being a point of no small concernment, to be thoroughly informed of the true distances of the places, the condition of the ways, the nature of the hills, and the course and passages of the Rivers where the Army is to pass; this cannot better be performed (nor so well) as by the light-armed. And being by them thoroughly done, afforded incomparable advantages; good discoveries being the very eyes of an Army, whereby the resolutions of providence are guided, and the path of safety delineated, that so there may be no stumbling upon casualties. And all this is attained by a perfect intelligence of the true face of the Country, and in knowing the motions of the Enemy. And the face of the Country is best known by the use and employment of the native Guides of the Country; provided that they be always associated with some faithful Scouts of one's own, that so there need not be an absolute reliance upon a stranger's information. And as for the motions of the Enemy, they may be surest had by the light armed Horse; who nevertheless are not to be overforward in informing upon every new trifling motion, but to have their intelligence confirmed unto them by divers and various ways and means; lest some error and mistake befall them through passion or affection: as to those in France, who through the passion of fear took a field of great Thistles, for a mighty Body of Pikes.  
As touching the fittest persons to be laid out in Ambushes: It is to be considered, that all Ambushments are made use of either to endanger and ensnare the Enemy in a fight in the Field, or to entrap and hinder him in his march. And examples of each sort are found frequently practised by that subtle Hannibal in his Italian Wars: In the first whereof, he constantly employed as well the heavy armed Soldiers as the light. In the second, the light-armed alone; whose agility and expedition gave them opportunity and advantage with their missive weapons to assault and annoy the Enemy, though the ground were never so straight or uneven. And these also might be more easily lodged without discovery.  
As for the parts and places most proper and fit for the receipt and lodging of these Ambushes; they are such as are most removed from the view, as Woods, Mountains, Forests, Rocks, Banks of Rivers, Hollow and deep ways: In short, any place or piece of Ground, wherein some numbers and Troops of Soldiers may best lie obscured and hid. And thus much touching the ordering and disposal of Ambushes, with the use of them.  
We are now to fall upon a comparison between the Cavalry and infantry in point of War; with respect to the advantages or disadvantages they have one above another, according to the several services and occasions they may be employed in. Touching which, such as prefer the Footmen or infantry before the Cavalry or Horse, give these Reasons: That the Foot may be employed in all places, and upon all occasions; whereas the Horse in craggy and rough ways are of little or no use at all: That the Foot are more ready and less chargeable; and being well led and armed, endure the shock better than the Horse can: That in the guarding of Towns, and all places of strength, Footmen have the priority of Horsemen, in respect of the point of Provisions; it being more difficult and troublesome for a Commander to feed his Horses, then to feed and discipline his men: That at assaults of Towns, Horsemen are of small use, if they leave not their Horses; and then they are no longer Horsemen: That at set Fields and Battles, Footmen having means to entrench themselves, and having good Pikes and store, have always been found more than equal to Horsemen. In Levies, Footmen are more speedily raised, and led and lodged with more facility: They are paid with less charge than the Horse: They fight more safely, rally themselves more certainly, and easily: And lastly, Horse are hard to be found in any great numbers; for it may be believed that there are twenty men to one Horse in the World. And these are the proper priorities of Footmen over Horsemen, which have been observed, as well by the Ancients as the Moderns. To which also (in mine opinion) may be added, That the Foot are by far more fit for all sorts of Ambushments than the Horse can be, in regard they may be lodged more secretly; and especially in respect that Horse are very subject to discover themselves by their noise and neighing. And besides, the best man of courage that breathes, is in a fight subjected to the disorder and unmanageableness of his Horse that he rides upon.  
On the other side, those that prefer Horsemen before Footmen, give these instances: That a Horseman hath stouter and better legs than his own: That he chargeth more furiously: That he hath more force and breath then a Footman: That Horse have the advantage in long marches and hasty pursuits: That they have more means to surprise an Enemy: That they have more opportunities to approach, to seize upon, to cut off, and to hold all passages; to invest Towns on a fuddain, to answer Alarms and to give them; to command the Field, to make a spoil, to cut off all supplies, either of Victuals or Munition, than any Foot can possibly have.  
And thus we have done with these two particulars, and finish the Chapter.   

CHAP. VI Of Stratagems of War. How to breed a causeless fear, or the contrary. To give assurance to the besieged being in fear. To draw an Enemy to an overdaring, or into an over-security. To discover whether a Town lately received to Quarter be to be trusted. How to appease an Army mutinying for pay upon a fight. To avoid Battle when an Enemy is far too strong: or to entice him to Battle when too weak. Of desperate attempts in a desperate condition: they are to be charily and warily handled. To prevent partial respects in giving of Counsel.  
IN the last Chapter having laid down some rules for the ordering and disposing of Ambushments, we shall in this take occasion from them to intimate somewhat concerning Stratagems of War. And because these are so diversified and varied upon several occasions, that for the most part they are in that respect beyond any set rules; we shall only particularise in such as being of the most general extension, may happily be made use of by way of Renovation and Imitation.  
And we will begin with a stratagem, whereby a besieged Enemy may be cozened and terrified by a supposed Mine when there is none. And this was practised by Philip King of Macedon, (not the father of the great Alexander, but he who was afterwards vanquished and subdued by the Romans) who besieging the Town of Prinassus, attempted it by a Mine; but finding the earth and part so stony, that it despaired him of success that way, he caused his Pioners to continue the semblance of working, and to make an extraordinary noise under ground: and the more to add a belief of their working, he caused a great quantity of earth to be brought secretly in the nights from elsewhere, and so laid in heaps at the entrance and mouth of the supposed Mine, that the Enemy might well discern it, and suppose that it was taken and digged out of the Mine. And after some time spent in this manner, he summoned those of the Town to a rendition; sending them word that by his undermine, their Towns Wall, to the quantity of two acres of ground, stood only upon wooden props; to which whensoever he did give fire, that part of their Wall would lie flat on the ground: the which if they did attend, and cause him to enter by a breach, they were not to expect any Quarter or Mercy; and therefore wished them to consider of their condition, and to do as they found cause. Now the Prinessians little thinking that these heaps of earth which they saw, had been brought from other places, but that it had been taken out of the Mine; so lost their courages, as that they suffered themselves to be outbraved, and thereupon gave up their Town upon a mere panic fear.  
And as this was a Stratagem to occasion and work upon a false fear; so these three following were to recover from the like.  
The Soldiers of Alexander's Army being on the sudden in a great fear, of they knew not what, Alexander at that very instant caused them all to be disarmed; whereby they became assured that this would not have been commanded, if there had been any present danger.  
Clearchus to pacify a foolish consternation and uproar of this nature amongst his men, proclaimed a reward to him that could tell who had sent the Ass into the Camp. And thus by doing somewhat quite contrary to that which the peril would have required had it been true, he gave a full assurance against that which was false, and which his men had only fashioned in their amazed imaginations and conceits.  
The third example to this purpose (which withal also expressed a magnanimity, which both sustained Reputation, and augmented it) was that act of the Romans, which was done when Hannibal made his bold approach upon the City of Rome, whilst the main of the Roman forces were at the Siege of Capua. For the Commanders at Rome finding that the City by reason hereof was subject to Fears and Tumults, at the very same instant caused a supply that had formerly been appointed for Spain, to march out of the City at one Gate in pursuit of their first Resolution, whilst the Carthaginian Army lay before the other; whereby they not only checked the bold confidence of the Enemy, but took off that fear which clouded their own Valour.  
To which purpose also that very piece of ground on which the Carthaginian Army lay encamped, was at the same time sold in Rome; and bought (saith the Story) nothing at all under the Value, but at the same rate as if it had been in the former times of peace. The which act and sale, so madded even Hannibal himself, that to make a show of being even with them, he made a Port-sale of all the Silversmiths Shops which were near about the Market or Common place in Rome: As if he would seem to think that his own Title and Interest to those Shops within the Town, was no jot worse than any Roman Citizens to that piece of ground where his Tent stood.  
But this Counter-piece of Hannibals was not of so good stuff as that of the Romans: for their act was indeed a thorough manifestation of an assurance grounded hopefully, and was only acted to stir up the courages of their men; whereas Hannibal's was only a passionate show, and an angry Brave of a continuance in a hope which he well knew was already past: His Victuals being at the same time so near at an end, that of all those Hopes and Ends which he had propounded to himself by this his approach so near unto Rome, the fame only of his much daring is left to posterity.  
It is true that Hannibal partly was quit with these Romans by a Stratagem of another nature, that he put in practice at Tarentum; when having surprised the Town, and entering it at two several Gates, so that the Roman Garrison with the Governor were forced to retire themselves into the Citadel, the which it behoved Hannibal speedily to take in, in regard of the Vicinity of the Roman Army: he addressed himself against it in such a manner of Brave, as was likely to provoke the Garrison to a sally; hoping hereby to give them such a blow as might disable them to defend the piece any longer.  
And according to his expectation, the Romans not enduring in such a slighting fashion to be approached upon, sallied out in a heat of fury with most of their bravest men, and charged them home. But Hannibal having ordered beforehand that his men should thereupon fall back as if they were terrified, until he had drawn out as many of the besieged Romans as he could, and as far from their strength as he could; he than gave the signal to his Carthaginians, who lay prepared and ambushed for the purpose, and suddenly and fiercely setting upon the sallied Romans, not only forced such as were nearest home to retire themselves into their Hold, but laid on the ground all the forwardest and best of their men; so that they durst not issue out a second time, but were constrained to suffer Hannibal to make his approaches at pleasure, whereby he forced the place.  
And as this was a Stratagem to draw Soldiers into an overdaring, so that which followeth is to win them into an over-securitie; and was acted in this manner:  
Antiochus the Great, in his Minority was wholly governed by one Hermias, an ambitious man, and a maligner of Virtue. At the same time one Molo the King's Lieutenant in Media was broken out into a Rebellion, and sought to make himself Lord of that Province. Antiochus being entered at the same time into a War with Ptolemy Philopater the Egyptian King, was counselled by his Minion Hermias (who had put him upon the Egyptian War) to send against this Rebel, who was but a Captain, a Captain that was faithful; but himself to go in person against the King of Egypt, who was a King like himself. Hereupon one Xenetas' an Achaean (by Hermias his choice and preferment) was sent with an Army against the Rebel Molo, whilst the King Antiochus himself marched against the Egyptian.  
This Xenetas' drawing near unto the River Tigris with his Army, on the other side whereof the Rebel lay to hinder his passage, made a show as if he would pass the River by Boats in the very face of the Enemy; but leaving so many only as he thought sufficient to defend his Camp, he himself, with the flower and strength of his Army passed over Tigris in a place ten miles lower than where Molo lay entrenched; who hearing of it, sent out his Horse to give impediment: But finding that Xenetas' could not be stopped, he practised this ensuing Stratagem to draw his Enemy into a snare of security. He no sooner found that Xenetas' with his whole Army marched towards him, but presently he dislodged, making a show of taking a hasty journey homewards: and to possess the Enemy that it was done in a fear, he withal left all his Baggage and Victual behind in his Camp. Xenetas' hearing of this his Retreat, easily suffered himself (more like a Courtier then a Soldier) to believe that the Enemy durst not so much as look him in the face; and the rather, in that he was informed that he had left his forsaken Camp well stored with Victuals and Booty: whereupon hastily marching thitherward, and finding it to his expectation, he not only suffered his men to feast and drink to their full; but invited and commanded them to do so, making proclamation that they should cherish up themselves against the march that he intended to begin the next day, in pursuit of the flying Rebel. But Molo, who removed no farther the first day than he could easily make back again the same night, understanding what good rule the King's men kept with his Victuals, made such a speedy and opportune return, that he came upon them early in the morning whilst they were yet in their Wine and Cheer, with his full force; and giving them a lusty Camisado, so confounded them amidst their pots, that their General Xenetas', with a very few besides, dying fight, the rest were slaughtered ere they could find their Arms, and the most of them before they were perfectly awake and recovered of their Wine; leaving by their over-securitie an absolute Victory to their subtle Enemy.  
And because it is a requirable providence, after a General hath obtained a Victory, and received his Enemy upon Quarter, be it either in a Town newly taken in, or in the Field, to be wary of an over-confidence in their Faith and Loyalty (especially when the Enemy is near) but rather by all searching ways to discover, if it were possible, their very hearts: That Stratagem which to this purpose was practised by the Spaniards at their taking of the City Verona from the Venetians, may serve for a precedent for the future in the like case; which was this:  
The Venetian Army lying near unto the Town, which was not long before taken in by the Spaniard upon Composition; the Spanish Governor aiming to understand how the Burghers and Citizens in general stood affected to their old Patrons the Venetians, gave secret order to the Spanish Garrison that was in Guard of the Town, that in the dead of the night when the Townsmen were asleep, they should run to and fro about the City, and cry out, St. Mark, St. Mark, as if the Town had been surprised by the Venetians. The which cry being readily answered by as many of the Citizens as secretly favoured the Venetians, and were ready to receive them; the Spaniards observing their Houses, marked their doors with some Chalk, or the like: And being thus discovered, the Governor the very next mornning imprisoned the chiefest of them, and confiscated all their Goods; whereby he not only secured the Town, but contented the Garrison with the confiscations; the Soldiers being at the same time inclinable to a mutiny for want of pay.  
Nor is there any thing of a more dangerous consequence, then for an Army (especially upon the point of Action) to be found in this condition of a Mutiny for pay. And the ill effects thereof have many times sorted to an absolute ruin; and above all other parts, in the Wars of Germany, and chief of late years; where the common cry, even at the exigent of a Fight, hath been, Ghelt, Ghelt, Money, Money: And sometimes occasion taken thereupon by the Soldier to seize upon the persons of their Commanders, and to deliver both them and themselves to the Enemy's mercy. For the cure, or at the least Palliation of which desperate disease, some brave Commanders have been forced (with good success) to practise this Stratagemical course: To borrow of their chief Officers, upon fair and promising terms, such sums of money as could be gotten and spared on the sudden: whereby was attained not only some satisfaction for the Common Soldiers, by letting them feel some piece of a Pay, and making them to apprehend that their General had a care and love of them, by thus engaging of himself to give them content: but also a Tie upon all the Officers that made this Loan, causing them to be true and faithful unto the General who had borrowed these moneys of them; that so they might be in the better possibility to reimburse their lent moneys, with the usury of a thankful acknowledgement.  
And an example of this we shall find punctually practised by Caesar (recorded by himself in his Commentary of the Civil Wars between him and Pompey, cap. 14.) For being to pass suddenly into Spain, and to pay a great Army, which required much present money; he borrowed all the money he could of his Centurions and Tribunes, and gave it out presently and publicly to his Soldiers: whereby (saith he of himself) Caesar both engaged his Captains to a dependency upon him, in respect of their Loan; and won the affection of his Soldiers by his Largess, and made them willing to fight.  
Now though an Army be never so well affected to their General, and as willing thereupon to engage their lives in his Quarrel and under his conduction as can be wished; yet when an overpowerful Enemy is to be encountered, and ready for a battle, it is the wisdom of an able General by all means to seek to avoid it.  
Towards which this Stratagem following much conduceth, and may be drawn into Precedent, as it is set down in Polien. (lib. 4. in vit. Antig.) and practised by Antigonus, when he was encamped in the face of Enmenes his Army, but with an Army by much inferior in number. At what time Messengers (or rather Spies) being interchangeably sent from one to another; Antigonus at the receipt of a Messenger from the Enemy, which he expected, had fore-appointed that one of his Soldiers should come running, and as it were breathless, and all to be dusted and sweaty, and tell him that all his Confederates were arrived. Upon which Tale Antigonus expressing much joy, presently dismissed the Enemy's Messenger without more ado. And the very next day he brings his Army out of his Trenches, doubling the length of his Front, to make his Army carry the greater show. The which the Enemy seeing, and having heard the report of their Messenger, and observing the breadth of Antigonus his battle, and imagining that the depth was answerable to it; he suddenly dislodged, and was afraid to join battle with him; which was the only thing that Antigonus desired.  
And as this is a Stratagem to shun and decline a Battle when the Enemy is found too strong; so this other succeeding is very pertinent, on the other side, to draw and entice him to a fight when he is known too weak.  
And this Stratagem also is mentioned by Polienus (Lib. 2. in Cleandridas, Sect. 4.) where Cleandridas making War upon the Thurians, and having double the number of men in his Army to that of his Enemy; and conceiving that if he did but know so much, he should never bring him to a battle: To deceive him, and embolden him by his ignorance, in the embattelling of his Army or Phalanx, he ordered it into an extraordinary depth: whereupon the Enemy apprehending by the narrowness of the Front that Cleandridas was very weak in number, contemning his small strength, drew out his Forces in breadth, with an intent to environ him. The which Cleandridas perceiving, commanded the one half of his Files to march up and rank with their Leaders; and thereby so overfronted the Enemy on a sudden, unexpectedly assaulting him withal with missive weapons on all sides, as he utterly routed him.  
As touching the practice of desperate attempts in Military Actions upon desperate exigents: It may prove sometimes a profitable Stratagem to attempt and put that in execution, which otherwise in itself were contrary to Reason itself, and the very Art of War: which may be grounded upon this:  
That in regard a wary and able Commander and General not only passeth upon tried and sure Grounds himself, but even from thence and the very same Rules expecteth the like from others; upon finding the contrary practised by his Enemy beyond his apprehension and expectance, he may thereby be happily so disturbed in his set Resolutions and Courses, and be so new to seek, as may (before he can recall himself out of his amazes) give opportunity to the desperate attempter to free himself out of his desperate condition.  
And Examples proving thus much are to be found put upon even Caesar himself by the Nervii, (registered by himself in his Commentaries, cap. 10.) as also in that battle of his with Pharnaces. And in our Modern Wars this practice hath proved successful more than once, in those violent Civil Broils in France.  
True it is, that these ways and stratagems are to be charily and very sparingly handled; and only upon most urging, if not desperate occasions: For, Temeritas non semper Foelix.  
Since therefore there is so much of Advice and Counsel requirable in all Actions of War, we will conclude this Treatise with a preventative Policy or Stratagem for the taking away of false or flattering respects in the point of delivering opinions. For it being over-commonly found, that through the obsequious dependence upon some Favourite or great Man, a general consent and compliance is produced, to say as he saith, or vote as he votes (a fatal disease in all great Assemblies) though perhaps it be either the worst that can be, or at the least, none of the best; and by this means the truest judgements remain concealed:  
To remedy this dangerous and deadly mischief, the wise Cosmo di Medici (and herein also imitated by Philip the second of Spain) used to propound his most difficult and important Causes and Propositions in Writing; and so delivered them to every one of his Counsellors apart, commanding them to return their opinions in the same manner to him, together with their reasons; and (upon his highest displeasure) not to communicate any piece of them with any other, before his first view. And after the receipt of them all, he would cause them all to appear in Council with him, and in his presence to defend and maintain their several Judgements and Opinions with their best Arguments. A course certainly full of excellent freedom, and for many respects far better than that the youngest Counsellor should speak first; who sometimes may be so skilful in Courtship of this nature, as to be led by looks.  
And besides, it alloweth these Counselors a fit time of deliberation to think upon what they have to say; it being dangerous in these Cases, or any of weight, either Divine or Humane (be the Speakers never so able) to be too forward to put themselves upon Extempories.   
FINIS.