AN ACCOUNT OF THE Famous Siege OF ANTWERP BY Alexander Prince of Parma, In the Year 1584.  
Being the most Memorable Siege that ever was laid to any CITY.  
Written in Latin by Famianus Strada: And Englished by T. L. Gent.  
London, Printed for Peter Parker at the Sign of the Leg over against the Royal Exchange in Cornhill, 1672.   

THE SIEGE OF ANTWERP.  

GIve me leave, (warranted by 
1584. The siege of Antwerp.  Livies example) to tell you by way of preface in this part of my work, (which in the beginning most annual writers use openly to profess,) that I am to speak of a siege more memorable by far, then ever yet was laid to any city: for 
how great.  never were rivers bridled with stronger bulwarks, nor wits armed with more adventurous stratagems, nor by Soldiers, who in many sieges had gathered both skill, and courage was it ever more gallantly fought. Here Castles were erected on violent rivers, mines discovered amongst the waters, Riversoverflowing rampiers, and again, rampires outtoping the rivers: and as if the labour of Antwerp siege only seemed but little, designs were extended by the General into other places; And at the same time, five most strong and potent Cities were all 
Antwerp. Gaunt. Dendermund, Brussels, Mechlin. With what forces it was begun.  at once besieged, all in a years compass subdued. These great attempts, with what great forces, with what courages they were perfected, now I do begin not negligently to relate.  
Part of the Catholic army was drawn into the Garrisons of Cities and Forts; part fought in Friesland under Verdugo perfect of that province and Taffius his Lieutenant, against William of Nassau, and Martin Schench, Count Aremberg, and Manrieque had in arms two regiments of Germans about Colen. Appi●s 
Manrique a Spaniard, but borne in Germany.  de Comitibus, and Blastius Capisuccus, with some troops of horse, made excursions into Zutphan. The marquis of Renthi with his Regiment of Walloons, guarded Artois, and Vaynolt, against the motions of the French. There were four Regiments, and some companies besides, with Alexander Prince of Parma, in Brabant and Flanders. Besides three Regiments were newly come out of Spain, which (as before we related) King Philip, after his Naval fight at the Tercera Islands, had sent into the Low-countries. And with these forces, which amounted to about ten thousand foot, and one thousand seven hundred horse (for he had contracted the seven Regiments, which as I said were but half 
So Alexander writ to the King. July 15.  full into five) Alexander having first advised with his Council of war began the siege of Antwerp.  
Antwerp is situated on the river Scheldt, being almost five miles in compass, and containeth an hundred 
The Inhabitants of the City. It's form.  Inhabitants, besides Seafaring people●. It much resembles the form of a bended bow, whose st●ing is the bank of the river, there being not any other City in all the Netherlands stronglier fortified or better appointed against 
It's strength.  an enemy. That side which bendeth into Brabant, most high walls, from which ten strong Turrets appear, so placed as with mutual aid they may relieve each other, environed with a great ditch of water, securely defend. The side toward Flanders, hath for a trench, the river Scheldt, capable not only of single ships, but even of whole Navies; yea someties there have been numbered about two thousand ships in the port and river: whence trafficking with a great part of the world, the River plays not only the Merchant, by bringing in all foreign commodities, but the warrior also for Auxiliary 
The consultation of besieging it.  forces. But how much securer the Anwerpians were, so much the more cautious were Alexander's Counsellors. There were present at the council, besides Count Mansfield, and the rest of the regal Senate never wont to be absent, Mondragonius, Billius, Olivera, and Pacius, all Spaniards of Belgians, there were Mottaeus, Goigne, and Licquius, for the rest of the Low-countrieses men were absent: of others, there were Camillus à Monte, George Basta, and Camillus Capisuccus. Most of these 
Most are against it.  were even amazed with the greatness of the proposed design, and thought the attempt more bold, then could be brought to a prosperous end. For said they, he who would think of besieging Antwerp, ought seriously to consider whether he have sufficient forces, wherewith at the same time, he may block it up by land in Brabant, and by the river on Flanders side: For it were in vain to besiege it by land, to which by the river, if not from above from Gaunt, at least from below, to wit, from the Sea, both provision and relief may continually be brought in. But the river was so broad, that it could not be blocked up by less than two armies on either side one. Wherefore he had need of three armies, who from Brabant, and either bank of the river Scheldt, might stop relief. But that would not be done, by reason of his small forces. Neither had he sufficient ships wherewith to hinder the enemy's Navy about to enter the river from the sea. To these things added Billius, that the complaints of the Soldiers more troubled him, who being defrauded of their pay, not coming from Spain, almost hungerstarved, and most of them half naked, verily were unfit to be brought to a siege, of more than one month's continuance. Nor did Pacius and Montius omit, that it was seriously to be thought on, whether it were best to begin Antwerp siege, leaving Dendermund, Gaunt, and other holds behind him from whence the enemy with free excursions, might disturb the bringing in of provision unto the Army, and the raising of Fortifications. Lastly, all except Mondragonius, and Capisuccus, 
Two only excepted.  who committed all to Alexander's fortune, thought it unsafe and unseasonable, to set upon so great designs with so small forces. Therefore turning from the siege of Antwerp, to 
And strive to divert his mind from the siege.  besiege Alexander, they stand about him with joint prayers: and objecting the danger of losing both his and their own honours, they endeavour to subdue his mind in his resolution still . But he 
But his opinion is to besiege it.  commending their care, in the first place said that he had reflected on all those things which they conceived to be the greatest dangers. Notwithstanding he did not think, out that after they had heard him reason a little on the matter, they would think better of the success. Then he began much after this manner: That he had not the thought of invading Antwerp, before he was encouraged by pious men, that it would be acceptable to God: and had known the King's mind concerning it. Neither did he doubt that human and ordinary helps would be wanting, which for the present might persuade the expedition. For, he certainly knew, that the enemies were never in like fear, being within few months afflicted with so many and so great losses by the King's Army; viz. Being destitute of the Prince of Orange's counsels, out of hope of succour from the French, and having lost so many Towns and Castles, ne'er adjoining to Antwerp. And surely, when the walls being battered, do tremble and shake, then with greater certainty may the assault be pursued. And from thence had he greater encouragement to assail the affrighted enemies, even in their chiefest fortress of war, and to carry that terror through the strong holds of Brabant: not with vain hope, that they will for fear of losing Antwerp, either slight other places; or, for fear of losing other places, will not be able to defend it. Indeed he had but few forces to set upon so many things with; but, they were skilful in war, accustomed to victory; and, which is above all, conducted by great commanders. For, unto which of your hands here present, might not one safely deliver the charge of an Army? FOR, by the skill of Captains, and prowess of Soldiers, an Army is doubled. And be they never so many, those be but few who conclude the victory. As of a spear, how long soever the palm only of the cusp doth all the execution. GREAT forces are not always to be wished for in war, no more then great bodies, being for the most part subject to many infirmities, used to be more pampered, move flowlier, and are but fairer marks to be leveled at. Nor had he cast over with himself so to win Antwerp, that it was needful to employ many Soldiers about it; fith that by land, a few troops of Horse, making inroads into the territories of Antwerp, between Liere, Hochstrate, and Breda, Towns of the King's party, might easily hinder traffic. And by the River, towards the Ocean (from whence the greatest force of the enemy was to be feared) he had determined, either to take the Castles on both sides the River; or to build new ones; and from thence with Canon shot to restrain the Ships passage, if not all, at least so much, as that the Merchants might perceive their loss, and the City, full of Inhabitants might be wearied out for want of provision. Nor seemed those forces which for the present he had with him, unable to perform these things: Nor did he doubt of their obedience in the work, having tried, that his Soldiers were more courageous in battle, then mutinous in their quarters: But, lest they should be discouraged, he had lately received a sum of money from the King, which he would divide amongst his Veterans; for those that were newly come out of Spain, had already received pay. Although it was not to be feared, but that his Soldiers would willingly undergo the siege of Antwerp, from which so great booty might be expected. There were many yet in the Army, who, about eight years since, had sufficient experience of the riches of that Empory, the yet memory whereof inciting them, they will doubtless enkindle in their fellows the desire of like plunder. Lastly, for security of the Army, he had provided, that provision might safely from the territories of Wasia be conveyed unto the Camp. Nor had he so left Gaunt and Dendermund behind, that the King's Army had any cause to fear; for they would have enough to do, to defend themselves from our Soldiers, placed in Castles, newly raised thereabout. Wherefore, seeing that many things for the present invited him, no reasons appeared sufficient to withdraw him from it; let them leave that only determination to him, and with great and constant courages begin the Siege of Antwerp; and from whence he foresaw the access of all Brabant would follow: And they might be confident, that the Mother of God, patroness of Antwerp, having been wickedly banished from her own City by Heresy, they now, refusing no peril, to restore her to her ancient possession, would not forsake them in their so pious attempts. The Siege of Antwerp once decreed, 
The Siege is decreed.  rather by Alexander's authority than his Oration, command was forthwith given to provide things necessary for it; which by reason theywere many, and in several places: For, Antwerp, Gaunt; Brussels, Dendermund, and Mechlin were all at once attempted, I thought it worth my labour to prescribe the sites of these places.  
Antwerp, by Reason of the River 
How Antwerp is defended by the River Scheldt. By the Castles placed on the River banks.  Scheldt, sufficiently strong of itself, by the many Forts and Sconces placed thereon, especially towards the Ocean, is yet far stronger, chief by two, about nine miles from Antwerp; the one called Lillo, taking its name from a neighbouring Village, Mondragonius, by the Duke of Alva's appointment had erected on the coast of Brabant: The other called Liefken●koeck, the confederate Provinces possessed of Antwerp, built on the other side of the River over against Lillo; and not long after took Lillo also. By commerce of the same River, 
By commerce of the same River, with Gaunt.  Antwerp is joined to Gaunt, distant about thirty miles. Dendermund 
with Dendermund,  strengthens the traffic in the midway between Antwerp and Gaunt, placed also on the River Scheldt. But nearer, about twelve miles from Antwerp, is seated Mechlin: And by the 
with Mechlin,  River Deal running into the Scheldt, under the name of Rupel, gives and takes mutual assistance. A little further distant from Antwerp is Brussels: 
and with Brussels 24 miles.  but having opened themselves a ditch or channel fit for navigation, they can sail into Rupel, and thence sliding into the Scheldt, enter Antwerp. Prince Alexander well apprehending all these things, determined not with several Armies to lay siege to every City, for that by a hundred and fifty thousand soldiers could not be effected: but as he had begun at Gaunt, erecting Sconces and Forts 
Alexander gins to cut off this intercourse.  a distance off, and blocking up the Rivers, by which the Cities had their relief, by little and little meant to make them feel the miseries of a Siege, without the noise of a Siege: Therefore sending Plato his Engineer, with a band of Soldiers to Wettera, he commanded Anthony Olivera, who kept the bridge lately built there on the Scheldt against Gaunt, to raise 
from Gaunt. from Dendermund,  a new Fort towards Dendermund, thereby to cut off all hopes of commerce between Gaunt, Antwerp, and Dendermund. He dispatched part of Igniquesius regiment to the Village of Willebroeck, which is between Mechlin and Antwerp, to besiege the 
from Mechlin,  Castle erected there on the bank of the River, and stop the passage of Brussels 
and from Brussels.  channel, whose chiefest defence is Willebroeck. Then applying himself 
Then sets upon the Siege both by land and water. He commits the land to George Basta.  unto Antwerp, he thus distributed the Siege amongst the chiefest Commanders of his Army: He commanded George Basta, Commissarie of the Horse, a wise and valiant man, with some troops of Epirots and Italians, to guard the country about Antwerp in Brabant; and so to provide, that in time of need, calling for aid from the next Forts, he might see, that no provision should be carried into the City out of Brabant. As for the banks of the River Scheldt, 
The banks of the Scheldt, Flanders side to Rubasius. That of Brabant to Mansfield.  Flanders side, where the Army then lay, he committed to marquis Rubasius, General of the Horse, and that of Brabant to Peter Ernest Count Mansfield, Camp-Master-Generall. To Mansfield he added Christopher Mondragonius, and part of the Army, viz. four thousand and five hundred foot and eight Troops of horse. To Rubasius he joined Gasper Billius, and Peter Pacins, with three thousand foot and four troops of Horse; and commanded, that as well they, that stayed on this side, as those that were to pass over the Scheldt, with all celerity should assault and take the enemy's Forts and Castles, placed on both sides the River towards the Ocean. And from thence to oppose themselves against the enemies sailing from Holland and Zealand to Antwerp. Wherefore he commanded Mondragonius 
Before whom Mondragonius goes on his side,  with his Regiment, consisting of twenty one colours, to go before Count Mansfield, who was soon after to follow with the rest of his forces, and at Rupelmund, and Borcht, to pass over his Soldiers into Brabant in boats: Which he did 
and puts to flight the enemies shipcoming to oppose him.  prosperously execute, putting to flight by Canon shot, the Admirall's ship of Antwerp, which came to hinder his passage, after it had received some hurt. The City being highly 
Antwerp.  offended at the negligence of the Garrison Soldiers; but when they saw the King's Army spread on both sides the River, and their tents so suddenly pitched, their anger was turned into care. For now Alexander moving with his Court from Tourney, 
Alexander pitcheth in a Village of Flanders. Not far from him Rubasius.  came to Bevera, a Village of Flanders, about seven miles from Antwerp, and there fortified himself: not far from his pavilions, Rubasius, with all his warlike Magazine, sat down in the Village of halloo on the Scheldt, having first ejected the Garrison Soldiers hence. Between both, 
Between both Charles Mansfield.  but nearer to Alexander, Charles Count Mansfield, son to Earnest, Master of the Artillery, those for seat of his military Engines the Village of Melsen. But on Brabant side, 
On Brabant side Mansfield the Father,  Count Mansfield Campmaster General, following Mondragonius over the Scheldt, placed his tents in the Village of Straboeck, about four miles distant from Lillo: which (because Alexander designed that seat for himself) he diligently fortified. A distance off, in the Village of Berendrecht, 
and Mondragonius,  was the station of Mondragonius: with whom afterwards, near Stanflict Camillus à Monte, and 
with Montitius and Capisuccus.  Capisuccus joined theirs. Assoon as it was perceived, that Antwerp was by the King's Army attacked on every side, the Antwerpians, although at first, knowing both theirs, and the enemy's forces, had jeered at the enterprise; 
The Antwerpians prepare for their defence. Phillip Marnixius of Mont Saint Aldegund.  yet, notwithstanding, fearing Alexander's fortune, they courageously prepared for their defence. Aldegund governed the City as Consul, the Prince of Orange's most intimate friend, and next after him, was out-topped in authority by none of the States. By his advice, especial 
Especially on both banks of the Scheldt.  care was taken of fortifying the Castles on either side the River. The chiefest were Lillo on Brabant side, Liesken shoeck on Flanders coast, and the Forts standing in the Isle of Doele. Odettus Tilinius, son to Lanoy, 
The Isle of Doele.  with a fresh cohort of French, took upon him to defend Lillo. John Pettin, an old Colonel, was commanded to fortify Lieskenshoeck with a new mudwall. The like care was taken of the other forts. The bank at Safting and other places being cut, and a way opened for the Scheldt to overflow the fields of Wasia, even unto Antwerp. They sent some also to Bergen-Zom to gather Soldiers; and others to demand aid from Zealand and Holland, and also to solicit William Blosse de Treslong, Admiral of Zealand sea.  
But now, as they had orders, 
And Alexander's Commanders invade both sides of the River. Mondrag. Rubas.  Mondragonius advanced against Lillo; Rubasius against the Isle of Doele, but with contrary success; for the one by aged caution making delay, lost opportunity; the other burning with youthful celerity, set upon the enemy, unprovided both of counsel and defence. The Isle of Doele, which is made by a Rampire or Dyke 
The Isle of Doele, and its Castles.  drawn about against deluges, is defended by four Castles, and there endeth the territory of Wasia. Thither Rubasius, sending before Pacius Regiment, came sooner than could be expected; therefore the Castle of Antonia yieded itself forthwith to 
The Castles of Antonia and Teruent.  Rubasius; and the Garrison of Teruent not expecting the enemy fled away: But, it fell out far otherwise at Liefkenshoeck. It was kept by about eight 
Liefkenshoeck.  hundred Soldiers, who fiercely rejected Rubasius' Trumpeter, demanding the render of their Castle, for three days most valiantly maintained their defence, until by Canon shot, the Rampire being beaten down in several places, and Prince Alexander advancing from Bevera, and offering them in vain kind conditions, he commanded Rubasius not any longer to defer the assault, who sending thither Hernandus de Isla, and Gasparine Lucensis, Captains of select companies, commanded them not to admit any to mercy; who, although at the first assault they were repulsed; yet, venturing again, they took the Castle, put about four hundred of the enemies to the sword, drowned almost two hundred, and 
Rubasius takes it,  brought away seven Colours; Pettin Governor of the Castle being slain by Rubasius own hand, who the same night marched to Noort, the last Fort of the Isle, situate on the Scheldt; but Fer●mius Governor of that place, having conveyed all his Artillery into Ships, killed all his Cattle, and set fire on the Fort, retired to Antwerp. From thence the Army retired to Safting, which only held remained untaken, but finding it void of defendants, they began to make up the cloven of the bank, against the waters bursting forth from the left side of the River. And thus by Rubasius' expedition, Antwerp was 
and wins all Flanders bank.  disarmed of the Forts on Flanders coast, and of all the Country of Wasia, lying along the Scheldt; when in the interim on Brabant side, Mondragonius marched against Lillo, 
Mondragonius sets upon Lillo.  knowing how strong a Castle, both by situation and fortification he was to attempt, as having built it himself, and for that he was too cautious of the enemy's strength, as conscious of it, he gave time to admit a Garrison into Lillo. It HELPS, to wit, sometimes not to know dangers, which if known, would be a hindrance to victory. For two thousand soldiers under Balfurius, a Scotch 
The Garrison increased.  Colonel, were received into the Castle, against part of whom, sallying out under Tillinius, Mondragonius 
He fights with them, sallying out,  advanced with his Regiment, and giving them battle, it was with equal loss a long time disputed, until the Cataracts which were within the Castle being drawn, and the River Scheldt then swelling with the tide, let out amongst the Spaniards, the Mondragonians not being able any longer to endure, both the vehemency 
without success.  of the Canons thundering from the Castle, and the tempest of the water, and having lost Aloysius Toletanus, and Peter Padilla, two valiant Captains, by little and little retired, and were compelled to move their station into a safer place; with great constancy, chief of the Spaniards, 
But with great constancy of the Spaniards.  carrying away in the fight of the enemies their wheel-pieces on their shoulders, and wading in the water up to the breasts. Nor were they so dismayed, when they could not by reason of the deluge, assail the enemies on the front, on the right side, climbing up the banks of the Scheldt (upon which the Castle stands) they obstinately again attempted the assault, and having taken a little Sconce, they fiercely stormed the Castle: but the Rampire being cut in many places, hindered their entrance: Therefore being out of hope of winning the Castle, they were by his excellency commanded 
Whom Alex. calls off.  to retreat to Stabroeck, and there to prohibit the excursions of the Garrison soldiers from Lillo.  
Whilst the confederates defended Lillo, they lost herentals. For the Antwerpians solicitous of Lillo, called thence the Scotch Garrison, and 
Herentals by Caesius means.  trusted Herentals to the Townsmen. Wherefore Caesius (the Horse being divided between him and George Basta) making inroads into those places, did not let slip so fit an opportunity; 
Count Nicol. Caes.  for, having sojourned there as a Prisoner, he had contracted great familiarity with the chiefest Townsmen, and therefore easily persuaded them, that not expecting the Victorious Army, they should deliver the Town to the Prince of Parma; which was scarcely effected, when the Townsmen, having first admitted Caesius into the Town, the Garrison Soldiers being by the Antwerpians (too late repenting them of 
Submits to the Kin.  their rash counsel) commanded to return, shut their Gates, turned their Cannons against them, and beat them off. For that service, Caesius obtained of the Prince the Government of that place. But, Alexander for the present having lost opportunity of taking Lillo, thought it not convenient to spend any longer time about that siege, which if it were taken, together with Liefkenshoeck on the opposite bank, which he already had, the enemy's ships could not by them be sufficiently prohibited from passage, by reason of the rivers breadth, and the daring enemies in the dead of the night, waiting for the help of the tide violently rushing in from the sea, might easily delude both Castles endeavours: Wherefore 
Alexander thinks of a Bridge to block up the Scheldt.  seeing the River's passage could not be obstructed, unless by the interposition of a bridge, he judged it all one, whether to erect it there, between Lillo and Liefkenshoeck, or elsewhere, raising Castles in some other places. Wherefore measuring (as it were) the Channel, Alexander, to whose opinion the most ancient and skilful Mariners, with his Captains Baroccius and Plato, easily assented, thought it best to block up the River not far from Lillo towards Antwerp, between Calloo, a 
He chooseth the place between halloo and Ordam, for three reasons.  village of Flanders, and Ordam, a village of Brabant. The motives, as he writ to the King, why he chief chose that place, were these; Because the Scheldt there is not so very broad, and a hillock of earth, like to a bed of sand (which they call a bank) stretching itself out from the shore, straitneth the channel. Besides, in that place, the river bending itself a little towards the right hand, the ships have therefore almost need of another wind, so that they cannot so directly, and with like violence keep on their course. Lastly, he had tried, that the earth there was full of gravel and solid, and most commodious, both for raising and upholding the work. Moreover, 
He commands Castles to be built on either side the River, at the ends of the bridge,  he had committed the charge of building the Castles on both sides the River, which should be the heads of the bridge, viz. Flanders side to Rubasius, and Brabant to Mondragonius. That for reverence to the Mother of God, to whom he had dedicated the whole work from the beginning, was called Saint. Maries; this in the honour of the King, Saint Philip's. Besides, he erected other Castles in other places, some for defence 
and others elsewhere.  of his Army, others against the enemy's Forts; and those that were placed against Antwerp, were called of Saint Peter, and Saint Barbara; those against Lillo of the Blessed Trinity.  
Whilst Alexander was continually busied in earnest labours on both 
THE SIEGE OF DENDERMUND.  sides the River, and was thought there to have his whole care employed; secretly, with Pacius' Regiment, and a band of Italians, he sets upon the Siege of Dendermund.  
Dendermund is situated at the mouth of the River Dender, from 
It's site.  whence it takes its name, which River runneth into the Scheldt; wherefore by reason of its site and fabric, it was reckoned amongst the strongest Cities in Flanders: and in regard it is seated in the midway between Gaunt and Antwerp, is very commodious to them 
Commodious to the bordering enemies.  both. Alexander determined long since to bring it under subjection, as well to interpose it as a bar, to cut off all passage and commerce between both Cities, as to exonerate himself of the trouble of dividing his forces, for he was forc'● continually to keep a guard in the Country about Gaunt and Dendermund. Thither he sent before John Gamboa with Augustine 
Forces are sent thither before  Igniquesius. Regiment, commanding him to take the sluices of Dender, which the enemies with a Mill near the City had fortified, and from whence they might easily overwhelm the places near adjacent: Which he had scarce effected, having killed about fifty of the defendants; and put 
First, the sluice is taken.  the rest to flight; when from Brussels side appeared Charles Count Mansfield, with five troops of Horse, and some Companies of Walloons; and from the other side at Waestmuster, Alexander with Pacius' Regiment; who forthwith setting guards on the river Scheldt, both above and below, and environing the City, planted his Cannons against the Fort before Brussels gate. Mortagnus 
Then the city is besieged, viz. The gate towards Brussels. The Governor had carefully fortified it,  with eight hundred soldiers, besides armed townsmen, instead of Rihovius their Governor, who then was absent, commanded the City; he fortified all places industriously but especially Brussels fortification, strengthening it with most of his Veterans, 
especially the fort before the City,  against the force of the enemy: and from thence they continually shot, and not in vain, against the Royalists, but weakly fenced. The first terror they struck was by the death of Peter Pacius, a Spanish Colonel who behind a gabion, or 
From whence shooting they kill Pacius,  wicker basket, directing a Cannon against the enemy, was suddenly slain with a Musquet-bullet, piercing his head. The same day, a little after, Peter Tassius, overseer of the Army, was slain, being shot also into the 
and Tassius.  head with a Musquet-bullet. At the first, with great grief of the Spaniards, especially for the loss of Peter Pacius, a man conspicuous for his piety and valour, who, because he had a care of his soldier's necessities, as if he had been their Father, was commonly called Peter de Pan; but afterwards with so great rage against 
The Spaniards are thereby incensed;  the enemy, and desire of revenge, that the Cannons having not as yet made a sufficient breach in the Fort, they all contentiously desire the assault. ANGER to wit, sometimes, addeth more force, than loss doth diminish. They have yet another motive to whet their fury. The Garrison soldiers brought into the 
especially seeing the Saints injured.  Fort with a mimic kind of state, a great Image of a Saint, and setting it upon the battlements, after they had abused it with derisions and stripes, furiously tumbled it down: At which spectacle, all their hearts were incensed with indignation; yea, the Captains could scarcely contain the fury of their soldiers, threateningly demanding the sign of the onset. Whereupon Alexander thinking it best to make use of their heat, seeing the front of the Fort to be beaten down, and part of the back also, 
Alexander gives order for the assault.  he chose three soldiers out of every Spanish company (which amounted not to above fifty) and commanded them, being conducted by two Captains of Pacius' Regiment, to assail the back: he also chose as many of the same Regiment, led also by two Captains, to follow after; he attributed the front to the Italians and Germans, and commanded the Walloons to assault the side with scaling Ladders. Notwithstanding he deferred the assault until the next day, which was the Eve of the assumption of our Blessed Lady, because on that Feast (as he advertised the Captains) the Queen of heaven assisting them, he 
Trusting in the help of the E. Virgin.  doubted not but to revenge the Injuries of the Saints. Nor was he deceived in his piety. And now they begun the assault on all sides, with great animosity and contempt of death; but especially the Spaniards. And for two hours it was gallantly fought on both sides, but, at length the Royalists prevailed, and with the loss of fifteen only of their soldiers, took the Fort; but, the defendants 
The Fort is taken.  lost above eighty, and the rest fled into the City: which, although the Spaniards from the higher place commanded; yet, notwithstanding the strength of the Walls, the interior Bulwarks, and especially the Ditch, which being very deep, and full of water, hindered their access to the Walls, seemed to retard the conquest: Besides, the City on a sudden, by a sleight occasion, but made greater by conceit, was much animated. There were some Carriages loaden 
Provision sent unto the Farnesian Camp,  with provision, sent from the Village of Gaure to Alexander's Army, when about two hundred and fifty soldiers issuing out of Gaunt, from whence Dendermund had requested aid, and putting to flight the convoy 
Intercepted by these of Gaunt;  near to Alst, joyfully brought away the booty. But short was the joy of both Cities; for Olivera having notice thereof, drew forth from the Fort of Wettera some troops of Horse, and meeting them not fare from Gaunt, unawares set upon the conquerors, and either kill or taking 
but recovered with their overthrow, was sent back to the Army.  them prisoners, for there did not one escape by flight, sent back the Carriages to Alexander. But the Dendermundians had yet a far greater affliction; for, when the River was turned, and drawn another way, (which they never expected) and thereby the Ditch, their chiefest defence drained, they were daunted with that unheard of celerity: for, within five days, with admirable expedition, they had seen Bridges built, Rivers blocked up, Tents pitched, the City besieged, the Walls deprived of their Tr●nch of water, their Fort taken, nor any rest either night or day allowed them, fearing any longer to provoke the Conqueror, they sent a Trumpeter to demand a parley, and 
Dendermund delivered to Alex. 17. Aug.  delivered up the City; the Citizens being fined in sixty thousand Florins; the Soldiers (which were about five hundred) sent away without either horse or arms, and the City commanded to receive what Garrison it pleased the Prince of Parma. Wherefore three companies of Spaniards of Pacius' Regiment, and two of Italians entered the Town, Alexander creating John de Rivas, an old Captain 
john de Rivas made Governor,  of the same Regiment, for a noble act performed at that expedition, Governor of the City. For, he committing some Carts, made ready in the nighttime, loaden with Faggots, to the forwardest of his Captains, to be conveyed into the ditch of the Fort, thereby to defend the assailants; Rivius was the first that drove the Cart forward against the enemy; who having notice of the design, had prepared themselves to shoot from the Fort, and he was the first, and soon after the only man, that adventured to advance against a storm of leaden hailstones; for two of his fellows were shot, and he also a little after wounded in the shoulder; notwithstanding, he with a courageous spirit, and a threatening look stood to 
for his gallant exploit.  his work, nor did he desist, before he had driven his Cart to the place intended; and in defiance of his enemies, with all his might, did drive the next Cart, forsaken by his wounded soldiers, even unto the front of the Fortress. Then by Alexander's appointment he was carried into his Tent, and in reward of his approved valour made Governor of the City. But Prince Alexander, although in the beginning, the Siege of Dendermund was by Mondragonius judged to be a tedious business, and would not (as he said) be dispatched, before the earth was covered over with snow; yet, the eleventh day after he departed from Bevera, the City being very strong of itself, and within short 
And the expedition dispatched sooner then was expected.  time like to draw Gaunt the same way, was by his counsel, authority, help, and especially fame, which was Alexander's chiefest favourite, brought under subjection; and then he 
Returns to Antwerp.  returned to the siege of Antwerp, where the sum of his cares resided.  
Alexander together with Plato and Baroccius (whose judgements next to his Council of War he chief made use of) contrived of what form the work should be to block up the River: and commanded, that 
He prepares timber for building the bridge.  the longest Trees that could be found, should in the territory of Wasia, especially near the Castle of Vorhoteus, and other places, be cut down: and with a huge number of faggots, boughs, and other timber, be conveyed into the Church of Calloo: a great part whereof being already brought, he, whilst some ship-masts fetched further off were expected, began, partly to fortify the Forts of 
He fortifies St. Mar. and St. Phil. and the banks of the Scheldt.  Saint Maries and Saint Philip's, partly to build new Castles on either side of the River, and carefully to provide, that the workmen and Carpenters, ready to set upon the groundwork of the Bridge, should not be hindered and disturbed by the enemy's Navy. But Consul Aldegund, being 
Aldegund jeers at it.  informed at Antwerp by his Emissaries what was in agitation, it is strange how ridiculously he contemned it, and in the presence of many, censured it as vain and foolish; whether deceived himself he thought so, or desired that others should be of that opinion: For, said he, Prince Alexander, even drunk with prosperity, thinking by the interposition of a Bridge, to bridle the liberty of the Scheldt, doth too much confide in himself; for that River will no more brook the shackles of engines, than the free Belgians the bondage of Spaniards. The River in that place, if he know not, is two thousand four hundred foot broad, deep, when the tide is out of it, above sixty, and when the sea sends in the tide, it increases at least twelve foot. And how can the Spaniards have in readiness trees of so huge length and firmness to out-top that channel, and appear above the water; nor could this be expected to be done by ships, which perhaps might be in place of a Bridge, sigh that for the present the besiegers had none with them, nor could any be conveyed to them, but before the walls and part of Antwerp. But in nothing did the Prince of Parma so grossly mistake, as in deferring the work till almost winter, when the River now congealeth into ice, then breaketh into huge pieces, even like swimming Islands: he surely hath but little knowledge of the place, if he think to make a wooden Bridge to endure and hold out against Mountains of ice, forced and dashed by the Tide rushing in furiously from the Sea against it: which if with like violence should be moved against the City itself, though firmly founded, would without doubt subvert it. And these things will certainly come to pass, though Antwerp act nothing, but sit still as a spectator. But what if on the one side, viz. from Antwerp, and on the other side from Holland and Zealand, the Bridge should at once be assailed by both our Navies, what can Alexander interpose against the winter, the sea, and our Fleets? enemy's all at once combining against him, to protect that weake● foundation raised in the Waters? Thus whilst Aldegund either out of dissimulation or contempt of the danger, gave encouragement to his Soldiers; Alexander having already begun the work, brought the River under subjection.  
Now I will following Julius Caesar's 
The description of the bridge.  example, who was as careful in describing, as he was in building of his Bridge over the Rhine, exactly and distinctly deliver unto you the model of the work, because rather by fame then knowledge it begot admiration with many: especially I having seen the form of the same bridge, with the Castles and Forts thereunto adjoining, in a great frame of Wood composed by a rare Artificer of Gaunt, which Prince Alexander, together with a Table representing also in colours the whole work sent to Rome, which then by all was much admired. It was made after this manner: First, at St. Mary's Fort, three piles of an equal distance from the Bank, 
St. Maries Fort.  and placed about five foot one from another, were fastened into the River 
It's beginning on Flanders bank on Piles thus placed.  by a wonderful and quick invention. After these, there were as many distant from the first, eleven foot, and five foot one from another: from these about thirteen foot off were three others: and from these succeeded three others, eleven foot distant; and thus by course, as it were several couples, some eleven, and some thirteen foot asunder, they were so fare extended into the middle of the River, that by reason of the depth of the Channel, and violent course of the waters, there could not any more Trees how long soever be fastened, twelve piles of seventy foot long being fixed in the river, almost in a Quadrangle, to be the basis or groundwork of the Castle, finished this part of the Pile-work, and the tops of all the Piles  joined together by beams laid length-way, connected by overthwart-planks like lattisses were for the Causey, or floor of the Bridge: On the outside in the midway between every Ternall of Piles, there was a beam standing out five foot from the said piles struck fast into the Waters: which by two other beams as it were Arms, taking hold of two of the adverse Piles, in form of a wedge bound fast the whole work to the opposite beams. And this was observed in every ternall juncture on both sides the foundation. But yet more distant outwardly, on either side there went along another row of Piles over against those which were placed three in a rank, about twenty foot off, from the bottom of which, to about the superficies of the Water, were raised great props, which being put under the sharp Angles of the former work, and in the middle meeting together croswise like clasps joined together the inner Piles, and there by wonderfully strengthened the whole Machine. The work thus ordered, boards were 
The way over the bridge upon beams boarded and fenced.  laid over the former Floor, to make even the passage over the Bridge, which was securely flanked on either side against Musquet-shot, with strong and firm Planks, five foot high, with a Parapet of two foot, with like solid boards was the Castle, the intended station of the Soldiery in the furthest part of the work fortified. The passage of the Bridge being twelve foot broad, admitted eight Soldiers to march on breast: and the Castle forty foot broad, and fifty two foot long, was capable of about fifty Soldiers. And whilst this part of the Bridge on Flanders side, was built, at the same time at St. Philip's. Fort on Brabant side was the other part of the 
The same was observed on Brabant side.  Bridge fabricated, after the same fashion a Castle being built also at the end of it for the Soldiers, saving that on this side the Channel being not so deep, the foundation was continued on fare further, for it was nine hundred 
The length of the steccada on both sides,  foot in length, when the other was not above two hundred. The Soldiers called both parts of the Pile-work Steccada. The middle which was the greater half of the River yet remained open: for it was between both Castles above one thousand two hundred and fifty foot. In which place the Channel was of such an immense deepness 
The breadth of the River betwixt both works, could not be made up by Poles for the depth thereof.  and violent rapidity, that it was impossible to fasten any more Piles by what Engine soever: Alexander therefore determined to block up that passage by the interposition of the Ships, sending to Dunkirk, that if there were any there to fetch them from thence, but there were not many, nor could they be conveyed through the Scheldt but in fight of Gaunt and Antwerp. Yet he had great hopes, that Gaunt as he was informed thence by credible persons, would ere long come into his hands, and so he might from thence abundantly furnish himself with ships, Mariners, and other warlike Magazine. In the interim he thought it sufficient that the River was straightened, and the passage not only made narrower, but by the Castles fortified on both sides almost unaccessible, and thereby the hopes of Antwerp contracted. But the further it was divulged that the besieged being hindered of navigation were at want of provision, so much the more were many Merchants spurred on with hope of gain to carry victuals into the City, there scarce passing any day, but some Ships expecting the opportunity of the sea, and forced forward by the violence of the 
And therefore some Auxiliary ships daily passed to Antwerp, through the open passage.  Tide, entered the City with prosperous temerity, although from every side, but especially from the two Castles there were many both surprised, and by Cannon cast away.  
But the delivering up of Gaunt terrified the Antwerpians confidence, 
The delivery of GAUNT. The Gandavians brought under by Famine.  and gave great advantage to Alexander's design; for they of Gaunt were not only out of hopes of provision, both by sea and land: but daily afflicted more and more, on the one side by Olivera, and on the other by Varambone, who quartering in the Village of Hevergeme near the River Livia, and having joined his Burgundians and English with Olivera's Horse, harassed and plundered all the Country about Gaunt, on both sides the City: wherefore now their haughty courages beginning to cool, they sent a Trumpeter to Bevera to entreat Prince Alexander to give safe conduct to their Commissioners to come to him: who being admitted, offered to deliver their City on the same 
Septem. 15. They after submit and quest certain conditions of Alexander,  terms as those of Bridges had delivered theirs, and which then also were offered to Gaunt. But Alexander utterly denied them those, for that when new symptoms appear, new Physic must be prescribed; and checked them 
who gives no care to them.  because they had not only with great contumacy slighted those conditions that were heretofore offered but also by new injuries against Religion and things sacred; and by strange punishments inflicted on those of the Royal Party, had provoked his Majesty's just indignation: and bade them reflect on their former trespasses, and not to expect 
He blames them and dismisseth them.  any other conditions than the King's mercy. But they laid the fault on a few, and said their City was strong and able to hold out a siege yet for many months: and shown his Majesty's Letters of France brought 
They excuse themselves but in vain.  them by Prunaeus his Ambassador, with an assured hope of his aid: And in fine, added, that they feared, if they should return without dispatch of their business the seditious Citizens bearing an unplacable hatred against the Spaniard, would desperately set fire on the City, and leave nothing for the Conquerors to triumph over but ashes. Alexander nothing moved herewith, sent them to Precedent Richardott: from whom hearing the unpleasant conditions which he mentioned to be imposed on Gaunt, especially when amongst other discourse, he said that he saw a private Letter sent from Spain, that persuaded the Prince of Parma not to admit the Gandavians upon any other terms, than such as his Grandfather Charles the first had done, not pardoning them till they came as suppliants with Halters about their Necks, and half naked to submit themselves; at which words the conditioners took such distaste that they returned to Gaunt. But the next day in the City's name, there 
They depart, but return again.  came two chief Gentlemen, Peter Devos, and Peter Cortevilla, and for the Soul diery three Captains, and that they might trans-act all things with greater facility with Prince Alexander, following the ancient practice of the Britons, who about to make 
And use this Art.  peace with Caesar joined with their Ambassadors, Comius of Arras Caesar's near friend, whom a little before they had taken Prisoner: So they taking with them out of prison Frederick Perrenot Lord of Champine, & he together 
They deliver the City to Alex. and receive these conditions.  with Richardott, conferring apart in the end concluded on these conditions. The Prince of Parma Governor of the Low-countrieses doth in his Majesty's name pardon & indemnify the Gandavians received into favour & protection of all their former Delinquencies and grants all their ancient Privileges. The punishment which was merited by all being reduced to six Citizens only, and those six also whom he had demanded to be delivered, to receive punishment at his pleasure, most mercifully he forgives, reserving the disposition of all other matters to himself. He taxeth the City in two hundred thousand Florins, & commands the Citizens to reedify the Imperial Fort, & all the Churches & Religious houses. Gives order that the Clergy be recalled, & restored to their goods & possessions, of which in these last troubles they were deprived. He gran teth to the Heretics leave to stay at Gaunt two years, to set in order their affairs, & then to departed. He also permiteth the garrison soldiers, (which were somewhat above two thousand) to march away with their Arms, & he to substitute others in their places, of what Nation he pleased.  
And having thus settled these affairs, he brought into the City three thousand Foot and five Troops of Horse under Olivera, and created the Lord of Champine, lately close prisoner there, and twice in danger to have lost his life Governor of the City. The 
Alex. order the state of Gaunt, both civil, and sacred.  Arch Bishop of Mechlin was also sent for to see to the Clergy of Gaunt, and to reduce into the City the Priests and religious Families, and to reconcile to God and true Religion the desertors of the Orthodox Faith; And after this manner the Prince, as well as he then could, (being otherwise employed) took care of the civil and Ecclesiastical affairs of Gaunt. And thus this City, the greatest in all the Belgic Provinces came into his Majesty's hands being excellently well fortified with Walls, Ditches, and Forts against 
And of the Victory of this greatest and strongest City.  all On-sets of great Armies whatsoever and within no less strong by the wind and enclosures of Rivers, and Channels, by which being cut into many Islands: if the Suburbs should be taken, the Citizens may retire into those Islands, and cutting down the Bridges may have them: Lastly, for safe refuges, this (I say) so great and rich a City, besieged rather by the terror of Alexander's Name, then by a few stations of Soldiers placed about it, with very little cost to the King, no loss of soldiers was compelled to receive what conditions it pleased the Conqueror, with so great gain of all warlike Magazine, there being carried from thence a huge number both of Wall and field Pieces, Military Engines, carts, Pioners and other workmen, besides ships and Mariners, that Prince Alexander sending a Messenger to 
He sent news to the King.  to Spain with news of the Victory; to add something (as he writ) to the solemnity, than intended as he understood, for the Nuptials of Princess Catharine his Majesty's 
Married to the Duke of Savoy.  Daughter; after a relation of the Victory lastly affirmed, that he never amongst all his prosperous success in the Low-countrieses, had trial of God's bounteous goodness at a fit time then in this Victory over Gaunt, of itself great, but shortly to produce a greater.  
Nor was the fruit of this Victory 
Ships brought from Gaunt to finish the Bridg.  long concealed: There were thirty two ships, besides some Barges, man'd with five hundred Soldiers brought from Gaunt, to be conveyed down to the Scheldt to Caloo. But because between Gaunt and Caloo was seated Antwerp, before whose works they were to pass, they determined thus to shun it. The Antwerpians having opened the banks of the Scheldt at Lasling 
And through the fields drowned by the enemies.  and other places, (as I said before) had overwhelmed the greatest part of the Country, even to the Village of Borcht a little beyond Antwerp, and excepting the Isle of Doele, Caloo, and some other Forts which were free from the Deluge, had covered over with waters all the sea-coast of Flanders. Alexander laying hold of this opportunity, as soon as the ships were set out from Gaunt, and safely passed Dendermund and Rupelmund, Cities now of the King's party, and being augmented with some Frigates 
Avoiding Antwerp.  and little Galleys, commanded them to leave Antwerp on their right hand, and divert their course to Eorcht, and cutting there the banks of the River, to break out into the fields then flowing with Waters, which they, after a short skirmish with the 
And fight with good success.  Antwerpian fleet, (which came thither to stop them) killing John Cock the Admiral, and being guarded with a new Fort raised on purpose near Borcht prosperously performed. Then steering towards Caloo, and breaking through the Rampire of Blacherse at St. Francis Fort, at length at Sebastian's, the banks of the river being cut, and sliding again into the Scheldt came to Alexander with so much the greater joy to the Army, for that 
Are conveyed to Alex.  it was reported, the Royal ships were scarcely passed Borcht, when a new navy from Antwerp, under the conduct of Tilinius, flew into the help of Cock. This Tilinius some days before, whilst the Confederates on every 
But Tilinius son to Lanoy, sailing from Lillo to Antwerp,  side assailed and disturbed the workmen building the Bridge, departing in the night from Lillo, made an escape to Antwerp, and drew with him three Spanish Barges, but seeing 
Not without some booty.  the Royalists to have worsted the Antwerpians ships, and already passed the bank of the Scheldt even to Borcht, lest that passage and port should hereafter jye open to any more ships coming from Gaunt, with the Fleet that came with him, cast Anchor where the bank of the River was 
Raising a Castle bindered that passage from Gaunt,  opened, and there erected and fortified a Castle which was called Tilinius. Then returning to Antwerp, and consulting with Aldegunde and the chiefest Commanders, when they had determined to call from Zutphan Count Holach, to move Colonel Morgan to assist them with his English Regiment, and again to demand aid from the French; He engaged himself to go to the Hollanders, and solicit their Navy. And expecting the ebbing of the sea in an armed Galley, 
Afterward sailing back to solicit the Hollanders.  having sent before one of his Barges, about midnight escaped between the wooden bridges, but by and by falling on the Lord of Bills Galley and ships; who by Prince Alexander's appointment, kept guard between the bridge and Liefkenshoeck after some dispute was overcome, taken prisoner, 
Is taken.  and sent to the Castle of Tourney, 
With great loss to the States.  with no less loss to Antwerp, deprived of a stout and hardy Captain, than grief to his father Lanoy, with 
Lanoy taken before.  that captivity twice captivated. But the damage given by Tilinius, who by placing ships near Borcht, had debarred the Royalists from thence, and so blocked up the ships passage 
The passage from Gaunt being obstructed.  from Gaunt, was not recompensed by this defeat: Which greatly vexed Prince Alexander, standing in need of ships, by the interposition whereof the now finished bridge might at length block up the Scheldt, and inhibit the passage to the enemies, who daily in despite of all danger passed that way, and continually transported some provision to Antwerp, especially the nearer it drew to winter, he feared every thing would grow to a worse condition, principally the ice of the river, than which as the inhabitants threatened, there could not happen a more certain mischief. Besides, he had need of more ships for the defence of the bridge against the enemy's attempts, invading it either from the sea, or Antwerp, or from both sides at once. Therefore advising but in vain, with those that were best acquainted with the Waters and places thereabouts, he himself, either necessity urging wit, or rather, (as we writ to the King) God inspiring it into his mind, after he had well viewed and taken notice of the Country all about 
Alexander deviseth another else where.  the River, intended (following D●usus, and Conbulonus example, who in those places made Ditches, he from the Rhine unto the lake of Flevus, this between the Moss and the Rhine not fare from the coast of Holland:) to make a channel capable 
14. Novem.  of ships, from Steken, a Village of Wasia, and draw it on even to Caloo. And although a great patt of his Pioners were elsewhere employed; yet assured of his soldier's obedience, (for Alexander had attained, that that which heretofore was esteemed Might and Authority, now became emulation and customary) Himself the Architect of his own design, amongst his soldiers and pioners as one of them; laid his hands to the work, and a little above Steken, whither an arm 
He beginneth the Channel.  of Moere a river of Gaunt reacheth, opens the head of the ditch, and letting Moere into it, draws on the 
And letting the River into it.  channel to a place, where by reason of the former inundation, the Waters were sufficiently deep five miles distant from Steken. Thence bending its course through the fields that were ebber of waters, to the Village of Gillis, he brought it between Verbock, and the Fort of Devera, to Calloo, and so to the Army, and in fine cutting the bank of the Scheldt disburdened it into the river: and built there a Sconce called Perla, for the defence of this new Port and Haven, which in that place he determined for his shipping. And thus though the passage through, the Scheldt was obstructed by the enemies, yet having opened a new and much shorter cut, into which the shipping from Gaunt, through the River 
Draws it even to the camp.  Moere might enter, and so be conveyed to the Army, he sufficiently provided plenty of Timber for the bridge, and provision for the Army with great admiration of the enemies; seeing so huge a work, so speedily perfected: and rejoicing of his soldiers, highly and not sparingly extolling the Prince of Parma, to whose honour they called this new Fosse, Parma. The length of it measuring both the dry land and the overwhelmed fields, 
The length of it.  was fourteen miles: and first, there came from, Gaunt that way seaventeen Barks but afterwards as the greatest 
The commodiousness of it.  Rivers of all Flanders do meet at Gaunt, so from all places of Flanders, all kind of Merchandise began to be brought to the Camps, with no little gain to the Towns and Villages, safely conveying thither, and uttering their vendible commodities; with the greatest benefit to the soldiers, whom all the time of the siege, this one channel abundantly supplied with victuals, so as they needed not to leave their Posts and Enfignes. But the principal 
Ships are brought through it to perfect the bridge.  profit of Parma then was, to bring in ships to finish the bridge: Yet by reason of the frost they were some days retarded, for the River Scheldt, which was almost all frozen up, being broken, huge pieces of Ice were heaped together, which if perhaps with the violence of the Tide, had been dashed against the bridge: doubtless had dissipated and overthrown the ships standing in the midst of the River, where it runs with greater violence. Certainly some huge fragments of the congealed River, forcibly being dashed against the bridge, and sticking into the substance of the piles, almost half a palm, were a sufficient proof, of what strength and firmness it was, standing  and stable against such sharp darts, violently hurled by the raging billows of the Ocean. But as soon as the Winter began to dissolve, and less 
And the violence of the congealed River ceasing, they are made use of. 1585.  fear of the Ice they returned to their work. The middle part of the River (as is before signified) between the Castles lay open little less than one thousand three hundred foot. To block up which there were thirty two 
Those ships were chief two.  ships, of sixty six foot long a piece, and twelve foot broad interposed, with their sides together evenly placed. Nor were they joined close together, 
Thus ordered.  but distant one from another twenty two foot, and tied together in four places, at the Fore-deck, middle, and stern by Cable-ropes, and chains. Besides, every ship from the Fore-deck and stern was stayed by Anchors so cast that the river swelling up, and the Cables loosened by the Mariners help, the rank of ships might be raised unhurt. But the distance between every ship was made up by beams, and boarded by overthwart planks, fastened unto the hatches: 
Over these the passage is made.  whereby there was made a continual bridge between the Castles, of one thousand three hundred foot long, flanked also with battlements of firm planks, as was observed in both parts of the Steccada, to which, this middle bridge was connected. To every ship for their defence were attributed thirty soldiers, fenced with hurdles and gabions, four Mariners, and two double Cannons: But for the 
Fortified with soldiers, Mariners and Cannons,  Castles there were fare more defendants; and to every corner of them so many Cannons, two whereof were placed for the defence of the Steccada, and two for the ships. And for the 
For the defence of the whole work, there were 97. Cannons.  protection of all the whole bridge, there were ninety seven great Guns. Nor was this work sooner perfected, but another was dispatched, which might be to this a munition and fortification. And as before City gates 
A double defence placed before the Bridge.  some Forts or bulwarks a little distant from the Walls are wont to be raised against the enemies, by opposition of which they may be retarded, and dulled, that they cannot assault the City itself, but first tired and diminished; so this new Bulwark (as Baroccius the inventor of it, reasoned) would be a tuition to the bridge, upon which the enemy's ships must of necessity run and be entangled, before they could freely and in full force assail the bridge. And after this manner was the structure of this Machine. Before the Naval bridge, but about a 
Of the kind of structure.  darts cast off, there were thirty three boats, placed three and three together, their sides somewhat distant one from another, fastened together with huge beams laid over, and ships Mafts. Then three others connected after the same manner, but separated from the first three a little distance: so again others, succeeded with equal distance, even unto the eleventh Ternall. Besides, from every one of these Ternalls, stood out forty beams in a forked order, being very long, round, and their points sharpened with iron; which like Pike-men in the front of an Army, might terrify with their points set and turned against the enemy, those that advanced against them. These Boats were filled with empty Hogsheads, left they should be swallowed up, either by the stream or tide: these were on either side stayed with Anchors, but their Cables long and slack, that the River rising with the tide, they might also rise with it, therefore they called them Floats.  
The one of these Engines, for there were two were placed towards Antwerp, the other towards the Ocean, either of these being one thousand two hundred and fifty two foot long, were so fare extended into the breadth of the River, that they might by their opposition and hindrance, defend all the Naval bridge, and part of the Castles. Lastly, his Excellency adding a Navy of forty sail of ships and galleys, twenty on Flanders fide, and as many on the coast of Brabant, for the safeguard of the Bridge; after the seaventh month of the siege, brought this work to a happy end: And built a bridge over the Scheldt, two thousand four hundred foot long, of that 
And the bridge 2400 foot long, being finished.  firmness, that both horse and foot, with Carriages and Wheel-pieces might safely pass to and fro, as occasion required between Flanders and 
The passage from Antwerp to the sea, is wholly cut off.  Brabant; blocked up the river, and took away all hopes of commerce between the Sea and the Antwerpians. That day, on which the bridge and its fortifications were finished (being 
That day, the work was finished, the soldiers celebrate with great joy.  the feast of St. Mathias the Apostle, which Prince Alexander divined to be to him, as he writ to the King, lucky for the memory of his Grandfather Charles the fifth, to whom that day often proved fortunate) all the Army celebrated it with military triumph. A great part of the soldiery were placed on the new bridge, as if, having subjugated and trampled on the Scheldt, they were already Victors: part from the Castles, and Forts built on both sides the River; some from the ships, many from their stations and tents; all with joyful Volleys of their Artillery and exulting shouts wished life and Victory to their noble General the Prince of Parma. Whilst 
Alexander likewise gives thanks to God.  he, who knew the design to be begun by the singular Will of God, and by him protected amongst the continual conflicts, both of the enemies, and elements, rendering with a submissive mind, thanks and praises to the Divine Majesty, prayed that the work might continue and be defended by his most omnipotent hand.  
But as soon as it was known at Antwerp, 
The Antwerpians admire to see the work finished.  the passage of the Scheldt to be stopped by a bridge, and many afar off beheld the Machine; it is scarce credible, with what admiration and consternation the people were taken. Yea, there were of opinion, that this could not be invented by humane Art, but the model of it by some demonicall inspiration demonstrated to the Prince of Parma, and accomplished by Artificers, and Tools sent from Pluto. Indeed Aldegund, all thought than he dissembled his fear, was mightily dejected; and in a Book, which after the delivery of Antwerp he set forth, affirmed to be above humane judgement, that a River of that 
Aldegunds judgement of it.  nature, could by mortal hands be obstructed. And verily amongst all the Ancients, one can hardly read of a more exquisite and rare piece of work. I know Caesar's bridge a little beyond the Belgic bounds, built over the Rhine, to be by Historians 
Compared to Caesar's Bridge.  made famous. But Caesar's bridge on the Rhine was erected on a far straighter, and by reason of the Summer time more shallow place. Alexander's bridled a river broader, almost by the half, hard by the Ocean, yea mixed with it, and tossed by the fury of that Element. Besides, he had every thing 
Caesar.  ready brought from confederate Provinces, offering ships and Timber: Alexand●r had few necessaries at hand, most things to fetch afar off, now surprised by the English, then by the Hollanders, always in danger of the enemies. And that Caesar's bridge was but for a short time to be used, to wit, for once transporting of an army, and therefore did not need to be of that stability, as of necessity Alexander's must, to hold out a siege of many month's continuance. Lastly, Caesar stood in no dread of enemies, who, as soon as the bridge began to be erected, fled away, Alexander in sight of an hostile and most potent City, erected a Bridge amongst Waters, restless by the Tide of the restless Ocean, betwixt Antwerp and the 
Antwerp.  Sea, both held by the enemies, now thence, then from Antwerp, often from both sides at once, assailed by dangerous invasions of the enemy's ships. So as if the Name of Caesar were but taken from Rhine, and added to this bridge of Antwerp, our age, I believe, needed not to be ashamed of their Caesar's. But a spy sent by Aldegund to the Camp, to take notice of the fabric of the Bridge, and the enemy's designs, aggravated the besieged Cities cares, who being known and apprehended, but treated by the Prince of Parma, otherwise 
A Sco●t from Antwerp taken.  than he feared, (to wit, in imitation of Scipio, who with like security of himself, and contempt of the enemy, admitted Hannibal's scouts,) was commanded to walk about the Army, diligently to take notice of the bridge, to number the ships, Artillery, and Forts, and then without fear to return to him. Being returned, go quoth he to those that sent thee, and 
And is sent back from Alex. with these words.  after thou hast related all things thou hast with thy eyes beheld, add that Alexander Farneze, with a constant resolution hath determined with himself, not to departed from the siege, till under that (and points to the Bridge) he bury himself, or by it force a way into the City.  
But the news of the unfortunate attempt of Bolduc, was to Antwerp a 
The attempts of Bolduc.  fare greater terror than the relation they had from the Scout at his return. The States confederate amongst 
What was decreed by the states at their meeting.  other things, agitated at their meeting at Middleburg, had thus divided their Forces. Whilst Tresland Admiral of Zealand, was drawing his fleet to Lillo, Count Holack should attempt Bolduck which if the Prince of Parma should relieve, (for so they disputed) doubtless, the bridge and the Castles would be left destitute of their accustomed defence, and so their fleet might have a more facile access, and onset upon the bridge, but if he neglected Bolduck, and chose rather to attend to the head of the War, it could not hold out long, especially when some of the Citizens had promised their endeavours, and if Bolduc were taken, they might convey succours to Antwerp by land, not needing the sea. And now by Holacks command fifty foot soldiers 
julian's charge.  under Claragius lay in ambush, before the City gate, which tends towards Antwerp, and as soon in the morning as the Citizens opened that gate, and let down the drawbridge, on a sudden they shown themselves, and putting to flight the Citizens, took that gate. And forthwith three hundred horse, and seven hundred foot not fare off listening to the success, commanded by Holach himself enter the City: and being divided, some march 
Holach and his forces enter the City.  into the marketplace, some lay hand on the Magazine and Artillery, many now as secure of the Victory, furiously 
Who fall to plunder.  spread themselves all over in pillaging this rich City. And a Corporal 
The keeper of the gate joins himself to the plunderers.  with three soldiers appointed by Holack to look to the gate, now supposing the City to be taken, lest he should be defrauded of the fruits of the Victory, basely forsaken his station, and joined himself to his plundering companions. At that time by chance, Altapen newly recovered of his sickness was at Bolduc, and hearing the noise of the enemies, armed himself, and drawing with him forty Lanciers of Elmont his Italian Troop, who then was Governor of the City, advanced to the Marketplace, and with his presence greatly animated the dejected Citizens, and 
Altapen charges the enemies.  fiercely charged the Vanguard of the enemies. Then the Governor Elmont 
They fight. By and by others also.  follows Altapens example: and with both, some Citizens join themselves: others by their own conduct, and with mutual exhortation invade the enemies: and taking up arms every where, it was all the City over, both in the streets and Market, with different resolutions, but equal obstinacy on both sides disputed. These, the love of their City, care of their wives, children and fortunes, inflamed against the assailants, and robbers; these were encouraged with the glory of surprising the City, and the great booties which now were in their hands. But, whether EVERY one more carefully defends his own, then strives to take others, or the armed crowd of Citizens increasing for, FOR THE most part a few begin high designs, but are soon seconded by many; the Hollachians were forced to defist from plunder, and fall to their own defence. And were yet encouraged with hope of succours, Holach being gone to call in more forces, which for this purpose lay privately in a Neighbouring Village. But an old man seeing the gate slighted by the 
Holach departs to fetch in more forces.  Holachians, privily crept down from an adjoining Turret, cutting in sunder the ties, and letting down the Portcullis, shut out and deluded the enemies, being one thousand horse and 
Returns with them. But the gate being shut, he is not admitted.  two thousand foot, posting with all speed to the City, and even then at the gates, whereby it came to pass that the Holachians now fight with unequal number and courage were all either shut up within the City, and miserably cut off; or voluntarily 
Then following the slaughter of the Holachians.  leaping from the Walls into the Ditch, excepting a few, were swallowed up by the Waters. At which time it is reported that many also of the Citizens, as yet ignorant of the delivery of their City, in a precipitate flight, and with vain fear of them, to whom they themselves were a terror, fell down headlong from the opposite part of the City Walls, and so both the victors and conquered were alike drowned. But it is more probable that they were not by ignorance of the Victory, but guilty of Treason, driven to flight & that fate. Amongst the dead, were found Ferdinand Truchsesius, brother to the deposed Imperial Elector, and the Prince of Orange's base son, besides Count Holaches Lieutenant, and some Germane Captains of Pike-men.  
Thus this City already taken, was by one Corporal quitting his post lost, and saved by the undaunted courage of Altapen. And so accordingly the Corporal flying from the walls 
The keeper of the gate punished.  received his merited punishment, who by Holaches command lost his head. Altapen and Elmont Prince Alexander highly extolling them both, were by the King's letters as signals of his thanks, honoured, together with a 
Altapen rewarded.  gift sent to Altapen.  
As the news of this defeat entered 
Brussels besieged, is tormented with Famine.  Antwerp, at the same time almost some horse, and suddenly after foot also, the relics of the slaughter given by George Basta Commissary General of the horse, confusedly fled into the City. For Viluord a Town near adjoining to Brussels, not long before being taken by the Royalists, and Ambrose Landriano left there to defend it, those of Brussels were miserably tormented for lack of provision. Wherefore the Mechlinians. and the Antwerpians, had thus agreed to relieve them, that they should provide provision, and these a Convoy. But by 
They of Mechlin and Antwerp send them provision, with a great Convoy.  chance this came to the Prince of Parma's knowledge, who appointed George Basta from Tornhout, and Edward Lanceavech from Liere, Governor of that Garrison, to join their forces, and about Viluord to enambush them-selves. And now at the close of the evening, they saw nine 
But falling on an Ambuscado of the Royalists.  Troops of Horse and almost thirteen ●oot companies, to march before two hundred Carriages, and but a slender guard on the Rear. For by reason of the vicinity of Mechlin, they suspected not any danger. Whereupon the Royalists to make show of greater forces, with great and sudden sounding of Drums and Trumpets, charged the Van of the enemy's horse; then the foot and horse joining themselves, whilst on both sides it was courageously fought, the Waggoneers conveyed away the carriages, and drove most of them back to Mechlin, from 
Are beaten and put to flight.  whence a little before they came: whereby the Royalists with greater fury pursuing the fight, slew at least two hundred, and took many prisosoners, but especially of Ragters' horses, 
With prey to the Victor's.  for they brought away above four hundred, killed and routed all the rest, and thought it sufficient, so to have disappointed the Antwerpians design, to their no small damage, and to have dashed all hopes of relieving Brussels, now in great distress for want of provision. And indeed the 
The famine increaseth at Brussels.  famine in that rich, famous, and most populous City, grew almost intolerable, although oftentimes many, both men and women were sent out, thereby to ease it. But most of them by the King's horse were either by shot forced back into the City, or not returning, were taken and hanged up: but they commanded the women, having their garments cut above their knees, with that disgrace to return to be with their fellows hunger-starved. And truly every day there, many miserably perished for lack of meat; yea, it is reported, that a mother of many children, being inwardly tormented with their continual lamentations, 
A miserable example.  caused them to drink poison, and afterwards drunk it herself, thereby to prevent the irksomeness of a tedious death. Then discord famines companion, entered the City, some of the 
Discord increaseth as the famine.  Citizens being in mind to surrender the City, others still retaining their obstinacy with hope of help from France: these with armed soldiers possess themselves of the Palace, those with like preparation of arms took the Marketplace and Townhouse. Till at length in despair of the French succours, and seeing all passages on every side the City to be obstructed, Viluord lost, and Willebroeck the head of their chief Navigation, together with the garrison taken by Igniquesius Regiment; Templaeus Governor of the City, the soldiery, and 
They send to Alex. to deliver up the City.  the Magistrates, sent their several Commissioners into the Camp to Alexander, to render up the City to his mercy: only petitioning they might receive conditions, not dishonourable to their City, the seat of the Belgic Princess: adding that their constant fidelity to his mother the Duchess of Parma, deserved something at her son's hands. Alexander after a short reprehension, that that Faith to his mother, and the King her Lord, they 
By whom being reprehended,  had rashly changed, and by a furious edict, had made him exile to his own, yet putting them in good hopes of his Majesty's clemency, dismissed them to Precedent Richardott, by whose especial means they agreed on these 
They receive these conditions.  Articles. The Citizens now received into his Majesty's favour: being no otherwise charged with any fine of money, are only commanded to repair the Churches, to restore the precious furniture of the King's Palace, and the sacred Ornaments of his Chapel, which they had plundered or else to pay their worth. As for the goods they had taken from the houses of Cardinal Granuell, Count Mansfield, & other rich men, whether they were to be restored or no, was left to be determined afterwards; Lastly, the Heretics had leave to tarry in the City two years for the settling of their affairs: and the soldiers (which were about one thousand five hundred foot, and four hundred horse) are permitted to march away with their arms, bag, and baggage, but without either banners displayed, or light matches, their drums and Trumpets silent: and before they departed, they were sworn: the common soldiers not to bear arms against his Majesty of Spain for four months, and the Officers for seven months. At whose departure, Anthony Lord of Goigney, an ancient Commander, even from the time of Charles the fifth; was by Prince Alexander 
Lastly, he provides for the civil and sacred affairs.  appointed Governor of the City, with some companies of Walloons and Spaniards. Then Richardott was sent thither, together with Garner one of the privy Council, to be over the Council, and new Magistrates, and to regulate the civil affairs. And in fine, the charge of the Clergy was with like care committed to the Archbishop of Mechlin, to whose Diocese Brussels then belonged.  
And within less than a month 
The render of NIEUMEGHEN.  Nieumeghen, the Metropolitan of Gelder's, came into his Majesty's hands. SO THINGS conjoined, if once disjointed, they all suddenly go to wrack. Count Meursius Governor of that Province, intended to have increased the garrison at Nieumeghen (there being already for its defence four hundred foot, and two hundred horse) thereby to terrify the faction of the Catholics in that City, of whom he was jealous. But new garrison soldiers were both to the Catholics & Heretics equally unwelcome, and therefore not admitted; yea, 
Upon a contef● amongft the Citizens.  the Catholics privately conspired amongst themselves to remove the old garrison: whereof Alexander having notice, to whom not any of the enemy's designs lay concealed, forthwith 
Altapen privately aideth the Catholieks.  appointed Altapen, whom he had placed in Guelderland to wait on the motions of Count Meursius, that he should diligently attend to that prize. He thereupon consulting with the Catholic Citizens, sent secretly now and then, some faithful and valiant men into the City to strengthen the Catholic party: Who when they were gotten to a sufficient head, set open the gates, and admitted Altapen 
And they prevailing, is admitted.  with a select force of horse into the City, who joined with them, standing ready in arms. Whereupon the garrison soldiers affrighted with the with the sudden surprise, without the least resistance, or delay submitted 
And takes the City.  themselves, and were forthwith sent away. Whereupon the Nieumeghens sent their chiefest Citizens to his Excellency: and obtaining what conditions they desired, returned to their ancient loyalty and obedience. Wherefore Prince Alexander commanded a solemn thanksgiving to the Divine goodness; with as great joy through the Army, as mutiny at Antwerp at the sad tidings, first at the loss of 
With great mutiny at Antwerp.  Brussels the Court of Brabant, then of the surprising of Nieumeghen, in times past the seat of Charles the Great: and by reason of the commodiousness of the River, Waele of greatest importance in all Gelder's. So that indeed Aldegund with all his Rhetoric, could not have repressed the tumult of the people, if their dejected 
Which upon some good news is quieted.  spirits had not been animated at the news of the vain and bloody success of the Royalists attempting Ostend: and the recovery of Liefkenshoeck with other Forts.  
And truly the assult of Ostend by 
The attempt of OSTEND.  Valentine Lord of Mott, doth much resemble both for its beginning, success and end, that of Bolduc, attempted almost at the same time (as we have before related) by Count Holach. The Lord of Mott with some companies of Camillus Capissuccus Italian Regiment, and drawing part of the Presidiaries out of the adjacent garrisons, together with a Regiment of Waloones, led by Lewis Memorancy Baron of Beury, for his Father the Lord of Berse; on the sudden slew the watch of Ostend, placed at the Seaport: then entering the old Town (for 
Mottaeus enters the City.  Ostend is divided into two parts) and killing all those that made head against them, held it as Conqueror almost four hours. But he departing to fetch Cannons to open a way into the new Town, in the interim most 
The soldiers falling to plunder,  of his soldiers dispersed themselves greedy of plunder: an accustomed evil, which in such unfortunate attempts will always be condemned in soldiers, always caused by covetousness. It also happened that some of the Captains, to whom the set 
And the Captains making delay.  hour of assaulting the City was prescribed, stayed beyond their limited time, whereby the Townsmen and garrison soldiers joining both their forces in a body, easily mastered the assailants, scattered up and down, at their pleasure's pillaging the City. 
Hinder the victory.  And although Memorancy having gathered many of his soldiers together, 
Which whilst Memorancy urgeth forward,  and ordering them in a ring as well as he could, omitted nothing whereby he might valiantly reinforce the fight; yet the enemy's number increasing, he was slain gallantly 
Is slain fight.  fight in the very front of his soldiers, and his body cast into the Waters, whereby his children were deprived of that small comfort; but they could not eclipse the memory of his renowned valour, which was too worthy to be buried in the Waters. There were many slain on both sides, but fare more on the Royalists, 
The overthrow of the rest.  amongst whom there fell four Captains, besides the loss of two Ensigns of the Italian Regiment, which because they were a long time stoutly defended by their bearers, and came not into their enemy's hands but by their deaths, it was permitted by the law of Arms to display new ones in their places. The rest of the assailants, after the death of their Commanders 
And flight.  fled away. Three Captains also 
Three Captains therefore condemned,  were by Prince Alexander condemned to lose their heads, but for the singular valour of one of these Captains, often made proof of in the Wars 
But afterwards set at liberty.  they were after some day's imprisonment, all set at liberty. But the fleet from Zealand, which as we have before 
The Navy of zealand.  related, and fame divulged, was privately designed at the consultation of MIddleburg, was to the Spanish Camp a fare greater terror. Yet the Prince of Parma placed great hope in the delay of Treslong, Admiral of that Navy; for hearing that this 
The Admiral protracts time.  Treslong, upon some jars between him and Adulph Meetkirk had taken distaste at the States of Zealand, his Excellency being attentive to such like occasions, had already courted him with kind complemental Letters, 
Being courted by Alexander with many promises.  and invited him to join with the Royal party, offering him great matters, and putting him in hope of creating him Knight of the Order of the golden Fleece. And indeed Treslong, whether hanging in suspense or not sufficiently provided for an assault, seemed but slowly to set forward his ships to transport provision to Antwerp, and hinder the perfecting of the bridge: not without the sinister reports of many, and open complaints of the States against such 
The States complain of his delay, whom he sleights.  a jealous procrastination. Which he more intolerably resented, because proud of his deserts, for surprising Brill, with the help of Lume (the first beginning and Origin of depressing the Spanish Dominion) thought the united Provinces to be greatly indebted to him. Wherefore following the like rash hastiness of Lume, when he could not contain himself from menacing and casting 
And as ingrateful threatens them.  out reproaches against the Zealanders; almost with the like success as Lume, was by the Council of Zealand, degraded from his Admiral's place, and not long after imprisoned, 
But is removed from his Admiral's place.  there remaining, until by the Mediation of the Queen of England he was released, and retired into Holland, where the business being again agitated by the high Court of that Province, who took it ill, that the Council 
But after set at liberty by the Hollanders.  of Zealand should act things without their knowledge, he was discharged: whether they found him truly guiltless, and condemned only because he was rich, and hated: and for fear, lest exasperated with the late affront, he should desert their party, and join with the enemy. And therefore the Hollanders advancing him to 
And honoured.  high Dignities, retained him with them. But before all this, Treslong acting nothing as yet, the Zealanders collected together all the ships they 
The Navy of zealand, entering the Scheldt, setsupon Liefkenshoeck.  could, and under Justin of Nassau, the Prince of Orange's base son, sent them from the sea into the Scheldt, who setting upon Liefkenshoeck with the help of the ships belonging to Lillo the opposite fort, batter the Castle with so strong an impression of their Cannons, that now the fort being beaten down in many places, and a sufficient breach made for an ascent, after a sharp rather than constant resistance of the Royalists, the Walloons who kept the Castle either slain or put to chase, they not only recovered Liefkenshoeck, but Antonia 
And take it.  also its Governor not daring to fight, and almost all the Isle of Doele: 
With other Castles.  with great indignation of Prince Alexander, who sending forces with all speed, and urging forward the ships that kept centrie not fare off, was yet by the Governor of Antonia, and his soldiers over hasty flight prevented. Wherefore his Excellency being implacably incensed, banished the 
Alex. punisheth the Governors,  Governor of Liefkenshoeck, and beheaded the Governor of Antonia This Victory, as it warranted the States free Navigation, safely to pass with relief between their Castles on both sides the River, even from the sea to the bridge, so it hastened their enterprise agreed on at their meeting; 
The confederates design of invading the bridge.  viz. that at the same time, when the Antwerpians should with their pretended stratagem invade, and overthrow the Bridge, the Hollanders and Zealanders should approach with their Navy, and convey provision through the breach of the Bridge. But lest the shipps-masts placed before the Bridge, and fastened to boats (which as is before said, were called floats) should be an obstacle to the Antwerpians design: there were Mariners appointed, to transport themselves in 
First of removing the floats from before the bridge.  the dead of the night in light shallops, or by some secret invention to dive under the Waters, and with great hooks and knives to cut the Cables, and turn the Masts down the River against the bridge. But Barroccius having put chains to the Anchors, in 
Which they attempting, were repressed.  stead of ropes: and causing fires to be made along the river side, all the night through, their intent was frustrated.  
But the Antwerpians having now finished the ships, which they a long time had prepared for the unevitable 
Seaventeen Antwerpian ships.  destruction of the bridge certified their Navy on the other side, that the ships, which were made ready, should on the fourth day of April next ensuing set forth from the City. And that they with their fleet and store of provision, should without fail, that night be ready at hand, for they might pass through the not to be doubted breach of the bridge, without danger. I will out of Prince Alexander's letters to the King, and from a brief commentary of Captain Tuccius concerning this design, exactly relate the invention and effect of these ships, because in all Antiquity any thing more terrible was never heard off. Frederick Jambell, 
The inventour.  an admirable Engineer, coming out of Italy into Spain, is said a long time to have desired access to the King, that he might offer him his service, which would be very advantageous for him in the Low-Countries. But being a long time put off, and at last slighted; as he was not brought up at Court to patience, departed thence in a rage, and threatened erelong so to effect, that his Majesty of Spain, should hear of the name of this despised person not without tears. And then went to Antwerp, where he got by this occasion; as I have begun to relate, a fit opportunity of expressing the malice of his galled mind. He built four ships with 
The structure of four of them.  flat bottoms, and high sides, both of them much thicker and stronger than ordinary: and thus invented to make 
Mines made in them.  mines in the Waters. First of all, in the keel of the ship, he made a wall of lime and brick, as it were the floar, or groundwork, one foot high, and five foot broad: and extended it the length of the Ship; then he erected walls on each side the compass of the foundation, three foot high, and as broad, covering them close, being first filled with Gunpowder tempered by an exqnisite Art, known only to himself. The covering was of Grave-stones, Millstones, and other huge stones. Upon this covering he made another height Vault-wise, of Millstones, and other huge stones also, which leaning one to another made a ridge, that the slaughter might not only be strait forwards, but on either side; within this higher vault he laid Iron and Marble balls, chains, blocks, nails, knives, and whatsoever this wicked witty man thought most damageable. Lastly, as fare as lay open between the sides of the ship, and the wall and roof of the mine, he filled up with square stones close joined, and beams fastened with Iron. But covered, and hid all these things with strong planks, and a brick floor, in the middle whereof he set fire to a pile of wood, (that the ships might seem to be set out in that order to burn down the bridge) putting under the Wood, pitch and brimstone, not to be extinguished, before the mine should be fired with the prepared Timber, he framed two ways to 
Two ways of firing the mines  fire the Mine: In some of the ships placed matches besmeared with gunpowder, which being privily extended through part of the keel, were stretched into the Mine, of that length, as by a certain measure he had before tried, would continue light, until the ships should come to the bridge. In other ships, he used those kind of clocks, which are wont by an admirable and pleasant Art, to be exhibited in stead of night-watchers to light lamps. And so ordered the stratagem, that it should continue with a gentle motion of the wheels, until the ship arrived at the bridge: and then with a sudden and violent meeting together of the wheels, and flint, strike some sparkles, which received in the bruised gunpowder there scattered, taking fire, might inflame the train there laid: and this reaching to the mouth of the Mine, might speedily convey that creeping fire into it. Jambell having finished four ships after this manner, added to them thirteen dat, 
To these four greater, are added thirteen lesser.  having within them nothing hurtful, but the Hatches covered with huge fires. Nor was this preparation unseen of the Royalists, although 
The Royalists in the interim solicitous.  they were ignorant of the stratagem: who imagined the fleet was in making ready in the City, to the intent the bridge might at once be assailed on the one side by the Antwerpians, and on the other by the Hollanders and Zealanders. Wherefore his Excellency strengthening the Castles, and Forts with greater guards, and calling to the bridge the chief of his soldiers, had a watchful eye to the enemy's designs: who by how much he seemed the better prepared to divert the slaughter, was so much nearer 
The ships appear from the City. 8. April.  to receive it. When behold from the City there appeared three ships brightly shining with fire, and a little after followed others, and after those others. Then all the noise in the Camp was arm arm, and the bridge was filled with soldiers. The ships were carried down the river two and three together, in so orderly a course, as if they were but to make a show; for they were then governed by Marrlners: and the fire in every ship shined so clearly, that they seemed not to carry 
Their fires made a wonderful show in the night,  fires, but verily to burn themselves, and so fire to sail, and be nourished amongst the Waters. And truly that night was that Scene acted, which might have been a pleasant spectacle, if the spectators had been exempt from fear and care. For the banks of the River, and the Castles placed thereon shined with continual fires. The Companies of armed men ranged along 
As also the soldiers along the banks.  the banks made a reflection of the shining light: the fiery ships amidst the Scheldt hurtlesly spitting their flames, it was to be doubted, whether they came to be a sport, or (full of deceit) a destruction. Then the aspect and pomp of the Commanders and Soldiers shining in bright Armour, their weapons drawn, and colours displayed all along the bridge, augmented the Pageant. Lastly, all things composed to the uncertain pleasure of this new Theatre, both struck terror, and yet were delightful: they feared, and yet had pleasure in the cause of their fear. And now these ships were scarcely two miles off the bridge, when the Mariners 
The ships approach nearer;  that conducted them, directing their helms, turned those four ships that were made with Mines strait down the midst of the channel, against the bridge, not so greatly caring for the rest and forthwith setting fire to the match leapt into the boats to behold a fare off the success. But they wanting their Pilots, did not at all keep one course: most of the lesser 
The lesser having no success.  either dashed themselves against the opposite Machine's that were fenced with sharp pikes, or running on ground stuck to the banks. But of the four that carried within them ruin, one leaking was swallowed up in the midst of the River, vomiting only smoke and Thunder. Two others of 
Nor three of the greater.  the four towards Caloo, (the River being deeper there and running swifter) the Wind blowing hard out of Brabant, forced on Flanders coast, and there grounded them. Nor did the 
The fourth is stayed by the floats.  fourth seem to have any better fortune being almost cast on Flanders coast, and violently driven upon the very farthest part of the floats. Therefore the Royalists now shaking off fear especially when the fires began 
Then the Royalists fear is turned to mirth.  to diminish in many of the lesser ships, and were almost extinguished, wondered at the enemy's designs, and scoffed with Military jeers, that so great preparation was to no purpose. Yea, they were so bold, as from Flanders side, to board one of those ships that was gravelled there, and try with javelins what might be within it. When that ship, which I spoke of last, being greater and stronger 
But when it broke through the floats,  than the rest, easily escaped those sharp pointed Engines, broke down the opposite Machine, and came on fiercely against the bridge. Then were the soldiers renewing their shouts, again solicitous and fearful. And 
They were again solicitous.  Prince Alexander, who having his thoughts bend several ways, now had regard to the Navy lying at Lillo, than nearer attending to the Antwerpians design, forthwith at those 
Alex. hastens to divert the ship from the Bridge.  shouts repaired thither, where the fireship seemed to attempt; and commanded some Mariners to board the ship disperse the wood, and quench the fire: others to keep off and prevent the danger with long poles, and pikes. He himself stood in the wooden Castle, which is the furthest part of the Pile-work from Flanders side, to which the naval bridge is connected. There were with him Rubasius, Cajatane, Billius, and Vastius, with other chief Commanders, besides the guard of the place. Amongst whom a Spanish Ensign, an ancient servant to 
A Spanish Ensign endeavours to remove him from the Bridge.  the Farnezes', having some knowledge insuch like Engines, was the preserver of Prince Alexander's life. Whether he knew how excellent Jambell was in this Art, and perhaps had heard how he had been treated in Spain: and therefore suspected this device to be set forth out of the workhouse of this incensed man. Or not by humane reasoning he did it, but God, who then had determined Antwerp should be taken by so courageous and pious a General, putting it into his mind, came to his Excellency, and most earnestly desired him, that seeing now he had sufficiently provided what things were necessary for the present, he would please to withdraw himself thence, and not to trust his life, on which every soldier's life, yea, the very War itself depended, to so perilous a place. But being rejected, he insisted in his suit twice or thrice, and not taken notice 
Being rejected, he still insists;  of he prostrated himself at his knees, and said, I most humbly beseech and entreat you most Illustrious Prince, by your life, which now I see exposed to present hazard, once to take counsel of your servant. And saying thus, he reverently took hold of his garment, and with a kind of commanding authority, 
And almost compells him.  besought him to follow him. Alexander interpreting the unwonted freedom of the man, as from a higher power, at last consented, Vastius 
Alexander departs from the Bridge:  and Cajatane following him. And as scarcely entered Saint Mary's Fort on Flanders shore, when the hour of the limited time approaching, on a sudden the fatal ship burst, with such a horrid crash, as if the very skies 
At the same time the fireshipp burst,  had rend asunder, heaven and earth had charged one another, and the whole Machine of the earth itself had quaked. For the storm of stones, chains, and bullets, being cast out with Thunder and lightning, there 
The wonderful force of it.  followed such a slaughter, as no man, but that actually it happened, could have imagined. The Castle, on which the infernal ship fell, the pile-work of the bridge next to Saint Mary's Fort, that part of the naval bridge next the Castle soldiers, Mariners, Commanders, a great number of Cannons, armour, and arms, all these this furious whirlwind swept away together, tossed in the air, and dispersed as wind doth leaves of Trees. The Scheldt prodigiously gaping, was first seen to discover its bottom, then swelling above the banks, was even with the Rampires, and overflowed Saint Mary's Fort above a foot. The motion of the panting earth extended its force and fear above nine miles. There were found stones, and that very great ones as grave stones and the like, a mile off the River, struck into the ground, in some places four palms. But no loss or destruction was more 
The slaughter various.  miserable then of men: some the hellish violence of the fires, either forthwith consumed, or furiously and miserably dashed them together: or shot them as it were into the air, amongst stones and wood, who straightways were bruised falling on the earth, or drowned if lighting in the River. Others were stifled with the pestiferous vapours, not wounded otherwise: some the swelling river long tormented with hot scalding waters: many were slain in the shower of falling stones, and some the grave-stones both killed, and entombed; Yet this direful infernal fury, omitted not to make some sport in this so lamentable a Tragedy. The Viscount of Brussels was taken, and darted out of his own ship by this sudden Tempest, but fell overthwart another ship placed a good distance off. This devilish 
The several chances of others.  whirlwind carried Captain Tuccius heavy armed out of Saint Mary's Fort like light chaff in the air, and cast him down in the midst of the River, out of which he being well skilled in swimming losing his armour, and protected by the Mother of God, whose aid he implored with great confidence, escaped without any harm. But a young man of Prince Alexander's lifeguard dispatched a far greater journey; for snatched from the bridge a distance from Flanders side, he was carried over a great part of the river into Brabant, being but a little hurt in that shoulder which first light to the ground; and said, he seemed like a bullet shot out of a piece of Ordinance, he felt behind him such a violence forcing him forward. Indeed, 
The judgement of some concerning this Engine.  there were some of opinion that survived the slaughter, that what man soever fabricated this execrable Engine, composed that direful plague not of natural stuff but fetch'c that terrible fire from the infernal furnaces of hell: that without doubt he provoked that Thunder and lightning by Art magic from the Skies: attracted the pestiferous vapours from no other place, than the black dungeon of Pluto: and derived the very waters burning beyond measure and custom from the Stygian lake. It is so FAMILIAR amongst men, to judge that whatsoever is beyond their capacity, is also above humane power to effect. Vasquius Sergeant Major of a Spanish Regiment, writes, 
The number of those that were slain.  there were eight hundred slain, besides a great number that were wounded and maimed: Nor doth Tuccius speak of any fewer, who were both present at the slaughter; Amongst whom there fell many brave soldiers, chief Officers and leaders: But the death of Rubasius and Billius, which happened in the Castle, from which Prince Alexander departed, 
amongst whom Billius,  fare surpassed the loss of all the rest. Gaspar Robley a Portugese, but by his wife a Dutch Lady, Lord of Bill, had been Governor of Friezland, and was then Colonel of a Germane Regiment, and Captain of a Troop of horse, an ancient and expert soldier, as ever any, a faithful Counsellor, and highly esteemed by the Prince of Parma, who giving the Regiment to one of his sons, and the Troop of horse to another, continued the love of the Father towards his children. But many things concurred to the honour of Robert marquis Rubasius, his ancient Nobility 
And Rubasius, His Elogium:  from the house of the Melunes: his great riches of his own, and increased by the access of the Principality, which Prince Alexander (his brother being proscribed) had obtained for him of the King. This great authority both at home and in the Camp, being both Governor of Artois, and General of the horse: which he left greater to his successors; being the first General of the horse, to whom (Prince Alexander permitting it) the lances began to be bowed, an honourable kind of salutation, accustomed only to the sole General of the Army, which from that time was brought in custom: and some years after it was allowed, that the Cornets of horse should bow down their colours to the General of the Horse. For his military mind there was none more confident, or fortunate: and therefore he was often by the States confederate, invited to return to their party, for whom he had once fought against the King: In the interim they feared him, as conscious of their counsels and strength. The love of Prince Alexander heaped these dignities upon him, which his Excellency knew he well deserved, for the return of Waloone Provinces, chief by his example, to their allegiance: for his discovery and preventing the treacheries plotted against him: & his incomparable care and reverence, continually acknowledging how greatly he was obliged to the Prince of Parma, almost adoring the very name of Alexander, though otherwise highminded and haughty. But the death of Rubasius, 
And others.  and many others, caused not only by this ship at the bridge, but by the other that was grounded vomiting its poison not without the loss of many, (for the third was driven to the bank, but the firework being extinguished by waters, had no effect) the approach of day, not without great grief discovered for that night amidst the pitiful groaning of wounded persons, nothing was thought on, but each one to lament his misfortune, all struck with terror, and almost out of their wits, being ignorant of their comrades lives, and not assured of their own. And the fear increased 
Yea Alex. himself was thought to be slain.  with the supposed death of their General Prince Alexander: because so lately seen in the Castle, which the fire first took hold on, and consumed: often reflecting on those words, which he spoke in the hearing of many to the Antwerpian scout, viz. that the bridge should either be his Tomb, or a path to the Victory. They thinking that he too truly had foretold his death, and the place where. And verily his Excellency although a good distance off the bridge, was never in greater peril of death; for a great stake falling on him, in 
His danger.  the entrance of Saint Mary's Fort, being tossed with the whirlwind of the disturbed air, between the Helmet and shoulder, struck him to the ground, where he was found with his sword drawn, like to one in a trance, and Bastius by him embracing his knees: Cajatane also lying not fare off, hurt in the head with a stone. Prince Alexander after a while coming to himself. when he saw so many 
His grief at the overthrow,  dead corpse of his soldiers jye prostrate about, heard the miserable lamentations, with which some being fastened and hanging on the beams of the bridge others covered with heaps of stones, or half buried under grave-stones, implored the help of their fellows: when he beheld the Steccada to be torn in pieces, the Castle utterly destroyed, and three ships that were next to it devoured by the River: and understood that those, that were in them, both Mariners, soldiers, and their Captains, all to be oppressed in the same ruin and hearing no certainty of Rubasius; he was indeed in extreme sorrow, yet not at all dejected, although deserted by his 
Yet not dejected.  dear and faithful fellow soldiers, in so great a ruin of his labours; and all being in despair, yet he alone for all this huge discomfiture took courage, constancy, and bore himself as superior to the misfortune; and taking to him Mondragonius, Charles Man's field, and Camillus Capisuccus, besides others that escaped the tempest: to whom also George Basta, and Casius with a select Troop of horse, called thither by the thunder and lightning, came on the spurr; he went round the stations, ships, and tents: whose first and chiefest 
He walks the round,  care was, to send the wounded unto the hospital of Bevera, to help every one the best he could: to comfort 
Assists the wounded,  with his presence, words, and encouragement, to extenuate their opinion 
Comforts all with his presence, & words,  of the misfortune; he denied not but that many were hurt, yet divers of them began to revive, come to themselves, and take breath, and strength: nor were the enemies exempt from that terror, with which they had struck others, seeing they durst not proceed forward in the darkness, being ignorant of the overthrow, and careful of themselves. One thing was seriously to be provided for, viz. that the day should not reveal the breach 
And animases them to repair the Bridge.  of the bridge, which the night concealed from the enemies; Certainly it is scarce credible, how much the sight of Prince Alexander elevated the dejected spirits of his soldiers, and repressed their fear of the enemy's approach. The arrival also of Maurique with his Germane Regiment, whom the Prince of Parma, after the loss of Liefkenshoeck, with all speed had sent for out of Gelder's, fell out very opportunely. Therefore with Emulous alacrity, Prince Alexander 
THE Bridge is repaired.  himself giving the first example, without distinction of Commanders, or soldiers, they all contentiously apply themselves to repair the bridge, not because he thought the invention and labour of many months, could be restored in four hours: yet the breach of the bridge, by mending the Steccada, and interposing ships, in some manner closed up, might seem in the morning to the enemy's scouts not to be impaired at all; knowing 
In show only to delude the enemies.  soldiers are some times kept off, as well by mere appearances, as true realities, being always exercised with jealousies and fears; and with that false spectacle their eyes being deluded and terrified, their courages would easily give back. And he presented them with as seemly a Pageant, as he 
And did so.  could wish: for by their great dexterity in the rest of the night, the beams which floated on the Waters, being laid in their former places, new piles erected, poles laid overthwart, and what else they had at hand driven into the River, and ships linked between as they were, he so fitly repaired the bridge, placing soldiers thereon, commanding Drums and Trumpets continually to be rattled and sounded; that the enemy's Navy was by this imaginary species gulled, and hindered from an assault; which, if it had advanced from Lillo, might easily have broken through that temporary supply: but afterwards the work being daily strengthened, it was really retarded. And verily it was uncertain whether the Prince of Parma 
Being thereby highly praised, especially by the King.  had greater courage now, in repairing the bridge, or before in building it. Indeed, the King upon this occasion, rendering him many thanks, wrote with his own hand, That he was not provided of words, where with he might sufficiently extol his constancy, and dexterity in that very nick of his distressed affairs. And there wanted not some, who reflecting 
June 6.  on the Machine erected above the Waters at the siege of Tyre, (so famous in times past) and its destruction by the fireship of the enemies, 
The comparison of Alexander Prince of Parma, with Alexander King of Macedon, in repairing the Bridge,  did not absurdly, or against reason, compare Alexander Prince of Parma, with Alexander King of Macedon: For neither could they find Antwerp to be a part any ways inferior to Tyre, nor the Scheldt to be of less breadth than the Tyrian Sea, being there four furlongs; and indeed to make a way through the Waters, by casting huge heaps of stones, and whole woods of Trees, confusedly together into the Sea seemed a vaster labour, and required the help of many hands: but to bridle a River of no less greatness than that Sea, by a Bridge connected together by Art, was fare more ingenious and curious. Certainly, the Tyrian ship performing its execution with pitch and brimstone, was not worthy to be compared to the Antwerpian, fight with fire, stinking vapours, stones, scalding waters, and so with all the Elements at one. And yet for all this great overthrow, the Prince of Parma in one piece of a night repaired the bridge, and constantly held on the siege till victorious: when Alexander of Macedon was almost in despair, and but that the fortunate arrival of his Navy from Cyprus stayed him, and at last was cause of his conquest, he was in mind to have quit the siege. And truly, they may conclude their comparison of the Prince of Parma with the King of Macedon, not to be unequal in the structure, and reparation of this Machine: and if the excellency of the writers were alike, they might match one another in every thing. The day following when no enemies appeared, and news was brought back by the scout-boats, sent that night by his Excellency towards Lillo, that the enemy's fleet lay still, as ignorant, viz. of their own victory, their minds by Gods especial providence being diverted from the attempt; It was 
Alex. gives order to bury the dead bodies.  thought fit to take care of burying the dead: but then the grief of the Army was renewed, whilst some acknowledge and inter their neighbours, and kins-folks, others amongst strangers found their friends, and searching met but more objects of dis-comfort: all at the cruel and lamentable aspect of mangled bodies, and heads torn off, their fury increasing against the enemies, they both lamented, and yet threatened. The Corpse of Rubasius scarcely to be discerned, being taken down from the ship where it hung, with such solemnity as time and place permitted, Prince Alexander himself, not without tears interred; 
He himself interrs Rubasius:  which piety of his towards his soldiers, and participation of grief, was exceeding grateful to the Army. But Billius being daily sought for, was some months after, when the bridge 
Billius was found afterwards.  was taken down found hanging on a pile, being first taken notice of, by a golden Chain, which he always wore, and honourably interred at Antwerp.   

In the interim, the enemies, although 
Alex. prepare for the next design of the enemies.  now not with so great hope of forcing a Way through the bridge, yet not at all dejected, did not desist from their enterprise, but determined to attempt another way, with greater force than ever: and if the passage through the Scheldt was obstructed, they would seek another through the fields by slitting the banks and letting in the River. Alexander having notice of the preparation of Warlike ships, which with great noise of Artificers, and workmen, were building at Antwerp, and of those which daily appeared from the sea, judge of their intent. Wherefore preparing himself for a new conflict; First of all, he supplied the places of those 
First he supplies the places of the Commanders that were slain.  Captains and Officers which were slain: especially rewarding the Spanish Cornett his deliverer, and though many of the Nobles stood for the place, he created marquis Vastius General of the Horse, until the King should declare another in marquis Rubasius stead. By whose death, because the Province of Artois, and the jurisdiction of Heldin were without Governors, amongst many competitors his Excellency earnestly requested of his Majesty, that for Count Hermin, and this for Adrian Gomicurtius. Yet these were a long time by the King delayed: but Vastius was forthwith confirmed General of the Horse. He also drawing part of the Presidiaries from the neighbouring Towns, and fetching some Cannons 
Then he fortifies the Castles and forts, especially Covenstene Causey.  thence, strengthened with all speed possible the Castles and Forts: and chief the Rampire called Covenstene Dyke, which he feared the enemy would attempt, for from Lillo, and a little above, even to Antwerp, the fields in Brabant jye very low, wherefore they are often overwhelmed with Water and mud, and but that, by the people's industry, who by casting up copses, do make higher paths, would be impassable, and these the Belgians call counter-dykes. For as b●nks of Rivers, which are both to keep in the Waters, and to be paths for Travellers to walk on, are by the Low-countries men called Dykes; so those over cross ways that meet these River banks, as with highways, are called Counter-dykes. One of these from the Village of Covenstene, commonly called Covenstene dyke, reacheth from the village of Stabroeck, even unto the Scheldt, which is above three miles: which being broken and very crazy, was by the Prince of Parma repaired, and with great cost and labour made both higher and broader, being very commodious for that part of the Army, that quartered at Stabroeck to 
For two reasons.  pass over to the banks of the Scheldt, and from thence to the Naval bridge, and over the bridge to the Army at Bevera, by which continual passage, the Camps both in Brabant and Flanders were joined. There was another motive also which urged the fortifying of this dyke or causey, viz. If the enemy intended to sail through the fields, overwhelmed with Waters from Lillo to Antwerp, they might be hindered by the interposition of this Covenstene Causey, which his Excellency greatly feared the enemies would attempt. Whereupon commiting the charge of the Naval bridge, which did belong to Rubasius, to Charles Count Mansfield, he diligently applied himself to the causey of Covenstene, and carefully fortified it, being repaired with piles, faggots, and earth, with some Castles placed 
He raiseth Castles on that bank.  thereon. One whereof was already begun by Mondragonius on the bank of the Scheldt, called for its form Sancta Cruse, whither the limits of Covenstene reach. The finishing and defence whereof Mondragonius took to himself. And Prince Alexander commanded three more to be built on the causey. The building and defence of the first, a mile from Mondragonius his Fort, at a house in Covenstene belonging to a Noble Gentleman of Antwerp, he attributed to Camillus à Monte, and named it St. James'. The second, about the same distance from the first, was erected by Valentine Pardiaeus Lord of Mott, by his Excellency's command, taking its name from its builder was called Mott, but for the most part St. Georges. But afterwards Valentine departing thence, it was kept by Michael Benett, an ancient Captain of a Spanish Company, having served in the Wars thirty five years. The third, was committed to John Gamboa, and called because it was set on piles without the causey Palata, but afterwards Victoria. And at Stabroeck where the Causey ends, Count Mansfield cast up a Fort, hard by his quarters: To whom his Excellency joined Camillus Capissuccus, whose quarters were not fare off. The wonderful fortifying of this Covenstene Causey went on apace, Castles rising in strife, from narrow and almost no groundwork, or foundation, and as it were hanging in the air. When the bank of the 
And the enemy opening the River-bank.  Scheldt being slit above, by the Antwerpians near to the City, and below at Lillo by their auxiliary Navy, and the fields in Brabant covered with a huge deluge of Water, like to another 
Let part of the River into the lower fields, through which the ships. might be conveyed to Antwerp.  Scheldt; then the enemy's design was plainly discovered of bringing their ships against Covenstene Dyke, and with their Pioners of cutting that Bar, to make a Navigable passage through this new Channel to Antwerp, in despite of the Farnezian bridge. And that the Spaniards might be dubious of this their intent, or at least their forces distracted, and consequently less potent; The besieged Antwerpians, promised the Hollanders and Zealanders, who came to their relief, that at the same time when they should invade Covenstene with their ships from the sea, and they from the City, they also would set upon the Bridge with new stratagems; For Jambell and the rest of his Sulphurean comrades, had sworn they would not desist, till with their various Engines, and new battering Rams, they had utterly demolished the bridge. Therefore the confederates as they had agreed among themselves, divided their fleet, consisting of an 
At the same time the Navy appeareth from the sea, puts part out into the fields against Covenstene Causey, part into the River against the bridge, May, 7.  hundred and fifty sail into two squadrons, one under Holach set out from L●llo, into the overwhelmed fields, where Ship-masts more fully resembled Woods then the growing Trees had done before: the other under Justin of Nassau tracing the Scheldt, now threatening to land on Brabant side, now on Flanders, then fiercely alarming the bridge. And with the same practices, the Holachians sometimes played their Artillery against the Castle of Sancta cruse, often threatened to assault Covenstene causey then carried about the sound and terror of the conflict in every place, the Royalists standing always ready armed, and provided against them: Prince Alexander himself being sometimes busied at the bridge, sometimes at the causey, not taking any rest either day or night. But when they, especially the Holachians, had now spent some days in threatening to attempt the Causey, and perceiving that the Royalists, either deluded with their so often feigned assays, or wearied out with continual labour and watching came more slowly to their colours, and seeing in the dead of the night a fire about Antwerp, which was the sign appointed to both for the assault, five hundred suddenly climbed 
They attempt Covenstene.  up the Causey, with as great silence as was possible between the Castle of Palata and Saint George's, in which place Benett kept his station of Spaniards, and killing the first guard which they found half asleep, the Captain himself being grievously wounded, 
At first with prosperous success of the Hollachians.  and the Sergeant slain who stood on their own defence, and the rest flying to the Castles, on both hands they safely possessed themselves of part of the Causey. Whereupon more of the Holachians by their General's appointment came out of their ships, (for there were above two thousand soldiers in the Navy) when Ortizius and Verdugo, two Spanish Captains, came with all speed from the next station, and by and by Colonel Gamboa posting thither with a select company of Spaniards from the Castle of Palata, & reinforcing the fight not only rejected them from the causey, but pursued them to their ships either pierced them at hand with their 
But are beaten off.  swords, or shot them at distance swimming. And turning the Artillery from Saint James' Castle against them, sunk four of the nearest ships, 
With their no small loss.  and the rest struck with terror from the other Castles, retired, with no small loss to the enemies, there being slain of them above three hundred, besides those, who as I said with the ships were drowned, and others, who either not skilled in swimming, or overladen with their arms were devoured by the Waters. Yet greater 
And greater complaints against the Antwerpians.  than the loss, was the complaint of Holach, accusing the Antwerpians, who by hanging forth light, from a Tower, gave the sign of the assault, and yet as it were on set purpose, came not to prosecute the Victory, which he had begun: But they affirmed, 
Their reply.  they set not forth any lights as a signal of battle: but said, he was deceived by a fire, by chance kindled in the Tolasian Sconce, and so began too rashly to fight. Although Prince Alexander in a Letter to his Majesty, construed the matter another way: thinking the Antwerpians not assured 
Not credited by Alexander, May, 20.  that the Holachians would attempt the assault; for some time deferred the expedition, and purposely stayed to see, what from that first success might be expected.  
But these were the first, and but 
The preparation of the confederates.  sleight assays of Covenstene: neither side in full strength opposing each other. Then the enemies stiffly conspiring together, began the fight, which I will so much the more exactly describe, because scarce at any time on 
Greater then ever.  the Low-countrieses, in a more dangerous place, or with greater uncertainty of the Victory on either side, or with braver testimony of daring soldiers, or more present assistance from Heaven, was it ever more courageously disputed; on the one side, the confederates set forth a fleet, stronger both in ships and men, and better appointed then ever before: being the whole power and strength in a manner, both which Antwerp, the magazine of warlike Engines, as well as of rich Merchandizes, and the Hollanders and Zealanders could raise the greatest part of the Presid●aries, being drawn forth of their Cities and 
To set upon Covenstene both from Antwerp, and the sea, May, 26.  forts, for this battle, and determined day of their public liberty appointed to be, by the mutual consent both of the auxiliaries and besieged, the six and twentieth of May: on which day they determined to set upon Covenstene Barr, and breaking through it, to open a way for provision and relief to the City. On the other side, his Excellency being assured, the whole force and trial of the War would be at this over-crosse Causey, caused more Artillery to be carried 
Nor had Alex. less care to defend it.  into the Castles placed thereon; and battlements to be raised on either side the Causey from the Castle of Sancta Cruse, to Count mansfield's Castle, near Stabroeck (which two Castles, are the extremes of the Causey) and a long row of stakes to be fastened in the Waters, as it were an out-work to hinder the access of the ships, omitting nothing in the munition of the place, whereby for the present he might oppose the enemy's designs; and, as he had so often deluded their attempts against the Naval Bridge on the Scheldt, so by repairing and fortifying this other Bridge placed on another Scheldt in the fields, he by God's assistance, might frustrate their designs, and stop the passage of Navigation in that place also. Nor did the Antwerpians omit, as they had 
The Antwerpians to divert the Royalists from Covenstene, prepare new inventions.  before agreed to re-attempt the Naval Bridge, and to appear with new and various Engines, thereby to divert the Royalists from Covenstene: some whereof had a great number either of terrible javelins, or broad sharp axes fastened in the fore-decks: many carrying fires on their hatches, had within them mines of Thunder. 
Ships to assail the bridge.  But having so often trial, that these Machine's, either by the bending of the channel, or by the Wind, easily were driven to the banks, and there grounded, there was a Germane, one of Jambels 
Amongst the rest, one way most stupendious.  imps, who took upon him, to invent a ship that would go strait down the midst of the River, and directly fall upon the Bridge: Wherefore I think it not amiss to relate in a word or two the structure thereof. He fastened under the water to the sides of the prore a great linen cloth, like the sail of a ship: which extended before the ship in the Water, like to a fish-nett, and passing along under the keel, was by little and little so contracted, until it was fastened about the midst of the ship on either side. So this Germane quite changed the use of sails: and contrived, that as sails filled with wind, drive on the Vessel, so his new fashioned sail, being filled with water, might likewise move it on with this advantage, (which chief intended) that it would keep a direct course, for needs must the ship set forth in the middle of the Scheldt, not only be forced forward with the sail extended before it, and filled with the stream, so much the more violently, by how much the River runs with greater rapidity in the midst, especially when the tied back's into the Ocean, but also must needs keep it from being driven from the deeper part of the channel, by any cross gust of Wind; for the Wind, which flowing above the waters, is accustomed to wrest the ship aside from its right course, could not have the like force on the under water which filled the sail, with which, the ship besides the course of the River, and ebbing of the Sea, was drawn on as with oars. Assuring himself, that no Machine how strong soever, was able to endure this violent onset, but at the very first charge of this battering Ram, would fail. And now fourteen of those other ships I spoke of, were sent down the midst of the River 
The enemy's Engines approach in this order.  from Antwerp about midnight: six of the greatest whereof carried destruction privately within them, the rest openly threatened fire, which were led and guarded by seventeen little cock-boats tied and connected together. And for that their bottoms were boared full of holes, and water running in, they were carried scarce a foot above the river, held up only and hindered from sinking by empty hogsheads. To this intent, that scarce visible, especially in the dead of the night, they might, as lying lower and secure from danger of their sharp beaks set upon the floats, placed before the bridge: and breaking down that bar, might open a way for the ships to assail the bridge, but without success. For after the overthrow received the month before, every night some light boats, as scouts, by his Excellency's command, traced the Scheldt, which an English Captain, offering his service to Prince Alexander, 
Alex. makes preparation against them.  for that purpose fortified with grapples, hooks, and anchors. At the fight of which, the boats being affrighted, and scattered, were by their conductours conveyed some one way, some another, whilst in the interim, the Royalists speedily with their grappling hooks catching hold of most of the greater ships then destitute of the lessers conduct, drew them to the banks, and there anchored them. Where afterwards, they vented their poison without any execution. But having not time to surprise all, one of them armed with those sharp weapons 
But one brake through the floats.  fell on the piled fortification that stood before the bridge, and after they had a while gored one another with mutual wounds, at length the ship cutting in pieces the opposite beams, and ships-masts, made a breach in the 
And opens the passage for the new invented ship.  Machine itself also sorely bulked, and torn in pieces by the sharp points, was forthwith swallowed by the River. But that which went with sails fastened to the bottom, could not by any hooks or grapples be retarded, but with incredible swiftness was directly conveyed through the broken floats against the bridge. And although the soldiers forthwith took one of the ships from the bridge, (for then the ships were so ordered, that they might be removed when need required) and hastened to lay open 
Which passed through not without some hurt to the bridge.  the way to the approaching ship, yet it hitting on the ship placed next to that which was removed, with unevitable force tore it asunder, and forthwith sunk it. And thus hitherto prevailed the Antwerpians Engines; for some Italians at daybreak, in emulation of the English under Captain Torell, with great audacity boarded those lesser fireships that followed, and pulling most of them to the banks, there anchored them. Yet three or four escaped, but the ships being removed from the bridge, they slided through that open way of the 
Others attempt the same.  River, vomiting their pestilence a great distance off the bridge and as every 
But without any effect.  one of the●e ships discharging their mines burst a far off, the soldiers on the bridge, their fear now turned into sport, had leisure joyfully 
And are scoffed at.  to vent their jeers, and iterate their triumphant shouts, in derision of their enemies. Nor wanted there some, who desirous to know the inward subtlety, entered with prosperous temerity 
And the artificial structure of them was found out.  one of the enemy's ships, and finding the match which conveyed the fire almost entering the mine, forthwith extinguished it, and made bold to look into the secret vault, and shown it to others, no little admiring the rarity of it: from whose narrations especially, I received these things which before are related.  
But not long were the Royalists 
The last attempt of the Antwerpians.  exempt from new fear & care, to wit, from the last stratagem of the besieged; for as yet the Antwerpian Engineers had one invention more, which they reserved as their latest hopes. It was a Vessel of an unusual bigness, 
A huge ship  and form: whose foundation being not much unlike to Wherryes, was so connected together with cross beams, like a grate, that the places left between those beams, might be filled with empty Hogsheads, the better to support the huge weight that was to be laid thereon. Moreover these beams and barrels were covered with thick boards pitched, to make a plain even bottom of the ship: the sides were fenced with impregnable battlements, and thick ranked with Wall-pieces. But upon this ship covered with strong planks, there was raised another as it were a Castle, built almost foure-square; in which were carried above a thousand Musqueteers, besides those that appeared not, being in the lower ship, and those that were exposed to the view in the top-Castles of the mast, to shoot as it were a storm of leaden hailstones from the clouds. But it is scarce credible how great confidence the Antwerpians reposed in this ship, than which there was never any built at Antwerp, with greater industry, or expenses: for it is reported it was seven months in building, and cost at least one hundred thousand florins, so much were they taken with this huge movable Castle, and all secure of its success, that proudly they named it the END OF THE WAR; and were willing 
Which they called The end of the Warr.  the enemies should take notice of that glorious Title they gave it, yet never was there Engine or stratagem more vainer, or to less purpose. For launched into the Scheldt and steered 
But took no effect.  through the cloven of the River-bank at Ostervele into the drowned fields the Mariners could scarcely guide it: and no sooner came it near to Ordam which Fort it assaulted, but it stuck fast to the ground, and was so gravelled that from thence it could not by any Art of Mariners, any endeavour of other ships be drawn, or removed. So THINGS that exceed custom and measure in greatness, are rather for sight-sake, then use and commodity, of which the Antwerpians had a sufficient experience, who 
Afterwards they termed it expenses lost.  afterwards with a truer Title called this their Fabric, Money cast away; and the Spaniards after the first sight and encounter, in a military jeer called it CARANTAMAULA, viz. a great Bugbear for children. But 
And a Bugbear for children.  this was afterwards, for then, when they heard it was set out of the Port, and supposed it to come against the bridge, (for so the Antwerpians gave 
In the interim it kept the Royalists solicitous at the bridge.  it out, to detain the Royalists on the bridge) they expressed another front, and earnestly prepared all their forces against this new monster, which fame had divulged.  
Whilst the Royalists were by the 
The confederates Navy invade Covenstene Causey:  many and sundry attempts of the enemy's Engines busied at the River, Covenstene Causey was suddenly assailed by both Navies at once, which consisted of above two hundred sail, almost one hundred and sixty whereof were great ships, furnished with Veterans and Cannons, and came partly from the City under Consul Aldegund, James Jacobius Admiral 
Aldegund from Antwerp,  of Antwerp, with Morgan and Balfurius, two Colonels of English and Scots, partly under Count Holach 
And Holach from the sea.  from the sea, to whom were joined Justin of Nassau, Halter Governor of Walcheren, besides the chiefest of the Hollanders, and Zealanders. The rest of the lesser ships were, some loaden with sacks of earth and wool: many with faggots beams, hurdles, and piles, for the speedy raising of bulwarks and fences: Others with folded bridges for an assault, fire-balls, Granades, Artificers, and Pioners, besides those that were loaden with store of provision for Antwerp. Count Holach was the first, that by the help of the tide set out from Lillo, 
First the Hollachians sending fireships before, and frighting away the guards.  who sent before four ships, with pitch, brimstone, and Gunpowder, which the Ship-men privately setting fire to, might have some resemblance of ships with mines, and as Bowmen in the Van of an Army, might beat off and deter the Royalists from their eentries, which took effect. For approaching to Covenstene, between the Castles of Saint George and the Palata, (the piles being cut before under the Water) as soon as they were set on fire, they went off with a horrid, but hurtless noise, wherefore whilst those that kept guard in that place, fearing a terrible storm of stones would ensue, a little withdrew themselves, the stoutest of the enemies came out of the other ships, and in a trice took the Causey, there being 
Ascend the Causey.  but few there to defend it, cut through a passage, and that gate being now opened in half an hour's space, amongst a continual storm of the Artillery from Saint George's Castle, not without the loss of many, about eight hundred Holachians possess themselves of all that part of the Gausey. And although a little after, Colonel Gamboa, and Captain Padilla, 
Simon Padil.  came in all speed from the next 
And seconded by the Aldegundians climbing up on the other side.  Castles with most of their soldiers to hinder the enemies from fortifying themselves; yet at the same time Aldegund, first charging with his fireships, then with the Antwerpian fleet, and sending fresh men to assist their fellows; the Spaniards endeavours were frustrated: for Captain Padilla and other undaunted soldiers being 
The chiefest of the Spaniards being slain or wounded.  slain, Colonel Gamboa himself, and many of his men ill wounded, they thought it best to retreat, and defend the Castles from the huge multitude 
possess themselves of a great part of the Causey:  of the enemies. And now the enemies being masters of all the Causey, between the Castles of Saint George, and the Palata, contentiously fortify themselves, and speedily driving stakes into the ground, and winding them with boughs of Trees, casting to them sacks of earth, suddenly raised a high bulwark, and fortified it with select Musqueteers out of the 
And fortified it,  nearest ships, committing the charge of it to Colonel Morgan. And at the same time, almost an infinite number 
And withal, the Pioners open the Causey on either side.  of Pioners, applying themselves to the bottom and sides of the bank, on either side, cast down and opened so much of it, that both parts of the overflowing waters were almost conjoined. Balfurius also with a cohort of Scots, and the Governor of Walcheren with some select companies of Auxiliaries, fiercely assaulted the Castle 
Others assault the Castle.  of Saint George, and doubtless had taken it, for the soldiers that kept it were most of them grievously wounded, if Camillus à Monte had not from his Castle of Saint James with a hardy band of Italians and Wallomes opposed and hindered the insulting enemy: although many of 
But are repulsed.  them were cut off, by the continual tempest of bullets, without intermission shot from the ships on both hands. But the most grievous conflick was at the Pioners, who that 
The sharpest conflict was at the Pioners,  they might safely prosecute their work, were guarded by the Auxiliaries. And especially the Merchants in the Corn-ships, whom it much concerned to have the passage of Traffic laid open, earnestly urged forward the workm●n, That they should make 
Who are encouraged to work.  haste, and now show their strength; sigh that on their hands only depended the Victory: nor permit a few handfuls of earth heaped together, in which all the Spaniards confidence lay now included, to stand impenetrable to so many thousand workmen, to hinder the strong Navy of the Hollanders, and 
And although many of them, and the auxiliaries were slain,  liberty of Antwerp. But the Royalists with so much the more obstinacy, endeavoured to divert the enemy's from their work. And as the greatest action was at the bottom of the Causey, so there they encountered one another, wading in the Waters even to their breasts, and now wounded, then wounding their opposite with the points of their pikes, and swords, seldom missing their marks mutually discoloured the Water with each others blood; now the Spaniards violently rushing into the very clefts, and breaches of the bank● fiercely slaughtered the workmen, and made up the gaps with their dead bodies, so that those, who when they were alive had opened the bank, being dead closed it up. But they could 
Yet they prevail,  not so oppose the workmen ever-where, being so many in number, an● casting down the Causey in so man● places, that with their constant labour they had in some places mad● such wide scissures, that with the water rushing in, there one bark loade● 
And the Causey being opened, one ship slip● through. And brought joyful tidings to Antwerp, as if they were Victor's.  with provision broke through also into which Count Holach himself ascending, and drawing along wit● him Feranta Spinula, taken prison's a little before, who not long after departed this life, entered Antwerp wit● these joyful tidings, That the Victory was now in their hands; Covenstene bar was opened, the ships had free passage, and by and by their relief would follow; the first fruits whereof they might in that bark behold, & by this prisoner perceive a sure token of the victory. Whereupon the Antwerpians verily believing it, run up & down the City, some hasten to the Port, to look for the provision; others wait on Count Holach, ask him many questions concerning the fight, and how many were slain, or wounded: many set forth public signals of joy with joyful volleys of Artillery, and ringing of bells, little knowing what news the evening following would bring.  
But the confederates having banded at least two thousand five hundred 
The Castle of Palata is in danger, Gamboa.  soldiers on Covenstene, the Catholic affairs were in a strait: especially the Castle of Palata, its Governor being ill hurt, for that part placed on piles without the Causey, was battered from the ships, and the passage from Saint George's was stopped by the enemies for't. Nor did Count Mansfield (who was Governor of Brabant shore) desist from sending fresh supplies of soldiers from Stabroeck, although the way to Palata was almost blocked up. But most of them being either slain or beaten back by the continual showers of bullets and fire-balls from the ships, he was doubtful what course to take: yet going from the Camp to his Castle placed in the head of the Causey, he speedily advised with some of the chiefest Commanders of 
Mansfield speedily consults of relieving it.  the Army. Many did not approve that the soldiers should be exposed to certain destruction, lying open to the enemies shot, and (the Causey being 
They give several opinions.  lost) altogether unprotected. But should rather expect till night, at which time they would both be in equal danger, AND THE darkness would even cover the naked. On the contrary, others disputed it was no time to delay, but that they should endeavour with all their force, by some means to convey some Cannons to the Castle of Palata, and from thence to send forces to set upon the enemy's Fort placed near to Palata. Not a few referred the enemy's boldness, and the Royalists fear, to Prince Alexander's absence, and said, he was to be sent for with all speed: and it was not to be doubted, but all things by his presence would be restored. But as it is accustomed to fall out in such like desperate affairs, MANY give Counsel, few will undergo the peril. Amongst the rest there was present Camillus Capissuccus, Colonel of an Italian Regiment: who, as I have heard, spoke more courageously than the rest, and performed his magnanimous words, with as daring deeds: for reproving all their delay, he said, What can be expected in ●arrying until night, or for the 
Capissuccus offers himself, and his Regiment to relieve it.  Prince of Parma, but to give the enemies sufficient time of dividing the Causey, and passage for their provision? which being once past, how can our fight remedy it? but say our soldiers daunted with the fall of their fellows, will go more stoutly against the enemy: or if courageously, yet in vain, and unto certain destruction. Indeed, he did not attribute to himself and his Regiment more than to the rest, yet could he not deny but he was more obliged and devoted to the Prince of Parma than others. And from thence had he greater provocation to the enterprise. Therefore what others doubted and eschewed, he earnestly desired for himself and his Regiment, viz. to set upon the enemies, and in the front if others would follow: or if they diffided and would leave the glory to them alone, they only would engage, and as he hoped be Victorious. He knew his soldier's minds and courages, and therefore he doubted not, but to be freed from ostentation and temerity. And doubted not but what things were proudly spoken at the Table, would as gallantly be performed in the battle. But if the die of War should run otherwise, it would be no disparagement to close up the many years of his soldiery in that day's adventure. But better things might be presumed by those, who so often had trial of the Divine assistance, the sanctity of the cause, and of the name of Alexander. There was present when 
His Sergeant Major Picolominy confirms the same.  he spoke thus, Silvius Picolominy Captain and Sergeant Major of that Regiment: (whose son Octavio Duke of Amalphi) now when I writ this, the stout and fortunate General of the Austrian forces, both in Germany and the Low-countreyes, posterity will read, frequently mentioned in the Annals of our age. Who for that with no less constancy he 
Silvius,  affirmed the same, with Capissuccus, and boldly pawned his word for the Regiment: was by Count Mansfield, to whom this was most grateful, and who by the very looks of them whom Picolominy had in his company, presaged well of the Victory, commanded with all speed to choose three hundred soldiers out of that Regiment, and speedily to return. Six companies whereof quartered near Stabroeck: for the rest were of the 
Who for this service brought his soldiers to Capisuccus under three Captains.  guard for the bridge, from amongst these companies at Stabroeck, Picolominy chose out three hundred of the stoutest and forwardest soldiers, and brought them to his Colonel; led by three Captains of approved valour, viz. Mark Magdalen, John Baptista à Prano, and Lewis Gambolo●t: and found Mansfield strengthened with new succours, led by John de Aquila, a man of an undaunted spirit, Colonel 
Aquila, a Spanish Colonel offers his assistance to Mansfield.  of the Regiment which belonged to Pacius; Who at six or seven mile's distance hearing the continual thundering of Cannons, supposed what the matter was, and suddenly chose two hundred soldiers out of his Regiment, with Bartholomew Toralua, Michael Cardone, and Gonsalo Castrio, ancient and stout Captains, and courageously offered himself and his soldiers to Count Mansfield: and demanded the leading of the Van for that expedition; Which Capissuccus and Picolominy having already laid 
The contest between the Spaniards and Italans for the Van in that assault.  claim to, desired that others coming but after, should not be preferred before the Italians, who had first engaged for the honour. On the contrary, the Spaniards pretended the right of the War, and preeminency of their Nation in the Low-countreyes, and Count Mansfield rather inclining to the Spaniards. At last Aquila exclaiming that it was not a time of 
The Colonels gallantly decide.  quarrelling amongst themselves, but with the enemy, laid hold of Capissuccus right hand, and said, Come most magnanimous man, let us join ourselves together, and march against the enemy's fortification: and try the valour of our countries, by the overthrow of the rebels. Count Mansfield glad of that military strife, and the deciding thereof, was near ready to have begun the fight: when a fare off at the other end of the Causey, he heard sudden shouts, and perceived the concourse from Saint Cruces Fort, to approach nearer, and the tumult to increase, at last he understood Prince Alexander 
Alex. hastens to relieve Palata in danger.  was advancing, who had been retarded at the bridge by the Antwerpian ships; and who although he conjectured by the noise of the Cannons, that the enemy's Navy had already assailed Covenstene, yet his great care of the bridge would not suffer him to departed thence, until the Antwerpians attempt on the Scheldt being repressed, 
From the bridge now left fortified.  he now somewhat more secure, and rather anxious of his soldier's dangers at the Causey, commanded Charles Count Mansfield to guard the bridge and Flanders coast; then drawing with him two hundred Spaniards armed with pikes, under Turrius Viverua an ancient Captain, with so much the more speed advanced towards Covenstene, (which is at least three hours march from the bridge) by how much more he was spurred forward, by the many sad tidings, which one after another met him on the way. But when he saw so many of the enemy's soldiers, and Pioners on the Causey: his own men, like waves of Water, sometimes to advance, sometimes endangered by the Cannons from the ships to give back: and heard from Camillus à Monte, the death of so many of hi● chiefest soldiers, the great danger o● Saint George's Fort, and the defence of Palata almost to be in despair; not using many words where he● knew there was more need of deed● commanded Montius to conve● those Cannons, which he by the wa● had drawn out of the Forts of Sain● Peter, and Saint Barbara into hi● Castle of Saint James', and fro● thence without intermission to pla● them against the ships: he gave also charge to Mondragonius to do th● like from his Castle, de Sancta a Cruc● and sent Captain Viverus with pa● of the Pikemen against those pioners that were opening the nearest part o● the Causey. Then himself by his eyes and countenance, representing the storm of discontent and fury which lodged in his breast, with a voice like to thunder egging the ears and minds of those that were present, he said, Let the love of honour, 
He exhorteth his men to follow him.  Gods, and the King's cause, be of no price to him, that follows me not, without any other words, he entered amongst those Spanish pike-men that remained, and ordered the Battalia. But at those words and looks, as it were at the sound of a Trumpet, not only the Commanders, to wit, John Maurique, the marquis Bentivol●o, the Counts Bevilaque, and Sfortia Prince Alexander's 
The chiefest of the Commanders follow their General.  kinsman, with other daring Heroes do encompass his Excellency, and contentiously demand the first on-sett: but also the rest of the soldiers then scattered, join themselves, and fiercely brandishing their weapons together: expect both the signal of battle and Victory. Nor did Count Mansfield make less haste from Stabroeck, when he understood 
On the other side Mansfield exhorteth his men.  the Prince of Parma advanced from the other end, and making this short exhortation; he said, Well my mates, all things from Gods bountiful goodness, conspire to the Victory. Here the opportune succours of Aquila, unexpected, by divine instinct fly into our help, at the other end the Prince of Parma, our affairs being in greate● extremity, comes yet in time, with his sword to cut this Gordian kno● The enemies are now surrounded i● the midst, to be assailed on bot● hands: they will not be able t● stand the first encounter of our Noble General: and being by hi● beaten and turned on us, they wil● be dispatched by our arms: and s● at last we shall be crowned wit● the glory of the day. Thus was th● battle renewed, if ever any most bloody and remarkable, upon a Cause● verily not above seventeen foot i● 
Many thousands fight upon that narrow bank.  breadth, at least five thousand m● did fight. Into this small plot of earth did the power of Spain, and the Belgic Provinces gather itself. And here was that field chosen, in which the strength and forces on both sid● opposed each other, and lastly disp●ted for the possession of Antwerp; and truly the place not only necessitated the fierceness of the fight, as glad 
By necessity.  actors enclosed on a stage, but they, being obstinate and resolute, determined 
And with a resolution of conquering or dying.  that that day should either be the first of their victory, or last of their lives. Moreover, the Antwerpians had publicly taken a solemn oath, not to departed from the Causey before they had razed it, and laid open a way for their provision. And at the first their obstinacy equalled their unadvised counsel: The confederate forces held the Causey in many places, wherefore they encountered, not in one battle only, but divided into many parties, they fought as it were so many several battles. And though they charged one another with their swords and pikes, seldom missing their object; yet shown they so little sign either of flight, or fear, that every one kept that footing which he had once taken, nor, but by being slain and trodden on, as Walls cast down by 
Alex. recovers part of the Causey.  Engines, gave they any ground to victor's to advance. But no force of the enemy was able to stop the Prince of Parma, violently rusHing in with his Spanish company of pike-men, intermingled with some Musqueteers, having recovered all that part of the Causey, which lies between the Castles of Sancta Cruse and St. James', not without some loss, he marched thence towards Saint George's, and so displayed his Army, that i● took up as well the plain, as both the declining sides of the Causey. And he himself having but slippery footing, and as it were hanging on the steep descent of the bank, now with his spear repelled the Antwerpia● striving to ascend from their ships then in the midst with a little Target 
And acting wonders, both with his own hand, and his authority.  in the one hand, and his sword in th● other, (in managing whereof he ha● a singular dexterity) he rushed violently amongst the thickest of the enemies, and foyn those that oppose● him, in the very faces: and ever● where by his authority, valour, an● very looks, gave encouragement t● his own soldiers, and struck terror into the enemies; until the way t● St. George's Castle being cleared, an● the Avenue laid open from Sanct● Cruces', for new supplies, he determined with like violence to invade the enemies Fort. But it being excellently fenced with a mudwall, and 
Then he hastens to set upon the enemies Fort.  manned with the chiefest soldiers of the whole Army, but especially by the ships, which on either side approached near, or continually shooting for its defence: for his Excellency therefore durst not give the assault, until he had caused a bulwark to be raised before Saint George's of sacks of 
These things being first provided against it.  earth, and from thence some Cannons to be directed against their Fort: and strengthening the Castle with a band of Musqueteers, he sought to repel the ships thence. Then being ready for the on-sett, he heard that the Mansfieldians, having beaten the enemies 
Capisuc. and Aquila with their companies joined by mansfield's command march thither.  off, had entered the Palata: and with great confidence and hope of Victory, hastened to invade the enemy's fortification. And truly that gallant contention of the Spaniards and Italians promised no less, for the Colonel Capissuccus, and Aquila departing from Count mansfield's Castle were closely attended, the one by Picolominy, the other by Toralua, and their companies of Italians and Spaniards, then mixed together not fare behind: first the Spaniards, than the Italians following their example, falling on their knees, implored the Divine assiistance; and forthwith charged the enemies, who besieged the Castle of Palata, who after a sharp dispute, part being slain, part put to flight, the Royalists victoriously entered the Castle: and thereafter changed the name of Palata, they called it Victoria. Which as soon 
And after a bloody skirmish they enter Palata.  as they had fortified with Cannons, the Colonels, and those Captains, as I said, setting their men again in rank and file, boldly advanced against the 
Then they assault the enemies Fort.  enemies hold, and were fiercely welcomed by the adversaries, obstinately defending that as their last hopes. And although Prince Alexander at the same time, the Cannons from St. George's Fort having made a sufficient breach, with his soldiers stormed it on the other side, yet he was once, and they twice, not without great loss repulsed. Wherefore the confederates confidence from that success 
Being twice beaten off:  greatly increasing, and contentiously from the ships climbing up the causey, the battle in a short time was in many places courageously renewed. But the Mansfieldians making the 
But venturing the third time,  third assault, the enemies began to falter. And here it appeared, what valour provoked by disgrace, what the fear of losing honour, what desire of revenge, and lastly what despair is able to do for the space of an hour and a half, the dispute on both sides was dubious. When on a sudden the Regiment of the Spaniards and Italians, spurred on with new fury, joining together their spears, and advancing their Weapons, pulled 
They scale it.  down, and opened the Fort, some standing on their fellow's shoulders, or climbing on their Targets scaling the mud-walls: and now entrance being laid open in many places, and the 
And the Prince's soldiers pressing in on the other side, they take it.  Prince's soldiers rushing in also on the other side, whole companies bursting in together, and making a pitiful slaughter of the enemies, they took the place. The first that appeared on the Wall (for this honour the Spaniards and Italians, attributed either to their own Nation) was Bartholomew 
Toralua and Capisuc. thus having the first honour.  Toralua a Spanish Captain. Although almost at the same time, Colonel Cam●llus Capissuccus himself mounted the rampire and advanced against the enemy before Toralua, wherefore his honour may seem equal to Toralua. And for that reason the soldier on whose shoulders he first mounted the fort, from a common soldier he made a Sergeant. And his Excellency embracing Camillus Capissuccus with many honourable words, referred the taking of the fort to his valour, and concord with Aquila. And commending him and Aquila 
For him and Aquila, Alex. procures patents from the King for their Colonel's places.  to the King, obtained for them both commissions for their Colonels places (for as yet they were not confirmed from Spain) with an honourable testimony of his Majesty's affection towards them. But Toralua being grievously wounded in many places, was by his Excellencies command carried unto his Pavilion at Stabroeck, yea, into the Princes own bed, and there cured, and rewarded with the garment the Prince wore the day before, he preferring his General's liberty before any military honour won at the assault. It is reported when the Italians and Spaniards made their last assault, that Peter Pacius, who had been Colonel of that 
Strange things of Pacius dead before.  Spanish Regiment, a most pious man, and dearly beloved of his soldiers, (and was slain as I have said some months before at the siege of Dendermund) was seen armed as he was accustomed, leading up his soldiers, pointing out the fittest place for the assault, and animating his Regiment against the enemies, with his wont alacrity. But those who first saw him, being greatly astonished, shown the sight to their fellows, all being amazed, they doubted whether they saw a fantasy, or Pacius alive and really fight: but afterwards when they were all satisfied about the same, they took it as a happy Omen, persuading themselves that their attempts were acceptable to God, to the prosecuting whereof the Saints came to their succours, and mixed themselves with them. So many of them who saw this spectacle took it on their oaths to be true, and indeed Delrius a most grave Author, and well skilled in the Belgic affairs, affirms the same. Which man's gravity and wisdom, was a sufficient warrant for me to note it down in this place: for as to record things upon sleight grounds, may be thought a blemish in a writer, too boldly abusing the credulity of his Reader; so by passing over with silence to diminish the authority of things seriously delivered and written, may be thought an● injury, both to those who have heretofore mentioned them, whose credits are almost sentenced by our silence, and to those that come after, from whom the knowledge of such things are unreasonably concealed. But the 
The Royalists continue their Victory over all the Causey.  Royalists Victory did not contain itself within that Fort, but was speedily carried all over the Causey, the enemies now beginning to faint, who a little before had come fresh from both Navies, and frequently joining their forces, had renewed the battle in many places. Prince Alexander 
Alex ordering and animating them.  run amongst his soldiers, here setting these in order, relieving those with new supplies in place of the wounded, placing further asunder, those that were too close pressed together, with his hand and voice animating all, that they should wound and kill that rebellious rout enclosed within the narrow precincts of the Causey: and revenge the death of their valiant comrades; that they should make that day the last of the Antwerpian War; they might know that bank to be the very wall of Antwerp, and if the enemies were once excluded thence, they had but a step into the City. As he was thus calling on his men, he perceived the enemy's ships to remove, and secretly to departed towards Lillo, for fear lest after the backing of the Tide they should be grounded. Then showing that to his soldiers, he said, the Victory is ours my fellow soldiers. Their sea forsakes the impious desertours of their faith. Cut off the passage to their ships, which only last hope remains now to the fugitives. Nor suffer them to escape your hands, to return again 
By his encouragement, they more fiercely charge the now staggering enemy.  to wage a new War: At whose words the Royalists fury increasing the fight grew every where more bloody: and though many of the Hollanders and Zealanders begun to waver, their eyes sometimes glancing towards their ships, sometimes towards the enemy, their courages now no more constant than the floating ships, yet the Antwerpians whom it nearer concerned, did not of all this time abate any thing of their former 
The Antwerpians hold out longer.  obstinacy, or gave back. So long did the regard of their City, and obligation of their Oath prevail with them, as the faith of the multitude, and mutual respect stayed the very timorous from flight. But when a company of Hollanders, which were hotly charged by Augustine Romanus a Spanish Captain, began to fly, than all, as if thereby freed from disgrace, precipitately run to their ships, the Royalists greedily pursuing them, 
But soon after, they and the rest also fly to the ships.  and wounding so many more of them, as they themselves in that crowd were their own greatest mischief, for the multitude of the fugitives meeting and hindering one another, and the press increasing, like blind men, they tumbled one over another: and as it falls out in such like events, EVERY ones particular haste, was a hindrance to all. But the slaughter of the enemies, was no where greater than at the auxiliary ships: for when some were already arrived at them, 
There was the greatest slaughter.  and ready to enter, they were cast down by the accurse of their fellows that were stronger: into other ships huge multitudes entered together, and over-loading them were drowned: some again, the passage being stop'p, rather than to fall on the Spanish swords, although heavy armed and wearied in the fight, cast themselves headlong into the water: and less valuing the danger of the water, then of the enemies, they exposed themselves to the more certain ruin. SO nothing of all is so much feared, as that from which our fear had its first origin. Nor had the Antwerpians on the other side of the Causey a lesser conflict; many whereof, as they had approached nearer, and with stubborn hope had deferred their retreat the last so being forsaken by the tide, and left movable, were miserably scattered by Cannon shot, from the near adjoining bank, with a huge slaughter of the Soldiers within them: to avoid which many cast themselves into the Waters, as if by swimming they could overtake the former ships, nor did they also prevent their fate, for some Spaniards with no less confidence of themselves, than contempt of the enemy, leapt also 
With great audacity of the Spaniards.  into the Waters, and with their swords in their teeth, swum after the flying ships, and boarded some, carried them back with those that remained to the Causey, the ship-men being even amazed at that daring boldness. Lastly, not a few of the enemies to avoid the Cannon shot, approached yet nearer to the sides of the Causey, and were there killed by the Royalists, whom they like blind men did fly, (for fear had not only taken away the use of counsel, but of sight also.) Notwithstanding there were some, who for that they would die honourably, furiously ran against the enemy, and fell not altogether unrevenged. It is said there were slain at this Covenstene battle, which continued 
The number of the confederates slain.  almost seven hours, of the Antwerpians, and Auxiliaries, but chief of them, about three thousand, besides those, that were devoured in the waters. The loss of the Veterans, and chiefest soldiers of the Army, fare exceeding the number. There were four ships cast away, 
The booty.  besides twenty eight taken: in which were found great brass Cannons sixty five of Iron, and lesser ninty, besides plenty of all warlike magazine, and abundance of provision. Of the Royalists 
Of the Royalists slain.  there fell at least seven hundred, and of them above four hundred Spaniards: and about five hundred wounded. The fatal Causey thus recovered, his Excellency first gave thanks to Almighty God for the Victory; and the next day caused the whole Clergy at Divine service to do 
Thanksgiving to God.  the like: and also a Mass to be said, (as his custom was) for those that were slain in the fight, in the presence of the Army. His next care after he had provided for his wounded 
His care of the dead, of the wounded, and of the Causey.  soldiers, was to amend the wounded Causey: which being cast down and opened in at least thirteen places, the incensed soldiers, besides faggots, earth, and other stuff, repaired and made up with heaps of the enemy's bodies.  
Alexander, that he might give 
The fetching away of the huge ship.  no respite to the affrighted enemies, hearing that monster of a ship to stay as yet at Ordam, and that many Antwerpian ships repaired thither, sent Charles Count Mansfield with five Galleys, seven Frigates, and twenty lesser Vessels, furnished with Cannons and soldiers. And Mansfield forthwith 
Mansfield goeth against 〈◊〉 and other ships.  losing from the Naval bridge, slipped through the cloven of the bank at Saint Peter's Fort into the drowned fields, and compassed the enemy with that scelerity, that unless an unexpected accident had happened in the very attempt, it was thought not a ship could have escaped. For in mansfield's 
Who is a little hindered by a fire which happened in his ship.  own galley, in which were carried Count Aremberge, marquis Bontivolio, Count Bevilacque, and divers other chief men of Note, drawn with a desire of seeing that Naval Monster, that Noah's Ark, as they termed it, by chance a barrel of gunpowder being set on fire, fired also the ship: Bevilacque, who was nearest to the barrel being blown up, and lighting in the water, by swimming got to the bank at Ordam almost dead: some cast themselves into the waters, some were burned to death; Mansfield and the rest, bor● a long time the marks of the fire i● their hands and faces. By this delay (for many on every side came in to 
But soon after sets upon the enemy, takes some ships. Then he comes to, the huge ship,  help them) most of the Antwerpia● ships escaped to the City, except nine that were taken in the pursuit by the Mansfieldians: With which prey returning Victor's, they came about the great ship, admiring there appeared not one to defend it, of the hug● company of seamen not one, not any 
Which the Antwerpians had left as useless.  inhabitant, as in a desolate forsaken City. And indeed the Antwerpians had left it as wholly deserted: for the day before having taken most of the Cannons out of it, when yet they could not remove it, they departed, and came again the next day with their Navy, to fetch away the soldiers and ammunition, and with fire to demolish that heap of wood. And the soldiers, mariners, and part of the ammunition, they had removed into their ships, but mansfield's sudden arrival hindered the rest. All which, though truly related by the prisoners that were taken, yet the Mansfieldians durst not give credit 
The assailants fear some treachery in it.  to them: and by how much all things seemed more quiet, and without danger, by so much the more cautious and fearful they were, lest in that wooden Machine, as in another Trojane horse, some treachery might be concealed. Wherefore, they agreed to discharge a Cannon against it, to try that way what was within it. But the bullet 
They try it.  was with silence received into the wool which stuffed the sides of it, and gave it no more motion, then if a little wave had dashed against a huge Rock in the Sea. At last one more adventurous than the rest, as if by boarding it first he should win the glory of scaling the walls of a Castle: and by and by others, that they might not be thought less daring, and then more in emulation of the former, taking with them the prisoners instead of pledges, intending to involve them in the same danger, if 
Some enter.  there were any, enter the ship: view the several rooms both above and below, observe the hatches, and cabins, search all places exactly, and not finding any sign of treachery, now exempt 
And secure from danger.  from fear, they advise with the Mariners how to draw it thence, and bring it to the bridge, to the Prince's view. Wherefore they took away from it what was more lose, or fit to be removed, and being so mangled and made lighter, they drew it through the overwhelmed fields of 
They hale it into the River, and in a military triumph they bring it to Alex.  Ordam into the Scheldt, and giving his Excellency notice thereof, steered it towards the bridge, not without pomp. For the other captive ships haled with ropes led the way: then followed mansfield's Navy, environning the great ship, which came as if it had been a whole Navy itself. Then the ships that met them from the bridge increased the triumph, and coming in Prince Alexander's presence, they altogether discharged their Artillery, with such exceeding joy of the Army, as if in the triumph over that one ship, Antwerp now subdued and taken, had been led prisoner in fetters. And indeed not only the common soldiers, who, as before at the report of this Engine, apprehended the greatest fear, so now having it present amongst them, scoffed and jeered at it, and scorned it as a Bugbear for children; but the chiefest Commanders also, yea Prince Alexander himself, admiring the vain structure of that huge Machine, which the enemies had proudly threatened would be the end of the War; made a truer construction of that title, that 
With great hope of an end of their labo●rs;  it was the end of the War; but to the enemies (whose forces and strength were now exhausted) utter overthrow and ruin. Nor did they judge falsely, for the Antwerpians as soon as they perceived their overthrow at Covenstene, this their ship taken, and so their hopes on all sides to be frustrated, exclaimed 
The Antwerpians not willing to endure the inconvenience of a siege any longer,  they would not any longer be fooled by Holach, or encouraged by Aldegund with vain hope of foreign aid. And it plainly appeared, the City being divided into factions, would not any longer endure the incommodities of a siege. Nor did the 
Are punished by the Magistrates,  punishment of some of the more seditious, prevail any thing with the commonalty: for some cast into prison, were forcibly set at liberty by the people: the Magistrates not daring for 
But in vain.  the future to oppose them. Whose counsel of expelling the Catholics, thereby to ease the City, was not approved by Aldegunde, fearing a fare greater and more certain tumult of the multitude. Besides, the sudden flight of some of the richest Merchants 
The Merchants also earnestly desire peace.  from the City; and the Ambassage of the Hanse Cities, demanding that unless peace were concluded, they should permit their Merchants with their goods peaceably to departed the City, terrified the Magistrates of Antwerp, and aggravated the mutiny of the people. But Aldegund had not yet spent out the whole magazine of his shifts, of soothing up, and complying with the people, in which kind he had a rare gift, he promised them to write to the Prince of Parma, and soon after to go himself into the Camp, and if the Spaniards would make peace upon indifferent terms, he would omit nothing speedily to effect it. And he writ accordingly, that he might have audience: and being admitted, 
Aldegund goeth to Alex.  as soon as his Excellency had notice from Richardott, with whom Aldegund had first conferred, that he was come to treat of peace both for Antwerp, Holland, and Zealand: he perceived that by the conjunction of so many Provinces, which, to wit, would be a tedious and intricate business, Aldegunds intent was to get 
Who perceiving his subtlety sent him back.  time for the succours, which were daily expected out of England. Wherefore Prince Alexander, using him otherwise with great courtesy, dismissed him to Antwerp, who promised that receiving authority from the Magistrates & people, he would forthwith return to treat only of the delivery of Antwerp. But he delaying, his Excellency suspected that he craftily protracted the treaty, that the besieged might gather the harvest which now began to be ripe from about the Suburbs of Antwerp, and Mechlin; and 
And withal commands the enemy's corn to be brought to the Camp.  therefore determined to frustrate them of that hope also; and commanded Ambrose Landriano with his garrison of Viluord, together with a company of Boors, and Vastius with a party of horse, the one to harrasse and plunder the suburbs of Antwerp, and the other of Mechlin: and to transport the corn, hay, and what other thing was of any use, into the Camp. Then he himself with a select 
And he himself takes the Castles about Antwerp,  company of horse and foot, marched into the Country about Antwerp, and took Burgerhout, a strong sconce of the Antwerpians, and with the like violence took Bercheme, and other Castles and Forts, and bereft 
And takes the very Suburbs.  Antwerp of all that part of the country, even to their Orchards and gardens; by that means shutting up both the City and famine together within 
Famine forceth the Citizens to mutiny:  the City. And indeed the people were ready to have broken out into open sedition: the general clamour in the City being meat and peace. When the Magistrates sent divers into the streets, who in several assemblies should divulge, that letters were newly come out of France, assuring them that relief 
Yet they are encouraged with hopes of succour.  and succour was at hand from thence. Besides, some Citizens of Aldegunds favourites, said they had certain intelligence, that the Prince of Parma would indeed offer conditions not unreasonable, but had covertly covenanted with the Spaniards to 
And fear of plundering.  give them the plunder of the City in place of their pay. Wherefore they should not by the impatience of a little delay, both lose their reputation, and the honour of holding the siege until that day, and all their goods, and fortunes, besides their wives and children exposed to abuse, together with the loss of their City and lives. But these outward voices were not heard, for the loud barking of their hungry stomaches within: and most of the people suspected, these French letters to be written in Antwerp, and to come only from Aldegunds cabinett. For of the Prince of Parma they harboured a more worthy conceit. And in the interim there happened a sleight accident, but OPPORTUNITY in the least things, is of great consequence. There was a Noble Matron lay dangerously sick at Antwerp, and for her recovery had present need o● 
But Alexander's courtesy upon occasion exhibited.  Asaph's milk, there being none to b● found in the City, a young man therefore offered himself courageously, t● fetch an Ass from the Suburbs, although in the enemy's possession, an● had already taken one, but apprehended by the Spaniards, he was carrie● to his Excellency, being as yet at Burgerhout. Who understanding wha● the matter was, used the youth wi● great respect, and commending hi● charity, commanded the beast to be loaden with Partridges, Capons o● Bruges, and other fowl of that sor● Then delivering them to the youth for the sick Gentlewoman, commanded him that he should in his nam● friendly salute her, and testify that h● not only wished her health and recovery of strength, but prayed al● from his heart, for the prosperity, an● happiness of the Senate, and people And indeed that unexpected civility of the Prince, (to whom the Antwerpians, sending a gallant Horse wit● some juncates and choice wine, gav● public thanks) wonderfully reconciled (together with the young ma● 
Altered their opinion.  relation) the Citizens good will towards him. For doubtless, THE wisest Commanders of War, have that weapon called Courtesy laid up, in their warlike Armoury. But the delivery of Mechlin concluded the 
THE TAKING OF MECHLIN.  business. In that City, after the overthrow at Covenstene Causey, there risen a contest between the Garrison 
The Citizens oppressed with famine, are afraid of the garrison soldiers.  soldiers and Citizens, which after the loss of their corn increased, the Citizens greatly fearing, lest they should plunder and forsake the City, and then retire to Block-huse a Castle placed near to Mechlin, which they had already fortified with Artillery and provision. Which as soon as Prince Alexander had notice of, he thought it the most convenient time to attack the City. And forthwith he ordered marquis Renthiacus, whom he made General for that expedition, with Hicquius, and Mottaeus, to haste to Block-huse, and prevent the enemy's designs, Renthiacus drawing his forces thither, and causing the Artillery speedily to follow after, not only took Block-huse, the Presidiaries being not yet entered, but Necherspole also, besides other sconces places about Mechlin, and pitching his tents, demanded the rendi● 
Whereupon after the loss of their adjacent ●orts, they yield themselves to his mercy.  on of the City itself. Which up● agreement concluded with Famus● Governor thereof, was yielded t● the Prince of Parmas' will and me●cy. The garrison soldiers being s● away without their colours, whic● were sent to his Excellency: who having compassion of the City, by reason 
Receiving from him favourable conditions.  most part of it were Catholick● agreed with the Mechlinians, on ve● gentle conditions. For in place of seven hundred Presidiaries which departed the City, he but substitute● two hundred Walloons under Prov● nus, commanding the Citizen's t● have care of their City, together wit● the Garrison: and imposing no tribute on them, liberally in his Majesty's name, gave pardon to the City● being glad that within few days, wit● no loss of men, he had restored th● Archbishop of Mechlin after a long exile again into his own seat (the● being not any Diocese in all the Netherlands of so great esteem:) and reduced a City, the Flower of the Belgic Cities, and with it the Seignory of one of the seventeen Provinces to their true and lawful Sovereign at that time when having received letters from his Majesty, of the restitution 
For the restitution of the Castle of Piazenza, he renders thanks to the King with Mechlin.  of the Castle of Piazenza, which had been kept by a Spanish garrison, he was in condition to render him thanks for his royal liberality, with the welcome news of the Victory.  
But ere long having at last subdued Antwerp, he sent fare more acceptable 
The agents treats with Alex. about the delivery of Antwerp.  tidings to the King; for Aldegund, when he saw the public affairs in despair, thought privately to provide for himself, and hastened forward the Commission intended to the Prince of Parma from the Magistrates and people. The agents or commissioners were twenty one: the chief amongst whom were William Merode Lord of Duffle, John Sconhove, And●ew Hessell, and Philip Marnixius, Aldegund himself Consul of the City. Who being received by his Excellency at Bevera, I have heard that Aldegund in the name of them all, and in the presence of the Royal and warlike Council, spoke 
Aldegunds Oration.  after this manner.  
We come not hither (most mighty Prince) timerously to apologise for our whole years resistance in defence of our own; For who coul● have conceived the least fear of th● most potent City in all the Belgic Provinces from so few besiege● and you yourself, I presume (● no valiant man can affect the c● wardly,) would rather have wished, then approved of our facilit● and fear. We had sufficient kno● ledge of the number of your soldiers: the necessities of your Ca● were not concealed from us; yo● Navy not considerable, complain● rung through your Army, and t● mults were daily expected. Was ● likely that you, with ten or eleve● thousand soldiers (for those we● the most with which you first a● tempted this great design) coul● have continued the siege of such 〈◊〉 City, block it up by land, and sto● passage by water: with your ho● make inroads into Brabant: an● hinder relief from neighbouri● Cities? obstruct so vast a River ● 'bove, against the forces of Gau● and below, against the power ● Holland, and Zealand? invade ● many Castles on the banks ● Scheldt, oppose Navy against Navy, which then you had not any: make good the bringing in of provision unto your Army: And fill all places with Castles, guards, and Sconces? no surely, had you had fifty thousand fight men: nay, if every one of your soldiers had had a hundred hands a piece, could you have been thought of ability to attend to so many things at once, in places so distant, and divided, in effect so difficult, in labour so continual, & in necessity so urgent. And yet with this handful of men, you have besieged Antwerp both by water and land, possessed yourself of Flanders, and Brabant, by frequent stations every where placed: conveyed provision, and what else was needful for your Army at the siege, through a channel of your own making: Erected Castles and Forts upon narrow banks, and in the overwhelmed fields: and what we only could believe possible, because we have seen it done: coped with a River which had the Ocean to assist it; yea, subjugated the Scheldt, or rather the Sea with a Bridge, standing against the furies of the swelling Ocean, against the violent encounters of the Ice, amongst continual conflicts with our Navies, Yet we broke down the bridge, not without your great loss: yea, your animosity thereby increasing, in a trice repaired it. We turned the Scheldt into the fields and sought passage elsewhere: You following the River hither also, by a new bridge divided it, and objected that over-crosse Causey against our Navies. We assailed the Causey, digged it through, and opened a way there for our shipping: yet you repulsed us thence; when we thought ourselves Victor's, made up th● clefts and breaches, and obstructed all hope of passage: What Engines, what stratagems have we left unattempted? What strength of navies, what fiery wonders, what inventions of swimming Castles, can there be, we have not set forth? as much as by wit, as much as by art, could be imagined, we have performed. The Heavens, the Sea, hell only excepted, we have called to our assistance, we have taken into our society: And yet with all these, we have neither removed you from our Walls, nor struck you with the least fear, but rather have ministered new fuel to your incensed breast; for the conquest of other Cities, and further dilating of your arms and victories. You have achieved most invict & illustrious Prince an enterprise; than which the past and present Annals cannot produce a greater. We often have read, and sometimes beheld, that a General laying siege to an hostile City whilst he forceth and taketh one, hath lost another elsewhere. You, whilst with your Army you straightly attack Antwerp, as if secure of us, at the same time in Flanders take Dendermund by force, subdue Gaunt by famine; In Gelder's disarm us of Nieumeghen; And in Brabant compel Brussels, and Mechlin to a surrender. And so whilst you lay siege to one City you extend your victories rising from victories, into three several Provinces at once. As if to fight with one enemy at once, were too small a task for your noble spirit. But the recital of all these daily disputes betwixt the besieged, and besiegers, tends only to this, that it may plainly appear, that we, conscious of our own forces did not rashly undertake our defence, no● having had trial of your fortune do cowardly give it up. God, and your valour (O Alexander) have afforded you the glory of subduing Antwerp: and posterity will allow us also some honour, for not yielding too hastily: One thing as well for yours, & the King your Uncle's sake, as our own, we entreat and earnestly request; that as by conquering you have understood how great a City you have overcome, so in taking, and possessing it, you will diminish nothing of the majesty & strength thereof, nothing of the monument of your Victory, nor any thing of his Majesty's possession and tribute. But diminish them you will, if either by confining the Citizen's minds to a certain religion, or imposing a garrison of externs over their bodies and fortunes; you change the state and Government of the City. Antwerp, if any City in all Europe, flourisheth for the present. The number of Citizens, and strangers can scarcely be reckoned. The Scheldt as large as it is, cannot contain the Merchant's ships of all regions, when war hinders them not. Lastly, no Empory in the whole world conjoins & associates more Provinces together, and wealth of countries by communion of traffic. The fame of the place will endure, as long as solitude of Religion, threats of Castles, and terrors of a ●arrison do not shut up this Sanctuary. SAFETY is a nurse to commerce. But what safety can the naked Merchants expect from armed soldiers, accustomed to pillage? Surely this City hath sufficiently had a lamentable & grievous experiment of sacking, burning and plundering. For the prevention of which outrages, that Antwerp may have no just cause for the future to fear your prudence (most excellent Prince) by this day's conditions, for which we are come hither to treat with you, we hope will provide. To these his Excellency 
Prince Alez. answers the Agents.  in a few words made answer, that willingly he accepted of the treaty, with Antwerp. And as he referred the valour and acts of his soldiers unto God's benignity, and his blessed mother's assistance; so the Antwerpians ought to acknowledge, that all their forces, leagues with Cities and Provinces, and succours from foreign Princes were in vain against the power, and right of the legitimate Lord of the Low-countreyes. In stating the conditions he would bury in oblivion the Antwerpians Delinquencies, for having waged war against God and their lawful Sovereign: and incited others of the Low-countrieses, as with an alarm from that strong hold, to defection; but would rather have respect to his Majesty's clemency, and from thence would moderate the chiefest of their conditions. In the interim 
And dismisseth them to three Precedents.  he had appointed men of understanding & wisdom, and no ways partial, with whom they might more freely confer. Therefore they should departed to them, to treat of the articles, and then he would deliver the King's mind, not in the worst sense. He had chosen for that purpose Pamaelio Richardott, and Vandenburge, Precedents of the privy Council of Artois and Mechlin: and committed 
To whom he referred all things: except the Articles of obedience to the King and religion.  every thing to their judgement and wisdom; the Articles pertaining to obedience due to the King and religion only excepted: which he with more than ordinary care as he had received an express from his Majesty, reserved to himself; for when long ago his Excellency had proposed it to the King, (thereby to make the Antverpians more willing to surrender) whether he should set a certain time to the Heretics, wherein to dispatch their affairs, or to permit them so long until there might be hopes of their better disposition and reducement; His Majesty made reply, that he 
The King thus expresseth his mind concerning religion.  should not grant an unlimited time, what hope or persuasion soever there was of their reconciliation. Upon which subject, because he had often at other times treated, I thought it best to insert one of the latest letters from Spain, concerning this matter, part of which was written with his Majesties own hand. In every treaty or parley with Cities or Castles, that come into our hands, let this be your first, and last regard, that in these places, the Catholic religion be settled, without leave to the Heretics of professing or exercising their sects or doctrines, in City or country; unless you grant them some time for composing their affairs, and let that be limited: concerning which matter, I absolutely command, that no dubious clause capable of interpretation, or moderation be inserted, that those may assure themselves, who desire to live in our Belgium, to make choice either of the true worship of the ancient Roman faith, or after their prescribed time is ended, forthwith to seek their habitation elsewhere. Which things if they be performed, I put my confidence in the Almighty power, to whose honour and service this war hath for so many years been managed, with so great loss of blood, and expenses that all things for the future will proceed fortunate; and that his heavenly majesty, will our of his wont providence, always so moderate our affairs, that men by their happy success, may understand of what importance it is, to put their confidence in the Divine goodness, and to prefer the service due to him before all secular business. But if God by reason of our great offences, will have it otherwise, I think it better to spend all my Kingdoms for his sake, then for any humane respect, to decline from this, if not a lucky, doubtless a pious determination. And truly this firm purpose of his Catholic Majesty was very apparent to be acceptable to God; for on the same day these were written by the King, which was the seventeenth of August, on the same day the Antwerpian agents at their meeting at Bevera, receiving their articles, delivered up the City. When notwithstanding, when they begun to treat with the King's Commissioners, the business of their reconciliation seemed 
The Agents treat with the Precedents, they differ about three articles.  to be very intricate, and would go but slowly on. For they insisted immovably on these three heads above others. That religion, as than it was, might freely be exercised; that the Castle now half down, might not be repaired; That no garrison of what nation soever, might be admitted into the City. Yea, when they understood that the Commissioners were not empowered to treat about religion, they told the Prince of Parma they would proceed no further with them, unless they might have power for that also. And Aldegund, amongst other 
Aldegund promiseth great matters, if liberty of conscience be granted.  conferences, one time staying with his Excellency four whole hours alone in private discourse concerning this article stuck not to affirm, that upon that condition of freedom in religion, Zealand and Holland, yea all the confederate Belgica might be drawn to the King's obedience. And would take it upon him, and was confident, for that authority which he had with the Provinces, shortly to produce a great benefit to both parties. But his 
But Prince Alex. discourse with him was wholly to the contrary.  Excellency utterly dashing all hopes of liberty, and confusion in religion: whereby, as he said, the Cities and Provinces divided into sects and factions, could neither live in peace amongst themselves, nor with God, or their Prince's Gods Deputies upon earth; courteously admonished him, that they should consider the daily decay of their forces, succours from France by reason of the troubles there, past all hopes, the subtle delay of the English, the invincible power of the Catholic King, not to be exhausted by any expenses, nor tired out by war; and indirectly he insinuated some things, which might be of great concernment for his own private interest, with hopes of favour from his Majesty's clemency. And those things he uttered before Aldegund with such eloquence, with such courage, and with words wholly dictated to him (as he after writ to the King) by Almighty God, that Aldegund 
Aldegund is wonderfully taken with his discourse.  admiring the vigour of his discourse, professed after his departure thence, he had often treated with many eloquent persons, but he never met any more efficacious, and affable than the Prince of Parma: and that with reason he might use that of Asdrubal concerning Scipio, viz. that Prince Alexander appeared far more admirable to him in presence, than fame had set him out for his warlike actions. And indeed whether taken with the words and civility of the Prince of Parma or wholly hopeless of supporting the siege any longer, by little and little he made show that his 
And is more forward for the surrender.  mind was altered, being more propense to treat on the surrender. Moreover in a book, which afterward he se● forth, when he had to the life extolled 
Yea in a book which afterwards he set forth, he extolleth Alexander's virtues, and the King's cause,  the deeds performed by Alexander Farneze, his mercy towards the conquered, sanctity in keeping his Oath, and other virtues pertaining to a General; amongst other things he added, that King Philip's subjects' could not with a safe conscience take up arms against their King Which confession not rashly uttered in talk, but witnessed in writing, he being a man of great authority among the States, and a grounded Calvinist, was a great blemish to the confederates cause. He thenceforth daily 
And was therefore hated of the confederates.  growing out of favour and hated by them, was not afterwards admitted to any Government in the Common wealth. But then the Agents, and the King's Commissioners often meeting together; lastly, after some debates it the Prince of Parmas' presence, the 
The conditions imposed upon the City at the surrender.  article concerning religion was in the first place confirmed; one, and that the ancient Catholic profession being appointed to the Antwerpians, They were commanded to reedify the Churches, which they had razed, and to restore the ejected families of religious orders into the City into their own houses & possessions. Which Article concerning religious orders, when the Agents would thus have penned it, that those religious orders should be reduced into the City, which had had their residence in Antwerp, in the Emperor Charles the fifth's days; 
A deceit discovered in them.  His Excellency understanding by that fraud, the Fathers of the society of Jesus, whose assistance he chief made use of against the Heretics, to be excluded, utterly rejected it, and would have all orders equally included. In repairing the Castle, and in placing a garrison of Spaniards and Italians, from whom the Citizens desired to be free, he dealt more favourably. Yet the Article was us: That the Prince of Parma should draw with him into the City a garrison of well affected nations: and if the Hollanders and Zealanders were reconciled to their Sovereign, the City should be exempt from the Castle, and garrison for ever after; if not, he would provide for the safety of Antwerp against the neighbouring Zealanders and others. In the rest of the conditions the Prince of Parma being very liberal, gave pardon in hi● Majesty's name to the Antwerpians, of the high Treason committed against their King: restored to the ●ity its ancient privileges; granted th● Heretics four years to tarry in th● City, to settle their affairs. And although he might with reason hav● charged the City with the greate● part of the huge expenses laid out a● the siege, yet he was contented to exact only four hundred thousand Florins, 
160000. Crowns.  (nor that to be paid all at once) for his soldiers pay. It was also agreed, that the prisoners on both sides should be released though the Royalists had more than the enemies, unless they had already covenanted for their ransom: Tilinius only excepted, whose case although reserved to the King his Excellency promised, to recommend him to his Majesty: and to effect, that as some days before he had dismissed Lanoy into France, to be exchanged with Count Egmont, so Tilinius should erelong follow his father.  
Whilst these, and other Articles (being 
The articles are read in the City.  in all twenty seven) were read by the Commissioners returned to Antwerp in presence of the Magistrates & people with great attention of all; there was suddenly heard a huge noise of Cannons from the bridge on the Scheldt, & the adjoining forts, which still increased, when many going out of the City, and looking from the banks and towers, reported that a cruel battle was then fought at the Farnezian bridge, and upon the banks & rampires of the River. And without 
And it being rumoured that the English succours were arrived, and had set upon the Royalists, the Antwerpians are at a stand about admitting the conditions.  doubt either the French or English succours were arrived: by whom the Spaniards being suddenly engaged, & as unprovided, would not doubtless long subsist against the fresh, and hardy enemy. Whereupon many of the people verily believing it, as oftentimes HOPE, and desire makes men credulous upon new designs and encouraged by those that were against the surrender, forthwith take arms, and constipating the Commissioners, demand a longer time to deliberate on the conditions, until they were certified by frequent messengers, one after another, that there appeared no aid from France, or Navy from England: but that it was a joyful and feigned combat of the Royalists. And 
Seeing themselves deluded, they return again to hear the conditions.  one of them, a witty conceited fellow, having informed himself more fully, affirmed that no auxiliary navy was arrived from England, but that the Grecian fleet had brought the golden Fleece from Colchos to the 
The occasion of the mistake.  Prince of Parma. But they being thus deluded, and offended with the incendiaries, return again with the same levity, as before they had broken off, to hear the articles of their surrender. But not a few were drawn with a desire 
The solemnity of Alexander's receiving the golden Fleece.  to see that military triumph, celebrated in the royal Army for the solemnity of the Golden Fleece: which Chain sent by his Majesty long before, Prince Alexander had deferred to receive until this time, that now secure of the Antwerpian Victory, he might enter the City more graced by that dignity. And the soldiers for 
The description of that celebrity.  their love, and reverence to their General, made all things more stately: for armed companies ranged in Battalia at their posts, were extended from the Camp at Bevera (where the Prince then resided) even to Calloo, and from thence to the Scheldt and Bridge. The chief Commanders of the Army placed themselves on the Bridge: the banks of the Scheldt, the Castles, Rampires and ships, all glittered with armed Regiments. Saint Philip's fort in the head of the Bridge on Brabant shore, was chosen to augment the pomp. To which his Excellency moving from Bevera on horseback, accompanied by the chief of the Nobility, and entertained by the way with shows of warlike skirmishes, sometimes of horse, sometimes of foot, when he arrived at the bridge, which resounded with the joyful Echo of shouts and Trumpets, he was saluted with a volley of Cannons without intermission thundering from the Castles. Forts and ships. Having passed the bridge and entered the chapel of Saint Philps, after Mass sung by Lodowick Barlamont Archbishop of Cambray, he put on the collar of the Golden fleece, received from the hands of Count Mansfield, who said, he represented the person of Octavio Duke of Parma and Piazenza in that office, with whom about thirty nine years before, he was preferred to that order by Charles the fifth. Then his Excellency departing thence, returned unto the Camp at Bevera, and again all along the river-banks the roaring of Candons', mixed with the exulting shout of the soldiers wishing all happiness and prosperity to their General renewed the joy. And it was manifest to all, that this Order was never by any Prince received with greater magnificence, viz. in the midst of his Veterans, and so often victorious Regiments: upon the admirable structure of the Bridge on the Scheldt: having subdued the most potent City in all the Low-countreyes, after a siege the most memorable that ever was.  
Prince Alexander was not as yet arrived at the Camp, when he was 
17. August. Alex. receives the Commissioners coming to deliver up the City.  met by the Antwerpian Commissioners, who (the Articles being accepted of) came to render up the City, Whom his Excellency courteously receiving, stayed them with him and sent the Prendents Richardott & Vandenburge, with the King's Herald into the City: to whom were joined 
S●nding some into the City to confirm and proclaim the surrender.  Captain Petro à Castro, whose office was to buckle on his sword, Didacus Escovario Sergeant Major of Mondragonius Regiment, and Propertiu● Baroccius chief Engineer, to ratify the conditions already agreed on, and to publish the surrender. These had directions to view the City both within and without, and to make all things secure against the coming of their Prince. And the conclusion of the peace being heard at Antwerp, the 
With great joy of the people, pulling down the Duke of Alenzons arms, they set up the Kings.  people entertain the King's harbingers with great joy, they run up and down the City, pull down the arms and pictures of the Duke of Alenzon, and set up the King of Spain's: all things were with exquisite diligence prepared against the Prince of Parma's arrival: all things from continual sorrow and fear, were suddenly changed into mirth, sports, and preparation of joyful shows. But his 
And Alex. coming is expected.  Excellency deferred to enter the City yet ten days. In which time it is scarce credible, what a number of people from all parts of the Low-countreyes, and adjacent places repaired 
The concourse of strangers to fee thi● triumph, and to view the bridge, especially of the Antwerpians.  thither. Some that they might be present at the triumph of the Conqueror at his solemn entrance into the City: many to view the fortifications of the Camp, and famed invention of the Farnezian bridge: some to draw out in right & full proportion, the models or portraitures of the works, which as it was reported, were speedily to be 
Coming out of the City to contemplate Alex. works.  dismantled. But none more curiously beheld these things, than the Antwerpian Commissioners; and those, who now having their minds no less at liberty then their gates, came forth of the City: sometimes they viewed the castles erected on the banks, than they admired the channel Parma, and the Fort Perla: at the fabric of the bridge, they were even amazed, & both hated, and yet praised the wonderful rarity of the work. But on Covenstene causey, dreadful yet for the fresh blood, scattered limbs, and relics of mangled bodies, they acknowledging their late loss, privately lamented: and yet were contented to behold with their eyes, what their minds detested. But Prince Alexander now ready to enter Antwerp, in the first place removed the garrison soldiers from the opposite Haven in the head of Flanders, as also from Tilinius fort, 
HIS solemn entrance.  and lastly from An werp itself, and sent them all towards Zealand without their arms. Then he committed the charge of the Catholic Army, who had received orders to meet at Stab●oe●●, to Vasti●●, in place of Count Man's field, who then was gone to look to his Regency of Lucemburge. And out of his whole army his Excellency selected two thousand foot, divi●ed into eight companies of Germans, and twelve of Walloons, armed with pikes, Muskets, & carbines: and three troops of horse, one of Curaciers, and two of Lanciers. And commanded them to stay at Bercheme 
29. Aug.  a village of Brabant. He also 
He sent some before to guard the ways.  appointed George Basta, with three hundred horse from Burgerhout, to ride out and survey the way he was to pass. The next day marching with his Court from the camp at Bevera, and having past the Scheldt, he sent before part of the foot from Berchem into the City, under Licquius, who placed some of them at Saint George's gate, which they also call the Emperors; 
And the gates and chiefest streets of the City.  and divided the rest into several chief places of the City, that by so many stations, lending a mutual assistance, as it were joining hands, they might enclose Antwerp. So his Excellency would not only have the conquered City, but the conquest itself in his own power. These things thus ordered, the ways both within and without the City being thronged with infinite people, the rest of his Excellency's attendance in great state marched forward, the horse and foot, not so much for the gaudiness of apparel 
The aspect of the soldiers.  or armour, as (all of them being old select soldiers) for their martial looks, & military severity, a gallant sight. But Prince Alexander, now made famous with the Trophies 
Himself the greatest spectacle.  of so many Provinces and Cities subdued, attracted all men's eyes upon him, and as the ancients in their triumphs had Ensigns, and pictures carried before them, so fame waited on him with his titles, and prompted the cogitations of the spectators: and as the noise of his famous acts had represented him to their thoughts more than a man so sought they more greedily to satiate their eyes now in beholding him present. He was attended by these great Nobles: the Duke of Areschot, Cajatane Duke of Sermonett the Prince of Chimace, Count Egmont, the Marquesses of Renthi, & Varambone, the Countess Aremberg. Charles Mansfield, Altapen & others, especially Low-countries men, for very few of the Spaniards, and Italians were admitted, thereby to please the Antwerpians with this retinue, and lastly with the troops of his lifeguard, whose Captains were Leo Lazarus, Haller, & the Counts Nicelli, and Caecius: his Excellency arrived 
He is received before the City gate by a Virgin.  at Saint George's gate, where he was met by a Virgin in a habit, and with Ensigns representing Antwerp, as they use to shadow it. Who lighting from her triumphant Chariot, with a company of other noble girls reverently saluted the Prince of Parma: and delivered him a Golden key, she prayed the like happiness to his Nephew now entering victor, as heretofore she had wished to Charles the fifth, who made his first victorious entrance through that gate; Alexander courteously receiving the gift, wore it before him fastened to the chain of the Golden Fleece, and through the 
And is welcomed with divers arguments of joy through the City.  whole City he observed not without admiration, the sudden setting forth and expressions of public joy. For on the bridge Moere he saw a beaked pillar of a wonderful height erected, with the stauas of Alexander of Macedon, and that Roman Alexander placed thereon: and in other places divers sorts of Pageants, stately arches and artificial fireworks: to compose which shows for pomp and state only, those very same, though heretofore so often pernicious Engineers did apply their inventions and hands: using the fragments of the Machine's a little before prepared for the War, for solemnising of this triumph, making their art obsequious, thereby to appease the Conqueror. Prince Alexander, after he had a while beheld & commended these and other like preparations, with all his attendance, hastened to the great Church of our B. Lady. And there whilst ●e Deum laudamus 
He went into the Church.  with music was solemnly sung, he offered up his private devotions, and thanksgiving, which, next 
And gave thanks to the B. Virgin.  to God he openly professed to the mother of God, FOR THAT THE EXPEDITION BEING BY HER INSTINCT, UNDERTAKEN, BY HER ASSISTANCE PROSPEROUSLY ACHIEVED, HE AT LAST BE HELD HIS LADY, BY THE PIOUS AND PUISSANT ARMS OF THE CATHOLIC KING, RESTORED TO HER OWN SEAT, FROM WHENCE SHE HAD SACRILEGIOUSLY BEFORETIME BEEN BANISHED, wHOM THEREFORE HE DEVOUTLY HONOURED; From thence he departed to the Castle half down, and quite desolate: and passing through the Army, which before the Castle was suddenly composed, as well of the soldiers sent thither before, as of those who by his command repaired thither out of the City, he made a little stand at the Castle gate: and calling to him the Colonels and Captains, before 
Then at his entrance into the Castle he spoke thus to his soldiers.  he dispersed them through the City, made this short speech unto them. By God's great bounty and your valour, O fellow soldiers, we possess Antwerp. But that we may securely keep it, I have chosen you out of the whole Army, to whose military discipline, but especially civility, and unoffensive conversation with the Citizens, I might commit the safety of the City, so much the more earnestly, as the Antwerpians were more stiff and resolved, not to admit of garrison soldiers: for that they feared, if not open plundering (though that also they expected;) at least continual contests and quarrels, which their goods must daily redeem, and would daily occasion. I, that I might remove that persuasion out of their minds, have engaged my faith. Nor as I trust will my promise, & hope be frustrate, having made this choice of soldiers, whose commanders I know to be men careful of their own reputations, & solicitous of my credit. Therefore it shall be your task, to keep the soldiers within their limits, & duties: and not to let pass injuries & abuses against the Citizens, if any happen unpunished, but forth with chastise them: that the Citizens may hear of the soldier's punishments, before the commanders hear of the Citizen's complaints. So shall concord, and a well grounded allegiance be established in the City. Remember you live in the very entrance of Zealand and Holland, whose castles may be seen, nay their very words be almost heard from the walls of Antwerp. The Antwerpians will have an eye thither, if they perceive themselves insolently treated at home by a foreign soldier: WHO sigh always he is wont to be a grievance to cities but then especially when newly conquered, as more near looking back on their late former condition. Wherefore they will the more intolerably resent injuries from the conquerors: and having not yet laid by their acient enmities, as if the war were not yet ended, they will with little ado, resume their hostile spirits. FOR Torches newly extinguished, will quickly take fire: I, as much as concerns myself, will have a diligent care, that the glorious labours of the Catholic Army be not frustrated by the licentiousness of some. Thus premonished, he distributed 
Then he sent them into several parts of the City.  them into their several appointed parts of the City: and gave orders that for some days, as if upon service, they should not lay by their arms, until at the next convention having removed the Heretics, he should create new Magistrates.  
Whilst thus things passed with a continued gratulation for three whole days at Antwerp, the Spaniards, and 
The triumph of the Spaniards and Italians on the bridge, in honour of their General.  Italians, when they had not admittance into the City, yet at least meant some way to participate of the common joy, whereof themselves were chiefest authors: they therefore conspired together with such preparation as time would permit, to solemnize a joyful triumph for their General upon the Scheldt: & knowing that the bridge was within three days to be dismantled, they determined to pass over with triumph & pomp, that Machine yet standing: and in the interim they chose S. Mary's fort at the head of the bridge, as it were for their capitol. Wherefore with wonderful alacrity, cutting down what shrubs and trees were at hand, they erect triumphant works & arches on the bridge: adorn the sides and battlements with bows: strew the passage with leaves, & lastly hang on the boughs emblems and verses, such as amongst soldiers could be composed in praise of Prince Alexander. Then with garlands of green branches on their heads, marching orderly over the bridge, and at every arch joyfully discharging their Muskets they enter St. Maries. You would think they had had a precedent here of from the Macedons, the other Alexander's soldiers, who after their victory over Nyse, on a hill near to the City, were disposed to merriment, and crowned with wreathes of ivyes and vines lopped from the wood, (Alexander the great first admiring, and afterwards commending this their new 
Not unlike to the solemnity of Alexander of Macedons soldiers.  kind of pomp, with joyful dances on the top of the hill celebrated solemn ceremonies to the god of the wood. Yea, the General himself acting his part also with the dancers: at the last invited his Army to a magnificent feast. Nor was this epulary appendix wanting to the fore mentioned gratulation of the Spaniards and Italians. For whilst they render thanks with a joyful consort of music and voices, to the mother of the God of Hosts, in 
Alexander comes thither from Antwerp  her Castle, they received unexpected tidings that Prince Alexander with a train of the nobility was advancing from the other part of the bridge. For he having intelligence how much his soldiers sought to honour him, being exceedingly taken with their ingenious good will and affection towards him; this warlike man omitted not, 
And the day after makes the● a feast.  both to grace them with his presence, and the day after with a sumptuous banquet to augment their joy. And indeed it was a spectacle worth the seeing, to behold the Army feasting upon the Scheldt, tables all along the 
The banquet on the Bridge.  bridge as fare as from Brabant to Flanders sumptuously furnished: to see the Duke of Areschott, the Marquesses of Renthi, Vastius, & Varambone serving up meat: Charles Count Mansfield, the Prince of Chimace, Maurique, Cajatane, and Leva, all eminent persons and chief Commanders filling them wine. When in the mean time all rung with joyful shouts of the soldiers, wishing life & victory to their General Prince Alexander. Thus the bridge, the day after that solemn 
The taking down of th● Bridge.  banquet, adorned as it was with arches of green boughs, garlands and emblems, with joyful expressions and exultation was taken down. And it was but fit, that the exequys of this victorious Machine over the enemies should be performed with triumph. Most of the wood & Iron were by his 
The materials were given to Baroc. and Plato.  Excellency given to the Architects of it, Baroccius and Plato. But in Spain (for the joy of that success contained not itself within the Low-countrieses only) the news of this victory was with general gratulation of the Cities received: certainly the King, as 
His Majesties● joy for the taking of Antwerp.  Granvell writes, was so transported with joy, that the ancient Courtiers, who always had been in his company, affirmed, they never saw his Majesty, either for the battle of St. Quintin's, or for the naval fight at Lepanto, or at the conquest at the Tersera Islands, to have expressed the like content, as at the letters of taking Antwerp. And I have heard from a person very intima 〈…〉 t Court, that the King, the same night he received Prince Alexander's letters, could not contain himself, but got out of bed, and went privately to his daughter Isabellas' chamber, whom 
Signified to his daughter.  he dearly loved, and knocking at the door, uttered these two wordse, ANTWERP IS OURS, and then departed. And verily by those letters, which I have seen, written by his Majesties own hand, in exquisite high terms beyond his usual custom, to express his thanks to Prince Alexander, it is very evident that his joy was excessive. For he was of a settled opinion, that Zealand and Holland, would at last follow the example and fate of Antwerp: and so all the Netherlands 
And it was the opinion of many, that the Low-countrieses would turn to the King.  would soon return to their own Prince's obedience. And when Idicquesius resident for the Low-countreyes in Spain, gave letters to Charles Coloma, a famous warlike man, then ready to departed for the Low-countrieses, it is reported that he said to him; he might go, though erelong he would return, for no doubt but the Low-countrieses war would soon be ended by the Prince of Parma. But his Excellency in the mean while applied himself to settle the affairs of Antwerp. And choosing new Magistrates, 
Alex. takes care of the Governnment of the City, both civil and sacred.  he created Champine Governor of the City, and Werp of the garrison. He sent also for the Archbishop of Mechlin, to take care of the Church and Clergy: and the fathers of the society of Jesus to instruct the youth in learning and true religion, shutting up the schools of the Heretics. Then having ordered some other things for the good government of the City; his next care was to reward his soldier's labours. Going therefore to Stabroeck, and mustering his men, he gave them their pay, a great part of the army 
He gives pay to his soldiers.  having much arrears due to them. But if Captain or Officer, nay any of the common soldiers, had performed any notable exploit, such as he thought they had merited a greater reward, he writ into Spain, and making a particular catalogue of their 
And requests of the King rewards for some of his chiefest soldiers by name.  names, recommended them to his Majesty's liberality, to be further honoured. All their names, whose famous acts & victories Alexander proposed to the King: with recital of how many years they had served in the wars, what & how many wounds they had received, if I should in this part of my history insert, it would no doubt be grateful to that warlike nation. And verily, were it not an immense labour, those noble and military spirits deserved to have their valour, and Alexander's affection towards them enrolled to posterity. This I will say in brief, there was not any one of the chief Commanders, whom the King did 
And prevails.  not either advance to the order of the Golden Fleece, or to some order of Spanish Knights: or gave not some more honourable place in the Army, or else made not Governor of some Castle in Italy, or at least did not increase his yearly revenue. So far did he condescend to Prince Alexander's requests, that when his Excellency had 
Nor permits any to be rewarded by the King under his deserts.  taken notice, that in the donative catalogue sent into the Low-countrieses, Camillus à Monte Colonel, and Nicholas Basta, Captain of a troop of horse, were not remunerated proportionably to their deserts: and had therefore acquainted the King of their daily and faithful service: and what for the one his Uncle Chiapino Vitelli, and what for the other his father Demetrius had merited, having both served in the Austrian wars forty years, his Majesty with new & more satisfactory letters, according to Prince Alexander's desire, honoured them both according to their merits and worth. Of such consequence it is, to be a General of an Army, who taking part with his soldiers in their labours, can judge of their travels: as he himself is by his Prince esteemed, for the opinion of his valour.  
But this muster at Stabroeck was not without some mutiny on the other 
THE Walloons do mutniy.  side the Scheldt, occasioned by the distribution of the soldiers pay, so MONEY whether had, or wanting, is still cause of sedition. Those soldiers that stayed in the forts at Caloo on Flanders side, being most of 
20. Octob.  them walloons, having intelligence that at Stabroeck the Spaniards and Italians had their pay, out of the money lately come into the Camp, persuaded themselves they should receive their debentures, for all the time they 
For their pay not equally nor nor totally discharged,  had served in the Wars. But when they saw but two pays, & two coats apiece only offered to every man; at first they were much dejected, than they begun to despise so vile a reward. Nor wanted there incendiaries to exasperate the seditious. And whereas 
And by one incendiary,  they requested but pay something proportionable to their labours was it fit at the conquest of so rich a City, that in place of ten or twenty pays, they should silently sit down with two only? what other victory might be expected for soldiers, worn out with age in the wars having their bodies weakened with wounds, in which they might yet place their latest hopes? If for pretence of civility the soldiers were restrained from plunder of that hostile City, having deserved it in the highest degree; why is not justice, & the right of war supplied otherwise? To the Spaniards it was already, who having received full pay, only felt the fruits of the victory. So it is now adays, the Belgians fight, the Spaniards conquer: and how ever the die of war run, the Belgians still pass for conquered. The seeds of sedition thus sown at Caloo, furiously 
They are more provoked.  spread through the rest of their quarters on the bank of Scheldt: but yet no further, then to extrude the King's treasurers and such of the commanders as stood averse from the fact: for neither did they choose them an Electo, contenting themselves with the Common-council of the officers of every company, & those that were most forward; but were also highly offended with the Agents sent from the 
Yet remained their General and King.  next garrison of the hollanders, courted them to a revolt, whom they therefore rejected not without threats; & openly professed to stand faithful to the Prince of Parma, and the Catholic party: and that what military virtue they had in them, as their adversaries had experience they had some, should still stand against the enemy, as long as they had a life to lose, or sword to draw. Which answer moved Alexander, not ignorant of it. And whereas at 
Whereby Alex. being more pacified.  the first notice of that mutiny, he had intended to reduce them by famine? and therefore had commanded some colours of foot and horse of Spaniards and Italians, to guard the country of Wasia, that no provision should be brought from thence into the Walloone quarters; yet he thought it not amiss to defer it a day or two. And using gentler remedies, he sent the marquis of Renthi, an ancient commander of the Walloons to Caloo: to tell them how much they were deceived 
Sent to show them their mistake:  and inform them that the Spaniards had received no more pay than other nations. And though they had, yet ought they to consider, that the money came from Spain: and an extern soldier wants many things in a strange country, which the inhabitants and natives have ready at home. But Renthies' words were not regarded 
But they were not moved.  by the raging and disagreeing soldiers destitute of a Commander. Besides Werp, Governor of the Antwerpian garrison, certified Prince Alexander, that he had notice that some were sent from Caloo to Antwerp, covertly to communicate their designs with the Walloone Presidiaries: And that there were some already heard to threaten they would not accept of pay unless they might have all their arrears. But most as yet were free from the infection. Nevertheless it greatly perplexed his Excellency, lest, if the 
Asex. fearing lest they should conspire with Walloone soldiers at Antwerp.  soldiers should raise any tumults in the City, the Antwerpians should now believe it for certain to be the plot they always suspected, laid beforehand by the General. Wherefore with all expedition calling Count Arembergs German regiment from Burgerhout to Antwerp, under colour of 
By several inventions provides for the City's safety.  sending them to Calloo, appointed some Spaniards to appear before the walls; he himself with a troop of Epirots entered the City: And gave an express, that the walloons who were to keep guard that night in the castle-yard should keep it elsewhere, (for his fear was lest all the soldiers in the City meeting there should join themselves, and presuming of the opportunity of the Castle & artillery, should begin the mutiny. Then placing the Arembergians before the Castle, instead of the walloons, he fitly prevented all occasion of the illaffected Presidiaries (who were but few) meeting together, or raising any tumults. And in the morning without any further delay, to try their intentions, he caused the assigned pay to be offered them. Which they, some dissembling, 
And forceth the seditious to return to obedience.  most of them not conscious, & all being wonderfully pacified accepted. Nor had the mutiny on Flanders coast any other effect: for provision being stopped from Wasia, and commerce with the Antwerpians cut off, the tenth day after, having first asked & obtained pardon, they returned to their obedience & civility. Notwithstanding 
Some of them being put to death.  four of the chief incendiaries, but upon some other pretended crime, which upon inquiry was not wanting, were put to death of the Antwerpian garrison, with whom no treaty of pardon had passed, two 
Or degraded.  Captains and two others, who had been sent from Calloo to sow the sedition amongst the soldiers and these two were hanged at Antwerp, but the two Captains, for that the crime was not totally proved against them, being degraded from their Captain's places, were sent to fight in Freezland at their own charges.  
But the Prince's expedition in preventing 
THE repairing of Antwerp Castle.  the sedition, both gained him much love from the Antwerpian Magistrates, and caused a greater propenseness to his design, then in agitation. For the garrison soldier's quartering in the Antwerpians houses, were now thought burdensome guests and the Citizens, to exonerate themselves of that unwonted grievance, 
The people desire it.  began to wish the re-edifying of the Castle. But the Magistrates who regarded the public more than every 
But not the Magistrates, who yet being persuaded by Alexander's servants.  man's private interest, stood out. Yet Champine Governor of the City, & Cosmus Count Masius, a Courtier very intimate with the Prince: & one of his privy-councel, very opportunely began to treat with them, and upon occasion beginning to discourse of the Citizen's desires, which if neglected, it was doubtful, they would break out into a sedition: and also promising the Citizens their assistance to his Excellence for the reparation of the Castle, the Magistrates minds began somewhat to alter: until they also partly pacified by the Prince's late favour, & partly moved with the conference, and fit reasons of those I spoke of, went to Alexander, and rendering him thanks for saving the City 
And obliged by his benefits, refer the matter to his pleasure.  from a tumult, they did not omit to make mention of the restauration of the Castle, wholly referring it to his wisdom. Which by much how more grateful it was to Alexander, so much the more he slighted it; pretending and not without just cause, the want of money, not only for that fabric, but winter now drawing on, for repairing the banks of the Scheldt, & breaches of the Rampires, at last they divided the charges, the City and adjacent Villages promising their assistance to repair the River-banks and Rampires: and the Prince of Parma reserving part of the imposed fine towards the repairing of the Castle; so the Castle the ninth of November, the eighth year after its former ruin, began to be repaired, Antwerp not refusing a bridle: and so great a Bucephalus, by the strength and wisdom of 
The Castle is redified. 9 Novemb.  Alexander being tamed. And indeed the work soon went on with wonderful celerity, for both the old foundations were useful, and the near adjoining houses, which had been built of the ruin of the defaced Castle, being pulled down, the same stones served again for the work. His Excellence as soon as the Castle was habitable, drew into it a garrison of Germans, 
A garrison of Germans was placed in it.  not of walloons as was supposed, in pretence as displeased at their late sedition: But in very deed that he might at last bring in the Spaniards, & to that purpose more easily remove the Germans being Externs, than the native Belgians. In which he also had a regard, that none of the Low-countries Nobility should be made Governor 
Alex, reserves the title of Governor to himself.  of the new Castle, he therefore declared himself Governor thereof, having already with himself designed Mondragonius for that place. Whom then he made overseer of the work: and at his departure from Antwerp, created him his Vice-governor: So bringing him in by several intervals, and as it were degrees to that Office, and avoiding by that silent and unperceptible progress, a 
Afterwards by little and little, and unperceptibly he gives it to Mondragonius, and at last brings in the Spaniards. The first designing of this Castle.  great part of their discontent, at last he openly declared him Governor of the Castle: and removing the Germans thence, he brought in the Spaniards, the City not daring to contradict it, and rather inclining to Alexander; And thus Antwerp Castle designed first by Margaret of Austria Duchess of Parma, then built by the Duke of Alva, afterwards defaced by the Prince of Grange, was at last with the expenses of seventy thousand 
The building Ruin, and restitution of it.  crowns, by Alexander son to Margaret repaired. But before the Castle was finished (for that was some months after) his Excellency with his Court departed to Brussels, the ancient 
Alex. with hi● Court removes to Brussels.  seat of the Princes of Brabant, and the Governors of the Low-countreyes, having thrice changed his abode: for setting out from Namure, he removed his Court and Council to Mons in Haynolt, from thence to Tournay in Flanders, and lastly to Brussels in Brabant, still providing for himself new seats by new Victories.   
FINIS.