The abridgement of Camden's Britania With The Maps of the several Shires of England and Wales. EUCLID PTOLEMIE Printed by john Bill Printer to the Kings most excellent Majesty. 1626. engraving of two men, two cherubs, two globes TO HIS MOST SACRED MAJESTY. SIR, THe Divine Power that inspired the breath of life into man, infused the life of Authority into the King. This inspiration maketh man the image of God; that other maketh the King in particular the Lieutenant of God. And therefore humane right no sooner styleth one with the name of a King, but divine Heraldry graceth him with the title of a mortal God, thereby intimating that it is his chiefest glory, within the sphere of his Royalty to imitate the singular government of that power, whose Substitute he is, and with whose name he is honoured. Now the unparallelled excellency of divine government over the world is grounded upon that distinct knowledge which the Creator hath of the nature, condition, and use of all creatures subject to his government. And surely the readiest way for an earthly Potentate to make his government exactly analogical to that Jdea, will be by getting an accurate knowledge of the nature and quality of the Land and People over which God hath made him his Lieutenant general. But the Metropolis and the Royal Throne require such frequency of the Sovereign's presence, that such knowledge cannot be gotten by his own observations. Our Maps therefore (especially being joined with discreet observations) as they are delightful unto all, are especially useful unto the King: for by this means, though residing in his Princely Seat, he may as the eye from the head, contemplate with much delight and profit the remotest Territories of his Kingdoms. And because affairs of a higher nature take up the principal of his time, longer Descriptions are not for the purpose; the more compendious, so as accurate, are most suitable to the calling of a King. Upon these grounds (most dread Sovereign) am I bold humbly to present these small chorographical Descriptions unto the greatness of your Majesty. Their compendiousness will free them from being thought troublesome or tedious to your Majesty, and their exactness (I trust) will gain them acceptation. Howsoever, shadows they are of your Royalty, and therefore they desire that they (as doth that Body which they represent) may safely repose themselves under the wings of your Sovereignty; To which he commends them, and his loyal service, who is Your Sacred Majesties most humble, and most faithful devoted Subject and Servant, JOHN BILL To the Reader. OF all moral knowledge, the knowing of ourselves; of all Mathematical, the knowledge of our own Country is the most useful and profitable. Yet had most men rather spend themselves and their precious hours in the most difficult trifles in the world, than once to enter into themselves. And most Students in Geographie take more delight to contemplate the remotest and most barbarous Countries of the earth, than lightly to examine the Descriptions of their own. So that (as if like those Lamij in Plutarch, they had eyes abroad, and enclosed them in boxes in their own homes) they are accurate in the Descriptions of the smallest village in a foreign Kingdom, when they scarce know how the Metropolis of their ow●e Country is situated. The excuses that are ordinary for this common neglect, are, either that accurate Descriptions are wanting, or that they are so voluminous, that they are prejudicial both to time and purse. But behold (courteous Reader) thou hast here exhibited unto thee such exquisite compendious Surveys of thine own native Country, as will at once take away these excuses, and ease thee of this double grievance. The Country described, both in regard of Commodities wherewith it is fraught, and places of note wherewith it is graced, is a perfect epitome of the World; these Maps and Descriptions are a complete epitome of it, and therefore in a double regard worthy thy perusal. And because no Maps can be rightly understood without some insight in the general terms or notions of Geography, I have prefixed a compendious Delineation of the same. If thou readest them, and profitest by them, I have the principal of my desire; If thou dost both, with a candid approbation of the Labour, I have it with Interest. A DELINEATION OF the universal Notions of Geographie. GEographie is a Science which teacheth the description, distinction, and dimension of the Earth; and according to the common division, is either general, or special; or (as some of our late Geographers have more fitly divided it) it is either Spherical, or topographical. The General or Spherical part of this Science is that which setteth forth the natural constitution of the Terrestrial Globe. The Terrestrial Globe is a round body comprehended within the superficies of earth and water, and situated in respect of the other Globes or Stars of the world, according to Ptolemy and Tycho Brahe, in the Centre; but according to Copernicus, between the Orbs of MARS and VENUS. The parts whereof it consisteth, are either Real, Imaginary. Real, are such as agree to the Terrestrial Globe by nature. Imaginary, are such as agree to it by virtue of our understanding. The Real parts of the Inferior Globe are Earth. Water. The Imaginary parts are certain lines which are not, but (for the better understanding of this Science) are supposed to be in the Earth. These are either Strait, Circular. and of this kind is only one, viz. the Axle. The Axle is a straight line passing thorough the midst or centre of the Earth, the extremest points whereof are termed Poles: the North point is called the Arctic Pole, and the South the Antarctic. The Circular Lines are divided into the Greater, Lesser. The Greater Circles are such as divide the Globe into two equal parts, each whereof containeth in it 360 Degrees, every Degree being 60 miles; so that the Earth by this computation is 21600 English miles about, and almost 7000 miles thorough. The Greater Circles are three in number, Meridian, Horizon, Aequator. And these are either Mutable, viz. Immutable, as the Aequator. with the mutation of the place, as Meridian, Horizon. The Meridian is a Circle drawn by the Poles of the world, and the vertical point of the place. Of these (though the number set down in the Artificial Globe at the most be but 180) are there to be supposed in the Real Globe as many as there are Zeniths or vertical points from East to West. So places distant East and West have diverse Meridian's, (and in this respect it is called a Mutable Circle) but places different directly North and South have the same. Among these one is of special note and use, which Geographers commonly call the first and chief Meridian. The first Meridian is that from which the longitude of places from West to East is reckoned. This Meridian (according to Ptolemie and the Ancients) passeth thorough the Canary Lands, but according to our latter Artists, upon better reasons, thorough the Azores. The Horizon is a Circle comprehending all that space of the Earth which is visible, and distinguisheth it from the rest which lieth under and is invisible. The Horizon is either Sensible, Rational. The Sensible Horizon is the Circle that terminateth a man's ken looking round about him in an open place; and therefore is greater or lesser, according to the conveniency of the place wherein a man standeth. The Rational Horizon is a Circle passing by the Centre of the Earth, whose two Poles are the point directly over a man's head, which is called the Zenith, and the point directly under his feet, called the Nadyr. The Rational Horizon is that which Geographers reckon among the greater Circles, and not the Sensible; but both change according to the change of the place which way soever it is. The use of this is to discern the diverse rise and settings of the Stars. The Aequator is a great Circle passing thorough the midst of the Earth, and dividing it exactly into two equal parts or Haemispheres, North and South. The use of it is to show the latitude of any place; for from it both the Southern latitude betwixt it and the South Pole, and the Northern latitude betwixt it and the North Pole is to be reckoned. The lesser Circles or parallels, are either named with peculiar names, as the Tropics of Cancer. Capricorn. Polar Circles. want such, and they are commonly called Parallels. The Tropics are Parallels bounding the Sun's greatest declination, which is either toward the North, and from the Celestial Sign is called The Tropic of Cancer; or towards the South, and is from another Sign called The Tropic of Capricorn. Both of these are 23 degrees distant from the Equinoctial, the one Southward, and the other Northward. The Polar Circles are Parallels compassing the Poles. That which compasseth the North Pole is termed from the sign of the Bear the Arctic Circle; that which compasseth the South Pole is termed the Antarcticke Circle, because it is just opposite to the former. A Parallel compasseth the Earth from East to West, and divideth it into two unequal parts. These four nominated Parallels or lesser Circles serve to describe the Zones so much mentioned in the writings of Ancients; the unnamed Parallels to set out Climates. A Zone is a space of earth contained betwixt two lesser Circles: the number of them is five, whereof two are over-cold, one overhot, and two temperate. The two over-cold Zones are those parts of the Earth which lie betwixt the two Polar Circles and the Poles. The two temperate Zones are betwixt the Tropics of Cancer and the Arctic, and betwixt the Tropic of Capricorn and the Antarctic Circles. The Torrid or overhot Zone is that which lieth betwixt both the Tropics. Both the Torrid and Frigid Zones (though the Ancients thought them to be altogether unhabitable) are in many parts at this day well inhabited. Again, the Inhabitants in the Zones are called Amphiscians', for that they have the meridian shadow on both sides of them, some part of the year Northwards, and sometimes Southwards. In the temperate Zones, Hetoroscians, having the shadow but on one side; and the frigid Periscians' having their shadows run round about. Also the Inhabitants in the same parallel and opposite part of the Meridian are called Periaecians. In the like parallel on the other side of the line and same meridian Antiaecians. In the like parallel on the other side of the line and opposite part of the meridian, Antipodes. A climate is a space of earth contained betwixt two parallels, distant from the Equinoctial towards the North or South Pole: the use of climates is to distinguish the length and shortness of the days in all places, for places as they differ North and South, so have they unequal days and nights; the more Northerly climates and places having longer days in the Summer, and longer nights in the Winter than the more Southerly do enjoy. Thus much of the general or spherical part of Geography. The special or topographical part hereof is that which setteth forth the description of the Terrestrial Globe so fare forth as it is divided into distinct parts or places, and is either 1 The description of some great integrating part of the Earth. 2 Or of some one Region, and so it is properly termed Chorography. 3 Or of some particular place in a Region. According to the greater integrating parts thereof, the Ancients divided the whole world into three parts (no more being then discovered) namely Asia, Africa, and Europa; but now of late all the world being in a manner found out, the rest is divided into other three parts (viz.) Atlantis, or America Septentrional, Meridional, and Terra del Chasdi or the South Continent. Asia is bounded on the North with the Hyperborean Seas, on the East with Mar del Zur or South Sea, on the South with the Indian Seas, and on the West with the Red Sea, part of the Mediterranean Sea, the Hellespont, and the River's Don and Duyna. Africa is environed with the Midland Seas North, the Red Sea East, and the Aethiopian and Atlantic Ocean, on the South and West. Europe is bordered on the East with Don and Duyna, on the North with the Frozen Seas, on the West with the Atlantic Ocean, and on the South with the Mediterranean Sea. North America is termined on the East with the North-Sea, on the West with the South-Sea, on the North with the Hyperborean or Frozen-Seas, and on the South with the Isthmos at Panania. South America is confined on the North with this Isthmos, on the South with the straits of Magellane, on the East with the Aethiopian Sea, and on the West with Mar del Zur. The South Continent is accosted on the North with Mar del Zur, the , and Indian Seas. But how it is on the other parts is not yet discovered. Each of these more spacious parts is again subdivided into many Regions, as Asia is divided into these Regions, China, Tartary, Muscovia, Georgia, Armenia, Anatolia, Syria, Caldea, Arabia, Persia, Magora, India, and Cauchychina, with innumerable Islands called the Moluccoes or Spicery Islands and japan, etc. Africa into Egypt, Abyssina, Monomotapa, Magadoxo, Quiloa, Mozambigue, Manicongo, Guynea, Byledulgerid, Barbary, Cyrenaica, and Nubia, with the Islands of the canaries, Cape-verde, St. Helen, and Madagasar. Europe into these Kingdoms, Crymea, Polon, Sweden, Denmark, Germany, both the higher and lower, Greece, Hungary, Bohemia, Austria, Italy, France, Spain, with the Islands of Candy, Corsica, Sardinia, Maiorca, and these most famous Islands of Great Britain, and Ireland, North America into Nova Britannia, Nova Albion, Nova Anglia, Virginia, Nova Francia, Florida, Calfornia, Nova Granada, Nova Hispania, Nicoragua, etc. South America into Castilia deloro, Peru, Chily, Guiana, Ouram, Chicas, Brasilia, and Pantagones', with the Antellar Iles. The South Continent (so fare as is discovered) into Nova Guinea, Luchach, Maletur, with the Islands of Solomon. Again every one of these Regions is subdivided into Provinces, Hundreds, or Counties. These three kind of parts make up the perfect subject of topography. Again every part and place of the earth is considered either in itself. according to its adjuncts. In itself, and so it is Continent Island. A Continent is a great quantity of land in which many kingdoms and principalities are conjoined together, none of them being separated from the rest by any Sea. An Island (quasi an eye of land, called in Latin, Insula quasi in salo) is a part of land compassed and environed round about with waters, of which Great Britain and japan are the most spacious. These again are observable parts both of Continents and Islands, Peninsula. Isthmus. Promontorium. Peninsula (quasi pene Insula) is a tract of land, which being compassed almost round with waters, is joined by some little neck or Isthmus to the firm land, as Peloponesus in Greece. An Isthmus is a narrow piece of land which joineth the Peninsula to the Continent or greater Islands, as the straits of Dariene and Corinth. Promontorium is a high mountain shooting itself much farther into the Sea than the Adjacent land. The extremest point or nook hereof is called a Cape, as Cape-verde in Africa, etc. The adjuncts of a place are either such as respect the earth itself. the heavens. Those that agree to a place in respect of the earth, are three in number, viz. 1 The magnitude or extent of a Country. 2 The bounds and limits. 3 The quality. 1 The magnitude comprehendeth the length and breadth of any place. The length of a place is measured East and West, what figure soever the place is of; the breadth thereof North and South. It is to be observed that those places that are under the Equinoctial have no breadth, because that the measuring of latitude is begun from this circle. 2 The bounds of a Country is a line terminating it round about, and distinguishing it from the bordering lands or waters. 3 The quality of a place is the natural temper and disposition thereof. A place in regard of the heavens is either East. West. North. South. Those places are properly said to be Northern, which lie betwixt the Equinoctial and the Arctic Pole. Those Southern, which are betwixt the Equinoctial and the Antarcticke Pole. Those places likewise are said to be Eastern which lie in the Eastern Haemisphaere, terminated by the first Meridian which passeth thorough the Azores, and those the Western which lie within the Haemisphaere which lieth Westernly of the same Meridian. And thus much of the universal Notions of Geography. map of England A TYPE OF ENGLAND OF ENGLAND. THis fare famoused Kingdom is bordered on the North with Scotland, on the South with the British Sea, on the East with the Germane Ocean, and on the West with the Hibernian Seas. It is situate in the temperate Z●ne and eighth Climate; watered with a multitude of Crystal streams, Currents, and Navigable Rivers; the banks whereof are crowned with Flowery Meadows, the Meadows replenished with abundance of Cattles, and accosted with all manner of fertile fields, of all manner of Corn and Graine; and besides all these affords many other both Commodities and Rarities, which hereafter are particularly expressed in their proper places. This kingdom was first inhabited by some Colonies which transplanted themselves from the neighbouring coasts of France & Lower Germany, as the affinity of their Language, Policy, Religion, and Manners, do unquestionably prove; being the offspring of Gomer of japhets' progeny, as their own appellation doth witness, calling themselves Komery, who possessed and governed this Island above one thousand years. About fifty four years before the Nativity of our Lord and Saviour, julius Caesar entered this land, which within one hundred and fifty years after was subjugated by the Romans, under whose commands they lived till the 430 year after Christ, when the Roman Empire declining, was forced to call home their Garrisons, and having before exhausted the strength of this Kingdom, left it a prey to the enemy, whereupon the Picts assaulting this land thus disfurnished & weakened, they were compelled to crave the aid of the Saxons and Anglies, a warlike nation, inhabiting near the confines of Denmark; who being arrived, chased away their enemies; and alured with the temperature, fertility and pleasantness of the Country (flowing in great numbers) expelled the Britain's or Komeros, that would not live under their laws and subjection, and so held it till the year 1066. when William the Conqueror with his Normans subdued them, whose successors have continually enjoyed it to this present time. It was anciently divided by the Romans into three parts, Britanniam primam, from the South parts to Trent; Maximam Caesariensem, from thence Northward; and Britanniam secundam, which we call Wales. After by the Saxons it was divided into an Heptarchy, which at last (reduced to a Monarchy) was by Elfred divided into Shires, Wapentakes, and Tithings; with justices and Sheriffs appointed for ministering of justice, which partly confirmed, partly altered by William the Conqueror, was at last divided into 39 Shires of the English, with the addition of 13 of Wales. In which are at this present two famous Universities, the Seminaries of virtue and learning; 26 Bishoprics, 641 Market Towees, 186 Castles, 9725 Parish Churches, 555 Rivers, 956 Bridges, 13 Chases, 68 Forests, and 781 Parks. Tribunals, or Courts of justice temporal, nine, viz. Parliament, Starchamber, Chancery, King's Bench, Exchequer, Common pleas, Court of Wards, Admiralty, and Court of Requests, besides Court Leet and Baron. Spiritual seven, of Convocation, Synods, Audience, Arches, Prerogative, Faculties, and Peculiar jurisdictions. Ranks of Nobility nine, that is, Dukes, Marquesses, Earls, Viscounts, Barons, Baronet's, Knights, Esquires, and Gentlemen. And of Inferior Rank or Commonalty three, Yeomen, Husbandmen, and Tradesmen. The Battles by Sea and Land since the Conquest, fought by the Kings, Nobility, and Commons, against foreign invasions, and Domestic and Intestine wars, 76. The last and most Admirable, being in the Chase of the Spanish Armado, Ann. Dom. 1588. ¶ A Table containing the provisions of the Spanish Armado against ENGLAND in Anno Domini 1588. and Anno ELIZ. REGINae XXX. Leaders. Provinces aiding. Galliass and Galleons. Ships and Hulks. Pinnaces and Caravals. Great Ordnance Sailors. Soldiers. Galley-slaves. D. Medina Sydonia. Portugal. 10 2 300 1300 3300 Diego de Mandranae. Portugal. 4 20 360 888 Io. Martynes the Richaldes Bisca●. 10 4 250 700 2000 Michael de Oquendo. Guiapusco. 10 4 310 700 2000 Pedro de Valdez. Andolozia. 10 1 280 800 2400 Martin de Vertendona. Italy. 10 310 800 2000 Diego Floris de Valdez. Castille. 14 2 380 1700 2400 john Lopez de Medina. Medina. 23 400 700 3200 Hugo de Moncade. Naples. 4 200 460 870 1200 Antonio Buccade. Mendoza. 22 193 574 488 ESPECIAL NOTES worthy of observation. 13 H. 1. The first Parliament was in Anno 1112 19 H. 2. Ireland was conquered in Anno 1172 4 joh. Normandy was lost by King john and the title thereto released Anno 1202 43 H. 3. Normandy was lost by King john and the title thereto released Anno 1258 11 E. 1. Wales was subdued Anno 1283 19 E. 3. The order of the Garter devised Anno 1344 14 E. 3. England first quartered the Arms of France Anno 1339 21 E. 3. Calais was won in Anno 1346 5 Mariae. Calais was lost Anno 1557 5 H. 5. Normandy was won in Anno 1416 8 H. 5. King Henry the fifth was proclaimed heir Apparent and Regent of France in Anno 1419 10 H. 6. Henry the sixth was crowned King of France in the City of Paris Anno 1431 27 H. 6. France was lost in Anno 1449 28 H. 6. Normandy was lost in Anno 1449 31 H. 6. Acuitaine etc. were lost in Anno 1453 4 R. 2. Wat Tylors Rebellion Anno 1380 29 H. 6. jack Cades Rebellion Anno 1450 4 H. 8. Navarre surprised by the Spaniards Anno 1512 At the time of the first dissolving of Religious Houses in ENGLAND there were Archbishoprics and Bishoprics 21 Deaneries 11 Archdeaconries 60 Dignities and prebend's in Cathedral Churches 364 Benefices 8803 Religious Houses 65 Hospitals 110 Colleges 96 Chauntries and free Chappells 2374 Their Rates were per annum 320180 In the Province of Canterbury, Dioceses Parish-Churches, Churches appropriated In the Diocese Of Canterbury 257 140 Of London 623 189 Of Winchester 362 131 Of Coventrey and Lichfield 557 250 Of Salisbury 248 109 Of Ba●h and Well● 388 160 Of Lincoln 1255 577 Of Peterborough 293 91 Of Exeter 604 239 Of Gloucester 267 125 Of Hereford 313 166 Of Norwich 1121 385 Of Elie 141 75 Of Rochester 98 36 Of Chichester 250 112 Of Oxford 195 88 Of Worcester 241 76 Of Eristol 236 64 Of S. David's 308 120 Of Bangor 107 36 Of Llandeffe 177 98 Of S. Asaph 121 19 Peculiar in the Province of Canterbury 57 14 The sum of the Province of Canterbury 8219 3303 In the Province of York, In the Diocese Of York 581 336 Of Durham 135 87 Of Chester 256 101 Of Carlisle 93 18 The sum of the Province of York 1065 592 The total sum in both Provinces, 9284 3845 Shires in ENGLAND. COrnwall. Devonshire. Dorcetshire. Somersetshire. Wiltshire. Hampshire. Berkshire. Surrey. Sussex. Kent. Middlesex. Essex. Hartfordshire. Buckinghamshire. Oxfordshire. Glocestershire. Worcestershire. Warwickshire. Northamptonshire. Bedfordshire. Huntingtonshire. Cambridgeshire. Suffolk. Norfolk. Lincolnshire. Rutlandshire. Leicestershire. Staffordshire. Darbishire. Nottinghamshire. Yorkshire. Durham Bishopric. Northumberland. Cumberland. Westmoreland. Lancaster. Cheshire. Shropshire. Herefordshire. Shires in Wales RAdnorshire. Brecknocksh. Monmouthsh. Glamorganshire. Carmardenshire. Pembrookeshire. Cardiganshire. Montgomerishire. Merionethshire. Carnaruanshire. Anglesey. Denbighshire. Flintshire. THE MAPS AND DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SEVERAL SHIRES OF ENGLAND AND WALES. Devon-shire. Devonshire, which the Cornish-britaines' named Devinan, and the Welsh-britaines' Duffneint. signifying low Valleys, abbutteth on the West upon Cornwall, being divided from it by the River Tamar: On the South and North sides it is walled with the Sea, and on the East with Sommersetshire. The Dimension being from Canshere North, to Salcombe South, 55. Miles, and from Thornecombe East, to Hartland-point West, 54. Miles, the compass being about 200. Miles: It is divided into 33. Hundreds, wherein are contained 394. Parish Churches, and it is interspersed with 29. Rivers, being fitted with 166. Bridges. It hath the foundations of 9 notable Religious Houses and Monasteries, which now remain but ruins. It is well traded with 37. Market Towns for commerce, the principal whereof is the famous City of Exeter, which is seated upon the River Ex, and thereof hath the name: but by Ptolemy it was called Isea, and by the Welsh Pencaer. It is very pleasant situated on the rising of a Hill, adorned with stately buildings, and is plentifully furnished with all kind of provision, as well for pleasure as necessary use. It was compassed about by King Athalstane, with a circular wall, except on the side towards the River Ex, where it is built in a straight line, and is beautified with fair Battlements, diverse Towers, and 6. Gates, for passage. On the East side of this City stands the Castle, which in former times was the resident seat of the West-Saxon Kings. In it also are many fair Churches, but the chief is Saint Peter's the Cathedral, which was made a Bishop's Sea by Edward the Confessor: It is governed by a Mayor, 24. Brethren, and a Recorder, having Latitude 50. 45. degrees, and Longitude degrees 20. 39 This Shire hath many hills and dales, having store of woods: And though the soil be somewhat fruitful of itself, yet it is very much amended by the industry of the Inhabitants, with the sand that they fe●ch from the Sea side. The Air is sharp and healthful, the commodities are generally Wool, Cloth, Kearsies, Led, Corn, and Cattles, with abundance of Fish and Fowl. This Country hath many fit Havens for intercourse of ships, than Cornwall, whereof Totnes, Plymouth, and Dartmouth are accounted the most famous. In Exmore in this Shire are sandy stones set in diverse forms, some circular, and some triangle wise, which are said to be the ancient memorable marks of Victories obtained there by the Romans, Saxons, and Danes. And at a place called Hubstow, not fare from the mouth of Tawe (in the year of Christ 879.) was the Dane Hubba (who in many places persecuted the English) encountered, slain, and buried. map of Devon DEVON SHIRE . DOrset-shirs, the Inhabitants whereof (by Ptolemy) were called Durotriges, by the Brit●ines Dur-Gwgr, and by the English Saxons Dorseddar; It hath Somerset and Wilt-shires on the North, Devonshire and another part of Sommersetshire on the West, Hamp-shire on the East, and the British Seas on the South. It is extended in length 44. Miles, in breadth 24. and makes his circumference about 150. Miles. It is shared into five divisions, viz Sherborne, Bridport, Shast●r, Dorch●●t●r, and Blanford, and these are subdivided into 34. Hundreds, which contain in them 248. Parish Churches. It is interlaced with the currents of many clear and freshwater Springs, having 4. Rivers, and 24. Bridges, & in former times hath been guarded with 8. strong Castles, which time hath now almost quite devoured. It hath intercourse and trastique with 8. Market Townes, the principal whereof is Dorchester, which in the Itinerarium of Antoninus was called Durnovaria, signifying the Ferry: it is seated on the South side of the River from, and Fosse-way the Roman Cawsy. In times past this Town was walled, and much greater than it is; but by the Danes who quite razed down the walls, it was brought low, and of a less quantity. It is now governed by two Bailiffs, one Alderman, and a Recorder: The height of the Pole being there 50. 38. degrees for Latitude, and the Longitude 21. 51. degrees. Not fare from this Town on the South side is a small plot of ground raised some 30. paces higher than the rest of the Plain, and compassed about with 5. Trenches, containing 10. Acres in quantity, and is called by the Country people, The Mayd● Castle: having entrance into it but only at the East & West sides; it is now tilled, and beareth Corn, but it is thought in times past to have been some fort of defence for the Roman Garrisons. The soil of this Country is very fruitful, producing many necessary commodities: the Air very wholesome, and the situation most p●eas●●t both for Champion and Woods, having in it 2. Forests, 12. Parks, and one Chase. The chief commodity, being here Wood, Wool, and Corne. This Shire hath also been beautified with many fair Monasteries and Religious Houses, which are now transformed to heaps of Ruins, like that old decayed Castle of Badburg, which was environed with a triple Trench, and had been sometime the seat of the West-Saxon Kings. map of Dorset DORSET SHIRE Sommersetshire. Sommersetshire is so called of an ancient Town named Sommerton, which in former ages was the chiefest and most famous in all the County. It is bounded with Devon, and Dorsetshires on the South, the Severne Sea on the North, Wilt-shire and on the East and North-east, and Devon-shire on the West. The length of it, from Brackley East, to Our West, being 55. Miles; and breadth, from Chard South, to Porshut-point North, about 40. Miles, the whole circuit containing much upon 204. Miles. It is divided into 42. Hundreds, wherein are 305. Parish Churches. It is furnished with commodious Havens and Ports, having 9 Rivers, and 45. Bridges. It is strengthened with 4. Castles, and hath been fairly adorned with many Religious Houses, whereof the Abbey of Glastenburg was of greatest note, both for quantity and quality, the antiquity whereof was deduced from joseph of Arimathea, whole body (as the report goes) was there interred. So likewise was Witham Nunnery erected by King Henry the 3. and Hinton, which were afterwards the first and second Houses of Carthusian Monks that ever were in England; but now with diverse other like, they lie pressed with their own ruins. This County is trafficked with 24. Market Townes, and 3. famous Cities, namely Bristol, Bath, and Wells, the first whereof, though unequal in bigness to some others in England, yet for beauty and pleasant situation, will hardly yield unto any. The next is Bath, so called from the Hot-Bathes, and medicinable springs, which to the exceeding comfort and wonderful cures of infinite diseased persons of all sorts, by God's providence do there continually boil and bubble up. The third is Wells, which (as some hold) hath the name from certain Wells which there spring up, insomuch as in former times that Sea hath been called Fontanensis Ecclesia. It is governed by a Mayor, 7. Magistrates, 16. Burgesses, and a Recorder. The Latitude being there 51. 12. degrees, and the Longitude 21. 36. degrees. This County as it is most delightful in Summer, the Air being mild, temperate, and pleasant, yet is it as miry, moist, and wet in Winter, insomuch as it is then exceeding troublesome for Travellers. But the soil is most fruitful and fertile, yielding in abundance most of our necessary commodities: yet chief doth it excel for the goodness of Corn, and fatness of Cattles, wherein it exceedeth the most of our other Provinces. Neither is it without rich Mines of Lead, which have been and are very gainful to the County; and at Saint Vincents Rock are gotten great store of Diamonds, which for beauty and lustre do parallel the best, but are defective in the hardness. In this Shire have been fought many bloody battles, as that near Pen, when King Canutus was pursued by Edmond named Ironside; and that which was performed by Ealstaw Bishop of Sherborne upon the Danes, near to Bridge-water, with diverse others. map of Somerset SUMMERSAULT SHIRE Wilt-shire. WIltshire, which the old English-Saxons called Wilsetta, hath Berkshire on the East, Gloucester and Somersetshires on the West, Glocestershire alone on the North, and Dorset and Hampshire on the South. The length from Burgate South to Ingl shame North, being about 40. miles, and the breadth from the Shire-stones in the West to Buttermer East (which is the broadest part of the Shire) spreadeth 29. miles, making the compass of the whole Shire much upon 140. miles. This County is divided into 29. Hundreds, wherein are 304. Parish Churches; and it is well watered and irriguated with 5. Rivers, over which is convenient passage by 31. Bridges. It hath been fortified also with 8. Castles of strength, viz. Malmesbury, Castlecombe, Lacocke, The Devises, Lurgishall, Warder-Castle, Salisbury, and Marlingsborough. It is trafficked for commerce with 21. Market Townes, the chief whereof is the City of Salisbury, which in time past was placed some what higher than it is now, but was changed to a fare fit place, where it is plentifully accommodated with pleasant Riverets of fresh running water, passing thorough many of the streets. It is adorned with many beautiful buildings, having a most sumptuous Cathedral Church, wherein are as many doors as there are months, as many windows as there are days, as many marble pillars as there be hours in the year. This Church was begun by Richard Poor a Bishop, being 40. years before it was finished: And (as myself have read in an ancient Record yet remaining in the Treasury there) amongst all the workmen that were at the building thereof, he that had the greatest wages, had but three half pence a day and found himself. This City is placed for Latitude 51. 5. and for Longitude 22. 35. Not fare from this, but somewhat higher, stands old Salisbury, which was anciently the seat of the Romans, but now is transformed to ruins. This County is decked with many fair edifices, and in times past hath had the foundations of many Monasteries and Religious Houses, whereof that at Malmesburie was of great note for William the Monk of Malmesburie, who with great industry recorded the history of this our Land; and another at Ambresburie, where Queen Eleanor wife to King Henry the Third spent her widowhood as a Nun; besides diverse others which would be here too tedious to recite. This Shire is both pleasant and fertile, being situate in a temperate clime, and most wholesome. The North part (commonly called North-Wiltshire) is both hilly and woody, which besides many other delectable Riverets, is watered with the famous River Isis. But the South being not so hilly, thorough which pass the Rivers W●ly, Adder, and Alton, is enriched most plentifully with grass and corn: And the middle part, situate between them both, very level and even, called Salisbury Plains, whereon do graze an infinite number of sleecie sheep. At a little village in this County, called Calne, Ann. Dom. 977. was assembled a Synod about the marriages of the Clergy, where by the sudden breaking of the floor of the room wherein they were, very many both of the Nobles, Prelates, and Commons, were slain and sore hurt; but Dunstan the Precedent was only untouched. map of Wiltshire WILL'T SHIRE Hamp-shire. THis Shire by the Saxons was called Handerchyr, having his North side butting upon Berkshire, his East upon Survey, Sussex with the British Seas bounding his South side, and Dorset and Wilt shires with the I'll of Wight opposing his West. The length of this County from Bascomb South to Bla●kwater North containeth 54. Miles, & the breadth from Petersfield East, to Tedworth West about 29. or 30. Miles, making about 155. the whole circumference. It is divided into 37. Hundreds, wherein are contained 253. parish Churches. It is watered with 4. Rivers, over which for passage are 31. Bridges, and it is commodiously furnished with fair Havens for ships, as at Southampton, Portsmouth, Tichfield, and Hamble, etc. It is fortified with diverse strong Castles, as at Southampton, Calshot, Hurst, Saint Andrew's, Porchester, Worth, and the South Castle, with diverse other places of strength which are situate on the Sea coast, for defence of the County: Besides at Winchester, Malwood, and Odiam, which are seated within Land. Marker Towns for commerce are in this Shire 18. whereof the City of Winchester is the chief, which by the Britan's was called Caer Gwent; by the Romans, Venta Belgarum, and the Saxons Windanearder: it was built by Rudbudibras, before our Saviour's nativity 900. years, and after it had been twice consumed by fire in the time of the Saxons, was re-edified, the walls raised, and made the chief seat of the West-Saxon Kings, and the Metropolitan Sea of their Bishops: wherein were crowned Egbert, and Elfred, and Henry 3. was borne. In the time of King Edward 3. this City was made the staple for Cloth and Wool, and in the Cathedral Church of this City have diverse English Kings been interred. The situation of this City is in a bottom under hills, very pleasant and fruitful, having the Castle on the one side, and the River on the other, the walls which engird it containing near two English Miles, having 6. Gates for entrance, and 7. Churches within it besides the Cathedral; but heretofore it hath been adorned with many others which now remain nothing but Ruins. The graduation of this City for Latitude is 51. 5. and for Longitude 23. 10. The next to this in this Shire is the Town of Southampton, from which the whole Shire hath the name; it is both beautiful and rich, walled with a strong stone wall, wherein are 7. gates, and 29. Towers, and two fair Havens for ships, 5. Churches, and an Hospital; and on the West side of this Town standeth a fair● strong double walled Castle, upon the Top of a very fair high hill, making a most delightful prospect both by Sea and Land. The air in this Shire is very temperate, though sometimes somewhat foggy, which proceeds from the Seas adjoining to it, and the Rivers passing thorough it, which notwithstanding do store the Country with plenty of fish. And for the soil it is both rich and pleasant, producing plenty of Corn, Cattell, Woods, and Pasture, bountifully storing the Inhabitants with Wools, , Iron, and almost all kind of profitable commodities, both by Sea and Land. map of Hampshire HAUNT SHIRE Berkshire. THe English Saxons called this Shire Berrocscyre, which on the North is divided from Buckingham and Oxford-shires by the River of Thames, on the South it butteth on Hamp-shire, the East is bounded with Surrey, and the West with Wilt-shire and . The length from Inglesham West, to old Windsor in the East, being about 40. Miles, and the breadth from Inkpen South, to Wightham North, 24. Miles, maketh the compass much upon 120. Miles. This County is parted in 20. Hundreds, which contain in them 140. Parish Churches. It is interlaced with 3. Rivers, which for convenient passage have 7. Bridges. 13. Market Towns are also dispersed in it for the commodity & commerce of the Inhabitants, whereof Reading is the chief, where the Danes An. 866. settled and fortified themselves. But it was built by King Henry 1. who adorned it both with a fair Monastery and strong Castle, which the first Henry raised, and the 2. Henry razed and turned to Ruins. The Latitude here is 51. 31. degrees, and Longitude 23. 34 In this Shire is seated that famous and stately Castle of Windsor, which sometimes did belong to the Abbot of Westm. till William the Conqueror by composition obtained it, and made it his Regal Palace. In it was borne King Edward 3 who afterwards held there (as his prisoners) john King of France, and David King of Scots. In this Castle is also celebrated the famous and memorable institution of that most honourable order of the Garter, and in the Chapel thereof lie interred the bodies of K. Henry 6. Edward 4. and Henry 8. Wallingford, Watham in the East, and Sinodum in the North, in this Shire were all places of residence for the Romans, as appeareth by their moneys which very often are found in those places. And Mr Stow writeth, that at Finchamsted in the year of grace 1100. did a wonderful spring boil up for the space of 15. days sending forth streams of blood. This County is adorned with many fair and stately buildings, 6. fair Castles, 3. of his Majesty's houses, and in times past had diverse Religious houses and Monasteries, at A●●●gton, Reading, Bysham, Bromhall, Hernly, Hamme, and Wallingford. The air is pleasant, temperate, and wholesome, the soil bringing plenty of Corn and pasturage, yielding an abundance of increase, especially in the Vale of Wh●●ehorse. But generally the whole County both for profit and pleasure (producing Corn and Cattell, with woods, waters, and very delightful prospects) is inferior for the quantity to no other Shire in England. map of Berkshire BARK SHIRE Surrey. SVrrey was called by the Saxons Suthrea, and by Beda Suthri. It is bounded on the North with the Counties of Buckingham and Middlesex, and divided from them by the River of Thames: Sussex and Hampshire enclose it on the South, Kent on the East, and Hampshire and Berkshire on the West. This Shire is as it were square in form; yet the length (extending from Frensham to Redrith) containeth 34. miles, and the breadth (from Aufold Southward to the Thames by Stanes Northward) is 22. miles, which makes the Shires circuit about 112. miles. It is divided into 13. Hundreds, which contain in them 140. Parish Churches, and 8. Market Towns for traffic and commerce. In this County is no City nor great Town, and yet may it compare with any for fair buildings and stately houses, whereof 5. are his Majesty's magnificent Palaces. Ptolemy affirmeth, that in this County an ancient people called the Regni had their residence, and after that Ella with the South-Saxons made it their Kingdom. At Lambeth (which was founded by Archbishop Baldwin, and is now a Palace for the Archbishops of Canterbury, and famous for being the seat of the Metropolitans of England) Canutus died, who was the last King of the Danes. And at Kingston in this County were crowned King Athelstan, Edwin, and Ethelred. And at the ancient Town of Guildford (whose Pole for Latitude is elevated 51. 15. and Longitude 24.59.) was seated the royal Palace of the English-Saxon Kings. This Shire hath been adorned with the foundations of many fair and rich Religious Houses, as at Shene, Chertsey, Newarke, Rigate, Merton, Waverley, and diverse others: And also 8. strong Castles, at Brenchingley, Goseford, Guildford, Farnham, Rigate, Darking, Starburg, and Addington: but of most of them is nought now to be seen, but heaps of old ruins. This County is seated in a very delectable, pleasant, and wholesome air; and though it be not large, and altogether so commodious as others for profit, yet is it pleasurable and healthy, yielding sufficient store of corn, fruit, and pasture. map of Surrey SURREY Middlesex. THis County was so called for being seated between the East and West Saxons and is bounded on the East by the River Lea, where it butteth upon Essex, and on the West by Colne is divided from Bu●kingham. The Thames parts Surrey from it on the South, and Hartford-shire encloseth it on the North. The length from Stratford in the East to Mo●ehall in the West, contains of our English Miles 19 and the breadth from Hampton Court South to South-Mines in the North about 16. measuring the whole circumference about 90. Miles. It is distinguished into these 7. Hundreds, viz. Edmonton, Osulslon, Finnesbury, G●re. Is●eworth, Spelthorne, and Elthorne, in all which are contained 73. Parish Churches besides those in London. This County (though smaller in quantity than many other) is the chiefest of all the Land both for beauty and ability, wherein are 2. Cities, and is watered with the most famous River of Thames, being plentifully stored with Ships of great burden, which continually send out and bring in all manner of wealthy commodities, for the abundant enriching of all these his Majesty's Dominions; which River carries her course all along the South side of the fare renowned and ever famous City of London, which for antiquity hath almost worn out her Records; yet we read she was first called Troy-novant, from Bru●e, and Ludstone from King Lud, by the Britan's Londaine, by the Saxons London Cearder, and now by us London. It is the rich Seat and Royal Chamber of the English Kings, whereto from all parts of the world are brought all sorts of commodious Merchandise. She was first compassed with walls by the first Christian Emperor Constantine the Great, wherein besides other passages, are now built 7. most Magnificent Gates for entrance, and in it with the Suburbs are contained 121. Churches, besides the Cathedral of Saint Paul, which (as by tradition is received) was first the Temple of Diana. This City's graduation is 51. 32½. of Latitude, and in Longitude 24. 27. It is divided into 26. wards, which by a Lord Maior, two Sheriffs, and 26. Aldermen, is most religiously in all good order governed. In the time of King john was the stone Bridge built over the Thames, which for strength, length, breadth, and beauty, exceeds all others in the world. Close adjoining to this London is the City of Westminster, famous as well for the seats of justice, as for the rich and stately Sepulchers of many Kings, Queens, and other the Nobility of England. But if I should insist any longer in the particular descriptions of these Cities, I should exceed my limits, and therefore generally for the County thus. It is adorned with very many rich and magnificent edifices, whereof 5. are his Majesty's princely Palaces. The form of this Shire is square-like: The Air delightful, pleasant and healthful, and the Soil rich and fruitful, yielding great plenty of full Corn of all kinds, an● fat Pasture in abundance. map of Middlesex MIDDLESSEX Kent. THis County of Kent, which by Ptolemy and diverse other Writers was called Cantium, is bounded on the East with the German Sea, on the West with Sussex and Surrey, on the North with the River of Thames, and on the South with the narrow Seas and Sussex. It runneth in length from Langley West to Ramsgate East, about 53. Miles, & from Rother South unto the Northern Isle of Grain, about 26. Miles, whereby the whole circuit containeth much upon 160. Miles. It is divided into 5. Laths, and they into 66. Hundreds, wherein are counted 398. Parish Churches. The Inland of it is watered with 11. fair Rivers, over which is passage by 14. Bridges, and diverse of them are navigable, whereof Medwey which divideth the Shire in two parts is principal. It is fortified with 27. Castles, and hath in it 2. Cities, 2. Bishop's Seas, and for commerce and traffic 24. Market Towns; b●ing beside garnished and fairly adorned with diverse stately and sumptuous buildings, whereof 8. of them are his Majesty's Houses. The chiefest City is Canterbury, which is the Metrapolitan and Archbishop's Sea. It was built 900. years before the birth of our Saviour, (as we read in the ancient British Histories) but afterwards it became most famous by Austen the Monk, his converting the Saxons to Christianity, and for the Cathedral Church wherein is the Tomb of Thomas of Becket, which in the time of Idolatry became infinitely rich by superstitious offerings. In it was King john with Queen Isabel his wife crowned, King Henry the 3. married, and Henry the 4. buried. Henry the 3. granted it afterwards privileges and Charters Richard the 2. fortified and entrenched it, and Archbishop Sudbury walled it. The graduation for Latitude being there 50. 18. and the Longitude 25. 41. This Shire is well stored with fair Havens for ships, some of them being strongly fortified, as Winchelsey, Rumney, Sandwich, and Dover, which with the Castle there is accounted the Lock and Key of the Realm. The Inhabitants of this County do account themselves the freest of any other in England, because they were never conquered, but by Conquering Willi●m were compounded withal. The Christian faith was first planted in this County, and (as ancient Records do testify) the fi●st Church dedicated to the service of Christ was founded in Dover Castle by Lucius the first Christian King of the Britons. In this Shire have been seated 23. Religious Houses, which now by time are converted to Ruins. The Air of this County is temperate and healthful, though sometimes mist-clouded with vapours from the Sea. The East side of the Shire is Hilly, but the West more plain, even, & woody, yielding generally great store of all profitable commodities, but is most remarkable for Broad , fruits, and feedings for Cattles. map of Kent KENT Sussex. THis Shire which of us is called Sussex, was written by the Saxons Suthrex, signifying as if it were their South Kingdom, in the time of their Heptarchy. It is confined on the North with Surrey and Kent, on the West with Hampshire, the British Seas ingirting both the East and South. It is form long and narrow, stretching in length from Westharting in the West to the Ditch that divides it from Kent, called Kent Ditch, 64. Miles, but where it is broadest it contains not above 20. making the compass of it about 158. Miles. This Shire divideth itself into 6 Rapes, viz. Chichester, Arundel, Bramber, Lewes, Pevenscy, and Hastings; and every of these have several Hundreds, an cunting in all to the number of 65. which contain in them 312. Parish Churches. Industrious Mr. Speed also writes that every of these Rapes contain in them a River, a Castle, and a Forest. The ancient Inhabitants of this County were the Regni in time of the Romans, who were subdued by the Lieutenant of the Emperor Claudius, and after the Romans departure, this Shire and Surrey became the Kingdom of the South-Saxons. divers places of note are registered in this County, but the chiefest of all is the City of Chiches●er, which by the Saxons was written Cissan-Ceasder, built by Cissa the South-Saxon King, who therein kept his Court. It is large, fair, and well fortified with a wall, and was made the Bishop's Sea by William the Conqueror. The Pole being there elevated 50. 52. and hath Longitude 23. 50. This Shire hath been both strengthened and beautified with 10. Castles, and many Religious Houses, which were built for pious uses, but are now dissolved into Ruins. 18. Market-towns for traffic of the Inhabitants are fitly seated in this County, whereof Chichester formerly spoken of is the chief, although Lewes both for bigness and fair buildings seemeth to compare with it. The air in this Shire is both temperate and pleasant, though sometimes darkened with mists arising from the Seas. The Soil is rich, yielding great plenty of necessary commodities, though in Winter it is both unpleasant and unsafe for Travellers by reason of the deep and dangerous ways in it. It yields great plenty of Fish and Sea-Fowle, with Co●ne, Cattles, and Woods; and so doth it of Iron and Glass good store, which are the two devourers of those fair Woods. The midst of this Shire is decked with many fair Meadows, Pastures, and Corn fields. But towards the Sea side are seated diverse Hills called the Downs, which produce abundance of Corn and Grass: The rest of the Shire being yet stored with plenty of pleasant Groves and Woods. map of Sussex SUSSEX Essex. THis County (which by the Saxons was called East-seaxa, by the Normans Exssesa, & now by us Essex) contains in length from Horsey Island East to Haydon West 40. Miles, and from Sturmere on the River Stow North to East-ham upon Thames South 35. Miles, making the form somewhat circular, and the circumference to bear about 146. Miles. It is confined on the East with the German Seas, on the West with Hertfordshire and Middlesex. The Thames divides it from Kent on the South, and Suffolk and Cambridgshires bind it on the North. The division of it is into 20. Hundreds, which contain in them 415. Parish Churches. It hath 7. Rivers, over which is passage by 28. Bridges: and for delight is furnished with 46. Parks & one Chase well stored with game. The Inhabitants here have intercourse for traffic and commerce in 21. Market Townes, the chiefest whereof is now the City of Colchester, which was built by the British Prince Coilus, Ann. Dom. 124. and in it was borne Constantine the first Christian King and Emperor in the world. It is seated on the South side of the River Colne, & thereof bears the name. It hath been fortified with a wall, wherein are 6. Gates, besides 3. smaller Posterns for passage, and 9 Towers, & within and without the walls hath it 10. fair Churches, besides diverse other foundations of Religious Houses, which are now utterly decayed as well as the old Castle, which by the Ruins appears in times past to have been of very great strength. This City is governed by 2. Bailiffs, 12. Aldermen, and a Recorder. The Latitude being there 51. 52. and the Longitude 25. 37. In the ancient Town of Malden in this County Cunobelin that was King of the Trinobants, held his Court about the time of our Saviour's birth, and was afterwards a garrison for the Romans, till Queen Budo with the slaughter of 70000. Romans laid it level with the foundation. This County is very populous, and hath been beautified with many fair and rich Religious Houses, and strengthened with 5. strong Castles. It is accommodated also with 5. convenient Havens for ships. The Air (except by the Sea side) is both temperate and pleasant, the Soil most fertile, yielding very many excellent commodities, as Corn, Cattell, Woods, Fish, Fowle, and that rich merchandise of the best Saffron, which where it groweth so fatneth the ground, that after three year's glebe thereof, the land for 18. years after brings forth Barley in abundance. Here are also many fair flocks of fine fleeced sheep, which in this County they use to milk as they do their Kine, whereby is made much cheese, which (besides the furnishing of their own Country) is transported and uttered in diverse other parts abroad. map of Essex THE COUNTY OF ESSEX. Hartford-shire. HA●●ford-shir● (so called from the Shire-Towne Hartford, which some have named Herudford) is of a circular form, making 2. Diameters almost of an equal Longitude, cross each other in the Centre; for the one giving the length from Cheston Nunnery in the East to Putnam West contains but 28. miles, and the other North & South, measuring the breadth from Ro●ston to Totteridge, is full 27. making the whole circumference to contain near about 130. Miles. It is bounded on the East side by Essex, and on the West with Buckingham and Bedford-shires; the North butteth ●pon Bedford and Cambridge-shires, and the South upon Middlesex. This Shire is watered but with one River, yet hath it many Riverets, and 24. Bridges, and 120 Parish-Churches are contained in these 8. Hundreds, Odsey, Edwinstree, Branghing, Brodewater, Hitching, Dacor, Hertford and Ca●sho, whereinto this Shire is divided. And it is traded for the utterance of commodities, and traffic amongst the Inhabitants, with 18 Market Towns, whereof though Hartford be the Shire-Towne, and hath gotten her Officer in chief to be altered from a Burgess to a Mayor, (who associated with nine Burgesses and a Recorder doth govern it) yet is Ware and others for ability the better, by reason of the continual passage of people, that make therein their thoroughfare almost into all the Northern parts of this Realm. Here in this Town was sometime seated a fair and strong Castle, which now appears to have tasted the scourge of Time, as well as diverse other famous and richly endowed Relig●ous Houses that in former times have gorgeously adorned this County. The Longitude is here 24. 25. and the Latitude 51. 22. ●. near to Saint Alban (that ancient Town, made famous for diverse Battles there fought) in this Shire was seated that strong and magnificent City of Verulam, which was overcome by the Romans, and endowed with the privileges of Rome, but now lies dead and buried under the heaps of her own ruins. The air in this County is temperate, delightful, and healthful; the soil commodious, rich, and fruitful, plentifully producing store of Cattles, Corn, Grasse, and Wood, with diverse other commodities most useful for the Inhabitants. map of Hertfordshire HARTFORD SHIRE Buckingham-shire. THis Shire is supposed to derive the name from the Saxon word Bucken, which in that language signifieth Beech-trees, whereof this County is plentifully stored. It reacheth in length (from Bradfield in the North to Waisburie the furthest part South) 39 miles, and the breadth (from Ashridge East to the Forest of Brenwood West) 18. miles, whereby the whole circuit is about 138 miles. The bounds of this Shire are Northampton and Bedfordshires on the North, part of Bedford and Hertford-shires on the East, Berkshire on the South, and Oxfordshire on the West. This Province is parted into 8 Hundreds, which are furnished with 185 Parish-Churches. It is watered with two Rivers, which have 14 Bridges for passage: And for convenient traffic of their commodities, it is interspersed with 11 Market Towns, whereof the chief is Buckingham the Shire-Towne, which is situated upon the River Ouse, which compasseth the Town on all sides but the North. In times past it hath been fortified by King Edward the elder with Sconces on both sides of the River, over which are built three fair stone Bridges: and upon a high hill in the midst of the Town was sometime raised a strong Castle, which is now utterly razed to dusty ruins. A Bailiff with 12 Burgesses do now very orderly govern this Town, where the elevation of the Pole is 52. 2. and the Longitude 23. 30. At Stony Stretford an ancient Town in this Shire, standing upon the Causey called Watling-street, which passeth thorough England, is a Cross, built by King Edward the first for a memorial of Eleanor his Queen, because there her dead corpse rested, as it was brought from Herdby in Lincolne-shire, to be buried at Westminster; and the like did he do in every place where it rested. This Shire hath been strengthened with 4 Castles, viz. at Buckingham, Newport, Launden, and Hampsleepe, and was also beautified with many Religious Houses, which time hath now ruined, and converted to other uses. The Air in this County is temperate, wholesome, and pleasant; and the Soil (by reason of his fatness) is both rich and fruitful, yielding Corn, Grasse, and Marle in abundance. The middle part of the Shire being high, called the Chilterne Hills, hath been and still is well stored with woods; and the Valleys lying plain, are very fruitful for meadows, tillage, and pastures, feeding infinite numbers of fleecy sheep. map of Buckinghamshire BUCKINGHAM SHIRE Oxford-shire. THe Histories of our English-Saxons say, that the City of Oxford deriveth the name from the Ford of Oxen, from which City the whole County is called Oxfordshire, which is environed on the North side with Warwick and Northampton-shires, on the East with Buckingham, the West with Gloucester, and the South by Berkshire. It containeth in length, from Cleydon Northwest to Caversham Southeast, near forty miles; and in breadth, from the aforesaid Cleydon North to Farringdon upon the River Isis in the South (which is the broadest of the Shire) almost 26. miles, causing the circumference to come near to 130 miles. This County is divided into 14 Hundreds, and they have 280 Parish Churches contained in them. It is interlaced with 3. Rivers, which are fitted with 26. Bridges. Four Forests and 9 Parks do also beautify this County; and for commerce and traffic of commodities there are dispersed 10 Market Towns, the chief whereof is the fair City and ever renowned University of Oxford, which for the infinite numbers of most learned, reverend, and famous Fathers, Doctors & Scholars it hath produced, and enriched this Kingdom withal, hath made itself not only glorious in this our Nation, but purchased an everliving fame and memory thorough all the Kingdoms of Christendom. This City hath been walled, and strongly fortified with a Castle, which though time hath now utterly ruined, yet is it adorned with 17 most stately Colleges, 8 Halls, and many other most beautiful buildings. The Pole is there elevated 51. 47. and the Longitude 23. 15. About six miles from this City is seated Woodflocke, where King Hen. 2. built a Labyrinth to keep his fair Concubine Rosamond, who was afterward poisoned by the Queen, and buried in the Nunnery at Godstow near thereto adjoining. This County is adorned with many fair Manors and beautiful buildings, wherein (as by their ruins doth appear) have been many stately and richly endowed Religious Houses, as Oseney, Godstow, Tame, Burchester, Euisham, Beverne, and diverse others. The Air in this County is both sweet, pleasant, and healthful; The Soil rich, commodious, and fruitful, yielding to the Inhabitants great plenty of Wood, Wool, Cattles, Corn, Pasture, and (in a word) almost all useful commodities in abundance. map of Oxfordshire OXFORD SHIRE . GLocestershire in the Saxon tongue was called Gleaucesderschyre, fetching the name from the chiefest Town the City of Gloucester. It is engird with Worcester and Warwickeshires on the North, Somersetshire on the South, Oxford and Wiltshires on the East, and H●refordshire on the West. The length of it (reaching from Bristol upon avon South, to Clifford upon avon North) is much upon 48 miles; and the breadth (extending from Lechlad East to Preston West) 28. which causeth the whole compass to contain about 138 miles. The ancient Inhabitants of this County were the Dobuni, and in some part the Silureses. This Province is divided into 30 Hundreds, which contain in them 280 Parish-Churches. It hath three fair Rivers, over which a man may pass by 22 Bridges; the chief whereof is Severne, which for store of Fish, breadth of Channel, and swiftness of Stream, excelleth any other in the Land. It is conveniently sprinkled with 25 Market-towns for trade and traffic, whereof two are famous Cities, whereof the first and most ancient is Gloucester, which about the middle of the Shire is situate upon the River Severne. It was built by the Romans, and was the Garrison Town for their Colonia Glewm, It hath been strongly walled on all parts but that towards the River, as may appear by the ruins yet remaining in many places. There was the stately Nunnery built by Osrick King of Northumberland, wherein three of the Mercian Queens succeeded one another, being Prioresses. The Cathedral Church (first built by Edels●ed, King Edward the elders sister) was ruinated by the Danes, but afterwards re-edified, and dedicated to S. Peter, where King Edward the second, who was murdered at Barkley Castle, lies entombed. The Graduation of the Pole in this City is 51. 54. and Longitude 22. 17. The other City, which standeth but part in this Shire, and part in Somersetshire, is Bristol, seated upon the two River's Froome and avon, and, as is formerly said, (the quantity excepted) for quality is parallel to the chiefest in England. In the Island Alney near Gl●cester, Edmund Iron-side combated hand to hand with Canutus the Dane: And at Barkley Castle King Edward the second had a red hot spit thrust thorough his fundament into his belly. The foundations of many Religious Houses have been both raised up, and razed down in this County, where the Air is very pleasant and delectable, the Soil being so fruitful by nature, that the very Hedge-rowes of their own accord bring plenty of excellent fruits, and in times past hath yielded abundance of most pleasant Vines; but now it produceth store of Corn, Fruits, F●ne Wools, and Iron, and is most pleasantly accommodated with Woods and Pasture. map of Gloucestershire GLOUCESTER SHIRE Worcester-shire. BY the English Saxons this County was written Wirceasderscyre, which we call Worcester shire, which being inverged on the East with Oxford and Warwicke-shires, is on the West divided from Herefordshire by Maluerne Hills: the South is environed with , and the North with the County of Stafford. It reacheth in length (from Ridmerly South to Yardley North) 32 miles, and the breadth (from Church Honyborne East to Tenbury West) about 28. which maketh the whole circumference to amount much upon 120 miles. Into 7 Hundreds is this Shire divided, and those contain in them 152 Parish-Churches. It hath but one City, one Bishopric, but is pleasantly watered with four fair Rivers, as avon, Tame, Salwarpe, and Severne, which passeth almost thorough the Centre of the Shire: and these may be passed over by 13 Bridges. This Shire also is delighted with one Chase, two Forests, and 16 Parks; and for concourse and commerce is fitted with 10 Market Towns, whereof the City of Worcester (whence the County is so called) is the chiefest, which is a fair, rich, and populous City, most delightfully situate on the East side of Severne, being built somewhat like the whole Shire, in a triangular form. The old Saxons called it Wireceas●er, the Latins Vigornia, and we Worcester. It was founded (as is supposed) by the Romans, to oppost the Britain's▪ It is compassed with a wall, which gives entrance thorough seven gates, and both for defence and ornament hath five Turrets. This City hath diverse times tasted of diverse fortunes, having been sometimes almost quite consumed by fire, and otherwise grievously oppressed by enemies, and yet is now again become a famous and magnificent City, which hath a fair Cathedral Church, first founded by Sexwolfe the Bishop, in the year 680. wherein are interred the bodies of King john that was poisoned by a Monk, and Prince Arthur, King Henry the Sevenths' eldest son. The government of this City is orderly managed by two Bailiffs, two Aldermen, two Chamberlains, and two Constables, which being chosen out of 24 Burgesses, are annually changed. The Pole is here elevated 52. 19 and the Longitude is 22. 17. The ancient Inhabitants of this County were the Cornavij, who in Claudius Caesar's time were overcome by the Romans, after whose departure it became part of the Mercian Saxon kingdom. Vpton in this Shire in the Romans time was a place of Garrison for their Legions, and to this day are many of their monies found there. In this County have many famous Religious Houses been founded, but by King Henry the Eighth were they razed down like the rest, and nothing now remaining for their memorial, but huge heaps of pitiful ruins. And with diverse strong Castles also hath this County been fortified, whereof the most of them have felt the heavy hand of fortune, to suppress them as low as their foundations were laid. In a most temperate and pleasant air is this Shire seated, and for fertility of Soil may be accounted comparable to the best in the Land. It is plentifully stored with all kind of most necessary commodities, yielding abundance of Corn, Cattell, Woods, and Pastures; having the fields and hedges set full of Pear trees, wherewith they make much Pe●●y. Besides all which, in this Province are many Salt Springs, and diverse other profitable commodities, which yield welcome gain to the Inhabitants. map of Worcestershire WORCESTER SHIRE Warwickshire. Warwickshire is so called from the Shire-Towne, now vulgarly named Warwick, but was ●●armed by the Saxons Warringwicke, as our ever famous Historian M. Camden records, which he also judgeth to have been the Romans Garrisons Town. By Ptolemy they were called the Cornavij, wherein after were seated the Mercian Saxons. It is environed with the County of Stafford on the North, Watling-street and Northamptonshire on the East, Oxford and Glocestershires on the South, and Worcester-shire on the West. It is extended from Newton in the North to Long Compton in the South, 33. miles, and is spread in wideness from Hewell Grange in the West to Hill Morton in the East, 25 miles, the whole circuit thereof being 135 miles. It is divided into five Hundreds, viz. Hemlingford, Coventry, Knightlow, Barklichway, and Kington, wherein are 158 Parish-Churches. This Shire is interlaced with eight Rivers, as avon, Anchor, Blyth, Bourne, Leame, Sherburne, Sow, and Tame, being fitted with 29 Bridges. It is traded with 16 Market Towns, the chief whereof are Coventry and Warwick, Coventry being stately adorned with fair buildings, well fortified with a Wall, wherein are 13 Gates, and 18 Towers, by the grant of King Edward the Third, whereby also they might elect a Mayor and two Bailiffs; but by King Henry the Sixth it was incorporated a County of itself, and the names of Bailiffs turned into Sheriffs, by which at this day it is governed. At Goffard Gate in the East end of this City, hangs the shield-bone of a wild Boar, slain by Sir Guy of Warwick, as the report goes. Warwick is built upon the North-East bank of avon, by Gurgustius the son of Belinus, 375 years before the birth of our Saviour. There is a very sumptuous Castle lately repaired by Sir Fulke Grevill; and from the Town over the River is a very fair strong stone Bridge, the passage into the Town being hewed out of the Rock. It hath two fair Churches, and is governed by a Bailiff, 12 Brethren, and 24 Burgesses. This Shire is beautified with many fair Edifices, having had sometime 12 notable foundations of Religious Houses and Monasteries, 20 Parks, and one Chase. The River avon hath on the North side the Woodland, and on the South side the Feilden, with the Vale of Red-Horse. It is abundantly fruitful, producing plenty of Corn, Wools, and Wood, with Mines of Iron and Cole. At a place called Shugborow in this Shire is found the precious stone ●storices. At Offchurch is the Palace of the great Norman Commander Offa. At Lemington (fare from the Sea) is a Spring where Salt water continually boyles up. And at Newnham Regis is found a Well, the water whereof is very medicinable for many diseases, and turneth wood into stone. At Guyes Cliff near Warwick the famous Earl Guy (after many worthy exploits achieved) lead an Hermit's life unknown. map of Warwickshire WARWICK SHIRE Northamptonshire. THis Shire, by the Saxons termed Northafendonscire, and by us Northamptonshire, is long and narrow, seated very near the Centre of England, and is bounded on the East by , having the River Nene to divide them; on the West by Warwick and Watling-street: the North is severed from Lincolne-shire by the River Weland; and Oxford and Buckingham-shires enclose it on the South. It contains in length (from Cherwell to Weland River near Crowland) 46 miles, and at the broadest (between the Rivers of Ouse and avon) near 20, the whole circuit being about 119 miles. Into 20 Hundreds is this Shire shared, which contain in them 326 Parish Churches: and with five Rivers is it watered, which are passeable by 24 Bridges. Moreover with three Forests and 23 Parks is this County delighted. For Traffic and Trade amongst the Inhabitants, there are seated severally 11 Market Towns, whereof the Shire-Towne Northhampton (whence the County carries the name) is of most account, being both large in quantity, and beautiful in quality; for it is adorned with many fair and stately buildings, it is pleasantly seated on the River Nene, and (excepting on the River's side) was anciently strongly walled with stone; but Suen the Danish King first fired it, and after that in King john's time the disloyal Barons afflicted it, since when hath it not been free from cruel Fortunes bitter blasts. The ruins of (her sometime strong defence) the Castle stand weather beaten upon a mount on the West part of the Town, to show what it had been. This Town is civilly governed by an annual elected Mayor, two Bailiffs, 12 Magistrates, and a Recorder; the Pole being elevated 52. 16. and the Longitude 23. 44. In this County also is seated the City of Peterborough, which by the Saxons was called Meddeswell, where was a magnificent Monastery built and dedicated to S. Peter by the Mercian King Wolphere; which though it be now ruinated, yet is there a most fair and stately Cathedral, having a large Cloister, in the glass windows whereof the history of Wolphere the Founder is most curiously figured. This County hath been fortified for defence with ten strong and famous Castles, and likewise plentifully stored with the foundations of many fair and rich Religious Houses, which for their magnifical state in time of their standing, were as so many beautiful ornaments to the Shire; whereas now their dust and ruins are but motives of pity to all that pass by them. The Air in this Province is temperate, pleasant, and healthful; and the Soil fat, rich, and fertile, producing all kind of the best Corn: And for delightful Meadows, cheerful Woods, and pleasant Pastures, the Inhabitants are so plentifully furnished, as their herds of cattles and fair flocks of sheep (which both for flesh and fleece cannot be bettered) do so infinitely multiply, as thereby the Country is befitted with all kind of useful and necessary commodities in an abundant manner. map of Northamptonshire Northampton Shire Bedford-shire. THis Shire taketh the name from the Shire-Towne, called by us Bedford, from the Saxon name Bedenford, but by the Britain's it was called Lettidur. This County is bordered on the North side with , on the South with Buckingham and Hartford-shires, on the East with Hartford and Cambridge-shires, and upon the West with Northampton and Buckingham-shires. It is but a small Continent, being in length (from Tilbrooke North to St●udham South) about 24 miles, and the breadth (from Turney West to Hatley Coking in the East) scarce 14 miles, which causeth the circumference to make in all not above 73 miles. It is distinguished into nine Hundreds, wherein are 116 Parish-Churches. Only one River (which is Ouse) watereth this Shire, which is overpassed but by six Bridges. It hath intercourse for the traffic of commodities with ten Market Towns, whereof that at Bedford (the most famous) is most pleasantly seated, in a most fruitful soil, having the River Ouse dividing the Town in the midst, over which is built a fair and strong stone Bridge, with two Gates, for the prevention of passage if need should require. And here on the brink of this River sometime stood a little Chapel, wherein (as ancient Writers record) Offa the Mercian King was buried, whose Monument a long time there remained, till the overflowing River washed it clean away. This Town hath a Mayor, two Bailiffs, two Chamberlains, and a Recorder, to govern it: the Longitude there being 24. 0. and the Elevation of the Pole for Latitude 52. 11. At Dunstable in this Shire, and Sandey, which were then called Magintum and Selenae, lay the Roman Legions, where to this day are found diverse sorts of their Coins. And afterwards hence did the Saxons drive out the Britain's, and seated themselves in their room. At a place near Harwo●d (Anno 1399) the River Ouse stood suddenly still, so as men went three miles in the bottom of the Channel on foot without any danger. This Shire also hath been beautified with diverse fair Castles, as at Woodhill, Temsford, Eton. and Amphill, and many famous Houses of Religion, which are now utterly abolished and laid level with their foundations. The Air here is very temperate and pleasant bringing both delight and health to the Inhabitants. The Soil is rich and fertile, but especially where the River Ouse by the moistening of her banks makes the meadows send forth their increase in abundance. And although the other parts of the Shire are somewhat more barren, being for the most part a Champion, yet by the industrious Inhabitants it is well stored with Barley, and plenty of Pasturage, and is not wanting for some store of Woods. map of Bedfordshire BEDFORD SHIRE . Hvntingtonshire, which was called by the Ancients Hundedumscyre, is environed with Lincoln & Northampton-shires on the North, Bedford and Cambridge-shires on the South, the I'll of Ely on the East, and Northamptonshire on the West. It reacheth in length (from Tetworth South to Woodstone North) not above 20 miles, & from Erith East to Keston West (where it is broadest) much about 16. In the time of the Romans it was part of the Iceni, & under the Saxons part of Mercia, which till Canutus' time was all Forest. This Shire in ancient time had 5, but now is distinguished into but 4 divisions, called the Hundreds of Norman Cross, Huntingdon, Leightenstone, and Tosland, which are subdivided into 79 Parishes, which are measured by Hides and Carucks or ploughed lands; and they are interlaced and irriguated with the River Ouse, and diverse other Riverets beside, the Fens & Marsh grounds stretching towards Lincolne-shire and the I'll of Ely. And for commerce and traffic amongst the Inhabitants, this County (being not very big) containeth but six Market Towns, whereof Huntingdon the Shire-Towne and denominator of the whole County, is accounted the chief, which in old time was called Hundendun, or The Hunters Down, and is situate on the North bank of the River Ouse, on the rising of a hill, and in former ages had in it 15 Churches, which are now suppressed with their own ruins, except S. Mary's & 3 others. This Town in the time of the Conqueror was divided into 4 Wards, wherein were contained 256 households: and here was money coined, having on the one side the image & style of the King, and on the other side the name of the Earl or B shop then being in the time of the coinage. The Castle also is now utterly ruinated, which by some is thought to be built by Edw. the elder, & the seat of the great Saxon Earl Waltheol, but razed down by Hen. 2. Here David Earl of Anguise built the Hospital of S. john Bapt. & with many other Monasteries and religious houses was as well this Town as the whole County adorned. The River to this Town was once navigable, till Grey the King's Favourite stopped up the passage: and by Charter from K. john is the government hereof committed to 2 yearly elected Bailiffs & a Recorder, with some other Assistants. The Pole being elevated 52. 23. and the Longitude 24. 21. The many rich and stately Monasteries and Religious Houses in this County were by K. Hen. 8. laid level with their foundations, and in their own ruins entombed. This Province on the West side is more hilly and healthful than the other toward the Fens and Marshes, and yields store of corn and other useful commodities: and the lower watery grounds are equal to any part of England for goodness of feeding, and the best pasturage, besides plenty of Turf and Fuel from the Moors and Marish grounds. So, as well as any other Shire, is this County accommodated with Corn, Flesh, Fowl, and Fish, and wants almost nothing that is necessary. map of Huntingdonshire HUNTINGTON SHIRE Cambridge-shire. THe English Saxons called this County Grentbrig-scyre, which we call Cambridge-shire, and is bordered upon on the East with Suffolk and Norfolk, on the West with Huntingdon and Bedford shires, on the North with Norfolk and Lincolne-shire, and on the South with Essex and Hartford-shire. The length of it (from the furthest of the Fens in the North, to Royston South) contains 35 miles, and the breadth at the broadest from East to West, is scarce 20. and the whole compass being measured with her many turnings, amounts to 128 miles. It is but a small Shire, and yet is divided into 17 Hundreds, which have in them 165 Parish-Churches, and eight Market Towns, whereof the most famous and ever flourishing University of Cambridge is the principal, which is situate on the East side of the River Cain, from whence (as some hold) she hath her name; although other Histories of antiquity derive it from Cantaber, who 375 years before the Incarnation had there settled the Muse's seat. And albeit in many Ages this City (like many others) hath tasted many woeful fortunes, yet now is it beautified and fairly adorned with sixteen most magnificent Colleges and Halls, full stored with painful Students, and as ever it hath, so still it doth with abundant increase of most learned and famous Docto●s, Teachers, and Professors of all Arts and Sciences, every not only this our Land, but all others whereto they are dispersed. The Elevation of the Pole is here 52. 17. degrees, and Longitude 24. 46. Another City in this Shire was sometime also of great note, called by the Saxons Elg, but now by us Ely, which grew first famous for one Audrey a Princess, and wife to Egbert King of Northumberland, who there built a Nunnery, and leaving her husband, was the first Abbess of it herself. Yet this also escaped not the fury of misfortune, for afterwards by the Danes was it utterly ruinated, till Ethelwold the Bishop of Winchester repaired it, and built there a Monastery for Monks. And though it be now also dissolved, yet is there remaining the stately Cathedral of that Diocese. This County hath had many fair foundations of rich Religious Houses, as at Beach, Barnwell, Charteres, Denny, Elsey, Shengey, Swasey, and Thorney: but these as well as the rest were suppressed and depressed with the weight of King Henry the Eighths' hand. Amongst the remarkable things in this County, Gogmagog Hills is one, which is near unto Cambridge, and was a Fort with a Triple Trench raised there by the Danes, whose Station it then was. And another was a long and large Trench, passing quite thorough Newmarket Heath, which is commonly called The Devil's Ditch, but at first was made there to defend the East-Angles against the Mercians, as our ancient Histories do record. The Fens on the North of this County do make the Air neither so pleasant nor wholesome as it is in other Shires: but more Southerly it is much more delectable. And as in it, so is there a difference in the Soil, which on the South is Feilden, and being watered with the River Came, is fraught with fair Meadows and Pastures, and yields plenty of Corn, some Saffron, and Woods: The Fenny part being exceedingly replenished with abundant store both of Fish and Fowl. map of Cambridgeshire CAMBRIDGE SHIRE AND ISLE OF ELY Suffolk. THis County was termed by the Saxons Suthfole, and is bounded on the East with the Germane Seas, on the West with the County of Cambridge; the South side by Stowre is severed from Essex, and the North from Norfolk by the Rivers of Waveney and the lesser Ouse. The length (being from Easton point East to the River of great Ouse West) 45 miles; and at the broadest part (between North and South) hath but about 20. which causeth the whole compass to contain much upon 146 miles. The division of this Shire is in three parts, viz. Celdable, S. Edmunds, and S. Audries, which are subdivided into 22 Hundreds, and contain in them 575 Parish-Churches. Besides small Streams, it is watered but with two Rivers, which have over them 32 Bridges. The Inhabitants do trade for commodities in this County in 28 Market Towns, the chiefest whereof is Ipswich, a fair and stately Town for buildings, being seated most pleasantly in a fruitful Soil, and well traded with all kind of merchantable commodities. It seems to have been walled about in times past, and to have had Gates for entrance, where is now but small appearance thereof, being cast down by the Danes, who razed the whole Town to the ground; but afterwards it revived, and was beautifully rebuilt, with many large streets, and diverse fair Churches, whereof 12 do yet remain, besides those that are dissolved. It is a Corporation orderly governed by two yearly elected Bailiffs, 10 Portmen, 24 of the Common Counsel, and a Recorder. And the height of the Pole is there 52. 4 and Longitude 25. 52. And their ancient Town of note in this County is that which ever since the burial of King Edmund (who was shot to death at Hoxon) is therefore called S. Edmunds Bury, where for that King's perpetual memory was built one of the most magnificent Abbeys that ever was founded; yet now (like the rest) it lies overwhelmed with the huge heaps of her own ruins. Between Alborough and Orford, Anno 1555 (in the time of a violent famine) miraculously sprung up great plenty of Pease on the Rocks, without either sowing or tillage, to the wonderful relief of the distressed Inhabitants of this County. divers most magnificent and fair Religious Houses have been in diverse places situate in this Shire, which are depressed. And many other places and accidents remarkable doth this County afford, which to keep myself within my limited bounds, I am forced to omit. The Air is here fresh, pleasant, and healthful; the Soil rich, fat, and fruitful, producing Pasture, Corn, Cattell, Woods, Wools, Cloth, and Fish and Fowls in abundance. map of Suffolke SUFFOLK Norfolk. BEcause this County was the furthest North part of the Kingdom of the East-Angles, it was termed Norfolk, which we call Norfolk, and is bounded on the East and North with the Germane Seas, on the South it is severed from Suffolk with the Rivers of Waveney and the lesser Ouse, and on the West it butts upon Lincoln and Cambridge-shires. It stretcheth in length (from Yarmouth East to Wi●bitch West) near 50 miles, and the breadth (from Wells to The●ford) 30, making the circumference to contain much upon 242 miles. It is divided into 32 Hundreds, and these are subdivided into 660 Parish-Churches. Besides, many good Harbours and diverse fair Rivers and Streams interlace this County, which are passable by 15 Bridges. And for traffic of merchandise and other commodities, it is conveniently fitted with 30 Market Towns, whereof the fairest is the famous City of Norwich, which though like others it hath tasted variety of fortunes, yet is it now for beauty and ability counted the best next LONDON of any other City in England, being delectably placed in a pleasant bottom upon the River Hierus, and yet upon the ascent of an hill, which on the East side mounts so high, as to overlook the whole City. In King Stephen's time it was made a Corporation; Edward the first fortified it with a wall, except on that side next the River; and Henry the fourth made it a County, and changed the government from four Bailiffs to a Mayor: and though many of the ancient Churches and Religious Houses lie now wasted in their own ruins, yet still doth it contain about 30 Parishes. On the East side of this County is situate Yarmouth, at the mouth of the River Year, from whence it hath the name; and by King Henry the Third was walled and made a Corporation. It is strongly built, and well fortified, being the chief of the Cinque-ports, where about September every year is great fishing for Herrings, as the like is not in any part of Europe, whereby the Town for the present, and the whole Land (with diverse other) all the year after is both enriched and refreshed. Another remarkable Town in this Shire is Lyn, which was made a Corporation by King john, who gave them a Cup, which still remaineth there as a memorable testimony of his bounty: but afterwards by King Henry the third was their Charter enlarged, and their Bailiff altered to a Mayor, by whom (with Assistants of twelve Aldermen and a Recorder) it is at this day governed. About Thetford in this County, by Hunger and Hubba the Danes was good King Edmund overthrown, who afterward was martyred at S. Edmunds Bury. By reason of this Shires so near neighbouring to the Seas, the Air is somewhat sharp and piercing. The Elevation of the Pol● being there 52. 46. 1/ 2. and the Longitude 25. 57 The Soil as in some places it is lean and barren, so is it in other parts fat and fruitful, but in all places very commodious to the Inhabitants, for Marsland is excellent good for Pasture, and Flegg for Corne. The West part along the Coast is their Champion, and yields great store of Sheep, Corn, and Coneys: and that part more within Land (being more woody) is their Woodland, which is so stored with grass, as it furnisheth the Country with plenty of Cattles, and yet is not wanting for Corn or Sheep. And generally all over doth it abound both for Fish and Fowl, with many other useful commodities. map of Norfolk NORFOLK Lincolne-shire. THis Shire was called by the Saxons Lincollscyre, by the Normans Nicolshire, and now vulgarly Lincolne-shire. It is a very large County, extending in length (from Barton upon Humber in the North, to Stanford on the River Nine in the South) 55 miles, and in breadth (from Newton in the West to Winthorpe in the East) 35 miles, the whole circuit being about 180 miles. It is environed on the North with the River Humber, on the East with the Germane Sea; on the South it butteth on the Counties of Northampton and Cambridge, and on the West upon Nottingham and Yorke-shires. It is divided into three principal parts, Lindsey, Kesteven, and Holland; Lindsey containing 17 Hundreds, Kesteven 11, and Holland 3, in all 31 Hundreds, wherein are 630 Parish-Churches. This Shire hath also in it nine Rivers, and fifteen Bridges: and though on the East and South sides of it (by reason of the Fens) the Air is somewhat foggy, yet is it temperate. And it is elevated to the height of 53 degrees. This County is somewhat unsafe for Travellers, for the Sands and Salt waters which in many places make incursions into the Land. It is traded with 31 Market Towns, whereof the City of Lincoln (the denomination of the County) is the chief. The antiquity of the City appeareth as well by the still remaining ruins, as by the ancient Records. In one whereof is read, that this City had in it 1007 Mansions, 900 Burgesses, and 12 Lage-men. In the Normans time it was the most populous of any City of England, and in it did King Edward 3 ordain his staple for the mart of Wools. Leather, and Led; in whose reign it was adorned with 50 Parish-Churches, but now (besides the Chathedrall) it hath but 15. It is governed with a Mayor, 2 Sheriffs, 12 Aldermen, and a Recorder. It is seated ●n a hill, and hath for Longitude 23. 48. and for Latitude 53. 17. This County towards the North and West is very pleasant, rich, and fertile, both for Arable, Pasture, and Meadow; and on the South and East it excels all other parts of this Realm for plenty of Fish and Fowl. Learned M. Cambden reports, that at Harlaxton in this Shire (in the time of King Henry the Eighth) was ploughed up a Brazen Vessel, wherein was an Helmet of gold of a very ancient fashion, beset with many precious stones. This Shire hath heretofore been adorned with many Religious Houses, which are now converted to ruins. And the chief commodities of this County are Cattles, Corn, Fish, Fowle, Alabaster, and Flax. map of Lincolnshire THE COUNTY OF LINCOLN Rutland-shire. THis Rutland-shire, which (as some hold) bears the name from one Rutilio, that rod about the whole Shire in one day; but others affirm it was first so called by the old English Saxons, for the re nesse of the earth, seeing the word Ru● or Roet in their language, is as much as 〈◊〉 in ours; and for that the natural soil is indeed so red, that it often colours the wool of the sheep into a radish die. It i● the least of all the rest of the Shires in England, which on the East and South by the River Wel●rd is divided from Northamptonshire, the West side being bordered upon by L ●caster- h●●●, and the North by Lincolne-shire. It contains in length (from Caldecor South on the River E●, to th● farthest part North at a little Town called Thistleton) not altogether a dozen miles; and from Timwell in the East to Wissenden West (which is the broadest part) near unto nine miles: so as the whole County is much about forty mile's compass. It is divided into 5 Hundreds. viz. East, Allstoe, O●●ham, Wronged, and Martinsley; and these are subdivided into but 48 Parishes. There are four Parks in this County, and but two Market Towns for commerce of commodities; which causeth the Inhabitants (for their better advantage) to travel to others in the Shires next adjoining: but of the two, Ok●ham is the best and fairest, which stands not fare from Burley, that famous and stately house of the right honourable the Lord Harrington, who in this Lordship of Okeham had such an extraordinary Royalty, that if any Noble man came at any time within the precinct of it, he was to forfeit an homage horse-shoe from the Steed whereon he road, or else to redeem it at a price in money: and for a true confirmation thereof, a man may see many horseshoes fastened on the door of the Shire-Hall, whereof some are large and of ancient fashion. The Town is large, and the Church fair. And here also hath been a Castle of defence, which seems by the ruins to have been of great strength. The Elevation of the Pole is here 52. 45. and the Longitude 23. 48. King Edward the Confessor gave this County to E●dg●th his Queen, and after her death to the Monastery at Westminster: but William the Conqueror canceled it, and bestowed the lands upon others. The Coritani (according to Ptolemy) were the ancient Inhabitants of this County, which for air and health is as good, pleasant and delightful, as any other place of the Land, and (for the quantity) hath as fertile a Soil, which for tillage may compare with the best. Woods are here good store, and both hills and pleasant bottoms watered with many fresh Springs, are not wanting, which bring forth abundance of Corn, and with stocks of sheep and herds of Neat are plentifully stored. map of Rutland RUTLAND SHIRE Leicester-shire. THis Shire for the bounds hath Lincoln and Rutland-shires on the East, and on the West the way called Watling-street divides it from Warwickshire; Nottinghamshire imbordereth on the North, and Northamptonshire on the South. It is near as broad as long; for the full length in her greatest Longitude (from East to West) is not altogether thirty miles, and the breadth (from North to South) is twenty four, which makes the whole circumference much upon 196 miles. The division of it is into six Hundreds, namely, Sparkingho, Framland, Goodlaxton, Gartrey, East Goscote, and West Goscote, which do contain in them 200 Parish-Churches. This Shire is watered but with one River of note, (besides small brooks) namely Stowre, yet hath ten Bridges; and in it are also contained two Forests, and fifteen Parks. A dozen of Market Towns are here and there dispersed in this County, for the Inhabitants traffic and commerce, whereof the chiefest is the Shire-Towne Leicester, which (as our old Histories record) in ancient times was called Legecestria, and by Ninus, Caer-Leri●n, being built 844 years before the birth of our Saviour, by King Leir, who there erected the Temple of janus, and in it placed a Flamine, and after (as it is recorded) was therein himself interred. But long after this did Ethelred the King of the Mercians make it an Episcopal Sea, wherein he made Sexwulph the first Bishop. But in process of time, the Bishopric being thence translated, and the Town brought to a low ebb, Edelfred repaired and fortified it with a strong wall, whereof there is now no memorial but by some of the old ruins; for Henry the second both utterly razed the Castle, and fired the Town. It is situate on the River Stowre, near the very midst of the Shire. And the Elevation of the Pole is there 52. 41. and the Longitude 23. 32. In the year 1485 the 22 day of August, near Market Bosworth, was King Richard the Third slain, with 4000 men, in a battle fought by King Henry the seventh, who thereby happily ended the long and woeful contention between the two Houses of York and Lancaster: and the Usurper's body despitefully mangled, laid naked on a horse back, and so carried to Leicester, and was there buried in the Grey Friars. The Air in this County is mild, pleasant, and healthful: The Soil towards the South and East (which is most Champion) is not so woody as the North, (where Pit-cole for fuel is gotten in abundance) yields great store of Corn: So as the chief commodities here are Cattles, Corn, and Pit-cole. And yet for other necessaries, they are nothing wanting. map of Leicestershire LEICESTER SHIRE Stafford-shire. THis County, which we call Staffordshire, was so called also by the English Saxons, and is enclosed on the East with the Rivers of Dow● and Trent, which divide it from Derbyshire; and on the West with Shro●shire: Ch●shire and Da●by-shires confine it on the North, and Warwick and Worcester-shires on the South. The length is measured (from North to South) 44 miles, and the breadth (from East to West) 27, making the whole circumference to contain 140 miles. It is divided into five Hundreds, and they are subdivided into 130 Parishes. There is in it also one City, one Chase, one Forest, and 38 Parks. Thirteen Rivers do irriguate this County, which have over them nineteen Bridges. And for commerce and traffic, it is traded in thirteen Market Towns, whereof Stafford the Shire-Towne is accounted one of the chiefest, which was anciently called Beth●ney, from the holy Hermit Bertlin, that there lived. It hath in times passed on the East and South sides been fortified both with a Wall and Trench, and on the opposite sides had a strange defence of water, which now by time is transformed into fair and pleasant meadows. Four Gates (according to the four Cardinal points) do make way for passage into this Town, which is seated on the North side of the River Sow, and is civilly and orderly governed by two yearly elected Bailisses out of the Common Counsel, consisting of 21 Assistants. The Pole is here elevated to 52. 53. and the Longitude 22. 29. In this Shire also is seated Lichfield, which is both of greater antiquity, and fare more famous than Stafford; and which by Beda was called Licedfeld, signifying a field of dead carcases, which (as some hold) was so termed of a great number of Saints there slain by Dioclesian. In this City did Oswn King of Northumberland build a Church, and made it a Bishop's Sea, which afterwards was by means of King Ossa, and Adrian the Pope, advanced to the dignity of an bishopric: and in this Church were the bodies of Wolphere and Celred, two Mercian Kings, interred. This City at this day is governed by two Bailiffs, and one Sheriff, which from 24 Burgesses are annually elected. By Ptolemy, the ancient Inhabitants of this County were the Cor●a●ij, but afterwards it became part of the Mercian Saxons possession, whose Kings palace was then seated at the Town of Tamworth. Many famous and fair Religious Houses, that a long time flourished, have been raised up in this County: but in continuance of time (as well as others in other Shires) have been razed down and buried in their own ruins. And with thirteen strong Castles also was it once guarded, whereof now but few remain so much as for an ornament to the County. The ●ire here (though toward the North somewhat fresh and sharp) is very healthful; and the Soil on the South fai●e and fruitful, but on the North more barren, by ●eason of Moors and Hills there seated; yet is the middle both well woodded, and watered with many pleasant Rivers, yielding great plenty of Fish, as well as the whole County doth of Flesh, and other necessary commodities, as namely of Corn, Cattell, Woods, Pit-cole, Iron, and Alabaster. map of Staffordshire STAFFORD SHIRE Derbyshire. Derbyshire (which the old Saxons called Deorbyrscire) is on the East enclosed with Nottinghamshire, on the South with Leicester-shire, on the West with Stafford-shire, and with Yorkshire on the North, the River Derwent (as it were) dividing it, falleth into Trent, which overthwarteth the South point of the Shire. The East and South parts are very fruitful, having many Parks in them; but the West (called the Peake) which is hilly, stony, and craggy, is more barren, yet hath it much Led, Iron, and Coals, and is very good for the keeping of sheep. On the West side of Derwent is seated Derby the chiefest Town of the Shire, which by the Danes was called Deoraby, of the River Derwent, contracted from Derwentby, as ancient Athelward records. This Town is of a reasonable bigness, having good trade and resort unto it; the River having a beautiful stone Bridge over it in the North-East of the Town, whereupon was erected a fair Chapel, which is now decaying, besides which there are five Churches in the Town, the greatest whereof (called All-Hallowes) is famous both for the height of the Tower, and the excellency of the workmanship. And close by it the Countess of Shrewsbury hath founded an Hospital for the maintenance of eight men and four women. This Town is governed with two Bailiffs, chosen out of 24 brethren, and as many Burgesses, and a Town-clerk: The Elevation of the Pole being there 55. 5. and the Longitude 23. 7. This was the Rendezvous for the Danes, till Ethelfleda the Mercian Lady by surprising and slaughtering of them, became Mistress of it. And in the time of King Edward the Confessor it had 143 Burgesses. This Shire is in form of a Triangle, the length (from North to South) containing 38 miles, and the breadth in the broadest part near 29 miles, the circumference being about 130 miles. It is divided into six Hundreds, wherein are 106 Parish-Churches. It hath commerce with eight Market Towns, and hath had seven Castles, with eight foundations of Religious Houses and Monasteries. It hath store of Woods, Cattles, and Corn, with Mines of Lead, Millstone, Cole, and Stibium. At a place called Buxtons, in eight yard's compass arise nine Springs, eight warm, and one cold, near which also is another hot Spring from a Well called S. Anne of Buxtons, and close by it another cold Spring; the waters of all which are reported to perform many strange Cures. Not fare hence is a place called Elden Hole, being of a huge wideness, very steep, and of a wonderful depth. And about seven miles from it is an old Castle, called The Castle in the Peake, under which is a hole termed The Devil's Arse, which in the entrance is very wide, having many turnings and retiring rooms in it, and is accounted for one of our English wonders. In Peake Forest near Buxtons is a Well which ebbeth and floweth four times an hour. map of Derbyshire DERBY SHIRE Nottinghamshire. Nottinghamshire is so called from Nottingham the chief Town, and it is bounded on the North and Northwest with the County of York, on the East with Lincolne-shire, the South side being confined with Leicester-shire, and with Derbyshire on the West. It is extended from Fimingly North to Steanford in the South, 38 miles, and from Teversall West to Beesthorpe East, about 20 miles, the whole compass being 110 miles. This Shire is divided into two parts, called by the Inhabitants The Sand and The Clay; and these are subdivided into eight Wapentacks, which contain in them 168 Parish-Churches. This County is trafficked with eight Market Towns for commerce, whereof the best and greatest is Nottingham, which is most pleasantly situated on a high hill, adorned with stately buildings, and for many fair streets much excelling diverse other greater Cities. The Marketplace is large and fair. Many Caves and Vaults are in the Town, which are hewn out of the Rock, but the most famous of them are those under the Castle, whereof one hath the story of Christ's passion engraven on the walls by David the Second King of Scots, being there held prisoner; and another wherein Lord Mortimer was surprised by King Edward the Third, for which cause it is still called Mortimers Hole. The Rooms and Stairs of these are made out of the Rock, the Castle itself being strong. King Edward surnamed the Elder compassed this Town with a Wall, whereof but a little doth now remain, the rest being turned to ruins. The compass of this Town (according to M. Speed) is 2120 paces. And it is governed by a Mayor, two Sheriffs, two Chamberlains, and six Aldermen: The Pole being there elevated 52. 58. and Longitude 23. 35. This County is pleasant, and wholesome for Air; Clayie, Sandie, and rich for Soil; very fruitful both for Corn and Grass, being plentifully stored with Wood, Water, and Cole. In this Shire groweth a Stone, which being not so hard as Alabaster, maketh a Plaster harder than Plaster of Paris, wherewith they use to floor their upper rooms. At a place near Worksopp in this Shire is planted much and very good Liquorice. And at Stoke near Newarke was fought a great Battle by john de la Poole in the reign of King Henry the Seventh. This County hath 5 Rivers interfluent to water and fertilise it, of which Trent is the greatest. It hath also 17 Bridges, and 18 Parks. map of Nottinghamshire NOTTINGHAM SHIRE Yorkshire. THis is the greatest County in all this Land, and by the Saxons was called Effroc-scyre, and Eborascyre, but now by us Yorkshire, which is bounded on the East with the Germane Seas, on the West with the Counties of Westmoreland and Lancashire, on the South with Cheshire, Derby, Not ingham, and Lincoln shires; and on the North it is parted by the River Tees from the Bishopric of Durham. In length (from Harthill in the South to the beginning of Tees in the North) is contained about 70 miles, and the breadth (from Flamborough head to Horn Castle on the River Lun) 80, making the whole compass much upon 308 miles. It is divided into three parts, called Ridings, viz. the East, West, and North Ridings; and they are subdivided into Hundreds, whereof the West Riding contains ten, the North Riding twelve, and the East Riding five, making in all 27 Hundreds, which contain in them 563 Parish-Churches, besides very many Chapels of ease. It is interlaced with 36 Rivers, over which a man may pass by 62 Bridges. It hath but one City, and one Bishop's Sea, but is delighted with four Chases, eight Forests, and 72 Parks. It hath been fortified with fifteen strong Castles, and for traffic and commerce amongst the Inhabitants is traded with 45 Market Towns, whereof the most famous is the ancient and renowned City of York, which by Ptolemy was called Brigantium, and by the Britain's Caer Effrock. It is accounted the second City of England, and for beauty of building, and other ornaments, it fare surpasseth all others in the County. It is large, fair, rich, and populous, being made a Metropolitan City by Honorius, where King Henry the Ei●hth established a Counsel, consisting of a Lord Precedent, with diverse Counsellors at the King's pleasure, and a Secretary to hear and determine all causes in those Northern parts. In this City both lived and died the Emperor Severus, whose ashes were afterwards carried to Rome, and there shrived. Here also (we read) was sometime seated a Temple dedicated to the Goddess Bellona. And here died the Emperor Constantius, surnamed Chlorus, who in this city kept his royal Court. It was most famous also for a long time, in the English Saxons time, till the Danes suppressed and destroyed it, yet afterwards it recovered itself, and by the Citizens was strengthened with a Wall, adorned and fortified with Towers and Bulwarks, and is now governed by a Lord Maior, 12. Aldermen, diverse Chamberlains, and a Recorder. The latitude being here 54. 3. and the longitude 23. 48. divers other fair, famous, and remarkable Towns are seated in this Province, as Richmond, Hul, Halifax, and many others, whereof I am abridged particularly to discourse, by the straightness of my limits: As also am I restrained from relating of many strange rarities, wherewith this County is plentifully stored; as the dropping Well at Knausbrough, the Giggleswicke springs, Saint Wilfrids' Needle, Constantius his Lamp, the Mountain Co●les, and Sea-fish stones; as also those at Whitby, which are form like wreathed Serpents; of all which I must refer you to our former and most famous Historiographers, Mr. Camden, Mr. Speed, and others. With very many Abbeys, Monasteries, and Religious houses, hath this Shire been adorned, which are now subverted and utterly decayed. The Air here, though it be more sharp and frigid than in other parts of the land, yet is it very healthful; and the Soil, though in some places sterile and barren, yet in others, fat, rich and fruitful; so as what is defective in one part, is supplied by another, the whole Continent feeling no want, because it is generally sufficiently stored with Corn, Cattell, Fish, Fowle, and hath many mines of Copper, Led, Cole, Stone. Allome, Coperasse, and other rich commodities. map of Yorkshire YORK SHIRE The Bishopric of Durham. THis Province, which we call The Bishopric of Durham, is confined on the East by the Germane Seas, and on the West is parted from Cumberland, Westmoreland, and Stainesmore, by the River Tees: Yorkshire bounds it on the South, and Northumberland on the North. It is shaped in the fashion of an Hoscedes Triangle, having two sides containing much upon thirty miles a piece, and that by the Sea side but about 23 or 24, making the whole circumference to contain near to 103 miles, within which compass are dispersed 118 Parish-Churches. In this Shire are interfluent eleven Rivers, which are passable by twenty Bridges: and because the quantity of the County is but small, there is in it but one City, one Bishopric, and but six Market Towns, whereof the chiefest is the ancient City of Durham, which was called by the Saxons Dunholm, of the word Dun signifying an Hill, and Holme an Island; for indeed it is almost circularly engird with the River of Were. It was at first erected (as we have it by tradition) by the Monks of Lyndisferne, who by Oracle were commanded to do it. And here did William the Conqueror upon an high hill raise a strong and stately Castle; and not only so, but made it a County Palatine, whereof the Bishops in times past have had the Royalties of Princes. And here was the Tomb of S. Cuthbert, whereto King Egfrid, Aelfrid, Athelstane, and others of our English Kings, came in Pilgrimage (and some of them ) in humble devotion, and to give great gifts and offerings to the Church, in the West part whereof is still remaining the Marble monument of the Reverend Beda, that learned Monk of Wermouth. And here is the Pole elevated 54. 56. ½. and the Longitude 22. 54. The Inhabitants of this County in Ptolemies time, were the brigants, whom the Romans conquered, and after that, by the Saxons was this Shire made a part of the Kingdom of Northumberland, which the Danes subdued, and was lastly overcome and possessed by the Normans. About a mile from Darlington in this County, have I seen 3 round Ponds of water, which the Country people call Hell-Kettles, which are in form circular, the water always temperately warm, and (as they say) never seen to be frozen. They likewise affirm them to be bottomless, because by no means they could ever be sounded. But of their strange beginning, with other particulars of them, as also of the salt stones in the River Were at Batterby (considering the strictness of my bounds) I must refer you to the learned Works of our ever famous Antiquary M. Camden. With diverse rich Religious Houses hath this County been beautified, which are now defaced and subverted; and with seven strong Castles was it fortified, sed tempus edax rerum. The Air is here sharp, subtle, and healthful; and Soil on the East side well stored with Pastures and Arable Grounds, but moorish on the South: and though other parts be more barren, yet are they so well stored with Coalpits, that besides their own abundant expense, they vent so much to other parts, as is a constant annual and exceeding great benefit to the Inhabitants. map of Durham THE BISHOPRIC OF DURHAM. Northumberland. THis County was called by the English Saxons Northhumberland, and is bounded on the South with the Bishopric of D●rham, on the North with Scotland, on the West with part of Scotland and part of C●mberland, and on the East with the Germane Sea. It is fashioned in a triangular form, containing from the Southeast to the South-west, about 40 miles; and from the South-west to the North point, much upon 60 miles; from whence to W●llinton by the Sea Coast, 45 miles; whereby the whole circumference amounts to the measure of 145 miles or thereabouts. In which circuit are included but 46 Parish-Churches. Many Rivers, over which a man may pass by 16 Bridges. It hath one Forest in it, and eight Parks. And for trade and traffic amongst the Inhabitants, there are dispersed in this County but five Market Towns, whereof the principal is Nowcastle upon Tine, so called of a new Castle built there by Robert the son of William the Conqueror: but before the Conquest it was called Monke-Chester, as a strong defence for Monks that it seems were resident there. It is now rich and famous, and very populous by reason of the plentiful vent of Sea-Coles, which from thence are uttered in f●rre more abundance th●n from any other part or place in E●gland beside. Richard the Second granted, that a Sword should be carried before the Mayor; and Hen●y the Sixth made it a Country within itself. It hath a strong wall, with eight Gates for entrance about it, and half so many Churches within it. And from thence, or rather from Ty●e M●●th, beginneth that famous wall called Th● Picts wall, built first of earth, but afterwards of stone by the Romans, containing (as Be●a saith) eight foot in breadth, and twelve foot in height, reaching in length from the Germane Seas East to the Irish Seas West, cutting thorough the County of Cumberland, as well as this Province. Another chief Town here is Barw●cke, the furthest and strongest of all this Land of England. It is situate on the Sea side, and on the North of the River Tweed, between England and Scotland, and hath many times been tossed by Fortune, sometimes to the subjection of the Scots, and then again to the English, till Edward the Fourths time, who with his Successors from time to time so fortified it, as it hath ever since remained in the possession of the English. The Pole being there elevated 55. 51. 1/ ● and the Longitude 23. 0. In Ptolemies time the Ottadini were the Inhabitants of this County, which then were, since have been, and still are a stout, hardly, and warlike people, being very excellent Light Horsemen, as they have often tried themselves in their many Battles and Encounters between them and the Scots. Very many remarkable and notable Roman Antiquities, as old decayed Altars, Inscriptions, Coins, etc. have been and yet are found as well along the Wall, as in other places of this County. The Air here, as well as in other Northern parts, is sharp, cold, and piercing; The Soil sterile and barren, except in those places next the Sea, and on the banks of the River Tyne. Their chiefest commodity being Sea-Cole, wherewith they not only profit and pleasure themselves, but do the like to others abundantly, by transporting them to other remote places. map of Northumberland NORTHUMBER LAND Cumberland. THis County of Cumberland, which is situate in the Northwest part of this Realm, and is the furthest part of the Land on that point, was named Cumber of those Britain's that called themselves Cumbri and Canbri. It is bordered upon on the North side with Northumberland and part of Scotland, on the South with part of Lancashire, on the East with Westmoreland, and on the West with the Irish Sea. It is long and narrow, containing in length 54 miles, and at the broadest is not much above 30. And though (as other Shires bordering on Scotland are) it is exempted from Subsidy, and therefore wants the division of Hundreds, yet are there (besides Chapels of ease) 58 Parish-Churches contained in it: and also there are 20 Rivers in it, having 33 Bridges. There is one City, one Bishopric, three Forests, and eight Parks. And for traffic and commerce amongst men, there are dispersed in it nine Market Towns, whereof the ancient City of Carlisle is the principal, which by the Romans was called Lugwallum, by Ptolemie Leucoipibia, and by Ninius Caer-Lualid. It is situate very commodiously and delectably, between the Rivers of Eden, Petterell, and Cand. It was strong, fair and famous, in the time of the Romans, but was ruinated by the Scots and Picts after their departure, till Northumberlands King Egsrid re-edified and enclosed it in a wall. And afterwards, when again the Danes had destroyed it, King William Rusus built the Castle and restored it, so as now (besides the natural helps of the Rivers which encompass three parts of it) it is fortified with a strong stone wall, a Castle, and a Citadel, between which almost in the midst stands the Cathedral Church. The Elevation of the Pole being there 55. 18. and the Longitude 21. 41. In Ptolemies time the brigants were the ancient Inhabitants of this County, but afterwards those Britain's that were called Cumbri possessed it. And when the Danes had sore troubled the Saxons, this County of Cumberland was accounted a Kingdom of itself, which King Stephen (in his time) gave to the King of Scots; but Henry the Second both claimed and got it again from that Crown. In this Shire there have been and still are found many Antiquities of the Romans, whose furthest bounds are accounted no further than this County, as witnesseth the tract of that admirable wall called The Picts wall, which was built by Severus, and whereof diverse parts do yet remain, where (as also in diverse other places) are still remaining the ruins of Altars, and Inscriptions of several Colonies and Captains, etc. At Salkelds in this County are 77 stones, containing ten foot in height above ground, and one of them fifteen, which a●e commonly called Long Megg and her Daughters, but were erected there for the memorial of a victory there obtained. This Province as it hath been strengthened with 25 strong Castles, so hath it been beautified with many fair Religious Houses, which by King Henry the Eighth were utterly suppressed. The Air (though bitter and sharp) is yet healthful. The South part of the County is hilly; the midst level, and more populous, and yields sufficient provision for the Inhabitants; but the North is hilly, wild and desolate. The commodities here are Corn, Grasse, Sheep, Cattles, Fish, and Fowl, with black Lead and mines of Copper, which yield much profit to the Country. map of Cumberland CUMBER LAND Westmoreland. THis County, called in Latin Westmorlandia, and Westmaria, we in English call Westmoreland, for the store of Moors and Hills contained in it. It is bordered upon on the East side by Yorkshire and The Bishopric of Durham, on the West and North sides with the County of Cumberland, and Lancashire on the South. It extendeth from Kirkland North to Burton South, 30 miles, and stretcheth in wideness (from Eden East to Dunbalrase stones in the West) 24 miles, making the measure of the whole circuit much upon 112 miles; in which compass are contained 26 Parish-Churches. This Shire is well watered with eight Rivers, which have fifteen Bridges over them. And in it also are two Forests, and nineteen Parks. And for intercourse of people for commerce and traffic, there are but four Market Towns, whereof that of the greatest account is Kendale, which is also called Kirkby Kendale, being situate on the River Can, and for that cause so called. It is famous for the making of woollen clothes, whereby it is become very populous and very wealthy, having good utterance for them thorough all the other parts of this Land. It is civilly and orderly governed by an Alderman annually elected out of his twelve brethren, which are his Assistants, and are known from others by their Purple Habits; with whom is joined a Recorder, and two Chamberlains. The Pole is here elevated 54. 40. and the Longitude 21. 53. The brigants were also the ancient Inhabitants of this County, where at a place called Apleby are often found pieces of antique Coin, and some Inscriptions showing that the Aurelian Maures kept there a station in the time of the Romans. The Records of this County speak but of one Monastery founded in it, which was built by Thomas the son of Gospatrick, near to the River Loder, where is a Spring that diverse times a day both ebbs and flows. And there are also a row of stones set equidistant, reaching a mile in fashion of Pyramids, whereof some of them are nine, and some thirteen or fourteen foot high, which are supposed to be the memorable monument of some notable act performed in that place. In the River Can near Kendale are two such violent Water-falls, where in the descent it makes such a noise, that the Inhabitants adjoining can thereby forejudge of the weather; for if that which is North from them sound clear and loud, they expect fair weather: but if that on the South do so, they then look for and find the contrary. The Air is cold and sharp but very healthfully; and the Soil also but barren and unfruitful. Their chiefest commodities consist upon Clothing. map of Westmorland WESTMOR LAND Lancashire. THis in the Saxon language was called Loncasderscyre, which we call Lanc●shir●, and The County Palatine of Lancaster. It is bounded on the East with Derbyshire, on the West with the Irish Seas: Cheshire confines it on the South, and Westmoreland, Camberland, and Yorkshire, border on the North. The full length of it is (from Hallwood South to Brathey North) 57 miles, and the wideness (between Denton East and Formby near Altmouth West) 31 miles, making the measure of the whole compass to contain about 170 miles. The division is into six Hundreds, containing (besides many Chapels of ease) 36 Parishes, so large and populous, as the like are not in any other part of the Land. In this County are interspersed 33 Rivers, where over a man may pass by 24 Bridges: and one Chase, and 30 Parks. And for concourse of people for trade and traffic, in this Shire are seated fifteen fair Market Towns, whereof that of greatest account is the Shire-Towne Lancaster, which is most pleasantly situate on the South side of the River L●n, and is adorned with a fair Church, a strong Castle, and a stately Bridge. Civilly and orderly doth a Mayor, yearly chosen out of twelve of his Brethren, with the assistance of two Bailiffs, 24 Burgesses, two Chamberlains, and a Recorder, govern this Town; where the Elevation of the Pole is 54. 18. and the Longitude 21. 36. The ancient Inhabitants of this County were also the brigants, of whom I have spoken in other former Shires, and whom the Emperor Claudius subjugated to the Romans: But afterwards was this County made part of Northumberlands Kingdom, till the Danes (and after them the Normans) conquered it. In this Shire Manchester is notable for the Church, College, and Marketplace: And Riblechester (sometimes the seat of the Romans) for that it was once held to be the richest Town in all Christendom. Here also near furnace Fills is Wynander-mere, being very deep, and ten miles in length, accounted for the greatest standing water in all this Land, and yet is all paved with stone in the bottom. This County is also famous for the four Henry's, viz. the Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, and Seventh, which descending from john of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, were all afterwards renowned Kings of England. divers Castles, and four Religious Houses, are now suppressed, that sometimes adorned this County. The Air is here healthful, though cold and searching; And the Soil, though not so fertile as in other places, yet produceth large Cattles, good Corn, with Grass, Ilax, Cole, and almost all other necessary commodities. map of Lancashire LANCASHIRE Cheshire. THis Shire, which we call the County Palatine of Chester, was by the Saxons both called and written Cestenscire, and is divided from Derby & Stafford-shires on the East, by the Rivers of Goit, Dane, and Mercey; and on the West, by Dee, from Denbygh. On the Northside lies Lancashire, and the South is confined with Flint and Shrop-shire. It containeth in length from East to West 47. miles, and at the broadest between North and South 26. which causeth the measure of the whole circumference to contain about 142. miles. This County is divided into 7. Hundred, which contain in them (besides 38. Chapels of ease) 86. Parish Churches. It hath also in it one City, one Bishopric, and is watered with 9 Rivers, over which men do pass by 19 Bridges. Two Forests and 18. Parks are also in this Shire. And for traffic and commerce amongst the Inhabitants, there are dispersed in convenient places 15. Market Townes, the chief whereof is the fair and famous City of Chester, of which the whole County carries the name, and was sometimes the strong Fort of Ostorius, who was Claudius the Emperor's Lieu-tenant. It is pleasantly situate on the North side of the River Dee, over which a fair and strong stone Bridge, built on 8. arches and beautified: two fair gates at each end: give passage to the Town, which is encircled with a high and strong wall, containing (besides seven Towers and three Posterns) four fair Gates at the four Cardinal points of the Compass. On the North side of this City, Earl Leofrick built the Minster, which by Hugh the first Normaine Earl of Chester, was afterward both repaired and fairly beautified. And in it (as we have it by tradition) Henry the fourth, Emperor of Almane, after he had there a long ●ime led a Hermit's life, was interred: and on the South side stands the Castle, encompassed with a circular wall. This City was first ruined by the Northumberland King Egfrid, who there slew 1200. Monks, and afterwards by the Danes, but by Edelsteda was both re-edified and beautified. In this City King Edgar was towed from Saint john's to his Palace by eight other Kings, who did him homage, and himself as Supreme steered the Helm. And Henry the seventh made it a County of itself, which is now governed by an annually elected Mayor, two Sheriffs, four and twenty Aldermen, and a Recorder. It hath had in it diverse Religious houses, which time hath now transformed to ruins. The Pole is there elevated 53. 15. of Latitude, and the Longitude 21. 27. This Shire hath been fortified with eight other Castles, and as many famous Religious Houses, which were suppressed by King Henry the eight. The Air in this County is both pleasant and healthful; the Soil fat, rich and fruitful, bringing abundance both of profit and pleasure to the Inhabitants. And for Commodities, it yields plentiful store of Corn, Cattell, Fowle, Fish, Salt, Mines, Metals, White-meats, and most of all other necessary and useful commodities. map of Cheshire CHESSHIRE Shropshire. THis Shire by the old Saxons was written and termed Sciripscyre, which at this day we call Shropshire. It is bordered upon on the East with Stafford-shire, on the West with Denbigh and Montgomery: Radnor, Hereford, and Worcester-shires do bound upon the South, and the County Palatine of Chester on the North. From Wooferton South, to Over near Trent on the North, (which is the full length) it contains 34 miles, and at the broadest (between Tongue in the East and Oswestre West) 25, making the whole circumference to contain about 134 miles. The division of this County is shared into 15 Hundreds, whose subdivision into Parishes is 170. It is well watered with 18 Rivers, which have 13 large Bridges for passage. And in this Shire are found 7 Forests, and 27 Parks. In 14 Market Towns have the Inhabitants commerce and traffic, whereof that of most note is the ancient Shire-Towne of Shrewsbury, which is both large and wealthy, containing many fair Streets, adorned with beautiful buildings, wherein are many rich and wealthy Inhabitants, who honestly attain thereto, by their trading for the most part in Wools, Cloth, and Frieze. It is strongly walled, having a Bulwark descending from the Castle to the side of Severre, on the North bank whereof is the Town most pleasantly situate: and for passage, on the East and West sides are built two fair Bridges of stone, and another entrance on the North, over which stands the ruinous remainder of the old Castle. The government of this Town is committed to two annually elected Bailiffs, with 24 Burgesses, and a Recorder. The height of the Pole is here 52. 49. and the Longitude 21. 38. This County in times past hath been much troubled with many grievous broils, which caused the Inhabitants to fortify themselves with diverse walled Towns, and 32 strong Castles, whereof now most of them are utterly decayed, but that at Ludlow was made by King Henry the Seventh the Court of his eldest Palace for the Lord Precedent, who with diverse Counsellors, a Secretary, Attorney, Solicitor, and four justices of the Welsh Counties, he appointed in their Terms to plead, hear, and determine of causes. near Clune Castle in this Shire is yet remaining the Fort of Cara●tac●● a Prince of the S●lures, about the year of our Lord 53, which was won by P. Ostorius the Rom●n. In which Town of Clune, amongst other memorable passages, I saw a Pardon for one john Clune Esquire, servant to King Henry the Eighth, for reservation of his name and blood, who accidentally slew one of the Burgesses thereof in the Churchyard: which Pardon was granted and signed by Pope julian the second, and was showed to me by m● good friend Master Edmund Clun●, the son of Maurice Clun●, of the same House and Family ●● eally descending. The A●re in this County is both healthful and pleasant; the So●le rich and fertile, y●●lding Wheat, Barley, Pit-cole, Iron, and Woods in abundance. map of Shropshire SHROPSHIRE Hereford-shire. THis County (which we call Hereford-shire) was named by the Britain's Ereinuc. It is bordered upon on the North with Worcester and Shropshires, on the South with Monmouth-shire; on the East it is divided from by Maluerne Hills, and the West is bounded by Brecknock and Radnorshires. The form of it is circular, containing in length (from Maluerne Hills on the East, to Michael Church West) about 26 miles; and in breadth (from Lanruthell South to Over Sapie North) 24 miles, causing the whole circumference to amount to 102 miles, or thereabouts. It is divided into 11 Hundreds, and those are subdivided into 176 Parishes. It contains one City, one Bishopric, thirteen Rivers passable by eleven Bridges; one Chase, two Forests, and eighteen Parks. And for commerce and trade the Inhabitants have eight Market Towns, whereof the principal is the City of Hereford, which worthy M. Camden is of opinion to have sprung from the ruins of old Ariconium, but is delectably seated amongst pleasant Meadows and plentiful Corne-fields, and almost round about encircled with the River of Wye, and another on the North side whose name is not known. It grew first famous for the supposed sanctity of King Ethelbert, who was there entombed after he had been murdered by King Offaes' wife, when he came to woo her daughter: and in honour of him did Mildred a petty King of that County build the Cathedral Church, which afterward was consumed by fire, but re-edified by Bishop Reivelin, and the Town enclosed in a wall, with six Gates, and fifteen Towers: and is civilly governed by a Mayor (yearly elected out of 13. Citizen's) and his Brethren, whereof four of the ancientest are justices of Peace, and a Recorder. The Latitude being there 52. 7. ½. and the Longitude 21. 50. In this City King Athelstane (as Malmesbury reports) caused the Lords of Wales to pay an annual Tribute (besides Hawks and Hounds) of twenty pounds of Gold, and 300 pounds of Silver by weight. The ancient Inhabitants of this County were the Silureses, a fierce, hardy, and valiant people, as appears by their nine years opposition to the Romans. And afterwards the Saxons made this County a part of their Mercian Kingdom: and Sutton was their Royal Court kept of their great King Offa. Before the Conquest this County was accounted with those of Wales against England; but when it was joined to the English, with diverse Castles was it fortified against the Welsh: for we read that in times past it hath been strengthened with 28 strong and fair Castles, most of which are now low buried in the heaps of their own ruins. Of remarkable things in this Shire, the Spring called Bone Well, near Richard's Castle, is famous for Fish-bones and no Fish, which though it be clearly cleansed thereof, will shortly after be furnished afresh with the like. But the great wonder was the admirable motion of Marcley Hill, containing about 26 acres, within our own memory, Anno 1571, which with a great noise removed itself from its own place, and went continually for three days together, carrying with it sheep in their coats, hedge-rowes and trees, and overthrowing Kinnaston Chapel, and diverse trees, turning two high ways near 100 yards from their usual Road, and bearing the earth before it the space of 400 yards. With very many Religious Houses hath this Shire been adorned; but in the time of King Henry the Eighth were utterly ruinated, as many others in all other Counties. The Air is here pleasant, healthful, and temperate; and the Soil as fertile and fruitful as any other in England, yielding Corn, Cattell, Wool, Wheat, and almost all other necessary commodities, for the use of the Inhabitants. map of Herefordshire HEREFORD SHIRE Radnor-shire. RAdnor-shire, in the British Sire Maiseveth, being in form threesquare, is on the South side separated from Brecknokshire by the River Why; on the North it bordereth upon Montgomery-shire; on the Southeast upon Hereford-shire. The East and South parts of this Shire be fare more fruitful than the rest. It hath in it two and fifty Parishes, and three Towns of note, the principal whereof is Radnor, in British Maiseveth, which in times past was firmly fenced with a wall, but after that Owen Glendowre had burnt it, it began to grow to decay. It is probable that this Maiseveth or Radnor, was that ancient City Magi, which Antonine the Emperor calleth Magnos, where the Governor of the Pacensian Regiment lay in garrison under the Lieu-tenant of Britain, in the reign of Theodosius the younger: for Writers of the middle age call the Inhabitants of this coast Magesetae, and make mention of Earls Magesetenses; also the distance, if it be counted from Gobannium or Abergevenny, or from Brangonium, (i) Worcester differeth not from Antonines computation. Three miles Eastward from this Town lieth Prestaine, in British Lhan Andrew (i) St. Andrews Church, which of a very little Village, by the means of Richard Martin, Bishop of St. david's, is of late years grown to be so great and fair a M●rket Town, that it dimmeth the light of Radnor. Scarce four miles from Prestaine standeth Knighton, a Town not inferior to the former, it is called in the British Trebuclo, in stead of Trefyclaudh, of a famous Ditch lying under it, which Offa, King of the Mercians, caused to be cast from Dee mouth to Wye mouth, to separate the Britaines from his Englishmen. In the South-west of this Country lieth a wide wilderness, into which Vortigerne (whose memory the Britain's may wish damned) withdrew himself, when he had called the Saxons into this Land, and in horrible incest married his own daughter; and here was he, with his City Treguortig●rn, burnt with fire from heaven. And not fare from the place where this Vortiger●, the last absolute Monarch of the Britain's, perished, was Lhewellin, the last Prince of Wales of the British race, slain by Roger Francton. The Mortimers, not long after the Conquest, won a great part of this little country, and after that they had been a long time eminent above others in these parts, King Edward the Third created Roger Mortimer, Lord of Wigmore, Earl of these Welsh limits, or according to the common speech, Earl of March. map of Radnorshire RADNOR SHIRE Brecknockshire. THis County of Brecknock was called Brechineau in the British tongue, of one Brichavius, a Prince, that as the Inhabitants report, had four and twenty daughters, and all of them Canonised for Saints. It is bounded on the East with Monmouth and Radnorshires: on the West with Carmarden and Cardigan: on the South with Glamorgan; and the North side by the Rivers Wye and Clarwen, is divided from Radnor. The length of it from Istragunles South, to Llanuthel North is 28. miles, and the extent of the broadest part from Pentrisso East, to Llywell West 20. the whole compass containing much upon 102. miles. Into six Hundreds is this Shire severed, and those are subdivided into 61. Parishes: with 27. Rivers is it interlaced, over which in diverse places are 13. Bridges for passage. And for Traffic and trade amongst the Inhabitants, it is stored but with three Market Towns, namely, Hay, Bealt, and the Shire Town Brecknock, which is now accounted the principal, though the other two in former times would have been preferred. Hay, pleasantly seated on Wye and Dulas, in Owen Glendowrs rebellion was utterly ruinated; and Bealt, though still in some frequency, yet is now nothing to what in antique Ages it hath been; but Brecknock at this time is the best, which being pleasantly seated on the River's uske and Howthy, is fortified with a fair strong wall, that besides ten Towers, hath 3. Gates for entrance, with a stately Castle, situate on the West part of the Town, and is moreover beautified with diverse fair buildings. It is civilly governed by two Bailiffs, fifteen Aldermen, two Chamberlains, two Constables; where the Pole is elevated. 52. 8. and the longitude 21. 11. The Inhabitants of this County, that anciently possessed it, were the Silureses, who greatly opposed the Romans, whereto they were much advantaged by the huge Mountains, wherewith the Shire is replenished; one of them near Brecknock, which in Welsh they call Mounch-denny, is of an uncredible height, in so much as nothing, without it be some metalline substance or stone, can be cast from the top of it, but with the air and wind it will be blown up again, and never fall to the ground. Llynsavathan also, which is near to Brecknock, is also admirable, for there (by report) stood a sumptuous City, which sunk down in an earthquake. And with nine Castles hath this County been accommodated. The Air being cold, sharp, and piercing; and the Soil though for the most part hilly, sterile and barren, yet the fresh Riverers issuing from the Mountains, make the Valleys so fruitful, as they yield both Corn and Grass in abundance. map of Brecknockshire BRECKNOCK SHIRE Monmouth-shire. FOr the River Mounowe is this Town Monmouth so termed, and from that Town we call this County Monmouth-shire: which on the East is bordered upon by , on the West by Brecknock and Glamorgan-shires. The South is bounded by the Severne Sea, and the North by the River Monnowe, divided from Hereford-shire. The extent of the greatest measure between North and South, is about twenty four miles in length, and at the widest between East and West, not above nineteen, the whole circumference being much upon 76. miles. The division of it is into six Hundreds, wherein are contained 127. Parish Churches, and with the pleasant streams of fifteen Rivers, passable by fourteen Bridges is it interlaced; besides which, for more delight in this Shire is there one Chase and eight Parks: and for Trade and Traffic of buying and selling, six Market Towns, whereof that of the greatest note, is the ancient Shire Town of Monmouth, which between the two Rivers Wye and Monnowe is very delectably situate: wherein is yet remaining a fair Church and thirteen Gates, besides the Tower upon the Bridge. But that which was called the Monks Church, and was in times past most curiously edified in the East end of the Town, is now utterly ruined, as well as the Castle on the North, which yet will be ever memorable for the birth of the famous and victorious King Henry the Fifth. The government of this Town is committed to a Mayor, two Bailiffs, fifteen common Counsellors, and a Town Clerk. The elevation of the Pole being there 15. 53. and the Longitude 21. 39 The Silureses were the ancient Inhabitants of this County, who had Caerwent for their principal place of abode, where the British St. Tathaie made an Academy. And at Caerlion lay the second Roman Legion called Augusta, whereof yet are found many antique Roman testimonies. And here also did the great King Arthur keep his Royal Court, which then was a most magnificent City, but is now entombed in the heaps of her own ruins. And so also are diverse Religious Houses sometime that beautified, and fourteen strong Castles, that sometime fortified this famous Province: where the Air is pleasant and healthful, and the Soil, (though hilly) yet rich, fruitful, and full of Woods; yielding plenty of Corn, Grasse, Cattell, and many other necessary Commodities. map of Monmouthshire MONMOUTH SHIRE Glamorgan-shire. THis Province which is called Glamorgan-shire, is supposed by some to derive the name from one Morgan, a Prince that possessed it; but others hold, that it hath it from the Abbey Morgan, which on the South side of this Shire, near the Sea, did Earl William of Gloucester build. And it is severed by the River Remner on the East, from the County of Monmouth, and on the West, by the River Loghor from Caermardenshire. The South is enclosed with the British Sea, and the North is bounded upon by Brecknock. It contains in length, from East to West, almost forty miles, and in the breadth, from South to North, almost twenty, making the whole compass to contain 112. miles, which are distinguished into twelve Hundreds, and those are subdivided into 118. Parishes. This Shire is well watered with sixteen Rivers, and contains for Commerce and Trade six Market Towns, whereof the chiefest is Cardiff, which the Britain's called Caerdid, being pleasantly situated on the East side of the River Tave, and in King Rufus time was strengthened with a wall, having four Gates, and a strong Castle built by Fitz-Haimon: but afterwards the Normans won it, and Rufus made it his Royal Court. This Town is Governed by a Mayor, annually elected out of twelve Aldermen, who are assisted with as many other Burgesses, a Town Clerk, and four Constables. The elevation of the Pole being there 51. 32 ½. and the Longitude 20. 21.. And near to this is the City Landaffe, where nothing but the Cathedral Church and Castle is worthy observance. Minyd-Margan is a Hill in this County, on the top whereof is a Monument, that hath such strange Characters, that (as the country people report and believe) he that readeth them shall shortly after die. This County in times past hath been strongly fortified with five and twenty Castles, whereof the most part are quite consumed to ruins, as are also some Religious Houses, which in former ages did adorn this Country. The Air is cheerful, pleasant and temperate. And the Soil, though the more North, the more Hilly, yet Southward, is plain, even and fruitful, yielding to the Inhabitants good store of Corn and Cattell. map of Glamorgan GLAMORGAN SHIRE Caermardenshire. THis County of Caermarden hath the name from the Town of Caermarden, which the ancient Britain's called Caer-Firdhin, and is environed on the East with Brecknock and Glamorganshire, on the West with Pembrook-shire; on the South with the British Sea, and on the North with Cardiganshire. The length of it from point to point, in the longest part, being not above five and thirty miles, and the wideness from the broadest part twenty, so as the measure of the whole circumference contains about an hundred and two miles. It is parted into six Hundreds, which are again divided into 87. Parishes. It is irriguated with eight and twenty Rivers, which may be passed by sixteen Bridges: and it containeth two Parks and four Forests. In six Market Towns have the Inhabitants Traffic and Commerce, the chief whereof is the Shire Town Caermarden, which in Ptolemy's time was called Maridunum, and is very delectably situate on the Western side of the River Towy, which divideth the whole Shire in the midst: over which water is a fair strong built Bridge of stone, for passage to the Town; wherein upon a Rock is seated a large Castle, from whence a wall environeth the Town, where (by report we have it) was borne the famous Welsh Prophet Merlin, being the son of an Incubus spirit. This Town hath formerly been the Exchequer for all South Wales. The government whereof is now committed to a Mayor (who ever after is a justice of Peace) with two Sheriffs and sixteen Burgesses. The Pole being there elevated 50. 50. & the Latitude 20. 16. The ancient Inhabitants of this County, were the Dimetriae, yet some think they were part of the Silureses, and that this Shire was afterward the strong Fort of the Romans, where lay their Legions, as appeareth by their Coins lately found at Kilmanlloyd. Some seven or eight mile Eastward from Caermarden are the ruins of Castle Carreg on the top of an high Hill, which is famous for spacious holes and wide Caves that are within it, and also for a Well which ebbs and flows twice every four and twenty hours. The Air is here pleasant, temperate and healthful. The Soil not so Hilly, and more fertile than in some adjoining Shires. And for Commodities produceth Corn, Cattell, Grasse, Woods and Pit-coale, with plenty of Fowl and Fish, whereof the Salmon is there caught in very great abundance. map of Carmarthenshire CARMADEN SHIRE Pembrokeshire. THis Shire which (as learned Mr. Cambden reports) was in old books named the Lawful County of Pembroch, is bounded on the East side by the County of Caermarden, on the West and South by the Irish Seas, and on the North with the Rivers Keach and Tyvy is divided from Cardigan. And the length of the Shire from Cardigan North, to St. gower's point South, contains 26. miles; and the breadth from Landeny East, to St. David's point West, about twenty; whereby the whole compass is accounted much upon 93. miles. The division of this Shire is into seven Hundreds, wherein are dispersed the number of 145. Parish Churches. There being interfluent in this County six Rivers, that have seven Bridges. In it also are two Forests and three Parks: And for the Inhabitants intercourse for Trade and Traffic, they are furnished in this County with siue Market Townes, whereof that which is accounted the chief, is Pembroke, the Shire Town, and Denominator of the County, which is pleasantly seated on the Bank of a Creek, where the water ebbeth and floweth even up to the walls: which having three Gates in a long form (and now decaying) do enclose the Town, which on the West end hath a Castle, that hath been large and strong. And a Causey locked, which is the way to Monton Priory, now suppressed. Within the walls are two Parish Churches, and the Town at this day governed by a Mayor, assisted with Bailiffs and Burgesses: the height of the Pole being there 51. 47. and the Longitude 19 40. Another Town noteworthy in the West of this Shire, is ancient St. David's, which is barren and unfruitful, standing open to all kind of ill weather, and yet from thence came St. Patrick the Irish Apostle, whose parents were the British Priest Calphurnius and his wife Concha, that was Sister to St. Martin. This City, though ill stored with houses and Inhabitants, hath yet a fair Cathedral Church, in the Choir whereof is entombed Edmund Earl of Richmond, King Henry the Sevenths' father, for whose sake King Henry the Eighth spared the pulling down of this Church in the time of Suppression. The ancient Inhabitants of this County were the Dimetriae, but long after King Henry the First planted Flemings there, Monto Priory and St. Dogmells were the Religious Houses that I find were erected in this Shire, and in the dissolution were suppressed; yet with sixteen strong Castles and two Blockhouses at the mouth of Milford Haven was it well fortified. The Air being temperate and wholesome, and the Soil fat, fertile and full of Marle, yielding plenty of Corn, Cattell, Fowle and Fish. Pembrokeshire PENBROKE SHIRE Cardiganshire. THis County of Cardigan, called by old Latin Writers Geretica, and in British, Sire-Aber-Tius, is bordered upon on the East by Montgomery and Brecknockshires, on the West by the Irish Sea, on the South by Towy and Tivy is divided from Caermardenshire, and on the North by the River Dovy, from Merioneth-shire. It contains from Cardigan Town in the South, to the River Dovy on the North, 32. miles, and stretcheth her widest part from Clarwen head in the East, to Aberystwyth on the West, but fifteen; the whole content of the compass being about 103. miles. It is divided into five Hundreds, which are subdivided into 64. Parishes: 26. Rivers and Riverets, with nine Bridges, are pleasantly interspersed in it. And for negotiating of business for the Inhabitants, four Market Towns, whereof Cardigan the Shire Town is the principal, which on the North side of the River Tyvy, on a high bank is pleasantly seated, which Gilbert the Clare, to whom King Henry the First gave this County, encompassed with a wall that hath three ways for passage into the Town; and built there also upon a Rock, a fair large and strong Castle, which the bitter storms of time have now transformed into a monument of ruins: under which Castle is the Bridge, which is the only passable way over the River Tyvy. The elevation of the Pole is here 52. 16. and the Longitude 19 55. The ancient Inhabitants of this County, that Ptolemie makes mention of, were the Dimetiae, who under the conduct of their King Caractacus, were most valiant opposers of the Romans, till julius Frontinus overcame and subdued them. This small Shire, I find was furnished with few Religious Houses, namely at Cardigan Istradfleet, Llanbadernvaur, which sometime was a Bishop's Sea, and yet these few could not escape the force of Fortune, and Time the devourer of all things. The Air is here open, sharp, and piercing, and yet withal wholesome. The Soil hilly and uneven, except towards the Seaside, where it is more plain, having pleasant valleys and rich pastures. And the chiefest Commodities of this County are Corn, Cattell, Fowle and Fish; and in some places are Mines of Lead. Cardiganshire CARDIGAN SHIRE Montgomery-shire. THis County which we call Montgomery-shire, by the Britaines was called Siretrefaldwin, and on the East is enclosed with Shropshire, on the West with Merioneth-shire: Radnor and Cardican-shires border on the South, and the North is bounded with the County of Denbigh. The measure of the length from Hyssyngton East to Machenlett West, is about 26. miles, and the broadest between the Rivers of Dula's South, and Riader North, much upon 22. The division of it is into seven Hundreds, wherein are in diverse places dispersed 47. Parish Churches: and with many sweet Rivers that have six Bridges for passage is this County accommodated, whereof Severne, the second of all the Land, hath the head rising and issuing from the high Hill Plymllymon, whence also descend from their heads, the Rivers of Wye and rydal. The Inhabitants of this County have for Commerce and Traffic six Market Towns, whereof the chiefest is the Shire Town Montgomery, which upon the side of an hill is pleasantly situated in a very healthful Air, near to which upon a higher mount is seated a fair and strong Castle, that is yet kept and maintained in very good repair, having a most pleasant Plain under it: It was built by Roger de Montgomery, Earl of Shrewsbury, and called by the Latins Mons Gomericus. The Pole is here elevated 52. 43. and the Longitude 21. 17. The hardy Ordovices were the ancient Inhabitants that possessed this County, who were a warlike people, that valiantly a long time withstood the Roman Forces, and held out from the subjection of the English, till the reign of King Edward the First; but since that time have ever been found most firm and faithful to the Crown. The Air is here very delightful and healthful; The Soil Hilly and uneven, but plentiful of fair and fresh water Springs. The East part of this Shire being as fruitful as any part of England, and the West breeding abundant store of Cattles, but especially of excellent Horses. Montgomeryshire MOUNTGOMERIE SHIRE Merioneth-shire. THe Latins call this County Meruinia, which the Britain's termed Syre-Verioneth, and we now call Merioneth-shire. Which boundeth thus: Montgomery-shire bordereth the East, and the Irish Seas do wash upon the West. Cardiganshire is divided from it by the River Dowy on the South: and the North is limited by the Counties Carnarnan and Denbigh. It contains in length, from Aberdowy South-west, to Llansansfred North-East, about 33. miles, and in breadth from Maynlloyd Southeast, to Bethkelert Bridge 22. It is divided into six Hundreds, wherein are contained 37. Parish Churches, and 26. Rivers' passable by seven Bridges. And for Commerce and Traffic in this County, are but three Market Towns, viz. Bala, Dolgelhe and Harlech, which is accounted the principal, though it be much defective both of building or any other ornaments befitting a Shire Town, for in a barren place it stands, but bleak and cold, where there is little plenty of any thing but of Fowl and Fish. Yet is there a strong and fair Castle, situate upon a Mount encircled with a double Bulwark, which is a sure defence against the entrance there of any foreign invaders. And though the Constable of this Castle by Patent is also Mayor of the Town, yet doth the want of repair thereof threaten a sudden decay. The Pole is here elevated to 52. 58. of Latitude, and the Longitude 20. 9 Near Bala is a great Pond, called Pimble-meare, containing 160. Acres in quantity, which never by any land-flouds falling into it, is any whit increased, but by storms of violent winds overfloweth and rageth in a wonderful manner. The Ordonices were the ancient Inhabitants of this County, who very stoutly opposed the Romans. And after they were subjugated to the English, (by the means of Owen Glendour) made many rebellious quarrels, to free themselves again from the English yoke. Many Wolves in ancient times did abound in the Mountains of this County, which by means of King Edgar were utterly destroyed. The Air here may be healthful to the Natives, but it is so continually troubled with violent winds, as it is nothing pleasant. And the Soil so rough and mountainous, that though Corn can thrive there, yet for Grass and feeding for sheep, and other Cattles, it is no way defective. Herrings are caught also on those Coasts in abundance; and the whole County sufficiently stored with Fish and Fowl. Merionethshire MERIONYTH SHIRE Carnaruonshire and Anglesey. HEre am I confined to a narrower limit than in the former, being to describe two Provinces in this one page. Briefly therefore thus: The Britain's called this County Caer-aruon; the Bounds whereof are Denbighshire on the East, M●ri●● on the South, the Irish Seas on the West and North. The length from South to North contains 40 M●les, the breadth 20, and the whole compass 110. There are in it 68 Parishes, one Bishopric, 17. Rivers, with 6 large Bridges. And for Commerce and Traffic 5 Market Towns, whereof the chiefest is the Shire-Towne Carnarvan, situate very pleasantly on the Sea side, and enclosed with a Wall, having been both beautified and fortified also with a strong fair Castle, which now even droopeth for age, and the violent force of the Sea, wherewith it is continually undermined and battered: The Constable of which Castle (by Patent) is ever Mayor; who with an Alderman, and two Baylisses, do govern this Town; where King Edward 2. was borne, and where the Pole is elevated 53. 26. and the longitude 19 57 The Bishop's Sea Bangor, where Hugh Earl of Chester built a Castle, is another Town of note in this County, where the Ordo●●●es were the ancient Inhabitants, who by reason of the mountains, (wherewith this Shire aboundeth) did long and stoutly withstand the Romans, amongst which Snoden Hill is both the greatest and highest; but for more particulars of it, and other places of note in this Shire, I must refer you to Mr. Camden, and Mr. Speed, who will fully resolve you. The Air here is sharp and cold; the Soil barren and hilly, and yet yields Milk, Butter, Cheese, and Honey, in a plentiful manner. Anglesey. THe Romans named this Mona, which we call Anglesey Island, being divided from Britain by the River Menoy, and the rest round bounded by the Sea: it contains 20. miles in length, and 17. in breadth, the whole compass being about 70. miles. Into six Hundreds it is divided, and these are subdivided into seventy four Parishes. It hath eight Rivers, and but two Market Towns for Trade and Traffic, the chief whereof is Beaumarish, built by King Edward the first, who first brought the whole Island under the English yoke, and fortified it with a strong Castle; the fair situation whereof, being in a Moorish place, gave the name that it hath unto it: which is now governed by a Mayor annually elected, who is assisted with two Bailiffs, and a Town Clerk. The Ordovices also were the old Inhabitants of this Island, who were subjugated to the Romans by Julius Agricola. I read but of one Religious House in this Province, namely Lhaanvais, which though it be now quite razed, is yet memorable for the bodies of King john's daughter, the Danish Kings son, the Lord Clifford, and diverse other eminent persons there interred. The Air is piercing, and healthful; and though the Soil seem dry and barren, yet is it plentifully stored with wheat, and produceth Corn and Cattell, wherewith it not only furnisheth itself, but is a good help to the neighbour Provinces. map of Caernarfonshire and Anglesey CARNARVAN THE ISLE OF ANGLESEY Denbighshire. THis County, in British called Sire Denbigh, is bounded on the East with Cheshire and Shrop-shire, on the West with Caernaruon and Merioneth-shires: Montgomery-shire encloseth the South; the Sea and Flyntshire the North. It stretcheth in length from East to West one and thirty, and in breadth from South to North about seventeen; the whole compass containing much upon an hundred and fourteen miles. Into twelve Hundreds is this County distinguished, and they contain in them seven and fifty Parish Churches; four and twenty Rivers, passable by six Bridges. And for Traffic and Trade amongst the country Inhabitants, three Market Towns, whereof the Principal is the Shire Town Denbigh, which Henry Lacie Earl of Lincoln fortified with a wall, and a strong Castle: And yet is it famous for the fairest place in all North- Wales. The Government whereof is committed to two Aldermen, and two Bailiffs, which are every year chosen out of five and twenty Burgesses, who with a Recorder and a Town Clerk are their Assistants. The elevation of the Pole being there 53. 18. and the Longitude 20. 51. The Ordovices were the ancient Inhabitants of this County, a strong and warlike people, who of all others continued the longest free, from the Roman or English subjection; but first by julius Agricola to the one, and then by King Edward the First to the other, were subdued and conquered. The Vale of Cluyd being both pleasant and fruitful, passeth the space of seventeen miles long, and about five miles broad, thorough the heart of this Shire, being walled about with high Hills, where on the top of the highest, called Moillenlly, was in former times entrenched a strong Fort, having a clear Spring of fair water. And in Llansanan Parish, in this County, are four and twenty seats cut in a circle out of a Rock, which the Inhabitants do call King Arthur's Round Table. The Air is here (though sharp and bleak) healthful, and the Soil in the middle most fruitful: though the East and West sides are but barren and mountainous, yet yields it good store of Sheep, Goats, and Neat; besides plenty of Corn, and other necessary Commodities. map of Denbighshire DENBIGH SHIRE. Flintshire. Flintshire is in form long and narrow, being bounded on the East side with Cheshire, from which it is severed by the River Dee, on the West with Cluyd is divided from Denbigh; the South is bordered upon by Shrop-shire, and the North is limited with the waves of the Sea. The length contains in all not above 26. Miles, and in the broadest part scarce 8. Into 5. Hundreds is it divided, wherein are dispersed 28 Parish Churches, and a Bishopric. With many small Rivers is it well watered, but only Cluyd and Dee are two of the greatest note. And for Commerce and Traffic, have the Inhabitants of this County but only one Market Town, namely Flint the Shire Town, where Henry the second laid the foundation, and Edward the first built a fair strong Castle, at which King Richard the second was by Henry Earl of Northumberland circumvented, and surprised; and by Henry of Lancaster Duke of Hereford induced to resign his Crown & Royal Dignity: which when he had done, he was conveyed to the Tower of London, as a prisoner there deposed, and afterwards at Pomfret lost his life. The elevation of the Pole at this place is 53. 19 and the Longitude 21. 8. The stout and sturdy Ordovices, who so long and valiantly withstood the Romans, were the ancient Inhabitants of this County, which hath been fortified formerly with 7. fair Castles, which with their Hills, was a sure and strong defence against their enemies. At a little Town named Halywell in this Shire, is that famous fountain, called commonly St Winefrids Well, of a fair Virgin of that name, who by a Lord of that Country was in that place both by force ravished, and afterwards beheaded; about which Well is Moss growing, of a most odoriferous and fragrant smell: and over the said Fountain is built a fair freestone chapel, in the windows whereof is the picture of the injured Virgin, whereto poor Pilgrims were used in abundance to make their repair. And at Kilken in this County is another little spring, that at certain times doth both ebb and slow like the Sea. divers Religious houses have been seated in this Shire, which are now subverted and turned to ruins; amongst which that at St. asaph's the Bishop's Sea, is memorable, for having 663. persons in the brotherhood. And near to that Monastery wh●ch was at Basingwarke, began King Offaes' Ditch, which cross cutteth this County: where the Air is pleasant, temperate and wholesome, and the Soil fruitful, yielding many commodities, as Corn, Grasse, Cattell, Milk, Butter, Cheese, and Honey, whereof they make Metheglin: besides which is there plenteous store of River Fish; and in some places good Millstones and Grindstones are wrought out of the Rock. map of Flintshire FLINT SHIRE FINIS.