AN OLD THRIFT NEWLY REVIVED.  
WHEREIN IS DECLARED THE MANNER OF PLANTING, PRESERVING, AND Husbanding young Trees of divers kinds for Timber and Fuel.  
AND OF SOWING ACORNS, CHESTNUTS, BEECH-MAST, THE SEEDS OF Elms, Ashen-keyes, etc. With the Commodities and Discommodities of Enclosing decayed Forests, Commons, and waste GROUNDS.  
And also the use of a small portable Instrument for measuring of Board, and the solid content and height of any Tree standing.  
Discoursed in Dialogue between a Surveyor, Woodward, Gentleman, and a Farmer.  
Divided into four parts, by R. C.  
Tout pour L'Eglise.  
LONDON. Printed by W. S. for Richard Moor, and are to be sold at his shop in St. Dunstanes Churchyard.  
1612.   

To the Nobility, Gentry, and Yeomanrie of great Britatine.  
IT either is, or should be the duty of every man to invent, publish, and act some thing that might benefit his country: according to which, I present to your noble, approved, and discreet judgements, a willing mind, in setting forth that, which I assure myself (if the conclusions herein be carefully practised) will prove most profitable to you and your posterity for ever. The good that I do here intend to speak of, is an increase of wood in general: which upon my employment in the late Surveys and Sales of divers his majesties Copies and Woods, wherein I found lamentable scarcity, and exceeding abuses (which I fear to be universally as well over the Realm, as in the said particular places) I then began (as duty ●bound me) seriously to consider of such notes which I had observed in those services, as well for redress of misdemeanours as also for planting of wood, and preserving of springwood and timber for increase of timber and fuel, which I saw in most places too apparently decay. And having digested these collections into some form, I then conceived that the publishing of them might be very beneficial to the Realm. And the rather was I encouraged hereunto, because I perceived such prudent care in the right noble Lord Privy Seal the Earl of Northampton, who most freely endeavoured himself to have the service carefully performed, as well for the carriage of those whom he employed in that affair: as also to be respective of such who were any manner of ways to be interessed in that service concerning those Surveys and Sales, and also for maintenance and increase of Wood: which when I had diligently noted in that Honourable and worthy person, I then resolved to diuu●ge them abroad. And were it not pity▪ nay more than time, that this work of preserving or surveying his majesties woods, being with that grave consent of such worthy Peers so advisedly begun, should now by inferior officers be rejected, or not carefully continued, the present necessity being so great and markable? For if Coal should fail (as it is too apparent it beginneth to grow dear and scarce, and in many places there is none to be had) how then should we do for this material of fuel? for do we think that wood alone can bear the brunt to satisfy every man's chimney? assuredly no, except it were more plentiful. Then must there needs be some speedy means used for prevention of felling whole woods of timber, and grubbing up of Copies at pleasure to convert them into pasture, arable, or meadow grounds, else in short time, this waste and scarcity will grow to a consummation of the whole: which prevention must be as well the execution of the law, provided for such abuses, committed to honest and discreet officers, by punishing or complaining of such who wilfully offend in this kind, as also willing minds to propagate and advance this most needful thrift of planting young trees, and sowing of their seeds (where scarce of wood is) for increase of Timber and Fuel: both which combined together, will in short time make a plentiful harvest. I writ not these instructions to offend any, but as well to please all, desirous that all should reap benefit hereby: as also to encourage others to take pains hereafter to collect and publish some more ample instructions concerning this subject; wherein if I have omitted any thing that might fully advance this Old thrift: I crave pardon, and do commend it to your honourable, favourable, and husbandly censures, and willing minds to practise. Always resting in my service, friendship, and true love, as it will please you to account of him.  
R. Ch.   

The general Contents of this Book.  
1 THe first part treateth of planting trees of divers kinds for timber and fuel, and of sowing their seeds, preparing the ground, husbanding and pruning the young plants and trees, and of divers other things.  
2 The second part discourseth of the commodities and discommodities of enclosing decayed Forests, Commons and waste grounds.  
3 The third part showeth the difference of divers kinds of trees for timber and fuel, and such as are most apt to grow and prosper in our climate: and also a discourse concerning some new law to be made for the increase and preservation of wood.  
4 And in the fourth part is expressed the use of a small portable Instrument for measuring of board, and the soiled content and height of any tree standing.   

OF PLANTING and preserving for Timber and Fuel.  

THE FIRST PART,  
Which treateth of planting Trees of divers kinds for Timber and Fuel, and of sowing their seeds, preparing the ground, husbanding and pruning the young Plants and Trees, and of divers other things.  Surveyor. 
MAster Woodward you are well met, I hope you have now sufficiently digested those doubts concerning woods and woody grounds, which at our last meeting I was desirous to satisfy you of.  Woodward. 
Sir, I must confess, that since my last conference with you I have better apprehended that subject than I did at the first: for to tell you true, though by Patent I am his majesties Woodward in these parts, and according to the opinion and understanding of every man, I should not be ignorant in the particulars concerning my office, yet so ambitious we are of preferment and gains, as if we can devise to make a secret commodity to ourselves, we think we have understanding sufficient for the executing of the place.  Suru. 
It seemeth than you little respect either diligence or art, in planting and well husbanding of woods and woody grounds within your office, but all seemeth to be well done by you, if it be done with profit to yourself.  Wood 
Not so M. Surveyor, you tax me too far: for though I am content, partly by custom, and partly (I must confess) out of a desire of gains to make some honest thrift of my office, yet notwithstanding (though I do not plant or set young trees) I have a special care that none of his majesties Timber or Dotard trees be taken or felled, but by special authority: and as for underwood and Copies, they are so carefully preserved, as not any cattle cometh in them until five or six years after the fall.  Sur. 
If you do so, you do reasonable well, though yet to be blamed: for by Statute, Copies of divers growthes newly felled, should be preserved according to their growthes. For the Statute saith, Woods felled at or under 14 years growth, shall be preserved 6 years: Woods felled above 14 years growth, and under 24, shall be preserved 8 years: Common Woods enclosed shall be kept in several 9 years following. And also the Statute further saith, 
35. H. 8. 13. Eliz.  It shall not be lawful for any person to put any manner of cattle into Copies wood, to be preserved from the time of the sale thereof, until the end of five years, nor from the end of five years any other cattle, but Calves and yeareling Colts only unto the end of six years, if the wood was under the age of 14 years at the last fall, or until the age of 8 years, if the wood was above the age of 14 years at the last fall. But indeed the best way for preserving of Spring wood, is not to put any cattle into such Copies at all: and the best time to fallen them is in januarie & February, at the first quarter of the Moon. But yet there be some woodward's, Bailiffs, and Tenants of Woods, who are not so careful in their office as you are, yet will they for fashion sake preserve the Spring reasonably well for one year or two after the fall and hagging of them, but afterwards they grow covetous and careless, and will make it as common for their cattle as any the rest of their grounds. And truly though the Statute of 35. of H. 8. doth seem a little to help the imperfections of the former Statutes, for severalty in common soils, where replantation is to be made, yet God knows it cometh far too short to cure the spoils and deu●stations that since hath been made in Woods. For myself have known certain grounds, upon which within this twenty or thirty years was growing great store of Underwood and Timber, and did yearly pay to the late Queen a rent, but now the wood is all gone, the soil turned to a Common, and the rent quite lost, and not any paid: and truly more is like to follow in this kind, if the heady and headlong clamour of the vulgar sort be not (by some advised course of superior officers) moderated in the balance of equity. There be also other officers of Woods, who, as they do accidentally travail by such Woods that are within their office (pretending a special care of preserving the Wood) will before they depart commonly claim some Timber trees (and those not of the worst) for their see trees as they call them.  Wood 
It is true, that where woods have been spoiled, and that the inhabitants do find a benefit by the herbage of the soil, they will never endure (by their good wills) to hear of any replantation or enclosure, meet for it, but with a general clamour they cry for their ●ommon, their Common, forgetting altogether by whom the Woods have been so spoiled and destroyed, and as though the Common were their own inheritance. Well, leaving these matters to those that chiefly manage such and the like affairs, and to answer you concerning those Fee trees you speak of, which indeed is a custom (but by what authority I know not) that many of us commonly challenge such Fee trees: and also when his Majesty maketh any sale of Timber or 
Fee trees unjustly challenged.  Dotard trees, we likewise claim (and are our own carvers, for who may control us) one tree in every score.  Sur. 
It is true, it is both a custom and an abuse among divers others, by some maintained, by not being complained of, especially by some officers, whose names I will conceal: for one of them having a few years past a warrant directed to him for the felling of an hundred Timber trees, for the repair of a Parke-pale of the Kings, and which was at that instant in repairing, by wood growing in the said Park, this honest officer did cause to be felled, and marked to be felled 140. which was 40. more than he had warrant for. The same officer did also, by virtue of his office, or else by warrant (at two several times for the repair of another Parke-pale of his Majesties, which had a sufficient stone wall about it, and which was about 30. miles distant from the said Wood) caused to be delivered about 30. Timber trees, which, as it was said, were sold unto towns not far from the said Wood, and the money pursed up, and not any bestowed about the said Park, because ind●ed it needed no paling, but stone to make and mend the wall, of which was great store hard by.  Wood 
If this be true, this officer doth ill deserve his place, much less any allowance of his fees.  Sur. 
You would say so, if you knew all: but leaving these abuses of such officers of Woods. not much impertinent 
The abuses of Wooden officers.  to the subject in hand (for to speak the truth, many of them have been special instruments, that by their connivency, neglect, and covetousness, great spoil hath been made in the King's Woods) let us, if you please, proceed to the reviewing of the question concerning 
The question.  Woods and woody grounds, as well for preserving of Timber trees of divers kinds, as also of planting, sowing, and replenishing of woody grounds, as well for increase of Timber as Fuel.  Wood 
Sir, your question is most excellent and profitable for the Commonwealth, therefore I pray proceed as distinctly as you may, for as well myself, as many other such ignorant woodward's as I am, yea and who not, shall greatly be benefited hereby.  Sur. 
But stay, what two are those who come yonder?  Wood 
Marry it is M. Peregrine, one who holdeth divers Copies of the Kings in Lease, and the other is also a Farmer, called jenings.  Peregrine. 
jenings, dost know the gentleman that is yonder with the Woodward?  jenings. 
Know him, I God knows; do not you Sir?  Pereg. 
Oh▪ I perceive it is the Surveyor: gentleman God save you.  Sur. 
M. Peregrine, you are welcome, and happily now arrived, for this honest Woodward and I were beginning a discourse, concerning the preserving and increasing of Wood, which subject (if you please) will not be altogether unprofitable for you to hear.  Pereg. 
Your discourse will seem very necessary and pleasing, considering how forward every man is in these days to fell down Timber, and grub up Copies, & none endeavours to plant any, whereby in time must needs follow a general waist of all.  Sur. 
It is true, that it is many men's humours so to do, and the reason thereof as I conceive is, first, they desire to make profit of the tree by felling it: secondly, that in planting young trees, or sowing of their seeds, they think not to live to reap any profit thereby during their lives, because it seemeth a long time before they come to any growth: and thirdly, because not any of late have as yet written of this subject, whereby they want rules and instructions how to begin, and proceed: in all which I hope to give them good satisfaction, and so far to encourage them herein, as where now every one seemeth to draw by the plough tail, they will I doubt not, after more divulging of this subject, and duly considering hereof, uniformly apply their minds and labours to this general and profitable business. Omitting then all circumstances, and to satisfy your desires, you shall understand, that to plant wood, or sow their seeds, you must consider the fatness or 
The quality of the ground must be considered for the planting of trees, or sowing of their seeds.  leanness of the soil, as whether it be of a good depth of earth, gravelly, sandy, or of a watery soil, and so according to the nature of the ground you must plant trees or sow their seeds: as, the Oak commonly will prosper well in all kind of grounds, but in a watery and moorish place; the Aller, Asp, and Willow trees do best like of a low and watery ground; and so of every sort of trees, you must according to their nature and quality of the soil, apply yourself to fit it with such plants and seed, as shall be most profit and pleasure to you.  Wood 
You begin well. I perceive then that all manner of trees are not to be planted in all sorts of grounds, but the nature of the tree considered, it must so be suited with such a ground, that the plant and seed may the better come up and prosper, be it Timber, Fruit trees, or any other kind of wood.  Sur. 
It is so, for if you plant an Oak in a wet moorish ground, a Willow upon a gravely, dry, and barren hill, or an Appletrée in an open, cold, and bleak field, they may well grow, but so poorly, as neither their fruit or trees themselves, in many years, will countervail the first years charge of planting them; therefore the nature of the plant and seed must well be considered of, to correspond with the quality and condition of the ground. And now 
Four sorts of Timber trees growing in England. Oak tree. Elm ash Beech  to proceed concerning▪ Timber▪ trees, it is well known, that there grow in England four sorts of special Timber trees, and they also exceeding one another in goodness, and these are the Oak, the Elm, the Ash, and Béech tree, and they are all excellent in their kinds; but the chiefest of them for durable building of houses and shipping, is the Oak: next to that is the Elms which serveth to like good uses: the third is the Ash; which sometime also is used for building, but most commonly for Coupers, Whéele-wrights, and Ploughwrights: and the fourth, which is the Beech tree, is the worst, yet often employed for Timber, and much used among joiners, and also for many other good purposes. There is also a fift kind of Timber tree, of which few grow in England, and which is little inferior to any the rest, and that is the Chestnut tree, which beareth 
chestnut tree.  good fruit, that poor people in time of dearth may with a small quantity of Oa●s or Barley make bread of, and the bowl thereof is large and excellent good Timber: and this tree when you begin first to plant it, will grow more in one year (if you husband it well at the first) than an Oak will do in two; as those of some part of France, who have great store of woody grounds of this kind, do find it t●●e by experience. There may also a sixth tree be equalized with any the best formerly ●amed, and that is a Fir 
Fir tree.  tree; and though they are rarely found to grow in England, yet I have seen them grow and prosper well here in divers places; as namely at Zion, within seven miles of London (but now they are cut down) and at Newhall in Essex, and in divers other places. How necessary these kinds of trees are, I report me to all Seamen; and now of late, for want of other Timber, we begin to use them for building of houses: and I see no reason to the contrary, but that in time we might have as goodly trees and whole Woods of this kind growing in our own country, (if men would endeavour to get them, as easily they may) as is in that famous Wood of Hyrcania Silva, which environeth that fertile kingdom of Bohemia, where the peasants of that country, in their travail there, do often chop flives or chips of those trees with their hatchets, (which usually they do walk withal, as we do here with staves) and bring them home and use them in stead of candles to do their business about the house in the night time, which by reason of the abundance of gum that is in them, they will burn exceeding well and clear: and these kinds of trees might well be had and made to grow and prosper here in England, if men would with a free desire apply themselves to be ingenious and careful herein. And the rather am I confirmed in this opinion, because (as I have credibly heard) the marquess of Huntley, and many other, have divers Woods of this kind growing in the County of Aberdéene in Scotland. And also one Master Thomas Bowen of Trefloine in the County of Pembroke, a Gentleman of good worth, had about fifteen or sixteen years past many young and small plants of this kind brought him home by Sailors from the Newfoundland, with some of the earth wherein they did formerly grow, and planted them together with the said earth in convenient places about his house, where they have since so well prospered, that many of them at this present are about four foot in circuit, and also very high and tapering. And they will grow upon mountains, gravely soils, or in good earth, either by planting the young tree, or sowing of the seed.  Pereg. 
These Fir trees, as I have heard travailers report, will also grow very well in a heath or lingie soil, which if they would, what a benefit might we have thereby in planting the young trees, or sowing of the seeds in such grounds, from whence ensueth (as it is) scarce a thought of any profit.  Sur. 
It is true, and I have seen them grow upon such land as you speak of, and that exceeding large and tall; and if some industrious man would apply himself to make trial thereof in Windsor Forest, or some such like heathie barren ground, his endeavour were worthily to be respected, and no doubt would prove very acceptable to the Commonwealth.  Pereg. 
I like your discourse so well, that if you would here make an end, I think you have said enough to make me an excellent husband in my own Woods, for I now perceive that better skill and husbandry is used about woods and woody grounds than usually is known.  Sur. 
I am glad you conceive so well of my speeches, I trust before we end our discourse, to make it plainly appear to you the excellency and great commodity of this new kind of industry, or rather an old thrift newly revived. But what saith goodman jenings to this conference? it seemeth nothing pleasing to him, because he hath been so long silent.  jenings. 
It may be you hit the nail upon the head: for these are matters beyond my capacity or profit, and therefore I intent not to trouble myself with them.  Sur. 
And why so? is it not better for you to have your Copies and Hedgrowes well set and grown with trees, whereby you may at ease & with little cost have Houseboote, Fireboote, etc. more than sufficient to supply your wants, rather than that for want of them you perhaps do send two or three miles, yea it may be ten or twelve miles, or more, to furnish yourself therewith.  jen. 
I Sir, I grant all that to be true; but if we poor Farmers take pains to plant young trees and sow Acorns, these great Landlords will be sure to have the crop thereof: so that we have nothing but our labours for our hire, which indeed doth greatly discourage all honest men in that kind.  Sur. 
Herein you say but just and reason: for if by your good means & industry you every your Landlord's ground with any commodity, there is also just cause why the Lord should by deed show himself thankful to you for it. But to proceed, the nature of the plant and quality of the ground considered, you are then to enclose this circuit of ground, which you intent to plant or sow, with a good ditch & quickset 
Ditch and quickset.  of White thorn, Crabtrée, or holin mixed together, or else any one of them (and by no means, if you can choose, set any Black thorn amongst it, for that it will grow into the fields ward, and spoil pasture, and tear the wool of the sheeps back, though otherwise the Sloes of that bush are excellent for many diseases, as also it will make a reasonable good kind of drink for poor people, by depressing the juice out of them) which done, let no cattle come thereinto: and when you begin to set your plants, set them six or eight foot distant the one from the other, and that also by a live, which distance is sufficient for them to prosper well▪ and also they being set in that regular manner, it will be much pleasing to the eye, especially when they grow & begin to bear leaves: and then to plant them well, you must have the ground well digged or ploughed, and cast up like unto the ridges of a corn 
Ground digged for ridges.  field, about six or seven foot wide, and about one foot high, and make furrows between every row of plants of two yards wide: which so done, the air, rain, and snow will much battle and mellow it, to the great comfort and prospering of the plant, especially if at the first you cast into the place where the plant shall be set good earth, whereby the root may nourish and feed itself therein, without ranging to fasten itself upon other bad mould, which may cause the tree to prosper ill.  Pereg. 
This seemeth an infinite labour and charge, the gains had need be great.  Sur. 
It is true, that upon the first view or apprehension thereof the labour and charge seemeth somewhat great, but with patience, and upon some few years expectancy, the gains will greatly overtop the charge, as hereafter shall be further declared.  Wood 
But I pray Sir at what time of the year is it best to plant in?  Sur. 
It is a good time for planting, from about the fifteenth of February to the beginning of April; or generally, as some rather think it best, about the later end of September 
The best time of planting.  until the beginning of januarie following, for then the chiefest nourishment is in the root of the tree, and towards the spring it ascendeth to the upper part of the plant▪ and at such time must you plant it, when the wind is neither in the East or North, and freezeth not, but calm and warm, and in the increase of the Moon, when the is in Taurus, Virgo, or Capricorn.  Pereg. 
And I pray in what sort should we make choice of our plants to be planted?  Sur. 
You shall understand, there is no man who either intendeth or maintaineth a breed of Horses, but desireth to furnish himself with fair proportionable Stallions, and answerable Mares, by which he expecteth like foals. And so in planting, I would wish every man that planteth trees to 
The choice and using of the plant.  have a special care that the plant be taken up with as many roots as may be, and if any be broken, let them be cut off, and those not broken, cut the ends also of some little quantity, as you think good, whereby they wit be the better refreshed: and also make choice of your plant, to have a smooth & clean bark, not rough or mossy, and that the stem be strait and long, without galls or frets, and then set it in the earth as plum as you can, and cover the roots with good mould, and press it down easily with your hand and foot, that the root may not lie hollow from the mould, and have no air at all, whereby it will be the better nourished, to take root in this good earth; which otherwise, the earth lying hollow from the root, it would be in danger to die, or else like to search the firm and bad ground, which it should not do: and if it wanteth good nourishment, it would prove but a runtish or shrubby tree. After all this is done, make up your ridge sloping, that the rain and wet weather may not too much annoyed it, yet so, that you make a little gutter at the foot of the plant, for receiving of the water in dry weather, to nourish the root thereof. You must also cut off the top of the stem, and leave it to be about five or six foot long out of the earth, and care must be taken, that they be planted the same day, or the next day after they are taken up, i● it may be. And before 
The ground twice tille●.  you begin to make these digged ridges, or plant your trees, the ground must be twice tilled, once in April, and then again in the later end of july, after some great rain; and also you must be careful to clear them from Caterpillars, if any fall upon them when they are planted, and begin to spring.  jen. 
Though I hate your profession, because you pry into our livings, yet I begin to conceive well of your speeches: but you Surveyors are shroade and terrible men to deal withal, when you come among us poor Farmers, and therefore I dare not approve your conceit herein too much.  Sur. 
I pray my friend wherein are we shroade and terrible men to deal withal▪ for if we be employed in a Survey of land, and do according to truth and equity make an exact and just certificate to the Lord of the Manor of all the particulars incident in the said Survey, what shroade or terrible dealing is this? Again, if other men, and those perhaps your neighbours, should out of malice (as many do) inform your Lord, that your Farm were better worth by twenty pounds the year than it is, whereby the Lord perhaps, somewhat too covetous to advance his own thrift, is drawn by their reports to prise it accordingly: and hereupon he employeth a man of good sufficiency, both in skill and honesty, to survey it: this man upon the surveying of every particular hereof, certifieth the Lord in an upright conscience, that this your neighbour's information was false, and grounded altogether upon malice and spleen: if this than be so, as commonly it is, it cannot be called terrible dealing in the Surveyor, but good and upright justice; and who then may be justly said to be a shroade and terrible man, this your malicious neighbour, or the honest Surveyor? And this have I certainly known by experience, that upon surveying of a Manor, wherein I have had power and authority from the Lord both to set and sell lands; during which time, divers men have come to me to deal for them by way of hiring and buying, wherein I have found such apparent malice, as they would not only in private importune me to outbid each other, but also even publicly, and that with great earnestness affirm the same; and what then should I do, but according to the trust reposed in me, inform the Lord thereof, and why also should not the Lord, without any imputation of racking his Tenants, take what willingly is offered him. And truly I must needs say this of most Tenants, that by ●eason of this greediness and spleen one against the other of hiring and buying land, they are more their own enemies 
Tenants are most their own enemies.  than is either the Surveyor or their Landlord; so that hither unto I see no shroade or terrible dealing in the Surveyor: yet I will not deny but that there may be some such officious men as you speak of, who account themselves skilful Surveyors, and who also to win a reputation in the world, will seem to estimate land so immeasurably dear, as there is no possibility the Lord should ever get that rate for it. Others there may also be, who do value land at so mean a price, as the Lord is greatly prejudiced thereby: which is a lamentable thing, and much detriment cometh to the buyer as seller thereof, and great pity it is, that there is no redress therefore. Neither is it possible for a Surveyor to value 
What belongeth to a▪ skilful Surveyor.  lands truly, except he know the Tenure, Rents, Customs, Services, Reprises, and have some understanding in the law; and also he must be very judicious in the quality and quantity of the land, or else his error must needs be great: Therefore I would wish all Surveyors to be very careful in this important matter of Survey, which should with great judgement & indifferency be managed between the Lord and Tenant. And now I trust I have well satisfied you in these few words.  jen. 
Well Sir, I am content for this present to take your speeches for payment, but I trust before we depart, to make you confess your own shroade and terrible doings.  Sur. 
If you can do that justly, let me then be proclaimed, not only shroade and terrible, but also dishonest and treacherous.  Wood 
Master Peregrine, our Farmer here is too contentious and choleric, I pray let this idle controversy be ended until some other time, and let us proceed in our former discourse of planting wood. Therefore Sir we must entreat you to bear with this honest Farmer's imperfection: for it is likely he speaketh according as he hath found by some such officious men you spoke of even now, who have certified the value and goodness of his Farm to be much better than the rent he now payeth; and therefore I pray have patience, and let us continue our subject of Planting.  Sur. 
Most willingly, if it will please this angry Farmer to have patience, and not to interrupt me, I will willingly frame myself to a peaceable discourse, and would be glad to satisfy him in any thing I can, and therefore speak freely, if you conceive any doubt. And now to our planting again. Next after you have thus planted your trees, and that they are well and firmly settled in the ground the whole Summer and Winter, then towards the Spring you must begin to trim and husband them, which is a special help and 
Dressing and husbanding of young trees.  comfort to young trees for their better prospering, if it be done in convenient and due time: for the more they are trimmed and dressed, the more will they prosper and grow, and especially the first three or four years they must be most carefully, and that twice in the year dressed and trimmed, somewhat like unto your Hoppe grounds (I mean for the well husbanding of the mould, and howghing up of the weeds, the not doing whereof would endanger their destruction) and that about the midst of April, when they begin to put forth their buds, and then again towards the end of june; and this must be done as near as you can after some rainy weather, and not in hot or dry weather, because the earth being then dry and turned downward towards the roots, it must needs be, that those clods of earth will lie hollow, and not close upon the root, so that for want of earth and moisture the plants must of force die: which to the contrary being digged in moist weather, the earth will then lie more near and firm to the root, and the water that falleth will the rather more easily enter unto it; which nourishment plants greatly desire. And the chiefest labour about young trees that are newly planted, is to keep the ground clean from weeds; which if they be suffered to grow, they will in such 
Weeding is necessary for the Spring.  sort take away the sap and heart of the ground from the plants, as it will much hinder them from growing to that handsome and full form, as otherwise they would be, and perhaps prove to be wind shaken and galled trees, by reason they want that good nourishment as they expect: and as is daily seen in Hoppe grounds, which except they be well and orderly husbanded in opening the hills, putting good moul● upon the roots, and clean kept from weeds, you are like to have but bad Hops. And so will it prove in these plants, that being orderly husbanded, as aforesaid, in due and seasonable times, you shall find the profit double by the increase of the stem and branches; so that then one of the greatest cares is (after their planting, especially if they be very young and small plants) to keep them clean from weeds for four or five years: for if they be choked or smothered by them, how possibly can they prosper?  Wood 
This must needs be a most excellent course and manner of planting, only that the charge thereof will somewhat dismay men from entering thereinto, which if it should, than we are still like to have all manner of wood go down, which at last must needs make an end of all.  Sur. 
I tell you again, the charge is little to be respected in regard of the profit, which within three or four years men shall apparently see come on▪ which short time ended, the charge and labour is then past for ever: for after the plants be grown to a sufficient height & steadiness in the ground, that weeds & bushes cannot overtop or sway them down, then to the contrary, the young trees so grown, the shadow of them will keep the Sun and air from the weeds, that they cannot get up, or at least very poorly: and if this were but once put in practice by some industrious men, and a diligent care had therein, as is aforesaid, I do not think the contrary, but that the undertakers thereof would grow more ambitious and jealous in concealing the profit therein than the Merchant, who adventureth great sums of money upon uncertain and desperate hazards.  jen. 
Why, I pray M. surveyor, is it not daily seen, that young trees grow up and prosper well without such pains and charge, and that only by the natural nourishment and fruitfulness of the ground or climate? And if so, what then needs all this pains & cost: and therefore I should think (if men will needs be at cost and charges) that sowing of Acorns, and other such Timber seeds, is much better, less charge, and will grow up as timely.  Sur. 
It is true, many plants or young sciences or springs grow up naturally to goodly tall & strait trees, but where one doth come up so well without art, there do an hundred perish for it, being either overgrown by weeds or bushes, or 
Trees set by art do grow sooner and better than wild trees.  eaten and bitten by cattle while they are young and tender, or else by some other casual mischance they miscarry in this their infancy. And for that you think sowing of Acorns and other Timber seeds more profitable, because less chargeable, I will presently speak somewhat in approving your opinion, the more fully to satisfy and encourage you & others therein: for there is no doubt, but that they will grow and prosper excellent well, and the tree that cometh up of such seeds, do grow to their full height and top, which the plant doth not: but yet I hold planting to be more sure, and as profitable: yet would I not have men so far to insist upon planting, as that they should expect, that not any should die: but this I say, that if the ground be well and orderly husbanded, and the plant carefully chosen, and set in the ground as aforesaid, that then in ordinary understanding, not one in a hundred of them will die, as experience showeth it true in many places, and particularly in moorefield's at London: and to that end I would wish ingenious and willing minds to make trial both of the plant set thus by art, and the wild tree growing of his own accord, and I make no doubt, but that they will confess with me, that the plant thus orderly set, will grow more in one year, and that also more comely than the wild tree will do in two years.  Pereg. 
Your discourse is very pleasing, and probably may effect well, if it were put in practice: and of this you said sufficiently, and therefore I think there needeth not any thing else to be done concerning the setting and husbanding of plants.  Sur. 
Yes, there is yet more to be said and done concerning this practice, which I shall now speak of. Before than you go in hand to plant any young trees, you are first to consider of two things; namely, the soil where you intent to plant, 
Two things to be considered of in planting.  and the soil where the plant did formerly grow: for if you intent to plant upon a barren soil, and take your plant from a fat soil, that tree will hardly prosper at all: but contrariwise, if you take your plant from a barren soil, and plant it in a fertile soil, that tree by all likelihood will in time prove 
Removing of trees from a barren soil to a fat soil, and so of the contrary.  large and beautiful: for the firtler the ground is, the better will the tree thrive and beautify, as well in his verdure, as bowl and boughs, if it be well ordered at the first, as is to be seen in every place where great trees are, which showeth they have been well and carefully husbanded. And therefore I would advise, that before any do plant young trees, or sow their seeds, well to observe the quality and species of the soil, as whether the production or vesture thereof, either which now is, or formerly hath been of a comely and large proportion; namely big bodies, large spreading branches and arms, smoothly growing, and high tapering trees; for in such layers one may with exceeding pleasure and comfort adventure to plant or sow, because it is to be expected (orderly observing the foresaid prescriptions) that the habitude or fertility of the ground will again in time produce like growthes. And it were also good, that at the taking up of the plant you made a mark upon it, to know which side stood towards the South Sun, because you may also so set it again, and it will prosper so much the better. Being thus planted, during the first two or three years, their boughs or small sprigs newly shooting out (as some are of opinion) would gently and better be taken away with the hand (because 
Pruning of young Plants.  those superfluous twigs do hinder the growth of the tree) rather then to cut them with a knife, or any edged tool: and in this sort they must be used until the fourth year, & after they are come to that growth, then use altogether an edged tool to prune them withal, if you perceive they spring too thick, and that they hinder each others growth, and leave only some few of the principal branches in the top: and this pruning must be done in March, the Moon being in Taurus, Virgo, or Capricorn.  Wood 
Indeed I like well of this pruning or shredding of trees, especially when they grow to some good bigness of Timber, for then the Dear have their fill of brousing, the tree much prospereth, and we poor officers make some little commodity of the remnant of such browse wood: and also now and then for want of sufficient browse for our fuel, we take a poor old doted tree or two to supply our wants.  Sur. 
M. Woodward, I believe you without swearing: for under the colour for browse for the Dear, you make havoc of lops, and many times fell branches or arms of Timber trees, wherein myself have seen sixteen or twenty foot of good Timber in many such loppings, wherein indeed you should fallen boughs for brousing no bigger than the Dear may well turn over with his horns. And further, where you think it causeth the Timber tree to grow tall and large, therein you greatly deceive yourself, for the boughs once cut from such a Timber tree, in that manner as you speak of, be it either cut near the body, or far off, the wet and rainy weather doth then strait begin to enter in, and even from the highest of every such bough so cut off, to the foot of the tree, the water will slide and soak down between the 
Lopping of Timber trees do quite spoil them.  bark and the bowl of the tree, and the longer that tree standeth, the worse it will be, and within twelve or sixteen years after that Timber tree will grow to be little better than a very Dotard: yet it is good every twelve or fourteen years to lop and crop Dotard or Pollard trees, because it will not hurt those kind of trees, but be a means for them to bear more boughs; but yet lop not any tree in sap time, lest that tree be in danger to perish within a short time after. But I persuade myself the chiefest cause why you make such large lops, is neither for browse for the Dear, nor yet that the tree should the better prosper, but it is indeed out of a desire of gains to sell the lops. And as for the taking of trees, which you are content to esteem Dotard trees, I imagine many of you are as lavish therein, as you are in cropping of Timber trees.  Wood 
Why, I pray what is a Dotard tree? may we not call those doted trees which are dead in the top?  Sur. 
Now good God, what an age is this! how pleasingly men do assume to themselves any thing which savoureth of profit, how unjust soever! But Sir, you shall understand, that all trees decayed in the top are not accounted Dottards, though it be apparent that they are in declining, for in such trees happily there may be three or four loads of very good Timber. But a Dotard tree, as I conceive, is any old tree 
What is a doted tree.  that beareth little or no verte, nor in which is scarce any timber, nor yet good for little else but for the fire: and therefore you must be careful what manner of trees you take, lest that afterward, upon complaint, you be called in question to answer your offence: and if those fees and allowances were prohibited as well from taking as felling, and to be allowed no more than should sufficiently serve for your own fuel, the King's Timber would be much the better preserved.  Wood 
What Master Surveyor, have we all this while approved your speeches for good and commendable, and will you now oppose yourself against poor woodward's, Kéepers, and other officers of Woods, who now & then get some such poor fees? I had thought you had been a man of a more charitable and friendly disposition.  jen. 
Charitable! I: let men of his profession be but a little countenanced by some great man, and you will instantly see how they will dominéere over such poor men as we be.  Pereg. 
Indeed Master Surveyor, where lawful fees have been of custom due to Officers, I see no cause why they should be abridged of them, they claiming but the ancient and ordinary fees, which for many years their predecessors have had.  Sur. 
Why I pray what hurt have I said? which though by way of discourse I spoke of such an abuse; yet it lieth not in me to determine it, neither are they the ●urther from it, nor is it my meaning, that these officers should lo●e hereby, if it should be taken from them: but directly I say it is an abuse, and the Timber is much impaired thereby, and I could wish a reformation thereof, as also that such officers should have competent fees or allowances in money in stead of lops and browse wood, whereby the King's Timber might be the better preserved.  Wood 
You do well to salve what you have said: but how I pray, What competent fees can be allowed them? What likelihood is there in that?  Sur. 
Marry thus: where a Woodward or Keeper perhaps do make yearly of such browse wood ten pounds (either by selling the wood, or burning of it to ashes) I would have them strictly prohibited from felling but so much, and such as will sufficiently serve the Dear for brousing, and that such loppings should not any way annoy or impair the tree, and those so felled, that when the Dear have done brousing of them, that the Keeper have a competency thereof for his fuel, and the remain should be sold to the King's use by some other officer appointed for that purpose: and then, for that the Keeper is thus abridged of these fees, which he cannot in right challenge, yet I would wish that he might still have the same proportion per annum in money, not because I hold it a thing due unto him, but because it will encourage him to be more careful in his office, as well in looking to the Game, that no idle persons range up and down with dogs, Crossbows, or Guns; and also to the Wood, that no sticke-carriers or other purloining people do abuse themselves therein by hacking and mangling of the trees: and though this may seem a charge to the King, by paying yearly a certain sum out of his coffers, where before he paid none, yet upon good consideration (under correction) he should greatly gain hereby: for this ten pounds the year which you get by selling this browse wood, is perhaps richly worth twenty pounds (for you cannot possibly get the full price thereof, but you must needs sell it greatly under the value, as glad to have it gone, for that you dare not approve the sale thereof) so that his Majesty shall save one way by the bargain in not lopping of any trees, because the tree shall then still have his full burden, and he shall save much more another way by the well preserving his Timber treees, if no such lops be felled at all: For as I said before, such loppings or shred do utterly spoil many good Timber trees. For if your tree at the Lopping or Shredding thereof were worth forty shillings, that tree within twelve or sixteen years following will incline to be a Dotard tree, and worth perhaps not above fifteen or twenty shilliings. I speak not this upon conjecture, but upon certainty which I know to be true, partly upon my own observation, and partly upon conference which I have had with divers woodward's and Bailiffs in my late circuit Northward for Survey and sale of some of his majesties Woods. And now I pray what hurt have I said against woodward's, Keepers, or other Officers belonging to Woods? Nay, have I not to the contrary, spoken with good indifferency between the King and them?  jenings. 
Indeed you have now made some amends, and I conceive better of you for your plain speeches, than I did at the first: For to tell you true, most of you Surveyors are odious to Farmers.  Survey. 
As I will not endeavour to approve all Surneyors honest men, so I would not have honest and discreet Surveyors condemned, but as they are so I leave them. But now again to our Planting, wherein we have somewhat (though not altogether unnecessarily) digressed. I told you before, that it is fit to prune ●ong Plants until three or four years after they are Planted, and also after, if you see cause and this pruning must 
The time to prune young trees or plants.  be about March, when the cold weather and Frosts are past, for if you should prune them in Winter time, it would greatly endanger the Plants: And you may thus continue pruning of them, till towards the midst of April, at what time the B●d beginneth to put forth. And after they are come to the growth of three or four years, they must be cut finely and neatly with a sharp hook or Hatchet, in doing which you must use great care from shaking or losing the Root of the Plant, and this course of pruning you may use yearly for a long or short time, if need be, and many of those little sprigs, or boughs so cut off, may serve to Plant in other places, making choice of the straightest or handsomest among them, they may also in time prove fair tall trees. And some do write, that if you will have an Oak, or any other tree to continue 
A secret.  green all the Summer and Winter, you must graft it upon a Colewort stock: which kind of experiment I leave to the ingenious to practise.  Pe. 
Now trust me your discourse of Planting is very pleasing, and happily may prove very profitable; and I pray give me leave also to add one other benefit thereunto, which is, that by this manner of husbandry, poor men shall now and then help themselves by earning a penny.  Sur. 
It is true, and they may also, when Wood is grown to be more plentiful, keep better fires, with much less cost, and your Hedges are like to stand longer.  Wood 
But I pray what circuit or quantity would you have this piece of ground to be which should be thus planted.  Sur. 
Because it should not seem tedious or chargeable to the undertakers of this good work. I would wish it were not above eight or ten Acres more or less, according as the party's ability & desire is to have it, & that either to be within one hedge, or else in several, little, and convenient places about the ground, for be it great or little, when they once begin this work, they will have as great desire and pleasure in seeing of it kindly to prosper and grow, as they have in their Hoppe grounds, or rather much more. For though Hops do now & then yield a good commodity, yet in respect of the continual great charge of them, & uncertainty of the year, I have known many a man, who have given over planting of them; which is not so in this course of planting trees: for after the first three or four years charge and labour, there is then no more to be done to them, or at least very little, but only a diligent care to be had in preserving of what is already well done, and which will always remain to posterity.  je. 
I now begin to like your discourse well of Planting trees, according as you have said: and I think it were also very fit to Plant in Hedgrowes, and so quickset every ditch, where already are none, or perhaps but thin Hedges of boughs, or bushes; for this once well done, they would sufficiently strengthen one another, he a great saving of Wood, and also be a Fence to the world's end, and we free from having our Hedges broken down; the repairing of which, is daily a charge to us, and many times breeds much discontent and suit between neighbours.  Sur. 
It is true, and therefore I marvel at those Landlords, who do grant many Estates either for lives or years of their Land, do not condition with such persons to Plant trees and Quickset ditches in connenient places of the Farm so granted, and especially in Champion Countries where Wood is scarce. And also it were most necessary that when the Lord felleth any Timber trees in his Farm or demean Lands, that he do for every tree so felled, cause to be set three or four young Plants fit and likely to prove to be Timber, in steed thereof, which course would not be s● chargeable as profitable. For by this means also we should have Wood and Timber perpetually without want.  Pe. 
You say well, if Tenants would be careful therein to see them prosper: and for my part I intent to make trial thereof upon the next Farm which falleth to me. But now Sir, that you have thus probably spoken of Planting young trees, I would desire you if you please, to begin to speak somewhat of sowing Acorns, Chestnuts, Béechmast, etc. For if you speak with that good likelihood of the one, as you have done of the other, I see no reason to the contrary, if men would apply themselves hereunto, and be industrious, but that we might in very few years have the whole Realm sufficiently furnished with Wood, to serve ourselves and posterity for ever.  Sur. 
No question but it would be so, if men would not altogether be so slack in their own profit of this nature, but that they would be pleased to plant yearly one hundred or two hundred of young trees, more or less, and that for four or five years together, in convenient places about their grounds (the charge of which would not be so much, as the profit thereof would be pleasing and commodious) they should then be their own judges to consider, whether it were profitable or no: to which I will leave them, and will now, if you please, speak a little of sowing Acorns, Chestnuts, Béechmaste, and Ashen keys.  Wood 
I pray do; for hetherunto you have spoken well of planting, and I long to hear an end of your opinion in this kind.  Sur. 
Sir, most willingly, and I will now begin to satisfy your desire. You must then first let your ground be of a good and fertile soil, neither too wet, dry, or barren, and that it be 
Preparing of ground for sowing of Acorns.  seated in a warm place, and towards the South Sun, if it may be, and let it be well digged or ploughed, as you would do if it were to set or s●w Wheat in; and make choice of your Acorns to be ripe, but not overdrie, faulty, or corrupted. Then must you have a Fir board, which must have six or eight reasonable big wooden pings fastened in it, a foot distant the one from the other, of five or six inches long, and when you begin to set your seed, you must lay this board upon the ground, and press it so down, that every of those pings make holes in the ground of that depth the pings are long; and then let another (for more expedition) go along with you, to carry and put the seed into those holes, and always when he hath so done, let him then cover those holes with a little lose earth: and you must set them even and strait by a long line; and which must be done in November, in the decreasing of the Moon in moist grounds, and increasing of the Moon in dry grounds, she being then in Aries, Taurus, Cancer, Libra, Capricorn, Aquarius, or Pisces: and the best time to gather your Acorns for keeping and sowing of them is in October. And after they are thus set in the ground▪ let them then be watered ●uening and 〈◊〉, it conveniently you can, and that there be 〈◊〉 thereof. And also be careful, that the Birds and Crows be kept away from eating the seed or young sprigs which grow up: and these seeds when they are come up and grown to be trees, will be more high and tall (by reason they have always the full height of their tops) than your Plant, that is thus set as aforesaid, because his top at the setting or planting thereof, is cut ●●f. Some men also do use to sow Acorns, Chestnuts, etc. (as they ca● it) under borough with the hand, as you do ca●e, and which also is good: both which sorts of setting and s●wing the acorn I will leave to your practice.  Wood 
But I marvel why you would have such good ground, charge, & pains bestowed thereon, for the planting of your Oak, considering that it is not unknown to you, that a●●●ll in this, as many other Counties of England, 
Trees growing upon rocky grounds.  great and ●●ll Timber trees do grow and prosper excellent well upon Rocky grounds, and where such Rocks are, I would rather have them employed for those purposes than our good land.  Sur. 
The reason why trees grow upon Rocky grounds, as I conceive, is this: Your Rocks or Mountains that bring forth great trees, it is to be intended, that they are not firm or , but have many veins in them, where the very heart and mother of the soil lieth, and where happily such trees do chance to grow, by being either planted or ●owne of Acorns, there with●●t all doubt they will as well increase and fructify, as upon any other ●oyle whatsoever, because in th●se veins the whole nourishment of the soil doth more abundantly ascend up and feed the tree, th●n it doth in any open fertile grounds. And I can give you an instance thereof by Vines growing along the River of Rhine upon the sides of Rocks, where those country people do more esteem such a Vine garden, both for quantity & goodness of the grape, than they do a garden planted in a large and battable ground: yet though we see s●me rocky grounds to bear large trees, I would not advise any to bestow much cost in planting them upon such hard and desperate adventures, though yet not amiss to try conclusions, how or whether they will there prosper or no.  Pereg. 
Sir, I commend your reasons why trees do grow upon Rocky grounds, but your opinion concerning the distance of setting Acorns I cannot approve, because you allow but one foot distance between every acorn thus set, which I think too little by much: for considering that when they are grown up to be trees, the longer they grow, the greater they will be, so that in the end there will be no legs to bear these bodies, I mean all the ground will be trees.  Sur. 
You say well: for if there were no larger distance allowed for the setting of them than one square foot, the ground indeed would not be able to bear them: therefore as you leave longstwayes but one foot distance, so also sidewayes you shall leave five or six feet, which will be distance sufficient: and yet notwithstanding that distance, if all of them do not prosper well, and grow strait and seemly when they are come up (as perhaps many of them will not do) you may then make a culling of the most unhandsomest of them, from the other of finer and ●eater growth, and then those remaining, the greater they grow, the better they will prosper. And this Garden or Nursery thus made, you may, when they are grown to three foot high, remove of them how many you please, and to what other convenient place about your ground you think fit; and begin to remove them from the change to the full, or in the last quarter of the Moon, she 
The best time to remove young plants.  being in Taurus or Capricorn, and let it be done in September, October, or November, before the roots grow to be too strong, and then being planted, they will prosper much the better. And when you do remove and set these young plants anew, if you cut off the tops and prune them, they will prosper the better to bear Mast; but if you intent to reserve them for Timber trees, then meddle not at all with the tops of them, because they will be more strait, seemly, and higher for that purpose.  jen. 
This is spoken to great reason: for there is no question but if you remove your young plants to a firtler soil, they will in short time greatly advance themselves in their growth: and if we did not in live sort trium●e and dress our Hops, by pulling away sprigs and roots, which superfluously grow out of them, and also put sheep into our wheat grounds which grow too rank, to eat it down, we should have as bad Hops as Corn, and little profit should we have by either: so that this course of husbanding young plants must needs be very good.  Sur. 
You are likewise to consider, to set wéeders on work, that the seeds be not smothered by weeds, nor that the air, 
Weeding.  Sun, or heart of the earth be taken away by them, which especially in wet weather will grow apace among the seeds and plants: for if these nourishments and comforts do not freely come to the seed and tender plants, newly set or come up, as I have already said, there is no doubt but that it will endanger the whole Crop; which otherwise by this good means and labour of wéeding the●, witted cause th●m to grow and prosper so well, as that within short time they will have the greater power of the weeds: and if there were no such labour in this kind, the weeds would assuredly over grow, and spoil them, and cause them to come up a●● grow so abortive and ill favoured, as you would neither find pleasure or profit therein.  jen. 
You say true: for as I said before of Hops and Corn, if they be not in their kinds well pruned, husbanded, and weeded, in faith we were like to have poor Crops, and therefore wéeding of these seeds and young sprigs newly come up, must needs be most excellent for their better prospering.  Sur. 
These trees and seeds thus let, you must be careful that the ground be well fenced, that no manner of cattle 
The ground fenced.  may come in for spoiling the Speing, and passengers would be kept out, because they should not touch or handle th●se tender sprigs. And this manner of setting Acorns, Chestnuts, Béechmaste, or any other seed for trees, may ●● in void places, woody grounds, or between ●re●s where there is 
Seed or plants may also be set in void places o● in woody grounds.  any roo●re or scope sufficient, or in Hedgrowes, as well as in this appointed and husbanded place made of purpose, so that there be a diligent care had in trimming the ground and well preserving them afterward.  Pe. 
It is very true: for we were much better to employ vacant places and Ga●les in Springs and woody grounds, and in Hedgrowes to some good profit, then to let them li● and be nurseries for weeds and trash without any conundditie. And surely this course of setting or sowing Acorns is very necessary for those who dwell in Champion Countries, and can hardly come by any Plants either for love or money, and I do much wonder that men of good worth, and also Farmers & Husbandmen, where Wood is scarce, and also at excessive prizes, do not take this course of setting Acorns, Ashen-keyes, Withies, etc.  je. 
Sir it is no wonder. For men of worth have commonby a good Spring wheresoever they go, I mean, their purses are well and thickly set with Crowns, so that they may at all times keep good firing. And as for the poor Tenant, I have given a sufficient reason before, why he is unwilling to bestow that labour and cost: and M. Surueyour, I thank him, d●● approve my reason to be good and honest.  Sur. 
In deed you speak to good purpose, and I could wish that many Landlords were better respective of their poor T●●ants, aswell for the Landlords own profit and honour, as for the Tenants better relief of himself and family.  je. 
God I give him thanks that I hear a man of your prefessi●●s so charitably affected towards poor men, for I did surely agree with the common opinion, you all were great enemies to us poor Farmers; but now upon better consideration I see it otherwise: But well, I pray proceed.  Sur. 
A 〈◊〉 might likewise answer you, according to common opinion, that all Farmer's desire to conceal th● quantity, quality, and value of their Farms from the knowledge of the Lord: yet I am not of that opinion, but think the contrary, that all honest Farmers will truly certify the Lord the truth of every the former particulars. But lea●ing every man to his own conscience▪ let us again return to the subject of our discourse. The place & ground thus fenced, and the Spring now grown to ten or twelve years of age, both pleasure and profit will now begin apace to come on. And first for the pleasure thereof, it greatly 
Pleasures of the Spring.  delighteth the fight with the variety of his green and pleasant colours; the harmony and Muride of the Birds i● pleasant to the ear; the Ha●e and Fore hunted with a kennel of good mouthed Dogs doth also greatly rejoice the spirits and minds of man with an excellent resounding cry; fine and pleasant cooling walks in the heat of Summer are there to be had, as well to keep t●●m from the heat of the Sun, as also to solace themselves in private from being distracted in their other affairs. With these pleasures and many more not here spoken of (which cometh by planting or sowing of this Wood) there may by para●el● as many 
Commodity of the Spring.  profitable commodities: as namely by putting in of Cattle (for at these years the Spring is passed all danger by being annoyed with their feeding there) in the heat of Summer, which by reason of the great store of shadow in this Spring, the Cattle will feed and like the better, and it is also in the Winter time, good 〈◊〉 and shelter for them, and which also will greatly enrich and battle the ground: Then may you at fifte●ne or sixteen years growth, make a fell either of the whole or part of the Spring, which happily you may f●ll for four or five pounds the Acrs, or according as the value and vent for W●●d is in that place whers it grows: and you are also like to have store of Mast of as many kinds as you ●ew, to fat your Swine withal, and for other good purposes.  Wood 
The pleasure & profit no doubt of such a Spring, is very great, but I pray what number of Standils for Timber trees are to be left upon every Acre at the time of f●lling the Spring?  Sur. 
As I intent not now to speak of the whole course of the Statutes concerning Wood, yet I would be glad to satisfy you in any thing I can: therefore you shall understand that every Spring so felled, the Owners or buyers thereof are bound by Statute, to leave twelve young Trees, commonly called Standils for Timber trees, upon every Acre, which Standils must not be afterward felled, until they are grown to be ten inches square within three foot 
The number of Standils to be left upon every Acre of woodland.  of the ground (except it be for needful use of repair) in which leaving of Standils, I would advise the feller to have a special care that he maketh choice of the straightest and neatest grown Standils for that purpose.  Wood 
Your advise herein is good, for as the Plant is, so is the Tree like to prove: and I perceive, the ground which beareth Wood, considering the great pleasure, profit, 
Wood-ground as profitable as Corn ground.  and little charge thereof, is little inferior in commodity to the ground which is employed in bearing of Corn or Hops.  Sur. 
You say well, but if any difference be in the profit of them, I think it rather in the Wood-ground, especially if it be husbanded and preserved accordingly as I have said, and that the vent for Wood where it groweth be dear: For it is true, that though the profit of Woods be longer in coming to a man's purse, than Corn or Hops are, yet in the end it maketh a double recompense, because the first three or four years charge once defrayed, nature then of itself, without further charge or labour, will abundantly bring forth the Crop: which is not so in Corn or Hop grounds, because they bear not without continual charge of Tillage, Hop-poles, digging and delving, servants, and good husbandry. But now if you please I will begin to draw to an end, wherein I have been the more prolix to set down the course of Planting young Trees, and sowing Acorns, as also in speaking somewhat of the pleasure and profit which cometh by Woods, to the end that those who are industrious, may hereby be the rather encouraged to begin and proceed in this profitable course; and let none ever think the time large in reaping profit hereby, but let them be sorry that they have lost so much time, because they Planted and Sowed no sooner. And note, that all Timber trees which grow upon high grounds, though they will not be so large, 
Note.  tall, and tough, yet will they be of a more beautiful, and pleasing grain, than those which grow in low Valleys, and also it will last and endure longer. And as you sow Acorns, so must you d●e Béeth-mast, and Ashen-keyes; and as for the manner of sowing and setting of Chestnuts, I will hereafter more at large speak of, and in the mean time I will only acquaint you with the difference of some several trees for Timber, and what grounds are most apt for them to prosper: And also set down some brief Rules to take the Solid content of any Timber-trée standing, together with the height thereof, performed by a small portable Instrument which is both facile and pleasant, (and which may be carried in one pocket) fitting that purpose.   

THE SECOND PART,  
Discoursing of the Commodities and Discommodities of enclosing decayed Forests, Commons, and Wast grounds.  Peregrine. 
MAster Surveyor, you have formerly spoken so well of planting and sowing in this kind, as I long to hear your opinion concerning the differences and qualities of Trees, that hereby we might compose of this our Discourse some ample introduction to this your new kind of Husbandry. And the rather most abundantly to advance this kind of thrift by planting of trees, and sowing of their seeds for increase of Timber and Fuel, or rather to have it linked with a benefit equalling, or far exceeding it in a general profit, I should think it not amiss, that decayed 
Taking in of decayed Forests, Commons, and Wast grounds.  Forests, Commons, and Wast grounds might be taken in and divided into severals, with good ditches, which should be set with Quickset, and also planted with young Trees, accordingly as my neighbour jenings did speak of even now.  jen. 
Sir, your memory is good, and it is true that I spoke of quicksetting and planting ditches about a Farm or Demean grounds, but not to have decayed Forests, Commons, or Wast grounds enclosed: for hereby the King should be greatly scanted in his pleasure, every man wronged, the poor generally be undone▪ and all would be in an uproar.  Pereg. 
That is but as you conceive it: for it is not intended that any Forests should be enclosed where is store of Game, or near to any place where usually his Majesty maketh any progress for his pleasure, but I would have only such decayed Forests enclosed which have few or no Dear in them, and which are far remote from any such his highness places of progress or pleasure, and which also are a charge to his Majesty, by paying officers their fees, and yet neither profit or pleasure cometh by them. And though this name of enclosing and taking in of Commons and waste grounds be odious to the Commonalty, and therefore may seem dangerous, yet if they did rightly apprehend it, that as well the rich as the poor might reap a general good hereby (as most assuredly they would) no doubt they would uniformly importune, that all such decayed Forests, Commons, and Wast grounds might be taken in.  jen. 
Yea, when there is any appearance of such a general benefit, than it is likely they will yield thereunto, but in my opinion there is neither benefit or conscience to be expected hereby.  Sur. 
Nay there you speak somewhat too unadvisedly: for 
By enclosing of Commons is both benefit & conscience.  by enclosing of Waste grounds there is both benefit and conscience. And first in general for the benefit, it converteth all such bad and Wast grounds to be good and profitable to all those who have any interest in such kind of grounds: and as for using a conscience in this business, when all things are done with indifferency and conveniency in allotting (with the approbation of the Commoners) an equal portion according to their Fréehold, Copyhold, and Cottage, and that at an easy rate, I hope than you will confess there is good conscience used therein.  Wood 
Yet by your favour M. surveyor this plain Farmer in my opinion hath spoken honestly: for if your Common be taken away, how shall the poor Farmer and Cottager live? Or shall they not rather, by being thrust out of it, both themselves and whole family live in extreme penury and famine?  Sur. 
It is true, that the poor inhabitants of such a Common would be much impoverished, if they should be wholly abridged thereof, which God forbidden. But by enclosing decayed 
What is intended by enclosing decayed Forests, Commons, and waste grounds.  Forests, Commons, and Wast grounds, as I understand by M. Peregrine, is wholly intended such community, that both the rich and the poor should be allotted equal portions thereof, according to their Fréehold, Copyhold, and Cottage; the good whereof, in every man's understanding, would be greatly beneficial and pleasing to all.  Pereg. 
It is so: for who doubteth, that if any such Forest, Common, or Wast ground were enclosed, but that they would plentifully yield a triple benefit: every one should 
The benefit of enclosing waste grounds.  have more certain scope and freedom to their Farms, Copyholds, and Cottages than they had before, to sell, let, or use them themselves; many idle persons would be oftener set on work; and Church livings would be exceedingly advanced.  jen. 
You have spoken well and briefly in commendation of this unpleasing work, if every one would applaud it. But Sir, because you nearly touch my poor living (a great profit whereof is in respect of the Common) you must give me leave as briefly as I can to answer you. And therefore 
1 The discommodities of enclosing waste grounds.  first for the triple profit you speak of, I think the charge considered about Surveying, Ditching, Quicksetting, and Planting this Enclosure, and other husbanding of it, before it co 〈…〉 th' to yield any profit, and then the not any charge of the other, as it lieth in common, and where is a daily profit, both compared together, I believe your triple profit will f 〈…〉 e be cast up, scarce to make you a single saver. And then for the scope and 〈…〉 do●● which they should have to their Farms, Copyholds, and Cottages by this Enclosure, that the Owners or Farmers thereof may fallen, let, or use them at pleasure, I 〈◊〉 ●one but the rich Fréeholders shall reap any benefit thereby: for as for the Copyholder, Farmer, and C 〈…〉 r, they must still be under the protection or hazard of their Lord, either to continue the first rent, which is unlikely, or else (after the expiration of their first taking of them) to improve their rents at an extreme rack▪ by which the loss of enclosing this waste ground is then most apparent, in paying at the end of that expiration a racked rent for that which they were wont to have gratis among their other grounds. As for idle persons to be used in this business, you do well to provide some employment for them, whom you would undo, by taking away their Commons, which when they are once gone, you must then either set them on work, or else they must be forced to beg or steal, and so be in danger of the law: so that indeed this is a necessary employment for them, merely upon necessity. And as for Church livings those we see are already sufficient: for whereas in our forefather's days (as I have heard old men say) the Church men then, with those livings as they had, kept good hospitality, and relieved the poor, but now ours forgetting such charity (though their livings be far greater) keep little hospitality, and relieve few poor people; and think themselves sufficiently charged to provide for themselves, their wives, children and family.  Wood 
How now Master Peregrine, I think our honest Farmer hath reasonably well answered you: to which I will add one other especial motive for the not enclosing of Commons: and that is, that by this kind of depression it will mightily urge the people to a tumult, as hath often been seen, and that namely by the late Levellers in Northampton shire.  Sur. 
Master Woodward, the Farmer hath spoken well according 
1 The discommodities of enclosing waste▪ grounds answered, and a● further ●ene●● thereof expressed.  to his understanding, yet in my opinion not very material, and your motive of the people's tumult is of as little validity as his; and to answer you both, this I say, That the profit will be triple by enclosing, as aforesaid, yea and much more, if the s●y●e be any thing good: for after the charge is passed (which suppose it be great and chargeable) of enclosing this pe●c● of waste ground accordingly as the Farmer hath said: doth any man doubt to let it for not above, or make thereof three shillings the Acre, which before was not worth six pence the Acre? nay rather may the● not assure them▪ selves it will be worth eight shillings or ten shillings the Acre, or perhaps more, within one or two years after the enclosing thereof? And then for their scope and freedom: is any man so poorly conceited, but that he would be glad to enlarge his Farm by taking more ground, and especially when he may have it at a very easy rate, and for a good term, and according to the tenure of his estate, so may he either sell, let, or use it himself, without any prejudice to himself, or wrong to his Lord? And where you think that none but rich Free holder's should get hereby, if you had said the contrary, you had spoken with better judgement: for where these freeholders have Common, there without all doubt they greatly oppress poor Copy holder's, Farmers, and Cottagers, by overcharging the Common with Sheep and other cattle, which is more than they can justify by law or conscience: and yet who dare complain, or what redress thereof? whereas if this Common were enclosed as aforesaid, these rich freeholders should then have certainly their equal portions as other men have, without wrong to any the poorest Cottager. And whereas I perceive you are apt enough to put a buzz into poor men's heads, by telling them, their Lord may prove hard to them in the end, by racking of what th●y have formerly had gratis: which though he should do so, what is that to the purpose? when as before the enclosing of it, this poor man made not certainly of this Waste ground six pence the Acre (and yet also covertly doth pay for it) and lived most penuriously thereon, he shall now upon the enclosing thereof, as I said before, if the soil be any thing good; make ten shillings or twelve shillings the Acre, or so much, that he may well and better live, and pay the Lord his rent, than he did before. And do not all men know, where Common is, there the Lord doth let his Farms and Tenements not according to their own proper values, but according to their true values, by reason of the Common? so that then here is an appearance, that every man payeth a portion of rent for his Common lying open. And further, where you think it not a business but upon necessity, for idle persons to be set on work, in my opinion you do not well conceive of the matter. For who doubteth but that by these enclosures of Pastures, arable, or meadow, planting young Trees, or sowing of their seeds, quick setting, and other labouring work, will be a great means that poor men shall more often and daily be set on work to earn a penny, for the relief of themselves and family, and also live more plentifully (having also their portion of enclosure allowed them) than possibly they can do upon a miserable bare Common: and also they may with more ease, profit, and pleasure husband and manage five or six Acres, more or less, of such enclosure, by sowing it with some profitable grain, grazing, planting fruit-trees, Hops, roots, or take a yearly rent for it, than to live upon a bare and hard Common in extreme want, where is neither pleasure nor certainty of gain, and where poor people do daily increase in number and poverty upon such waste grounds, and which may seem rather to starve Sheep and other cattle grazing upon them, than any way be compared to enclosures, where they may daily have their fill, and grow large and sound. And for Church livings it cannot be denied, but that they also will be exceedingly and most necessarily advanced by these enclosures: and the better by this course of enclosing waste grounds. And now Sir to answer your objection of the people's tumult, I assure myself, the matter being temperately and with discretion managed, in allotting every one his due, as aforesaid, all men would rather with an applaud desire it, than any take occasion to oppugn it: and the late Levellers in Northamptonshire is no just precedent against this: for it seemeth they were possessed with a confused fear, that all tillage (which they sought to maintain) should be converted to pasture, which indeed is against the law. But by this course of enclosing decayed Forests, Commons, and waste grounds, is intended nothing else, as I have said, than converting such waste grounds of little or no profit to be made arable, pasture and meadow, and that as well for the good and benefit of his Majesty, as also for private Lords, Tenants, and poor Cottagers. And if the law do punish men for depopulation: how much the rather should they be commended and rewarded, who endeavour to convert such waste grounds to more profitable uses, for increase of strong and able Subjects, whereby the Realm shall be much strengthened, his Majesty enriched by many more Subsidies and other Taxes, and his people far more wealthy and contented? And where such decayed Forests, Chases and Commons are, there the Inhabitants do often take in and encroach upon such grounds, and that without any leave, persuasion, or enforcement, but only upon their own accord and agreement, and never pay Rend to the King therefore: whereupon it may be inferred, that if they did not plentifully find both ease and profit ●herein, they would never undergo that labour and charge of enclosing such Commons: wherefore if the Subjects in regard of this profit do thus, and daily take in such Zi●crochments, which by law they cannot justly; who doubteth but that the King may more freely make use and profit of his own by enclosing and dividing, as aforesaid? Further more, Commons that lie open are much subject to ill weather, so as cattle which graze upon them are not able to continue there about four or five months in the year; but if once they be made into severalties, they will then become warm, and the hedges and walls which do mound them, will mightily preserve and defend the cattle both from wind and weather, and which will batten the soil and make the cattle grow more fat, to the great comfort and profit of the owners. And would you not think it a good and pleasing sight to see a large decayed Forest, or wild and ruinous piece of ground, which as it lieth is not worth perhaps six pence the Acre, to be now enclosed with ditches and quickset, and planted with many young trees of divers kinds, to prove worth eight shillings or ten shillings the Acre? What should I say more? the subjects poverty will be turned into wealth, his Royal Majesty abundantly supported, without any burden or charge to his Subjects, and such a flourishing estate will be, both to Prince and people, as the like will not be parallelled in all Christendom. If all this may probably be true which I have said: what hurt or depression is there offered herein to the poor man? or could I possibly have spoken more for his greater benefit?  jen. 
Indeed I must now confess you have satisfied me with better reasons than I did ever heretofore dream of. But yet Sir I pray give me leave (a little by the way) after all your discourse of enclosing, now to fall to disclosing; I mean not leveling or pulling down of Ditches or Hedges, but somewhat more amply to disclose to you the true state and dislike of us Husbandmen and Farmers, concerning this point of taking in waste grounds. It is true, and cannot be denied, that which you say, of the benefits of enclosed Counties, if they be compared with champain and open Counties, for which we need no further proofs, than to compare Rend, Essex, Suffolk, Middlesex, Hartford-shire, Herefordshire, and divers other Counties and particular places▪ with those of Buckingham, Oxford, Northampton, Cambridge, Lincoln, Rutland, and sundry others; what plenty of all things most necessary for sustenance of life (far above other Counties) are in those enclosed Counties, is so infallible a truth, as it cannot be denied: and the reason is, the agility and industry of man (concurring with God's grace) from whence ensueth abundance and plenty of all things. But hence (alas) is our misery, when enclosures once be made, strait ways some, yea very many merciless Landlords, that esteem it best to live Lordlike, do piecemeal engross and resume such Enclosures, and expel their poor tenants, leaving them in woeful state, either to beg, steal, or starve. This in my opinion is not only now, but still like to be, the very Gangrene of Enclosures. I must confess that 
Ingrossement & Resumption the Gangrene of Enclosures.  we poor Farmers (beating jacke for Itlls' fault) do exclaim against Enclosures, in which we (in my conscience) are rather led, because of the mischief of Resumption, which doth most commonly follow it, than by any evil that we can justly find in the Enclosure itself. For I must freely confess, that if we could be assured from those two Cankers, Ingrossement and Resumption, and in equal distribution have portions in such Enclosures, at easy rates and upon good terms, as you have before spoken of, never was there any thing more wealefully propounded, nor a better means to free England from idle Rogues and wandering Beggars; of which kind of people some one champain County hath a greater number resident therein, than I think can be found in any four of the enclosed Counties. And now having something disclosed my opinion concerning the enclosing of decayed Forests, Commons, and Wast grounds, in which also great difficulty would be in managing of it, by dividing the severals with indifferency and conveniency, as also to lay out high ways and convenient passages for the country, I pray if you please proceed in your Discourse where you left.  Sur. 
You have spoken herein as much as possibly can be said, to which already sufficient is answered: and for the managing of this business, there is no difficulty in it at all, in giving good satisfaction to every one, both for convenient and several Closes, as also for commodious highways and passages for the good and ease of the country, as formerly hath been discoursed of. But let us now close up this our enclosing Discourse, and happily expect by a general consent and applaud of every one the practising thereof, which in my opinion would be the greatest benefit that hath come to our country these many years, and let us now again return to our Planting.  Wood 
Sir, though you have made a long discourse of enclosing Commons and waste grounds (to which argument this our good Farmer jenings hath added, in his opinion, the true reasons why it is to be feared and hated of the Commonalty) yet it hath been very pleasing, and you have also conceived good considerations to approve your opinion; and if the actors of this business could with that indifferency manage these affairs accordingly as you have spoken, I see no cause to the contrary, but that it might be generally desired of all Commoners. But yet Master Surveyor there is one 
One objection more against Enclosures.  obstacle more concerning this business of enclosing Commons, which in my opinion is unanswerable; and that is, when the King or any private Lord have granted Leases to their Tenants who dwell (and have Common sans number) in such decayed Forests and Wastes, how can this Common be justly taken in and enclosed? Or how can you give them satisfaction, but that their Common sans number shall be abridged and drawn into a stinted number, and so their liberty contracted and diminished, to their great loss? for betwixt finite and infinite there is no proportion: What proportion then will you in your Division and Enclosures make to him or them, who being sans number, are sans proportion? and who also have good Leases, and the King's broad Seal for many years so to enjoy the same.  Sur. 
Master Woodward, you have put me to the narrowest pinch that yet I was driven unto, and I marvel you did not speak of this difficulty before, but suffered me quietly to run on, as though you had been well satisfied, and yet now suddenly do pull me back, as men do wild Colts, giving them a little liberty, and with a sudden jerk gives them a twitch ready to overthrow, when thinking themselves free, they little expected such a check.  Wood 
Sir it is true, I was content of purpose to let you run on in your own conceits, until I saw you, in a manner, fully to determine it. But for that I see it concerneth my poor neighbours so much, and generally most Commoners, I then thought it fitting to put you to your greatest plunge by this my last refuge, and greatest difficulty: which if you can devise to solve, or make any probable or satisfactory answer, I will then say, you have brought the matter to an excellent conclusion.  Sur. 
Well Sir, although this your in●ricate point, which you have now moved, be of most difficulty, yet you shall now perceive I will easily resolve you of it. For it was my 
An answer to the former objection.  chance of late to confer with a Councillor at law, of good understanding and judgement, about this very subject of granting Communage by Lease amongst other lands, whose opinion was, That Tenants who have such grants either from the King, or any private Lord, that they must not so far extend their challenge of Common, sans number, in putting on so many cattle, that they must eat up the whole profit thereof, whereby the poorer sort of Commoners should live in penury and want. But the Law (said he) doth intend, that his Farm considered (that is, what cattle is necessary for Tillage, what for manuring his land, what for a convenient number of bréeders of all sorts of cattle, to supply his stock, and what for him to spend in his own house, and other necessaries) he shall not be debarred or limited. And so you see, that although he shall not be stinted in putting on of cattle in that order, and as aforesaid; yet if he do exceed that proportion of a reasonable number, the rest of the Commoners, who have also Common there sans number as well as he, may very justly endeavour to depress his oppressions, and draw him to a kind of mean and orderly proportion, which yet shall liberally serve, with respective regard as well of his Farm, as Rent.  Wood 
Sir, I must confess you have giyen me very good satisfaction, and most effectually have you delivered your opinion herein. And truly, if every Tenant might (the inferies or contents of his Farm considered) with an indifferent or rather liberal allowance, beset out Enclosures of decayed Forests, Commons, and Wast grounds, as we have spoken of, that as well for his Milch Kine, young cattle, Oxen and Sheep; as with any pr 〈…〉 ion or reason (the rest of his fellow Communers considered) might suffice and agree with the quantity of his Farm and Rent there were then great probability and hope of effecting what you speak of. But alas the sin of Covetousness doth so much possess these kind of people, as they think the liberty of their whole Common, sans number, too little for them, and therefore can hardly endure to hear of any abridgement, or withdrawing any part thereof; when yet upon proportions cast, allowed, and ratified at a very easy rate, and that for many years, with a daily and more increase of profit, together with a liberal proportion allotted them for all the sorts of their cattle which their Farms are able to maintain and bear, or that they can any way desire of the Lord, and that they also see a resulting Surplage remaining, then happily they may seem more tractable and willing, that any who have right to such Waste grounds, should dispose of them as they please; to which I think our honest Farmer will agree.  jen. 
Most willingly: for you have spoken to good purpose. And if the Law do intend that men shall be stinted (as I could wish it might be so) to put on no more cattle into a Common, than what conveniently their Farms or Fréehold can bear and maintain all the year, many rich Fréeholders in our parish will give you little thanks for this Item, because indeed they greatly overlay the Common, to the prejudice of the rest of their poor neighbours, and they will most assuredly spurn, although it be against the prick.  Sur. 
The more are they in danger to offend and hurt themselves: for if the Commoners do combine in an honest and lawful manner against such abuses, they may easily force these rich Fréeholders to a more neighbourly course of Commoning.  Wood 
You say true: but leaving this matter of enclosing Wast grounds to men more eminent in the State, let us make an end hereof, and proceed in our Discourse of Timber trees.  Sur. 
Most willingly, and do submit my opinion herein to all honest and discreet Husbandmen.   

THE THIRD PART,  
Showing the difference of divers kinds of Trees for Timber and Fuel, and such as are most apt to grow and prosper in our Climate. And also a discourse concerning some new law to be made for the increase and preservation of Wood  Woodward. 
MAster Surveyor, we lest as I remember, about the differences of some several Trees for Timber, and what ground is most apt for them to prosper in: and also some Rules concerning how to take the content of any Timber tree, standing or growing upon the ground, which is a thing that will be much pleasing and helping to us woodward's, who are none of the ingeniousest men in that faculty, but we are only content to observe the ordinary custom of looking to the Wood, by presenting at the next Court day or Swanimote Court those who offend by purloining of Trees, hacking of Boughs and Standils, and carrying them away: But when we are demanded, how many Tun, Load, or square feet of Timber is contained in such a Timber tree (which I think fit that every Woodward should know) we must then answer with silence, or make some sléevelesse reply, and so pass it over to other talk.  Sur. 
In deeds I think many of you are so skilful therein, as many be who are Surveyors of Counties by Patent, for which they have more fee than knowledge to discharge that Office. But it is fit that woodward's, should have some skill and understanding in the measuring of these Solid bodies, or else how can they sufficiently discharge that trust and credit which is reposed in them; when a Warrant is directed to them for the felling and delivery of a hundred Tons or Loads more or less of Timber for repair of Bridges, Parke-pales, Houses, etc. And when perhaps they never know how many square feet make a Tun or Load of Timber, nor yet how many Trees, they must cause to be felled to have as near as may be, the number of Tons or Loads specified in their Warrant, but cuts down at an adventure perhaps ten or twelve Tun or Load, more or less, than they had Warrant for, which is a gross error.  Wood 
In deed most of us have little or no skill in measuring of Timber trees, but as you say, we must take them at all adventures, as near the number specified in our Warrant as we can. But I pray Sir, are there not men of your profession, who pass over as gross and witting errors in Surveying, which justly a man may term abuses, partly, as I conceive, out of ignorance, and partly out of dishonesty?  Sur. 
No doubt there are some such indeed, yet we must not justify our own errors by other men's misdemeanours, but those Surveyors would I have give over Surveying and seek to be entertained into the society of those idl● Catchpoles you spoke off even now, and if I saw cause, I could instance such a one, but I will be sparing therein, and only tell you, that the manner of his Surveys were always upon Tenants reports, and taking some notes out of their Leases and Copies, and giving of the jury certain Articles in charge to be inquired of.  Pe. 
But did he not also by Instrument and Chain, as commonly you do, Survey and measure the ground?  Sur. 
No, for indeed he knew not the use of any Surveying Instrument.  Pe. 
But do you think the Tenants would or could truly deliver their knowledge herein, concerning the quality, quantity, and value of their Land, with the rest of the particulars?  Sur. 
Truly I think no, though every man in honesty is bound upon Oath to tell the truth of any thing, when he is lawfully demanded thereof, as near as he can, yet for that they conceived these questions nearly concerned their estates, and for that also they law the Surveyor to be unexperienced, in that kind of measuring and duly Surveying of lands, it is to be imagined that they would somewhat dissemble with him therein, and acquaint him with no more than ordinary▪ and so altogether upon the tenants reports, aswell for the quantity and quality, as value of their land, he would conclude, and at his good leisure make up his books.  Per. 
This is the strangest kind of Surveying that ever I heard of; but would he then upon his credit give up this Survey to the Lord of the Manor?  Sur. 
Yes that he would, according to the Tenants reports by oath: and divers hath he done in this kind.  Per. 
But I pray if the Lord sell or let this Manor, do you not think, according to that Survey, but that he should be a great loser thereby?  Sur. 
Yes, there is no doubt, but that he must lose much thereby: but I trow there is no man so unadvised that will sell or let land in th●se days after such a fashion, but will make a more precise course by admeasurement, performed by a skilful man in that faculty.  jen. 
And I pray, why may not one buy or sell land, as certainly by knowing what Cattle a Farm or Demaines will keep, as also how many load of hay such a Meadow will yield upon every acre, as by all your nice tricks of measuring.  Sur. 
You say well, it is a good means in general to know the value of any land, but yet how shall the Lord or buyer thereof who dwell far remote from it, know certainly how many cattle it will keep? If you say by his Bailiff, commonly he being his Tenant, and dwelling in the same Lordship will for his own good embrace the true value of these demesne, because the goodness of his own farm shall the less be discerned: if you say by the report of the country, they commonly fail in their estimation, as well in the quantity and quality of the ground, as also in the number of cattle, what it will keep▪ and neither shall the Lord (if he be a stranger to this demeans) receive any better satisfaction, although he take pains to inquire thereof 
Who are most fitt●est & likely to advertise any Lord the true estate of his land.  himself. So that there is no better way for this Lord, or purchaser to know the true value of this land, then only to employ an honest and judicious▪ surveyor therein, who besides his art of plaiting the ground, and fairly setting forth in a Map, and knowing the quantity of acres, will also use his best judgement and experience to discern the quality as well for goodness as badness of the soil, as whether it be fittest for arable, pasture, meadow, or woodland, together with butts and bounds, and every thing else as it lieth in due proportion: all which compared together, with the reports and advertisements, that he may learn in the time of his being there▪ I think he may then give more full satisfaction, as well to the eye, as judgement of him who is owner thereof, or shall buy it.  Per. 
You say true. For myself being of some small revenue in land, I have two or three of my Manors surveyed, and the plots of them fairly set forth in colours upon Vellem, distinctly specifying which is meadow, pasture, arable, and woodland, with the quantity, quality, and value thereof, with every other thing there fitting to be noted, which I find to be a great satisfaction▪ pleasure, and ●ase to me, especially when I am to let any of those Farms, or Tenements in any the said M●●or● because they are far remote from the place I dwell▪ But whether now do we range. You promised to speak somewhat of the difference of trees, and what grounds were most apt for them to prosper in, therefore I pray leave off these discourses until some other time, and begin now your promise.  Sur. 
Sir, most willingly: you remember then what I have spoken concerning the manner and time to be observed as well in planting of Trees for Timber, and husbanding the ground, as also in making special choice of the Plant, and the care of weeding and trimming them afterwards, until they are grown to the age of three or four years: which remembered, I will now discharge my promise in declaring briefly to you the nature and sorts of certain trees for fuel and building, which ordinarily do grow in England, and what ground & soil every one delighteth most in, for their better and larger prospering, to the end that those who take pleasure in this practice, may not altogether be deluded, and frustrate of their pains and expectation, but may in the end reap some profit thereby. I told you then, that before you resolve to plant, two things are to be considered of, namely the soil where you intent to plant, and the soil where the plant hath formerly grown: for that tree which groweth upon a dry ground and hot soil, must not be planted in a moist or cold go●ud & so contrariwise, that tree which groweth in a watery soil, be not planted upon hills or dry barren grounds, lest by planting them in a soil contrary to the nature and condition of the plant, all cost & profit be lost thereby. First therefore 
Two sorts of Trees.  you shall understand, that there may be said to be in general two sorts of trees, that is, watery trees, or trees delighting 
Watery trees. ●and  in moist & watery soils, and land trees, or trees which grow upon dry and firm land.  Wood 
Indeed it is probable that trees will hardly prosper, but in a ground well corresponding with their nature and property: but I pray what experience is there hereof?  Sur. 
I will first satisfy you by the experience of trees which commonly are called water trees; as namely Aller, Within Asp, Birch, etc. which trees except they have store of moisture, 
Water trees.  will hardly grow to any goodness. And the chiefest of those trees that most desire to grow in water, or watery grounds, is the Aller, for it will prosper very well, though 
Aller tree.  half the body thereof stand in the water; as is to be seen in divers places of Holland and Zealand, where the greatest part of the bodies thereof, in the Winter time stand in water, or at least the roots of those Trees always stand in or lower than the water, or else they would prosper but poorly. Experience also is seen hereof in our own country, that these Aller trees do naturally grow up in bogs and Méerish places without any art or industry at all, and never any of them do prosper or thrive upon high or dry soils: therefore the fittest ground for these trees to grow in, is your low watery meadows, or other moorish grounds near unto brooks or rivers. This tree is plentiful in his growth, and bringeth forth in short time store of boughs, which are very profitable for firing and other necessary uses.  jen. 
Indeed these kinds of trees grow a pace without any great labour or charge, and the profit thereof forfuell is very great.  Sur. 
It is true, for if you either take branches from the Aller tree, or roots digged out of the earth, and set them again 
Planting of Aller trees.  in like moist places with some of the earth, if you can, from whence you had them, cutting of the branches and stem within four or five inches of the root, there will in short time put forth many more young shoots then were at the first▪ and within five or six years after, grow to be good brushie Fuel, or if you let them ●●and longer until they grow to be large bodied trees, they will then serve to many necessary uses, especially for water works, either to lay in the water, or else to make pipes of to convey water to any place, because it will not ●ot. The next watery tree is the Withie, of 
Withie tree●▪ of which are four kinds.  which are said to be 4 kinds, that is, the white, withy, black Withie, and red Withie, oster Withie. Some think that white withie will grow rather in dry grounds, if it be set in the beginning of winter, then in moorish grounds: the black● withie will grow better in moorish grounds, then on dry; and so will the Red and Osier withies do, and generally they all prosper best in low meadows, and moist places, the earth must be digged, and a little raised, wherein they must be planted; and the best way to plant them, is either to cut branches 
To plant Withies.  from withie trees, or else withie poles of the bigness of ones arm, cut from the stock or body of the tree, and they must be but only pricked down in that digged place of a reasonable depth, but not in the water as the Aller is planted, and the top must be cut off about one foot or two, and then cover 
Note.  that lower part with some good earth. And note, that when you cut these branches or poles from the tree to be planted, it must be in dry weather, and by no means when it raineth. And the best time to plant Withies, is about the midst of February: or rather towards the latter end of September, when the heart of the cold weather is past, or else before it cometh, which otherwise would endanger the plant, if it should either be cut in wet weather, or planted in the extremest of winter: And you shall place every plant five or six feet each from other: And you must be very careful for the well preserving of them the first two or three years, and they must also be cropped every eight or nine years, or else they will be in danger to vade and die; yet crop them not in sap time.  Pe. 
Then I perceive that the Withie doth not desire such moist grounds as the Aller tree.  Sur. 
No, for we see they grow and prosper better upon banks of ditches, and good low battable ground (if they have water near them) than those do which grow in low and 
Sirch tree.  watery meadows. Next to the Withie may the Birch tree be accounted for a watery tree, and which also desireth a cold and moist soil, but not altogether so watery a ground as the Aller and Withie doth: for we daily see they naturally grow up and prosper in cold springing gravely soils, rather than in any other dry or watery kind of ground: And this tree is very profitable, and serveth well to make chercole, & also for Turner's to make bowls, dishes, & other necessary things for the house. The fourth watery tree is the Poplar or Asp tree, which also disereth to grow rather in moist places 
Popular or Asp tree.  then otherwise; and the best way to plant them, is of young roots, but where roots cannot be had, then take such like plants, as you do of Withie, and this wood is also very good to make Pipes of, for conveying of water, and other uses.  Wo. 
But I pray will not these trees which you have termed water trees, grow in any other place then in low watery grounds?  Sur. 
Yes, I say not to the contrary, but their nature being to grow in low wet grounds, or near unto water, where they will more kindly prosper then in high and dry places which is far from water, where perhaps with much ado, and very slow, they will put forth some few and small branches: And where one so prospereth well, and continueth long in such a high place, there will five hundred prosper much better, and last longer, growing in low and watery grounds. It is true, that by industry they may be made to grow upon the barrenest soil that is, but then the labour and charge must be very great, which if once it be neglected, and not daily followed, and that with great care, all pains & charge is lost, and the tree will whither and die. The contrary whereof is found by planting them in a low soil, or near unto water fitting their kind. And some do also hold it necessary after the first years planting of them, to cut away all the twigs which then first put forth, whereby the root may be the better fed, and also that the winds may have less power to shake and loosen them in the earth; for trees often perish and die by such untimely accidents: therefore it is necessary as well to plant them well and orderly at the first; as to be careful afterward in looking well to them, for a thing once well done at the first, is much better than when it needeth a second doing. And this shall suffice for these kinds of water trees, or for any other you intent to plant, and now to your land trees.  Per. 
But I pray do you not account Ash trees to be in 
Ash tree.  the number of the water trees.  Sur. 
No, though they do naturally desire a low and moist soil, wherein they will grow and prosper much better, then in high dry grounds, yet the ground need not be altogether so low and watery, as that which is for Aller, Withie, Birch, and Asp: therefore the best ground which is most agreeable to their condition, and wherein they most delight, is in valleys of an indifferent layre, neither too dry nor moist: for in such warm places they will grow tall and beautiful, and that also in short time. But howsoever, if conveniently they cannot be set in Valleys, they will grow very well in any fat and moist soil; but by no means plant them in any dry or barren ground, nor yet in very low watery places.  jen. 
Yet I have often seen Ash trees grow upon high hills, and that very well.  Sur. 
I grant that to be so, but than it is likely that those hills are somewhat replenished with Springs, or else the ground is very good, and then there is no doubt of their prospering, though yet not to prove so firm and tough wood (by reason of the wind and storms do often shake them, and the full heat of the Sun makes them more spault and brittle for uses (yet will they be better feathered, and longer endure for building) as those which grow secure and steady in temperate and calm places. And you may either set Ashen-keyes 
To set or sow Ashen keys.  to have Plants of them▪ (the ground being well husbanded as aforesaid) or else young Ashen Plants, to be dressed and ordered in like sort as the young Oaken Plants are. 
To plant young Ashen trees.  And when your Ashen-keyes are grown up to be little trees, you may then yearly for two or three years prune or cut away the superfluous boughs of them, but not the top, which will cause the tree to prosper exceeding well, and to grow high, round, smooth, and strong. And as for the Plant, within a year or two after it is thus set and firmly rooted in the earth, at the usual time of cutting down Copies wood, you may then if you please also cut down this Plant, or any other kind of Tree thus set, hard by the root, and it will prosper and put forth again three or four stems, which will grow in short time to be good wood for fuel, and very tall trees for Timber, because than it will have his full height and top, if you let them stand and preserve them well, as formerly hath been spoken. And you shall understand, 
At what time, and for what uses it is best to fell Ashen wood.  that the best time to fell Ash wood for the Cooper, is, when it is about fourteen or sixteen years growth: if you will let it grow until about thirty years, it is then best for the Whéelewright and Ploughwright; and if you let it grow longer, it is then best for Timber to build withal: and fell it for the foresaid uses in or about November. Of the use of 
The Oak tree of which there are three sorts.  this Tree I have formerly spoken, therefore I will proceed to speak somewhat of the Oak, of which you shall understand there be three sorts.  Woodward. 
But I pray how are their differences known?  Sur. 
They are easily known: for the first of them hath a 
The first sort.  body very short, thick, and large, being full of knots and knubs and great spreading roots, yet beareth a good quantity of boughs, which are thick and long grown, but commonly not strait. The wood of this Oak is good for little else than for the fire, because of his short knubbie bowl, therefore not worth your labour to plant any of this kind. The second sort hath a body of a reasonable thickness and 
The second sort.  height, of five or six fathom long▪ with some few boughs upon the body, and more towards the top, and those of no great breadth or spreading out: and of this kind you may well venture to sow Adorns, or plant young Trees, because they are reasonable ●all, the body smooth, and without knots, and proveth good Timber for many uses of building. The third 
The third sort.  sort hath somewhat a more small and smooth body than the second, but very strait, comely, clean, and neatly grown, and about eight or nine fathoms long or more, not having any boughs on the body at all, but only towards the top; so that all or most of the nourishment of such a Tree, is in the body: and these sorts of Oaks are held the best for any building, and therefore fittest to plant of this kind. And also they grow more close and near together than the others do, nature teaching them (by reason of their slenderness and height) the it is best so to grow, rather than to stand scattering and open to winds and storms, and be endangered by them. All these three sorts of Oaks do bear leaves and Acorns of several bignesses and fashions: and it is said, that these Trees are of long continuance, namely one hundred years in growing, one hundred years to continue good and sound, and one hundred years in decaying: and therefore we must not expect, that in sowing of Acorns, or planting of young Oaks, they will in forty or fifty years come to be good and indifferent large Timber, as Elm, Ash, and Béech will do, (which will grow and put forth more in eight years, than an Oak will do in twelve, and which commonly are at their best at seventy or eighty years growth) but we must with patience expect, that our posterity may have the profit of such long continuing Trees, as we plant and sow which in time they may reap both to their pleasure and profit. And all Oaks generally would be planted in a fat, good, and seasonable ground, as I have already said: for according to the nature and quality of the soil, be it good, indifferent, or barren, so will your Oak grow and prosper.  jen. 
It is most probable to be so, but I pray at what time of the year is it best to fell Oak Timber trees, as well for the durableness of the Timber for building, as also to have profit by the Bark? for as I have heard they must be felled at two several times in the year.  Sur. 
The best time to fallen all manner of Timber trees for building, is in December and januarie, from the full to the change of the Moon, and towards the last quarter, she being then in Aquarius and Pisces, and then commonly they will 
The time of felling Oak timber trees as well for building as for Bark.  neither chink, rive, nor grow rotten or be worm eaten, for than they are (as one may say) at a stand from growing, by reason they have little or no sap in them at that time, but all is in the root. And to fell Oak Timber trees for Bark, the Statute appointeth it to be between the first of April and last of june, for then the Bark will pill well, by reason the sap is now come up into the tree again. And always when you fell any Timber tree, fell them as near the ground as you can, for one foot of Timber next the ground, is worth two foot of Timber in the top. And some, when they would have the Tree more dry and clean from the sap, do use to out it half through, unto the middle or pith of the Tree, and then to let it stand a certain time, until the sap that is in it may descend and drop out, whereby the Timber when the s●ppe hath thus dropped out will be the less putrefied or corrupted, but will endure and last much the longer.  Pereg. 
Herein you have given me very good satisfaction: but I pray will the stub of such an Oaken Timber tree newly felled, shoot out young sprigs, whereby may be expected a new spring to come of that root again?  Sur. 
Yes, there will such shoots sprout out again after the felling of the Tree in manner as I have said, especially if the Tree felled were a growing Timber tree, and that it be felled from the change to the first quarter of the Moon: for though the Tree be taken away, yet the root is still fresh and springing, and will in some sort put forth his fruit and increase again, though in another kind, for in stead of Timber, which before did grow upon that stub and root, you shall now have Copies Wood, if you preserve it accordingly.  Pereg. 
It is probable to be so, but why then should not men, who fell down Timber trees, preserve such a spring?  Sur. 
The reason as I conceive is this, that Timber commonly is not felled together, but scatteringly, as here and there a tree, which indeed would not quit the cost to preserve the spring of every such tree so felled. And again, those who fell eight or ten acres more or less of Timber trees to make a present sum of money, they never respect any new spring thereof to grow again, but strait they fall to grubbing of that piece of ground so felled, and then converteth it into pasture, arable, or meadow, which they think to be the most gains: but such men in my opinion are none of the 
Landlords who let Farms from 5 years to 5 years, are none of the best husbands.  best husbands; and they may well be compared to such Landlords, who think it a great profit for them to let their lands from year to year, or not for above five or six years: which short time expired, they think they may then again set it upon the rack, and still increase both rent and sine: but such Landlords do often fail in their expectation, as common experience showeth it true in every poor Farmer: for if he hath his Farm but for five or six years, is it not likely he will then tear up the ground, and ransack the very bowels thereof for his profit, and never bestow cost thereof, neither to better the soil with Compass, or mend any Fences, or his Tenement, but all shall be cost sufficient, if it will but last his time, to bring in some little profit, during those few years; which ended, the ground no doubt will be much more worse than it was at the first taking thereof: for what reason hath this poor Farmer to be at any charge thereof, more than he shall think fit, when he knoweth not whether he shall be tenant to it again, or no? And what then doth this covetous Landlord get hereby, but only assurance, that the heart of his ground is worn out, his fences broken down and spoiled, his Tenements decayed, himself notoriously exclaimed of, and very likely to let it for less, after the expiration of those few years, than he did at the first.  jen. 
You have given two sufficient reasons why men do not preserve such springs, to which a third may also be added; namely, as I conceive, they are careless, and never expect that any spring at all will come forth out of such a stub or root, from which the Timber tree is felled. And your comparing such an one, who grubbeth up whole Woods to convert the ground to tillage or pasture, is very aptly applied to such a Landlord, who will let his Farms but for some short time: for if the ground be good when the Farmer taketh it, it will then for those few years well serve his turn, to bring in profit without any cost bestowing thereof: which term ended, and the utmost of his labour and pains bestowed thereof, the ground then will be much the poorer: and if at his first entering thereon, the ground, fence and tenement be bad, he must then bestow so much cost thereof, as will well last him to have profit thereby during that time (for more it is not likely he will bestow) for you must think he will use all the skill of husbandry he can, to get his full benefit out of the very heart of the ground, and by that time those few years are expired, both ground, fence, and housing will be much impaired, and little advantage this griping Landlord will get by letting of this land the second time.  Sur. 
It is true, they neither expect or care for the springing of such Copies, and especially many of the King's Tenants, who hold any Springs or Copies of his Majesty by lease: for when they fell a Hag or Spring, partly out of a desire of unlawful gains, they cut and mangle down the arms and loppes of good Timber trees, yea and many good Timber trees themselves, in the name of Cranckes or shrubbed Trees, which they presume they may without prejudice of their Lease, take; and partly to bare and clear the ground of such a burden, that so much the sooner it might become a pasture ground (of which Tenants do make a better commodity, because they make more often return both of ware and money) as myself have found it true in my late Northern circuit. And this abuse will never be left, except some woodward's were more honest and careful in their office, for they will not only wink at such faults, but ex officio, will be as forward as any to take and sell trees at pleasure.  jen. 
How now Master Woodward, how do you like this gear? I perceive men of your profession is also like to undergo the censure of the world, as well as Surveyors.  Sur. 
Howsoever he liketh it, or may be censured of the world with Surveyors, yet God forbidden that all woodward's should be so; but I do speak but of such who demeans themselves in this idle fashion: and I could wish, that all such Surveyors, who deal not justly according to the trust reposed in them, might be punished accordingly.  Wood 
Which your opinion I approve, and will willingly subscribe thereunto. But leaving these abuses to the punishment of the law, I pray proceed in your discourse of timber trees: and the second in order for goodness, which you told us of, as I remember, is the Elm.  Sur. 
You say true: and therefore you shall understand, that there are also of this kind three sorts, and they are thus 
The Elm tree, of which are three sorts.  known. The first sort of them have a little leaf & a black stalk, the second hath somewhat a larger leaf, and a reasonable white stalk, and the third hath a more large and full leaf, and a stalk more white. The best of these to plant is the last, and the second next, and these will grow thick and tall in short time, and bear long boughs: and the third sort is worst of all, and will hardly grow to any reasonable tree, and therefore not worth your labour of planting it. And of these trees you may plant them three or four several ways, that is, of the seed, young plants, and roots, with the young imps cut from the tree or root: and also some do think they will grow well of stippes or branches cut from a young tree of three or four years old, and to be set in good mould half a foot deep about the later end of March, or beginning of October, and cut off the tops of those slips, and set them about four or five foot distant the one from the other, and this tree will grow as soon and plentiful as any other, by reason it is of a spongy substance.  Pereg. 
Have Elmes then seed, I pray whereabouts in the Elm doth it grow?  Sur. 
Yes that they have, and that great store, and it groweth about the midst of the Leaf, and the bloom thereof is somewhat like unto a Hoppe, or the seed of Orage, and to set or sow this seed you must do thus: Gather the seed before the Tree be fully covered with leaves (which is about the middle of April) at such time as it beginneth to be yellow, and fall from the Tree: and after they are gathered, they must be two or thee days dried in the shadow, and then sown in good and firm ground an inch deep, and afterward let them be watered, if the weather prove dry: which done, and then carefully looked unto, they will come up and prosper very well. Yet it is better to set Plants of them as you do your Oak, for they will come up sooner, and prove more large of body and plentiful of boughs, even according as the soil is where they grow▪ And to plant the roots or imps of them, cut from the tree or root, you must lay them deep in good mould, and they will prosper and plentifully come forth, and grow to be high and tapering Trees, by reason they have then still their tops: and they will best like and thrive in a gravely soil, as is to be seen about London and other places, where they grow tall and strait in short time. Of the great use of this tree I have spoken before, and therefore it were needless here again to repeat it. The third sort in goodness, is the Béech Tree, 
Beech tree.  which beareth mast very profitable for fatting of Swine, and it may be sown as your Acorns are, or young Trees thereof planted, like unto Oaken Standils; and this Tree will grow well in any reasonable ground, but only in wet and moorish grounds: and in Berkshire and Oxfordshire they grow much upon chalkey and barren soils: and the time of planting them is in February, when the heart of the cold weather is past, or rather at the latter end of September, and they must also be husbanded as you do your Oaken Plant. The Hornebeame Tree doth much resemble 
Hornebeame tree.  the Béech Tree in quality, and desireth the same kind of ground, husbanding and dressing, as the Béech tree doth, but it is a more firm and  kind of Wood And these, namely the Oak, Elm, Béech, Ash, and Hornebeame Trees, are the chiefest sort of Timber trees which grow in England. And there be other small Trees of divers kinds, which would also serve well for Fuel and other necessaries, and would much beautify Forests and Parks, and also prove very commodious for Springs and Hedgerowes in demeans and Farm Grounds; namely, the Maple, Crabtrée, Service tree, Yew tree, and Hasell tree, which also would do well to be set in places where scarce of Wood is, and these will grow and prosper well, the ground being aptly chosen for them, and husbanded accordingly: For the Maple desireth a fat and moist 
Maple tree.  soil, as in Hedgerowes of arable grounds, or in other places, where they may stand warm, and then they will timely put forth good branches, and the body thereof is a white and reasonable firm wood, & good for many household uses. The Crabtrée desireth somewhat a better soil to be 
Crab tree.  planted in than the Maple, because of his fruit, which serveth to make verjuice of, and which is good for many purposes, as well for the sick as whole, & a great relief to many poor people, and also good food for Dear, if they be planted either in Forests, Chases, or Parks: & therefore the better the ground is where this plant or tree groweth, the larger & pleasanter will the Crab & Verivice be: the stock or body of this Tree is good to graft upon, and the wood of this Tree is also very good to make Cogs for Grist Mills, and other things. The Service tree delighteth in a cold, moist, and ●arren soil, and 
Service tree.  they do use to sow the stones thereof, and also to plant young sprigs thereof in February or March or rather in the beginning of October, and the ground must be well husbanded and often digged▪ and also putting ashes to the root thereof, which must be place● very deep in the earth. This wood is very excellent for joiners to make Cupboards, Desks, and Instruments of, because it is  and smooth without knots▪ Of the barries of this Tree is made a kind of drink somewhat like in taste to Perrie, and of which in Germany I have drunk. The Yew tree delighteth in a hard, stony▪ or chalky 
Yew tree.  ground, as is to be seen about Ro●h Abbey in ●he West Riding of Yorkshire▪ & in some parts of kent, and also in many Churchyards in England, & other gravelly places: the wood of this Tree is very hard, and good as every man knoweth to make Bows, Desks, Instruments, and many other necessary things; and it is so much the better, because it is not subject to be eaten of worms: yet the Spanish Yew and Ash▪ is much better than any we have which grows in England, yet ours not to be rejected.  Wood 
But I pray S●r why do you forget to speak of the Chestnut tree, considering you gave such extraordinary commendations, as well for the Timber as fruit thereof.  Sur. 
Though I have for borne to speak thereof, yet I intent not to be silent therein▪ for the worth of this tree deserveth 
chestnut tree.  no less commendations than any the former: for it groweth to as large a tree as an Oak, doth as well in tallness as thickness of body, and also beareth plentiful of 
Chestnuts sow● Chestnuts plants  boughs, if it be at the first well and carefully husbanded: and you may set or sow Chestnuts, or else set▪ young plants thereof▪ by both which ways they will come up and prosper very well▪ and sow them rather in valleys than mountains; in a light, soft, and black mould, rather than in a stiff, clayey or sandy soil: and plant them so that the heat of the Sun do not too much annoy them▪ because the tree itself naturally desireth shadow and cool places, yet not cold. And the 
The best time of planting Chestnuts.  best time to plant them as some do think, is when the Sun is in the Equinoctial. And after they are planted, take yearly the young sprigs away, as they come forth, (with your hand▪ as is formerly said▪ and not with an edged tool,) until they are three or four years old, and that in the beginning of the spring, which will cause them to prosper better, and put forth more houghes. And some held it better rather to sow Chestnuts (whereby they think more fruit will come thereof) then to set plants▪ so that the ground be well husbanded, which must be done either in October or March: and Nuts that you mean to set or sow, must be very fair, ripe, and sound, and the newer they are, the better they will grow and prosper▪ and these Nuts must be set four or five of them together in one hole in the earth a foot deep▪ the sharp ends downward, two yards distant the one from the other: and within two or three yards after, when they are grown up to a reasonable height, then take them up again & plant them about fifteen or sixteen yards distant the one from the other, for else when they are grow●e to be large trees, 
Chestnuts steeped in water or milk.  their main spreading branches will greatly annoy and hinder each others growth. And some do use before they set the Nuts in the ground, to steep them two or three days in water, or rather milk, and you may set them either in October or February.  jen. 
But will not this tree grow and prosper as well of the Plant, as of the Nut?  Sur. 
Yes no doubt but it will, but you will hardly find in England any young plants with roots, and to set sprigs thereof having no roots, but cut from the tree, they will by no means prosper: and therefore the best and surest way is to sow the Nuts.  Per. 
But the Chestnuts which commonly come into England are rotten and perished before the time cometh of setting them: how then shall we get any of these to be sound for setting, that in likelihood we might not lose both labour and charge?  Sur. 
You say true, many of those Chestnuts which come out of France are indeed much perished, and the reason may be as well of their untimely gathering, as also when they are gathered, in not well keeping of them: in both which great care must be had, and therefore the sooner you set those Nuts the better and sooner will they prosper.  Per. 
But I pray how do they keep them?  Sur. 
The manner of keeping them in France, about the country of Dalphine, where great store of these trees do grow, is, that about Autumn they do gather these Nuts, and keep them until their hulks grow, tending to a ●ay colour, and that also until they razed out their fruit, and this without any more ado, is their common course of keeping them. But others who make great profit of them by their long keeping, & selling them to seamen to transport into other countries, do beat them down before they be fully ripe, or fall from the tree of themselves, for those ripe ones so falling will not keep above twenty or thirty days, except they be dried, and yet for all that they will not keep very long. And being gathered as aforesaid, some than do cover them with Hasell Nuts, which they say do dry up the superfluous moisture of the Chestnuts. And others gather them in the decrease 
The keeping of Chestnuts.  of the Moon, when they are reasonable ripe, and do put them in sand, or place them in some cool room, or else lay them in earthen vessels well covered, that no air get in, which they set in cool cellars, for if any air do come at them, they will soon rot and perish. And I could wish that many would apply themselves to plant (next unto the Oak) this kind of tree, as well for the timber thereof, which will serve with the best for building of houses, for which purpose it is most durable: as also for the fruit thereof, which may be eaten ●aw, roasted, baked in Pies, or make bread thereof, and also being boiled, it may be brayed and eaten with milk, and wi●h may be a great relief to many poor people, and which also is good to fat Swine.  Per. 
You say weil, and I would to God there might be as good care had of the planting and prospering of this kind of tréee, which I perceive bringeth abundance of necessary profit, as well to the rich as poor, both for building 
The Mulberry tree.  and food, as there is in planting of Mulberry trees, which though it be also profitable, yet is the profit thereof annexed with a kind of pride, in making silks for ga●e clothes.  Sur. 
It is true, yet the profit of the Chestnut tree (as I conceive) is more necessary, as well in respect of the goodness of Timber, as also for the sustenance and relief of the poor: yet the commodity of the Mulberry tree is greatly to be respected, in regard of the silk that is made thereof, as also for the wood itself: and therefore it is a tree well worth the planting, and not amiss to speak somewhat 
Two sorts of Mulberry trees, the one white, the other red.  thereof. You shall understand then, that there are two sorts of Mulberry trees, the white and the black, or dark red Mulberry, and they are so called by reason of their fruit, and the black Mulberry is better than in the white, because it bringeth forth a more large and better relished fruit, and in which is greater store of liquor then the white, and the body of that tree is also thicker, and doth more kindly grow without knubs or ●●ynings then the white doth, and when you intent to plant it, you must have great care, as well in manuring the ground which must be a fat and moist soil, as also in planting of it towards the South Sun, and in warm places, and that very deep in the earth, in the three foresaid months of February, March, or rather October: and in planting of it mix earth with ashes, and lay it about, and upon the root, for this tree is very tender, and therefore cold winds and frosts are great enemies to it, neither doth it thrive in ertreame drouthes. They may also be grafted upon Apple or Pear trees, or upon their own stocks 
Note.  in the increase of the Moon, or three or four days before the first quarter. And note (as some do write) that how many days the Moon is old when you graft them, so many years will it be before they bring forth any fruit. And this planting or grafting them is much better, then sowing the Mulberry kernel, especially in our climate, which is somewhat too cold for that purpose. Some also do plant this Mulberry, by taking a little slip of a foot-long from the tree itself, and set it five or six inches in the earth, which done, it must then be carefully wa●ered in Summer time. Some also to make a nursery of fruit trees, will sow these kernels of Mulberries among their other fruit trees. But howsoever, whether you plant this tree, or sow kernels thereof, it would better beseem spacious grounds, Forests and Parks (because of his largeness and variety, and some annoyance withal) then an Orchard or Garden, because the fruit once ripe (which is then sweet and lutious) the flies and wasps will continually haunt in those trees, and exceedingly annoy the house. The wood of this tree is very good for joiners to 
Wood of this tree. Leaves of this tree. Fruit of the tree.  make household implements of, and they use it in some parts of Italy to build their houses. Of the leaves of tree, they feed Silkworms, of which great profit is made. And the fruit of this tree is good to fat Swine and Poultry. And to conclude, this tree is so good and profitable, as there is neither wood, leaves, or fruit, but serveth to good uses.  Wood 
You have sufficiently spoken of this tree, and that according to his worth, but there is yet another kind of tree which would help to adorn and beautify all kinds, as well of wild as Farm grounds, both for the fruit, and also largeness of the tree, and that is the Walnut tree, of which 
Walnut tree.  as not yet any thing hath been spoken.  Sur. 
Neither did I think to have said any thing thereof at all, though it be a seemly and large tree, and well worth the having, yet hath it that malignant nature with it (as my Author affirmeth) as it annoyeth all other trees which grow near unto it, and especially the Oak tree: yet because it is good and profitable, as well for the wood and timber, as also for the fruit, I will a little speak hereof. The ground than that these trees do most delight in, is rather a hot soil then a fat or waterish, and the best place to plant them in, is upon highway sides, or vacant places, because of the spoiling other trees which grow by them, for the very shadow and droppings of this tree doth much annoy any thing that groweth near or under it: And you may either set the Nut, plant a 
Three manner of ways to have this tree to grow. To set the Nut  young tree thereof, or else graft it upon some other tree. If you will set the nut, you must first (after the ground is well digged and prepared as aforesaid) make choice of the Nut to be of a year old, the shell fair, large, and tender, and the kernel full and crisp; and you must lay them either in steep in Cow milk, or else in urine of a Boy for three or four days before you set them, and then put them into the earth the sharp ends downward, either in October, February, or March, for then the sharpness of the cold wether is not fully come, or else past, and then put up the earth lightly about the Nut. And some also do use to set them with their green ●uskes on, being newly taken from the tree. If 
To set the plant.  you will set young plants thereof, take then the fairest and best liking young trees you can, and after the ground being well trimmed and husbanded, and the superfluous roots cut away (the master root excepted) plant them about for●ie foot distant one from the other, or else when they grow to be great trees, they will much hinder the prospering of one the other: and in planting of them let some of the earth where they did formerly grow, be put together with the plant into the hole where it must stand, and plant them in the three foresaid months of February, March, or rather October. The third way to have this tree come up, is by grafting 
Grafting of it.  of it, which some do use upon plum-tree stocks, for want of stocks of the same kind: But the best way is to graft it upon a stock of his own kind in grafting time. But beware you neither set the Nut, plant young trees, or graft any sciences of this kind of tree, near unto any Oak, or where any Oak hath formerly grown.  jen. 
But do you not think that this tree will grow in cold and moist places, as well as in the fertile soil, for it seemeth to mec, to be of a hard condition, for I have often seen them beaten with a long pole, when the Nuts begin to grow ripe, and their branches much broken therewith.  Sur. 
Yes, they will grow reasonable well in such soils, and also endure the cold weather as well as any tree, but than it will not come to that perfection neither for the largeness and bowl of the tree, nor store or goodness of the Nut, as if it had been planted in a good and seasonable ground: yet plant this tree where you will, it is so hardy of itself, that being exceedingly beaten with a long pole, as you spoke of even now, the more and better fruit shall you have thereof: but if you do omit beating of it, then may you prune it, or finely with the point of your knife cut the bark thereof from the foot of the tree upwards, as high as you can reach, which some do call scarifying or lancing. And you shall do well now and then, after some few years planting of it, to lay ashes at the root thereof, or else water it with stolen urine, which will cause the Nut to grow more large, the shell tender, and the kernel more firm and pleasant in taste; and the tree itself will grow fairer, and bear his fruit more timely. And although the disposition of this tree be so adverse against all other trees which grow near unto it, yet is the profit thereof greatly to be respected: for the timber thereof is large, smooth, pleasant, and serveth 
The profit of the Walnut tree.  to many good uses for joiners; and the loppings or boughs thereof (which grow thick and large, when the tree is dead or to be felled, for before you must not lop it, if you intent to have any good thereof) will serve for firewood: the whole Nut from the outermost rind to the innermost kernel, is all and very excellent good for many griefs and diseases: and the leaf thereof also serveth to like good purposes: so that there is not any impediment in this tree in comparing of it with any the former, but only his bad condition in growing near unto other trees, and commonly it killeth any thing 
The Pine tree.  which groweth under it; which yet the Pine tree doth not, but is of a contrary and more pleasing nature, and every thing doth prosper very well which groweth under the shadow thereof, which is neither so cumbersome or thick, but that the Sun, Rain & Air may sufficiently come to any thing which so groweth.  Wood 
But do you think that Pine trees will grow and prosper in our climate?  Sur. 
I must needs think so, because I have seen some grow in England, though yet but rarely, and the reason perhaps may be, of the not well husbanding them at the first, in which great care must be used, yet when they are grown to be trees, they are then sufficiently able to endure all hardness; but being set either of the plant or seed, they are then most choice and tender.  Wood 
But I pray what course do you use in planting them, and in what kind of ground?  Sur. 
The soil that chief these trees delight in, is a sandy, light, and stony ground, and will thrive very well upon mountains, and in open airy places, and they will grow sooner & better of the kernel, then of a young plant. And you must lay the kernels in steep three or four days before you set or sow them and let the ground where you intent to sow them be as carefully husbanded & tilled, as you would do if you would sow wheat thereon, & then put 6 or 7 of them into the earth in one hole together 4 or 5 fingers deep, & cover them lightly with lose earth. And the best time to sow them is in October or November▪ in warm, hot, or dry places, & in cold and wet grounds in February or March, and when they are grown up to be young trees, you must be very careful in removing any of them, because it is long before they will settle and take root, and they will hardly endure to be transplanted (without hurt and hindrance to their growth) but yet when you do remove of them, beware you do not bruise or break any of the roots, espcially the master-roote. And it is thought this tree will continue the longer, if the bark be now and then taken from it, because that under the bark worms do breed, which do fret and destroy the tree. And though you may think this disdourse of mine to be more curious than necessary, because there be excellent good laws already enacted for preserving the wood, yet in respect there do want peculiar officers that should carefully look thereunto, those laws, as many other be, are little respected: therefore if you please, before we end our conference, 
Some new law fit to be thought of for preserving of wood.  let us a little consider of some points fit to be thought of by our grave and discreet Parliament, meant to that end.  Per. 
M. Surveyor you have made a good motion, I pray let us hear your conceit concerning this point.  Sur. 
Sir with all willingness I will discover to you my poor opinion therein, which is, that every Fréeholder or Copiholder of Inheritance holding twenty Acres or upward of land, should be enjoined by a special act to be made in that behalf, to plant or sow one Acre of those twenty with Oak, Elm, Ash, Béech, or chestnut, etc. in Counties that are not woody, or where little or no wood is growing, and to ditch and hedge the same defensably from Cattle and Swine, or other destruction.  Per. 
You say well, but that law would as little be respected as any the rest, except it might also be enacted, that there should be officers appointed for the due surveying and yearly view of every man's performance thereof.  Sur. 
That is my meaning, for after this little nursery thus 
Officers appointed to look to the preservation of these little groves.  made and planted according to the proportion abovesaid, that is, from twenty Acres to one thousand, etc. I would then have the high Constable of every Hundred, Wapentake, or Liberty appointed an officer to look to the preservation of these little groves, and that twice in the year, which should be about the Spring and Fall, viz. Our Lady day▪ and Martinmas, that the fences be well maintained, the grounds cleansed from weeds, & all manner of cattle be kept out from annoying and spoiling the tender sprigs, for which he should yearly have five pounds, to be with equal proportion levied 
A yearly allowance to this new Officer.  through his whole Division or Hundred, according to their usual course and proportion of rates and cessements there used in other services for the County.  Pereg. 
But what then should these high Constables do, when they find offenders in any point of this planting or preserving law?  Sur. 
I would have them to keep note books of all their doings therein, and that once in the year, and at the next Quarter Sessions extract these defaults to the justices of 
The defaults extracted to the justices of Peace. A fine and penalty.  Peace, and if they find any offence, to impose a fine for that default past, and a penalty for the amendment thereof, before a certain day, as to their discretions should seem meet: and that the same chief Constable may have the levying of their fines or amercements, the profit whereof to be thus divided into four equal parts, viz. to the justices of the Peace one part, to the Clerk of the Peace for entering distreating the same, another part, to the chief Constables for collecting them one other part, and to the poor of the parish respectively the fourth part. And that also 
Articles to be given in charge to the jury.  by the same act, the justices at every their Sessions may have power to give in their charge to the jury these following Cautions, as parcel of their charge. First, such who have not planted or sowed such grounds according to the proportion of Acre or Acres aforesaid, with such plants and seeds as the nature and condition of the soil will best agree withal. Secondly, such who have not after their planting or sowing & coming up, carefully looked unto them for their better prospering. Thirdly, that where such Plants and Trees have been set and sown, that upon their planting or new coming up of them, many or most of them have miscarried and not prospered, and that such have not again made a reparation in due season (to be about or a little after Michaelmas) with other young Plants of like kind, etc. And where that many fences be weak and bad (cattle and Swine break in and crop the young sprigs, and root up the ground) be strengthened and carefully mended. That by these and such like Inquiries presentments may at our Lady day and Martinmas be made by the jury of the defaults, that they may be compared with the presentments of the said chief Constables, who are the Surveyors of these Groves. And if there find the said chief Constable negligent or conniving 
Another fine to be imposed.  in that Office, that then the justices do also fine them, according as their discretions shall think fit: which fine shall be divided into two equal parts, the one half to the Clerk of the Peace, and the other half to the jury that presented the defaults.  Pereg. 
Sir, in my opinion you have laid a foundation of very good and probable law, which being perfected by the wisdom of the Parliament Burgesses, who knowing the natures, conditions, and properties of every County, can best form and fashion the same fit for every place, which assuredly cannot but do well; because you have made such a cautionary law, that the profits arising of the amercements and fines for defaults, as well of the owners of those springs, as of the Surveyors, will cause the same to be quickly found and levied, which will make every one more carefully to look about him.  Surveyor. 
Truly Sir, it is most needful that some such course should be thought of, and I should think myself happy if I could possess some pregnant wits to raise up any profitable law for the increasing of so pitiful a decay, as is generally of our Woods, which hath come by the unnaturalness of the times, that hath bred men void of charity; Epicures, only providing for the supply of their pleasures: without that natural leave, care, and respect, that by the Laws of God, Nature, and Nations they should have of their posterity and succeeding ages.  Pereg. 
Master Surveyor you have spoken most truly herein: for myself (in this small time that I have lived, which is not yet fully sixty years) have observed, that in these latter ages true charity hath had a great fight with self-love, and much banding on both parties hath been for some few years after. But since this conflict, sensuality hath so played the parasite, as he hath levied more forces, and grown more powerful by his libertine insinuations, than poor charity could do: whereby it hath followed that she is abolished, and self-love hath obtained the victory; and thereupon coming in by conquest, she thinketh herself not bound to any law, but at her pleasure most licentiously hath made havoc of all old charitable foundations, plantations, preservations, and what not; whereby this pitiful spoil of Woods amongst the rest, that served to many needful and worthy uses, is now presented to us in the pageant of this our age, as part of the fruits of self-love, in every degree, sex, and person.  Sur. 
Good Sir, I pray make some stay of relating so féelingly the memory of these woeful devastations, for in good faith you make my heart ache with the remembrance of them, and the more, for that I see all this which you have said to be most true in all sorts of people: for it we look upon the Clergy, we may then see their Churchland to be rather champain than reasonably woody, and their Woods and Copies cut down, wasted, and sold by them, not upon necessity, but upon covetousness, want of charity, and due care of Church's posterity. If we look upon foundations and donations of Colleges, Schools, and Hospitals, every man we see is for himself, vasting, and devasting all, as though they expected never to have any successors at all. If we look towards widows having dowries, we shall easily perceive the small care and motherly affection they have of their heirs, in respect of their later and new husbands, but all is brought to the fall and ruin, without respect of future good to their posterities. And if we bend our considerations upon many Officers of the Crown, we may easily discern what course they hold to advance their own profits, more than the preservation of the Prince's Woods and Royalties.  Pereg. 
Well, since charity is in this mournful sort confronted and derided by self-love, let every one endeavour to unite himself, as well in others as in this most needful thrift of Planting: which your conceit for erecting some new law for the same, doth seem to me most probable and effectual for increase of Timber and Fuel, and that with the least charge that may be.  Sur. 
Happily it may effect well, if judicious men would be pleased to make smooth and plain that which I have roughly hewn: with which I pray give me leave to end this discourse of Planting; wherein if I have given you any satisfaction, I shall think my time well bestowed, and would be glad to see you or any other practise some of these directions of Planting and Sowing for increase of Wood and Timber, of which the scarcity is daily seen: and yet few or none in our time (to any great purpose) have ever taken pains to write hereof, how or in what manner to begin and proceed. And I see there are as few industrious spirits that will undertake the care and charge for the increase or preserving of them.  Wood 
Are there not then any other sort of Trees worth the planting either for Timber or Fuel, more than what you have already spoken of?  Sur. 
There are not any other worth the labour either for Timber or Fuel, which either do, or as I conceive, will plentifully grow or fructify in England, because the soil & climate is more adverse than pleasing to their conditions: yet there be many other Trees of small growth worth the planting, in regard of their fruit, as namely, the Apple-trée, Warden-trée, Plumme-trée, etc. the profit of which (if men would be industrious to plant them) would in short time happily yield a liberal increase, & discharge a good part of their rent, besides finding of their own houses▪ by the store of Cy●er and Perry, which yearly may be made thereof, as those of the Counties of Worcester, Gloucester, & Hereford do find it true by experience: but hereof I intent not to speak, because many men are already excellent and most curious in that kind in their Orchards; and the making of Perrie and Cider is neither so difficult or chargeable, as it is pleasant and profitable: and for that also I should then exceed the compass of an introduction to an old thrift, which was the whole scope of my intent in this discourse.  Pereg. 
But Sir, though we are content for this present to spare your further labour herein, because I think we have almost tired you, yet I would entreat you hereafter (though many men by practice are most skilful therein) to let us hear your conceit concerning fruit trees, and the commodity thereof: for though the bodies or boles of them yield but small Timber, yet you know they are both profitable and pleasant, in respect of the fruit which cometh from them.  Sur. 
Sir, I thank you for your patience in hearing this abrupt discourse of Planting and Sowing, for increase of Timber and Fuel, wherein if I see any desirous either to practise some of these experiments, or else add some more lively and practic directions for the bettering of this subject, it will the rather encourage me hereafter to satisfy your desire. And in the mean time I wish we might not be either too wise or ridiculous in contemning what we never saw or practised, and to imitate nothing but what hath been approved by daily experience, which always doth best suit with dull spirits.  Pereg. 
You say well, and so we will bid you adieu until to morrow, when we will challenge your promise, to hear your discourse of the aforesaid Instrument for measuring of Timber.  Sur. 
M. Peregrine and the rest you are welcome; and I will not fail to give you the b●st satisfaction I can therein.   

THE FOURTH PART,  
A short Treatise of measuring Board, and the  content of any Tree, either standing or lying upon the ground, be it square or round; and also to take the height thereof: performed by a small portable Instrument, which is both facile and pleasant.  Surveyor. 
MAster Peregrine, and the rest, God give you all a good day.  Pereg. 
Sir, the like to you, and we are now come according to your appointment, as well to give you thanks for your yesterdays discourse of Planting and Sowing for increase of Timber and Fuel, as also to desire you to satisfy us concerning the use of this Instrument, for measuring the content of any Timber tree, and also to take the height thereof, either standing or growing.  Sur. 
Sir, your request being grounded upon my own offer and promise, I cannot deny you so just a demand: but first let me ask you, if you have any understanding in the science of Arithmetic?  Pereg. 
Yes a little, and I once had it reasonably perfect, but now for want and use thereof I have almost forgotten it: yet will I help that defect in myself as well as I can, by being attentive and willing to understand.  

Inward edge   Wood 
And I have been so slack therein, as the question must be very easy, if I can resolve it: therefore I must the more entreat your pains and patience herein.  Sur. 
It is my purpose to be painful and patiented to give you the best satisfaction herein I can. But the use and practise of this Art is so ingenious, excellent, and necessary, as we can use no manner of commerce or correspondency with any, or practise any faculty or knowledge, but still Arithmetic is the speciallest and most essential part thereof: therefore you do not well to be so negligent or forgetful of so excellent a thing as this is: But the hearing of this Discourse will be little pleasing or profitable to our Farmer, because I imagine he is little seen in the practice of numbers and figures.  jen. 
Master Surveyor, I thank you for your care, and it is likely you will find me an old Truant therein: yet if it will please you to proceed, I will also do my best to understand you therein; for I have special use and need thereof, because I buy and sell much Timber.  Sur. 
It is well, I perceive then if you will be attentive, all of you will soon conceive the use of this Instrument: but you must know, that I intent not to instruct you in the whole course of measuring Timber and Board (which this Instrument will perform as well as any other) but only to teach you some brief rules, and so much as shall sufficiently serve you to measure board, or any , round or square body, be it Timber, stone, glass, or any such like, and also to take the height of a Tree, or of any thing else. This Instrument 
The description of the Instrument.  than is made as you see of two pieces of Box or Brass, whether you will, and of a reasonable thickness, with a joint in the midst to open and that at pleasure, to what distance 
Vpperside lower side, outward edge, ●nward edge.  you please, yea, even unto a strait line, and it consisteth of the upper side & lower side, outward edge and inward edge.  jen. 
I pray what do you mean by the consisting of it?  Sur. 
I mean there are graduated upon those sides & edges divisions that must perform the work: and first I will instruct you of such graduations as are upon the upper side, which as you see are certain degrees called the Sins, the degrees of a Quadrant, and 20 equal parts along the edge of the Scale. And first for the Sins, they are 90 unequal parts extending from the Centre, growing by degrees to a smaller proportion towards 90, and which are numbered by 10, 20, 30, to 90, the fines being ●ut further than the unites, and each unite divided into halves, and is of great use in the doctrine of Triangles, as hereafter shall be showed. Secondly, the degrees of a Quadrant are likewise 90, from the Centre towards your right hand, having the Sins upmost, & holding the Centre from you wards; and also the fines are cut further than the unites, and each unite divided into halves, and which serveth to take heights. Thirdly, the 20 equal parts are thus to be understood, the Scale is to be opened to a strait line, and then the whole length thereof (which is just one foot) is divided into 20 equal parts, and is numbered by 5, 10, 15, to 20. And which also serveth to measure the breadth, depth, and circumference of any Tree.  Wood 
All this I understand, because I see it so in the Scale, but how or upon what grounds they are made, that I know not.  Sur. 
Neither is it material whether you know it or no, except you will apply yourself a little to study Geometry, and therefore it shall suffice only to instruct you in the use of it. Next in order followeth the graduations of the lower 
●ower side.  side, and first of the equal parts which come from the Centre, are 100, being numbered by 10, 20, 30, to 100 And the fines are cut further than the unites, and which serveth to find the circumference of a circle, the diameter being given; to take any part or parts of a line being given, and for divers other uses. On the right hand are graduated 30 equal parts, being numbered by 5, 10, 15, to 25. And the first 5 are not numbered at all, and each unite is divided into halves and quarters; which Scale serveth to find the Diameter of a Circle, the circumference being given. Towards your left hand are graduated 25 equal parts, being numbered by 5, 10, 15, to 20. And the first 5 is not numbered at all, being divided into unites, and each unite into halves and quarters, serving to find the side of a square equal to a Circle, to lay down a figure according to the proportion of that Scale, and also to other uses.  jen. 
Hitherunto I perceive it is most easy, and I understand you well without further instruction.  Sur. 
You will assuredly think so, if you conceive that the knowledge and learning of new things féeme not tedious and difficult to attain, which indeed at the first are always the hardest: But to proceed, then upon the outward 
Outward edg●.  edge, is graduated inches (divided into halves and quarters,) to the number of 12. (the just length of the scale) and are numbered by 1. 2. 3. to 12. And then for the graduations of the inward edge (the scale being in a strait 
In ward edge.  line as before) the whole length is divided into 10. equal parts, and is numbered by 1. 2. 3. to 10. And which serveth to measure the length, height, and distance of things. And thus much for the graduations of the scale, by which is wrought any thing that I intent to speak of.  Per. 
It seemeth that this Instrument is very necessary to perform what you have said, but yet if I should for want of skill commit any error in the work, what help is there then, when I know not how or where to find the fault, or upon what grounds it is made?  Sur. 
You speak to good purpose, but as I said before, so I say now, you must be pleased to take it for an answer, that except you will studiously seek to attain the knowledge of these things, you must be content with such brief Rules, as shall be taught you, concerning this or any the like subject: yet this help shall you have herein, that you may try by Arithmetic, any the materiallest matters concerning this affair, whether it will hold true with the Scale or no.  Per. 
That is as much as I desire: and therefore I pray begin some proposition.  Sur. 
I will: First then rather for variety, then use hereof in measuring board or, timber, (but only for the 
The use of the upper side.  height of a tree excepted) I will show you two or three propositions concerning the Sins. As.  

The Radius, or whole length of a line being given 
To give of the upper side.  to find any Sine desired.  
Let a. b. be Radius, I demand the sine of 40. degrees.  
Fit a. b. upon the sins in 90. and take it over in 40. which distance set from a. to c. and so shall a. c. be the sine of 40. degrees, as was required.  
Another Example.  
Let a. b. be Radius, I demand the sine of 25. degrees.  
Fit a. b. in 90. and take it over in 25. and then work as before: and so shall a. c. be the sine of 25. degrees.  jen. 
What do you call this fitting and taking over?  Sur. 
Fitting is to open or shut the Scale until a certain distance be fitted in 90. 80. 70. or any other number desired: and taking over is the opening or shutting of the compasses to the Scale unstirred in such degrees as shall be required.  Wood 
But I pray what concerneth the two former examples of the sins, for the measuring of Board & Timber?  Sur. 
Not any thing, but only as I told you in respect of the variety and pleasure thereof, and the chiefest use of these sins in Timber measure, is of Triangles in taking the height of a tree (an example whereof you shall presently understand.) But before you come to learn how to take the height 
What an Angle i●.  of a tree, it is necessary for you to know what an Angle is, that so by degrees, you may somewhat understand the doctrine of Triangles. Therefore you shall know that an angle is the meeting of two lines in one point, whose quantity is measured by an Arch of a Circle passing from the one line to the other, and whose Centre shall be the point where the two lines do meet. As for example.  
a. b. and a. c. are two lines drawn at pleasure, and meet both in the point a. making the Angle b. a. c. (wherein note that the middle letter a. doth always signify the Angle,) whose quantity is measured by the Arch d. c. and is found to be 90. degrees.  
And for that I would have you the perfecter herein (having already showed you what an Angle is, and how it is measured) It remaineth now to show you how to find the quantity of any Angle by the Scale, which is done after this manner. Let the foresaid Angle b. a. c. be given to be measured, whose quantity is required: First therefore open your compasses at 
To find the quantity of an Angle by the Scale.  pleasure, and setting one foot in the Centre a. with the other, foot describe the Arch d. e. Then without stirring the Compasses, always fit the Radius (which is the Semidiameter) a. d. or a. e. in 30. upon the fines, and there let the Instrument rest, and then take with your Compasses the distance from d. to e. and bring that alongst the sins till it be equally fitted on each side (which now you see it doth in 45.) and so shall 45. be found to be the half of that Angle, which being doubled, it maketh 90. for the true qaantitie of the Angle b. a. c. required. And because I would well have you to understand what I have said, I will now show you the use of Angles in taking heights performed by the sins. As thus.  
Let a. b. be the height of a tree given to be measured. 
To take the height of a tree.   
First therefore take a standing a good distance off the tree at pleasure, which let be at c. Then standing at c. look to the top of the tree b. through the sight of the Quadrant, and note the degree cut upon the limb of the Quadrant, by the line at which the lead hangeth, which let be 31. degrees: and so shall the Angle c. be an Angle of 31. degrees, whose complement is 59 degrees for the Angle b. That done, measure the distance a. c. which let be 42. ½. feet, which take upon some Scale, and fit it in 59 his opposite Angle b. upon the sins, and take it over in 31. the Angle c. and that applied to the same parts from whence you had the 42. ½. showeth 25. and almost ⅔. to which add the height of your eye from the ground, which suppose to be 5. foot: and so shall you have the whole height of the tree to be 30. foot, and ⅔. of a foot, as was required. And if you would have the diagonal line b. c. (that is the distance from your eye c. to the top b. Then take the distance over in 90. and that applied to the same Scale of equal parts, showeth 49¾. for the line bc. required.  jen. 
Master Surveyor you take much pains to instruct one, whose brains I fear will scarce be able to conceive you to the end, but what call you this Complement, to what use serveth that?  Sur. 
Fear not, though the beginning seem hardest, yet practise with a willing mind will make it very easy, and therefore I would wish you, not as yet to trouble yourself with too much curiosity to understand every particular, because I would not have you to think it tedious: yet to satisfy your desire, you shall know: That a Complement is such 
What a complement is.  a number, which added to another number, they both make just, 90. (which are the degrees of a Quadrant) as 31. is the Angle of c. to which add 59 his Complement, the Angle b. and they both make 90. Or else take 31. the Angle at c. out of 90. rest 59 for his Complement, the Angle at b. And now I will show you another example of taking a height which is unaccessible.  Per. 
Sir, I thank you, but first I pray show me how you do the former example of the height by Arithmetic, for if it doth correspond with the Scale, it is then most speedy and easy.  Sur. 
I perceive you will forget nothing what you think may do yourself good: therefore be attentive, for it is wrought by the Rule of 3. by the help of the table of Sines (which also I will show you.) Therefore say.  
b. a. c. c.  
If 59 the Angle at b. give 42. ½. measures, what shall 31. the Angle at c. give.  
ab. Facit 25. 505/ 857. which fraction is almost ⅔. for the line a. b. the height of the tree.  
And if you will also find out the length of the line b. c. work thus.  
Facit 49. and 382/516 or 191/258 which fraction is more than half, but not ¾ for the line b. c.  
Whereby you see, that as well by Arithmetic, as by the Scale, it cometh very near unto one the other. And always place the number of Sins under the quantities of the angles as you see, that under the quantity of the Angle 59, is set his Sine, which is 857, and under the quantity of the Angle 31. is also placed his Sine 516. and so of others.  Per. 
This pleaseth me exceeding well, and you will make me more studious therein then ever I did think to have been.  Sur. 
I am glad you apprehend it so well, I hope you will the better understand this other example, which now I will show you, which is, in taking the height of a tree (or any thing else) if you could not come to measure the distance from the tree to you, or that the tree stood on the further side of a River. And though it be more tedious, and therefore may seem more difficult, yet the manner of working it is all one. And it is not only worth the learning to satisfy you in taking the height of a tree, but also it is of special use, and worthy to be known of those who profess military affairs. And thus it is wrought.  
Let a. b be the height of the tree, (standing on the further 
To take a height that is unaccessable.  side of the river, or which is inaccessible) given to be measured, and let the breadth of the River be from a. to d. So that you can come no nearer to the tree then the point d. Therefore standing at d. look with your Instrument through the sight to the top of the tree b. and note the degree cut, which let be 43½ for the Angle a. d. b. which take out of 90. resteth 46½. for the quantity of the Angle a. b. d. which also note: That done▪ choose another Station, as the Angle c. and there stand and do observe as before, and then let the degree cut be 27¼ for the angle c. whose complement is 62. ¾. for the quantity of the angle a. b. c. from which take 46½. the quantity of the Angle a. b. d. resteth. 16¼. degrees for the quantity of the Angle d. b. c. which note as before. Then measure the distance between your first & second Station d. c. & which let be 22⅓ of yards. And then may you not only find out the height of the tree a. b. but also the breadth of the river a. c. & also the lines c. b. & b. d. in this manner.  
Fit 22⅓ upon the Sins in 16. ¼ his opposite Angle c. b. d. and take it over in 27. ¼. the Angle c. and that showeth 36½. (being applied to the Scale from whence you took your 22⅓.) for the line b. d. which distance fit in 90. his opposite Angle b. a. d. and take it over in 43½. the Angle d. and that showeth 25. for a. b. the height of the tree; to which add 5. foot, (that is from the height of your eye to the ground a. e.) and then the whole height of the tree will be 26. yards, and two foot. Then without stirring the Scale, take it over also in 46½. the Angle a. b. d. and that showeth 26½. for a. d. the breadth of the river. That done, take a. b. and fit it in 27¼. his opposite Angle c. and take it over in 90. and it showeth 54. and almost ¾. for the line b. c. And thus by measuring only the distance between your two Stations c. and d. divers other lines are found out as you see.  Per. 
This way seemeth very pleasant and brief by the Scale, and I hope in short time to understand it reasonably well: but may not this also be done by Arithmetic?  Sur. 
Yes, best of all, but then as you did before, so now you must still use the help of some Table of Sines.  Per. 
All the better, for I am also willing to understand the use of those Sins; therefore I pray show it me.  Sur. 
Most willingly: therefore having found all the Angles as before showed, with the Quadrant, you shall now find each line in order by Arithmetic, as followeth. And first for the line. B. D. say  
 
If 16¼. have to his Sine 22⅓. what 27¼.  
Facit 36.332/55●. which is a little more than a half, and therefore it may serve for a half. Or ⅗.  
For A. B.  
If 90. the Angle b. a. d. give 36½. what 43½. the Angle a. d. b. facit 25 ● ½⅘. for a. b. the height of the tree.  
For A. D.  
If 90. give 36½. what 46½. the Angle a. b. d. facit 26. and 201/50●s. which is almost a half, for the breadth of the River a. d.  
For B. C.  
If 27¼. give 25. a. b. what 90. the Angle b. a. c. facit 54. 134/ 229. which is a little more than a half.  
And thus you see that each line is found out by Arithmetic to agree with the Scale according to your desire: and thus much for the use of the upper side.  Per. 
This is very pleasant because it seemeth most perfect; but now I pray to what use serveth these divisions of 20. which are set upon this upper side of the Scale?  Sur. 
It is well remembered, but as concerning those divisions, I will presently speak of when I come to measure Board and Timber, and therefore now I will show you the use of the lower side, and begin with equal parts which come from the centre, and which serve for dividing a line into any number of equal parts.  Per. 
But first let me ask you: will not these degrees which you call Sines, perform more than you have already spoke of?  Sur. 
Yes many things, and namely this: they serve to divide the circumference of a circle into what number of parts you will, and which is done after this manner.  
Let A. be a circle given, whose circumference I would divide into 5. equal parts.  
Fit the Diameter in 90. 
To divide a circle into any equal parts.  (or the Semidiameter in 30) and there let the Instrument rest, and then take it over in 36. (which is ⅕ of 180.) which applied to the circumference, showeth it to be ⅕. part of the circumference as was required.  
And now that I have showed you the use of the Sins, and also to take the height of a tree by the Quadrant, I will also show you the use of the lower side, and first 
T 〈…〉 se of the lower side.  you shall have an example of dividing a line into any number of equal parts, which is of good use for many purposes. As  
Let a. b. be a line given to be divided into 7 equal parts. 
To divide a line into any equal parts.   
First take the whole length of the line a. b. with your compasses, which fit it in 70. upon the equal parts, and then (letting the Scale rest) take it over in 10. of those parts (which is 1/7 part thereof) and that distance set from a. to c. and so shall the line a. c. be found to be 1/7 part of that line, as was required.  
Another Example.  
Let a. b. be a line given whose ⅗ is required.  
Take the whole line as before, which fit in 50. and then the Scale so resting, take it over in 30. (which is ⅗ of 50.) and that showeth a. c. to be ⅗ of the line a. b. required.  
Another Example.  
A line being given containing any number of measures, to find another line in any proportion thereunto.  
Let a: b. be a line given containing 60. equal parts upon some Scale, and let the proposition be to give another line shall which contain 36. of the same parts.  
Fit a. b. in 60. and then take it over in 36. and that showeth a. c. to be 36. of the same equal parts, whereof a. b. is 60. as was required.  
And though these examples (and many other which I omit) of giving any part of a line, be not material for the measuring of Board and Timber: yet it is of special use for Carpenters, joiners, Masons, and for such who draw plots of houses, fortifications, etc. and therefore considering that it being already upon the Scale for Timber and Board measure, I thought it not amiss to speak somewhat thereof concerning other uses. And because I desire to use brevity, I will now show you how to measure Board & Timber, wherein you shall see the use of those 20. divisions graduated along the upper side by the edge of the Scale to his full length in a strait line, with which the breadth of Board and Timber is to be measured, counting once the length of the Scale for 20. And likewise the 10. divisions which are graduated upon the inward edge do serve to measure the length of Board and Timber, counting once the length of 
To measure Board.  the Scale for 10. saying 10. 20. 30. and so forth; whereof suppose your Board to be 127. of those divisions long, which note. Then measure the breadth of your Board by those parts whereof the whole length of the Scale containeth 20. And suppose the breadth to contain 29½. of those parts. That done, multiply 127. the length by 29½, the breadth, product will be 3746½. which divide by 200. or else always cut of the two last figures towards your right hand thus 37/46½. and then take ½. of the figures towards your left hand, as half of 37. is 18½. and so have you 18½. foot of board therein contained, and 46/200 ½. parts of a foot, which is almost ¼. of a foot more.  
Another Example  
Suppose the length of your board to contain 95. parts, and the breadth 30. parts, then multiply 95. by 30. product is 2850. which divide by 200. or else cut of the two last figures 50. and take the half of the foremost figures, which are 28. whose half is 14. And so I find 14. foot of board, and 50/200. or ¼. of a foot to be contained in that board as was required.  Per. 
This is a very good and speedy way; but I pray let me try how this will hold true by measuring of it by the ordinary way of feet and inches.  Sur. 
I pray do.  Per. 
This board than is 9½. foot long, and 18. inches broad, multiply 18. by 9½. product is 171. which divide by 12. cotient showeth 14 3/12. or ¼. of feet to be contained in that board, as was before.  Sur. 
You do well, I perceive you will soon become an apt scholar, but how if your board be tapering, that is, broader at the one end, then at the other, what course then will you use to know the content thereof?  Per. 
I have seen some measure not only such board, but Timber also that hath been tapering, in this manner following: they will take half the number of the length of the board, and there measure over for the breadth, and then multiply the one in the other, and that product being divided, will show the content of that board. As suppose the length to be 11 foot, and two foot broad at the one end, and 1½. foot at the other end. Then take half a 11. foot which is 5. ½. feet for the length, and both the breadthes added together, they make 3. ½. feet, which multiplied by 5. ½. product is 19 ¼. of feet in that board.  Sur. 
This is a good way, but in my opinion, not so good 
To measure board that is tapering.  as this other way, which is done in this manner. Measure the length by the parts thereunto belonging as before, which suppose to be 110. of 10. in the whole: and then also measure the breadth at each end severally by those parts thereunto belonging, which is, by 20. and which suppose at the one end to be 
To measure board that is tapering.  40. and at the other end 30. which 2. breadthes added together, they both make 70. of which take half, which is 35. & then multiply 110. by 35, product is 3850. which divide by 200. or else cut off the two last figures 50. and take the half of the two former figures, and so shall you find to be in that board 19 foot ¼ as was before. Or else you may add the breadths at each end together, which is 70. which multiplied by 110. the length, product will be 7700. which always divide by 400 or else cut of the two last Siphers, and then take ¼ part of the two first figures towards your left hand, that is of 77. which is 19¼. as before. And thus have you two or three ways to measure Board, the choice whereof you may at pleasure use.  Per. 
This which you have taught me, I hope with some little practice to be soon perfect therein, because I perceive it is not very difficult. But if your board be 30 of those 20 parts broad, how many of the 10 parts must one have in length to make a foot of board?  Sur. 
Sir I commend your diligence, for this is also necessary to be known; and therefore work thus. Multiply 20 by 10, product is 200. (parts square in a foot of board square) which divide by 30. the breadth quotient showeth the demand, which is 6 parts, and ⅔ of those 10. for the length to make a foot of board, at that breadth which is from a. to b.  je. 
If there were no more difficulty in the rest, I think I should then soon learn to measure board, because it seemeth not very hard: but what else is there to be learned concerning the measuring of board?  Sur. 
This which I have said is sufficient, until you be better practised herein. And therefore I will now begin to speak of measuring Timber, which is the chiefest matter for our Woodward to learn, because it doth more concern him in his office, and for which I have chief invented this Instrument. First therefore to know the content of a square piece of Timber in feet, you shall measure the length thereof by the equal parts in the Scale, of which 10 are contained in the whole, which suppose to be 100 Then measure 
To measure square timber.  also the breadth & depth by those parts, whereof the Scale containeth 20. which suppose to be 40. the breadth, and 30 the depth. That done, multiply 100 the length by 40 the breadth, which product, multiply again by 30 the depth; ofcome will be 120000. which always divide by 4000 or else cut off the three last Siphers towards your right-hand, and of the figures towards your left hand, take ¼. that is, of 120. take ¼, which is, 30 and so shall you find in that piece of Timber to be 30 cubical feet.  Wood 
If this will hold true by measuring of it according to the usual way, with a two-foote Rule, it is then very easy and brief: Therefore I pray let us try it.  Sur. 
Do so.  Wood 
The length of this piece of Timber is 10. foot, the breadth two foot, and the depth 1½. foot. Then multiply 10. by 2. and that product again by 1. ½. of come, showeth the content of feet in that log, which is 30. feet, as it was before. But if there be odd inches either in length, breadth, or thickness, than I think they must all be reduced into inches, as if the piece of Timber were 10. foot, and 5. inches long, 26. inches broad, and 19 inches deep, reduce length, breadth, and thickness into inches, and then the total of inches in that log will be 61750. which divide by 1728. (square inches in a foot of timber square) quotient showeth 35 foot, and 645/864. of a foot to be contained in that piece of Timber, which fraction is fully ¾ of a whole one.  Sur. 
And now that you have tried both these ways of measuring Timber, how do you like them by my way?  Wood 
My first example I hold to be as brief and speedy as yours, because it is in feet and halves of feet; but for the second way, in respect there be odd inches in the length, breadth, and thickness, your way doth far exceed it, because of the facility and briefness, but we are so wedded to our dull and sluggish dispositions, as we rather think it innovation to practise any new or ingenious conceit, then sound judgement to embrace probable things, of which may certainly be expected pleasure and profit. But well I pray now also show us how many of those parts of 10. in the whole will serve to make a foot of Timber at that breadth and depth as it is.  Sur. 
The way to do it is thus: multiply 40 the breadth by 30 the depth, product is 1200, by which divide 4000 cotient showeth 3⅓. of those parts whereof 10 are in the whole, for the length of a foot of Timber at that breadth and depth as it is, which is from a. to b. and this shall suffice you for that. But now if you will be more precise herein, and think there may be ½. and ¼. of those divisions, more or less in that log, and that you would also have an example thereof; for your better satisfaction therein, I will also show you the work which is done in this manner. Suppose the piece of Timber to be 146½ parts long 23¼ broad, and 18 ¾ deep; multiply the length 146½ by 23¼ the breadth, product is 3406⅛ which multiplied again by 18. ¾. the depth, ofcome will be 63864. 3. 3/ 31. which divide by 4000, or cut of the three last figures as before, and take ¼ of the remain, that is, ¼ of 6●, which ●s 15. ¾ 864/4●●● or 27/125 of a foot, for the content of that tree in feet, or else 864/1000 parts of ¼ of a foot.  Per. 
You have often in this Board and Timber measure, spoken of two numbers for denominators, that is, 200 and 4000 I pray from whence do they arise?  Sur. 
It were over tedious to satisfy you of the whole therein; yet thus much know, they are two numbers chosen the fittest to make those two divisions by, as the 200 is the whole square or superficies of a foot; that is, a f●ote is divided into 200 small Paralelograms or long squares, as you see in this figure, and such whose length maketh the 10 part of a foot, and breadth the 20 part of a foot, which multiplied together, they make 200; and if one had made choice of any other two numbers, it would have been far more tedious and troublesome. But I would wish you not as yet to be too curious herein, lest you forget more necessary matter for you to learn concerning this practice.  Wood 
Well let it be as you have said. I perceive a willing mind, with a little study, will easily overcome all this. But I pray if your piece of Timber be tapering (as commonly all rough Timber is) in what manner then are you to work?  Sur. 
Marry thus, if your piece of Timber be tapering, then measure the length as before, which let be 127 of those parts of which 10 are in the whole, and measure also 
To measure timber that is tapering.  the breadth and depth at each end by the parts thereunto belonging, which suppose to be broad at the one end 29. parts, and deep 26 parts: and also broad at the other end 24. and deep 19 Then multiply the breadth 29 by 26 the depth, and they make 754. And also multiply 24. the breadth, and 19 the depth, and they make 456. both which added together, they make 1210, of which always take half, which is 605 which multiplied by 127. the length, product is 768 35. Then cut off the three last figures as before, & take ¼. of the rest towards your left hand, which is 19 And so shall you find 19 foot of Timber to be in that log, and 835/1000 parts of ¼. of a foot.  Wood 
This is some thing more difficult than the last, therefore I pray explain it better in a figure by a draft with your pen.  Sur. 
That will I do, and here is the demonstration which you see to be 127. long, 29 broad, and 26 deep at the one end: and 24 broad, and 19 deep at the other end.  Wood 
This seemeth now more easy to be understood then before. But I pray how do you measure round Timber▪?  je. 
Round Timber is more easily measured then any other.  Sur. 
I pray as how?  je. 
Why thus: gird the tree with some cord or string, and take ¼ part thereof for the square of that tre●: that done, measure the length or height of the tree, and multiply that ¼ with the length, and that will soon show you the number of feet in that tree.  
 Sur. 
I thought what your skill was herein, for by that kind of measuring round Timber, there is great loss to the seller, for it is not the content of the square by ⅕ part and more, as I will plainly make it appear to you by this figure following, which is a Circle and two Squares, and the content of the bigger seemeth to the eye equal to the Circle, which indeed it is; and the content of the lesser seemeth much less than the Circle. The circumference of which Circle is 44. which take upon the equal parts, and that applied to the Scale on the left hand, showeth to be 12 and ⅖ for the side of a square equal to that Circle. And to prove how both their areas do agree, multiply 14 (the diameter of that Circle, in itself, and that product by 11 the ofcome is 2156. which divide by 14. quotient showeth 154 for the area of that circle. Or if you multiply half the diameter by half the circumference, product also showeth 154. for the area of that circle. And then multiply 12. ⅖ (the side of the square equal to that Circle) in itself product is 153. 5/4 which wanteth but ⅕ part of the whole to make the same content of the former area, which 12. ⅖ take upon the scale of equal parts on the right hand, and with that distance prescribe the Square a. b. c. d. which shall be equal to the Circle required. Now if the content of your Circle doth accord with this, than it is also true, or else not▪ which for the better understanding hereof, we will now try. A ¼ part of 44. (for that you say is the true square of the tree) is 11. which multiplied in itself, product is 121. the area of your square, which subtract from 154 resteth 33 more in my square, then is in yours, which showeth it to be too little by ⅕ part and more: and which also may more plainly appear to you by the two squares a. b. c. d. and e. f. g. h. for the square a. b. c. d. is according to art true, and is equal to that Circle, & if the square be made of ●/4 part of the Circumference, accordingly as you intent it, the Circle should contain no more than the pricked square e. f. g. h. which is too little as it plainly appeareth.  je. 
You have sufficiently discovered this error, and I must now confess my own rashness therein: but well I pray proceed.  Wood 
I had thought my neighbour jennings skill had been most true, because I have seen many men do the like, but now I perceive there is great defect in that kind of measuring round timber: therefore I pray show us your manner of measuring it.  Sur. 
I will: first then gird the tree about with some small line or packthréed, which suppose to be 116 of those parts, by which you measured the breadth and depth whose Diameter is 37. But because this Diameter is also the thickness of the bark, therefore you shall subtract as many of those parts as you think convenient, which in some trees is 2 or 3, or perhaps 4. but suppose that in this the bark be but 2 of those parts thick, which subtract out of 37 resteth 35 for the Diameter of the tree, the bark being off. And let the height of the tree be 200 of those parts 
To measure round Timber.  by which you measured the length. That done, take the Diameter 35 upon the Scale of equal parts on the right hand, and apply it to the equal parts on the left hand, and it showeth a side of a square equal to that Circle; but for as much as you cannot take the whole 35 upon that Scale, therefore take half of it, which is 17½. and that applied to the Scale on the left hand showeth half which is 15. ½. which double● maketh 31. the side of a square equal to that Circle: Therefore multiply 31 in itself, product will be 961. which multiplied by 200. the length, ofcome will be 192200 which divide by 4000▪ or cut off the three last figures, and take ¼ of the rest towards your left hand as before, as of 192. the fourth part thereof is 48. And so there is found to be 48 feet, and 200/4000. parts or ⅕ part of ¼ of a foot as was required.  Wood 
I pray let me see how this is wrought by Arithmetic, for it may be I shall not always have the Scale about me to do it, yet I would be glad to satisfy myself by doing of it some other way.  Sur. 
You shall do well: therefore first know that every Circumference to his Diameter is as 22. to 7. Therefore work by the rule of three to know the diameter of this circle of 110 and say, If 22. the circumference require 7 for his diameter, what shall 110▪ the Circumference of the tree require for the Diameter. Facit 35 which 35 multiply in itself producte is 1225. which mutiply by 11. ofcome is 13475. which divide by 14. cotient showeth 962. 7/ 14. or ½. whose square root is 31 1/63. for the true side of a square equal to that circle. Now knowing the area of that circle which is 962 ●/2. parts, multiply it in 200. the length, product is 192510 of which sum cut off the three last figures, and take ¼. of the remain, and that showeth 48 foot of square Timber to be in that leg, and 510/1000 parts of ¼ of a foot. And so you may perceive how well this Instrument agreeth with the Arithmetical work, because it wanteth not above ⅓ parts of a ¼ of a foot as appeareth by the two fractions 200/1000 parts which is ⅕ of ¼, or 1/20 part 51/400 or ⅛. the difference is 3/40. which is about 1/13 part.  Wood 
But how if your tree be tapering, as this is, how then are you to work?  
 Sur. 
If your tree be tapering, gird it at the top and below, and then find out the Diameter at each end, as: suppose the tree to be at the one end 110 in circumference, 
To measure a round tree that is tapering.  & at the other end 80. Then finding the area at each end, which is, 962. ½. & 509 1/11. Both which added together they make 1471 13/22. of which take half which is 735 35/44. which multiplied by 200 the length, producte is 147159 1/11 of which cut of the three last figures, and take 1/4. of the remain as before. And so have you 36. ¾. foot, and 159/1000. of a ¼. of a foot to be in that timber tree.  
But for that it will be somewhat difficult for every man (although he have the Circumference of a tree, or round piece of Timber) to know thereby how many feet, inches, and parts of inches in length will make a foot of timber; I have therefore devised a Table which will readily show you the same, knowing the Circumference: which known resort to the Column of Circumference in the Table, and the measure against the same Circumference shall show you your desire. As  
The first Column showeth the Circumference being at 20. and so continueth unto 120. and in the second Column is expressed the number of feet, inches, and parts of inches in the length which will make a foot of Timber.  Wood 
I pray acquaint us with that Table, for if we should fail in seeking to know the content thereof by Arithmetic, yet knowing the circumference, I perceive we shall soon understand without Arithmetic, what quantity of feet in length of inches will make one foot of Timber, and thereby we may soon know the content of the whole.  Sur. 
You conceive it well, and therefore here is the Table, always provided that you do give still allowance for the bark in the Circumference.     

A Table showing how many inches and parts of Inches upon any piece of round Timber will make a cubical foot throughout the same piece, the Circumference or Inch thereof being first known.  
Inches about Feet, Inches, and parts of Inches in the length Feet Inches parts of Inches. 20 4 6 54/175 21 4 1 89/349 22 3 8 748/847 23 3 5 241/3703 24 3 1 5/7▪ 25 3 10 3314/4375 26 2 8 61●/1183 27 2 5 1●1/189 28 2 3 243/343 29 2 1 4889/5887 30 2 0 24/175 31 1 10 4070/6727 2 32 1 9 3/13 33 1 7 803/847 34 1 6 1602/2023 35 1 5 6289/8575 36 1 4 16/21 37 1 3 8/9 319/583 38 1 3 11●/2527 39 1 2 334/1183 40 1 1 134/175 41 1 0 ●0860/11767 42 1 0 108/343 43▪  11 9691/12943 44  11 187/●47 45  10 382/525 46  10 986/3703 47  9 12897/15463 48  9 3/7 49  9 8●●/16807 50  8 3016/4375 51  8 712/2025 52  8 40/1183 53  7 14423/19663 54  7 85/189 55  7 3839/21175 56  6 318/343 57  6 1734/2527 58  6 2694/5887 59  6 ●5862/24367 60  6 6/17● 61  5 21829/26047 62  5 4381/672● 63  5 487/1●29 64  5 17/56 65  5 4189/29575 66  4 836/●47 67  4 26372/31423 68  4 1412/2023 69  4 2084/3703 70  4 37●6/857● 7●  4 10910/35287 72  4 4/21 7●  4 285●/37303 74  3 9267/9583 75  3 3771/4375 76  3 1923/2527 77  3 27555/41503 78  3 675/1183 79  ● 21003/4●687 80  3 69/175 81  3 529/1701 82  3 2715/11767 83  ● 7395/48223 84 3 27/243 85  3 339/5057 86  2 12130/12943 87  2 5122/5887 88  2 682/847 89  2 41170/55●47 90  2 358/525 91  2 36130/57967 92  2 2098/3703 9●  2 3442/6●27 94  2 7●90/1546● 95  2 257●4/6●7● 96  2 ●/14 97  2 20338/65863 98  2 4402/16807 99  2 50/231 100  2 754/4375 101  2 9250/71407 102  2 178/2023 103  2 3538/74263 104  2 10/1183 105  1 8321/8575 106  1 18353/19663 107  1 71921/80143 108  1 163/189 109  1 68897/83167 110  1 16841/21175 111  1 7313/9583 112  1 251/343 113  1 62681/89383 114  1 1697/2527 115  1 59489/92575 116  1 3●17/5887 117  1 208●/●549 118  1 13649/24367 119  1 52937/99127 120  1 89/●75  Wood 
But how if one can neither clime the tree by ladder or otherwise, how then should we do to know the Circumserence at the top.  Sur. 
Because I would have you well satisfied in this business, I will show you an ingenious way according to art, which though the rule be true in itself, yet in respect there be some impediments herein (which in this cannot true, yet when necessity commandeth, we must of force make a virtue thereof, and therefore you shall work thus. 
To know the Circumference of a tree at the top, and never to climb or measure it.  Measure the Circumference of the tree at the root, which suppose to be 160 parts of 20 in the whole, and let the height of the tree be 300 parts of 10 in the whole, and 50 of those parts from the ground, the tree is but 155 in the Circumference of the former 20 parts. Then work by the Rule of 3 and say. If 50 rebate 5 in the Circumference from the bottom, what shall 300 the whole length of the tree facit 30. which taken from 160 resteth 130. for the Circumference of the tree at the top. And then if you will have the content of this tree, work as in the last example before, and that will show you. And thus you see that by this means, you may as well take the Circumference of a tree at the top, and never measure it, as the height of a tree, which you cannot come to measure. And this shall suffice you for a brief instruction, how to measure Board and Timber, and to take the height of a tree, wherein if you find any harshness in the examples, I will at any time do my best to resolve you thereof, to make it the more facile and pleasing, to your understanding.  Per. 
Sir we thank you for your pains, and if we prove as good scholars herein, as you have shown a willing mind to instruct us, I think neither Master Woodward, this honest Farmer, or myself, will by any hereafter be overreached in buying and selling of Timber.  Wood 
Neither will I, I trust be abused in setting forth of timber trees when any warrant cometh to me for that purpose, but to deliver, as near as may be, so many loads or tons of timber, as I am thereby commanded. But I pray resolve me one question more before we make an end; and that is, how many square feet of timber do make as well a tun, as a load of timber?  Sur. 
There goeth to a tun of Timber 40 cubical 
Number of square feet of timber in a t●n or load o● timber.  feet of Timber, and to a load there hath all ways been accounted 50 cubical feet.  je. 
I had thought there had been no difference between a tun and a load of timber, and that a load of Timber was as much as six or seven good cart-horses could well draw, being laid in a cart, were it more or less than 40 or 50 square feet. But I trust now, upon some practice and consideration of this business, to do myself and friends good herein, for as I would be loath to abuse any one either by selling of more loads or tuns of timber then are in 20 or 30 trees more or less, so I would willingly have my due of what I pay for.  Sur. 
I am glad that all of you do so understandingly apprehend what I have said: for which, I desire no other recompense, but that I may see you willingly to practise as well some part of our yesterdays discourse of planting and sowing for increase of timber and fuel; as also for your own respects, to be perfect in measuring of board and timber, of which you have daily occasion to use. And so if you please, let us now return about our own particular affairs.  Per. 
Most willingly, and we do all thank you for your great pains herein.   

A Table of Sines Radius. 1000  
D 0 10 20 30 40 50 0 0 3 6 9 12 15 1 17 20 23 26 29 32 2 35 38 41 44 47 49 3 52 55 58 61 64 67 4 70 73 76 78 81 84 5 87 90 93 96 99 102 6 105 107 110 113 116 119 7 122 125 128 131 133 136 8 139 142 145 148 151 154 9 156 159 169 165 168 171 10 174 177 179 182 185 188 11 191 194 197 199 202 205 12 208 211 214 216 219 222 13 225 228 231 233 236 230 14 242 248 248 250 253 256 15 259 262 264 267 270 273 16 276 278 281 284 287 290 17 292 295 298 301 303 306 18 309 312 315 317 320 323 19 326 328 331 334 337 339 20 342 345 347 350 353 356 21 358 361 364 367 369 372 22 375 377 380 383 385 388 23 391 393 396 399 401 404 24 407 409 412 415 417 420 25 423 425 428 431 433 436 26 438 441 444 446 449 451 27 454 457 459 462 464 467 28 469 472 475 477 480 482 29 485 487 490 492 495 497 30 500 503 505 508 510 513 31 516 518 520 522 525 527 32 530 532 535 537 540 542 33 545 547 550 552 554 557 34 559 562 564 566 569 571 35 574 576 578 581 582 585 36 588 590 592 595 597 599 37 602 604 606 609 611 613 38 616 618 620 622 625 627 39 629 632 634 636 638 641 40 643 645 647 640 652 654 41 656 658 660 663 665 667 42 669 671 673 676 678 680 43 682 684 686 688 690 692 44 692 697 699 701 70● 705 45 707 709 711 713 715 717 46 719 721 723 725 727 729 47 731 733 735 737 739 741 48 743 745 747 749 751 753 49 755 757 759 760 762 764 50 766 768 770 772 773 775 51 777 779 781 783 784 786 52 788 790 792 793 795 797 53 799 800 802 804 806 807 54 809 811 812 814 816 817 55 819 821 822 824 826 827 56 829 831 832 834 835 837 57 839 840 842 843 845 847 58 848 850 851 853 854 856 59 857 859 860 863 863 865 D 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 866 867 869 870 872 873 61 875 876 877 878 880 882 62 883 884 886 887 888 890 63 891 892 894 895 896 898 64 899 900 901 903 904 905 65 906 908 909 910 911 912 66 914 915 916 917 918 919 67 921 922 923 924 925 926 68 927 928 929 930 931 933 69 934 935 936 937 938 939 70 940 941 942 943 944 945 71 946 946 947 948 949 950 72 951 952 953 954 955 955 73 956 957 958 959 960 960 74 961 962 963 964 965 965 75 966 967 967 968 969 970 76 970 971 972 972 973 974 77 974 975 976 976 977 978 78 978 979 980 980 981 981 79 982 982 983 983 984 984 80 985 985 986 986 987 987 81 988 988 989 989 989 990 82 990 991 991 991 992 992 83 993 993 993 994 994 994 84 995 995 995 995 996 996 85 996 996 997 997 997 997 86 998 998 998 998 998 998 87 999 999 999 999 999 999 88 999 999 999 1000 1000 1000 89 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 90 1000       

A Table of the Contents of the first Part.  

FEe-tres unjustly challenged. Fol. 4  
The abuses of woodward's. ibid.  
The question. bid.  
The quality of the ground must be considered of for the planting of trees, or sowing of their seed 6  
Four sorts of Timber trees growing in England. ibid.  
Oak, Elm, Ash, Beech tree. ibid.  
chestnut tree. 7  
Fir tree. ibid.  
Pine tree 8  
Ditch and Quickset 9  
Ground digged for ridges. 10  
The best time of planting ibid.  
The choice and using of the plant 11  
The ground twice tilled ibid.  
Tenants are most their own enemies 13  
What belongeth to a skilful surveyor ibid.  
Dressing and husbanding of young plants 14  
Weeding is necessary for the spring ibid.  
Trees set by art do grow sooner and better then wild trees 16  
Two things to be considered of in planting 17  
Romoving of trees from a barren soil to a fat soil, and so of the contrary ibid.  
Pruning of young Plants ibid.  
Lopping of timber trees do quite spoil them 18  
What is a doted tree 19  
The time to prune young trees or plants 21  
A secret 22  
Preparing of ground for sowing of Acorns 24  
Trees growing upon rocky grounds 25  
The best time to remove young plants. 26  
Weeding 27  
The ground fenced ibid.  
Seed or plants may also be set in void places, or in woddy grounds. 28  
Pleasures of the Spring 29  
Commodity of the Spring ibid.  
The number of standils to be left upon every acre of wood land 30  
Wood ground as profitable as corn ground. ibid.  
Note. 31    

A Table of the contents of the second part.  

TAking in of decayed forests commons, and waste grounds 32  
By enclosing of commons is both benfite and conscience 33  
What is intended by enclosing decayed Forests, Commons and waste grounds 3●  
The benefit of enclosing waste grounds ibid.  
The discommodities of enclosing waste ground ibid.  
The discommodities of enclosing waste ground answered, and a further benefit thereof expressed 35  
Ingrossement and resumption, the Gangrene of Enclosures 39  
One objection more against enclosures 40  
An answer to the former objection 41    

A Table of the contents of the third part.  

WHo are most fittest and likely to advertise any Lord the true estate of his land true estate of his land 47  
Two sorts of trees 48  
Watery trees, land trees ibid.  
Water trees ibid.  
Aller trees. 49  
Planting of Aller tree ibid.  
Withie trees of which are four kinds ibid.  
To plant Withies 50  
Note ibid.  
Bi●ch tree ibid.  
Poplar or Asp tree ibid.  
Ash tree 51  
To set or sow Ashen keys 52  
To plant young Ashen trees ibid.  
At what time, and for what uses it is best to fell Ashen wood. 53  
The Oak tree: of which there are three sorts ibid.  
The first sort ibid.  
The second sort ibid.  
The third sort ibid.  
The time of felling Oak timber trees, as well for building as for bark 54  
Landlords who let farms from five years to five years are none of the best husbands 55  
The Elm tree of which are three sorts 58  
Beech tree 59  
Hornebeame tree ibid.  
Maple tree ibid.  
Crab tree 60  
Service tree ibid.  
Ewe tree ibid.  
chestnut tree ibid.  
Chestnuts sown 61  
Chestnuts planted ibid.  
The best time of planting Chestnuts ibid.  
Chestnuts steeped in water or milk ibid.  
The keeping of Chestnuts 62  
The Mulberry tree 63  
Two sorts of Mulberry trees, the one white, the other red ibid.  
Note 64  
Wood, leaves, and fruit of this tree ibid.  
Walnut tree ibid.  
Three manner of ways to have this tree grow 65  
To set the Nut, to set the plant grafting of it ibid.  
The profit of the Walnut 66  
The Pine tree 67  
Some new law fit to be thought for preserving of wood 68  
Officers appointed to look to the preservation of these groves ibid.  
A yearly allowance to this new officer 69  
The defaults extracted to the justices of peace ibid.  
A fine and penalty ibid.  
Articles to be given in charge to the jury. ibid.  
Another fine to be imposed. 70    

A Table of the contents of the fourth part.  

THe description of the Instrument. 75  
Upper side, lower side: outward edge, inward edge. ibid.  
Lower side 76  
Outward edge 77  
Inward edge ibid.  
The use of the upper side ibid.  
What an Angle is 78  
To find the quantity of an Angle by the Scale 79  
To take the height of a tree 80  
What a complement is 81  
To take a height that is unaccessable 83  
To divide a circle into any equal parts 86  
The use of the lower side ibid.  
To divide a line into any equal parts 87  
To measure board 88  
To measure board that is tapering 89  
To measure square timber 91  
To measure timber th●● is tapering 94  
To measure round timber 98  
To measure round timber that is tapering 100  
A Table to show how many feet, inches, and parts of inches in length will make a foot of timber, the circumference being known 101  
To know the circumference of a tree at the top, and never to climb or measure it 104  
Number of square feet of timber to a tun or load of timber 105  
A Table of Sines 106. 107. 108.   
FINIS.   


Place this in Folio 74. and 75.