The names of the Lords and others of his Majesties most honourable privy council, by whose special order at the Board this book was licensed to be printed.  

The right honourable and most reverend Father in God William Lord Archbishop of Canterbury his Grace.  
The right honourable Thomas Lord Coventry Lord Keeper of the Great seal of England.  
The right honourable and right reverend Father in God William Lord Bishop of London and Lord high Treasurer of England.  
The right honourable Henry earl of Manchester Lord privy seal.  
The right honourable Edward earl of Dorset Lord Chamberlane to her Majesty.  
The right honourable Francis Lord Cottington.  
The honourable Sir Thomas Edmonds knight, Treasurer of his majesties household.  
The honourable 

Sr. John cook.  
Sr. Francis Windebank   Knights Secretaries of State.   
Mandetur Typis hic liber, cvi titulus est Artachth●s &c. idque ex mandatis Dominorum qui su●ta s●cretioribus consiliis.  
Sa. Baker. Apr. 17. 1638. ex aedibus Londin.   

The Explanation of the frontispiece.  

ALL Services that to the Bakers Trade  
Or mystery belong, be here displayed;  
Which my rude Art in order shall recount,  
And those in number, to Thirteen amount.  
Being( how ere such tradesman use to coozen  
In their Scale measure) just a Bakers dozen.  
First bolting, 2 Seasoning, 3 Casting up, 4 and Braking,  
5 Breaking out dowe, next 6 weighing, or weight making,  
( Which last is rarely seen:) Then Some do 7 Moul  
This 8 cuts, that 9 seals and sets up, yet behold  
The Seasoner 10 heating, or with Bavin-fires  
Preparing th'oven as the Case requires  
One carrying up, the Heater peeleth on  
And plays the Setter, Who's no sooner gone,  
But the hot mouth is 12 stopped, so to remain  
until the Setter 13 draws all forth again.  
Thus Bakers make, and to perfection bring,  
No less to serve the beggar then the King,  
All sorts of Bread, which being handled well,  
All other food and Cates doth far excel;  
Let Butchers, Poultrers, Fishmongers contend,  
Each his own Trade in what he can defend;  
Though Flesh, Fish, White meats, all, in fitting season,  
Nourish the body, being usde with reason,  
Yet no man can deny( to end the strife)  
Bread is worth all, being the staff of life.   

Yet there's an empty bushel and a Sack  
Whose outward show supplies their in ward Lack,  
Where the Books Title Readers may behold,  
And where the same lies ready to be sold.  
Then go not by, but buy it, 'tis a Treasure  
yielding much profit intermixed with pleasure.    


1. s. boult.  
2. I season.  
3. I heat.  
4. I Cast up.  
●. I broke.  
6. I break out Dowe.  
7. I weigh.  
8. Wee Mould.  
9. I Cut.  
10. I Scale.  
11. I Set.  
12. I stop up.  
13. I Draw.  
ARTACHTHOS OR A NEW book declaring The assize or Weight of BREAD. By Troy and Avoirdupois Weights.  
And containing Divers Orders and Articles made and set forth by the right Hon: ble the Lords and Others of his Ma. ties most hon privy council.  
Whereunto are Added Other necessary Tables Instructions and Relations which in the next Title page. are at large expressed  
Published by their Lor.ps. ps Order  
LONDON. Printed by R. Bishop& Edward Griffine,& are to be sold at the Stationers shops, or at the Chamber of John Penkethman the Composer in Simonds Inn in chancery lane Will: Marshall. sc: 1638.    

THE Composers Premonition to the unlearned Reader.  
THe prime word in the Title of this book being Arta●hthos is compounded of two greek words, namely Artos, in latin, Panis▪ Englished, Bread, and Achthos; in latin, Pondus; Englished, Weight, signi●ying both together, the weight of Bread, where understand, ch, stands for the greek letter( Χ) which is pronovnced like chi or ●i, not like ch in the English word ( child●) but like ch, in, Christ, to whose tuition, I respectively commended you.  

Yet once again.  
By the Introduction to the A●t of Numeration prefixed or set before my Preface, those that are ignorant of numbering without figures or Letters, or of numbers in figures or letters, may become intelligent and perfectly understand any number in my table of assize or elsewhere.  
Lastly may it please the Learned( and chiefly Those whom it concerns) no less then the unlearned to be advertised that this book of assize by Certificate made unto the right honourable the Lords and others of his Majesties most honourable privy council was certified to be exact and true, but the last book of assize entitled The Assize of Bread, very false and unfit for use; Whereupon their Lordships conceiving that this book would be of good use to his Majesties subjects and to the benefit of the Commonwealth, did think fit and order. That I should by the same order bee licenced to print the said book, and that in recompense of my study and pains taken therein, I should have the sole benefit of the sale thereof, and that all other persons whatsoever should bee by the same order prohibited to print or vend any, but by my permission.  
Since which order, his majesty hath been graciously pleased to grant unto me a special privilege to that purpose and also a Proclamation commanding all those whose duty it is to look unto the just weight and assize of Bread to take care, that the same be duly observed according to this book.    

The book to his future Master.  
Some faults I have, which you may note ith end,  
And( though I cannot) with your pen amend;  
So shall you find my service, in despite  
Of Enemies detraction, just and right:  
Yet how( alas) can books unfaulty be  
Where None that make them are from Errors free.   

Artachthos Or A NEW book declaring The assize or Weight of Bread not onely by Troy weight, according to the Law, but by Avoirdupois weight the Common weight of England at what price soever, not exceeding Five pound the Quarter of wheat, shall be sold in the Market And containing Divers Orders and Articles made and set forth by the Right honourable the Lords and others of his Majesties most honourable privy council, for the making and assing of all sorts of Bread lawful and vendible, within this realm, as also for the reforming of sundry disorders and abuses committed therein.  
whereunto is prefixed A brief and plain Introduction to the Art of Numeration, pertinent to this work. A Table showing the Coequality of Troy, Avoirdupois and Sterling weights.  
And lastly hereunto it added.  
A true Relation or Collection of the most remarkable Dearths and Famines which have happened in England since the coming in of William the conqueror, as also the rising and falling of the price of wheat and other grain, with the several occasions thereof.  
Maledictionibus Falsificorum levibus, benedictiones  
Pauperum graviores habeo ante ferendas. I. P.  
London Printed by E.G. and R.B. and are to be sold according to the direction in the frontispiece, 1638.   

To The Right Honourable Sir RICHARD FEN Knight, Lord mayor of the city of London, And to the Right worshipful the Sheriffes and Aldermen of the same city.  
THe great care and pains( Right Honourable, and Right worshipful) which upon Reference from the Right Honourable the Lords and Others of His Majesties Most Honourable privy counsel, Your Lordship, with Others Your Brethren, Committees worthily selected, namely, Sir Edward Bromfield, Sir Morris Abbot Knights, Master Alderman Abdi and Master Alderman Garwaie, maturely took about the examining, altering and perfecting of this my new book of assize, for both sorts of weights( howbeit, under favour, I may aver, the same was by me exactly computed) together with your high Commendation thereof by Certificate to their Honours, as also the continual industry and travel of the Lord mayor and Sheriffes of this famous city, annuis vicibus, or from year to year, in assising and looking to the assize and Weight of Bread, have moved me( as one compelled, and as it were challenged by due Gratitude, humbly to present and tender the same work to your most deserving Patronage, with firm confidence, that as a child of towardly disposition, when he is grown up, and by honest means hath attained a faire estate or certain livelihood, cannot be unwelcome to his Foster-father, by whom he was carefully cherished, educated and preferred; This Issue of my laborious Art and Study, begotten and brought forth for the general good of this kingdom, shall now( having received so eminent preferment, complete condition, and conducible supply) enjoy the benign Entertainment of Your Lordship and Worships, much transcending your former approvement; And so much the more in respect of my annexed Relation or Collection of Dearths and Famines, with the several occasions therof, concluding with a discovery of the Bakers delusions and abuses, where every prudent Magistrate may learn, or, at the least, be put in mind of the best means( under God) from hence forth to prevent such mortal misery; Not doubting, but Your good Lordship& Worships will be no less diligent& forward therein, as also to see the just assize of Bread observed, with due execution of their Honors Orders, and Articles touching the same, then your Lordship and the rest of the said Committees were, to have this Book of assize( being first by me computed for Troy weights onely) altered examined& perfected: In my unwavering confidence whereof, and fearing, I might seem to hold a lighted Taper before the Sun, or( like a simplo smatterer in Grammar, that will presume to instruct his learned Master) minister my shallow advice to your deep wisedoms, I here conclude, most fervently beseeching the Lord of Lords, that gives us all our daily Bread, to bless, direct and keep your Lordship and Worships both in your s●lves and your most worthy successors to the comfortable assistance and protection of widows and orphans, with all indigent, impotent, and injured persons within your jurisdictions and Immunities, the happy health and conservation of this unparallelled Body politic, and the earth-measuring celebration of your own particular Honours, never to die, while men( as men) do live, or Englands rich republic shall endure. And finally, that when all mortality in you shall vanish, your good deeds may be rewarded( though not with ruling power and command) with far exceeding Robes of righteousness, and glorious Crownes of Immortality in the City of God for ever and ever.  
Thus incessantly prayeth he that is one of the meanest Members of this Cities Commonalty, though subscribing to none in his obsequious devotion towards your Honoured Fraternity, John Penkethman   

A brief and plain Introduction to the Art of Numeration.  
THere are Nine several forms of Figures, besides one of a Cipher: Which are these here ensuing.  
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 0.  
The same do signify as followeth.  
1. one. 2. two. 3. three. 4. four. 5. five. 6. six. 7. seven 8. eight. 9. nine. The Cipher( 0) signifies nothing, unless it bee placed next after some Figure or Number on the right hand, and then it increaseth the value or quantity of that Figure or Number, making the same Ten times so much; As 10, signifies Ten; 20, Twenty; 30, Thirty; 40, Forty; 50, Fifty; 60, Sixty; 70, Seventy; 80, Eighty; 90, Ninety: And where two cyphers have a Figure next to them in the Third place, they make the same Figure to increase in value or quantity a hundred times; As 100, signifies One hundred; 200, signifies Two hundred, and so forth.  
So 1000.( where are Three cyphers) signifies One thousand; 2000, Two thousand. And so to greater Numbers and further places.  
But not to trouble you with any more places then in Numeration there are Figures; where you find any number composed of Figures onely, or of one or divers Figures with one or more cyphers, you must account the figure or cipher next to your right hand to be in the first place, and the Figure or Cipher next behind the same towards your left hand to be in the Second place, and so backward to the Ninth place. For the more plain demonstration whereof, this following Table of Numeration is inserted.  
Where you must note, In the first place, 1, signifies one; 2, two; 3, three; 4, four; 5, five; 6, six; 7, seven; 8, eight; 9, nine; being all Unites.  
In the Second place, 1 signifies ten; 2, twenty; 3, thirty; 4, forty; 5, fifty; 6, sixty; 7, seventy; 8, eighty; 9, ninety.  
In the third place, 1 signifies one hundred, 2, two hundred; 3, three hunnred; 4, four hundred; 5, five hundred; 6, six hundred; 7, seven hundred.  
In the Fourth place, 1 signifies one thousand, 2, thousand; 3, three thousand; 4, four thousand, 5, five thousand; 6, six thousand.  
In the Fift place, 1 signifies ten thousand, 2, twenty thousand; 3, thirty thousand; 4, forty thousand; 5, fifty thousand.  
In the sixth place, 1 signifies one hundred thousand; 2, two hundred thousand; 3, three hundred thousand; 4, four hundred thousand.  
In the Seventh place, 1 signifies one million, which is ten hundred thousand; 2, two millions; 3, three millions.  
In the Eight place, 1 signifies ten millions; 2, twenty millions.  
In the Ninth place, 1 signifies one hundred millions: So that the same Table of Numeration may be red as followeth.  

The Table of Numeration.  ninth place. eighth place. seventh place. sixth place. fifth place. fourth place. third place. second place. first place.   1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 123 millions 456 thousand 789   1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 12 millions 345 thousand ●●●     1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 million ●●●●●ousand 567       1 2 3 4 5 6 123 thousand 456         1 2 3 4 5 12 thousand 345           1 2 3 4 1 thousand 234             1 2 3 123               1 2 12                 1 1  
Now for your practise, whereby you may attain the perfect understanding of all the Numbers in my Table of assize.  
In the first page. or side thereof, under the word ( Price) against vj, you shall find under the word ( Troy) 338, which signifies three hundred thirty eight. For 8 in the first place signify eight, 3 in the second place signifies thirty, and 3 in the third place signifies three hundred, as is before declared.  
Under the word ( Avoirdupois) 370 signifies three hundred seventy.  
For the 0 in the first place signifies nothing, but 7 in the second place signifies seventy, and 3 in the third place three hundred. Yet take away the 0 and the Number is but thirty seven, because 7 being then in the first place signifies seven, and 3 in the second place thirty.  
In the second page. or side, under the word ( Troy) against vj, the number 1015 signifies one thousand and fifteen: for 5 in the first place signifies five, 1 in the second ten, 0 in the third no hundred, and 1 in the fourth, one thousand.  
By the same rule under ( Avoirdupois) in the next place 1112 signifies One thousand one hundred and twelve, under ( Troy) in the next place 1353 signifies one thousand three hundred fifty three: And under ( Avoirdupois) in the next place 1483 signifies one thousand four hundred eighty three.  
And this may suffice for the Introduction to the Art of Numeration, and the perfect understanding of my Table of assize.  
Where note under the word ( Price) d stands for denarii, signifying pence, and s for solidi signifying shillings, and li. for librae, signifying pounds. Yet because the use of the seven numeral Letters is unknown to many, I thought fit to add this Table of numbers following.  

The Table of Numbers digested in four columns.  

The 

first  
second  
third  
fourth   containing Numbers in 

Figures.  
numeral Letters, Roman.  
numeral Letters English.  
plain words.    1 I i one 2 II ii two 3 III iii three 4 IIII iiii four 5 V v five 6 VI vi six 7 VII vii seven 8 VIII viii eight 9 IX ix nine 10 X x ten 20 XX xx twenty 30 XXX xxx thirty 40 XL xl forty 50 L L fifty 60 LX Lx sixty 70 LXX Lxx seventy 80 LXXX Lxxx eighty 90 XC XC ninety 100 C C a hundred 200 CC CC two hundred 300 CCC CCC three hundred 400 CD CD four hundred 500 D D five hundred 600 DC DC six hundred 700 DCC DCC seven hundred 800 DCCC DCCC eight hundred 900 CM CM nine hundred 1000 M M a thousand  
Note that IV likewise signifies IIII( where I is set behind V) as IX signifies nine which takes as it were by stealth, or pulls back one from four and ten. So X set behind L or C takes away ten, and C behind D or M takes away a hundred, as here appeareth.  
Note also, that Twenty signifies twice ten; Thirty, thrice ten; forty, four times ten; Fifty five times ten; Sixty six times ten, or threescore; Seventy, seven times ten, or threescore and ten; eighty, eight times ten, or fouscore; and ninety nine times ten, or fourscore and ten.  
For other Numbers, from X to XX, from XX to XXX, and so forward to C, the former numeral Letters are to be set respectively before them; as for eleven, XI; for twelve, XII, and so forth.  
again, for any Number from C to CC, from CC to CCC, and so forward to M, the foresaid Numbers respectively are to be placed before them, as for a hundred and one. CI; for a hundred and eleven, CXI; for a hundred twenty and one, CXXI, and so forward to M.  
But the Numbers in Figures and cyphers are otherwise to be used; for from 10 to 20; from 20 to 30; and so forward to 100, the Unites are to be placed in stead of the Cipher; as for eleven, 11; for twelve, 12, and so forth.  
again, for any Number from 100 to 200, from 200 to 300, and so forward to 1000, the said Unites must bee thereunto added, in stead of the latter Cipher, as for a hundred and one, 101, a hundred and two, 102, and so forward to 1000; as in my Introduction precedent is more at large expressed.    

The Composers Preface.  
SO captious is the Condition and custom of many( if not most men) in surveying others works, that whatsoever transcends their sedulous apprehension, or in their conceit seems on the sudden unnecessary, or not fitting, without any favourable expostulation, or deliberate consulting, they will unworthily and unwittingly vituperate and reprehend.  
Lest therfore this my labour should come within compass of their traducing miscensure, who haply will suppose it superfluous, if not a simplo part in me to set down the price of Wheat, or limit the assize of Bread at 6 d. the quarter, in respect it was never known or heard in this Land, either before or since the Conquest, that wheat hath been sold so wonderfully cheap. In this case to vindicate or free both myself and it by a faire and( I hope sufficient) apology, albeit I cannot prove( I ingenuously confess) by any Record, Chronicle, or History, such vility or cheapness of that deere grain, as 6 d. the Quarter, to have had any being in this peaceable iceland; neither is it likely here to happen; my respective Request is, That it would please them to take notice of these reasons following.  
1. This Table is computed according to the Statute Law of 51o. H. 3. Whereby it is ordained, that when Wheat is sold at xii. d. the Quarter, the Farthing White loaf of fine Cocket shall weigh 6 li. 18 s. which is 82 ounces, 16 penny weight Troy, so that the ob. white of the same Cocket ought proportionably to weigh 165 ounces 12 penny weight; Again, the farthing white loaf of course Cocket shall weigh 7 li. 1 s. which is 84 ounces, 12 penny weight; so that the halfpenny white of the same Cocket ought by the like proportion to weigh 169 ounces, 4 penny weight. And according to the said Statute, as also the ancient order and custom of this country, the 1 d. wheaten( being Bread made of the whole Wheat) ought to weigh 3 halfpenny white of the same course Cocket, name in that Statute a Cocket and a half, and the 1 d. household( being Bread made of common wheat, ought to weigh two penny white of the same course Cocket, name there two great Cockets, onely the assize of the fine Cocket loaf is purposely omitted( as unnecessary) in this book.  
Now the assize at 6 d. the Quarter being twice so much as that at 12 d. I thought it necessary to begin therewith, much rather than with 12 d.( which is the first in the Old book) partly for the more decent forms sake, every page. containing 20 several prices of the Quarter of Wheat, beginning with an odd 6 d. and ending with even shillings; and all the sorts of Bread presented by every pair of Pages lying open at one interview; but especially because the said assize at 6 d. the Quarter appeared the fittest foundation of the whole work, or the fountain from which all the rest do dimane, and indeed may be used as the Touchstone of Proporrion, whereby the truth of all the other assizes may be tried; as if the 1 d. household( wheat being at 6 d. the Quarter) shall weigh 1353 ounces, 12 penny weight Troy, the question being asked, what the same shall weigh when wheat is at 3 li— 3 s— 6 d. the Quarter; Seeing in my Table directly against 3 li-3 s-6 d. the weight of the 1 d. household by Troy weight is 10 ounces, 13 penny weight, and 21 parts of a penny weight in 127 divided. Not to perplex or trouble the scrupulous Perusers with any deeper art than Multiplication, let them multiply the 10— 13— 21 by 127, because there is 127 times 6 d. in 3 li— 3 s— 6 d, and the Product will be 1353 ounces 12 penny weight, the assize at 6 d. the Quarter. Or otherwise if the Rule of Multiplication bee a Stranger to them, they may by the Rule of Addition add the same 10. 13. 21. together 127 times, and the total will bee the same with the Product in Multiplication aforesaid. The like order you may observe in examination of the assize by Avoirdupois weight. again, seeing against 3 li. 4 s. the weight of the 1 d. household is 10 ounces 11 penny weight, and 4 parts of 1 d. weight in 8 divided, multiply the 10. 11. 4. by 1●8, because there is so many times 6 d. in 3 li. 4 s. or( as aforesaid) add the same together 128 times, and the Product or total will bee the assize at 6 d, the Quarter.  
2. By the Statute Law touching Bakers and Brewers, and other Victuallers, 31o. E. 1. the assize or weight of Bread is ordained not to be changed, but by the increase or decrease of 6 d. in the sale or price of a Quarter of wheat in the Market; so that the price of wheat rising or falling 6 d. in the Quarter, the assize or weight of Bread ought to be accordingly diminished, or augmented. And therfore it seemed unto me the more meet to begin with 6 d. the Quarter, and so to proceed by Increase of 6 d. in the Quarter, even unto 5 li. where the old Book extended not beyond 3 li. 6 d. the Quarter.  
Yet as the plenteous bliss of the one Extreme, namely, 6 d. a Quarter never was, nor( I conceive) will be known amongst us, so by Gods grace, I do well hope, this Land shall never sustain the penurious bale of the other.  
Howbeit in the 8 year of E. 2. the Dearth was so great, that wheat was sold for 40 s. the Quarter, which was as much, or rather more, than 6 li. at this day.  
again, as the old Table of assize was drawn from 20 s. to Lx. s— 6 d. the Quarter, in respect wheat( as the ground that did bear and breed the same, and all other things) became through the populousnesse of the Land, or the plenteousness of Gold and Silver, more deere than in former times, or else through the weather; or( as it was in the 36 year of Q.E.) through the Merchants unreasonable exportation; By the same reason and President I have brought the said Lx. s. vi. d. to 5 li. the Quarter, and the rather to keep the Baker always within assize.  
Lastly, the difference between this new Table of assize, and the old, is not onely in the Extent thereof to 5 li. as aforesaid, but in computing the same as well by Avoirdupois weights, as by Troy weights, being approved exact and true, and by me carefully examined at the press.  
And here I cannot over-slip in silence, what I have red of the Venetians, viz. They take such course, that every month it comes to their knowledge, what quantity of corn their Dominions do contain; where certain discreet and honest men are authorised every Monday to impose a price on the corn according to the quantity thereof, who thereupon do declare in writing under their hands in several public places, of what weight the Baker is to make his Bread; so that even the poorest man knoweth what weight he is to have; who in case he shall find the Baker faulty, may with the assistance of the Constable seize all the Bread extant at the Bakers house, as forfeited, the one half to himself, and the other to the poor; By which means, all engrossers and forestallers are cut off, being not desirous to buy, because they are uncertain what the price of the Market will be from time to time. And again, the Magistrate is not troubled to see this good order executed, for that every man hath a special care to receive his due. And( may I without offence utter my mind) I could wish that the Magistrates throughout England would take the like order herein, both for their own ease and the general good of this Commonwealth.  
Howbeit may the Orders and Articles hereunto annexed, be well observed and executed, as also this book bee provided and lye ready in the houses, and for the use of the Magistrates, Justices of peace, and other Officers whom it concerns, and of every one that useth Avoirdupois weight, I am verily persuaded the Baker dares not make his Bread under the just assize. And so I conclude my Preface.   

Of Troy and Avoirdupois Weights.  
THere are two sorts of Weights with us most in use and allowed, the one is called Troiae pondus Troy weight, or Libra& vncia Troiana of old Troy, or of Troynovant, as the city of London was called of old, or else of Tronage as it were throne weight, as Fleta terms it, the word throne coming of Tronage, which weight is originally derived from the the grains of wheat, whereof thirty two made the Penny weight, which was thereupon divided into 24 grains of metal, being now the weight of 3 d. sterling. Of which Penny weights, 20 make the Ounce, and twelve ounces make the Pound Troy; Now this weight serveth to weigh, not only Gold, Silver, pearls and other precious things, as Electuaries and Amber, but also Bread by appointment of the Statute Law, from which weight is derived or drawn the assize and Gawge of all manner of wet and dry measures.  
The other Weight is called Avoirdupois( vulgarly or corruptly Avoirdepois or Haberdepois) of the words Avoir de pois in french, which signifies in latin Habere pondus, as much to say, To have full weight, whereof 20 grains make a scruple, 3 scruples a dram, 8 drams an ounce, and 16 ounces a pound.  
Now this weight serves to weigh all sorts of things not before mentioned, all Grocery and physical drugs, and all gross wears and merchandise, as beef, butter, cheese, tallow, soap, wax, rosin, pitch, tar, hemp, iron, copper, lead, tin, alum, wool, silk and all other things that bear the name of Garbell and do yield a refuse or waste.  
By both which sorts of weights this my Table of assize is made and computed.  
Now the difference between these two sorts of weights is this. That 14 ounces and a half and 2 penny weight Troy, bee equal in weight with 16 ounces Avoirdupois. As I myself have proved by seeing them counterpoised at the Goldsmiths hall London; whereby it appears, though the ounce Troy be heavier than the ounce Avoirdupois, yet the Pound Troy is lighter then the pound Avoirdupois.  
According to which Counterpoise of weights 73 ounces Troy are equal in weight with 80 oun-Avoirdupois. As may more plainly appear by the threefold Table ensuing.  

The Weight of the Quantities of meal to be contained in the several Measures concave of England.  

According to  The Standard Exact computation   containeth Pounds. or Ounces. Pounds oz. de. gr. or Ounces de. gr. Troy Lib. oz. or Ounces Avoirdupois A pint. 1 12 1 0. 15. 1 12 15. 12   14. 14 A Quart. 2 24 2 1. 11.   25 11. 1. 12. 28 A Pottle 4 48 4 3. 2.   51 2.   3. 8. 56 A Gallon. 8 96 8 6. 4.   102 4.   7.   012 A perk. 16 192 17 0. 8.   204 8.   14.   224 A bushel. 64 768 70 8.     818 8.   56.   896 A Strike 128 1536 141 4.     1637 4.   112.   1792 A Cornook. 256 3072 282 8.     3274 8.   224.   3584 A Quarter. 512 6144 565 4.     6549 4.   448.   7868 A Weigh. 3072 36864 3392       39296     2680   43008 A Last. 5120 61440 5643       65493     4480   71680  
The use of this Table is thus in brief. A pint containeth one pound or twelve ounces( according to the Standard of his Majesties Exchequer) but( according to exact computation) 1 l. 15 penny weight 12 grains Troy and 24 ounces Avoirdupois. And so of all the rest.  
Where is to be noted that by the Statute 11 and 12 H. 7. just 12 ounces Troy make the pint, the 15 d and 12 grains being overslipt or not regarded. And albeit 8 Gallons by the same Statute make the bushel, there is allowed by the same Statute 10 Gallons( which contain 5 pecks) to the bushel within shipboard, for wa●●r measure.   

A threefold Table showing the Coequality of Troy, Avoirdupois and Sterling weights.  
trow Avoirdupois Sterling Ounces oz. dr. 73 l. s. d. 1000 1095 7 9 83 6 8 500 587 7 41 41 13 4 400 438 2 62 33 6 8 300 328 6 10 25 200 219 1 31 16 13 4 100 109 4 52 8 6 8 50 54 6 26 4 3 4 40 43 6 50 3 6 8 30 32 7 1 2 10 20 21 7 25 1 13 4 10 10 7 49 16 8 5 5 6 61 8 4 4 4 3 5 6 8 3 3 2 22 5 2 2 1 39 3 4 1 1 0 56 1 8 Penny oz. dr. 73 s. d. 10 4 28 10 5 2 14 5 4 1 55 4 3 1 23 3 2 64 2 1 32 1 Avoir. Troy Sterling. Ounces oz. de. So l. s. d. q. 1000 912 10 76 00 10 500 456 5 38 00 5 400 365 30 8 4 300 273 15 22 16 3 200 182 10 15 4 2 100 91 5 7 12 1 50 45 12 40 3 16 0 2 40 36 10 3 00 10 0 30 27 7 40 2 5 7 2 20 18 5 1 10 5 10 9 2 40 15 2 2 5 4 11 20 7 7 1 4 3 13 6 1 0 3 2 14 60 4 6 3 2 1 16 40 3 0 2 1 18 20 1 6 1 Drams. den. 80. 24 s. d. q. 480 4 9 10 9 0 240 3 6 67 12 6 3 180 2 4 45 4 2 120 1 2 22 12 2 1 60 Scrup. den. 80. 24 d. q. 480 2 1 41 16 1 2 40 1 60 20 3 20 grains 80. 24 q. 480 10 30 10 1 250 5 15 5 365 4 12 4 292 3 9 3 219 2 6 2 146 1 3 1 73   

The use of this Table is explained by these two Examples.  
Sterl. Troy Avoirdupois. li. oz. oz. dr. 73 1000 12000 13150 5 35 500 6000 6575 2 54 400 4800 5260 2 14 300 3600 3945 1 41 200 2400 2630 1 7 100 1200 1315 0 40 50 600 653 4 20 40 480 526 0 16 30 360 394 4 12 20 240 263 0 8 10 120 131 4 4 5 60 65 6 2 4 48 52 4 6 3 36 39 3 45 2 24 26 2 30 1 12 13 1 15 s. oz. de. oz. dr. 73 10 6 6 4 44 5 3 3 2 22 4 2 8 2 5 3 3 2 16 1 7 57 2 2 18 1 2 38 1 12 5 19 d d. dr. 73 5 5 2 14 4 4 1 55 3 3 1 23 2 2 64 1 1 32  
1. Suppose you would know, how much of Avoird. weight is equal or answerable to 1400 ounces Troy.  
in the first column( towards your left hand) of the first part under ( Ounces) look for 1000 against which towards your right hand you shall find 1095. 7. 9. signifying, 1095 ounces 7 drams and 9 parts of a dram in 73 divided; Next, look for 400, against which you shall find 438 ounces 2 drams and 62 parts of a dram in 73 divided. Both which added together do make 1534 ounces 1 dram and 71 part of a drams in 73 divided. And so for Sterling weight.  
2. To know how much Troy weight is equal to 150 ounces 4 drams 2 Scruples 10 grains Avoird. under( Ounces) in the first column( towards your left hand) in the second part, you shall find against 100 ounces 91 ounces 5 penny-weight, against 50 ounces 45 ounces 12 penny weight and 40 parts of a penny weight in 80 divided, against 4 drams 9 penny weight 10 parts of a penny wei. in 80 divided, against 2 scruples, 1 penny weight 41 parts of a penny weight in 80 divided and 16 parts of one 80 part of a penny weight in 24 divided, against 10 grains 30 parts of a penny weight in 80 divided and 10 parts of one 80th part of a penny weight in 24 divided. And this may suffice for the use of this Table.    

THE Description and use of The Table of assize or Weight of Bread.  
THe Table being digested in 20 pages or sides, every page. containeth 3 parts or divisions, whereof the first towards your left hand sheweth the price of a Quarter of wheat in the market, the rest show the assize or weight of the several sorts of Bread by Troy and Avoirdupois weights, to wit, of the half penny white, the penny white, the penny wheaten and the penny household, as their several Intitulations or words on the heads of each part or column do evidently declare, where is to be noted,  

under the word Troy.  
O. signifies Ounces, P. Penny weight, and the figures thereunder respectively placed do signify so many Ounces and Penny weights,   

under the word Avoirdupois.  
O. signifies Ounces, D. Drams and the figures thereunder respectively placed signify so many Ounces and Drams.  
again, 73( being a denominator) signifies a dram broken or divided in 73 parts and the figures thereunder( being Numerators) do signify so many parts of a dram so broken or divided. Lastly   

under the words Troy and Avoirdupois.  
Nu. signifies Numerators and in the next column towards your right hand, De. signifies Denominators, the figures under De. signifying a penny weight Troy broken or divided into so many parts; and the figures under Nu. in Troy weight do signify so many parts of a penny weight so broken or divided. The figures under Nu. in Avoirdupois weight signifying so many parts of one part of a Dramin 73 divided.   

Now for the use of this Table.  
Suppose, when the second wheat,( which is the read being in meal) is sold for iiii l. the Quarter in the market, you would know what the assize or weight of Bread should be in London, or any other city, Borough or Corporate town where white, wheaten and household are usually baked and sold.  
In this case, considering that the Baker there is allowed by the orders hereunto annexed vi s. for the baking of a Quarter of wheat, over and above the price of the second wheat in the market. look in the 17 page. of the Table under the word( Price) for iiii l. vi s. and directly against it you shall find the weight of the half penny white by Troy weight is 1 ounce 19 penny weight and 15 parts of a penny weight in 43 divided. By Avoirdupois weight 2 ounces, 1 dram and 18 parts of a dram in 73 divided, and 7 parts of one part of the 73 in 43 divided. Of the penny white, by Troy weight 3 ounces 18 penny weight and 30 parts of one penny weight in 43 divided. By Avoirdupois weight 4 ounces 2 drams and 36 parts of one dram in 73 divided and 14 parts of one part of 73 in 43 divided. again, look in the 18 page. of the Table under the word( Price) for iiii l. vi s. and directly against it you shall find the weight of the penny wheaten by Troy weight, 5 ounces 18 penny weight and 2 parts of a penny weight in 43 divided; By Avoirdupois weight 6 ounces 3 drams 54 parts of a dram in 73 divided and 21 parts of one part of 73 in 43 divided. Of the penny household, by Troy weight 7 ounces 17 penny weight and 17 parts of a penny weight in 43 divided. By Avoirdupois weight 8 ounces 4 drams 72 parts of a dram in 73 divided, and 28 parts of one part of 73 in 43 divided.  
Now if you would know what the assize or Weight of Bread should be out of Cities, Boroughs or Corporate towns, or in Cities, Boroughs or Corporate Towns, where white and household only are used to be baked and sold, considering that the Baker is allowed by the foresaid orders, but iiii s for the baking of a Quarter of Wheat over and above the price of the second wheat in the market. look for 4 l. 4 s. under the same word ( Price) and directly against the same in like manner you shall find the weight of every sort of Bread as aforesaid.  
As for the assize of the half penny wheaten and Two penny household; The one may bee known by taking half the weight of the Penny wheaten, the other by doubling the weight of the Penny household.  

For Example.  
First the weight of the penny wheaten being by Troy weight 5 ounces 18 penny weight, and 2 parts of a penny weight in 43 divided as aforesaid. Take the half of 5 which is 2 ounces 10 penny weight, the half of 18 penny weight and the half of 2 parts of a penny weight in 43 divided. And all those half parts added together make 2 ounces 19 penny weight and 1 part of a penny weight in 43 divid. which is the weight of the ob wheaten.  
again the weight of the Penny wheaten by Avoirdupois weight being 6 ounces 3 drams 54 parts of a dram in 73 divided and 21 parts of 1 part of 73 in 43 divided. Take the half of 6 ounces, the half of 2 of the 3 drams and then adding 73 for the odd dram to 53 of the 54 parts of a dram which make 126, take the half thereof being 63 and lastly adding 43 for 1 part omitted of the 54 to the 21 parts which make in all 64, take the half thereof, all which half parts added together make 3 ounces 1 dram 63 parts of a dram in 73 divided, and 32 parts of 1 part of the 73 in 43 divided.  
Secondly the weight of the Penny household being by Troy weight 7 ounces 17 penny weight,& 17 parts of 1 penny weight in 43 divided. Double the same, and the weight of the two penny household will be 15 ounces 14 penny weight and 34 parts of one penny weight in 43 divided.  
again, the weight of the penny household by Avoirdupois weight, being 8 ounces 4 drams, 72 parts of a dram in 73 divided, and 28 parts of 1 part of 73 in 43 divided. Double the same, and the weight of the two penny household will be 17 ounces 1 dram 72 parts of 1 dram in 73 divided, and 13 parts of 1 part of 73 in 43 divided; As by the several works thereof here ensuing may appear.  
  Troy.   Avoirdupois.     O. P. Nu. De. O. D. 73. Nu. De. The Penny wheaten 5 18 2 43 6 3 54 21 43 The half penny wheaten 2 19 1 43 3 1 73 43 43               126 64                 63 32             8 4 72 28 43 The penny household 7 17 17 43   9 145 56   The 2 penny household 15 14 34 43   8 73 43             17 1 72 13    
Here you are to observe, in respect the Denominator 43 signifies in Troy weight one penny weight broken or divided in 43 parts, you must add one to the place of penny weights, when you find the Numerators being doubled do amount to or above 43, as you add one to the place of ounces, so often as in such doing you find 20 penny weight. And in respect the same Denominator signifies in Avoirdupois weight, one part of 73 broken or divided in 43 parts, you must add one to the Numerators under 73, when you find the Numerators under Nu. being doubled, do amount to or above 43, as you add one to the place of drams so often as in such doubling you find 73, and as you add 1 to the place of ounces so often as in doubling the drams you find 8.  
But these Fractions in both sorts of weights are set down, not to be strictly required or stood upon, but to prove the more exact computation of my Table. And so I leave you to the use thereof.  
Wheat the Quarter The halfpenny White. The penny White.   Troy. Avoirdup. Troy. Avoirdup   Price O. P. Nu O. D. 73. Nu. O. P. Nu. O. D. 73. Nu. De vi d. 338 8 0 370 6 58   676 16 0 741 5 43     xii d. 169 4 0 185 3 29   338 8 0 370 6 58     xviii d. 112 16 0 123 4 68   225 12 0 247 1 63     ii s: 84 12 0 92 5 51   169 4 0 185 3 29     ii s. vi d. 67 13 3 74 1 26 1 135 7 1 148 2 52 2 5 iii s. 56 8 0 61 6 34   112 16 0 123 4 68     iii s. vi d. 48 6 6 52 7 60 3 96 13 5 105 7 47 6 7 iiii s. 42 6 0 46 2 62   84 12 0 92 5 51     iiii s. vi d. 37 12 0 41 1 47   75 4 0 82 3 21     v s. 33 16 4 37 0 49 3 67 13 3 74 1 26 1 5 v s. vi d. 30 15 3 33 5 51 8 61 10 6 67 3 30 5 11 vi s. 28 4 0 30 7 17   56 8 0 61 6 34     vi s. vi d. 26 0 8 28 4 15 9 52 1 3 57 0 31 5 13 vii s. 24 3 3 26 3 66 5 48 6 6 52 7 60 3 7 vii s. vi d. 22 11 3 24 5 57 6 45 2 6 49 3 41 12 15 viii s. 21 3 0 23 1 31   42 6 0 46 2 62     viii s. vi d. 19 18 2 21 6 37 13 39 16 4 43 5 2 9 17 ix s. 18 16 0 20 4 60   37 12 0 41 1 47     ix s. vi d. 17 16 4 19 4 10 14 35 12 8 39 0 21 9 19 x s. 16 18 2 18 4 24 4 33 16 4 37 0 49 3 5  
Wheat the Quarter The penny Wheaten. The penny household   Troy Avoirdup Troy. Avoirdup   Price O. P. Nu. O. D. 73. Nu O. P. Nu. O. D. 73. Nu. De. vi d. 1015 4 0 11 12. 4. 28   1353. 12. 0 148. 3. 3. 13     xii d. 507 12 0 556 2 14   676 16 0 741 5 43     xviii d. 338 8 0 370 6 58   451 4 0 494 3 53     ii s. 253 16 0 278 1 7   338 8 0 370 6 58     ii s. vi. d. 203 0 4 222 4 5 3 270 14 2 296 5 31 4 5 iii s. 169 4 0 185 3 29   225 12 0 247 1 63     iii s. vi d. 145 0 4 158 7 35   193 7 3 211 7 22 5 7 iiii s. 126 18 0 139 0 40   169 4 0 185 3 29     iiii s. vi d. 112 16 0 123 4 68   150 8 0 164 6 42     v s. 101 10 2 111 2 2 4 135 7 1 148 2 52 2 5 v s. vi d. 92 5 9 101 1 9 2 123 1 1 134 6 60 10 11 vi s. 84 12 0 92 9 51   112 16 0 123 4 68     vi s. vi d. 78 1 11 85 4 47 1 104 2 6 114 0 62 10 13 vii s. 72 10 2 79 3 54 1 96 13 5 105 7 47 6 7 vii s. vi d. 67 13 9 74 1 26 3 90 4 12 98 7 10 9 15 viii s. 63 9 0 69 4 20   84 12 0 92 5 51     viii s. vi d 59 14 6 65 3 40 5 79 12 8 87 2 5 1 17 ix s. 56 8 0 61 6 34   75 4 0 82 3 21     ix s. vi d. 53 8 12 58 4 32 4 71 4 16 78 0 42 18 19 x s. 50 15 1 55 5 1 2 67 13 3 74 1 26 1 5  
Wheat the Quarter The halfpenny White. The penny White.   Troy. Avoirdup. Troy. Avoirdup   Price O. P. Nu O. D. 73. Nu. O. P. Nu. O. D. 73. Nu. De x s. vi d. 16 2 6 17 5 20 3 32 4 12 35 2 40 6 21 xi s. 15 7 7 16 6 62 4 30 15 3 33 5 51 8 11 xi s. vi d. 14 14 6 16 0 73 8 29 8 12 32 1 71 16 23 xii s. 14 2 0 15 3 45   28 4 0 30 7 17     x●i s. vi d. 13 10 18 14 6 49 1 27 1 11 29 5 25 2 25 xiii s. 13 0 4 14 2 7 11 26 0 8 28 4 15 9 13 xiii s. vi d. 12 10 18 13 5 64 9 25 1 9 27 3 55 18 27 xiiii s. 12 1 5 13 1 69 6 24 3 3 26 3 66 5 7 xiiii s. vi d. 11 13 11 12 6 22 4 23 6 22 25 4 44 8 29 xv s. 11 5 9 12 2 65 3 23 11 3 24 5 57 6 15 xv s. vi d. 10 18 10 11 7 51 10 21 16 20 23 7 29 20 31 xvi s. 10 11 4 11 4 52   21 3 0 23 1 31   8 xvi s. vi d. 10 5 3 11 1 65 30 20 10 6 22 3 58 27 33 xvii s. 9 19 1 10 7 18 15 19 18 2 21 6 37 13 17 xvii s. vi d. 9 13 13 10 4 55 31 19 6 26 21 1 38 27 35 xviii s. 9 8 0 10 2 30   18 16 0 20 4 60     xviii s. vi d. 9 2 34 10 0 13 15 18 5 31 20 0 26 30 37 xix s. 8 18 2 9 6 5 7 17 16 4 19 4 10 14 19 xix s. vi d. 8 13 21 9 4 5 9 17 7 3 19 0 10 18 30 xx s. 8 9 1 9 2 12 2 16 18 2 18 4 24 4 5  
Wheat the Quarter The penny Wheaten. The penny household. Troy. Avoirdup. Troy. Avoirdup   Price O. P. Nu O. D. 73. Nu. O. P. Nu. O. D. 73. Nu. De. x s. vi d. 48 6 18 52 7 60 9 64 9 3 70 5 7 12 21 xi s. 46 2 10 50 4 41 1 61 10 6 67 3 30 5 11 xi s. vi d. 44 2 18 48 2 71 1 58 17 1 64 3 70 9 23 xii s. 42 6 0 46 2 62   56 8 0 61 6 34     xii s. vi d. 40 12 4 44 4 1 3 54 2 22 59 2 50 4 25 xiii s. 39 0 12 42 6 23 7 52 1 3 57 0 31 5 13 xiii s. vi d. 37 12 0 41 1 47   50 2 18 54 7 38 9 27 xiiii s. 36 5 1 39 5 63 4 48 6 6 52 7 60 3 7 xiiii s. vi d. 35 0 4 38 2 66 12 46 13 15 51 1 15 16 29 xv s. 33 16 12 37 0 49 9 45 2 6 49 3 41 12 15 xv s. vi d. 32 14 30 35 7 7 30 43 13 9 47 6 59 9 31 xvi s. 31 14 4 34 6 10   42 6 0 46 2 62   8 xvi s. vi d. 30 15 9 33 5 51 24 41 0 12 44 7 44 21 33 xvii s. 29 17 3 32 5 56 11 39 16 4 43 5 2 9 17 xvii s. vi d. 29 0 4 31 6 21 23 38 13 17 42 3 4 19 35 xviii s. 28 4 0 30 7 17   37 12 0 41 1 47     xviii s. vi d. 27 8 28 30 0 40 8 36 11 25 40 0 53 23 37 xix s. 26 14 6 29 2 16 2 35 12 8 39 0 21 9 19 xix s. vi d. 26 0 24 28 4 15 27 34 14 6 38 0 20 36 39 xx s. 25 7 3 27 6 37 1 33 16 4 37 0 49 3 5  
Wheat the Quarter The halfpenny White The penny White   Troy. Avoirdup Troy. Avoirdup   Price O. P. Nu O. D. 73. Nu. O. P. Nu. O. D. 73. Nu. De. xx s. vi d. 8 5 3 9 0 26 14 16 10 6 18 0 52 28 41 xxi s. 8 1 3 8 6 46 12 16 2 6 17 5 20 3 21 xxi s. vi d. 7 17 17 8 4 72 28 15 14 34 17 1 72 13 43 xxii s. 7 13 9 8 3 31 2 15 7 7 16 6 62 4 11 xxi s. vi d. 7 10 18 8 1 67 36 15 0 36 16 3 62 27 45 xxiii s. 7 7 3 8 0 36 4 14 14 6 16 0 72 8 23 xxiii s. vi d. 7 4 0 7 7 9   14 8 0 15 6 18     xxiiii s. 7 1 0 7 5 59   14 2 0 15 3 45     xxiiii s. vi d. 6 18 6 7 4 39 45 13 16 12 15 1 6 41 49 xxv s. 6 15 9 7 3 24 13 13 0 18 14 6 49 ● 25 xxv s. vi d. 6 12 36 7 2 12 30 13 5 21 14 4 25 9 51 xxvi s. 6 10 2 7 1 3 12 13 10 4 14 2 7 11 13 xxvi s. vi d. 6 7 37 6 7 71 18 12 15 21 13 7 69 36 53 xxvii s. 6 5 9 6 6 68 18 12 10 18 13 5 64 9 27 xxvii s. vi d. 6 3 3 6 5 68 41 12 6 6 13 3 64 27 55 xxviii s. 6 0 6 6 4 71 3 12 1 5 13 1 69 6 7 xxviii s. vi d. 5 18 42 6 4 3 33 11 17 27 13 0 7 9 57 xxix s. 5 16 2● 6 3 11 2 11 13 11 12 6 22 4 29 xxix s. vi d. 5 14 42 6 2 20 46 11 9 25 12 4 41 33 59 xxx s. 5 12 12 6 1 32 9 11 5 9 12 2 65 3 15  
Wheat the Quarter The penny Wheaten. The penny household. Troy. Avoirdup. Troy. Avoirdup   Price O. P. Nu. O. D. 73. Nu. O. P. Nu. O. D. 73. Nu. De. xx s. vi d. 24 15 9 27 1 6 1 33 0 12 36 1 32 15 41 xxi s. 24 3 9 26 3 66 15 32 4 12 35 2 40 6 21 xxi s. vi d. 23 12 8 25 6 71 41 31 9 25 34 3 71 26 43 xxii s. 23 1 5 25 2 20 6 30 15 3 33 5 51 8 11 xxii s. vi d. 22 11 9 24 5 57 18 30 1 27 32 7 52 9 45 xxiii s. 22 1 9 24 1 35 12 29 8 12 32 1 71 16 23 xxiii s. vi d. 21 12 0 23 5 27   28 16 0 31 4 36     xxiiii s. 21 3 0 23 1 31   28 4 0 30 7 17     xxiiii s. vi d. 20 14 18 22 5 46 37 27 12 24 30 2 13 33 49 xxv s. 20 6 2 22 2 0 14 27 1 11 29 5 25 2 25 xxv s. vi d. 19 18 6 21 6 37 39 26 10 42 29 0 50 18 51 xxvi s. 19 10 6 21 3 11 10 26 0 8 28 4 15 9 13 xxvi s. vi d. 19 3 5 20 7 68 1 25 10 42 27 7 66 19 53 xxvii s. 18 16 0 20 4 60   25 1 9 27 3 55 18 27 xxvii s. vi d. 18 9 9 20 1 60 13 24 12 12 26 7 55 54 55 xxviii s. 18 2 4 19 6 68 2 24 3 3 26 3 66 5 7 xxviii s. vi d. 17 6 12 19 4 10 42 23 14 54 26 0 14 18 57 xxix s. 17 10 2 19 1 33 6 23 6 22 25 4 44 8 29 xxix s. vi d. 17 4 8 18 6 62 20 22 18 50 25 1 10 7 59 xxx s. 16 18 6 18 4 24 12 22 11 3 24 5 57 6 15  
Wheat the Quarter The halfpenny White The penny White   Troy. Avoirdup Troy. Avoirdup   Price O. P. Nu. O. D. 73. Nu. O. P. Nu. O. D. 73. Nu. De. xxx s. vi d. 5 10 58 6 0 46 26 11 1 55 12 1 19 52 61 xxxi s. 5 9 5 5 7 62 5 10 18 10 11 7 51 10 31 xxxi s. vi d. 5 7 27 5 7 6 45 10 14 54 11 6 13 27 63 xxxii s. 5 5 6 5 6 26   10 11 4 11 4 52   8 xxxii s. vi d. 5 4 8 5 5 46 61 10 8 16 11 3 20 57 65 xxxiii s. 5 2 18 5 4 69 15 10 5 3 11 1 65 30 33 xxxiii s. vi d. 5 1 1 5 4 20 32 10 2 2 11 0 40 64 67 xxxiiii s. 4 19 9 5 3 45 16 9 19 1 10 7 18 15 17 xxxiiii s. vi d. 4 18 6 5 2 72 54 9 16 12 10 5 72 39 69 xxxv s. 4 16 24 5 2 27 33 9 13 13 10 4 55 31 35 xxxv. s. vi d. 4 15 23 5 1 57 26 9 10 46 10 3 41 52 71 xxxvi s. 4 14 0 5 1 15   9 8 0 10 2 30     xxxvi s. vi d. 4 12 52 5 0 46 58 9 5 31 10 1 20 43 73 xxxvii s. 4 11 17 5 0 6 26 9 2 34 10 0 13 15 37 xxxvii s. vi d. 4 10 18 4 7 40 51 9 0 36 9 7 8 27 75 xxxviii s. 4 9 1 4 7 2 13 8 18 2 9 6 5 7 19 xxxviii s. vi d. 4 7 69 4 6 38 52 8 15 61 9 5 4 27 77 xxxix s. 4 6 30 4 6 2 24 8 13 21 9 4 5 9 39 xxxix s. vi d. 4 5 53 4 5 40 37 8 11 27 9 3 7 74 79 xl s. 4 4 3 4 5 6 1 8 9 1 9 2 12 2 5  
Wheat the Quarter The penny Wheaten. The penny household. Troy. Avoirdup. Troy. Avoirdup   Price O. P. Nu. O. D. 73. Nu. O. P. Nu. O. D. 73. Nu. De. xxx s. vi d. 16 12 52 18 1 66 17 22 3 49 24 2 39 43 61 xxxi s. 16 7 15 17 7 40 15 21 16 20 23 7 29 20 31 xxxi s. vi d. 16 2 18 17 5 20 9 21 9 45 23 4 26 54 63 xxxii s. 15 17 2 17 3 5   21 3 0 23 1 31   8 xxxii s. vi d. 15 12 24 17 0 67 53 20 16 32 22 6 41 49 65 xxxiii s. 15 7 21 16 6 62 12 20 10 6 22 3 58 27 33 xxxiii s. vi d. 15 3 3 16 4 61 29 20 4 4 22 1 8 61 67 xxxiiii s. 14 18 10 16 2 64 14 19 18 2 21 6 37 13 17 xxxiiii s. vi d. 14 14 18 16 0 72 24 19 12 24 21 3 72 9 69 xxxv s. 14 10 2 15 7 10 29 19 6 26 21 1 38 27 35 xxxv s. vi d. 14 5 69 15 5 26 7 19 1 21 20 7 10 33 71 xxxvi s. 14 2 0 15 3 45   18 16 0 20 4 60     xxxvi s. vi d. 13 18 10 15 1 67 28 18 10 62 20 2 41 13 73 xxxvii s. 13 14 14 15 0 20 4 18 5 31 20 0 26 30 37 xxxvii s. vi d. 13 10 54 14 6 49 3 18 0 72 19 6 16 54 75 xxxviii s. 13 7 3 14 5 8 1 17 16 4 19 4 10 14 19 xxxviii s. vi d. 13 3 53 14 3 43 2 17 11 45 19 2 8 54 77 xxxix s. 13 0 12 14 2 7 33 17 7 3 19 0 10 18 39 xxxix s. vi d. 12 17 1 14 0 48 32 17 2 54 18 6 15 69 79 xl s. 12 13 4 13 7 18 3 16 18 2 18 4 24 4 5  
Wheat the Quarter The halfpenny White The penny White   Troy. Avoirdup Troy. Avoirdup   Price O. P. Nu. O. D. 73. Nu. O. P. Nu. O. D. 73. Nu. De. xl s. vi d. 4 3 45 4 4 45 63 8 7 9 9 1 18 45 81 xli s. 4 2 22 4 4 13 7 8 5 3 9 0 26 14 41 xli s. vi d. 4 1 45 4 3 54 29 8 3 7 8 7 35 58 83 xlii s. 4 0 12 4 3 23 6 8 1 3 8 6 46 12 21 xlii s. vi d. 3 19 53 4 2 65 81 7 19 21 8 5 58 77 85 xliii s. 3 18 30 4 2 36 14 7 17 17 8 4 72 28 43 xliii s. vi d. 3 17 69 4 2 7 33 7 15 51 8 4 14 66 87 xliiii s. 3 16 10 4 1 52 1 7 13 9 8 3 31 2 11 xiiii s. vi d. 3 16 4 4 1 24 39 7 12 8 8 2 48 78 89 xlv s. 3 15 9 4 0 70 18 7 10 18 8 1 67 36 45 xlv s. vi d. 3 14 34 4 0 43 87 7 8 68 8 1 14 83 91 xlvi s. 3 13 13 4 0 18 2 7 7 3 8 0 36 4 23 xlvi s. vi d. 3 12 72 3 7 65 72 7 5 51 7 7 58 51 93 xlvii s. 3 12 0 3 7 41   7 4 0 7 7 9     xlvii s. vi d. 3 11 23 3 7 16 71 7 2 46 7 6 33 47 95 xlviii s. 3 10 2 3 6 66   7 1 0 7 5 59 0 4 xlviii s. vi d. 3 9 75 3 6 42 72 6 19 53 7 5 12 47 97 xlix s. 3 9 3 3 6 19 47 6 18 6 7 4 39 45 49 xlix s. vi d. 3 8 36 3 5 70 63 6 16 72 7 3 68 27 99 L s. 3 7 17 3 5 48 19 6 15 9 7 3 24 13 25  
Wheat the Quarter The penny Wheaten. The penny household. Troy. Avoirdup. Troy. Avoirdup   Price O. P. Nu. O. D. 73. Nu. O. P. Nu. O. D. 73. Nu. De. xl s. vi d. 12 10 54 13 5 64 27 16 14 18 18 2 37 9 81 xli s: 12 7 25 13 4 39 21 16 10 6 18 0 52 28 41 xli s. vi d. 12 4 52 13 3 17 4 16 6 14 17 6 71 33 83 xlii s. 12 1 15 13 1 69 18 16 2 6 17 5 20 3 21 xlii s: vi d. 11 18 74 13 0 51 73 15 18 42 17 3 44 69 85 xliii s. 11 16 4 12 7 35 42 15 14 34 17 1 72 13 43 xliii s. vi d. 11 13 33 12 6 22 12 15 11 15 17 0 29 45 87 xliii s. 11 10 8 12 5 10 3 15 7 7 16 6 62 4 11 xliii s. vi d. 11 8 12 12 4 00 28 15 4 16 16 5 24 67 89 xlv s. 11 5 27 12 2 65 9 15 0 36 16 3 62 27 45 xlv s. vi d. 11 3 11 12 1 58 79 14 17 45 16 2 29 75 91 xlvi s. 11 0 16 12 0 54 6 14 14 6 16 0 72 8 23 xlvi s. vi d. 10 18 30 11 7 51 30 14 11 9 15 7 44 9 93 xlvii s. 10 16 0 11 6 50   14 8 0 15 6 18     xlvii s. vi d. 10 13 69 11 5 90 23 14 4 92 15 4 66 94 95 xlviii s. 10 11 2 11 4 52   14 2 0 15 3 45   4 xlviii s. vi d. 10 9 31 11 3 55 22 13 19 9 15 2 24 94 97 xlix s. 10 7 9 11 2 59 43 13 16 12 15 1 6 41 49 x●ix s. vi d. 10 5 9 11 1 65 90 13 13 45 14 7 63 54 99 L s. 10 3 1 11 1 00 7 13 10 18 14 6 49 1 25  
Wheat the Quarter The halfpenny White The penny White   Troy. Avoirdup Troy. Avoirdup   Price O. P. Nu. O. D. 73. Nu. O. P. Nu. O. D. 73. Nu. De. L s. vi d. 3 7 1 3 5 27 32 6 14 2 7 2 54 64 101 Li s. 3 6 18 3 5 6 15 6 12 36 7 2 12 30 51 Li s. vi d. 3 5 73 3 4 58 70 6 11 43 7 1 44 37 103 Lii s. 3 5 1 3 4 38 6 6 10 2 7 1 3 12 13 Lii s. vi d. 3 4 48 3 4 18 66 6 8 96 7 0 37 27 105 Liii s. 3 3 45 3 3 72 9 6 7 37 6 7 71 18 53 Liii s. vi d. 3 3 27 3 3 53 8 6 6 54 6 7 33 16 107 liv s. 3 2 18 3 3 34 9 6 5 9 6 6 68 18 27 liv s. vi d. 3 2 10 3 3 15 102 6 4 20 6 6 31 95 109 Lv s. 3 1 29 3 2 70 48 6 3 3 6 5 68 41 55 Lv s. vi d. 3 0 108 3 2 53 15 6 1 105 6 5 33 30 111 Lvi s. 3 0 3 3 2 35 5 6 0 6 6 4 71 3 7 Lvi s. vi d. 2 19 101 3 2 18 68 5 19 89 6 4 37 23 113 Lvii s. 2 19 21 3 2 1 45 5 18 42 6 4 3 33 57 Lvii s. vi d. 2 18 98 3 1 58 31 5 17 81 6 3 43 62 115 Lviii s. 2 18 10 3 1 4● 1 5 16 20 6 3 11 2 29 Lviii s. vi d. 2 17 99 3 1 26 9 5 15 81 6 2 52 18 117 Lix s. 2 17 2● 3 1 10 23 5 14 42 6 2 20 46 59 Lix s. vi d. 2 16 104 3 0 67 115 5 13 89 6 1 62 111 119 Lx s. 2 16 6 3 0 52 12 5 12 12 6 1 32 9 15  
Wheat the Quarter The penny Wheaten. The penny household.   Troy. Avoirdup Troy. Avoirdup   Price O. P. Nu. O. D. 73. Nu. O. P. Nu. O. D. 73. Nu. De. L s. vi d. 10 1 3 11 0 8 96 13 8 4 14 5 36 27 101 Li s. 9 19 3 10 7 18 45 13 5 21 14 4 25 9 51 Li s. vi d. 9 17 13 10 6 30 4 13 2 86 14 3 15 74 103 Lii s. 9 15 3 10 5 42 5 13 0 4 14 2 7 11 13 Lii s. vi, d. 9 13 39 10 4 55 93 12 17 87 14 1 1 54 105 Liii s. 9 11 29 10 3 70 27 12 15 21 13 7 69 3● 53 Liii s. vi d. 9 9 81 10 3 13 24 12 13 1 13 6 66 32 107 liv s. 9 8 0 10 2 30   12 10 18 13 5 64 9 27 liv s. vi d. 9 6 30 10 1 47 88 12 8 40 13 4 63 81 109 Lv s. 9 4 32 10 0 66 34 12 6 6 13 3 64 27 55 Lv s. vi d. 9 2 102 10 0 13 45 12 3 99 13 2 66 60 111 Lvi s. 9 1 2 9 7 34 1 12 1 5 13 1 69 6 7 Lvi s. vi d. 8 19 77 9 6 55 91 11 19 65 13 1 1 46 113 Lvii s. 8 18 6 9 6 5 21 11 17 27 13 0 7 9 57 Lvii s. vi d. 8 16 64 9 5 28 93 11 15 47 12 7 14 9 115 Lviii s. 8 15 1 9 4 53 3 11 13 11 12 6 22 4 29 Lviii s. vi d. 8 13 63 9 4 5 27 11 11 45 12 5 31 36 117 Lix s. 8 12 4 9 3 31 10 11 9 25 12 4 41 33 59 Lix s. vi d. 8 10 74 9 2 57 107 11 7 59 12 3 52 103 119 Lx s. 8 9 3 9 2 12 6 11 5 9 12 2 65 3 15  
Wheat the Quarter The halfpenny White. The penny White.   Troy. Avoirdup. Troy. Avoirdup   Price O. P. Nu. O. D. 73. Nu. O. P. Nu. O. D. 73. Nu. De iii l. vi d. 2 15 113 3 0 37 107 5 11 105 6 1 2 93 121 iii l. xii d. 2 15 29 3 0 23 13 5 10 58 6 0 46 26 61 iii l. xviii d. 2 15 3 3 0 8 96 5 10 6 6 0 17 69 123 iii l. ii s. 2 14 18 2 7 67 18 5 9 5 5 7 62 ●5 31 iii l. ii s. vi d. 2 14 18 2 7 53 76 5 8 36 5 7 34 27 125 iii l. iii s. 2 13 45 2 7 39 54 5 7 27 5 7 6 45 63 iii l. iii s. vi d. 2 13 37 2 7 26 41 5 6 74 5 6 52 82 127 iii l. iiii s. 2 12 7 2 7 13   5 5 6 5 6 26   8 iii l. iiii s. vi d. 2 12 60 2 6 72 114 5 4 120 5 5 72 99 129 iii l. v s. 2 12 4 2 6 59 63 5 4 8 5 5 46 61 65 iii l. v s. vi d. 2 11 87 2 6 47 33 5 3 43 5 5 21 66 131 iii l. vi s. 2 11 9 2 6 34 24 5 2 18 5 4 69 15 33 iii l. vi s. vi d. 2 10 118 2 6 22 52 5 1 103 5 4 44 104 133 iii l. vii s. 2 10 34 2 6 10 16 5 1 1 5 4 20 132 67 iii l. vii s. vi d. 2 10 18 2 5 71 36 5 0 36 5 3 69 72 135 iii l. viii s. 2 9 13 2 5 59 8 4 19 9 5 3 45 16 17 iii l. viii s. vi d. 2 9 55 2 5 47 116 4 18 110 5 3 22 95 137 iii l. ix s. 2 9 3 2 5 36 27 4 18 6 5 2 72 54 69 iii l. x s. vi d. 2 8 96 2 5 25 14 4 17 53 5 2 50 28 139 iii l. x s. 2 8 12 2 5 13 34 4 16 24 5 2 27 33 35  
Wheat the Quarter The penny Wheaten. The penny household   Troy Avoirdup Troy. Avoirdup   Price O. P. Nu. O. D. 73. Nu. O. P. Nu. O. D. 73. Nu. De. iii l. vi d. 8 7 97 9 1 40 79 11 3 89 12 2 5 65 121 iii l. xii d. 8 6 26 9 0 69 39 11 1 55 12 1 19 52 61 iii l. xviii d. 8 5 9 9 0 26 42 11 0 12 12 0 35 15 123 iii l. ii s. 8 3 23 8 7 56 23 10 18 10 11 7 51 10 31 iii l. ii s. vi d. 8 2 54 8 7 14 103 10 16 72 11 6 68 54 125 iii l. iii s. 8 1 9 8 6 46 36 10 14 54 11 6 13 27 63 iii l. iii s. vi d. 7 19 111 8 6 5 123 10 13 21 11 5 32 37 127 iii l. iiii s. 7 18 5 8 5 39   10 11 4 11 4 52   8 iii l. iiii s. vi d. 17 51 8 4 72 84 10 9 111 11 3 72 69 129 iii l. v s. 7 16 12 8 4 33 59 10 8 16 11 3 20 57 65 iii l. v s. vi d. 7 14 130 8 3 68 99 10 6 86 11 2 43 1 131 iii l. vi s. 7 13 27 8 3 31 2 10 5 3 11 1 65 30 33 ii l. vi s. vi d. 7 12 88 8 2 67 23 10 3 73 11 1 16 75 133 iii l. vii s. 7 11 35 8 2 30 48 10 2 2 11 0 40 64 67 iii l. vii s. vi d. 7 10 54 8 1 67 108 10 0 72 10 7 66 9 135 iii l. viii s. 7 9 5 8 1 32 7 9 19 1 10 7 18 15 17 iii l. viii s. vi d. 7 8 28 8 0 70 74 9 17 83 10 6 45 53 137 iii l. ix s. 7 7 9 8 0 36 12 9 16 12 10 5 72 39 69 iii l. ix s. vi d. 7 6 10 8 0 2 42 9 14 106 10 5 27 56 139 iii l. x s. 7 5 1 7 7 41   9 13 13 10 4 55 31 35  
Wheat the Quarter The halfpenny White. The penny White.   Troy. Avoirdup. Troy. Avoirdup   Price O. P. Nu O. D. 73. Nu. O. P. Nu. O. D. 73. Nu. De iii l. x s. vi d. 2 8 0 2 5 3   4 16 0 5 2 6   141 iii l. xi s. 2 7 47 2 4 65 13 4 15 ●3 5 1 57 26 71 iii l. xi s. vi d. 2 7 47 2 4 54 74 4 14 94 5 1 36 5 143 iii l. xii s. 2 7 0 2 4 44   4 14 0 5 1 15     iii l. xii s. vi d. 2 6 98 2 4 33 9 4 13 51 5 0 67 37 145 iii l. xiii s. 2 6 26 2 4 23 29 4 12 52 5 0 46 58 73 iii l. xiii s. vi d 2 6 6 2 4 13 45 4 12 12 5 0 26 90 147 iii l. xiiii s. 2 5 27 2 4 3 13 4 11 17 5 0 6 26 37 iii l. xiiii s. vi d 2 5 63 2 3 66 79 4 10 126 4 7 60 9 149 iii l. xv s. 2 5 9 2 3 56 63 4 10 18 4 7 40 51 75 iii l. xv s. vi d. 2 4 124 2 3 47 42 4 9 97 4 7 21 84 151 iii l. xvi s. 2 4 10 2 3 37 16 4 9 1 4 7 2 13 19 iii l. xvi s. vi d 2 4 36 2 3 28 81 4 8 72 4 6 57 9 153 iii l. xvii s. 2 3 73 2 3 19 26 4 7 69 4 6 38 52 77 iii l. xvii s. vi d 2 3 103 2 3 10 41 4 7 51 4 6 20 82 155 iii l. xviii s. 2 3 15 2 3 1 12 4 6 30 4 6 2 24 39 iii l. xviii s. vi d 2 3 17 2 2 65 73 4 6 34 4 5 57 146 157 iii l. xix s. 2 2 66 2 2 56 58 4 5 53 4 5 40 37 79 iii l. xix s. vi d. 2 2 90 2 2 48 18 4 5 21 4 5 23 36 159 iiii l. 2 2 3 2 2 39 6 4 4 6 4 5 6 2 10  
Wheat the Quarter The penny Wheaten. The penny household. Troy. Avoirdup. Troy. Avoirdup   Price O. P. Nu. O. D. 73. Nu. O. P. Nu. O. D. 73. Nu. De. iii l. x s. vi d. 7 4 0 7 7 9   9 12 0 10 4 12     iii l. xi s. 7 2 70 7 6 49 39 9 10 46 10 3 41 52 71 iii l. xi s. vi d. 7 1 141 7 6 17 79 9 9 45 10 2 72 10 143 iii l. xii s. 7 1 0 7 5 59   9 8 0 10 2 30     iii l. xii s. vi d. 7 0 4 7 5 27 128 9 6 102 10 1 61 74 145 iii l. xiii s. 6 19 5 7 4 70 14 9 5 31 10 1 20 43 73 iii l. xiii s. vi d. 6 18 18 7 4 39 135 9 4 24 10 0 53 30 147 iii l. xiiii s. 6 17 7 7 4 10 2 9 2 34 10 0 13 15 37 iii l. xiiii s. vi d. 6 16 40 7 3 53 88 9 1 103 9 7 47 18 149 iii l. xv s. 6 15 27 7 3 24 39 9 0 36 9 7 8 27 75 iii l. xv s. vi d. 6 14 70 7 2 68 126 8 19 43 9 6 43 17 151 iii l. xvi s. 6 13 11 7 2 40 10 8 18 2 9 6 5 7 19 iii l xvi s. vi d. 6 12 108 7 2 12 90 8 16 144 9 5 41 18 153 iii l xvii s. 6 11 65 7 1 58 1 8 15 61 9 5 4 27 77 iii l. xvii s. vi d. 6 10 154 7 1 30 123 8 14 102 9 4 41 9 155 iii l. xviii s. 6 10 6 7 3 3 36 8 13 21 9 4 5 9 39 iii l. xviii s. vi d. 6 5 51 7 0 50   8 12 68 9 3 42 135 157 iii l. xix s. 6 8 40 7 0 24 16 8 11 27 9 3 7 74 79 iii l. xix s. vi d. 6 7 111 6 7 71 54 8 10 42 9 2 46 72 159 iiii l. 6 6 9 6 7 45 8 8 9 2 9 2 12 4 10  
Wheat The The the penny Wheaten. penny household. Quarter Troy. Avoirdup Troy. Avoirdup   Price O. P. Nu. O. D. 73 Nu. O. P. Nu O. D. 73 Nu. De iiii l. vi s. 2 2 6 2 2 31 31 4 4 12 4 4 62 62 161 iiii l. xii s. 2 1 63 2 2 22 72 4 3 45 4 4 45 63 81 iiii l. xviii d. 2 1 85 2 2 14 112 4 3 7 4 4 29 61 163 i●ii l. ii s. 2 1 11 2 2 6 24 4 2 22 4 4 13 7 41 iii● l. ii s. vi d. 2 1 3 2 1 71 96 4 2 6 4 3 70 27 165 iiii l. iii s. 2 0 64 2 1 63 56 4 1 45 4 3 54 29 83 iiii l. iii s. vi d. 2 0 88 2 1 55 144 4 1 9 4 3 38 121 167 iiii l. iiii s. 2 0 6 2 1 48 3 4 0 12 4 3 23 6 21 iiii l. iiii s. vi d. 2 0 8 2 1 40 87 4 0 16 4 3 8 5 169 iiii l. v s. 1 19 69 2 1 32 83 3 19 53 4 2 65 81 85 iiii l. v s. vi d. 1 19 99 2 1 25 90 3 19 27 4 2 51 ●9 171 iiii l. vi s. 1 19 15 2 1 18 7 3 18 30 4 2 36 14 43 iiii l. vi s. vi d. 1 19 21 2 1 10 153 3 18 42 4 2 21 133 173 iiii l. vii s. 1 18 78 2 1 3 60 3 17 69 4 2 7 33 87 iiii l. vii s. vi d. 1 18 118 2 0 69 101 3 17 61 4 1 66 27 175 iiii l. viii s. 1 18 5 2 0 62 6 3 16 10 4 1 52 1 11 iiii l. viii s. vi d. 1 18 42 2 0 55 105 3 16 84 4 1 38 33 177 iii l. ix s. 1 18 2 2 0 48 64 3 16 4 4 1 24 39 89 iiii l. ix s. vi d. 1 17 145 2 0 41 165 3 15 111 4 1 10 151 179 iiii l. x s. 1 17 27 2 0 35 9 3 15 9 4 0 70 18 45  
Wheat the The penny Wheaten. The penny household. Quarter Troy. Avoirdup. Troy. Avoirdup   Price O. P. Nu. O. D. 73. Nu O. P. Nu. O. D. 73. Nu De. iiii l. vi s. 6 6 18 6 7 20 93 8 8 24 9 1 51 124 161 iiii l. xii d. 6 5 27 6 6 68 54 8 7 9 9 1 18 45 81 iiii l. xviii d. 6 4 92 6 6 44 10 8 6 14 9 0 58 122 163 iiii l. ii s. 6 3 33 6 6 19 31 8 5 3 9 0 26 14 41 iiii l. ii s. vi d. 6 3 9 6 5 68 123 8 4 12 8 7 67 54 165 iiii l. iii s. 6 2 26 6 5 45 2 8 3 7 8 7 35 58 83 iiii l. iii s. vi d. 6 1 97 6 5 21 98 8 2 18 8 7 4 75 167 iiii l. iiii s. 6 0 18 6 4 71 9 8 1 3 8 6 46 12 21 iiii l. iiii s. vi d. 6 0 24 6 4 48 92 8 0 32 8 6 16 10 169 iiii l. v s. 5 19 37 6 4 25 79 7 19 21 5 58 77 85 iiii l. v s. vi d. 5 18 126 6 4 3 99 7 18 54 8 5 29 18 171 iiii l. vi s. 5 18 2 6 3 54 21 7 17 17 8 4 72 28 43 iiii l. vi s. vi d. 5 17 63 6 3 32 113 7 16 84 8 4 43 93 173 iiii l. vii s. 5 16 60 6 3 11 6 7 15 51 8 4 14 6● 87 iii l. vii s. vi d. 5 16 4 6 2 62 128 7 14 122 8 3 59 54 175 iiii l: viii s. 5 15 4 6 2 41 7 7 13 9 8 3 31 2 11 iiii l. viii s. vi d. 5 14 126 6 2 20 138 7 12 168 8 3 3 66 177 iiii l. ix s. 5 14 6 6 2 00 14 7 12 8 8 2 48 78 89 iiii l. ix s. vi d. 5 13 77 6 1 52 137 7 11 43 8 2 21 123 179 iiii l. x s. 5 12 36 6 1 32 27 7 10 18 8 1 67 36 45  
Wheat the Quarter The halfpenny White The penny White   Troy. Avoirdup Troy. Avoirdup   Price O. P. Nu. O. D. 73. Nu. O. P. Nu. O. D. 73. Nu. De. iiii l. x s. vi d. 1 17 71 2 0 28 100 3 14 142 4 0 57 19 181 iiii l. xi s. 1 17 17 2 0 21 89 3 14 34 4 0 43 87 91 iiii l. xi s. vi d. 1 16 180 2 0 15 87 3 13 177 4 0 30 174 183 iiii l. xii s. 1 16 18 2 0 9 1 3 13 13 4 0 18 2 23 iiii l. xii s. vi. d. 1 16 108 2 0 2 126 3 13 31 4 0 5 67 185 iiii l. xiii s. 1 16 36 1 7 69 36 3 12 72 3 7 65 72 93 iiii l. xiii s. vi d 1 16 36 1 7 63 30 3 12 72 3 7 53 60 187 iiii l. xiiii s. 1 16 0 1 7 57   3 12 0 3 7 41     iv l. xiiii s. v d. 1 15 153 1 7 50 171 3 11 117 3 7 28 153 189 iiii l. xv s. 1 15 59 1 7 44 83 3 11 23 3 7 16 71 95 iiii l. xv s. vi d. 1 15 83 1 7 38 173 3 10 166 3 7 4 155 191 iiii l. xvi s. 1 15 1 1 7 33   3 10 2 3 6 66   4 iiii l. xvi s. vi d 1 15 13 1 7 27 30 3 10 26 3 6 54 60 193 iiii l. xvii s. 1 14 86 1 7 21 36 3 9 75 3 6 42 72 97 iiii l. xvii s. vi d 1 14 138 1 7 15 126 3 9 81 3 6 31 57 195 iiii l. xviii s. 1 14 26 1 7 9 48 3 9 3 3 6 19 47 49 iv l. xviii s. vi d 1 14 70 1 7 4 73 3 8 140 3 6 8 146 197 iiii l. xix s. 1 14 18 1 6 71 81 3 8 36 3 5 70 63 99 iiii l. xix s. vi d 1 14 2 1 6 66 64 3 8 4 3 5 59 128 199 v l. 1 13 21 1 6 60 22 3 7 17 3 5 48 19 25  
Wheat the Quarter The penny Wheaten. The penny household   Troy Avoirdup Troy. Avoirdup   Price O. P. Nu. O. D. 73. Nu. O. P. Nu. O. D. 73. Nu. De. iiii l. x s. vi d. 5 12 32 6 1 12 119 7 9 103 8 1 41 38 181 iiii l. xi s. 5 11 51 6 0 65 85 7 8 68 8 1 14 83 91 iiii l. xi s. vi d. 5 10 174 6 0 46 78 7 7 171 8 0 61 165 183 iiii l. xii s. 5 10 8 6 0 27 3 7 7 3 8 0 36 4 23 iiii l. xii s. vi d 5 9 139 6 0 8 8 7 6 62 8 0 10 134 185 iiii l. xiii s. 5 9 15 5 7 62 15 7 5 51 7 7 58 51 93 iv l. xiii s. vi d 5 8 108 5 7 43 90 7 4 144 7 7 33 120 187 iiii l. xiiii s. 5 8 0 5 7 25   7 4 0 7 7 9     iv l. xiiii s. vi d 5 7 81 5 7 6 135 7 3 45 7 6 57 117 189 iiii l. xv s. 5 6 82 5 6 61 59 7 2 46 7 6 33 47 95 iiii l. xv s. vi d 5 6 58 5 6 43 137 7 1 141 7 6 9 119 191 iiii l. xvi s. 5 5 3 5 6 26   7 1 0 7 5 59   4 iv l. xvi s. vi d 5 5 39 5 6 8 90 7 0 52 7 5 35 120 193 iiii l. xvii s. 5 4 64 5 5 64 11 6 19 53 7 5 12 47 97 iv l. xvii s. vi d 5 4 24 5 5 46 183 6 18 162 7 4 62 114 195 iiii l. xviii s. 5 3 29 5 5 29 46 6 18 6 7 4 39 45 49 iv l. xviii s. vi d 5 3 13 5 5 13 22 6 17 83 7 4 17 95 197 iiii l. xix s. 5 2 54 5 4 69 45 6 16 72 7 3 68 27 99 iiii l. xix. vi d 5 2 6 5 4 52 192 6 16 8 7 3 46 57 199 v l. 5 1 13 5 4 36 16 6 15 9 7 3 24 13 25     

How the Baker ought to be punished for breaking his Assize.  

1 By the Statute of the Assize of Bread and Ale 51. An. H. 3.( amongst other things) it was enacted.  
THat if a Baker be convicted for not keeping his Assize, the first, second, and third time, he shall be amerced according to the quantity of his offence, so as he offend not above 2 s.( which is an ounce and 4 d. weight) in his farthing loaf, but if he exceed 2 s. then he is to be set on the pillory without redemption by money also, if he offend often, though under 2 s. and will not amend, he shall be set on the pillory.   

2 By the Statute of Bakers and Brewers, and other victuallers. 31. Anno E. 1. it was( amongst other things) enacted.  
THat a Baker, if his Bread of a farthing be found wanting but 2 s. 6 d.( which is an ounce and a half) shall bee amerced, and if it want more weight then that, he shall be set on the Pillory, nor shall not redeem it by gold and silver.   

3 By the Orders of the Lords of his Majesties most honourable privy council hereunto annexed.  
ALl unlawful Bread may bee taken away by the Clerk of the market, or his deputy, or by the mayor, bailiff, or other Officers of Cities, corporate towns and Liberties, or by the Master and Wardens of the Company of Bakers of the city of London, their Officers or Ministers, and distributed to poor prisoners and other poor people.  

An Order for musty meal.  
IF any person shall sell any meal deceitfully mixed, musty or corrupt, which may be to the hurt of mans body, or by any deceitful means or false slight, so to deceive the Subjects.  
For the first offence he shall be grievously amerced.  
For the second, he shall loose his meal.  
For the third, he shall suffer the judgement of the pillory.  
And the fourth time, he shall forswear the town where he dwelleth.  
Here is to be noted that if the Baker buy corn unground by the Quarter( as was intended by the Statute) he hath 68 l. Troy to the bushel, and is to pay the Millers tolle, but if Avoirdupois weight, he hath but 56 l. from the Millers tolle.  
2 That the Magistrates are not to question the Baker( as some have done) what qvantitie of Bread they make of 56 l. Avoirdupois, but only to see they keep their Assize according to the Statue.  
Allowances heretofore made to the Baker for baking a Quarter of Wheat.  
Anno 1266. 51. H. 3. when Wheat was at 12 d. the the Quarter which was as much as 3 s. at this day.  

The Baker was allowed.      d. q. for Three Servants 1 2 Two Lads 0 2 Salt 0 2 Yeast or kneading 0 2 Candle 0 1 Wood 2 0 His Boultell 0 2 Two loaves for advantage and his bran. 0 2 In all 6 d. 1 q.  
In the time of Edw. 1. as it seemeth and as the old Book of Assize( which hath relation to the Statute of Winchester) declareth,  

The Baker was allowed      d. q. for Growt and furning 3 0 Wood 3 0 The journey men 3 2 Two pages or prentices 1 2 Salt 0 2 Yeast 0 2 Candles 0 2 His ty-dog 0 2 And his bran. in all 1 s. 1 d  
Anno 1495. 12. H. 7. and as the said Book of assize declareth: When the best Wheat was sold at 7. s. the second at 6. s. 6. d. and the third at 6. s. the Quarter.  

The Baker was allowed,    d. For Furnace and Wood 6 The Miller 4 Two journeymen and two Apprentizes 5 Salt, Yeast, Candle, and Sack-bands 2 himself, his House, his Wife, his Dog, and his Cat. 7 In all 2. s. 0 d.  
And the bran to his advantage.  
2 junii, 1592. 34. Eliz. it was presented by a Jury near London before the Clerk of the Market of her Majesties household, that the best Wheat was at 21. s. 4. d. the second at 18. s. 8. d. and the third at 16. s. the Quarter: And that the Bakers should have allowed unto them for the baking of a Quarter of Wheat in and near about London 6. s. 10. d. which was then allowed by the said Clerk of the Market to be so, in regard of the great charges and prizes of every thing which was then much more than in former times the said Allowance being made as followeth, viz.  
    s. d. For fuel 0 6 Two Journey-men and two boyes 1 8 Yeast 1 0 Candles and Salt 0 4 himself, his Wife, children,& house-rent 2 0 The Millers toll 1 4 In all 6 10  
Yet this allowance of 6 s. 10 d. was afterward reduced to 6 s. and 4 s. respectively; as in the epistle to the last book of Assize, directed to all Magistrates, and other his Majesties Officers, is at large expressed. The which said allowances, of 6 s. and 4 s. have been continued to this day, and by the Orders ensuing are still approved and confirmed.   

Here followeth what sorts of Bread have been made in their Trials.  
FIrst, in the year of our Lord God 1311( which is now above 320 yeares sithence) a trial was made of three Quarters of Wheat, viz. one Quarter of the best Wheat, another of the second, and the last of the third Wheat, all which Quarters were made into several sorts of Bread, as it appeareth by Record in the Guildhall London, and they which made the same trials were sworn for the doing thereof, before the then Lord mayor of London.  
Secondly in the eighth year of King H. 8. by command of the Lords, and others of his Majesties most honourable privy council, a trial was made of a Quarter of Wheat, viz. two parts thereof into wheaten Bread, one part into white Bread, and the fourth part into household, as it plainly appeareth in the time of Sir William Butler Lord mayor of London, which is entered at the Guildhall in the paper journal fol. 238.  
Thirdly, 1 junii 1592. Eliz. 34. the like trial was made by the clerk of the market, of her Majesties household, and on the second day of the same month, the presentment was made by a jury, as before under the Title Allowances heretofore made &c. is declared.  
And the Law doth appoint three sorts of Bread, only to be made, viz. white, wheaten, and household, which are used to this day.     

Orders and Articles, made and set forth, by the right honourable the Lords, and others of his Majesties most honourable privy council, as well for the making and assizing of all sorts of Bread lawful and vendible within this realm, as for the reforming of divers disorders and abuses used, and committed by sundry persons therein.  
FOrasmuch as We understand that divers Bakers, and other persons taking upon them the mystery of Baking, and uttering of Bread unto the Kings Majesties Subjects, for their own private lucre, have not only baked and sold Bread of odd Assizes, made by their own inventions, but also sundry sorts of Bread, which are both repugnant to the laws of this realm, and hurtful to the common Wealth. We do therefore will and require them and every of them, that they observe and keep the good& ancient custom, in making, assizing, and selling of all sorts of their Bread, according to the ancient laws and Orders of this realm, and the Table of Assize herewithal set forth, and not otherwise. Provided always, And we do order and appoint, that according to the last Book of Assize of Bread, and as before in this book is related, the Baker shall be allowed for the baking of a Quarter of Wheat as followeth viz. Every Baker inhabiting in any city, Borough, or corporate Town, where white, wheaten, and household are usually baked and sold, shall be allowed for the baking of a quarter of Wheat 6 s. the rather in respect of their great charges, and bearing of scot and lot upon all impositions; which said 6 s. shall be allowed according to the former allowance, in the 12 year of King Hen. 7. in the said last Book of Assize expressed; to wit, when the second Wheat is at 3 l. the Quarter, he may make and assize his Bread, as if the same Wheat were at 3 l. 6 s. the Quarter: And so in like sort as the price of the second Wheat shall rise or fall in the market.  
And that the Bakers not inhabiting in any city, Borough, or corporate town, or inhabiting in any city, Borough, or Corporate town, where white and household Bread only are used to be baked and sold, shall have 4 s. in allowance and no more, for the baking of a Quarter of Wheat, which said 4 s. shall be allowed as the 6 s. before expressed.  
Item. That the foreign Bakers which bring their Bread to be sold in the market of any city, or corporate town( in regard they do not bear scot and lot there as the Bakers of the said places do) shall keep and observe such weight in their several sorts of bread as hereafter ensueth, viz.  
Their 

ob. white  
1 d. white  
ob. wheaten  
1 d. wheaten  
1 d household  
2 d. household   shall weigh more than the same sort of the Bakers Bread there inhabiting 

1 ounce.  
2 ounces.  
1 ounce& ½  
3 ounces.  
3 ounces.  
6 ounces.    
Item, That every Baker shall set his proper mark upon his bread according to the Law for Bakers and Brewers 31 E. 1 ch. 3.  
Item. That the Bakers shall make and bake to be sold farthing white bread, halfpenny white, penny white; halfpenny wheaten, penny wheaten; penny household, and two penny household: and none of greater size, upon pain of forfeiting all such greater bread to bee distributed amongst poor people. The time of Christmas always excepted.  
Item. That no Baker, nor any other person, shall make or bake to bee sold any other kinds or sorts of bread( except Simnell, Wastell, and Horse-bread, allowed by the laws and ancient Ordinances of this Realm) as Spice-cakes, Bunnes, biscuit, or other spiced bread( being bread out of assize, and not by Law allowed) unless it be for burials, or on friday next before Easter, or at Christmas, upon pain of forfeiting all the same Spice-cakes to bee distributed amongst the poor as aforesaid.  
Item. That no Baker or other person shall sell to any In-holder, Vintner, Victualler, Chandler, or other person either in mans bread or horse-bread to bee retailed more than thirteen pennyworth for twelve pence, without any Poundage or other advantage, nor more than three horse loaves for a penny. And that every horse loaf shall weigh the full weight of a penny white loaf, whether Wheat be cheap or dear. By which Assize of horse-bred the buyer gaineth 6 d. ob. in every 12 d.  
Item. Whereas wee understand, it is a common practise with many( if not most) Bakers to slice or cut their stale white bread into Sippets, and being well steeped, and mollified in water, to intermix and knead the same together with their wheaten dow, to the great abuse and scandal of their mystery, and the wrong of his Majesties Subjects. We do hereby order and command that no Baker do from henceforth presume to intermix or mingle any such stale Bread, white, or wheaten, with, or amongst their wheaten dow, but do make their wheaten bread as also their white and household all of new stuff and pure, without any such abusive or adulterate mixture.  
Item, whereas on Tuesday the 22 of September 3. and 4. Phil. and Mary, it was ordered by the then Lord mayor and Aldermen of the city of London, That no manner of White Baker or Bakers of the said city for the time being, should at any time from and after the Feast of Saint Michael the Archangel then next coming, carry, or cause to be conveyed, sent, or born by his or their Servants, Apprentize, or Apprentizes, or by any other ways or means at his or their charges, any manner of Bread to the house or houses of any common Inholder, Taverner, Alehouse-keeper, or of any other person whatsoever, which useth to utter, retail, and sell the same again, upon pain of imprisonment of the body of every person that should at any time offend in this behalf, by the space of six dayes and as many nights, without bail or mainprize, whereunto the Wardens of the said Fellowship of the Bakers there present did assent and agree.  
And whereas on Tuesday the 14 of Febr. 1 Eliz. it was ordered, adjudged, and decreed, by the then Lord mayor& Court of Aldermen of the said city of London, That every white Baker of the said city, for the time being, that at any time thereafter should be found disobedient or negligent in the observing and keeping of the sprite and assize of his Bread, which from time to time should be given and appointed by the Lord mayor and Court of Aldermen of the said city for the time being, should lose and forfeit for every ounce that should lack in the just sprite that his Bread ought to keep, 3 skill. 4 pence, to the use of the Commonalty of the said city. And that it should bee lawful for the chamberlain of the said city for the time being, to commit to Ward in the name, and by the authority of the said Court, every such offender as should refuse or deny to pay from time to time the said Fine to the use afore-said. Wee do think fit, order, and require the Lord mayor and Aldermen of the said city and their successors, to see the said two several Orders at all times from henceforth duly observed and executed. And we do also require all other Magistrates and Officers in all Cities, boroughs, and corporate towns throughout the realm of England, and Dominion of Wales, whom it may concern, to make, ordain, and observe the like orders within their several Jurisdictions, Liberties, and Precincts, for the better ordering of the Bakers, and the restraining of them from offending, and the punishing of their offences in the like cases.  
Item, that no person or persons shall keep a common Bakehouse in any city or corporate town, but such persons as have been Apprentize to the same mystery, or brought up therein for the more part of seven years, or otherwise be skilful in the good making and true assizing of all sorts of Bread.  
Item, we require the Lord mayor and Sheriffs of the city of London and their successors, and all other Magistrates and Officers throughout this Realm, whom it may concern from time to time, to enter into the Shops and Houses, not only of the Bakers, but of all In-holders, Vintners, Victuallers, Cookes, Chandlers, and other persons which do use to retail, utter, or sell Bread, and there to weigh and try the weight and assize of the same.  
Provided always, And we do further order, and require, That the clerk of the Market of his Majesties household for the time being, his Deputy or Deputies, As also the Majors, bailiffs, and other Officers of Cities, corporate towns, and Liberties, and especially the Master and Wardens of the Company of Bakers of the city of London, their Officers, and Ministers, and every of them shall have diligent care and respect unto the due performance and execution of the premises, and shall, and may from time to time freely give and distribute all such unlawful Bread as shall be made and put to sale( contrary to these Articles) unto poor Prisoners, and other poor people. And further, we will and command all Iustices of Peace, Constables, Bailiffs, and other Officers whatsoever, to be aiding, assisting, and helping unto all th'aforesaid Officers in the execution hereof, as they will answer the contrary at their perils.  
FINIS.   

A True Relation or Collection of the most remarkable Dearths and Famines, which have happened within this realm since the coming in of William the conqueror. As also The rising and falling of the price of Wheat and other grain, from time to time, with the several occasions thereof, briefly set down according to the English Chronicle( a Book of much worth) the last Edition whereof was set forth with Additions by Edmond How Gent. in Anno 1631.  
THe course of penning introductive Preambles( frequent with Writers) for brevities sake now avoided, albeit I might( and not impertinently) in this case treat of Gods three several Rods or arrows, whereof his divine majesty by ministration of the Prophet Gad, afforded free election to King David and wherewith at sundry times he hath sore afflicted this our land of Canaan, where the diuturnall misery of Pestilence being with us not fully overpast, and Famine, as also the Sword or worse instruments of war, incessantly working the most lamentable damage and destruction of our friends and neighbours, move me to remember that prudent Admonition of Horace to Lollius. lib. 1. Epist.  
Ecquid  
Ad te post paulò ventura pericula saints?  
Nam tuares agitur, paries cum proximus ardet.  
That is, 
Art thou insensible, or dost not see  
That dangers will ere long encounter thee?  
For when thy Neighbours house in flames doth shine,  
Then it behoves thee to have care of thine.   
My purpose is only to set before your eyes( Christian Readers) the Famines, and Dearths, which I find upon Record, England hath sustained, together with the particular occasions thereof, to the end that Those whom it most concerns may be put in mind of the best ways under God, to prevent the like future calamities. Beginning in the reign of William the conqueror. viz.  

An. Dom. 1069.  
In the third and fourth year of the said King, by means of the Normans wasting of England in Northumberland, and other places in the year precedent, such a dearth increased through all England, especially Northumberland, and the Countries next adjoining, that men were glad to eat Horses, cats, Dogges, and mans flesh, for all the land lying between Durham and york, lay waste without Inhabitants and people to till the ground, for the space of nine yeares, except only the Territory of Saint John of Beverlake.  
Of this you may red at large in the said Chronicle.   

An. Dom. 1086.  
In the 21 year of W. C. was a great dearth of cattle, and sore distemperature of the air, so that many men died of fevers, and afterwards many others died of Famine.   

An. Dom. 1093.  
In the sixth year of William Rufus, was a great Famine, and afterwards so great a mortality, that the living were scarce able to bury the dead.   

An Dom. 1112.  
In the 13 year of King Henry the first was a sharp Winter, great Dearth and Mortality of men, with murrain of beasts of the field, and also of the house, and a great destruction of Fowle.   

An. Dom. 1124.  
In the 23 year of the same King, by means of changing the coin, all things became very deere, whereof an extreme Famine did arise, and afflict the multitude of the people even to death.   

An. Dom. 1177.  
In the three and twentieth year of Henry the second, The black Book, containing the Orders and Rules of the Exchequer, was compiled; wherein among other things is mentioned, That for provision of the Kings household from the time of King Henry the first, the Officers of the Kings household reducing their victuals into an Estimate of money, did value for a Measure of Wheat to make Bread for 100 men, xij d. for the carcase of a fat Ox, xij d. for a fat sheep 4 d. and for the Provinder of twenty horses 4 d.   

An. Dom. 1205.  
In the seventh year of King John, began a great Frost, which continued till the 22 of March, so that the ground could not be tilled, whereof it came to pass, that in the Summer following, a Quarter of Wheat was sold in many places of England for a Mark( which for the more part in the dayes of King Henry the second was sold for twelve pence) and a Quarter of beans or Peas for a Noble, and a quarter of oats for 3 s. 4 d. which were wont to be sold for 4 d.   

An. Dom. 1222.  
In the seventh year of Henry the third, on Holy Rood day was a great Thunder and Lightning throughout all England, and such great floods of water followed, with great Winds and Tempests, which continued till Candlemas, that the year following, Wheat was sold for 12 s. the quarter, which is as much as 36 s. at this day.   

An. Dom 1234.  
18. Henry the 3. was a great Frost at christmas, which destroyed the corn in the ground, and the Roots of herbs in the Gardens, continuing till candlemas without any Snow, so that no man could plough the ground, and all the year after was unseasonable weather, so that barrenness of all things ensued, and many poor folks dyed for want of victuals, the rich being so bewitched with Avarice, that they could yield them no relief. Amongst whom Walter Gray then Archbishop of York, was not least covetous, of whom it is recorded that his corn being then 5 yeares old, he doubting the same to be spoiled with vermin, did command that it should be delivered to the Husbandmen that inhabited his manours, upon condition, that they should pay him the like quantity of new Corn after Harvest, but would give none to the poor for Gods sake, whereupon it came to pass, that when men came to a great Stack of his corn, which stood near the town of Rippon, there appeared in the Sheaves all over the same, the heads of worms, Serpents, and Toads, besides, a voice was heard out of the Corne-mow, saying, Lay no hands on the corn for the Archbishop, and all that he hath is the Devills. To conclude, the bailiffs were forced to build a high Wall round about the corn, and then to set it on fire, lest the venomous worms should have gotten out and poisoned the corn in other places.  
How this Bishop died I have not red, and whether he went to God or the devil, it is not for me to determine.   

An. Dom. 1248.  
32 Henry. 3. by reason of embasing the coin a great penury followed.   

An. Dom. 1258.  
43 Henry. 3. A great Dearth followed the wet year past, for a quarter of Wheat was sold for 15 s. and 20 s. but the worst was in the end, there could be none found for money, where-through many poor people were constrained to eat Barks of Trees, and horse flesh, but many starved for want of food, twenty thousand( as it was said) in London.   

An. Dom. 1288.  
In the sixteenth year of Edward the first, the Summer was so exceeding hot, that many died through the extremity thereof, and yet Wheat was sold at England for three shillings four pence the quarter.   

An. Dom 1289.  
1 Edward 1. Great hail sell in England, and after ensued great rain, that the year following wheat was raised from 3 d. the bushel to 16 d. and so increased yearly, till it was sold for 2 s. 6 d. the bushel.   

An. Dom. 1295.  
In the 23. year of Edward the first, the King caused all the Monasteries in England to be preached, and the money found in them to be brought up to London, he also seized into his hands all their lay Fees, because they refused to pay him such a Tax as he demanded. Moreover, he caused the wool and Leather to be stayed in England, and there followed great dearth of corn and Wine.   

An Dom. 1298.  
25 Edward 1. Was a great Famine in England, chiefly want of Wine; so that the same could scarcely be had to minister the Communion in the Church.   

An. Dom. 1299.  
27 Edward 1. An Act of Common counsel was made for prices of victuals to be sold at London by consent of the King, and Nobility, viz. a fat Cock for 1 d. ob. Two Pullets 1 d. ob. a fat Capon 2 d. ob. a Goose 4. d. a Mallard 1 d. ob. a Partridge 1 d. ob. a pheasant 4 d. a Heron 6 d. a Plover 1 d. a Swan 3 s. A Crane 12 d. two Woodcocks 1 d. ob. a fat Lamb from christmas to Shrovetide 6 d. and all the year after for 4 d.   

An. Dom. 1314.  
In the eight year of King Edward the second, the price of victuals being so excessive, that the common people were not able to live, By Parliament at London 3. Febr. it was ordained, and the Kings Writs were published for prices of victuals not to exceed as followeth, viz. an Ox stalled or corn fed 24 s. a grass fed Ox 16 s. a fat stalled Cow 12 s. another 10 s. a fat Mutton corn fed, or whose wool is well grown 20 d. another fat Mutton shorn 14 d. a fat Hog of two yeares old 3 s. 4 d. a fat Goose 2 d. ob. in the city 3 d. a fat Capon 2 d. in the city 2 d. ob. a fat Hen 1 d. in the city 1 d. ob. Two chickens 1 d. in the city 1 d. ob. four Pidgions 1 d. in the city three 1 d. 24 eggs 1 d. in the city 20 &c. nevertheless, all things were sold dearer than before, no flesh could be had, Capons and goose were not to be found, Eggs were hard to come by, sheep died of the rot, Swine were out of the way, a quarter of wheat, beans, and Peas, was sold for 20 s. of Malt for a Mark, of Salt for 35 s. &c.   

An. Dom. 1315  
8 Edward 2. The King in Parliament at London, revoked the provisions before made for selling of victuals, and permitted all men to make the best of their own. nevertheless, the dearth increased through the abundance of rain that fell in Harvest, so that a quarter of Wheat was sold before Midsummer for 30 s. and after for 40 s.  
There followed hereupon a grievous mortality of people, so that the living might hardly bury the dead, The Beasts and cattle also through corruptness of the grass whereon they fed, died. Horse flesh was accounted great Delicates: The poor stolen fat Dogs to eat; Those Doggs became fat by feeding on the Beasts and cattle that died: Some others in hidden places did mitigate their hunger with the flesh of their own Children. The Thieves that were in prison, did phick in pieces those that were newly brought in amongst them, and greedily devoured them half alive.  
The Londoners, the same year considering that Wheat was much consumed by the converting therof into malt, ordained, that from thenceforth it should bee made of other grain, and also that a gallon of the better Ale should be sold for 3 half pence, and of small Ale for one penny, not above.  
The King according to the Statute of London, sent his Writs through the realm, commanding that in Cities, boroughs, towns, and Villages, as well within the Liberties as without, a gallon of Ale should bee sold for one penny. And that from thenceforth, no Wheat should be made into malt, which if he had not the sooner caused to be proclaimed, the greatest part of the people should have perished through famine.   

An. Dom. 1317.  
10. E. 2. The Harvest was early, so that all the corn was Inned before Saint Giles day, being the first of September, a bushel of Wheat which before was sold for 10 s. was then sold for 10 pence: and a bushel of oats which before was sold for 8 skill. was then sold for 8 pence.   

An. Dom. 1329.  
In the third year of Edw. the third, a Statute was made prohibiting the Importation of Wheat, Rye, or barley into this realm, unless the price of wheat exceeded 6 skill. 8 pence the quarter, of Rye 4 skill. of barley 3 skill. at that Port or place where the same should bee brought in, upon pain of forfeiture thereof.   

An. Dom. 1330.  
4. E. 3. The Summer was so wet with abundance of Rain, that the corn could not ripen; so that in many places they began not Harvest until michaelmas, the house of Craxton got not in their wheat till Alhallontide, and their Peas not before Saint Andrewes tide. The Monks on Alhallonday and Martinmas day were served with Peas green in the Cods, in stead of pears and apple.   

An. Dom. 1355.  
27 E. 3. The Dearth of corn by them of Ireland, and the Irish men that brought in corn to sell unto divers Havens of this realm, was assuaged to the great relief of the people.   

An. Dom. 1358.  
E. 3. A great Dearth with Pestilence happened in England, which was called the second Pestilence.   

An. Dom. 1369.  
43 E. 3. Was a great Dearth of corn, so that a Busheil of wheat at London was sold for 2 skill. 6 pence, of barley for 20 pence, of oats for 12 pence.  
The occasion of this Dearth might bee supposed the excessivenesse of a Feast in the year before, where the meats that were brought from the Table, would sufficiently have served ten thousand men.   

An. Dom. 1379.  
In the third year of Richard the second, a bushel of wheat was sold for 6 pence, a gallon of white wine for 6 pence, of read for 4 pence.   

An. Dom. 1387.  
10 Rich. 2. In the beginning of the year, at Leicester, 100 quarters of barley were sold for 100 shillings.   

An. Dom. 1391.  
15 R. 2. Dearth of corn now almost continued for two yeares, whereby it came to pass, that when the time of fruits; as Nuts, apple, plums, pears, &c. was come, many poor people through over-feeding thereof died of the Flux. And if the commendable care of Adam Baume, then mayor of London had not relieved the Commons, who continually provided, that from the parts beyond the Seas, corn was brought to London to the relief of the whole realm, where otherwise without doubt neither had the Country sufficed the city, nor the city succoured the Country.  
To the furtherance of which good work in relieving the poor; The mayor and Citizens of London took out of the Orphans Chest in their Guildhall, 2000 Marks to buy Corn, and other victuals from beyond the Seas, and the Aldermen, each of them laid out 20 pound, to the like purpose of buying corn, which was bestowed in divers places, where the poor might buy at an appointed price, and such as lacked money to pay down, did put in Surety to pay in the year following, in which year, When Harvest came, the Fields yielded plentiful increase, and so the price of corn began to decrease.   

An. Dom. 1438.  
In the 17 year of Henry the sixth, by means of great Tempests, unmeasurable Windes and rains, there arose such a scarcity, that juuat was sold in some places for 2 shillings 6 pence the bushel.   

An. Dom. 1439.  
18. H. 6. juuat was sold at London for 3 shillings the bushel, malt at 13 shillings the Quarter, and oats at 8 pence the bushel; which caused men to eat beans, Peas, and Barley, more then in an hundred yeeres before: wherefore Stephen brown, then Maior, sent into Pruse, and caused to be brought to London many Ships laden with Rye, which did much good; for Bread-Corne was so scarce in England, that poor people made them Bread of fern roots.   

An. Dom. 1454.  
22. H. 6. juuat and other grain were in such plenty, that a Quarter of juuat was commonly sold for 12 pence or 14 pence; of malt, for 16 or 17 pence at the most. A certain Farmer dwelling in Cruse Roysie, or rosy town in Hertfordshire, sold 20 Quarters of the best juuat for 20 shillings.   

An. Dom. 1486.  
In the second year of Henry the seventh, juuat was sold at 3 shillings the bushel, and Bay-Salt at the like price.   

An. Dom. 1491.  
7. H. 7. Wheat was sold at London for 20 pence the bushel, which was accounted a great Dearth.   

An. Dom. 1494.  
10. H. 7. Wheat was sold at the like price.   

An. Dom. 1521.  
In the thirteenth year of Henry the Eight, was a Dearth of corn( with Pestilence) for Wheat was sold at London for 20 shillings the Quarter.   

An. Dom. 1526.  
18. H. 8. In November, December, and january, fell such abundance of rain, that thereof ensued great floods, which destroyed cornfields, Pastures, and Beasts. Then was it dry till the twelfth of April; and from that time, it rained every day and night, till the third of June: whereby corn failed sore in the year following.   

An. Dom. 1527.  
19. H. 8. Such scarcity of Bread was at London, and throughout England, that many dyed for want thereof. The King sent to the city, of his own provision, six hundred Quarters: The Bread-Carts then coming from Stratford towards London, were met at the Miles end by a great number of Citizens, so that the Maior and Sheriffes were forced to go and rescue the same, and see them brought to the Markets appointed; Wheat being then at 15 shillings the Quarter. But shortly after, the Merchants of the Stiliard brought from Danske such store of Wheat and Rye, that it was better cheap at London, then in any other part of the realm.   

An. Dom. 1553.  
In the first year of queen Mary, at her Majesties coming to the crown, Victuals were so plentiful, that a barrel of beer was sold for six pence, with the cask, and four great Loaves of Bread for one penny.   

An. Dom. 1557.  
5. Mary, Wheat was sold before Harvest, for four Marks the Quarter; but after Harvest, for five shillings: so that a penny loaf, which weighed in London the last year but 11 ounces Troy, weighed now 26 ounces Troy.   

An. Dom. 1558.  
6. Mary, corn rose to 14 shillings the Quarter.   

An. Dom. 1573.  
About Lammas, Wheat was sold at London for 3 shillings the bushel; but shortly after, it was raised to 4 shillings, 5 shillings, 6 shillings, and before Christmas, to a Noble, and 7 shillings; which so continued long after: yet there was no want to him that wanted not Money.   

An. Dom. 1586.  
In the 29 year of queen Elizabeth, about Ianuarie, her majesty observing the general Dearth of corn, and other Victuals, grown partly through the unseasonableness of the year then past, and partly through the uncharitable greediness of Corne-Masters, but especially through the unlawful and over-much transporting of grain in foreign parts; by the advice of her most Honourable privy council, published a Proclamation, and a book of Orders to be taken by the Justices, for relief of the poor: notwithstanding all which, the excessive prices of grain still increased; so that Wheat in meal was sold at London for 8 shillings the bushel, and in some other parts of this realm above that price.   

An. Dom. 1594.  
36. Eliz. In May sell many great showers of rain, but in June and July much more, for it commonly rained day and night till Saint James Eve; and on S. James day in the afternoon it began again, and continued for two dayes together. Notwithstanding, there followed a faire Harvest. But in September, great rains raised high waters, such as stayed the Carriages, and bare down Bridges, as at Cambridge, Ware, and elsewhere. Also grain grew to be of a great price, a bushel of Wheat at 6, 7, or 8 shillings, &c. which Dearth happened more through the Merchants over-much transporting, then the unseasonableness of the weather past.   

An. Dom. 1595.  
3. Eliz. By the late Transportations of grain into foreign parts, the same was here grown to an excessive price, as in some parts of this realm, from 14 shillings to 4 Marks the Quarter, and more, as the poor did feel; and all other things whatsoever were made to sustain man, were likewise raised, without all conscience and reason. For remedy whereof, our Merchants brought back from Danske much Rye and Wheat, but passing deere; though not of the best, yet serving the turn in such extremity. Some Prentices and other young people about the city of London, being pinched of their Victuals more then they had been accustomend, took Butter from the Market folkes in southwark, paying but three pence, where the owners would not afford it under five pence by the pound. For which disorder, the said young men were punished on the 27 of June, by whipping, setting on the pillory, and long imprisonment.   

An. Dom. 1596.  
37. Eliz. In August, September, October, November, fell great store of rain, and Wheat in meal was sold at London for 10 shillings the bushel; yet through the diligent carefulness of Thomas Skinner, then Lord Maior, provision was made for corn to be brought from Danske, and other the East Countreyes, by our Merchants; unto whom was granted custom and Stowage free, as also to make their own price, or transport to any part of this realm. Whereupon it followed, were the price never so high, this city never wanted corn for their Money.   

An. Dom. 1597.  
And 39. Eliz. the price of Wheat in London Markets fell from 13 shillings to 10 shillings the bushel.  
Since which time, how it hath risen and fallen, and what Dearths or Plenties of corn we have had, I forbear to relate, in respect the same being of so late yeeres, are still fresh in memory with many, if not most men; and in case ought be forgotten by any, there is no Chronicle to justify it. Now therefore, to conclude:  
By all these monumentall verities, or particular narrations of Chronicled Occurrences, it appears, that the cause of a Dearth or Famine is manifold.  
1 war, whereby both corn and Land was wasted, as also people destroyed.  
2 Unseasonable weather, extremity of could and Frost or rain, of winds, Thunder and Lightning, Tempests, and such like.  
3 The abasing of the coin.  
4 Excessive consumption and abuse of Wheat and other Victuals in voluptuous Feasts.  
5 The uncharitable greediness, or unconscionable hoarding of Corne-Masters and Farmers.  
6 The Merchants over-much transporting of grain into foreign parts.  
For a seventh Cause, I might here infer, with accusation, the evil disposition of many, in racking of Rents, whereby the Tenants are moved, if not constrained, to set on their Commodities an unreasonable price.  
again, on the other side, there are divers apparent causes of cheapenesse or plenty.  
1 Peace, whereby men have liberty to till the ground, and reap the fruit thereof.  
2 Seasonable and kindly weather, with a fruitful Harvest.  
3 Great store of fine Gold and Silver.  
4 The moderate use of the Creature, and sparing diet, which is very little practised.  
5 The Corne-Masters and Farmers charitable bounty, or conscionable exposing of their grain to sale, which is Rara avis in terris, &c.  
6 The importation of grain from foreign parts, which hath been divers times known, through the careful means of the provident Magistrates within the city of London.  
For a seventh Cause, I might add the forbearance of racking Rents, whereby the Tenants( farming their grounds at easy rates) may be moved to afford their grain, Kine, cattle, and other provision at reasonable prices. But so corrupt or prove to Avarice, is the heart of man in these later times, that racking of Rents will never be abandoned, and consequently, cheapenesse of grain, or other things created for the sustenance or service of man, is not likely to be known by any such cause.  
But some perhaps will here object or allege( according to the conceit of many) That the scarcity of people in former times might cause the cheapenesse of Wheat, as also of all other diet: And the Grounds likewise that did bear and breed the same, being then rented at very low rates, not onely by reason of the want of occupiers, but of the rarity of Gold and Silver; as appeareth by many ancient Leases, where is reserved but six pence, or little more or less, for Land now worth or letten for six or ten pound: and that as the country grew more and more populous, and Gold and Silver more plenteous; so Land and corn, as also all other things( for the most part) became more and more dear.  
To which Objection, or Allegation, I answer; That whosoever shall look back upon the Ages past, and consider the wonderful numbers of Souldiers which were sent forth, the exact measuring of Lands in those dayes, the spaciousness and capacity of their Churches, the old Foundations, which now lie demolished, or waste, if not raled up with the Plough; will( by all probable conjecture) conceive, that this iceland was then as well peopled as it is now: Albeit the Cities and towns( especially London) do now swarm with people, which make the greater show of a number; the country being never more naked, and desolate, then in these dayes. And for Gold and Silver, it is most probable by the Shrines and gilding of Churches, the rich Copes and Vestm●nts thereunto belonging, the Robes and Hangings of Princes, their massy and substantial old Plate, their Borders, wires, and other Ornaments of beaten Gold and Silver, their Mines found out at home, their House-keeping, almsdeeds, and charitable Benevolences: there was no scarcity, but rather great store of such metals in those dayes: the base coins being admitted through policy of State, which is usual with other the most wealthy Nations.  
Neither does our coin bear the weight which formerly it did: For it appears by stows Chronicle( since his decease continued and set forth by How) 7. Ed. 1. 1280. as also among the Statutes of Ed. 2. that 20 pence sterling then weighed an Ounce; and 9. Ed. 3. 26 pence, and 2. H. 6. 32 pence, and 5. Ed. 4. 40 pence, and 31. H. 8. 45 pence, and 2. Eliz. 60 pence sterling weighed an Ounce: which 60 pence sterling continues the weight of an Ounce at this day. So that 100 pound heretofore, was as much as 300 pound now, besides the fineness of their coin, which did far exceed ours. And certainly, the prices of all things will immediately follow the coins, according to their weight, and the fineness and goodness of the metal, together with the fertility or sterility of the soil, where Nature daily decayeth. For the whole Earth in general is grown more unapt and backward in bearing, and yields not such crop and burden, as in the age of our Ancestors. And hereof especially ariseth such penury amongst us in these later dayes, the prices of things being excessive, and raised above all expectation; where the Famines heretofore did not proceed from any barrenness of the Earth, but rather from Civill Warres amongst ourselves, making havoc of Natures blessings, and poor mens labours, as in the Chronicle is at large declared.  
Howbeit, there is one more Cause of Dearth and plenty, not to be over-slipt, but above all, to be considered, as well with fear on the one side, as with hope on the other, which proceeds immediately from God, being indeed miraculous( besides the Famine in Samaria, through long want of rain, as it is written, 1 Kings, 18 Chap.) where, in the time of Famine, occasioned through the Enemies obsession, or strict Siege,( when an Asses head was sold for 80 pieces of Silver, and women were forced to seed of their own Children) the Prophet Elisha did premonish the King of Samaria, that the next day a Measure of fine Flower should be sold in the Gates of Samaria for a Shekel, and two Measures of Barley for a Shekel, as you may read at large, 2 Kings, 7 Chapter. And how a Lord( on whose hand the King learned) for his incredulity,( as the Prophet foretold him) lived not to eat thereof, though he saw that miraculous abundance. Also when the Children of Israel were ready to perish with hunger in the wilderness, God rained Bread from Heaven, and sent them quails, that covered the camp. By whose almighty goodness, Elias was also satisfied with Bread and Flesh, through the ministration of Angels, 1 Kings, 17.  
By all which Examples, and many others,( which for brevity sake I omit) delivered unto us in that Sacred Record; wee are taught, that in the extremity of Dearth wee should not despair, nor distrust in God; neither in the saturitie of Sustenance, or fullness of Bread, be overcome with security, or presumption: seeing he, that is the Giver of all good things, can and will( as he hath done) both add and subtract from our Store, at his pleasure: converting, in a moment, our flood of sea-coal into an ebb of Woe; or, on the contrary, being ready to sink in the desolate Ocean of adversity, set us aboard the comfortable Pinnace of prosperity.  
As in that most remarkable year, 1588. When a sad expected war, and pernicious peril, suddenly was translated into a glad unexpected Peace, and Triumphant safety; which requires from our hearts perpetual Thanksgiving: as also may serve, not onely for a symbol or Token of Gods especial favour, but as a warning-piece of his heavy wrath; who often threatened, and at length ruined that renowned city of Jerusalem.   

TO conclude, without ripping up the vices or abuses of every particular Calling or Profession, but onely saluting such as occupy, or hunt for gain by grain, or the commodity now in question; with a short and seasonable Exhortation.  
First, you Dearth-desiring Hoorders, whose Granaries abound with grain, O bring it forth in time of need, to serve the needy; but not as our Merchants bring up their Sea-coales, in small dropping quantities, as if your Store were scant, or near exhausted, onely to raise the price, for your own uncharitable Lucre; lest the misery or cry of the poor bring down Vengeance on your heads; whereof some amongst you have had woeful warning or experience, bringing their golden hopes to a drossy downfall: Three Sermons, preached in cornwall, and printed in Anno 1631. entitled, The Curse of Corne-hoorders, with the Blessing of seasonable Selling, being a good Lesson by you to be learned and deeply considered.  
Secondly, you adventurous Merchants give not yourselves to give away our necessary grain, or other Dyet-provision, in exchange of unnecessary Gew-gawes, for your private gain; lest he, that in his love sends all to you, do in his hate sand forth prey-hunting Enemies, or with impetuous Windes provoke your fleeting Friend, the Sea, to deprive you of your merchandise, and mar your Market.  
And lastly, you sophisticating Kneaders, that taking advantage of the last books defects, observed no just or conscionable assize: Now let this present pattern, and Supply, where Divine Precepts prevail not, be unto you an effectual Rule of Reformation; lest your pilling of the poor be punished with most grievous Amerciaments, if not the pillory: Nor think, though you delude the careful Magistrate, by supplying your Shops with a few Loaves of competent assize, while in your inward rooms, or secretly behind, a numerous weight-wanting Batch lies ready to be uttered in his absence,( whom in your sleeves you laughed at) unless the same, before his coming, bee sent forth, to your confederate Customers. think not( I say) that you can so evade the eyes of Him that never sleeps, and searches every where, who sees your covert falsehood( though from human eyes concealed) and will detect it unawares to you,( haply by this my public Admonition) to your Gaine-drowning loss, and overt ignominy. Nor let your Basket-bearing servitors( as some have done, and boasted) when in their way they descry the Troy weights, with the Right Honourable and worshipful Examiners of their Carriage approaching, into their Bread, that wants of Sterling weight, convey Sterling Money, lest their knavery being discovered, they lose both Bread and Money. neither you Masters of that Oven-Mysterie, let your simplo juuat be subtly intermixed with Barley, nor your sweet corn with musty, nor your Wheaten Dowe with stale White Bread, steeped and mollified in water, which is a vile and common trick amongst you: but spend such stale Bread in your Houses, or otherwise, by way of liberal alms, or cheaper sale,( as I aclowledge some of you have done) make your needy neighbours gladsome partakers thereof, and generally abandon all your adulterate Impostures.  
So shall you, by your diligent conformity to the good laws and Orders of this realm, and your sustaining charity to the Indigent, gain favour both with God and men, show yourselves obedient Subjects to your sovereign, and dutiful Servants to your heavenly Master; purchase the praise and prayers of the poor, with a continual Blessing on your honest labours, dealings, and proceedings; both you and yours long and happily flourishing like Cedars on Mount Lebanon, to the renown and benefit both of this country and Common-wealth.   
FINIS.   

Authoris Epilogismus.  
PAstores hominum, Pistores aestimo farris,  
Qui justi fuerint, Panificesque boni.  
said reliqui, quicunque levi cum pondere librant,  
Sunt Impostores, Carnificesquè mali:  
Carnifices dixi? fallor; Sunt furibus isti  
Pejores, laqueos carnificumque merent.  
Hoc vero verè licet affirmare, numellae  
Haud severa satis poena videtur eis.  
In Pistrina malos( ut habet Comoedia) Primas  
Pistores aequus dedat amara, velim;  
Nec dubito maledicta verûm quos urget egestas  
In Stygium tales pellere posse Lacum.  
Atque bonos laudans, applaudens● usque sequatur  
In coelos inopum lausque precesque precor.  
I. P.   

The Composer of this work, being the Author of the Prime Tables of Interest-Money, and Purchase at 8 per Cent. To all those whom it may concern, respective Greeting.  
BY my continual practise, in resolving Questions of Purchase, perceiving that all Buyers and Sellers of Land or Houses in Fee, or for yeeres, do for the most part extremely err and over-reach themselves in the valuing of Leases and Annuities by the Tables now extant, or at lower Rates then are therein deciphered; I have now, upon better advice, invented a new way of Computation, whereby all such Buyers and Sellers may be infallibly instructed in the premises.  
And further, by daily and long experience finding that many men have been much damnified and abused, through ignorance, in the right course of computing Interest-Money, wilful miscompting thereof, or unwitting over-sight therein; I do not onely profess to make or prepare accounts for the Masters of the chancery, or others, but also do undertake to examine any account( by whomsoever made) upon Interest, presuming the same to be false or erroneous, venturing such my pains gratis; which free offer, I am well assured, no provident person( having occasion) will neglect: And if any defect or error be therein, I will also rectify the same, and justify my Computation, praemii gratia, or for reasonable recompense.  
At my Chamber in Simonds inn in chancery Lane, where I am now retired from my study or glazed Shop against the Rolls, as well for my more convenient practise and study, as for the better entertaining of Clients; and there do sell not only this book, but my Tables of Interest Money and Purchase, with six other necessary Tables, for the use of Gentlemen, accountants, Trades-men, and others, whereby the most experienced Arithmetician may be eased of much labour, and the artless may be readily instructed in all the even parts of any number of Pounds, in reduction of Pence and Shillings into Pounds, or other total sums, in proportioning stuff, of whatsoever breadth, to Cloth of any breadth; or on the contrary, in reduction of Troy, Avoir-du-pois, and Venice weights; to know the price of the subtle Pound, according to the price of the gross hundred, and how many such Pounds are in any number of Hundreds, or on the contrary. Besides divers other works of mine own.  
I do also profess to translate old Manuscripts or books in any kind of latin( according to the quality of the subject) into English, Prose, or Verse.  
Momi latratum Ventus& aura ferant.   

Errors to be reformed in some of the books.  

In the use of the Table of assize.  
Line 1. 2. for, the read, being in meal, read, the second Wheat being unground.   

In the Table of assize.  
Against Under False. Right.     The O. P. Nu. O. P. Nu.   xv. s. Penny white 22   23     xx. s. vi. d. Penny household 1   0     xxvi. s. Penny white 10   0     xxvii. s. Penny wheaten 6   16   Troy xxvii. s. vi. d. half penny white   13   3 xxviii. s. vi. d. Penny wheaten 6   16     xxix. s. half penny white 0 2   20       O. D. 73 Nu. O. D. 73 Nu.   vi. s. half penny white 17   7       Penny wheaten 9   5     ix. s. vi. d. Penny wheaten 37   32     xx. s. vi. d. Penny white   29   28   xxvi. s. vi. d. half penny white   10   18   xxix. s. Penny household 44 4   4 44     xlvii. s. vi. d. Penny white 90   50     ii. s. vi. d. Penny household   14   4   iii. l. vi. s. Penny wheaten 21 2 31 6   iii. l. vii. s. Penny white   132   32   iii. l. xviii. s. vi. d. Penny wheaten       62         De.   De.   xxi. s. Penny white   41   21    
In the first page., after the said Table, lin. 15. for Eliz. read Edw. In the second page., after the same Table, lin. 24. for if, read of. lin. 25. for from, read free from.  
under the Title, Dearths and Famines, An. Dom. 1205. lin. 5. for England( which, read, England, for a mark( which  
Under the Title, Authoris Epilogismus, lin. 11. for verùm( which is false) read virûm.