A very proper treatise, wherein is briefly set forth the art of Limming, which teacheth the order in drawing& tracing of letters, Vinets, Flowers, arms, and Imagery, and the maner how to make sundry syses or grounds to lay silver or gold vpon, and how silver or gold shall be laid or limmed vpon the size, and the way to temper gold and silver and other metals and diverse kinds of colours to writ or to limb withall upon Velym, Parchment or Paper, and how to lay them upon the work which thou entendest to make, and how to varnish it when thou hast done, with diverse other things very meet and necessary to be known to all such Gentlemen, and other persons as do delight in Limming, painting or in tricking of arms in their colours, and therefore a work very meet to be adjoined to the books of arms.  
¶ Imprinted at London by Thomas Purfoote, the assign of Richard Tottill.  
1583  

Cum privilegio.    

The art of Limming.  

The order of drawing or tracing.  
FIrst thou shalt with a pencil of black lead, or with a coal made sharp at the point, trace al thy letters, and set thy Vinets or flowers, and then thy imagery if thou wilt make any. And then shalt thou with a small pen draw all thou hast portred, then make thy size on this wise.   

¶ To make a double size or bottom to lay or settle silver or gold vpon, called an embossed ground.  
TAke Venis Cereuse, white led, the plaster of an old image or chalk, any of these made in five powder, and then ground with the glayre of an egg and a little water on a painters ston maketh a good bottom to lay under silver. But when you shall use any of them to lay under gold, do to it a little Saffron therewith to make it somewhat yealow, but beware ye put not too much water thereto, for then will it be over weak, and if you do overmuch glayre to it, then will it be over stiff, therefore mingle it after discretion, and look thy size be thick standing, and set thy size thus tempered and covered in a horn or a shell in some seller or shadowed place, or under the earth where it may stand moist by the space of vii dayes. until it be perfit clammy, and rotten, and every day once stir it about, and you shal well understand that al the assizes the elder they be and the more clammy,& rotten they be, the better they be, for al the craft is in well making and tempering of the size, and if there stand any belles upon the size, put in ear ware, for it is a remedy therefore, and before you lay it on your work, first lay the size on a scrow, and dry it, and when it is dry, bend it, and if it bend, and break not, then it is good and perfect, and if it break put thereto a little water to make it weaker, and prove if it cleueth fast to the book, and if it do not, then put glayre thereto, and make it more steadfast. The like size may you make with Gypsium, boole Armoniake, read or yealo ochre orpiment or Masticot with brown of Spayn or with read led, if every of them be ground by himself and tempered, and ordered in maner and form above written.   

To make a thin size or bottom to lay or settle silver or gold vpon, called a single ground.  
TAke the new shreds of glovers leather, or of new parchment, for that is best, and seeth them in fair water from a quart to a pint that the liquour be somewhat thick and clammy between your fingers, then strain the liquour from the shreds, and put it being hote in some ston vessel, and so work it forth before it be cold, and when you lay on your silver or gold, see that your size be neither too moist, nor too dry, but in a mean between both, for dread of appayring your work. The like size may you make( without heating them at the fire) of glue water made of parchment glue for that is best, or with water gummed some what thick with gum arabic or of good old glayre, or with the milk of green figs alone, or with the milk of spourge or of wartweede, or with the yellow milk of green salendine, or with the juice of garlic, or of onion heads, or with the water and grease of snails. Vpon every of these may you lay your leaves of silver or gold having regard that your ground be neither too moist, nor to dry, when you shall lay or settle the same thereupon.   

¶ To lay a double size on letters, or upon other things.  
YOu shall with a pencel made of gray amiss, or calliber tails lay on thy size somewhat substantially, or if thou wilt first thin, and after thicker, and then dry it,& when it is dry wet it lightly with thy spittle, and then shave it with a sharp knife, until it be even without hills,& if there fall any default therein, or else there is more in one place then in another, lay again thy size on it, and dry it and engross it as is said before,& when it is engrossed& made plain, then burnish it with the tooth of a calf of an ox, or of an horse that is made therefore standing in a crooked stick▪ and when it is burnished and made even and shining, then is it ready to lay on it thy gold or thy silver.   

To lay gold or silver on size.  
FIrst cut the leaves of gold or silver in pieces with a sharp knife, or a knife made of a great reede upon a little board as broad as a trencher covered with a calves skin raised or vnderstuffed with wool or floxe or else vnstuffed▪ then shalt thou with a pencil wet lightly on thy mouth wet thy size, so it be a little moist, and then wet thy pencil again in thy mouth on the same wise, and touch thy gold or silver that thou hast cut by a corner lightly, and lay it on thy size, before made a little moist, and then thou shalt take the tail of an hare, of a coney, or a piece of cotton& lightly press it down on thy size,& when thou hast thus done, let it dry until it be well dried, then burnishe it: for if thou shalt burnishe it weate thou shalt rub of all, and when it is well dried, take the tuske that thou dost burnish with and dry it, and heat it well on thy cheek, then burnish thy gold first softlye, and then harder until it shine, but burnish it not over long, for dread of apparing. And when thou hast well burnished it, then take a white woollen cloth or an hares foot, and rub all away, save it which cleaveth to the size,& if ther be any place faulty, so that the gold fail for dryness of the size, then wet it again and lay on the gold, and dry it and burnish it as you did before.   

To make gum water to temper colours with all.  
TAke clean water,& do it in a vessel& put thereto a portion of gum Arabec& let it stand until the gum be well dissolved and melted in the water, but look it be not over thick of gum, for then it is evil to work with, and if it be too thin of gum, then will the colour fade and fall of, therfore keep a mean& temper thy colours therwith, such as it serveth for best. Note the best gum is clear and brittle that in stamping it, it becometh powder easily without cleaving together.   

To make glayre for the like purpose.  
TAke the white of new laid eggs as many as you think good, and strain them through a linen cloth to take out the cock treadinges, then put them in a dish and wring them through a sponge or a white woollen cloth until they be as thin as water, then wash the sponge or cloth, and dry it. And put the glaire to th use aforesaid in a ston pot, or a glass fast stopped, and spend it as soon as ye can, for it will not keep above three dayes, but it will haue an ill savour, except they be ordered as followeth.   

¶ To keep whites of eggs as long as ye will, without corrupting or putting of Arsenik to them.  
Take the whites of eggs, not breaking them in any wise, but take out the cocktreading, and put to them as much of the best white vinegar as shall suffice the quantity of the whites, leaving it so the space of two dayes, then pass it through some linen cloth without breaking or beating the white of the eggs leaving it so the space of viii. dayes, then strain it again, and put it in a vial well stopped, to occupy for the purposes above written.   

¶ To temper gold or silver wherewith you may writ with a pen or paint with a pencil.  
TAke five or six leaves of beaten gold or silver, and 
Gold& silver.  grind them well and finely on a painters ston with a little hony, then put it into a glass with a quantity of faire water,& let it stand one night, then drane the water and the hony afterward from the gold,& put to the gold gum water, and then writ with it, and when it is dry, burnish it with an ox tooth. Also if you grinned your leaves of gold with glayre only without hony putting to it, you may well writ therwith in adding to it a little gum water, and with your gold tempered in maner abovesaid you may diaper with a small pen or pencil vpon colours. If 
Diaper. Shell gold and shell silver.  you will buy at the Poticaries shell gold or shell silver, with the which( being tempered with gum water) you may very well writ with a pen, or paint with a pencil.   

To temper azure or Byze.  
grinned azure or byze on a painters ston with clene water, then put it in a broad glass or in a broad shell, and 
azure or light blue for arms.  when it hath stand a while al the dregs will fleet above, and all the clean colour will fall to the bottom, then poure out the water with the dregs,& put the azure in clean water again. Then stir the colour and the water together,& let it stand& fine,& after that poure out the water and the dregs again, and do thus until it bee well purged& clarified, for the Potecaries mingle chalk therwith to multiply it to their profit, but this you must do to clarify it to the first kind if need be, thē shal you grinned it again vpon a painters ston with gummed water, then put it into a horn or a shell, and when you will writ or paint. Then stir it with a stick, and let the stick drop into the pen, for this vermilion,& this colour will fall to the bottom, and sink as lead.  
His fall colour, two parts azure, and one of Cereuse,& sadded with the same azure or with black ink, or with Indebaudias.   

How to make azure and Byze sadder if they be of a light colour.  
Take good blue Turnesoll, and wet it in gum water, and then wring it, and with that water temper the azure or Byze, or else if thou wilt thou mayst with a pencil draw with thy turnesoll over the byze when it is dry whether it be vinet or imagery.   

To temper Indebaudias.  
grind Indebaudias on a painters ston, with gum 
Ag Indian black.  water,& put it in a shell to work withal.  
His false colour, Two parts ind,& the third part white led or Cereuse& sadded with the same ind or with sad ink, Indebaudias of itself maketh a dark& sad black, but being ground with white led or Cereuse as is aforesaid, it maketh a brown blue. 
Browne blue.    

To temper smalt or Florey.  
SMalt or florrey being tempered in a shell with gum water maketh a blue, but not so perfect a colour 
Blue colour.  as azure or byze doth make. The Poticaries do put to it often times fine sand or chalk to multiply it to their profit, fit, therefore in choosing of it, take that which is bright of colour, and not harsh, but soft between the fingers.   

To temper Orpiment or Masticot for a yealowe.  
grind Orpiment and Masticot each by itself on a painters ston with gum water, and in grinding add to 
A gold yello for arms.  the Masticot a little Saffron,& the colour will be the liuelyer: and when they be well ground, put them severally in shells to work withal.  
Orpyment may be clayed with chalk, and dimmed, that is to say, sadder, or darked with ochre de Luke, or with brown of spain.   

To temper vermilion.  
grind vermilion on a painters ston, first dry,& then 
A vermilion read for arms.  do thereto a little glayre of eggs,& grinned it again, until the brightness be fordone, with a little of the yolk, and let it stand a day or more, until it be well fined. And when thou dost work therwith, stir it well together, and if it bee thick as lime, do a little water thereto: and if it shal haue an ill savour, then put into it three chines of Saffron, and it will take away the evil sent.  
His false colour two parts vermilion, and the third part Cerius, and mingle them together, if thou wilt, with the same vermilion.   

To temper Turnesoll.  
wet Turnesoll once or twice in good thin gleere, 
Turnesoll.  and let it lie therein until it be well steeped. Then wring it into a dish, until the colour bee good and sad. With this you may flourish red letters, or vestures. And this colour shall be enewed( that is to say) darked or sadded with black ink.  
His false colour two parts Turnesoll, and one of Cerius, and it shal be sadded with the same Turnesol.   

To temper good Roset.  
TAke the finest& best coloured Roset, and grinned it with 
Roset colour.  gum water on a painters ston,& so work it forth, this colour may be clayed with chalk or cerius,& sadded with himself.   

To temper brasil wherewith to writ, flourish, or rule books.  
Take brazil finely scraped, or grossly beaten to powder,& put 
brasil.  thereto the glaire of an egg, or gum water,& a little alum made in powder, and let thē steep a night and a day:& then strain out the liquour, and keep it to the use aforesaid.   

To temper good Synapour.  
grind synapour lake, and synapour topes each by himself 
Bloody colour.  on a painters ston with good glaire. Then put thē in several shells,& work them forth, and if they bee too light put to them a little Turnesoll.  
His false colour ii. parts synapour,& a third of Cerius, and lay it on thy vinets, and when it is dry, sad it with good synapour, and diaper over it with white Cerius.   

To temper read led.  
grinned read led well with gum water, and then put it in 
read led.  a shell:& when ye work with it, stir it as ye do vermilion.  
Of this you shal make no false colour, but of himself,& sad it with Synapour, or with good brown of Spain, or with light black, or with vermilion.   

To temper black led.  
grind well black led with gum water on a Painters 
Crane colour.  ston,& then put it in a shell to work withal: this is a perfit crane colour of itself.   

To temper brown of spain.  
grinned good brown with gum water on a painters 
brown colour.  ston,& when it is very well ground put it into a shell. His false colour two parts brown, and the third parte of white led, and sadded with the same sad colour of brown.   

To temper ochre de Luke, and ochre de Rouse, which make brown colours.  
ochre de Luke, and ochre de Rouse shall first be severally 
Good colours for hear.  broken in a brazen mortar,& after ground each by himself on a painters ston with gum water, and mixed with a little chalk, and enewed or sadded with good ochre, or with Brown, either of them maketh a good colour for hear on heads, or on beards.   

To temper green Byze.  
Take green Byze that is soft, and not harsh between 
green Byze.  the fingers, for if it be harsh, it is mixed with sand, which the Apothecaries do use oftentimes to multiply it to their gain. And temper it in a shell with gum water, and it will be perfit to work withall. And when you write, stir this colour as you do Azure, and wash it, and dress it in form aforesaid: as you do your Azure, before you grind it with gum water.   

To temper Vertgreace, called Spanish green.  
TAke Vertgrease well cleansed, and picked from dross& 
An Emerand green for arms  motes,& grinned it on a painters ston first dry, and put thereto a little of the gal of a Neat, and of the juice of rue, with a little saffron, and bray all these together on that same ston, thē put it into a horn or shell until it be dry. And when you will occupy it, take part thereof and grind it again with vinegar or Vergis, or with the piss of a young child, every of them having gum Arabic dissolved in them.  
His false colour two parts, good green, and the third of 
Light green.  Cerius, and sadded with a good green, and Diaper over it with Venis Cerius.   

To temper Saffron.  
steep saffron in good glaire, and so work it forth with 
Saffron.  a small pencil, and if thou wilt, thou mayst enew it with good vermilion, with Saffron also you may enew or flourish over letters, or any other thing thou wilt.   

To temper Venis Cerius, and white led.  
grinned Cerius or white led, each by himself on a painters 
A pure white for arms.  ston, with clear water, and therewith thou shalt diaper and flourish above all thy colours with a purselour, made of a small pencil. And this colour is tempered only with water, or with water lightly chastsed with gum, for they stand above all other colours that be gummed.   

To make a fume black called Sable.  
TAke a clean latin basin, and hold a burning torch under it, until the bottom be black, and then take of 
A Sable or black for arms  that black, and temper it with glayre, or with gum water, and so work with it.   

To make an excellent black like velvet.  
TAke Hartes horn, and burn it to coal on a Coliars 
A velvet black  hearth, then make fine powder thereof, and grinned it on a painters ston, with the gull of a Neat. Then put it in a shell to dry in a shadowy place. And when you will occupy the same, grind parte thereof again with the glaire, or with gum water, and work it forth.   

¶ To make a black colour, or an ink of a good perfection, wherewith you may writ with a pen or pencil.  
TAke a pound and a half of rain water, with 3 ounces of the weightiest galls you can get. bruise them in 
Black ink.  small pieces, and poure them into the said water, and so let it stand two dayes in the sun, then put to it two ounces of green Coperas, or else of roman Vitrial, which is best, well coloured and beaten small: and stir all these together with a stick of hard wood, and let it stand again two dayes more in the sun, putting to it one ounce of gum arabic, that is clear and bright, and beaten in powder, and one ounce of the peels of Pomgranads, and thē boil al a little on a slow fire. That done, strain it, and keep it in a vessel of lead or of glass, and it will be very black and perfect good ink, and if you find it thick, and that it be not flowing enough, put to it a little clear lye, which will make it liquid and thin. And if it be too clear, ad to it a little gum arabic. And to haue your ink to continue long, and not too hoare put therein bay salt. Note that the galls must be small curled, and massiue within, if they bee good. The good Vitriol is always within, of a colour like the element, the best gum is clear and brittle, that in stamping it becometh powder, easily without cleaving together.  
Thus is taught the way how to temper Gold, silver,& colours to limb, or to writ withal vpon velym, parchment, or Paper. That is to say vermilion, Turnesell, Synapour and Saffron, with good glayre. size with glayre chastised with a portion of water, Azure, Byze, green Byze, read led roset Smalt, black led, brown ochre, Orpyment, Masticot, and Indebaudias with gum water, vertgrease with vinegar, vergis, or with the piss of a young child, Cerius, and white led, with clear water, or with water lightly gummed, brasil, and Fume black, with glayre, or with gum water, which you think best for your purpose.  
Also there is another way which is used amongst the excellent sort of painters, that is, to grinned& temper all colours for limming( saving such as be white) first with that gull of a Neat,& then let thē dry,& after when you will work them, take part therof,& grinned it again with glaire, or with gum water, as the colour requireth, and so work it forth. It is said that water killeth& darkeneth the brightness of most colours that be tempered therewith. But this gal preserveth the brightness,& maketh thē more livelier to behold: which thing experience will teach you more perfitly.  
Note that al colours to limb or to writ withal should never be tempered with any kind of oil, for oils serve most aptly for to temper colours to lay upon ston, timber, iron, led, copper,& such like. And oil of Linseed, which is called flax seed,& oil of walnuts are most used,& be most best of al other oils for the same purpose.  
Also al colours to limb or writ withall when they be tempered, would be put in shells, in vessels of ston, lead, or of glass, and kept under the ground in some seller, or in some moist, and shadowye place, for drying over fast:& the elder they be the better they be, if they be kept covered from filth& dust. And note that there is great regard to bee had to the well grinding and tempering of the colours, and to the placing of them vpon the work.   

The maner how to flourish or Diaper with a pencil over silver or gold.  
IF you will diaper over gold, take yellow ochre,& therwith draw over thy gold with a pencil what thou wilt.  
If thou wilt diaper vpon silver, take Cerius with a pencil and draw or flourish what thou wilt over thy silver.  
If thou wilt diaper with gold or silver vpon colours, take the juice of garlic, with a pensel draw over thy colours what thou wilt, then take and lay the gold vpon it, and press it down lightly with an hares tail, and let it dry half a day or more, then rub off the gold which cleaveth not to the garlic.   

The ways to know how to make sundry kindes of colours by tempering and mingling of colours together.  
IF you will temper Azure with Turnesoll, and grind 
Purple or violet colour for arms.  them together on a painters ston with gum water or glayre, you shall make thereof a perfit Purple or a violet colour. And the like colour you may make with good read Roset if it be mingled with Azure,& tempered with gum water in maner aforesaid.  
If thou wilt put to a good quantity of synapour a little 
Sanguine or Murrey for arms.  portion of black, and grinned them together with glaire, you shall make thereof a sanguine or Murrye colour.  
If you will mingle a bright read with a bright yellow; 
orange tawny for arms.  and grinned them together with glayre, you shal haue therof an Orange tawny.  
If thou mingle read led and Masticot together, you shal 
lion tawny.  haue thereof a lion tawny.  
If you will make incarnations for visages, or a fleshly 
Incarnation& fleshly colour.  colour for Images, first lay on the white,& enewe it with vermilion or else take two parts of Vermilion, and one of Cereuse, and mingle them together, and so lay it on thy work, and enew it if thou wilt, when it is dry with good vermilion.  
Also if you will mingle vermilion with Cereuse, by discretion 
Peach colour.  you may make thereof a peache flower colour.  
Also by mingling vermilion and azure together, by discretion, 
sky colour.  you may make thereof a sky colour.  
If you will make a blood read, take of the best Synapour 
Blood read.  and sad it at the sides with Brown, or vermilion, or with black.  
If you mingle good green and Saffron together, by 
Lincoln green.  discretion you shal haue thereof a perfect lincoln green.  
If you mingle Azure and Masticot together, you shall haue thereof a perfit Popiniay green. 
Popiniay green.   
If you mingle read with green, you shal make thereof 
motley green.  a motley green.  
If you will make a black vesture, take and lay first a champe of light black, mingled with white lead,& sadded 
Black vesture.  with good black.  
If you will mingle black with a portion of white, you 
Marble or ash colour.  may make thereof a Marble or an ash colour at your discretion.  
If you will mingle a little portion of white with a good quantity of read, you may make thereof a Russet, or a sad 
Russet or sad browne.  brown, at your discretion.  
Thus by mingling of colours, you may make them of sundry colours, and by proof you may come to the perfit knowledge how to make them on the best maner.  
¶ Note furthermore that there is a certain colouring which is called Vernir that is more noble and excellent then all other colours. And so much the more excellent in that it is set above all colours. And as the day becometh more light and brighter by the shining of the son, even so al colours that are vernished do show forth a better gloss or juster, and become more brighter by the shining of the same. And it is made in maner and form following.   

To make a kind of colouring called Vernix, wherewith you may varnish gold, silver, or any other colour or payntings, be it vpon velim, paper, timber, ston, led, copper, glass. &c.  
TAke Bengewin and bray it well betwixt two papers, thē put it into a vial, and poure vpon it good Aquauite that it bee above the Bengewyne three or four fingers, and let it steep so a day or two. Thē put to it for half a vyall of such Aquauite, five or six chyues of Saffron slenderly stamped. This done, strain it,& with a pencel varnish therwith any thing gylted, which will become bright and shining, drying itself immediately,& will continue the brightness many yeares. But if you will varnish on silver, then take the almond of Bengewyne, that is to say the white that is found in the midst of Bengewyne, and dress it with Aquauite in the foresaid maner, leaving out the saffron. And the said varnish made with Bengewine and Aquauite only, is very good to varnish all things, as well painted as not painted, for it maketh tables and coffers of walnut three,& Hebeny to glister if it be laid upon them, and all other like things, as works of Iron, copper or tin, gilted or not gylted, for it maketh bright, preserveth, aideth the colour, and drieth incontinent without taking any dust or filth▪ you may make it clean with a linneth cloth, or with wiping the work with a fox tail, the which is better.   

¶ To make Vernix another way for the purposes aforesaid.  
Take two ounce of hard mastike and stamp it,& put it into a little new pot, and so melt it on a soft fire, this done, put to it one ounce of the oil of a fir three, and so let them boil a little evermore stirring them together, but let it boil almost nothing, for if it boil too much the varnish will be too clammy, and to know when it is boiled enough, put into it a hens feather, and if it burn by and by, it is a sign, that it is perfect. Then take it from the fire, and put it into a ston pot,& keep it well from dust, and when you will occupy it, take so much thereof as will serve your turn, and heat it a little at the fire, then spread it vpon your work with a pencil as thin as you may, and it shal haue a very fair gloss or lustre, and it will dry incontinent if you shal set it in the son.   

To make colours of all kind of metals.  
TAke a bead of crystal or a Paragon ston and beat each of them by himself in a brazen mortar to fine powder, then grind them dry each by himself on a painters ston until the powder bee very fine and small, then grind them again on the same ston each by himself with good glayre and lay some one of them on the work with a pen or a pencil, and when it is well dried, then rub it over with gold, or with any other mettal, and you shall haue the same colour that the mettall is of.   

¶ To make letters of the colour of Gold without gold.  
TAke one ounce of Orpiment,& one ounce of fine crystal, and beat each of them by himself to powder in a brazen mortar. Then grinned them well together with glair vpon a painters ston, then it is perfit to writ withall.   

To make letters of the colour of silver, without silver.  
TAke an ounce of tin, two ounces of quicksilver, and melt them together, and then grind them well upon a painters ston with gum water, and writ with it.   

To make white letters in a black field.  
TAke the yeolke of a new laid egg, and grind it vpon a painters ston with fair water, so as you may well writ with it out of a pen, and when you haue so done, you may with the same liquour draw or writ with a pen great or small letters vpon paper or parchment, and when they be dry, then may you with ink black over the letters and paper so much as you shal think good. And when the black is through dry, then may you with a white woollen cloth or a knife rub off all the said letters written with the yeolke of the egg,& then the letters underneath will appear all white, because they were preserved with the said liquour: So that you shal haue faire white letters in a black field.   

To make staunche grain, or a powder to amend the parchment, and to receive ink.  
Take ii. parts of rosin,& i. part of alum, and beat each of them by himself in a brazen mortar al to powder,& put the same powders together in a fine linen cloth& rub your velim, parchment or paper therwith when you begin to writ. And when the writing is dry, you may rub it over again with a white woollen cloth, and the letters will bee never the worse, but more fairer and brighter to see to.   

To renew old and worn letters.  
Take of the best galls you can get and bruise thē grossly then lay them to steep one day in good white wine. This done, distil them with the wine,& with the distilled water that cometh of thē, you shal wet handsomely the old letters with a little cotton or a small pencel,& they will show fresh and new again, in such wise, as you may easily red them.   

¶ To take grease out of parchment or paper.  
Take sheeps burrs and burn them to powder,& lay the said powder on both sides the parchment or paper between two paper boards, and press them by the space of two days or more, and it will dry and soak out all the grease.   

To make read and green sealing wax.  
MElt a li. of wax& two ounces of Turpentine together, and when they be well melted, take them from the fire, and put to them an ounce of vermilion while it is luke warm, and stir it well together in the keeling, and then make it up in rolls, and in like manner shall you make green wax by putting Vertgrease into it. Note if you will take two parts of Rosin and one parte of turpentine, adding to it vermilion, as is aforesaid, it maketh the better wax.   

A pretty devise to take out the true form and proportion of any letter, knot, Flower, Image, or other work, be it printed, drawn with a pen or pencel vpon paper or parchment, without rasing, blotting or hurting the right pattern or picture itself.  
Take oil or other liquors that make smoke and burn them in a lamp, then hold over the lamp a sheet of clean paper, and black as much of the same lightly as will receive the full proportion of the work that you do mean to take out, that done, lay the blacked paper under the backesyde of the work, the blacked side upward, laying a thin white paper between the work and it: and with a small pencel made of hard wood or of bone you shal draw lightly over the letters, knot, or work which you desire to take out, pressing it softly. Thus doing you shall see the very form and proportion of the same work remaining on the thin white paper. Then with a small pen and ink, you may trace& draw over the work remaining on the white paper, that done, the ink will set out the very print& form of the work( as far as you touched the same with your pencel) in every proportion. You may also for the same purpose( if need be) black over your paper with the lay of a candle or of a link, or of a new torch, or such like which is a very ready way and a perfit.   

¶ Another pretty devise to take out the true form and proportion of any Flower, Image, or such like.  
TAke a clean and thin lantern horn, and lay it upon the letter, Image, or other work that thou wilt take out, and it will appear through the horn, so as thou mayst draw with a small pen upon the horn all the proportion of the work at thine own pleasure, even as thou list. And when thou hast drawn it all out, then let it dry vpon the horn in the sun, and when it is through dry, then breath vpon it twice or thrice, and then lay it down vpon thy book. And then press it down,( the letters being next the paper) with a linen cloth, and the same letters or work shal remain vpon the paper which thou didst draw vpon the horn, then draw it fair again with black ink.  
¶ Here haue I taught you besides the tempering of gold, of silver, and of colours) diuers things very meet,& necessary to be known to painters and falconers. And now will I rehearse briefly al that I haue written before touching limming. first draw thy work with a pencil of black lead, and then with pen and ink. Then lay thy syses for thy gold and silver. Then engross them with a sharp knife, then wet them over lightly with thy pencell, then being dry burnish it with a tooth. Then weate thy size again lightly, then touch thy gold and lay thereon. Then press it lightly with an hares tail, then let it dry, then burnish it with a tooth, then rub it with a white woollen cloth or an hares foot until all go off, but that which cleaveth unto the size. Then lay thy colours: First thy false colours and after thy sad, then purfle them about the sides with black ink, then mayst thou diaper them over with white colour if thou wilt, then varnish them over with good old glayre, and then hast thou done all that belongeth to lymming.  
Finished  
Anno Dom. 1573.    

¶ THE NAMES OF AL such 〈…〉 and other things as are mentioned& contained in this present book of Limming, and are for the most part to be sold at the Poticaries.  

GOld foil.  
silver foil.  
Shell Gold.  
Shell silver.  
Azure.  
Byze.  
Indebaudias.  
Smalt florey.  
Orpyment  
Masticot.  
vermilion.  
Turnesoll.  
Roset.  
brasil.  
Sinapor lake.  
Sinapor topias  
read lead  
Black led  
Brown of Spayn.  
Okar de Luke  
green Bize.  
Vertgrease.  
Saffron  
Vennis Cerius  
White lead.  
Fume black  
Black ink.  
Harts horn, Gipsum.  
Booll Armonike  
gum Arabik  
galls.  
green coperas.  
roman vytrioll.  
Rozen  
alum  
wax  
honey  
Turpentine  
quicksilver  
tin  
Pongarnarde pilz  
crystal ston  
Paragon ston.  
chalk  
Allabaster  
plaster of an old image  
Vnflect lime  
powder of white bones  
powder of types burrs  
Netes gull  
Whites of eggs  
Yeolks of eggs  
Cowes milk,  
Ewes milk  
milk of green figs.  
milk of spurge  
milk of wartweede.  
milk of Salendine.  
juice of garlic and of Onion heads.  
juice of Rue  
juice of read Nettle.  
Scraped cheese.  
White wine.  
White vinegar.  
Vergis  
Childs piss.  
lie  
oils and liquours that make smoke  
glovers shreds, and shreds of new parchment  
Water and grease of snails, Glue water  
Aquauite  
Bengewyne  
oil of Linseed  
oil of Walnuts,  
Baysalt.