AN EXAMINATION OF Dr. WOODWARD's Account of the Deluge, &c.  
With a Comparison between STENO'S Philosophy and the DOCTOR's, in the Case of Marine Bodies dug out of the Earth.  
By J. A. M. D.  
WITH A LETTER to the Author CONCERNING An ABSTRACT Of AGOSTINO SCILLA's Book on the same Subject, Printed in the Philosophical Transactions.  
By W. W. F. R. S.  
London: Printed for C. Bateman in Pater-noster-row. 1697.   

THE PREFACE.  
I Shall make no Apology for the Remarks, since the unquestionable Liberties of the Common-Wealth of Learning allow me the same privilege of examining, as they do the Doctor of proposing his Hypothesis; and I am so far from having given the Doctor any just cause of Offence, that I shall rather believe I deserve his Thanks; for since he has set up his Essay as the Model of a larger Structure, he ought to be supposed rather to invite than discourage those who may point at any Faults which afterwards it may be too late to correct: The Citations out of Dr. Woodward and Steno may seem tedious, but they were necessary; for after such heavy and unjust Charges of jointing, which had appeared in some Matters relating to this controversy, I durst not venture out of the beaten Road of Verbal Quotation. After I had finished these few Remarks, my Worthy Friend Mr. Wotton, well known for his Parallel of Ancient and Modern Learning, sent me a Vindication of his Account of Agostino Scilla, with a Permission to publish it, tho I wish he had allowed me to scratch out some things, which have no other ground than his Civility.   

ERRATA.  
PReface, l. 2. r. following Remarks; p. 20. l. x. powder r. powdered; p. 23. l. 13.132, r. 232; p. 24. l. 26. r. If I; p. 25. l. 8. vegetable, r. vegetative; page. 30. l. 29. so inconsistent, r. inconsistent.   

AN EXAMINATION OF Dr WOODWARD's ACCOUNT OF THE DELUGE, &c.  
THAT the Reader may have a true Notion of Dr. Woodward's History of the Deluge, he may take the following Account, in his own Words.  
1. That at the Time of the Deluge, 
P. 1●4.  the Water of the Ocean was first born forth upon the Earth; that it was immediately succeeded by that of the Abyss, which likewise was brought out upon the face of the Globe. 
P. 109.  How this Water was raised at the Deluge? by what Issues or Out-lets it came forth? what succeeded into the room of it while absent? the Author says he will tell us in his larger Work.  
2. That the whole Terrestrial Globe was taken all to pieces, 
Preface.  and dissolved at the Deluge; the Particles of ston, Marble, and all other solid Fossils dissever'd; their constituent Corpuscles all disjoin'd; their Cohesion perfectly ceasing; 
p. 74.  that the said Corpuscles of those solid Fossils, to gether with the Corpuscles of those which were not before solid, such as Sand, Earth, and the like; ( he means the lesser Solids, for Sand and Earth are not Fluids:) as also all Animal Bodies, and Parts of Animals, Bones, Teeth, Shells, Vegetables, and Parts of Vegetables, Trees, Shrubs, Herbs, and, to be short, all Bodies whatsoever that were either upon the Earth, or that constituted the Mass of it; if not quiter down to the Abyss, yet at least to the greatest depth we ever dig: ( that is, if not to the Depth of two thousand Miles, at least of two hundred Feet) but the rest of the Hypothesis, and the former Part of the Paragraph, does not suffer this to be any Doubt: for the whole Terrestrial Globe was dissolved:) I say, all these were assumed up promiscuously into the Water, and sustained in it in such manner, that the Water and Bodies in it together made up one common confused Mass. 
p. 107.  What was the immediate instrument or means where by the ston and other solid Matter of the antediluvian Earth was dissolved; why the Shells, Teeth, Bones, 
p. 108.  and other parts of Animal Bodies, as also the Trunks, Roots, and other parts of Vegetables were not dissolved as well as the Stones and other mineral Solids of that Earth, the Author has promised a Reason in his larger Work.  
3. That, 
p. 75.  at length all the Mass that was thus born up into the Water was again precipitated, and subsided towards the Bottom; that this Subsidence happened generally, and as near as could possibly be expected in so great a Confusion, according to the Laws of Gravity: that Matter, Body or Bodies, which had the greatest quantity or degree of Gravity, subsiding first in order, and falling lowest: that which had the next, or still a lesser degree of Gravity, subsiding next after, and settling upon the precedent; and so on in their several Courses. 
p. 103.  But the Terrestrial Matter, that first subsided, did not descend down quiter to the Centre, and fill up the Cavity of the great Abyss, but stopped at that distance from it, forming an arched Expansum, or rather a Sphere around it; which is now the lowest Stratum and Boundary of that vast Conceptacle of Water. Of this likewise the Author will assign a Reason in his larger Work.  
4. That the Strata of Marble, 
p. 79.  of ston, and of all other solid Matter, attained their Solidity, as soon as the Sand, or other Matter whereof they consist, was arrived at the Bottom, and well settled there: The Reason of this too is reserved for the larger Work. 
p. 109.   
5. That this very various Miscellany of Bodies being determined to Subsidence in this order, 
p. 30.  merely by their different specific Gravities, all those which had the same degree of Gravity, subsided at the same time, fell into and composed the same Stratum; so that those Shells and other Bodies that were of the same specific Gravity with Sand, sunk down together with it, and so became enclosed in the Strata of ston, which that Sand formed or constituted; those which were lighter and but of the same specific Gravity with Chalk, in such places of the Mass where any Chalk was, fell to the Bottom at the same time that the chalky Particles did, and so were entombed in the Strata of Chalk; and in like manner all the rest: that accordingly we now find in the Sand-stone of all Countries( the specific Gravity of the several sorts whereof is very little different, being generally to Water as 2 ½ or 22/ 1● to 1.) only those Conchae, Pectines and Cochleae, and other Shells that are nearly of the same Gravity. viz. 2½ or 2 ●/ 8 to 1. But these are ordinarily found enclosed in it, in prodigious Numbers; whereas of Oyster Shells( which are in Gravity but as about 2 l⅓ to 1.) or the other lighter sort of Shells, scarce one ever appears therein; but on the contrary, in Chalk, which is lighter than ston, being but as about 2 ● to 1.) there are only found Echini and other lighter sort of Shells, &c.  
6. That the Strata thus sorm'd, 
〈◇〉 8●.  whether of ston, of Chalk, of Coal, of Earth, or whatever other Matter they consisted of, lying thus upon each other, were all originally Parallel; that they were plain, even and regular; and the Surface of the Earth likewise even and spherical; that they were continuous, and not interrupted or broken; and that the whole Mass of the Water lay then above them all, and constituted a fluid Sphere environing the whole. 
p. 80.   
7. That after some time, the Strata were broken on all sides of the Globe; that they were dislocated, their Situation varied, being elevated in some places and depressed in others; that all the Irregularities and Inequalities of the terrestrial Globe, were caused by this means; that the Agent or Force which effected this dislocation of the Strata, 
p. 1●9  was seated within the Earth; but what that Agent was, the Author has promised to tell us in his larger Work.  
8. That upon the Disruption, of the Strata, 
〈◇〉 16●.  and the Elevation of some, and Depression of others of them which followed after that Disruption towards the the latter End of the Deluge, this Mass of Water fell back again into the depressed and lower Parts of the Earth, into Lakes and other Cavities; into the Alveus of the Ocean, and thro' the Fissures whereby this communicates with the Ocean, into the Abyss, which it filled till it came to an Equilibrium with the Ocean.  
The Author deduces the Water of Springs from the great Abyss, 
p. 121  by subterranean Heat, which evaporates and elevates its Water, buoying it up indifferently on every side.  
Here indeed as the Doctor says, 
p. 82.  We see a mighty Revolution, and that attended with Accidents very strange and amazing; a change so exceeding great and violent, that the very Representation is enough to startle and shock a Man: but of the five or six surprising Alterations here described, the Doctor has only given us the Philosophy of one; he has baulked our Expectation in the most material Points; viz. What brought the Water of the Abyss upon the Surface of the Globe? What succeeded in its room? What dissolved the Fossils? and at the same time spared the Animal and Vegetable Substances? What stopped the precipitated Matter in the Descent, so that it did not fill up the Cavity of the great Abyss? by what means the Strata attained their Solidity so soon as the Matter whereof they consisted, was arrived at the Bottom? What effected the Disruption of the Strata? All these the Doctor has tickt for; putting us off at this time only with the Reason why the Strata ranged themselves in their present Order; viz. the different Gravity of the Matter whereof they consist. I wish at the same time he had not  told us things of less moment. But whatever his Reasons may be for deferring to explain himself in these Particulars, I will so far contribute to the making the larger Work more perfect, as to give the Doctor an Opportunity of clearing some Difficulties which seem to me to lye in his way. To begin then;  
The Alterations of the Earth, here described, appear to be all of them above the Power, and contrary to the Laws of Nature, and consequently exclude the Philosophy of Second Causes.  
First, the Water of the Abyss is brought upon the Surface of the Earth, contrary to its natural Gravity; this I think can only be done two ways; either by Pulsion of Attraction. The first is made use of by the Learned Author of the Theory, who raises the Water by the falling in of the external Crust: but it is plain the Doctor makes use of no such Instrument, since his Dissolution of the Earth happened after its being covered with the Water. 
p● 6●.  For the Water was all out upon the Surface of the Earth, before ever the Terrestrial Parts stirred. The latter,( I mean the Attraction of a heavenly Body) is made use of by a late ingenious Writer; but, besides that the Doctor seems to take no notice of it, this will not do the business after his manner.  
It must be acknowledged that almighty Power can do this and much more; and as Steno says, 
Prod. transl. p. 103.  If the Motion of an Animal can effect that, according to Pleasure, Places that are now overwhelmed with Water shall be rendered dry; and by and by be drowned again by new Waters; why should we not be ready to grant to the first Mover of all things the like Liberty? But then I would no more undertake to explain this, than how the Dead are raised.  
The second Difficulty is, the making a Body lighter than Water descend into the Cavity of the great Abyss in the place of the Water which had ascended: what Body this was, is a Secret the Doctor did not think us ripe for as yet; however we may be allowed to guess. There is a Body somewhere about the Earth, it is neither any part of the Solids, nor the grosser Fluids of the terraqueous Globe; what Body is that? I dare not be positive, but I'll lay an even wager 'tis Air: so far is certain, it must be lighter than Water, and so the Difficulty remains.  
The next Miracle is, the Dissolution of all Solids( except Vegetable and Animal Substances) into their constituent Parts; of this the Dr. says he will assign a plain Physical Reason. I must beg his pardon if I think it cannot be very plain. I will not trouble myself any more with guessing, but this I know, if any Man besides the Doctor should have pretended to such a Secret, it would have found the same Credit as the Philosophers ston, Circular Shot, Perpetuum Mobile, or some such Chimera. But against the Dissolution of Solids. I have these two Objections.  
1. If the Cohesion of all Solids perfectly ceased, and their constituent Corpuscles were disjoin'd, why were not those of Sand, Gravel, and Earth so too? for they are little Solids, and have their constituent Parts as well as the larger; and what dissolves the one will dissolve the other.  
2. Had this Earth been so dissolved only as far as the Roots of the greatest Plants reach, we must have lost most of the Species's of Plants which were before the Deluge. The Doctor tells us, That after the Subsidence, 
p. 78.  Trees, and the other more under Vegetables, Shrubs and Herbs would rot and Decay; but the Seeds of all kinds of Vegetables being by this means reposed, and, as it were, planted near the Surface of the Earth, in a Convenient and Natural Soil, amongst Matter proper for the Formation of Vegetables, would germinate, grow up and replenish the Earth. But the Seeds of all kinds of Vegetables could not be preserved, for some Plants had not as yet seeded at the time of the Deluge, or at least had seeded so long before as to have made some Progress in Vegetation; which I think, being the tenderest Vegetables must have rotted and decayed after the Waters were off. Now, the Deluge happening, according to the Doctor, in the Month of May, few Plants must have remained, but such as were seeded the beginning of that Month, or the latter end of April, which are but a small part of the whole in most places of the Earth. I said, Few must have remained, and will not be so cruel as the Doctor to cut All off; for perhaps one Plant of a thousand might be so hardy, after it had settled upon the Ground, to spring up again; and it is possible to preserve Seeds at a great depth in the Ground: but the Propagation of all Vegetables could not be trusted to such Accidents. But further, let us consider that those Seeds which were ripe at the Deluge, floated for a considerable time in Water, among dissolved Minerals, enough to spoil their Texture, so as to render them for ever unfit for Vegetation. I believe the barley, after the Waters were off, would have made better Malt than Seed Corn; and Noah might have made merry with Strong Beer rather than stayed so many Years till Vines grew up. The Fishes in my Mind must have fared no better than the Plants. We might have had store of Eels left us, and other Fishes that can live in Mud; but since, according to the Doctor, 
p. 61.  the far greatest part of all kings of Fish suffered under the Fury of the Deluge, I cannot see but whole Kinds as well as Individuals, must have perished without a new Miracle: but then the same Providence that would make use of extraordinary Means to preserve Fishes amongst Mud, could have saved the no less innocent Land Animals in Water. Upon the whole, if Matters had been so carried on, I cannot see why, amongst other Stowage, Noah ought not to have had a Green-House and Fish-pond.  
I come now to the fourth miraculous Change, which is the assuming up, and sustaining the Solids in Water. I am ware that a Menstruum will dissolve a small Quantity of Metal hea●ier than itself, and sustain it; that Water will dissolve some things heavier, such as Salts and Gums, till it is saturated; and that Sand and Mud thrown into it in small Quantities, will sink at leisure; especially if it be agitated with a violent Motion; but that the Water should take up, and sustain the whole Mass of heavy Solids, down to the Cavity of the great Abyss, most of which exceed it so much in specific Gravity seems to me as miraculous as the swimming of Elisha's Ax; and as little the Subject of Reasoning and Philosophy. Yea, some of them were not only sustained, but carried many hundreds of Miles in a horizontal Line, such as the heavier sorts of Shell Fishes, that could not transport themselves thither by their Animal Motion. Yea, these Kinds which are called {αβγδ}, and, according to the Doctor, are never removed, by the greatest Storms, from the Bottom of the Ocean. 
N. H. P. 86.  This plainly follows from what the Doctor says, for 
p. 253.  the Sea was of the same Bigness and Capacity before the Deluge as now, and of the same Form also; that there was Sea in or near the same Parts of the Globe. But against this Mixture of Solids and Fluids, there lies another scurvy Objection. The Doctor tells us, 
p. 163.  that to put a Stop to the Insults and Detractions of vain Men,[ who will not be satisfied there was Water enough to over-top the highest Mountains] in one of the Sections of the Third Part of his larger Work, he inquires what Proportion the Water of the Globe bears to the Earthy Matter of it; but there being so great an Apparatus of things only previous, which must be adjusted before he could come to the Calculation, &c. he could not then descend to Particulars, lest he should carry that Discourse beyond all reasonable Bounds. I think this Enquiry ought to have been previous to all others: the Doctor should have calculated the Proportions of his Drugs before he mixed them. The chief thing to be adjusted here, is, In a Mixture of a Fluid and dry Solids, what Proportion the Fluids ought to bear to the Solids, so as to make the Compositum attain a certain Degree of Fluidity? I may venture to say that this Aquae Q. S. will be at least triple of the Solid Matter, so as to make it attain any reasonable Degree of Fluidity. At first view I found this would press the Doctor's Hypothesis with a great Difficulty; but I went on, and putting the case in the fairest Extreme, supposed, in the Mixture of the Deluge, the Quantity of Water equal to that of the Terrestrial Matter,( I mean not in Weight but in Bulk;) then at the time 
p. 261.  when the Water was upon the Face of the Earth, and before the Terrestrial Parts had stirred.  
Let the inward Sphere whose Diameter is CA, represent the Cavity of the great Abyss, now deserted by it, and filled with some unknown Matter: the Anulus whose Thickness is AB, the solid Crust: and the Annulus whose Thickness is BD, the Water above,( I leave the outward Inequalities of the Surface of the Earth, and the inward of the Cavity of the Abyss, to compensate one another.) These three by Supposition are equal( bating the small Addition of the Water which was before upon the Surface of the Globe) viz. the Water, the Space where the Water was, and the Solid Matter. Then the Sphere whose Diameter is CA will be 1; that whose Diameter is CB will be 2; and that whose Diameter is CD will be 3; consequently CA, CB, and CD, will be as 1, . in round Numbers, as 100, 126, 144. Therefore AB equal to 26, and BD equal to 18, and supposing CD in this case to be equal to 3600 Miles( whereas it will be much more) BD, the height of the Water above the Surface of the Earth will be 450 miles: so that the Doctor needs not be much concerned to find Water to cover the Earth if he had enough to dissolve it: but, on the other hand, if you suppose the Water to rise only 15 cubits above the Tops of the highest Mountains, it will not make 1/ 240 of the Solid Matter, which is too little to make the Earth into an Electuary, nay hardly into a Pill. Here it must be remembered, that Dr. Woodward asserts, that the Aequilibrium is kept between the Terrestrial Parts and the Water, and that there is no Transmutation of the one into the other. 
p. 40.  But the strangest thing, and, if I may so speak, the Miracle of all Miracles is, that the Water and Solid Matter now mixed together, should either float upon a Vacuum, or the subtle Matter that came in place of the Water of the Abyss; for in the internal Sphere whose Diameter is CA, there is neither Water nor Solid Matter, but it must be left as it is for the Solid Matter to form the Arched Expansum upon. This is turning Nature outside inward; the Bottom of the Ocean is now supported by Water, and the Water by the Air. Well, if the Dr. gives a Reason for this too, adieu Hydrostaticks.  
I am now come to the Subsidence of the Matter of the Strata, and the ranging them in the present Order: and this presents us with a most surprising Effect, which the Dr. has promised us the Reason of; viz. Why the Terrestrial Matter that first subsided, did not descend dowm quiter to the Centre, and skill up the Cavity of the great Abyss? First here must be Matter exactly of the same specific Gravity, to make it descend with the same Celerity, and arrive at the same distance from the Centre in the same instant. Next, all these loose Particles, as by a Confederacy, must stop short; then when they had sunk quiter down into the Water, the denser Fluid, they halt at the Confines of the subtiler Fluid, now lying about at the Centre; They all harden into a Crust in the same instant, and form an Arch of at least 2500 miles diameter; This Arch is neither broken by its own weight, nor that of the succeeding Strata. God forbid I should limit Omnipotency, but as to the Second Causes, I must remain an Infidel till the Doctor's larger Work appears. I am sure Steno's Rule of forming the Strata is more conformable to the known Laws of Nature. At the time that any Bed was formed, 
Prod. p. 42.  there was another Body under the same Bed, which did hinder the farther Descent of that dusty Matter, and consequently at the same time that the lowest Bed was formed, there was under it either another solid Body; or, if some Fluid was there, it was both of a different nature from the upper Fluid, and heavier than the Solid Sediment of the superior Fluid. But this Notion of the Subsidence performed according to the different Degrees of specific Gravity, being the only piece of Philosophy the Dr. has gratified us with at present, I shall consider it more fully. And  
First, I say, Observations of the specific Gravity of Bodies in the Circumstances required, and to the Nicety pretended, seem altogether impracticable. For we must remember that the Medium in which the undissolved Substances were floating, was not common Water, but a Medium( by reason of the mixture of Solid Matter) of an unknown Density, perhaps thicker than a Quagmire. This I believe will appear pretty clear from what has been hinted above, about the Proportion of the Fluids and Solids.  
Next, it is extremely hard to find the specific Gravity of Bodies reduced into small Particles, such as Sand and Earth. Now, the Minerals, when dissolved, were reduced either into their Elements or Powders. If the latter, I cannot so well apprehended how, by a mixture with Water, they could form Masses of the same Mineral again: for I think if Powder, Chalk, Flint, Marble, or any of those things of which the Strata are composed, should be mixed with Sea water, they will not be baked again into a Mass of the same Nature as soon as they arrive at the bottom; but if the Solids were reduced into their Elements, which I think the Dr. means by their constituent Parts, it is hard to tell what specific Gravity those would have: it is probable not the same with their Composita, which require a Mixture of heterogeneous Matter to make them up. Then it is very difficult to find the specific Gravity of Shells, and I must crave leave to say, Somebody has imposed upon the Dr. in pretending to distinguish between 2 ¾ and 2 ⅝( that is, to the Nicety of 5/ 26) in the Gravity of Conchae, Pectines and Cochleae; and because Oyster-shells are but 1/ 15 lighter than those, they must not be admitted into Sand-stone: on the contrary, I dare aver, it is impossible to determine the specific Gravity of Cochleae, for example; and let a Man weigh twenty of them, he shall have near as many different Proportions to determine their relative Gravity upon. For let us only consider, that all of them having a Cavity which is never quiter full of Water( at least it would never be so upon a casual Subsidence,) unless this Cavity, the Quantity of Matter in the Crust, and the whole Bulk should bear exactly the same Proportion in them all, they must weigh differently in proportion to Water. Then we must consider that, when those sunk, the greater part had their Animals in them; which will make a greater Difference than what is here mentioned: yea, the Animals being dead or alive will make some Alteration. But  
Secondly, There is no such Rule for the Subsidence of Solids in Fluids as the Dr. pretends; for all Bodies descend with equal Celerity, abstracting from the resistance of the Medium through which they fall. In Air he may try it, and he will find that a Leaden Bullet, and a Wooden Bullet let fall from the top of the Monument at the same time, will likewise arrive at the Ground both together, only making the Wooden Bullet bigger than the Leaden one: and in Water, where the resistance of the Medium is very great, the Descent will be regulated as much according to the absolute as relative Gravity: that is, the greatest and biggest Bodies will descend with the greatest Celerity; for example, a ston of an hundred weight will fall sooner to the bottom, than the Powder of the same ston: And, generally speaking, of the Solids heavier than the Fluid, those which contain a greater Quantity of Matter, in respect of their Surface, will descend fastest; as a Globe of Gold sooner than the same Quantity in Leaf: and a Globé of ston sooner than a less●r Globe of Gold, if it contain a greater Quantity of Matter, in respect of its Surface, than the Globe of Gold; and yet the Gold has the same specific Gravity in Leaf and in a Globe, and the ston a less specific Gravity than the Gold. The Consequence of this will be, that the Parts of Animals, which were the greater Solids, could never be butted in Matter of the same specific Gravity with themselves: Yea, throw an Oyster-shell into Water, and at the same time the constituent Parts of the heaviest Metals, the Shell will fall soonest to the bottom; and where the Depth was some hundreds of Miles, as at the general Subsidence, the difference would be considerable. By the same Rule, the larger Grains of Sand would fall lower than the imperceptible constituent Parts of other Fossils.  
Thirdly, Granting the Doctor's Rule to be true, it was not observed; I do not deny but the Strata near the Surface of the Earth look like a Sediment, where something of the Laws of Gravity are observed. But they will not answer the Doctor's Theory, so far down as he talks of. There is in Varenius an account of the Strata, as they were found, 
p. 46.  to the Depth of 132 Feet, on the sinking of a Pit at Amsterdam, viz.  
  Feet Garden Mould 7 Turf 9 Soft day 9 Sand 8 Earth 4 day 10 Earth 4 Sand, in which the Piles for the Amsterdam Buildings are sixed. 10 White Gravel 4 Dry Earth 5 Mud 1 Sand 14 Sandy day 3 Sand mixed with day 5 Sand mixed with Sea shells. 4 A Clayey Bottom to the depth of 102 Gravel 31  
Here it is plain, they are not placed according to their different Gravities; for sometimes the heavier lies uppermost; the same Strata( after the interposition of both lighter and heavier ones) are repeated; and sometimes the Order is retrograde. I think it is very probable they are the Sediment of a Fluid, but not precipitated at the same time, and determined to Subsidence in this Order, merely by their different specific Gravities; on the contrary their Diversity and Order seems rather to persuade that they were compiled by little and little, and at different times; which, considering the situation of the Country, is no hard matter to conceive. Something analogous to this I rightly remember is to be found in Ramazzini's Description of the sinking of the Wells of Modena. But supposing those were ranged, as the Doctor would have them, what is that to a Crust 1000 Miles thick? Here it were endless to enumerate all the Particulars wherein the Doctor's Rule is violated, these following are obvious; 1. The Precipitation of the lighter vegetable terrestrial Matter, 
Nat. Hist. 90.  and burying it among the Strata, leaving only so much near the Surface, as might sufficiently supply the Wants of human Nature. Thus the principal intention of Providence in the Dissolution of the Earth, was brought to pass by a Violation of the Law of specific Gravity. 2. The heaviest Bodies, we know, are near the Surface of the Earth many hundreds of Miles from the lowest Stratum, which could not have happened had the Celerity of their descent kept any manner of proportion with their specific Gravity. 3. Bodies of different specific Gravities are found butted in the same Stratum; as Shells and Flint in Chalk. And here I must take notice, that it seems hard to bury Plants under ground after the Doctor's manner, who does it by affixing Mineral Matter to them: For upon the general Dissolution, the Plants would get a-top of the Water, and if any should fall in among Minerals, that would buoy them up so much the more: For example; I cannot imagine how a Plant that was swimming in Water should sink in a Mass of Quicksilver. I shall conclude with this general Remark; It is strange that the Laws of Gravity, which have been violated in so many particulars, in raising the Water of the Abyss, and making a lighter Body, descend in its room; in sustaining Minerals in Water, and stoping them in their Descent before they reached the Centre; in placing the heaviest Solids in the upper Strata, &c. I say, it is strange the same Laws of Gravity should place a few Shells with as much Nicety, as the Doctor does in his Collection, not transgressing so far as a fifteenth part.  
I come now to the effect of this Subsidence, which is the Plainness, Parallelism, and spherical Figure of the Strata; I say none of these could be true; first, They could not be plain; for a spherical Surface cannot be so; however, that is a Mistake of a Word, which should be pardoned. Secondly, They could not be spherical: 
pag. 225.  The Doctor acknowledges the Earth to be a Spherois prolatus( and there is a great difference between a Sphere and a Spharoid) and if a Sphaeroid, the Strata could not be parallel. I shall beg leave to add one reason why I think they could not be smooth a-top, and it is this; The terrestrial parts( according to the Doctor) settled down in or near the same places from which they were before taken; 
pag. 261.  but to make them smooth, each solid Column, or to speak more properly, each truncated Sector must have been of the same bulk, and the Matter of the same density; of the same bulk, else there would have been outward or inward Inequalities, where there was a difference in Extension; and of the same Density, else the several Columns could not balance themselves exactly in the subsidence, but one would have been higher than another; both these would have produced Mountains and valleys. Now since there were antediluvian Mountains, it would seem that the Columns of the Earth had not been made up of Matter with both the forementioned Properties. And if from the first Fluid at the Creation, the Matter had settled with the inequalities of Mountains and valleys, I cannot see why it should not have done so from the Fluid at the Deluge. However this is only a Conjecture.  
I have done with Four parts of the Operation; there are infund. Misc. dissolve. praecipit. And now comes the Fifth, sublimetur; I mean, the Dislocation of the Strata. Here I shall remark, First, That it must have been a prodigious force that could dislocate a Crust 1000 Miles thick at least( as will follow from my former Reasoning, concerning the Proportion of the Cavity of the great Abyss to the solid Annulus). Secondly, It seems wonderful that the Shell of the Bomb should be only cracked and not shattered to pieces. Thirdly. It is next to Impossible, that an Agent seated within the Cavity of the great Abyss, at the depth of 1000 Miles, should have been the cause of so many minute Alterations upon the Surface: Many of the Ruins that appear to us, seem to point at Agents far less remote. Fourthly, It is more miraculous still, that this Globe should be cracked into the same Figure it had before the Deluge, into equal Cavities and Eminencies, and alike situated with those it had then. I grant that the steady Hand of the Almighty Creator could do this, and much more; but where was the necessity of such a Miracle. The Doctor indeed wants it, else it is impossible to solve the Identity of the ante-diluvian and post-diluvian Geography which Moses supposes. 
Gen. c. 2.  There mu●● be Pison, Gihon, Hiddekel, and Euphrates watering the same Countries, as well after the Deluge as before; and yet this will not agree with the Doctor's Hypothesis; for this post-diluvian Gihon is not numerically the same as Moses asserts, 
Gen. 2.13.  but a River sprung up near the same place. I wish the Compilers of Theories would have more regard to Moses's Relation, which surpasses all the accounts of Philosophers as much in Wisdom, as it doth in Authority. The Doctor is not singular in this, it is but too common a Fault now adays. Now, I believe it will be hard to reconcile the Doctor's History of the Deluge with that of Moses, for these Reasons; First, Moses describes the greatest height of the Water above the Surface of the Earth, to have been after the Inundation, by telling us it was 15 Cubits above the highest Mountains. According to the Doctor, its greatest height was, after the Subsidence and Disruption of the Strata when the whole Mass of Water lay above them, constituting a fluid Sphere, and then to be sure it was higher by all the height of the Mountains: But by what has been said before, it will be found to exceed 450 Miles. Secondly, Moses seems to attribute a great part of the Inundation to Rain-Water, which was not worthy to be named in respect of the whole Mass of Fluids, enough to dissolve the terrestrial Globe. Thirdly, Moses and the Doctor differ, as to the manner of the decreasing of the Waters; 
Gen. c 8.1, 2.  for Moses tells us, That God made a Wind to pass over the Earth, and the Waters assuaged; and that the Fountains of the deep were stopped; the Doctor ought to red opened. Moses says the Fountains of the Abyss were stopped, that there should no more Water come upon the face of the Earth; and the Doctor says that they were opened by the Disruption of the Strata, to let that which was already upon the face of the Earth, fall back again. Moses tells us the Waters assuaged by a Wind, and the Doctor by their retiring into the Cavity of the great Abyss. Fourthly, According to Moses, the ante-diluvian Plants were standing rooted in the ground after the Deluge; at least, one Olive-Tree was so. This is so inconsistent with the Dissolution of the very uppermost Strata, which tore up all. Plants by the roots; that there was an Olive standing, is plain, else a Leaf plucked off from it by the Pigeon, could be no sign to Noah of the abatement of the Waters; for it was impossible to tell by the Leaf whether it was floating or not. I might here add, that it seems strange, that of five great Alterations Dr. Woodward describes, Moses should mention only the first; and, after such a particular Account of the Creation of the Earth, should not take any notice of its no less miraculous second Creation. That there should not be so much as a word of the wonderful Changes that were transacted under Water: How the Mountains had been taken away, and at the end of 150 days restored again. Nay, quiter the contrary, Moses seems to find the Mountains just where he lest them. They never stirred out of their Place, from the time that they were overflowed with the Water 15 cubits, till the Ark restend upon them.  
I have one Difficulty remaining concerning the Doctor's Original of Fountains produced by Subterranean Heat, which evaporates and elevates the Matter of the Abyss, buoying it up indifferently on every side, 
p 121.  and towards all parts of the Surface of the Globe. It seems hard to make Vapour pervade a Crust 1000 miles thick. To this the Dr. answers, That it is perforated, and the Water of the Abyss fills up all these Fissures as far as the Level of the Ocean, with which it communicates. But this throws us into a greater Inconveniency; for there being Fountains in every place, to say the solid Crust is so perforated, is little better than to say it is so thin; or, which is worse, there would be an Arch of 1000 miles thick in some places, and hardly three in others: I am afraid such a one would soon tumble. The Dr. must consider that this Cupola of his has a prodigious Diameter, and ought to have a proportionable Thickness and Solidity. When it has so, the Attraction of the Matter above will be considerable.  
Another thing to be observed is, that the Water of the Abyss being in one Vessel, the Heat will diffuse itself uniformly through it all. And a swinging Quantity of Heat it must be, that will set such a Kettle a boiling. But then the Consequence is, that the Water of the Sea will be heated to, since that is one with the Water of the Abyss: For, according to the Doctor, the Channel of the Ocean, the Cavity of the great Abyss, and the Fissures by which they communicate, make but one Vessel, like a Bottle with a long Neck, and a Funnel joined to the top of it; and I believe it would be difficult to heat one part of the Water in such a Vessel without the rest.  
It may be a just prejudice against the Solidity of the foregoing Objections, that Steno a famous Mathematician and Philosopher is commonly reckoned the Author of this Hypothesis; to take off which, I shall prove that in those parts that are most exceptionable, the Doctor's Philosophy is different from Steno's. This I cannot do better than by comparing both their Performances, they being the most remarkable Philosophers that have appeared upon this Subject.  
First, Steno's dissertation was a Prodromus to a greater Work as well as the Doctor's; and he tells you, That it was a succinct, 
Prod. p. 109.  not to say a tumultuary Relation of the chief things which in the Dissertation itself he intended to explain more distinctly and more largely; together with a Description of the Places where he had observed every particular. But that the Reader may the better perceive in what they differ, and in what they agree, I thought sit to put those few Passages, which I had leisure at present to pick out of both their Writings, in two different Characters, Steno's in Roman, the Doctor's in italic.  

STENO.  
In this Argument the Ancients were exercised with one only Difficulty, 
Prod. p. 10.  which was, how Marine Bodies came to be left in places remote from the Sea: nor was it ever made a Question amongst them whether such Bodies came from any place else than the Sea.   

Dr. Woodward.  
The ancients never made any question but that they were the Exuviae of Shell-Fish, 
p. 67.  and that they once belonged all to the Sea. But the Difficulty was, how they came thither, and by what means they they could ever arrive to places oftentimes so remote from the Ocean.   

STENO.  
Those Bodies not only resemble one another, 
Cani● c●r. p. 116.  but also the Parts of the Animals to which they belonged: nor is there any difference in the tendency of the Striae, the Composition of the Lamellae, the Whirls and Windings of the Cavities, or in the Joinings and Hinges of their Bivalves. In some Places there are found several dissimilar Oyster-shells, and sticking together, after the manner they are found at Sea. 
ibid. p. 132.  If some Shells are found broken, the Edge of the Fragment demonstrates that the other was formerly joined to it, which likewise is sometimes found near the same place. Since it is so easy to observe when more regular Bodies recede from their usual Figure, how much easier must it be to find Defects in Bodies of a much more composed Figure; such as those are which imitate the Parts of Animals.  
In his Prodromus he is more particular.   

Dr. Woodward.  
The Tendency of the Fibres and Striae the same: the Composition of the Lamellae, 
p. 22.  constituted by those Fibres, alike in both: the same Vestigia of Tendons( by means whereof the Animal is fastened and joined to the Shell) in each: the same Papillae: the same Sutures and every thing else, whether within or without the Shell, in its Cavity, or upon its Convexity, in the Substance or upon the Surface of it. Besides, these Fossil Shells are attended with the ordinary Accidents of the Marine ones, ex. gr. they sometimes grow to one another, the Lesser Shells being fixed to the Larger.   

STENO.  
The Shells that lye under ground may be reduced to three sorts. 
Prod. p. 81.  The first is of those that are so like the true ones ( which he had before most ingeniously described) as an Egg is to an Egg; forasmuch as the Shells themselves are resolved into little▪ Shells, and the little Shells into Threads; as also the same Position or Site.  
That these Shells were once the parts of Animals living in a Fluid; tho there never had been seen any Testaceous Marine Creatures, the very View of the Shell itself evinceth, as may be made evident by the instance of Bivalve Cockle-shells. 
P. 82.  From the Condition of which, he draws several Conclusions about the manner of their Formation, by a Sagacity peculiar to himself.   

Dr. Woodward.  
That there are vast Multitudes of Shells contained in ston, &c. free from any Mineral Contagion; which are to be matched by others at this day found upon our Shores, and which do not differ in any respect from them, being of the same Size that these are of, and the same Shape precisely; of the same Substance and Texture; as consisting of the same peculiar Matter: and this constituted and disposed in the same manner as it that of their respective Fellow Kinds at Sea, &c.   

STENO.  
The second Sort, 
p. 83.  is of those Shells, which in the rest are like to the lately described ones, but differ from them only in Colour and Weight; in regard that some of them are found too light, others too heavy: for as much as these have Pores filled up with an adventitious Juice, but the Pores of those are widened by the expulsion of the lighter Parts.   

Dr. Woodward.  
They meet with some that were in all appearance Shells: 
p. 18.  that were of the same Bigness, Figure and Texture with the common Echini, Scallops and Periwinkles; but had notwithstanding Flint, Native Vitriol, Spar, Iron Ore, or other metallic or mineral Matter, either adhering firmly in Lumps to the Outsides of them, or insinuated into their Substance, into their Pores and inner parts, so as to disguise them very much, and give them a Face and Mien extremely unlike to that of those Shells which are at this day found at Sea.  
That for the metallic and mineral Matter which sometimes adheres to the Surface of these Shells, 
p. 21.  or is intruded into their Pores, and lodged in the Interstices of their Fibres, 'tis all manifestly adventitious; the mineral Particles being plainly to be distinguished from the testaceous ones, or the Texture and Substance of the Shell, by good Glasses, if not by the naked Eye.  
That there were found certain Bodies that bore the Shape and Resemblance of Cockles, 
p. 18.  Muscles and other Shells, which yet were not really such, but consisted entirely, some of them of Sand ston, others of Flint, and others of Spar, or some other mineral Matter. 
p. 20.  That the abovementioned Bodies, which consist of ston, of Spar, Flint, and the like; and yet carry a Resemblance of Cockles, Muscles, and other Shells; were originally formed in the Cavities of Shells of those kinds which they so resemble; these Shells having served as Matrices or Moulds to them.   

STENO.  

Prod. p. 84.  The third sort is of such as in their Figure alone resemble those that were newly discoursed of, but for the rest, totally differ from them; seeing that in them are to be found neither the little Shells nor the Threads, much less the Diversity of the Threads. Of these, some are aereal, some lapideous of either a black or yellow Colour, others Marbly, others Crystalline, others of other Matter. The Production of all which I explain in manner following,  
Where the penetrating Force of Juices hath dissolved the Substance of the Shell, the same Juices being either drank up by the Earth, have left the spaces of Shells voided( which I call aereal Shells) or being altered by new adventitious Matter; have, according to the Variety of that Matter, filled up the same spaces of Shells either with Crystal, with Marble, or with ston, &c. Then he gives an account of a great many Rarities of that Kind, and concludes, What hath been said of Shells, 
p. 87.  the same may be said of other Parts of Animals, and of the Animals themselves butted under ground; of which number are the Teeth of Sea-Dogs, the Teeth of the Fish Aquila, Fishes Back-bones, all sorts of whole Fishes Skulls, Horns, Teeth, Thigh-bones, and other Bones of Terrestrial Animals. And  
What is said of Animals and their Parts suiteth likewise with Plants, 
p. 93.  and the Parts of Plants, whether they be digged out of Earthen Beds, or lodged within stony Substances.  
Of these Dr. Woodward observes, 
N.H. p. 275  That He has never met with so much as one Plant that is peculiar to any other Season of the Year than May.  
From all which, and a great deal more that I might add, it is plain, 1. that Steno's Observations about those Bodies, have been both very full and true, being confirmed by those of Dr. Woodward; made perhaps from the best Collection of such Curiosities, that has yet been seen any where. 2. That Steno was very much persuaded that those were the real Exuviae of Animals, and has made use of fit Arguments to convince others. Dr. Woodward mentions two indeed, which I do not find in Steno: 1. That those Shells answer chemical trials: And 2. have the same Effect in Medicine when inwardly administrated to Animal Bodies. The first of these the Learned Dr. Hook mentions in his Micrography, 
p. 110.  which was published before Steno's Prodromus, and contains a most accurate Description of those marine Bodies. As to the second, I think it of so little weight in respect of any of the former, that I wonder the Doctor should break his Collection to try those Shells upon his Patients, which he was satisfied were genuine before by ocular Inspection; and I am still more in the dark how he could have discovered by the Difference of the Effect, if they had not been genuine.  
As to the Theories devised to solve this Appearance of marine Bodies lodged in the Strata, Steno and the Doctor differ chiefly in these two things: 1. Steno is not so positive as the Doctor; 
Can. 135.  for what he has delivered in his Canis Carchariae dissectum caput he calls only Conjectures, and tells us, that while he shows his own Opinion to be probable, he does not charge the Patrons of the contrary one with mistake; that the same Appearance may be solved different ways, and that Nature attains her ends in her operations by different means; that it were a very imprudent thing to admit only one as true, and condemn all the rest. Dr. Woodward on the contrary affirms, 
Nat. Hist. p. 74.  that, in his Treatise of the Natural History of the Earth, he has described no Alterations of this Globe, for which we have not an absolute and demonstrative Certainty. The second Difference is, that Dr. Woodward extends the several Branches of Steno's Theory, and makes them more universal. Both these will appear by what follows.  
First, as to the TIME when those marine Bodies were lodged there.   

STENO.  
That there is nothing hinders, 
Can. 117.  but that we may believe the Earth, where these marine Bodies are found, was formerly covered with Water. That from Sacred Writ we learn, That at the beginning of the Creation and the time of the Deluge, all things were so. He proves it could not be the former, 
Pr. p. 99.  since that fluid was aqueous at the time when there were yet no Animals nor Plants. That 'tis certain that the Production of many Shells were meet with in our days, 
Pr. p. 90.  is to be referred to the Times coincident with the general Deluge.   

Dr. Woodward.  
That they were not left behind at the beginning of the World, when the Sea over-spread the whole Globe, 
Nat. Hist 42.  till its retreat into its assigned Channel; and that the Waters were gathered together into one place, the third Day from the commencement of the Creation. 
Nat. Hist. 72.  That those marine Bodies were born forth of the Sea by the universal Deluge; and that upon the return of the Water back again from off the Earth, they were left behind at Land. That they could never have been put into the condition we now find them, 
ibid. 40.  by any such short and partial Agents as those proposed by other Authors.  
The Difference between the Doctor and Steno in this particular is, That though Steno admits the Deluge as one, he does not with the Doctor exclude other partial Agents, as Inundations by Earthquakes, &c.  
Next, as to the MANNER of the Deluge.   

STENO.  
It may be explained, 
Pr. 104.  if we place about the Fire in the middle of the Earth a Sphere of Waters, or at least certain Receptacles of them, whence without the motion of the Center, the powring forth of the included Water may be deduced:  
That the Water which is undoubtedly in the Bowels of the Earth, 
Pr. 105.  was, by the force of the acknowledged subterranean Fires, partly driven toward the Springs, and partly thrust forth through the Pores of the not yet drowned Earth into the Air.   

Dr. Woodward.  
That there is a mighty collection of Water enclosed in the Bowels of the Earth, constituting an huge Orb in the interior or central Parts of it; 
Nat. Hist. 117.  upon the Surface of which Orb of Water, the terrestrial Strata are expanded That this is the same which Moses calls the great Deep, or Abyss. The ancient gentle Writers Erebus and tartarous.  
This at the Deluge was brought out upon the Surface of the Globe. 
Nat. Hist. 164.   
The Difference between Steno and the Doctor in this particular, is, 1. That the first endeavours to explain how the Water that was included in the Bowels of the Earth, might be brought upon its surface; the other raises the Water of Springs much after the same manner, but has not yet  told us how he raises the Water of the Deluge. 2. The Doctor places his subterranean Fire above his Waters; but Steno his Waters above the Fire.  
As to the dissolution of the solid Matter in which those marine Bodies are included, that it was in a state of fluidity at the time of their being lodged there, is an evident Proposition, supposing them to be genuine; but the different Opinions of the Two Philosophers, as to this matter, are as follows.   

STENO  
I hinted in the foregoing Proposition, that the Earth, in which those Bodies are found, might have been formerly covered with Water; now I proceed to prove, That the same Earth might have been likewise mingled with the Water. 
cans Cor. p. 122.  That Land-Floods and the Agitation of Waters by Wind, demonstrate that Sand and Earth may be mixed with Water; and that it were not hard to prove, that Sand-earth, Sand-stone, and all other kinds of Solids, are oftentimes contained in standing and clear Water. That there are two ways how Solids may be contained in Water, viz. Either in the Powder or Elements; the former way all sorts of Salts are combined with it. That the Elements of Solids may be latent in Water two ways, either really as they are in themselves, or Bodies; which putting on another Figure, are transformed into these Solids. 
Ibid. 11●.  That it is easy to find the places whence those Solids might have been communicated to the Water which covered the Earth where those marine Bodies are found. And since it is so, we need not wonder, if either the Powder or Elements of day, Gravel, Sand-stone, and other sorts of ston, were formerly mixed with, and contained in the Water.   

Dr. Woodward.  
That at the Time of the Deluge( when these Shells were brought out upon the Earth, 
Nat. Hist. p. 29.  and reposed therein in the manner we now find them) ston, and all other solid Minerals, lost their Solidity; and that the severed Particles thereof, together with those of the Earth, Chalk, and the rest, as also Shells, and all other animal and vegetable Bodies were taken up into, and sustained in the Water. And, 
ibid. p. 74.  in a Word, That all Fossils whatever, that had before obtained any Solidity, were totally dissolved, and their constituent Corpuscles all disjoin'd, their Cohesion perfectly ceasing. 
Preface.  That the whole terrestrials Globe was taken all to pieces, and dissolved; at the Deluge. But what was the immediate Instrument or Means whereby the ston and other solid Matter of the antediluvian Earth was dissolved and reduced to the Condition mentioned; the Doctor has promised to tell us in his larger Work. 
Nat. Hist. p. 108.   
The Reader may easily perceive, that Dr. Woodward is 1. more particular as to the Time of this Mixture of Solids and Fluids. 2ly. That he has made it more universal as to the Subject, extending it to the whole Mass of Solids that constitute the Globe; this I must needs say is the Parent of the numerous Difficulties which press the Doctor's Hypothesis. 3ly. Steno has given us the Philosophy of his Mixture, but we still impatiently expect the Doctor's. As to the Subsidence, their Opinions are;   

STENO.  
That the Bodies which made the Water turbid, 
Can. Car. p. 12●.  the violent motion ceasing, must have sunk to the bottom. That they were not all of the same gravity: whence it came that the heaviest subsided first; the less heavy subsiding next after; and the lightest floated longest of all nearest the bottom, before they joined themselves to it: whence, from the same Sediment there would be formed different Strata.   

Dr. Woodward.  
That at length, all the Mass that was thus born up the Water, 
Nat. Hist. p. 75.  was again precipitated, and subsided towards the bottom. That the Subsidence happened generally, and as near as possibly could be expected in so great a Confusion, according to the Laws of Gravity: that Matter, Body or Bodies which had the greatest quantity or degree of Gravity subsiding first in Order, and falling Lowest: that which had the next, or a still Lesser Degree of Gravity, subsiding next after, and settling upon the precedent: and so on their several Courses; that which had the least Gravity sinking not down till last of all, settling at the surface of the Sediment, and covering all the rest. That the Matter subsiding thus, formed the Strata of ston, of Marble, of Coal, of Earth, &c.  
Here indeed the Doctor in resining upon Steno, has fallen into a grievous Mistake; he will have the Subsidence ordered merely by specific Gravity; whereas Steno does not exclude absolute Gravity: for speaking of the Subsidence, he says, 
Can. Car. p. 130.  sieve enim in aquae superficie ceremoris instar concrescens saxea cuticula, ubi gravior reddita fuerit, fundum petat. I wonder, as I hinted before, the Doctor did not see that a ston of a 100 pound weight could fall sooner to the bottom than the Powder of the same ston, and for the same reason Gravel sooner than small Sand, tho they have the same specific Gravity. Another difference between the Doctor and Steno in this particular is, that the former asserts his marine Bodies to have subsided at the same time with the Matter in which they were entombed: Whereas the latter asserts, they were covered by the Sediment.  
Now come we to the Doctrine of the Strata; in which Steno has been more particular; he tells us,   

STENO.  
That the Earth in many places is composed of Strata of different colours lying one upon another; 
Can. Car. p. 1●4.  yea, in those very places where the Earth is of one colour, the diversity of the Strata may be observed. That these Strata invite us to believe, that they are the Sediment of a Fluid; Which in his Prodromus he proves by several Arguments; 
P●. p. 27.  First, Because it appears not that the dusty Matter of the Beds can have been otherwise reduced into that Figure, if it had not by being commixed with some Fluid, and falling thence by its own weight, been made plain by the motion of the same incumbent Fluid. 2ly. Because the greater Bodies contained in the same Beds, do for the most part observe the Laws of Gravity, both as to the site of each Body by itself, ( that is parallel to the Horizon, unless where the situation is varied by that of the Bed) and as to the site of various Bodies among themselves, ( that is, ranged according to their different degrees of Gravity).   

Dr. Woodward  
Tells us, 
Nat. Hist. pag. 9.  from his Observations upon all the Terrestrial Matter, That it is naturally disposed into Layers or Strata; such as our common Sandstone, Marble, Coal, Chalk, all sorts of Earth, Marl, day, Sand, Gravel, with some others of this various Matter thus formed into Strata, of which the far greater part of the terrestrial Globe consists from its surface downward to the greatest depth were ever dig or mine.   

STENO.  
That when any Bed was formed, 
〈…〉.  the superior Surface was, as far as was possible, parallel to the Horizon; so that all Beds, except the lowest, were contained in two Plains parallel to the Horizon. That he had observed the Strata in some places divided by perpendicular Fissures.   

Dr. Woodward.  
That the ston is divided into Strata by means of horizontal and perpendicular Fissures; 
Nat. H●st. ●. ●●.  which he calls so, not so much with respect to the present site of the Strata, as to its original Situation.   

STENO.  
That when the Earth had been dried after the Deluge, 
Prod. p. 106.  its Face did show vast Plainnesses; that Nature demonstrates that those Plainnesses did exist, and the Scripture contradicts it not.   

Dr. Woodward.  
That the said Strata, 
Nat. Hist. p. 79.  whether of ston, of Chalk, of Coal, of Earth, or whatever other Matter they consisted of, were all originally parallel. That they were plain, even, and regular, &c.  
As to these Propositions, there are several Differences between the Doctor's Philosophy and Steno's. The Doctor confines himself to the time of the Deluge for the Formation of his Beds; whereas Steno tells us, there are some extant which have been formed before, 
Prod. p. 41.  and some which have been formed since. That there are Beds of simplo Matter obvious in all Mountains, which were formed when the other Beds were not yet extant; but all were covered with a Fluid, destitute of Planis and Animals The Original of these he dates from the Creation, and gives admirable Rules for the determining, from the Matter which the Beds contain, The Time and Manner of their Formation; if they were extant at the Creation, or formed since; if made by the Sea, Rivers, or Earthquakes, &c. Steno asserts, There were great Plainnesses after the Deluge, the Doctor, That the Earth was all plain. 
Can. Car. p. 125.  Steno says, The Diversity of the Strata almost, if not altogether, persuade us, that they were compiled by little and little: But the Doctor's Strata were formed all at the same time, as far down as the Surface of the great Abyss. The Doctor lays on his Strata spherically, or at least spheroidically, all over the Surface of the Globe, well enough observing so far the Laws of Gravity. But tho Steno's Strata, being but small Portions of that spherical Surface, may properly enough be called horizontal, this Epither will by no means agree to the Doctor's; for when they made entire spherical Surfaces, they could no more be denominated horizontal with respect to that Situation, than Meridional or Vertical, or by any other great circled of the Sphere.  
As to the changed Situation of the Beds,   

STENO.  
That hence a Cause may be given of that Inequality, 
Prod. p. 45.  on the Surface of the Earth, which occasions many Controversies. That the changed Situation of Beds, is the chief Original of Mountains. His Arguments for this are not only convincing, but elegant and fine. viz. That there are vast Plains upon the Tops of some; many Beds parallel to the Horizon; on their Sides various Beds variously inclined to the Horizon; in the opposite Sides of Hillocks the Faces of the broken Beds showing the perfect resemblance of Matter and Shape, &c. That the perpendicular Fissures of the Strata show that they had been violently shaken, and broken upon the falling back.   

Dr. Woodward.  
That after some time the Strata were broken on all Sides of the Globe. 
Nat. Hist. p. 90.  That all the Irregularities and Inequalities of the Terrestrial Globe were caused by this means. That the natural Grotto's and Rocks, and those Intervals of the Strata, which in his Observations he calls the Perpendicular Fissures, are nothing but these Interruptions or Breaches of the Strata. That the more eminent Parts of the Earth, Mountains and Rocks, are only the Elevations of the Strata.   

STENO.  
That what did happen in the Surface of the Earth, 
Prod p. 105.  whilst it was covered with Water, neither Scripture nor Nature declareth; this only we may affirm from Nature, that deep Valleys were then produced; because a Return was then to be opened for the Waters into the deeper Parts of the Earth.   

Dr. Woodward.  
That upon the Disruption of the Strata, 
Nat. Hist. p. 164.  and the Elevation of some and the Depression of others of them, which followed after that Disruption, towards the latter end of the Deluge; this Mass of Water fell back again into the depressed and lower parts of the Earth.  
In all these Particulars, 1. The Doctor has delivered his mind more positively and fully than Steno. 2. Steno produces some Mountains, the Doctor all, at the Deluge. 3. Steno's are produced by partial Agents feated near the Surface; the Doctor's by one feated within the Cavity of the great Abyss. 4. Steno tells us what his Agents are; but the Doctor keeps his as a Secret.  
I have not leisure to compare their Dissertations in other things, such as the Origine of Springs, which they both bring from the Sea penetrating into the Hollowness of the Earth; but more fully explained by Dr. Woodward; 
Nat. Hist. p. 133.  nor their History of the Effects of Earthquakes, 
Prod. p 48.  which the Reader may consult at his Leisure. From the Specimen I have given( wherein I have made use of the English Translation of Steno's Prodromus) it is plain, 1. That Steno's Hypothesis is not burdened with all the Difficulties of Dr. Woodward's; I will not say it is liable to none. 2. That as Nature shows the same Face to every Man, sagacious Persons will jump strangely as to their Conjectures about her. 3. That tho Dr. Woodward's Hypothesis seems to be liable to many just Exceptions, the whole is not to be exploded; there are a great many things which I question not but he will make out beyond all contradiction; and if he takes off the Objections I have proposed, I'll promise him, I am not in the least disposed to cavils; only I cannot forbear to wish that People were more diligent in observing, and more cautious in System-making. First, the World is malicious, and when they writ for an Opinion it spoils the credit of their Observations. They have then taken their Party, and may be suspected for partial Witnesses. In the next place, Mankind, in these Matters, is naturally too rash, and apt to put more in the Conclusion than there is in the Premises. Yea, some there are so fond of an Opinion, that they will take pleasure to cheat themselves and would bring every thing to fit their darling Hypothesis. Then only we may expect to succeed in compiling of Theories, when we build upon true and decisive Observations; and survey the Works of Nature with the same Geometry( tho in a more imperfect Degree) by which the divine Architect put them together.  
FINIS.    

A Vindication of an Abstract of an Italian Book concerning Marine Bodies which are found petrified in several Places at Land, written by Agostino Scilla, and abridged in the Philosophical Transactions for the months of January and Febr. 169 5/ 6.  
To Dr ARBUTHNET.  
SIR,  
SINCE you have at last been prevailed upon to oblige the public with your Thoughts upon one of those Questions which have so long and so warmly exercised the Philosophical part of Mankind amongst us; you will not be surprised to see an account of an incidental controversy, which I have been unawares engaged in, and which was first occasioned by that Book which you have undertaken to examine.  
You may remember, Sir, that about two Years ago, there was an Abstract of an Italian Book written by Agostine Scilla, printed in the Philosophical Transactions. It is usual for those Papers which are printed in the Transactions, to be first red before the Royal Society; according to which Custom that Account of Scilla's Book was red before them, and they did me the honour so far to approve of it, as to order its Publication. This I suppose they did the more willingly, because the controversy which Scilla undertakes to decide was at that time the Subject of most of the Philosophical Conversations of the Virtuosi about the Town. For Dr. Woodward, a Member of the Royal Society, had not long before printed An Essay towards the Natural History of the Earth, as a Specimen of a larger Work; wherein, amongst other things, he undertakes to demonstrate that all those Shells, which are found in the Bowels of the Earth, are Exuviae of once-living Animals. The proving of which Proposition being likewise the Design of Scilla's Treatise, a Book then very little known in England, I thought a large Account of it would not be unacceptable to the Society, and therein, to my great Satisfaction, I was not deceived, which I gladly take this occasion to aclowledge with Thankfulness.  
Now it so happened, as it always does when Men start new Notions much out of the common Road, that not long after Dr. Woodward's Book appeared, several Persons, some one way, some another, contradicted his Hypothesis. Among other things, some objected to him that he stolen from several Writers who had appeared already upon the same Subject, and from Scilla amongst the rest. To obviate therefore the Prejudices which these Men's Writings might raise against Dr. Woodward's Hypothesis, Mr. Harris, a Member of the Royal Society likewise, has lately printed Remarks on some late Papers relating to the Universal Deluge, and to the Natural History of the Earth. Herein he falls upon Mr. Robinson's Additional Remarks to his Observations on the Natural History of this World of Matter, and this World of Life, because he does there accuse Dr. Woodward of stealing from Scilla, and begs pardon of the World for referring several Hypotheses and Observations to Dr. Woodward, whereas it seems he had taken them from others, amongst whom Scilla is there reckoned up for one 
Additienal Remarks p. 1. . Mr. Harris's Words are these, 
Remarks p. 160.  Then, for the Philosophical Transactions that you city here, in it is given indeed a sort of an Abstract( such a one as it is) of Scilla's Book, but would any judicious Person charge a Gentleman with being a Plagiary from Scilla, by seeing only an Abstract of his Book, and an Abstract too, liable to so many just Exceptions, as I can prove that is?  
This Charge of Mr. Harris's put me, Sir, upon the necessity of reviewing what I had formerly published concerning Scilla's Book▪ and of comparing it once more with the Original. I know the Respect which ●ow to the Royal Society too well to impose upon them, and as in the Preamble of my Abstract I had said nothing of Dr. Woodward or his Performance, but what was respectful, so I could not see how he or any of his Friends could have any pretence to be disturbed at it. Whether therefore I have presented the Royal Society with such a fallacious Abstract, I shall now inquire, and then, Sir, leave it to your determination.  
I need not tell you, Sir, I am sure, who are so thoroughly versed in all parts, of useful Learning, when an Abstract of a Book that treats of Philosophical Subjects is faulty, and when 'tis not. You know, Sir, that an Abstracter ought to lay his Author's chief Design fully and clearly before his Reader; if his Author digresses, to take notice of it, if his Digressions be new and curious, to dwell longer upon them than if they are mean and trivial, in a word so to follow him, as that he may be represented by his Abstracter in as fair and full a view as he possibly can. This( if the Abridger writes not in his Author's Language) he may do in his own Words, without confining himself to a Verbal Translation: if his Author be obscure, verbose, or immethodical, he may give his Abstract with Perspicuity and Method, still remembering that his Author's Notions not his Words are the things to which he ought strictly to confine himself. The Philosophical Transactions, and the Leipzick Acta Eruditorum, will afford numerous Instances of such Abstracts as these which I have here described.  
Since therefore Scilla's Design was to prove the Shells of all sorts, found in the Bowels of the Earth, to be only Exuviae of living Animals, I thought it was enough for me to set down the principal Arguments by which he proved it, with a short Account of the Motives which lead him to make this Enquiry, and herein to be sometimes longer sometimes shorter, as the Matter required it. His long-winded Civilities, were only to be hinted at, and that Prolixity which made his Book tedious to me was carefully to be avoided, lest my Account might have proved tedious to those who might ever have thought it worth their while to look into it.  
For that Reason I omitted Scilla's Citations out of Strabo, 
p. 16, 17.  who had observed Shells, and pieces of Ships found near the Temple of Jupiter Hammon, as also his long Disputes with Crollius and Guillandinus, together with those Postulata which every Body is agreed about, and are of course presupposed in all sorts of Philosophical Disputes; such as these. That we ought to stand to our Senses, Not to give ourselves to Hypotheses, Not to prescribe to Nature, and the like.  
In one place indeed 
Phisos. Trans. no. 219. p. 184  I mention the Calabrian for the Catanian cost, but that I suppose will be allowed of both sides to be a small Oversight, not worth taking notice of.  
Neither have I set down every Proof which Scilla produces for his Opinion, and yet at the same time I dare appeal to Mr. Harris, wherein I have omitted any one Argument of moment, upon which Scilla himself lays any stress.  
Thus, for instance, I omit what he says of the difference of the shape of the Glossopetrae, which had been urged as an Argument why they could not be real Teeth, since, if they had been real Teeth, they would have been more alike; because what I had said of the different morticing of the Shark's Teeth into one another, so that a Man might be able to tell, at first sight, which Tooth belonged to which Side or Jaw, as also That he had observed every one of these things in his Glossopetrae, 
ibid. p 190.  which punctually answer in every part to the several Ranks of the Teeth of Living Sharks, had sufficiently taken in the Argument so far as I was obliged by my Design to take notice of it. And his Argument drawn from the different Teeth of a Pesee V●●c● [ a Fish, before undescribed by Naturalists, of the Dog-kind] was thoroughly exemplified in the 2d, 3d, 4th, 5th and 6th Figures in that Transaction, which I got copied from Scilla's Draughts, that I might show how wonderfully different the Teeth of the same Fish may be, as Age and Position may alter them.  
Scilla's Hesitancy about the Objection, of Shells being found in the Heart, Renes Su●●●●turiali, and Bladder in human Bodies, was not proper to be observed: What an Author does not well know how to explain, can be no proper Subject for an Abridger to dwell upon; especially when it had so little influence upon his main Design. But if I have done Scilla an Injustice, in omitting this part of his Book, I fear Mr Harris has done him a greater, in misrepresenting it: Scilla was bashful, and had too great an imbecillitas frontis, positively to deny what so many grave Authors had asserted, and therefore is willing to recur to some inexplicable plastic Power of Nature in Animal Bodies, tho' when he had said all he could upon the Subject, 'tis plain he disbeliev'd the Matter of Fact, otherwise he would never have said at last, That he could not bring himself to believe, that the Figure of those Shells which are found in Animals, does exactly correspond with that of the Turbens and Conchae of the Sea. 
Non posso da●mi a e●●dere nelle debt ●●machine quella essati●●ima, e correspondente l●ttura, che nel Guscio d'un Turbinetto, overo Lumachina di mere godiamo, p. 76.  This was an easy way of denying the positive Assertion of his Antagonist: So that I cannot see how Scilla can upon this account be reasonably charged with being a Person whose Easiness and Credulity put him upon the Solution of that which in all likelihood was intended only to banter and abuse him 
Harris's Remarks, p. 226.  For it is plain by the words just now cited, that it was not Scilla's Easiness and Credulity which put him upon the Solution of a Sham-Phoenomenon, but his good Breeding, of which he is never sparing, and which is peculiar to the Gentlemen of that country, which would not suffer him flatly to deny what his Adversary had directly affirmed.  
Perhaps Mr. Harris may object, that I use the Expression The Deluge, when I inquire into the Reason why Shells of one sort are, generally speaking, mostly sound together; which I pretend that Scilla solves by the Motion into which the Waters were put during the Deluge 
Pl●●l. Tran●. n. 21●. p. 18●.  whereby he may pretend, that I would insinuate, that Scilla refers every thing to Noah's Flood, which says Mr. Harri, the Author never dreamed of 
Harris's Remarks, p. 228.  Now besides that it is plain that I cannot be so understood, since I call it only a Deluge in another place, where I say from my Author in the same page., that the repeated flowings and ebbings of the Water happened during some one very great Inundation, the Time whereof, or its Cause he does not determine 
Phil. Trans. n. 219. p. 191. . I say, besides this, which sufficiently vindicates my use of the word Deluge, which is no Term of Art appropriated to Noah's Flood, but signifies any great Inundation, unless the Sense or some limiting Epithet determines it so to be understood; Mr. Harris seems inconsistent with himself, when in one page. he says, 'tis plain that Scilla never dreamed of the universal Deluge, and in the very next page. introduces Scilla saying, That he does not know whether these Shells were reposited in the Earth in the universal Deluge, or in some other particular Inundations 
Harris's Rem. pag. 229. .  
This brings me to the mighty Charge, to that Exception,( just or unjust) which Mr. Harris takes at my Abstract of Agostino Scilla; and that is, my using the Expression specific Gravity, which our Author no where uses, nor the thing designed by it 
ib. p. 236. ,( if we may believe Mr. Harris) in all his Book. And here, Sir, I do willingly acknowledge, that Scilla never applys the Term specific to Gravity; nay, I am not sure whether he knew the difference between Absolute and specific Gravity; which last is an Epithet which has not been long of frequent use, and was( as I believe) first brought into fashion upon the introducing Hydrostaticks into Natural Philosophy, which necessary obliged Men to consider not barely the absolute or simplo Weight of Bodies, when tried in a pair of Scales, but their relative Weight, which they have when compared with one another. Scilla seems to have been unacquainted with the new Authors and Discoveries in physics, and so 'tis no wonder if he uses not their Terms. But since this is so common a Term, and so well understood, I could not imagine how I should do either Scilla, or any body else, any wrong, if I used it in my Abstract, provided the Thing designed by it were also designed by my Author.  
You know very well, Sir, that specific, when applied to Gravity, is an improper word, not signifying what at first sight it seems to import: For thereby the comparative and relative Gravity of Bodies is usually understood. Water being a Body very manageable, and easily to be come at is the usual Standard by which the relative or specific Gravity of other Bodies is tried; and the difference of a bodies weight in Air and Water being equal to the weight of a quantity of Water equal in bulk to the Body weighed; the proportion of the weight of this Body to that of Water is hereby determined; if the Proportion which the weight of Water bears to that of Gold, be as 1 to 19, and the Proportion of the weight of Water to that of Silver be as 1 to 10, 5; then by the Proportion which Gold and Silver bear to Water, we know the Proportion they bear to one another; by which Proportion we know their specific Gravity; Tho in mathematical strictness this Term is egregiously mis-applyed; for Species being only a Logical Term, and every individual, having its peculiar Texture as well as its peculiar Subsistence, it may be questioned, whether there be two Lumps of any species of Metal or Mineral drawn from different Mines or Quarries, which have exactly the same specific Gravity. Mr. Collins has given us the Comparative Gravity of eight pieces of Gold, and three pieces of Brass, which he weighed himself, all which differed very considerably from one another 
Phil. T. n. 199. p. 694.  Had these eleven pieces all of a bulk been put together into a Mass of fluid Mud, and there jumbled with a confused violent Motion, this Mass upon the ceasing of the motion, which kept it in its fluid state, would have let fall all those heterogenous Bodies which were heavier than itself; and then these metalline Lumps would have subsided in order, according to their different Gravities, if the Figure of every piece would have allowed it.  
Tho, Sir I do own, that what Scilla says is not inconsistent with the Laws of Absolute Gravity; since it is certain, that if two Bodies be alike specifically heavy, but of a different Absolute Gravity, the absolutely heaviest Body supposing their Figures to be similar, will descend with the greatest Celerity: But yet this does not at all exclude that difference in Subsidence, which specific Gravity would also cause; for of Bodies of the same bulk and figure, and of, different specific Gravities, that Body which has the greatest specific Gravity, will also descend the fastest: So that Scilla's Account will strictly include specific Gravity, and consequently I did him no wrong so to express his Description of the Messinese Hills, as would in common speech be best understood.  
Mr. Harris ought not to have excepted to what I had said▪ since Dr. Woodward says the very same thing that I have done,[ Essay p. 75.] This Subsidence, says he, happened generally, and as near as possibly could be expected in so great a Confusion, according to the Laws of Gravity: That Matter, Body or Bodies, which had the greatest quantity or degree of Gravity[ i. e. the heaviest] subsiding first in order, and falling lowest:[ i corpi di maggior peso sotto] that which had the next, or a still lesser degree of Gravity, subsiding next after, and settling upon the precedent:[ i meno gravi sopra] that which had the least Gravity sinking not down till last of all, settling at the surface of the Sediment, and covering all the rest.[ sopra di questi i piu leggieri] It's true, the Doctor restrains this Subsidence afterwards merely to specific Gravity, wherein he is mistaken; but had he kept to Scilla's general Expression( which fully includes it) it had been more Philosophical.  
Since therefore I explained what had been alike expressed both by Scilla and Dr. Woodward, after Dr. Woodward's manner,( only not directly excluding the Laws of Absolute Gravity, which Scilla takes in jointly with those of specific) the Doctor's Defender has no reason to find fault with my Account: At least, if it may in strictness be thought defective, it cannot be said to be erroneous.  
It is plain therefore, that when Scilla talks of Bodies subsiding in a Fluid, according to their weight, he may by this weight be probably supposed to mean specific Gravity, as 'tis commonly called in opposition to Absolute; for if they were of the same specific Gravity with Water, they would lye in any part, top, middle, or bottom where they were placed at first; and the reason why one thing immersed in Water sinks sooner than another, is, because being not only heavier than Water specifically but absolutely at least, if not specifically heavier than that other Body that swims along with it, it proportionably gravitates more, and is less hindered in its descent by the Resistance of the ambient Water, than that other Body is. If therefore Scilla says that the heaviest Bodies lay lowest, it implies that Bodies of a different Gravity, absolute or specific, once swam together in the Water, and tho he may not understand the several Acceptation of the Terms Absolute and specific, when applied to Gravity, yet he means the same thing with those that do, and would have expressed himself in the same manner had it been the fashion.  
Wherefore when Scilla positively distinguishes from his own Observation between the Ranges of the Strata of the Gravel and Sand in the Hills about Messina, and when he directly says that the Heaviest fell lowermost, he is thus to be understood 
Scilla,( p. 166) gives this Description of the Hills near Messina: Sono eglino per lo più questi nostri monti di Ghiaie, rene Mezzane, e minutissime, rialzatè a tale segno, che sovrastano modestamente alla Città, che vagamente coronano: ●'Ordine della loro Composizione è questo, cioè un suolo di Ghiaie, à cvi s'aggiugne l'altro di Rene ordinary, e sopra di questo il Terzo di minutissime rene; e cio con ordinanza continuata, perciocche di nuovo sopra la sottile Rena scorgesi rassetrata la Ghiaia, e Susseguentemente sino alla Sommità— quell che oss●rvo con istupore, si●è, il vedere replicato più e più volte ●'Ordine delle Rene gross, mezzane, e minute: Ed e forza conchindere, che con piu cappate di Materia forestiera fossero 〈◇〉 alla Grandezza, che li Veggiamo, Which Description I ●●●●dged thus;( Transact. p. 191.) The Mountains near Messina consist of Strata, which ly in this order, first Gravel, then middling Sand, then very fine Sand.— That after three Layers of Sand and Gravel of different finenesses, come three other Layers in the same order with the former; first Gravel, then coa●ler, then finer Sand again, and so on several times one after another. 
The manner how they came to be thus formed, Scilla describes thus,( p. 127.) Eglino[ i torrenti] secondo la Piena del' Acqae, portano con esso loro quell, che incontrano; in luoghi però ove possono dilatarsi, perdendo la ferocia deal Corso loio le acque, posano e discaricano i corpi involti in quell fluido, e strascinati dal● Impeto, ma con un'Ordine necessario, cioè, i corpi di magg●or peso sotto, i meno gravi sopra, e sopra di questi i piu leggieri; il qual Ordine sarà replicato dalla cagione medesima più, e più volte, secondo le pioggie, che con intervailo mancano, e ricominciano. Or, da cio Jo cavo la ragione di determinare la materia, sorestiera che le nostre Montagne compone; e certamente ell piontate furono nel sito in cvi le scorgiamo, da una qualche grandissima inundazione, la quale secondo la Piena, ed il Reposo, avesse portato, e rilasciato il Peso più, e più volte ondeggiando. This I gave in short in English thus,( p. 191.) This he supposes to have proceeded from repeated Tides; from whence he concludes, that the Water coming with great violence, sustained whatsoever came in its way; but upon its going off, the force abating, it let fall the terrestrial Matter that subsided according to its specific Gravity; and that these repeated Flowings and Ebbings of the Water happened during some one very great Inundation, &c. What Scilla says, was▪ done by a necessary Order, that is to lay, The weightest Body lowermost, the less weighty above them, and the lightest uppermost, I render was done by specific Gravity, which, to any Man that knows what specific Gravity means includes the self-same thing. Only I must own, that what I call Repeated Tides, should have been rendered Repeated Floods.  : That these Particles of Sand and Gravel subsided at all, was due to their being specifically heavier than the Water wherein they were rolled, but that they should observe a determinate Order in their Subsidence, which Order, Scilla himself observes, was probably due to their being some specifically heavier than others; and had the middling and very fine Sand been absolutely aequiponderant with the Gravel, they would have been casually interspersed.  
Mr. Harris is so very sensible of the Truth of this Reasoning, that after he had positively declared that Scilla has not the thing designed by specific Gravity once in all his Book; 
p. 236.  he says in the same page. that Scilla's Notion of the largest and most ponderous Bodies settling lowest is so gross'd Mistake, that 'tis strange he could ever fall into it. First he says Scilla never intended to assert, That the Subsidence in the Inundations he speaks of was according to specific Gravity, and then he wonders how Scilla could ever assert that it was, the thing itself being so gross a Mistake. This, Sir, needs not to be enlarged upon  
And with this I shall conclude what I had to say in defence of the Abstract of Scilla's Book, which was never designed for a just Translation. I dare appeal to you, Sir, whether Scilla did not resolve the Subsidence of the Strata, by that which you and I, Sir, know does not exclude the specific Gravity of those several Bodies that composed them. Yea, tho the Grav●l, middling Sand, and fine Sand, are here in England, as far as Mr. Harris has tried them, alike specifically heavy, which I will not dispute; yet it proves nothing against what Scilla has asserted. Mr. Harris knows every thing is an Individual in Nature; unless he had weighed the Messinese Sand, he could not be positive: and tho Scilla be no Philosopher, yet he is a Painter, and such Men usually have pretty quick Eyes, and can tell whether fine Sand or Gravel lies uppermost, when they view the broken Cliff of a Hill.  
The other Dispute which Mr. Harris is engaged in is nothing to my purpose: whether Dr. Woodward has taken from Scilla or no concerns not me, who never said he did. Perhaps he never saw the Book till after he had seen the Abstract. Those that have red his Essay and Scilla, even in this Abstract, will be able to judge how useful Scilla might have been to him had he consulted him. Our Italian clearly proves that the various Echini, Glossopetrae, Bastoncini di sand Paolo, Oyster-shells, Cockles, Turbens, Scallops, &c. which were found in the Hills of Sicily and Calabria, and in Malta, were actually Exuviae and Spoils of those Marine Bodies which they resembled: and this he shows by comparing them with their Originals with great Niceness. To a Man who lives in England, where many of those Animals are rarely if ever seen, such Hints are of great use. And tho an Author is doubtful and reserved in his Solutions of these perplexed Phoenomena; yet when he is sure of his Conclusions, and gives good and substantial Reasons why he is so, his Observations will be valuable to all those who writ upon that Argument, let their own Stock of Observations be never so great. If Dr. Woodward received his first notice of Scilla from my Abstract,( as I had then reason to believe, since he never quoted nor name him in his Essay) I shall think I did him a Kindness; and tho Mr. Harris seems to insinuate the contrary, yet I shall suppose that Dr. Woodward himself thinks I have obliged him, because he will be sensible that he is not singular, and it is a Pleasure to every inquisitive Man to find that other Men, by the same Assistances of Nature and Observation, have made the same Conclusions with himself. I am  
SIR, Your most affectionate Friend, and humble Servant W. W. Dec. 1. 1697.