Etmullerus Abridged: OR, A Complete System of the Theory and Practice of Physic.  
BEING A DESCRIPTION OF All Diseases Incident to Men, Women and Children.  
WITH An Account of their Causes, Symptoms, and most approved methods 〈◊〉 Cure, PHYSICAL and CHIRURGICAL.  
To which is prefixed a short View 〈◊〉 the Animal and Vital Functions; and the sev●●●● Vertu●● and Classes of Medicines.  
Translated from the last Edition of the Works of Michael ETMUILERUS, late Professor o● Physic in the University of Leiptsich.  
LONDON: Printed for E. Harris, at the Harrow in Litte-Britain, F. Hubbard, next Door to the Crown Tavern in Duck Lane, and A. Bell, at the Cross Keys and 〈◊〉 in Cornhill, near Stock-market. 1699.   

THE TRANSLATOR's PREFACE.  
SInce Practical Sciences are infinitely more useful to mankind, than the most Curious speculations; Doubtless, the Practice of Physic may justly claim the same Privilege, with respect to its Theoric Companions. Anatomy, Chymy, Botany, and the whole Circle of Sciences that retain to Physic, are only serviceable when they conspire to improve a regular and safe Practice. When they carry on any different design, their Positions are deservedly neglected as idle and useless Curiosities. The only plea they can make, is, the Diversion and Entertainment of a few whose Heads are turned that way. Whereas, the Advantage and Benefit of the World is the Result of Practical Truths.  
Upon this Account, I chose to abridge Etmullerus his Practice of Physic, as being the centre and substance of all his Performances. The Choice was determined by the Advantage which accrues to the Theory in being applied to Practice, and backed by Experience, without which no Argument is good; in being delivered in such a method as must naturally engross all its useful and instructing Part, and leave out what is only Calculated for Diversion and Pleasure. Thus, 'tis restored to its Natural tendency, and stamped with an inviting Character. 'Tis cleared of the Crimes that are charged upon frivolous niceties, and recommended to the World as a substantial and necessary part of Physic.  
Had this method been always followed, it had prevented a great many Inconveniences; as it will appear by the following Instances. Most of our Courses of Practice are stuffed with the Nauseous Repetition of ineffectual Medicines. Their unexperienced Authors deliver their mistaken notions as a standing Rule, and with an assuming Air pretend to Dictat to Experience. So great is the Selfsufficiency of a teeming, Brain, and such is the Consequence of that unhappy Distinction between the Theory of Diseases, and Actual Practice; By this means Various Sects arise, Their respective Votaries become Physicians by Echo and form their precarious methods from the Placita of Opinionative Men: The m●st solid and useful Positions are misconstrued, or wrangled away; and plain Practice is confronted by vain fancies, or run down by the humour and bias of a Party.  
On the other hand, a certain set of Men, disobliged by the stiffness of the speculative Tribe, and their small regard to Experience, have chose to lay aside all the advantages of (even useful) Theory, and trust wholly to the Conduct of an Ignorant Experience. Thus Medicines, that in a few singular Instances have been Crowned with success, are recommended as infallible in all Diseases of the like form. Whereas, were these Empyric Pretenders acquainted with the Various Causes of the same effect, and the peculiar Constitutions of Men, they would be able to single out the particular Cases in which their Medicines are proper, and second 'em with solid Reasons. But they foolishly disdain the least Tincture of Knowledge; they boldly decry what they do not understand: and with a successful impudence, impose upon a Credulous World.  
Now the result of all, is, that a happy Conjunction of Speculative and Experimental Knowledge, is the only remedy of the Inconveniences that Cramp a regular Practice. And 'tis in great measure, accomplished in the following sheets: Here the orderly Scheme of the functions of the Body, The General Classes and Virtues of Medicines, and their forms of Prescription, are briefly accounted for, in few Preliminary Chapters. Here the Reader will meet with the Spirit and Perfection of Practice, supported by all the ●●●ful discoveries of Anatomy, and Chymy, and a Judicious Account of the Materia Medica. Here the nicest Philosopher will find entertainment answerable to his humour; and the meanest Empyric, will be Accommodated with suitable Instruction. Our Author omits nothing that may promote the Grand design. He reasons with the manly force and Dexterity of a Philosopher, and yet stoops to the meanest stroke of unaccountable Experience. He weighs all the Instances of Quack-Cures, even Sympathy itself he pays a deference to, and chooses rather to check the most refined reason, than control matter of fact. He traces the Ancients to their earlyest date, and omits no piece of Modern Discovery. He Reconciles the Experience of former Ages, with the improvements of later Authors. He unites the jarring Hypotheses of Willis, Silvius and Helmont; and makes 'em conspire to illustrat and embellish an uniform Practice.  
In the Division of Diseases he chooses to follow the most Natural method, in ranking 'em with the functions of the Body, and fetching in the Stragglers to the place where their cause is lodged. In this he was obliged to departed from the ordinary measures of our Common-Place Writers, who split diseases as their effects vary, and multiply 'em according to the Number of their Symptoms. By so doing he avoid, the Inconvenience of Charging our memories with multiplied Cures, that may be compassed by one method. As for Instance, he fetches the cause of all Chronical Diseases from the Stomac; and with one Blow Cuts off the Preposterous plea of Obstructions in the Bowels, and a Numberless train of Symptoms. Nay, he Penetrates into the hidden source of most of our Northern Diseases; and by accounting for that l●pps off a great deal of unnecessary Practice: As it appears by his method of Curing Child's Distempers; which has already met with a welcome reception from the English World.  
But, 'tis a needless piece of formality, to anticipat the Reader's Curiosity with a Character of the Book or Author. His Name is an Ample Recommendation. His Works (in the Language of the Learned) have been received both here and abroad, with the unanimous Approbation of the best Judges; and have justly Entitled him to the Character he bears in the Title-Page of their Last Edition at Amsterdam, viz. Practicus per Omnem Europam Celeberrimus. His Practice of Physic is doubtless the Compleatest now extant: As being so admirably fitted for all the Measures of Theory and Practice. 'Tis Countenanced by Anatomy, Improved by Chymy, distinguished in the Minutest Circumstances, warranted by Experience, and finished to the last Degree. His Method is Easy; The Causes he assigns to Diseases are Natural, his Reasons Convincing, his Proofs Solid, his Cautions Seasonable, his Observations Just, his Experiments true, His Vouchers Men of Credit, his Medicines Nicely Prepared, and all his Compositions admirably well Contrived. In a word, every Period of his Writings may furnish us with convincing Proofs of his Infinite Reading, clear Apprehension, solid Judgement, large Experience, and unsullied Integrity.  
As for the Abridgement, or Translation; I shall neither trouble the Reader nor myself with any Apology for it. If the Imperfections are only such, as, the hurry of the Press, the Injunctions of Booksellers, the limited Number of sheets, and the Common plea of oversights may account for, I have some Title to bespeak forgiveness of the Reader. If it be justly charged with grosser faults, I can offer no deference that's sufficient.   

THE CONTENTS  

OF THE Introduction.  
SECT. I. Of the General Virtues of Medicines. p. 3  
Sect. II. Of the Vital Functions of the Body. p. 5  
Sect. III. Of Acid, Alcalin, Pituitou, and Serous Cacochymies, or Corruptions of the Juices in the Body: p. 12  
Sect. IV. Of the Medicines that Evacuat the Corrupt Juices of the Body. p. 17 

Chap. I. Of Vomiting Medicines. Ibid.  
Chap. II. Of Purging Medicines. p. 25  
Chap. III. Of the Medicines that provoke Urine. p. 35  
Chap. iv Of the Medicines that procure Sweat. p. 38    
Sect. V. Of the Animal Faculty. p. 41  
Sect. VI Of the Choice of Practical Authors. p. 45   

The Contents of the First Book.  
SECT. I. Of the Appetit, and the Disorders 'tis Obnoxious to. p. 47 

Chap. I. Of the loss of Appetit. p. 48  
Chap. II. Of the Depravation of the Appetit. p. 56  
Chap. III. Of an Immoderate, or Dog-Hunger. p. 59    
Sect. II. Of the Disorders of Thirst. p. 62 

Chap. I. Of Immoderate Thirst. Ibid.    
Sect. III. Of Diseases relating to the Chewing Faculty. p. 66 

Chap. I. Of the Contorsion of the Muscles of the mouth, or a Dog-Cramp. Ibid.  
Chap. II. Of the Loss, Corruption, Blackness, Looseness, Numbness, and Chillness of the Teeth. p. 68    
Sect. IV. Of the Diseases that hinder swallowing. p. 72  
Sect. V. Of the hindrances of Chylification. p. 74 

Chap. I. Of Diseases Encumbering, or Extinguishing Chylification. p. 74  
Chap. II. Of Wind in the Stomac or Guts. p. 79    
Sect. VI Of the Diseases that hinder the Retention of Food in the Stomac. p. 83 

Chap. I. Of a Vomiting and Loathing of Meat. Ibid.  
Chap. II. Of a Vomiting of Blood. p. 87    
Sect. VII. Of Pains in the Stomac. p. 90  
Sect. VIII. Of disorders hindering the due separation of the Chyle from the Excrements in the Guts. p. 96  
Sect. IX. Of disorders relating to the Expulsion of the Excrements by Stool. p. 98 

Chap. I. Of the Diseases which impair the Evacuation by Stool. Ibid. 

Art. I. Of Costiveness. Ibid.  
Art. II. Of the Iliac Passion. p. 102    
Chap. II. Of the Diseases which enlarge the Quantity of Excrements voided by Stool. p. 106 

Art. I. Of a Looseness. Ibid.  
Art. II. Of the Disease called Cholera. p. 112  
Art. III. Of a Lienteria. p. 114  
Art. IV. Of the Looseness called Caeliaca. p. 115    
Chap. III. Of Depravations relating to the Expulsion of Excrements by Stool. p. 116 

Art. I. Of a Dysentery, Tenesmus, Hepatic Flux, and Itching of the Anus. Ibid.  
Art. II. Of the Piles. p. 125      
Sect. X. Of Worms in the Guts. p. 130  
Sect. XI. Of Pains in the Guts, and Particularly of the Colic. p. 132  
Sect. XII. Of the Vicious Postures of the Guts. p. 141 

Chap. I. Of Ruptures. Ibid.  
Chap. II. Of the Downfalling of the Anus. p. 144    
Sect. XIII. Of the Encumbrances of the Chyle in its Passage from the Guts. p. 146  
Sect. XIV. Of Diseases relating to the Lungs and Organs of Respiration. p. 150 

Chap. I. Of Inspiration Abolished, or Suffocation. p. 150  
Chap. II. Of Inspiration depraved, or difficult Breathing. p. 152 

Art. I. Of Asthmas. Ibid.  
Art. II. Of a Hiccough. p. 158  
Art. III. Of the Nightmare. p. 160    
Chap. III. Of Disorders relating to Expiration. p. 161 

Art. I. Of Immoderate Sneesing. Ibid.  
Art. II. Of disorders of the Voice. p. 162  
Art. III. Of a Cough. p. 164  
Art. IV. Of a Choking Catarh. p. 171      
Sect. XV. Of the Accidents that disturb the transformation of the Chyle, and fermentation of the Blood. p. 193 

Chap. I. Of Fevers in General. p. 195  
Chap. II. Of Intermitting Fevers. p. 204  
Chap. III. Of Continual Fevers. p. 230  
Chap. iv Of slow Fevers. p. 244 

Art. I. Of Catarrh-Feavers, or such as proceed from the Lymph, separated in the Round Globe-like Glandules ib.  
Art. II. Of Fevers proceeding from the Lymph of the Conglomerated Glandules, or such as are rolled into a Cluster p. 247    
Chap. V Of malignant Fevers p. 254  
Chap. VI Of the Small Pox and Measles p. 265  
Chop. VII. Of the Plague and Pestilential Fevers p. 273    
Sect. XVI. Of Disorders relating to the Blood's motion from the Heart to the outer Parts p. 281 

Chap. I. Of the Palpitation and Trembling of the Heart. p. 282  
Chap. II. Of Swoonings. p. 286    
Sect. XVII. Of Nutrition: p. 290 

Chap. I. Of a Consumption and Phthisic p. 291  
Chap. II. Of Immoderate Nutrition, or Corpulency. p. 300  
Chap. III. Of a Depraved Nutrition. p. 302 

Art. I. Of a Cachexy, Leucophlegmacy and Anasarca. Ibid.  
Art. II. Of a Universal Dropsy. p. 305  
Art. III. Of the Yellow, Black and White Jaundice. p. 314  
Art. IV. Of the French Pox. p. 318  
Art. V Of the Hypochondriacal and Scorbutical Diseases. p. 326  
Art. VI Of Breakings-out in the Skin. p. 346      
Sect. XVIII. Of Diseases hindering the regular Reflux of the Blood to the Heart. p. 353 

Chap. I. Of Inflammations. Ibid. 

Art. I. Of a Quinsey, Thrush and Falling of the Uuula, or  of the mouth. p. 356  
Art. II. Of Inflammations of the Stomac, Guts and Fundament. p. 360  
Art. III. Of Inflammations of the Mesentery, Sweetbread and Caul. p. 362  
Art. IV. Of Inflammations of the Internal Parts of the Breast, and Particularly of a Pleurisy and Peripneumonia. p. 364  
Art. V Of Inflammations and Ulcers of the Liver and Spleen. p. 371  
Art. VI Of Inflammations and Ulcers of the Kidneys. p. 373  
Art. VII. Of Inflammations and Ulcers of the Bladder. p. 375  
Art. VIII. Of a Frenzy, or Inflammation of the Membrans of the Brain. p. 377  
Art. IX. Of the  and Spurious Inflammations of the Eyes p. 378  
Art. X. Of Inflammations and Ulcers in the Ears. p. 383    
Chap. II. Of the Effusion of Blood into the Cavities of the Body, and Particularly of an Empyema p. 384  
Chap. III. Of a Bleeding, or the Bursting of the Blood Vessels p. 389 

Art. I. Of Bleeding at the Nose and Gums. p. 394  
Art. II. Of a Spitting of Blood. p. 396      
Sect. XIX. Of Diseases relating to the Alterations of the Blood in the Spleen, Liver and Kidneys. p. 399 

Chap. I. Of Distempers relating to the separation of Serum in the Kidneys. p. 401 

Art. I. Of an Ischuria in the Kidneys, or a Suppression of Urine arising from the want of a due separation in the Reins. Ibid.  
Art. II. Of the Stone in the Kidneys. p. 405  
Art. III. Of a Diabetes, or Excessive flux of Urine. p. 414  
Art. IV. Of a Pissing of Blood. p. 416    
Chap. II. Of Diseases relating to the Expulsion of Urine from the Bladder. p. 418 

Art. I. Of a total suppression of Urine, arising from its stay in the Bladder. Ibid.  
Art. II. Of the Stone in the Bladder. p. 421  
Art. III. Of the Incontinence of Urine. p. 422  
Art. IV. Of a Strangury. p. 424  
Art. V Of a Dysuria, or Heat of Urine. p. 425      
Sect. XX. Of Diseases relating to the separation of Lymph in the Glandules, and its regular motion: p. 427 

Art. I. Of Catarrhs. p. 428  
Art. II. Of a Coryza. p. 431     

The Contents of the Second Book.  
SECT. I. Of the Diseases which disturb the Generation and Distribution of the Animal Spirits, and Consequently the due performance of sense and motion. p. 433 

Chap. I. Of Immoderate Watch. p. 435  
Chap. II. Of Excessive sleep. p. 438    
Sect. II. Of the External Senses. p. 444 

Chap. I. Of Diseases relating to the Eyes. Ibid.  
Chap. II. Of the Disorders of the Ears. p. 455  
Chap. III. Of the sense of feeling, and the disorders 'tis obnoxious to. p. 460 

Art. I. Of Pain in General. p. 461  
Art. II. Of sharp tearing Pains in the Joints. p. 463  
Art. III. Of the Toothache. p. 465  
Art. IV. Of the Aches of the Eyes. p. 467  
Art. V Of Pains in the Ears. p. 468  
Art. VI Of head-aches. p. 469  
Art. VII. Of Arthritic Pains. p. 476    
Chap. iv Of the Disorders of the Sense of Tasting p. 481  
Chap. V Of the disorders of the sense of smelling. p. 484    
Sect. III. Of the disorders of the Internal Senses and Animal Functions. p. 487 

Chap. I. Of a swimming in the Head and Preternatural Commotion of the Spirits in the Brain. p. 488  
Chap. II. Of the Irregular Incursions of the Spirits into the External Parts. p. 492 

Art. I. Of Alternat Convulsions, and the Epilepsy or Falling Sickness. p. 493  
Art. II. Of a Cramp, or continued Contraction. p. 503  
Art. III. Of Trembling.    
Chap. III. Of the Diseases in which the Animal Spirits cease to move. p. 507 

Art. I. Of an Apoplexy. Ibid:  
Art. II. Of Particular Apoplexies. p. 520  
Art. III. Of a Palsy. p. 523    
Chap. iv Of the Deficiency of Rational Operations. p. 532 

Art. I. Of the Defect of Memory and Stupidity. Ibid.  
Art. II. Of Doting, or Deliriums in General. p. 536  
Art. III. Of Deliriums' arising from Internal Causes, viz. Frenzies, Melancholy and Madness. p. 537  
Art. IV. Of Deliriums from External Causes. p. 553       

The Contents of the Third Book. Of the Diseases Peculiar to the Male Sex.  
SECT. I. Of the Disorders of the Genital Liquor in men's Bodies. p. 557 

Chap. I. Of the Defect or Insufficiency of the Genital Liquor in Men. p. 558 

Art. I. Of the Inflammation of the Testicles. p. 561  
Art. II. Of a Pueumatocele, or Distension of the Stones by Wind. p. 562  
Art. III. Of a Hydrocele, or Collection of Water within the Membrans of the Stones. p. 563  
Art. IV. Of the Schirrous swell of the Stones. p. 564  
Art. V Of a Sarcocele, or fleshy swelling of the Stones. p. 565  
Art. VI Of the Distension of the Spermatic Veins, or Hernia Varicosa. p. 566    
Chap. II. Of the Irregular Ejaculation of the Seed. Ibid. 

Art. I. Of a Running, or Involuntary Emission of the Genital Liquor. Ibid.  
Art. II. Of the Overhasty Ejaculation of the seminal matter. p. 571  
Art. III. Of the Over-slow Ejaculation of the seminal matter. Ibid.  
Art. IU. Of Caruneles in the Yard, hindering the Ejection of Seed. p. 572      
Sect. II. Of disorders relating to the Erection of the Yard. Ibid. 

Chap. I. Of Impotency, or the Defect of Erection of the Yard. p. 573  
Chap. II. Of the Immoderate Erection of the Yard. p. 574  
Chap. III. Of the Depravation of the Erection of the Yard. p. 576     

The Contents of the Fourth Book. Of Diseases Peculiar to Women.  
SECT. I. Of the Disorders of the Menstrual Flux. p. 578 

Chap. I. Of the Deficiency of the Terms. p. 579  
Chap. II. Of the Immoderate Flux of the Terms. p. 584  
Chap. III. Of the Depravation of the Menstrual Flux. p. 587 

Art. I. Of Vneasyness attending the Menstrual Flux. Ibid.  
Art. II. Of the lesser Quantity of the Monthly Flux. p. 589  
Art. III. Of the Flux of the Terms by Drops. Ibid.  
Art. IU. Of several other defaults of the Terms. p. 590    
Chap. iv Of the Whites, or White Flux. p. 591    
Sect. II. Of the Disorders of Women, relating to the Venereal Appetit. p. 594 

Chap. I. Of the Loss of Virginity. Ibid.  
Chap. II. Of the Depravation of the Venereal Appetit. p. 595    
Sect. III. Of the disorders of the whole Body supposed to proceed from the Womb. p. 597 

Chap. I. Of the Green Sickness. Ibid.  
Chap. II. Of a Cachexy in Women. p. 598  
Chap. III. Of the Hysteric Passion. p. 600    
Sect. IV. Of the disorders of Women denying Admission to Men. p. 604 

Chap. I. Of the Downfalling of the Womb. Ibid.  
Chap. II. Of the Inflammation of the Womb. p. 606  
Chap. III. Of Ulcers in the Womb and Vagina. p. 607    
Sect. V. Of Disorders relating to Conception. Ibid.  
Sect. VI Of the Conduct of Bigbellyed Women. p. 612  
Sect. VII. Of Disorders relating to Childbirth. p. 615  
Sect. VIII. Of the Management of Women in Childbed. p. 620  
Sect. IX. Of Disorders relating to Suckling. p. 627   

The Contents of the Fifth Book.  
Of the Diseases of Children. p. 630   

The Contents of the Sixth Book. Of Surgery. 644  
CHAP. I. Of Tumours. p. 645  
Chap. II. Of Wounds. p. 658  
Chap. III. Of Ulcers. p. 666  
Chap. iv Of Dislocations. p. 671  
Chap. V Of Fractures. p. 673  
Chap. VI Of a Gangrene, or Sphacelus p. 675    

AN ABRIDGEMENT OF Etmullerus' Practice of Physic, etc.  

THE INTRODUCTION.  
HAving undertaken to compile a System of Physic, I am obliged, in the first place, to distinguish the Common and Ordinary Practice from that which is Uncommon and Extraordinary. The former is, as yet, very Lame, by reason of the Scarcity of Chemical and Anatomical Experiments; which occasions our Ignorance of the Radical Causes of Diseases, and leaves only some occasional Symptoms to build the Theory upon. Nor is it less deficient in Generous and Proper Remedies, which might effectually accomplish the Design, with less Violence and Torture to the Stomach; Such as Paracelsus, Helmont, and other Noted Chemists have distinguished themselves by.  
The Extraordinary Practice differs from the former, both in the Nature of its Remedies, which are all Arcana's, though otherwise never so common: And in the manner of their Operation, which is generally performed by Sympathy, Enchantment, or some such Secret way. This I reserve to the Latter End; and shall now confine myself to the Ordinary Practice, which I endeavour to make as perfect and complete as possible, both in its conformity to Chemical and Anatomical Observations, and in the choice of  and Proper Remedies.  
I propose to discourse of All Diseases incident to Human Bodies: And in Tracing every Disease, shall observe the following method.  
First, To give the History of the Disease, the Manner of its Invasion, and the Signs which generally accompany it.  
Secondly, To describe the Part affected, whether mediately, by being influenced from another; or immediately, by the Residence of the Morbific Cause within its self.  
Thirdly, The Causes of every Distemper, both Radical and Occasional.  
Fourthly, What Prognostics we can have of the Event of every Distemper.  
And, Fifthly, To subjoin the Method of Cure, both General and Special; the Nature of the Remedies, whether Simple or Compound, Universal or Specific: Together with Historical Cases, and Practical Observations applied to every Disease.  
But some things are necessary to be premised, before we launch into the Practice.  
Whoever would understand it thoroughly, must be well acquainted with the Principles of Chymy and Mechanics. The former are serviceable in explaining the Vital Functions of the Body, and the latter in the Animal Musculary Motion: For Nature has acted Geometrically in framing our Bodies, as well as in every thing else.  
The remaining Preliminary Principles that a Student ought to know, before he Commence the Practice of Physic, are briefly couched under the following Heads.  

SECT. I. Of the General Virtues of Medicines.  
AS the Oeconomy of Man's Body is only explicable by the different Forms, Sizes, and Various Combinations of the Minute Particles, of which every Body is compounded, according to the Principles of Mechanism: So the Virtues of Medicines may best be deduced from the same Cause: Especially since Occult Qualities are now hissed out of Doors; and the four first Elementary Principles of Cold, Hot, Dry and Moist, are more Imaginary than Real. This Particular Disposition and Texture of Parts, that entitles all Medicines to their Respective Specific Qualities, is Originally owing to the Seed; and may properly be called the Seminal Disposition. As for Example, Scurvygrass is a Specific against the Scurvy; not because it is Hot, or enjoys such an Occult Quality; but because it enjoys such a Texture of Parts, that makes it a subtle penetrating Body, fit for altering and subduing the Acid Scorbutical Matter. Now its precise Seminal Virtue is not Common to all its Parts, but peculiar to a sharp Volatile Salt, couched within its Body, that actuates the other Earthy Particles. And indeed the Various Exaltation, or Depression of Acid or Alcali Salts, is the distinguishing Character of all their respective Textures; because the Saline Particles are more active, and produce more Notable Effects than any of the rest; tho 'tis probable all of 'em Originally may have sprung from Water.  
Thus, such Medicines were by the Ancients accounted Hot, as by their sharp pointed Particles affect the Tongue and Palate, the same way as Fire is wont to do; or by Virtue of a Volatile Oily Salt, dissolve the Mass of Blood, and augment its Fermentation. Those of a contrary Virtue they styied Cold; Such are all Acid or Nitrous Medicines. Those they called Dry, which either drink in the moisture of the Body, as Burnt Hartshorn, etc. or open a Door for its Passage, as all Sudorifics. Those Moist, that either supply moisture, as all Nourishing and Liquid Things; or give a stop to its Consumption, as Quieting, Pacific Medicines.  
All Medicines fit for Conquering a prevailing Acid, or Alcali, in the first Passages, were by the Ancients called Aperitive. I choose rather to christian 'em Alterative. If they are Antiacids, they perform their Task by imbibing the peccant Acid, as Steel and all Earth's; or qualifying its sharpness, as Oily fat Medicines; or fermenting with it, so as to work it into a Third Compound, as all Ascalis, both Fixed and Volatile. If their business be to conquer Alcalis, they reduce the Bile, or any other Vicious Alcali, to its true Temperature, by opposing themselves to their Extremes. For 'tis the Disproportioned Mixture of the Juices, in the first ways, that destroys the Natural Fermentation of the Blood, and is the Source of all Chronical Distempers, commonly, but falsely, imputed to Obstructions. And all remedies capable of reducing them from either Extreme, are what I call Alteratives in General; But are distinguished by several particular Names corresponding to their special Qualities. As those of an Oily Mucilaginous Body, and free from any Predominant salt, are called Softening, Suppurating, Expectorating, Incrassating, Anodyne, etc. Opposite to them are the Astringents, of a Styptic, Austere Body, Compounded of Earth and an Acid Salt, which thicken fluid humours, and eontract the fibres of the Parts, as Alum, etc. Those that are most Famous for making head against Acids, are sometimes termed Febrifugas, by reason of their Noted Virtue in Intermitting Fevers; and sometimes Vulnerary, by reason of their healing Virtue. Such as have a sharp penetrating Salt, whether Acid or Alcali, are Attenuating, Discussing, etc. Those endowed with a Volatile Oily Salt, a piercing Smell, and a grateful Taste, are Aromatic, Carminative, Cephalic, etc. and are commonly used for Cordials. Those of a Volatile Salt, apt to dissolve the Mass of Blood, are Diuretic, Sudorific and Alexipharmacal.  
These are the General Classes of all remedies used in Physic. Such of 'em as are more Universal, and Answer more Indications are to be most esteemed. As Opium, Shall volatile Oleosum, and the fixed Sulphurs of Minerals and Metals; which are all useful in an infinity of Cases; and are upon that account Entitled to a preference, before others of a narrower extent.   

SECT. II. Of the Vital Functions of the Body.  
HAving touched upon the Virtues of Medicines and their manner of Operation, the next thing is to consider the Subject or Body upon which the Operation is performed. It's structure presents us with some gross material Parts, and some more subtle and active, which serve to inform and actuate the other. The former represent the External Fabric of an Ingenious Machine; the latter the Internal Wheels and Springs of Motion.  
The Ancients imagined our grosser part to be compounded of the four first Elements, but without either Reason or Experience. I deny not but that there are such things as Water, Earth and Air, which make up the greatest part of our Terraqueous Globe; but I doubt much, if they and fire are the first and simplest Ingredients of all Compounds.  
Indeed as to Water, I do not dispute the point. Thales and Helmont have clearly made it out, that all things consist of Water. But as for fire, the Modern Experiments do sufficiently prove, that 'tis nothing else but a division of the smaller Particles of fat Acids, such as we call sulphurous, by means of the Air; from whence heat and light must necessarily ensue. We see that flame is only a further rarefaction of the same Particles that, when more condensated, appear in smoke; and a little more Condensation converts smoke into soot; and the Oil of Soot, which is a fat Acid, differs from all the three, as they from one another, by a further or lesser degree of Rarefaction or Condensation. Thus the Various Conjunction, Separation, or Transposition of the same Minute Particles, is the Original of the Generation and Corruption of different Bodies. Therefore our modern Philosophers have thought fit to departed from the common Elementary Road, and search for the Elements of Bodies among these minute particles, which by combining or separating from one another, in greater or lesser proportions, altar the Constitutions of Bodies, and transform 'em into others of a different mould. See the Hovourable Mr. Boyl of the Original of Forms and Qualities.  
As I take it, these Particles that enter into the Composition of all Bodies, and are the most immediate Elements into which they resolve, may be justly divided into four Classes. 1. The Saline Particles which are either Acids, Alcalis, or Nitrous. 2. The Fat Oily Parts. 3. The Watery, and 4. The Earthy. These I say, are the most immediate Principles of dissolved Body's. I do not advance them for the first and simplest, nor for the last; for even these may be resolved into others, and most of 'em into Water. Perhaps the Watery Particles have a better Title to that Character. The various twisting of 'em together, according to the respective seminal Virtue, may give rise to most, if not all, Compounds; which dissolve into Water again, when the seminal Power ceases to operate.  
Our Body is immediately framed of these four sorts of Particles, especially of Salt and Sulphur; which are the chief Ingredients of the Blood, Chyle and other Juices. The seminal Power determines 'em to such a particular concretion as appears in our Organs; and the respective Texture and Proportion established among 'em, is the Gage and Measure of our Temperaments.  
The Changes that happen to Bodies, are chief occasioned by the Activity and Various Engagements of the Saltish Particles. Fermentation and Effervescency, which are the most remarkable motions in our Bodies, are totally owing to them. The former, is an Intestine motion of the minute Particles, occasioned by the mutual Jars of Acid and Alcali salts, which disturbs all the other parts, and terminates either in the final dissolution of the Body, or such an alteration, as a New Union and Temperature of the Salts may allow of. Effervescency or Boiling is a much stronger motion, occasioned by the greater Purity, and Sharpness of the Salts.  
The more subtle penetrating parts of our Body are the Principle of Life and Action. When they cease to perform their wont motions, death takes place. Their regular and undisturbed motions are the measure of Health; and the least disorder among 'em is justly called a Disease.  
They are nothing else but the Subtler and more Volatile Parts of the Blood separated in the Brain; which by Reason of their Activity are called Spirits, though in effect material, divisible and liable to Corruption. When they are mixed with the Blood, and serve to enliven and exalt its Mass, Accompanying it through all the Parts of the Body, they are called Vital Spirits, and are employed in Vital Functions; but when they're Lodged in a different Apartment, and Confine 'emselves to the Nerves and Brain, they are engaged in the Animal faculty. In this Office they resemble the Bodies of Light, and are therefore called Incid; but in the other they, firelike, exalt and elevate the Blood. Vid. Willis. de Anim. Brutor.  
There is nothing more Conducive to a regular Practice of Physic, than a right understanding of these two Faculties; and the several disorders they're obnoxious to. The Animal faculty depends upon the regular motion of the Spirits, and a sound Constitution of the Brain and Nerves. This I design to treat of Anon. The Vital faculty consists in the regular motion of the Blood, Chyle, and the other Juices. The external motion of the Blood is its Circulation, but its Intestine motion is what we call a Fermentation. Both these must be preserved in their due tenor.  
The Encumbrances of Circulation are removed or prevented by Sudorifics, which attenuate and dissolve the Blood; and put it into a swifter, but equal motion. But the more present relief is from Blood-letting; which lessens the quantity of the Blood, and makes way for a frecer Circulation, by emptying the Vessels; or to speak with the Ancients Evacuates and Ventilates the Blood. 'Tis indifferent what Vein be opened, when we only design to evacuate or lessen the quantity; for that will certainly follow, open what Vein ye will. So in a General Plaethora, all choice of Veins is ridiculous. But if there be any particular Inflammation, that seizes only one particular Member, than indeed Cases are altered. Not that I establish, even then, any necessity of distinguishing Veins in one and the same Member. As if there be an Indication for letting Blood in the Arm, I think 'tis much at one, whether the Cephalic, Median, or Basilic Vein be opened. But 'tis chief in regard of the Superior and Inferior Regions of the Body, that a difference must be observed. The Heart is the Centre of the Body, and divides the Upper Region from the Lower: Now if there happen any Inflammation in the Upper Parts, opening a Vein in the Lower Regions, as in the Foot, diverts the Blood; for the descending branch of the Aorta, being thereby in some measure emptied, the blood will more plentifully flow into it, than into the ascending branch, where the Stoppage, or Inflammation blocks up its way. This is called an Universal Revulsion. A particular Revulsion, or Aversion, is when a Vein is opened in the same Region and Neighbourhood with the part affected; as if in a Quinsey they let blood in the Arm. If the very next Vein, or the Vein through which the standing blood must naturally return to the Heart, be opened, 'tis called a Derivation. As in a Quinsey, we first make a General Revulsion by bleeding in the Foot, to divert the Universal Mass of the blood from feeding the Inflammation. Then for a more particular Revulsion; we bleed in the Arm, in order to draw off the stagnating blood, through a Neighbouring Channel. If this do not take off the Inflammation quite, we breathe a Vein under the Tongue, in order to disengage and evacuate the standing blood, that ought naturally to pass that way. In this Sense all these Celebrated Effects of blood-letting, are very consistent with the Rules of Circulation; which, in the Sense of the Ancients, were altogether unexplicable. But the Universal Revulsion must always lead the Van, for fear a particular one should increase the Inflammation, by inviting the blood to the Adjacent Parts.  
I'll only stay to present you with a Remarkable Instance of the bad Consequences an ill-timed Aversion, or Derivation, may produce. I borrow it from Lindanus, in his Practical Comment upon Hartman. A Surgeon of Amsterdam was seized with an Inflammation in his Right Eye. He sent for some Old Physician, that ordered him to be bled in the Right Arm: Accordingly he was bled, which sensibly Augmented the Inflammation. The next day the Oracle was consulted again. He, to mend the matter, ordered him to be bled in the Left Arm; the Consequence of which was, that his Left Eye was inflamed, though formerly untouched. The Third Day, the Old Gentleman persisting stiffly in his wont Course, ordered bleeding in the Right Arm again; the performance of which made him quite blind in the Right Eye. And afterwards, to make all Odds even, he was bled again in the Left Arm, which heightened the Inflammation of the Left Eye to the last degree. In this extremity he sent for a more skilful Practitioner, who only let him blood in the Foot, and immediately the Inflammation began to assuage. The cause of such Accidents is very plain. For the quantity of the blood not being diminished before, and a Door being opened to it in the Arm, it will naturally crowd upwards, where meeting with Obstructions in the Passages, it cannot but accumulate and augment the Inflammation. A Universal Revulsion in the opposite Region of the Body ought to have Ushered it in; which would have prevented all the Inconveniencies that happened. So much for the Circular motion of the Blood, and the means of preserving or retrieving it.  
The fermentation of the Blood is occasioned by the Activity of the Acid and Alcali salts, which entertain a perpetual Intercourse with the Sulphurous, Watery and Earthy Particles. The different Proportions established among 'em, by the Radical Power of the Seed, do vary this motion, which is peculiarly Calculated for every individual temperament. This Idosin, crazy, or Seminal property, is the Standard and Rule of the Natural fermentation. When it swerves from that, it is called, a Cacochymy, or Corruption of the Juices; which is nothing else but the disproportion and degeneracy of these Saline Particles, and the irregular motions that ensue thereupon. If the prevalency of an Acid Salt have occasioned it, 'tis called an Acid depravation of the Juices; if an Alcali or Urinous Salt, it goes by that Name. These are the only possible causes of a Cacechymy. If either of these Predominant Salts be lodged in a Watery or Serous Humour, it gives rise to a Catarrh, or serous Corruption. If the Humour be Phlegmatic and Viscid, 'tis called Pituitous, or Chylous. The Melancholy Cacochymy of the Ancients is only a Predominant Acid, which must either be Serous or Pituitous, according to the humour in which 'tis seated. The Bilious, is a Volatile Oily Salt degenerated from its Natural Symmetry. So all the different kinds may be reduced to these two Branches, of Acid and Alcali.  
An Acid Depravation of the Juices, is occasioned by the Prevalency or Indisposition of the Acid Salts. If they are too plentiful, they thicken the blood, and retard its Circulation. If they are otherwise corrupted, as too Rancid, Austere, or Viciously Salt, etc. They create several irregular effervescencies in the blood, such as we frequently meet with in Scorbutic and Hysteric Constitutions. These Corruptions of Acid Salts, may be owing to the Cold Air (which seems to be impregnated with a hidden Acid) Acid Food, or Liquors, Grief, Care, Sorrow, Neglect of Exercise, and such like Errors in the use of the six not Natural things; which either augment their quantity, or whet and sharpen 'em beyond their Natural State. The urinous or Alcalin Depravation, is occasioned by the disproportion or corruption of the Volatile Urinous Salts, which, when mixed with Sulphur, Compose the Bile. If they're too Copious in the Body, if too sharp and pointed, if too Oily or Fat, or otherwise degenerated from their Seminal Properties, they Create Infinite disorders in the mass of blood. Their Corruption may be owing to Aromatic, Sharp, or Penetrating Food, immoderate Watch, Exercises, Anger, and such like Passions, which contribute to their unnatural Increase or Depravation.  
The General Causes of all Cacochymical dispositions may be divided into three Classes.  
First, The formal efficient cause of all diseases is the Spirits; which, are equally the cause of all natural and unnatural motions.  
Secondly, The occasional and material cause inclining and disposing the Spirits to perform such perverse Actions; which according to Hypocrates, is the Disproportion and Intemperate quality of the minute Particles, that refuse to Assimilate, or Incorporate with the Spirits, and so provokes 'em to irregular motions.  
Thirdly, The remote and mediate cause, is the Errors and Imperfections of Digestion, especially of the first performed in the Stomac; which is the Foundation of all other Digestions, and, if deficient, perverts all the Juices in the Body.  
The method of curing all Cacochymies, or, which is the same thing, all irregular fermentations in the blood, is first to retrieve the Natural qualities of the Juices and their minute Particles, by Altering Medicines, and then to Evacuate the Corrupt Juices to prevent any further Infection. The general Alteratives are such as Correct a peccant Acid or Alcali, and reduce the Particles to their due Symmetry and Proportion. Besides, there are some specific Alteratives which are peculiarly Calculated for the respective Circumstances of the Corrupt Acid or Alcali. For one Acid may differ vastly from another, according to the infinite ways of Corruption 'tis liable to, and consequently may produce very different, if not contrary, effects. 'Tis true, we cannot have, à-priori, any Circumstantiat account of their distinguishing Characters: but the effects they produce, and the influence of medicines attested by Experience, may lead unto know somewhat of their difference; and accordingly to distinguish the specifics that we find successful in Vanquishing one sort of Acids or Alcalis, but are not capable of gaining the like Victory over others of the same General Class. This may be set in a clearer light, by the following Example. 'Tis an unquestionable truth, that Pleurisies, Stranguries, Ulcers in the Kidneys, Heart-Burn, Loosenesses, Gout, Gravel, etc. may all be owing to Vicious Acids. The General Alteratives that are opposed to Acids are convenient in them all, and are fit to usher in the specific Cure; which they cannot of themselves Compass. For 'tis not one and the same sort of Acid, that is the Predominant in all these Instances. In one, 'tis an Acid that congeals the blood, and occasions Pleuritic Pains; in another it is an Acid that sharpens the Urine and Occasions a Strangury; Accordingly we find that tho' all fixed Alcalis are not inconvenient in Pleurisies, yet the Powder of Boars Teeth and Pike Teeth, are specific Antidotes against that particular Acid that then prevails; as Crabs Eyes are in a Strangury. The like might be said of all the rest.  
This consideration Hypocrates had in his view, in his Incomparable Treatise de Veteri Medicina, where he passionately expels the general Elementary Qualities, both from the Theory and Practice of Physic; and recommends to all Practitioners, as in a manner the whole of their business, to inquire nicely into the Subdivisions and Specific differences of the General things; especially to the difference of tastes, whether Bitter, Sweet, Salt, Insipid, and a Thousand such marks of distinction, which are to direct us in the choice of such Specific Remedies, as are peculiarly levelled against the particular qualities of the morbific matter. These you may expect in the separate and particular description of every disease, and the method of its Cure.   

SECT. III. Of Acid, Alcalin, Pituitou, and Sercus Cacochymies, or Corruptions of the Juices in the Body.  
IF the Indisposition be owing to a prevailing Acid, it ought to be Corrected by Alcali's. These may be divided into the Vegetable, Animal, and Mineral Classes.  
The Vegetable furnishes us with the urinous and Ashy Salts of Wormwood, Centaury, etc. Which destroy the Acid, and transform it into another concrete. With Spices, Aromatic herbs, such as Mint, Fennel, etc. And Oily Sulphureous medicines, that take off the edge of the Acid Parts. Some of these are prepared by Distillation, and some by Expression; but the former are more effectual, such as Spirit of Wine, Water-Cresses, Scurvygrass, etc. And the Distilled Oils of Mace, Cloves, etc. Camphyr and its Productions belong to this Family.  
In the Animal Class we have the Spirits and Volatile Salts extracted from the parts of Animals. Such as the Spirits of Hartshorn, Urine, Shall armoniac, etc. Which are of great use in all Acid Constitutions. The hard and friable Parts of Animals are likewise very proper. As Crabs Eyes, Burnt Hartshorn, etc.  
The Mineral Province affords us very Powerful Medicines, not Inferior to those of the other two. Such as are Diaphoretic Antimony, and the fixed Sulphurs of other Minerals: Earth's, Stones and Metals, as Chalk, sealed Earth, and several Metallic Productions. Whatever partakes of Gold or Silver, is of noted excellency in subduing the inveterat Acids, that proceed from Wine, and are peculiar to Gouty Constitutions. Led and its Salt, called Saccharum Saturni, have that property of assuming a sweet taste, when they meet with Acids, and are thereupon Entitled to the Character of Alkali's. But above all, Steel may justly claim a preference. And all remedies that have it for their Basis, are certianly the most Sovereign Conquerors of Acids.  
These are the remedies we use for Correcting Acids in General, which may be prescribed after this or the like manner.  
Take of prepared Crabs Eyes, Red Coral prepared,  Hartshorn of each a scruple, Salt of Tartar, and Wormwood of each fifteen Grains, distilled Oil of Cloves and Cumin. of each twelve drops, and four or five Grains of Laudanum Opiatum, Prepared by fermentation. Mix all together; It will make a Powder for six or seven Doses. Or,  
Take of Crabs Eyes prepared a Dram and a half. Unicorn Mineral, Red Coral prepared, and burnt Hartshorn, of each half a Dram. Salt of Wormwood a Dram. Powder of Nutmegs two scruples. Mix all, and use it as the former Powder. Or,  
Take of Prepared Crabs Eyes a Dram, Cuttlebone half a Dram, red Coral Prepared, and Chalk, of each a scruple. Salt of Wormwood two Scruples; Nutmegs half a Dram. Make a Powder to be used as before. Or,  
Take of  Hartshorn, or prepared Spodium half a Dram, Red Coral, Salt Prunel, and sealed Earth, or Salt of Wormwood, of each half a scruple, make a Powder as before.  
These are to be used before Evacuation, in order to qualify and prepare the peccant Acid.  
Take Salt of Wormwood and Crabs Eyes prepared, of each half a Dram. Make a Powder for two Doses.  
Take of Carduus Benedictus and Fennel Water, of each an Ounce and a half. Spirit of Sal armoniac a Dram and a half, Crabs Eyes and Red Coral, prepared, of each fifteen Grains, Salt of Fumitory twelve Grains, distilled Oil of Cloves Six drops, Syrup of Mint one Ounce. Mix them for a draught.  
These are the common forms of Recipes against Acids in General, but steel is a peculiar specific for subduing a Acid in the first Passages.  
Sometimes we meet with an Austere Hypochondriac, or Hysteric Acid; which requires Volatile remedies. They may be prescribed in this or the like form.  
Take Margerum Water, Mint or Rosemary Water, of each an Ounce and a half, or two Ounces. Aquae Vita Matthioli, from three to six Drams. Essence of Castor a Dram and a half. Spirit of Sal armoniac, or instead of it Spirit of Hartshorn with Amber, from half a Dram to a Dram, Syrup of Fumitory from half an Ounce to six Drams. Mix all together and give a spoonful often.  
Sometimes we add fifteen or twenty four Grains of Red Coral and Crabs Eyes, or three or six drops of the distilled Oil of Cloves.  
An Alcalin Depravation must be cured by Acids. The vegetable Acids are Vinegar, Juice of Citrons, Berberis, Quenches, etc. The Acid Spirits are commonly extracted from Minerals, as the Spirit of Salt, Vitriol and Nitre; which last, if dulcified with Spirit of Wine, is of excellent use in a redundancy of Choler. It allays the Saline sharpness, and fixes that Volatile mobility which occasions preternatural Commotions. Mineral and Metalline Sulphurs mixed with Nitre, are very proper on the same occasion. Such as are Antimony Diaphoretic, and Bezoar Mineral, which qualify the sharp, and curb the inflammable Particles; They are likewise Pacific, and Evacuate the Particles thus fixed and corrected by the pores of the skin.  
Neither are the Composing Medicines, that partake of Opium, to be neglected in this case. 'Tis true, their cure is but Palliative; but the service they do in Composing the Spirits, and Quelling all irregular motions, do sufficiently justify their use.  
All Acid remedies augment the quantity of Acids in the Body. The Aromatic and Spirituous Liquors, the Volatile Salts as well sharp as Oily, and the bitter Ingredients which we generally exhibit in Intermitting Fevers, are all effectual restorers of the Volatile Oily Salt in the blood, and consequently of the Choler which it produces.  
If a sharp Volatile and Choleric Salt Reign in the Body, it commonly produces Thirst, Choleric Loosenesses, and such like symptoms that attend burning Fevers. The following prescriptions are usual in that case.  
Take of Tartar Vitriolated one Dram, the Salt called Arcanum Duplicatum half a Dram, or two Scruples, Bezoar Mineral one Scruple. Make a Powder for three Doses. Or,  
Take of Nitre Prepared with Antimony, or Arcanum Duplicatum half a Dram, Bezoar Mineral one Scruple. Mix them for two Doses. Or,  
Take of Nitre Prepared with Antimony half a Dram, Arcanum Duplicatum, Fifteen Crains, or one Scruple. Mix for a Powder.  
Take Powder of Ivory and Liverwort, of each half a Dram. Mix them for two Doses.  
Take Powder of Liverwort two Scruples, Crabs Eyes Prepared one Scruple. Make a Powder to be divided into three Parts.  
These Prescriptions are very useful, before Evacuation, where an Oily Volatile Salt prevails.  
Take Sorrel and Rasberry Water of each an Ounce and a half, fresh Juice of Citrons or Quinces one Ounce. Diaphoretic Antimony from one Scruple to one Dram. Bezoar Mineral from half a Scruple to a whole one. Syrup of Raspberries, six Drams or one Ounce. With a convenient quantity of the Spirit of Nitre dulcified, make a Julep. Dose two spoonfuls.  
Take of Rasberry Water three Ounces. Juice of Raspberries three Drams, Diaphoretic Antimony one Dram. Syrup of Raspberries half an Ounce. With the Spirit of Vitriol, as much as sufficeth for a grateful sharpness; Make a Julep.  
Thus I have hinted at the general Cures of Alcaline and Acid Corruptions. Besides these already mentioned, there are some Universal Remedies not confined to either side, but useful in both Cases. These are Emulsions extracted from the Milky Seeds, the distilled Oils of Vegetables, Gums, Mucilages, and the Sulphurous Productions of Minerals; which are all of a temperate Nature, and equally removed from either extreme.  
A Pituitous Cacechymy must be cured by Altering, Attenuating and Resolving remedies, Namely Alcali Salts, as well fixed as Volatile, the more penetrating Gums, and Generous Aromatics. The Morbific matter being viscid and tough, must be prepared and digested before we attempt any Evacuation. The common forms for Digestives are as follows.  
Take of Tartar Vitriolated, and the Salt called Digestivum Hypochondriacum of each fifteen Grains, Salt of Wormwood, and of Carduus Benedictus, of each half a Scruple. Mix for a Powder to be divided into two parts. Or,  
Take of Tartar Vitriolated one Dram, Salt of Carduus Benedictus half a Dram, flowers of Sal armoniac fifteen Grains. Mix them together, and divide the Powder into three Doses. Or,  
Take of Tartar Vitriolated half a Dram, Crabs Eyes prepared one Scruple, Salt of Tartar half a Scruple. Mix them for two Doses.  
Take Tartar Vitriolated half a Dram, Salt of Wormwood, Crabs Eyes prepared, of each fourteen Grains. Make a Powder to be divided into three or four Doses.  
Take of the Cream of Tartar one Dram, Tartar Vitriolated half a Dram, Salt of Wormwood and Cichory of each half a Scruple. Make a Powder and divide it into three equal parts. These Powders must be exhibited a Day or two before Evacuation.  
The following Powder is to be taken twice a Day, in the Morning before Dinner, and in the Afternoon two or three hours before Supper.  
Take of Sal armoniac depurated a Dram and a half, Mastic half a Dram, Cinnamom a Scruple, Salt of Wormwood six Grains. Mix them, and use as before directed.  
If Liquid forms are more acceptable, they may be prescribed thus,  
Take of Mint Water one Ounce, the Salt called Arcanum Duplicatum one Scruple, Crabs Eyes prepared half a Scruple, Salt of Tartar five Grains. Syrup of Hyssop half an Ounce. Mix them for a draught. Or thus,  
Take of Mint Water two Ounces, Cinnamom Water six Drams, Gum Ammoniac dissolved in Vinegar one Dram, Tartar Vitriolated one Scruple, Syrup of Roses one Ounce. Mix them for two or three Doses.  
A Serous Cacochymy is removed by the use of such remedies as alter the vicious serum, and evacuate it. These last mentioned are the subject of the ensuing Paragraph.   

SECT. iv Of the Medicines that evacuate the Corrupt Juices of the Body.  
AFter the use of altering Medicines, 'tis a proper season to exhibit those that evacuate the prepared humours. They are distributed into five Classes. The first contains those which operate by Vomiting. The Second, those which move the Belly, and perform their office by stool. Those of the Third pass by Urine. The Fourth by the Pores of the Skin. And Lastly, the Fifth is allotted to the Medicines which evacuate by Salivation. This last Class I have taken notice of elsewhere; but the other four I shall briefly run over.  

CHAP. I. Of Vomiting Medicines.  
THE Animal Family affords no Vomits that I know of, except the Pairing of the Nails of Human Bodies. Which we infuse in generous Wine over Night, and in the Morning give the strained Liquor to Drink. 'Tis an excellent Vomit.  
Among the Vegetables, Asarabacca is the safest and most successful Vomit. Dioscorides and the Ancients were not Ignorant of its efficacy. It Enjoys a sharp pungent salt resembling that of Ginger and Zedoary; which provokes Urine, Corrects the causes of Chronical distempers, and irritates the Fibres of the Stomach. I have known Inveterat Tertian and Quartan fevers, cured by the use of Asarabecca with white Pepper, that would not yield to any other Medicines.  
It may be given by way of Powder, Infusion, or Decoction. If it be exhibited in form of a Powder, it ought to be Pounded very fine; for the grosser Particles cannot enter into the Pleats of the Stomach; and being eluded there, procure to themselves a Passage by Stool. Its Dose is from half a Dram to a whole Dram.  
For a gentle Infusion we take Nine or Ten Green Leaves of Asarabecca, and chop 'em small, and infuse them for the space of a Night in four Ounces of Carduns Benedictus Water, and half an Ounce of Mead. In the morning let the strained Liquor be exhibited. 'Tis a gentle Vomit.  
For a stronger Infusion, take Nine Green Leaves of Asarabecca, Beat them in a Marble or Stone-Mortar, pouring simple Mead upon 'em, till ye have reduced them to a Juice. Then take this juice, and dilute it with two Ounces of Carduus Benedictus Water. 'Tis an Admirable Vomit.  
As for Decoction; Helmont, Zwelfer, and the Honourable Mr. boil, have observed, that if ye boil Asarabecca Roots in Water, they lose their Vomiting quality, and become Diuretic; whereas if ye boil them in Wine, 'tis an excellent Emetic. The Reason of which I take to be this, Viz. That their diuretic virtue proceeds from an essential salt not very Volatile; the saline Volatile Emetic parts being evaporated in boiling with Water: but Wine penetrates into the Texture of its body, before these Volatile salts are gone, and so partakes of their Virtue.  
If ye boil Asarabecca Roots in Mead, ye have a Noble Pectoral Medicine. It Attenuates the slimy humours in the Breast, and has no Emetic force.  
There are no other Vegetable Vomits, fit to be used. White Hellebor, 'tis true, was frequently exhibited by the Ancients. But they infused it in a sweet Wine which qualified its sharpness; and besides, the difference of Climates altars the Virtues of Medicines. I have seen very Tragical effects produced by white Hellebor, and therefore would not advise any to use it, except in one case, Namely Madness. 'Tis a specific for that disease, and is frequently attended with success, where Antimonial Vomits have proved ineffectual. Let it be used thus,  
Take of the Roots of White Hellebor one Dram, infuse it in Rhenish Wine, or rather macerate it in some hot place for the space of one Night. Then boil it; strain off this Wine and throw it away, for 'tis too sharp. And pour fresh Wine upon it, only to stand in infusion all Night. In the Morning exhibit a Dram and a half, or two Drams of the strained Liquor to the Mad Person: 'Tis a Medicine admirably fit for this case, and this only.  
In the Mineral Family, Antimony and Vitriol are the two noted Emetics. But Vitriol is not so Friendly to Nature as the former; it weakens the Body, and disorders the Stomach, whereas Antimony produces no such effects. The Vitrum Antimonii alone is of more use and efficacy than a Thousand others. In this Preparation, the Antimony is stripped of its External Acid Sulphur. And contains only some Vitriolic Particles which cause an Evacuation by provoking the Fibres of the Stomach to a Contraction; and an Internal fixed Sulphur, which Composes the Irregular motions of the Spirits, and Corroborates Nature. Upon this Account it may justly claim the Privilege of being preferred to all other Preparations, which rather cause than remove disorders.  
It must be exhibited in infusion with Rhenish Wine, or in the form of a Syrup. In substance 'tis both fallacious and hurtful. In adjusting the Doses of the Infusion, we must have a particular regard to the quantity of the Wine, and not to the Powder infused. For twenty Grains infused in three Ounces of Wine, are no stronger than the infusion of five Grains in the like quantity. Rhenish Wine is the best for infusing it in, by reason of its Acidity, and the easy Admission it vouchsafes to the Antimonial Particles.  
The same remarks are to be observed in the use of Crocus Metallorum, and Mercurius Vitae.  

As for Example.  
Take of Vitrum of Antimony, or Crocus Metallorum, or Mercurius Vitae, four, five, six, or eight Grains: infuse them in a sufficient quantity of Rhenish Wine. Let them stand in a warm place all Night. In the Morning strain the Wine through a Paper, and exhibit one Ounce, or at most an Ounce and a half, for a draught. If ye please, ye may add two Drams of Cinnamom Water.  
'Tis a pretty enough Contrivance that some have of an Antimonial Cup, into which they pour the Wine, and let it stand in some warm place for the space of a Day. Then strain it off, and exhibit as above.  
If a Syrup be more agreeable,  
Take of Crocus Metallorum two Drams and two Scruples. Infuse it for three Days in ten Drams of Wine Vinegar. Let it stand in some hot place, and shake the Vessel frequently. Then strain it off and add ten Drams of Loaf Sugar. Stop the Glass well, and clap it into hot Water, and the Sugar will dissolve. Some add a Dram of the Essence of Red Poppy Flowers. Or,  
Take four or five Drams of Vitrum Antimonii, infuse it in pure Wine Vinegar. Let them stand in digestion for some Days, and shake the Vessel now and then. After some time strain it, and add an equal quantity of Loaf Sugar. Make a Syrup. Dose three or four Drams, and to those that are very robust six Drams. Or thus,  
Take Glass of Antimony in Powder half an Ounce, or an Ounce. Infuse it in half a Pound, or a Pound of juice of Citrons, that has stood till it grew in some measure clear: Set them in a warm place for digestion, and shake the Glass frequently. Strain the Liquor, and with a sufficient quantity of Sugar boil it into a Syrup; which may be prescribed thus.  
Take of Mint Water six Drams, or an Ounce; Cinnamom Water two Drams; This Emetic Syrup half an Ounce; Syrup of Tobacco two Drams. Mix for a Draught. The Dose of the Emetic Syrup must be varied according to its Preparation.  
Some exhibit these Antimonial Emetics in the form of a Conserve or Bolus. As,  
Take of Vitrum Antimonii in Powder one Ounce; infuse it in a Pint of New Wine or Juice of Quinces. Let 'em stand for digestion for some Days, then strain it nicely through a Linen Cloth or Paper; and set the strained Liquor over a gentle fire, to evaporate to the consistence of Honey, or a soft Conserve. Ye may give about the bigness of a Pease or two.  
These are the safest and most usual Vomits; next to them is Emetic Tartar, which is an Antimonial Preparation, but may safely be given in Powder. 'Tis true, the general Maxim is, that all Antimonial Vomits ought to be given in infusion; but solid Emetic Tartar is in a manner the same with the infusion of Antimony in Wine. For Tartar being the Natural Production of Wine, is impregnated with the same Acid, that equally rejects the Grosser and Noxious Parts of the Antimony, as well in a solid as a liquid form.  
The best Preparation of Emetic Tartar is made from Vitrum Antimonii, thus,  
Take Glass of Antimony two Ounces, beat it up together with an equal quantity of Cream of Tartar, boil them in a sufficient quantity of Common Water, and strain the liquor while 'tis hot; then expose it to the Cold Air, and 'twill run into Crystals. Thus ye have Emetic Tartar both in a liquid and solid form. The common Dose is two or three Grains, or five to robuster Persons. In Madness and Melancholy distempers we are obliged to augment the Doses. The common form of Prescription is, as follows.  
Take of Emetic Tartar two, three, four or five Grains, Sugar refined six or ten Grains. Mix and make a Powder. Ye may add two drops of distilled Oil of Mint. Or, if ye desire it should move the Belly, two or three Grains of Scammony prepared with Sulphur, thus,  
Take two Grains of Emetic Tartar, two or three Grains of Scammony prepared with Sulphur, and four or five Grains of white Sugar. Mix and make a Powder. Which may be taken in a spoonful or two of Chicken Broth. The Sugar is added to give the Medicine a Body, lest so small a quantity as two or three Grains should be lost, or escape the view of the Patient.  
If a Bolus be more Acceptable.  
Take Conserve of Mint one Dram, Emetic Tartar two Grains, with a small quantity of Syrup of Cinnamom, make a Bolus. Or, take Rob of Juniper half a Dram, Emetic Tartar two Grains, Scammony prepared with Sulphur one Grain. With a sufficient quantity of the Syrup of Orange Peel, make a Bolus. The Sulphur of Antimony called Auratum, is likewise an Excellent Vomit, if it be well prepared; as thus,  
Take of Antimony, Tartar and Nitre, of each equal quantities. Melt the Antimony in a Crucible, then throw the Tartar and Nitre into it. Let the Sulphureous and Mercurial parts be separated by Detonation; and afterwards separate the Regular or refined part from the Dross. Dissolve the Dross in Common Water, and precipitate the Sulphur with a solution of Tartar. The Precipitation is best performed by Tartar, by reason that it Mitigates the Acidity. The Dose of this Sulphur is from five to six Grains. As,  
Take Cream of Tartar half a Scruple. Sulphur of Antimony right prepared six Grains, prepared Scammony two Grains, mix and make a Powder.  
These are the safest and mildest Vomits, which may suffice for a Thousand Cases. But sometimes when we meet with obstinate and inveterat distempers, we have recourse to Mercurial Emerods.  
Pure Mercury is a Metallin Alcali, which is easily fixed by the addition of Acids, and set at liberty by Alkalis. But all Acids are not equally capable to fix it. The Spirits of Nitre and Vitriol render it very fixed, whereas Spirit of Salt leaves it more Volatile. Thus Mercury prepared with the former is not so readily sublimated, as when joined with the latter. If ye dissolve Quicksilver in Spirit of Nitre, the Acid of the Spirit fixes the Mercurial Alcali, so that it remains at the bottom when ye draw off the Spirit. But if ye throw common salt into it, the Mercury precipitates, which by separation and sublimation yields a Powerful Corrosive. But after all, 'tis certain that liquid Mercury cannot be Coagulated, but by Acids. For Alcalis and Urinous salts restore it to its Natural freedom. Cinnabar is a mixture of Mercury with an Acid Sulphur that fixes it; Now if ye add salt of Tartar, Urine, or the like, it disengages the Mercury, and brings it to life again.  
The Common Mercury of the Shops is not this  Alcali that I've thus described, but Adulterated with Sulphur. It being liquid, is apt to mix with an Acid, so that we never find it pure: This Acid Sulphur is the hidden cause of Salivation, it attenuates and dissolves the viscid stubborn humours, and evacuates them by the Salivary Glandules; While the Mercurial Alcali absorbs the most fixed Acids in the Body, that would not yield to any other Medicine.  
Crude Mercury is a mild enough Medicine, at least its sharpness is so insensible, that it seldom procures either Stool or Salivation at first. I prescribed Crude Mercury to a Woman subject to the Iliac Passions, that had been constipated for a long time. I ordered her three Ounces to be drunk with her other liquors, and continued the use of it ●ill she had four and twenty Ounces in her Body. It produced no sensible effect till the fourth Day that she began to spit; and the viscid humours that the Mercury had attenuated were Copiously voided by stool. Thus Crude Mercury is inoffensive with regard to the solid parts. It does not irritate either the Stomach or Guts, to contract themselves and cast out what they contain. But only attenuates the viscid humours that block up the Passages, and prepares 'em for a spontaneous Evacuation.  
To return to Mercurial Vomits; Mercury being of itself uncapable to provoke the Stomach, must be mixed with an Acid in order to become Emetic. The more it partakes of the Acid, the more fiercely it operates. If the Acid Spirit in which 'tis dissolved be drawn off with a gentle fire, and but once; 'tis a dangerous Medicine and scarce fit to be used. But if the Acid be sufficiently taken off either by a greater force of fire, or reiterated Destillations, it becomes milder. The mixture of the Acid and the Mercurial Alcali make a Vitriol-like Concrete, which provokes Vomiting and moves the Belly; for all Cathartic Medicines taste like Vitriol.  
The best Emeric of all the Mercurial Family is Turbith Mineral. There are two ways of preparing it. The first was invented by Crollius, and 'tis this.  
Take half a Pound of Mercury and Infuse it in a Pound of rectified Spirit of Sulphur. Draw off the Spirit with a strong fire; and repeat the Distillation thrice. The fourth time add a little fresh Spirit, and continue to draw it off till the bottom of the Retort and the Sand become Red hot. Then take out the white Mass, or Caput Mortuum, and infuse it in Rain Water, or some Distilled Water. Let it stand and digest till it sweeten, that is, till all the sharpness of the Water be gone. Thus the white precipitat becomes yellow. Put this yellow precipitat into a Glass with a long Neck, and let it stand for digestion over a fire of Ashes for eight Days, that so the residue of the Mercury (if any there be) that is not fixed by the Acid, may be sublimated in the Head of the Glass. Then take the Powder that lies at the bottom, and kindle fresh Spirit of Wine thrice upon it.  
Here the Spirit of Sulphur is preferred to that of Vitriol, which generally retains some of its Mineral Particles, and by Virtue of their motions, if it stand any considerable space of time, grows muddy and hot. Spirit of Salt and Nitre are two extremes, from which that of Sulphur seems to be equally removed. Therefore Crollius preferred it to all other Acids. He chose Distilled Waters for sweetening the Precipitate, because Common Water is already Loaden with Salt, and therefore unfit to charge itself with Foreign Salts. This Turbith Mineral ought not to be given in Powder, lest it offend the Gums and Palate; Bolus' and Pills are Convenient forms.  
Take of Crollius' Turbith Mineral five Grains, Venice treacle, as much as sufficeth to make a Bolus. Or,  
Take the same quantity of Turbith Mineral, and with Juice of Spanish Liquorice reduce it to the consistence of Pills.  
The other preparation of Turbith Mineral, was first Communicated to the World by Mynsichtius. 'Tis as follows,  
Take Corrosive Sublimat Mercury and dissolve it in Common Water, then precipitate with the Oil of Tartar per deliquium. Take this precipitat and sweeten it often with a Distilled Water, or not Common Water, and kindle Spirit of Wine upon it several times.  
The Dose is from five Grains to six. It is a very Powerful Medicine in all inveterat Distempers arising from an Acid. It absorbs the Acid Particles, attenuates and evacuates the viscid humours.  
Salt of Vitriol is a Nauseous Medicine, and hurtful to the Stomac. It's Emetic Virtue seems to proceed from the oar of Copper of which it partakes. The Spirit of Sulphur, and Chalybeat Minerals which are its other Ingredients, are known to be no Vomits.  
Vomiting aught to be avoided by those who are Subject to a Rupture; by Childbearing Women, and such as are troubled with a down-falling of the Womb.    

CHAP. II. Of Purging Medicines.  
THE Humours evacuated by stool are Conveyed to the Guts, by the Passage of the Choler, or that of the Pancreatic Juice, or through the miliar Glandules inserted into the Coats of the Guts. The Mesaraic Veins cannot cast forth any serum, by reason that all secretion must needs be performed by Glandules.  
Our Purging Medicines are all prejudicial to the Stomac, except Aloe and Rhubarb. They are endowed with a certain Virulency that offends our Constitutions; and do equally assault both the Noxious and Nourishing Juices. If they do not meet with Corrupt Humours, they make a prey of the good ones. Accordingly we see that they weaken the Body, disorder the Spirits, and sometimes produce very dismal effects. Which obliges us to add Correctors to qualify and cicurate their Malignant Qualities.  
The Animal Family produces no Purgatives. The Vegetable Boasts of a great many, which are all endowed with a sharp Volatile Salt mixed with a viscid Oil. Fixed Salts are the most proper Correctors of Vegetable Purgatives, by reason that they open the resinous Textures, and remove the offending viscidity. Sometimes Fermentation produces the same effect. The Mineral Purging Medicines consist of a sharp Vitriolic Sulphur, which is admirably Corrected by adding Nitre.  
They all compass their end by twitching and vellicating the Coats of the Guts, or the Orifices of the Choleric and Pancreatic Passages; or by squeezing the Miliar Glandules, and so provoking them to an evacuation. Some Purging Medicines enter into the Blood, and dissolve its Mass. If there be any corrupt juices Incorporated with it, they carry them off. If there be none, they melt down the laudable Blood into serum, and dispose it for secretion.  
We are oppressed with a Numberless train of Purging Medicines, whereas one or two might Answer all our demands. Some few indeed, besides the evacuating Virtue, have a specific Relation to some Diseases, as black Hellebor to Melancholy, Rhubarb to the disorders of the Kidneys, and especially Coloquintida to all Acid Enormities. But by a modest Computation, five or six might be picked out that might very well suffice for all the Indications in Physic. These are, Jalap, Senna, black Hellebor, Aloe and Rhubarb, to which ye may add Scammony and Coloquintida, for quickening Ingredients.  
Jalap is a Root imported from Mexico. It's Purgative Virtue is owing to its resinous Oily parts which are strongly fixed by an Acid. For if ye extract the Resin out of it by Spirit of Wine, the remaining Caput Mortuum is robbed of its Purging Virtue. This discovers the error of many Physicians who order Jalap to be infused in Wine or Common Water, which are improper Vehicles for a resinous Body. It purges gently without throws or gripe. The excrements it evacuates are tinged with a yellow Colour. It agrees best with moist Constitutions; and is recommended by Borellus, as a specific in a Dropsy.  
If it be well Concocted in the first Passages, it not only evacuates but attenuates the humours. But the Resin of Jalap taken in solid Powder sticks to the pleats of the Stomach and Guts, causes a great many disorders, and sometimes a super-purgation. Whereas if it be dissolved with the Yelk of an Egg in any convenient liquor, it is easily concocted, and operates without any trouble. If Jalap be desired in a solid form, we prescribe thus,  
Take Cream of Tartar from fifteen Grains to a Scruple, Powder of Jalap ten, twelve, or fifteen Grains, and a drop or two of Distilled Oil of Annisseeds or Mace. Mix and make a Powder.  
If it want to be quickened, thus,  
Take Powder of Jalap ten, fifteen or sixteen Grains, Cream of Tartar, or Tartar Vitriolated, or the Salt called Arcanum Duplicatum, from twelve to fifteen Grains. Prepared Scammony one Grain or two. Distilled Oil of Anisseeds or Mace, or Cinnamon two drops. Mix and make a Powder as above. This is called the Purging Vegetable for many uses, or Purgans Vegetabile Polychrestum.  
The following prescription purges gently and does not Gripe.  
Take Powder of Jalap from half a Scruple to fifteen Grains, Nitre depurated half a Scruple (or four Grains of Nitre and the like quantity of Salt of Tartar) prepared Scammony one Grain or two, Distilled Oil of Anisseeds or Mace one or two drops. Mix and make a Powder. Or,  
Take Cream of Tartar one Scruple, Resin of Jalap half a Scruple, Salt of Tartar seven Grains, Distilled Oil of Anis-seeds two drops.  
If a Bolus be more acceptable than a Powder,  
Take of Conserve of Clovegilliflowers half a Dram, Cream of Tartar fifteen Grains, Powder of Jalap half a Scruple. Distilled Oil of Mace two drops. With a sufficient quantity of Solutive Syrup of Roses make a Bolus. Or,  
Take of the Pulp of Raisins two Drams, Powder of Jalap one Scruple, Scammony prepared with Sulphur one Grain. With a sufficient quantity of the Syrup of Fumitory make an Electuary.  
For Pills prescribe thus,  
Take of Extractum Catholicum twelve Grains. Resin of Jalap four Grains, the extract of Trochisci Alhandal two Grains. Mix for Pills.  
For a liquid form, thus,  
Take of Spirit of Wine, or of any other rectified Spirit one Pint, of the Roots of Jalap four Ounces, Citron Peel six Drams; Saffron five Grains. Let them stand in a warm infusion, then strain the liquor and reserve it for use: 'Tis called Essentia Citrata, and may be given from half an Ounce to six Drams. Or,  
Take of Hyssop Water one Ounce, Cinnamon Water three Drams. Powder of Jalap fifteen Grains. Extract of Trochisci Alhandal two Grains. Syrup of Cichory with Rhubarb half an Ounce. Mix for a Potion. Or,  
Take Rosin of Jalap from half a Scruple to twelve Grains, Salt of Tartar from six to seven Grains, with a sufficient quantity of the Syrup of Roses, make a Syrup. The Salt of Tartar Correct the resin, and prevents its sticking to the pleats of the Stomach.  
If an Emulsion be more agreeable,  
Take Melonseeds peeled half a Dram, Resin of Jalap six, seven, eight, nine, or fourteen Grains. Beat them up together, pouring in of warm Rose Water or Mint Water, or any other convenient Water, one Ounce; add Cinnamon Water two Drams. Make an Emulsion, and sweeten it with solutive Syrup of Roses or any other grateful Syrup. Ye may add two Grains of Scammony prepared with Sulphur or one Grain of the extract of Trochisci Alhandal, with eight Grains of Salt of Tartar.  
Hartwigius prepared it with the Yelk of an Egg, thus,  
Take Resin of Jalap seven, eight, or ten Grains (and for those who are more robust, twelve or fifteen Grains) beat 'em up with the Yelk of an Egg. Then pour upon them of Fennel or Mint Water half an Ounce, or as much as sufficeth to make an Emulsion. Afterwards add Cinnamon Water a Dram or two; with a small quantity of sugar or Syrup of Cinnamom. 'Tis an admirable Purge and sometimes evacuates both upwards and downwards.  
Senna was first found out by the Arabians. Hypocrates, and the Ancient Grecians knew nothing of it. It is a mild Purgative; more usual in Chronical Distempers, than in acute, which are generally cured by Vomits. Three things are diligently to be observed in using of it. First, that the leaves be well separated from the stalks, which are apt to Gripe. Secondly, that they be not infused too long, lest the thicker mucilage which is troublesome to the Stomac and Guts be also extracted. For the Purging Virtue of Senna proceeds from a Volatile mucilage attended by a thicker. The former is gentle and easy. The latter griping to a high degree. Thirdly, that it be never exhibited without the addition of Ginger and Tartar, which sharpen and attenuate the mucilage. It is a proper purge for hot and dry Constitutions.  
We prescribe it in Powder thus,  
Take of Cream of Tartar and Leaves of Picked Senna, of each two Drams, Ginger, Anisseeds, Cinnamom and Galandal, of each half a Scruple. Mix and make a Powder. Which is a gentle Lenitive, and may be taken at Dinner in a spoonful of broth. Dose; as much as will lie upon the Point of a knife. The infusion of Senna is better than the Decoction, in which the Volatile mucilage evaporates, and the thicker is too much extracted. If ye add Cream of Tartar to it, it must always be boiled, else it will not mix with the Cream. Therefore in simple infusions we only add Salt of Tartar, and for the most part black Hellebor.  
For Decoction,  
Take of the leaves of Picked Senna, Fearn of the Oak, of each three Drams, Cream of Tartar one Dram. Boyl them in a close Vessel with a sufficient quantity of Cinnamom Water. Strain out three Ounces of the Liquor, and add to it three Drams of Cinnamom Water, and half an Ounce of the Syrup of borage. Mix for a draught.  
For Infusion,  
Take of the leaves of Senna two, three, or four Drams. Ginger or Anisseeds a Scruple, Salt of Tartar from fifteen Grains to a Scruple. Infuse them in a sufficient quantity of Cinnamom Water, or Fumitory, or Cichory Water. Let them stand warm for a Night. In the morning give two or four Ounces of the strained Liquor according to the Circumstances of the Patient, adding two, three, or four Drams of solutive Syrup of Roses, or Syrup of the Juice of Chermes Berries. The Salt of Tartar will render the Potion red, but 'tis very grateful, and operates gently. But I prefer the following infusion.  
Take of the leaves of Senna a Dram and a half, or two or four Drams (at most.) Black Hellebor Roots, from half a Dram to a Dram, (or Rhubarb from a Dram to two Drams) Annisseeds, from a Scruple to a Dram (or Ginger from a Scruple to half a Dram) Salt of Tartar fifteen, twenty, or thirty Grains. Infuse them in a sufficient quantity of Betony, Fumitory, Hyssop or Cichory Water, for a Night. Add to two, three or four Ounces of the strained Liquor, three or four Drams of Cinnamom Water, with half an Ounce of solutive Syrup of Roses, or Syrup of Apples, or any other sweetening thing.  
If ye design one Infusion for several Doses,  
Take of Corents an Ounce and a half, beat them in a Marble Mortar, pouring upon them a pint and a half of warm Water. Then infuse leaves of Picked Senna three Drams, Cream of Tartar one Dram, Violet Flowers three little handfuls. Let them infuse warm in a Glass well stopped. And when 'tis grown cold give three or four Ounces every Morning and Evening, or every other Day. It is good for dry Hypochondriac Constitutions, and such as are subject to a Constipated Belly. But it ought not to be kept above eight Days. In Chronical Diseases, and Inveterat quartan Fevers, the following Infusion may be given before the invasion of the Paroxysm.  
Take of the leaves of Senna three Drams, black Hellebor Roots a Dram and a half, Ginger half a Dram, Salt of Tartar two Scruples (if ye please, ye may add some sweet Calamus Roots) chop and beat them small, and tie them up in a Bag. Which infuse in a Pint and a half of Water, or warm Ale. Set it in a warm place, and let it grow cold by degrees; Let the sick Person take two or three Drams every two or three hours.  
I proceed to black Hellebor. 'Tis called so from its little black Roots, tho' it have white Flowers. It is endowed with a Volatile sharpness, not unlike that of Antiscorbutic Medicines. Upon this Account it is a specific for all Diseases relating to the Nerves. It is never given in substance by reason of its extreme sharpness; but only in infusion, or by way of Extract. The Ancients were wont to infuse it in Vinegar; but in vain. For all Acids are so far from Correcting Vegetable Purging Medicines, that they rather Imprison them and elude their Operation.  
The Marry Vehicles are best for Hellebor, which we generally infuse together with Senna. Salt of Tartar is a proper Correcter for it. In a dry Scorbutic Constitution we infuse it in whey, thus,  
Take o● black Hellebor Roots two Drams, Senna leaves one Dram (if ye please, ye may add Polypody or Water Cresses) Infuse in a sufficient quantity of Clarified whey for a Night. In the Morning strain out three Ounces, and add to it a Dram of Spirit of Scurvygrass and two Drams of Cinnamom Water. Mix and make a draught for one Dose. Oft-times the Hellebor is tied up in a Bag.  
As for the Extract, the most compendious way of making it is this.  
Take of black Hellebor Roots sliced a convenient quantity; Infuse them in Rhenish Wine. Let them digest till the Wine have assumed the taste and colour of the Hellebor, Then thicken it to the consistence of a Rob. Some add Salt of Tartar. Some make this Extract with Spirit of Wine, but I should not dare to use it.  
In a Habitual Epilepsy the following Pills are very proper.  
Take of Extract of black Hellebor half a Scruple, or fifteen Grains, sweet Mercury half a Scruple, fifteen Grains, or a whole Scruple (according to the Circumstances of the Patient.) Extract of the Troches called Alhandal, from one to three Grains. With a sufficient quantity of the Essence of Mint, or Sage, or Sassafras, make Pills.  
For Cachectic Scorbutic Dispositions use the following Pill.  
Take of Quercetanus' Tartar Pills and Extract of black Hellebor, of each twelve or fifteen Grains. Prepared Scammony from one to three Grains. With a sufficient quantity of the solution of Steel prepared with Salt; Make Pills for one Dose.  
For all Chronical Distempers use this Pill, viz.  
Take of Ruffus' Pills d● tribus, Extract of black Hellebor of each half a Scruple. The Vitriol of Steel Calcinated till it become white five Grains, prepared Scammony one Grain. With a sufficient quantity of the Essence of Gum Ammoniac, make Pills; Which are of excellent use to Hypochondriac Persons.  
Next to Hellebor comes Aloe. It is the Juice of an Indian Plant, and was frequently used by the Ancients. It has some Gummy Parts and some Resinous. The former evacuate very gently. The latter are endowed with a balmy astringent bitterness, and Entitle Aloe to the Character of an admirable Stomachic. These two parts are evidently distinguished by washing Aloe in Water; where the Gummy part is washed away, and the Resinous remains. Yet some People are so foolish as to prescribe washed Aloe for a Purging Medicine.  
'Tis no quick Purgative, and therefore scarce so proper for Acute, as for Chronical distempers, where gradual and slow Purgations are required; and where the altering Medicines must keep pace with those which evacuate▪ For a Person subject to the Hypochondriac distemper, I've ordered the following Pills to be swallowed down once in two or four weeks.  
Take of lucid Aloe two Drams, Gum Ammoniac dissolved in Vinegar one Dram, Tartar prepared with Vitriol half a Dram. With a sufficient quantity of the Essence of Gum Ammoniac; Make a Mass for Pills, of which take ten or fifteen two hours before supper, and they will purge gently next Day. N. B. Gum Ammoniac ought to be dissolved, not depurated or evaporated, lest it sustain a loss of its better part.  
The Extract of Aloe may be made thus,  
Take a convenient quantity of the Juice of Succory, or Roses, or Violets; Infuse lucid Aloe into it. Let it stand for Digestion, and 'twill Extract a mucilage; strain this mucilage and thicken it to the consistence of an Extract. Which may be given in Pills. Dose; one, two, or three Grains. Or thus,  
Take of Extract of Aloes thus prepared half an Ounce, Extract of Gum Ammoniac two Drams. The Vitriol of Steel Calcinated till it become white one Dram, Troches called Alhandal twelve Grains. With a sufficient quantity of the Essence of Steel, make a Mass for Pills.  
Next to Aloe the most usual Purging Medicine is Rhubarb. Which, if it be Genuine, is Imported hither from Sina. It enjoys a Volatile sharpness lodged in a watery mucilage, which causes evacuation; but is so subtle that the least heat drives it away. And when it is gone, the remainder is a fixed, bitter, pacific substance; which is admirably fitted for removing Loosenesses, comforting the Liver, and redressing the disorders of the Kidneys.  
If it be given in Infusion, prescribe thus,  
Take of the tops of lesser Centory one handful, choice Rhubarb two or three Drams. Leaves of Senna one Dram. Salt of Tartar half a Scruple. Infuse in a sufficient quantity of Wormwood Wine for a Night. Strain it in the Morning and exhibit three Ounces.  
For the Jaundice and other disorders of the Liver, we commonly prescribe a large infusion for several Doses. As,  
Take of Corents beaten from an Ounce to an Ounce and a half, choice Rhubarb from half an Ounce to six Drams, Cinnamom two Drams. Infuse in a Pound and a half of water. Let them stand for four and twenty hours in a close Vessel put into hot water. 'Tis a very Pleasant Potion for several Doses.  
It is also given in Powder; as for Dysenteries, Bleedings, etc.  
Take choice Rhubarb and  Hartshorn of each half a Dram, Extract of Venice treacle four Grains (or instead of it, a Grain and a half of Laudanum Opiatum) Distilled Oil of Cinnamom one or two drops. Mix and make a Powder.  
Toasted Rhubarb, tho' commonly used in this case, is a medicine of no efficacy. Rhubarb itself in Powder is infinitely better. As,  
Take of choice Rhubarb (not toasted) fifteen Grains, Prepared Blood Stone half a Scruple. Red Coral Prepared five Grains. Mix and make a Powder.  
The following Electuary is a Sovereign Medicine for the Yellow Jaundice.  
Take of Raisins bruised four Ounces, choice Rhubarb reduced to fine Powder half an Ounce, with a sufficient quantity of solutive Syrup of Roses make an Electuary. Of which, let the Patient take about the bigness of a Nutmeg.  
Some make an Extract of Rhubarb with Spirit of Wine; but 'tis good for nothing. Some make it with Water, which is better than the former, tho' not extraordinary. Some make Elixyr Proprietatis with Rhubarb, and 'tis an excellent Medicine.  
The Remaining Purgatives are Scammony and Colequintida, which are seldom exhibited alone, but added to other Medicines. They are very useful, where we desire to abridge the quantity of a Purging Medicine. As for Example,  
Take of Pills of Hiera with Agaric, Quercetanus' Pills of Ammoniac, of each half a Scruple. Prepared Scammcny two Grains, Troches called Alhandal one Grain. With the Distilled Oil of Mace make Pills. Or,  
Take of the Mass for Pills of Hiera with Agaric, twelve, fifteen or twenty Grains. Gum Ammoniac dissolved in Vinegar half a Scruple, Scammony Prepared with Sulphur two Grains, Extract of Troches Alhandal, one Grain. With a sufficient quantity of the Essence of Wormwood, or Sassafras, Make a Mass for Pills. If ye please, ye may add half a Scruple of Extract of Wormwood. They are of Universal use, as likewise what follows.  
Take of Andernius' Extractum Catholicum, and of Crollius 's Extractum Panchymagogum, of each half a Scruple, Gum Ammoniac dissolved in Vinegar twelve Grains, Scammony Prepared with Sulphur, and Extract of Troches Alhandal, of each one or two Grains. With Elixyr Proprietatis, or Tincture of Tartar. Make Pills.  
Scammony is used likewise in Powder. As,  
Take of Tartar Prepared with Vitriol, twelve or fifteen Grains. Scammony Prepared with Sulphur, two or three Grains. Troches Alhandal (or the Extract made of 'em) one or two Grains. Oil of Aniseeds two drops. Mix and make a Powder.  
If a Bolus be more acceptable.  
Take of the Powder called Hypochondriacus Laxativus one Dram, Prepared Scammony one or two Grains. With a sufficient quantity of solutive Syrup of Roses, Make a Bolus.  
Scammony is the Basis of the Powder called Cornachini, which is sometimes Lenitive and sometimes Emetic. 'Tis this,  
Take Resin of Scammony half a Scruple. Antimony fixed and reduced to an Alcali, by the Addition of Nitre, eight Grains. Cream of Tartar three Grains. Mix and make a Powder. N. B. that Antimony fixed by Nitre is more proper than Diaphoretic Antimony.  
Scammony enjoys both a Resinous substance which evacuates, and a Gummy substance which altars and melts down the humours. 'Tis a Medicine, that may be safely exhibited to Children, if mixed with Saline Powders. As,  
Take of Cream of Tartar fifteen Grains. Tartar Prepared with Vitriol half a Scruple. Prepared Scammony two Grains. Troches Alhandal one Grain. Mix and make a Powder. Or,  
Take of the Pulp of Raisins a Dram and a half. Tartar Prepared with Vitriol, or Salarmoniac, twelve Grains. Resin of Jalap six Grains. Scammony Prepared with Sulphur two Grains. With solutive Syrup of Roses, Make a Bolus.  
Resin of Scammony is a Medicine that I do not much admire. Scammony itself in Powder and right Prepared is best. I Prepare it with Clarified Juice of Quinces, mixing them well together, and letting them stand for Digestion. This Extracts a Mucilage which I take out and thicken. It may be used either by way of Powder or Extract.  
If an Emulsion be more Acceptable.  
Take Prepared Scammony from half a Scruple to fifteen Grains, pour upon it Rose-Water sharpened by Oil of Tartar, per Deliquium; and make an Emulsion according to Art. Ye may add a little Cinnamom-Water, and sweeten it with Sugar or Syrup.  
Coliquintida is a harsh Medicine, but if well Prepared produces many laudable effects. The best Preparation is with Salt of Tartar. If it stand and digest with Salt of Tartar for any considerable time, its sharpness Vanishes, and the Bitterness only remains. Some use the Extract of it, and some tie it in a Bag; but I prefer the form of Troches.  
I shall conclude the train of Purging Medicines with sweet Mercury, or Mercurius Dulcis. 'Tis added to other Purges, in order to qualify them for Chronical Distempers. As,  
Take of Crollius' Extract, called Panchymagogum, or of black Hellebor fifteen Grains. Sweet Mercury from half a Scruple to fifteen Grains. Scammony Prepared with Sulphur a Grain or two. Extract of Troches Alhandal one Grain, or a Grain and a half. With the Essence of Mint or Sassaffras, make Mercurial Pills. Or,  
Take of Conserve of Fumitory one Dram. Sweet Mercury from fifteen Grains to a Scruple. Prepared Scammony five Grains. With the Conserve of Raspberries, Make a Bolus.   

CHAP. III. Of the Medicines that provoke Urine.  
THE third sort of evacuating Medicines is Diuretic. Some of which are Volatile, some fixed. The Volatile are such as these. Take of Parsley-Water two or three Ounces. Restharrow, or Winter Cherry-Water one Ounce. Elixyr of Juniper Berries (from similitude of taste called Malvaticum) six Drams or one Ounce, or an Ounce and a half. Spirit of putrified Earthworms three-Drams. Volatile Spirit of Tartar from half an Ounce to six Drams. Syrup of Ground Ivy, or Syrup of Fennel, from three to six Drams. Mix and make a Potion. Of which exhibit a spoonful at a time. Or,  
Take of Ground Ivy-Water, Restharrow-Water, and Parsley-Water, of each an Ounce. Elixyr of Juniper (called Malvaticum) an Ounce and a half. rectified Spirit of putrified Earthworms three Drams. Spirit of Salarmoniac a Dram and a half. Syrup of Ground Ivy one Ounce. Mix and make a Potion. Dose, two, three, or four Spoonfuls. Or, add three or four drops of distilled Oil of Turpentin, or six drops of Oil of Juniper, in the Room of Spirit of Salarmoniac. Or,  
Take of Strawberry-Water two Ounces. Tincture of Tartar two Drams. Syrup of Ground Ivy half an Ounce. Mix and make a Potion. Ye may add Essential Salt of Tartar, or dulcified Spirit of Salt, or Quintessence of Urine.  
Amelungius' Nephritic Tincture, is a Powerful Diuretic. 'Tis made of Nitre, Tartar, Hungarian Antimony, and a sort of Flint Stones that are speckled with yellow spots. The Nitre is first dissolved in Simple Water, than the other Ingredients are added, and after Digestion the Liquor is drawn off by Distillation.  
Michael's Carminative Spirit is likewise an excellent Medicine for this purpose, which is drawn from Nitre, Tartar and Spirit of Wine Tartarised: But above all Amber, with its Volatile Salt and Distilled Oil.  
All the Aromatic Herbs, but especially fleabane, are good Diuretics. Camphyr, Turpentin, Juniper, Human Urine, Earthworms, and their various Preparations, are likewise of the same Family.  
The Juice of the Birch-Tree, provokes Urine more effectually than any other Medicine. It ferments like Wine, and becomes sour like Vinegar; and is an incomparable Medicine for Nephritic Pains.  
Next to it is the Infusion of Spanish flies, which I prepare thus.  
Take of the Powder of Spanish flies one Scruple, Infuse them in three or four Ounces of the best Rhenish Wine. Let them stand in a warm place for several Days and Nights. Then strain it out through Paper. The Dose ten, fifteen, or twenty drops to be exhibited in a draught of warm Broth. Sometimes this Medicine causes Ulcers in the Bladder and a Pissing of Blood; but a large draught of Milk with a little Salt of Tartar, will quickly remove these Symptoms.  
For a Diuretic Decoction. Prescribe thus,  
Take of the Leaves of Strawberries and Pellitory of the Wall, of each a handful and a half. Of the five opening Roots ten Drams. Winter Cherries and Juniper-Berries, of each six Drams. The Seeds of the Ash-Tree and Red Vetches, of each three Drams. Cream of Tartar two Drams. Boyl them in Parsley and Winter-Cherry-Water. Strain out a pint and a half, in which dissolve Rob of Juniper two Ounces. Fernelius' Syrup of Marshmallows one Ounce. Spirit of Salt dulcified with the Spirit of Strawberries, as much as sufficeth to give it a grateful sharpness. So much for Volatile Diuretics.  
The fixed Medicines that provoke Urine are all the fixed Salts of Herbs, and the Artificial Compound Salts, as Tartar Prepared with Vitriol, and the Salt called Digestivum Hypochondriacum. Which is the Caput Mortuum, remaining after the Distillation of Salarmoniac with Salt of Tartar. Gromwell-Seeds, Violet-Seeds, and the Emulsions Prepared from them belong to this Class. The forms of Prescription are these,  
Take of Tartar Prepared with Vitriol a Dram and a half. Salts of Bean stalks, broom, and Pigeons dung of each half a Dram. Mix and make a Powder for several Doses to be taken in Wine. Ye may add the Distilled Oil of Turpentin, or of Juniper Berries. As,  
Take of the Salt called Arcanum Duplicatum, half a Dram. Salt of Broom, or Pigeons Dung a Scruple; Distilled Oil of Juniper Berries or of Turpentin four drops. Mix and make a Powder for two Doses.  
Cream of Tartar, or Crabs Eyes, or Nitre, or Vitriol of Steel, or Volatile Salt of Amber, may be added by turns.  
The Natural Spa Waters provoke Urine plentifully; as also the Spirit of Salt and Dulcified Spirit of Nitre.  
If the form of a Bolus be desired, prescribe thus,  
Take Rob of Juniper one Dram. Crabs Eyes Prepared fifteen Grains. Tartar Prepared with Vitriol half a Scruple. Mix and make a Bolus. Or, if an Electuary be more acceptable,  
Take of Conserve of Violets one Ounce. Rob of Juniper half an Ounce. Crabs Eyes Prepared two Drams. Arcanum Duplicatum one Dram. With a sufficient quantity of Syrup of Ground Ivy, make an Electuary. Which sprinkle with a few drops of the Spirit of Salt.   

CHAP. IU. Of the Medicines that procure Sweat.  
THE dissolution of the Blood and its swifter Circulation, cause the separation of the serum, which is evacuated by the Glandules in the skin. The Medicines of this fourth Class, are such as produce these effects. Some of which are Volatile and others fixed. Of the first sort are the Spirits and Volatile Salts, Extracted from Animal and Vegetable Productions, such as Spirit of Hartshorn, Urine, Vipers, Human Blood, etc. And the Spirits Prepared from Vegetables by Putrefaction. The Distilled Oils of Amber, Tartar, Guajacum, and such as are drawn from the Bones and other Parts of Animals. All Resinous, Aromatic, bitter and Attenuating Vegetables, and their various Compositions, as Venice treacle, Mithridate, Diascordium, etc. They are prescribed in these or the like forms.  
Take of Volatile Salarmoniac fifteen Grains. Camphyr two Grains. Mix and make a Powder. Or,  
Take of Fumitory Water one Ounce. Spirit of Hartshorn together with its Volatile Salt one Dram. Syrup of Carduus Benedictus, two Drams. Mix for a Potion. Or,  
Take of Elder Flower Water one Ounce. Spirit of Elderberries one Dram. Spirit of Salarmoniac, from half a Dram to a whole one. Camphyr two Grains. Syrup of Carduus Benedictus, half an Ounce. Make a Potion for one Dose. Or,  
Take of Carduus Benedictus Water, an Ounce and a half. Spirit of Salarmoniac, a Dram. Or Volatile Salarmoniac, a Scruple. Distilled Oil of Cloves, two drops. Syrup of Fennel, or Orange Peel, half an Ounce. Mix for a daught.  
Take of Viper Grass Water, one Ounce. Cinnamom-Wated, half a Dram. Spirit of treacle Prepared with Cam●●●●, half a Dram. Vola●●● Salt of Hartshorn, twelve 〈◊〉 Volatile Salt of Amber, six Grains. Syrup of Scor 〈…〉 Ounce. Make a ●o●ion.  
As for the fixed Medicines that procure sweat, such are all Lixivial Salts, well alkalised, and the fixed sulphurs of Metals and Minerals. Antimony, Steel and Nitre joined together, make a Powerful Sudorific, or the Sulphur of Antimony and Steel. The Bezoar stone is an ineffectual Medicine, by reason that there is not one of a Thousand that is . The stone cut out of Human Bodies is infinitely better, and a Sovereign Antidote in all Pestilential Diseases. We prescribe such Medicines in these or the like forms.  
Take of Diaphoretic Antimony, Hartshorn not burnt, and Salt of Carduus Benedictus, of each twelve Grains. Mix and make a Powder, which is to be taken in the Morning fasting, in a warm Vehicle. Or,  
Take of Simple or Chalybeat Diaphoretic Antimony, one Scruple. Salt of Carduus Benedictus, half a Scruple. Laudanum Opiatum, one or two Grains. Distilled Oil of Cloves, two drops. Make a Powder for one Dose. Or,  
Take of Hartshorn not burnt, fifteen Grains. Cinnabar of Antimony, half a Scruple. Of the Golden Antidote (called Bezoardicum Solare) four Grains. Mix and use as above. Or,  
Take of unburnt Hartshorn, Nitre Prepared with Antimony, of each fifteen Grains. Make a Powder as above. For a Bolus,  
Take of Conserve of Elder, or Conserve of Juniper, from a Dram to two Drams. Hartshorn not burnt, from a Scruple to half a Dram. Diaphoretic Antimony, half a Scruple. Syrup of Raspberries, as much as sufficeth to make a Bolus. Or,  
Take of Conserve of Elder, one Dram. Diaphoretic Antimony, one Scruple. Extract of Carduus Benedictus, six Grains. With a sufficient quantity of the Syrup of Fumitory. Make a Bolus.  
If the Patient desire Pills.  
Take of Extract of Carduus Benedictus, half a Scruple. Laudanum Opiatum, one or two Grains. Distilled Oil of Aniseeds, or Rectified Oil of Tartar, as much as sufficeth to make a Mass for Pills. Or,  
Take of Extract of Carduus Benedictus, from half a Scruple to a Scruple. Extract of treacle, five Grains. With a sufficient quantity of the Oil of Amber, make Pills. Or thus,  
Take of the Extract of Woods, fifteen Grains. Extract of Saffron three Grains. With stinking Oil of Tartar rectified, Make a Mass for Pills. So much for the separate Prescription of fixed Sudorific's. But sometimes we join both the fixed and Volatile together. As,  
Take of Chalybeat Diaphoretic Antimony, one Scruple. Volatile Salt of Vipers, five Grains. And if the Patient be Restless, add a Grain or two of Laudanum Opiatum. Mix and make a Powder.  
If a Potion be more acceptable.  
Take of Scabious-Water, Elderflower-Water, Meadsweet-Water, of each an Ounce. The Cold Saxon Cordial-Water, six Drams. Spirit of treacle Prepared with Camphyr, three Drams. Diaphoretic Antimony, a Dram and a half. Hartshorn not burnt one Scruple. Volatile Salt of Hartshorn, half a Scruple. Camphyr, three Grains. Syrup of Scordium, one Ounce; or an Ounce and a half. Mix for a Potion. Or,  
Take of Elderflower-Water, one Ounce. Hartshorn not burnt, half a Dram. Volatile Salt of Hartshorn, five Grains. Syrup of Clove-Gilliflowers, two Drams. Mix for a draught. Or,  
Take of Elderflower-Water, one Ounce. treacle of Andromachus, or Fracastorius' Diascordium, one Dram. Volatile Salt of Vipers, six Grains. Camphyr, one Grain. Syrup of Raspberries, half an Ounce. Mix for a draught. Or,  
Take of Carduus Benedictus Water two Ounces. Quintessence of Urine, two Drams. Fracastorius' Diascordium, one Dram. Syrup of Carduus Benedictus, half an Ounce. Mix and make a draught.  
Thus I have run over the Classes of the Medicines, that restore the due Fermentation of the Blood, and Correct the juices of the Body. This may suffice for the Vital Faculty.    

SECT. iv Of the Animal Faculty.  
THE Animal Faculty lies under the influence of the Animal Spirits and Nerves. The Nerves are immediately nourished and supplied by the Chyle; which, if it be Faulty or Acid, Communicates a noxious quality to them. Their structure consists of delicate fine fibres, some of which are distributed into small Branches, and some gathered into a Body, as the Brain, the Membranes, Tendons, etc. All motion depends upon the due Stretching of these fibres, and regular incursions of the Animal Spirits. The Spirits are disordered by any accident that either impairs their stock, or irritates them beyond their wont pace. This may be occasioned either by an External Cold, or a Vicious Acid Reigning within. The Oily Volatile Medicines are at once qualified to subdue this prevailing Acid, and Retrieve the Spirits. Such are the Herbs commonly called Cephalic, as Rosemary, Mint, Sage, Margerum, Lavender, etc. Likewise the Sulphurs of Metals, Spirits and Distilled Oils, especially such as are drawn from Amber, and the Parts of Animals. The Artificial Sal Volatile Oleosum, is admirably conducive to the Nerves. But Silvius, who first discovered it, was not so generous as to gratify the World with the Secret. Tho' after all, 'tis no difficult matter to Prepare it. The best is from Soot. 'Tis easily drawn from Amber, thus,  
Take of Quick Lime and Salarmoniac, of each equal quantities, add to them a third Part of Amber. Mix them and pour upon 'em a few drops of Tartarised Spirit of Wine. Distil through a Glass Retort in Sand. Separate the Spirit that comes over from the Oil, and Rectify it again. 'Tis a Noble Medicine for the Indispositions of the Nerves.  
Or, ye may make it with other Distilled Oils. As,  
Take Cinnamom or Cloves, and pour upon 'em Tartarised Spirit of Wine. Let 'em stand for Digestion, and the Spirit of Wine becomes Red. Then take the Spirit thus Tinctured and Pour it upon equal quantities of Quick Lime and Salarmoniae. Distil through a Retort, as above, and i● yields a Urinous Spirit tinged with a Golden or Bloody 〈…〉  
The Spirit of Hartshorn succinated is very proper 〈…〉 purpose: 'tis Prepared thus. Take Volatile Salt 〈…〉 Volatile Salt of Amber, of each equal quantity 〈…〉 Salt of Amber be depurated by repeated 〈…〉ter, or Extractions with Spirit of Wine. Mix those 〈◊〉 Salts with rectified Spirit of Hartshorn, and in order to procure a stricter Union distil several times.  
If ye be obliged to an Extemporary Prescription, use the following.  
Take of Mint, Fennel and Baum Waters, of each one Ounce. Essence of Castor three Ounces. Succinated Spirit of Hartshorn two Drams. Spirit of Salarmoniac, one Dram. Laudanum Opiatum, two or three Grains. Syrup of the rinds of Oranges, or of Cinnamom, six Drams. Mix and make a Potion. Dose a spoonful at a time.  
In exhibiting Sharp and Volatile Medicines, we ought to have a special regard to the delicacy of the Nerves. Especially those in the Mouth of the Stomach, which lie more open and exposed to the injuries of a fierce Medicine. Therefore we see that Persons Obnoxious to Anxieties, Swooning, and such like disorders of the Spirits, complain most of their Breast or Stomac. And Women, or Children, whose Nerves are more delicate and fine than those of Men, are apt to receive more sensible Impressions in the Stomac from an Active Medicine. Besides, If the Stomac be offended, the other Parts will share in the Injury, by reason of the sympathy maintained among 'em by means of the Nerves. Sometimes one and the same Nerve Visits several Parts and Causes a mutual consent, as the under Lip and the Mouth of the Stomach. Sometimes when two Nerves are Contiguous, the one influences t'other, as when a Stone in the Bladder provokes the Intestinum Rectum. Sometimes the Parts are Connected by Nervous Ligaments, and so are rendered sensible of one another's Circumstances, as the Head and the Stomac, the Stomac and Kidneys, etc.  
These Nerves are the source of motion. They serve to Convey the Animal Spirits to all the Parts of the Body, in order to their Reciprocal Contraction and Relaxation.  
When the motion of any Member is irregular, it proceeds from one of these three Causes.  
1. Either the Animal Spirits are scanty and deficient, or Lazy and Inactive. In this case we use the Oily Volatile Salts, and all Cordial, Cephalic and Aromatic Medicines. Or,  
2. The Nerves are relaxated and rendered flaccid by a prevailing lymph, whether sharp or acid. This yields to the same Remedies with the former.  
3. The Neighbouring fibres are overcharged and forced to Enormous motions, by the impetuous incursions of the Spirits. In this Case Pacific Medicines are very proper. But they are generally suspected, unless very well Prepared. Opium is the Head of 'em all; and may be Prepared either by Fermentation or Digestion with fixed Salts.  
Helmont Prepared it with Juice of Quinces, repeating the Fermentation thrice, and then dissolved it in Spirit of Wine. Some set it to ferment with the Juice of Apples, or any other Stomachic. Langelot Mixed it with Juice of Quinces, and set them in a moderate heat to ferment. By this process (says he) the stinking Sulphur is carried off, and the Gross Earthy Parts fall to the bottom, while the light and frothy Parts are mounted higher: And betwixt these two we find a Transparent Liquor, a little Reddish; which we separate and reduce to the Consistence of an Extract; and then Circulate it for a Month or two with rectified Spirit of Wine. He extols it for a Noble Medicine, but I never could see any extraordinary effects produced by it.  
The second and better way of Correcting Opium, is Digestion with Salt of Tartar and Spirit of Turpentin. 'Tis a Powerful Medicine, reserved by some for a Nostrum. Some Prepare it thus,  
Take of Opium, Salt of Tartar, or Oil of Tartar, per Deliquium, of each an Ounce. Let 'em stand for Digestion. Then pour upon 'em two or three Ounces of Spirit of Wine. It yields an excellent Tincture, which is to be strained and reserved for use.— Conerdingius Prepared his Hysteric Laudanum, thus,  
Take of Laudanum Opiatum, Prepared by fermentation, two Drams. Extract of Zedoary one Dram. Extract of Castor, fifteen Grains. Of the Powder called Diacalaminthes, one Scruple. Saffron half a Dram. Eastern and Western Bezoar Stone, of each half a Scruple. With Distilled Oil of Amber, make Pills. Dose six Grains, to be taken with Sugar. After this method, ye may give an Extemporary Prescription. Thus,  
Take of Extract of Zedoary, twelve Grains. Extract of Castor, fix Grains. Laudanum, Prepared by Fermentation, four Grains. With a sufficient quantity of Distilled Oil of Amber. Make six Pills for three Doses.   

SECT. V Of the Choice of Practical Authors.  
IN pursuing my design of gathering the whole Practice of Physic unto one Body, I have proposed Silvius and Willis for my Pattern: Both of 'em joined together are a fit Subject of imitation. Tho', if considered separately, either of 'em is liable to Censure. The former, 'tis true, had a happy way of referring all the Corruptions of the Humours to the vicious effervescencies of Acids and Alkalis. But he stretched the Notion too far, in imagining a strife betwixt the Descending Lymph and ascending Bile, in the right Ventricle of the Heart; and in ascribing several effects to the conflicts of the Choler and Pancreatic Juice, which perhaps were only owing to the fermentation of the Choler alone. Moreover, he attributes a great many Sypmtoms to the Vapours arising from the Combatant Juices in the first Passages, which properly proceed from the mutual Correspondence of the Nerves. Upon the other hand Willis has set us in a clearer light with reference to Convulsive Motions, and the Contractions of the Muscles; but his Elastic Power will never be regarded, while the Convulsions and Cramps of the Nerves are so probably accounted for, by assigning the prevalency of an Acid, or some such grating substance, for their Cause.  
These two Authors joined together are the flower of our Modern Writers, and as such I recommend 'em to young Students.  
As for Ancient Writers, Senertus may justly claim the precedency, or in Room of him Forestus. Helmont is an Author that ought to be read by all serious Practitioners. Since Paracelsus, we have none that surpasses him. But whoever would profit by reading his Writings, must arm himself with patience, and Deliberately weigh every Period, as he proceeds. In the next place, he must be equipped with a Competent Knowledge of Chemistry and Anatomy, else he does but grope in the dark. And besides, what he Reads he ought to retain as a Paradox: And not yield his assent, till maturer thoughts and succeeding Experience have vouched for its Certainty.  
The Authors that have wrote Practical Observations, are Borellus, Salmuth, Tulpius, Rhodius, Bartholinus, etc. They ought to be read with Judgement and Attention; Every Minute Circumstance of the Patient ought to be nicely considered, in order to find out the true cause of the Distemper, and determine the precise case in which any particular Medicine is Crowned with success.    

AN ABRIDGEMENT OF Etmvllervs' Practice of Physic.  
BOOK I.  

SECT. I. Of the Animal Appetit, and the Disorders 'tis Obnoxious to.  
THE most Natural method of describing the Diseases Incident to Men, Is to follow the order of the Functions in the Body. Among which, those relating to Nourishment do justly lead the Van. The first function is to receive Solid Nourishment and Distribute it through the Body. This reception we are prompted to by Appetit. Which is a desire of Solid Food, caused by the gnawing of a Volatile Acid in the Mouth of the Stomac; and encouraged by such Medicines as promote it. This Acid is varied according to the different Constitutions of Men, and accordingly directs the Appetit to different Objects. It is likewise influenced by the remains of preceding Food, and so sways the Appetit to customary Meats. In like manner the Mother's Imagination will Tincture the Acid in the Child's Stomac, with an invincible Aversion to some things. The least Apprehension or Natural Sense turns it. The Infant's uneasiness from the Curdling of the Nurse's Milk, when she is with Child in the time of suckling, will revive upon the sight of Cheese, and oblige him to avoid it for ever. So insensibly is the Acid swayed, that without the direction of thought, it Naturally abhors it.  
This Appetit, or desire of eating is liable to these disorders. 1. It is either impaired and extinguished, or. 2. Depraved and apt to covet improper Food. Or, 3. Increased to an Unnatural Degree. Of these in order,  

CHAP. I. Of the Loss of Appetit.  
THE place affected is the Mouth of the Stomac. The General 'Cause is the Cessation of the uneasiness which the Acid ferment was wont to produce, by Vellicating the Stomac.  
The special Causes are Various. If the Nerves of the eight pair be disordered, the Mouth of the Stomac becomes insensible, and so eludes the influence of the Acid. These Nerves may be disordered upon their own Account, or by consent of other Parts, as in Nephritic and Colic Pains. Or, perhaps the Nerves are faultless, and the Spirits are stupefied by the use of Narcotics, as Opium, or Tobacco. Or, are diverted and employed upon other things, so as not to mind the impulse of the ferment, as in the Case of Love, Grief, Madness, etc.  
If the Nerves or Spirits be not faulty, the cause must be Lodged in the Stomac. Sometimes the Acid is blunted by a superfluity of viscid matter in the Stomac: Or, the Spittle is become viscid and takes off its edge, as in Hectic and Hypochondriac Persons. (This last cause is effectually-removed by drinking Wine, in which Elecampane Roots, Horse Radishes and Scurvygrass have been infused.) The hasty swallowing down of much meat, drinking new and fermenting Liquors, Cloying the Stomac with fat Oily things, or acid and austere Fruits; do all cause a bluntness of the ferment. The frequent use of Brandy, or sulphurous Liquors, Corrects the sharpness of the acid and occasions an inappetency. The fatness and redundancy of the Bile, whether in the Blood or Stomac, may also vitiat the ferment. When this cause takes place, 'tis known by a bitter taste in the mouth, and a gnawing at the mouth of the Stomac. And Lastly, the suppression of wont evacuations, as stopping of the Terms, or sudden forbearing of Venery, etc. May concur to the same effect.  
Sometimes the acid itself is deficient; If a Volatile Choler reign in the Blood, or the Spirits are so disordered by a Fever, or otherwise, that the alteration of the humours and particularly of the lympha is not regularly performed; or if the heat of Summer exhausts the Spirits that should serve to exalt the ferment. Immoderate drinking, especially of whey which enjoys a temperate nitrous Salt, allays the acidity of the ferment. The frequent use of Alcali's, as Chalk, Hartshorn, and all Chalybeat medicines, little stones engendered in the Stomac, and the drinking of Urine (which is a specific in hungry fevers) are frequently the causes of a weak ferment.  
As for Prognostics. If it continue long in the beginning of a disease, it weakens nature, and adds force to the disease. If it do not decline along with the distemper, it portends a relapse. In Chronical Diseases and such as come by Fits, it is the forerunner of the Paroxysm. In Children it is more suspected than in adult Persons. If the Appetit seem to Answer in general, and yet flags when Food is offered; Or, If after a loathing of meat, the Patient of a sudden covet food and swallow it down greedily, 'tis a very bad Omen.  
In the method of Cure, a particular regard must be had to the difference of causes, (which may easily be distinguished without a long train of Diagnostics.) Generally the peccant cause is the abounding of slimy humours, or of Choler or Fat in the Stomac. Which is only removed by evacuating Medicines. Of which Vomits are the best. One Vomit is of more efficacy in this case than ten Purges. As,  
Take of Mynsichtius' Emetic Tartar three Grains, fine sugar six Grains, make a Powder. Or, if a liquid be more acceptable, exhibit the Infusion of Crocus Metallorum, minding heedfully the quantity of the Liquor, and not the Crocus.  
When a viscid Matter is lodged in the Stomach, 'tis fit to add some attenuating Ingredients. As,  
Take of Hyssop-water one or two Ounces, Cinnamom-water two Drams, Vinegar of Squills, and the Emetic Syrup (above prescribed) of each half an Ounce, compound Spirit of Verdigrease from two Scruples to a Dram. Mix, etc.  
If the Patient do not Vomit easily, exhibit purging Medicines; among which Aloe is the best, but it ought not to be washed. It is a common Ingredient into Pills, and operates but very gently. If there be occasion for a stronger Purgative, Take the Pills of Hiera with Agaric, adding to them Gum-ammoniac, or some attenuating Medicine. Thus,  
Take of the Mass of Pills of Hiera, with Agaric, from twelve to fifteen Grains, Extract of Wormwood (or Gum-ammoniac dissolved in Vinegar) eight Grains, or half a Scruple; Scammonium Sulphuratum, one Grain; Extract of the Troches Alhandal, from half a Grain to two Grains.  
For those who are Obnoxious to Hypochondriac Fits, the following Pills are very useful.  
Take of the Pills of Hiera with Agaric half a Scruple, or twelve Grains; Gum-ammoniac dissolved in Vinegar half a Scruple, Scammony prepared with Juice of Roses two Grains, Extract of Troches Alhandal one Grain, with the Essence of Steel make Pills. Or,  
Take of the Pills of Mastic fifteen Grains extract of Wormwood twelve Grains, Extract of Troches Alhandal one Grain. Make Pills.  
This purging Powder is likewise very good for Hypochondriac Persons, and such as are easily purged, viz.  
Take of Tartarum Vitriolatum fifteen Grains, Scammony prepared with Sulphur four Grains, Troches Alhandal one Grain, distilled Oil of Cumin-seeds two drops. Make a Powder.  
If a Potion be more agreeable,  
Take of Hyssop-water, Mint-water of each half an Ounce; Tartarum Vitriolatum, and Extract of Agaric, of each six Grains, Scammony sulphurated two Grains: Mix for a Potion. So much for Purging Medicines.  
After gentle Evacuations, we proceed to the use of such Medicines as strengthen the Walls of the Stomac, and resolve the slimy Mucilage that sticks to them. To this purpose all sharp, volatile, and aromatic Medicines are proper, as the Stomachical Herbs, Spices, the hot Seeds, and Antiscorbutic's, especially Horse-Raddishes. Those of a gentle astringent quality restore the Natural Constitution of the Stomac, when vitiated by the use of Opium, strong Liquors, Brandy, etc. As for Acid Medicines, I cannot much approve them. I never saw any good Effect produced by them in this case, excepting Cream of Tartar, and the dulcified Spirit of Salt, or of Vitriol. 'Tis true they are fit to provoke the Stomac, and imitate Nature in prompting it to crave Food; but the Business of a Physician, is rather to remove the Encumbrances that annoy the Natural Function, than to supply an Artificial Appetit. The Essence of Bread distilled through a Retort, is a sovereign Restorer of the ferment. These Medicines may be prescribed thus.  
Take of Wormwood, Mint, of each a handful; Roots of Acorus two Drams, Gentian Roots half an Ounce, the four hot Seeds of each two Drams. Slice and chop 'em small. And tie them up in a Bag to be infused in Wine. Let the sick Person drink a Draught twice a Day, adding to every Draught six Drops of dulcified Spirit of Salt. Or,  
Take of Mint three handfuls, fresh Roots of Acorus, two Ounces; Roots of Elecampane, or Horse-Radishes, from one Ounce to an Ounce and a half, Zedoary Roots six Drams, Cinnamom three Drams, put them into a Bag, to be infused in Wine.  
Take of Mint three handfuls, Carduus Benedictus, one handful, Wormwood Tops, and lesser Centory, of each half a handful, Elecampane, and Evans Roots, of each half an Ounce. Mustardseeds, or Rocket-Seeds, one Ounce, Cinnamom two Drams, Cloves one Dram. Infuse as above.  
If ye desire to make it a little loosening,  
Take of Mint two handfuls, tops of Wormwood one handful, Roots of Aron, Roots of Crude black Hellebor, of each half an Ounce, Roots of Elecampain, and the Leaves of picked Senna, of each one Ounce, Aniseeds, Fennel-seeds, of each six Drams, Galangal, Zedoary and Ginger, of each two Drams, Salt of Tartar three Drams. Infuse as above.  
When the Spittle is glutinous, and the Mouth tastes bitter, the Roots of Horse-Radishes and Elecampane in equal quantities infused in Rhenish, or Wormwood-wine, or Pepper infused in like manner, or Wheaten-Bread dipped in Wine, or even a Draught of good generous Wine, are approved Remedies; or Thonerius' Decoction, thus.  
Take of Cichory-Roots, of the Herbs, Roman Wormwood, Carduus Benedictus, and Rosemary, of each a handful; lesser Centory a handful and a half: boil them in equal quantities of Wine and Water, till a third part be consumed. Dose half a Pint Morning and Evening. Or Pachequus his Decoction of Agrimony, Wormwood, and lesser Centory, in Water.  
If ye please ye may add some temperate Acids: As,  
Take of Mint-water two Ounces, Cinnamom-water from two Drams to six Drams, Juice of Quinces, from one Ounce to an Ounce and a half, Syrup of Quinces, either simple, or aromatised, from half an Ounce to six Drams. Mix and make a Potion, of which the Patient may take at pleasure.  
Take of Mint-water one Ounce, Cinnamom-water half a Dram, Spirit of Treacle a Dram and a half, Laudanum Opiatum prepared by fermentation two Grains, Syrup of Cinnamom half an Ounce. Mix, etc.  
The Spirit of Mastic and Spirit of Bread, and the Mineral Acid Spirits dulcified with Spirit of Wine, the dulcified Spirit of Vitriol given from twenty to thirty drops in a warm Vehicle about two hours before eating, the volatile Salt of Amber, etc. are proper to this purpose. But they ought to be well qualified, or joined with vegetable Stomachic's, as in Elixir proprietatis, which is a noble Medicine. For Example.  
Take of Elixir proprietatis two Drams, Essence of Wormwood and Mint, or Aromatic Calamus, of each a Dram. Mix, etc. Or,  
Take of the Conserve of the Pulp of Citrons an Ounce and a half, Conserve of Mint Vitriolated one Dram, the red Hepatic Powder two Drams, Spirit of Salt coagulated, two Scruples, with a sufficient quantity of the Syrup of Quinces spiced, make an Electuary.  
Michael's Stomachical Elixir, is not improper in this case: As,  
Take of Mint four handfuls, Roman Wormwood, Rosemary, of each two handfuls, Sage, , Baum, of each one or two handfuls, Acorus-roots fresh three Ounces, (or dried one Ounce) Burnet or Elecampane-roots two Drams, round Cypress-roots one Dram, Mastic six Drams, or an Ounce and a half or two Ounces; of the four hot Seeds of each half a Dram, Mustard seed six Drams, of the Shave of Sassafras three Drams, Zedoary, Galangal of each a Dram and a half, or two Drams, or three Drams; of Cubebs, Nutmegs, Mace, Cinnamom, Ginger, Cloves, of each three Drams or half an Ounce; Coriander-seed one Dram; pour upon 'em Spirit of Salt, or Philosophical Spirit of Vitriol, (which is almost the same) as much as sufficeth for a grateful sharpness. Extract the Tincture with Spirit of Mint. Strain it, and add as much of the compound Stomachical Extract, as it will bear. Dose fifty or sixty Drops. For a Scorbutic and Hypochondriac Constitution, it may be mixed with the Spirit of Scurvygrass, taking a Dram and a half of the Spirit, to three Drams of the Elixir.  
Mynsichtius his Elixir Vitrioli, and the Essence of Amber, are much commended. And likewise Alcali's sharpened with other Salts. As,  
Take of the sharpest Tincture of Tartar, and Elixir proprietatis prepared without the Acid, of each three Drams. Mix, etc.  
Salarmoniac is a good Stomachic, but it ought not to be joined with fixed Alcalis which drive away the volatile part of the Armoniac, and fix the remaining Acid. It succeeds better when joined with Spices: As,  
Take of the Flowers of Salarmoniac, or depurated Sal-armoniack one Dram. The Powder called Diatrion Pipereon, or Powder of Cubebs, or any other Aromatic Powder, a Scruple, or half a Dram. Mix and make a Powder for three or four Doses, of which the Patient may take one every Morning. Or,  
Take of depurated Salarmoniac one Dram, Ginger, and the Powder of Diatrion Pipereon of each a Scruple, or fifteen Grains. Mix for three Doses. Or,  
Take of dried Aron roots one Dram; prepared Crabs-Eyes, Salt of Wormwood, of each from a Scruple to half a Dram, distilled Oil of Cloves three Drops. Mix for three Doses. Or,  
Take of Aron-roots half a Dram, black Pepper a Dram and a half, Ginger half a Dram, Flowers of Salarmoniac two Drams, distilled Oil of Aromatic Calamus a Scruple. Make a Powder. Or,  
Take of the Conserve of Wormwood-tops, Conserve of Elecampane-roots of each two Drams, candied Ginger six Drams, Powder of Diatrion Pipereon, three Drams, Salarmoniac one Dram, with the Syrup of Quinces make an Electuary.  
Some use Salarmoniac in Wormwood-wine. Tartar also and its various Productions, are very proper. And the saline Stomachical Powders, such as Michael's, which is made thus.  
Take of the Powder of dried Aron-roots two Pound, the Salt called Arcanum duplicatum one Pound, Salt of Wormwood, Arabian Costus, and Aromatic Calamus-roots of each two Ounces, Cinnamom and Cloves, of each an Ounce and a half, Mace, Long Pepper, Ginger, Cubebs, Cardamons, Grains of Paradise, Zedoary, and Corianderseeds, of each one Ounce. Mix and make a Powder. Dose from a Scruple to half a Dram.  
If a shorter Process be more agreeable,  
Take of the Powder of Aron-roots one Dram, Arcanum duplicatum two Scruples, distilled Oil of Mint six Drops. Mix and make a Powder.  
If Inappetency be caused by the Animal Spirits, or the Nerves, take the Essence of Ambergrise and join it to other Stomachic's. Wine and all Spiritous or Aromatic Liquors, especially the Essence of Baum and , with a few Drops of the Distilled Oil of Juniper-Berries, are very proper on this occasion. As also the Balsam of Peru, either taken in the Yelk of an Egg, or exhibited in Sugar or Wine, or in the form of a Tincture extracted with the Tincture of Tartar. And Paracelsus his Stomachical Electuary, as follows.  
Take of Rob of Juniper six Drams, Powder of Ginger half a Dram, Aromatic Calamus, Mace, of each two Drams. Cubebs one Dram, with a sufficient quantity of Sugar make an Electuary. Or,  
Take of Cichory-roots candied, Vipergrass-roots candied, of each one Ounce; Conserve of curled Mint, Conserve of Roman Wormwood, of each an Ounce and a half; Conserve of Cichory-Flowers, Conserve of Roses, Conserve of Rosemary-Flowers, and Powder of Zedoary, of each one Ounce; of Aromatic Cala●●us, Ginger, and the sharpest Cinnamom, of each a Dram; of Mithridat, or Venice-Treacle two Drams. With a sufficient quantity of the Syrup of Curled Mint, make an Electuar. Or,  
Take of the Conserve of Curled Mint, Conserve of Roman Wormwood, of each an Ounce and a half, Conserve of Roses, or of Rosemary-Flowers an Ounce, candied Cichory-roots half a Dram, Roots of Aromatic Calamus candied three Drams, Powder of Zedoary six Drams; the Magistery of Coral prepared with the Juice of Citrons, Powder of Cinnamom of each two Drams; Ginger, Cloves, and Tincture of Coral, of each a Dram, with a sufficient quantity of the Syrup of curled Mint, make an Electuary, upon which pour some drops of the dulcified Spirit of Salt. Or,  
Take of Conserve of red Roses two Ounces, Conserve of Mint one Ounce, Ginger candied in the Indies six Drams, aromatic Calamus candied three Drams, the Powder of Diatrion Pipereon, with Mosch, three or four Drams, with a sufficient quantity of the Syrup of Clove-gilliflowers make an Electuary.  
When a redundancy of fat and bilious Humours weaken the Appetite, Elixir Proprietatis mixed with bitter Ingredients, is a proper Medicine. If Narcotics have stupefied the Stomac, we exhibit acid Remedies. If at any time the use of Acids' disorder the Appetit, as it happens frequently in Hypochondriac cases; the absorbent Powders of Crabs-Eyes, Chalk, etc. and Elixir proprietatis prepared without an acid, or with the Spirit of Salarmoniac, may supply their room.  
As for external Topic's, Liniments, Cataplasms, and Fomentations may be used, and made of Wine, and Elixir of Mint, Bread, and the Aromatic Powders. Crato's Oil and Plaster are not amiss. Or,  
Take of expressed Oil of Mace a Dram and a half, distilled Oil of Cloves a Scruple, the distilled Oils of Wormwood, Mint and Juniper of each half a Dram. Mix for a Lineament.  
Hartman's Stomachical Plaster, or Plaster of Tacamahac, mixed with Balsam of Peru, is proper to be laid upon the Stomac. I have also seen many good Effects produced by the application of a Vultur's Skin to the Stomac.   

CHAP. II. Of the Depravation of the Appetite.  
THE Appetite is depraved when it avoids the proper, and craves improper Food. In the former Case, it avoids some particular Object through the prevalency of prejudice, the Memory of a preceding Surfeit, or the confluence of vicious Humours in the Stomac. Those who are troubled with a bitter Taste in their Mouth, either through the use of Opium, or the height of a Fever, are averse to Hopped Drink, by reason of the near resemblance between the taste of the Beer, and that which then annoys 'em. As the exhibiting of bitter Resinous Purgatives will occasion an Antipathy to Ale. Upon this account we take it for a good sign in acute Distempers, if the Patient be able to drink Ale. Meat also is formidable to feverish Constitutions, by reason that when eaten it is not digested, and so melts into a bitter musty Crudity. These are the Causes of an acquired Aversion to particular Meats, or Liquors. The Cure is performed by the use of Elixir proprietatis, Womrwood, Mint, Quinces, Wine, and their various Productions, together with some Acid Spirits.  
The most remarkable Instances of depraved Appetites are what we call Pica and Malacia. The former is a Longing for such things as are not fit to be eat, as raw Meat, Coals, Leather, Lime, etc. The latter is a violent and infatiable longing for usual Food, as Herrins, and such like.  
The Part affected, is partly the Orifice of the Stomach, where the appetising ferment is naturally seated; and partly the Fancy and Animal Spirits. For though the Vellication of the Stomac constitute a general Appetit, 'tis the Fancy that directs it to a particular Object. Besides, such things are oft times longed for, as are not Objects of the Stomach, as the crackling noise of Cinders, the smell of Leather, etc. which makes it to appear, that the Animal Spirits, and the Organs of Sense, are depraved as well as the Stomach. That the Sense of Smelling is vitiated, is evident from the Pleasure such Persons take in smelling to stinking unsavoury Objects. That the Sense of Tasting is likewise corrupted, may be inferred from the Depravation of the Spittle, occasioned by its Affinity to the Stomachical ferment; and is sufficiently exemplified by their relishing and coveting the taste of such things, as at other times they abhor. The like may be said of all the Senses.  
The Cause is the Alteration and Depravation of the ferment of the Stomac. We see that the various Modification of this ferment, in several Animals, creates in 'em contrary and distinct Appetites: by virtue of this diversity of ferments, Men, Dogs, Cats, Geese, etc. are prompted to covet their peculiar Food.  
The ferment is depraved by the corruption of Matter in the Stomac, which renders it saltish, sharp, and in some measure corrosive, and consequently apt to overact its part, by vellicating the Mouth of the Stomach, in an unwonted manner, and prompting the fancy to pursue and entertain unusual Objects, after the method of Melancholic Hypochondriac Fits, to which this Distemper is near allied.  
The occasional remote Causes are, the Suppression of the Terms, which occasion the Stagnation and Corruption of the Blood, and by consequence of the Lymph, which waters the Coats of the Stomach; Ulcers in the Throat distilling corrupt Matter into the Stomac: The suppression of the Genital Liquor, or any wont Evacuation, and an hereditary Conveyance from Mother's liable to this Disease; which is equally compatible to Men and Women, Maids and Mothers.  
The things coveted and Longed for in a Pica, are such as are agreeable to the vicious ferment, which is so fierce and keen, that it digests without any trouble, or harm, a great many noxious and offensive Objects; providing their quantity taken down, do not exceed the extent of the Appetit. 'Tis true indeed, that if absurd and uncommon things are frequently eat, tho' in the mean time they occasion no visible disturbance, yet they amass depraved Humours in the Body, and so cause Dropsies, Cachexies, and many dismal Symptoms. As for Childbearing Women, who are frequently obnoxious to irregular Appetites, if they cannot be dissuaded by rational Motives, they must be furnished with what they Long for, for fear of bad consequences happening to the Child in the Belly.  
The Cure is performed by evacuating the Stomach, and tempering the ferment. Vomits, and particularly Mercurius Vitae, are very proper, if occasional Circumstances do not forbid 'em, such as a natural difficulty of Vomiting, the first and last Months of a Woman's being with Child, etc. in which case let Purges of Aloe, Extract of Hellebor, Coloquintida, and sweet Mercury be exhibited. It will not be improper to mix both the Vomiting and Purging Medicines with the things Longed for, that so the ferment eagerly joining them may be carried off. If the whole Mass of Humours be depraved, Antimonial Sudorifics are very convenient.  
After Evacuation, let the vicious ferment be tempered by moderate Acids, and palatable Stomachics, such as the Juices of Quinces, of Lemons, Citrons, Pomgranats, and Oranges; the Water of the Sprigs of Vines, mixed with Spirit of Treacle; Capers pickled in Vinegar, and mixed with Carminative Seeds; Essence of Orange-peel mixed with Essence of Saffron (in a suppression of the Terms;) the Decoction of Parsley-roots with Chiches, and especially Wine in which Mint and Wormwood are infused.  
Take of the Vitriolated Conserve of Mint four Ounces, powder of Zedoary a Dram or two, with Syrup of Quinces, make an Electuary, of which let the Patient take a convenient quantity thrice a Day.  
Take of Mint-water, Baum-water, of each an Ounce; Cinnamon-water prepared with Quinces six Drams; Juice of Quinces an Ounce; with a sufficient quantity of dulcified Spirit of Salt make a Potion. Dose a Spoonful now and then.  
Let Syrups or sweet things be sparingly used. Treacle and Mithridate are sometimes very useful. When other things fail, we must have recourse to Steel and absorbent Powders. Bleeding is of no direct use in this Disease, though in a suppression of the Terms, or Plethora, it may be serviceable by removing the occasional Cause.   

CHAP. III. Of an Immoderate Appetit, and Dog Hunger.  
AN extraordinary Appetit returning by intervals, and attended by Swooning, is called Bulimus. If Victuals be speedily swallowed down without Chewing, and frequently Vomited up, or at least so speedily digested, that the hungry Appetit is not discontinued, 'tis called a Dog-Hunger.  
The Cause of 'em both for the most part is a Volatile, disengaged Acid, called by the Ancients Melancholy, that gnaws and provokes the Mouth of the Stomac. Accordingly we find that Acids augment, and viscous Antiacids impair the Appetit. 'Tis true, a volatile Urinous Alcali, such as the Bile, abounding in the Stomac, may sometimes increase the Appetit, and in that case Acids perform the Cure. If the Nervous Membrane of the Stomach be over sensible, and too easily provoked, an extraordinary Appetit may likewise ensue thereupon.  
Worms in the Stomac, or Guts, may vellicate the Membrans, and so create an Appetit; and if the Digestion withal be easy and quick, it argues that there's an acid Matter in the Stomac besides Worms. 'Tis but very seldom that a fames Canina is periodical, neither is it followed by Fatness, by reason of the rough unpliable Crasis of the Blood. Long Fasting, and any immoderate Evacuation of Blood or Chyle, may be listed into the number of its External Causes.  
In a Bulimus the Causes are somewhat meeker, attended by a dullness or want of Spirits. When it succeeds to Chronical Diseases, or when the Swooning Fits happen while the Belly is full, 'tis dangerous. If a Dog Hunger be attended by Vomiting and Loosenesses, it degenerates into Gachexies, Dropsies, Consumptions, etc.  
The Cure consists in tempering and evacuating the Acid. The former Indication must be first satisfied; for if we attempt to evacuate the Acid in its vicious State, it will grow fiercer, and more offensive. The tempering Remedies are fixed and volatile Alcalis, absorbent Earthy Powders, and fat Oily Medicines. The first kill the Acidity, as appears by mixing Salt of Tartar with Spirit of Vitriol. The second suck up the acid Particles, as is evident by the Experiment of Vinegar and Crabs Eyes. The last cramp and fetter the Acid.  
Of the first sort are the Vegetable fixed Salts, Salt and Spirit of Urine, Spirit of Hartshorn, Onions, Garlic, etc. Of the second are Crabs Eyes, Coral, Pearls, Chalk, Bloodstone, Bole-armenic, Sealed Earth, Steel prepared without Acids, and mixed with Opiates. Of the third sort, are the expressed Oil of Sweet Almonds, Linseed, etc. distilled Oils of Aniseed, Caraway-seed, and especially of Cloves, the Yolks of Eggs boiled hard, or the Oil of Eggs, hot Bread dipped into Oil, etc. But if the Disease be attended by Vomiting, the Oily Ingredients ought to be avoided, or their use discontinued, when the Hunger relents.  
Take of the Filings of Steel, and prepared Coral, of each half a Dram, prepared Crabs Eyes a Scruple, prepared Mother of Pearl, and Bone of Carp of each a Scruple, Saffron half a Scruple, Laudanum Opianum two Grains: Mix for two or three Doses to be exhibited in fat Broth.  
Besides the abovementioned Ingredients, some recommend the drinking of Wine, others Cockles, River Crabs, Pork, Brains fried with Butter, Rice boiled with Milk and Butter, Fistic-Nuts, Sweet-Almonds, etc. Sweet Generous Wines, in which Mint and Sage are infused, or the Spirits of those Herbs, or the Essence of Wormwood, , Baum, etc. mixed with distilled Oils, are much approved.  
Narcotics stupify the Mouth of the Stomach, and upon that score are useful. But this Cure is only palliative. Treacle and Mithridate are the best of 'em.  
The Acid being thus prepared, let Vomits be exhibited, or Purges, such as this.  
Take of the Pills of Hiera a Scruple, choice Rhubarb in Powder half a Scruple, with Syrup of Roses: Make ●ills Or,  
Take of the Extract of Aloe prepared with tartarised Water, prepared red Coral, of each half a Dram, Gum-ammoniac dissolved in Vinegar a Scruple, Extract of Steel two Scruples, Extract of Troches Alhandal, half a Scruple, with Essence of Myrrh make thirty Pills. Dose ten or fifteen.  
A Bulimus is cured by generous Spanish Wine, or Frontignac, or a Medicinal Wine, with Cinnamon, Nutmegs, etc. infused in it. Bread dipped into it and applied to the Nostrils, or eaten, is much approved. Treacle dissolved in Wine is likewise very proper.    

SECT. III. Of the Disorders of Thirst.  
THIRST proceeds from the Vellication of the Gullet, Throat, , Tongue, and adjacent parts, occasioned by sharp saline Particles. The Liquor it demands is naturally designed for a Vehicle to the solid Food and Excrements. 'Tis disordered by way of Increase, Diminution, or Depravation.  
The two last are very uncommon. 'Tis true there are some few Instances of a want of Thirst, among Children and Splenetic Persons; and wherever 'tis found, it must proceed from a redundacy of moisture about the Stomac and Throat, or the stupidity of those parts. Either of which Causes is removed by the use of Elixir proprietatis, Tincture of Tartar, Tartar vitriolated, Arcanum Duplicatum, Salarmoniac mixed with Spices, Salt of Carduus Benedictus, etc. If it be caused by the inadvertency of the mind, and delirious Disposition of the Spirits, as in Fevers, 'tis a bad sign, but yields to the general Cure of the Disease.  
As for the Depravation of Thirst, or a particular aversion to some Liquors, and violent inclination to others, 'tis either a Symptom of a Fever, or accompanies a Pica or Malacia, and requires the same Cure as its Companions.  

CHAP. I. Of Immoderate Thirst.  
IT remains now to take a View of Immoderate Thirst, the only disorder of that Nature that requires consideration in this place. The part affected is the Throat, Gullet, and Mouth of the Stomach. The cause is either positive, or privative. The positive cause is a sharp Salt vellicating these parts, which, if it be locked up in a viscous Vehicle, is not so easily diluted as otherwise. This Salt is of an Alcalin nature, contrary to that which causes immoderate Hunger. The privative cause is the Defect of Saliva, whose Office 'tis to water those parts, and dilute the Salts.  
The remote external Causes are Purging Medicines, Pepper, Salt, Spices, Arsenic, sublimat Mercury, talking loud, sleeping with the Mouth open, etc. The internal remote Causes are the prevalency of a bitter Oil in the Choler, depraving the Lymph; an Oily sharpness in the Saliva occasioned by Catarrhs, extravasation of Serum, or Scorbutic glutinous Lymph; the Deficiency, Glutinosity, and Saltish sharpness of the Saliva, as in Fevers, Phthisicks, Hectics, etc. To which we may add the disorder, diversion, or paucity of the Spirits, which hinder the due secretion of the Spittle, as in the Instances of Weakness, Fatigue, Anger, Pain, etc. The heat of the Blood in the Lungs, and dejection of the Appetit in the Stomac, have likewise a great hand in causing Thirst. Sometimes Thirst is attended by a Feverish heat; at other times it is quite free of it, as in Scorbutic, Hydropic, and Catarrhous cases.  
In general a sudden Thirst without any visible cause, prognosticates some Disease or other. If the Tongue be dry, the Mouth beset with a tough Phlegm, and the Body oppressed with heat, and yet the Person be insensible of Thirst, 'tis an Argument of a Delirium, or great disorder among the Animal Spirits, or of the stupidity of the Tongue, and adjacent parts, and is justly looked upon as a malignant Symtom. If in drinking the Liquor makes a noise as it falls into the Stomac, it is an Argument of the Disorder of the Stomac. In Fevers it disappears together with them. But in Chronical Distempers, 'tis not so easily shaken off.  
As for the method of Cure, the irritating Cause must be first removed by Medicines varied according to its Nature. Such are partly austere Acids, partly temperate Medicine● which correct the sharp, or urinous, or oily, or saline Particles. The Acids are Woodsorrel, Prunes, Citrons, Quinces, Oranges, Pomegranates, Raspberries, Barberries, Corants, Cherries, and all their Juices; and especially Tamarinds, which not only abate the Thirst, but open the Body. The Juice of Houseleek, Vinegar, Strawberry-water; Tinctures of Roses, of Viclets, and of Daisies; Cream of Tartar; Spirits of Vitriol, of Sulphur, of Salt, or the Spirit distilled from equal Quantities of Sulphur, Antimony and Vitriol, dropped into the ordinary Drink. The temperate Remedies are Milk, Whey clarified with Citrons, Emulsions of Seeds, Raisins, Liquorice, & e.  
The second Indication of Cure is to augment the quantity of Serum and Spittle by exhibiting Liquids altered with Wine or Cinnamom, or mixed with acid Spirits. Simple cold Water, tho' commonly used, is very noxious. Besides, 'tis not convenient to throw in too large quantities of Liquors for fear of loading the Stomac, therefore Gargles and Mucilages applied to the Tongue and Throat will not be improper. As for the Forms of Recipes these following will suffice.  
Take of the Decoction of the Leaves and Roots of Woodsorrel one Pound, fresh Juice of Woodsorrel three Ounces, Syrup of Bay-berries and Pomgranats, of each six Drams. Mix them.  
Take of the Decoction of Barley one Pound, Juices of Citrons and of Quinces, of each two Ounces; Tinctures of the Flowers of Daisies and Roses of each two Drams, Syrup of the Juice of Citrons, an Ounce and a half; Spirit of Salt as much as sufficeth. Make a Julep.  
Take of the Flowers of Daisies six Drams, sprinkle 'em with Spirit of Sulphur, and infuse 'em in two Pound of Barleywater, till it extract a Tincture: strain the Liquor, and add three Ounces of the Syrup of Raspberries.  
Take of Tamarinds two Ounces, bruised small Raisins, an Ounce and a half, boil them in Water, and infuse in the strained Liquor while 'tis yet hot an Ounce of fresh Citron-peel. When 'tis cold strain it out, and add half an Ounce of the Tincture of Roses. Make a Julep.  
Take of Barleywater, a Pound and a half, Cinnamom-water an Ounce, purified Nitre, or Nitrum Antimoniatum, from a Dram to a Dram and a half. Mix them for a Potion. This and all Nitrous Potions are proper for such as do not agree with Acids.  
In Scorbutic, Phthysical and Hydropic Cases the Saltness of the Lymph and Spittle is admirably corrected by Whey mixed with Juice of Citrons, or with the Juices of Scurvygrass and Woodsorrel. Spirits of Salt and of Nitre are likewise very proper. Emulsions prepared from the cooling and milky Seeds, and the Decoction of China with Raisins and Liquorice are likewise conducive to the same purpose. Acids in this case are improper. But Liquorice and Fennel-Seeds boiled are much approved. As,  
Take of Barley a handful, small Raisins bruised an ounce and a half, Anniseeds, Fennel seeds, of each a Dram and a half, Liquorice-roots six Drams: Boyl them in fair Water till the fourth part be consumed, adding towards the end a Dram and a half of Cinnamon. Strain out the Liquor, of which the Patient may drink at pleasure.  
Gargles of Water; Small-beer or Water impregnated with Nitre, or the Juice of Houseleek; or Mucilages of Quince-seeds, Fleawort-seeds, etc. extracted with Rose-water, or Phlegm of Vitriol, and mixed with the Juice of Houseleek; applied to the Tongue and held in the Mouth, are very useful; especially when the Tongue is black, dry, and rough.  
Some healthy Persons are molested with Thirst every Morning, for whom Wormwood-wine is very proper. Others are thirsty through Labour, Fatigue, and Exercise, for whom the Spirit of Wine is very convenient.    

SECT. III. Of the Diseases relating to the Chewing Faculty.  
HAVING dispatched the Disorders of the Appetit, which is the first Spring of Nourishment; I am now arrived at the manner of receiving Food: It is first received by the Mouth, Chewed and impregnated with Spittle; which being of a fermentative Nature not unlike that of the ferment in the Stomach, predisposes and prepares it for Digestion. Now if the Power of Chewing be deficient, or disordered, 'tis neither impregnated with Spittle, nor cut small so as to be fit for Digestion. The Disorders of this Nature are such as respect either the Muscles employed in that Motion, the Jawbones, or the Teeth. Of these in order.  

CHAP. I. Of the Contorsion of the Muscles of the Mouth, or a Dog Cramp.  
THE Temporal Muscles, and those common to the Cheeks and Lips, are the Instruments which move the under Jawbone, in order to join it with the upper in the Act of Chewing, If they are seized with Convulsions or Cramps, the under Jawbone is inseparably united to the upper; if they be Paralytic, it falls down by its own weight, and they are not able to fetch it up. But these Cramps and Palsies never happen but when the whole Body is equally affected, and then they yield to the general Cure.  
If one part or side of these Muscles be seized with Convulsions, or Palsy, while the other is sound, the Mouth stands awry inclining to one side. In which posture one of the Eyes cannot be duly shut, neither can the Person pronounce the Letter O with a full Mouth, or Spit but at one side of the Mouth. If it be a Palsy, the part affected is lose, soft, and follows the Motion of the sound Muscles, and the under Eyelid falls down; whereas if it be a Cramp, or Convulsion, the part is hard, painful, and draws the sound Muscles to it.  
As for the Causes of Convulsions and Palsies they are accounted for elsewhere. This Contorsion is a fatal Symptom in acute continual Fevers, or after an universal Apoplexy or Epilepsy.  
The Cure is accomplished by Purgative Medicines, volatile and aromatic Sudorifics, decoctions of Woods, Castor given inwardly, or its Essence apylied outwardly, or its Extract rolled in the Mouth. Or,  
Take of Nutmegs two Drams; Roots of Pellitory of Spain, and of Angelica, Seeds of Staves-acre, Mustardseeds, of each a Dram; Cumin-seeds and Cubebs, of each half a Dram; Pepper half a Scruple; Mastic, a Dram and a half; with Wax make Tablets to be rolled in the Mouth. The Mouth may be washed with Spirit of Wine, in which Castor is dissolved, or the Decoction of Pellitory-roots with Rocket-seeds. Platerus was wont to cure the Convulsive distortion of the Mouth by Opiates mixed with Aromatics; as Mithridat, Syrup of Poppies, etc. If the Case be Paralytic, Blistering Plasters may be applied to the Ear, or Nap of the Neck.  
As for the Disorders of the Jaw bones. If they are disjointed by external Violence, Yauning or Gaping, they are easily set right by a Cuff under the Chin. If they are encumbered by Tumours or Inflammations in the Throat, if their motion be cramped by the swelling of the Glandules behind the Ears, or the settlement of a tartarine thick Humour upon the conjunction with the Bones of the Temples, the regular motion is retrieved by the respective Cure of those Causes. If the Antagonist Muscles, that bring up and pull down the under Jawbone be reciprocally contracted, through Cold, Worms, etc. there ensues a gnashing of the Teeth: Which in Fevers and adult Persons, is an unlucky Symptom; and is cured by the external Application of Balsam of Peru, and the removal of its Causes.   

CHAP. II. Of the Loss, Corruption, Blackness, Looseness, Numbness, and Chillness of the Teeth.  
THE Teeth are nourished not only by the Arteries and Veins inserted into their Roots; but likewise by the Gums. When they are uncapable through Age, or otherwise, to receive Nourishment they fall out, or are ground away by continual use.  
The Causes which promote this their decay, are the abuse of Stupifying, or Narotic, over cold, or over hot Medicines, or of Viscous and Corruptible things, which stick to the sides of the Teeth, and corrupt their Nourishment, such as Sugar, Sweetmeats, Figs, Cheese, Milk, etc. The Scurvy, Salivation, handling of Mercury, external Violence, etc. The Cure consists in removing the Causes. If Mercury be the cause, Leaves of Gold or Solar Preparations are very proper.  
Sometimes the Teeth are corrupted through the acidity of their own direct Nourishment, or of that received sideways from the Gums. External Injuries are apt to produce the same Effect. At first there appears a black Spot in the Tooth, than it becomes a Hole, and the Tooth grows hollow; the corrupted Matter lodged within corodes the Tooth, causes pain, and sometimes reaches the Gums and Jawbone, creating Ulcers, which degenerate into Fistula's. Sometimes the corrupted Matter degenerates into Worms. Sometimes the Teeth stink and infect the Breath, by reason of corrupted Meat sticking in their Chinks, or in the hollow Tooth.  
If the Corruption be confirmed, it cannot be Cured without drawing the Tooth. The Juice of Sun-spurge mixed with Salarmoniac and Flour, and put into the Hollow-Tooth, will render the Operation easy; the Juice of Celandin the greater, or a bruised Grasshopper, are proper for the same purpose. Or,  
Take of Gum-ammoniac, Henbane-seeds, Juice of Henbane, of each a Dram and a half; with the fat of Green Frogs and Wax make an Ointment, to be applied to the Tooth before 'tis drawn.  
If the Corruption be not too far advanced, a stop may be put to its further progress by applying an actual Cautery; and afterwardsfilling the Tooth with Gold-leaf beat up with Myrrh and Wax; or with Turpentine; or with the Decoction of Ginger in Oxymel; or with Coral and Camphyr. Or,  
Take of prepared red Coral, bone of a Cuttle, and burnt Hartshorn, of each two Scruples; choice Myrrh, half a Dram; Camphyr, five or six Grains, with the mucilage of Tragacanth make Pills, to be put into the Hollow-Tooth. Some choose potential Cauteries instead of actual ones, as Aqua-Fortis, or the Spirit of Salt.  
If the Teeth stink let 'em be washed with Water, in which Salarmoniac is dissolved. If they are infested with Worms, wash 'em with the Decoction of Savin in Wine, or apply the Spirit of Sulphur with Cotton, or let the fumes of  Henbane-seed be received at the Mouth.  
Sometimes if the Gums be flaccid, lose, or otherwise disordered, the lateral Nourishment they afford to the Teeth, is vitiated, and sticks like an Excrement upon their surface, and either grows hard like a friable Stone, or blackens and disorders the Teeth. Hence we see that whatever affects the Gums, as the Scurvy, Mercurial Salivation, etc. is followed by a blackness, and sordid colour of the Teeth.  
If this Symptom be recent and not confirmed, let the Teeth and Gums be rubbed with the following Powder.  
Take of  Hartshorn, three Ounces; Coral, a Dram and a half; Roots of Florentine Orris, two Scruples; burnt Alum and Salt of Tartar, of each a Scruple, make a Powder to be sprinkled with Spirit of Scurvygrass, adding some drops of the distilled Oil of Cloves.  
If the Excrement be stiff and confirmed, let Spirit of Salt mixed with Honey be applied to the Gums and Teeth. Or, Take a Polypody-root, and soak it for the space of four and twenty Hours in Wine sharpened with Spirit of Sulphur. Then dry it for a Powder for the Teeth. Let the Teeth and Gums be washed every Morning with Human Urine, and after eating with Plantain and Houseleek-water, in which Salarmoniac and Salt of Tartar are dissolved. The Powders of hard stones, such as Flint, Pumicestone, etc. are not so convenient, unless it be in a very inveterat case; because they consume the Gums.  
As touching the looseness of the Teeth, 'tis occasioned either by their own intrinsic fault, of which above, or the relaxation of the Fibres of the Gums, which frequently proceeds from the sharpness of the Saliva, or Serum, as appears by the aptness of the Scurvy, Toothache, and Mercurial Salivation, to cause it. Opiates also, used for the Toothache, sometimes cause a looseness of the Teeth by relaxating the Fibres of the Gums.  
If it be inveterat it may run to that height, that the Gums are exulcerated, corrupted and disposed to a Gangrene. Sometimes if the Texture of the Gums is very solid, and relaxating Causes assault it, it shoots up a lose flaccid sordid sort of Flesh that ' twines about and covers the Tooth.  
The Cure consists in corroborating the flaccid Gums by Astringents, cleansing the Ulcers (if any there be) and preserving them from further Corruption. Tincture of Lac, with Myrrh, is a noted Medicine for this Effect. Spirit of Salt with Honey of Roses, is also a powerful cleanser.  
Take of the Flowers of Holyhocks, half an Ounce; prepared burnt Hartshorn, two Drams; burned Alum, Nutmegs, of each a Dram. Make a Powder to rub the Gums with, after cleansing the Teeth, and washing the Mouth with the following Gargoyle.  
Take of Sage-leaves, two handfuls; Flowers of Holyhocks, one handful; Polypody-roots half an Ounce. Boyl them in fair Water. To a Pound of the strained Decoction, add Honey of Roses, two Ounces and a half; Antimonial Nitre, three Drams; burned Alum and sealed Earth, of each a Dram. Mix, etc.  
Take of the Leaves of Sage and Scurvygrass, of each three handfuls; boil them in Milk. To a Pound of the strained Liquor add fresh Juice of Scurvygrass two Ounces; Syrup of Columbines four Ounces. Mix for an Antiscorbutic Gargoyle.  
Take of crude Alum a Dram and a half; Flowers of Columbines and Sage-leaves, of each two Drams; Roots of Florentin-Orris, three Drams; choice Myrrh, two Scruples. Sprinkle 'em liberally with Spirit of Scurvygrass, adding a few Drops of the distilled Oil of Cloves. Make a Lineament for the Teeth.  
For a Scorbutic Excrescence of the Gums, Spirit of Scurvygrass mixed with  Alum, is very proper; or the Decoction of small Houseleek with Alum and Honey; or a mixture of the Scum of Quicklime Water with Lac, Vitriol and Rose-water; are much approved.  
If the Excrescence be over luxuriant, we must have recourse to the Decoction of Verdigrise and Alum mixed with Vinegar, or the Ointment Aegyptiacum mixed with Honey of Roses; or the following Powder.  
Take of  Alum and Salarmoniac, of each a Scruple; Mastic and Frankincense, of each half a Dram. Make a Powder to be rubbed upon the Teeth, after washing the Mouth with the Decoction of Sage, Tormentil and red Roses.  
The Numbness of the Teeth proceeds from the Acidity of the Lymph, and is cured by chewing fresh Purslain, or Cheese; or applying the White of an Egg boiled hard; but especially by warm Urine.  
The chillness of the Teeth, or their aptitude to shrink and ache at the approach of any cold thing, is cur●d by applying Treacle, or Spirit of Wine, or chewing hot Bread, or the Yelk of an Egg roasted.    

SECT. iv Of the Diseases that hinder Swallowing.  
THE Food received and prepared in the Mouth, must be forwarded by the Tongue to the upper part of the Pharynx, and thence conveyed downwards to the Stomach, by the successive contraction of the Muscles of the Gullet. This we call Swallowing. The Disorders 'tis obnoxious to, are such as tend either to impair or deprave it.  
Those of the former sort are occasioned by the Palsy of the Sphincter and Muscles of the Throat; The Convulsion, or Contraction of the Gullet, caused by Hypocondriac, Hysteric, and Epileptic Fits, Worms, want of Spittle or Moisture, violent Exercise, astringent Liquors, etc. Or the narrowness of its Passage, caused by Tumours, Obstructions, and Inflammations either of itself, or the adjacent parts: Or the Inflammation, Excoriation, Exulceration and Tumour of the upper Orifice of the Stomach; or its queasyness and aversion to Food; or Wind irritating its Muscles to contract themselves and deny admission to the Food.  
The Depravation of the Swallowing Faculty discovers itself three ways. 1. When Liquors can be taken down, but no solid thing. 2. When solid things are easily received, but such as are liquid are thrown up by the Mouth and Nostrils; by reason that the Epiglottis does not duly cover the opening of the Windpipe. 3. When some things both solid and liquid are easily taken down, and some are not. Of which more under the Head of a Queasy Stomac.  
In acute Diseases or Wounds, the Convulsion of the Gullet is fatal; as also its relaxation for want of Spirits. If any external thing taken down stick in the Gullet, it occasions Imposthumes, Ulcers, etc. and together with the corrupted Matter works itself out either upwards or downwards, or cuts out a new Passage through the neighbouring parts. Or if it reach the Stomach, may either be voided by Stool without any harm, or cause Obstructions in the Pylorus, Looseness in the Guts, etc. according to its Nature and Bulk.  
The Cure varies according to the quality of the Causes. If the Head of the Gullet is Paralytic, let the Decoction of Sage and Rocket-seeds in Wine, or the Infusion of Thyme and Lavender-flowers in Aquavitae with Castor, or the Essence of Castor mixed with Spirit of Venice-Treacle and Aqua Anhaltina, be held in the Mouth. Let the Juice of Sage with Nutmegs and Castor, or Turpentine dissolved with the Yelk of an Egg in the Water of Primroses, or some drops of the distilled Oils of Amber, Sage, Anniseeds, etc. be gradually taken down. Let the Neck and neighbouring parts be anointed with Spirit of Earthworms, and distilled Oil of Cloves, Amber, etc.  
If the Muscles of the Gullet be seized with Convulsions, let Cephalic and Opiate Medicines be used both internally and externally. If want of moisture and extreme dryness cause their contraction, Let the mucilage of Quinces extracted with the Water of Frogs-Spawn be held in the Mouth, and insensibly swallowed.  
Hysteric and Hypochondriac Contractions of the Pharynx, are cured by Chalybeat and absorbent Remedies. Pins, Bones, pieces of Glass and such like pointed things swallowed down and sticking in the Gullet, aught to be brought back if possible by Sneezing, Coughing, or taking down liquid Vomits, and drinking in the mean while Oily soft Liquors; or by the help of Instruments made for the purpose.   

SECT. V Of the Hindrances of Chylification.  
THE Food conveyed by the Mouth and Gullet into the Stomac, is there dissolved, partly by the heat of the Stomac and adjacent Bowels, and partly by the salin and spirituous Juice in the Stomac; which likewise encounters the alcalin Salts of the Food, when dissolved, and by means of a fermentation works it into a volatile temperate milky substance, which we call Chyle.  
That this ferment in the Stomac is an acid salin substance, is sufficiently made out by the acid Belchings that attend even those who are well; by the evident virtue which Acids have of promoting, and fat oily Antiacids of impairing the Appetit. The original of this ferment is the Lymph deposited by the Glandules of the Stomach into its Cavity, where it meets the remains of Food, impregnated with Spittle, and rendered acid by delay; and combines with 'em in the form of an acid ferment.  

CHAP. I. Of Diseases Encumbering, or Extinguishing Chylification.  
IF the Food be not sufficiently elaborat in the Stomac, and in due time converted into Chyle; it remains unfit for nourishing the Body, as being nothing but a heap of crude Matter. Sometimes it melts into a fixed Viscous acid, that falling short of its due thinness and volatility, is the source of all Chronical Distempers; which by the Ancients were imputed to the unequal Disposition of the Bowels, or the cold Constitution of the Stomac complicated with the heat of the Liver. This we call the acid Crudity of the Stomac. At other times it degenerates into a Cruditas Nidorosa, a putrid Matter smelling like something burnt or roasted.  
The causes of these Disorders are the deficiency, confusion, or flatness of the Spirits, through Weakness, Passions, Pains, and want of Exercise; the corruption or fixation of the acid ferment occasioned by vicious Acids, sweet things, and such as tend to an acid Crudity; or its dullness and inactivity, occasioned by the oily Salt of the Choler abounding in the the Stomac, eating of fat Food, as Eggs fried with a large quantity of Butter, and such like, which produce a Cruditas Nidorosa; the fixation and viscidity of the Relics of preceding Digestions in the Pleats of the Stomac, following the preposterous administration of fixed absorbent Powders in Fevers; eating of disagreeable and unwonted Food, which renverses the Seminal Crasis of the ferment, and requires a new proportion of digestive Salts; (whereas the Food that the Appetit calls for, and is by custom well acquainted with, meets with a more welcome reception from the ferment, that is in some measure allied to it by virtue of the remains of food of the same Nature lodged in the Stomac; the Relaxation, Exulceration, Excoriation and Obstruction of the Stomac; Its Sympathy with the Kidneys in Nephritic Pains, etc. These Causes relate to the Stomac, and its ferment.  
The Causes relating to the Object or Food received; are gormandizing, or overcharging the Stomac and ferment; variety of contrary Meats which are not equally digested, one part remaining crude, while the other is already transformed; departing from the usual Measures and Seasons of Eating, or anticipating Meals before the former be digested; crossing the Natural Appetit by pressing such things as are loathed, and denying that it longed for; abstaining from Bread, or using such as is not sufficiently fermented and impregnated with that volatile Acid that so notably promotes Digestion; hard, viscous, and oily Food, or such as is not easily dissolved or mixed with watery Vehicles; excessive Drinking, which over dilutes the ferment, relaxes the Fibres of the Stomac, and causes the Food to float unsteddily; Eating of solid Foot without a sufficient quantity of moisture for its Vehicle; neglect of Chewing, etc.  
The particular Causes of an acid Crudity are the redundancy of acid Humours in the Body, the frequent use of Acids, whether open or occult, or of Spices and such like sharp things, as are apt to exalt an Acid.  
Those of a musty Crudity are the recoiling of the Bile and Alcalin Humours; the deficiency of Acids, as in acute Fevers; the undue stay of Food in the Stomac; or the contraction of the Pylorus stopping its passage; using fat oily fixed or Chalybeat Ingredients; soon perishing Fruits; in a word whatever is apt to corrupt, or contract a Nidor.  
The Symptoms of an impaired Chalification are; a heavy pain about the Stomac, and distension of the Breast, after eating; frequent Belchings whether insipid, putrid, sulphureous, or resembling the very taste of the Food, tho' five or six Hours after eating. Sometimes, especially in Hypochondriac Persons, the Face is inflamed, and respiration is difficult while they lie on their Backs. In a Morning their Mouth is beset with a viscous Phlegm. The Urine is sometimes thin and watery, at other times thick and muddy. Sometimes a Vertigo happens attended by all the Symptoms of the Hypochondriac Illness, which takes its rise from the Stomac.  
The Signs of an acid Crudity, are Heartburning, acid Belchings; much Wind; the Constipation of the Belly, and the thickness and viscidity of whatever is vomited up, whether Naturally or by Art. Those of a musty Crudity are these. In the Morning they perceive an uncouth ashy Taste, like that of rotten Wood; afterwards a gnawing in the Stomac, and loathing of Meat, with a Bitterness in the Mouth; their Belchings resemble the taste of rotten Fish, or fried Eggs; the Belly is open and lose, and what they vomit is either insipid or bitterish.  
As for Prognostics. An acid Crudity is the forerunner and cause of Intermitting Fevers, Hypochondriac Illness, Scurvy, Cachexies, Colic Passions, Arthritic and Nephritie Pains, Melancholy and forced Eruptions in the Skin. In a word 'tis the source of all the Chronical Dstempers, which by the Ancients were referred to the Obstructions of the Bowels, Mesentery, Liver, spleen, etc.  
Chylification is the Work of Nature, not to be compassed by Art. Wherefore the Cure consists only in removing the offensive Crudity, cleansing the Stomach, and gently whetting the Appetite.  
In the first place Antimonial Vomits mixed with attenuating Ingredients are required. Then Stomachical Purges of Hiera with Agaric, Aloe and Mastic. Or,  
Take of the Pills called Aleophanginae, a Scruple; Tartar vitriolated, six Grains; Scammony sulphurated, two Grains; Extract of Troches Alhandal (a Noble Medicine for cutting pituitous Humours) a Grain and a half, with the Tincture of Tartar make Pills.  
Take of Quercetanus' Pills of Ammoniac a Scruple; Extract of Steel, half a Scruple; Extract of Troches Alhandal, two Grains; distilled Oil of Mace, two Grains: With Elixir Proprietatis, or Essence of Sassafras, or Essence of Mint, or Spirit of Mastic, make Pills. Or a Purging Medicine may be made of Salts, Thus,  
Take of Tartar vitriolated, Cream of Tartar, of each half a Scruple, Scammony sulphurated four Grains; Troches Alhandal, two Grains; Distilled Oil of Anniseeds, two Drops, make a Powder. If a Liquid Form be desired,  
Take of Wormwood, or Hyssop-water, Mint-water, of each half an Ounce; Tartar vitriolated, Extract of Agaric, of each half a Scruple, Extract of Troches Alhandal, one Grain; Scammony sulphurated, two Grains; solutive Syrup of Roses, half an Ounce. Mix for a Potion.  
Of Alterative Medicines Galangal and Ginger are much the best. Next are the Carminative Seeds, Anniseeds, Caraway-seeds, Cumin-seeds, the four lesser hot Seeds; Acorus-roots preserved; Nutmeg, not by itself, but in conjunction with Stomachic Simples; among which Mint and Wormwood lead the Van. Next to them are Myrrh, Zedoary, Rosemary, Sassafras, Quinces, dulcified Spirit of Salt (an incomparable Remedy) Spirit of Mastic mixed with that of Mint. Elixir Proprietatis is an excellent Stomachic, but for acid Crudities, it ought to be prepared without an Acid, and mixed with Spirit of Salarmoniac. For musty Crudities let it be prepared with an Acid, and mixed with Spirit of Scurvygrass. Mynsichtius his Elixir of Vitriol; Michael s Stomachical Elixir mixed with the Asthmatic Spirit, or with the Spirits of Mastic and Scurvygrass; Essence of Baum mixed with the Philosophical Spirit of Vitriol; as likewise those of , Mint, Rosemary, Sassafras and Myrrh, are all very proper. Wormwood-Wine is likewise useful. Or,  
Take of curled Mind, wild Calamint and Wormwood, of each a handful; Elecampane-roots, Acorus-Roots, of each an Ounce; Galangal, three Drams; Cinnamom, three Drams; Mace, one Dram, ('tis very oily, and therefore a small Quantity will suffice) Anniseeds three or six Drams. Cut, bruise, and tie them in a Bag; to be infused in Rhenish Wine in a warm place for twelve Hours. Let the Patient take a Draught of the Infusion before Eating, adding to every Draught fifteen drops of dulcified Spirit of Salt.  
The Rob of Juniper-Berries with Ginger, Mace and Sugar, may be used by way of Electuary.  
Salarmoniac given in Wormwood-wine; Arcanum Duplicatum, or essential Salt of Tartar mixed with Aromatic Powders; the Infusion of Aron and Elecampane roots in Wine; Chocolat and Thea, are all of excellent use.  
As for musty Crudities, Vomits, and gentle Purges of Rhubarb and Tamarinds are proper. Then precipitating Earthy Powders followed by Acid Juleps. As,  
Take of Arcanum Duplicatum, two Scruples; prepared Cuttlebone, a Scruple; Powder of Nutmegs, six Grains. Mix for two or three Doses.  
Take of Mint-water, an Ounce and a half; Cinnamom-Water, two Drams; Juice of Quinces, six Drams; Syrup of the Juice of Quinces half a Dram. Mix for a Potion. Dulcified Spirit of Salt, Spirit of Mastic, Elixir Proprietatis, Ivory, Coral, Cream of Tartar, Quinces, etc. are all proper Ingredients.  
Acid Crudities are removed by absorbent Powders, and volatile Aromatics, such as Scurvygrass, lesser Centory, Wormwood, Rhubarb, and especially Ginger; volatile Spirits of Mint, Sage, Scurvygrass, that of Salarmoniac mixed with Vegetable Spirits, Spirit of Tartar, Hartshorn, etc. Elixir Proprietatis prepared without an Acid, together with the fixed Salts of Wormwood, Carduus Benedictus, etc. the digestive Hypochondriac Salt, Hartshorn, Ivory, Crabs-Eyes, etc. Above all River-Crabs together with the Shells, are much approved. All Acids must be avoided, and after the Acid is vanquished, Purgatives administered.  
Besides internal Medicines, external Applications are proper for promoting Chylification. As,  
Take of the Oil of Mint prepared by Infusion and boiling, two Drams; expressed Oil of Nutmegs, a Dram; distilled Oils of Mint, of Mace and of Cloves, of each half a Scruple. Mix and anoint the Region of the Stomach. Balsam of Peru is very proper for the same purpose.  
Take of Tacamahac, three parts; Gum-Caran, one part; soften 'em with Balsam of Peru, or distilled Oil of Mint, and make a Plaster to be applied to the Stomac.  
A Sponge dipped in Wine impregnated with the Vehicle of Stomachic Simples, and applied hot to the Stomac, is also much approved.   

CHAP. II. Of Wind in the Stomach and Guts.  
WHEN the Work of Chylification is disturbed, Wind oft times molests and distends the Stomach; which if it break upwards with a noise is called Belching; if it be discharged both upwards and downwards, 'tis called a dry Cholera.  
Wind is somewhat different from Vapours and Exhalations, either of which is resolved by heat, and thickened by cold; whereas it undergoes no such alteration. Nay, 'tis neither heat nor cold that is directly concerned in giving it a Being; 'tis only the vicious fermentation of a Preternatural Acid within a thick viscous Body. Thus we see that Spirit of Nitre poured upon a Metallin soluble Body, boils up into Wind and Noise. The like will happen in the distillation of Tartar; or the effusion of Vinegar or Juice of Citrons upon Corals, or Crabs-Eyes. In like manner Bread or new Wine, if fermented, will rise up with a windy noise; but if fermentation be neglected, no other process of boiling, macerating, distilling, etc. is able to produce that effect. And once more; if Apples be exposed to the Sun, so as to undergo a fermentation by virtue of the heat, their Skin will chop and break to give way to the Wind, and no other management whatsoever can compass that end.  
Thus 'tis made to appear that Wind is not pre-existent in the Liquors or Humours themselves; but newly created by virtue of the imprisonment of acid and urinous Salts within a viscous Body, which they endeavour to attenuate and break through, when dissolved and put into motion by the addition of a ferment. Now that the Vehicle is viscid, is sufficiently made out by the tenacious gross Humours that are voided upwards by Vomiting.  
The Part affected is the Cavity of the Stomach, and its upper Orifice. The immediate Cause is already explained. To which we may add a violent compression which obliges the Wind, in pursuit of a larger space to move in, to break forth and forsake its narrow Habitation; just as Air condensated displays its Elastic force, and seeks to enlarge its Bounds, driving before it the contiguous interfering Bodies with a notable noise.  
The remote Causes are the eating of viscous Food, and retention of acid Crudities. Flatulent Meats may be very apt to encourage a Windy noise, but without the fermentatation of an enclosed Acid they cannot of themselves produce it. Therefore 'tis, that the same Meats will occasion such disturbances in acid Constitutions, that are digested by other Persons without any disorder.  
Some flatulent Distentions are natural, produced by the oily Bile and acid Mucus of the Stomac and Guts, when their Cavities are Empty, and projected by Nature to keep their walls from joining, and continue the openness of their Pores. As to the Differences of Belchings, some are Acid, as in Hypochondriac cases, and after long fasting; some musty, of which above; some answerable to the natural quality of Food received, as those caused by eating Onions, Radishes, etc. some quite insipid; and lastly, though very rarely, some are attended by a prodigious stink. Now the cause of flatulent stinks must be fetched from the Chemical Experiment of dissolving fat Sulphureous Substances with Alcalis, and precipitating with Acids. As Antimony calcined with Nitre and Tartar in the Preparation of Crocus Metallorum, then dissolved in Water, and precipitated with Vinegar yields a most noisome Smell; so the oily Salts of the Bile first resolved and then precipitated by Acids, are endowed with the like Quality.  
The Signs are these. If the Wind cannot force its passage the Breast or Belly is distended and perplexed; if touched, it rebounds as it were; the respiration is very difficult, especially when the Persons lie on their Backs; they are molested with violent Pains, and tossing from side to side, they perceive a sort of flatulent noise within; Just before the Wind breaks forth, they complain of a vast Perplexity in their Breasts, but when it gains its Passage, are benefited by it. Sometimes these flatulent Distentions reach the Neck and Back, and occasion a Swelling about the Mouth of the Stomac, which prevents the breaking of Wind downwards, and reaps no advantage by those which pass upwards. And Eating augments this Distension.  
As for Prognostics. They are usually the Symptoms of a Hypochondriac Illness; and if they happen upon the recovery of a Disease portend its relapse. If they continue long they threaten Dropsies. If they stink horridly, they are very malignant and contagious.  
The Cure is performed by attenuating and discharging the viscid Matter, discussing the Wind, and moderating its force. In the first place let Antimonial Emerics be exhibited; and next to them, the Stomachical Purgatives prescribed in the last Chapter. After the first Passages are cleared the oily volatile salin Simples are equally proper for tempering the Acid and attenuating the viscous Humour. As for Example.  
Take of Fennel and Mint-water, of each an Ounce and a half; Carminative-water prepared with Wine, an Ounce; Spirit of Anis, Essence of Orange-peel, of each three Drams; distilled Oil of Mace, five drops; Syrup of Orange-peel, six Drams. Make a Potion to be taken by Spoonfuls.  
Chamomil, with the four hot Seeds both larger and lesser boiled in Wine, or their distilled Oils, or their Spirits mixed with that of Salarmoniac, Castor, or its Essence prepared with Spirit of Salarmoniac, Myrrh, Treacle, Orange-peel, Ambergris, Cinnamom, and all Oily Volat-Salts, are proper for the same purpose. As for Example.  
Take of Corianderseeds, half an Ounce; Anniseeds, Fennel-seeds, of each two Drams; Zedoary, Ginger, Galangal, and Salarmoniac; of each a Dram; ●owder of Diatrion Pipereon, a Dram and half; aromatic Oil of Sugar, two Drams. Make a Coarse Powder.  
Balsam of Sulphur is of very good use, as likewise the aromatic compound Waters of the above mentioned Simples; but above all the Carminative Spirit de Tribus, that is, the Spirit distilled from Tartar and Nitre; mixed with Spirit of Wine tartarised, and rectified.  
Take of Mint-water, two Ounces; Roman Chamomil water, an Ounce; Zedoary-water, half an Ounce; Carminative Spirit de Tribus, a Dram and a half; Essence of Opium, a Scruple; Syrup of Orange-peel, an Ounce. Mix for a Draught.  
Take of Elixir proprietatis prepared without Acids, three Drams; Essence of Castor, two Drams; Essence of Opium, a Dram. Mix. Dose forty drops.  
If Wind be accompanied with Flushings in the Face, and a notable heat, there is nothing comparable to the Spirit of Nitre dulcified with Spirit of Wine, and impregnated with the virtue of Carminative-Simples, after Sylvius' Method. Sylvius' extemporary mixture is very serviceable in this case; viz.  
Take of Fennel and Mint-water, of each two Ounces; rectified Spirit of Wine, or Matthiolus' Aqua Vitae, or Sylvius' Carminative Spirit, an Ounce; Spirit of Nitre, twenty drops; distilled Oil of Mace, six drops; Laudanum Opiatum three Grains; Syrup of Mint, an Ounce and a half. Mix. Dose two Spoonfuls.  
As for inveterat acid Belchings five or six Pepper-corns taken every Morning fasting are very useful; as likewise absorbent Earthy Powders mixed with Aromatics; Essence or Juice of Wormwood taken at Meals, and the Powder of Coral, Cuttlebone, and Ostiocolla, mixed with Spirit of Wine impregnated with Juniper. If the Wind proceed from a thick stubborn Mucilage, exhibit the Asthmatical Syrup mixed with a double quantity of Michael's Elixir for the Stomac.  
Externally let the place affected be fomented with the Oils of Chamomil, and of the Carminative-seeds; or with a mixture of Anis-water, Spirit of Wine camphorised, and Treacle; or covered with a Plaster of Tacamahac, Balsam of Peru, and Treacle.  
'Tis also proper to inject Clysters of Man's Urinal, in which the Carminative Ingredients have been boiled.    

SECT. VI Of the Diseases that hinder the Retention of Food in the Stomac.  

CHAP. I. Of Vomiting and Loathing of Meat.  
HAVING thus accompanied the Food from its first entry into the Mouth, till its arrival in the Stomac, we are now to view the Causes that disturb its Repose.  
That Sense which with respect to external parts is called Pain, is Christened Irritation among the Internal Membranes; as the upper Orifice of the Stomach is said to be irritated when any Object grates upon, or displeases it. Now the natural result of Irritation is, that Crowds of Spirits are summoned in by the angry part, and upon their arrival it contracts itself. Thus the Mouth of the Stomac being extremely sensible, contracts itself upon the least Irritation, the natural consequence of which is a loathing of Meat, or denying admission to it when swallowed; or, if it happen to force its passage, the imprisoned Wind belches out at the new opened Gate. But if this contraction be continued to the Pylorus, or lower Orifice of the Stomac, its Fibres being stronger than those of the upper, throw up the Contents, with force sufficient to master the Passage, and hence ensues a direct Vomiting. So that Loathing and Vomiting differ in this point, That the one is a contraction of the upper, the other of the lower Orifice of the Stomac.  
Vomiting is said to be Essential, when the Irritating cause is lodged within the Stomach. Such Causes are, a Wound, Inflammation, Ulcer, Gangrene, or Schirrus of the Stomac or Pylorus; sharp Scorbutic Salts conveyed thither in company with the Spittle, or deposited by the Arteries; the vicious effervescency or recoiling of the Gall and Pancreatic Juice; clotted Blood, corrupt Matter, or any Humour dislodged of its proper Habitation, and hurried into the Stomac; the Assumption of sharp Irritating Medicines, Vomits, Purges, Poison, etc. or of fat things (which relaxat the Fibres of the upper Orifice, and struggle with the acid ferment;) Crudities, Worms, etc.  
If the Cause be seated elsewhere, the Vomiting is caused by consent, by reason either of the Stomac's being one continued piece with the affected part; or of their mutual commerce maintained by the Nerves. Thus the Disorders of the Bowels, Guts, Midriff, Head, Kidneys, Womb, Liver and Spleen, are frequently the causes of Vomiting. A Schirrus or corruption of the Sweetbread, stagnation of the Seminal Juice in Widows and stolen Maids, and in a word whatever disturbs or inflames the Animal Spirits, will produce the same effect.  
Vomiting is ushered in by Anxiety and Trouble in the Breast, Swimming of the Head, trembling of the Under-Lip, plentiful evacuations of Spittle, and Convulsive Motions of the Stomac. An Essential Vomiting aught to be carefully distinguished from that which is Sympathical. If, when the Stomac is emptied by Vomiting, there remains still a propensity to Vomit; if the Stomac continue heavy and blown up, and nauseat Food; if acid or musty Belchings ensue, we take it for an essential Vomiting. If it be incorrigible and obstinate, ushered in at first by a pain in the Breast, and after a Day or two a Loathing; in a word, if no fault can be fastened on the contained Humours, it proceeds from a Callosity, Schirrus, or such like default in the Stomac. If it come in a surprising manner without the precedent Si●ns of Trouble in the Breast, Loathing, weak Stomac, etc. 'Tis a shrewd Argument that it proceeds by consent from the disorder of some other part, that is not yet come to light.  
If it be caused by a viscid Humour, 'tis hard to cure it. If the Chyle and Food be frequently thrown up, with a feverish heat, 'tis an ill circumstance. Long and continual Vomiting in Malignant Fevers, especially if the Matter be livid, blackish, or fetid, is very dangerous. In benign Fevers, vomiting in the beginning, or height, is good. If it follow Wounds or Bruises of the Head, 'tis frequently mortal. The Periodical Vomitings of Hypochondriac, Scorbutic, and Splenetic Persons, are of a good Character. If the Matter vomited, be a mixture of Choler and Pituita, 'tis a Friendly Symptom, but either of them apart is more noxious. The vomiting of Worms, Excrements of the Belly, Clysters, etc. is much suspected.  
Before we launch into the method of Cure, 'twill not be improper to take Notice of the following Cautions: 1. That Critical Vomits, or those which happen in the beginning of Benign Diseases, or those of Women with Child in their first Months, ought not to be stopped, unless they exceed measure. 2. That in Scorbutic Cases, absorbent mitigating Ingredients are more proper than hot, sharp Aromatics. 3. That a Vomiting of Blood ought to be curbed betimes, for fear of exhausting the Spirits. 4. In case of Worms, it ought to be encouraged, and the Body kept soluble. 5. That in all Vomitings 'tis convenient to keep the belly open by gentle Purges and Clysters: But withal, the quantity of the Liquor for Clysters must be small, lest the Colon being distended, it should press, or irritate the incumbent bottom of the Stomac. 6. By all means let Sleep be promoted. 7. All Vomitings occasioned by assumption of Poison, aught to be encouraged and continued till the Poison be rooted out: For which end fat and tempering Liquors are very Proper; for that all Vegetable and Mineral Poisons are endued with an excessive Acrimony. As touching Animal Poisons, indeed the case is altered. 8. That Inappetency, Loathing, and such like Infirmities of the Stomac, aught to be obviated betimes by Vomits, lest delay remove the opportunity.  
The General Indications of Cure are these. The Remote Causes must be removed; the exquisite sense of the Stomac and fierceness of the Spirits abated by Opiates; the Stomac gratified with agreeable Aromatics, and fortified by Astringents.  
The first Indication must be satisfied according to the variety of the Causes. Gentle Vomits and Purges are convenient, if vicious Humours in the Stomach, or Poison, are blamed as the Cause.  
For the second Indication Laudanum Opiatum is an incomparable and universal Remedy. Mithridat, Venice Treacle, and especially Diascordium, are entitled to the same Character. As for Example,  
Take of Treacle half a Dram, Laudanum Opiatum a Grain, distilled Oil of Mace two Drops, with Juice of Quinces make a Bolus.  
The third Indication is answered by sweet-scented, Aromatic, Stomachic Remedies. Such as are Quinces, Mint, Wormwood, Baum, Zedoary, Orange Peel, Mastic, Camphir, Cloves, Nutmegs, and especially cinnamon; their Waters, Spirits, Essences, Extracts and distilled Oils. The Astringent Ingredients are Quercetanus' Syrup of Coral, Syrup of dry Roses, Juice of Pomgranats, Vinegar with Zedoary infused, Elixir of Vitriol, and especially the Spirit of Vitriol of Steel, and [Juice of Quinces. Sealed Earth beat into a Pultise, with Spirit of Vitriol, or of Nitre, hardens into a Stone; which if powdered and put into a moist place, melts into a Styptic Liquor, of admirable use for all Astringent Indications.  
Take of Mint-Water two or three Ounces, Cinnamom-Water six Drams, Juice of Quinces an Ounce, rectified Spirit of Vitriol five or six Drops, Distilled Oil of Cinnamom three Drops, mix. Take a spoonful now and then, adding sometimes one, two or three Grains of Laudanum Opiatum: or if the Person be very weak, a Scruple of the Essence of Ambergrise; or in a case of Extremity, four or five Grains of Alum.  
Venice Treacle mixed with Vinegar, or formed into a Bolus, with Spirit of Vitriol, is much approved. In malignant Fever's Salt of Wormwood, with Juice of Lemons; when the Stomach is stuffed with thick Humours, Spirit of Salt, or of Nitre with Treacle; and when the Stomach is inflamed, or corroded, the Mucilage of Fleawort and Quince-seeds, with solutive Syrup of Roses, are very convenient.  
Externally, Let Aromatic and Corroborating Ingredients be boiled in Vinegar, and the warm Decoction applied with a Sponge to the Stomach; or let toasted bread, soaked in Vinegar, and covered with Aromatic Powders, be applied to the Region of the Stomach. Spirit of Wine Camphorised, is very effectual in Fomentations. A Bag may be quilted with Mint, Nutmegs, Cloves, Mace and Cinnamom, sprinkled with Triacled Spirit of Wine, and Distilled Oil of Mint, and applied. Some commend the application of a bag of Saffron.  
Liniments are composed of Venice Treacle, Balsam of Peru, or Oils of Mastic, Wormwood, Quinces, etc. Or,  
Take of Expressed Oil of Nutmegs two Drams, Distilled Oils of Mint, Cloves and Mace of each half a Scruple, Distilled Oil of Cinnamom five Drops, make a Lineament, and anoint the Stomach and Breast. Plasters may be made of Tacamahac and Gum Caran, with Aromatic Oils, after the Example of Crato's. Cataplasms are likewise proper, as,  
Take of the sharpest Yeast four Ounces, Powder of Mint an Ounce, of Zedoary six Drams, Nutmegs three in number, Mace, Cloves and Cinnamom of each two Drams, Aniseeds, Cuminseeds and Fennelseeds of each three Drams. With a little vinegar of Roses make a Cataplasm to be applied to the Stomach.  
When the Irritating Cause is transferred from other parts to the Stomach, Purging, Bleeding, and such like Diversions are very proper. As Women with Child are sometimes cured of vomiting by Blood-letting. When we are obliged to stop an Artificial vomiting, 'tis convenient to exhibit Milk boiled with Bread, or Bread soaked in Generous Wine; Inject Clysters of Milk with Treacle; administer Opiates, and apply outwardly as above.  
If the Assumption of an harsh Purge dispose one to vomit, there's nothing better than to chew fresh Citron Peel, or smell to toasted Bread dipped in vinegar, and cover it with Powder of Cloves.   

CHAP. II. Of a Vomiting of Blood.  
THis Symptom may be caused by the suppression of the Piles or Terms in Maids or Women with Child: Opening of a Vein or Artery; as that of the Vas breve, thro' the Obstruction of the Spleen, which empties its Blood into the Stomac; or any of the Pancreatic Veins, occasioned by the sharpness of its Juice, which Veins deposit their Blood into the Duodenum, and then it is voided both upwards and downwards. Sometimes the healing up of a sordid Ulcer may occasion it, by reason partly that the Blood was formerly evacuated in the form of corrupt Matter, and partly that the Ferment of the Ulcer may have corroded the Vessels in the Lungs. It succeeds frequently to Amputations, the Blood being then crowded into Fewer Channels.  
The Signs are these. Arterious Blood is fluid and reddish. If the vomited matter be of an obscure colour, and clotted, resembling the Liver, it comes from the Veins. If it incline to a black colour, be voided with a biting pain, and tended by an austere taste, 'tis not Blood, but an acid corrupt humour, or Atra Bilis. If it proceed from the rapture of the Vas breve, 'tis ushered in by a beating pain in the left side of the Back, under the short Ribs.  
The Vomiting of Atra Bilis is fatal, as likewise a Voiding of Blood any way in the Small Pox, Measles, or other Eruptions. If the Piles succeed to Vomiting, 'tis a good sign; as also if it come by Intervals in Splenetic and Chronical Diseases. If it be Critical, all is well.  
The Cure consists in removing the Causes, diverting the Blood from the Stomac, fortifying the broken Vessel, attenuating and throwing off what is already extravasated. Blood-letting in the Arm or Leg, or opening the Hemorrhoid Vessels, must be premised in Cases of Ploethoras, or Suppressions of Blood. As for Astringents, the Syrup of the Juice of Comfrey Roots and Plantain Leaves (not clarified) mixed with Sugar, is recommended by the Honourable Mr. boil, and mightily esteemed in England. Water of Nettles, mixed with Spirit of Vitriol, is extolled by Hartman and several other Authors. Or,  
Take of the Conserve of Roses two Ounces, Prepared Bloodstone a Dram and an half, Adstringent Crocus of Steel (that is, Vitriol of Steel dissolved in Water, and precipitated with Oil of Tartar, per deliquium) a Dram, white Henbane-seeds two Scruples; with Syrup of Purslain make an Electuary.  
Take a convenient quantity of the Earth of Vitriol of Steel, well calcined and dulcified, dissolve it in Spirit of Salt, draw off the Spirit in a Fire of Sand till the residue come to the consistence of Honey. Upon which digest Rectified Spirit of Wine for some time, and strain the Tincture for use.  
Take of Plantain and Tormentil-water of each an Ounce, innamom-water and Vinegar of each six Drams, Prepared Red Coral half a Dram, Troches of Amber a Dram, sealed Earch half a Dram, Mummy six Grains, Laudanum Opiatum one Grain, Syrup of Comfrey one Ounce Make a Potion.  
If the Breast be perplexed, the Pulse weak, Respiration difficult, the Stomac blown up, the Face Pale, and liable to sudden Flushings, and the Person apt to swoon, 'tis a sign that the Blood is congealed in the Stomac. In which case Crabs Eyes, Coral and Diaphoretic Antimony, and especially Sperma Coeti, are proper. After the stagnating Blood is attenuated, the remaining Clots may be carried off by Rhubarb, or a Gentle Vomit. If the obstruction of the Spleen occasion the recoiling of the Blood in the Vas Breve upon the Stomac, Chalybeat and opening Remedies are most convenient.  
Externally apply Treacle with Saffron and Vinegar of Raspberries to the Stomac.    

SECT. VII. Of Pains of the Stomac.  
SOmetimes the Breast, or the whole Cavity reaching from the Mouth of the Stomac to the Midriff, Liver, Spleen and Sweetbread, is seized with a Prodigious Uneasiness and Confused Pain causing the afflicted Person to toss up and down the Bed. This we call Anxiety. If this Pain be particularly fixed to the Pit of the Breast, attended by a seeming Compression, with a sense of Biting and Gnawing, 'tis called Cardialgia, or Pain in the Stomac. The former is wand'ring, arising from the least irritation, and is fitly resembled by the Anxiety following the Assumption of a Vomit. The latter is fixed, arising from a Convulsive Contraction, and is of the same Nature as the Pain we are afflicted with, when we swallow any thing too hard or overbulky.  
All Anxieties, excepting such as arise from Suffocation, or the disturbance of respiration, are owing to the Constriction or uneasiness of the upper and more sensible Orifice of the Stomac, as appears by their following the assumption of a Vomit, attending Hysteric Constitutions, and being abated by Belching; their Accompanying Agues, and Disappearing after Vomiting, and their being caused by Eating of heavy Suppers. The blame is usually cast upon the Heart, but very unjustly; for the Heart is an indolent muscle; and if it be irritated, is seized with Convulsions, or what we call a Palpitation; which does not Accompany Anxieties of the Breast.  
The Remote causes are, sharp Poisonous things taken into the Stomac, Corrupt Food, Wind, Vicious Humours, or Foreign ferments Translated thither, Inflammations and such like disorders of its Membrans, Convulsions of the Nerves or Adjacent Parts, and in a Word, whatever provokes the Mouth of the Stomac to Contract itself.  
Anxieties are usually Companions to other Diseases, whose peculiar cure must be taken care of. In General Aromatic, Discussing Ingredients together with Vitriol, and Nitrous Medicines are very proper.  
The Pain of the stomac was by the Ancients called Cardialgia, by reason of the frequent Swoonings, Prostration of strength, and Cold sweats that attend it; though in the mean while the Heart is not at all afflicted. The left Orifice of the Stomac is its seat, as being the most sensible tender Part of the whole Body, richly stored with Nerves, that maintains a near Correspondence with all the Nervous system. This Pain is caused by the Preternatural fermentation of the Bile and other vicious Juices; 'tis attended by Inflammations; sometimes 'tis seated in the back of the stomac, and sometimes glides along the Gullet to the very shoulders, or resembles the Compression or Squeezing of the Throat.  
The remote causes are whatever offends the left Orifice of the stomac, or provokes it to Contraction. Nephritic Pains, Contortions of the Backbone, Depression of the Cartilago Ensiformis, Stones in the Gall Bladder, or Duodenum, Tumours in the Mesentery and Sweetbread, Hysteric Passions, and Suppression of the terms, may occasion it by consent. The Boiling of the Juices in the first Passages, In Intermitting fevers, frequently produces this symptom, which is removed by Clysters. Wind in an empty stomac, an Acid viscid matter gnawing and piercing the upper Orifice, (which generally quickens about an hour or two after Eating) Green or Rusty Bile Tinctured with a Corrosive acid from the Sweetbread, Corruption or Acidity of the Victuals; Tumours, Stones, or Ulcers in the stomac; assumption of sublimat Mercury, Arsenic; Coagulation of Milk, or new Cheese in the stomac occasioned by its mixture with an Acid, Worms in the stomac, swallowing of Leeches (cured by salt Water) pieces of Glass, Pins, etc. Are frequently the Authors of the same disorder. Sometimes it is Periodical, according to the successive return of its causes.  
The Symptoms of Anxiety, and Pain of the Stomac are, an Inexpressible sort of uneasiness about the Pit of the Breast, unquietness, tossing, difficult Respiration and Swooning, ushered in by Giddiness, and followed by cold Sweats and a pale Chillness in the Outward Parts. If the Pain seize the bottom of the Stomac, it ought to be carefully distinguished from the Cholic, by observing if it creeps upwards, or descends to the Loins and Kidneys; If it accompanies other Diseases, or comes by itself; the former are signs of a Pain in the Stomac, the latter of the Cholic.  
If Anxiety and Pain of the Stomac proceed from Worms or Wind, it is not very dangerous, though the Symptoms may seem dismal. To children it prognosticates Epilepsies, and to Adult Persons Chronical Diseases. If it arise from curdled Milk, or a green, rusty, sharp, viscous humour, 'tis dangerous. If it own its being to a Viscous, Pituitous Matter, 'tis not so violent. If followed by Convulsions, 'tis much suspected; as also if it accompany Acute Fevers.  
The cure is performed by removing the offending cause, and abating the Pain. If it depend upon another Disease, it yields to its cure. If it be Essential, or accompany Fevers, there's nothing equals Antimonial Vomits, which prevent an Infinity of dismal circumstances. After Vomiting, Purges are proper. But by reason of their offensiveness to the Stomae, let 'em be mixed with Opiates; a useful contrivance for such as are liable to Gripe, or over-purgations; or stuffed with sharp, Scorbutic, Hypochondriac Humours.  
Take of Tartar vitriolated fifteen Grains, Scammony sulphurated two or three Grains, Laudanum Opiatum one or two Grains, Extract of Troches Alhandal one Grain, Distilled Oil of Caraways two Drops. Make a Powder.  
Take of Quercetanus' Pills of Ammoniac twelve Grains, Magistery of Jalap five Grains, Scammony sulphurated, and Laudanum Opiatum of each a Grain; with Essence of Castor make Pills. Four or five Grains of Fulminatory Gold may be added.  
Take of Aloes half an Ounce, Myrrh two Drams, Mastic a Dram, Oriental Saffron half a Dram, Rectified Flowers of Antimony a Dram; with solutive Syrup of Roses make a Mass. Dose from fifteen to twenty four Grains. This is the composition of Poterius his Catholic Pills.  
If it be caused by Wind, or the Steams of the Choler and Pancreatic Juice fermenting in the Duodenum, let Carminative Clysters be injected; As,  
Take of Leaves of Mint, Wild Marjoram, and Penny Royal, of each a handful; Chamomil Flowers, half a handful; Angelica Roots half an Ounce; Bayberries three Drams. Seeds of Anis, Carrots, and Fennel, of each a Dram. Boyl them in Water and Man's Urine. To Eight or Nine Ounces of the strained Liquor add of Lenitive Electuary and Electuary of Bayberries four or six Drams, Distilled Oils of Anniseeds, and Fennelseeds of each half a Scruple, Yolks of Eggs, in number one. Make a Clyster to be injected warm. 'Tis proper to add Salt of Tartar, by reason that at once it whets the Clyster, and attenuats the viscid humours.  
Blood-letting is inconvenient, excepting the case of a Plaethora, or some notable suppression of Blood.  
The second Indication is satisfied by Opiates, as thus: Take of Chamomil water three Ounces, Cinnamom-water one Ounce, Elixir of Mint, or of Citrons, or of Oranges, six Drams, Distilled Oil of Chamomil six Drops, Laudanum Opiatum from three to six Grains, Syrup of Hyssop six Drams, Syrup of Canel an Ounce. Mix them. Dose two or three spoonfuls. 'Tis a Catholic Mixture for all Pains of the Stomac. The Spirits of Salarmoniac, Anniseeds, Hartshorn, Tincture of Tartar, Carminative Spirit de tribus, or, if the Pain be attended by a burning heat, dulcified Spirit of Nitre, may be conveniently added.  
The Remaining Specifics are varied according to the Causes. If Wind be deemed for the Cause, Chamomil is a noted Specific, by reason of its Anodyn and Aromatic Virtues. It's Water, its Essence extracted with a Carminative Spirit of Wine, its Decoction, its Oil drunk with Wine, or applied outwardly with Oil of Nutmegs, are all of excellent use. Next are the Decoctions of Sassafras, Hyssop, Dill, Rosemary and Mullein Flowers; The Tincture and Distilled Oil of Orange or Citron Peel, Spirit and Distilled Oil of Anniseeds, Spirit of Salarmoniac, Elixir of Mint, etc. If it be attended by a Notable Heat, to these Aromatic Ingredients we may add Acids, as the Juices and Syrups of Quinces, Citrons and Pomegranates, Spirit of Nitre dulcified with a triple quantity of the Spirit of Anniseeds.  
If the Anxiety or Pain proceed from Acid sharp Humours, or green rusty Choler, Absorbent Powders are proper; as, Take of Prepared Red Coral, Cinnabar of Antimony, Chalybeat Diaphoretic Antimony, of each Eight Grains, Laudanum Opiatum a Grain, Distilled Oil of Cloves one Drop, Make a Powder to be exhibited in Chamomil-water, mixed with Essence of Castor.  
If it arise from a Viscous Mucilage, Cream of Tartar and Gum Ammoniac are proper Ingredients. If it be caused by Sublimat Mercury, let Milk mixed with Oil of Sweet Almonds, or Oil of Tartar, per deliquium, be exhibited: Let Prepared Crystal, Venice Treacle and Fresh Butter, be dissolved in Barleywater, and given to drink; and the Stomac fomented with the Decoction of Henbane Leaves in Red Wine. Some recommend sealed Earth, with Syrup of Comfrey for internal use. Pins, Pieces of Glass, and such like sharp things swallowed, and pricking the Stomac, are removed by drinking Oil of Sweet Almonds and Broth; or eating a thick Pultise of Rice and Milletseeds.  
If the Pain be occasioned by Worms, give Elixir Proprietatis without the Acid, and Spirit of Sal Armoniac, or Tartarised Essence of Wormwood. As for Old Persons, who are frequently troubled with a Pain of the Stomac, attended by a notable Weakness, and Propensity to swoon, the following Pills are of wonderful Efficacy; Viz. Take of Ambergrise two or three Grains, Mosch and Oriental Saffron of each a Grain or two, Opium four Grains. Make Pills.  
As touching External Applications, Ointments are composed after this manner: Viz. Take of the Distilled Oil of Chamomil a Dram, Oils of Mace and of Cloves of each fifteen Drops, Balsam of Peru half a Dram. With Expressed Oil of Nutmegs make a Lineament, and anoint the Breast and Stomac, applying afterwards a hot Brick.  
Plasters are very useful, especially such as are made of Tacamahac, or Gum Caran, with Venice Treacle, or Balsam of Peru, and Distilled Oil of Amber. The Stomac may be likewise fomented with the Decoction of Wormwood, Mint, Hyssop, Marjoram, Chamomil Flowers, Fennel seeds and Juniper Berries, in Wine, or Vinegar and Water; or a Bag quilted with the same Ingredients and Spices, and sprinkled with the Oils of Amber and Mint, may be applied hot to the Stomac.  
Anodyn Cataplasms are also very useful, especially in Scorbutic Cases; as, Take of the Leaves of Henbane and Mallows, roasted under Ashes, of each three Ounces, Meal of Barley and Vetches, reduced to a due consistence, with the Decoction of Vetches, of each two ounces; the Mucilages of Tragacanth, of Fleawortseeds and of Quinces, of each two ounces. Make a Cataplasm.  
women's Pains of the Stomac arising from the Faults of the Matrix, are frequently cured by the application of Pomatum and Goat's Tallow. As those which proceed from Wind by applying a Bag of Bran, toasted Milletseeds and common Salt.  
The Disease which we call the Heat of the Stomac, is near akin to those last described. 'Tis seated in the Left Orifice of the Stomac, and is only a sense of Heat and Sulphureous Fumes passing thro' the Gullet, caused by the Fermentation of an Acid, with a Fat Oily Alkali in the Stomac. The Remote Causes are over-acid, or overfat Victuals, Choler abounding in the Stomac, or forced thither by Anger, or such like occasions, or an Hypochondriac Acidity prevailing in the Stomac.  
The Burning, or Heat, is frequently accompanied by bitter and musty Belchings; and if it come without a manifest Cause, portends a Chronical Distemper. The Specifics that compass its Cure are Absorbent Powders, such as Chalk, and Cream of Tartar, the Powder of  Bricks, Bowl Armenic, etc. Nutmegs are possessed of a temperate Oil, fit for moderating the Acrimony of the Humours. The Conserve of the Fruit of the common Briar, Syrup and Conserve of Oak-Buds, Juice of House-leek and Nitre dissolved in Elder-flower-water, are much approved.  
Take of Prepared Chalk two Drams, Nutmegs,  Ivory, of each a Dram; Mineral Unicorn, Red Coral and Crabs Eyes, of each two Scruples. With four or six Ounces of Sugar dissolved in Purslain-water make Tablets.  
Take of the Conserve of Oak-Buds an Ounce, Prepared Chalk two Drams, Nutmegs one Dram. Make an Electuary.  
If the Evacuations be needful, Tamarinds are most proper. When a stronger Purgation is desired, Rhubarb, Pills of Ammoniac and Elixir Proprietatis, are likewise convenient. In an Inveterat case, we have recourse to Vomits.   

SECT. VIII. Of Disorders hindering the due Separation of the Chyle from the Excrements in the Guts.  
THE Victuals having made a sufficient stay in the Stomac, repair to the Guts, under the form of Chyle; which wants to be further prepared by being rid of its Curd, or gross Excrements, before it enter the Vasa Lactea. This separation of the good and bad is performed by the Gall, and Pancreatic Juice. The former is an Oily sulphureous Body, which tinctures the Chyle, and predisposes it for being converted into Blood. It defends it from Corruption, destroys any remains of Acidity, and ferments with the Pancreatic Juice, which is a temperate Acid. Thus they jointly attack the Chyle, attinuat its parts, and precipitat the Coarser in order to expulsion, while the more refined are received by the Milky Vessels, and conveyed to the Blood.  
If this fermentation and separation be irregularly performed, the Body is exposed to an infinity of Diseases. In a word, all Chronical Distempers are owing to the lameness of this performance, and that of the first Digestion. From these two Juices, viz. the Gall, and Pancreatic Juice, together with the Pituita, composed of the Saliva and remains of the Chyle in the Stomac, Silvius fetched the Causes of a great many Diseases; not only Agues, but all Chronical Distempers, and Symptoms of the lower Belly. For the least disorder in that Triumvirate, obstructs the due purification and conveyance of the Chyle, which cannot but produce many Inconveniencies in the Body.  
Now each of these Juices is accountable for its own faults. If the Gall be too copious, it renders the Chyle too Oily, and aught to be purged out. If too sharp, or saline, it ought to be tempered by dulcified Acids. If too fat or oily, it ought to be sharpened with volatile Aromatic Salts. If it be lazy, or do not flow into the Duodenum, it ought to be stirred up, and a passage opened to it by spirituous volatile Medicines. As for the Juice of the Sweetbread, if it be too rank, it ought to be carried off. If too acid, or austere (its austerity causes Constipation of the Belly, Gripe, and Suffocations of the Womb) it ought to be tempered by Alcalis, both fixed and volatile; as fixed Salts, Earth's, Chalybeat and Antimonial Medicines, Castor, Galangal, Ginger, distilled aromatic Oils and Spirits, etc. If it be too flat or deficient, it ought to be retrieved by dulcified mineral acid Spirits, Juice of Quinces, etc. If the Chyle itself be depraved in the first Digestion, it's softer coarse parts that stick to the Guts, viz. the mucus that defends them from the sharpness of these two Juices, is likewise disordered, and aught to be put to rights. If it be too copious, purge it off with Coloquintida. If too viscid, attenuat it with volatile Salts; if deficient, repair it with viscous Food. But for so much at 'tis a difficult Task to trace the peculiar faults of every Juice apart, we shall touch at such Medicines as are equally calculated for redressing all their Disorders. Those are the temperate salin Ingredients, as Arcanum Duplicatum, the Carminative Spirit; Spirit of Nitre dulcified with a triple quantity of the Spirit of Aniseeds, together with Opiates: As for Example,  
Take of Carduus Benedictus, Endive and Mint Waters, of each an Ounce; Sal Armoniac, six drams; dulcified Spirit of Mint, a scruple; prepared Crabs Eyes, a dram; Diaphoretic Antimony, a scruple; Laudanum Opiatum, three grains; Syrup of Orange-peel, half an ounce. Mix and give a spoonful now and then.   

SECT. IX. Of Disorders relating to the Expulsion of the Excrements by Stool.  
THE Chyle having dropped its Excrements in the Guts, pursues its Journey to the Blood. These Excrements ought to be voided in due time. The hindrances of their regular Evacuation, are such as either impair, enlarge, or deprave it.  

CHAP. I. Of the Diseases which impair the Evacuation by Stool.  

ARTIC. I. Of Costiveness.  
THE Causes of Costiveness respect either the Excrements, or the Guts. Of the former sort are the paucity of Excrements for want of Victuals: Their hardness and dryness occasioned by neglect of drinking, excessive sleep and rest; swallowing Cherry-stones, or Gooseberryskins; eating Chestnuts, Eggs boiled hard, Crust of Bread, and Medlars: Their viscidity and glutinosity, caused by viscous Victuals, or an acid, austere Constitution of Body, and want of Exercise: Their Condensation and Coagulation caused by the austere acidity of the Pancreatic Juice, and defect of the oily bilious Alcali; all which makes 'em unfit for observing the Peristaltic Motion of the Guts, and dispose 'em to stagnat.  
The Causes relating to the Guts, are Obstructions, or fleshy Excrescences in the Guts; their Compression, as in Women with Child; their Inflammation or Gangrene; their growing together after the Corrosion of a Dysentery; the Paralytic Relaxation of their Fibres, which in Apoplexies eludes Clysters; Their Convulsive Contractions, occasioned by Colic or Nephritic Pains, which are frequently augmented by strong irritating Purgatives, but removed by smooth Laxatives. Now all these Causes hinder the Guts to perform their wont Office, of forwarding the Excrements by their Peristaltic Motion.  
Sometimes a Costiveness is followed by a loathing, vomiting, gnawing, shooting Pains in the Belly, uneasiness, watch, giddiness, and Headache. If it be inveterat it may occasion a bleeding at Nose. If the Excrements be lodged in the Colon, they create an uneasiness, resembling the splenetic Illness, which frequently imposes upon Physicians. The disorders of the Head, and Hypochondriac Symptoms are enlarged by Costiveness, which to young Persons threaten an Epilepsy. If attended by an Iliac Passion, Colic Pains, or a Palsy of the Guts, 'tis very dangerous. To Childbearing Women it renders Delivery difficult.  
The Cure consists in softening, watering, and attenuating the Excrements; or in removing the Causes which straiten the Capacity of the Guts, reviving their Sense, and appeasing their Irritations.  
For the former purposes, Oil of sweet Almonds, with solutive Syrup of Roses, Salt of the tendrels of Vines mixed with Spirit of Salt, soft potch'd Eggs with Butter, drinking liberally, and especially Raisins, are of good use; Rhubarb and Aloes are not to be used, unless mixed with Antimonial Ingredients.  
Take of the Pulps of Raisins, and Tamarinds, of each an ounce and a half; Crystals of Tartar, three drams; Powder of Jalap roots, two drams; Scammony sulphurated, a scruple; laxative Antimony, half a dram. With solutive Syrup of Roses, make an Electuary. The Decoction of Prunes, or of Senna, with Raisins, is likewise very effectual. clarified Whey, mixed with solutive Syrup of Roses, or impregnated with Tamarinds by Decoction, is an incomparable Medicine for opening the Belly. It enjoys a volatile oily Alcali, which tempers the austere acidity of the Juice of the Pancreas (the frequent cause of Costiveness) and moderates the acrimony of scorbutic Salts.  
The Decoctions of emollient Herbs in Broth, or that of Figs in Barleywater, are likewise useful. Some instead of Sugar use Manna for the Conferves of Roses, and Violets, and mix 'em with the Pulp of Raisins and Cream of Tartar, with very good Success.  
If the Excrements be very hard, and a glassy Pituita beset the Guts, there's nothing better than Gum Ammoniac. As, take of Mint-water, an ounce; Gum Ammoniac dissolved in Vinegar, a dram; solutive Syrup of Roses, half an ounce; make a Potion for two Doses. If the Operation be difficult, add Tartar vitriolated, and Scammony sulphurated.  
The Tincture, or Essential Salt of Tartar is much approved. But in Cases of Extremity, we must have recourse to Quicksilver; two or three ounces of which may be exhibited in Broth, or Oil of sweet Almonds; or it may be infused for a Month in Wine, shaking the Wine often, of which a spoonful or two is a Dose. Fulminatory Gold reduced to Pills with Extract of Hellebor, or Syrup of Roses, is looked upon by some as the last Refuge. But it ought not to be dulcified or robbed of its Salt, otherwise it becomes diaphoretic. I choose to join it with Antimonial Nitre, which provokes the Guts to Expulsion; and find it very useful both in this case, and that of children's Gripe. Strong Purgatives ought to be avoided, by reason that they promote the Contraction of the Guts, and consequently the induration of the Excrements.  
As for External Assistance; Emollient Clysters of the Decoctions of softening Herbs, mixed with Lenitive Electuaries, Honey, Manna, yolks of Eggs, and softening Oils, are very proper. Some choose to inject the Decoction of Raisins in Veal Broth. Turpentine Clysters are very convenient, when Costiveness is caused by Nephritic Pains. Common Oil, or the Oils of Linseed and Rapeseed are sometimes more effectual than any other Ingredients. As,  
Take of Rape Oil, in which a dram of, Troches Alhandal has been boiled, eight ounces; with an ounce of Honey of Roses, and the yelk of one Egg; make a Clyster.  
If Emollient Clysters prove ineffectual, and the Excrements be notably hardened, let Sal Gem be added to 'em As for Example,  
Take of Chamomil Leaves and Flowers, three handfuls; Elder and Mullein Flowers, of each a handful; boil them in Water. To nine ounces of the strained liquor, add of Sal Gem, a Dram; Honey of Roses, an ounce; make a Clyster. If Wind molest the Guts, add of the distilled Oils of Cumin and Caraway-seeds, of each half a Scruple. If Sal Gem be insufficient, add a dram of Coloquintida tied in a Bag to be boiled with the other Ingredients; still observing this Caution, that when such, sharp Ingredients are added, Oils, and such like things ought to be omitted, for these cramp the others. And in the last place, if Coloquintida itself be insufficient, in the room of it add two, three, or four ounces of the infusion of Crocus Metallorum; but withal, 'tis still to be remembered, that if the Guts be irritated, or molested with Contractions, the simple softening Clysters are only proper; and that the use of such sharp Ingredients is to be nicely confined to the case of the insensibility and relaxation of the Guts.  
Next to Clysters are Suppositories made of Salt, Hony, Powder of black Hellebor, and a small quantity of Sal Gem. Silvius, and other Authors, are very diffuse in commending Suppositories of Alum, either mixed in Powder with Tragacanth dissolved in white Lilly-water; or a piece of Rock alum cut into the form of a Suppository, and anointed with Oil of sweet Almonds. But during the use of Clysters and Suppositories, 'tis proper to exhibit some laxative inwardly, lest an ineffectual Provocation of the Guts should create an Inflammation. 'Tis likewise convenient in the mean while to foment or bathe the Belly; and after bathing, to anoint it, thus;  
Take of the Leaves of common Mallows, Marsh-mallows, Plantain, and Wormwood, of each a handful; Chamomil and Melilot Flowers, of each half a handful; Seeds of Fenugrec, Linseeds and Cucumberseeds, of each a scruple. Boyl them in Wine till two parts be consumed. Foment the Belly with the Decoction.  
Take of the Oils of sweet Almonds, Violets, Lilies, Roses, Chamomil, and Spikenard, of each half an ounce; Goose fat an ounce; with a little of the Plaster of Bay-berries, make a Lineament; with which anoint the Belly after fomentation.  
If the motion of the Intestines be much impaired, let the Ointments be sharpened with Bull's Gall, and Sal Gem; or apply a Plaster of Bull's Gall, and Oil of Coloquintida to the Navel. Zivet, especially in Colic Pains, used the same way, is a valuable Secret. The Ointment of Soubread softened with Oil of Coloquintida, is very useful for the same purpose. As also Elaterum, or Scammony, or Aloe, mixed with Oil of Coloquintida. Some mix Goose fat with a roasted Apple, and apply it to the Belly. Others apply Oil of Poplar with Hiera Picra to the Soles of the Feet. Some choose to anoint their Fingers with Rape or Linseed Oil, and so thrust 'em into the Fundament; and they say 'tis a very effectual Method.  
Coughing and sneezing are recommended by Platerus, as fit means for forwarding the Excrements. Meibomius gives an instance of a Prince that was wont to cause his Servant to whip him to Stool.   

ARTIC. II. Of the Iliac Passion.  
THE Iliac Passion is an extreme Costiveness, pain about the Navel, and voiding of the Excrements upwards, caused by the inverted peristaltic Motion of the Guts. If the Inversion of the peristaltic Motion commence from the Pylorus, it creates Vomiting; if from the Guts, which are a Continuation of the Membran of the Stomac, it produces the same Symptoms. For the most part it takes its rise from the Ileum, tho' sometimes it gins at the Rectum, or Colon; as appears by their Inflammations, and other observables in dead Bodies.  
The Causes are Ulcers of the Guts, extreme Costiveness, or acid austere Excrements irritating their Fibres, and causing Obstructions, especially about the Caecum; a Rupture; The Corrugation of the Guts by a Gangrene, mistaken by some for a twisting of 'em round one another, a thing inconsistent with their ligation to the Mesentery; The running of one Gut into another, caused by Wind distending one beyond its natural Capacity, while the other retains its wont bulk, apt to be swallowed up by the larger; (This entrance of one Gut into another, may be promoted by Persons unquietness and tossing in the extremity of their Pain; Convulsive Contractions of the Guts, Coalition of their Sides, Corrosion of their Valves, and Inflammations caused by over-acid Juices, and attended by Fevers, which, if a Gangrene ensue, become malignant.  
The signs of an approaching Iliac Passion, are extreme Gostiveness, retraction of the Anus, a loathing, vomiting, and intolerable Pains in the small Guts; and if a Hiccough ensue, it threatens Death. If the Anus be much drawn back, so that a Clyster-pipe cannot enter, it is a sign, that the gross Intestines are affected. If otherwise, the small Guts are only touched. If the greatest Pain be seated in the Epigastrium, the Ilium is most oppressed. A shooting burning Pain in one particular part of the Belly, a Lipyria Fever, Thirst, and ardour of the Stomac, are signs of an Inflammation. If the Pain be over, and followed by cold Sweats, difficult Respiration, Swoonings, and sometimes Convulsions, 'tis a sign of a Gangrene. In fine, the common Symptoms of an Iliac Passion are hardness of the Belly, suppression of Urine, loathing, vomiting, first of the Contents of the Stomac, and next the Excrements; a stinking habit of Body, frequent Swoonings, insufferable griping Pains in the Guts, a prodigious anxiety, and sometimes vomiting of Clysters.  
Inflammations or Gangrenes are Mortal. If the upper Gut descend into the lower, 'tis a fatal Symptom. If the lower ascend into the higher, 'tis curable. If the Disease proceed from a Rupture, or hardened Excrements, 'tis not desperate. If Sleep succeed to the taking of Opiates, 'tis a hopeful Circumstance. The Hiccough, Deasness, Convulsions, or Dote, are bad Consequences. If the Excrements be vomited, and if the Sweat, Breath, Belchings, and Wind voided downwards, stink much; 'tis a dangerous case.  
The Cure consists in removing the Irritation, and retrieving the natural peristaltic Motion of the Guts. In general, the following Rules will direct us;  
1. If the Excrements be hardened, they must be softened with Clysters betimes, else we labour in Vain. 2. All Purgatives are improper, till such time as the Guts and Stomac are appeased, and restored to their natural Motion, 3. Tho' the Symptoms disappear, we ought not to think ourselves secure, till large quantities of humours be voided downwards, either by a natural or artificial force. 4. The weakness and dejection of the Parts, which is caused by the stink attending this Disease, ought be always accounted for by exhibiting Confection Alkermes, Spirit of treacle camphorised, Cinnamom Water, Ambergrise, etc. 5. In case of a Gangrene, Opiates are very noxious; as likewise in that of Obstructions, till such time as the Belly be well opened. When the Disease proceeds from a violent Irritation, and is attended by a furious everlasting Vomiting, Opiates may be mixed with Stomachical Medicines, while the Person is yet strong. 6. Whatever is used, whether outwardly, or inwardly, must be warm, as well in the time of Recovery, as that of the fit.  
Now, as to particular Cases. If the small Guts only be inverted, emollient Clysters, quickened, if need be, with Coloquintida, Sal Gem, or Antimonial Infusions; or those of the Carminative Seeds boiled in Child's Urine and Water; or of the Decoction of Sheep's Guts and Caul; or in case of an Inflammation, those of Nitre and Barleywater; are proper. But if the motion of the gross Intestines be likewise inverted, all such Clysters promote the Irritation. Wherefore we are obliged in such cases to endeavour the Cure by temperate, softening, laxative, lubrical Potions; as the Decoction of emollient Herbs in Broth, mixed with the Oil of sweet Almonds; or the Oil of sweet Almonds new drawn, given to the quantity of three Ounces in Broth, with Sperma Gaeti. Or,  
Take of the Decoction of Raisins, with Tamarinds, half a Pound; Oil of sweet Almonds, two, or three Ounces; Syrup of Apples, an ounce and a half.  
The Decoction of Rapes, or that of Chammomil Flowers with fresh Butter; or the juice of rotten Apples, is of good use. Some apply the Pulp of Apples with Saffron to the Belly. In a word, the same Method is to be followed in curing this Disease, as we recommended in the last Article.  
When all other Medicines are ineffectual, we have recourse to leaden Bullers, and Quicksilver. But in case of an Inflammation, Rupture, Gangrene, or descent of the upper Gut into the lower, the former are very noxious; and even in other Cases they are frequently either insufficient, or hurtful. Wherefore Quicksilver claims the Preference. Before we use it, the Body ought to be prepared with lubrical things, such as Oil of sweet Almonds, or Sperma Caeti. Then exhibit three, four, and sometimes eight ounces of purified Quicksilver, together with Oil of sweet Almonds, and Mint-water. If it do not succeed at first, let it be frequently repeated. And in the mean while inject emollient Clysters, foment the Belly with softening ●●coctions, or set the Person into a Bath. If the Mercury after frequent using do not pass, make the Clysters sharper; anoint the Belly with Ointment of Soubread, and Oil of Coloquintida, and apply the Plaster of Hemloc with Gum Ammoniac to soften the Excrements. If the Mercury disturb the Mouth, Throat, and Gums, Gargoyle 'em with Honey of Roses, and Syrup of Violets. After the Body's opened, 'tis likewise proper to exhibit the lunar Bezoar, and diaphoretic Antimony for carrying off the remains of the Mercury.  
Besides the above mentioned Emollient, and temperating Potions, some commend salt of Wormwood, with Juice of Lemons; or the Spirit of Turpentin; or when the Guts are free of Inflammations, Venice treacle dissolved in Wine; for removing the Irritations; or the following Recipes;  
Take of Mint-water, two ounces; Cinnamom and Zedoary Waters, of each half an ounce; Salt of Wormwood, half a dram; Laudanum Opiatum, two or three Grains; Syrup of Buckthorn, six drams. Make a Potion.  
Take of Fennel, Mint, and carminative Waters, of each an ounce; Spirit of Salarmoniac anisated, a dram and a half; Essence of Opium, a dram, Syrup of Mint, six drams; mix and exhibit in the beginning of the Disease.  
Take of prepared Amber, Diaphoretic Antimony, Cinnabar of Antimony, of each half a Scruple; Laudanum Opiatum two grains; Camphyr, one grain; make a Powder Mineral Bezoar, and volatile Salt of Hartshorn are likewise proper Ingredients.  
If the Disease be caused by an Inflammation, let blood both in the Arm and Leg; let the Person abstain from eating; let Clysters of Nitre, Milk, and mucilage of Fleawort-seeds be injected; and exhibit a Potion of Mint-water, Spirit of Venice Treacle camphorized, Salt of Wormwood, and Syrup of Buckthorn. Externally, anoint with the Ointment of Marshmallows, six drams; Oil of Chamomil, half an ounce; distilled Oils of Juniper, and of Turpentin, of each a dram and a half, mixed. After anointing, lay a hot Brick upon the Belly. Sometimes a Gangrene of the Guts causes a retraction of the Yard and Testicles, and it always ends in Death. If the Disease proceed from a Rupture, let sharp Antimonial Clysters be injected, and the Intestines reinstated in their proper Places. If it proceed from an Ulcer, emollient laxative things are only to be used.  
As for outward Applications, 'tis usual to anoint the Belly with Distilled Oil of Chamomil mixed with the fat of Geese or Ducks, for softening the Excrements; or mixed with Ointment of Soubread and Oil of Coloquyntida, for provoking to Stool. Cow dung applied to the Belly is sometimes very effectual for mitigating the Pains. Some recommend the hot Caul of a gelded Lamb, others the Blood of Bats, or the castcoals of Serpents boiled with Oil of Roses, for External Application. Cataplasms of sheep's dung boiled with milk, or rotten Apples with Saffron, or Baths of the Decoction of Chamomil and Melilot-flowers, and Juniperberries, are proper for the same purpose.    

CHAP. II. Of the Diseases which Enlarge the Quantity of Excrements voided by Stool.  

ART. I. Of a Looseness.  
WHen the Excrements are more frequently, or copiously vomited, than they ought to be, we call it a Diarrhaea, or Looseness, which varies according to the Colour and consistence of the Excrements it discharges. If it be a critical Looseness, caused by the Translation of Morbific Matter, or suppression of some wont Evacuation, change of Season, or Diet, etc. 'tis of no great importance. That which we have now before us, is a preternatural Looseness, which is sometimes malignant and contagious, attended by cold Sweats, great Anxiety, and propagating itself by the Breath; Sometimes more Benign. Sometimes it comes alone, at other times 'tis the Symptom of some other Disease, of which nature are the Loosenesses which attend the Beginning, or Increase of Malignant Fevers, or those peculiar to Phthisical consumptive Persons, which we style, Melting, by reason that they drain the nourishing Juice. Sometimes we meet with Periodical Loosenesses, especially among Cacochymical Persons, which return every Quarter of a Year, Month, etc.  
The Radical Subject of a Looseness is the Mass of Blood, which deposits it Recrements either in the Form of Serum, thro' the Glands of the Guts, or in that of Gall, or Pancreatic Juice; not that it is actually stuffed with so much Filth as is evacuated, but it degenerates and corrupts, as the Looseness advances. If the Bilious Particles prevail, and give the Excrements an high Tincture, 'tis called a Bilious Diarrhaea; If the Pancreatic Juice, or Serum, 'tis entitled Serous: If Gross, Viscid, Indigested Humours be voided without any notable Tincture, 'tis a Pituitous Looseness.  
The Cause of Loosenesses is a sharp Volatile Humour, sometimes Acid, sometimes Alcalin, that either irritates the Guts, or ferments with the Natural Acid of the Blood, melting down its Mass into Serum, much after the manner of Artificial Purgatives. This Humour is an Enemy to the Acid of the Stomac, and always depresses its Appetit. Nay, ofttimes a depraved Acid in the Stomac is the occasional cause of a Looseness. Hence, whatever weakens the Ferment of the Stomac, promotes the other, and what cures the other fortifies the Stomac. Sometimes the Internal Corruption of the Humours, independent of the Stomac occasions it, which frequently molests such as are of a thick Texture and unfit for a free Transpiration, by reason that the Serum not finding an easy Passage on the Surface of the Body, retires to the Intestines to procure a vent. Melting Consumptive and Habitual Loosenesses proceed from the Deficiency of the Acid in the Stomac, and Acrimony of the Bile, imparted to the Chyle. All Corruptible things, or such as are apt to ferment, do of course dispose the Humours to a Looseness.  
The Signs are, a Loathing and Dejection of Appetit, immoderate Thirst, Weakness, Suppression of Sweat, and Urine; a Noise, and some sort of Griping in the Guts immediately before going to stool. If it come to a great height, 'tis attended by Anxieties of the Breast, Swoonings and Cold Sweats, especially upon the Forehead.  
If a Looseness accompany Spotted Fevers, or invade the Person in the Beginning of an Acute Fever, 'tis very dangerous, by reason that it weakens the Patient, disturbs the Concoction and Separation of the Febril Matter, and is the Effect of the Feverish Colliquation; and upon that account ought always to be stopped, or at least curbed. If a Looseness be followed by Vomiting, 'tis a good sign. In a word, 'tis accounted dangerous, or favourable, according as the Stomac is in good or bad case. If the Excrements be much degenerate from their natural condition, as very gross, white, green or Saffron coloured; If frothy, gluy, pale, slippery and scantly; Especially if they be black, rusty, fat, livid, or foetid, they portend danger. If the Patient begin to void large quantities of Urinal, and sweat plentifully, we look upon the Looseness as Declining. If a melting Looseness follow Acute Fevers, Consumptions, Phthisics, Hectics, etc. 'tis very dangerous.  
A Critical Looseness ought not to be stopped, unless it exceed Bounds. Symptomatical and Epidemical Loosnesses are those which require the greatest attention. The Indications of Cure, with relation to them, are these following: 1. The sharp Ferment ought to be curbed by moderate and thickening Medicines. 2. The Blood ought to be purified by Sudorifics. 3. The Irritating Cause tempered by Absorbents. 3. The Fury of the Spirits, and Sense of Irritation, abated by Opiates. 5. The Corrupt Humours gently evacuated. 6. The Stomac ought to be restored to its due strength and vigour. In order to obtain these Ends, let's take notice of the following Remarks.  
1. 'Tis impossible to cure a Looseness without having regard to the Stomac. Therefore let Wine, and the Preparations of Wormwoad, Mint, Quinces, Cinnamom, etc. and the External Fomentations and Inunctions recommended above, be used in this Case. Let all Cold Drinks be prohibited, and as little of any Liquor allowed as possibly can be done. 2. All Purgatives are improper against Symptomatical and malignant Loosenesses. They ought rather to be appeased than provoked. 3. In all Malignant, Contagious, Epidemical Loosenesses, Alexioharmacal Ingredients, such as Spirit of Venice Treacle, Bezoardic Tincture, with Opium, sealed Earth, fixed Antimonial Preparations, etc. are much the best. If the Looseness proceed only from an Irritation of the Guts, they are not so needful. 4. 'Tis not proper to purge in the beginning of any Looseness whatsoever. The best way is either to suffer it to go on a little, if it do not exceed measure, or first to check the Boiling Humours, and then, if need be, to wash off the Dregs with Rhubarb and Tamarinds, or Gentle Clysters. 5. If a Loathing, Giddiness, Anxiety of the Breast, and Disorders of the Stomac accompany a Looseness in the beginning, let a Vomit be exhibited. 6. Astringents, as such, are not properly any part of the Cure of a Looseness. After the Cure of a tedious Looseness is finished, they may be useful for strengthening the Fibres of the Guts. But to what Purpose should the Irritating and Floating Humours be bound up? 'Tis better they should take their Course than be thrown upon a Nobler Part. 'Tis true, Tormentil, sealed Earth, Sugar of Lead, and such like things, are very useful; but 'tis not upon the account of their Adstringent, but Absorbing and Correcting Virtue. 7. 'Tis the Ridiculous Humour of some to avoid Wine. Whereas nothing is more Friendly to the Stomac, or more proper against a Looseness.  
Of All the Medicines used against Loosenesses, Opium is the Head. 'Tis a Powerful Controller of all Tumultuous Motions. 'Tis exhibited in Vinegar. Or rather, Recent Diascordium may supply its Room, being given from a Dram to two Drams. Some extol the use of two Eggs boiled very hard, sprinkled with Rose-Vinegar, and Powder of Mace and Nutmegs. Others recommend a Quince filled with Wax and Roasted; Goats Tallow melted and mixed with Flower, Extract of Tormentil dissolved in Cinnamon or Mint Water together with a Grain or two of Laudanum, the Juice of Austere Fruits such as Medlars and Quinces mixed with the Juice of Arsmart, The Rob made from the Juice of unripe sorbe Apples, the Conserve of Quinces mixed with Distilled Oil of Cinnamon and Laudanum Opiatum, The Decoction of Masticwood, (or in the Room of it, that of Mastic itself with Mace and Cinnamon mixed with Jelly of Hartshorn for Ordinary Drink, or Water impregnated with the fumes of Mastic) The Decoction of Juniper-berries, or that of Hartshorn and Stag's Pizzle, or the Decoction of Gum Arabic and Sugar in Ale, The Golden Earth found in Gold Mines dissolved with the Spirit of the Vitriol of Steel, Whey or Vinegar impregnated with Steel, Crocus of Stee●, Dulcified Gaput Mortuum of Vitriol exhibited in an Acid Vehicle, Coral, Crystal mixed with Hysteric Laudanum and Chalybeat Bezoar (against a Bilious Looseness) Blood Stone, Sugar of Lead, Plantain, Purslain, Tormentil and Columbin-Waters, and the Juices of Quinces and Pomgranats. These are all specifics in this Disease.  
Take of Plantan-Water, three Ounces, Cinnamom-Water an Ounce, Fracastorius' Diascordium two Drams, Prepared Red Coral two Scruples, sealed Earth a Scruple, Syrup of Myrtles an Ounce. Make a Potion. Give a spoonful now and then. Vinegar of Wine, or of Roses, and Diaphoretic Antimony may be added.  
Take of Mint-water two Ounces, Cinnamom-water two Drams, Extract of Tormentil eight Grains, Astringent Crocus of Steel and Hysteric Laudanum of each six Grains, Syrup of Quinces half an Ounce. Mix for one Dose. Dulcified Spirit of Nitre may be added. Or to temper the sharpness of the humours, an Emulsion may be made from sweet Almonds and White Poppy Seeds with the Decoction of Hartshorn, and mixed with absorbent Powders.  
Take of Vitriolated Conserve of Mint, an Ounce and a half; Diascordium, half an Ounce; Sealed Earth a Dram: Chalybeat Diaphoretic Antimony, and Extract of Tormentil Roots, of each half a Dram. With Syrup of Masterwort make an Electuary. Dose two Drams twice or thrice aday.  
When a Looseness is attended by Gripe, black excrements, thirst and inappetency, give what follows. Take Conserve of Mint and Diascordium, of each two Ounces; Rhubarb a Dram; Red Coral, two Scruples; With Syrup of Coral make an Electuary. Of which let the Patient take a Convenient quantity frequently.  
In malignant Epidemical Loosenesses, Alexipharmacal sudorifics ought to be mixed with proper specifics, as Spirit of Venice Treacle with Spirit of Mastic, Sealed Earth, and Volatile Salt of Vipers, etc. Or thus,  
Take of Sealed Earth and Diaphoretic Antimony, of each fifteen Grains; Powder of Mace, four Grains; Volatile Salt of Vipers, six Grains. Mix for one Dose.  
Take of Mint and Scordium Waters, of each an Ounce and a half; Cinnamon Water, three Drams; Vinegar of Wine, six Drams; Venice Treacle, a Dram and a half; Mineral Bezoar, half a Dram; Syrup of Quinces, three Drams. Mix for a Potion.  
In the mean while, let the Stomac be fortified by the Juice of Quinces, Dulcified Spirit of Salt, or a Draught of Generous Wine. In case of a Tenesmus inject Milk-Clysters frequently. If a Looseness be caused by Poison, give twelve Grains of Emerald with Conserve of Quinces.  
The External Remedies against Loosenesses are, Venice Treacle, mixed with Balsam of Peru and the Distilled Oil of Mastic, sprinkled with the Distilled Oil of Mace and Applied to the Belly; or the Crust of Toasted Bread soaked in Vinegar and Covered with Cloves and Nutmegs in Powder; or a Cataplasm of yeast, Powder of Mint Leaves, Zedoary Cloves, Galangal, Ginger and Rose Vinegar, applied to the Navel. Fomentations of the same place with Decoctions of Aromatic Ingredients, or Inunctions with Distilled Aromatic Oils incorporated with Expressed Oil of Nutmegs (applying after Inunction a hot Brick) are also proper.  
If there be a necessity of cleansing the Intestines, either in the Beginning or Declension of the Disease, give half a Dram of Rhubarb with eight Grains of Nutmegs, and three Grains of Hysteric Laudanum; Or give the Decoction of Tamarinds. But these things are most proper in the Declination of the Disease; or if in the beginning, it must be, when the humours are hurried into the Guts from other Parts, or the first Passages are very foul, as when a Looseness proceeds from Summer Fruits.  
If the Great Intestines are the Seat of the Evil, Clysters of Milk are proper, as also when the Person goes frequently to stool and voids but little, which is a sign of the Acrimony of the humour. In that case Emollient Clysters of Chalybeat Milk, Yolks of Eggs, Turpentin and Hony of Roses are very useful. If the Anus be excoriated, foment with Milk in which Emollient-Herbs are Boiled.  
If a Looseness be occasioned by over violent Purgation, let Laudanum Opiatum, Wormwood, Rue, Essence of Venice Treacle mixed with anodynes, and Diaphoretic Powders, such as Sealed Earth, Sugar of Lead, Blood stone, Diaphoretic Antimony, etc. Be exhibited: Let Venice Treacle be applied to the Navel, or the Belly be fomented with Wine, in which Wormwood, Mint and Spices are Boiled. If the Person be Gripped, or Molested with a perpetual Itch of going to stool, inject a Clyster of warm Milk in which Venice Treacle is dissolved.  
If a Looseness proceed from an Error in the use of External things, as Summer Fruits, etc. It ought not to be stopped unless it overbear, or cause an inappetency and weak Concoction, in which case we exhibit the absorbent Powders with Opiates in the same method as above.  
If a Looseness proceed from the transferring of the morbific matter, to which Catarrhous Persons are obnoxious in the Nighttime, and which the Ancients fancied to flow from the Brain; it is cured by aversion and derivation, by Issues and Blistering Plasters.  
If a Looseness be caused by the spontaneous course of humours, 'tis cured as a common Looseness, or by Chalybeat Medicines and Bathing. But these last sorts of Loosenesses require no Cure, unless they prove exorbitant.   

ART. II. Of the Disease called Cholera.  
A Cholera is a Disease in which the vicious humours are impetuously thrown out both upwards and downwards, with a violent Pain in the Stomac and Belly, distension of the Hypocondria, Heartburnings, Thirst, Perplexity of the Breast, a swift and sometimes small pulse, frequent swoonings, unquietness, tossing, a Coldness in the outer Parts, Cold sweats especially upon the forehead, prostration of strength, and at last Convulsions and Hiccoughs.  
This disease is called a wet Cholera, in opposition to that called dry, i● which nothing but wind is voided upwards and downwards. It differs from a Diarrhaea only Gradually, the symptoms being the same, but only mere fierce. The Causes are the same, but more Exalted and Virulent. The Seat of the illness is the Duodenum and Pylorus, where the Enraged matter irritates the Choleric and Pancreatical Passages, through which the Blood being overcharged with Heteregeneous particles endeavours to discharge 'em.  
The occasional Causes are the same as those of a Looseness. The Corruption and Acrimony of Food in the Stomac, the Assumption of sharp Caustic Medicines, such as Antimony, Arsenic Mercury, etc. And the Internal malignity or depravation of the humours. 'Tis an acute disease and quickly finishes its Course. If the Excrements be Livid, Fetid, Black, or Corrosive, if it accompany malignant Fevers, especially in the Beginning, and if the Stomac be very much disordered, it proves fatal. It observes a Tertian Period in its Exasperations; And frequently relapses after an apparent Cure.  
As touching the Cure; Alexipharmacal Medicines are absolutely necessary: If it proceed from corruptible and fermenting things taken inwardly, such as Summer Fruits, etc. we must not be overforward in stopping it, especially, if such things be voided as aught to be so. Far less is it allowable to give Purgatives, for they increase the Tumult. Opiates indeed ought never to be omitted. If the Patient be extreme weak, give 'em in small Doses, and frequently; otherwise very large Doses are required. We mix 'em with Bezoars, and diaphoretic Antimony. All cold drink must be avoided. Wine is very proper. Watery diluting Decoctions are likewise very necessary for eluding the edge of the Salts. In the declination of the Disease, the Stomac ought to be corroborated with proper Remedies.  
The Remedies prescribed in the last Article are all convenient here; especially the Juice of Mint, Sal Prunel, Tincture of the golden Earth made with Spirit of Salt, (a notable astringent) prepared Crystal, Emerald, Chalybeats, etc. If the Disease be caused by Poison, Oil of sweet Almonds, Milk, fresh Butter, and absorbent Powders, especially prepared Crystal, and sealed Earth: If it proceed from the abuse of Summer Fruits, besides gentle discussives and cleansers, the fixed Salts and Earth's, mixed with Opiates, are proper. If it arise from a malign ferment, the Juices and Syrups of Pomgranats, red Corants, Barberries, Syrup of Coral, Spirit of Vitriol of Steel, sealed Earth mixed with Spirit of Vitriol, Solar, Jovial, Martial Bezoar, Bezoardic Tincture, and such like, are convenient.  
Opium, Diascordium, Conserve of Mint, Spirit and Extract of Venice Treacle, and especially Camphyr, are the most noted general Specifics against a Cholera. The forms of Recipes are the same as above. As,  
Take of Venice Treacle, a dram; sealed Earth, two Scruples, mix for a Bolus, to be taken in a spoonful of Vinegar of Wine.  
Take of the Conserve of Mint, a dram; sealed Earth, prepated red Coral, and prepared Crystal, of each half a dram; Laudanum Opiatum, two grains. With Quercetanus' Syrup of Coral make an Electuary.  
Take of Purslain Water, three ounces; Cinnamom Water, half an ounce; Spirit of Venice Treacle, and Diascordium, of each two drams; Confection Alkermes, one dram; unburnt Hartshorn, half a dram; Syrup of Coral six drams. Make a Potion to be given by spoonfuls.  
Take of Mint Water, two ounces; Cinnamom Water, Bezoardic Vinegar, and Spirit of Venice Treacle camphorised, of each half an Ounce; with Syrup of the Juice of Citrons make a Potion.  
The external Remedies mentioned in the last Article, are proper in this. Spirit of Wine camphorised, mixed with Venice Treacle, is a noble Epithema for the Stomac, if applied hot with several folds of Linen.  
If a Cholera proceed from an Error in Diet, it sometimes happens, but very rarely, that a gentle cleansing Medicine would not be amiss; Such as are Whey altered with solutive Syrup of Roses, or Pulp of Tamarinds, gentle Infusions of Rhubarb, etc. But Milk Clysters, with Venice Treacle, or Diascordium dissolved in 'em, are always useful.  
If a Cholera be caused by the violence of purging Medicines, Laudanum Opiatum, or Treacle, or Confection Alkermes dissolved in warm Wine, is a Sovereign Remedy. Essence of Venice Treacle mixed with that of Opium, and given to forty drops twice or thrice a day, is very successful against a Cholera caused by Emetics.   

ART. III. Of a Lienteria.  
A Lienteria is a Looseness, by which the Meat is sent out before it be altered. The Causes are an Ulcer in the Stomac, or a sharp scorbutic Salt conveyed thither with the Saliva, and by the Glandules of its Membrans, or corrupted Victuals, irritating the Stomac to an early contraction, and evacuation of what it contains: The Laxity of the Pylorus, occasioned by much drinking; and the Deficiency, Laziness, and Depravation of the Stomachical ferment leaving the Meat undigested.  
The use of Signs is to distinguish the Causes. If the Stomac be irritated, there's a gnawing heat in the Stomac, accompanied by Vomiting. If the ferment be weak, the Appetit is dejected, the Breath fetid, and the Cavity of the Stomac and Guts molested with Wind and Noise. A Chronical Lienteria exhausts the Strength, and tends to a Consumption. If it follow other heavy Distempers, or accompany a Scurvy, or seize Women with Child, 'tis very dangerous.  
The Indications of Cure are to corroborat the Stomac and Pylorus, by Medicines prescribed in the first Section of this Book; and mitigat the irritating Acrimony of Humours, by such Remedies as are used against a Cholera, Looseness, etc. Gentle Vomits are proper, if the Stomac be stuffed with pituitous Excrements. But such as are fat and oily aught to be avoided, for they relaxat the Fibres of the Stomac. If Vomiting be not convenient, gentle astringent Purgatives are allowable, such as Rhubarb, or the Pills of Aloe; or those of Mastic. But by all means, let strong Purges be prohibited. If there be any suspicion of Poison, or if the Lienteria proceed from Summer Fruits, and such corruptible things, let Alexipharmacal Medicines be exhibited.  
As for corroborating Medicines, see the Chapter of Vomiting, and that of a looseness. The Antiscorbutic Tincture of Coral, Alum used as above, and Eggs boiled hard, with Nutmegs and Rose Vinegar, Spirit of Salt, etc. are of noted virtue for that purpose. The Irritation of the Stomac is cured by Opiates mixed with Spices, and absorbent Powders, as in a looseness.  
Externally we apply as above directed, in the Chapters of Inappetency, Vomiting, etc.   

ART. iv Of the Looseness, called Caeliaca.  
A Caeliaca is a Looseness, by which the Chyle is voided together with the Excrements. The Stomac is not faulty, Chylification being duly performed there. But the blame must either be cast on the Bile that is stopped in its Passage to the Guts, or degenerate from its saline Acrimony, and so unfit for separating the Chyle; or on the milky Vessels, thro' which the Chyle ought to pass, as having their Orifices covered with slime, or shut by the Contraction and Corrosion of the Intestines by loosenesses, etc. Sometimes the obstruction of the Glandules of the Mesentery, will also cause a Caeliaca.  
If the Bile be defective, the Excrements are white, pale, and particoloured, without any sign of Separation. If the obstruction of the milky Vessels cause the Disease, the Excrements are tinged yellow; and the Chyle, though voided at the same time, is but loosely mixed with 'em, as having been separated in the Guts, but disappointed of its Passage.  
If the Bile be lazy, or its Passage stopped, we use the Medicines prescribed for the Jaundice. If the milky Vessels are blocked up, we endeavour to remove the slime that besets 'em by attenuating, opening Ingredients. Astringents are not proper. Mint, Wormwood, the opening Roots, Rhubarb, Fennel, Aniseeds, Gum Ammoniac distilled with Verdigrese, Sulphur, and Oxymel, etc. are fit for opening the Obstructions. After which the Tincture of Tartar, or the Tincture of the dross of Regulus Antimonii, or Chalybeat Tinctures, mixed with the Spirit of Salarmoniac, or that of Urine, or that de tribus, are very convenient.    

CHAP. III. Of Depravations relating to the Expulsion of Excrements by Stool.  

ART. I. Of a Desentery, Tenesmus, Hepatic Flux, and jeching of the Anus.  
A Dysentery properly so called, is a voiding of Blood and purulent Matter, with throws, and gripe. In which sense 'tis distinguished from the painless evacuation of thin, watery Blood from the internal Hemorroid Veins, called by the Ancients, the Hepatic Flux; and likewise from the natural discharge of Blood, independent of the Guts, caused by its redundancy in the Body, as after Amputations, suppression of the Terms, etc. or by its Acrimony opening the Vessels, or the obstruction of the Bowels hindering its Circulation.  
The Cause is some sharp acid, that irritates the Guts, provokes 'em to Contractions, assembles the Blood by virtue of its Provocation, and corrodes the Orifices of the Blood Vessels. This may proceed from the Corruption of Matter in the Guts; Summer Fruits, Sugar, Hony, new Wine, which become acid, and ferment with the Bile; Mercury, Coloquintida, Antimony, Led, the corpse Powder of an Adamant, Worms, etc. which vellicat the Guts, and amass sharp humours in 'em. If the acidity and sharpness be owing to these Causes, the Dysentery is benign and free of Contagion. But the cause of an epidemical malignant contagious looseness, is a corrupt, volatile acid, not lodged in the Guts, but immediately reigning in the Blood, perverting its texture, opening the Vessels inserted into the Guts, and provoking 'em to convulsive Contractions; from whence ensue a malignant Fever, Gripe, and bloody Stools. So that though previous Excoriations may take place in benign Dysenteries, there is no occasion for 'em in the contagious malignant sort. It being a sufficient cause of bloody Stools, that the caustic ferment is a mortal Enemy to the Guts, like to that of Antimony, or Arsenic, that perpetually thwarts and provokes 'em to Convulsions. Upon which they squeeze out their blood together with their nutritious Juice, that they are not then in a Capacity to receive; and which is by some taken for the Mucus of the Guts, whereas the large Quantities that are voided do sufficiently evince the contrary.  
The signs are these. The sick Person is seized with unsufferable griping Pains in the Guts, followed by frequent stools, at first of whitish matter, afterwards of Blood and slime mixed together. When he goes to Stool, he is grievously tortured, and the Guts and Bowels seem to descend. If the Dysentery be malignant, 'tis wonderfully contagious; propagating itself not only by the Breath, but by using the same Clyster-pipe. A malignant Fever, and all its dismal Symptoms accompany it. If in the progress of the Disease, pure Blood be voided, 'tis a sign of the corrosion or opening of some large Vessel in the Guts, or Mesentery. If a Dysentery be unseasonably stopped, the Guts are inflamed, and gangrened; the Throat beset with Wheals and Pimples; the Intestinum Rectum sometimes molested with a Tenesmus and do unfalling, the Appetit dejected; upon which ensue Nauseating, Vomiting, the Hiccough, Watch, and at last fatal Convulsions.  
If the great Guts are affected, the Pain is heavy and obscure, seated towards the sides of the Belly, and quickly followed by Stools; the Excrements, Slime, and Blood, are but indifferently mixed, and the Stomac less disordered, than when the small Guts are the seat of the Evil; for then there is a notable propension to Vomit, the pain is more pricking and shooting, placed above and below the Navel, and not so quickly followed by Evacuations; and the Matter when evacuated, is exactly mixed, without any signs of distinction.  
There are three degrees observable in a Dysentery. The Symptoms of the first, are bloody and slimy Stools. In the second, the slime gives some signs of an Excoriation; and in the third, of an Exulceration. When the Guts are excoriated, 'tis either the Crust that covers 'em, or part of their thick Tunicle, or at most, the Caruncles or inflamed Glandules of the Guts, that is voided.  
If a Dyfentery be attended by a Vomiting, Hiccough, and malignant Symptoms; if the Excrements are green, black, or fetid; if the Looseness began from a green, black, corrosive Bile; or an acid, salin, tenacious Pituita; 'tis a dangerous Case. Convulsions and Dote usher in Death. The voiding of Caruncles is a fatal sign. The Indolency of the Guts signifies a Gangrene. If the Anus be so contracted that nothing can enter, it bespeaks a fatal tumour in the Intestinum Rectum; if it hang out and open, so that Clysters are not retained, 'tis Paralytic. A Fever succeeding to a Dysentery, is a sign of the Inflammation or Corruption of the Intestins. A Dysentery is frequently fatal to Women with Child, unless it be very benign, and not long before the time of Delivery. If a bitter taste in the Mouth, and bilious Vomits happen in the beginning; if a Lienteria, Hiccough, wheals in the Throat, or spots in the Face, happen after it has continued some time; and if the Intestines are ulcerated, Death is at hand. If the Person belch or fart, 'tis a good sign. If the great Guts are the proper seat of the Evil, there's less danger. Splenetic and gouty People are sometimes benefited by a Dysentery.  
Now in order to form a distinct Idea of the Cure, let us first give ear to the following Cautions;  
1. That by all means we ought to distinguish malignant Dysenteries from such as are benign; those from an internal Cause, from others externally occasioned.  
2. Notwithstanding the Clamours of some Authors, Narcotics are very proper, especially in the beginning; but they ought to be mixed with convenient Specifics, and given in very large Doses; for Persons under this Disease can bear Opium wonderfully.  
3. In malignant Dysenteries laxative Medicines are very nocive; but in benign ones they're approved, in the beginning, if the Constitution of the Patient be Cacochymical, or if the Dysentery proceed from Summer Fruits. Rhubarb and Whey are fittest for this purpose, but Narcotics ought to be mixed with 'em; and likewise exhibited by themselves, both the preceding and following Nights.  
4. Vomits are very dangerous; yet if the Chyle be corrupted, and the Stomac much oppressed, if the Person vomit easily, and have sufficient Strength to undergo the Trial, they may be ventured on. But withal, in a malignant Dysentery they are absolutely noxious, unless an overviolent Purge or Poison have occasioned it.  
5. Sudorifics are always proper in Epidemical Dysenteries, and ought never to be omitted. They are much preferable to Purgatives, or any other Medicines whatsoever.  
6. Astringents are very offensive at first. After the use of gentle abstergent Laxatives in benign, and that of Alexipharmacal Sudorifics in malignant Dysenteries, they may be given in the declension of the Disease, but not before.  
7. Blood-letting is to no purpose in most cases. Nay, even in the case of a suppression of the Terms, it ought to be cautiously attempted, if the Dysentery be malignant.  
8. All Clysters whatsoever, though never so softening, irritat the Guts in some measure, and promote a Tenesmus; upon which account they ought to be very cautiously and sparingly used. They are most proper in the declination of the Disease, when the great Intestines are affected, or stuffed with sharp Humours, and when the Dysentery is benign.  
9 A peculiar regard must be always had to the Stomac, whose good or bad Condition alone stamps a hopeful or desperate Character on a Dysentery. Warm Wine moderately used, is proper for this purpose.  
10. The Feet, and external parts ought to be kept warm; for the least Cold, or the drinking of any cold Liquor, revives and exasperats the Disease.  
11. There's nothing so conducive as Rest and Quiet. They ought not to stir from their Beds, nor move when they are in 'em.  
12. Venery is ofttimes a Sovereign Cure for a Dysentery.  
From what is premised, we may infer the Indications for Cure, viz. To put a stop to the Irritation of the Intestins, and repair the loss 've sustained; to purify the Blood, and separat the preternatural ferment.  
As for the particular Medicines answering these ends, we shall first run over the Specifics peculiar to this Disease. In which Class the Pizzle of a Whale leads the Van; next is a Staggs Pizzle. They are never pounded, but only shaved. As,  
Take of the shave of a Stag's Pizzle, two drams; Hysteric Laudanum, nine Grains; make a Powder for two Doses.  
Take of the Decoction of a Whale's Pizzle, a Pound and a half; Cinnamom-water, an ounce; Syrup of Coral, two or three ounces. Make a Julep; of which let the Patient take a Draught over Night. They may be mixed either in Powder or Decoction with other specific and common Ingredients, of which more anon.  
The next Specific is Hartshorn; Its Decoction with Burnet is commended by Riverius, for ordinary drinking. It's Jelly may be mixed with the Jelly of Stag's Pizzle, and dissolved in any Liquor. Or thus;  
Take of the Decoction of the shave of a Stag's Pizzle, a Pound, Jelly of Hartshorn, six drams; Cinnamom-water, six drams; Syrup of Comfrey, an ounce. Make a Julep.  
Next in order are the shave of the Scull of a Man that dies a violent death, given to a dram; the Moss of the Scull, given to a scruple; the Powder of a Sea-horse Tooth, or Unicorn's Horn, given to a dram; Oak Berries; Misselto of the Oak: The Powder prepared from Elderberries, called, Tragaea Granorum Acts, baken up anew with Hairs-blood, and Stag's Pizzle, and fresh Juice of the Berries; the blood of a Hare killed by Dogs, given in Powder to a dram or by way of Infusion; a Clour soaked in it, being infused in Ale or ordinary Drink: the Blood of a Lamb Killed after frighting, used after the same method; the dried Livers of Serpents and Vipers given to a Scruple; Crystal, the Livers of Green Frogs, an Apple excavated and filled with Wax and Gum Arabic and so Roasted; or rather a Quince with the same Ingredients Roasted; the Dung of a Dog fed with Bones given to a Dram in Steeled Goats Milk, the Powder of Horse-hoof given to a Dram, Satyrium Roots by way of Infusion, the Decoction or Powder of Cork, Wallnut-Catkins given to a Dram in Powder, Tormentil, Rob of Sorbe Apples, Mineral Unicorn, Dulcified Earth of Vitriol taken from the Vitriol of Steel, Sulphur and its Flowers, Ashwood given to a Dram in warm Wine, and Alum, of which Four or Five Grains are given with Cinnamom very successfully.  
Thus far the most Noted Specifics. The Common Ingredients which we usually join to them are the Astringent, Styptic, absorbent and fat Oily Medicines, recommended against Vomiting, Loosenesses, and the Cholera.  
Goat's Milk in the beginning of the Disease is a good Abstergent, and towards the end, Cow's Milk Consolidats and Heals. Chalybeat Milk with Comfrey and Tormentil Roots, or the shave of Stag's Pizzle, or Rice, or Yolks of Eggs and Juice of Ivy boiled in it, is of excellent use. The Essence and Syrup of Comfrey, the Extract of Venice Treacle, or that of Tormentil given with Laudanum Opiatum at Night in Pills; The Spirit of Venice Treacle Camphorised; The Tincture of Coral Prepared with Spirit of Sassafras; The Tincture of the Sulphur of Vitriol; The Styptic Liquor Prepared from Sealed Earth and Spirit of Nitre, called, Liquor Aureus; The Tincture of Bloodstone; Myrrh, and its Essence; Amber, and its Troches; Sugar of Lead (a Noted Specific) The Tincture Extracted from the Earth of Gold Mines by Spirit of Salt; These I say, are all Common Ingredients. A few Receipts shall serve for Examples.  
In a Benign Dysentery, if it be Convenient either in the Beginning or Declension to Purge, of which we must be very cautious; Let Laudanum Opiatum be exhibited over Night; then in the Morning take of Diascordium, a Dram; Rhubarb, two Scruples; Laudanum Opiatum, two Grains; With Syrup of Quinces make a Bolus, to be Reiterated. Or,  
Take of Plantain Water, an Ounce; Powder of Rhubarb, a Dram; Laudanum Opiatum, a Grain; With Syrup of Quinces make a Potion.  
In a Malignant Dysentery let Laxatives be omitted, and prescribe thus. Take of Hartshorn Prepared without fire, a Scruple; Diaphoretic Antimony, half a Scruple; Volatile Salt of Vipers, five Grains; Laudanum Opiatum, one Grain. Mix.  
Take of Mint Water, an Ounce; Spirit of Venice Treacle Camphorised, two Drams; Diaphoretic Antimony, a Scruple; Human Bones calcined, half a Scruple; Extract of Venice Treacle, five Grains; Syrup of Carduus Benedictus, half an Ounce. Make a Potion for one Dose.  
In fine, the Common Prescriptions against all sorts of Dysenteries are such as these following.  
Take of the shave of a Stag's Pizzle, half an Ounce; Comfrey Roots, Tragacanth and Nutmegs, of each three Drams; sealed Earth, Bole Armenic, Burnt Hartshorn and Zedoary, of each a Dram and an half. Make a Powder. You may add Laudanum Opiatum, and Oil of Cinnamom.  
Take of the Extract of Tormentil, twenty four Grains; Vipers Livers, Prepared Crabs Eyes, of each a Scruple; Hysteric Laudanum, nine Grains; Distilled Oil of Cinnamom, two Drops. Mix for two Doses. Ye may add Troches of Amber and Prepared Crystal.  
Take of Venice Treacle, a Dram; Prepared Bloodstone, a Scruple; Dead Men's Bones Calcined, fifteen Grains; Sugar of Lead, six Grains. Make a Bolus.  
Take of the Rob of the Fruit of the Service Tree, a Dram and a half; Chalybeat-Bezoar, fifteen Grains; Dulcified Earth of Vitriol, six Grains; Laudanum Opiatum, two Grains, make a Bolus.  
Take of Diascordium, an Ounce and a half; the Shave of a Whale's Pizzle, three Drams; Troches of Amber, a Dram and a half; Flowers of Sulphur, a Dram. With Juice of Quinces, make an Electuary. Of which take a Convenient quantity at Morning, Noon, and Evening.  
Take of Crude Alum, half a Dram; Cinnamon, an Ounce and a half. Make a Powder. Dose a Scruple to be taken in Red Wine.  
Take of Tormentil Water, two or three Ounces; Cinnamon-Water Prepared with Quinces, an Ounce; Spirit of Venice Treacle Camphorised, three Drams; Syrup of Comfrey, an Ounce. Mix for a Vehicle to the abovementioned Powders.  
Take of Plantain Water, three Ounces; Cinnamon Water, six Drams; Vinegar of Roses, half an Ounce; Diascordium, two Drams; Troches of Amber, or those of Sealed Earth, half a Dram; Prepared Crabs Eyes two Scruples; Diaphoretic Antimony, a Scruple; Syrup of Myrtleberries, or of Quinces, an Ounce: Mix. Sugar of Lead, Dulcified Earth of Vitriol, Extract of Tormentil and Shave of a Dead Man's Scull, may be added or mutually shifted by turns.  
After the Symptoms are mitigated by the use of the foregoing Prescriptions, it will not be improper to exhibit some healing things calculated for the Corrosion or Ulceration of the Intestines. Such are the Balsam of Sulphur prepared with Oil of Amber or Annis, or of Juniper-berries, or of Turpentin; Balsam of Peru given to half a Scruple with Sugar, or with the Yelk of an Egg: To which we may add the Vulnerary Decoctions. As,  
Take of the Leaves of Ground-Ivy, Plantain and Tormentil, of each a handful; Pomegranate Flowers three little handfuls; Shave of a Whale's Pizzle three Ounces. Boyl 'em in Black-Smiths-water. To two Pounds of the strained Liquor add Syrup of Coral, and that of Comfrey, of each three Ounces. Mix and exhibit a large Draught twice or thrice a day, with fifteen Drops of the Balsam of Sulphur.  
As for Clysters, we ought to be very cautious of using 'em. Anodyn Clysters for allaying the Pain, and tempering the sharp Humours, are made of Chalybeat Milk, with Emollent Ingredients boiled in it, and mixed with Laudanum Opiatum, Turpentin, Venice Treacle, Goat's Tallow and Yolks of Eggs. Powders are not convenient, for they stick to the Guts, and provoke 'em. Vulnerary Healing Clysters are prepared from Vulnerary Decoctions, or the Decoction or Juice of River Crabs mixed with Balsam of Peru, Goat's Tallow and Oil of Linseed.  
Externally apply a Plaster of Venice Treacle to the Belly, and take of Expressed Oil of Nutmegs half an Ounce, Balsam of Sulphur prepared with Oil of Anis two Drams, Balsam of Peru a Dram. Make a Lineament, and anoint the Belly.  
Take of Oak leaves and Bran, of each three handfuls, Flowers of Chamomil and of Mullein of each two handfuls. Make two Quilted Bags to be dipped in warm Vinegar; one large and round to be applied to the Navel, the other long and small for the Breech.  
Some reap benefit by sitting upon the Caput Mortuum of Vitriol when they go to stool, others by applying a Cataplasm of Arsemart Leaves, bruised and beaten up with Chalybeat Wine; others by receiving the smoke of  Hartshorn, or Vinegar, or Ginger, thrown upon burning Coals just under their Breech, when they go to stool.  
A Tenesmus is a Retainer to Dysenteries, being a perpetual but vain desire of going to stool. The Immediate Cause is the irritation of the Intestinum Rectum, especially that part of it that is surrounded with the Sphincter. This Irritation may proceed by Consent or Sympathy from Nephritic Pains, a Stone in the Bladder, or Distension of the Womb; or Essentially from a tenacious Corrosive Acid Humour thrown upon that Gut, either by a preceding Dysentery, or sharp Purgatives; from Inflammations occasioned by the suppression of the Piles, and the Corrosion of the worms called Ascarides.  
An Essential Tenesmus is more dangerous than a Sympathetical one. If it continue long it degenerats into Ulcers and Fistula's of the Anus. In Women with Child it frequently causes miscarriage.  
As for the Cure. Let the Irritation be abated by Opiates. If a Tenesmus proceed from a sharp renacious humour, Abstergent Clysters and Fomentations are proper. If the Intestine be excoriated, temperate soft Ingredients are required.  
Take of Mullein flowers, two handfuls; Seeds of Red Vetches, two Ounces; Salt of Tartar, a Dram; Boyl 'em in Water. To a Pound of the strained Liquor add two Ounces of Goat's Tallow, and an Ounce of Honey of Roses. Mix for two Clysters. The Decoction of Worms in Milk is likewise very proper. But all Clysters ought to be injected in small quantities at a time.  
Foment the Anus with the Decoction of Mullein flowers in Milk. Or apply a bag quilted with Toad flax and Mullein Leaves, and the flowers of Mullein and Chamomil, and boiled in Chalybeat Milk. Or let the Anus be fumigated with hot Bricks, or Iron, thrown into warm Vinegar; Or with the Decoction of Savin in Water and Vinegar; Or with Myrrh, Frankincense, Roses, etc. thrown upon burning Coals.  
If the Intestine be Ulcerated, inject Vulnerary Decoctions with the Oil of Wax. Or anoint with a Lineament of the Oil of Roses, and Earthworms mixed with the Solution of lethargy in Vinegar; Or thrust up a suppository of Unguentum Album Camphoratum, Diapompholygos, and dulcified Earth of Vitriol.  
Internally the Oil of Mastic with Mint Water, or the red Oil of Vitriol with Broth, is much approved.  
The Hepatic flux is a Painless voiding of Watery Blood from the Internal Hemorrhoid Veins, which the Ancients fancied to proceed from the Liver. It either follows the Excoriation caused by a preceding Dysentery, or is occasioned by the ordinary Causes of Eruption of Blood, of which elsewhere. Opiates, Astringents, and gentle Laxatives, especially Raisins, are the Basis of its Cure.  
Some Persons are troubled with an Itching of the Anus. If it be caused by the approach of any External sharp thing, let it be fomented with warm Milk and Rose Water. If it tend to an Ulcer apply a Lineament of Sulphur, lethargy, and Tragacanth mixed with Vinegar and Oil of Roses. Oft-times Plantain Water and Alum are also very effectual.   

ARTIC. II. Of the Piles.  
THE Hemorrhoid Veins are either Internal or External, The Internal proceed from the mesenteric Branch of the Vena Portae; the External from the same Branch of the Vena Cava as those of the womb, and so frequently discharge the Blood that was wont to be evacuated by the terms, as in the case of Suppression or Cessation of the terms, or being with Child.  
The Blood stagnating in these Hemorrhoid Vessels causes ofttimes a dry Inflammation, straitening the Cavity of the Guts, and occasioning a prodigious Pain in voiding the Excrements, sitting, walking, etc. It rises up to a great swelling and hangs out of the Gut in various forms, sometimes mistaken for warts, or other occasional tumours; and if it be not discused or opened, degenerats into a Scirrhus, or an Ulcer.  
If the Vessels give way to the Blood it runs out either by drops from the Veins, or with a full current from the Arteries. Sometimes this Evacuation is Natural and Periodical, returning every Month or Week in Men, as the terms in Women; Sometimes 'tis Critical infering the solution of an Acute Distemper. Sometimes not only Blood, but a watery humour resembling the Whites in Women, is voided by the same Vessels. This evacuation by the Hemorrhoids for the most part is involuntary, tho' some few by Custom may have obtained a Privilege of commanding them when they will.  
The Cause of this Flux or Stagnation of Blood is either Internal or External. The former is some sharp salin ferment in the Blood, following Melancholic, Scorbutic and Splenetic Distempers, or occasioned by suppression of Blood, and such like Accidents. This vicious ferment irritats the tender Fibres, and creates an Inflammation, Pain, and other Symptoms.  
The External Causes are, Riding, Running, Leaping, or whatever stretches those Vessels; any sudden Commotion of the Blood by Anger, Exercise, etc. Hard Labour of Women with Child, Suppression of the Terms, and the use of Rosinous Purgatives, which stick to the Guts, and vellicat the Orifices of the Vessels.  
The Essential Symptom of the Piles, is a green colour of the Face. A pain in the Loins, without a manifest Cause, prognosticats their approach. They are distinguished from scorbutic Evacuations of Blood, in that they are generally exasperated by going to Stool, and the Blood for the most part is voided together with the Excrements. The dry Piles are distinguished from other Excrescences, by their being of a different Substance from the Breech, round, black, placed at the extremities of the Veins, and being altogether free of Flesh, or Ulceration.  
If the Piles be Chronical, or accompany Chronical Diseases, such as the Scurvy, Melancholy, Obstructions of the Bowels, and especially Arthritic Pains, we ought to be cautious of stopping 'em, unless they exceed Bounds; in which case they weaken the Body, disposing it to a Dropsy or Consumption, and creating an awkward aversion to Women.  
Periodical, or usual Piles, or such as proceed from Suppressions, aught to be promoted, and opened if they be dry. If the Piles flow too copiously, they ought to be stopped. If the dry Piles seize those who are unacquainted with 'em, or cannot bear the loss of Blood, they ought to be discussed. Chalybeat Medicines are in a manner proper for all these purposes, by reason that the Piles, in what condition soever, are for the most part either the forerunners or effects of Hypochondriac Diseases. But to answer each Indication apart, we shall begin with the first.  
For opening the Piles, or promoting their Flux, let the part be first fomented with emollient Decoctions, then apply the Juice of Fig-leaves bruised; or the Juice of Soubread mixed with that of Beets; or a Lineament of Aloes, and the Juice of Onions; or a Suppository of Hiera Picra, with the Powder of Coloquintida, Hony, and Ox Gall; or the Decoction of River Crabs in Oil (especially in case of a notable Inflammation, or Heat;) or a Cataplasin of Pigeons Dung with Staves-acre-seeds; or the Juice of Nettles mixed with boiled stolen Urine scummed, and Rose-water; or (if the Anus itch) Juice of Lemons, or Vinegar of Roses. All these Ingredients ought to be put into a leaden Mortar, till they're discoloured. But the most effectual way of opening dry Piles, is the Application of Leeches. If they creep into the Gut, a Clyster of Salt-water will fetch 'em out.  
Internally the same design is promoted by resinous Purgatives, especially Aloe with Myrrh, or Elixir Proprietatis.  
If the Piles flow too copiously, they ought to be curbed, which was our second Indication. For this purpose, toasted Rhubarb, Tamarinds, the Conserve and Syrup of Oak-buds, the Decoction of Mastic Wood; Syrup of dry Roses (a common, but very effectual Remedy) the Syrups and Juices of Purslain, and Quinces; Juice of stinging Nettles, given to two or three ounces; the Decoction of Burnet; dead men's Bones in Powder; Sea-horse Tooth, and especially the Juice and Syrup of the Ordure of an Ass, are very proper. Chalybeat Medicines which encounter the Hypochondriac acid, and become as it were Vitriolic, are consequently admirably fitted for this purpose. Such are the Tincture of the Sulphur of Vitriol, or that called, Tinctura Antiphthisica, or that of the Vitriol of Steel. A dram of the Pills of Bdellium is likewise a very proper and effectual Remedy. Venice Treacle and Narcotics are universally known and used.  
Take of Plantain and Purslain water, of each an ounce and a half; Tincture of the Sulphur of Vitriol, a dram and a half; Laudanum Opiatum, four grains; Syrup of Coral, six grains. Make a Potion.  
External Repellents are Frankincense and Myrrh, or Pitch, for Fumigation; the Sponge called Crepitus Lupi; the compound Powder of Cork and Mummy; the Powder of  Toads, or of Land Frogs; the fat that drops from a roasted Eel; a Lineament of Soot, yolks of Eggs, and Spiders Webs; Bags quilted with bruised walnuts and Oaken Leaves, and soaked in Vinegar; all applied to the Fundament. A Girdle of the Leaves of white Hellebor sewed in a Clout, with the Powder of Oak bark, is of excellent use. Dulcified Earth of Vitriol beaten up with the Juice of Plantain; the Ointment of lethargy and Tutty mixed with the Ashes of Oysters, are useful Liniments. Blooding is of no use, excepting the case of a Suppression.  
The third Indication is to discuss the dry Piles, and allay the Pain. The Specifics for this purpose, are, the Infusion of the Apple of Jerusalem in Oil of sweet Almonds, for external application; the Decoction of Mullen, and Elder-flowers in Milk; or Mullen-flowers, and Henbane-seeds in Water, for Fomentation; or Cataplasms of their Leaves and Flowers, and the Leaves of Purslain boiled in Milk; Decoctions of the Leaves and Flowers of Toad-flax, and the Flowers of Chamomil in Milk, for Fomentation. Or,  
Take of Toad-flax, two handfuls; Henbane-leaves, half a handful; Oil of Roses, Oil of Mullein, of each three ounces; fresh Butter, five ounces. Boyl them, and express the Liquor, to which add a handful of the Leaves of Toad-flax; then express again, and add the yolks of two Eggs. Make a Lineament, and anoint the part; or add to it expressed Oil of Henbane-seeds, and Sugar, or Led, in case of an Inflammation.  
The Oil of the Berries of the Herb Paris (for Women with Child) or Oil of Stagflies, Oil of Wood-lice, and that of Box-wood, are very much recommended for Inunctions.  
Take of the Mucilages of Fleawort-seeds, of Quince-seeds, and Linseeds, prepared with Rose-water, of each an ounce; fresh Butter, an ounce; with the yolks of two Eggs, and Oil of Roses; beat them in a leaden Mortar till they become livid, and make a Lineament of excellent use against Inflammations of the Piles. The Oil of Eggs, Spirit of Wine camphorised, and Sugar of Lead may be added.  
The Balsam of Sulphur prepared with expressed Oil of Poppy-seeds, or mixed with Camphyr and Sugar of Lead, or with the Oil of Eggs, and that of Bricks, is of very good use in External Applications. Some put Venice Treacle mixed with Sugar of Lead, and the Oil of the Balsam-Apple, upon a Clout, and thrust it into the Fundament.  
Figwort, Orpine, and Pilewort, are three famous Specifics; they are given inwardly by way of Infusion, in Ale, or Wine. Their Roots are given also in Powder. Figwort-roots mixed with fresh Butter, and kept in a Cellar for fifteen days, yield a noble Lineament. The Juice of Pilewort externally applied, is also of excellent use.  
Take of the Roots of Figwort and Pilewort, of each half an ounce; with Oil of Mullen, make a Lineament.  
If they become Chronical, let an Issue be cut in the Thigh. If they are ulcerated, let fulminatory Gold mixed with Oil of sweet Almonds be applied.  
Upon the whole, 'twill not be improper to take notice of Wedelius' Caution, viz. That Ointments are not always the most convenient forms, by reason that they enlarge the Capacity of the Veins, stop the Transpiration, and augment the Heat.     

SECT. X. Of Worms in the Guts.  
HAving discoursed of the Expulsion of the Excrements, we come next to consider what preternatural things the Guts may contain, viz. Worms. They are either long, or broad, or very small, called Ascarides and confined to the Intestinum Rectum.  
The immediate Cause is the seed of Worms conveyed into our Bodies. The remote cause is putrified Crudities in the Stomac and Guts, and the deficiency or weakness of the Bile, which is the true scarecrow of Worms.  
The Symptoms are an acid smell in the Mouth, stinking Spittle copiously voided, and with some squeamishness; the Excrements in Colour resembling Cows-dung, the yellowness of the white of the Eye, or a Jaundice. Sometimes a biting pain seizes and distends the Belly, especially in a Morning; and the Person is troubled with night fears, gnashing of Teeth, trembling, Convulsions, corrosion of the Gums, Consumption of the Body; the Face is red, and pale by turns, the Appetit voracious and fierce; the Symptoms are exasperated by acid bitter Victuals; and mitigated by Milk and sweet things. The Person is molested with a dry Cough, and thirst when his Belly is empty.  
Broad Worms have this peculiar Symptom, that little things like Gourd-seeds are interspersed with the Excrements. The Ascarides observe the Motions of the Moon: By day they are generally quiet; but from ten a Clock at night, till Morning, they rage. Sometimes they'll corrode the Buttocks and Thighs, and create Ulcers in the Anus, and Intestinum Rectum.  
The broad sort are expelled with the greatest difficulty. Worms frequently introduce troublesome Diseases. If in the beginning of a Disease they throw themselves out, 'tis a sign of great malignity within. In the Declension, or after Concoction, 'tis looked upon as a good sign.  
In the Diseases of Children, Worms are always suspected. All sorts of Worms ought to be attacked during the wane of the Moon. Jalap, Rhubarb, and sweet Mercury are proper Purges. The Specifics are Horse-Radishes, Water-Cresses, Centory, Wormwood, Peach-flowers, Turnsil, Flowers of St. John's-wort, Savin, Water-Germander, Gentian, Zedoary, Onions, Garlic, Leeks, Myrrh, Aloes, Spirit of Hartshorn; the Decoction of Quicksilver in Onion or Garlick-water; or Quicksilver beat up with Sugar to a Powder, of which half a dram is a Dose; the Oils of Hazel and Juniper-woods; the acid Spirits mixed with fair Water, such as that of Vitriol, of Sulphur, etc.  
While the Worms are lodged in the small Guts, inject Clysters of Milk, and the Decoctions of Figs, Raisins, Liquorice, Honey, etc. to invite 'em to come down. If they're arrived at the great Intestins, kill 'em with Clysters of the Decoction of Gentian, Wormwood, Grass-roots, etc.  
In the mean while apply to the Belly, the Gall of a Bull mixed with Powder of Coloquintida; or a Cataplasm of Myrrh, Aloe, Vinegar of Roses, and Bull's Gall; or Rock Oil, and Oil of Hazel-wood, with Hiera Picra; or the Ointment of Soubread with Quicksilver.  
The broad Worms are cured by the Juice of Horse-radishes, and the Powder of Jalap with Wormseed. The Ascarides require Suppositories of Dutch Cheese, or Lard and Hony; and Clysters of Coloquintida.   

SECT. XI. Of Pains in the Guts, and particularly of the Colic.  
WHEN the Guts are irritated, and suffer wring Convulsions, they are molested with a pain called Gripe. Sometimes these Pains reach only the small Intestins, and then their Station is about the Navel, and Centre of the Belly, and are much more violent than those in the great Guts; If they range not beyond the Duodenum or beginning of the Jejunum, they are felt in the Loins bending towards the right Hypochondrium, and are oftimes mistaken for Nephritic Pains, or those caused by the Convulsions of the mesenteric Nerves, or the Tumours and Ulcers of the Pancreas.  
The Pains in the great Guts are for the most part felt in the Colon, especially that part of it towards the Circumference of the Belly, upon the left side, where 'tis straitened, and incurvated, and consequently more liable to the shocks of Wind, and more apt to stop the Circulation of the Excrements, and cause their swelling up into a Tumour, sometimes hard, sometimes soft. This Pain and Tumour is frequently imputed to the Spleen, whereas the Spleen is incapable of any shooting, pricking pain, such as this is; it's Membran being almost insensible; and besides, it lies too low to display its tumour externally. Moreover, this pain is exasperated by riding immediately after eating; and though it may be compatible to the Jejunum in the left corner, from whence it runs to the Centre of the Belly, yet the Colon is its usual Seat. And sometimes it veers about to the right side of the Belly (upon the outermost Circumference) where the same Colon pursues its Course.  
This last mentioned Pain is a Colic, properly so called; but for somuch as the generality of Writers do comprehend the former under the same Title, I shall not departed from the usual Measures of prescribing their Cure without Distinction, especially considering that the same is the cause of both.  
Tho the Pains of the Guts be equally caused by Convulsions and Contractions, yet the difference of antecedent Causes requires Consideration. These I cast into two Heads. 1. Some irritating matter provoking the Guts to such Convulsions. 2. The disorder and uneasiness of the Nerves inserted into the Guts, while they themselves are faultless, as to the matter contained in 'em.  
If the Irritating humour be a viscous acid mucilage, or hard Excrements fastened to the pleats of the Guts, it creates a fixed boring sort of Pain; its viscidity settles it in one station, and its acidity acts the boring part. This humour causes the common Colic. It skulks for most part in that corner of the Colon towards the left side of the Belly, where 'tis contracted and bended downwards. It is incident to Hypocondriac acid Constitutions, and requires much the same sort of attenuating Medicines. If this acid acquire any notable sharpness, it shoots and pricks as it were with a Needle. If the humour be a viscous matter hatching an imprisoned acid, it causes Wind, and consequently distending Pains; supposing still that the Intestins are molested with convulsive Contractions which stop the Egress, and occasion the rebounding of the Wind. If the humour be altogether viscid without any acrimony, it causes a heavy dull Pain. If the irritating cause be Worms, or some sharp saltish acid, it gnaws the Guts. If the Guts are inflamed, or the Arteries contracted by the Convulsions, they occasion a beating sort of Pain.  
The Disorders and Convulsions of the Nerves running from the great Mesenteric Plexus, will cause tearing, wring, and contracting Pains. They are occasioned sometimes accidentally, as by Nephritic Pains, and Childbirth, when the Mesenteric Plexus being irritated by virtue of its near intercourse with the Nerves of the Kidneys and the Womb, pulls and contracts both the Stomac and Guts, which it supplies with Nerves. At other times they are Retainers to some fixed permanent habitual Cause, that though it lie latent for some time, has always an ascendant in the Body. These are either Scorbutic, or Hypochondriac, or Hysteric, or Nephritic, and are owing to the Convulsions of the Mesenteric Plexus, to which the Intestins are annexed, it being galled with an offensive acid; oftimes the Nerves of the Throat are likewise contracted at the same time, occasioning a difficult Respiration, and a sort of Suffocation. Of this nature likewise are the griping Pains which follow an irregular Cure of Fevers, as being caused by transferring the morbific Matter to the Glandules of the Mesentery, and the subsequent Irritations of its Nerves.  
Both these sorts of Pains, viz. those caused by a vicious humour in the Intestins, and those by a foreign irritation of their Nerves, are equally attended by the successive returns of Cold and Heat. The Cold proceeds from the Vellication of the Membrans, when 'tis universal; or the prevalency of the acid Juice of the Pancreas, when it is chief felt about the Loins. The heat from the impetuosity of the Spirits, and the acceleration of the Blood's motion; or, when the humour is lodged in the Duodenum, from the prevalency of the Bile, or its struggling with the Juice of the Pancreas, and accordingly it is most perceivable in that place. The Belly is frequently costive, by reason of the Contractions of the Guts. If it happen to be soluble, the Colic from the humours in the Guts is mitigated; but that from a mere irritation receives no benefit. Ofttimes the Nerves of the Stomac are influenced by the mesenteric Plexus, and a Vomiting ensues.  
If the Urine be watery, 'tis a Nephritic Colic; if 'tis highly tinctured towards the middle, and coloured in the surface, and the Anus obstinately shut, 'tis a Scorbutic Colic; if Respiration be difficult, and the Breast Perplexed, 'tis Hysteric; if the Convulsion of the Intestins be attended by a Pain reaching to the Pubes, and Haunchbone, the Womb is disordered. If the Colic be caused by the mere irritation of the Nerves, the Pain is tearing, and not heavy or dull, and the Urine is milky and pale, impregnated with a large Sediment.  
A Colic is distinguished from simple Nephritic Pains by these Symptoms. After eating, or the use of Aromatics, 'tis mitigated; the Urine undergoes no sudden Changes, though a Strangury and high Color may attend the Scorbutic sort; Clysters and Evacuations give ease, and the heavy Pain does not incessantly molest the Loins: Now the Symptoms of Nephritic Pains are directly contrary to these.  
The Causes of Colics are already hinted at. In general, some noxious acid either irritats the Nerves, being seated in the Plexus of the Mesentery, or reigning in the Guts. The Pancreatic Juice is of that nature. The Bile is of a contrary diluting quality, and does not of itself cause Colic Pains, unless it become black, rusty, and green, as in the Bilious Colics. The Remote Causes are whatever promotes Corruption in the Stomac or Guts, increases or exalts an Acid, or Creates an uneasiness to the Guts and Membrans of the Body. Of these more under the Head of Iliac Passions.  
A Bilious Colic, or that proceeding from humours in the Guts is of a meek Character, unless it be flatulent. Sometimes it Degenerats into Ulcers. If the body be very costive and the Anus retracted, 'tis a fatal symptom and portends an Iliac. Hoarseness and Vomiting are bad Symptoms. Convulsive Colics, especially the Scorbutic Kind, are very dangerous and obstinate, and frequently end in Epilepsies, or some such disorder of the Head.  
The Cure is endeavoured both during the Paroxysm, and after its disappearance. In the Paroxysm, the Indications are to allay the Irritation of the Guts, correct and evacuate the peccant Matter, if the Colic proceed from vicious Humours, and redress the Disorders of the Nerves, if it be Convulsive.  
In order to compass these Ends, 1. The Belly ought to be kept open with Clysters, especially if the Colic proceed from Vicious Humours in the Guts, or if the Great Guts be their Habitation. If the Small Guts are affected, gentle Laxatives taken by the Mouth, are much preferable. In Convulsive Colics we may inject emollient Anodyn Clysters of Turpentine, etc. But when a Humour, or hardened Ordure prevails in the great Guts, we may add sharp Purging Ingredients. As,  
Take of the Decoction of Pease Eight Ounces, Infusion of Crocus Metallorum two or three OUnces, Lenitive Electuary, or Oil of Olives an ounce. Mix for a Clyster. When the great Guts are afflicted by hard Excrements, some add the Extract of the greater Common Spurge, instead of the Antimonial Infusion. The Smoke of Tobacco is also proper for the same purpose.  
For Convulsive Colics, Take of the Emollent Decoction one Pound, Turpentine dissolved with the Yelk of an Egg, two, three or four ounces, strained Honey six or eight Drams. Make a Clyster. The Oil of Linseed and rape-oil are likewise very proper. For old Persons an Anodyn Clyster may be prepared of Spanish Wine and Oil of Chamomil.  
For a Flatulent Colic; Take of Bay Leaves, a handful; Chamomil flowers a handful and a half; Angelica, or Lovage Roots, six Drams; The four lesser hot Seeds, of each two Drams; Boyl them in fair Water. To ten Ounces of the strained Liquor add Electuary of Bayberries, six Drams; Venice Treacle, one or two Drams; Distilled Oils of Angelica, Caraways, Cumminseed, and Bayberries, of each three or four drops. With the Yelk of one Egg; Make two Clysters, to be injected at two several times, by reason of the wind disturbing the Injection. Or,  
Take of the Carminative Decoction, six Ounces; Man's Urine, four Ounces; Yeast, a Dram; Common Salt, a Scruple; Honey of Roses, an Ounce. Make a Clyster in flatulent Colics.  
In the beginning of the Disease, Gentle Emollient, Anodyn Clysters are not improper in any Colic. As, take of Henbane Leaves, a handful; Boyl them in Milk; To ten Ounces of the Decoction, add an Ounce of the Honey of Roses. Mix for a Clyster.  
Afterwards when we have discovered that vicious matter, or hard Excrements are Lodged in the great Guts, we may pres●● be Emollient Clysters sharpened with Sal Gem, and if these prove ineffectual add sharp Purgatives as above. If the Anus be much retracted, and threaten an Iliac, let Clysters be sparingly used, as likewise in all true Convulsive Colics.  
2. If the Intestines are much Contracted, either by foreign Convulsions or vicious matter within, proper Purgatires ought to be avoided; for they promote the Contraction and Lock up the Excrements closer. In this case Whey, or an Ounce of the Oil of sweet Almonds, with Spanish Wine and Sperma Caeti, are more effectual than the strongest Purgatives. If the Guts be inflamed, all Laxatives whatsoever are Pernicious. If the Colic proceed from a tenacious viscid humour, and be attended by a heavy Boring pain, Purgatives mixed with attenuating Ingredients are allowable, though rather after the Fit has made some progress, and the Symptoms are a little abated, than just in the beginning, especially if the Pain be very Violent. The safer way is to begin with Emollient Abstergent Prescriptions, such as that of the Oil of Almonds and Wine, and Sperma Caeti; and then after some time prescribe thus.  
Take of Mint Water, an ounce and a half; Cinnamon Water, half an ounce; Gum Ammoniac dissolved in Vinegar, half a dram; Tartar Vitriolated, fifteen Grains; Scammony Sulphurated, and Troches Alhandal, of each two Grains; Solutive Syrup of Roses, or of Apples, half an ounce. Make a Potion for a Colic, proceeding from a tenacious acid humour in the Guts. In the Declension of the Fit, 'tis expedient to exhibit sweet Mercury with the Pills of Hera with Agaric, for dissolving and washing off the remains of the viscous Acid. Or, if in the beginning of the Fit it be safe or convenient to Purge, let Laudanum Opiatum be added. As,  
Take of Gum Ammoniac dissolved in Vinegar, a dram; Diagrydium six Grains; Laudanum Opiatum, four or five Grains. Mix, etc. Fulminatory Gold is likewise a proper Ingredient. After the Paroxysm is over Sudorifics and Purgatives mixed together are not improper.  
3. If the Stomac and upper Guts are stuffed with peccant matter, Vomits are very useful. If the pain bear downwards, they are very Pernicious.  
4. Narcotics, especially Hysteric Laudanum, are very useful in Convulsive Colics and such as proceed from a thin fiery humour. They are given in the beginning and during the increase of the fit, while the Patient has yet strength sufficient. In case of a viscous acid humour they are not so proper till the Guts be cleansed by Purgatives, unless the Violence of Symptoms require 'em. The better way is to mix 'em with the Purgatives, and exhibit 'em also after Purgation. Or to give 'em before Purging, so as that they have not finished their office till the succeeding Purge join 'em.  
5. The Stomac and Feet ought to be well Armed against Cold; and all Cold Liquors avoided; for sometimes they cause a Colic, and in that case a large draught of Juniper Water is a Sovereign Remedy. 'Tis true, there are some Instances of Colics cured by drinking Cold Water, which perhaps relaxats the contracted Guts. But 'tis an accidental case, and ought not to be looked upon as a precedent.  
6. When the Belly is opened, if the Symptoms do not disappear, let Aromatic Ingredients be used; as being admirably fitted for tempering the acid, attenuating the viscid matter, discussing Wind, and fortifying the Nerves against Convulsions. Such are, Male Speedwell, Chamomil, its Decoction in Water, or its Oil taken inwardly, Clary, Orange Peel, Zedoary, Garlic, Gentian, Elecampane, Wormwood, the four large hot-seeds, Castor, Sulphur, Horse Dung and Stones; Spirit of Salarmoniac, Spirit of Treacle Camphorised, Spirit of Tartar, Spirit of Hartshorn, the Carminative Spirit de tribus, etc. Some commend the Decoction of Wormwood, Elecampane Roots, and Orange Peel, with mithridat.  
Take of Chamomil and Elder flowers; Leaves of Mint, and dried Rue, of each three handfuls; fresh Juniper berries two ounces and a half, Bay berries Peeled, six drams; Cummin Seeds, an ounce; Anis and Fennel Seed, of each half an ounce; Aromatic Calamus, an ounce and a half; The yellow part of Orange Peel, three ounces; Cinnamon six drams, Zedoary, three drams; Pound them well, and sprinkle 'em with six drams of rectified Spirit of Wine. Infuse them in a sufficient Quantiy of Spirit of Wine, not over-rectifyed, for the space of twelve hours over a gentle heat of Sand; then Distil slowly. Dose a spoonful or two.  
Take of the Waters of Anised, and Chamomil flowers, of each two ounces; Cinnamon Water, an ounce; Spirit of Zedoary, half an ounce; Dulcified Spirit of Nitre, two drams; Distilled Oil of Anis, six drops; Laudanum Opiatum, two Grains; Syrup of Orange Peel, an ounce. Make a Potion to be taken by spoonfuls in Bilious Colics.  
Take of the Waters of Chamomil flowers, Mint and Penny Royal, of each an ounce; Essence of Castor, two or three drams; Spirit of Hartshorn Succinated, or Spirit of Salarmoniac, a dram and a half; Laudanum Opiatum, three Grains; Syrup of Mugwort, an ounce. Mix for two or three Doses in Convulsive Colics.  
Take of Chamomil Water, two drams; Mint Water, an ounce; Essence of Opium, half a dram; Jaw bone of a Pike, a dram; Volatile Salt of Hartshorn, fifteen Grains; Syrup of Fennel, three drams. Mix and give a spoonful now and then, in Convulsive Colics.  
Take of the flowers of Sulphur, two drams; Jaw bone of a Pike, a dram; Distilled Oils of Caraways, Cummin seed and Fennel seed, of each four drops; Laudanum Opiatum, four Grains, Make a Powder for three, four, or five Doses, in the Colics that proceed from humours.  
In Nephritic Colics, Pills of Turpentin are very proper. If the Gripe are attended by a burning heat the dulcified Spirit of Nitre; If by a Coldness, the fixed salts, and absorbent Powders, are useful.  
Take of the shave of Ivory, two scruples; Prepared red Coral, and Crabs Eyes, of each a scruple; Sealed Earth, twelve Grains; the Distilled Oil of Orange Peel, the Distilled Oils of Anis, Caraways, Fennel, and Zedoary, of each a drop. Make a Powder for two Doses.  
Take of Castor, half a scruple; Volatile Salt of Amber, five Grains; Laudanum Opiatum, a Grain or two, Make a Powder for Convulsive Colics. Or,  
Take of the Tincture of Tartar, half an ounce; Essence of Gum Ammoniac, three drams; Essence of Myrrh Tartarised, a dram and a half. Mix, etc. Dose fifty drops. Elixyr Proprietatis, Essence of Castor, or that of Opium may be added by turns. Pills of the Extract of Castor, and that of Venice Treacle, mixed with some convenient Oil are very proper. The Decoction, Essence, Powder and Oil of Orange Peel, (especially in a strangury) and all Preparations from Clary; are of Sovereign use in all Colics. The flowers of sulphur are of unknown Virtue; if mixed with Myrrh, or Distilled Oils. Spirit of Nitre well rectified with Spirit of Wine distilled from aromatic Ingredients, is an incomparable thing in all hot Colics. 'Tis given with the Decoction of Elecampane Roots for a Vehicle. The Oil or Spirit of Turpentin, digested with Juniper Berries and Flowers of St. John's wort (which by the way are possessed of a rich Oil) is given against the Colics caused by humours in the Guts, to a scruple, with wonderful success. The Carminative Spirit made of Nitre Tartar and Spirit of Urine, given to half a dram in some warm Vehicle, is likewise much applauded. The Powder of Horse's Stones given to a dram in Lily Convally Water with a little Saffron; the shave of a Bull's Pizzle given to a scruple in Spanish Wine, the Powder of Soot mixed with Vinegar, or its Spirit, are all approved Remedies. Sugar of Lead is excellent where acidity prevails. As the juice of Horse Dung, or that of other Beasts, mixed with warm Ale, is inferior to no Medicine in that Case. After taking any of these Medicines the Patient ought to be very quiet, and make account to sweat.  
If a Colic tend to a Palsy of the Guts, let sharp Clysters be injected; and Volatile Salts exhibited, such as that of Urine, Spirit of Hartshorn or of Salarmoniac, and especially the Volatile Spirit of Tartar, or which is yet more Volatile, the Spirit Distilled from the Dregs of Wine. In a scorbutic Colic let Volatile Salts and Antiscorbutic Ingredients be added. In a Colic caused by any External error, Laxatives mixed. With Absorbents are proper. If cold or Drinking occasion it, give Pepper and Spirit of Wine.  
As for External Applications against Colic●. Let the Belly and Navel be well fomented with Ligaments of expressed Oils mixed with those that are Distill●● and afterwards cover it with a hot Brick. The for of a Wild Cat and Zivet is much approved for this use. As also Galbanum melted and mixed with the Distilled Oils of Spike and Amber. Plasters made of Tacamahac, Balsam of Peru, or that of Bay berries with that of Tobacco; Cataplasms of Horse Dung with Oil of Rue; And Quilted Bags of Milletseeds, or of Anodyn and Aromatic Ingredients; are likewise applied to the belly with good success.  
Take of the Oils of Bays, of Dill and of Chamomil, of each half an ounce; Galbanum, a dram; Distilled Oil of Amber, half a dram; Distilled Oils of Caraways, Cummin and Fennel, of each half a scruple. Make a Lineament. The Oil of Orange Peel, the Distilled Oil of Angelica, and the Oil of Castor, or Powders of Castor are also proper Ingredients. The Oil of Soap and white Rock Oil, are of excellent use Externally in all Convulsive Colics.  
Take of the tops of Henbane, and Elder Flowers, of each two handfuls; Chamomil flowers three or four handfuls; fresh Juniper berries, two ounces. Make a Quilted Bag to be infused in hot Wine, or boiled in Goat's Milk, and applied to the Belly, and frequently reiterated, especially in Scorbutic Colics.  
Take of the Leaves of Bays and Rue, of each three handfuls; Tops of Dill and lesser Centory, flowers of Roman Chamomil, Elder flowers, of each half a handful; Angelica and Lovage Roots, of each two ounces; Bay berries, an ounce; Juniper berries, half an ounce; the four greater hot seeds, of each two drams. Boyl them in Wine for a Bag. Some choose to apply Bags of Oats, Juniper berries, and Coriander seeds. Others apply a little Puppy to the Belly.  
So much for the cure of a Colic fit. After the fit is over, let Diuretic and Garminative Medicines be used. The solution of Steel with the juice of Apples, the Spirit of Salarmoniac, and, to robust Constitutions, the Solar Liquor of Steel, are then very useful.   

SECT. XII. Of the Vicious Postures of the Guts.  

CHAP. I. Of Ruptures.  
THE Caul and Guts are wrapped into the Peritonaeum. If this Membran be relaxated or broke, they fall out upon the Infirm Part, either separately, or both together. The Guts, which are liable to this Eruption, are the Jejunum and Ileum. The great Guts are secure from that danger, as being more firmly fastened. This Relaxation of the Peritonaeum, happens for the most part in one of its two Processes, the one surrounding the Umbilical, the other the Spermatic Vessels. The Bursting at the Navel is sometimes caused by hard Labour in Childbirth. Vomiting, Jumping, crying aloud, carrying of heavy Burdens, Coughing, Sneezing, violent Purgations, or whatever divides or stretches the Membran of the Peritonaeum, are the General Causes of all Ruptures.  
Children, whose Membrans are tender, and most exposed to Violence, are very obnoxious to this Disease. Sometimes the Infirmity is Hereditary, or produced by Internal Causes, but withal very rarely. If the Process of the Peritonaeum surrounding the Spermatic Vessels, be dilated, either the Caul, or the Guts, or both, fall down either upon the Groin, or into the Cod. If the Membran be quite broke, they stop about the Muscles of the Groin. But if it be only dilated, they trace its Progress to the Cod. Sometimes, but very rarely, this bursting falls out upon the sides of the belly, or upon the Loins, or thro' a Breach in the Womb. And Surgeons ought to be very cautious that they be not imposed upon by it, under the appearance of an Ulcer in those unwonted Places. The Stones sometimes are drawn into the Groin, and Resemble a Rupture, and are oft times taken either for that, or an Imposthume.  
A Rupture therefore is a soft Tumour, sometimes decreasing, sometimes increasing. If it be Recent, it disappears when the Patient lies on his Back, and returns when he stands upright. For the most part 'tis Painless, and easy to put up, unless the Gut be inflamed, or molested with Wind, or hardened Excrements. And besides, it increases, if the Patiented cough. By these Signs it is distinguished from Bubo's, or the Testicle sticking in the Passage.  
If the Gut be irritated either externally by Cold, Bruises, etc. Or Internally by Wind, hard Excrements, etc. Iliac or Colic Pains ensue and are very fatal; as likewise Inflammations, or Gangrenes, or Suppuration of the Gut. In adult People, 'tis a difficult matter to cure a Rupture, etc. A Hiccough following a painful and sudden Bursting is a fatal symptom. If it be caused by cold, 'tis very dangerous.  
The cure is performed by putting up the Caul or Gut, fortifying it in its proper Station, and healing the Breach, or contracting the Width of the Peritonaeum.  
Purgatives are pernicious. If the great Guts are molested with Wind, or the Belly costive, let Clysters be injected. Flatulency promotes and exasperates the Disease, and therefore aught to be particularly subdued by Carminative and Precipitating Medicines. In putting up the Gut, we ought to handle it very tenderly, and very seldom, for fear of Irritation, and place the Patient's Feet higher than his Head. All things used either Internally or Externally, aught to be Lukewarm. Solid Victuals ought to be avoided, and Liquid Food chief used. If the Gut be hard, let it be Fomented with Emollient Decoctions; for the hardness proceeds for the most part from its Distension and Convulsive Posture, rather than hard Excrements, which are seldom found in the small Guts. When the part is handled, let the Surgeon's Hands, or Fingers be anointed with Oil of Chamomil, and Oil of St. John's wort, with a few Drops of some Carminative Oil.  
If it be difficult to put up the Gut, let the following method be observed; Internally, Exhibit the Decoction of the greater Four hot Seeds in Wine. Externally, apply a Cataplasm of Sheep's Dung boiled in Goat's Milk, and Foment with the Decoction, adding to it a little of the Spirit of Wine, in order to discuss the Wind and Hardness, and allay the Pain. Some apply the hot Caul of a gelded Lamb, and with good success. The Hardness, Wind and Pain are likewise mitigated by Fomenting with Decoctions of Emollient and Carminative Ingredients. Or Clysters of the same Ingredients may be injected, that so the great Guts being emptied, any irritating matter in the small ones may have the easier passage. Let Plasters also be applied to the Loins to oblige the mesentery to draw back the fallen Gut. As,  
Take of Gum Ammoniac, Galbanum and Sagapenum, of each three drams; Turpentin and Virgin Wax, two or six drams; Arsenical Loadstone two drams, and fifteen Grains; Roots of Cuckowpint, a dram. Dissolve the Gums in Vinegar, and boil them to the consistence of a Plaster together with the other Powders. Apply the Plaster to the Loins. Some commend the fat of a Bear, or of a Hedgehog, for the same use.  
If all these means prove ineffectual, a Surgeon must open the place and put up the Gut, and then heal the wound.  
After the Gut is put into its proper station, it will be necessary to confirm it and the Peritonaeum, by Internal and External Means. The former are the Vulnerary Decoctions, especially those of Rupturewort and Thorowax. The Seed of Carden-Cresses is of Excellent use given inwardly in Powder with Red Wine, or by way of Decoction, and applied Externally, being beaten up with the Yelk of an Egg, or formed into a Plaster with Caran and boiled Turpentin. The Oil of Lizzards is of singular use for External Unction. The salted Skins of Eels, or of Serpents, boiled up with Lees to the consistence of a Plaster, or Plasters made of Pitch, Mastic, Caran, Dragons-blood, Bole-armenic, etc. Or of Rosin, Pitch and Powder of Bricks; or Compound Plasters of Rulandus' Diasulphuris, the Rupture-Plaister and Pitch mixed in equal Quantities; are all recommended for outward application. Some anoint the Part with Balsam of Sulphur, and the Oil of the Yolks of Eggs. But others reject all Oily Ingredients, as being too Laxative, and order the application of Clouts dipped into distilled Vinegar, in which Lytharge is dissolved, and after that a Plaster of the Gum of Black-Cherry-Tree, dissolved in Oil of St. John's-wort, and mixed with Frankincense and Mastic. During the time of applying these Plasters, let the Belly be kept open, and a Truss kept constantly about it, and never removed but when the Patient lies on his Back.   

CHAP. II. Of the Downfalling of the Anus.  
THE Intestinum Rectum is sometimes stretched out so far, that the Retracting Muscles are not able to draw it in. The Cause is either the too frequent, or violent Expulsion tearing the fibres of the Retracting Muscles, and occasioned by Irritating Clysters, Suppositories, a Tenesmus, Viscid hard Excrements requiring extraordinary force to expel them, the bearing down in Childbirth, a stone in the Bladder provoking the Gut, etc. Or the Relaxation and Weakness of the Retracting Muscle, occasioned by the foregoing causes, or falls upon the Os sacrum disturbing its Nerves, or the injury of External cold when the Gut is violently stretched forth.  
If this disease continue long, it degenerates into a Troublesome Tumour. If the Auus be inflamed, it may end in a Gangrene; if troubled with a Tenesmus, or Bleeding, 'tis very dangerous. If the Muscle be Paralytic, the Cure will prove both difficult and tedious.  
For Cure; the Ann's must be put up, and fastened when 'tis up. If we suspect hard Excrements in the Gut, we ought to Foment with, and Inject Clysters of, the Decoctions of Melilot, Mullen and Elder-Leaves in Milk. If a sharp fordid Slime provoke the Gut, inject the same Decoction with some Astringent Ingredients added. If the Anus be inflamed, foment with the Decoction of Chamomil, Elder, and St. Johnswort flowers, red Roses, Wormwood Tops and Melilot, in Whey; or in Milk, if the Pain be great; Or in Red Wine, in case of a hard Swelling.  
Then Fumigat the Anus with a mixture of Amber, Mastic, Myrrh, Francinsence and Jews Pitch; and after fumigation, Anoint with Oil of Eggs, or the Oil of Mastic in which Stagflies are boiled, applying in the mean while a Plaster of Opopanax and Sagapenum to the Os Sacrum. Every thing being thus Prepared, let the Anus be put up with the finger covered with a Clout dipped in red Wine, or anointed with Goat's or Heart's Tallow. After 'tis up, let the Person lie on his Belly with his Legs stretched out. And apply quilted Bags of Bran, Mullein flowers and Yarrow leaves; boiled in Black Smith's Water and Vinegar, to strengthen the Anus. For which end Aromatic Ingredients may likewise be added. If after the return of the Gut to its proper place, there remain an Inflammation or Redness in the Anus, foment it with Plantain Water in which Sugar of Lead is dissolved.    

SECT. XIII. Of the Encumbrances of the Chyle, in its Passage from the Guts.  
THE Chyle being duly separated and purified in the Guts, aught to enter the Milky Vessels, and proceed thro' the Glandules of the Mesentery to the common Receptacle, where it is diluted with the Lymph of the inferior Branches; and from thence continues its progress thro' the Conduit of the Breast, to the Axillary Vein, where it joins the Lymph of the upper Region.  
This natural motion is oftimes anticipated by tenacious humours guarding the entry of the Vasa Lactea, or Scars following the Corrosion of a Dysentery, or Looseness; or interrupted by its own viscidity, or slime squeezed into its Vessels from the Guts and afterwards congealed; of which we have a plain Instance in the Case of drinking cold Liquors after a violent hot Exercise; for as much as the heat melts the slime, and the motion drives it into the Vessels, and the sudden arrival of cold Liquor cuts off its retreat, by causing its Coagulation; so that it either stagnats, or proceeds with the Chyle to the Blood, and depraves its Crasis.  
This viscidity or crudity of the Chyle, or of the Humour its Companion, is the true cause of all Chronical Distempers, falsely imputed by the Ancients to Obstructions, or contrary Qualities of the Bowels. That there are Obstructions, I do not deny: Some in the Blood Vessels, causing Inflammations: Others in the Lymphatic (or perhaps those of the Chyle) causing the rapture of the Vessels, and effusion of the Lymph upon the Cavities of the Body. And others again in the Bowels, appearing in the form of Imposthumes and Schirrus'. But these are rather the effect, than cause of Chronical Diseases. That stagnation of the Liquors in their respective Vessels, is occasioned by their viscidity. The viscidity is caused by acid Crudities attending the Chyle, and debauching the Blood and Lymph. Moreover, the proneness of Imposthumes to suppurate, and that of Schirrus' to become Ganeers, are solid proofs of their being caused by a viscous acid. And, as to the Antipathy of the Bowels, 'tis inconsistent with the Laws of Circulation. The Blood and Spirits are equally the cause of heat all over the Body, if all the parts be equally 〈◊〉 posed for their Reception. 'Tis true indeed, a partic●●●● Bowel, or external part may be occasionally weak●●● and suffer a Relaxation of its Fibres; or by virtue of acid pointed Particles darted into its Bosom, like that of a Thorn into the Finger, may be disturbed with Heat and Inflammation, while the others retain their cooler Temperature. But it plainly appears, that these effects are not owing to any Radical Antipathy in the Qualities of the Bowels, but the occasional unequal Distribution of the viscous acid Particles.  
It remains therefore to be concluded upon, that the acid Crudity of the Chyle, impressed upon it in the first Passages, is the natural and obvious cause of Chronical Distempers; and that Obstructions may be effected by the long duration of these Distempers, but cannot claim the privilege of being their Causes. This Hypothesis will be set in a clearer light by surveying the Symptoms, and the Method of Curing these Chronical Distempers. The former are acid Belchings, Wind, loss of Appetit, Gripe, and noise in the Guts; incident heat and Inflammation, Looseness, etc. the natural Progeny of an acid Crudity. And as touching the latter, the whole Circle of Specifics is generally made to centre in an aperient Virtue. Now the Preparations of Steel and Led do justly lead the Van of this numberless Catalogue. And how these astringent Medicines should be entitled to an opening Virtue, all the Posse of Writers is at a loss to explain. Whereas 'tis an obvious Solution, that these metallin Particles suck up and encounter the acid Crudity, and transform it into a vitriolic Concrete, which is afterwards evacuated under the form of black Excrements. So that it opens or unlocks the Passages only indirectly, by subduing the hostil Intruder.  
Antiscorbutic volatile salin Medicines and Gums are likewise used. Now they attinuat the viscous Humour, precipitat the rank acid, fortify the Stomac (the original source of the Evil) and whet the Bile. And here by the way, 'twill not be improper to take notice that the Essences commonly prepared from volatile Antiscorbutic Herbs, as the Essence of Scurvygrass, etc. fall short of the original virtue of their Herbs, as containing only the volatile Salt, stripped of the fixed Salt, which withal is very useful. Upon which account I prefer the Quintessences made of the Oil, and both the Spirits, one prepared by Fermentation, and the other by Putrefaction; These two being mixed with the distilled Oil by long Digestion and frequent Cohobation. And besides, all Antiscorbutic Spirits prepared by Fermentation, aught to be frequently cohobated in order to extract the fixed Alcalin Salt. Tartar also is a great Specific in these Cases. But its Cream is too acid. Let it be mixed with half the quantity of Salt of Tartar, dissolved in warm water, after Fermentation filtrated, and set to evaporat. Thus its Acidity is conquered. It's volatile Spirit, or rather that drawn from the Dregs of Wine; or the Carminative Spirit prepared from Nitre, Tartar, and Spirit of Wine; and all volatile Preparations of Tartar are of wonderful efficacy in clearing the first Passages, correcting the Digestive Ferment, and conquering the acid of Wine, that we in these Countries are so obnoxious to.  
In the Animal Province, Man's Urine given to drink, and all urinous Spirits and Salts, especially the Spirit of Salarmoniac prepared with Quicklime, are noted antiacids in all Chronical Distempers. The Spirit of Aunts, and that of Earthworms, are famous Anti-scorbutics. Of the Mineral Family, Steel is the Head. It ought not to be much impregnated with an acid, otherwise it will not dissolve in the Body. The best way of giving it is either in crude Powder, or by way of extract, taken from its Infusion in the Juice of Apples, Quinces, or of Tamarinds; or a Tincture taken from the same with Spirit of Scurvygrass. The Tincture of Steel, prepared with Spirit of Bread, is likewise a proper form. It's Crocus is best prepared by sprinkling it with Juice of Cichory, and exposing it to the Sun. Next to Steel is Lead, especially its Sugar, and the Antiphthisical Tincture, prepared from it and vitriol of Steel with Spirit of Wine.  
From these Premises we infer, that the Cause of all Chronical Distempers, is a viscous acid Crudity, either bred in the Stomac, or caused by the vicious Effervescencies of the Gall, and the Juice of the Pancreas in the Guts. Upon which Account all Stomachical, attenuating, anti-acid Medicines are the true Antidote of these Diseases. And whoever attempts to cure 'em, without a special regard to the Stomac and first Passages, shoots short of his Mark. The forms of Recipes shall be inserted in the particular Description of the respective Diseases.   

SECT. XIV. Of Diseases relating to the Lungs, and Organs of Respiration.  
THUS far we have considered the Chyle in its separate State. It remains now, to survey its state of Complication with the Blood. The mixed Mass of Blood and Chyle is carried from the Axillary Vein to the descending Trunc of the Vena Cava; from thence 'tis conveyed to the right Ventricle of the Heart; and before its entry into the left Ventricle, is thrown into the Lungs by the Vena Arteriosa.  
The Lungs are a heap of little Bladders joined by a simple Membran, endowed with moving Fibres, and require to be dilated before the Blood can have admission. This Dilatation is performed by the Air and Muscles. The Midriff, together with the Subclavian and Intercostal Muscles, enlarge the Capacity of the Breast; upon which, there being no Vacuum, the Air crowds into the Lungs, and distends 'em to fill up the void space. The Lungs being thus distended, the blood empties itself into 'em; and by virtue of the universal Salt of the Air, its Mass is dissolved, rarified, volatilised, and freed of its Steams. This Admission of Air, or Dilatation of the Lungs, is called Inspiration. And the Expulsion of it, or successive compression of the Lungs forwarding the Blood to the left Ventricle of the Breast, is styled Expiration; the complex Action bearing the title of Respiration.  

CHAP. I. Of Inspiration abolished, or Suffocation.  
SUffocation is a denying of admission to the Air. The Cause may relate either to the Passages thro' which the Air is to pass, or to the Lungs that are to receive it, or to the Muscles that ought to dilate the Breast.  
The Passages are embarassed by external Ligatures, which if they be suddenly put on, extinguish all manner of Sense in an instant; by being filled with Water, or drowning; by Tumours and Inflammations in the Neighbourhood of the Windpipe; by swallowing bulky things that stick in the Gullet and press the Windpipe, or bear down the Epiglottis; by forcing things into the Windpipe by laughing, or speaking in the time of eating; by Hairs, etc. sticking to the Epiglottis, and disturbing its motion; or by a large Polypus in the Nose, spreading its Branches to the Throat.  
After strangling we endeavour to bring the Person to life by Blood-letting, pouring down spirituous Liquors, and rubbing the Joints. If the Suffocation is caused by being under Water, we hang up the Person by the Heels, that the Water may run out; then apply a Toast soaked in Spirit of Wine, and exhibit Sudorifics, or sometimes a gentle Vomit. If any bulky thing stick in the Throat, give 'em a blow on the Back, and exhibit Oil of sweet Almonds, or Cassia. If it stick in the Windpipe, Coughing, Sneezing, and Vomiting will bring it up. If a Bone stick in the Gullet, let it be brought up by an Instrument, or apply a suppurating Cataplasm, or exhibit a Vomit. A narrowness of the Passage caused by Aqua fortis, is cured by the Mucilage of Quinces.  
A sudden Suffocation affecting the Lungs immediately, is caused by Narcotic Sulphurous Steams of New Wine or Ale; new Plastering, Coal-Pits, and other Mineral Fumes, which destroy the Airy Spirit that should ferment the Blood, and so cause its Stagnation in the Lungs, and extinguish the animal Spirits; producing Apoplexies, Carus's, and many dismal Symptoms. For Cure, let the Person be carried into free Air, the Mouth opened, and Wind Artificially procured; let a liquid Vomit mixed with the Essence of Castor, or Apoplectic-waters, be thrown down the Throat. Let Vinegar, in which Castor is infused, be exhibited by Spoonfuls. If the Person be Plethoric, open a Vein. Apply outwardly Epithema's of Vinegar to the Scrotum and Testicles. Blow Sneezing Powders into the Nostrils, and rub the Temples and Nostrils with little Bags of Marjoram and Fennel-Flower-seeds infused in Vinegar. Note, Tho Vinegar be of admirable Efficacy against the Gas or Steams of Vegetables, yet 'tis not proper against a Mineral Gas.  
Lastly. The Causes of Suffocation relating to the Muscles of the Breast, are their Paralytic Apoplectic Condition, or Convulsions of the Larynx, occasioned by the Disorder of the Nerves of the Par Vagum, and those of the Intercostal Branch, as in the case of Hysteric and Hypochondriac fits, Poison, or eating a sort of strangling Mushrooms, Venery, etc. The Cure is performed by Essence of Castor, Volatile Salt of Amber, Camphyr, Opiates, and such Medicines as we use against Hysteric and Epileptic Fits. Vomits, Oxymel of Squills, and Venice Treacle are Specifics against the poisonous Mushrooms.   

CHAP. II. Of Inspiration depraved, or difficult Breathing.  

ART. I. Of Asthmas.  
AN Asthma is a frequent difficult Respiration, attended by a perplexity in the Breast; and sometimes a Cough and Snoring. Sometimes 'tis so violent, that the Patient cannot breathe unless he stand upright; and then 'tis called, Orthopnaeia. The general Cause of all Asthmas is the Constriction of the Vesicles of the Lungs. The particular Causes are various.  
Some Asthmas are moist, proceeding from vicious Matter, provoking the Lungs and Windpipe to Contractions: and frequently attended by coughing, spitting and snoring, though not always. Others are Dry, occasioned by the Convulsions of the Organs of Respiration, or dryness of the Lungs, without the influence of any depraved humour.  
The Matter that gives rise to the moist sort, is frequently lodged in the Stomac and first Passages, and by distending them, presses the Lungs and Diaphragm; Hence wind and acid Crudities, such as Hypocondriac or Scorbutic Persons are generally liable to, frequently cause a difficult Breathing in a Morning when they lie upon their backs in Bed: Or after eating, especially at Night; or after Drinking Wine. Dropsies also distending the Muscles of the Belly, and Crowding the Blood with serum, may occasion a difficulty of Breathing.  
If the matter lodge in the Lungs, 'tis either Originally bred within 'em, or transferred thither from other Parts. If it be bred there, it proceeds from the Depravation of the Nutritious Juice of the Lungs, and Wind Pipe; occasioned by Mineral Steams, or Vicious Air, or the Viscidity and Sharpness of the Lymph that waters 'em. For if their Nutritious Juice be perverted, it degenerats into a tartareous, hard, or otherwise Noxious matter. Imposthumes and Ulcers in the Lungs may also be reckoned as Causes of this Kind of Asthma.  
If the Peccant humour be not bred in the Lungs, it proceeds either from serum thrown upon 'em or the Bronchia, or Blood stagnating within 'em. The former cause takes place, sometimes in the Declensions of Fevers, or when the Pores of the Body are stopped; The latter in a Redundancy of Blood, Suppression of the Terms or Piles, in Cachectic Persons whose Blood is Glutinous and Stuffed with Crudities, and consequently requires more time for Rarefaction in the Lungs; in the case of sudden fear, or Drinking of Cold Water immediately after the Blood has been rarified by a Violent heat. Any Acid matter that's apt to Coagulat the Blood may also produce the same effect.  
As for dry Asthmas; They may proceed from a preternatural form of the Back and Breast, or from Stones and Schirrus' in the Lungs: But the more Notable Cause is the Convulsions of the Organs of Respiration, especially the Diaphragm, occasioned by the disorders of the lower Belly, as in Hysteric or Hypochondriac Fits; the Contorsion of the Backbone; Nephritic, Arthritic and Gouty Pains; Or in General any Acid humour irritating the Nerves whether in the Abdomen or Brain; But especially in the Abdomen, for the Nerves of the Par Vagum, and those of the Inter-Costal Branch furnish both the Belly, Breast, and Neck with Nerves; and upon this Account we frequently observe that these Convulsive Asthmas are attended by disorderly Smptoms in the lower Belly. Besides, if we consider the Variety and Multitude of the Muscles employed in Respiration, and the various Motions and Contrary Offices they are obliged to perform, we shall not be at a loss to Imagine what a sensible Influence any sort of Convulsions may have upon Breathing. This Convulsive sort of Asthmas may likewise be caused by the Dryness and Flaccidity of the Lungs, following the Depravation of their Nutritious Juice; smoking of Tobacco, Mineral steams frequently irritating the Fibres of the Lungs, etc. The like may ensue upon the striking in of a Scab, or the unseasonable healing of an Ulcer, the Blood being thereby rendered sharp and irritating, and its Texture prone to irregular fermentations.  
An Asthma is of its self manifest. But the Symptoms ought to be heedfully regarded, in order to distinguish the various Causes. Those which proceed from a Vicious form of the Breast, or from serum, or slime covering the Lungs, or from the Depravation of their own Nutritive Juice, are continual; Whereas the other sorts are Periodical. All Asthmas agree in this Symptom, that they are Exasperated at Night, and when the Patient moves the Body, or Changes the Air. Moist Asthmas are attended by a Cough, snoring and comfortable Expectoration of matter in and after the Paroxysm. If the snoring make a deep hollow sound, the matter lodges in the Bronchia. If it lodge within the substance of the Lungs the sound is flatter, and the matter is not so Copiously brought up.  
Dry Asthmas come suddenly and disappear in like manner without any visible cause, or discovery of Noxious matter; They are not attended by Snoring, Coughing, or Spitting, unless it be towards the end of the Fit, and even then very sparingly; For the matter thus expectorated is not the cause of the Disease as in the moist kind, but only squeezed out by the Perplexity of the Muscles, and Agitation of the Lungs: Neither are they so greedy of Inspiration as of Expiration, which is contrary to the method of moist Asthmas. If the cause of the Convulsive kind come Originally from the Head, the fit is ushered in by headaches and Swimming of the Head; If from the Belly, by a murmuring Noise in the Guts; If the Midriff be chief affected, Pain Girds that Part where 'tis joined to the short Ribs; If the Muscles of the Breast, the whole Breast seems to be squeezed; If those of the Throat and Wind Pipe, they are as it were strangled; If the Lungs themselves, They can give no other account, but that they cannot Breathe.  
An Asthma in malignant Cases, or Acute Fevers is a fatal Symptom. The Convulsive sort is more common than the moist; and of the moist ones, that from the Stomac is more frequently met with. If an Asthma be Inveterat it seldom admits of a Radical Cure; and is ofttimes followed by Cachexies, Swell of the Feet, Dropsies, and then Death itself.  
If an Asthma be only a Symptom of other Diseases it yields to their Cure. If it be of the moist kind, the viscous matter ought to be attenuated and carried off, and the Stomac or Lungs fortified. The Convulsive kind is cured by appeasing the Spirits, strengthening the Nerves, and Diverting their Cause by Blistering Plasters and Issues. In order to obtain these ends, the following Cautions will assist us.  
1. In the moist Asthmas there's no Medicine equals a Vomit. It equally clears both the Stomac and Lungs, and may be given in the very height of the Fit, without the least fear of stifling. In a dry Asthma proceeding from the lower Belly, it may be exhited after the Paroxysm. Antimonial Preparations, or the Water or Syrup of Tobacco, or the Juice of the flower de luce, are proper on this occasion. Some exhibit the Infusion of white Hellebor in Rhenish Wine. Some mix Emetic Ingredients with attenuating Medicines, but in so small Doses, that they only Expectorat; others premise attenuating Medicines by themselves, and then exhibit a Vomit.  
2. 'Cause a Vein to be speedily opened in any Asthma whatsoever; and exhibit convenient Medicines for dissolving Congealed Blood, Correcting its Cachexy, and curbing its Turgescence.  
3. During the Fit, let all manner of Purgatives be avoided. After the Fit is over, they are useful, but aught always to be mixed with Gum Ammoniac. As,  
Take of the Pills of Ammoniac, fifteen Grains; Sweet Mercury, a scruple; Extract of Troches Alhandal, two Grains; Distilled Oil of Anis two drops. Make Pills. Some use Quercetanus' Oxymel of Tobacco. Others the Decoctions of Aromatic Herbs and Senna, which evacuat Gradually.  
4. If the Disease proceed from serum, it ought to be carried off by Sweat, Urine, Blistering Plasters and Issues. Sudorifics, especially of the Decoction of Guajacum and Sassafras, are always useful in dry Convulsive Asthmas. They expectorat also and attenuat, and therefore are not improper for the moist sort. If the Stomac be faulty, the Acid Crudity must be Corrected and Expelled.  
5. Narcotics are of Sovereign use both in and before the Paroxysm of a dry Asthma. In the moist kind, If the Symptoms are very fierce, they are not improper.  
6. If it proceed from a Particular cause, it requires a Particular Cure. As if it be caused by the retreat of a Scab or Itch, let volatile sudorifics, such as the Decoctions of Furmitory, Elecampane, Fennel, Extract of Venice Treacle, and the fixed Salts, be used for recalling the Itch; and if nothing prove effectual put the Patient to Bed with those that are Scabby. If it proceed from Metallin Fumes, as Mercury, let Solar-Bezoar and Diaphoretic Antimony be exhibited. If from sudden Cold or Drinking of Cold Water, exhibit the Juice of Daisies in Wine.  
The specifics commonly used for moist Asthmas, or such as flow from a viscid matter whether in the Lungs or Stomac, are the Roots of Cuckowpint, Hyssop, Horehound, Rosemary and its Flowers, Saffron, Speedwell, Zedoary, especially its Spirit, the Juice of Briony, Elecampane Roots; The Syrup or Volatile Salt of Tobacco for old Persons, Essence of Saffron, Essence of Sassafras; the Juice of Radishes; Oxymel of Squills mixed with Cinnamon Water; Gum Ammoniac (above all) dissolved in Vinegar; Compound Spirit of Verdigrise mixed with the thickened Juice of Coltsfoot; Dulcified Spirit of Nitre; Elixyr Proprietatis; Sulphur, or its Spirit per Campanam; The Water of Turnips; Sperma Caeti; Turpentin dissolved with the yelk of an Egg in a Convenient Vehicle; Balsam of Sulphur, Prepared with Oil of Anis; Juice of Woodlice with Wine (an incomparable Medicine) and the Carminative Spirit, if the Stomac be disordered. A Mercurial Salivation, or washes for the feet, in some Cases are very effectual.  
Take of the Roots of Cuckow-Pint, four Scruples; Roots of Florentin Orris, and Cinnabar of Antimony, of each two Scruples; Flowers of Sulphur, and Benzoin in Powder, of each a Scruple. Make a Powder. Note, the Faeculas of Cuckowpint, Briony, etc. are good for nothing.  
Take of the Leaves of Hyssop and white Horehound, of each two handfuls; Elecampane Roots, two Ounces; Fennel seeds, half an Ounce; Anis seed, two drams; Terra foliata Tartari, three drams; Common Water, three Pound; scummed Honey, half a Pound. Boyl them in a close Vessel; Scum the Liquor and add three drams of Cinnamon, and a dram of Oriental Saffron. Strain it for use. Let the Patient take a draught twice or thrice a day.  
Take of Hyssop and Speedwell Water, of each an ounce and a half; Cinnamon Water, an ounce; Essence of Zedoary, half an ounce; Gum Ammoniac dissolved in Vinegar, and a dram and a half; Oxymel of Sqills, an ounce. Mix for two or three Doses.  
Take of Hyssop, Poppy flower, and Asthmatical Waters, an ounce and a half; Asthmatical Spirit (Prepared f●om Gum Ammoniac, Verdigris, and Brimstone) an ounce and a half; Oxymel of Squills, or Syrup of Tobacco an ounce.  
Take of the Tincture of Tartar, half an ounce; Spirit of Salarmoniac, two drams. Mix and take thirty or forty drops in a warm Vehicle.  
Take of the Roots of Fennel, of Asarabacca, and of Florentin Orris, of each three drams; Liquorice, two drams; Boyl them in Water till the third part be consumed. To eight ounces of the strained Liquor add Gum Ammoniac, a dram; Oxymel of Squills, an ounce; Syrup of Horehound, an ounce or two. Mix. This is Brunnerus his Potion. Note, Sugar and Sweet things ought to be Cautiously used in this Disease; They are offensive to the Stomac and Lungs, and favour a Phthisic.  
Take of Rape flower Water, four ounces; strong Cinnamon Water, half an ounce; Syrup of Tobacco, an ounce; Spirit of Sulphur, as much as sufficeth for a Grateful Acidity. Mix, etc. A dram of Gum Ammoniac may be added.  
Take of Cinnamon Water, two ounces; Sperma Caeti, two drams; Oxymel of Squills, an ounce. Mix, etc.  
Take of the Wine and Infusion of Woodlice, eight ounces; Extract of Elecampane Roots, two drams; Extract of Saffron, half a dram; Syrup of Hyssop, and Syrup of white Horehound, of each two drams; Mix, and take a draught twice a day.  
As for the Convulsive, dry Asthmas, they are cured by premising a Vomit, excepting the case of Hysterical Symptoms, exhibiting Antiepileptic Medicines, such as the Volatile Salt of Amber; the Spirits of Tartar, Amber, Hartshorn, Sulphur and Salarmoniac; especially the Essence of Castor whose Oily salt conquers the Acid most effectually; the Spirit of Putrified Earthworms, and the Distilled Oils of Amber, Anis, and Turpentin, mixed with Narcotics. Externally we apply the Oil of sweet Almonds with Saffron to the Breast; and Blistering Plasters to the Shoulderblades and Arms.   

ART. II. Of a Hiccough.  
THE Hickets are a Convulsive motion of the Diaphragm, bending it downward, distending the Belly, and provoking it to accelerate and interrupt Inspiration. The Ancients referred it to the Stomac, but its influence over the Belly, its necessary dependence upon Inspiration, its ready Obedience to the Command of our Will, its being cured by continued Inspiration, Sneesing, Mirth, and Violent Passions, argue that 'tis Seated in the Middriff. 'Tis true, the Irritating Cause is frequently lodged in the upper Orifice of the Stomac, from whence it has a short influence upon the Middriff, through which the Orifice Passes. Thus sharp, acid, Cold Liquors and Victuals, or an acid Viscous Phlegm in the Stomac, such as Children are Obnoxious to, are frequently the Authors of this Disease: As also the Convulsive motions of any other Membran that Corresponds with the Middriff, Violent Purgatives, Disjointing of the Ribs, Inflammations of the Liver, Ruptures, and whatever injures the Guts, or Adjacent Membrans. If a Hiccough proceed from the assumption of sharp Liquors or External things, 'tis not so dangerous, as when it follows the Inflammations of the Liver, Costiveness, Colics, or Fevers, especially towards their height.  
The Cure consists in abating the Convulsive sense of the Middriff, and removing the material cause. The former end is compassed by Narcotics mixed with Specifics. Now the Specifics are Cinnamon, Mastic; Galangal, Ginger, Aniseed, Burnt Hartshorn, or Ivory, Spirit of Salarmoniac and especially Castor.  
Take of Venice Treacle, half a dram; Laudanum Opiatum, two Grains; Aniseed, half a Scruple; Distilled Oil of Mace, two drops. With the Juice of Quinces, Make a Bolus.  
If the Evil be Inveterat 'twill be necessary to Vomit; Or, at least to Purge with Pills of Aloe and Sweet Mercury mixed with Laudanum. After their Operation is over exhibit the following Mixture.  
Take of Wine Impregnated with Quinces, and the Tincture of Roses, of each an ounce; Extract of Zedoary, fifteen Grains; Laudanum Opiatum, two Grains; Distilled Oil of Orange Peel, four drops; Syrup of Quinces, half an ounce. Mix, etc. If the Stomac be distended with Wind, add the Dulcified Spirit of Nitre; If the Person be molested with Hysterical Symptoms, add the Extract of Castor.  
Externally we apply to the Stomac Cataplasms of yeast, Aromatic Powders, and Oil of Castor; Or hot Bread soaked in Spanish Wine, or in Vinegar, in which Pepper, Castor and Mustard seeds are Boiled.  
If a Hiccough proceed from Crudities in the Stomac, besides the General method of Vomiting and Purging with Aloe, 'twill be requisite to exhibit Stomachical Mixtures of the Essence of Zedoary, Spirit of Mastic, Elixyr Proprietatis prepared with Spirit of Salarmoniac, Essence of Wormwood, etc. If it be occasioned by sharp Corrosive rusty humours, 'twill be needful to join the above mentioned Specifics with Absorbent Powders, such as Sealed Earth, Crabs Eyes, Coral, Solar Earth, and especially the Inner skin of a Hen's Breast. If it take its Root from Poison, or be Accompanied by Malignity, let Alexipharmacal Ingredients be added. In Fevers, Antimonial Nitre given to a dram, is of Noted Efficacy. If sudden Cold, or Drinking of Cold Liquors immediately after heat gave being to the Disease, 'twill be proper to  in the Decoction of Nervous Plants.   

ART. III. Of the Night Mare.  
THE Nightmare is either Accidental or Habitual. The former is occasioned by the Distension of the Stomac with Wind or Crudities, and prevails when Persons are asleep and lie upon their Backs. For then the Stomac dilated presses the Middriff and Muscles of the Bread most; and so incumbers the descent of the one and dilatation of the other, which are necessary for Inspiration. Thus the Blood stagnats in the Lungs, and the Person is not able to speak, or breathe freely, but fancies himself pressed by some particular Object. The Habitual is occasioned by some Acid Lymph that disorders the Spirits and Creates a Paralytic or Convulsive Disposition of the Nerves of the Middriff and Muscles of the Breast; which by consent Cramp those of the Wind Pipe, whose Contraction raises a sense of strangling, and abolishes the Power of an Articulate Voice. Hypochondiac and Scorbutic Persons are most subject to this habitual sort, which is frequently attended by red spots in the skin, and seems to be near akin to an Epilepsy. Sometimes 'tis the effect of Worms, and equally attacks the Patient both by Night and by Day.  
The Symptoms are a Difficult Respiration (for the most part in the time of sleep) an imagination of something heavy pressing the Breast, a querulous inarticulat Noise, an inability to move; and after the Person is awake and the Paroxysm over, a weariness of the Limbs, Anxiety of the Breast and Palpitation of the Heart. If it be Habitual and come by day, and be followed by a Trembling, Swooning and Cold sweats, 'tis very dangerous, and Prognosticats Convulsions to young Persons, and Apoplexies to the Old.  
The cure consists in Evacuating the Stomac, regulating the Diet, avoiding sleep soon after eating; and obviating Convulsions. First let Vomits be exhibited; Or if that cannot conveniently be done, Purge with the Extract of black Hellebor, sweet Mercury, and Extract of Troches Alhandal mixed with Oil of Amber; or with the Pills called Aloephanginae, and Elixyr Proprietatis. If Wind disturb the first Passages, inject a Carminative Clyster. Then exhibit the Oil of Aniseed and Spirit of Salarmoniac, or Venice Treacle and Peony Water, over Night. In a word, all Epileptic Specifics are proper. In the Paroxysm itself, if Vomits are inconvenient, give the following Mixture.  
Take of Hyssop Water, two ounces; Mint Water, one ounce; Cinnamon Water, half an ounce; Spirit of Salarmoniac, two Drams; Syrup of Tobacco, an ounce. Mix and give it by spoonfuls.    

CHAP. III. Of Disorders relating to Expiration.  

ART. I. Of Immoderate Sneezing.  
SNeezing is a Convulsive motion of the Middriff, Muscles of the Belly, and those of the Breast, occasioned by tickling the inward Membran of the Nostrils. In this Convulsion the Middriff ascends into the Breast, and the Muscles of the Belly and those of the Breast straiten their Capacities, and so cause an impetuous Expiration. The Irritation is conveyed from the Nostril's to these Muscles, by means of the Intercostal Nerves which Correspond immediately with those of the third and fourth pair; and the effect of it is, that the Middriff is first Contracted and Pulled downwards to give way to a large Inspiration, upon which it rebounds up with Force and Violence. The Remote Causes of Sneezing are Various according to the sensibleness of the Membran, for some who by the frequent use of snush, have procured a plentiful descent of Rheum into the Nostrils, are not so easily moved. In General all sharp things from without, nay, or a sharp acid Lymph from within, and sometimes, the Enjoyment of Women, will cause it. The matter that is evacuated by sneezing proceeds chief from the Nostrils and Palate, and adjacent Glandules, and secondarily from the Breast, Wind Pipe and Lungs; If sneezing be violent and frequent it discovers great disorder among the Spirits. 'Tis hurtful to the Eyes, promotes the terms, and encourages the pains of Childbirth.  
'Tis cured by applying Laudanum, or the Oil of Roses with Opium to the Nostrils, and giving Narcotics inwardly.  
If it proceed from sharp External Objects, let sweet Milk, or the mucilage of Quince and Fleawort seeds, or the Infusion of Fennel and Aniseeds in Vinegar be injected into the Nose.   

ART. II. Of Disorders of the Voice.  
THE Voice is the sound of the Air expelled by the Wind Pipe, and consequently differs from Speech which is formed by the Tongue. The first disorder 'tis Obnoxious to is that of a Total Abolition, which may arise from three sources. 1. When the Muscles of the Wind Pipe are Paralytic, and do not squeeze out the Air; as if a redundancy of moisture over-charge 'em, or if the Recurrent Nerves are Cut, or if an Apoplectic disorder seize the Spirits. 2. When the Muscles and Nerves of the Wind Pipe are Contracted by Convulsions, so that they hinder the Passage of the Air. Thus the small Pox, a recent Clap, and Worms have been observed for its Authors. 3. When the Spirits are suddenly disordered by Fear, or Violent Passion.  
If a want of Voice Accompany an Apoplexy, or malignant Fevers, or the Hickets, 'tis an ill Omen. If followed by a Looseness (to which stammering Persons are Obnoxious) it generally disappears.  
For Cure; The Irritation must be appeased; The Palsy removed; Or the prevailing humidity dispelled. For which end the Spirit of Salarmoniac Distilled with Oil of Amber and Essence of Castor, the Spirit of Wine impregnated with Lavender Flowers, the Sudorific Decoctions of Woods, and Chewing Medicines are proper; as also Blooding in some Cases. Externally, we apply Bags of Aromatic Ingredients sprinkled with Spirit of Wine, or that of Aunts; Venice Treacle, or Balsam of Peru mixed with the Essence of Castor and the Oils (by Decoction) of Amber, Lavender, Spike, etc. Or the mouth may be Gargled as follows.  
Take of Sage and Rosemary Leaves, of each a handful; Rocket and Mustard seeds, of each a dram; Boyl them in a Close Vessel. To a Pound of the strained Decoction, add of the Spirit of Black Cherries, and Spirit of Salarmoniac, of each a dram; Honey of Rosemary Flowers, a dram. Mix for a Gargarism.  
The second disorder of the Voice is a Hoarseness; occasioned by a prevailing moisture in the Wind Pipe, separated by the Glandules inserted into it, and the Glandulous Membran that lines it within. A Recent Hoarseness supposes a thin humour; but the Inveterat argues it thick and slimy. The Remote Causes are either External or Internal. The former are acid Fumes, sharp Liquors, much speaking, or whatever Irritats the Wind Pipe and Promotes the Constriction of its Glandules. The latter are the Prevalency of a sharp tickling serum in its Glandules, as in the Scurvy, French Pox, and a Cough; the stuffing of the Nose, and the Indisposition of the Lungs. If a Hoarseness be Inveterat, and Spring from Internal Causes, 'tis very dangerous.  
The Cure is varied according to the Consistence of the Peccant Lymph. If it be thin and sharp it discovers itself by its manner of tickling, and the thinness of what is cast up: And requires tempering, thickening, Pacific Medicines; (Purgatives being first premised if there be occasion.) Such are the Syrup of Poppies, or Diacodium, Liquorice, the Juice of Rapes, Raisins, Sperma Ceti given to a dram in a warm Vehicle, the mucilage of Marshmallow Roots, the Oil of Sugar, the Balsam and Flowers of Sulphur, Myrrh, and especially the Syrup of Jujubes. As,  
Take of the Syrup of white Poppies, six drams; Syrups of Violets, Liquorice and Jujubes, of each half an ounce: Rob of Mulberries, three drams. Make a licking mixture. Or,  
Take of the Juice of Liquorice, two drams; Myrrh, a dram; Tragacanth a Scruple; clarified Sugar, two ounces. With Rose Water; Make Tablets to be gradually melted in the mouth.  
If the Hoarseness be Inveterat, and the Eymph become Thick and Crusty, Bleeding is Pernicious; but Attenuating Ingredients are proper. Such are Hedg-mustard, or its seed formed into an Electuary with the Pulp of Corants; The Balsam of Sulphur with the Powder of Cuckowpint Roots, the Spirit of Salarmoniac, Cubebs, the thickened Juice of Coleworts; Oxymel of Squills; and an Electuary made of Hony, Elecampane Roots, Sage, and Water Germander-leaves. Or,  
Take of Scabious Water, three ounces; the Asthmatical Water, six drams; Spirit of Salarmoniac Anisated, a dram and a half; Syrup of Hyssop, and Syrup of Hedge Mustard, of each six drams. Mix for a Potion.  
Take of the clarified Juice of Coleworts, two ounces; Powder of Cuckowpint Roots, a dram; With Oxymel of Squills, make an Electuary.   

ART. III. Of a Cough.  
A Cough is a frequent and interrupted Expiration, or Convulsion of the Middriff and Muscles of the Breast, attended by a Constriction of the Wind Pipe, without which 'twould make no Noise. The Immediate cause is the Irritation and Provocation of the Wind Pipe, or Lungs; or of the Muscles Dedicated for Respiration. This may proceed either from an irritating matter Seated directly in these places: Or from a foreign Cause conveying its Influence, by the Commerce of the Nerves, and creating a Convulsive dry Cough, such as Hypochondriac and Hysteric Persons, or those in whose Bodies an Acid prevails, are very liable to. But we shall confine our thoughts to that which proceeds from the immediate Influence of some material cause. And in order to form a distinct Idea of it, shall consider both its External and Internal Causes, supposing still that the distinction of a dry and wet Cough is minded and understood.  
The External Causes are acid mineral fumes, sharp liquors, hard Food and an Intemperate Air. The acid fumes and sharp particles of Air tickle the Wind Pipe, and Pituitous Membran that lines the , and by influencing the Nerves of the Muscles of the Breast (which spring from the same branch of the Intercostal Nerve, as those of the Wind Pipe) occasion the Contraction of the Breast and Expulsion pulsion of what it contains. In like manner sharp liquors or grating Food, by tickling that part of the Gullet which immediately joins the Wind Pipe, produce the same effect. Now this Irritation at the first occasions a dry Cough, and squeezes only a thin serum from the Contracted Glandules. But if it continue long the parts are inflamed or corroded, and their Nourishment degenerats into a slimy, thick matter, which Christeus it a wet Cough. The Ancients imagined that this matter either Distilled from the Head, or was deposited in the Lungs by the Blood; but they were mistaken, since this vicious matter is rather the effect than the cause of a Cough.  
The Internal causes relating to a wet Cough, are seated either in the Wind Pipe and Lungs, or in the Gullet and Stomac. Those in the Wind Pipe and Lungs are the sharpness of the serum deposited by the Blood, Ulcers, Imposthumes, Inflammations, Morbifical matter transferred thither in the Declension of Acute Diseases, Stagnation of Blood in the Lungs, and the suppuration of a Pleurisy, Empyema, or Peripueumonia. Now all these causes occasion the Collection of Irritating humours, and convert the Nutritious Juice of the parts into a thick, sordid, purulent matter; Nay, sometimes carry the Curruption so high that pieces of the very Lungs and Veins, Worms, Stones, etc. are cast up.  
The Internal causes of a wet Cough relating to the Stomac, are a defluxion of a viscid Lymph from the hinder Membrana Pituitaria into the Stomac, or Indigested Crudities collected about its upper Orifice; but especially the first. This Lymph falling from the Membran into the Stomac, gave occasion to the Error of the Ancients in referring such Catarrhs to the Head. When it irritates the Stomac, especially those parts which join the Wind Pipe and Middriff, it occasions their Constriction which seldom ceases till some part of the offending matter be cast up. These Coughs proceeding from the Stomac, are more frequent than those from the Breast; from whence we may discover the mistake of those who fancied that the matter cast up by Coughing came always from the Lungs.  
The Internal cause of a dry Cough, is the sharpness of the Lymph watering the Throat, and separated by its Glandules for that purpose; occasioned by a weak Digestion, or Crudity of the Chyle in the Mass of Blood. Sometimes a thin salin humour provoking the upper Orifice of the Stomac, doth likewise cause a vehement dry Cough, as the Chin Cough of Children. But if the humour or Lymph become thick, it degenerats into a wet one. In the Paroxysms of Intermitting Fevers, we frequently meet with dry Coughs that proceed from a vicious fermentation of the humours in the Duodenum, irritating the Stomac, and consequently the Middriff and Wind Pipe. Preternatural Excrescences in the Lungs and Organs of Respiration, may be also listed among the causes of dry Coughs.  
As for the Diagnostics of Coughs. A wet Cough is known by the viscous matter it brings up; as a dry one by its small quantity of thin serum. As for wet Coughs, a superficial sound, easy Respiration, and the high seat of the Pain, discover their Original from the Wind Pipe; as a difficult Respiration, or an aptness to Cough upon a large Inspiration, a hollow hoarse sound followed immediately by evacuation, night Fevers and Phthisical Symptoms, refer 'em to the Lungs: But a pain and weight under the pit of the Breast, attended sometimes by a difficult Respiration and Vomiting of Phlegm, a deep hollow sound with a tearing fierce Cough, and Prostration of the Appetit, ascribe 'em to the Stomac. A dry Cough proceeding from sharp saltish Lymph relents in the Day time, and towards evening reassumes its former force, with a gentle shivering, followed by a Violent Heat, and Night Fevers. Such are those that usher in the small Pox, or Phthisics, or follow the retreat of Curicular Eruptions in Children. Their Nocturnal Exacerbations are common to all Lymphatic Diseases, and are in some measure caused by the want of equal transpiration with that of the Day. But these dry Coughs always become wet by continuance. The Coughs that Old and Arthritic Persons are subject to, seem to proceed from a weak Digestion in the Stomac, where the crude viscid matter assembles and provokes the adjacent Wind Pipe and Middriff. Sometimes Pectoral and Stomachical, Moist and Convulsive Coughs are mutually Complicated.  
Violent Inveterat Coughs threaten Ruptures, or Miscarrying; and promote infirmities of the Head and Eyes. A stomachical Cough continuing long, viriats the Lymph and Produces a Phthific, as also the Nocturnal dry Coughs. To Scorbutical or Hydropical Persons, any Cough is an ill Omen.  
The cure consists in allaying the Irritation, and removing the offensive cause; for which ends Opiates, Vomits, Thickening, Attenuating and Vulnerary Medicines are in use. However, for obtaining a distinct method of cure, let the following directions be minded.  
1. Opium is not convenient in wet Coughs (viz. Those attended by a viscid matter) till the Universal Evacuations are premised. A dry cough caused by External Air, or Mineral steams, is admirably cured by Laudanum Opiatum in the Beginning. To which we add Sylvius' Pills of Storax; The Decoction of Zedoary in Wine; The Decoction of Raisins and Elecampane Roots in Wine; Or of Juniper berries in Ale; taken in order to sweat. For Preservatives against the Influence of the Air, we may anoint the Nostrils with the Distilled Oils of Anis, Amber and Mace; and snuff up the Powder of black Hellebor mixed with Sugar and Oil of Cloves.  
2. If an accidental dry Cough by continuance become moist, and void slimy matter, let a Vomit be first exhibited, and then Opiates, followed by Pectoral Vulnerary Prescriptions if the matter be lodged in the Breast, and Stomachical Arematics if it lie in the Stomac. The Pectoral Ingredients are Ground-Ivy, Chervil, Speedwell, Scabions, Elecampane Roots, Coltsfoot, and Sassafras. The Stomachical are, Mint, Zedoary, Elixyr Proprietatis, etc.  
3. A wet Pectoral Cough is formally cured by Attenuating and Expectorating Ingredients interlaced with Vomits, or moderate Purges; and followed by Vulnerary Medicines for healing the corroded parts.  
The Attenuating Ingredients are Cuckowpint Roots, the fresh Juice of Radishes given with Sugar, the Decoction of Horehound or of Elecampane, Gum Ammoniac, Ground Ivy, Hyssop, Ginger, Syrup of Tobacco, Oxymel of Squills, Hedge Mustard, Spirit of Salarmoniac, Aniseeds, and the Carminative Spirit de tribus given to forty drops thrice a day.  
Take of Hyssop Water, two ounces; Speedwell Water, an ounce; Asthmatical Water, half an ounce; Spirit of Salarmoniac, a dram; Syrup of Tobacco, an ounce. Mix, etc.  
The Vulnerary Ingredients are the flowers of Sulphur, the Balsam of Sulphur Anisated given to fifteen drops in the yelk of an Egg twice a day, Benzoin, Poterius' Antihectic, Diaphoretic Antimony, and the Vulnerary Plants.  
Take of Crabs Eyes, and Flowers of Sulphur, of each a Scruple; Laudanum Opiatum, a Grain; Distilled Oil of Anis, a drop; make a Powder.  
Take of the Herbs Speedwell, Ground Ivy and Scabious, of each a handful; Chervil, a handful and a half; Shave of Sassafras, an ounce. Boyl them in Water, adding at last Bruised Corants, two ounces; Liquorice Roots, an ounce; And after 'tis taken off the fire, three drams of Cinnamon hung in a Bag.  
4. A wet Stomachical Cough proceeding from a viscid matter in the Stomac is cured by exhibiting first Vomits, then Purges mixed with attenuating Ingredients; As,  
Take of the Pills of Hiera with Agaric, fifteen Grains; Gum Ammoniac dissolved in Vinegar, half a scruple; Extract of Troches Alhandal, two Grains; Distilled Oil of Anis, two drops. With Essence of Gum Ammoniac, make Pills. Sweet Mercury may also be added.  
After Purgation it will be requisite to prepare the matter for Expectoration by attenuating Compositions; and towards the end, when the viscid matter is in good measure evacuated, we may add the Syrup of Poppies, As,  
Take of Ouckowpint Roots, a dram and a half; Gum Ammoniac dissolved in Vinegar, Mastic, of each a Scruple; Tartar Vitriolated, half a dram. With Sugar dissolved in Mint Water, make Tablets.  
Take of Hyssop and Mint Water, of each an ounce; Asthmatical Water, six drams; Cinnamon and Oxymel of Squills, of each an ounce; Gum Ammoniac dissolved in Vinegar of Squills, two drams; Dulcified Spirit of Salt, as much as sufficieth. Mix. Dose a spoonful now and then.  
After the use of attenuating Medicines, 'twill be proper to strengthen the Stomac by Elixyr Proprietatis, Essence of Elecampane, Decoction of Zedoary, Spirit of Salarmoniac, Essence of Saffron; and Chocolat which is useful against all Coughs; As Sage and Water Germander Leaves, Flowers of Sulphur, and Laudanum Opiatum, mixed with the Syrup Diacodium in the form of an Electuary, are very convenient against all wet Coughs.  
5. Dry Nocturnal Coughs proceeding from the acidity and saltness of the Lymph, are cured by Volatile Sudorifics mixed with Opiates, a Vomit being premised if it be needful. The Volatile sudorifies are the Spirit of Salarmoniac, or the Spirit of Hartshorn succinated, mixed with the Essence of Opium, Amber, Myrrh, Sylvius' Pills of Storax; to which we may subjoin the Incrassating Pectorals, such as the Flowers of Sulphur given to a scruple in a Potch'd Egg, Benzoin, Sperma Ceti; the Distilled Oil of Anis and Fennel, the Syrup of Jujubes, the Decoction of Rapes (a very successful Medicine) the Juice of Liquorice Purged from its Adulterating Ingredients by a Dissolution in Hyssop Water, Gum Arabic, Marshmallow Roots, etc. For Example.  
Take of the Spirit of Salarmoniac Succinated, Tincture of Sulphur, of each a dram; Essence of Opium, half a dram. Mix. Dose forty drops, to be taken two hours before Supper.  
Take of prepared Amber, half a scruple; choice Myrrh, and Volatile salt of Amber, of each five Grains; Extract of Saffron, two or four Grains; Laudanum Opiatum, one or two Grains; With the Essence of Sassafras make Pills, to be taken two hours before Supper.  
Take of the flowers of Sulphur, Benzoin, Prepared Amber, of each half a dram; Frankincense and Gum Arabic, of each a scruple; Extract of Saffron, half a scruple; Laudanum Opiatum, three Grains; With Sugar dissolved in Fennel Water, make Tablets to be sprinkled with the Distilled Oil of Anis.  
Take of Sperma Ceti, a dram; Flowers of Benzoin, a scruple; Myrrh and Volatile salt of Amber, of each half a scruple; Laudanum Opiatum, four Grains. Make a Powder for four Doses.  
Take of the conserve of red Roses, two ounces; Poterius' Antihectic, a dram and a half; the flowers of sulphur, and Powder Diaireos, of each two scruples. With Diacodium. Make an Electuary.  
Take of white Henbane seeds, white Poppy seeds, of each half a dram; Frankincense and Myrrh, of each a scruple; Saffron, half a scruple; thickened Juice of Liquorice, a dram; Sugar of Marshmallows Prepared with the mucilage of Marshmallows, half an ounce; Gum Tragacanth dissolved in Rose Water, a dram. Laudanum Opiatum, a few Grains. Make small Tablets to be melted gradually in the mouth.  
Take of the Conserve of Rosemary flowers, Conserve of Betony flowers, Conserve of Marygold flowers, of each three drams; Prepared Amber, two drams; Myrrh, two scruples; Benzoin and Frankincense, of each a scruple. With sugar dissolved in the Water of Wild Thyme; Make Tablets and Spinkle 'em with the Distilled Oil of Amber.  
Take of the Roots of Florentin Orris, two drams; Flowers of sulphur, a dram; Distilled Oil of Anis, half a dram; Distilled Oil of Fennel, fifteen drops; White Sugar, three drams. Make a Powder, of which exhibit a dram twice a day.  
Take of the Extract of sulphur Pulverised, twelve Grains; Extract of Saffron, two Grains; Choice Myrrh, four Grains; Laudanum Opiatum, a Grain; With the Essence of Amber, Make Pills.  
Take of Storax, Extract of Liquorice, Olibanum, Myrrh, and Laudanum Opiatum, of each half a dram; Oriental Saffron, a scruple. With the Syrup of white Poppies, Make Pills. This is the Composition of Sylvius' Pills of Storax which are of Excellent use in Nocturnal Coughs. The Juice of Liquorice is frequently adulterated, and does more harm then good; To prevent this Inconvenience, 'twill be requisite to prescribe always the Juice of Spanish Liquorice, or at least to dissolve the ordinary Juice of Liquorice in Hyssop Water, and Strain it before it be thickened; that so the impure dregs may be separated.  
Take of the Powder Diaireos, a dram; flowers of sulphur, half a dram; Laudanum Opiatum, three Grains. Make Pills for three Doses.  
If the Nocturnal Fever be troublesome; Take of Scabious Water, four ounces; Asthmatical Water, half a dram; Spirit of Hartshorn succinated, a dram and a half; Diacodium, six drams. Mix and Exhibit before the Paroxysm, in order to sweat.  
Towards the finishing of the cure, 'twill not be improper to Purge, thus; Take of Crato's Pills of Amber, sixteen Grains; Extract of Agarie, eight Grains; Troches Alhandal and Scammony sulphurated, of each two Grains. With the Essence of Sassafras. Make Pills.  
6. If a dry Noctural Cough continue so long that it gins to void Corrupt matter, and that the Lungs are Ulcerated, let a draught of the Decoction of Guajacum and Sassafras, or of China and Raisins, be exhibited every morning; and Opiates at Night. And apply an Ointment of Hog's Tallow and Onion Heads to the Feet in the Evening, for three days together.  
7. The dry Chin Cough arising from the Stomac, is cured thus. First give a Vomit, then exhibit twice a day a spoonful of the Decoction of Electampane and Corants in Spanish Wine, mixed with Diacodium. The Decoction of Rapes is equally effectual, both in this and all other dry Coughs. Or,  
Take of the Compound Tincture of Tartar, two drams; Spirit of Salarmoniac Anisated, a dram; Essence of Opium, half a dram. Dose forty drops thrice a day.  
In General; All dry Coughs are treated as Catarrhs, and the moist sort as wet Asthmas.  
8. As for the Convulsive Coughs arising by sympathy from the influence of foreign Membrans, they are cured, as Convulsions, by Volatile Salts.  
9 If the Throat and  be excoriated, 'tis customary to give some thickening licking Medicines for defending the Passage. This gave occasion to the Vulgar mistake, as if such licking Medicines should drop into the Wind Pipe, whereas they only keep the throat easy. Such are the Syrups of Jujubes, Coltsfoot, Liquorice; and the Oil of sugar thus Prepared.  
Take of the Spirit and Oil of Juniper berries, of each four ounces; White sugar, two ounces. Kindle the Spirit; and the Sugar, or Oil will remain. Which mix with the Extract of Saffron to be often licked of.   

ART. iv Of a Choking Catarrh.  
THAT which the Ancients called a Choking Catarrh, is a Disease causing difficult Respiration, and Threatening Suffocation; which seems to be Complicated of an Asthma, Cough, and Hoarseness. The Ancients fancied that a Catarrh falls from the Head, and overflows the Lungs; But Anatomy affords no Passage for such a descent, and therefore we shall wave their Opinions. For the most part Convulsive Asthmas are miscalled Catarrhs; or whatever symptom of this Nature is different from them, may be cast into these four Heads.  
1. A fear of suffocation may ensue when the Lungs are stuffed and provoked to Contract their fibres by a viscid Heterogeneous Acid; as if sulphureous fumes should stick to 'em like foot to a Chimney, they'd provoke the Lungs to contract and squeeze out Lymph, with which they join in the form of a new Concrete, till being concocted together they find a vent by Expectoration. Upon which the Contraction and Difficulty of Breathing ceases; But the Nutritious Juice of the Lungs is so depraved that they retain a Propensity to relapse upon the least occasion. The acid that prevails in Children renders them also liable to this symptom. 'Tis cured by Opiates and Thickening Medicines.  
2. When the Head of the Wind Pipe and Epiglottis are provoked to Contraction, as when a bit of Bread falling into it causes a Coughing, Hoarseness, difficult breathing and voiding of matter. The cause in respect of the Larynx, is either External or Internal. The former is a viscous thick Lymph falling from the hinder Membrana Pituitaria into the Wind Pipe, especially in the Night time and when the Patient lies on his back, which Irritats and Tickles the Head of the Wind Pipe, provokes the Epiglottis to shut and hinder Respiration, occasions a hoarseness, snoring and spitting of thin matter, which in process of time becomes thick and concocted. The latter is a sharp Lymph, lodged within the Wind Pipe and producing the like effects.  
As for cure, if it proceed from the cause that is External or Foreign to the Wind Pipe, it requires a Vomit and Attenuating Medicines, viz. The Juice of Radishes, Syrup of Tobacco, Gum Ammoniac, etc. And in a word, the same cure with the Inveterat moist Gough. As for Example.  
Take of Hyssop Water, Mint Water, and the Water of Tobacco, of each an ounce; The Asthmatical Water, six drams; Oxymel of Squills, half an ounce; Syrup of Tobacco six drams, or an ounce. Mix and make a Potion, of which give a spoonful now and then: Or,  
Take of Hyssop Water and Scabious Water, of each an ounce and a half; The Asthmatical Water, six drams; Gum Ammoniac dissolved in Vinegar, a dram; Syrup of Scabious, an ounce; Mix and Exhibit as above.  
To these and such like mixtures, we may add opiates now and then. The Water of Hedge Mustard with Gum Ammoniac dissolved in Vinegar, the Roots of Cuckowpint, and Michael's Asthmatical Spirit Prepared from Verdigris and Gum Ammoniac, are also very proper.  
If this Symptom proceeds from an Internal cause, 'tis cured by sudorifics mixed with Opiates, Vomits being premised if there be occasion; after the same manner as a dry Nocturnal Cough proceeding from a sharp Lymph.  
Take of Mint Water, Scabious Water, Water of Mother of Thyme, of each an ounce; Asthmatical Water, six drams; Spirit of Salarmoniac Anisated, two drams; Flowers of sulphur, half a dram; Syrup of Diacodium, an ounce. Mix and give a spoonful now and then. Or.  
Take of the Essence against Catarrhs, three drams, the Spirit of Salarmoniac Anisated, a dram. Mix and Exhibit a Convenient quantity frequently.  
Take of Aqua Articularis ad Extra, two drams; Spirit of black Cherries, and of Lily of the Valley, of each a dram; Essence of Opium, two scruples. Mix and apply it with a warm Cloth to the Region of the Larynx, especially when the Person is sensible of a tickling, or constriction in that part.  
If this Disease return frequently let an Issue be cut in the Arm. Clysters, Blood-letting, Blistering Plasters, and all the Stratagems of the Ancients Calculated for Defluxions from the Head are of no use.  
3. The third sort of Suffocation, or Catarrhus Suffocativus, happens when the Blood stagnats in the Lungs. In this Case it is coincident with a Syncope Cardiaca, approaches to a Peripneumonia, and is attended by the Symptoms of an Apoplexy. Nay, Apoplectic Persons, when Dead, have their Lungs stuffed after the same manner as those who die of this distemper; And therefore Hypocrates Styled it a strangling Aph. 13. Sect. 2. The froth that sometimes attends this Paroxysm, proceeds from the Imprisoned Blood in the Lungs, when Rarified by Air: Thus, if we inject Oil of Turpentin into a Dog's Veins, it congeals the Blood in the Lungs, and causes a plentiful evacuation of froth. The slime that is also voided, proceeds from the Glandules of the Wind Pipe, which are provoked to frequent Contractions by the Anxiety of the Breast; and so separate large quantities of serum, which accompanies the Air in Expiration. Besides, the Pituitous Membran being straitened by this Anxiety Distils a viscous Lymph upon the Wind Pipe, which helps to make up the quantity.  
The remote causes of this stagnation (which the Ancients erroneously miscalled a Catarrh) are. 1. The redundancy or over-bearing Turgescence of Blood. 2. The Viscidity of the Blood occasioned by Crude Chyle. 3. It's Coagulation caused by cold Air, by an inconsiderate assumption of cold Water immediately after great heats; by fear, or by the Influence of a Vicious Acid. 4. The accidental obstruction of the Lungs, by Stones, Excrescences, etc.  
The symptoms are a sense of weight upon the Breast, difficulty of breathing, danger of Choking, a very slow pulse, and sometimes a Cough, and a fatal evacuation of froth and slime. 'Tis distinguished from an Apoplexy, by the difficulty of Respiration, and lowness of the Pulse.  
For Cure; Blood-letting is absolutely necessary; and aught to be performed betimes; after which a sharp Clyster may be injected; and scarifying Cupping-Glasses applied to several parts of the Body. Then give Sperma Ceti to a dram in Hyssop Water. Gum Ammoniac dissolved in Vinegar, or its Spirit Prepared with Verdigris, Saffron, Volatile salt of Amber, Spirit of Hartshorn, Crabs Eyes, Diaphoretic Antimony, the Juice of the flowers of red Daisies, and the Vulnerary herbs, especially the Juice of Radishes, are also very proper. As for the Ligatures, Frictions, Cataplasms, Plasters, Gargarisms, etc. recommended by the Ancients, they are of no use; as being only contrived in pursuit of their mistake, assigning a Chimerical defluxion from the Head for the cause of this disease.  
These three different sorts of choking Diseases, miscalled Catarrhs, aught to be carefully distinguished; by reason that their Cures are so very different.     

SECT. XV. Of the accidents that disturb the transformation of the Chyle; and fermentation of the Blood.  
THE Chyle being separated in the Guts, and conveyed through the milky vessels into the Conduit of the Breast, joins the Blood in the left Subclavian Vein; and by virtue of fermentation is wrought into the same colour, and consistence.  
This Fermentation, which for the most part assimilates the Chyle, springs from the Vital Spirit, and saline principle lodged in the Blood; which is enlivened and reinforced by the continued supplies of the air received in the Lungs. For the Chyle is carried up to the Subclavian Vein, in order to have a shorter passage into the Lungs, where the mixed Composure of Blood and Chyle is dissolved, and rarified; the acid and urinous Salts are disengaged, and rendered volatile, which by justling and encountering each the other produce a notable Fermentation; by virtue of which the Sulphureous and Volatile parts join together, and are invested with a red Colour. Besides, the Chyle is tinctured with the Sulphur of the Choler in the Guts, and so predisposed to a likeness and easy union with the Blood.  
This Transformation of the Chyle is not accomplished by one single passage through the Lungs, but must be completed by repeated Circulations along with the Blood. Which truth is plainly made out by the Chyle or Milky liquor that swims upon Blood drawn forth, four or five hours after eating. So that the mass of Blood consists naturally of Chyle and Blood, which being perfectly mixed make up an univocal Homogeneous Liquor. 'Tis true the Ancients speak of four humours, etc. as being different ingredients of the Blood, which they inferred from the apparent unequal condition or the several parts of Blood drawn forth from the Body; but that is owing only to its Corruption, or alteration occasioned by the Nitrous Salts of the Air. Upon which account all special predictions, grounded on the external appearance of Blood, are frivolous and uncertain.  
This regular Fermentation and Assimilation is disordered by the defects of the Chyle, or the Blood. The former may be cast into three heads. 1. When the Chyle is not sufficiently digested, attenuated, and volatilised in the Stomach. 2. When it is not duly tinctured with the Oily Sulphur of the Choler. 3. When the Choleric or pancreatic Juices are tardy in separating its dregs. The Latter into these. 1. When the Motion of the Blood is raised beyond its natural pitch. 2. When 'tis depressed and diminished. 3. When its substance is adulterated. The signs by which we descry a disorderly fermentation are the pulse and urine. But they are ofttimes fallacious. For the pulse may be immediately influenced by the Animal Spirits, without any dependence upon the fermentation of the Blood; and the Urine may be disguised by drinking, or the disorders of the solid parts employed in that service.  
The immediate cause of a disorderly fermentation of the Blood, is the degeneracy of the Urinous and Acid Salts from their due proportion and harmony. The remote causes are; the various Contagious particles conveyed into the Body with the Air or any other vehicle; antecedent losses of Blood, disorders of the Bowels, etc.  
The Cure is performed by Saline Remedies calculated for the particular indisposition of the Blood, and varied according to the difference of Temperaments. Of which more above.  

CHAP. I. Of Fevers in general.  
A Fever is a vicious fermentation of the Blood, in which its temperament is depraved, and the whole Body disordered. The infinite variety of Feverish ferments, occasions a great many various depravations of the Blood. But in general, the formal Essence of all Fevers consists in a preternatural fermentation of the Blood, occasioned by a foreign ferment, which sometimes immediately affects the Blood, sometimes the Spirits, and sometimes both; at which time Nature endeavours to throw out the heterogeneous particles. In order to make this appear, let us Consider the following Remarks.  
1. That the eating of Summer Fruits frequently causes Fevers. Now these are endowed with a notable propensity to ferment. 2. That Cold, or what ever impairs the insensible transpiration, produces the like effect. Now the Vicious Salts thus imprisoned and overflowing in the Blood, cannot affect it any other way, than by creating a fermentation. 3. That Fevers ensue the inspiration of Contagious particles, which naturally propagate by fermenting. 4. That the Rotten Fevers mentioned by the ancients, are only explicable by the Doctrine of fermentations; for no living thing can be properly entitled to putrefaction, unless by it be meant a turbulent confused motion, proceeding from the dissolution of contrary Salts; as that of Spirit of Vitriol and Oil of Turpentin.  
The Common Symptoms of Fevers are likewise vouchers for the fermentation that causes 'em. These are commonly reckoned four, viz. 1. An alteration of the pulse. 2. A Chillness, shivering, and shaking 3. Excessive heat. 4. The Change of Urine, both as to the Liquor and what it contains.  
As for the first. A preternatural frequency of the pulse, from an internal cause, is accounted by Silvius a peculiar and infallible Symptom of a Fever (tho' some malignant Fevers seem to make an exception to the Rule.) For the most part the pulse is also swifter. Now these effects are plainly resolvable into the fermentation of the Blood, or the irritation of the Heart and Spirits, occasioned by a foreign ferment.  
As for the second: A Chillness, shivering, and shaking differ only gradually. The first is only a light Convulsion of the Skin, and contraction of the pores, resembling the sense of Cold; though, in the mean while the Body feels hot to the External touch. If the muscles are likewise affected, it creates a shivering, and sometimes a stiffness. These effects proceed from a prevalent Acid which twitches the membranous parts, and corrupts the mass of Blood. In the beginning of intermitting or Continual Fevers, these Convulsions chief affect the internal and noble parts. But after the height of Malignant or Favourable Fevers they are seated for the most part in the external Membrans, and portend Critical eruptions.  
The third Symptom is the immoderate Heat of the Body. I call it only a Symptom; for 'tis not Essential to a Fever, as some would have it. For some diseases are attended with a preternatural Heat, that are not accompanied by a Fever, and besides, there are some Fevers that are not hot, but on the contrary notably Cold. Tho' this advance may sound like a paradox, 'tis backed by Hypocrates, Avicenna, Galen, Bartholin, and Helmont: Nay, I myself have met with an instance of an intermitting Fever, that had no hot fits at all; which I cured, after the common evacuations, by a mixture of Spirit of Salarmoniac and Spirit of Scurvygrass, exhibited in the intermitting days, and a Powder of Tartar vitriolated, or Salt of Wormwood with prepared Crabs Eyes, taken some hours before the invasion of the Paroxysm. To return to the preternatural heat which for the most part attends Fevers, 'tis sometimes moist when the fibres of the Skin are unbended, and the steams of the humours copiously exhaled. Sometimes when these fibres are contracted, 'tis dry. If the Acid Salts are not much exalted, 'tis meek and tolerable; but if these sharper Salts abound in the Blood, the heat gives a biting and fiery impression to the external Organs of touching.  
This preternatural Heat springs immediately from the boiling and struggling of the Salts in the mass of Blood. The Occasional Cause is an Acid, which sometimes infects chief the Spirits; and then the heat is remisser, than when it principally affects the Blood. It destroys the established proportion of the Salts, and so gives rise to vicious: fermentations. To make good this assertion, namely, that an Acid is the principal author of excessive heat, and consequently of Fevers themselves; it will not be improper to mention the following Observations.  
1. All wounds and ulcers are offended by Acids, by reason of the Inflammation and heat occasioned by them. And Alcali's perform the cure. 2. Pleurisies, Quinsies, and all inflammations, are still attended by acute hot Fevers. Now they are the product of Acids, and yield only to Alcalin Remedies. 3. The same may be said of St. Antony's fire. 4. Intermitting Fevers spring from an Acid Crudity prevailing in the stomach, and are only cured by absorbent Alcalis. 5. Catarrhous fevers proceed from the Acid sharpness of the Limpha, and are cured by Volatile temperate Medicines. 6. The Measles and Smallpox are attended with a remarkable heat and Fever before the eruption. Now the prevalency of an Acid in these cases is plainly evinced by the corrosion of the Skin, suppuration of the Pimples, and method of Cure. 7. Arthritic pains are ofttimes ushered in by Feverish Symptoms. Now, their Cause is an Acid, and the cure consists in subduing it. 8. The Fevers which follow the stopping of an itch or crusty scab in Children, are the natural offspring of the Acids retained in the Body, by means of that suppression. 9 Hectic Fevers always attend purulent internal Ulcers, which partake of acidity. 10. Children are ofttimes seized with Fevers and gripe, by virtue of the corrupt Acid of the Milk. 11. The high Colour of the Urine in Fevers must needs proceed from a prevalent Acid; for Alcalis give a contrary Tincture. 12. Immoderate use of Wine produces the same Symptoms as a Fever, by means of its Acid Tartareous parts. 13. Hypochondriac persons are obnoxious to Inflammations, etc. by reason of the prevailing Acidity in the first passages. 14. The Heartburning resembles the Symptoms of a Fever, and is caused by a gnawing Acid in the mouth of the stomac. 15. That according to Tachenius, the hot vegetable Remedies are proper against a predominant Acid; and the cold vegetables against an Alcali. The plain truth is this. All hot vegetables have a fat rosinous Acid, which if set at liberty is notably hot; but if they be digested with fixed Salts, the fat Acid is retained by the fixed Salt, and then they yield a thin meager Spirit, of noted excellency in hot diseases; as I have often experienced by the simple Spirit of Salarmoniac. 16. That the pain and heat remaining after burning, proceeds from the keen Acid particles shot into the part; and is removed by Alcali's.  
Some derive the excessive heat attending Fevers from the Bile; but several medicines near allied to the Choler expel the heat; and besides, its Patrons cannot determine whether it should proceed from its Acid or Alcali, since 'tis equally entitled to the possession of both.  
The fourth Symptom is the Alteration of Urine. When the Chyle or Blood is vitiated, Nature endeavours to discharge the Heterogeneous particles by this passage; which accordingly impart to the Urine a high or flat tincture, according to the degree of the peccant Acid; which is equally the Cause of this and all other Symptoms attending Fevers.  
The immediate subject of Fevers is the Blood and Spirits. The alteration of Pulse and Urine clearly infers that the Blood is affected; the Critical Sweats, the Jaundice, and sometimes the Acid tincture of the Blood ensuing Fevers, are plain Demonstrations of the same truth. The feverish tendency of Aches, the efficacy of Opium in appeasing febrile commotions, and the nature of some malignant Fevers that produce no notable alteration in the Blood and Urine, make it to appear, that the discomposure of the Spirits is properly called a Fever.  
From whence I infer, that Heat or Chillness are not essential to a Fever; and that the Heart, or any other solid part, are not the immediate subject. 'Tis true, the febrile source may lodge in some corrupt or vitiated part, but it only causes a Fever by disordering the Blood and Spirits. This remote Cause of Fevers ought to be heedfully distinguished from their Effects of the same Nature; namely, when in their declination any solid part is seized with a swelling, obstruction, etc. according to the various disposition of the febrile matter, and the previous infirmity of the part.  
The various Divisions of Fevers may be gathered from the following Chapters. As for their Causes; whatever abolishes the natural proportion and Symmetry of the Salts, causes a preternatural Fermentation, and is called a febrile Ferment. If it affect the Blood immediately, the Spirits receive its influence at second hand; and if the Spirits are first attacked, the Blood is disordered by them.  
This Ferment must be somewhat disagreeable to our natural Ferments, else it cannot cause a Fever. Such as are the particles retained by stopping the insensible transpiration, the Ferment proceeding from Ulcers, Inflammations, Contagion, or Acid Lymph, striking inwards a Scab or Itch, eating Summer Fruits, etc.  
If this ferment be engendered within the Body, it ofttimes proceeds from the long stay of Victuals in the stomac, which by delay and want of digestion become naked Acids, or viscid Bodies enclosing an Acid within 'em; upon which account we derive the cause of Intermitting Fevers from the Stomac; and for so much as their Paroxysms are but so many continual Fevers, most of this sort acknowledge the same Original. When the Blood and Humours are forced out of their respective Vessels by Wounds and Ulcers, they ferment and occasion a feverish disorder in the Blood or Spirits.  
This Ferment approaches to an Acid, both in favourable and malignant Fevers; but with this difference; that a malignant ferment is sharper and more Volatile and penetrating than the other; and is frequently couched under covert of other minute particles; as in Spring the Exhalations of Fermenting Plants; in Summer the Alcalin Effluviums in the Air; in Autumn and Winter, the Acid Salt which then prevails.  
The steams of Rotten Carcases, and the unfavourable aspects of the Stars may occasion the like malignity. These particles tho' originally included in a narrow compass, multiply by fermentation, and spin out the disease. The alteration occasioned by them in the Blood, is perfectly parallel to that of Urine, which is brought into fermentation by the jarring of its Salts, by virtue of which it precipitates its disproportionable parts, and then returns to a pacific state. Even so, the preternatural fermentation of the Blood, is caused by the disproportion of its Salts; and moves it to cast forth the superfluous and offending parts by the passages of Urine, Sweat, etc. Tho' in this Critical Evacuation, not only the first morbific matter, but the laudable parts of the Blood and Chyle, that the fermentation had melted down into a saline form, and rendered insociable, are equally discharged.  
The remote Causes are various. The Obstruction of the pores of the Skin, and excessive Drinking or Eating, are natural inlets to a Fever. The passions of the Mind, especially Fear, are generally arraigned as Causes of malignant Fevers; but 'tis not immaginable how they should produce such an effect of themselves. 'Tis true indeed, Fear, and other passions, may depress or disorder the Spirits, and so procure an easy admissio unto the Airy Ferment, that was unable to storm them in their natural Order.  
The Symptoms are accounted for above; to which we may add the vicious increase, or diminution, or depravation of the Appetit; Headaches, swoonings, etc.  
The general Prognostics are derived from the Pulse and Urine. A vehement, large, equal pulse is a sign of strength; a small unfrequent pulse betokens weakness: A hard pulse bespeaks the inflammation or distension of some membranous part; as in Pleurisies, and malignant Fevers, affecting the Spirits and Nerves: A soft pulse discovers that the Spirits are not much disordered; and if it be large and vehement withal, forebodes sweeting.  
Urine affords the signs of Crudity or Concoction. If clear Urine become muddy or contain a Cloud or Sediment, 'tis a sign of Concoction, and portends a happy solution of the disease: for by Concoction we understand the separation or precipitation of the peccant Salts from the mass of Blood, and by Crudity the perturbation of the Blood arising from these Salts. Now, in the beginning of Acute Diseases the Urine is clear and unmuddyed, by reason that the Salts are yet reigning in the Blood; but in the increase of the Disease it becomes thick and troubled, and at the height precipitates a copious sediment. If the Urine continue muddy, and does not Clarify by standing, 'tis a sign that the Commotion and Confusion of the Blood does not yet abate. Nature does not evacuate the offending matter before a sufficient Concoction; and in imitation of her example, Art ought not to attempt any evacuation in Benign Fevers, before the signs of Concoction appear. In malignant Fevers indeed, 'tis not safe to wait for 'em; but to endeavour an early precipitation by proper remedies. Clear and sound-like Urine is a sign that the animal Spirits are principally affected, and is attended by malignity: but concocted Urine, if it continue such, is a certain presage of Recovery. If after an apparent Concoction, it become crude or thin again, 'tis a fatal Omen.  
This gradual Concoction is the effect of Nature endeavouring a Crisis. Accordingly, we find that immediately before the Crisis, Nature struggles most, and the Sickness is at its greatest height, in which case it ought not be disturbed by artificial administrations, but the natural tendency of the morbific matter must be heedfully observed; for sometimes 'tis cast forth by Sweat, sometimes by Urine, sometimes by Bleeding, and at other times is thrown upon several parts of the Body by way of swell and Imposthumes; or is gathered under the skin all over the Body, and tinges it with a yellow colour, which we call the Jaundice, and is a sign of health, if it happen on the fifth or seventh day; but if it commence sooner, unless attended by some notable Evacuation, 'tis ofttimes fatal. But of all fatal signs that of the Patient's rubbing and picking the nose, without any efflux of matter, is the most dismal.  
As touching the Method of Cure: 'Tis necessary to distinguish malignant Fevers which suddenly weaken the Person, and generally determine in some notable Evacuations; from those that are benign and favourable, in which we either leave all to Nature, as the ancients did, or anticipat her efforts by enervating and correcting the febrile Ferment with Artificial Remedies, and so ascribe the whole Cure to Art.  
Sometimes we join issue with Nature, and while she performs her Work, are only busied in removing the impediments that imbarrass her, by cleansing the first passages, emptying the Blood Vessels, and promoting the precipitation of the morbific matter by Medicines proper for that purpose. Indeed when Nature departs from her due Measures, by endeavouring unseasonable evacuations, as in the beginning of a Fever, while the Urine is yet Crude, a violent Looseness, Bleeding, etc. 'tis a perplexed Case; for to withstand Nature, and stop the Looseness, etc. were to augment the Fever; and to suffer it to go on, weakens and disables the Patient, so that he cannot encounter the Disease. In order to solve this difficult knot, let us consider in the first place, that Nature is forced to these Evacuations, by the sharpness of the humours, which ought to be corrected by temperate Medicines; in the next place, that if they exceed in quantity, they may be safely curbed; or if deficient in quantity, may be gently encouraged. If the quality of the matter be faulty, that is, if such things are evacuated as ought not to be, 'tis allowable to stop it, according to Hipp. Sect. 2. Aph. 2. If both quantity and quality be faultless, and the evacuation charged with no Crime, but that of its being ill timed, it may nevertheless prove Critical.  
Blood-letting is frequently enjoined in Fevers, but ofttimes it does more harm than good. The general Plea for it, is, that it ventilats and cools the Blood; whereas on the contrary, the more space be given to the Blood to boil in, the higher it boils. In intermitting Fevers, I positively aver, that 'tis noxious; in malignant Fevers 'tis next door to cutting the Patient's Throat. And as touching the continual burning Fevers, it ought to be very cautiously gone about, by reason of a latent malignity that ofttimes attends them. If the Patient be plethoric, young and lusty, if a Vomit could not conveniently be exhibited in the beginning of the Fever, if any wont evacuation of Blood be stopped, and such other circumstances indicate Blood-letting, 'tis well: But however it be, 'tis never safe after the third or fourth Day.  
As for evacuating Remedies Hippocrates' Aphorism is a standing Rule; namely, that Concocted, not crude humours, aught to be evacuated. So proper Purgatives are inconvenient till after the height of the distemper. Indeed gentle lenitives, that do not reach further than the first ways, may be mixed with digestive Salts, and exhibited in the beginning, or progress, avoiding the time of the Crisis. Vomits are proper in all kinds of Fevers, especially if there be any inclination to Vomit, sour Belchings, murmuring noise in the Guts, Headache or Giddiness. They ought to be Administered only in the beginning of acute Fevers. In the progress of slow Fevers they may likewise be given.  
Clysters are proper for mitigating the Heat, and redressing the disorders of the Head and Guts. But upon the point of Critical Evacuations or Eruptions, they are altogether improper.  
Sweeting Medicines are authorised by Nature's Example. They ought to be frequently repeated, and that not only after signs of Concoction, but during the whole course of the disease, especially if it be malignant. Such of 'em as are sharp, aromatic, rosinous, oily, or Hot, are to be avoided; and those which are temperate, as the fixed absorbents, and the thin volatils are only proper for this purpose. If sweat do not easily ensue, add Opiates to them. Which are never to be used without a sudorific mixture, nor about the time of the Crisis, nor in the very first beginning of the disease.  
In Fever's Sugar and sweet things ought to be avoided, by reason that they promote the Fermentation. Thirst generally attends Fevers, and proceeds from the deficiency of Spittle, and from Alcalin Salts lodged in the Palat. 'Tis a vulgar Error to derive it from Heat; for a few drops of Spirit of Sulphur are more efficatious in quenching it, than a whole Gallon of Water or cooling Liquors. Wine is likewise of noted efficacy for quenching Thirst, corroberating the Stomac and Spirits, and promoting Urine. But it ought to be of a sharp thin Body; for the sweet fat Wines from Spain, Florence, etc. are hurtful. Hypocrates was wont to exhibit Wine in all Fevers; at least in intermitting and malignant Fevers 'tis of sovereign use. In continual burning Fevers what disorders it may occasion are presently visible, and yield to absorbent Powders; for 'tis not the hot Spirit, but the Acid of the Wine that can do the least harm; nor that neither, but only in some particular Constitutions.  
Ale or Beer is not agreeable to feverish Persons, because the digestive faculty of the Stomac being languid, it corrupts and causes bitter musty Belchings. Waters and thin Liquors mixed with Acids are preferable. As,  
Take of the Flowers of red Roses two handfuls; extract a Tincture from them with Water sharpened with Spirit of Sulphur; then add the Syrup of the Juice of Gitrons, or of Barberries, or of Raspberries, and make a Julep. Or,  
Take three Citrons sliced, and throw upon 'em white Sugar. Then Boyl them in common Water. Take of this Liquor strained a Pound and half, fresh juice of Citrons three Ounces; Flowers of Roses and of red Poppies, of each a handful; with a small quantity of dulcified Spirit of Salt. Let them stand in a warm infusion, in order to extract a Tincture.  
In continual Fevers let the Patiented drink at pleasure: But the Liquor must not be cold, nor much of it drunk at once. In intermitting Fevers these Acid potions, ought not to be Administered till after the cold Fit. The Spirit of Sulphur with common Water is a proper Liquor both for quenching thirst and promoting sweat. Or,  
Take of Whey two Pound, Citron Juice three Ounces; Daisies and red Poppy Flowers, of each an Ounce and a half. Boyl in a close Vessel till the Tincture be extracted. The Citron Juice depurates the Whey. It is useful in all continual Fevers, and qualifies Scorbutic or Hypochondriac Salts.  
As for Diet. They ought to avoid Meat, Fishes, and Summer Fruits. In a word, let them eat but a little, and as their Appetit requires. What they eat must be thin and watery, but never forced upon 'em. Broth, Panado's, a Tossed in Wine, or at most poached Eggs are their proper food.  
Quiet and Rest are good Signs; and sleep, if it be not preternatural, composes the Spirits and procures Sweat.   

CHAP. II. Of Intermitting Fevers.  
A Fever is styled Intermitting, when the fermentation, and agitation of the Blood and Spirits is interrupted, and after a certain interval of time revives again. If it return with equal force every Day, 'tis called Quotidian: If it return every other Day, leaving an interval of one entire Day, 'tis a Tertian: if the interval consist of two Days, 'tis a Quartan. Some return after three Days, some after four, five, etc. Some every Week, some every Month, and some every Year; but these are very unfrequent.  
If the fit return twice or thrice in one Day, 'tis called a double or triple Quotidian. If two Paroxisms happen every other Day, or if the intermitting Days of Tertians have likewise Paroxysms corresponding to one another, 'tis a double Tertian; If two Fits come in the Fir Days, and but one in the Intermitting, 'tis a triple Tertian. If the Fits return every Day, so as that the first for duration and other Symptoms is parallel to the fourth, the second to the fifth, third to the sixth, etc. 'tis a triple Quartan. If the Fever intermit only every third Day, 'tis a double Quartan.  
'Tis a hard matter to distinguish Quotidians from double Tertians. These last are known by this, that either the Paroxysms have an alternat correspondence, the first to the third, second to the fourth, etc. Or the intervening Paroxysm comes later, while the other two observe their set Periods; or in Progress of time it entirely disappears, and two Fits recur every other Day. A precedent or succeeding simple Tertian, discovers likewise a double Tertian. So that true Quotidians are very rare, and some are so hardy as to deny that there are any such. But several good Authors have vouched for the Affirmative.  
There are some Erratic Intermitting Fevers, that observe dark Periods peculiar to themselves; and some called Wand'ring, which have no set times at all.  
The grand Symptoms of intermitting Fevers are a chillness, shivering and shaking, followed by heat; and that by plentiful Sweats. Before the invasion of the Paroxysm, the Patient is molested with a Yawning and Stretching; a weariness of the Joints, and unquietness or tossing in Bed. The Nails become livid and blue; a gentle chillness seizes the Loins and Back, afterwards it creeps to the Belly, and by degrees overspreads the whole Body, especially the extreme Parts. Then follows a shivering, and sometimes a violent concussion of all the parts of the Body. During the cold Fit, several sorts of pains affect the Joints, the Guts are gripped, and make a murmuring noise; and the Pulse is rendered more frequent, but withal weaker and lesser, nay scarce perceivable.  
When the coldness abates, a difficulty of breathing ensues, with a notable heat and thirst; the Pulse is strengthened and enlarged. (If the Pulse be small, 'tis a sign of great Malignity.) The Tongue becomes dry, the Neck and Temples are seized with a beating heat, attended with frequent respiration, headache, watching, and sometimes doting. The heat declining is followed by sweeting and voiding Urine. After which sleep takes place, and the Symptoms disappear. In Tertians the heat and thirst are greatest. And in Quartans, the cold, shaking, and weariness of the Joints are most troublesome.  
This is the ordinary manner of Invasion. But withal, there are some irregular Fevers, that depart from this method. As the cold Fevers that have no hot Fits; and the hot Tertian Fevers that are not ushered in by cold. Sometimes, but very rarely, the Order is inverted, and the heat precedes the cold Fit. Oft-times these Fevers begin regularly, and afterwards degenerate; or on the contrary, begin in a disorderly manner, and by continuation become regular.  
If the Pulse be very small, the Strength abolished, the Breast disturbed, the Spirits disquieted, in the beginning of the paroxysm, and afterwards Pushes and Spots appear in the Skin, the Fever is malignant and very dangerous. Tho' some are inclined to exclude malignity from the whole circle of intermitting Fevers.  
Tho' intermitting Fevers may differ in their Periods, and some occasional Symptoms, they all proceed from one and the same Cause, and require the same method of Cure; as appears by their frequent permutation. The general efficient Cause of all Motion is the Spirits; but the occasional material Cause which provokes them to such irregular Motions, is a vicious acid ferment bred in the Stomach and first Passages, by the depravation or weakness of the digestive Faculty. This Opinion is justified by the preternatural Appetit that sometimes attends Fevers, the frequent Cures performed by Fasting, by excessive Drinking and Vomiting, or by eating greedily what was longed for; and the notable exasperation or relapse of the Disease occasioned by any error in Diet, or ear-ring unacceptable Food. 'Tis true, such Fevers may sometimes proceed from the Air, or quality of the Food; but very rarely. The disorders of the Spleen and Liver do frequently attend Quartans, and Tertians, but they are rather their Effects, than Causes; or perhaps they may remotely indispose the Body, and render the Paroxysms more obstinate. The suppression of the Terms, or obstruction of any part, may produce the like Effects; but still the immediate Cause is lodged in the Stomac, or first Passages, which insinuats itself into the remains of indigested Food, and so multiplies the Cause of repeated Paroxysms.  
Now by means of this Acid, all the Symptoms and Periods of Paroxysms, are thus accounted for. If the Chyle be not well digested in the Stomac, and duly separated from the grosser parts, by the interposal of the pancreatic and choleric Juices in the Guts, it degenerates from its temperate, volatile, saline Quality, and becomes acid, or viscid; and accordingly when it joins the Blood, fixes its saline volatile oily Particles, and thickens the whole Mass. Thus its fermentation is impaired, and by consequence the Pulse is weakened and diminished, but withal rendered more frequent by the irritation of the Heart. The heat of the Body is extinguished, and the Spirits disordered by the indisposition and vicious fermentation of the Blood, from whence issues the weariness of the Joints. When this Acid gins to exert itself, it twitches and contracts the nervous and membranous parts, the Coats of the Guts and Stomach, with the annexed choleric and pancreatic Vessels, the fat Membrane or Panniculus Carnosus, etc. the natural Consequences of which are a shivering, shaking, pains of the Joints, and violent Vomiting of white or green matter, which is nothing else but a mixture of the pancreatic and bilious Juices, perverted by this irregular fermentation, and causing gripe of the Guts, a coldness of the Belly, and many other Symptoms.  
These Symptoms are allotted only to the beginning of the Paroxysm. For after that this acid has for some time stifled the volatile oily parts of the Blood, they make head against it, and the mutual Encounter creates a notable effervescency, which ends in discharging the vanquished acid in a vehicle of attenuated Serum by Urine or Sweat. From hence we deduce the other Symptoms of heat, burning, the vehemency and largeness of the Pulse, plentiful Sweats, the clearness of the Urine at first, and its subsequent muddiness. The Acid being thus subdued and evacuated, the Fever and concurring Symptoms intermit, till such time as the remaining Miasma's be provoked afresh, or supplied by new recruits from the Stomac.  
If this intermitting ferment be cramped by a vicid pituitous Vehicle, the Paroxysm is longer, and the Symptoms meeker, than when it is master of itself, and at liberty to display its utmost energy. From whence we gather the difference of acute and chronical, spurious and regular Fevers.  
In these Northern Countries, 'tis highly necessary to take notice of scorbutic and hypochondriac Diseases, as the frequent Companions of intermitting Fevers. Those which we call erratic are always scorbutic, unless they be caused by Imposthumes of the internal parts, which seldom happen. The signs of a scorbutic Fever are, anxieties of the Breast, rending pains of the Joints, floating pains or convulsions of the lower Belly (either before or in the Paroxysm) vomiting of green or yellow Matter, and the eruption of livid or red Spots towards the end of the Fit; which sometimes break forth together with the Sweat, and disappear when it is finished. But the most infallible evidence of a scorbutic Fever is, when red crumbling clots of Sand stick to the bottom or sides of the Chamber-pot; or in room of that a fat Crust, or a gross, reddish, scurfy Sediment appears in the Urine.  
Periodical Fevers degenerate ofttimes from their regular Measures, and either anticipat or postpone the hour of returning. This may be occasioned by the strength or weakness of the Spirits, the greater or less activity of the febrile ferment, or viscidity of its Vehicle.  
As for their frequent multiplication, or the degeneracy of simple Fevers into double, triple, quadruple, etc. 'tis occasioned either by a preposterous use of fixing Medicines, Opiates, or Purgatives; or by eating Fish, Summer-fruits, Milks, and over-feeding just before the Paroxysm.  
The Diagnostics are couched in the preceding Paragraphs. As for Prognostics; a Tertian, if regular and well managed, does not exceed seven Fits; but a Quartan, tho' more tedious, is less dangerous. Malignant intermitting Fevers are justly suspected. The spurious Tertians, or such as begin meekly and slowly, are worse to cure than the regular acute ones; and for the most part drive out to the fourteenth Paroxysm. All benign intermitting Fevers are easily cured, if taken care of betimes; but if neglected, they become chronical, and degenerate into grievous Distempers. If the Urine, voided out of the Paroxysm, thicken apace, it signifies the shortness of the Disease. If at first it appear crude, and soon after assume a white Cloud, the Fever will end with the fourth Paroxysm. But if it continue scanty, reddish, and unconcocted, the Fever will last to the seventh Fit; or, if discontinued, is apt to relapse. If all the Symptoms are heightened in the second Paroxysm of a Tertian, and relent in the third, the fourth concludes the Fever; but if their height be put off till the fourth, and their remission to the fifth, the seventh is the finishing stroke. While a Tertian anticipates its hours, it increases; and declines when it gins to postpone. Schirrus' in the Bowels succeeding to intermitting Fevers, are sad presages of chronical Distempers. Such Fevers as observe regular constant Periods, are more obstinate than those which vary. Vomiting is a good sign; and Convulsions in the Fit are not to be feared. When a copious Sweat succeeds to the Paroxysm, ofttimes there's no sediment in the Urine; and in that case there's no bad indication; but if otherwise, 'tis justly suspicious.  
As for Quotidians, they are apt to continue forty Days or longer. If attended by a heaviness of the Head and drowsiness, they terminat in a Lethargy or Carus. If they are sipun out to a considerable length, they degenerate into Dropsies, and other grievous Distempers. If the Paroxysms invade by Day, 'tis a worse case than if they came by Night; and if they continue long without Sweeting, while the Appetit and Strength of the Person are very languid, there's small hope of recovery. If the Paroxysms be short, attended by Vomiting in the beginning, and early signs of Concoction in the progress of the Disease, 'tis a good Omen. Sometimes Quotidians are solved by frequent Vomiting, pituitous evacuations by Stool, or a translation of the febril matter to the Joints.  
A Quartan after the sixtieth Year of one's Age is mortal. It may continue for two and twenty Years together, but the utmost measure of its regular duration is one Year. If its Periods be constant and regular, they portend ill; if inconstant, they betoken a sudden recovery. An Autumnal Quartan continues till the Spring Equinox, and then for the most part ceases of its own accord. A Vernal Quartan, if it do not disappear at the Summer Solstice, reaches to the Autumnal Equinox. The duration of Autumnal and Winter Quartans is longer than that of the Summer ones. Women are ofttimes freed from this Fever, by being got with Child. If it be attended by the disorder of any Bowel, it introduces a Dropsy o● obstinate Scurvy. If it dwell long in a dry Constitution, it ends in a Hectic or Consumption. An irregular Diet, especially in respect of drinking, adds to its duration. Loss of Appetit is a very bad sign. Black Urine, tho' a dangerous Symptom in other Diseases, signifies the solution of a Quartan, unless it be attended by a notable weakness, for than it is a sign of approaching Death.  
A Jaundice in the beginning of a Tertian or Quartan, is an unlucky Sympom; but if it happen later, may infer a solution of the Disease. Tertians are sometimes cured by Critical Eruptions in the Lips, Nostrils, etc. and sometimes by long fasting; but the most effectual way is that of sweeting.  
Now, in order to answer all the indications of Cure, let the following Cautions be carefully weighed.  
I. That by all means the Cure be commenced betimes, for intermitting Fevers by delay become obstinate.  
II. In these Countries, Blood-letting does but prolong 'em. Perhaps some occasional Circumstances may justify the use of it in a few particular cases; but in general, this is an uncontested Maxim, that whatever impairs the Heat, or does not promote Sweeting; is hurtful.  
III. Vomiting is absolutely necessary in all intermitting Fevers, especially Quartans; and aught to be repeated, as occasion requires. Let a Vomit therefore be exhibited two or three Hours before the invasion of the Paroxysm, unless the weakness of the Person dissuade; in which case, give it the Day immediately preceding. The symptomatical Vomitings that oftentimes happen in the Paroxysm, are so far from arguing against Artificial Vomits, that they are a plain indication for 'em. If the Person be troubled with a bitter nauseating taste in the Mouth in a Morning, or complain of straitness of the Breast, Heart-burrings, Unquietness, Giddiness, Belchings, etc. a Vomit is loudly demanded. In fine, in Quotidians; and all other Intermitting Fevers, it is a sovereign Remedy; but withal, care must be taken, that the Stomac be not overweakened; upon which account, let the following mixture be given after the operation of the Vomit.  
Take of Rasberry-Water, one Ounce; strong Cinnamom-Water, two Drams; Confection Alkermes, half a Dram; Laudanum Opiatum, one grain; Simple Syrup of Poppies, two or three Drams. Mix for the above mentioned use.  
Asarabecca is a noted Vomit, especially in Quartans. A Dram or Four Scruples of the Powder of Asarabecca Roots may be given, with eight or ten Grains of Salarmoniac, in a draught of White-wine, an Hour or two before the Paroxysm; it procures both vomiting and sweeting. Or Eight or Nine Leaves, cut not very small, may be infused overnight in Carduus Benedictus Water, and exhibited in the Morning with Oxymel. If the Leaves be beat in a Mortar till their Juice be expressed, and that mixed with Oxymel and Water of Carduus Benedictus, they yield a more powerful Vomit. If the leaves be boiled in Water, they're stripped of the vomiting virtue, and become Diuretic, but withal are highly useful in Quartan Fevers. The Water of Tobacco, and the Roots of Swallow-wort boiled in Wine and Water, are likewise approved Vomits in these cases.  
But of all the vomiting Tribe, Antimonials are the best; as the Infusion of Crocus Metallorum; or take of Mercurius vitae, five or six Grains; infuse in Rhenish, or Wormwood-Wine for the space of a Night, strain out the Wine, and give an Ounce or ten Drams for a dose. Or,  
Take of Mynsicthius his Emetic Tartar, two or three Grains; Salarmoniac, twelve or fifteen Grains; mix and exhibit in a warm Vehicle. Or if Pills be more acceptable, take of Ruffus' Pills de tribus, fifteen Grains; Mynsicthius' Emetic Tartar, two or three Grains; Scammony sulphurated, one Grain; with Essence of Lesser Centory make Pills.  
Sala's Emetic Syrup may be given in any convenient Vehicle, from three to six Drams. Salt of Vitriol is very offensive to the Stomac. The Pairing of Man's Nails is a Horse-Vomit.  
iv All Purgations in the beginning of Intermitting Fevers, or while the Urine is yet crude, are hurtful; nay, in the height of the Distemper, when the Urinal gins to appear muddy, fierce Purgatives may do a great deal of mischief. If Vomits do not succeed, or the first passages be stuffed with Humours, gentle Purgatives may be exhibited after the third or fourth Paroxysm, either on the Intermitting Day, or the Fit day, so as that the operation may be finished before the invasion of the Fit. As  
Take of Tartar vitriolated, twelve or fifteen Grains; Scammony sulphurated, three Grains; Troches Alhardal, two Grains; distilled Oil of Aniseeds or of Cloves, two drops. Mix for a gentle purging Powder.  
Take of Tartar vitriolated, Powder of Jalap, of each half a Scruple; Magistery of Scammony, six Grains: make a Powder.  
Take of the Hepatic Red Powder and Tartar vitriolated, of each eight Grains; Scammony sulphurated, five Grains, make a Powder.  
Take of Cream of Tartar, half a Dram; Powder of Jalap, half a Scruple; Extract of Troches Alhandal, one Grain; distilled Oil of Aniseeds, two drops. Mix them.  
Take of Cream of Tartar, half a Dram; Arcanum duplicatum, fifteen Grains; Powder of Jalap, six Grains. Make a Powder.  
Take of Powder of Jalap, fifteen Grains; Scammony sulphurated, three Grains; depurated Nitre, four Grains; Salt of Tartar, two Grains. Make a Powder.  
If Infusions be more acceptable; Take of picked Senna, three or four Drams; Aniseeds bruised, a Dram; Salt of Tartar, half a Dram. Infuse for the space of one Night, in a sufficient quantity of Carduus Benedictus Water. To three Ounces of the strained Liquor, add Cinnamom-Water, and Syrup of Apples, of each half an Ounce. Mix for a Potion. It tastes prettily, and purges very gently. In Tertians, the Dose of the Senna is lessened, and Rhubarb added.  
Take of picked Senna; an Ounce; crude Roots of Black Hellebor, two Drams; of Polypody of the Oak, three Drams; Salt of Tartar, half a Dram; boil them gently in clarified Whey. To Four Ounces of the strained Liquor, add Tincture of Tartar, a Scruple; compound Syrup of Fumitory, half an Ounce. Mix as above.  
Take of picked Senna, an Ounce; crude Black Hellebor and Ginger, of each two Drams; of the sharpest Salt of Tartar, half a Dram; tie them into a Bag, which infuse in warm Water in a close Vessel. Let it stand till it cool, and reserve the Infusion in a Cellar for use; of which, let the Patient take a large draught every fit day, about two Hours before the Paroxysm, and likewise in the Intermitting Days, especially in Quartans.  
Take of Wormwood-tops, half a handful; Flowers of lesser Centory, two little handfuls; choice Rhubarb, two Drams; Black Hellebor Roots, a Dram; Cinnamom, Salt of Tartar, of each a Scruple. Infuse them in Fumitory Water, for the space of a Night, in a warm place. To three Ounces of the strained Liquor, add solutive Syrup of Roses, three Drams. Mix for one Dose.  
Take of Water of Carduus Benedictus, one or two Ounces; extract of Black Hellebor, a Scruple; Aperitive Extract of Steel, half a Scruple; Troches Alhandal two or three Grains; Syrup of Apples, six Drams. Make a Potion.  
Take of Mint-Water, an Ounce; Cinnamom Water, half a Dram; Gum Ammoniac dissolved in Vinegar, sixteen or twenty Grains; Tartar vitriolated, seven or ten Grains; Scammony sulphurated, three Grains; Extract of Troches Alhandal, half a Grain, or a whole Grain; solutive Syrup of Roses or of Apples, two Drams. Mix, etc.  
If Pills be more agreeable, take fifteen Grains, or a Scruple of the Extract called Catholicum, or of Crollius' Extractum Panchymagogum. Or,  
Take of Quercetanus his Pills of Ammoniac, or of his Tartar Pills, fifteen or twenty Grains; Extract of Wormwood, six Grains; Scammony sulphurated, two Grains; make Pills. Or,  
Take of Quercetanus' Pills of Ammoniac, fifteen Grains; Extract of Carduus Benedictus, Extract of Wormwood, of each four Grains; Nitre prepared with Antimony, six Grains; Scammony prepared with juice of Roses, one grain. With Essence of Wormwood make Pills.  
Take of Crollius' Extractum Panchymagogum, fifteen grains; Extract of Steel, prepared with juice of Apples, twelve grains; Tartar vitriolated, six grains; Scammony sulphurated, three grains. With Essence of Steel make Pills.  
Take of Ruffus' Pills de tribus, sweet Mercury, of each fifteen grains; Scammony sulphurated, three grains; Extract of Troches Alhandal, one grain; make Pills.  
If the form of a Bolus be desired; take of Conserve of Roses, half a Dram; sweet Mercury, a Scruple; Scammony sulphurated, five grains: Make a Bolus. Or,  
Take of sweet Mercury, fifteen grains; Tartar vitriolated, half a Scruple; Scammony sulphurated, three grains. With Conserve of Roses, make a Bolus.  
Sweet Mercury attenuats the viscid Humours. Scammony purges the sharp and bilious Humours. In obstinate Quartans sweet Mercury mixed with Mercurius vitae, or Butyrum Antimony, given in Substance, are very effectual. As likewise the following Powders taken before the Paroxysm.  
Take of white Mechoacan, two Drams; white Pepper-Corns, in number one-and-twenty; prepared Crabs-Eyes, one Ounce. Make a Powder for three Doses.  
Take of Cream of Tartar, fifteen grains; Scammony sulphurated, three grains; diaphoretic Antimony, six grains. Make a Powder.  
Take of Powder of Cornachini, a Scruple; Troches Alhandal, one grain; distilled Oil of Mace, two drops. Make a Powder.  
Take of Powder of Jalap, twelve grains; diaphoretic Antimony not dulcified, six, seven, or eight grains. Mix and make a Powder.  
Take of prepared Red Coral, Salt of Wormwood or Mynsicthius his Arcanum Duplicatum, of each from ten to fifteen grains; Brendelius' Preparation of Scammony, two, three, or four grains. Mix, etc.  
Take of Arcanum Duplicatum, half a Scruple; diaphoretic Antimony, five grains; prepared Red Coral, three grains; Powder of Jalap, six grains; Scammony sulphurated, two grains. Make a Powder.  
V Carminative and Abstergent Clysters are very useful, especially when Wind or a murmuring noise molests the Guts; when grievous pains invade the region of the Loins, proceeding from the Mesentery; when a vomiting, anxiety and straitness of the Breast afflict the Patient; or when gnawing sharp Humours are crowded into the Stomach, while its Mouth is stubborn, and not easily moved to vomiting, as in Hypocondriac, and the like cases. In scorbutic Fevers, attended by convulsive Pains of the Belly or Loins, those made of Milk, Sugar, Hony, and the Yelk of an Egg, are very useful. In Hypochondriac and Histeric Fevers, the same Clysters are given, or mixed with Turpentin. The carminative and gentle Abstersive Clysters are as follows.  
Take of the carminative and emollient Ingredients, of each a handful; Salt of Pot-ashes, two or three Drams; Dross of Regulus Antimonii, a Dram: Boil in a sufficient quantity of Water. To eight Ounces of the strained Liquor, add Electuary of Bay-Berries, one Ounce; distilled Oil of Turpentin, a Scruple. Or,  
Take of the carminative or emollient Ingredients, two handfuls; Salt of Tartar, a Dram or two: Boyl them in Water: To nine Ounces of the strained Liquor, add of Electuary of Bayberries, one Ounce; distilled Oil of Amber, half a Scruple, and the Yelk of one Egg. Make a Clyster.  
Take of Chamomil Flowers, two handfuls; Juniper-Berries, one Ounce; Aniseeds half an Ounce; boil them in equal quantities of Water and Human Urine. To eight Ounces of the Decoction strained, add of lenitive Electuary, one Ounce; distilled Oil of Juniper Berries, a Scruple. Make a Clyster.  
Take of Roman Chamomil, one handful; Bay-leaves and Elder-Flowers, of each half a handful; Angelica and Lovage Roots, and Aniseeds, of each six Drams; boil them in Water. To nine Ounces of the Decoction strained, add Electuary of Bay-Berries, and lenitive Electuary, of each, six Drams; Antimonial Nitre, a Scruple; distilled Oil of Angelica, Oil of Bayberries, and Oil of Rue, of each four grains; with the Yelk of one Egg, make a Clyster.  
Take of Bay-Leaves and Elder-Flowers, of each half a handful; Chamomil-Flowers, one handful; Lovage Roots six drams; Fenugrec Seeds, half an Ounce. Boil them in Water and Humane Urine. Strain the Decoction; and add to nine Ounces of it, Electuary of Hiera with Agaric, six Drams; Electuary of Bay-berries, three Drams; distilled Oil of Angelica, Caraways, and Rue, of each four drops. Make a Clyster.  
Take of the Leaves of Wormwood and Carduus Benedictus, of each a handful; Roots of Elecampane, one Ounce; Lovage Roots, six Drams; Juniper Berries, one Ounce, Salt of Tartar, a Dram; boil them in Whey. And to eight Ounces of the strained Decoction, add Electuary of Hiera with Agaric, one Ounce; Honey of Roses, six Drams; Sal Gem, a Dram and a half. Mix for a Clyster.  
Take of Chamomil Flowers, two handfuls; Mint, one handful; Juniper Berries an Ounce; boil them in Water and Human Urine, and inject the warm Decoction.  
In scorbutic Fevers the Clysters must be composed of Milk; as, take of Goats or Cow's Milk, from nine Ounces to a Pound; Honey of Roses, Hony of Rue, of each an Ounce, or an Ounce and a half: and two Yolks of Eggs. Make a Clyster, for two Injections. This and all other Clysters ought always to be injected about an Hour or two before the Paroxysm.  
VI These general evacuations can never compass the cure, unless followed by Diaphoretics. 'Tis true, sweeting Medicines ought not to be exhibited till after Vomiting, etc. But the Fever is not right cured, if they be totally omitted, or Sweats do not ensue. 'Tis true, Hot sharp Aromatics are justly avoided, but the saline Febrifugas must not be neglected.  
VII. The sick Person must take care to have an empty Stomac, when the fit comes.  
VIII. Diaphoretic Medicines are not to be given in the Paroxysm, but an Hour or two before it, in order to promote sweeting in the end of the Fit; for if that be wanting the Person is seized with the Headache. But withal, 'tis an improper way to procure Sweat by a heavy load of Cover.  
IX. The Physician must observe nicely if a Tertian partakes of malignity. If the Tongue be rough and black, and the Person seized with a sudden Weakness, 'tis a shroud evidence of a malignant Tertian. In this case Emulsions of Citron Seeds, with Alexipharmacal Medicines joined to Febrifuga's, are proper.  
X. Spirit of Salarmoniac is an infallible comforter either in the Cold or Hot Fit. In Scorbutic Fevers 'tis of soevereign use, if mixed with Spirit of Scurvygrass. It may be given before the Paroxysm, or on the intermitting Day.  
Take of Spirit of Salarmoniac, a dram; Essence of Opium fifteen drops. Mix for one Dose, to be taken immediately before the Paroxyism.  
Take of Spirit of Salarmoniac, three drams; Spirit of Hartshorn succinated, a dram; dose thirty or forty drops.  
Take Water of Carduus Benedictus, an ounce; Spirit of Salarmoniac, half a dram (or a dram) Laudanum Opiatum, two grains; Syrup of Carduus Benedictus, half an ounce; mix for a Potion before the Paroxysm.  
Take of Mint Water, one ounce; Spirit of Salarmoniac, half a dram; Diaphoretic Antimony, a scruple; Distilled Oil of Cloves, or of Amber, two drops, Syrup of Orange peel two drams, mix as above. If the cold Fit be very troublesome, add a grain of Laudanum Opiatum. In Scorbutic Fevers add Spirit of Scurvygrass.  
Take of Mint Water, two ounces; Cinnamom Water, two drams; Spirit of Salarmoniac, a dram; Diaphoretic Antimony, sixteen grains; Syrup of Betony, two drams; mix as above.  
Take of purified Salarmoniac, a scruple; Antihectcum Poterii, twelve or fifteen grains; distilled Oil of Cloves, two drops, make a Powder, to be taken before the accession of the Fit.  
Take of Salarmoniac, fifteen grains; prepared Crabs Eyes, half a Scruple, Laudamim Opiatum, one grain, make a Powder and use as above.  
Take of Antiscorbutic Water, and Water of Carduus Benedictus, of each an ounce and a half; Spirit of Scurvygrass, or Spirit of Salarmoniac, a dram; prepared Crabs Eyes, and Strobelbergerus his specific against Fevers, of each a scruple; Laudanum Opiatum, two grains; Forestus' Syrup of Scelotyrbium, an ounce. Mix, etc.  
XI. When the cold Fit is extremely violent, the use of Spirit of Salarmoniac may be confined to the intermitting Days, and the fixed Alcali Salts exhibited on the Fit Days. As,  
Take of Red Coral prepared, Salt of Wormwood, of each fifteen grains; Laudanum Opiatum, a grain; distilled Oil of Cloves, or of Juniper Berries, two drops. Make a Powder to be given in a warm Vehicle, about an Hour or two before the Paroxysm, in order to procure Sweat. Or,  
Take of Salt of Wormwood, a scruple; Volatile Salt of Hartshorn, five grains; Laudanum Opiatum, two grains. Make a Powder as above. Or,  
Take of Salt of Wormwood, fifteen grains; Volatile Salt of Hartshorn, three grains prepared red Coral, half a scruple; Distilled Oil of Cloves, two drops. Make a Powder, etc.  
Take of Salt of Wormwood, two scruples; prepared Crabs Eyes, half a dram: Diaphoretic Antimony, half a scruple. Mix for three Doses, to be exhibited before a Quartan Paroxysm.  
Take of red Coral prepared, Salt of Wormwood, of each a Scruple; Fulminating Gold, six Grains. Make a Powder.  
Take of Heart's horn prepared without Fire, two Scruples; Salt of Carduus Benedictus, Salt of lesser Centory, of each eight Grains. Make a Powder for two Doses.  
Take of Salt of Wormwood, fifteen grains; Diaphoretic Antimony, half a Scruple; prepared red Coral, twelve grains; distilled Oil of Sassafras or of Mace, two Drops-Mix, etc.  
If the form of Potions be more acceptable, take of Water of Carduus Benedictus, one Ounce; Salt of Wormwood, a Scruple; Salt of lesser Centory, half a Scruple; Julep of Roses, three Drams. Mix for one Dose.  
Take of Water of lesser Centory, an Ounce or two; Salt of Wormwood, fifteen or twenty Grains; prepared Crabs Eyes, ten or fifteen grains; Syrup of Carduus Benedictus half an Ounce. Make a Potion to be given before the Paroxysm, adding two Drops of distilled Oil of Cloves.  
Take of Parsley Water, two Ounces; Fennel Water, one Ounce; Spirit of Venice treacle, a Dram and a half; Volatile salt of Amber, a scruple; Syrup of Carduus Benedictus, an Ounce. Mix and exhibit a Spoonful now and then.  
Take of the Water of Carduus Benedictus, two Ounces; treacle Water, two Drams; Salt of Wormwoood, half a Dram; Spirit of Salarmoniac, a scruple; Syrup of red Poppies, three Drams. Mix for a Potion.  
XII. The fixed Salts consisting of an Alcali and an Acid, such as Arcanum Duplicatum, Sal Hypochondriacum digestivum, etc. are proper to be used in the beginning of the Disease before Evacuations; and likewise on the intermitting and Fit-Days. As,  
Take of Hypochondriac Salt, half a scruple; Salt of Wormwood, five grains. Mix for a Powder.  
Take of purified Sal-●rmoniac, a Dram; Antimonial Nitie, a scruple. Make a Powder for two Doses, one to be taken in a hot Vehicle in the Morning, and the other in a cold Vehicle at Night.  
Take of Arcanum duplicatum, fifteen or twenty grains; Diaphoretic Antimony, half a scruple. Mix. Let it be taken before the Invasion of the Fit, and twice on the intermitting Day.  
Take of Arcanum duplicatum, fifteen grains; prepared Crabs Eyes, twelve grains; distilled Oil of Juniper Berries, two drops. Mix, and make a Powder to be used as above.  
Take of Arcanum duplicatum, fifteen grains; Salt of Wormwood, prepared red Coral, of each half a scruple; Laudanum Opiatum, one grain, Make a Powder.  
Take of prepared Crabs Eyes, Areanum duplicatum, Salt of Wormwood, of each half a Dram: Volatile Salt of Amber, twelve grains; Laudanum Opiatum, three Grains. Make a Powder for three Doses: One to be taken immediately before the Fit; and two on the intermitting Day.  
Take Ivory prepared without Fire, Arcanum duplicatum, of each twelve grains; fulminatory Gold, six Grains. Or,  
Take of Cream of Tartar, a Dram; Tartar vitriolated, half a Dram; Spirit of Sulphur, three or four Drops. Make a Powder for two Doses.  
Riverius recommends Crollius' specific Potion to be taken before the Paroxysm; viz.  
Take of Cichory Water, one, two, or three Ounces; Spirit of Sulphur, or Spirit of Vitriol, fifteen or twenty Drops; Salt of Wormwood, half a Dram. Mix for a Potion.  
XIII. When the hot Fit is very violent, and the cold one short and inconsiderable, nitrous Salts are very proper. Dulcified Spirit of Nitre effectually allays the Fever, after the height of the Paroxysm. Antimonial Nitre, or Nitre vitriolated, is a sovereign Remedy in scorbutic Fevers.  
Take of Antimonial Nitre, fifteen grains; Salarmoniac, six grains. Make a Powder to be administered before the Paroxysm.  
Take of Antimonial Nitre, half a scruple; Arcanum duplicatum, twenty or thirty grains; Poterius' Antihectic Powder, nine or twelve grains. Mix for three Doses.  
Take of Antimonial Nitre, two scruples; Hartshorn prepared without Fire, a scruple; Diaphoretic Antimony, eight grains. Mix for two Doses.  
Take of Arcanum duplicatum, fifteen or twenty grains; volatile Salt of Amber six or ten grains. Make a Powder.  
XIV. Acids are not very proper in intermitting Fevers. If the Fever approach to a continual, or be attended by an immoderate burning Heat, insufferable Thirst, and a difficulty of sweeting, they may be exhibited; but never before the height of the Fit. As,  
Take of the Water of Carduus Benedictus, two Ounces; Mint Water, one Ounce; Diaphoretic Antimony, half a Dram; Laudanum Opiatum, a grain or two; Syrup of Carduus Benedictus, six drams; Dulcified Spirit of Nitre as much as sufficeth to render it grateful. Mix and give it by spoonfuls in the declination of the Paroxysm.  
Take of Rasberry Water, three ounces: Juice of Raspberries, three or six drams; Diaphoretic Antimony, half a dram, or a dram; Syrup of the Juice of Citrons, half an ounce, or a whole ounce; Dulcified Spirit of Nitre as much as sufficeth for a grateful acidity, mix. Take a spoonful now and then. It quenches thirst, allays the heat, and promotes sweeting.  
Take of the Water of red Poppy Flowers, four ounces; Diaphoretic Antimony, two or three scruples, Syrup of red Poppies, half an ounce; Dulcified Spirit of Nitre as much as sufficeth, etc.  
Sometimes Crabs Eyes mixed with Vinegar are useful in the Fit; as, take of the Water of Carduus Benedictus, Cichory Water, of each an ounce and a half; Wine Vinegar, six drams; simple Spirit of treacle, three or four drams; Powder of Crabs Eyes, half a dram; Syrup of the five opening Roots, an ounce; mix and exhibit a spoonful now and then. Or,  
Take of Sorrel Water, Fumitory Water, Mint Water, of each an ounce; Rasberry or Elder Vinegar, six drams; simple Spirit of treacle, a dram and a half, or two drams; prepared Crabs Eyes, two or three scruples; Syrup of Orange Peel, three drams. Mix and use as above. 'Tis useful against straitness of the Breast, Gripe, Wind, and Hypochondriac symptoms of the Belly.  
Take of the Water of Carduus Benedictus, Endive Water, and House-leek Water, of each an ounce; Vinegar, six drams; Dulcified Spirit of Nitre, a scruple; prepared Crabs Eyes, half a dram; Diaphoretic Antimony, fifteen grains; Syrup of the Juice of Citrons six drams. Mix as above.  
Take of Chervil Water, four ounces; Wine Vinegar, six drams; prepared red Coral, prepared Crabs Eyes, of each a dram; Laudanum Opiatum, two grains, Syrup of Ground Ivy, half an ounce. Mix, etc.  
XV. Opiates are of Extraordinary use. But if unseasonbly administered, are very pernicious. Digestive and Evacuating Medicines must always precede the use of Opium. After them it mitigates the cold and shivering, and effectually removes such Paroxysms as return more by Custom than the force of the morbific matter. It must always be joined to proper specifics. As,  
Take of Mynsicthius' Arcanum Duplicatum, a scruple; Salt of Wormwood, half a scruple; Laudanum Opiatum two Grains. Make a Powder, to be taken in Wormwood Wine, before the invasion of the Fir.  
Take of the Febril Elixyr, two drams; Essence of Opium, half a dram; Dose forty or fifty drops.  
XVI. If the Paroxysm does not end in sweeting, headaches follow it. For which Sympt in let the Head be fomented with some hot camphorised Liquor.  
XVII. In Chronical Fevers, Blistering Plasters applied to the Wrists or Pit of the Neck are very serviceable. Mercurial Salivations sometimes remove inveterat Quartans; but the Cure is worse than the Disease. Aguish Persons are very apt to salivate, by taking but a few grains of sweet Mercury; which inconvenience ought to be prevented by Purgation or forcible sweeting.  
XVIII. Chronical Fevers thicken the Blood and Lymph, and are apt to degenerate into slow Hectic Fevers; which are best prevented by the use of Salarmoniac (a Vomit being premised) or the following Powder, viz. Take of Arcanum Duplicatum, twelve or fifteen grains; Ivory prepared without fire, half a scruple, mix and exhibit two hours before the Fit. Inappetency succeeding to such Fevers is cured by the continued use of Wormwood or lesser Centory.  
XIX. Chronical Fevers, and such as are cured by repeated Doses of absorbent Powders, are frequently followed by Colics, Dropsies, swell of the Feet, etc. Such Symptoms are obviated or removed by the internal use of the Decoction, Essence, Juice, or extract of Wormwood, and the external application of Celandin the greater.  
XX. In the Declination of an Intermitting Fever, or after their removal, or on the intermitting Days, 'tis not improper to obviate the Cachectic indispositions that generally follow 'em, by the use of the following Vegetable Febrifugas, which sharpen the Bile, enervat the Acid, and fortify the Stomac.  
Take of Essence of Wormwood, or of lesser Centory, or of Gentian, or of Myrrh, half an ounce; Spirit of Salarmoniac, two drams. Mix. Dose thirty or forty drops twice a Day.  
Take of Michael's Febril Elixyr, and Elixyr Proprietatis, of each a dram and a half. Mix. Dose forty or fifty drops.  
Take of the sharpest Tincture of Tartar, three drams; Elixyr Proprietatis prepared without an Acid, two drams. Mix, etc.  
Take of the sharpest Tincture of Tartar, three drams; Quintessence of Wormwood, one dram. Mix, etc.  
Take of the sharpest Tincture of Tartar, three drams; of the Carminative Spirit, a dram. Mix. Dose forty or fifty drops twice a Day.  
XXI. During the cold Fit, the sick Person must abstain from Eating or Drinking. After the height of the Fit, when the Sweat gins to breathe forth, and the Heat is violent, he may drink plentifully. Warm Wormwood Wine, or Wormwood Ale, is not improper; if there be any apprehension of a scorbutic Fever, the Wine may be Tinctured with Antiscorbutics. But in Quartan Paroxysms, 'tis adviseable to drink little or none at all, or at least to drop forty drops of Spirit of Salarmoniac into the Liquor: which must always be warm.  
Let the ordinary Drink be Water or small Beer mixed with Wormwood Wine, or clarified Whey, with a few drops of the juice of Citrons. Refrigerating Juleps are improper, barring the case of immoderate Heat, for which warm Drink with Nitre or Spirit of Vitriol is very proper. As,  
Take of the Flowers of red Poppies, Flowers of Roses, of each half a Handful. Infuse them in a Pound and a half of Poppy Flower Water, or clarified Whey, and sharpen it with Spirit of Sulphur per Campanam. Let them stand in a warm place till the Tincture be Extracted. Then add of Syrup of Jujubes, two ounces; Syrup of Violets, an ounce. Make a Julep.  
Take of the Conserve of Wood Sorrel, Conserve of Roses, Conserve of Clove Gillyflowers, of each an ounce; dissolve 'em in a sufficient Quantity of the decoction of Vipers-grass, or Boyl them gently in a close Vessel. Strain the Liquor, and reserve it for use.  
Take of the Roots of Woodsorrel, and Tamarinds, of each an ounce; Boyl them in Water. To four pound of the strained Liquor add three Handfuls of red Roses, sprinkled with dulcified Spirit of Vitrol. Set them in a warm place, till the Tincture be extracted. Then strain it, and add the Syrup of red Corants, and Syrup of Raspberries, of each three ounces. Mix, and reserve for use.  
Take of Spring Water, half a pound; Cinnamom Water, half an ounce; fresh Juice of Citrons, an ounce and a half; Spirit of Vitriol as much as sufficeth for a grateful Acidity. Mix, etc.  
XXII. In Tertians let not Sweat be artificially promoted before the fourth Fit: and if it comes naturally in the declensions of the Fits, let the Person be lightly Covered. In Quartans Sudorifics are improper, till the signs of Concoction appear; but if sweat break forth of its own accord before that time, it must not be suppressed  
XXIII. The chillness, shivering, shaking, etc. attending the cold Fits, are admirably accounted for by applying Aromatic Oils to the Stomac, Breast, Backbone, Loins, and Soles of the Feet. As,  
Take of Balsam of Peru, a dram; the distilled Oils of Cloves, of Mace, and of Amber, of each half a scruple. Mix and Anoint the above mentioned Parts.  
Take of expressed Oil of Nutmegs, a dram; distilled Oil of Cloves, distilled Oil of Cinnamom, of each fifteen grains. Mix etc.  
Take of the distilled Oil of Juniper-Berries and Rosemary, a scruple; distilled Oil of Cloves half a scruple.  
Inwardly the same symptoms are mitigated by exhibiting the fixed Salts, Aromatic extracts and distilled Aromatic Oils. But they are peculiarly calculated for such Fevers where the cold Symptoms are more violent than the hot. The forms of prescribing are such as these.  
Take of the Salt of Wormwood a scruple; prepared Oyster-shells and white Pepper in Powder, of each six or seven grains.  
Take of Salarmoniac, fifteen grains. Cloves and white Pepper, of each five grains. Make a Powder for two Doses. To be taken before the invasion of the Fit.  
Take of prepared Pearl half a scruple; Salt of Wormwood, fifteen grains; distilled Oil of Cloves, two drops. Make a Powder.  
Take of the Salt of Wormwood, fifteen grains; Diaphoretic Antimony half a scruple; Laudanum Opiatum, one grain; distilled Oil of Cloves, two drops. Make a Powder to be taken two or three Hours before the Fit.  
Take of Crollius' specific against Fevers, a dram: Salts of Wormwood and of lesser Centory, of each half a scruple; distilled Oil of Cloves, three drops. Make a Powder for two Doses.  
Take of Carduus Benedictus Water, an ounce; Cinnamom Water, a dram; extract of Gentian, half a dram; Spirit of Salarmoniac, half a dram; Syrup of Carduus Benedictus, two drams. Make a draught to be exhibited two Hours before the Fit. In Quartans, when the cold Symptoms prevail most, the Dose of the Extract may be augmented; but in Tertians, when the Heat obtains the ascendant, the Quantity of the Spirit of Salarmoniac aught to be enlarged.  
Take of the Extracts of Wormwood, Carduus Benedictus, lesser Centory, and treacle, of each from five to six Grains; distilled Oil of Cloves three Drops. Make Pills to be given before the Fit, when cold and its Appendants prevail, and little or no heat ensues. For Oil of Cloves is an incomparable Antidote against shivering. Laudanum Opiatum and Extract of Troches Alhandal are proper Ingredients for the same purpose.  
XXIV. If the heat and its Consequences be more troublesome than the coldness, Shall Armoniac, or its urinous Spirit, is the only proper Medicine. As,  
Take of Sal Armoniac a Scruple; Poterius' Antihectic Ponder half a Scruple. Mix, and make a Powder to be given before the Fit.  
If a raging heat succeeding to the cold Fit be attended by a notable prostration of Strength, short Breathing, a quick frequent and small Pulse, Spirit of Sal Armoniac mixed with Vinegar and Crabs-eyes will readily give relief. If attended by Heart-burnings, gnawings of the Stomac, Unquietness, anxiety of the Breast, imminent Suffocation, as it frequently occurs in Hypocondriac, Hysteric, and Scorbutic Constitutions, the same Spirit of Sal Armoniac is proper to be given, after premising Vomits or Clysters, according to the Circumstances of the Patient; and in the mean while 'tis not amiss to apply a Plaster of Tacamahac, mixed with Oil of Amber or Balsam of Peru to the region of the Stomac.  
XXV. In Chronical Quartans, let the Physician inquire if there be any schirrous Swelling in the Bowels, or hardness in the Hypocondria; if Wind molest the Guts, or scorbutic Symptoms beset the Body: for these Symptoms must be particularly accounted for, before the Fever can be cured; which generally in this case ends in the eruption of the Itch or Scab.  
XXVI. In stubborn Quartans, the Spaw-waters are convenient, provided the Stomac and Bowels be regular and in good order. Otherwise Chalybeat Medicines are more proper. As,  
Take of the Essence of Wormwood half a Dram; solution of Steel in the Juice of Apples a Dram. Mix them to be given before the Fit.  
Steel and its Productions are of excellent use in all Hysteric, Hypocondriac, splenetic and scorbutic Constitutions. It not only removes the obstructing Acid in the Bowels, which the Jesuits Powder would fix and settle, but mitigats the impetuosity of the Fit, which anodynes do only palliate and foment.  
XXVII. Tho Chronical Agues may seem to be discussed, by reason of the disappearance of the Fit, yet 'tis advisable not to desist for some time from a spare and cautious Diet, and the use of the more noted Febrifugas, such as Shall Armoniac, Salt of Hartshorn, volatile Salt of Amber, volatile Salt of Vipers, etc. for that ofttimes they relapse after the discontinuation of several Weeks.  
If these Remarks be heedfully minded, the Cure of Agues will prove easy and safe; and many fatal Symptoms which ensue an untimely suppression of the Fits, or any other disorderly part of Cure, will be effectually prevented.  
As for the Scorbutic Fevers that I've so frequently mentioned, 'tis to be remarked, that if the Scurvy be not directly taken care of, 'twill be impossible to compass the Cure of the Fever. For which purpose the Spirit of Scurvygrass and Mynsicthius' Arcanum Duplicatum are noted specifics; they may be mixed with other Ingredients, as follows.  
Take of Quercetanus' Antiscorbutic Water an Ounce; Spirit of Sal Armoniac half a Dram; Spirit of Scurvygrass, a Scruple; Laudanum Opiatum one or two Grains; Forestus' Antiscorbutical Syrup two Drams. Mix them to be exhibited before the Fit, after the universal Evacuations are premised.  
Take of the Water of Carduus Benedictus, and Elderflowe-water, of each two Ounces; Spirit of Scurvygrass, two Drams; Spirit of Sal Armoniac a Dram; Mynsicthius his Arcanum Duplicatum a Scruple; prepared red Coral fifteen Grains, Forestus his Antiscorbutical Syrup an Ounce. Mix as above.  
Take of Mint Water, Fennel Water, Fumitory Water, and Carminative Water, of each an Ounce; Spirit of Scurvygrass, Spirit of Venice Treacle, of each a Dram; dulcified Spirit of Nitre twelve Drops; prepared Crabs-eyes half a Dram; Laudanum Opiatum a Grain and a half; Syrup of Orange Peel six Drams. Mix, and give a spoonful now and then, in the very time of the Fit. It is of wonderful use in scorbutic Fevers attended by extreme heat, straitness of the Breast, Wind, violent pains in the Joints, etc.  
Poterius' Antihectic Powder, with magistery of Coral prepared with Juice of Citrons, is a sovereign Medicine in Scorbutic Quartans, that threaten a Phthisie. It may be giust in a convenient Vehicle both before and in the Fit.  
Whey of Goats-milk, impregnated with the virtue of Antiscorbutic Herbs, is a proper Liquor both for restaining the heat and conquering the Scurvy or it may be mixed with gentle Laxatives, by reason that Scorbutic Fevers are attended by a constipation of the Belly. As,  
Take of Tamarinds, half an ounce; Boyl them in Whey. Then strain the Whey and add of the Tincture of the flowers of Daisies, two drams; with Solutive Syrup of Roses. Make a Julep, to be given during the Violence of the not Fit.  
Take of the Decoction of Corants in clarified Whey, a pound and half; Juice of Scurvygrass clarified by standing, three ounces; fresh juice of Citrons, an ounce. Make a Julep, as above.  
Milk mixed with Sugar or Spirit of Salarmoniac, is very proper before and after the Paroxysm.  
From what has been said upon the whole matter, we may gather the general method of curing intermitting Fevers into this form. First the Stomac must be prepared with a Digestive Powder or two; then a Vomit must be exhibited before the Fit, or a Laxative administered on the intermitting Day. Afterwards volatile Alteratives, or chalybeat Medicines given during the time of intermission, according as the Symptoms require; and in the time of the Fit, the precipitating Alcalis both volatile and fixed; of which Class are the bitter Herbs, partaking something of an aromatic Virtue, such as Wormwood, lesser Centory, Fumitory, Carduus Benedictus, Chamomil, Celandin, Gentian, Zedoary, etc. They are used by way of Powder, Decoction, expressed Juice, Extract, or in the form of a fixed Salt. In Powder some give a Dram of the Flowers of lesser Centory, or of Carduus Benedictus, etc. As for Decoctions, those of a few Ingredients are infinitely the best. As,  
Take of the Leaves of Carduus Benedictus, a handful or two; of Asarabecca roots, an Ounce; infuse them for the space of a Night in four Pints of Water, then boil away the third part: Let the Patient take three or four Ounces of this Decoction w●rm in Bed, six Hours before the Fit, and 'twill procure a plentiful sweat.  
The Juice of Wormwood exhibited in Wormwood-wine some Hours before the Paroxysm, is much approved. The Extracts of these bitter Herbs, are likewise frequently given, both during the time of intermission, and a few Hours before the Fit. Or an Essence may be prepared thus,  
Take of the tops of lesser Centory and Wormwood, of each three handfuls; of the Leaves of Mouse-Ear, and Asarabecca, of each two handfuls; of the Herbs Cinquefoil, horehound, Rue, Carduus Benedictus, of Water. Germander, of each a handful; tops of St. John's Wort, half an Ounce; Roots of Celandin, Dandelion, Angelica, Zedoary, Gentian, Master-wort, white Dittany, Devil's-bit, Fearn, and round-rooted Birth-wort, of each an Ounce; Cloves and Ounce; long Pepper six Drams; Ginger, half an Ounce. Extract the Essence with Spirits of Wormwood, Carduus Benedictus, and lesser Centory. Dose forty or fifty drops to be given on the intermitting day. But the Vegetable Salts prepared from these Herbs, together with Spirit of Salarmoniac, are much beyond any other Medicines.  
The Jesuits Bark is commonly joined to the vegetable train of specifics. The ways of using it are as follows.  
Take of the Jesuits Powder, from a Dram to two Drams. Infuse them for the space of a Night, in two or six Ounces of Rhenish or Spanish Wine; in the Morning, shake them together, and let the Person drink it warm before the accession of the Fit.  
Take of the Jesuits Powder, six or eight Drams; Gentian Roots, three Drams; Flowers of lesser Centory, four little handfuls; long Pepper, a Dram; Salt of Tartar, half an Ounce. Mix for a Powder.  
Take of the Jesuits Powder six Drams; Gentian roots and filings of Steel, of each three Drams; Cloves, a Dram and half. Mix, etc.  
Take of the Powder of Kinkina, a scruple; prepared Crab's Eyes, a scruple; Cardamons and Cubebs, of each three grains. Mix, and give it before the Paroxysm.  
Take of the Powder of Kinkina, six Drams; Guajacum, two or three Drams; tops of lesser Contory, a handful; Cinnamom, two Drams; Cloves and Crab's Eyes, of each a Dram; Salt of Tartar, three Drams; make a Bag, to be infused in Rhenish or Wormwood Wine. Of which, let a Draught be exhibited after the appearance of the signs of Concoction, some Hours before the Paroxysm.  
But 'tis a fallacious Remedy, and ought not to be exhibited till after the general Evacuations; and if the Body be not purged after the discussion of the Disease by this Medicine, 'twill relapse after some time.  
'Tis true, 'tis an effectual Remedy in Tertian and Quartan Fevers; but since 'tis an exotic Plant, our domestic Gentian may supply its want. If two or three drams of the Powder of Gentian, or a dram of its thickened Juice be given in Wine about an hour before the Fit▪ it equals the efficacy of the Jesuits Powder. Myrrh and Castor are noted specifics in Quartan and Scorbutic Fevers. They are given from a Scruple to half a Dram in Wine before the Fit. Some give forty or fifty drops of the Bezoardic Tincture, in Wormwood Wine, together with chalybeat diaphoretic Antimony, or Timaeus' pearled Powder, immediately before the Fit. Shells calcined, and burrnt Hearts-horn, are exhibited in like manner, with good success. Or,  
Take of Nutmegs, Nitre, and Alum, of each a Dram. Make a Powder for three Doses. Of which, let the Patient take one before every Fit, being prepared to sweat.  
Take of prepared Red Coral, half a Dram; sugar of Lead twelve or fifteen grains; Laudanum Opiatum, one grain. Mix, and exhibit in the decoction of Carduus Benedictus before the Fit, and continue the use till the Fever be discussed.  
The congealed Spirits of Salt, and Vitriol, Fulminatory Gold, and Salt of Antimony, are much approved. The Salt of Antimony may be thus prepared. Take diaphoretic Antimony, and digest it in Vinegar sharpened with Spirit of Vitriol, in a moderate heat. Then strain and evaporat the Sugar, and ye will find a Salt or Vitriol, which may be further subtilised by dissolving it in Spirit of Wine, and evaporating. If ye mix this Salt with Flowers of Antimony; it proves an incomparable Medicine against Fevers.  
But we ought to remark, that all these six'd Specifics are offensive to the Stomac and Appetit, and Enemies to the digestive faculty; and if unseasonably administered, are followed by Relapses, or Scirrhus in the Bowels: wherefore the passages ought to be well cleansed before we attempt to prescribe 'em; and when we do, they ought to be mixed with other sudorifics. As,  
Take of Carduus Benedictus Water, two Ounces: Strobelbergerus' specific Powder, half a Dram; volatile Salt of Hartshorn, six grains; Laudanum Opiatum, one grain. Mix, and exhibit before the Fit. For a Hysteric Tertian, after the common premises, I've prescribed the following Powder with very good success.  
Take of prepared Hartshorn, half a Dram; Salt of Wormwood, a scruple; prepared red Coral, twelve grains; Extract of Castor, five grains; Laudanum Opiatum, two grains. Make a Powder for two Doses. To be frequently repeated and taken before the Fit. After the Fever is discussed by these Specifics, 'tis expedient to purge the Body thus;  
Take of Quercetanus' Pills of Ammoniac, twelve grains; Extract of Wormwood, six or eight grains; Extract of Troches Alhandal, two grains. Make Pills.  
If a relapse happen, give Salarmoniac mixed with Poterius' Antihectic Powder, or prepared Coral, before the invasion of the Paroxysm.  
Some commend Vitriol as a good specific. But above all, the fixed Salts are best, which are preferable to any other preparation of the vegetable Specifics; Brimstone or Gunpowder given from half a dram to a whole one, in Vinegar or sharp Wine, is much approved. Or,  
Take of six'd Nitre, half a Dram; Flowers of Sulphur, three Drams; Flowers of Salarmoniac, one dram; Powder of Red , six drams; white Sugar, two drams. Dose a dram and a half, to be taken before the Fit.  
Opium is of noted virtue in intermitting Fevers; upon which account, Galen and his Followers, were wont to prescribe Venice Treacle with juice of Wormwood. But it ought not to be exhibited before the Concoction be in some measure advanced. In case of a prevailing Heat, it may be exhibited in Vinegar.  
XXVII. Having thus accounted for the direct Cure of intermitting Fevers, it remains to take a view of their Consequences. Quartan or Chronical Fevers are ofttimes followed by a schirrus of the Spleen or Mesentery, or a tendency to the Hypochondriac illness. Now, to prevent this inconvenience, 'twill be needful to join chalybeat or splenetic Medicines to the common specifics. The Extract of Steel prepared with juice of Apples, or its liquid Essence mixed with Spirit of Scurvygrass, or the tincture of Vitriol of Steel, are proper for this purpose.  
Besides internal Medicines, some are wont to make use of external helps. The symptom of Heat, may be abated by an Epithema of Rose-Vinegar, Juice of House-leek and Nitre; or a Cataplasm of Yeast, Salt and Vinegar applied to the Feet. The material cause of the Fever is in some measure evacuated by the application of Blistering, or Corrosive Ingredients; some apply cataplasms of Garlic, Onions, Saffron, Vinegar and white Pepper; just before the Fit, to the Wrists. Some mix bruised Sage-leaves with Soot and the yelk of an Egg; others Salt, Hopps, and Raisms, for the same purpose. Some put a dram or two of Camphir, in a Bag, and fasten it to the pit of the Breast, till it be exhaled. Others apply the following Plaster to the Stomac.  
Take of Honey, two Ounces; Mastic and Turpentin, of each half an Ounce; boil the Honey to a due consistency; then mix it with the other Ingredients for a Plaster. Or,  
Take of Shining Soot, an Ounce and a half; Turpentin, six drams; Spider's Webs, an Ounce; Camphyr, two scruples; with Oil of Scorpions, make a Plaster, to be applied to the Wrists.  
Oil of Spiders, living Spiders, and all their preparations are much in use. In malignant and Quartan Fevers, the following Plaster is very successful.  
Take of Venice Turpentin, an Ounce; melt it in a Copper Kettle; then throw in twenty or thirty living Spiders; stir them about with a wooden Spatula, till the Spiders be covered. Then add of the Powder of Toad's-flesh dried, Powder of red Land-Toads, dried, of each an Ounce; crude Tartar, an Ounce; Savin, two or six drams. With Oil of Scorpions make a Plaster.  
If we suspect any swelling of the Spleen or Bowels, 'tis proper to apply to the region thereof, the Plaster of Hemlock, or of Tobacco, or Vigo's Plaster with Mercury mixed with Gum Ammoniac. The thickened juice or extract of Tobacco is conducive to this purpose, as also Sylvius' Carminative Plaster. If the region of the Spleen or Belly be molested with pains, apply what follows.  
Take of the Extract of Tobacco prepared by decoction, three Ounces: Opium dissolved in Wine, and reduced to the consistence of an Extract, one Ounce; Wax, half a pound. With Turpentine and Oil of Tobacco, make a Plaster.  
Having thus dispatched the regular cure of Fevers, 'twill not be improper to propose some method of relief for those, who by an unseasonable and unskilful suppression of the Fever, are liable to frequent relapses, convulsive pains in the Belly, headaches, Asthmas, weariness of the Body, etc. In this case, let the Body be rendered soluble by the Decoction of Raisins, and such like laxative and emollient Ingredients. Then exhibit some pacific mixture; as,  
Take of Mint-water, an Ounce and a half; Spirit of Salarmoniac, half a Dram; Hysteric Laudanum, two or three grains; Syrup of Orange-peel, three or six drams. Mix for a Draught, and continue the use for some time. If any swelling or violent pain continue in the Hypogastria, apply the Plaster of Gum-Ammoniac and of Galbanum, with Oil of Bricks. After the symptoms are gone, 'tis advisable, to continue for some time the use of Wormwood, or such Remedies as partake of it.   

SECT. iv Of continual Fevers.  

ART. 1. Of Day-Feavers.  
OFt-times the abuse of the six no● natural things, disturbs the natural fermentation of the Blood, accelerats the Pulse, and in some measure disorders the functions; which symptoms disappear in a days time, either of their own accord, or by using some gentle sudorific.  
This Fever is called Continual, by reason that it does not intermit from beginning to ending. If the Blood be vitiated, it is apt to degenerate into a Synoehus, or a Fever that lasts above one day. In order to prevent which, give the following Julep.  
Take of the decoction of Hartshorn with Vipers-grass, one pound; juice of Citrons, juice of Quinces, of each half an ounce; tincture of Columbine-flowers, and of Daisies, of each a dram and a half; Syrup of Raspberries, two Ounces: Spirit of Vitriol, as much as sufficeth for a grateful acidity. Make a Julep, or instead of the Julep, make a decoction of the like Ingredients, together with gentle laxatives.  
If the Belly be swelled, and the Body very hot, take of Fennel Water an ounce and a half; carminative Water, six Drams; dulcified Spirit of Nitre, three drams; Syrup of Orange-peel, half an Ounce. Mix and make a Julep.   

ART. 2. Of the Principal acute Fevers.  
THE continual Fevers that last above one day, are either primary, or symptomatical. The former are a Disease subsisting by itself, which, if its period be short, and its Symptoms grievous, is called Acute; if it be slow-paced, and advance without any notable disturbance, 'tis called a Slow Fever. Both of which are called Compounds, or periodical continual Fevers, if they admit of any remission, or exacerbation in their continued progress. But if their vehemence be still the same, they are called simple Synochus'.  
If Acute Fevers come without the inflammation of any particular part, they are called Solitary. And if dismal Symptoms happen, beyond the apparent reach of the Fever, 'tis styled Malignant: But if otherwise, Benignity is its Character.  
The primary, simple, continual, solitary, hot, benign Fevers are caused by the prevalency of a volatile, oily, bilious Salt in the Mass of Blood, that hotly encounters the acid Particles, creates a violent motion and Heat, accelerates the Pulse, tinctures the Urine, and while the Victory is undetermined, renders it thin and crude; but when these volatile parts are subdued, and precipitated by the Acid, the Urine deposits a sediment, and affords the true signs of Concoction.  
The remote cause, for the most part, is the depravation of the Chyle, occasioned by the defect of the Choler, or a faulty digestion in the Stomac; for the stomachic digestion is the Mother and source of all the fermentations of the other Juices in the Body. Now the vicious heterogeneous Particles conveyed in the Chyle to the Blood, disturb its natural fermentation, and provoke its constituent parts to rise up, in order to expel the Hostile Intruders. Thus we see that those, whose Blood is well stocked with bilious Particles, whose Constitution is foul, corpulent, and plethoric, who feed high, and drink strong Liquors, are most liable to this preternatural fermentation. In like manner, whatever stops the insensible transpiration, accumulats oily Particles in the Blood, and exalts the Spirits, does pr●●●ispose the Blood for receiving a feverish impression.  
The Cause of acute, compound, periodical Fevers, is some vicious acid juice, proceeding from the Stomac, returning by intervals, while the volatile oily Ferment continues its course without intermission. They are, as it were, compounded of a Continual Acute Fever, and an Intermitting one, which is always a Tertian; for Quotidian and Quartan continued periodical Fevers (if any such there be) are rather slow than acute. This Compound sort of Acute Fevers, is ofttimes attended by a notable heat, without any shivering.  
If an insufferable thirst, dryness of the Tongue, headaches, Deliriums, a high tincture and muddiness of Urine, attend a continual Fever, 'tis called a Causus or Burning Fever. The cause of these Symptoms is the hot engagement of a sharp volatile Acid, with the volatile oily Particles. Besides, the stomachic ferment being vitiated, and unqualified for its wont Office, the contents of the Stomac degenerate into an alcalin oily texture, which sticks to its Pleats, irritats the Membranes of the Gullet, and, by consent, the Tongue itself: And moreover, when it joins the Blood, impregnats the Lymph which waters the Throat, and is voided by way of Spittle, with a volatile only Salt. And if this vicious Saliva stick to the Tongue and Throat, it becomes troublesome and inflaming; causing in these parts a redness, hear, and pain, known by the name of Prunella.  
Continual Acute Fevers are styled, Lipyria's, when the superficial parts of the Body are molested with a sense of Cold, while those within are beset with a violent Heat. They proceed for the most part from the in●ammation of some very sensible Membranous internal part, and upon that account are referable to the symptomatical Class. If there be any such thing as a primary Lipyria, the sense of external Cold must proceed from the irritation of the nervous membranous parts, and that of inward heat from the preternatural fermentation of the Blood.  
If a Continual Acute Fever be attended by a Consumption, or colliquation of the fat oily parts of the Body, and a tendency to a Marasmus, 'tis called a Melting Fever. These oily far nutritious juices are voided either by stool in the form of stinking Excrements, or by a cool glutinous Sweat, or by copious quantities of Urine, whose surface is covered with far, or by falling into the cavity of the Belly, or upon the Feet after a Hydropic manner.  
The Causes of melting Fevers are, the thin open texture of the nutritious juice and fat, occasioned by the want of a fixing congealing Acid; The Acrimony of the Bile, which sharpens and whets the Chyle, and qualifies it for unlocking the Body of the nutritious and fat Juices; the vehemence of dissolving Heat; and the Caustic penetrating sharpness of the febrile ferment. The remote causes are, the epidemical Constitutions of the Air; the immoderate use of Brandy, or spiritous Liquors, which over-whet the oily volatile Salt of the Choler; the over-frequent smoking of Tobacco, and drinking cold Water after a violent heat. The Scurvy and Cancer in the Breasts are ofttimes listed into the number of the Causes. These melting Fevers ought to be heedfully distinguished from that profluence of Sweat which proceeds from the deficiency of the Spirits, the unbending of the Fibres, and flagging of the loser parts, as in swoonings, etc.  
Some continual burning Fevers are called Delirious, when the Spirits move irregularly in the Brain, causing doting, insusterable headaches, stubborn watching, and sometimes Convulsions. The cause is partly the heat of the Brain and Spirits, occasioned by the violent fermentations of the Blood; and partly the malignity of the febrile ferment, which debauches the quality of the Spirits, and galls the membranous nervous parts.  
If the malignant ferment break out in Pushes and Whelks in the Face, Mouth or Head, the Fever is called Pemphygodes. If the Person sweat copiously the first day of the Fever's invasion, but without any ease or benefit, 'tis called Elodes. If the Person be disquieted, and toss in Bed, 'tis called Assodes. This last symptom may be caused by weakness, notable malignity, vehement heat, impetuosity of the Spirits, and especially by vicious Humours disturbing the mouth of the Stomac. If the Person be molested with a Hiccough, which always proceeds from the Stomac, 'tis called Lyngodes. If shivering and shaking attend the whole progress of the Fever, as it ofttimes does in the suppurations of internal Ulcers, and compound continual Fevers, 'tis called Phricodes.  
Of all the compound continual, or continual periodical Fevers, that called Semitertiana, is most worthy our regard. 'Tis generally looked upon to be composed of a Tertian and Quotidian, one of which is a Compound Continual, and the other an intermitting Fever. Authors give several varying accounts of the periods of this Fever; but however 'tis fo● the most part cast into this form; viz. A Continual Fever seizes the Patient, and periodical shiverings followed by a notable heat Observe the order of a Tertian, and gentle shiverings succeeded by a meeker heat follow a Quotidian period.  
The signs of Acute Fevers are manifest. A notable Heat and Thirst always attends a burning Fever. 'Tis ushered in by a weariness of the Body, and perturbation of the Head for some days; then by a chillness and shivering, which intimats, that the volatile oily Particles have not yet obtained the ascendant over the Acid. Afterwards a notable heat succeeds; the Pulse is frequent and accelerated, and if the Salts of the Blood are equally matched, 'tis large and equal; if it be small or unequal, it bespeaks malignity. If the Salts of the Blood are very sharp and exalted, a biting vehement heat molests the whole Body; if they are temperate, the heat is milder. The Urine, at first, is thick, red, and dark; in progress of time it discovers a Cloud on the top, and, upon the Crisis, a copious sediment at bottom. If at the height of the Disease the Urinal be thin, 'tis a fatal sign. If at first it appear thick and dark, and afterwards degenerate into a thin consistence, it portends unquietness, doting, and frequently Death. But for making a due estimat of the Urine, we ought to have a particular regard to the Constitution of the Patient. For the Urine of those whose Blood is copiously tempered with lymph and nutritious juice, is never so high tinctured nor so thin; as that of Bilious, scorburic, or Phthisical Persons. Nor can those who sweat much void such large quantities of Urinal and sediment as others. The Spittle is glutinous and scanty, attended by intolerable thirst, watch, headaches, etc.  
Acute Fevers come regularly to a Crisis in hot Climates; but in these Countries, where we are wont to anticipate Nature by alterative, Diaphoretic, and absorbent Medicines, they are not quite so regular. Sometimes they spend themselves by gradual solutions by Urine, Night-Sweats, or Salivation.  
As for the Prognostics of acute Fevers: a sudden unaccountable Lightning or ease is a mortal sign. If the Symptoms are extreme high, the Breast disturbed, and the Stomac queasy, or molested with a gnawing Pain; if in the beginning of the Disease a looseness happen, attended by a notable prostration of strength, and a 〈◊〉 corruption of the excrements; in a word, if any signs of malignity appear, 'tis a dangerous case. Vomiting is a good sign. If the Patient be somewhat benefited and not overweakened by a looseness, 'tis not so very dangerous. Sometimes a melting Sweat, in which red Sand-like matter is voided, and found in the Bed, may perform the Cure. White, Pale, crude Urine is always a bad Omen. The more reddish it appears at first, the sooner the Disease comes to its height. The Fevers that are occasioned by evident causes are more favourable, than those whose cause is invisible. If strength decay apace, without any notable Evacuation, Death is at hand. If the Tongue be moist and of a natural red Colour, all is well; but if it be rough, Dry, Black, Livid, Slimy, or Chopped, 'tis in a bad Condition. The swelling of the Face bespeaks the length of the Disease. If the signs of Concoction appear the fourth Day, the Fever disappears the seventh, if they are put off till the seventh, the eleventh Concludes the matter.  
The Crisis of the Fever signifies the Period in which the useless and noxious parts are separated and expelled, sometimes by Ulcers in the Lips and Nostrils, where the Skin is thin, and Blood Vessels abound; sometimes by a 〈◊〉 diffused over the Body; by Urine, Sweeting, Salivation, etc.  
In ●ot Climates the Disease is sometimes Cured by Bleedings at Nose or other places. The Bleeding at Nose is for the most part preceded by a tingling of the Ears. If this Crisis be imperfect, or disturbed by an indiscreet use of absorbent fixing Medicines, 'tis followed by insufferable pains of the Stomac, Guts, or Joints, and sometimes Palsies.  
If a Physician know how to anticipat the Crisis, by evacuating the morbific matter betimes, and curbing the imperuous Motion, he ought to do it. But in many cases we are at a loss how to compass it, and therefore are obliged to trace Nature's steps, and patiently wait her Critical Hour, especially in Benign Fevers, where Nature endeavours to throw out the offensive particles and purify the Blood. Now to thwart her in so good a Work is dangerous. So that all that a Physician can do, is to keep Nature upon its Legs, and moderate its efforts. This indication is answered by cleansing the first Passages; tempering the urinous sharp Salt in the Blood; assisting Nature in its designed Evacuation; and mitigating the occasional Symptoms. Now in order to a happy attainment of these ends, 'twill be needful to subjoin the following Remarks.  
I. That a malignant Fever in the beginning imitats the Symptoms of a Causus; and therefore the safest way is to commence the Cure of the same by Alexipharmacal Medicines, and after the fear of the latent Malignity is over to return to the usual method of Cure.  
II. That these Alexipharmacal Medicines ought to be mixed with precipitating Ingredients, as in the Bezoardic Tincture, in order to promote a gentle transpiration; but we must not by any means attempt to force sweeting.  
III. That if the sick Persons be thirsty and hot, we must not deny 'em drink; only let it be warm and all of one sort, and rather drunk of frequently, than much of it taken down at once, for fear of weakening the Stomac. If the thirst be violent, and the Patiented free of a looseness, clarified Whey with Juice of Citrons is a proper Liquor. Barley Water is commonly given, but I do not approve of it, for that it feeds windy Crudities in the Stomac. Spirit of Sulphur dropped into Water is very good; as likewise Water mixed with a sixth part of Wine, and Juice of Citrons or Quinces, and Jelly of Hartshorn.  
iv In the beginning and progress of the Disease, if the Breast and Belly be oppressed, the Body costive● if the Blood boil high, and the humours move towards the Head, inject Clysters, or exhibit gentle laxative Decoctions. If the Symptoms advance in a precipitant forward way, let this be done before Bleeding.  
V Vomits are proper in the beginning; and if the strength of the Patient admit, in the progress of the Disease, They Mitigat all the Symptoms, which are ofttimes caused or at least heightened by the vicious humours lodged in the first Passages. They must be given in moderate Doses, by reason that the humours are floating and movable in continual acute Fevers, tho' in the intermitting sort they are extreme fixed: If the Patient was in the beginning molested with a propensity to Vomit, or a Squeamishness, a bitter taste in the Mouth, or bitter Belchings, Heart-burnings, anxieties of the Breast, Swooning, etc. Vomiting is highly Convenient.  
VI Purgatives properly so called are prejudicial in continual Fevers, except in the Declination, when the Febrile matter is not totally evacuated by Urine and Stool. 'Tis true in Benign Fevers we ought to keep the Body soluble, and free the Stomac from the overflowing Choler by mild Lenitives. But proper Purgatives exhibited before Concoction of the matter are doubtless very offensive. For if they do not operat they occasion Gripes, swimmings of the Head, Swoonings, and an infinity of disorders in the Body without any evacuation; if they happen to work well, they enfeeble the Body, melt down the humours, and prolong the Disease. The Decoction of Tamarinds in Whey is a proper and safe Laxative, or, if in the beginning you desire to cleanse the first Passages, take what follows.  
Take of the Pulp of Tamarinds, a dram; Powder of Rhubarb, a scruple; prepared Scammony two or three Grains. Make a Bolus. Or,  
Take of choice Rhubarb, a dram and a half; picked Senna Leaves, a dram; infuse them in Whey all Night, in the Morning let them Boyl gently, and add to the strained Liquor, two drams of Solutive Syrup of Roses.  
VII. If the Pulse be large and strong, if the constitution of the Patient be Plethoric and full, if the Blood boil high, or any notable suppression went before, 'tis necessary to Bleed in the Beginning of the Fever, without any regard to Morning or Evening, or any set time. After the third or fourth Day 'tis too late. If the Fever remit, let the Blood be drawn forth during the time of the Remission; and before the Administration of a Vomit. Some are wont, in a Prunella, to open a vein under the Tongue; and if the Blood run briskly, 'tis accounted a good sign; if it only squeeze out by drops, 'tis Ominous. But if these foregoing Symptoms be not visible, let Blood-letting be quite omitted, and a Vomit supply its room. Frequent experience teaches us that repeated Blood-letting exalts the Fever, especially in these Northern Climates, and renders Men liable to relapses. The Fever itself exhausts and dries up the Blood in the Veins, according to Spigelius and Argenterius' observations; upon which account we ought to be very cautious in lessening its quantity.  
VIII. We ought to encourage a breathing Sweat during the whole course of the Disease, by exhibiting the Salts of Wormwood, Carduus Benedictus, etc. Coral, sealed Earth, Mineral Bezoar, Hartshorn, etc. To which, we may add precipitating Ingredients, in order to correct the febrile Ferment. But all Sulphureous Volatile Rosinous things ought to be carefully avoided; and before the height of the Disease all forced Sweats are improper.  
IX. Meat or Food must never be forced upon feverish Persons; or if their Appetit require any, let it be very thin and watery. Above all, in the declination, take care of eating Meat or cramming the Stomac, while the Digestive faculty is yet weak.  
X. In the beginning or height of a Fever opiates are improper. In the increase, while the Spirits rage, and strength is not quite exhausted, they are of use for pacifying the Spirits, preventing their Consumption, and promoting the Concoction of the matter. Let 'em be always mixed with proper specifics.  
From these observations we may infer that the alterative specifics are such as either respect the Fever itself and its material Cause, or the Symptoms that attend it. Of the former sort are Nitre, Arcanum Duplicatum, and the Sulphurs of Minerals fixed by Nitre, Diaphoretic Antimony, Mineral Bezoar, Cinnabar of Antimony, Chalybeat Mineral Bezoar, etc. Cooling and aperient Herbs, as Cichory, Dandelion, borage, Bugloss, Fumitory, Lettuce, Sorrel, Purslain, Roses, etc. Temperate Oily Seeds, Emulsions, etc. Hartshorn, Coral, sealed Earth, Ivory, etc. To which we may add Alexipharmacal Medicines, Volatile Salts of Animals, as of Hartshorn, etc. Of the latter sort are the Vegetable and Mineral Acid Spirits, especially the last, of which the Spirit of Sulphur and Nitre are the best; but they ought to be dulcified by Spirit of Wine, for temperate things are most agreeable to Nature. Spirit of Vitriol contains in it some metallin Parts, that are very offensive. In the vegetable Province, the clarified Juices of Acid Fruits are very proper, and much preferable to the Syrpus, such are the Juices of Citrons, of Quinces, of Barberries, of red Corants, etc. The Juices of House-leek, Purslain, Plantain, etc. are likewise very useful. Tamarinds are much approved by reason of their Laxative and Cooling quality.  
As for the forms of Receipts, prescribe as follows. If there be any suspicion of a latent malignity, let forty or sixty drops of the Bezoardic Tincture be exhibited in the beginning of the Disease. Then,  
Take of the Decoction of Hartshorn, with the roots of Vipers-grass, a pound; fresh juice of Citrons, two ounces; Syrup of Water Lilly-flowers, Syrup of white Poppies, of each six drams; dulcified Spirit of Nitre, as much as sufficeth for a grateful Acidity. Make a Julep. Or,  
Take of the Decoction of Hartshorn, with the roots of Vipers-grass, one Pound; Juice of Barberries, Juice of red Corans, of each an ounce and a half; Tincture of Roses, Tincture of Violets, of each a dram; Syrup of the Juice of Citrons, an ounce and a half; Spirit of Sulphur as much as sufficeth for a grateful Acidity. Mix for a Julep. Or,  
Take of Common Water a Convenient Quantity, with a little Wine and as much of the Juice of Quinces as sufficeth for a grateful Acidity. Mix, etc.  
Take of borage Water, Bugloss Water, and Water of Raspberries, of each an ounce; Cinnamom Water, three drams; fresh Juice of Citrons, six or eight drams; Confection Alkermes, a dram and a half; Syrup of Raspberries, half an ounce. Mix, etc.  
Take of the Conserves of Woodsorrel, of the Pulp of Citrons, and of Clove Gillyflowers, of each an ounce; Rob of red Corants, six drams; Confection Alkermes, two drams; with a sufficient quantity of the Syrup of Raspberries. Make an Electuary.  
The Decoction of the Roots and Leaves of Woodsorrel mixed with the Juice of red Corants, and Syrup of Raspberries, is a very palatable Liquor for quenching Thirst.  
Extemporary Tinctures may be drawn from the Flowers of Daisies, Poppies, Roses, Clove Gillyflowers, Violets, Golumbines, etc. with common Water, or the Decoction of Hartshorn and Vipers-grass, or red Poppy Water, etc. The Flowers being first sprinkled with Spirit of Sulphur, or of Vitriol These Tinctures are of a pleasant red Colour, for all blue Flowers when mixed with an Acid Spirit, yield a rutilant Tincture.  
These Tinctures may be sweetened with Syrup of Raspberries or of Violets, or of jujubes: and are sometimes joined to the dulcified Acid Spirits, and dropped into the Patient's ordinary Drink.  
Instead of Juleps or Tinctures, some use the Decoction of Tamarinds; as, take of the Pulp of Tanmarinds, from two to three ounces; Boyl them in a sufficient quantity of Whey. To two pound of the strained Liquor, add Juice of Citrons, six or eight drams. Tincture of Dazy Flowers, three drams; Syrup of the Juice of Citrons, an ounce and a half. Mix and Exhibit for ordinary Drinking.  
Whey is an admirable Drink for Feverish Persons, if purified by Juice of Citrons, or Pulp of Tamarinds. As, Take of Whey, two pound; fresh Juice of Citrons, three drams; Flowers of Daisies, and of red Poppies of each a handful and a half. Let 'em boil in a close Vessel, till the Whey be impregnated with the Tincture. Strain the Liquor, and sweeten it with Syrup of Poppies, or of Raspberries.  
Next to the foregoing Medicines is Nitre, which is universally approved by all Practitioners; the preparation of it with Sulphur, called Sal-Prunellae, is of no efficacy; but if the Crude Nitre be purified by some sharp Lie, it proves an admirable Remedy. Nitrum Antimoniatum, which is a complication of Nitre with the Sulphur of Antimony, may be given to a dram in their ordinary Drink, three or four times a Day, or in Powder together with Antihecticum Poterii. Diaphoretic Antimony, Mineral Bezoar, or that called Joviale, or Saturninum, together with Hartshorn prepared without fire, and the above mentioned absorbent Earth's, are all proper for mitigating the fermentation, and promoting a gentle breathing Heat. As,  
Take of Rasberry Water, two ounces; Water of Vipers-grass, and fresh Juice of Quinces, of each an ounce; Bezoardicum Joviale, a scruple; Syrup of white Poppies, an ounce; dulcified Spirit of Nitre as much as sufficeth. Take a spoonful now and then.  
Take of the Water of the Flowers of the Sloe-tree, Water of Elder-Flowers, and Dandelion Water, of each an ounce; Jelly of Hartshorn, an ounce and a half; Hartshorn prepared without fire, a scruple; Poterius' Antihectic, and Diaphoretic Antimony, of each twelve grains; Syrup of Poppies six drams. Mix and use as above.  
In a Solid form they are prescribed thus. Take of purified Nitre, sixteen grains, Poterius Antihectic Powder, half a scruple; Sugar of Lead five grains. If a Delirium be feared, or Malignity suspected, add a grain or two of Camphyr.  
Take of Nitrum Antimoniatum, two scruples; Chalybeat Diaphoretic Antimony, half a dram; Laudanum Opiatum, a grain or two. Mix for two Doses, to betaken at Night in a convenient Vehicle.  
Depurated Nitre or Nitrum Antimoniatum, may be dissolved in their ordinary Drink, after the rate of half an ounce in twenty four Hours.  
Emulsions are next in order. They are very proper for tempering the Bilious Salt, and qualifying the acrimony of the Blood. But they ought not to be too frequently or copiously used; for that they weaken the Stomac, and clog the Appetit. Let 'em be mixed with fixed Powders. Thus,  
Take of sweet Almonds, two drams; Seeds of white Poppies, a dram; of the four cold Seeds, of each a dram; with Water of Woodsorrel, make an Emulsion: To which add, Diaphoretic Antimony, and Mineral Bezoar, of each half a dram. Sweeten it with pearled Sugar, and exhibit a spoonful now and then.  
So much for Internal Remedies. Externally some are wont to apply Cataplasms to the Palms of the Hands and soles of the Feet; as in the case of Watch, Deliriums' Pains etc. Take of fresh Rue Leaves, two or three handfuls; Radish Roots sliced, in number two or three; Salt, a handful; of the strongest Yeast, two ounces with Rue Vinegar, make a Cataplasm to be applied as above.  
The Juice of River Crabs may be applied in like manner, or by way of Epithema to the forehead. When the Mouth and Head are much affected, 'tis not improper to open the Vein under the Tongue, or the Vein in the Forehead, or to apply Leeches behind the Ears. The application of convenient Liquids to the Forehead and Temples is also not improper. As,  
Take of the Water of Dill, or of Roses, or of Elder Flowers, or of Vervain, two ounces; Apoplectic Water, half an ounce; Philonium Romanum, or Requi●s Nicolai, or treacle, a dram. Mix and apply it warm to the Forehead and Temples, with a Linen Cloth.  
Take of white Poppy Seeds, two or three drams; Henbane Seeds, half a dram; Water of Frogs spawn, three ounces; House-leek Water, Nightshade Water, and the common Hypnotic Water, of each an ounce. Make an Emulsion. To which add six or seven grains of Camphyr; and the Juice of River Crabs. Mix for an Epitheme to be used as above. In Deliriums', Camphyr is a sovereign Remedy, but in the case of watchful Slumbers it ought to be cautiously used.  
Take of Betony Water, Elder Flower Water, and the Water of red Poppy Flowers, of each an ounce expressed Juice of River Crabs, three ounces; Spirit of Wine camphorised, three drams. Mix for the above mentioned use.  
Take of the Ointment of Alabaster, or of Poplar, three drams; expressed Oil of Nutmegs, half a dram or a dram; Camphyr, six grains; or Philonium Romanum, or Venice treacle, half a dram. Mix, and anoint the Forehead and Temples.  
If the Head be much oppressed, or if the forementioned Symptoms be occasioned by the stopping of an external Eruption, blistering Plasters may be applied to the Arms and Thighs, and sharp Clysters injected.  
As for the particular Symptoms of a Prunella, viz. the redness, heat, and roughness of the Tongue, etc. Let the Patien● take a convenient Quantity of the following mixture, and hold it in the Mouth.  
Take of the Seeds of Quinces, of Mallows, of Fleawort, of each two drams; with Water of Frogs spawn, Make a Mucilage, to which add Salarmoniac, a dram; compound House-leek Water, two ounces; Juice of River Crabs, an ounce; mix, etc. Nitre may also be added, or mixed with the Decoctions of cooling Herbs. As,  
Take of the Leaves of , Willows, and Strawberries, Barley not bruised, of each a handful. Boyl them in Water, and add to a pound of the strained Liquor one ounce of the Syrup of Mulberries, and half a dram of Nitrum Antimoniatum. Mix for a Gargoyle. Or,  
Take six River Crabs, bruise 'em with Rasberry Vinegar, and express the Juice; to which add Juice of House-leek, three ounces; Rob of Nuts, one ounce; Nitrum Antimoniatum, a dram. Mix and anoint the Tongue. Or,  
Take of House-leek Water, a pound and a half; Juice of River Crabs four ounces; Salarmoniac purified, a dram and a half. Mix, and make a warm Gargoyle. Salarmoniac and Nitre are noted Ingredients in all Gargles of this Nature. Water, Spirit of Wine, and Honey, are very useful for the same purpose, in malignant Fevers, attended by a roughness and Dryness of the , without any slimy Crust. Fresh Lard, or Butter, or Juice of Rapes boiled to a Syrup, are likewise very proper to be laid on the Tongue in such an extremity.  
In continual periodical Fevers, regard must be had to the Paroxysms, by exhibiting before the hour of their Invasion fixed Antimonial Powders, Coral, Crabs Eyes, Vitriolated Nitre, Salt of Carduus Benedictus, Poterius' Antihectic, and forming Compositions of the Acid and Earthy Ingredients, and varying them according as the Symtoms require.  
Semitertian Fevers ought to be treated in the same Method; only we must remember to vary it according as the Symptoms are slow or acute, favourable or malign. If they are attended by Inflammations of particular parts, especially such as are very sensible, and of the nobler Character, let these be carefully accounted for. Absorbent Alcalis are proper for vanquishing the Shivering and Shaking; Vomits are convenient in all Cases; prevailing heat is abated by such Medicines as render the Body soluble, and promote a breathing Sweat; Inflammatious are appeased by Diaphoretics: And when the Fever moves slowly, cleansing and attenuating Salts, such as Salarmoniac, Arcanum Duplicatum, etc. are of peculiar use.  
In a Causus, or burning Fever, Nitre dissolved in the ordinary Drink, and Laudanum Opiatum cautiously administered, effectually abate the violence of Heat.  
Lipyria's must be treated after the method of Inflammations, of which elsewhere. In melting Fevers, the sharp humour must be corrected by temperate Medicines, or absorbent Powders mixed with Acids, as Diaphoretic Antimony, sealed Earth, etc. mixed with the Juices of Currans, Barberries, Quinces, Citrons, Cherries, etc. Silvius recommends the dulcified Spirit of Salt, others the Tincture of Bloodstone; some Camphyr, others Diascordium mixed with Juice of Citrons.  
Symptomatical acute Fevers, are such as follow other Diseases, and disappear upon their removal. If they follow Wounds, the following mixture is of Catholic use.  
Take of Hyssop Water, two ounces Fennel Water, an ounce; Spirit of treacle, three drams; distilled Vinegar of Wine, three or four drams; Powder of Crabs Eyes, a dram; Syrup of Carduus Benedictus, three drams: Mix them, etc. Or,  
Take of prepared Crabs Eyes, a scruple; Extract of treacle two grains. Mix and exhibit.  
Those occasioned by Inflammations, as Pleurisies Quinsies, etc. are cured by removing the Inflammations, of which more elsewhere. If they are caused by the Extravasation of congealed Blood, they require such Medicines as resolve clotted Blood, viz. Diaphoretic Antimony, red Poppies, Chervil, Flowers of St. John's wort, and vulnerary Ingredients.    

CHAP. IU. Of Slow Fevers.  
SLow Fevers are such as do not quickly finish their Course; are accompanied by mild Symptoms; and terminat by way of a gradual solution, without any notable Crisis. They are for most part Benign; for malignity is akin to accuteness. They are caused by the successive mixture of Vicious Lymph with the Blood, which is either conveyed immediately to it by the axillary Vein fromt he Glandules called Conglobatae, that is, gathered round into a Globe; or emptied into the Conduit of the Breast by the Glandules called Conglomeratae, that is, rolled into a Heap.  

ART. 1. Of Catarrh-Feavers, or such as proceed from the Lymph, separated in the round Globe-like Glandules.  
IF the Lymph of the Glandules, seated about the Head and Breast, become sharp and saline, it creates a notable alteration of the Blood and Spirits, a biting sharp Heat, tho' not over vehement or intense, and a sense of shooting Pains, Weariness, and as it were Contusions of the Joints; and being plentifully cast forth about the Brain and Neck occasions a weighty drowsy Headache, Defluxions into the Mouth and Lungs, a Hoarseness, and Cough; the usual Symptoms of a Feverish Catarrh.  
This Fever seems to be near allied to the continual Quotidian Periodical Fevers of the Ancients. In the Evening, when the Quantity of vicious Lymph is augmented within the Body by the diminution of the insensible transpiration, the Symptoms, especially the Heat, are heightened. About Midnight they begin to relent, and in the Daytime are sometimes followed by a gentle Shivering. The Pulse is frequent and swift, pretty large and vehement. The Urine is at first high Coloured, but after two or three Days it thickens, becomes muddy and yellowish, and deposius a copious Sediment.  
If this Fever be Epidemical or Malignant, and proceed from the Contagion of the Air, which seldom happens, 'tis dangerous, and terminats in mortal Convulsions.  
The Indications of Cure divide themselves into three Branches. 1. To extinguish the irritation of the solid Parts, which provokes the Spirits, and occasions the effusion of the Lymph. 2. To qualify the peccant Acrimony of the Lymph. 3. When 'tis thus qualified to evacuat it by convenient Passages. The first is accounted for by Opiates; the second by Volatile Alcalin Salts, absorbent temperate and thickening Medicines, as the fixed preparations of Antimony, Poterius' Antihectic, Flowers of Sulphur, prepared Amber, Oil of Amber, Spirit of Mother of Thyme, Decoction of Sassafras, Myrrh, Camphyr, volatile Salt of Hartshorn, Spirit and volatile Salt of Human Blood, etc. The third Design is compassed by diaphoretic, diuretic, and expectorating and, when the Lymph is well concocted, by sneezing and chewing Medicines.  
Take of Fennel-Water, and Water of red Poppy-flowers, of each an Ounce and a half; Spirit of Hartshorn impregnated with Amber, a Dram and a half; Essence of Opium, Jawbone of a Pike, of each half a Dram; Syrup of the Flowers of red Poppies, half an Ounce, or six Drams. Mix them for a Julep, of which, exhibit a spoonful every Hour towards Evening.  
Take of the Spirit of Salarmoniac annisated, or of the Essence of Amber, two Drams; Essence of Opium, half a Dram. Mix 'em, and exhibit forty or fifty drops, some Hours before the periodical exasperation, and reiterate the same Dose at Night.  
Take of prepared Amber, half a Scruple; choice Myrrh, five grains volatile Salt of Amber, four grains; Extract of Saffron, two grains; Laudanum Opiatum, one grain; distilled Oil of Amber, one drop. Mix for a Powder to be exhibited in like manner.  
If the Lymph be saltish, Liquorice, Figgs, Jujubes, Barley, emulsions of Poppy-Seeds, Opiates, Pills of Storax, and such like are proper. If hoarseness and a difficulty of speech prevail, give what follows.  
Take of Mint-Water, two Ounces; Cinnamon-water, half an Ounce Spirit of Salarmoniac anisated, a Dram; Laudanum Opiatum, three grains; Syrup of Raisins, six Drams. Mix, and give a spoonful now and then.  
If the Windpipe, Gullet, and Throat be excoriated, Syrup of Diacodium, Loh of Raisins, and licking Medecins are proper. If a dry Cough molest the Patient, let thickening and pacific Remedies be used. As,  
Take of the Water of wild Thyme, Water of Carduus Benedictus, of each an Ounce; Spirit of Treacle camphorised, Essence of Sassafras, of each two Drams; Spirit of Hartshorn succinated, a Dram; Syrup of white Poppies, half an Ounce. Mix them, and administer a spoonful frequently in the Evening.  
This method, if insisted on, together with the continued use of the Decoction of Sassafras, will in time conquer the Fever. After the Fever is abated, and the Spirits reduced to order, let the Body be loosened by Queretanus' Pills of Ammoniac, or Crato's Pills of Amber. Or,  
Take of Crato's Pills of Amber, a scruple; volatile Salt of Amber, six grains; Rosin of Jalap, three grains; extract of Troches Alhandal, one grain; distilled Oil of Amber, two drops: with Essence of Sassafras, make Pills.  
In order to evacuate the prepared Lymph, give forty or fifty drops of the Liquor of Terra Foliata Tartari, twice a day, which is a proper Diuretic; or expressed Juice of Radishes with Sugar, which attenuats the Phlegm; or the following expectorating mixture.  
Take of Hyssop-water, two Ounces, Asthmatic-water, half an Ounce; Spirit of purified Gum Ammoniac, two Drams; Syrup of Tobacco, four or six Drams; Sala's emetic Syrup, a dram. Mix, etc.  
In the beginning while the Cough is yet dry, temperate thickening Medicines are required, but afterwards when the Cough brings up large quantities of viscous Matter, let cutting expectorating Remedies be used. If the Phlegm be notably tough and thick, let Oil of Amber be applied to the Nostrils, or let the Person smell frequently of Spirit of Salarmoniac, or that of Urine, or of Hartshorn. In the last extremity, let the Powder of black Helebor and white Sugar, with distilled Oil of Cloves, be thrown into the Nostrils.  
If the pain of the Head be violent, anoint the Crown with Oil of Amber, or Balsam of Peru, or apply the Plaster of Bettony softened with Oil of Amber. After the Disease is in good measure subdued, the following Decoction is of excellent use for purifying the Blood, correcting the sharpness of the Lymph, fortifying the Lungs, and preventing a Phthisic.  
Take of the shave of red Saunders, one Ounce; shave of Sassafras, half an Ounce; steep them in seven pound of Water, for the space of twelve Hours, then boil them till a pound and a half be consumed, and add of the Leaves of Ground Ivy, Leaves of Speedwell, Flowers of St. John's Wort, of each two handfuls; Liquorice Roots half an Ounce; Fennel-Seeds, six drams; bruised Currants, three Ounces. Boil the Liquor into four Pounds, strain it, and exhibit a large draught warm Morning and Evening.   

ART. 2. Of Fever's proceeding from the Lymph of Conglomerat Glandules, or such as are rolled into a heap.  
THE conglomerat Glandules deposit their juice into cavities, from whence 'tis conveyed to the Blood. The chief of 'em are the Sweetbread, and those behind the Ears. The former waters the Guts, the latter the Mouth. If their Serum be viscous, or over saline, it occasions a slow sort of a Fever. All slow Fevers are periodical, as being exasperated either in the Evening, after the method of Quotidians, or after eating, in the form of Hectic Fevers.  
Those which are independent of any other Disease, are called Primary. And those which follow the Corruption of any inward part, or the mismanagement of a preceding Disease, are styled Symptomatical. Tho' the last approach very near to the primary form.  

Of independent slow Fevers.  
They are ushered in by a gentle shivering, which continues for some time, and is followed by a mild Heat, somewhat sharper in the extreme parts. The Appetit is dejected, and after eating, the Stomach and Guts are distended, and oppressed with a heavy pain. Towards the Evening, or after Meals, they increase their force; at which time the Pulse is frequent, and not very large. If the Spittle be notably viscous, the Mouth and Throat are covered with slime, and the Person molested with Thirst. If the Juice of the Sweetbread be likewise over viscid or saline, anxiety invades the Breast and griping shooting pains beset the Belly; the Pulse is frequent and swift, and in some measure weak and small. The Urine, at first, is high coloured, afterwards it becomes muddy, and drops a sediment. The Joints are seized with a weariness and shooting pains, and sometimes the Head with a dull heavy ache.  
If the Lymph be simply saline, the symptoms are fiercer; if it be likewise viscid and tough, they are weaker, but continue longer. The slow Fevers differ from acute ones in this; that the cause of the latter is a volatile sharp Acid, which in the former, is invelop'd with a viscous tenacious Vehicle.  
The Original cause is a vicious Digestion, rendering the Chyle viscid, or tending to a sort of acid saline taste. If the Evening Paroxysms are long, the Strength and Appetit much impaired, 'tis a dangerous circumstance. The most favourable sort, if not cautiously taken care of, terminates in Cachexies, or Hectic Fevers.  
These Fevers are cured by retrieving the lost Digestion in the Stomac; correcting the viscidity, or sharpness of the Lymph, especially the saliva and pancreatic juice evacuating the crude Phlegm, and Lymph thus prepared; and mitigating the Symptoms.  
If the Breast be oppressed, let a gentle Vomit be exhibited, or a mild purgative. As,  
Take Mynsicht's emetic Tartar, two or three grains; purified Salarmoniac, eight grains. Or,  
Take of Ruffius' Pills de tribus, fifteen grains; fulminatory Gold, three grains; prepared Scammony, Treches Alhandal, of each a grain. With compound Tincture of Tartar, make Pills.  
In the next place, attenuating Diuretic Remedies are proper, as dulcified Spirit of Salt, (of excellent use against a Hectic) dulcified Spirit of Nitre, essential Salt of Tartar, Salarmoniac, Nitrum Antimoniatum, Tartar vitriolated, Terra foliata Tartari, or its Liquor, Tincture of Tartar, Essence of Myrrh tartarised, carminative Spirit, Spirit of Salarmoniac anisated, Poterius' Antihectic, etc.  
Take of purified Salarmoniac, half a dram; Poterius' Antihectic, a scruple; make a Powder for two Doses, one in the Morning, and the other at Night before the Fit. Nitrum Antimoniatum mixed with an equal quantity of Salarmoniac; or Arcanum duplicatum mixed with diaphoretic Antimony; or Salarmoniac mixed with Galangal and Ginger, are successfully used after the same method.  
Take of Mint-Water, and Fennel-Water, of each an ounce and a half; Spirit of Treacle, two or three Drams; dulcified Spirit of Salt, half a dram, or a whole dram▪ Poterius' Antihectic, a scruple; Syrup of Hyssop, six or eight drams. Mix for two Doses.  
Let the Mouth be gargarised with small Beer and Honey of Roses; or with Water, Vinegar, and purified Nitre or the infusion of Holyhoc-flowers, in Water, with a little Spirit of Salt, and a convenient Syrup.  
The Fever called Epiala, in which the inward parts are oppressed with heat, while the external are cold, is, by some, referred to this Head. But 'tis only a combination, or rencontre of either a Continual and Intermitting, or two Intermitting Fevers.  
The Swoonings that sometimes attend both this and other sorts of Fevers, are caused either by some viscious slime, irritating the Mouth of the Stomac or some sharp rusty Humour lodged in it. In the last case, Unicorn's Horn, or the Decoction of Tamarinds in Water, are much approved. But if a viscid windy Matter arise to them, volatile spiritous Remedies are proper. Tho', after all, 'tis worthy our consideration, what Ballonius remarks upon this matter; viz. That many Physicians are faulty in giving strong Cordials against swooning, where purging were more proper.   

Of Symptomatical slow Fevers.  
These Fevers are frequently occasioned by a preposterous use of Absorbents in Intermitting and Continual Fevers, which fix the heterogeneous Particles, and render the Chyle and Lymph viscid; or by over-feeding in the declination of other Fevers while the digestive faculty is weak; by which means the Chyle is loaded with Crudities. They may likewise follow other Diseases proceeding from a viscous Acid. Their Symptoms are the same as above, to which we may add, that sometimes they are accompanied by a looseness, or voiding of liquid pituitous Matter.  
The Cure consists in tempering the saltish Acid, attenuating the viscid Matter, and procuring to it an egress by vomiting, stool, urine or sweat. They sometimes proceed from Ulcers, especially of the internal parts: retention of the Afterbirth, a dead Child in the Womb, chronical Pains; and are cured by removing the respective Cause by Medecins allotted to that purpose. In general, gentle Vomits and Purges are proper; and in a word the whole series of Medicines prescribed for the independent Slow Fevers.  
Sometimes such Fevers follow an unseasonable use of sudorific Decoctions against the Pox, before the Body be evacuated; and are cured by vomiting, and the repeated use of Salarmoniac.   

Of Hectic Fevers.  
A Hectic is a Slow Fever advancing insensibly. If it be a principal independent Disease it proceeds from the Corruption of undigested Food in the Stomac, immoderate fatigue, sorrow, watch, want, over-liberal evacuations, excessive Bathe, etc. Oft-times 'tis only a symptom of other Diseases, and follows the irregular Cure of Continual and Intermitting Fevers, Inflammations of the Bowels, Lungs, Mesentery, Womb, and Kidneys; the French-Pox, etc.  
The Part affected is not the habit of the Body, as the Ancients fancied; but the mass of Blood, and Lymph: Hence the greatest heat is perceived about the Arteries. As for the independent Principal sort of Hectics, the Stomac and digestive Faculty are the original seat of their cause.  
The immediate cause is the indisposition and unequal texture of the Blood, caused by the saltish sharpness of the Lymph in the conglobat Glandules, and the viscosity of that in the Conglomerat. From whence ensue a depraved and diminished fermentation, weakness, weariness, deficiency of Spirits, and the whole train of Hectic Symptoms. The salin and viscid Blood is rendered unfit for nourishing the parts; and after eating, when the thin readier part of the fresh Chyle dilutes the Blood, and disengages its Salts, the Pulse is a little enlarged, and the Heat augmented; and after some time, sink again to their ordinary pitch. And the coarse remains of the Chyle, are frequently voided by Night-Sweats, as having received a vicious Tincture in the Stomac from the Saliva, and being, upon that Account, equally disagreeable to the Blood and solid parts.  
As for the Remote Causes. Fatigue and Labour, Watch and Care exhaust the Spirits, and watery Vehicle of the Blood; Anger exalts the Bilious Salt, which joining with the Acid, acquires a saline Acrimony; Grief and Sorrow increase the Acid, which joining to the urinous Salt, becomes dull and unactive; indigested Crudities in the Stomac, or the want of Food, occasion a stricter union between the Acid and urinous Salts, and their mutual degeneracy into a third sharp saline Body; Ulcers, both internal and external, corrupt the Blood by virtue of their salin sharp Matter; continual and intermitting Fevers, attended by plentiful Sweats exhaust the dewy watery part of the Blood; or the unseasonable use of absorbent earthy Powders, administered for their Cure, destroys the Ferment of the Stomac, and increases the Acrimony of the Blood. Thus they all conspire to render the Blood and Lymph saltish or viscous.  
There are three Essential Signs of a Hectic Fever. 1. An obscure insensible Heat, increasing after eating. 2. The successive Consumption of the Body. 3. A swift, frequent, small, weak, and ofttimes a hard Pulse. To which we may add in some cases Night-Sweats, the falling off of the Hairs, an universal Weariness, inward Heat, and averseness to sleep in the morning. If Ashy belchings precede the appearance of these Symptoms, they serve for a confirmation. In the beginning of the Disease the Urine resembles that of healthy Persons, unless the Stomac be much depraved, in which case 'tis white, pale, and thick; afterwards when the Appetit and Digestion are in a manner quite abolished it becomes thin, transparent and high Coloured; and when 'tis formed into a perfect Consumption, a fat oily Crust, resembling Cobwebs, swims on the Top. But we ought carefully to distinguish between the real fat Crust, which is usual in continual and intermitting Fevers, and proceeds from the excessive Heat which melts the internal Fat, and is always uniform as to its Colour and Appearance; and the apparent Crust, familiar to Hypocondriac and Scorbutic Persons, which is nothing else but the concretion of vicious Salts, and when the Chamber-pot is a little inclined, appears green, or particolored like a Peacock's Tail. In the beginning of a Hectic the Belly is costive; but when 'tis further advanced, and the Stomac and Digestive faculty quite gone, they are molested with a Looseness, which, together with melting Sweats, off-falling of Hair, and universal Consumption of Body, at length finishes their Days.  
A Perfect Hectic Fever may be considered in its several degrees. 1. When the Nutritious Juice is dispersed, and mis-applyed. 2. When not only the simple Nutritious Juice, but the fat, and what was already appropriated to particular solid parts, is melted down and consumed. 3. When besides these Symptoms the Fibres of the solid parts are manifestly dry and withered.  
The last degree is incurable. If a Hectic be occasioned by disorders of the Bowels, or internal Ulcers; if it follow continual or intermitting Fevers or chronical Distempers; if the Hairs fall off, and the Person be old, or molested with a Looseness, or Lienteria, attended by a ghastly Countenance, and swell of the Feet and Legs; they are all fatal Symptoms, especially the last three.  
If it be a principal independent uncompounded Hectic, the direct Indications of Cure are, to temper the Acrimony of the Blood, and Acid Viscosity of the Lymph; and to corroborat the Stomac For which purposes observe. 1. That Bleeding, Purging, or any Evacuations are improper; unless the first Passages be stulled with Crudities, for which a gentle Laxative is allowable, but in a small Dose; by reason that Hectic Persons are very easily Purged. 2. If it arise from the Stomac, as it frequently does, Vomits, and the use of Elixir Proprietatis are very effectual. 3. That by all means Loosenesses and excessive Sweats must be curbed; the former by Quinces, red Roses, Chalybeat Milk, etc. The latter by Opiates given at Night in small Doses. 4. That all sweet things, Sugar, Hony, etc. aught to be cautiously avoided, by reason that they are offensive to the Stomac, and impart a viscidity to the humours of the Body.  
If the Fever be Simptomatical, a particular regard must be had to the principal Disease, and above all to the Stomac. If it follow a continual or intermitting Fever, a Vomit, if convenient, may be administered, and after that there's nothing better than Salarmoniac, and Poterius' Antihectic.  
If it follow an Ulcer of any internal Part, vulnerary Sulphureous Medicines are proper, especially the Balsam of Sulphur prepared with expressed Oil of Almonds (distilled Oils are too sharp) or, this Balsam thus prepared may be mixed with a little Oil of Aniseeds. Turpentin dissolved in the ●olk of an Egg, or human Fat, or the Decoctions of vulnerary or pectoral Herbs, are likewise proper.  
After the principal Diseases, and the state of the Stomac are taken care of, the Hectic Fever itself must be accounted for, by exhibiting temperate attenuating Medicines. The essential Salt of May-dew, or its Spirit, with the Flowers of Violets, borage, and Bugloss infused in it; the Phlegm of Vitriol that comes over before the Spirit, if it be rectified, the Juice or Dew which sticks to the Herb called Rosa-solis; the Juicy fat Herbs, Fruits, and Seeds, such as, House-leek, Plantain, Succory, Marshmallows, Lettuce, Purslain, borage, Bugloss, Fistic Nuts, sweet Almonds, Sebestins, the four cold Seeds, white Poppy Seeds, and especially Currants or Raisins whether by way of Pulp, or Decoction with Sassafras, China and Elecampane Roots; or Fermentation with Wine, or Preparation with Juice of Apples; are all noted Specifics for this purpose. Crabs Eyes and Pearls are sovereign Antihectics, if we could resolve 'em into their primitive milky Liquor from whence they sprung. Terra foliata Tartari, and its Liquor well prepared, is likewise of good use. Antihecticum Poterii is a noble Medicine, if it be very well separated from the Sulphur of the Tin. As thus,  
Take five parts of purified Tin, and four parts of the Regulus of Antimony. Melt and fix them with triple the Quantity of Nitre. While the mixture stands melted, stir it with a wooden Spatula, that by so doing the Sulphur of the Tin may evaporat. Afterwards dissolve the mixture, and reserve for use the white Powder that sinks to the Bottom.  
Diaphoretic Antimony, mineral Bezoar, Ivory, Coral, mixed Salarmoniac, or Arcanum Duplicatum, or with Mynsicht's Magistery of Lead, or Sugar of Lead, are very convenient, where the Heat is more intense. Some give thirty drops of the Antiphthifical Tincture prepared from Sugar of Lead, and Vitriol of Steel. Alum, or its Spirit, mixed with Spirit of Wine, is much applauded. Spirit and Oil of human Blood are recommended by Mr. boil. If Grief or any passion of the Mind threaten a Hectic, give twice a Day forty drops of the Tincture of Coral with Spirit of Stags-heart.  
Some receive great Benefit by a Milk Diet of women's, Asses, Goats, and Cows Milk. But it ought to be commenced before the strength is very much impaired, or the Digestion lost. In a word, 'twill be proper to mind these Cautions. 1. That the Hectic be not attended by a putrid Fever, or a Headache, or distension of the Hypochondria, or a foul Stomac, and weak Digestion. 2. That while Persons use Milk they Eat or Drink little else. 3. That all Acids be avoided, and a little Sugar added to the Milk, to prevent its Curdling. 4. That the Milk be taken warm, and with a fasting Stomac, either by sucking it from the Breasts, or drinking it when just milked, for fear of any Alteration from the Air. 5. That the Physician ought to try first if the Milk Diet agree with the Patient's Constitution; as after a gentle Purgation let him exhibit three or four ounces of Milk, and if there ensue no sense of weight about the Stomac, Hiccough, Squeamishness, increase of Heat, or acceleration of the Pulse, he may exhibit a Pint every Morning and Evening. And after drinking of it, the Patient must not sleep or use violent Motion  
The Food of Hectic Persons must be temperate and juicy; as Broth, decoctions of Rice or Barley, Pullet's, Capons, Hens, Ducks fed with Frogs and Cocles, Snails fed with Sugar and Meal, and boiled in Hen-broth; juice of River-Crabs made up with Butter, or mixed with the Oil or Decoction of sweet Almonds; Oysters, if the Stomach be able to digest 'em, and the Appetit covet 'em; Eels, etc. But under a Milk Diet, let the Patient abstain from Meat.     

CHAP. V Of Malignant Fevers.  
A Fever is called Malignant, when 'tis attended by more dismal Symptoms, than its visible Cause is wont to produce. Malignity is not inseparably united to Contagion, there being some contagious Diseases that are not malignant, as the Itch, etc. and e contra. Oft-times it lies latent in the Body for three or four days, till the Season of exhibiting Antidotes be over; upon which account, a Physician ought to be very watchful in the Beginnings of Fevers.  
The Symptoms which lead us to the discovery of a latent Malignity, are these following; a sudden prostration of strength, and the Appetit dejected, while the other Functions are regularly performed, stubborn Watch without any anxiety if the Head be only affected; but if the Stomac and Breast be disordered, they are attended with a great perplexity, tossing to and again, sometimes the whole Body, sometimes only an Arm or a Leg; to which symptom Deliriums and Convulsions frequently succeed. The Urine resembles that of healthy Persons; or, if by virtue of Medicines, or otherwise, it happens to thicken, yet it still continues transparent, and has little or no sediment, unless it be a yellowish Clot of Chyle voided along with it. The Pulse is at first in seeming good order, of a sudden it becomes weak, small, ofttimes hard; and towards the height of the Fever, unequal. At first a gentle shivering may usher in the Fever; to which succeeds a very moderate heat externally, tho' in the mean while they are burnt up within, which is a fatal sign of internal Inflammations. And notwithstanding the moderation of the Heat, an unquenchable thirst molests 'em, and their Tongue is dry and rough. Or if on the contrary, they be extreme hot, and withal insensible of thirst, 'tis likewise a sign of malignity. These are the most common Symptoms. Sometimes the Fever is attended by violent headaches; difficult respiration, respecially upon the point of cuticular Eruptions; stinking Excrements, and lastly, eruptions of spots, Pushes, Wheals, etc. According to which it undergoes several Denominations. Sometimes the malignity is arrived at that height, that the external Parts are corrupted and seized with Gangrenes, the Person possessed with, an invincible aversion to all manner of Liquors, etc.  
Malignant Fevers admit of several Degrees. The first is when the occasional sharpness and degeneracy of the febril ferment, converts a benign Fever into a malign one. 2. When the ferment is not only sharp, but contagious, or epidemical. Now the original of Contagion, is an active spirituous ferment, easily communicable to the Spirits, and capable to propagate itself by a fermentative motion, in matter fit for its purpose; which, in company of Spirits exhaled from the sick Person, pitch upon those whose Constitution and Pores gives the easiest admission, such as the Relations of the sick Person, weak People, &c: The manner of its reaching and insinuating into such Persons, is either by immediate Contact, or in the Vehicle of Food, , etc. or that of the Air conveyed into the Lungs, where it debauches the Spirits circulating that way, and in passing the Mouth, adulterats the Saliva, which immediately affects the most sensible Orifice of the Stomac: Hence the first, and most dismal Scene of tragical Symptoms is laid in the Stomac. 3. When the ferment is become pestilent. And, 4. When 'tis formed into a direct Plague.  
The cause of Malignity, assigned by Willis, is the coagulation of the Blood; and that by Silvius, is a sharp volatile lixivious Alcali, destroying the acid Sulphur of the Blood, and consequently, its consistence: But the vicious fluidity of the Blood attending malignity confutes the former; and the natural inactivity of Alcalis, the known power of volatile Acids in extinguishing the animal Spitits, and galling the nervous System; and the Antidotal virtue of Alcalis, both volatile and fixed, such as Camphyr, Myrrh, and the absorbent Powders, overturns the latter Hypothesis. 'Tis therefore a sharp volatile Acid that causes malignity, partly by dissolving the texture of the Blood, and disposing it for Putrefaction, and generation of Worms, observable by Microscopes; partly by irritating the Stomac, Brain, and nervous Parts, and partly by extinguishing both the vital and animal Spirits.  
That the Spirits are immediately attacked as well as the Blood and Humours, is made to appear by the symptoms of sudden Weakness, contracted Pulses, Watch, Deliriums, etc. and by the force of imagination in propagating the Contagion. Nay ofttimes the Spirits are principally assaulted, and the Humours only mediately, through their sides. Now it will be of use in malignant Fevers, to distinguish nicely the original trouble of the Animal Spirits and nervous System, from that of the vital Spirits and Mass of Blood. The Symptoms of the former, are an unquenchable Thirst, a rough and dry Tongue, a quick and small Pulse, attended by a moderate Heat, anxiety and unquietness (proceeding from the Stomac) a melting looseness, the rotten smell of Excrements, and the thin fluid consistence of the Blood: Those of the latter are a violent heat of the Forehead; the hardness of the Pulse, without the trouble of any membrane in the Body; or a laudable Pulse attended by extreme weakness; the prostration of the Appetit, squeamishness, vomiting, stubborn watch without any visible Cause, the dryness or roughness of the Skin, and the unaccountable thickness and crudity of the Urin.  
The Remote Causes of Epidemical Malignity are: approaching to corrupted things, as Dead Carcases, etc. The Salt Subternanean Fumes; Earthquakes; a preceding famine; eating of corrupt Food, as of putrified Summer Fruits, and drinking Rotten Water, etc. Inwardly the prevalent acidity of the Juice of the Pancreas may so exalt the Bile to a rusty sharp quality, that it becomes malignant. Thus Benign Fevers frequently degenerate into malign ones; and Scorbutic or Hypochondriac Persons, who are stuffed with a fixed Acid, are not so much oppressed with malignity or a Volatile Acid, as others.  
The prognostics of malignant Fevers are very uncertain, and fallacious. A large and equal Pulse is a good sign. A quick and small creeping Pulse is a bad sign; as also an unequal Pulse; tho' neither the inequality nor intermission, nor smallness are so fatal in malignant as in Benign Fevers. If Doting continued after sleeping and be not attended by Sweats; if the Eye represent false Colours of Objects; if the Urine, after apparent Concoction, become Crude again; if it stink, if it appear Fat, Oily, black, or livid, with a blackish Sediment. If a Looseness happen especially after eruptions upon the Skin; if the Excrements or Urine are Bloody; If the Excrements, Serum, or Blood, send forth a heavy Smell; if a redness of the Face, Heat and Watch be attended by a dropping at the Nose; if the Tendons start; if a tickling or pricking Pain invade the Palms of the Hands; if the Person attempts to catch Flies, or pick the Bed-Cloaths; if any of these Symptoms appear they threaten Convulsions or Death. Deafness tho' it be looked upon as a dismal Symptom in the beginning of acute Fevers, meets with a favourable construction about the height of Malignant Fevers. The Eruption of Bubo's and swell of the Glandules frequently infer the solution of the Disease.  
The Cure is either designed for preservation from imminent danger, or removing the present Illness. Distilled Vinegar, Camphyr, and alexipharmacal Ingredients are proper Preservatives. As for the proper Cure of Malignant Fevers, 'tis performed by expelling the poisonous ferment, and fortifying the Spirits and Humours, in order to promote the expulsion. To this purpose, Sulphur, absorbent Antimonial Powders, Camphyr, Vinegar, and Acid Juices; precipitating Powders such as the friable parts of Animals, mixed with alexipharmacal Ingredients, such as Zedoary, Ivy-Berries, Juniper and Bay-berries, Myrrh, Angelica, Gentian and Saffron, with Opium and Sudorifics, are very proper. But in order to a regular use of 'em, let us mind the following Cautions.  
1. Vomits, especially the Infusion of Vitrum Antimonii, are of admirable efficacy in the very beginning of Malignant Fevers; especially when they're attended by Anxieties in the Breast, or proceed from an internal corruption of the Humours. But the Season of exhibiting them must be nicely weighed; for if Nature be already endeavouring any other evacuation, especially through the Skin, they are out of season.  
2. Sudorifics are justly looked upon as the basis of the Cure; but they ought to be proportioned to the malignity of the Disease, and strength of the Patient. If the Malignity be of a moderate Character, 'tis advisable to begin with absorbents at first. Indeed a violent malignity requires powerful Sudorifics; but care must be taken that the Patient be not stifled with weight of . And those of the sweeting Tribe that are Aromatic and Oily, are only proper in the beginning, or during the increase: Towards the height, or when the Heat is violent, 'tis not amiss to exchange 'em with fixed Powders or, at least, to qualify 'em with Acids, such as the Spirits of Nitre, the vegetable Acid Juices, etc. Camphyr is a Sudorific never to be omitted, unless it be prohibited by a peculiar Antipathy as in some Women, and studious Men.  
3. During the time of sweeting, or immediately after it, let Acid mixtures of the Juice of Citrons, and especially Spirit of Nitre etc. be exhibited. They retrieve the exhausted Spirits, and procure a due consistence to the dissolved Blood, and aught always to be employed for a Vehicle to Venice Treacle, and such like hot Compositions.  
4. Opiates are of admirable use for promoting Sweat, which is frequently hindered by anxiety and unquietness. Let 'em be mixed both with Sudorifics, and with the Acid mixtures exhibited after sweeting; but their proper Season is during the Increase; for towards the Crisis they ought to be avoided.  
5. The Cure of malignant Fevers varies according to their respective Causes. If they proceed from external Contagion, fierce Sudorifics are required. If from the internal corruption of the Humours, they ought to be more temperate, and rather absorbent. If the Animal Spirits are the principal seat of the Malignity, subtle, volatile, penetrating Ingredients, mixed with Narcotics, are proper. If the Blood claim that Character, they ought to be tempered with Acid Vehicles. The malignity of the Blood is, for the most part, attended by eruptions of Humours at one part or other; that of the Spirits by Deliriums, Watch, Convulsions, etc. and a tolerable Pulse.  
6. Malignant Fevers are frequently complicated continual Burning one's; in which case regard must be had to the boiling heat of the Blood, by insisting most on mother at Acids, and fixed absorbents, especially those of Antimony, and qualifying the volatile oily Specifics.  
7. The above mentioned Symptoms relating to the Tongue, Hands, and Tendons ought always to be enquired after; as also the condition of the Eyes, for if they are rutilant and fiery, or fierce, they threaten Deliriums.  
8 There is nothing more fatal than a Looseness; and all Artificial Purgations are pernicious, especially if the Disease came by Contagion, or if Nature endeavour Cutaneous Fruptions, or if the force of malignity surpass that of the febrile effervescency. If the first Passages be stuffed, let temperate Clysters be injected, and even those but very cautiously. In the Declension of the Disease a gentle Laxative is not amiss.  
9 Blood-letting is highly Pernicious, especially if the Disease came by Contagion, or tend to cutaneal Eruptions. Sometimes if the malignity be weak, and the Blood boil high in a Plethoric young Person, accustomed to Bleeding, it may be allowed; but with a great deal of Caution and Judgement.  
10. Blistering Plasters are very useful. They're applied to the Legs and Arms, and in case of sleepy Symptoms to the Nap of the Neck. If the Animal Spirits are much afflicted, or if the Eruptions designed by nature advance but slowly or retire afterwards, they are of singular use. Stephanus advises us not to be over hasty in applying 'em, till Nature have discovered her design, and then if she be weak to interpose their help. The increase or rather beginning of the Height is a proper time to apply 'em.  
11. The Diet must be thin; neither are Victuals to be offered unless the appetit require 'em. For Drink, let Water be boiled with a third part of Rhenish Wine, and mixed with the Juice of Citrons and Jelly of Hartshorn. Or let Whey be sharpened with the Juice of Citrons, or Spirit of Nitre.  
Having premised these Cautions, we shall next touch at the Specifics, some of which are volatile, some fixed. The volatile are either lean and thin, such as the Spirit of Salarmoniac, the Spirits and volatile Salts of Hartshorn, of Vipers, of Tartar, of Urine, of Amber, etc. Or Oily and Aromatic, such as Camphyr, Elecampane, Birthwort, Rue, Galangal, Marigold, Orange Peel, Germander, Castor, Vipers, Baum, Zedoary, lesser Centory, Rob of Juniper and Elderberries the distilled Oils of Amber, Camphyr, Hartshorn, and Tartar; Essence of treacle; Spirit of treacle Camphorised, and the Essences of Aromatic Herbs. The fixed are Diaphoretic Antimony, Diaphoretic Gold, native Cinnabar, or that of Antimony, above all the fixed Sulphur of Antimony, mineral Bezoar both simple and Compound, the Bezoar Stone given to half a dram, or in the room of it the Stone cut out of a Man's Bladder, sealed Earth, Coral, Hartshorn, Sulphur, and the preparations of Nitre, etc. Some are of a temperate nature, neither properly volatile nor fixed; such are the Jelly of Hartshorn, the expelling Seeds, viz. Those of Carduus Benedictus, Columbines, Cresses, Citrons, etc. To which we may add Myrrh, which is a balmy Medicine, of excellent use for covering the Spirits from the shocks of the malign ferment.  
From these Simples are prepared an infinity of compound Medicines, such as Venice treacle, or Diascordium (which is better) Mithridat, Species of Hyacinth, the Powder called Saxonicus etc. As for Venice treacle and such like hot Compositions, the best way is to exhibit 'em in Acid Vehicles, and mix 'em with fixed Specifics.  
Take of Rasberry Water, and that of Water Germander, of each an ounce and a half Diaphoretic Antimony, half a dram; Cinnabar of Antimony, fifteen grains; volatile Salt of Hartshorn, twelve grains; Camphyr, two or three grains; (or Laudanum Opiatum, a grain or two) Syrup of Carduus Benedictus, an ounce. Mix for two Doses, in order to Sweat. This is to be given in the beginning or increase of the Disease after the general Premises. As likewise these following.  
Take of Rue Water, and that of Vipers-grass Roots, of each an ounce; of the Mixtura Simplex, a dram; rectified Spirit of Soot, half a dram; Syrup of Water Germander, half an ounce. Mix for two Doses.  
Take of the Cordial Saxony Water, an ounce; Cinnamom Water, half an ounce; Spirit of Venice treacle camphorised, two drams; volatile Salt of Hartshorn, a scruple; volatile Salt of Amber, half a scruple; Syrup of Clove Gilly Flowers, half an ounce. Mix and give a spoonful frequently, when Delirium's are threatened.  
Take of the Water of Carduus Benedictus, Water of Goat Rue, and that of Elder Flowers of each six drams; Spirit of Venice treacle camphorised, a dram and a half; volatile Salt of Vipers, a scruple; Diascordium, two drams; Syrup of Carduus Benedictus, six drams. Mix for two Doses.  
Take of the Water of Vipers-grass Roots, and that of Water Germander, and Vinegar of Wine, of each an ounce; Venice treacle two drams; Diaphoretic Antimony, two scruples; Camphyr, six grains: Syrup of Raspberries, an ounce. Mix for two or three Doses. If the Heat be violent exchange the treacle for Diascordium.  
Take of the Water of Carduus Benedictus. and that of Water Germander, of each an ounce and a half; fresh Juice of Citrons, six drams Venice treacle, a dram and a half; mineral Bezoar, half a dram; Laudanum Opiatum, a grain and a half; Syrup of Mint, dulcified Spirit of Nitre, a sufficient quantity. Mix for two Doses.  
Take of the Conserve of Citrons, and Conserve of Roses vitriolated, of each an ounce and a half; Rob of Juniper, half an ounce; Diascordium, two drams; Camphyr, a scruple. With Syrup of Citrons make an Electuary.  
Take of Venice treacle, a dram; Diaphoretic Antimony, fifteen grains: Salt of Wormwood, half a scruple. Mix for a Dose or two, to be taken in Vinegar of Wine. This is to be given in case of great Malignity.  
When the Disease is further advanced towards the height, volatile Sulphureous Medicines must be cautiously used. As, take of Fumitory Water, three ounces; Hartshorn prepared without Fire, two scruples; mineral Bezoar, a scruple; extract of Treacle, six grains; Syrup of Orange Peel, three drams. Mix for three Doses. Myrrh may also be added.  
Take of the simple Mixture, six drams; the Spirit de tribus (distilled from Antimony, Sulphur, and Nitre) two drams; Flowers of Sulphur, a scruple; Fumitory Water, two drams; Syrup of the Juice of Citrons, an ounce. Make a Potion for one Dose.  
Take of Diaphoretic Antimony, Cinnabar of Antimony, of each half a scruple; volatile Salt of Hartshorn, four or five grains; volatile Salt of Amber, two or three grains; Camphyr, two grains. Make a Powder. I have seen the good effects of this Powder in the case of Delirium's, and imminent Convulsions.  
Take of Hartshorn prepared without Fire, a dram; mineral Bezoar, two scruples; sealed Earth and mineral Unicorn, of each fifteen grains; laudanum Opiatum prepared by fermentation, four grains. Make a Powder for four Doses. Nitrum Antimoniatum, Poterius' Diaphoretic Gold, solar and Jovial Bezoar, volatile Salt of Vipers and Myrrh, are proper Ingredients for the same purpose.  
Take of Sennertus' Bezoardic Powder, prepared Unicorn's Horn, of each a scruple; solar and Jovial Bezoar, of each six grains. Mix for two Doses.  
Take of the red Powder of Pannonia, fifteen grains; Nitrum Antimoniatum, twelve grains: Poterius' Diaphoretic Gold, five grains. Make a Powder.  
During the use of these or suchlike Alexipharmacal Prescriptions, let Acid Mixtures be exhibited for quenching the Thirst, and comforting the Spirits after sweeting. As,  
Take two fresh Citrons, slice 'em. Add of white Sugar, three ounces; Vipers-grass Roots, two or three drams; Spring Water, six pound. Boyl them till two parts of three be evaporated, and strain it for use.  
Take of Mynsicthius his Decoction of Citrons, a pound and a half; Jelly of Hartshorn, an ounce and a half; Syrup of Cherries, and Syrup of Raspberries, of each an ounce: with a sufficient quantity of the Juice of Citrons, make a Julep.  
Take of the Decoction of Hartshorn, with the Roots of Vipers-grass, one pound; Tincture of Columbine Flowers, and that of Peony Flowers, of each a dram; Syrup of the Juice of Citrons, an ounce and a half; Syrup of Raspberries, six drams: with a sufficient quantity of the Spirit of Nitre, make a Julep. The Syrup of Poppies in case of violent Heat is added with good success.  
Take of the shave of Sassafras, six drams; boil them in Water, to a pound and a half of the strained Liquor add two ounces of the Juice of Citrons, an ounce and a half of the Syrup of Citrons, and a sufficient quantity of the Spirit of Nitre, to render it grateful.  
Take of the Decoction of Tamarinds with Raisins a Pound; Syrup of the Juice of Citrons, Syrup of Raspberries, of each an ounce; with a little of the Spirit of Nitre, make a Potion.  
Sometimes the Confection Alkermes, or Diascordium, or Diaphoretic Antimony is dissolved in these acid mixtures.  
During the time of Swearing some apply a little Loaf hot from the Oven, the under Crust being pared off, and the Heart excavated and filled with treacle and Wine; thus they apply it to the Navel to attract the Malignity.  
If the Patient bleed at Nose, which is a fatal Symptom, apply a dry Toad to the Armpits; or, take of Vervain Water, three ounces; Spirit of Wine Comphorised, an ounce; Opium, five grains. Make an Epithema for the Forehead; which is also of use to prevent head-aches and Delirium's. If the Stomac be much disordered, apply to it a Plaster of Tacamphac, Balsam of Peru and Venice treacle. If the Throat and  be dry, without a slimy Crust, make a Gargoyle of fair Water, Spirit of Wine rectified, and Hony.  
If a Looseness attend a malignant Fever, exhibit two scruples of the red Powder of Pannonia; or Venice treacle mixed with Opium and fixed Sudorifics Prepared Hartshorn, Bowl Armenic, sealed Earth, mineral Unicorn, are also proper to be added to Alexipharmacal Ingredients.  
If a malignant Fever be attended by Heartburnings, and gnawings of the Stomac, violent head-aches, Watch, Deliriums, and a grievous Prunella, 'tis called the Hungarian, or Camp Fever, and is highly Contagious. Vomits commence its Cure; which ought be followed by Acid Juleps, and fixed or meager Sudorifics. The Hungarians are wont to Cure it by rubbing the Body with a Root of Garlic soaked in Spirit of Wine, and bruised; and then covering up the Person in order to Sweat. The Prunella is accounted for by washing the Mouth with a mixture of House-leek Water, Juice of House-leek, and Salarmoniac.  
Some malignant Fevers are accompanied by Spots in the Skin resembling Flea-bite. These Spots are also compatible to some Tertian and Scorbutic Fevers that are not tinctured with Malignity. When they attend malign Fevers, they are ushered in by these Symptoms, viz. an universal bruising, tearing Pain, and Weariness, a sudden and unaccountable decay of Strength, and a moderate Heat, with little or no Sickness at first; followed by heavy pains of the Back and Head, Watch, Unquietness and anxiety; towards the Evening they grow worse, and continue so all Night. In the Beginning of the Disease they Sweat easily; during its further progress they Sweat but little or with great difficulty, and in the height of the Disease, none at all, either naturally or artificially. About the fourth, seventh, or tenth Day, the Spots break forth in the Breast and Shoulders, afterwards on the Belly and Legs, and at length in the Arms, the Face being for the most part free. In the Declension or even in the height of the Disease, sometimes there ensues a comfortable salivation. The Spots are distinguished from flea-bite by this Mark, that these have a red point in their middle, which the Spots have not, and that they disappear by the application of the Meal of Beans with Vinegar.  
If these Spots are many, large, broad, and of a high Colour, 'tis a good sign. But if they are few in number, apt to retire, or of a Yellow, Green, Blue, or above all of a Black Colour, 'tis a desperate Case. If they break out before we can discover any signs of Concoction, or after their eruption are followed by a bleeding at the Nose, 'tis an ill Omen. If during the first Days of the illness the Person walked about and exposed himself to Cold, 'tis an aggravating circumstance. In general, all spotted Fevers are flow and less acute than others.  
The cause is the same, as that of other malignant Fevers, as also the general Cure. What peculiarly belongs to spotted Fevers is couched under the following Cautions.  
1. Vomits are of excellent use. Purgation and ofttimes injecting of Clysters is noxious, if the Spots are already out. 2. Blood-leting is fatal. 3. In the Beginning and Increase, Venice treacle, and such like conpositions, may safely be exhibited. But towards the height those of a fixed Quality are preferable. 4. If the eruption be Symptomatical, it ought not be promoted by Sudorifics, but rather moderated by Acid Antidotes. If 'tis Critical, following the signs of Concoction, and affording some relief to the Patient, it ought to be gently encouraged by Emulsions of the expelling Seeds. 5. A Looseness following the eruption ought to be cautiously handled. 'Tis not fit to stop it directly: but only to persist in the use of sweeting Medicines; or if it occasion the retreat of the Spots, than we may adventure to curb it gently. 6. Blistering Plasters are of Sovereign use, especially if the Spots disappear unseasonably. 7. Wine moderately taken is not improper.  
There is another sort of malignant Fever, called Purpurata, which approaches to the nature of acute Fevers, both in timing its Crisis, and the Symptoms that usher it in. Under the increase of the Disease the Person is seized with a notable Heat, and pricking Pains all round the Breast, Shoulders, Neck, etc. and the Skin becomes rough and red, and sometimes itches, and in the height of the Disease is covered with little miliar Eruptions, which are apt to strike in upon the least Cold whatsoever, And in the declension of the Disease fall off like Scales. This Disease frequently attacks Women in Childbed, perhaps by reason of the suppression of their Lochias. It seems to partake much of a Scorbutic nature, and therefore Antiscorbutics mixed with other Antidors are very proper. In fine, its Cure is the same as that of other malignant Fevers, to which we may add, that all Purgatives, or Clysters, or the least degree of Cold, aught to be nicely avoided.   

CHAP. VI Of the small Pox and Measles.  
THE small Pox are not always malignant, as being only an effect of Nature's endeavours to purify the Blood from the vicious remains of Milk sucked from the Breasts in our infancy, and curdled into an Acid. Some fancy them to proceed from the Corruption of Menstrual Blood, with which the Child is tainted in the Womb. But the weakness of that thought is sufficiently evinced, by the unequal propensity of Children to this Disease, and their being nourished with Chyle in the Womb.  
That the corruption of the Milk, and its degeneracy into an Acid, is the cause of the small Pox may be inferred, from the Analogy that intercedes betwixt them and the Scurfy stinking Ulcers in the Heads of Children, caused by vicious Milk.  
This Acid causes the convulsions and tearing pains of the Back and other Membrans of the Body, the piercing of the Skin, suppuration, and in short, all the Symptoms of the small Pox, whether common or uncommon. Now the order of the common Symptoms is as follows.  
A gentle shivering is followed by a violent Heat, and heavyness of the Back and whole Body, piercing beating pains in the Loins, a swelling, redness and scorching pain of the Eyes, and an aptness to shed Tears, or void Serum, and sometimes a weighty Pain in the Head; or a dry Cough, with a quick, frequent, vehement and hard Pulse. The Respiration is ofttimes difficult, the Throat rough, and the Voice hoarse. The Person is disquieted, watches much, or dreams of uncouth things, or dotes and undergoes some epileptic motions. Sometimes he vomits or bleeds at Nose, which is a bad Symptom in the height, tho' not in the beginning of the Disease; or pisses Blood; or is seized with a Diabete or a Looseness. The Urine is for the most part clear, by reason that the Serum moves towards the surface of the Body. Sometimes indeed when the Blood and Humours boil high within, 'tis muddy or white, and drops a sediment like Bran.  
Of all these Signs there are three that are most certain, viz. a Pain in the Loins or Back, and a distending Pain and watryness of the Eyes.  
These Symptoms gall the Patient till the third or fourth day that little red Spots appear; and than if they advance regularly, the Symptoms disappear. These Spots sometimes vanish insensibly in a few days, and are called Measles; sometimes they rise in the form of red Pushes, and by degrees become white in the Centre, with a purple or livid Circumference. Thus they come to suppurat, tho' not without a sort of renewed Fever, and in the middle void corrupt matter, and fall off like Scales, under the denomination of the Smallpox.  
These Spots or Wheals chief possess the Hands and Face, and bloat 'em up, and frequently leave behind 'em Ulcers in the Head and other parts of the Body, especially if they do not come duly forth, or strike in unseasonably: In which case an infinity of various Ills may ensue.  
As for the Prognostics, they are accounted favourable when the Symptoms disappear, or at least remit, upon the Eruption; when they break out speedily, copiously, and all together; when the Pushes are large, foft, pointed at the Top, round, separated from one another, of a red Colour, becoming quickly white in the middle, and retaining a red Circumference; when they are most numerous in the extreme Parts, appearing about the fourth day, ripening quickly, and finishing their Course by the fourteenth. The dangerous Symptoms are just the reverse of these: To which we may add Pits or black Points in the middle of the Pushes, a livid Circumference, the interjection or following of malignant Spots, convulsive motions continuing after the Eruption, moist Hands while the Arms are very dry; the distension and murmuring of the Belly, attended by Anxiety and Unquietness (betokening the Inflammation of the Intestins) the continuance of the Fever and difficult Respiration after the Eruption, signifying that the Bowels Lungs, Midriff, and internal Parts are inflamed and beset with Wheals; violent Pains of the Back, accompanied by an unaccountable Weakness, and malignant Symptoms; pissing Blood, or voiding Blood either upwards or downwards, Loosenesses and Bleeding at Nose following the Eruption, etc. Sometimes indeed Bleeding at Nose in the beginning of the Sickness in a large quantity, and without the least Interruption, and ceasing of its own accord, is a favourable Circumstance. Some have observed that the Children of Parents, who were poxed before Marriage, are always in great danger when attacked by the Smallpox. Those who die of this Disease, are seized with Quinsies, or a stuffing of the Lungs, Loosenesses, Dysenteries or Convulsions. If they recover, the Eyes are in danger of being damaged; the Lungs and Guts of being ulcerated; the external Parts of Imposthmes; and the whole Body of Obstructions and Cachexies.  
The Cure is performed by moderating the sharp Ferment, expelling it when corrected, and mitigating the Symptoms. In order to a regular pursuit of these Ends, let's observe the following Cautions.  
1. We ought to distinguish the time of Separation from that of Expulsion. During the former the Blood boils high, and ought not to be spurred on by expelling Medicines, (unless the Patient be very weak) but appeased and armed against the Influence of the malign Miasma's, by absorbent fixing Ingredients. But during the latter Alexipharmical and expelling Medicines, especially Emulsions of the expelling Seeds, aught to be exhibited and persisted in till the Pushes disappear.  
2. During the Progress of the Disease, Purges or Clysters are highly pernicious. In the beginning of the Fever, if it be very high and free of Malignity, and if the sick Person's first Passages be stuffed, 'tis not improper to exhibit a gentle Laxative with sweet Mercury. After the Declination of the Pox or Measles, 'tis highly necessary to purge with the same Ingredients, in order to prevent the Influence of the acid Remains.  
3. If a Looseness happen after the Eruption, we ought to be cautious of suppressing it, especially if the Fever be not malignant, and the Humours be putrified within. In this case we ought still to persist in the use of Sudorifics, which divert the Humours to the Surface of the Body. In other Cases a symptomatical Looseness ought to be stopped by adding Astringents. If it proceed from Worms it's frequently fatal.  
4. Blood-letting (in Germany) is highly pernicious; unless the Patient be of a full Plethoric Constitution, and seized with a Frenzy; and even then it only takes place in the beginning before the Eruption.  
5. Opiates are of excellent use for promoting Expulsion, mitigating the pernicious Symptoms of the Nerves and lower Belly; and for encouraging the swelling of the Hands and Face, which is a most favourable Circumstance in this Disease.  
6. After Recovery, the Lungs, Throat, Belly, and internal parts ought to be armed against the influence of the remaining acid.  
7. External Applications for preventing Scars and Pits, are very prejudicial, especially before Maturation. The most useful External is Bracelets of Amber applied to the Wrists, which promote the Expulsion.  
8. If the Fever be high during the time of Separation, avoid too much Heat. If the Patient be weak, and Nature unable to perform its part, artificial Heat is not improper.  
9 During the time of Separation the Diet must be thin. Wine is improper; the Decoctions of Lentils, or of any sort of Pulse, are flatulent and prejudicial. Let Jelly of Hartshorn be dissolved in small Beer, mixed with the Tincture of Columbines, or, in which a Bag of Columbine and Turnip Seeds is infused, for ordinary drinking. For Children let hot Horses Dung be infused in what they drink for it promotes Sweat, and defends the Neck and Throat.  
Having premised these Cautions, the next thing is to take a view of the Materia Medica. For moderating the motion of the Blood, and mitigating the Symptoms of the Breast and Belly, and promoting Expulsion, we use mineral Unicorn, diaphoretic Antimony, Cinnabar of Antimony (of excellent use for preventing Convulsions) and especially Unicorn's horn and Emulsion of the expulsive Seeds, viz. The Seeds of Cresses, Columbines, Turnips, and Carduus Benedictus. To which we add some volatile Ingredients, such as the Salt and Spirits of Hartshorn Vipers and Human Blood, when the Acid afflicts the Nerves, and the Pushes break out but slowly.  
The specific Remedies of great Note, are Myrrh, and Castor, or their Essences, prepared with Spirit of Wine tartarised. To which we may add Saffron, the Dung of Animals, especially Horse's or Sheep's Dung infused in Wine: Figs, or their Decoction, to which we add Millet Seeds, to qualify their loosening Virtue.  
Take of Hartshorn prepared without Fire, and Diaphoretic Antimony, of each fifteen grains; Myrrh, half a scruple. Make a Powder, to be exhibited before the Eruption. If the Patient be troubled with a shivering just upon the point of Eruption, add the Salt of Carduus Benedictus.  
Take of Hartshorn prepared without Fire, and Cinnabar of Antimony, of each half a scruple; Castor, three grains; Myrrh, two grains; volatile Salt of Vipers, four or five grains. Make a Powder to be given after eruption, or when the Pushes advance but slowly. Or,  
Take of Hartshorn prepared without Fire fifteen grains; solar Bezoar, half a scruple; volatile Salt of Hartshorn, five grains; Laudanum Opiatum, half a grain. Mix for one Dose. In case of a looseness, or unquietness and malignity, add two grains of Camphyr. Or,  
Take of Scabious Water, an ounce and a half; Essence of Myrrh, a Dram; Hartshorn prepared without Fire, a scruple; Mineral Bezoar, half a scruple; Laudanum prepared by fermentation, a Grain; Syrup of Carduus Benedictus, three Drams. Make a Potion The volatile Salt of Vipers, or that of Hartshorn, Camphyr, Sennertus' Bezoardic Powder, Spirit of Treacle, and, in case of a Looseness, sealed Earth, may be added by turns.  
Take of the yellow part of Orange Peel, two drams; Citron Seeds, a dram; Seeds of Columbines and Carduus Benedictus, Myrrh, of each half a dram; sweet Almonds, a dram. With Viper-Grass-water make an Emulsion, and sweeten it. If the Patient be much disquieted, add the Syrup of Poppies and Essence of Castor.  
Take of the Tincture of Tartar, two drams; Essence of Myrrh, prepared with the Spirit of Salarmoniac, a dram. Mix and exhibit forty or fifty drops a day towards the height of the Disease, or when the Pusnes are well advanced, and the Symptoms mitigate●. After a sufficient eruption, we ought to promote their suppuration, and prevent Pits in the Skin, by exhibiting a Compound Powder of Crabs-Eyes, Hartshorn, Myrrh, and Salt of Carduus Benedictus.  
Besides the direct indications of the small Pox and Measles, we ought likewise to obviate their incident Symptoms, as unquietness and inolination to vomit, if it be proper to stop it, by the Spirit of Hartshorn succinated, and Extract of Treacle, mixed with Laudanum Opiatum; a looseness towards the height, accompanied with a murmuring noise in the Belly, and frothy Excrements, by sealed Earth, or Laudanum Opiatum and Diascordium, mixed with other specifics; Watch, Deliriums, and Convulsions, attended with a hardness of the Belly, by exhibiting the Cinnabar of Antimony, or Spirit of Hartshorn succinated; or injecting Clysters, anointing the Navel and pit of the Stomac with distilled Oil of Amber; and, in the beginning of the Disease, injecting Clysters. A bleeding at Nose ought to be promoted, if needs be, by squeezing or pricking the Nostrils; or, if it exceed measure, restrained by applying dried Toads to the Armpits, or mixing Narcotics with Absorbents, and avoiding all volatile Ingredients. A Cough, or any disorder of the Breast, aught to be repressed by Scabious Water mixed with Spirit of Salarmoniac anisated, and Laudanum Opiatum, adding, before the eruption, incrassating Syrrups, such as those of Colts-foot, Jujubes, etc. and after the eruption, attenuating one's, such as those of Tobacco, Mint, Hyssop, etc. A weakness and prostration of strength ought to be repaired by exhibiting the Tincture of Coral mixed, with the Spirit of Stag's Heart, or a Toast soaked in Rhenish Wine.  
These Symptoms last mentioned precede the Eruption. Those which follow the Eruption, are likewise to be accounted for. As if the Pox or Measles retire unseasonably, and fall upon the nervous System, causing Deliriums, and Convulsions, apply blistering Plasters to the Soles of the Feet, and exhibit the Ashes of Scarlet Cloth in Wine. If the sharpness of the Humour threaten Pits in the Face, exhibit Crabs Eyes and Myrrh inwardly; and apply outwardly with a Feather, the Spirit of Wine tinctured with Myrrh, or Rose-water, in which Sugar of Lead is dissolved, or the Plaster of Frogs Spawn with Sugar of Lead: But all external applications before maturation are much suspected, for fear of repressing the Matter. Limewater in which Sulphur is boiled, being mixed with Rose-water, or a Cataplasm of the Meal of Beans and that of Lupins and Ox Urine are of use for taking off the Scars. If a Salivation succeed to the Eruption, let the Patient drink plentifully of Barley Water, or small Beer, and likewise gargoyle his Mouth with it.  
If the small Pox or Measles threaten Injury to the Eyes, either by settling in the Apple of the Eye, or distending the Eyelid, let the Eye be washed with the infusion of the Glass of Antimony in Plantain and Rose-Water, with Tutty and Sugar of Lead. If the Eyes be red and itch, apply a piece of raw Beef to the Eye, renewing it every quarter of an Hour for some time. Or let a healthy Woman chew Garlic, and breath upon the Eye; or wash the Eye with the juice of Chervil or Rue, mixed with Fennel Water; or make a Collyrium of Plantain, Nightshade and Rose Water, in which Sumac and Plantain Seeds are boiled, or the Rinds of Pomgranats infused. The mucilage of Marsh-mallows extracted with Fennel Water; or the infusion of white Vitriol and Tutty in Eye-bright Water; or Plantan-Water mixed with Frogs Spawn, and Sugar of Lead; are also very proper. Or,  
Take of Plantan-Water an Ounce; Eye-bright and Rose Water, of each half an ounce; prepared Emerald, twelve grains; prepared Pearls, six grains; Camphyr, three grains; Saffron, four grains. Mix and drop it into the Eye. Some choose to drop into the Eye, a drop or two of the Fat of Vipers.  
If the Eyelids are beset with the Pox, and inflamed notwithstanding all these Precautions; apply the Decoction of Line-seed, Fenugrec-seed, and Mallows, or that of Melilot-Flowers, and Quince-seeds. Some apply Milk; but I cannot approve their Practice, since 'tis apt to become Acid. If, after all, the Eyes be injured, and remain so after recovery of the Pox, 'tis proper to use Rulandus' Opthalmic Water, and apply Blistering-Plaisters to the Nape of the Neck, and when that Blister ceases to run, apply two behind the Ears, mixing one part of the Blistering Plaster with five or six parts of the Plaster of Frogs-spawn, to keep the Blister open.  
If the Pox injure the Nose or Ears, the former is relieved by applying Vinegar of Roses impregnated with Camphyr, and anointing the Crusts within the Nostrils (if there be any such) with fresh Butter, washed in Rose-water. The latter, viz. The Ears are restored by putting into the Ears the Essence of Castor with Cotton, or fumigating it with the Decoction of Castor, Myrrh, Coloquintida, Fennel-seed, and a little Saffron in Wine; and applying Blistering Plasters behind them.  
The Throat is frequently infested by the small Pox, and consequently respiration disturbed. To prevent this inconvenience, let the Mouth and Throat be washed with Goat's Milk and Plantain Water, or the Tincture of Poppy-Flowers, or with the common Gargles mixed with Horse's Dung, or the Juice of River Crabs and Nitre. After the Wheals are open, 'twill not be improper to add Alum and Honey of Roses. Plantain is also a noted Specific both against this Symptom, and that of pissing Blood.  
If the Tongue be ulcerated, apply Honey of Roses sharpened with Spirit of Salt, or the following Lineament, viz. Take of the Flowers of Holyhocks, half an Ounce; Pomegranate Flowers, two drams; choice Myrrh, a Dram; Alum half a dram; with Honey make a Lineament, or Electuary.  
If the Lips be much in trouble, anoint 'em with the mucilage of the Seeds of Quinces. Sometimes the small Pox leave most obstinate Ulcers in the Head, Breasts, and other parts, which elude all common methods, and yield only to Mercurial Salivations.  
The Scarlet Fever is generally referred to the Measles. It invades, for the most part, Children, and is occasioned by an Ebullition of the Lymph, and attended by the Symptoms of a Catarrh. It is in some measure acute, and after three or four Days from its beginning, breaks out in the Neck, Shoulders and Breast, either in the form of an equal redness resembling a Rose, or that of dispersed red Spots, which fall off about the seventh Day like Scales. It is cured as the Measles or small Pox, but has this peculiar property, that 'tis followed by soft swell in the Face and Legs, that last for eight Days after its disappearance.   

CHAP. VII. Of the Plague and Pestilential Fevers.  
THE Plague is an exalted pitch of Malignity, compatible with any Disease whatsoever. In this place we take it for an epidemical, catching, and highly malignant Disease, proceeding from poisonous Miasma's in the Air, and attended by fiery Botches, Bubo's, Carbuncles, or malignant Spots. This Miasm is volatile and spirituous, and fir for encountering men's Spirits, and defiling the vital Spirit of the Air. Perhaps it approaches near to the nature of Arsenic. The Passions of the Mind, Fear, and Apprehension, subterranean Damps let lose by Earthquakes, Famine, corruption of dead Bodies, and such like, are its remote causes. When this poisonous Miasm afflicts Mankind, it joins to the Human Spirits, and disperses itself where these meet with the readiest reception; upon which account, Relations are liable to the Contagion, tho' in distant places; and the Beasts are secure, when Mankind falls an universal Sacrifice.  
The Plague is not always accompanied by a Fever. When Nature is weak, it yields to the oppression, and makes no Feverish resistance. The Symptoms are the same as those of Malignant Fevers, raised to the highest pitch; to which we may add swell in the Armpits, Groin, behind the Ears, or in any glandulous place, with a pricking shooting pain in the middle; Botches, and Carbuncles in the Fingers, Nostrils, Eyes and Lips; sometimes fatal Black-spors, or malignant Ulcers all over the Body; a sudden prostration of strength, violent pains of the Head, without any cause, or following the passion of fear, etc. the degeneracy of the Pulse from being large and swift, to a small, languid, intermitting, unequal state; and a burning heat within, but moderate on the external surface of the Body. An imminent Plague is foretold from unwonted swarms of Infects resorting to a Country.  
The Prognostics of a Plague are very fallacious: 'Tis an acute Disease, ending sometimes in Twenty four Hours, sometimes in two, three, or seven Days; in general, those who are scabby or Pocky are in least danger, as being defended by their peccant Acid. Preceding Fatigue or Fear are bad Omens. Black livid Spots are a worse Symptom, than Carbuncles, and these worse than Bubo's. Scars or Marks of mortification are always fatal. Many and large Bubo's are a good sign, as also copious Sweats. But cold Sweats, or many Carbuncles; coldness of the extreme Parts, especially the Nose; a livid circumference surrounding the swell; Carbuncles growing upon Bubo's in places full of Tendons; the imperfect eruption or retreat of the Tumours; a Hiccough succeeding to the eruption; the white, blue, or livid Colour of Carbuncles, while the Fever is not abated; Pains of the Throat, and difficulty of swallowing, attending Bubo's in the Neck, or behind the Ears; are all fatal Symptoms. If blistering Plasters raise no Blisters, 'tis an infallible sign of Death in all Diseases. If a Cautery applied raise a white Crust after the application, or if the place be dry, or not covered with Pushes, and the Botch continue to spread further, or if Issues dry up of a sudden, 'tis a desperate case. Carbuncles in the Stomac, Guts, Bladder, Eyes, and Nostrils, are plain indications of Death. Anxiety of the Breast without a Fever, frequent sneezing, a Looseness, Hiccough, Vomiting, Convulsions, Hoarseness, a flux of Blood by Urine or Salivation; and in short, all the dismal circumstances of malignant Fevers (related above) are the Companions of fatal Plagues. A continual Costiveness, and numerous Pushes, filled with laudable Matter, appearing after the Application of a Cautery to any part, are looked upon as hopeful Signs.  
The Cure divides itself into two Branches. The first is that of preserving from imminent danger; the second reskues from actual Oppression. Preservatives regard either the Air, the common Vehicle of Contagion, or the Bodies of People. As for the former, the Air is purified by the shooting of Cannon, by burning Gunpowder, or Nitre and Sulphur with Amber, Myrrh, Camphyr, Pitch, Benzoin, and Juniper Berries; by throwing the Mineral acid Spirits, or Vinegar in which Vitriol and Verdigrease are infused, together with Camphyr, upon hot Bricks; by burning of Goat's Horns, and filling the Air with ungrateful Smells, such as that of a House of Office, of Hog's Dung, etc.  
The other sort of Preservatives, arm the Body and Spirits against the assaults of the contagious Miasms. For this end, we ought to avoid fasting or going abroad before eating. Butter and Rue Leaves, and a draught of good generous Wine, upon which Camphyr has been kindled, are fit to be taken in a Morning: as also the Mineral acid Spirits, and the acid Juices of Fruits; but above all, Vinegar impregnated with the Virtue of Camphyr, Myrrh, Juniper-Berries, Zedoary, and other aromatic Simples. Next to Vinegar are the sulphureous balmy Ingredients, especially Sulphur, Myrrh, and Amber, which cover the Spirits from the attacks of the morbific Matter, and aught to be taken in acid Vehicles. To these we may add Opium and Diascordium. Venice Treacle, and such like hot Compositions ought to be cautiously used, and always dissolved in Vinegar. Sugar of Lead also given with Camphyr from four to ten grains, is of excellent use, but 'tis very volatile, and, if indiscreetly used, may accelerate the Disease.  
Externally, there is nothing equals the cutting of Issues. A Sponge wet with Aromatic Vinegar impregnated with Myrrh and Camphyr, may frequently be applied to the Nostrils. Let Ginger and Zedoary, or Troches made of Myrrh and Camphyr, and Tragacanth dissolved in Vinegar, be often chewed and held in the Mouth. Let the Temples, Wrists, and Breasts be anointed with the Apoplectic Balsam, mixed with Camphyr; let Sala's magnes Arsenicalis, mixed with Benzoin dissolved in Spirit of Wine, be formed into Tablets, and hung in a scarlet Cloth-Bag upon the Breast. If the Contagion proceed from subrerranean Damps, let dried Toads be hung over the Breast; If it proceed from the Air, let Spiders stand in their room. Some recommend crude Mercury calcined by the fumes of Lead for the same purpose.  
The direct Cure of the Plague consists in expelling the poisonous Miasma's by Alexipharmacal Medicines. For the regular performance of which, the following Cautions will be of use.  
1. Let Sudorisics be repeated every eight Hours even after the eruption of Bubo's or Carbuncles; and after sweeting, exhibit a Cordial Draught mixed with acid Spirits, for thickening the Blood, and rallying the dispersed Spirits.  
2. Avoid sleep in time of sweeting, and for that end, apply Vinegar mixed with Camphyr, or Castor, to the Nostrils.  
3. If the Sudorific cannot procure Sweat, let a hot Loaf of Bread be excavated and filled with Venice Treacle and Spirit of Wine camphorised, and applied to the Stomac, or Navel, the under Crust being taken off.  
4. If obstinate Watch threaten Deliriums, and prevent Swea●, let Laudanum Opiatum be added to Sudorifics, in order to procure sleep after sweeting.  
5. If the fermentation be faint and low, Venice Treacle and Mithridat are proper. But if the Fever be high, and attended by a violent heat, they are fitly exchanged with Antimonial Powders, and lixivious Salts.  
6. Acids' mixed with Sudorifics are always proper.  
7. Blistering Plasters are applied with extraordinary success to the Neck, Legs and Arms. They ought to be very sharp, and after they're removed, the Blisters kept open with the Plaster of Melilot, covered with the Powder of Cantharideses. But if the Bladder be inflamed, or the Urine hot; if the Patient be very weak, or with Child, or look for her Terms, they are improper.  
8. Blood-letting is always pernicious.  
9 In the beginning of the Disease Vomits are very useful. They ought to be mixed with Sudorifics. Purgatives and Clysters are not safe.  
10. If the Patient be molested with a vomiting, so that Sudorifics cannot be retained in the Stomac, let Sweat be forced, by applying a hot Loaf as above, and covering up the Body and Face.  
The Specifics that are used in this Disease, are Camphyr given in substance, or its Oil mixed with Oil of Amber, and that of Citron Peel, called Heinsius' Oil; Ivy-Berries, given to a Dram in Vinegar and Wine; Juniper and Elder Berries, and the Rob of either given in Vinegar; Garlic Heads bruised and exhibited in Vinegar; the Blood of a Stork, or its volatile Salt; the Spirit of Hartshorn sharpened with its own volatile Salt, and given to a Dram; the volatile Salt of Vipers (above all) sprinkled with Oil of Amber, and mixed with Camphyr; Man's Ordure applied externally to Bubo's, and given internally with the Patient's own Urine; Sulphur or its Flowers given to a Dram in an acid Vehicle; or rather the fixed Sulphurs of Antimony, which in this case surpasses all other Medicines; the Oil and volatile Salt of Amber; and Diascordium given to two drams in Aromatic Vinegar.  
Take of the Flowers of Sulphur, half a dram; Cinnabar of Antimony, fifteen Grains; Camphry, six Grains. Make a Powder. The volatile Salt of Vipers, or that of Hartshorn, or prepared Amber may be added by turns.  
Take of the Rob of Juniper, three ounces; Diascordium and Mithridat, of each an ounce and a half; Venice Treacle, half an ounce; Flowers of Sulphur, two or three ounces; Myrrh, three drams; Frankincense, six drams; Camphyr, two drams; Saffron, half a dram; Juice of Citrons, half an ounce. Make an Electuary. Dose a dram and a half in a convenient Vehicle.  
Take of the Water Carduus Benedictus, an Ounce and a half; Vinegar of Wine, six drams; Diascordium, a dram and a half; Camphyr, six grains; Syrup of the Juice of Citrons, half an Ounce. Make a Potion for one or two Doses.  
Take of hot Verdigrease a Pound, sprinkle it with three Ounces of distilled Vinegar; distil through a Retort in Sand, with an intense heat; then add to the Spirit thus distilled, a double quantity of rectified Spirit of Tartar; and half a dram of Camphyr, and a little Opium for every Ounce of the compound Spirit; and let all stand for digestion. This is called Elixyr Antiloimicum, and is of excellent use.  
Besides the universal Cure of the Plague, it is requisite also to have a peculiar regard to its incident Symptoms. As for Bubo's, or swell of Glandules, they require the application of attracting, ripening, and cleansing Ingredients. If they be black and livid, and threaten a Gangrene, they ought to be cut up with a Lance, without waiting for maturation; otherwise 'twere proper to endeavour their maturation, and attract the Poison, by applying roasted Onions, mixed with Mustardseeds; Or in case of great Pain, the Juice of Onions mixed with Venice Treacle and Soot. Man's Ordure, or a Melisot Plaster, mixed with the Powder of dried Toads, and that of Amber, from which Spirit of Wine has been thrice evaporated, are much approved for the same use. But of all Plasters, Sala's Magneticum Arsenicale, is the best. 'Tis prepared thus,  
Take of crude Antimony, yellow Sulphur and white Arsenic, of each two Ounces. Set them in hot Sand in a Phiol till they melt and become a dusky Mass. Then take of this Mass, Gum sagapanum, Gum Ammoniac, and Galbanum, of each three Drams; Turpentin, and Wax of each half an Ounce; distilled Oil of Amber, two Drams; dulcified Spirit of Vitriol, a Dram. Dissolve the Gums in Vinegar, then strain 'em through a Linen Cloth, and thicken 'em again. Melt the Turpentin and Wax apart, then add the Gums, and make a Plaster according to Art.  
This Plaster will raise a malignant Crust, which ought to be taken off by applying the Ointment of Basilicon, mixed with Venice Treacle. If the Skin be thick, and the swelling lie so low that the Plaster cannot reach it, let a sharp blistering Plaster be first applied; or, if that be ineffectual, a Cautery of quick Lime, and Spanish Soap, that so the Plaster may operat more freely. If it cause an Inflammation, let foft'ning Cataplasms be applied above the Plaster, till the Crust come off. After the swelling is opened, it ought to be cleansed by the Infusion of Birth-wort, Myrrh, Aloe, and Saffron in Spirit of Wine Tartarised; Or Balsam of Peru, and Balsam of Sulphur, mixed with Treacle; and applying emplastrum Album, mixed with Oil of Tobacco. After 'tis sufficiently cleansed, apply Rulandus' Plaster Diasulphuris for consolidation. In all Compositions relating to pestilent glandulous Swell, Mercury, Vinegar, Opium and Lead ought to be avoided.  
Carbuncles are the beginning of a Mortification, which displays itself with a purple Colour, surrounded with a red or livid Circumference, encroaching gradually upon the adjacent parts, till the mortified part fall off. In order to prevent their spreading, let a Circle be drawn round 'em with an Emerald stone, till the part become livid; then touch the point or top with Butter of Antimony; and when the Crust appears, apply Sala's Plaster, called Magneticum Arsenicale. Some choose to open it first with an actual Cautery, and then apply either this Plaster, or attracting and emollient Cataplasms of Garlic, Water Germander, Marsh-mallows, Meal of Lentils, Berries of the Herb Paris, Pigeon's Dung, Black Soap and Honey; or, in case of great pain, the Plaster of Hound's Tongue: But, after all, be sure to avoid fat things. After the Matter is evacuated, apply a Cataplasm of Comfrey Roots boiled, or the Ointment of Basilicon, with Balsam of Sulphur and Treacle, or a Cataplasm of Comfrey Roots boiled.  
The symptom of Heat is but seldom violent in Malignant Fevers, or at least ought not to be much restrained, for fear of repressing the cuticular eruptions. If necessity require that it should be moderated, Antimonial Nitre, and all nitrous Medicines taken inwardly, and applied outwardly with Juice of House-leek and Rose-water to the Wrists, Forehead, and Temples, will answer the Design.  
headaches, Watch, and Deliriums are frequently the Companions of pestilential Fevers. If they happen in the beginning, they require a Cure; but if their first appearance be put off till towards the time of the Crisis, 'tis not safe to oppose 'em. If the hinder part of the Head be particularly affected, it signifies a peculiar disorder of the Head and Animal Spirits, independent of the Fever. If the Headache seize chief the fore part, or be attended by anxiety of the Breast, and unquietness, it proceeds from the Stomac, and aught to be prevented by Vomits, and sometimes Clysters in the beginning of the Disease. However, for mitigating these Symptoms, let Cataplasms of Rue-leaves, Raddish-roots, Salt, Pigeons Dung, and Elder Vinegar be applied to the soles of the Feet, and palms of the Hands; or the Temples and Forehead fomented with the dissolution of Nitre in some convenient Water, or anointed with the Ointment of Alabaster, and expressed Oil of Poppies, but so as to have a care of stopping the Pores, and hindering transpiration. Inwardly, exhibit the emulsions of the Cold Seeds, Poppy Seeds, etc. An● add Opium to the other Specifics, after the first two or three Days are elapsed.  
If a Drousiness and inclination to sleep attend the Pest, let Opium, Treacle, and all Compositions partaking of it, be avoided; let Tincture of Caster and Vinegar be frequently taken inwardly, and applied to the Nose; or Frankincense, Bayberries, and Pepper, beaten up with the Yelk of an Egg, be applied to the Forehead.  
A symptomatical bleeding at Nose, is cured by applying a Toad under the Armpits, washing the Hands and Feet with Vinegar; applying to the Forehead, Neck, and Temples, Cataplasms of Chalk and Potter's Clay, beat up with Vinegar; and giving inwardly large quantities of Nitre, Spirit of Vitriol, Spirit of Salt, and Opiates mixed with astringent Juleps. After the Bleeeding is stopped, a gentle laxative may be exhibited, if other Circumstances allow of it. Thirst is also abated by Nitre, especially Nitrum Antimoniatum, or clarified Whey, with Juice of Citrons mixed with the Spirit of Salt, and Jelly of Hartshorn. A gnawing at Heart, and vomiting, is cured by the following Electuary.  
Take of the Conserve of Mint vitriolated, Conserve of the Pulp of Citrons, of each an ounce and a half; preserved Citron-peel, and Diascordium, of each six drams; Confection Alkermes, two drams; Salt of Wormwood, a dram; with the Juice of Quinces. Make an Electuary. In the mean while, foment the Stomac with a mixture of the Spirit of Wine, Apoplectic-water, Venice Treacle, and Camphyr; or anoint it with expressed Oil of Nutmegs, and the distilled Oils of Wormwood and Mace, and apply afterwards the Plaster of Caranna, or that of Tacamahac, mixed with Venice Treacle, and Balsam of Peru.  
A Looseness or gripping of the Guts attending a Plague, are accounted for, by exhibiting Diascordium, Opium, absorbent Powders, Extract of Treacle, or that of Tormentil, Camphyr, Vinegar, and dulcified Spirit of Salt. A suppression of Urine happening about the Crisis, is a token of critical sweats. If it assault the Patient at any other time, let the Pubes be anointed with Oil of Scorpions, and Ointment of Marshmallows, and all blistering Plasters omitted. Swooning, palpitation of the Heart, and anxiety proceeding from the Stomac, are alleviated by absorbent Powders. If they proceed from clotted Blood, or the convulsive motion of the Spirits, let the Confection Alkermes, Castor, Spirit of Hartshorn, and that of Salarmoniac, be exhibited: externally sprinkle the Face and Temples with cephalic mixtures, joined to Castor and Vinegar of Roses.  
A Prunella, or Quinsey is mitigated by applying outwardly to the Neck, a Bag quilted with Elder-flowers, and Safron sprinkled with Spirit of Salarmoniac; or gargling the Mouth with the Decoction of Germander, , and red Roses in Barleywater, mixed with Nitre and Salarmoniac.  
As for the Spots resembling Flea-bite, which frequently appear in the Back, Arms, and Legs, the above mentioned Sudorifics, especially Myrrh, Castor, Camphyr, and the volatile Salts, are most proper. All manner of Cold must be carefully avoided, and the Body rubbed all over every Day, with a Bag of hot Salt, or salt Petre, and cupping-glasses frequently applied to the Back, Arms and Legs, and frequently taken off.    

SECT. XVI. Of Disorders relating to the motion of the Blood, from the Heart to the Extreme Parts.  
HAving thus dispatched the Disorders relating to the Fermentation or intestine motion of the Blood, we come now in order to consider those of its circular progress. The Blood receiving new Life in the Lungs, throws itself with fresh vigour into the left Ventricle of the Heart, enlarges its Capacity, and distends its Fibres. This distension or irritation of the Fibres of the Heart, occasions an unwonted crowd of Spirits, which repair thither from the Brain, contract the whole Heart, straiten its Cavity, and impetuously squeeze out the Blood into the great Artery. In like manner, the distension of the Artery, caused by the eruption of the Blood, solicits the Spirits to sally out, and contract their offended Fibres, and drive the blood forwards, till it arrive at the Veins; through which it steers an easy Course to the Heart, moving, without offence or irritation, from narrow Passages into broader Channels; so that the Veins, whose Tunicles are soft, and not over-touchy, are in no danger of being provoked to Contractions, by a languid impoverished Mass.  
This successive contraction and dilatation of the Heart and Arteries, called by the Ancients Systole and Diastole; the former occasioned by the Spirits repairing to them, and the latter by the violent irruption of Blood, are what we call the Pulse. This we generally inquire after, where the Arteries are most accessible, viz. About the Wrists, Temples, and Ankles, in order to discover the state of the Blood. And if we find the Artery much dilated by turgid Blood, we call it a large Pulse; if the if the Blood move forcibly and impetuously, we term it strong; if the Arteries yield to the touch, and do not seem to resist or rebound, we style it a Soft Pulse: If the Blood move swiftly, the Pulse is Frequent; and if the Heart and Arteries be suddenly, and much irritated, 'tis Quick: Now Small, Weak, Hard, unfrequent and flow Pulses, are the direct reverse of these.  
Circulation is of use to renew the strength of the Blood in the Lungs, and supply all the Parts of the Body with Nourishment. For 'tis the united Mass of Blood and Chyle that furnishes the spermatic parts with Chyle or milky imperfect Blood, and those that are sanguine with finished Blood, according to the natural Demand of the respective Parts.  

CHAP. I. Of the Palpitation and trembling of the Heart.  
WHEN the Blood circulats through the Heart, it occasions a regular Systole and Diastole. But a palpitation of the Heart is a disorderly convulsive, unequal, vehement Contraction, and sometimes scarce perceivable in the Arteries, tho', at other times, exalted to that pitch, that it makes an audible noise. A trembling of the Heart is a weak imperfect Contraction.  
Both are equally owing to the irritation of the Heart, but with this difference, that a palpitation is attended by a violent and resisting strength, and a trembling by a yielding weakness. This irritation is sometimes the effect of the sharpness, or over-bearing quantity of Serum, or of Worms in the Heart-purse; or of little Wheals or Excrescences within and about the Heart, or great Arteries; sometimes it proceeds from little Clotts of Blood left by the vicious Mass in the Heart, or from a provoking Acid prevailing in the Mass of Blood, as it passes along or from its irregular and unequal turgescence. Upon which account, the suppression of the Terms, the Scurvy and Hypocondriac Sickness are frequently followed by palpitations of the Heart. Sometimes it takes its rise from the slow and stagnating condition of the Blood, and by consequence, from whatever crosses or thwarts the circular progress. But of all its Causes, the most frequent, is the occasional disorder of the Nerves and Animal Spirits, occasioned either by Fear, Anger, strong Smells, etc. Or by hysteric and hypochondriac Passions, and the indisposition of the Spleen: For the Nerves of the Heart, and those of the lower Belly, especially of the Spleen, entertain a mutual Commerce; by virtue of which the contraction of these Nerves is continued to the Heart, and in its progress, resembles the ascent of Fumes or Steams from the Spleen and Intestins. The facility of this communication is much enhanced by the scorbutic or acid Constitution of the Blood, which is equally disposed to provoke both the Nerves of the Heart, and those of the Bowels.  
As for Diagnostics. A palpitation of the Heart is discovered by laying one's Hand upon the Breast. If it proceed from a Dropsy of the Pericardium, or Obstructions in and about the Heart; the Pulse is small and slow, respiration difficult, and the Body inclining to a Consumption, and Hectic Fever. If it proceed from Worms in the Heart-Purse, it returns without manifest cause, the Breast is molested with gnawing, pricking, corroding pains; the Patient is frequently troubled with a pale Countenance, intermitting Pulse, and a prodigious unquietness, and sometimes sudden swoonings, or epileptic Fits. If it take its rise from the hypochondriac Disease, it is frequently interrupted; and when it comes, is ushered in by a murmuring noise in the Belly, or attended by disorderly Symptoms in the Abdomen, and a sense of constriction of the Heart, as if it were squeezed betwixt two Hands. If it flow from a scorbutic Original, it does not invade when the Person lies quietly in Bed, but upon the least motion of Hand or Foot, displays itself, and is frequently accompanied by swoonings. A trembling of the Heart is attended by a prostration of strength, and an unequal, weak, languishing Pulse.  
The Remission or intermission of the Pulse, following a Palpitation of the Heart, prognosticates Swoonings. If a Palpitation proceed from a scorbutic cause, or accompany malignant Symptoms, 'tis very dangerous. If it be occasioned by Worms in the Pericardium, or Excrescences in the Heart or adjacent parts, 'tis incurable. If it happen in one's Youth, it prevents Old Age.  
The Indications for Cure, are to remove the irritating cause. Opium impairs only the sense of irritation, but has no influence upon the cause itself; wherefore it ought to be very cautiously used, especially, considering that a Palpitation or trembling is frequently attended by a notable weakness. In hypochondriac, or Scorbutic cases, perhaps it may not be improper. Blood-letting is also dangerous; yet if the stagnation of the Blood give rise to the Disease, or if the Patient be young, and the Blood boil high, 'tis in some measure allowable; as when a Palpitation is caused by Fear, suppressing of wont evacuations, or a violent commotion of the Body.  
Of all Palpitations of the Heart, those of a convulsive Character, that spring from Scorbutic, or Hypochondriac causes, or, in a word, from prevailing Acid, are the most frequent, and require a particular regard. Earthy Ingredients, Steel, and volatile Salts, are Medicines most in use, against these and all other sorts of Palpitations. The Tincture of Coral, prepared with a Menstruum of May-Dew, or Snow, and mixed with some cordial Liquor, is an universal Specific. Now, of the Cordial Ingredients, Baum is the Head. Its Spirit, or primum Ens, or the Essence of Ambergris extracted with it, is an admirable support for decaying Nature. The Leaves of Baum, and those of borage, sprinkled with Rose-water and Vinegar, are applied outwardly to the Heart, with good success. Next to Baum are Cloves, Citrons, Orange-peel, Rosemary, Zedoary, Elecampane, Dill, and their various productions. The Essence of Saffron given inwardly, and a Bag of Saffron and Camphyr hung over the pit of the Breast, are of good use. The Essence of Ambergrise and Mosch, are celebrated Medicines; but Ambergrise enjoys a stupifying quality, which may be extinguished by putting it into fermentation, as in the preparation of Spiritus Rosarum Ambratus. Besides, there are some studious Men, and hysteric Women that are easily offended by this, and all other oily volatile Salts; in the room of which, we may substitute the meager thin Salts, such as the Spirit of Salarmoniac, and dulcified Spirit of Nitre. The Essence of Juniper-berries prepared with their own Spirit; the carminative spirit de tribus; the volatile Salt of Vipers; the spirit and volatile salt of Hartshorn; the spirit, volatile Salt, and distilled Oil of Amber; the Essence of Castor mixed with Camphyr, the Oil of Cinnamon, the Syrup of the filings of Steel, Whey, and all anti-hypocondriac Ingredients are much approved. Externally, in a Hysteric or Splenetic Palpitation, we apply the same things as are proper against the Causes.  
Take of prepared red Coral, native Cinnabar, and chalybeat diaphoretic Antimony, half a scruple; volatile salt of Hartshorn, three grains; distilled Oil of Cloves, a drop. Make a Powder.  
Take of the Tincture of Coral prepared with the spirit of Stags-heart, two drams; the spirit of Roses impregnated with Ambergrise, a dram. Dose thirty or forty drops in Cinnamon-water.  
Take of Cinnamon-water impregnated with Quinces, an ounce; the Cordial-water of Saxony an Ounce; Essence of Juniper Berries, two drams; Essence of Saffron, half an ounce; Spirit of Venice Treacle camphorised, a dram; distilled Oil of Cinnamon (for Men) or of Amber (for Women) four drops, shake and mix them. Dose a spoonful or two.  
Oft-times not only the Heart, but the Arteries, especially that leading to the Spleen, and that of the Temples, are seized with a palpitation. The cause is an inflammation of the Place, or stagnation of the Blood, or Convulsions of the Spleen and adjacent parts, affecting the Tunicles of the Artery. The first two are removed by Sudorifics, and the last by Steel and anti-hypochondriac Medicines.   

CHAP. II. Of Swoonings.  
THere are three kinds, or rather degrees of Swooning; viz. Lipothymia, Syncope, and Asphyxia. In a Lipothymia, beside that the Pulse is weaker and less, the Senses both internal and external are eclipsed, and animal Motion, both voluntary and natural, does in a manner fail; all which symptoms go easily off again, and the Patient is restored to health. In a Syncope the symptoms are more tragical, the Pulse, Sense and bodily Motion are quite extinguished, Respiration is scarce perceivable, the Heart is much oppressed, a cold clammy Sweat and Paleness covers the Body; and sometimes the Excrements come away of their own accord. In an Asphyxia all things are yet worse; so that the Patient lies as one dead, without any Pulse, or sign of Life. Now in order to discover the cause of this diminution of the Pulse and want of Strength, we must call to mind, that the vital force of our Body is founded radically in the Blood, but exerts itself by its most subtle, active and movable part, called the Spirits; which being volatilised by the inspired Air in the Breast, like Rays of Light, are diffused through the whole Body, either in a vital Capacity, together with the Blood in the Arteries, or separately by the Brain and Nerves, under the Character of animal Spirits.  
When therefore the Blood, by reason of its less quantity, or viscidity and acidity, or want of active Salts, is unfit to undergo the vital Fermentation in the Breast, the Spirits must of necessity fail; whence ensues a weakness and languishing, that steals on by degrees. This vicious constitution of the Blood is oftentimes occasioned by some error in Diet after acute Diseases, or follows the indiscreet management of chronical Distempers, supposing the Blood to be robbed of its Spirits, and the Chyle to be over powered with Crudities, arising from the weakness of the stomachical Ferment and flatness of the Bile.  
But if on a sudden the vital fermentation of the Blood in the breast is interrupted, and by consequence the luminous Ray of the vital and animal Spirits fail; or if incident external Objects pour disorder and confusion on the animal Spirits: then follows a sudden prostration of Strength, and cessation of Sense and Motion, which according to its various degrees, is called either Lipothymia, Syncope, or Asphyxia. Now the vital fermentation of the Blood is interrupted, either by immoderate evacuations of any Humour or Juice such as the Blood, seminal Liquor, hydropic Water, corrupt Matter, etc. or by its coagulation, occasioned by Poison, or the unfriendly miasms of corrupt Matter issuing froman Imposthume in the Heart.  
The external Objects that disorder the Spirits, are such as excite violent and sudden passions of the Mind, as Frights, Grief, Joy, Anger; also strong and disagreeable Smells, the sight of Animals to which we have a natural Antipathy, and whatever affects the upper Orifice of the Stomac, which by consent influences all the other Nerves of the Body: Upon which occasions, the Spirits are hindered in their wont motions, either by oppression or fixation, as in sudden Frights; or dissipation, as in excessive sudden Joy; or deviation, as in Cramps and Convulsions of the Heart.  
A weakness and languishing without any manifest cause, prognosticats the sudden invasion of Diseases, especially those of a Scorbutic Character. If it succeed to acute Diseases, it threatens either a Relapse, Dropsy, or intermitting Fever. In the beginning of any Disease, 'tis a sign of Malignity.  
Syncopes and Lipothymi's are more or less dangerous, according to the measure of their duration and the character of their symptoms; and if after the use of suitable means the Patient is not awaked, they prove dangerous: Those occasioned by an effusion of Blood, or other Humours, are safer than others that spring from an internal acute Cause. If they are attended by anguish of Heart and restlessness, they proceed from the Stomac, and are less fatal when the left side of the orifice is affected. In fine, the more clammy and copious the cold Sweat is, so much the more dangerous is the Syncope.  
The Cure is compassed by the continued use of volatile Aromatic Medicines, which promote the vital Fermentation, exalt the Blood, sharpen the unactive Bile, remove the clamminess of the Blood; and withal, restore the digestive force of the Stomac. Such are the Spirit of Wine, or generous Wines, impregnated with vegetable Aromatics; as,  
Take of Rosemary, curled Mint, of each a Handful; Sage and Baum, of each half a handful; Roots of the  Acorus, Elecampane and Fennel an Ounce; the four lesser hot Seeds, of each a Dram; Cinnamon, Cubebs, Cloves, Mace, of each two Drams; cut, bruise, and tie them in a Bag, to be infused in Wine; of which take a draught in the Morning fasting, and at Meals. In scorbutical and hypochondriac cases, Scurvygrass, Cresses, Peperwort, etc. may be added, together with some drops of the Spirit of Salarmoniac anisated, dropped into each draught.  
We may also use stomachical Essences and Elixirs, Aqua Vitae, aploplectic and epileptic Waters, etc. Volatile oily Salts, and a hundred such like, to be taken thrice a Day, Morning, Noon, and at Bedtime; and also before eating.  
Now as to sudden fainting and swooning, we must endeavour, when the Fit is present to remove it, and when 'tis over, to prevent its relapse.  
There are three sorts of Medicines in use during the Fit. viz.  
1. Spirituous, sulphurous and oily ones; such are all inflammable Aromatic Spirits prepared by fermentation, distilled Aromatic Oils, and compound apoplectic Waters.  
2. Spirituous Alcalis, sharp volatile urinous Spirits and Salts, which are always the better for being well charged with Oil.  
3. Sharp volatile Acids, especially Vinegar, which wakens the Senses, and rallies the dissipated Spirits. Sometimes we join 'em to Opiates, for staying the convulsive motions of the Spirits.  
Thus the Principal Remedies used in a Syncope, are Generous Wines; Cinnamon, its Water and distilled Oil, and all its preparations; all Apoplectic Waters; Spirit of Lily of the Valley prepared by fermentation; spirit of Venice Treacle, both simple and compound; distilled Oil of Cloves; Cordial and Apoplectic Balsams; all volatile Salts; spirit of Stagg's Heart, spirit of Hartshorn prepared with Amber; spirit of Roses prepared with Amber; to which, if the Salt of Vipers, or that of Amber is added, 'tis almost an infallible Remedy.  
Moreover, the Elixir of Citrons, or their Spirit, sharpened with the volatile salt of Hartshorn, the quintessences of Baum and Angelica; the Essence of Saffron mixed with a grain or two of volatile Salt of Hartshorn; the Tincture of Coral prepared with spirit of Stagg's Heart; the Tincture of Gold, the volatile Salts impregnated with distilled aromatic Oils, such as rectified spirit of Salarmoniac, joined with aromatic spirit of Wine, are all of excellent use, if exhibited in convenient Vehicles, such as Baum-water prepared with Wine,  and Cinnamon-water; Aqua Vitae, or Matthiolus' Elixir vitae, Water of Stagg's Heart, Mynsicht's hot cordial Water; and for Women, Swallow-water with Castor, etc. to which may be added, Camphyr, or spirit of Treacle camphorised.  
As for Acids, we use spiritous and Generous Wine, the Juice of Citrons, Juice or Syrup of Raspberries, conserve of the Pulp of Citrons mixed with Diascordium, Vinegar impregnated with Castor, Vinegar of Marigold-flowers, or the Flowers of the Lily of the Valley, or those of Elder, of Rue, etc. As for Narcotics, Helmont's Laudanum Opiatum, (in a small Dose) Venice Treacle, Mithridat, Extract of Treacle, and such like Compositions are proper.  
In the use of these Remedies, we must have a principal regard to the antecedent Causes: For example, if the Syncope is caused by poison, proper Antidotes must be added, and a Vomit exhibited, especially when the Poison lurks in the first passages: When the Cause is lodged in the Stomac, or Abdomen, Vomits are also proper. Hysteric causes require Zedoary, Castor, volatile Salts, and other Hysteric Remedies.  
Externally the same Remedies are applied to the Nostrils, Temples, Pulse, Lips, and pit of the Stomac: The Water of Lily of the Valley, the Apoplectic Balsam, Oil of Cinnamon, and that of Citrons, Oil of Amber, and Oil of Cloves are the common Specifics for that use; some say that Fumigation with Amber alone, is of notable efficacy.  
If the Syncope and Lipothimia proceed from unreasonable evacuations, excessive Sweeting, Heat, Labour, Fatigue, Anger, Joy, or ungrateful smells; let Acids be exhibited, as also a Vomit, if there be occasion. The Swoonings of malignant Fevers are accounted for, by exhibiting Camphyr in a small quantity, mixed with Laudanum Opiatum, and other Antidotes. When they are occasioned by frights, excessive Bleeding, or immoderate sadness, spirituous oily Remedies take place; and if the Paroxysm is dangerous, a Vein may be opened: If we fear a Syncope from an excessive flux of the terms, Opiates joined with Acids, and prepared Coral, are of excellent use. For Old Persons, there's nothing equals the following Powder, Viz.  
Take of Ambergrise, or Musk, eight grains, which dissolve in twelve drops of Oil of Cinnamon, and half a Scruple of Oil of cardamum's; add prepared Pearl, half a Scruple; whitest Sugar-candy, two ounces. Make a Powder.    

SECT. XVII. Of Nutrition.  
THE eternal motion of our active Principles, disturbs the repose of the solid Parts, unties their Bonds, and exposes 'em to decay. In order to repair this their loss, the Blood laden with Chyle, being finished in the left Ventricle of the Heart, sets out from thence, and makes a Tour round the Body; it visits every Part, and measures out suitable Recruits, which are strained through the Pores of the Part, and nourish it by way of apposition; or else ferment with the Guardian Spirits that defend the Place, and being thereby coagulated, and transformed into a likeness with the Part, consolidat and give occasion to its growth.  
Thus all the Members of the Body are either augmented in our Youth, or nourished and preserved from decay, during the remainder of our lives. Now, the hindrances of a regular Nutrition, are such as relate either to the deficiency or want of due Nourishment; or to its redundancy, or to its depravation.  

CHAP. I. Of a Consumption and Phthisic.  
NUtrition is deficient when the Bones, Cartilages, and Membranes whither; and the Fat and muscular Flesh, which are only capable of Consumption, are accordingly consumed. If the Fat alone be melted down, it amounts to no more than a leanness; but if the dewy Muscles are consumed without restoration, we call it a Tabes, or formed Consumption.  
The Causes of a Consumption relate either to the Spirits or nutritious Juice. The former are the deficiency or dissipation of the Spirits; the one caused by the vicious Crasis of Blood, or Indisposition of the Brain; the other by Fatigue, Venery, Study, or Grief. Those relating to the nutritious Matter, are first its defect, occasioned by the scarcity or want of proper Food, and consequently of Chyle; The obstruction of the Vasa lactea, the Schirrous Tumours of the Pylorus, or those of the Mesentery, so frequently met with; the compression or wounding of the Ductus of the Breast; all which cut off the communication of the Chyle with the Blood; Worms in the Guts sucking up the Chyle: Excessive evacuations of the nutritious Juice, either in Company with the Blood, in excessive Bleedings, or otherwise by Loosenesses, immoderate Sweats, run of the Reins, Whites, Ulcers, and excessive Venery. The second cause relating to the Nutritious Juice, is its depravation, occasioned either by a weak digestion in the Stomac, or the saltness and viscidity of the Blood or Lymph, that follows Acute or Intermitting Fevers, or retains to Scorbutic, and Hypochondriac Constitutions.  
In fine, the Crudities of the Stomac, and degeneracy of the Blood, are the common causes of a Consumption, and reciprocally promote one another. The former occasion a saline putrid taste in the Mouth, and provoke the Lungs and Larynx to Cough, as they pass after joining the Blood. The latter, viz. The degeneracy of the Blood, renders it unfit for nourishing the Parts; and is occasioned either by the crudity of the Chyle, or the Ulcer of some Bowel or external part that taints it as it passes. In which last case, it procures a Phthisic.  
A Phthisic therefore is generally taken for a Consumption, arising from the Ulcer of any Bowel or external part, as of the Reins, Liver, and especially the Lungs, which are most liable to be vitiated by the Air, and the recrements of degenerate Blood. 'Tis distinguished from a Vomica of the Lungs by this Mark, viz. That the latter is a close Ulcer, enclosed within its own Membranes, and filled with laudable Pus; whereas a phthisical Ulcer is open, and voids sordid corrupt Matter.  
Tho' a Phthisic be generally imputed to an Ulcer of the Lungs, yet it may arise from the Corrugation, Schirrus, or any other disorder of the Lungs or Bowels, that disturbs and depraves the Blood. It's remote causes are: the acrimony and saltness of the Blood or Lymph, which is frequently owing to Crudities from the Stomac; and was represented by the Ancients, as a Catarrh or defluxion from the Head; Wounds, Bruises, clotted Blood, or heterogeneous Matter in the Breast, Inflammations of the Lungs or Pleura ending in Suppuration; the Corrosion of the small Pox; corrosive steams, as those of Aquafortis, Quicklime, etc. Drinking of Acid Tartarin Wines or Vinegar; smoking Tobacco, irregular Passions of the Mind, etc. A Phthisic propagats itself by a hereditary Succession, and is so very contagious, that the Breath of a Phthisical Person will corrupt the Lungs of another, and convey its virulency through the Breasts of a suckling Woman.  
The signs of a Consumption are these, a sharp Nose, hollow Eyes, low Temples, the Laps of the Ears contracted, the Forehead dry and hard, the Complexion pale and livid, the Ribs and Shoulderblades bend outward, the Cartilege of the Breast is bowed, the Backbone sharp and prominent, the Belly falls low, the Hips are lose or quite consumed; the Legs, Arms, Feet, and Hands are dry; the Knuckles protuberant, the Nails bowed, the Skin wrinkled and flaggy, the Urinal is covered with Fat, the Veins of the Body are every where apparent, and the Hairs fall off. Nocturnal Sweats are common to all Phthisical Persons; and melting loosenesses and swell of the Feet, conclude the Tragedy.  
If a Consumption or Phthisic proceed from an obstruction of the Glandules of the Mesentery, intercepting the Chyle, the Belly is swelled, and molested with a hollow heavy Pain; the region of the Navel is hard, and the Excrements are liquid or mixed with Chyle. If it proceed from a weak digestion, or crudities from the Stomac; the Symptoms observe this order, viz. After much care, anger drinking, or some such Error in the use of the not natural things, there ensues a prostration of strength and inappetency, especially an aversion to meat; in the Morning an uncooth taste invades the Mouth, which, by degrees, becomes saltish, and is attended by a dry tickling Cough; in process of time, the taste of the Mouth becomes putrid, and resembles that of Ashes, or rotten Meat; the dry Cough prevails towards Night, and brings up some thin watery Matter; respiration is rendered difficult, and the Breast oppressed; especially after eating, at which time the whole Body, especially the palms of their Hands are molested with Heat. The Pulse is always quick, frequent, and small. After some time, all these Symptoms increase, the Cough angments, and copiously brings up a viscous white, then yellow, green or livid, and at length a true purulent Matter; whereupon Night-sweats, a Hectic Fever, and a gradual decay ensue. In fine, if a Phthisic of the Lungs be not externally occasioned, or depend not upon a preceding Disease, such as a Pleurisy, or spitting of Blood, it always flows from the Stomac.  
From this Induction, we may infer, that in the beginning of a Phthisic, the Cough does not always proceed from the Lungs, but from the Stomac: Nay, sometimes tho' the Lungs be ulcerated, if the Matter do not irritate the Bronchia, there ensues no Cough at all. Besides, the Matter which is expectorated by coughing, is not always bred in the Lungs, as being sometimes taken up from other ulcerated Parts by the Blood. In which case, 'tis a difficult matter to trace out the part to which the Ulcer belongs. But in general, if it lodge in the Abdomen, the Symptoms of the Belly do discover it. If the Cough bring up no purulent Matter, we conclude that the Phthisic is owing to a Schirrus, or some such disorder among the Viscera. Now the purulency of this Matter is discovered by its sinking in Water, whereas that which is only viscid, being porous and dilated with Air, swims above. To conclude, if the Lungs are exulcerated, the Cough sounds hollow and deep; and if they be much consumed, are voided by pieces. If the right side be chief affected, the sick Person cannot lie but on the right side, and e●contra.  
A confirmed Phthisic or Consumption is incurable; while 'tis yet but growing, there are some hopes; especially, if the Stomac is not much disordered. If it proceed from hard swell in the Lungs, Schirrus' or Ulcers in the Bowels, from the Scurvy, the Whites, Dropsy, or running of the Reins, 'tis seldom cured. If the Cough disappear of a sudden, 'tis a tragical Omen; as also if the Hairs fall off, and the feet swell, or if the expectorated Matter stink when thrown upon burning Coals.  
The Cure is compassed by removing the various Causes; mitigating the Symptoms, and projecting a method for nourishing the Body. For which end let the following Cautions be heedfully minded.  
1. There's no Remedy whatsoever that equals Vomits, especially in the beginning, nor any case in which they are nor convenient, except that of a spitting of Blood, and extreme Weakness.  
2. Purgation, Bleeding, and issues are of no use. The first is pernicious, and augments the Cough; or if in the beginning of a Phthisic, it be absolutely necessary to cleanse the first Passages, Rhubarb is the most proper Ingredient; the second is never allowable, unless a suppression of Blood require it; the third was introduced of old, in compliance with the exploded Fancy of a Phthisic's being caused by a Catarrhs distilling from the Brain, which now we justly refer to the Stomac.  
3. Sugar, Hony, and all sweet Syrups are hurtful. They putrify in the Stomac, weaken its digestion, and pro●●ore the corrosion of the affected Bowel.  
4. A scorbutic Consumption is admirably accounted for by a Milk Diet, especially that of Goat's Milk, mixed with vulnerary and antiscorbutic Syrups.  
5. Tho' an inveterat Phthisic do not admit of a perfect Cure, yet the Life may be drilled on by a Milk Diet, using vulnerary Medicines, and changing the Air.  
Milk is a Sovereign Remedy, when the Disease proceeds from a sharpness of the Blood or Lymph; it both cleanses with its Whey, and heals with its Butter. Indeed if it spring from the corruption of a Bowel, or default of the Stomac, 'tis improper, as being apt to curdle and putrify in a depraved Stomac. Goat's Milk, mixed with the Spirit of Scurvygrass, or that of Salarmoniac, is of excellent Use in Scorbutic cases; but Woman's Milk sucked immediately from the Breasts, without being exposed to the Air, and the Butter made of it, are preferable to any other. It will not be amiss to add a little Sugar, or Conserve of Roses to prevent Curdling. And when Persons are confined to a Milk Diet, they ought to take of it three or four times a Day, and use some exercise after taking it, in order to promote its quick distribution; and, in the interim, eat nothing else but Raisins, or Food of very easy digestion. Note, before the use of Milk, 'tis advisable to exhibit a Vomit.  
The Yolks of Eggs dissolved in Wine, and mixed with a little Ambergris, are of admirable use in Venereal Consumptions.  
The Decoctions of Elecampane-roots, with Raisins and Liquorice, and a little Spanish Wine, are of noted efficacy against all Phthisics; to which we may add, Sweet Almonds, and Emulsions of Milky Seeds, Oysters, River-Crabbs mixed with Butter, Cockles, and all temperate Ingredients. In the beginning of the Disease, especially when it proceeds from the Stomac, Acids, such as the Spirit of Salt, Nitrum Antimoniatum, Terra foliata Tartari, distilled Vinegar with Crabs-Eyes dissolved in it; Salarmoniac, etc. are recommended upon the acount of their Stomachical Virtue. But, after the confirmation of the Disease, or an Ulcer in the Lungs, both these, and all Spaw-Waters ought to be equally avoided. And as for the sharpness of the Blood and Lymph, which vitiats the Lungs, and is generally the Cause of those Phthisics that the Ancients refer to Catarrhs from the Head; Sulphur is a proper Remedy. It contains both Acid and Balmy Parts; the former are pernicious, and aught to be carefully separated from the latter. Thus, the Flowers of Sulphur nicely prepared, and the Balsam of Sulphur prepared with distilled Oil of Aniseeds, are incomparable Medicines. If a Hectic and Night-Sweats prevail, perhaps the Balsam of Sulphur prepared with distilled Oils, may prove too hot; in which case let it be prepared with the Oil of Sweet-Almonds, adding but a few drops of distilled Oil of Aniseed, which last alone is a noble Pectoral. Or the heat of the Balsam may be restrained, by adding the Sugar of Lead, or the Antiphthisical Tincture of two Parts of Vitriol of Steel, and one of Sugar of Lead infused in rectified Spirit of Wine, or the dewy Phlegm of Vitriol, that's free of Acidity, rectified upon its own Caput mortuum. The Tincture of Bloodstone, or that of the Sulphur of Vitriol, are also fir to be added.  
In the room of Common Sulphur, some choose the Mineral fixed Sulphurs, such as Diaphoretic Antimony; Poterius' Antihectic, and all preparations from Antimony fixed with Tin and Steel▪ To these we join other Balmy Ingredients, viz. Amber, Aloes, Myrrh, especially when the Phthisic is not far advanced, nor the Hectic very troublesome; Together with the pectoral specifics, viz. Tragacanth, Elecampane Roots, Sperma Ceti (given to half a dram in a Potch'd Egg) Orris Roots, the Conserve of Roses, Bole-armenic, sealed Earth, Bloodstone, and the Mushroom of a Willow (given to half a dram in the Conserve of Ground Ivy) all which are very useful for tempering the acrimony of the Blood and Chyle. But before we commence the use of Specifics, a Vomit ought to be exhibited, for cleansing the first Passages.  
The Decoctions of Woods, especially China and Sassafras together with Elecampane, Liquorice, Raisins, and Vulnerary Ingredients, are of singular efficacy in this Case. Their Rosinous Sulphureous substance is at once qualified for tempering the sharpness of the Humours, evacuating the corrupt Matter, and cleansing the Ulcer. But whoever would reap benefit by these Decoctions, must resolve to Drink nothing else.  
Narcotics, especially the Pills of Storax are of good use for promoting the Maturation and Concoction of the matter in the Lungs, curbing the dry Night Coughs, and preventing Night-sweats. Phthisical Persons admit of large Doses, and persist long in the use of 'em without detriment. Towards the height of the Disease, when Respiration is difficult and a great deal of Viscous matter lies ready for expectoration, 'tis convevient to discontinue their use.  
In regard of the ulcerated Bowel, the vulnerary Specifics, and the baling Ingredients abovementioned, are calculated for its relief. Ground Ivy, Chervil, Scabious and male Speedwell, especially the first, or its Juice, ought never to be omitted. Some commend Indian Cresses and Rosa-solis. In Scorbutic Cases 'tis proper to add Antiscorbutic Ingredients.  
If the Hectic do not Prohibit the use of Balsams, we may add the Balsam of Sulphur, Balsam of Peru, Turpentin dissolved with the yelk of an Egg, Myrrh, etc.  
Some recommend the Decoction of . Others the volatile Salt of Hartshorn and its Spirit tinctured with Balsam of Sulphur, the Spirit of Aunts, the Spirit and volatile Salt of Man's Urine, and the like; but if the Disease be inveterat, and the Lungs ulcerated, they are very improper. Perhaps after chronical Diseases, or when the Chyle is not distributed through the Body, they may be of some use.  
The dry tickling Cough and Night-sweats, that usually molest Phthisical Persons, are abated by incrassating Medicines, mixed with Opiates. But Treacle and hot Compositions ought to be avoided.  
For cleansing the Ulcer in the Lungs, and bringing up the viscous Matter, the Syrup of Tobacco ought to be mixed with the other expectorating Ingredients. And if the Matter stink, or if the Person spit very much, let Myrrh and Honey be always added. But if a Fever or melting Looseness accompany a Phthisic, let Hony be avoided, and absorbent earthy Powders exhibited.  
The Food of Phthisical Persons ought to be such as yields a substantial glutinous Juice, such as Eggs, Raisins, Oysters, River Crabs, and Milk. They ought to avoid drinking much, and what they Drink may be impregnated with Fumes of Sulphur. Of Wines the sweetest are the best. As for Air; those that are emaciated and withered, require a thick Sulphureous Air; whereas those that are otherwise find their account in breathing in a clear dry Air.  
It remains now to subjoin a few Receipts, in order to exemplify the complication of the abovementioned Ingredients.  
Take of Salarmoniac and Nitre purified, of each half an ounce; the Powders of the Roots of Liquorice, and Florentine Orris, of each an ounce. Mix and Exhibit as much as will lie upon the point of a Knife Morning and Evening, remembering still the Cautions abovementioned, with respect to Acids.  
Take of the Roots of Cuckow-pint, four ounces; Roots of Florentin Orris, three Ounces; Flowers of Benzoin, an ounce and a half; Flowers of Sulphur, an ounce; Poterius' Antihectic, two ounces; with a sufficient quantity of Sugar make a Powder, to be given to a dram before Supper, and at Bed time, in the Decoction of China Roots, for tempering the Acrimony of the Humours.  
Take of the Kernel of the Pine Apple, half an ounce; white Poppy Seeds, two drams; with Scabious and Colts-foot Water, make an Emulsion, to which add of Ivory prepared without fire, half a dram; prepared Crabs Eyes, and Mother of Pearls, of each a scruple; and sweeten it with Pearled Sugar.  
Take of Diaphoretic Antimony, a dram and half; Flowers of Sulphur, half a dram▪ the Powder Diaireos, and Diatragacanthon Frigidae, and prepared white Amber, of each a dram extract of Elecampane, half a dram; Balsam of Sulphur Anisated, half a dram▪ Sugar dissolved in Fennel Water, four Ounces. Make Tablets, of which take eight thrice a Day, followed by a Draught of the Decoction of Ground Ivy and Chervil.  
Take of the Conserve of Ground Ivy, an ounce; Crabs Eyes and Poterius' Antihectic, of each half a dram; prepared Amber, two scruples; Benzoin, a scruple; with Willis's Syrup Diasulphuris make an Electuary; and add some grains of Laudanum Opiatum, if it be Convenient.  
Take of Guajacum Wood, three ounces; Guajacum Roots, and China Roots, of each an ounce; Elecampane and Burdock Roots, of each two ounces; Juniper Berries, three drams; Leaves of Speedwell, two handfuls; Ground Ivy, a handful. Infuse 'em for twenty four Hours, in twelve pound of fair Water. Then Boyl the half away, and add towards the end Anis and Fennel Seeds, of each an ounce and a half; Liquorice Roots, an ounce. Strain the Liquor, and exhibit a Draught every Morning, adding twelve drops of the Turpentine Balsam of Sulphur, or forty of that prepared with Oil of sweet Almonds.  
Take of Ground Ivy, Chervil, and Male Speedwell, of each a handful; Elecampane Roots, an ounce and a half; Roots of Florentine Orris, an ounce; Anis-seeds, three drams; Fennel-seed, two drams; Figs four in Number; Corrants, an ounce and a half; Liquorice Roots, six drams; boil them in Water for a vulnerary Decoction, to be sweetened with the Syrup of Ground Ivy. And add to every Draught forty drops of Elixyr Proprietatis, or half a dram of Sperma Coeti, or some drops of the Essence of Gum Ammoniac, mixed with the Tincture of Sulphur.  
Take of Poterius' Antihectic, a Scruple; Sugar of Lead, half a scruple; Extract of Saffron, four or five grains; Laudanum Opiatum, two or four grains. With Balsam of Peru make Pills, for two Doses, to be taken at Night to prevent Coughing and Sweeting in the Night time.  
Take of prepared Amber, half a scruple; choice Myrrh and valatil Salt of Amber, of each five grains; Laudanum Opiatum, a grain or two. With the Essence of Myrrh make Pills.  
Take of the Conserve of Ground Ivy, Conserve of Scabious, of each an ounce and a half; fresh Pine Apples, half an ounce; Ivory prepared without fire, a dram; Poterius' Antihectic and Flowers of Sulphur, of each two scruples. With Syrup of Tobacco make an Electuary, for attenuating and expectorating Viscid Matter.  
Having dispatched the general Consumption of the Body, 'twill not be improper in this place to take notice of the Dryness or Decay of particular parts of the Body, occasioned by whatever intercepts the Blood or Spirits in their Passage thither, or weakens and exhausts the innate Spirit of the Part, whose office it is to ferment and assimilat the nutritious Juice. Hence Palsies, Convulsions, Dislocations, Falls, Bruises, Wounds, etc. are its usual Causes. As for Cure; Wurzius his Arcanum of Alum is a Catholicon against all dried or withered Parts. 'Tis thi●.  
Take of Plumous Alum, and melted Salt, of each equal Quantities, melt 'em over a strong Fire. Then set 'em to Cool, and they will condensat into a Stone, upon which pour Water to dissolve the Salts, and precipitat the Arcanum. Of which, take three ounces, and mix 'em with an ounce and a half of the Oil of Bricks, and four ounces of the Oil of Human fat, distilled with the Ashes of Vine-tiwgs. Make a Lineament, and anoint the Part after rubbing.  
If the dryness of the Part be occasioned by a Wound or Efflux of its spirituous Juice, temperate hot things, and such as are moist, or enriched with a Dewy Juice, are best. Hence some order the Part to be drenched in the Blood of an Ox just killed, and fomented with the Decoction of the Feet, Head, Liver, and Lungs, and other joints of a Sheep or Calf, boiled to Rags; or anointed with the Juice of River Crabs, mixed with the Oil of sweet Almonds; or with an Ointment of equal quantities of the fat of Herns, the fat of Frogs, and that of Hogs. If the dryness be caused by a Palsy or Compression of the Tendons, without any visible Wound or Hurt, hot irritating things are most proper; as if the part be strongly rubbed down three or four times a Day with green Nettles, till it become Red and Hot, and then covered with the Lineament of the Arcanum of Alum, or fomented with the following Water.  
Take of the seeds of Roman Nettles, one pound; the Roots of Horse Radishes bruised, from four ounces to half a pound; Roots of Cuckow-pint, four ounces; long Pepper, three ounces. Digest 'em in white Wine fourteen Days, in a Balneum Mariae, shaking the Vessel often. And then distil the Spirit, which is of excellent use when the part is numbed and stupid.  
If a Defluxion at Catarrh falling upon the part give rise to its decay, let Sudorifics be taken inwardly; and the Spirit of Aunts, and that of Earth Worms, rectified with some Alcalin Salt, or the Aqua Articularis, mixed with the spirit of Salarmoniac and Oil of Soap, or the Ointment of Agrippa, be applied outwardly, the part being first rubbed down, till it become red or sensible.   

CHAP. II. Of Immoderate Nutrition or Corpulency.  
IF the nutritious Juice be too copiously distributed through the Body the Muscles and Joints are extended, and for want of room are disabled to recoil and contract themselves with due nimbleness, and the Belly being overcharged with Fat and Juice, enlarges its Dimensions. So that the true Cause of Corpulency or fatness is the temperate softness of the Blood, the less Consumption of the Nutritious Juice, by reason of a slow Fermentation, and the late assimilation of the Chyle in company of the Blood, giving it opportunity to be coagulated and appropriated, by the peculiar acid Spirits that guard the respective Parts.  
The remote Causes of fatness are abstinence from Drink, especially Hoped Beer, or Ale made of Malt; or whatever dilutes the Nutritious Juice, and consequently promotes its exhalation; drinking moderately Ale made of Corn, which has a peculiar fattening Virtue; eating much Bread, which promotes the Fermentation and Digestion of Food; much sleep, freedom from Care, Exercise, and Venery.  
Corpulency squeezes the Spermatic Vessels, and causes Barrenness, nay it oppresses all the Vessels in the Body, retards the Motion of the Blood, anticipats the matter that should be converted into Spirits, cramps all muscular Motions, and accelerats Death.  
The Cure is compassed by preventing the immoderate increase of Chyle, or evacuating it before its Assimilation to the Part, or melting and diluting it with Serum after its appropriation. The first design is answered by a spare thin Diet, and eating of salt Meat. The second and third by Purgation with Extractum Catholicum, and sweet Mercury repeated till it salivat; or the Pills of Aloes, and Elixyr Proprietatis, which was known among the Ancients for a drying Medicine. Now that which they called Drying, is nothing but the melting down of the Nutritious Juice. Hence Myrrh, Gentian, Wormwood, Cresses, and all Diuretic or Diaphoretic Ingredients are of use, by reason of their attenuating resolving Quality. But Vinegar of Squills, Tartar, Tartar Vitriolated, Nitre, and all Acids, are entitled to a preference. Bleeding, Issues, chewing Medicines, the Decoctions of Woods, Venery, and in a Word whatever attenuats the Nutritious Juice, and dilutes it with a serous Vehicle in order to evacuation, either by Urine, Sweat, or otherwise, is recommended against Fatness. Only this Caution ought to be taken notice of, that sudden and liberal Evacuations are apt to weaken fat People. To Conclude, I subjoin a Recipe for Pills that are much approved.  
Take of the Gum of the Juniper Tree, two drams; Choice Myrrh, Shave of Lignum Sanctum, extract of Wormwood and Aloe, of each a Scruple, Coagulated Spirit of Vitriol, half a dram. Make Pills.   

CHAP. III. Of a Depraved Nutrition.  

ART. 1. Of a Cachexy, Leucophlegmacy and Anasarca.  
IF the Chyle or Nutritious Juice is not duly digested and assimilated to the Blood, it Tinctures it with a pituitous Crudity, Stifles its saline particles, and cramps its due turgescence; whereupon the Skin is discoloured, and the Muscles instead of receiving elaborat nourishment, are stuffed and bloated up with crude matter, and so rendered flaccid: This we call a Leucophlegmacy. And if this crude vicious Juice obstruct the Glandules of the Muscles, or if the Lymph be upon any account obliged to Stagnat, the Blood becomes serous, and a Collection of Serum or Water lodged under the Skin causes an Anasarca. Now a Cachexy is a general Term importing the Crudity of the mass of Blood, and its weaker Fermentation, which give rise to these two Diseases. The remote Causes are want of motion, care, grief, suppression of the Terms, chronical Diseases, suppression of Urine, the French Pox; and in a word, whatever weakens Digestion, and stifles the Fermentation of the Blood.  
The Symptoms observe the following Method. The Cachectic Person grows Pale, and in some measure Livid; his Face, and in process of time, the whole surface of the Body is swollen; upon any quick motion or walking up an ascent he is troubled with a shortness of breath, and palpitation of the Heart and temporal Arteries; an universal Weariness seizes the Joints, and after eating, Anxiety and a sense of Compression ofttimes invades the Breast; the Appetit, which at first is good, decays by degrees, the Pulse is unequal, small, frequent and weak; the Urine crude, pale, and watery; and towards the height of the Disease becomes thick, and deposits a white Sediment; and finally the Person is seized with a slow Fever, scarce perceivable by himself, and is ofttimes thirsty and costive.  
Thus far the Disease is only denominated a Cachexy. But afterwards the whole Body becomes very turgid, especially the Feet and Belly, the Skin thick and pale, and when pressed by one's Finger receives durable Pits, which entitle it to the Character of a Leucophlegmacy: Whereas an Anasarca requires that these Pits should quickly disappear, and that a shining Colour cover the swelling.  
Cachexies are apt to invade Women, or those who confine themselves to a sedentary Life; and if the Woman be past the season of her Terms, they prove very tedious: If they succeed to acute or intermitting Fevers, or mismanaged chronical Diseases, they are not easily cured.  
The Cure consists in attenuating, correcting, and evacuating the Crudities of the first Passages, whetting the Bile, vanquishing the vicious acid, and strengthening the Stomac. For these Ends we ought to be cautious of giving strong Purgatives, or forcing the Cure too violently. The better way is to proceed by degrees, first to prepare the Crudities of the first Passages by digestive Salts, such as the Hypochondriac digestive Salt, given to half a dram twice a day, Tartar vitriolated, Salarmoniac, and the Tincture of Tartar; mixed with absorbent Powders, viz. Coral, sealed Earth, Bezoardicum martiale, and Poterius' Antihectic (made of the Regulus of Antimony, Tin and Nitre.) Then to exhibit a Vomit, such as the Conserve of Hedge-Hyssop, given from a dram to two drams; or the Decoction of Hedge-Hyssop in Wine, etc. Or if a Vomit be improper, to order a gentle Purge of the Extract of Esula, or Juice of common Orris, mixed with sweet Mercury, and Preparations from Gum Ammoniac.  
The first Passages being thus cleansed, we advance to Chalybeats, which ought to be continued for several Weeks, a gentle Laxative being interlaced every Week, and the Patient remembering always to stir and move after taking 'em. If the peccant Acid be very rank, and the Stomac strong, we may give the filings of Steel, in Substance, or the natural and artificial Waters; otherwise chalybear Rhenish Wine, impregnated with Aromatic Herbs, or rather the Extract of Steel prepared with Juice of Apples, or that ascribed to Mynsichtius, or the Tincture of the Vitriol of Steel, and Bezoardicum Martiale, will answer the Design.  
After the use of Steel is the proper Season for exhibiting the Infusions or Decoctions of the sharp, bitter Aromatic Herbs and Spices, to which we add some gentle Laxative, especially Rhubarb, which retrieves the Choler, and subdues the Acid. The Ingredients of this Nature are Wormwood, Agrimony, Turmeric, lesser Centory, Carduus Benedictus, Elecampane and Cuckow-pint Roots; Rosemary, Hyssop, Mint, Horse-Radishes, Cresses, Scurvygrass, Cinnamon, Galangal, Zedoary, Cloves, Ginger, etc. The Rob of Juniper, and Pulp of Raisins are much approved for the same effect; and if we add to them Extract of Steel, they prove more effectual. And after all, towards the end of the Cure, we order the Patient to take every Morning and Evening some drops of volatile saline Spirits, till he become perfectly well; such are the Spirit of Salarmoniac, or Elixyr Proprietatis prepared with it, the Essence of Wormwood, the carminative Spirit de tribus, the Nephritic Tincture, the Spirit of Hartshorn succinated, etc.  
In a perfect Anasarca the same Remedies are convenient. To which we may add the Lie made of Wine, and the Ashes of Wormwood and Broom; sudorific Decoctions of Woods and Juniper Berries, and that of Swallow-wort, and Elecampane; the Seed of St. John's Wort given to a dram in Wine, or diuretic Infusions and Decoctions of Asarabecca, Briony, red Chiches, etc. mixed with Emmenagoga in a Suppression of the Terms, (which frequently follows a Cachexy or Anasarca.) In scorbutic cases, let Earthworms be added to the Aromatic Decoctions.  
Externally Burdock Leaves bruised, and applied to the Joints and soles of the Feet, are very useful. The natural sulphureous Baths are of known Efficacy; as also the dry Bagnios; or in the beginning and declination of the Disease, the way of procuring Sweat by kindling Spirit of Wine. Some order the cachectic Body to be put into hot Sand. As for the Forms of prescribing, they are as follows.  
Take of Tartar vitriolated, two scruples; salt of Wormwood, and prepared Crabs Eyes, of each a Scruple; distilled Oil of Turpentin, six drops. Make a digestive Powder for three Doses, to be exhibited before vomiting.  
Take of Quercetanus' Pills of Ammoniac and sweet Mercury, of each fifteen grains; Extract of Troches Alhandal, a grain and a half. Make Pills for a gentle Purge. 'Tis also very proper to add the Extract of Steel to all purging Pills.  
Take of the Filings of Steel, one part; Cinnamon in Powder, two parts; Sugar, three parts. Make a chalybeat Powder. Dose a dram.  
Take of the Pulp of Raisins, six ounces; Extract of Steel prepared with Juice of Apples, three ounces; choice Rhubarb, three drams; with the Syrup of Apples make an Electuary. The solar Liquor of Steel may also be taken from twelve to thirty drops; or the solution of Steel in Juice of Apples mixed with spirit of Scurvygrass, to fifty drops.  
Take of Fumitory, Wormwood, and Rosemary, of each a handful; Elecampane, and Fennel roots, of each six drams; picked Senna, an ounce; black Hellebor roots, six drams; choice Rhubarb, three drams; the four greater hot Seeds, of each a dram and a half; Orange and Citron Peel, of each three drams; Galangal and Ginger, of each a dram; salt of Tartar, two drams. Make a Bag to be infused in Wine, of which let the Patient take a draught twice or thrice a day after having finished the course of Steel.  
Take of the Species Diacurcumae, four scruples; choice Rhubarb, two drams; Powder Diarrhodon, Abbatis, and Diagalangae, of each a scruple; with Syrup of Wormwood make Pills. Dose a dram.  
Take of Elixyr Proprietatis without the acid, an ounce; Essence of Wormwood, and that of lesser Centory, of each two Drams. Mix them to be used in the Declination of the Disease, to fifty drops every Morning in a warm Vehicle; and followed by fifty drops of Spirit of Salarmoniac mixed with double its quantity of the carminative Spirit de tribus, taken after dinner, and at bed time.   

ART. 2. Of an universal Dropsy.  
A Dropsy is a Collection and Extravasation of Serum, causing a Distension, Tumour, and Softness in the external parts. Sometimes a viscous Humour accompanies the Serum, and then 'tis a spurious sort of Dropsy, complicated with an Anasarca. A Tympany goes generally by the name of a Dropsy, but for so much as it proceeds from Wind, we refer it to the Chapter of Wind in the Stomac. A Dropsy is called universal, when it proceeds from the general Infirmity of the Body. A particular Dropsy is owing to the infirmity of that Part from which it receives its Denomination. The most common sort of Dropsy is that called Ascites, which gins at the Feet, and in a short time reaches the Belly and Scrotum.  
This Serum, whose Extravasation causes a Dropsy, for the most part is deposited into the respective Cavities, by the Blood circulating in the Arteries. 'Tis true the Rupture and Obstruction of the lymphatic and milky Vessels, may cause a Stagnation or Extravasation: but that happens by accident. Whereas the standing and direct source of Dropsies is the vicious Crasis of the Blood, as being unqualified for digesting and assimilating its Serum; and its languid Motion, giving the Serum an opportunity of squeezing through the Vessels, especially about the Capillary Arteries, where the influence of the Heart (the primum mobile) is but very small, and more easily communicable to the thick resisting Blood, than to the weak yielding Serum. Now that the slow motion of the Blood will occasion a Transmission of the Serum, is plainly made out by Dr. Louer's Experiment of tying a Ligature about the Vena Cava, under the Heart; and that the vicious Crasis or Crudity of the Blood occasions an imperfect Turgescence, and a weak Propulsion from the Heart, is too evident to need a proof. I grant that there are some melting Dropsies that proceed from the Colliquation of the Humours originally contained in the part, without the assistance of foreign Serum, as in Hectic Fevers, and after hot acute Diseases; but these are not proper Dropsies, as being only Symptoms of a Colliquation.  
According to this Hypothesis, we need not be at a loss to scan the Influence of remote Causes. 'Tis an obvious Conjecture, that whatever weakens Digestion, accumulats Crudities, enfeebles the natural Functions, and, in a word, all Chachectic Disorders are apt to degenerate into Dropsies. The suppression of Urine and that of insensible transpiration, are either the Causes or inseparable Companions of a Dropsy. Nay, I doubt much if an universal Ascites can ever take place, unless the Kidneys be disordered. And 'tis a notorious observation to this purpose, that whoever drinks much, and does not piss proportionably, may justly make account to encounter a Dropsy  he dies; and that whoever attempts the Cure of a Dropsy without Diuretic Medicines, is but lamely equipped for his Office. The drinking of Brandy and Sulphureous Liquors that melt down the Humours, sharpen the Lymph, and relaxat the Stomac; the inconsiderate use of cold Water, immediately after violent Heat; the suppression of any wont Evacuation, and excess of any Flux, whether of Blood or other Humours; the attenuation of the Serum, by the use of Mercury; the Jaundice, and inactivity of the Bile; Chronical Agues mismanaged; Asthmas, Phthisics, and Spitting of Blood, and in fine, whatever weakens Nature, renders the Blood uncapable to assimilat the Chyle, or retards its circular Motion, and disturbs its due Targescence: these I say, are the natural Authors of a Dtopsie. The tumours of the Mesentery, Liver, and other Bowels do generally accompany this Disease, but ofttimes are rather effects than Causes.  
The Symptoms of a Dropsy display themselves after this method: The Feet at first begin to swell, and receive Pits by the pressing of one's Finger; in the Night time the swelling abates, but regains new force the succeeding Day. By degrees it reaches to the Abdomen, and Scrotum, and frequently affects the Prepuce and Testicles. The Water thus enclosed in the Belly sometimes possesses one side, sometimes both, and as the Person turns in his Bed it rolls, with a noise, and sometimes visibly, from one side to the other; in the mean while the Breast, Neck, and upper Parts waste and decay. The Face and Hands sometimes swell. An itching, and ofttimes a scab, molests the Skin; and spots or wheals beset the Legs. A slow Fever pursues him, and increases towards the Evening. The Pulse is small, frequent, and a little hard. An unquenchable Thirst, loss of Appetit, straitness of the Breast, shortness of Breath, especially in the Night time, and a dry Cough ofttimes usher in a Dropsy.  
Big bellied Women are ofttimes apt to suspect a Dropsy without occasion. The signs which serve to undeceive 'em are these. In a Dropsy the Face is pale and Livid, the Eyes are robbed of their sparkling Vigour, the Water contained in the Belly Floats to and again, falls as the Woman turns herself, and is very weighty. The swelling is soft, equal, and bends downward; it does not impair the Flux of the Terms, but diminishes the quantity of Urine, and gives it a high Tincture, and causes a violent Thirst; all which Symptoms are contrary to those of Being with Child.  
The Hydro●ic Water is not always of the same Colour, as being either Green, Yellow, or Blackish, etc. But 'tis generally salin and sharp, apt to corrode the Bowels, and to cause Ulcers on the Legs, or to cast a Froth like Lather, when mixed with other Water; nay the distension and stiffness of the Membrans inwrapping it seems to argue that it ferments within, and provokes them to Contractions.  
As for Prognostics. If a Dropsy follow Chronical Diseases, or indiscreet Purgation, or invade those whose strength is decayed; if it be attended by unspeakable Thirst, Coughing, Schirrus of the Bowels, difficult Respiration, scarcity and redness of Urine, hardness of the Belly, extreme inappetency, or a melting Fever, Ulcers or livid Spots in the Legs, Black Excrements (when the Person does not use Steel) These I say are dismal Circumstances, whereas the Reverse of 'em are looked upon as hopeful Signs. Convulsions and Apoplexies succeeding a Dropsy are very fatal.  
The Cure turns upon two indications. 1. To remove the stagnating Serum. 2. To prevent its further increase by retrieving the due Crasis of the Blood, and fortifying the Stomac, in order to a regular Chylification.  
The first is answered by Evacuations, and abstaining from Drink.  
Of evacuating Medicines, Purgatives are the first, especially the Roots of the Common Flower-de-luce, and Elaterium, or the Juice of the wild Cucumber. The former does not only evacuat but enjoys also an alterative Virtue; and is given to three drams in Infusion, or its Juice expressed, to half an ounce, with a scruple of the Powder of Soldanella. Elaterium, or its Extract prepared with Spirit of Wine Tartarised, given to fifteen grains, is fitly joined with sweet Mercury. The Infusion or Decoction of half an ounce of Bryony, with Salt of Tartar, is of excellent use against Dropsies of the Womb. When the Serum is mixed with viscous Humours, Coloquintida, or the extract of Troches Alhandal ought to be added. The lunar Pills made of the Crystals of well refined Silver, prepared with Spirit of Nitre or Aquafortis; or Mercurius Vitae rendered Laxative, by mixing it with sweet Mercury, are also noted Purges against Dropsies. To which we may add the Rosin of Jalap, the Infusion of a handful of the Flowers of Acacia in Whey, the Syrup and Conserve of Peach Flowers; Gutta Gamba, given in Powder to sixteen grains, or its Rosin given to twelve grains; the Infusion of two or three drams of Hedge-Hyssop, or its Conserve given to two drams, Syrup of Buckthorn, and the Rinds or Leaves of Elder. The proper season for exhibiting Purges to Hydropic Persons is immediately before the new Moon, when the Disease of itself relents; But if the Hydropic Water lodge in the Purse of the Caul, or duplicat of the Peritonaeum, or Vesicles of the Mesentery, and not in the Cavities of the Womb, Purgation is of no use: And withal we ought to remark that Purgatives ought to be mixed with Stomachical Specifics, especially Wormwood; and not too often repeated, by reason that they melt down the laudable Humours as well as the bad, and so indirectly strengthen the Disease; especially if they do not operat quickly after Administration.  
If the Hydropic Person Vomit easily, or be molested with a shortness of Breath, Vomits are useful. But they ought to be given in large Doses, otherwise they do not Operate. Opiates in general are pernicious, tho' in some singular Instances they may pacify the Spirits, appease the irritated Fibres of the Kidneys, and so indirectly promote an Evacuation by Urine.  
Diuretics are the choicest evacuating Remedies. But they ought not to be exhibited till after the use of Laxative, attenuating and opening Ingredients, nor used without the addition of Chalybeat or Corroborating Medicines. Asarum, Wormwood, Elecampane, and Gentian lead the Van. The Juice or Infusion of Celandin the greater, is a celebrated Specific; to which we may add the Decoction of Swallow-wort in Wine or its Extract, it being peculiarly calculated for such Dropsies as proceed from Scrofulous tumours in the Mesentery. horehound is much recommended against a Hydropical Jaundice. The Infusion, Decoction, or Juice of Garlic is a powerful Diuretic, as also Turmerick and Madder. The Decoction, Infusion, Spirit and Rob of Juniper Wood and Berries are of excellent use, and seem to claim a Preference before the Decoctions of Guajacum and Sassafras. The Juice of the Herb Kali given to half a dram is much applauded, but it ought not to be taken above three Days in a Week, for fear of over doing.  
In those Dropsies which approach to Anasarca's, fixed Salts are of good use, and perhaps preferable to other Diuretics. But in an Ascites 'tis not improper to shift 'em, for those of a volatile nitrous Character. The Heads of the fixed sort are the Lixivious Salts of Vine-Twigs, Bean-stalks, Juniper and Lime-tree-wood. The volatile, are all the volatile preparations of Tartar, the Spirit and Flowers of Salarmoniac, or Elixyr Propritatis prepared with it, and the volatile Salt of Hartshorn; Poppius bestows large Encomiums on the Spirit of Urine, rectified with Spirit of Wine Ambergrise and Mosch, and given to half a dram, Morning and Evening; nay, Man's Urine, or that of Sheep is very effectual among poor People. Crollius recommends Goose-Dung given to a dram in distilled Urine.  
The Spirit of putrified Earthworms, given to sixty drops, twice or thrice a day in Wine impregnated with Juniper Berries; or the Liquor that flows, per deliquium, from Earthworms putrified with Moss of Earth, and baken with Dough in an Oven, given to a spoonful twice a day; the Powder of dried Toads, the Heads and Guts being thrown away, given to a Scruple three or four times in one Day, but so as to intermit three or four days before it be used again; the Liquor which drops, per deliquium, from Cockle-shells, coagulated with Spirit of Salt; the Powder of greasy Beetles, or of Hog-lice; these are all approved for their anti-hydropic Virtue.  
Sudorifics are not proper in an Ascites, by reason that they heat and fret the Serum, and dissolve the Blood, so as to occasion a further effusion of Serum into the Cavities. In case of an Anasarca, or when the Serum stagnates in the Glandules and Bowels, they are useful, and aught to be given in small quantities, lest a stronger force should weaken the Patient. Juniper-Wood, Millet-seeds, and Vegetable Aromatics, together with volatile Salts, are the most proper Ingredients; and aught to be administered in a liquid form. Sometimes Mercurial Salivations are also of use in desperate Dropsies.  
After the internal Remedies for evacuating the hydropical Serum; we come in the next place, to what assistance external Operations can afford. If the Navel be much raised, we apply aperients to it; and if they do not open it, we tap it with a Needle. A Paracentesis is also frequently performed on the side of the Belly with good success. But we ought to remember, that in Dropsies, the Peritonaeum is very thick; that 'tis dangerous to take out above eight or ten Ounces of Water at once; that if the Disease be confirmed, and the Bowels beset with Schirrus' or already corroded by the Water; and if the larger Lymphatic Vessels be broken, or if the Dropsy be universal, a Paracentesis is of no use. Sometimes, if Nature tend that way, the Scrotum opens of itself, or if it do not, 'tis artificially opened with a Cautery or a Lance. But it ought to be carefully defended, by proper Preservatives, from a Gangrene; to which 'tis very liable. 'Slight scarrifications of the Legs are ofttimes of good use; but the Wounds must be gently handled, and frequently fomented with the Spirit of Wine camphorised, in order to prevent a Gangrene. If Blisters rise in the Legs, we apply Cole-wort Leaves to 'em; nay, ofttimes the Leaves of Water-Plantane bruised, and applied, raise Blisters of themselves, which void a great deal of Serum. Blistering Plasters are used with good success; but they ought to be cautiously applied to the outermost Parts, because they extinguish the native heat, and promote a Gangrene. Upon which account, Caustics, which fortify the Part with an Eschara, and do not attract the Humours so violently, are more proper. But if the Disease be confirmed, and if the Person be weak and cold, than they may introduce a Gangrene, or, at least, will only give vent to the Water under the Skin, as not being able to extend their influence to the Cavities. Some choose to pair the Nails of the Toes very close, and tie straight Ligatures upon the Parts. The former Stratagem drains the Water, and the latter cuts off all further Supplies, and forces the imprisoned Matter either to retire into the Lymphatic Vessels, or march out by the proper Passages.  
Having thus dispatched the first Indication, we are arrived at the second, which was to corroborat the Stomac, and Crasis of the Blood; for which end, chalybeat Medicines ought to be mixed with the above mentioned Ingredients, especially to Wormwood and Ground-Ivy; which last is of excellent use both inwardly and outwardly. The Salt of Wormwood coagulated with the Spirit of Salt; the Tincture of Tartar, Tincture of the Vitriol of Steel, the Terra foliata of Tartar, and the Lapis Fulminaris, pounded with Alcohol of Wine, and mixed with the Powder of Snakes Cast-Coats, are much applauded for the same purpose.  
If the Fibres of the Skin be weak and relaxated, it will not be improper to Bathe it with the Spirit of Wine and strong Waters; as for astringent Fomentations, I doubt they do more harm than good. If the Vessels or Organs be broke, we may add vulnerary Ingredients to the above mentioned Specifics. If the difficulty of breathing be very troublesome, 'tis usual to give a dram of Sperma Caeti in Spanish Wine, after vomiting. If Hydropical Persons be extreme thirsty, we must be very cautious of pleasing them, or answering their demands, since abstinence from Drink is the better part of the Cure. Nitre melted in the Mouth, Wine tempered with Juice of Citrons, the dulcified Spirit of Salt, Vinegar diluted with Chalybeat Water, and the Decoction of Juniper Berries in Whey, given for ordinary drinking, are of use for mitigating this Symptom.  
In the mean while, it will not be improper to inject Clysters of hydropical Purgatives, and aromatic Ingredients, or of Herrin-Pickle, or of a Child's Urine, impregnated with carminative Seeds in case of Wind; or mixed with Turpentin and Nitre. Nor will it be amiss to apply discussive Aromatics to the soles of the Feet, Belly, and Cod. Such are the Leaves of Celandin the greater, Bags quilted with aromatic Seeds and Bran; Man's Ordure; Goats Dung boiled in Mint-Water, or mixed with Man's Urinal in the form of a Cataplasm; Horse's Dung mixed after the same method, with Meal of Barley and Vinegar. Quick-lime-Water mixed with Spirit of Wine is of excellent use for bathing the Legs, Belly, and Scrotum, especially when a Gangrene is threatened, by the appearance of Spots. Cataplasms made of Cockles bruised together with their Shells, and mixed with Goats-Dung, are particularly recommended by Thonerus. If these Cataplasms prove uneasy, they may be shifted for aromatic Oils; such as the Oil of Scorpions, distilled Oil of Juniper, Oil of Bays, Oil of Toads, mixed with the Ointments Agrippae, Martiatum, etc. Or, an Ointment made of Sulphur, Quicklime, and the Extracts of sharp Plants. Some commend Bathing, but 'tis only of use against Anasarca's.  
It remains only to annex a few Recipes for illustrating the Method of prescribing.  
Take of the Extract of Elaterium, fifteen or twenty grains; Rosin of Jalap, from two to five grains; Troches Alhandal, one or two grains; distilled Oil of Juniper, two drops. With Essence of Wormwood make Pills for a Hydropical Purge. To which we may premise the Tincture, Spirit or Salt of Tartar as a Digestive.  
Take of the Conserve of Peach-Flowers, a dram; twelve grains of Mercurius vitae, mixed with fifteen grains of sweet Mercury; Extract of Elaterium, a grain or two. With the Syrup of Buckthorn, make a Bolus for one Dose.  
Take of the Rob of Juniper, an Ounce and a half; Extract of Steel prepared with Juice of Apples, half an ounce; Powder of Rhubarb, two or three drams; with Cinnamon-Water make an Electuary for corroborating the Stomac.  
Take of Swallow-wort Roots, two ounces; Leaves of Celandin the greater, horehound and Wormwood, of each a handful; Citron and Orange-peel, of each six drams; Seeds of the Ash-tree, of Cumin, Fennel, and Annis, of each two or three drams; Juniper Berries bruised, an ounce and a half; Galangal, Cloves, Ginger, of each a dram; Salt of Tartar, six drams; infuse them in Wine. Of which, let the Patient take a Draught frequently.  
Take of the Salt of Vine-twigs, or that of Pigeons Dung, of each a dram; Powder of Toads, two scruples. Make a Powder for two Doses.  
Take of the carminative Spirit de tribus, half an ounce; Spirit of Salarmoniac, two drams. Mix. Dose half a dram twice a day.  
Take of the Decoction of Camomile Flowers, half a Pound; Man's Urine, three Ounces; lenitive Electuary, six drams; distilled Oil of Turpentin, a scruple. Make a Clyster.  
Take of the carminative Decoction, six Ounces; Man's Urine, three ounces; Yeast, a Dram; common Salt, a scruple; Honey of Roses, an ounce. Make a Clyster.  
Take of Cockles and their Shells bruised, a Pound; Powder of Caraway-Seeds, two ounces; Goats Dung, an ounce. Make a Cataplasm, to be applied to the Belly and Cod.  
Take of the Ointment of Showbread, an Ounce; Ointment of Agrippa, half an ounce; Oil of Scorpions, an Ounce and a half; distilled Oil of Toads, three drams. Mix for a Lineament, and anoint the Belly frequently.   

ART. 3. Of the Yellow, Black, and White Jaundice.  
A Jaundice is a cachectic disposition of Body, attended by a preternatural Colour of the Skin; it is caused either by the corruption of the Chyle in the Stomac; or its vicious fermentation with the Bile and Juice of the Pancreas in the Duodenum; or by the immediate putrification of the Mass of Blood. The first cause defiles the Mass of Blood, and taints it with various Recrements according to the manner of its corruption. Hence Milk curdled in the Stomacs of Children, Summer-Fruits, Cucumbers, Fish, etc. being converted into a musty Crudity, will cause a Jaundice, by mixing the corrupt Chyle with the Blood, which being unfit for nourishment or assimilation, is thrown out in a serous Vehicle upon the Glandules of the Skin, and sometimes upon internal Glandules.  
The Jaundices which follow Fevers, or extreme bleeding, which are attended by vomiting of yellow corrupt Matter, musty Belchings, Heart-burnings, and Excrements coloured as in a healthy state, seem to arise from this cause, and are accordingly cured by Vomits, and bitter stomachical Medicines.  
The second Cause takes place when an Acid prevails, and the Bile is lazy or unactive, and either cannot make good its secretion through the Liver, and consequently recoils into the Blood; or, when separated, stagnates in the Gallbladder, and settles into Stones, so as to cause an Obstruction of the Passage: Hence sulphureous strong Liquors, that exalt the Oil of the Bile, and cramp its active Volatile Salt, are frequently charged with causing a Jaundice. Sometimes the Convulsions of the neighbouring Membranes may contract the Gallbladder, and so shut up the Passage, upon which account Vomiting, Colic-pains, Hysteric Passions, and hard Labour in Childbearing, are observed to introduce this Disease. The prevalency of an Acid in the Duodenum, arising either from the austere Recrements of the Stomac, or the degeneracy of the Juice of the Pancreas, will also pervert the Chyle, and consequently the Mass of Blood. So that the greatest part of Jaundices are wholly owing to a preternatural corrupt Acid in the Stomac or Duodenum, and the inactivity or imperfect distribution of the Chyle.  
As for the third Cause, viz. The immediate putrefication of the Mass of Blood, 'tis occasioned by Poison, birings of Vipers or Mad Dogs, malignant Ulcers, suppression of the Terms, the Scurvy, etc. And when a Jaundice springs from this cause, the Stomac, Bile, and Colour of the Excrements continue in their natural state.  
Now any of these three Causes will occasion a preternatural colour of the Skin, which always attends the Jaundice. For the Blood being vitiated and tinctured with corrupt Recrements, precipitats and throws 'em out in a serous Vehicle upon the Skin, where the miliar Glandules are most plentiful; and these vicious particles tincture the Skin, according to their various texture. If an urinous Oil prevail, the Colour is yellow; if an Acid from the first Passages, it becomes green or black, and frequently a yellow Jaundice is converted to that of a Green or Black Colour, by the growing prevalency of the Acid. 'Tis true, the Ancients fancied that the Yellow Colour proceeded from a redundancy of Bile, and the Black from a melancholic Humour, imputed to the Spleen. But Experience teaches us, that the  Bile is apt to cause a red Colour; that such Medicines as whet and volatilize the Bile, are proper against this Disease; that a Yellow Jaundice becomes Black without any influence from the Spleen, and that there are several Yellow Jaundice's, in which the Bile is not redundant nor stopped in its passage, as those which proceed from corrupt Chyle bred in the Stomac, etc.  
The Jaundice is called Secondary, when it follows other Diseases; and if it be accompanied by signs of Concoction, 'tis Critical; if not, 'tis Symptomatical. But if it be independent, and come of itself, 'tis a Primary Disease; and is ushered in by these Symptoms. First, a pressing straitning Pain girds the Breast, weariness possesses the Limbs, a loathing invades the Stomac, the respiration becomes difficult; and Giddiness, Headaches, and Swoonings sometimes close up the rear. The Urinal at first is pale, afterwards (when the Blood gins to precipitat its Recrements) it becomes thick, obscure, as of a dark red Colour, and dies a Cloth yellow like Saffron. The Whites of the Eyes being enriched with many little Arteries, appear Yellow; the Mouth is dry, and frequently molested with a bitter taste, and aversion to Ale. Sometimes a Fever accompanies a Jaundice, and sometimes it does not. When the Bile is stopped, the Belly is costive, the Excrements White, and a violent pain molests the right Hypocondrium, as being supposed to proceed from Stones in the Gallbladder. In other cases, the Belly is open, and the Excrements represent a bilious Colour. A Jaundice is dangerous when 'tis Black, or proceeds from a prevailing Acid, or succeeds to Chronical Diseases, Quartan Fevers, obstructions of the Liver or Spleen, or stones in the Gallbladder; in which last case, tho' cured, it frequently relapses. When the Urinal becomes thich and Black, it prognosticates a happy delivery.  
The Cure consists in correcting the Acid and austere Ferment, proceeding from the Stomac and Intestines: or retrieving the due texture and distribution of the Bile; and promoting the separation of the heterogeneous Particles. To obtain these ends, let an Antimonial Vomit be first exhibited. Purgation is improper, especially when the Vessels of the Gall are straitened, rather than obstructed; in which, the Vomits themselves are not so useful as in other cases. If it be needful to clear the Passages, Gum Ammoniac, and Tartar vitriolated, or some such laxative, will suffice.  
Of Specific Alteratives, the filings of Steel, or its Extract prepared with Juice of Apples, or chalybeat Wine, and prepared Bloodstone, which partakes much of Steel, are much the best; to which we join the Juice, Infusion, or Decoction of Celandin Roots in Wine; the Essence, Extract, or Decoction of horehound; the Powder of Colombine-Seeds; the Conserve of the Flowers of Broom, and St. John's Wort, the Powder of Madder Roots; the Tincture, or Effence of Swallow-wort; the Decoctions of Silver-weed, Agrimony, Wormwood, lesser Centory, Southernwood, the five opening Roots, etc. Some recommend the Decoction of Raisins and Straw-berry-leaves, for ordinary drinking.  
Besides the Vegetable Specifics, Earthworms or Wood-lice, given in Powder to a Dram; or the Spirit prepared from 'em; the Spirit and Tincture of Tartar, the carminative Spirit de tribus, the Spirit of Salarmoniac, Spirit of Man's Urine; and the Urine itself drunk with the Juice of horehound; are of noted efficacy. The Dung of Geese, or that of other Animals, given in Powder to a dram, is much approved. Some recommend the Stone taken out of the Gall of an Ox, given to a dram; And the Bezoar Stone; or the Lapis Fulminaris, given to half a dram. Some order three or four living Lice to be swallowed.  
In the declination of the Disease, gentle Laxatives mixed with the above mentioned Specifics, are allowable, especially Rhubarb given in Powder or Infusion; or the Infusion of Senna with Salt of Tartar; or the Flowers of Acacia, or those of the wild Plum-Tree, infused in Wine, or in the ordinary Drink. In a Black Jaundice, the Extract of black Hellebor, mixed with that of Steel, and Gum Ammoniac, is very useful.  
These are the internal Medicines, proper to be given against a Jaundice, as being all calculated for sharpening the Bile, subduing Acids, and promoting a regular chylification: In the use of which, we ought still to continue till the Urinal become thick and black.  
Externally some apply the Leaves of lesser Centory, or Celandin Roots to the soles of the Feet; and bathe the Body in hot Water, impregnated with Specific Plants, in order to open its Pores; or rub it all over with Bags of the Meal of Barley and Beans dipped in hot Water. Cataplasms of the Leaves of horehound, Celandin Roots, and Misleto of the Oak, beaten up with Wine and Vinegar, and applied to the Feet, are of excellent use for big-bellyed Women, who dare not venture upon the use of internal Specifics.  
It remains only to annex a few Examples of Recipes.  
Take of Aloes and Extract of lesser Centory, of each a scruple; Extract of Troches Alhandal, six grains; Mercurius vitae, two grains. Make Pills for four Doses.  
Take of Columbine Seeds, six drams: With Celandin-Water make an Emulsion; to which add Powder of Ivory, a dram and a half.  
Take of Columbine Seeds in Powder, six drams; Saffron, one dram; Tartar vitriolat, half a dram. Make a Powder for seven Doses, to be taken in Rhenish Wine.  
Take of chalybeat diaphoretic Antimony, and Turmeric-Roots, of each half a dram; volatile Salt of Hartshorn, half a scruple. Make a Powder for two Doses.  
Take of Madder-roots, and those of Celandin, of each an ounce; Leaves of horehound, and tops of Wormwood, of each a handful; Salt of Tartar, two drams. Make a Bag to be infused in Wine.  
Take of the Pulp of Raisins, half a Pound; choice Rhubarb, three drams; Tartar vitriolated, two drams. With Syrup of Cichory with Rhubarb make an Electuary.   

ART. 4. Of the French Pox.  
THE Symptoms of the French-Pox display themselves most in the part, through which the virulency is first conveyed. If a Nurse be infected by a sucking Child, her Breasts are first attacked; if the Disease be contracted by lying in Bed with a fowl Person, the Skin and surface of the Body are the chief place where its Retainers assemble. If the Embraces of a foul Woman give Being to it, the Yard, Groin, and adjacent Parts are the first Scene of its tragical appearance. About two or three days after the Venereal Adventure, a Heat and Inflammation seizes the Genitals, the Urine scalds, a sharp corroding Matter issues from the Yard, inflames the Prepuce, and besets it with Pushes, which in tract of time degenerate into Ulcers; Bubo's, or hard swell appear in the Groin; Red yellowish Spots are observed in the Belly, Breast, Back, and Privities, which when pressed, assume a whitish Colour, but quickly retrieve the former. In process of time, the Wheals or Ulcers spread over the Body, especially the Forehead, Face and ; their Colour is livid, inclining to a Yellow; sometimes they are dry, scaly, and of an unequal surface; at other times they void sharp corrupt Matter, which frequently corrodes the spongy Bones of the Nose and Palat. The Bones are covered with hard stony Concretions, and the Limbs tortured with violent Night-pains, but so as that the Joints are free; and in inveterat cases, become corrupt and rotten. Little Swell called Condylomata, cover the Breech, and crusty Warts invade many parts of the Body. The Palms of the Hands, and Soles of the Feet are chopped and molested with a burning Heat; the Hairs fall off from the Head, Eyelids, etc. the  of the Throat being relaxated or corroded, altars the Voice; the Ears tingle; and in fine, the whole Body becomes mangy and sordid, and, by degrees, moulders away. The Symptoms of Women differ not from those of Men, excepting what regards the form of their Genitals.  
The material cause of the Pox is a corrosive acid Ferment joined to a viscid Vehicle, which affects chief the glandulous and nervous parts; it depraves the Lymph and Serum, the nutritious Juice of the Bones, and the dewy Liquors of the whole Body; it corrodes the solid parts; twitches the Membrans, and is every way qualified for being the Bane of Life, and Ruin of Mankind. 'Tis very infectious, and ofttimes propagats itself among Bedfellows, by Sweat or Matter issuing from the Ulcers, by kissing when the Lips are ulcerated, by hereditary Succession, and many other ways, besides that of perfect Enjoyment.  
If it be inveterat, or hereditary, or return after Salivation; if attended by the Scurvy, or obstructions of the Bowels, or troublesome Catarrhs; and if the Bones of the Head are corroded; it is not easily cured. Dry hot Constitutions are more in danger than those whose Bodies are moist and open. The forwardness and Suppuration of the Bubo's facilitats the Cure. If the Blood drawn forth become florid; and free of those livid bluish Spots that use to appear in its surface, and withal be not over serous, 'tis a testimony of a perfect Cure.  
The Cure of the French Pox, which consists in attenuating the viscid Humours, correcting and extinguishing the Acid, and evacuating both, is obtained either by sudorific Decoctions, or mercurial Salivations. The former are calculated for a recent Pox, and bilious, scorbutic, or melancholic Constitutions, to whom Mercury is so pernicious; and aught to be preceded by Purgatives. The most noted Ingredients are Guajacum and Sassaperilla. The Dose of the former aught to be enlarged for cold Constitutions; and that of the latter, for such as are hot. To these two I choose to add Juniper-wood.  
The other Specifics are Burdock Roots, Soap-wort, Sassafras, Box wood, Mastic wood, Oak wood, Arsmart, etc. The common Vehicle for sudorific Decoctions is Water; but when the Stomac is weak, we may add Wine towards the end of the Decoction. For emaciated Persons, some boil 'em in Whey. When these Sudorifics are first used, we ought not to be too hasty in forcing the Patient to sweat; but to wait some days till the Humours are gradually prepared, and the Body incline to it. Besides, if they happen to operat more by Urine, than by Stool, 'tis not proper to recall the Humours that move that way; nay on the contrary, we ought to add Diuretics, and endeavour to discharge the virulent matter by the Passage to which Nature directs. When the Humours are sufficiently prepared and disposed for sweeting, the Patient may be moderately covered up, and the Virtue of the Sudorific promoted by drinking warm Broth (the Decoction itself being also drunk warm) or kindling Spirit of Wine; and while he continues thus to sweat daily, let a Purge be exhibited every seventh day.  
Take of the shave of Guajacum, six ounces; the rinds of Guajacum, two ounces; Sassaperilla roots, two ounces; shave of Sassafras, an ounce; quick Silver purified by the addition of an Alcali, and Antimony in corpse Powder, both tied in a Bag, of each a Pound. Macerat them in common Water for forty eight Hours; then boil them till two thirds be evaporated. Some add Soap-wort, Hyssop, Speedwell, Liquorice Roots, Raisins, Burdock Roots, Fennel Seeds, etc. The Dose of such a Decoction is from four to eight ounces, according to the circumstances of the Patient: To be taken only in the Morning for two or three days without sweeting. But after these preparatory Days are over, let the Patient be put into a dry or wet Bagnio, according as his Constitution is moist or dry, about an hour after taking a Dose. And after an Hour's sweeting, let him retire to a Bed, where the Sweat may finish its progress of its own accord. But in the mean while the Sweat must be carefully rubbed off, and the Sheets or  shifted after sweeting, and well washed and aired before they be used again. This method must be persisted in for four or six Weeks, till all the Symptoms disappear, and the Disease be totally rooted out. In the Interim let the Diet be thin and dry. A second Decoction of the same Ingredients may be given for ordinary drinking; and Raisins, or some such light thing, for Supper.  
If the Disease be inveterat, it will be needful to raise a Salivation by the use of Mercury; since sudorific Decoctions cannot of themselves reach the Cure, tho' they may still be useful during the progress of the Salivation, for attenuating and preparing the Humours: But they must be so ordered, that they do not procure Sweat. The best preparation of Mercury for internal use, in order to salivat, is the red Precipitat from Quicksilver dissolved in the Spirit of Nitre and Alum, given to four grains, and repeated twice or thrice. Sweet Mercury is rather a Laxative, unless it be fixed by frequent Sublimation, and mixed with Yolks of Eggs. But the most effectual way of procuring a Salivation, is that of inunction with mercurial Ointments. As,  
Take of Quicksilver purified, six ounces; Hogs Fat, not salted, a pound. Mix them exactly and add of the Jelly of Ox Feet, half on ounce; Turpentine, three ounces; distilled Oil of Turpentine, an ounce, make an Ointment. With which anoint the Soles of the Feet, Palms of the Hands, Wrists, Ankles, Elbows, Knees, and Backbone, from the Shoulders down to the Os sacrum, twice a Day for three successive Days. Two ounces of the Ointment will suffice for each inunction, and about the fourth Day if the Salivation advance one inunction more will serve. If it do not, we must continue to anoint; and if all prove ineffectual, we ought to observe nicely where the Impediment lies. If the Stagnation and Viscidity of the Humours about the Breast retard the work, let a Vomit be exhibited; If want of strength and Spirits, let the sudorific Decoctions be Administered. The Salivation being obtained must be continued till the Saliva become foetid, and viscous, and apt to fall to the bottom in a Vessel full of Water, or stick to its sides. If the Salivation exceed its due bounds, let Opiates, Clysters, and Purgatives be used, as also Gold both held in the Mouth, and given inwardly.  
After the Salivation is over it will be requisite to shift the Bed-Cloaths and wearing , and to continue the use of the Decoctions of Woods. Which if the Salivation was imperfect may recall the Nocturnal Pains, by driving the remaining Acid, dissolved by the Mercury, into the external Parts, but their continued use, with that of Mercury will overcome 'em. Purgation is also proper after the Salivation.  
Before the Commencement of the Cure, as well by a Salivation as by Sweeting, it is not amiss to cleanse the first Passages by Vomits and Purges, that so the humours may be more pliable, and the troublesome Symptoms of the Breast prevented. If the Pox be inveterat, or if the virulent Matter be fixed in the external Parts, one or two Purges will suffice; since we ought to be cautious of recalling the humours to the Centre. When the Matter is joined to the fluid Juices, repeated Purgation is of use. For which end, Coloquyntida and sweet Mercury are the topping Ingredients. As,  
Take of the extract of Black Hellebor, and sweet Mercury, of each fifteen Grains; Scammony Sulphurat, and extract of Troches Alhandal, of each two grains. With Essence of Fumitory or that of Woods; Make Pills.  
Take of the Conserve of Fumitory, a dram; Rosin of Jalap, Sulphurat Scammony, of each six grains; Turbith Mineral, four grains. Make a Bolus.  
Some add Purgatives to the Sudorific Woods; as likewise volatile Salts, urinous Spirits, and Cinnabar of Antimony, together with the extracts and distilled Oils of Woods. As,  
Take of the shave of Guajacum, four scruples; Diaphoretic Sulphur of Antimony, a sctuple; volatile Salt of Vipers, twelve grains. Make a Powder for two Doses. Or,  
Take of Matthiolus his Quintessence, half an ounce; Spirit of Venice Treacle, a dram; Clyssus of Antimony, half a dram; Spirit of Guajacum, two drams. Mix for a Dose, to be poured into each draught of the Sudorific Decoction.  
Before we take leave of this Subject, it will be requisite to consider the Symptoms, and account for their particular Cures. The first that offers itself is the Clap, or virulent running of the Reins. This Symptom appears frequently by itself without the Pox, but if it be not speedily cured degenerats into it. The cause of it is some sharp Miasma's proceeding from Ulcers in the Womb, which in the time of Coition insinuat themselves through the Urethra and enlarged Pores of the Yard, into the Prostatae, and by fermenting corrupt their watery Juice, which in time becomes Corrosive, Ulcerats the Glandules, and Excoriats the Urethra and Prepuce. Hence the Symptoms of a Clap are, a violent pain about the Root of the Yard, where these Glandules are seated; a continual Efflux of discoloured matter, as being first yellow, then green and blue; the Inflammation and ofttimes Ulceration of the Nut of the Yard, the Corrosion of the Urethra, followed by Caruncles, an insufferable Heat of Urine and a squeezing Pain girding the Yard, especially in the Nighttime, or when it attempts Erection. If a Clap continue long it Excoriats and Wastes the Glandules, and sometimes the malign ferment reaches the Stones, and causes their Swell and Bubo's.  
The first step towards the Cure, is to cleanse the Body by purging with Coloquintida, the extract of black Hellebor and sweet Mercury, or rather the green precipitat prepared with Quicklime; which tho' it may seem at first to exasperate the Symptoms, yet it lays the Foundation of the Cure. After Evacuation we proceed to Balmy, cleansing, and healing Ingredients, in regard of the Ulcer of the Prostratae. Such are the distilled Oil of Turpentine, the Turpentine Balsam of Sulphur, joined to Quercetanus' Clap Water, the Juice of Lemons mixed with Spirit of Turpentine and Camphyr, the Balsam prepared of Sugar of Lead and Oil of Turpentine, Oil of Juniper, extract of Tormentil, Rosin of Guajacum prepared with Tincture of Tartar, the Decoction of Quicksilver in Water, the Balsam of Peru, and above all that called Capaivi, or its Essence prepared with Tartarised Spirit of Wine. Some commend the infusion of Cantharideses in Wine. To these we may add the Bone of a Cuttle, Diaphoretic Antimony, Chalybeat Bezoar, and whatever subdues a prevailing Acid. If the Infection have already reached the Blood, it will be needful to administer Decoctions of Woods, and the above mentioned sudorifics, mixed with the Essences of Woods, and Tincture of Coral.  
Take of Turbith mineral, six or eight grains; With Conserve of Roses make a Bolus.  
Take of Extractum Catholicum, fifteen grains; the green precipitat Mercury, six grains; extract of Troches Alhandal, two grains; with the Essence of Woods, or distilled Oil of Amber make Pills.  
Take of the extract of Tormentil, an ounce; Sugar of Lead, half an ounce; Camphyr, two drams. With distilled Oil of Turpentine. Make Pills.  
Take of the Balsam of Sulphur, prepared with Oil of Turpentine, two drams; Balsam of Capaivi, a dram. Mix Dose fifteen drops, twice a Day.  
Externally for cleansing the Ulcers, we inject Quicklime Water, in which Aloe, Myrrh, Honey of Roses, Sugar of Lead, and sweet Mercury are dissolved. If the Ulcers tend to a Cancer we add Vnguentum Aegyptiacum; or if an Ulcer appear in the Nut of the Yard, we wash it with a solution of sublimat Mercury in the same Water. If the Testicles are inflamed, we apply Cataplasms of the Meal of Beans and Cuminseeds boiled in Vinegar and Water, and mixed with lethargy; or anoint 'em with a Lineament of the Balsam of Sulphur, Oil of Cummin, and Ointment of Marsh-mallows; and if any hardness remain, discuss it with a Plaster of Gum Ammoniac and the Plaster of Hemlock. The Plaster de Ranis with Mercury is of excellent use for other places; but for the Testicles 'tis not so proper, for fear the Mercury should extinguish their ferment. If the Prepuce be inflamed, foment it with the Phlegm of Vitriol, or Dissolution of Sugar of Lead in Lime Water.  
A Clap in Women is cured after the same manner, and attended by Symptoms of the same Nature.  
The next Symptom we take notice of, is that of Bubo's or Glandulous swell, occasioned by the Stagnation of viscid Lymph. Their suppuration ought to be promoted by applying Sala's Magnetic Plaster, or Toads soaked in Vinegar, or the Plaster de Ranis with Mercury, softened with Oil of Guajacum or foetid Oil of Tartar, or the Plaster of Hemlock, mixed with Soap. When the Bubo's are sufficiently softened, let 'em be opened, with a Caustic, or a Lance, and kept long open by applying the Balsam of St. John's wort, with Oil of Tartar, and the Plaster Opodeldoch. If either the Suppuration or Cleansing advance but slowly, Cupping-glasses are of use, for attenuating the stubborn Matter. But after all, if there be any ground for suspecting a Cancer, we must lay aside the thoughts of Suppuration, and endeavour the Cure internally, by administering first the Decoction of Guajacum, than Purgatives, and in the last place the Spirit and Salt of Vipers: And if these prove ineffectual, by the universal Method for the Pox.  
As for the Pushes and Pimples that attend the Pox, 'tis convenient to wash 'em, with the Decoction of Woods, and Oil of Tartar; and touch 'em gently with some Spirit impregnated with the Tincture of Copper, or with the following Mixture. Take of Plantain Water, six ounces; Sublimat Mercury, four scruples; Alum, half an ounce. Mix and apply with a Feather. This mixture is also proper for the Swell of the fundament; unless they be very large, in which case we Root 'em out with Ligatures, or with a Knife, and apply the mixture to the remains. Warts are removed by applying Oil of Vitriol or Aqua Fortis.  
The Ulcers usually disappear after Salivation. Otherwise they are cleansed by applying the Solution of Sublimat Mercury in Plantain Water, or an Ointment of common Oil, Ceruse, Red Lead, Sublimat Mercury and white Wax. After they are sufficiently cleansed, as the laudable Colour of the Pus and sides of the Wound will discover, we apply the Decoction of Woods and vulnerary Plants, with Sugar of Lead and Lime Water, and the Plaster Diasulphuris with that of Norinberg. The external Ulcers of the Yard are treated after the same manner. If they are internal, we inject the abovementioned Liquors, or put in a Wax Candle covered with the foregoing Ointment. For those of the Womb, the same method will suffice. As for Ulcers of the Mouth and Palate, we must take care that the Caustic when applied be not swallowed down; if they are seated in the upper side of the Palate, we inject the healing Decoctions through the Nose. Such are the Decoctions of Plantain, , Scabious, of each a handful; red Roses, two little handfuls; Sarsaperilla, an ounce; Guajacum and red , of each six drams; Sumac, half an ounce. To two pound and a half of the strained Liquor, we add two ounces of the Syrup of dry Roses, and as much of that of Mulberries. The Ulcers of the Nose ought to be first washed with emollient Decoctions and Oils, by reason of their Crust; and then with the Astringent Vulnerary Decoctions, mixed with Alum and Lime Water.  
The Chaps of the Hands and Feet are washed with the Decoction of Woods, sweet Mercury, and Quicklime; to which if the Chaps be hard, we add emollient Ingredients; after washing we anoint 'em with Sublimat or sweet Mercury, and the Oil of Tartar, incorporated with Vnguentum Enulatum.  
If the Bones be Rotten, we scrape 'em with a Knife, or, if that method prove successless, we apply a hot Iron, and then wash 'em with Spirit of Wine. The Bones of the  must be covered with a Plate of Silver or Gold. For pains in the Bones remaining after the general Cure, we apply the following Plaster. Take of Vigo's Plaster, with a quadruple quantity of Mercury, an ounce and a half; Expressed Oil of Nutmegs, and Opium dissolved in Vinegar, of each half an ounce; thickened juice of Tobacco, and common Cinnabar, of each an ounce; Saffron, six drams. With Turpentine make a Plaster. If a swelling remain after the Pains are over. apply Clouts dipped in fresh Butter boiled in Wine till it Evaporat.  
The hard stony Concretions that frequently beset the Bones yield to a Salivation, interlaced with preparations from Vipers and Antimony. Externally we apply Vigo's Plaster, with a quadruple quantity of Mercury, softened with the distilled Oil of Guajacum, or the following Composition. Take of Diachylon, with Gums, and Oil of Olives, of each four ounces; new Wax, an ounce; black Pepper, half an ounce; common Salt, two drams; Spanish Flies, a dram; Mustardseed, a scruple; thickened Honey, two scruples: Make a Plaster to be applied above a piece of very fine Linen, and tied fast to the part, the Linen underneath being changed twice a day. If these hard swell are very painful, apply a Lineament of the Oil of Turpentin, distilled Oil of Guajacum, Quicksilver and Opium: Some apply a Plate of Lead covered with Mercury; or a Plate of malleable Mercury prepared thus. Take of Led a Pound, and melt it; while 'tis yet liquid, put a Bar of Iron into it till it begin to thicken. Then shift the Iron, and put an ounce of Quicksilver into its place, where 'twill congeal. After 'tis thus congealed, separate it with a Knife, and boil it thrice in a Pound of Oil, till the Oil be set on fire every time.  
If this Method prove ineffectual, apply blistering-Plaisters, and cut Issues above the Part, or open the Tumour with an actual Caustic, and keep it open for a long time.  
The Scab and Tetter that sometimes attend the Pox, are removed by touching 'em with the solution of sublimat Mercury in Arsmart-Water; and applying the Oil of Tartar per deliquium, with Hogs-fat.  
The Headaches are cured by applying Vigo's Plaster, with Mercury, Castor, and Laudanum Opiatum; or by trepanation, if the Venereal virulency be extinguished. The tingling in the Ears is cured by injecting the Infusion of Guajacum, Castor and Mint in Ass' Urine, or the following Essence.  
Take of Sassafras Wood and Lavender-Flowers, of each a Dram; Guajacum-Bark and Castor, of each half a dram; Cloves a scruple; Spirit of Wine, three Ounces. Digest for some Days, and strain the Essence for use.   

ART. 6. Of the Hypochondriac and Scorbutic Diseases.  
THere's a sort of Cachexy that frequently reigns in our Northern Climates, whose Symptoms appearing mostly in the Hypocondria, have Christened it the Hypochondriac Evil. And when its Symptoms are very fierce and exalted, 'tis entitled the Scurvy; a Name given it by the Saxons in North-Germany, who are most liable to it. The better part of Authors upon this Subject, being amused with its Symptoms and Effects, have vainly fancied to establish its original Seat in several Bowels, that are only accidentally concerned. For if they traced it to its state of Infancy, and first Beginning, they had pitched upon the Stomac for the place of its Nativity; and the Acid Viscous Crudities that a faulty Digestion occasions, for its Causes.  
For our further satisfaction in this matter, we shall briefly run over its Symptoms: And if we find that they own their Being to an Acid Crudity in the Stomac, shall reckon that 've made our point good: In the first place, the Appetit is ofttimes over-keen in Hypochondriac Persons, their Digestion being weak, and followed by Convulsive or Weighty pains in the Stomac, Belchings, Wind and noise, especially in the left side of the Belly, where the Colon is straitened; they are always Costive, and Laxatives operate better in them than proper Purgatives: If an Artificial or Natural Vomiting happen, they throw up Acid Matter, which stupifies the Teeth, and corrodes a Copper Vessel, so as to render it rusty: After eating, they are ofttimes seized with a gnawing pain in the Stomach, reaching along the Back, from the lower part to the Neck of the Gullet, (which some miscall Nephritic Pains) as also by sudden flushings in the Face; wring pains in the Guts, palpitations of the Heart, perturbation of Mind, and a difficulty of breathing, occasioned either by viscous Crudities distending the Stomac, or Convulsions of the Midriff and Muscles of the Breast, or Wind in the Abdomen hindering the descent of the Midriff. In process of time, hard Tumours sometimes infest the entrails, and the convulsive Contractions of the Fibres of the Branches of the Arteria Caeliaca cause beat about the Loins. While their Stomac is empty, they are apt to be giddy, and dull; they're liable to headaches, loss of Memory, Fear, Grief, awkward Dreams, and vain Imaginations. Their Pulse is very inconstant, and all their Symptoms liable to periodical Exasperations. Frequently they are sensible (as it were) of Fumes rising upward from the Belly, and the Paroxysm resembles a Hysterical Fit. In the Paroxysm the Colour and Consistence of their Urine is inconstant; but when 'tis over, returns to a natural Order. These are the Symptoms of Hypochondriac Persons; but all of 'em are rarely to be seen in one Person. The most certain Symptoms that always attend, are Gripe and Wind in the Guts, a weak Stomac, Costiveness and perturbation of the Head.  
The Symptoms being thus premised, let us now inquire after their Cause. The first Cause is a vicious Acid in the Stomac, enlarging the Appetit, but unfit for Digestion. Hence ensues an Acid Crudity in the first Passages, which depraves the Crasis of the Blood, prevents the due separation of volatile Spirits upon which the Lymph becomes Acid, and the Bile inactive.  
These are the sources of all the preceding Symptoms, since Wind, Noise, gripping in the Guts, and costiveness, are the natural result of a viscous. Acid in the first Passages; as flushings in the Face arise from its effervescence with the Bile. The Convulsions of the nervous Membranes in several parts of the Body, are the effect of its irritation; its Crudity impairs the due fermentation of the Blood, and causes a palpitation of the Heart, and difficulty of breathing; it depraves the Nutritious Juice of the Bowels, which settles into hard Swell, and occasions a degeneracy and austerity in the Spirits; hence Fear, Melancholy, irregular Thoughts, and uncooth emotions ensue.  
The remote causes that promote Crudities, are acid Liquors, or salt Victuals, or such as are dried in Smoak; since both partake of the Acid Spirit of Salt or Soot: Want of motion to promote Digestion, and the speedy assimilation of Chyle; nocturnal Study or Care exhausting the Spirits, impoverishing the Blood, and rendering the Lymph Acid. So much for the Symptoms and Causes of the Hypochondriac Disease.  
When this depravation, derived from Acid Crudities in the Stomac, is carried so high, that the Blood, Lymph, and all the Juices of the Body are notably perverted, and the vicious Acid becomes volatile, malignant, and apt to multiply its influence by Contagion or Hereditary Succession, it is styled the Scurvy; and is generally attended by such a numberless train of various Symptoms, that 'tis customary to charge it with every uncommon Symptom even of other Diseases. The peculiar Qualities of this scorbutical Ferment, are these. 1. An aptness to attack the Glandules, and pervert their Lymph. 2. A mortal Enmity to the nervous Systeme; as appears by the following enumeration of its Symptoms.  
Scorbutical Persons are troubled with a weariness, weakness, sense of weight, and a dull obscure pain in the Limbs. Their Appetit is either too fierce, or quite dejected: Their Gums are liable to Excrescences, Swell, and Ulcers; and when rubbed, void either a saltish, bloody, or serous humour; their Teeth are lose and corroded; their Mouth stinks; their Spittle is very salt, and sometimes plainly Acid, especially in a Morning; they are ofttimes molested with Nocturnal Sweats; and Red, Yellow, or Black Spots upon the Arms and Legs, sometimes as small as Fleabites, sometimes as large as a Crown-piece; and sometimes the Limbs are beset with rough scaly Swell like Measles; their Skin ofttimes itches, and when 'tis scratched, becomes red, or tends to a sordid Ulcer.  
Their Urinal is high coloured, or precipitats a red sandy fleshcoloured sediment, or fastens red friable Sand upon the sides and bottom of the Urinal; a fat Crust or Skin swims on the top, and if looked upon side-ways, appears particoloured like a Peacock's Tail; after the Urine is thrown out, the Urinal retains a blueish Colour, which is not easily washed off.  
They are infested with a difficulty of Breathing, and wand'ring Pains gird the Loins and Back, and wring, nay, sometimes distend and harden the Belly; and are ofttimes followed by red Pimples in the Skin, which disappear suddenly. Sometimes they are seized with nocturnal Pains in their Limbs, shifting from the Arms to the Feet, and è contra. After violent wring Pains, their external parts frequently become paralytic. Sometimes Convulsions and Hysterical Symptoms seize 'em. Sometimes settled fixed pains invade the Head and Limbs, especially in the Nighttime; and resemble those of the French Pox. Sometimes their Legs are infested by hard stony Concretions that are void of pain, unless they walk: The Stomac is frequently provoked to vomiting; and their Guts to bloody Stools, which are voided without gripe, and after the other Excrements, and so are easily distinguished from the Bloodyflux or the Piles. They are also liable to frequent effusions of blue or greenish Blood from other parts of the Body; and to a St. Anthony's Fire in their Legs, which if indiscreetly managed, becomes a Gangrene or a malign Ulcer. Their Pulse is unequal frequently very small, and ofttimes intermits. When the Disease is inveterat, they're subject to Catarrhs, Defluxions, Excoriations, Ulcers, and Consumptions.  
From these premises we draw this Conclusion, that the immediate cause of the Scurvy is a volatile saline Acid, which irritats the Nerves and Membranes, sharpens the Lymph, Debauches the innate Spirits of the parts, and perverts the equal temperature of the Blood. The remote Causes are the Sea-Air impregnated with salin Acid Vapours, salt and viscous Food, Laziness, Weakness of Digestion, Infection, a hereditary Conveyance, and the influence of Chronical Diseases. Charleton distinguishes a hot Scurvy proceeding from a Sulphur and a fixed Salt, from that which is Cold, and springs from an Acid; as likewise Willis, who refers the cause of hot and cold Scurvy's to the prevalency of Sulphur or Salt. But all these differences proceed only from the various Constitutions of Patients, thwarting or promoting the efforts of the scorbutical Cause.  
A Scurvy frequently joins itself to other Distempers, in so much, that without a particular regard to it, they cannot be cured. The Signs that argue for the presence of it, are these,  
1. The Heat and tickling of the Gums, and effusion of salt, watery, or stinking Blood.  
2. A purple Half-Moon under the Eyes.  
3. Little red Spots like Fleabites on the Thighs and Legs.  
4. The weakness of the Knees.  
5. The stinking of the Mouth, especially when the Stomac is empty.  
6. Sudden and unaccountable Flushings all over the Body.  
7: The flame-Colour of the Urine, without a Fever; or red friable Sand sticking to the bottom or sides of the Urinal.  
If the Scurvy be recent it admits of a Cure. If Inveterat, it requires a continued Use of proper Medicines for a long time; and frequently terminates in fatal Dropsies, Cachexies, Obstructions of the Bowels, or Consumptions. If a difficulty of breathing attend it, 'tis very dangerous, and frequently finishes the Tragedy in a Swoon. Costiveness and suppression of the Piles or wont Evacuations are bad Omens. A weak and unequal Pulse is less to be feared than in other Diseases. Black Urine, without a Fever, is well looked upon, as being a sign of the solution of the Disease. Red Spots are a good Sign. But Black, Livid, or Blue ones and Ulcers are very bad. Night-sweats with florid eruptions, frequently give relief. The Symptoms of a Scurvy are ofttimes mutually exchanged: Thus wand'ring pains are shifted for a fixed Head-Ache; the Colic and Convulsions for a Palsy, or inconstant Swell; grievous pains for a Lethargy, etc. A hot Scurvy, or such as proceeds from bad Diet, and has fixed Symptoms; is not easily Cured. A Looseness attending a Scurvy is an unlucky Companion. In fine, all Prognostics relating to a Scurvy are very uncertain; for sometimes dismal Symptoms disappear on a sudden, and meeker Signs are surprised by Death.  
The Cure of Hypocondriac and Scorbutical Diseases consists in Correcting and Evacuating the Crudities of the first Passages, fortifying the Stomac, retrieving the due Crasis of the Blood, and restoring all wont Evacuations to their former Course. In order to compass these ends, let the following Rules be heedfully minded.  
1. Blood-letting and Issues are of no direct use. Sometimes indeed, indirectly, a Scorbutical Catarrh may reap Benefit from the latter; as the Headache and fixed Pains in the Legs, may justify the former.  
2. Diuretics are always proper, and a plentiful evacuation of Urine was ever observed to give relief. In the beginning of the Disease gentle Diuretics are best, for fear of draining the Morbifical cause out of the first Passages into the Vessels. Such are the volatile and fixed Alcalis, viz. Arcanum Duplicatum, Spirit of Earth Worms, Tincture of Tartar, Spirit of Salarmoniac, etc.  
3. Dry Vomits given in large Doses, ushered in by Digestives; and in case of Costiveness, proper Clysters; are the Basis of the Cure of the Hypochondriac Disease. In a formed Scurvy they are improper, as being apt to stir up and exasperate the sharp scorbutical Juices.  
4. Purgatives waken the Symptoms of the Belly, and upon that account are justly avoided. But Laxatives are very useful.  
5. Attenuating Gums and other such Ingredients, are always useful for cutting the viscous Humours that give Being to the Hypochondriac Diseases  
6. The Belly ought to be always kept open.  
7. When Aperients, by opening and unlocking the Obstructions of the Bowels, cause a Flux or Dysentery; let the Guts be corroborated by Elixir Proprietatis, Tincture of Coral, etc.  
8. Chalybeats and dry Absorbents are not always of equal use in the Hypochondriac Disease; for, if the Bowels are molested with hard Swell, moist, liquid Aperients are preferable.  
9 Antiscorbutics are useful against the Hypochondriac Disease as well as against the Scurvy.  
10. Bilious Constitutions, or such as are ruled by a Volatile sharp Alcali, are ofttimes offended by volatile Anti-scorbutics, and oily Aromatics. Wherefore 'tis advisable in that case, to qualify the former with Spirit of Nitre or Whey; and shift the latter for meager thin Salts, and Chalybeat Absorbent Powders.  
11. Vinegar is pernicious. But the acid Juices of Fruits are allowable.  
12. Volatile, sharp Antiscorbutics, ought always to be ushered in, and sometimes interlaced, with chalybeat Powders, or alcalin Salts.  
13. When the scorbutical Acid is corrected, and the Stomac able to digest, Milk mixed with Spirit of Salarmoniac, or that of Scurvygrass, is of excellent use; it tempers the Acid, qualifies the sharp Salt, and bedews the nervous parts. For Hypocondriac Persons 'tis not so proper as Whey.  
14. Sweet Mercury is fitly mixed with Laxatives for Hypocondriacal Persons; but 'tis pernicious to such as are Scorbutical, tho' Antimony be very useful.  
Having premised these cautionary Rules, we proceed to the Method of Cure. In which, digestive Preparatives lead the van. Such are Cetrach, Hyssop, lesser Centory, Sassafras, Myrrh, Chinaroot, and the fixed Salts of Plants; Crabs-Eyes, Castor, Amber, Coral, Steel, and Absorbent Chalybeat Powders; excepting the Powders of Stones partaking of Steel, such as Bloodstone, the Loadstone, etc. since the number of their astringent earthy parts surmounts that of the Chalybeat, and joins with the Acid in the first Passages into a styptic Body, causing Costiveness. From the above mentioned Ingredients, we draw several Preparations, such as the Extract of Steel; the tinctures of the Vitriol of Steel, of Tartar, and of the dross of the Regulus of Antimony; The Hypochondriac Digestive Salt, (viz. the Caput mortuum of the Spirit of Salarmoniac) Tartar vitriolated; the Terra Foliata of Tartar, (prepared by impregnating Salt of Tartar with Vinegar, then dissolving it in spirit of Wine, and drawing off the Spirit) Poterius' Antihectic, Chalybeat Bezoar, Elixir-Proprietatis prepared without an Acid, and especially Arcanum duplicatum. For Example,  
Take of Fennel and Mint-water, of each an Ounce and a half; the solution of Steel, with the Juice of Apples, half an Ounce; Magistery of Coral prepared with the Juice of Citrons, a dram; Syrup of Orange-peel, six drams. Mix, and exhibit two or three spoonfuls Morning and Evening, for correcting a Hypochondriac Acid.  
Take of the aperient Crocus of Steel, half a dram; Arcanum duplicatum, a scruple; Salt of Wormwood, half a scruple. Make a Powder for three Doses.  
Take of the aperitive Tincture of Steel, two drams; Spirit of Scurvygrass, a dram; Spirit of Salarmoniac, half a dram. Mix. Dose fifty drops.  
After these preparatives are used for a Week or two, 'tis time to administer a Vomit of the Infusion of Crocus Metallorum, mixed with the Spirit of Scurvygrass. Or thus,  
Take of Dorncrellius' Antiscorbutic Water, two Ounces; spirit of Scurvygrass, half a dram; emetic Tartar, three or four grains; Extract of Steel, half a scruple. Mix, etc.  
Next in order are gentle Laxatives, especially in a hot Scurvy; such are the Pills of Ammoniac, or those of Tartar mixed with sweet Mercury, which is of excellent use against Costiveness: For Resinous Purgatives ought to be avoided, as being endowed with an astringent quality. Wherefore Aloes, whose Gummy part is of good use, ought always to be dissolved in a watery Vehicle, that so its Rosin may be separated. Sometimes we mix Laxatives with Specific Alteratives, and continue their use for some time. And whet 'em if there be occasion, with Coloquintida or Troches Alhandal. Raisins, Prunes, Tamarinds, and ripe sweet Apples, or their expressed Juice, are of great efficacy against Costiveness: But Sugar and other sweet things ought to be carefully avoided. Rhubarb or Cream of Tartar, sharpened with Powder of Jalap, are recommended to such as are of a juicy Constitution. As for the forms of Receipts, they are as follows.  
Take of Quercetanus' Pills, called Melanagogae, a Dram and a half; Extract of Senna Leaves, half a Dram; Rosin of Jalap, a dram and six grains; Tartar vitriolated, thirteen grains; volatile salt of Amber, a scruple; the Seeds of Mustard, Scurvygrass and Garden Cresses, of each half a dram. With some Antiscorbutic Water, make Pills. This is the Composition of Timaeus his Antiscorbutic Pills, of which, a scruple or half a dram is a Dose.  
Take of the Pills of Hiera with Agaric, twelve grains; Gum Ammoniac, dissolved in Vinegar, half a scruple; Scammony sulphurated, two grains. With the Essence of Steel make Pills.  
Take of Quercetanus' Pills of Ammoniac, a scruple; sweet Mercury, fifteen grains; Extract of Troches Alhandal, two grains; the distilled Oil of Caraways, two drops. With the Essence of Gum Ammoniac make Pills. The Vitriol of Steel calcined white, and the Extract of Steel prepared with Juice of Apples may be added by Turns. The Extract of black Hellebor is also a proper Basis for Pills.  
Take of the Aperitive Crocus of Steel, a scruple; Scammony sulphurated, and Salt of Tartar, of each five grains. Make a Powder.  
Take of the fresh Leaves of Scurvygrass, Garden Cresses, and Rosemary, of each a handful; fresh Horse Radish Roots, an ounce and a half; picked Senna Leaves, an ounce; choice Rhubarb, half an ounce; Crude black Hellebor, three drams; Juniper Berries, six drams; Cinnamon and Galangal, of each a dram and a half; Salt of Tartar, three drams. Tie 'em in a Bag to be infused in Wormwood Wine, of which let the Patient take a draught Morning and Evening.  
Take of Wormwood, three handfuls; lesser Centory, two handfuls; black Hellebor Roots, three ounces; Polypody of the Oak, an ounce and a half; Bark of the Ash-tree and white Tartar, of each half an ounce; filings of Steel, three drams. Sprinkle 'em with nine Drops of the dulcified Spirit of Nitre, and tie 'em in a Bag to be infused in Wine.  
Take of picked Senna Leaves, two drams; Polypody Roots, three drams; black Hellebor Roots, two scruples; Ginger, half a scruple; Salt of Tartar, a scruple; infuse 'em for the space of a Day in Whey, then boil 'em gently. To three ounces of the strained Liquor, add of the Spirit of Scurvygrass, a scruple; Syrup of Apples, three drams; Mix for one Dose.  
Take of Corants, two ounces; Bruise and boil them in Water; adding while the Water is yet hot, picked Senna Leaves, three drams; Violet Flowers, three little handfuls; Cream of Tartar, a dram. Let 'em stand for some time in a hot place, then strain the Liquor for use.  
Take of the Pulp of Corants, three ounces; Arcanum Duplicatum, a dram; purified Salarmoniac, and the Powder called Diatrion Pipereon, of each two Scruples. With the Syrup of Apples make an Electuary for nine or twelve Doses.  
After Purgatives we subjoin Emollient abstergent Clysters; especially those of Carminative Ingredients boiled in Child's Urine, against Hypochondriac pains in the Belly; those of Milk and Turpentine, against Nephritic pains; and those of Whey or rather of Milk injected every other Day in a confirmed Scurvy. As,  
Take of Cow's Milk, nine ounces; Lenitive Electuary, an ounce; Electuary of Bay-Berries, half an ounce. With the yelk of one Egg, make a Clyster to be injected at Bedtime, and retained all Night. Some inject the Decoction of Elder Flowers and Henbane Leaves in Milk, against Scorbutical Pains.  
The Patient's Body being thus prepared we advance to Alteratives. Such are Steel and all fixed Salts, or whatever subdues an Acid. To these we join either the Aperients, Diuretics, and bitter Stomachical Aromatics, or the Spirituous volatile Salts. Thus the filings of Steel, all its Aperitive Crocus', the vitriol of Steel calcined, the solar Liquor of Steel, the natural Spaws consisting of Steel dissolved in Sulphur, the Tincture of the vitriol of Steel, the solution of Steel prepared with the juice of sweet Apples and mixed with the Spirit of Scurvygrass, Chalybeat Diaphoretic Antimony, Chalybeat Bezoar, the Bezoar Stone, etc. These I say are all of good use. But when the Bowels are stuffed or threatened with hard swell they are improper. Besides while Spa Waters are drunk, 'twill be requisite to defend the Stomac by some Stomachical Ointment or Plaster.  
Next to Steel are the bitter Plants, dedicated to the Stomac and Spleen; such are Fumitory, lesser Centory, Juniper Barries, Wormwood, Agrimony, Cuckow-pint, and Elecampane: Their Decoctions, Essences, and above all their fixed Salts, and the Salt taken from the Caput Mortuum of the Spirit of Salarmoniac. Mynsichtius' Arcanum Duplicatum is of excellent use, especially when the Person is liable to flushings and sudden Inflammations. Elixyr Proprietatis prepared without an Acid, and mixed with the Spirit of Scurvygrass and that of Salarmoniac is also proper. The volatile Salt and Spirit of Tartar; the Tincture of Tartar mixed with the Spirit of Salarmoniac, and given to forty Drops; the Garminative Spirit prepared from Tartar, Nitre, and Spirit of Wine; the Spirit distilled from a Mixture of Quicklime, Spirit of Salarmoniac and Spirit of Wine impregnated with Aromatics; the Spirit of Salarmoniac, mixed with Antiscorbutic Spirits; and espepecially the Liquor of the Terra Foliata of Tartar, mixed with Spirit of Salarmoniac; are very much approved both in the Hypochondriac and Scorbutical Distemper, especially when the Person is liable to Heats and Flushings, and apt to be offended by the Oily Aromatic Ingredients: In which case purified or Antimonial Nitre is also useful. Nay some are very diffuse in their Encomium's upon a mixture of Nitre, and the Powder Diacumini. The forms of Alterative Recipes are such as these following.  
Take of the Conserve of Fumitory, an ounce and a half; Confection Alchermes, a dram and a half; Crude Steel pulverised, three drams; Magistery of Coral prepared with the Juice of Citrons, a dram. With the Syrup of Apples, make an Electuary.  
Take of the Essence of Gum Ammoniac, half an ounce; Spirit of Salarmoniac mixed with Oil of Sassafras, two drams. Dose fifty drops.  
Take of Elixyr Proprietatis, prepared without an Acid, half an ounce; Spirit of Salarmoniac mixed with Oil of Cloves, two drams; Spirit of Scurvygrass, a dram and a half. Dose forty drops thrice a Day.  
Take of Fumitory Water, two ounces; borage and Bugloss Waters, of each an ounce; Carminative Spirit de tribus, two drams; prepared red Coral, a dram; Syrup of red Poppies, half an ounce. Mix and exhibit a spoonful now and then in the Hypochondriacal Fit.  
The Specifics that are peculiarly devoted to the Scurvy, are of two sorts. 1. Such are the volatile sharp Ingredients that amend the indisposition of the Blood. 2. Balmy Oily Medicines that repair the losses of the solid and nervous Pasts. Of the first sort are Scurvygrass, Marsh Trefoyl, Water Cresses, Celandin, Pilewort, the Herb called Trinity, Arsmart especially its distilled Water, Horse Radishes, Mustardseeds, and those of Garden Cresses, Rockets, Scurvygrass, and Columbines. To these we add the Juice of Sorrel, Citrons, Oranges and such like Acids, to temper the volatile sharpness that frequently offends young hot Constitutions. Of the latter sort are the Buds and Bark of the Pine or Fir Tree, the Pine Apple, or Pine Wood, Sassafras, Guajacum, China Roots, Juniper Wood, Winter Cinnamon; the Rinds of the Ash-tree, Tamarisk, Citrons and Oranges; Water Germander, Fumitory, Wormwood, Elecampane, Zedoary, Galangal, Angelica, Lovage, the Fruit of the Knotberry-bush and its Electuary, Cacao Nuts; the flowers of Broom, St. John's wort, Elder and Saffron; Earthworms, and Goose Dung given to a dram in Wine,  
The Antiscorbutics of the former sort being volatile, won't admit of Decoction. Upon which account we choose to infuse 'em in Wine for Cold, in Whey for Bilious, and in Milk for dry withered Constitutions. As,  
Take of fresh Scurvygrass, Fumitory and Water-cresses, of each a handful; Horse Radish Roots, three ounces; fresh Elecampane Roots, an ounce; Corants, six drams. Cut, bruise, and tie them in a Bag, to be infused in Wine, Whey, or Milk, of which exhibit a draught thrice a Day. If they be infused in Wine, 'twill be proper to add half a dram of Crabs-eyes to every draught, for preventing the bad effects of the acidity that prevails in Wine.  
Take of fresh Scurvygrass and Water-cresses, of each a handful; Elecampane Roots, an ounce and a half; Acorus Roots, an ounce; Shave of Sassafras, and Filings of Steel, of each two ounces; Orange-peel, Citron-peel, and Galangal, of each two drams. Tie 'em in a Bag as above. If we desire to render 'em Purgative, we add Senna Leaves, black Hellebor, Rhubarb, and Salt of Tartar.  
Take of the Juices of Scurvygrass, Water-cresses, and Fumitory, of each three ounces; Citrons and Woodsorrel, of each two ounces; clarified Goats-whey, three pound. Let 'em stand till they become clear, then strain the Liquor, and give five ounces for a Dose twice a Day, adding to every Draught a convenient quantity of the Essence of Steel, prepared with the Juice of Apples.  
Take of the Chalybeat Cachectic Powder, two drams; Cuckow-pint Roots, and Arcanum Duplicatum, of each a dram; distilled Oil of Scurvygrass, eight drops. Make a Powder.  
From the  Simples we draw Spirits. First by Fermentation, then by frequent Cohobation upon fresh Ingredients. These Spirits digested with the extract of Steel, or with the extract and thickened juice of the other Ingredients, yield noble antiscorbutic Essences, that are given from half a dram to a dram. To these we frequently join the distilled Oils of the same Plants, and the volatile Spirits of Animals, especially the Spirit of Salarmoniac, and that of Earthworms.  
Of the balmy Antiscorbutics that are calculated for the disorder of the Nerves and solid parts, Sassafras, China Roots, the wild Pinetree, and the Pineapple are the most noted. As,  
Take of the Buds of the wild Pinetree, two ounces; China Roots sliced, an ounce; infuse 'em in two pounds of Ale, and boil 'em till the half evaporat. Exhibit a draught of the strained Liquor warm, Morning and Evening, in order to sweat. Juniper-berries, Fir-tops, and Raisins, are also proper Antiscorbutics.  
The extract of Juniper-berries, or the thickened decoction of the Pineapple, reduced to Essences with the Spirit of Scurvygrass, are admirable for this purpose, being given from forty to fifty drops. But withal we ought to take notice, that all Remedies prepared from the Pinetree are enriched with a plentiful volatile Oil that dejects the Appetit, and if too long used causes Fevers, Pushes, or cuticular Eruptions in young People.  
But both the Indications of subduing the scorbutical Acid, and relieving the solid parts, are admirably accounted for by a Milk diet. The time of exhibiting Milk, is after the general Evacuations, and the use of Steel. Goat's Milk is accounted the best, and for those who are feverish we choose Whey. If the Patient be of a lean dry Constitution, and if the scorbutical Acid be fiery and sharp, Milk alone is best: But otherwise we boil antiscorbutical Ingredients in the Milk, or add their Juices and Spirits. As,  
Take of Goat's Whey a quart, and boil it in a close Vessel with a handful of fresh Fumitory leaves. Then strain it, and add to every draught twenty drops of the Spirit of Scurvygrass, and a little Sugar to prevent its curdling. Thus let the Patient continue the use of it for some time, interlacing a laxative every fourth day, remembering always to walk after taking it, in order to promote Urinal, and abstain from Wine and acid Liquors. This method of infusing or boiling antiscorbutics in Milk, aught to be followed during the Spring and Summer; but in the Autumn Wine is the more proper Vehicle.  
The general Cure of the Scurvy being thus dispatched, it remains to account for its particular Symptoms. These are,  
I. The Laxity, Swelling, Bleeding, Ulceration, or Putrefaction of the Gums. For removing such Inconveniencies, we use Gargarisms, Tinctures, Powders, and Ointments. The Gargarisms are made of the juice of Sage and Scurvygrass; or the Decoction of Sage and Scurvygrass, in Milk, Whey, or Wine. Or of Privat-wood, Pinetree tops, Cresses and Alum; in Milk, Whey, or Wine. To which we add by turns, Snake-weed Roots, Tormentil, Birthwort, Myrrh, Lac, Spirit of Salt, etc. As,  
Take of Sage-leaves, three handfuls; Scurvygrass and Water-cresses, of each half a handful; Flowers of Mallows, two handfuls; Polipody Roots six drams. Boyl them in two pound of fair Water till the half be consumed. Then strain the Liquor, and add of the Honey of Roses, an ounce and a half; burnt Alum, a dram; purified Nitre, three drams; sealed Earth, and Florentin Lac, of each a dram. Mix for a Gargarism. If the Gums are putrified, boil Lesser Centory, Plantain, Savin, Water Germander, Roses, Birthwort Roots, and Mastic, in austere Wine; and add to a pound and a half of the strained Decoction, an ounce and a half of the Ointment Aegyptiacum, and a dram and a half of crude Alum.  
Take of Plantain, , and Rose-water, of each four Ounces; Tincture of Roses, Spirit of Scurvygrass, of each two drams; Spirit of Salt, Spirit of Vitriol, of each a scruple. Mix and rub the Gums.  
After Gargarising the Mouth, 'tis proper to rub the Gums with Tinctures, especially Mynsichtius his Tincture of Lac, which may be improved by adding Myrrh, and shifting the Phlegm of Alum for that of Vitriol. The following Tincture is also very effectual, viz. Pour warm Water upon Quicklime, and boil it, then let it stand till it be clear, and strain it. Draw off this strained Lie till a Salt remain at bottom. Now take of this Salt three drams; of the Gum Lac, two drams; Cyprus Vitriol, six Grains; Rosemary and Sage-waters, of each an ounce and a half. Mix, and dissolve with a gentle heat.  
As for Powders; Take of Snake-weed, and Tormentil Roots, and the Rinds of Pomegranates, of each a dram; Bloodstone, Frankincense, Burnt-allum, and Salarmoniac, of each half a dram; make a Powder for rotten Gums. Or sprinkle it with the distilled Oil of Cloves, and Spirit of Scurvygrass. Note, all stony or tartarin things are pernicious to the Gums.  
If the Mouth or Gums are beset with Ulcers, apply the following Lineament. Take of crude Alum, a dram and a half; Sage-leaves, three drams; Roots of Florentin Orris, a dram and a half; Myrrh, half a dram. With Hony make a Lineament. Borellus recommends Alum, with the Oil of Sulphur and Conserve of Roses. If the Ulcers are malignant and stinking, apply the Ointment of Columbines, with the Juice of Sage, and Spirit of Salt; or the Ointment Aegyptiacum diluted with Hony, or Platerus' green Waters. Note, the Spirit of Vitriol always makes the Teeth black.  
II. Scorbutical Tooth-aches are cured by applying the Decoction of Pinetree Leaves with Spirit of Scurvygrass; or the Juices of lesser House-leek and Scurvygrass, with the Decoction of Henbane, Rosemary, Rue, Plantain, Sage, Snakeweed and Fearn. If the Pain reach the Temples and Face, foment 'em with the weaker Spirit of Scurvygrass, mixed with the Spirit of Earthworms.  
III. The spots on the Skin ought to be promoted by exhibiting inwardly the volatile Specifics, mixed with absorbent Powders, and the Tincture of Columbine Flowers, or Emulsions of its Seed, or the Antiscorbutical Tincture of Coral. If the Spots be red, we add acid Juices; if blue or livid, Scurvygrass and volatile Ingredients. Externally if they disorder the Skin, and are apt to excoriat, apply, after sweeting, a Lineament of Mustardseeds mixed with Vinegar; or, if that be too sharp, with the Oil of sweet Almonds, and fresh Juice of Citrons. The Ointment of the Roots of Florentin Orris, and white Hellebor, mixed with the Oil of sweet Almonds, is looked upon by some as infallible for this purpose. If the Skin itch, and be molested with little miliar Eruptions, exhibit the Decoction of Pinetree Buds; and let the Hands and Feet be licked by a Dog.  
iv The fixed pains in the Legs are removed by bleeding in the Arm; applying Blistering Plasters near the affected part; exhibiting Sudorifics, especially the Decoctions of Woods and Pinetree Buds, the Essence of Sassafras, Spirit of Scurvygrass, Spirit of Venice Treacle camphorised, and Spirit of Elderberries mixed with the Essence of Opium and Laudanum Opiatum; and by fomenting the part with the Spirit of Juniper-beries camphorised, Spirit of Earthworms, and Aqua Articularis; or by soaking it in Tanner's Lie, mixed with Man's Urine; or in hot fermenting Wine; or in the Decoction of Aunts; the Person being put to a warm Bed immediately after. Some recommend the Decoction of Sage, Chamomil and Elder-flowers, Water-cresses, and Henbane-leaves, in Milk or Whey for a fomentation; or the Rob of Juniper, mixed with the thickened Juices of Water-cresses, Camomile and Elder Flowers, in the form of a Cataplasm; or hot dry Bags of Millet-Seeds, Salt, Bran, Wormwood-tops, and Chamomil Flowers; to be applied to the Parts; however, if all prove ineffectual, we must have recourse to the natural Hot Baths, or Artificial ones of Sulphur and Quicklime.  
V The Colic Pains, or those resembling the Nephritic, as proceeding from the Cramp and Convulsion of the Guts and the Mesentery (which is seated in the Loins) are Cured by cleansing the Guts, and appeasing the tumultuous motions. The first design is compassed by Raisins, Goats-Whey, Oil of sweet Almonds, and the Decoction of Marsh-mallows. Pugatives are very pernicious. But, if the Pain be recent, and not very violent, we may venture to exhibit a gentle Purge, mixed with Opium, the Body being first prepared by Digestives. If the irritating matter be hot and sharp, Whey, in which Chinaroots, Borrageflowers, and Clove-Gilli-flowers are boiled, the Emulsions of cold Seeds, Sugar of Lead, or the Antiphthisical Tincture, and earthy absorbent Powders are proper; but if the Urine be laden with a sandy Tartar, all Lenitives are in vain till that be removed by meek Diuretics, such as Turpentin, the Syrup of Marsh-mallows, etc. In other cases we exhibit the Volatile oily Salts, mixed with Opiates, especially the Spirit of Nitre dulcified with the Spirit of Scurvygrass, the carminative Spirit de tribus, and the Spirit of Earthworms. Or thus,  
Take of Dorncrellius his Carminative Water, and the Antiscorbutic Water, of each two Ounces; the Spirit of Scurvygrass, and the carminative Spirit de tribus, of each a dram; the Essence of Opium, half a dram; Syrup of Orange-peel, an Ounce.  
Emollient Anodyn Clysters, are also very proper; I mean such as are usually prescribed against Colic and Nephritic Pains, especially those of the Decoction of River-Crabs. But if they do not quickly give relief, 'tis advisable to set 'em aside, for fear of inflaming the Guts, and to foment the Belly with the Decoctions designed for 'em. 'Tis also usual to anoint the Navel with the Oil distilled from Galbanum and Turpentin, and then apply either a hot Brick, or the Plaster of Galbanum, mixed with the Balsam of Peru. P●terius's Plaster Diasulphuris applied to the Loins, is of good use; as also Fomentations, or Cataplasms for the Belly, of Chamomil and Elder-flowers, Juniper Berries, Henbane-leaves, Cresses, etc. boiled in Milk. If the Clysters prove successful, let 'em be still continued, and sharpened with purgative Ingredients; after the Paroxysm, exhibit the Decoction of Pine-Apples and Juniper Berries, and other Antiscorbutics.  
VI The wand'ring gouty Pains that follow the Scurvy, are owing to the Convulsive influence of the scorbutical Salt upon the nervous Parts, especially the Membranes that cover the Bones. They are distinguished from a proper Gout, by these Symptoms. They are very inconstant, and apt to shift the place of their Abode, and return again on a sudden. Thus rubbing with a warm Cloth will occasion their removal and appearance in another Part. They never rise up in hard stubborn Swell. Their solution is frequently accomplished by Sweat and Urine; and by cuticular Eruptions, with an unsufferable itching. The Cure consists in allaying the impeutosity of the Spirits and Humours, evacuating the Scorbutic Salt by Sweat and Urine, and removing the radical cause after the Paroxysm is over.  
First of all, it ought to commence by bleeding in the opposite side to the part affected; then Clysters and Vomits, followed by absorbent Powders and fixed Salts, especially Arcanum Duplicatum, diaphoretic Antimony, and Cinnabar of Antimony; to which if the Spirits be very irregular, we add Narcotics. Oft-times a gentle Laxative is very necessary. If the Spirits be low and flaggy, we may exhibit the Essence of Woods, or Venice Treacle, with Osteocal mixed with Opium. After these Preparations, we proceed to the use of volatile Specifics; of which Worms are the Head. The Spirit of putrified Earthworms, rectified upon Cephalic Plants, or the Infusion of bruised Worms, in Wine, Milk, or Whey, are most effectual Medicaments. Some apply living Worms to the Part, which die if the Pain be violent, and as the Symptoms relent, prolong their life. Therefore this Application is renewed till the Worms cease to die. When the Paroxysm declines, we endeavour to root out the radical Cause, by preparations from the Pinetree, China Roots, and Juniper-Berries mixed with Antiscorbutics. The Decoction of Wormwood and lesser Centory; Bags of Antiscorbutical Ingredients infused in Wine; and the carminative Spirit, or Spirit of Salarmoniac, mixed with the Spirit of Scurvygrass, are all of good use. In a Word, if the Patient be of a moist Constitution, and apt to sweat, volatile Ingredients are best; if not, Milk, especially Goats Milk, or Whey, in which softening and Antiscorbutical Ingredients are boiled, is preferable.  
Take of Cinnabar of Antimony, a scruple; Poterius' diaphoretic Gold, twelve grains; Laudanum Opiatum, two grains. Make a Powder to be exhibited in the beginning of the Disease.  
Take of the Water of Mother of Thyme, Pine-Apples, and Scurvygrass, of each an ounce; the Essence against Catarrhs, three drams; the spirit of putrified Earthworms, a dram; the volatile salt of Hartshorn, a scruple; the volatile salt of Amber, half a scruple; prepared Crabs Eyes, half a dram; Laudanum Opiatum, three grains; Syrup of Elecampane Roots, an Ounce. Mix, and give a Spoonful, in order to sweat.  
Take of the Buds of the wild Pinetree, three ounces; China Roots sliced, an ounce and a half; Juniper Berries, an ounce. Boil them in Water; and exhibit four ounces in order to sweat every Morning, and as much at Night without sweeting.  
Externally we ought to avoid all oily Applications. Let the part be forcibly rubbed with a Cloth outwards, or toward the Circumference; and fumigated with the steams of the Decoction of Earthworms and Ants. Then apply Cataplasms of Horseradish Roots, or Briony Roots, boiled with Camomile Flowers, and Comfrey Roots in Milk; or of Cat's Dung and Earthworms; or of Venice Soap, dissolved in Spirit of Wine, sprinkled with the Spirit of Earthworms, and mixed with Camphyr; but 'tis worthy our notice, that these Cataplasms ought to be always kept warm, for if they grow cold upon the Part, they wring and straiten its Pores. Upon which account, some choose rather to foment it with the Spirit of putrified Earthworms, Spirit of Aunts, the Spirit of Juniper Berries camphorised, or the Spirit of Wine impregnated with Aromatic Plants; and then apply a Plaster of Tacamahac, and Mynsichtius' Diaphoretic Plaster.  
VII. Scorbutical headaches are cured by volatile Sudorisics, such as the volatile Salt of Amber, Spirit of Hartshorn, the Cephalic Spirit of Vitriol, the Anti-scorbutical Elixir Proprietatis, and sometimes Opiates. To these we subjoin a Milk Diet, which, tho' noxious in other Cases, is of admirable efficacy in this.  
VIII. A scorbutical Palsy is, for the most part, ushered in by a sense of a creeping sort of Pain, like the motion of Emmets. 'Tis Cured thus; administer a Vomit, unless the Person be liable to Pains in the Belly. Avoid Bleeding, unless the Person be Plethoric; inject emollient Clysters, and exhibit the mildest Laxatives. Then order the Decoction of Juniper and Pine-tree-wood, or the Pine Apple, with Rosemary and cephalic Plants, in Milk or Whey. The Decoctions of sudorific Woods, the Essence of the Pine Apple, the Essence of Juniper Berries, the volatile Spirit of Tartar, or the Carminative Spirit de tribus, mixed with the Spirit of Scurvygrass; the volatile Salt of Amber, and especially Poterius' diaphoretic Gold, or fulminatory Gold, are all recommended upon this occasion. Externally the same Medicines are required, as we order for the wand'ring Gout, especially the Spirit of Juniper Berries, Essence of Castor, Spirit of Earthworms. Some order the Person to be set up to the Waste in a Heap of Grapes, while they ferment either naturally, or by the addition of Quicklime; Cataplasms of Briony and Comfrey Roots, are oft used with good success; some fumigate the Part with the steams of Goose-fat thrown upon burning Coals; and anoint it with the Oil of Scurvygrass, the Oil, or Spirit of Earthworms, distilled Oil of Amber, and Balsam of Peru. Some apply Plasters, such as Oxycroceum and Nervinum Vigonis; but all oily things are improper, by reason that they shut the Pores. Of the natural hot Baths, those of the meekest force and heat are best.  
IX. Scorbutical Convulsions are cured by Vomits, Purges, and Antiscorbutics, mixed with nervous Ingredients, Lac, Cinnabar of Antimony, the volatile Salt of Amber, and Camphyr, exhibited in the Decoction of Elecampane and Juniper Berries, are of excellent use. Some recommend Castle-Soap dissolved in Milk; as also the Essence of the Pineapple, the Essence of Sassafras, carminative Spirit, and Spirit of Salarmoniac mixed with the Spirit of Scurvygrass and Laudanum. In the last extremity, we must have recourse to the Decoctions of sudorific Woods, China Roots, and Fennel. Externally, the Oil distilled from a mixture of Quicklime and Oil of Lin-seed is of noted efficacy; and likewise all cephalic Spirits and Oils. Some recommend Bathing every Day for eight Hours, in the Decoctions of Gentian, Juniper-Berries, Rue, and Agrimony.  
X. Asthmas attending the Scurvy are cured by the Extract of Saffron; spirits of hartshorn, Castor, Amber, and Salarmoniac; Benzoin, and Birth-wort-Roots, with Antiscorbutical Decoctions. If the Asthmas are merely Convulsive, Laudanum Hystericum is a sovereign Remedy.  
XI. Vomitings require Artificial Vomits, gentle Purges, and stomachical Medicines, mixed with absorbent Powders, and Antiscorbutics. Loosenesses are cured after the same method, rather than by Astringents, which frequently occasion Anxieties in the Breast, and Swoonings, Bleedings at Nose, or any other part, are best stopped by exhibiting inwardly chalybeat Astringents, such as Chalybeat, Diaphoretic Antimony, Vitriol of Steel, the Antiphthisical Tincture, etc.  
XII. A scorbutical Consumption is generally accounted for by a Milk Diet, which is of excellent use, when it proceeds from the degeneracy of the Blood. But if the disorders of the Stomac and first Passages gave Birth to it, Milk is improper, and is fitly exchanged for Vomits and stomachical Aromatics. In general, Elixir Proprietatis without an Acid, the spirit of Salarmoniae, the Antiphthisical Tincture, and Raisins eaten after Meals, are very proper. If the Animal Spirits are flat, nervous Remedies will be useful. If the milky Vessels, or Glandules of the Mesentery and other Parts are charged with Obstructions, volatile Aperients are necessary.  
XIII. Scorbutical Fevers take their Original from the Corrosive sharpness of the Blood, and generally pass for Hectics. Their Symptoms are an excessive Appetit, followed by Vomiting, or love for salt Victuals; Costiveness, Sweats, smelling like Acids, and leaving red Sand in the Bed, and livid Spots in the Skin. They are cured by Antiscorbutics mixed with Steel, and volatile and fixed Salts, especially the Flowers and spirit of Salarmoniac, the Spirit of Sassafras, and Arcanum Duplicatum; Whey sharpened with the Juice of Citrons is much approved, as also Milk, mixed with the Spirit of Salarmoniac, when the Stomac is able to digest it, and the Feverish Paroxysm is over. The Symptom of Thirst is admirably accounted for by exhibiting the Decoction of Chinaroots and Liquorice.  
XIV. In scorbutical Dropsies, strong Purgatives are noxious; gentle Diuretics mixed with Antiscorbutics, being the Basis of the Cure. Such are the Infusion of Wood-lice in Wine, the Spirit of Salarmoniac, and Tincture of Tartar, mixed with the Spirit of Scurvygrass.  
XV. St. Antony's Fire happening to scorbutical Persons, is cured by taking inwardly absorbent diaphoretic Powders, mixed with the Spirit or Syrup of Elder-Flowers, and Spirit of Scurvygrass; and applying outwardly the Decoction of lethargy, Elder-Flowers, Olibanum, Myrrh and Mastic, in Limewater and Vinegar, with a little Camphyr.  
XVI. Ulcers accompanying the Scurvy, and threatening a Gangrene, aught to be washed with Limewater, or the Decoction of lesser House-leek, mixed with the Spirit of Vitriol, and anointed with the Ointment of Tobacco and Sugar of Lead; or covered with the Powders of Myrrh, and Frankincense, Crocus of Steel, and Sugar of Lead. Inwardly let the Essence of Woods, Essence of Fumitory, and the Antiscorbutical Tincture of Coral be frequently administered. As for the hard Swell that frequently molest the Legs; let Cataplasms of Bryony and Comfrey-Roots, and Chamomil Flowers, be applied to 'em. Or let the thickened Juices of Comfrey and Brook-lime, mixed with Mynsichtius his Diaphoretic Plaster, and the Distilled Oil of Chamomil be used in like manner.   

ART. 6. Of breakings-out in the Skin.  
UNder the Head of Depraved Nutrition, we allot an Article for Cuticular Eruptions; and first for the Scab, which proceeds from the depravation of the nutritive Juice of the Parts under the Skin, occasioned by a preternatural Acid. This Acid takes its rise from sudden Cold, succeeding to Heat; and shutting up the steams of the Body within the straitened Pores; from the contagion of an external Ferment, and sometimes, but very rarely, from internal Causes, such as the Scurvy, French-Pox, etc. But, for the most part, the Blood and Internal Parts are not at all tainted, it being only the nutritive Serum about the surface of the Body that is depraved; tho' 'tis true, that by continuance it may at last infect the Blood. If the nutritious Juice be very serous and apt to corrupt, the Breakings-out run much; if the Juice be Balmy, and impregnated with a volatile oily Salt; they are crusty and dry.  
As for the Cure of a Scab; we administer inwardly Purgatives and Sudorifics. The Purgatives are the Extract of Black Hellebor, or Scammony sulphurated, mixed with sweet Mercury, and the purging Mercurius vitae, or Turbith Mineral in an inveterat case. If the Blood be tainted, we administer the Decoctions of bitter and scorbutical Plants, and Spices mixed with purging Ingredients, in Wine, Whey, or Water, and continue their use for some time. The Sudorifics are the Decoctions of Woods, the volatile Salt of Vipers, Hartshorn, Ivory; the fixed Salts, the Sulphur and Cinnabar of Antimony, diaphoretic Antimony, and the Syrup of Elder Flowers. As,  
Take of Elder-Flower Water, an ounce; the Spirit of Venice Treacle camphorised, half a Dram; Diaphoretic Antimony, fifteen Grains; the volatile Salt of Vipers, half a Scruple; Syrup of Orange-peel, half an ounce. Mix for a Draught. Or,  
Take of the Rob of Elder, a dram; the Powder of Snakes calcined, a scruple; Salarmoniac, half a scruple. With the Syrup of Orange-peel make a Bolus. The distilled Oil of Turpentin given to six Drops every Morning; the Essence of Vipers to forty; the Tincture of Antimony, or Tincture of Coral, given to fifty Drops, are also very proper. And when all proves ineffectual, a Mercurial Salivation may not be amiss.  
Outwardly we apply Ointments of Sulphur, Mercury, especially that precipitated with the Spirit of Nitre, and Sugar of Lead; but we ought to take care that the Pores be kept open, for fear the Scab should strike in. Upon which account, let Salt of Tartar be always added. As,  
Take of Vnguentum Enulatum, and Album Camphoratum, of each half an ounce; Flowers of Brimstone, three drams; sweet Mercury, a dram; Salt of Tartar, or Oil of Tartar per deliquium, a dram and a half; with the Oil of Tobacco, or of St. John's wort Make an Ointment; to which add of the Balsam of Peru half a sc●●ple; Oil of Rose-wood, six drops. Mix, and anoint the Limbs, especially the Joints at Night going to Bed; and in the Morning, wash off the Ointment with the Persons own Urine.  
Take of the Decoction of Quicklime, a pound and a half; sweet Mercury, three drams; Spirit of Venice Treacle camphorised, an ounce. Mix, and wash the external Parts, for taking off the Scab, and the red Scars that remain after it.  
The Distilled Water of Man's Ordure, is an admirable Wash, and reserved by some as a Secret. Some use Girdles of Quicksilver; others fumigate with Cinnabar; but the Body ought to be well cleansed beforehand, and armed against Cold. In a critical Scab, we ought not to use repellents. But Baths of the Decoctions of the sharp pointed Dock, Tobacco-Leaves, Scabious, Elecampane and Briony Roots, Brimstone, and Quicklime are allowable. After sweeting by internal Sudorifics, the scabby Person may bathe in them, and rub down his Body, and after bathing, anoint with the abovementioned Ointment.  
The Itch is near allied to the Scab, and proceeds from the sharp Particles of the Serum, repairing to the surface in small quantities; 'tis cured internally by purging and sweeting, as above; and externally by applying the following Ointment.  
Take of the Roots of the sharp pointed Dock, and Elecampane, of each an ounce. Boil them in Vinegar till they become soft; then beat 'em through a Sieve, and add of the Oil of Orris, three Ounces; common Salt an Ounce; Myrrh, three Drams; Litharge, an ounce and a half. With Wax make a Lineament.  
A Leprosy proceeds from a saline corrosive Acid, reigning in the Serum; as being a sort of exalted Scurvy. It is ofttimes the hereditary Infirmity of a Family, or follows a bad Diet, Chronical Diseases, and the suppression of wont Evacuations. The Signs which accompany it, are either internal or external. The internal are Acid or musty Belchings, Costiveness, Thirst, a stinking Sweat, thick Urine, insomuch that the Powder of Lead will swim upon it, an extreme propensity to Venery; the thickness, viscosity, and unctuosity of the Blood when drawn forth, and little Clotts of Sand sticking to the Cloth, through which 'tis strained; the frequency and weakness of the Pulse, difficult respiration, stinking Breath, a weariness of the Limbs, Chillness, stupidity, and a hoarse Voice, as if it came through the Nose.  
The External Symptoms are these. The Skin appears Livid, Black, or Yellow; it Wrinkles, when exposed to the Cold; it is notably rough and oily, insomuch that Water will not stick to it; it is covered with a Purple or White Dandruff; little movable painless Knots and Swell beset the Forehead, Chin and Joints; a dry Ringworm, and Pushes cover the whole Body; and affect not only the Skin, but the Muscles; an eternal Itch, like the gnawing of Worms, or pricking with Needles, molesty 'em; when they scratch any part, it turns dry and scaly, but voids no Matter; the Hair of their Heads and Eyebrows falls off; their Forehead is furrowed with Wrinkles; their Ears stretched and swelled, the Kickshaws callous and raised; their Eyes round, red, sparkling, infested with little hard swell in the corners, and apt to water; the upper part of their Nose contracted, while the inferior is enlarged, troubled with frequent Sneezing, and infested with a Polypus, and Cancious corrosive Ulcers; the Face and Lips are pale, hard, livid and chopped; their Tongue and Mouth liable to hard Swell, Chaps, and Corrosion; the Gums rough and swollen; the Spittle viscous; the Breasts hard, and their Veins swollen; the Joints withered and beset with callous indolent Ulcers that are apt to bleed upon the slightest touch; the Muscles of their Hands, especially those of the Thumb and first Finger, are much consumed; the Fingers and Toes benumbed, the Joints distorted and knotty, and the Nails black, bowed and chopped.  
The Cure of a Leprosy is the same as that of a Scab. If what was recommended upon that Head prove successless, we must have recourse to the following Medicine; viz. Take four quarts of Lie, and a pound of white Arsenic. Boyl them for an hour or two, till the Lie be almost consumed; then add fresh Lie and boil again till the Arsenic be dissolved. Then pour off the Liquor by inlination into a clean Vessel, and add two pound of Ceruse, dissolved in Vinegar, and filtrated. This will yield a precipitat which ought to be dulcified, and given for eight days together, from three to ten Grains.  
The Disease called by the Arabians, Elephantiasis, does not spread so universally over the Body as a Leprosy; as being only a red, livid, or black swelling in the Feet, attended by Ulcers in the Veins, that void a sharp clear Serum. It generally happens to old People that have drank much Wine; and is frequently Critical. Upon which account we ought to be cautious of applying repellent Medicines. Internally we administer Purges as in a Scab, and the Decoctions of Woods and sudorific Ingredients for tempering the sharpness of the Serum. Externally we apply the Plaster of the Calaminar Stone, or Meibomius' Plaster of the Oil of Olives, Castle-soap, Ceruse, red Lead, and Camphyr. In the mean while we roll up the Legs from the Ankles to the Knees in a Swath.  
A Tetter and Ring-worm are near akin to a Scab, as being only a Crust, or hot Pushes on the Skin, causing heat, redness, itching, and roughness. They are cured by Purging, as in a Scab; and administering Sudorifics, with Sugar of Lead, or the Antipththisical Tincture: In desperate cases, by Issues or a Salivation. Externally we apply Castle-soap, mixed with Spirit of Wine, and Sugar of Lead, and in a word, the same things that were recommended for the Scab. In desperate Cases we use Limewater, or the Ointment of Roses, mixed with sublimat Mercury; or with Mercury precipitated with Spirit of Nitre.  
The little hot Pimples called Phlyctenes, that frequently appear about the Wrists and Fingers, are cured internally as a Scab; externally by applying at first the Mucilages of Quinces and Linseed extracted with the water of Frogs-spawn, and afterwards Limewater, and the Ointment of lethargy, or Diapompholygos, mixed with Vinegar of Lead. The lesser Pimples, called Sudamina, are cured internally by Purging and Sweeting, and externally by washing in Milk or Limewater mixed with Camphyr, and shifting their Linen often. The Pushes that have little Worms in 'em, are cured internally by joining the Essence of Myrrh, Elixyr Proprietatis, Spirit of Hartshorn, etc. to the abovementioned Purgatives and Sudorifics; and externally by washing in the Decoctions of bitter Plants, and applying Plasters of their Juices mixed with Mercury; or picking out the Worms with a Needle.  
The little hard callous swell in the Face and Neck, called Vari, are for the most part red and whitish at the top. They seem to proceed from the depravation of the Genital Liquor, and mostly attack such as are ripe for Venery. The internal Cure is the same as above. Externally, we apply Cataplasms of the Oil of Bays, Ointment of Roses, sweet Mercury, and Oil of Tartar; or a mixture of the Waters of Cows-dung, Elder-flowers, and Frogs-spawn, with the Oil of Tartar per Deliquium, Flowers of Sulphur, Borace, Ceruse, Camphyr, etc. Some commend the Precipitat from Lead, called Lac Virgins. Some recommend fumigation of the Face with Spirit of Wine spit out of the Person's Mouth upon a hot Plate of Iron, and followed by a fresh fumigation of Myrrh thrown upon the same Plate. This, they say, will also take off Wrinkles, and make old Women look young.  
Freckles are little yellowish Spots in the Face, Neck, Breast, and Hands. The Cause is the stagnation of the Serum between the Skin and Cuticle, occasioned by the heat of the Sun, or otherwise. Internally, Elixyr Proprietatis and Laxatives are proper. Externally, we wash the parts with the Water of Cows-dung, or Bean-flowers, mixed with the whites of Eggs; or anoint it with a Lineament of Frankincense, Ceruse, Myrrh, Brimstone, Camphyr, and Hen's Fat, applying afterwards Man's Fat to take off the roughness and scales that such Liniments occasion. The Oils of Eggs, Tartar, Guajacum, Wax, and Soap: the Powder of the Roots of Briony and Florentin Orris, sweet Mercury, the Magistery of Lead, Lac Virgins, and the corrosive Liquor, called Liquor Mercurij Saccharatus, are also used by turns.  
The little brown Spots called Ephelides do generally appear upon big-bellyed Women; or those whose terms are stopped, as proceeding from the sharpness of the Serum. For Cure we rub the part with a Citron, or sour Apple cut up; and wash it with the Emulsion of Hempseed, or anoint with a Lineament of Bay-berries and Hony.  
There are also Spots of a sad yellow Colour, and about a Hands breadth, called Maculae Epaticae, that suddenly appear and disappear, and render the Skin rough and somewhat scaly. They proceed from the same Cause as Freckles. The internal Cure is accomplished by the Decoctions of bitter and Antiscorbutical Plants mixed with Purgatives: The external, by the Cosmetics above mentioned; or in a difficult case by applying a Cataplasm of Mustardseed beaten with Vinegar, Salt, and the yolks of Eggs.  
The red Pimples and Wheals in the Face and Nose, that mostly follow hard drinking, proceed from the volatile Acid of Wine, incorporated with the Lymph corroding the Skin. Their internal Cure is compassed by Bleeding, and exhibiting the Decoctions of bitter Herbs mixed with Purgatives; and the administration of Absorbent Powders. Externally we apply the Sugar of Lead dissolved, in distilled Vinegar, and mixed with Camphry and Oil of Roses, or with the Juices of House-leek and Plantain, or the Oil of Tartar per Deliquium, mixed with Camphyr and the Waters of the Flowers of Beans, Solomon's Seal, and Frog's-spawn; or an Ointment made of Pepper, Ginger, Brimstone, and Vngentum Pomatum. In desperate Cases we must have recourse to Mercurial Compositions.  
If the Skin be discoloured by the Heat of the Sun, Pushes, Pimples, or otherwise, its natural Colour may be retrieved, by applying the Juice of Citrons, or Vinegar impregnated with the Flowers of Beans, Solomon's Seal, Jasmin and white Lily Flowers. The Spirit of Wine Camphorised; the Essence of Benzoin mixed with fair Water, are also recommended. As also Powders made of dried Venice Soap, white Poppy-seeds, Starch, Lupins, Florentin Orris, Magistery of Marcasite, Mosch, and Zivet; or of Briony and Cuckow-pint Roots, with Sugar of Lead and sweet Mercury, which are mixed with the Waters of Figwort-roots, white Lilies, Solomon's Seal, Flowers of Beans, and Roses, and so applied in the form of a Calaptasm. Some mightily covet the Oil of Talk as an admirable Cosmetic, but since 'tis not to be had , the Oil of Tartar per Deliquium will supply its room, The Decoction of Sublimat Mercury in common Water, the water being boiled till the Acrimony be quite extinguished, and than mixed with Cerues, and after a fresh gentle boiling, clarified with the white of an Egg, is a Wash of infinite use in Counterfeiting Colours.  
The Mange or Scurf that frequently besets the heads of those who are liable to the Scurvy, French-Pox, or Leprosy, seems to arise from an Acid, engaged in a viscid Vehicle, that stagnats upon the outparts, and shuts the Pores. It is cured internally as the Scab. Externally, let the Head be frequently washed with the Decoction of the Herbs, Southernwood, Betony, Celandin, Soapwort, Mallows, the Roots of Marsh-mallows, sharp pointed Dock, and Burdock, Pease, Bay-berries and Coloquintida. Let these Ingredients be boiled in Lie, and reserve the strained Liquor as a wash for the Head.  
Before we conclude this Chapter, 'twill not be improper to take notice of the shedding, or off-falling of the Hairs, which is remedied by washing with the Decoction of Rosemary, Southernwood, Hony, Myrtle Berries, Linseed and Oil of sweet Almonds, in Wine. The Ingredients being first infused for twenty four hours; and then boiled till the Moisture be consumed; and the remaining Juice expressed for use. If the Hairs are grey, we may endeavour to change their Colour by combing with a Leaden Comb, wet with Aqua Fortis in which Silver is dissolved, it being qualified with common Water. Some commend the Ointment of Tobacco, sharpened with Oil of Bricks, for an Universal Alopecia, and exhibit inwardly the Essence and Decoction of Woods with Chalybeats.     

SECT. XVIII. Of Diseases hindering the regular Reflux of the Blood to the Heart.  
THERE are three Cases in which the regular return of Blood to the Heart is hindered. 1. In Inflammations, when the Blood stagnats in its Vessels. 2. In Empyema's, when the Blood is extravasated and lodged in some Cavity within the Body. 3. In Haemorrhogia's, or external Bleedings.  

CHAP. I. Of Inflammations.  
INflammations are occasioned by the stagnation of the Blood in any part, viz. When the Quantity imported is larger than what returns by the Veins. The Symptoms attending 'em are, 1. A Redness. 2. A Heat. 3. A Swelling; and, 4. Pain, which is either accompanied with a sense of the distension of the Fibres and Nervous Parts; or a beating, as arising from the rebounding of the Blood, when disappointed of its Passage; or a pricking, as caused by the sharp Salts, when struggling and tending to suppuration. Now that stagnating Blood is apt to produce those effects, is too plain to need a Proof. The remote Causes which promote this Stagnation, are either External or Internal. The former are; the occasional Compression, Contusion, or Distortion of the Vessels; Pains or the shrinking and contraction of the Nervous Fibres, and consequently of the Capillary Vessels, as in Arthritic Pains, and the Toothache, or when a Thorn or Wasp stings the Part.  
The internal Causes relate either to the general Disposition of the Blood; Or the Infirmity of a particular Part. Those of the first sort are the thickness and viscidity of the Blood, or its being Clotted by a prevailing Acid. Hence the infusion of an Acid Liquor into a Dog's Vein, redundancy of Blood, and the inconsiderate assumption of cold Liquors, or exposing one's self to the cold after hot Exercises, are apt to produce Inflammations. Nay, the Blood of Pleuritic Persons is visibly clotted when let forth, and all the Medicines both internal and external, that are recomended for Inflammations are such as dissolve or attenuat the thickened Blood, and drink in the Acid. The Causes relating to a Particular part that is frequently more liable to Inflammations than its other Companions, are the weakness of the Innate Spirit of the Part; the Relaxation, Distension, or disorder of its Fibres, and the hidden remains of an Acid; all owing to preceding Inflammations, especially if they degenerate into Ulcers.  
If the Acid be very prevalent, the humour hardens, and becomes a Schirrus, not far distant from a Cancer: If the Volatile Alkali and the Acid be more equally matched they ferment together, and combine into a salin purulent matter that discharges itself by an Ulcer. If the stagnation be so great, that small quantities of Blood cannot Pass, and the innate Spirit of the Part cannot Correspond with the Animal Spirits, the Blood corrupts and Causes a Gangreen. If the Alcali of the Blood be more vigorous and powerful than the Acid, it unlocks the Blood and discusses the Inflammation. If an Inflammation happen in a temperate Season to young healthy People, and settle only in a fleshy Part, it is less dangerous than if it seized a Nervous Part, or attacked Cachectic old Persons. For the most part all Inflammations are acute, and accompanied by a Fever.  
As for the Cure of Inflammations, Purging is pernicious. Perhaps upon the account of the Fever, a gentle Laxative may be allowed. Or if the Belly be Costive a Clyster of Whey and Honey may be injected. Bleeding is very proper espicially in the Beginning, as well by way of Revulsion in the opposite side to the part affected, as by way of Aversion in the same side at some distance, and by way of Derivation just by it. But we ought to be cautious of not overdoing and weakening the Patient, or of being misled by the Practices of some in hotter Climates, that cannot be looked upon as precedents in ours.  
What remains of the internal Cure is admirably accounted for by administering Volatile Sudorifics that unlock and attenuat the Blood, and Absorbent Powders that inbibe the Acid. Of the former sort are the Spirits of Salarmoniac, volatile Salt of Hartshorn, Venice Treacle, the Spirit of Venice Treacle Camphorised, and especially the Spirit, Essence, Syrup, or Water of Elder Flowers; To all which we frequently add Laudanum Opiatum, especially if unquietness thuart the design of Sweeting. The Absorbents are Hartshorn, Ivory, Unicorns-horn, Diaphoretic Antimony, Mineral Bezoar, and especially Crabs Eyes mixed with Vinegar. Tho' Vinegar be an acid, yet when joined to Crabs Eyes, and absorbent Powders, it ferments and assumes a lixivious Urinous form, which is of admirable efficacy for dissolving clotted Blood. To these we ought always to add Sperma Ceti, and the Decoctions, or Waters of Vulnerary Plants as being enriched with a plentiful Alcali. The dulcified Spirit of Nitre, and all the Preparations of Nitre, are also of excellent use, especially if the Fever be high.  
As for external applications, I refer the Reader to the sixth Book, and shall only now take notice of two Particulars. 1. The mistake of those who apply repelling Astringents, in order to straiten the Vessels and hinder the Corruption of Blood. Whereas the Doctrine of Circulation teaches us that the Blood conveyed thither by the Arteries, cannot be beat back, or return any other way than by the Veins: Now to straiten the Vessels that are already straitened by the swelling, is the ready way to hinder the Blood's access to the Veins and augment the Inflammation. 2. If the tumour cannot be discussed, we must bring it to a Head by ripening Applications; and when the Ulcer is open see it throughly cleansed before we attempt to consolidat.  
The general Cure of Inflammations being thus accounted for, we proceed to Particular Inflammations.  

ART. 1. Of a Quinsey, Thrush, and falling of the Wula or  of the Mouth.  
THE Inflammation of the Muscles of the Neck, especially those of the Windpipe and Gullet is styled a Quinsy; under which we comprehend all Inflammations relating to the Chaps. If the Internal Muscles of the Throat or Head of the Gullet are inflamed 'tis called Synanche; if the External, Parasynanche; if the Internal Muscles of the Head of the Windpipe, Cynanche; if the External Paracynanche. If a Quinsey proceed from the simple Stagnation of pure Blood, 'tis accounted ; if the Viscidity of the Lymph be the first Author of the Swelling, and so accompany or rather cause the Stagnation, 'tis a spurious or white Quinsey.  
The causes of a Quinsey are the unseasonable suppression of a Flux of Blood, malignant Miasma's in the Air irritating the Throat and Windpipe, the assumption of Corrosive Liquors, which provoke the Muscles to contractions; cold Air, Bones, Pieces of Glass, or whatever happens to disturb the repose of those Parts, or thicken the Blood, or Lymph. The viscidity or sharpness of the Lymph, has a peculiar tendency to the Inflammation of the Tonsillaes or Glandules in the Throat; which causes 'em to throw out large Quantities of glutinous Lymph upon the Tongue and Jaws.  
An Imminent Quinsey is ushered in by a difficulty of Breathing, swallowing, and moving the Neck; and a notable Heat in the Throat. The Symptoms that accompany it are a difficulty of Breathing, especially in a Cynanche; the tumour, pain, and redness of the Neck and Tongue, a viscous Film or Crust proceeding from the Tonsillae and covering the Tongue, a difficulty of swallowing, especially in a Synanche. A genuine Quinsey is also attended by an acute Fever, and a distending Convulsive Pulse like that in a Peripneumonia. But a spurious one by a slow Fever and meeker Symptoms.  
If this Inflammation be not quickly discussed, it either chokes the Patient or becomes an Ulcer, which sometimes distils a purulent matter into the Lungs, and occasions tragical Symptoms. If the swelling and redness display themselves visibly upon the external Muscles, 'tis a good Circumstance: If the internal swelling, and difficulty of breathing increase without an apparent Tumour, and be attended by Froth in the Mouth; If the Fever observe the period of a continual Tertian; if the Vein under the Tongue, when opened, do not bleed; these, I say, are bad Omens. If the Swelling disappear of a sudden, without the Signs of Concoction in the Spittle, or diminution of the anxiety of the Breast; or if the Head, Pleura, or other parts are seized with Pain and inflammation, by virtue of the Translation of the morbifical Matter, we look for Death.  
The Cure is either internal or external. The former is the same with that of Inflammations in general, providing a due regard be had to the peculiar constitution of the Parts; as appears by the following Rules.  
1. The volatile Salts and absorbent Powders above mentioned, joined to the dulcified Spirit of Nitre and Laudannm, are given with good success in order to sweat. Especially Horse-Dung, and the Dung of Birds, as being plentifully impregnated with a Volatile nitrous Salt; Nitre dissolved in the ordinary Drink, is also much approved.  
2. Amber, Myrrh, Spirit of Hartshorn, and all Medicines recommended for Catarrhs, are very proper in Quinseys', by reason that the Lymph is always faulty, as well as the Blood.  
3. In the beginning of the Disease, we first open a Vein in the Leg, then in the Arm, and towards the height, under the Tongue. Before the Invasion of a Quinsey, if the Patient be not Plethoric, nor the Blood very high, we may order Blood-letting under the Tongue; but in no other case before the height. If the Piles or Terms are suppressed, we must always let Blood in the Leg. In desperate cases we apply Scarifyed Cupping-Glasses to the Neck, Shoulders, and Chin. In fine, the Constitution of the Patient, and other incident Circumstances, must be our Directory for regulating the Measures of Bleeding.  
4. Epidemical Quinseys', or such as proceed from the malignity of the Air, must be treated as malignant Diseases, without Bleeding or Purging. And the Physician ought to avoid their Breath as being very catching.  
5. Antimonial Vomits are of singular use in the beginning of the Disease, especially if it be epidemical, or if the Patient be molested with a bitter rusty taste in the Mouth, a tickling heat in the Gullet, and a loathing of Meat. They are improper at any other time, besides the very height of the Disease, when the suppuration is in some measure advanced, and the Swelling cannot be laid open. Then indeed a Vomit is the last Refuge. If the Person cannot swallow any Liquor, let the Throat be tick'ld with Mercurius Vitae with Honey upon a Feather.  
6. Purgatives are improper; as being apt to augment Inflammations. Perhaps in the beginning, 'twill not be improper to cleanse the first Passages with a Laxative. But Clysters ought to be injected every Day, during the whole progress of the Disease.  
7. Blistering Plasters applied to the Neck, after the first Blood-letting, are not improper.  
8. If the Inflammation of the Tonsillaes, arising from viscid Lymph, be apt to relapse frequently, let an Issue be cut in the Arm.  
9 We must be very nice in distinguishing a Quinsey from a Prunella, which generally follows Fevers, and requires the application of Medicines improper for a Quinsey. See the Chap. of Acute Fevers.  
The external part of the Cure of a Quinsey is performed,  
1. By Gargarisms, Ointments, Cataplasms, and Plasters of discussing Ingredients, such as Chamomil and Elder-Flowers, Mint, , Wild Marjoram, Sage, Hyssop; the Seeds of Dill, Rapes, Mustard and Cummin; Saffron, Camphyr, Swallow-wort, the Dung of Animals, the Juice of River-Crabs, the Persons own Urine, the Spirit of Wine, Salarmoniac, and Juice of House-leek. The common Practitioners generally add astringent Ingredients, whereas they are very pernicious, and augment the Inflammation, by hindering the Blood's access to the Veins: upon which account we only use attenuating volatile Ingredients; as for a Gargarism, the Decoction of Rapes mixed with Salarmoniac. Or,  
Take of Lovage-Roots, six drams; Smallage-Roots, three drams; Elder-flowers, a handful and a half; Mallows leaves, a handful. Boil them in Barleywater, and add to the strained Decoction, Honey of Mercury, an ounce; Spirit of Venice Treacle, six drams; spirit of Salarmoniac, a dram. Make a Gargarism.  
After the beginning of the Disease, Gargarisms are improper as requiring a motion prejudicial and painful to the inflamed Parts. Upon which Account, we order the Patient only to let the Liquor lie in the Mouth for some time. As for Discussing Cataplasms, those of bruised Wormwood-leaves mixed with Hoggs-Fat; or of a Swallow's Nest boiled in Wine; applied to the Swelling, are of excellent use. For a Plaster, we apply that of Melilot softened with distilled Oil of Amber. For an Ointment, the Oil of sweet Almonds, mixed with Salarmoniac; as also the following Oil.  
Take of Brimstone pulverised, and Salt of Tartar, of each a Dram. Melt 'em, and let 'em stand till they grow cold. Then pulverise the Mass, and add of the Oil of sweet Almonds, three ounces; Oil of Camphyr half a Dram. Mix, and set 'em to digest for three Days.  
2. If the Tumour be not quickly discussed, we must set aside all sharp provoking Ingredients, and endeavour to bring it to maturity by soft, temperate, ripening Medicines. Such are the Decoctions of the Herbs Mallows and Melilot, Marsh-mallows-Roots, and Figs, in Whey or Milk, and sweetened with Honey for a Gargarism; or the Oil of sweet Almonds, and Ointment of Marshmallows, with which we anoint the outward Parts, and then apply the following Cataplasm.  
Take a Swallows-nest, with the Dung, three roasted Onions, and two or three handfuls of Elder-flowers. Boil 'em in Milk. Beat the Pulp through a Sieve, and add half an Ounce of Album Graecum; half a dram of the distilled Oil of Chamomil; and a sufficient quantity of the Oil of White Lilies, in order to make a Cataplasm.  
3. The Tumour being thus ripened, we must endeavour to open it, by anointing the Jaws with Honey mixed with Dog's Dung: Or if that be successless by a Gargarism of Mustardseed, boiled in Mead; or of the Oil of Vitriol mixed with White-Wine, and ordering the Patient to Cough, and Hawk; and in the last extremity, administering a Vomit, or opening the Larynx.  
4. When the Ulcer is opened, it ought to be cleansed by the Decoction of Barley or Speedwell, mixed with Honey of Roses, or Black-smith's Water, for a Gargarism. If it prove very sordid, we may add the rectified Spirit of Salt, or Spirit of Vitriol; and in desperate cases, touch the Ulcer with Vnguentum Aegyptiacum, or Platerus' green Water mixed with Hony. After 'tis sufficiently cleansed, touch it with an Ointment of Myrrh, Florentin, Orris-Roots, Burnt-Allum and Honey of Roses, and gargoyle the Mouth with vulnerary astringent mixtures.  
As for the Thrush, or excoriation of the Mouth, it frequently attends Fevers, when the Stomac is stuffed with green rusty Humours, and the Physician neglects to cleanse it, and then it reaches from the Stomac to the Tongue. In other cases it proceeds from the sharpness of Spittle. If the Crust is black, livid, green, flat, and continues long dry, it portends a tedious Disease. The Cure consists in moistening and softening the affected Part. For which end, let the Juice of Rapes, or mucilage of Quinces, with Nitre or fresh Butter and Sugar, be applied to the Tongue. If it degenerate into Ulcers, gargoyle the Mouth with the Decoction of Speedwell mixed with Honey; or wash the Ulcers with the Phlegm of Vitriol and Plantan-Water. In Scorbutical Cases, add the spirit of Salt, and that of Vitriol; and for Venereal cases; Platerus' green Water.  
The falling of the Wula, is cured by applying to it Salarmoniac and Pepper; gargling the Mouth with the Decoction of , mixed with Salarmoniac and crude Alum; or the Decoction of Hempseed in Vinegar and Water; and applying to the Crown of the Head, a mixture of Yeast, Spirit of Wine, Mastic and Amber.   

ART. 2. Of Inflammations of the Stomac, Guts, and Fundament.  
THE Causes of an Inflmamation of the Stomac, are the same as those of other Inflammations. The Symptoms are an Acute Fever, a Tumour, a Pain and sense of Heat under the short Ribs; an unquenchable Thirst; unquietness and Watch. The profundity of the Pain, the comparative invisibility of the Tumour, and the acuteness of its Symptoms distinguish it from the Inflammation of the Liver, or of the Muscles of the Belly. Sometimes the Inflammation suppurates; and than if the purrulent Matter fall inward upon the Guts, there is not so much danger, as if it were discharged into the external Cavity.  
As for the Cure: Purgatives, during the increase are improper: Bleeding aught to be cautiously managed, by reason of the Swoonings and Convulsive Symptoms that attend this Distemper. Clysters are very convenient. But the Sudorifics recommended above for Inflammations in general are the Basis of the Cure. Especially Antimonial Nitre, or the dulcified spirit of Nitre, mixed with the Decoction of Liquorice for ordinary Drinking. The Sugar of Lead mixed with Poterius' Antihectic, Pulp of Tamarinds, Mineral Bezoar, and Tartar vitriolated. Externally foment with the Decoction of Chamomil and red Roses in Wine; and apply discussing Cataplasms of Aromatic Plants boiled in Wine. If the Tumour incline to suppurat, apply the following Cataplasm.  
Take of Fenugree Seeds, three Ounces; Pigeon's Dung, two Ounces; Yeast, and Honey, of each an Ounce; Oil of Chamomil, an ounce and a half. Mix, etc.  
As for internal Administrations: In case of Suppuration, exhibit Turpentin dissolved with the Yelk of an Egg in Scabious Water, or the rectified Spirit of Tartar, and the Juice of Syrup of Scabious. If the Tumour is open, administer the Decoction of Hyssop mixed with Honey, or Chalybeat Milk, or the Decoction of Chinaroots and Scabious Leaves with absorbent Powders, Balsam of Peru, Balsam of Sulphur, and the Oil or Extract of the Flowers of St. John's Wort: If the Stomac be ulcerated by the corrosion of sharp Liquors, administer first a Vomit, and then the Mucilages of Fleawort and Quince-seeds, mixed with Tragacanth, and Syrup of Roses.  
The Inflammation of the Guts is caused by Dysenteries, Ruptures, Iliac Pains, etc. The Symptoms are a Tumour, Heat, and beating Pain; a Lipyria Fever, in which the external Parts are cold, while the internal are unsufferably hot; Costiveness, Retraction of the Anus, and suppression of Urine. If the small Guts are the seat of the Inflammation, it appears about the Navel, and is attended by a difficulty of Breathing, and Vomiting. If the great Guts are only affected, the Swelling appears in the sides of the Belly, the Loins are infested with a weighty Pain; the Symptoms are more remiss and bear downward. If the Pain attending the Iflammation be suddenly extinguished, it notifies a Gangrene. For Cure; let Clysters of Milk, Honey, and purified Nitre be speedily injected; let a Vein be opened in the Arm oftener than once, if there be occasion; let a Caul of a Sheep killed in the very Room with the Patient, be laid upon the Belly, and, if the Pain do not cease, let it be shifted for fresh ones, twice, or thrice; let the distilled Oil of Lead, with Oil of Roses, be applied at other times; and let the dulcified Spirit of Nitre, with Laudanum Opiatum, Sugar and Oil of Lead, and proper Sudorifics, be internally administted.  
The Inflammations of the Anus, are caused by the suppression of the Piles, excessive riding, and such like external Causes. The Symptoms are the same as those of Inflammations in general. For Cure, open a Vein in the Arm; inject Clysters of emollient Ingredients boiled in Milk; or if these be insufficient, of Lin-seed and Rape-seed Oil; and if the Excrements be hardened, add a dram of Sal Gem. If the Inflammation be so great that Clysters cannot be injected, administer Raisins, or such like gentle Laxatives for opening the Belly; and gentle Sudorifics for promoting Sweat. Externally apply the Decoction of Mint and Agrimony in Wine, or Limewater; or that of Mullein Flowers, and Henbane Leaves in Whey; or the mucilage of Quinces extracted with Houseleek-Water, and mixed with Sugar of Lead. If the Inflammation was caused by the Contact of any sharp thing, such as Paper covered with Pepper or Vitriol; foment with the Decoctions of emollient Ingredients in Milk, mixed with the Whites of Eggs. If it cannot be discussed, apply Rulandus' Balsam of Sulphur (made of Sugar and the Oil of Poppies) and inject Clysters of Chalybeat Milk mixed with Turpentine and Honey of Roses. After ulceration, apply Fulminatory Gold mixed with the Oil of Sweet-Almonds, and exhibit internally vulnerary Decoctions.   

ART. 3. Of Inflammations of the Mesentery, Sweetbread, and Caul.  
THE Inflammations of the Mesentery, proceed from the same Causes as all other Inflammations, particularly from the critical translation of morbifical Matter into their Glandules, from the unseasonable suppression of a Dysentery, or from a rapture haling it out of its natural Seat. The Signs are very obscure and uncertain, by reason of the Mesentery's distance from the external surface, and its open correspondence with the Nerves of other Parts, which frequently obtrude the effect upon us, under the notion of the principal Cause. However the following Symptoms will give us some light into the matter, viz. A sense of weight in the Belly, especially when the Person turns himself in his Bed; a gentle Heat towards the Navel, a small Pain, and a sort of distension and Heat under the Stomac; and the serosity of the Excrements, or their mixture with Chyle, when the Stomac is not disordered. 'Tis distinguished from the Inflammations that the Navel is liable to, by the remissness and dulfless of its Pain, and invisibility of the Tumour, or absence of apparent hardness. If the remote Parts of the Mesentery are only inflamed, the Fever that accompanies is but slow; but if the Parts adjacent to the Guts be seized, the Fever is acute, the Symptoms much higher, and the Guts share in the Inflammation. When the Tumour suppurats, the Fever and other Symptoms are exalted, and when it is ready to break, a shivering, and sometimes a shaking seizes the Person, which are sometimes followed by the evacuation of purulent Matter by Stool or Urine.  
These Inflammations are but slow-paced, and require a long time before they come to maturity. Their Symptoms are so obscure, that they do not much trouble the Patient at first, tho' by degenerating into Schirrus' or Ulcers throwing purulent Matter upon the Entrails, they frequently cause Hectics, Cachexies, Gangrenes, etc. If the purulent Matter be cast into the Guts, and voided by Stool; It is distinguished from that of Imposthumes in the Guts by this difference, viz. That from the Mesentery comes in a body, mixed with some Blood, and without Pain; whereas the other is squeezed out by drops, with violent Gripe and an Acute Fever.  
As for the Cure: Since the Fever and Symptoms are not Acute, Bleeding is improper; or if any be allowed, that of the Hemorhoid Veins is only convenient. Purgatives are hurtful; but emollient Clysters are of excellent use. The better part of the Cure depends upon Discussing Sudorifics, especially the Tincture and Spirit of Tartar, the carminative Spirit, the Essence of Steel, the Essences of bitter Herbs, such as Wormwood, Centory, Fumitory, etc. The Essence of Gum Ammoniac, and Chalybeat Diaphoretics. Externally, we apply the Plaster of Gum Ammoniac with that of Hemlock (providing it do not exasperate the Pain. If it do, we conclude that the Inflammation is become an Imposthume, and the Plaster ought to be removed.) When the Imposthume breaks, and the purulent Matter is voided by Urine, it runs first plentifully, and afterwards intermits; nay, ofttimes the Urine itself is very plentiful, and seems to precipitat a laudable Sediment to the bottom, which is nothing else but the melting of the Humours of the Body, and is justly looked upon as a very bad Sign. Now when we are appehensive of an Imposthume, 'twill be requisite to give Diuretics and Abstergents, especially Turpentin dissolved with the Yelk of an Egg, and mixed with Chalybeats; the Balsam of Peru, Rhubarb, the Decoctions of Sassafras, China, Liquorice, and Jujubes; and the Decoction of Agrimony, St. John's Wort, Cichory, etc. in Whey.  
The Inflammations and subsequent Schirrus' and Imposthumes of the Sweetbread, are of the same nature as those of the Mesentery, and equally apt to disguise themselves under the cover of Chronical Diseases, that in effect own their Birth to them. The like may be said of those of the Caul. Both the one and the other are Cured as those of the Mesentery, or other Inflammations.   

ART. 4. Of Inflammations of the Internal Parts of the Breast, and particularly of a Pleurisy and Peripneumonia.  
THE Blood being exposed to the influence of Air in the Lungs, is apt to cause Inflammations in the adjacent Parts. When the Lungs or both their sides are inflamed, we call it a Peripneumonia; if the Pleura and only one side of the Lungs are affected, 'tis a Pleurisy. Sometimes the Mediastinum, Midriff, and the backpart of the Breast, or the Membranes of the Shoulders and Neck, share of the Inflammation by turns.  
The cause of such Inflammations is a vicious Acid, which both provokes the Parts to Contractions, and disposes the Blood for Curdling. The remote Causes are cold Air, or cold Drink, after great Heats, violent Motion, excessive drinking of spirituous Liquors, the suppression of the Terms, or of a Dysentery (which does not radically differ from a Pleurisy,) a Malignant Constitution of the Air, the unseasonable retreat of a Scab or Cuticular Eruptions, external B●●●ses, Falls, etc.  
Some of these Inflammations are Benign; others Malignant or Epidemical, as proceeding from the Air: some are principal Diseases, others only retainers to other distempers, as Fevers, etc. some are simple Inflammations only of one Part, others Complicated as when the Middriff is inflamed at the same time with the Pleura: some are continual, others periodical and apt to return frequently after intermissions, by reason of some small remains of the acid Ferment, that were not extirpated in preceding Inflammations: some Pleurisies are called Ascending, when the seat of the Pain is above the third Rib, reckoning from the Neck, in which Region the Intercostal Vessels are derived from the Axillary; others descending, when the Pain is seated betwixt the third and seventh Ribs, where the Intercostal Vessels are derived from the inferior Trune of the great Artery. Lastly, some Pleurisies are , accompanied by Fevers and other Symptoms, relating only to the Pleura and one side of the Lungs; others are spurious as being free from acute Fevers.  
Of the spurious Pleurisies we shall mention four Instances. 1. When the external Muscles of the Breast and the internal Intercostal Muscles are only inflamed. In this case the Fever is slow, or there's none at all; the Pulse is not very hard, the pain is gentle and does not shoot, nor is it much exasperated by touching, and the Patient is easy when he lies on the opposite side. 2. When the Lymph or Serum impregnated with a vicious acid stagnats in the Pleura, without inflaming either it or the Lungs. This sort of Bastard Pleurifies frequently invades Scorbutical Persons, or those whose nervous Systeme is infirm. Its Symptoms are, a shooting pain in the side, without Fever or Thirst, a laudable Pull, and little or no Coughing. 3. When a sharp serous Humour distends the Pleaura and intercostal Muscles. This kind of Pleurisies is generally imputed to Wind and Vapours. Its Symptoms are a wand'ring periodical pain, that does not shoot, a freedom from a Fever, Coughing, or bloody Spitting; and a sensible ease accrueing by lying on the opposite side to the part affected. 4. When the Worms in the Guts occasion all the Symptoms that attend a  Pleurisy, and are only discovered by the disorders of the Belly and uneasiness of the Stomac, complicated with Pleuritical Symptoms.  
The Symptoms common to all Inflammations in the Breast, are, 1. A difficult frequent Respiration. 2. A continual acute Fever, Headache, Thirst, and Watching. 3. A frequent, hard, quick, and intermitting Pulse. 4. The Redness and Inflammation of the Face and Eyes, and especially of that side of the Face corresponding to the inflamed side of the Lungs. 5. A troublesome Cough, which at first is dry; but afterwards casts forth a thin particoloured Matter, and in progress of time, Blood itself. Towards the declension of the Disease, the Spittings become white, thick, and concocted.  
The peculiar Symptoms of a Peripneumonia, are a notable difficulty of Breathing, and fear of suffocation, a heavy pain in time of Coughing towards the lower and hinder part of the Thorax, a propensity to Vomit during the first days of the Disease, and a peculiar exaltation of all feverish Symptoms. Pleuritical Persons are molested with a pricking stitch in the side, especially during the time of Inspiration; and are not so apt to Vomit. When the Midriff is inflamed, Respiration is more unequal, a dull sense of pain girds the Belly and Back a little above the Loins; Inspiration is attended by uneasiness about the Sternum and lower parts of the short Ribs; the Hypochondria seem to be distended; and the Cough is not so moist as in other Inflammations. The Inflammation of the Mediastinum resembles a Pleurisy in all its Symptoms, excepting that of a heavy sort of pain towards the middle of the fore part of the Breast, without pricking or stitching. If the Inflammation tend to suppuration, they're attended by a shivering and increase of pain, Fever, and other Symptoms, which disappear upon its maturity, and return for a short time while the Skin or Membran of the Tumour is a-breaking.  
Inflammations in the Thorax are either discussed, or evacuated by Spitting, Sweats, Bleeding, Looseness, or a plentiful flux of Urine. The Inflammation of the Midriff is apt to cause fatal Frenzies. A Pleurisy is not so dangerous as a Peripneumonia. If the Patient spit white smooth Matter about the Fourth Day, the Pleurisy disappears on the Seventh; if these spittings be put off till the Seventh, the Disease is prolonged to the Fourteenth. If the Person spit but little, and that a thin crude Matter, or pure Blood, or a bilious rusty Humour, with great Pain and difficulty of Breathing, 'tis a desperate case. The Urine affords no certain Prognostic in these Diseases; since all the true signs of Concoction belong more naturally to the spittings, which are ofttimes concocted when the Urine is crude, and è contra: In the beginning of a Pleurisy, or Peripneumonia, bilious Vomitings are well looked upon; but during the further progress of the Disease they're pernicious. A Peripneumonia supervening to a Pleurisy or Quinsey is very dangerous; but a Pleurisy following that is a good Omen. Frenzies and dote with a ghastly Countenance, and a Cessation of pain, attending Pleurisies are for the most part fatal. In a word, the good or bad Prognostic of Pleurisies and Peripneumonia's depends upon the meekness or fierceness of the feverish Symptoms; only the smallness and intermission of the Pulse is not so formidable as in other Cases. If these Inflammations are not quickly discussed they become Imposthumes, which, if managed amiss, occasion a Phthisic.  
As for the Cure, the Indications are threefold. 1. To discuss the stagnating Blood. Or, 2. To promote its evacucuation by Spitting. Or, 3. To ripen and bring it to a Head. In Pursuance of these designs, let the following Rules be taken notice of.  
1. In a Peripneumonia, Bleeding is of no use; in a malignant Pleurisy 'tis pernicious; in a Benign one it may be serviceable, when the Blood abounds, and the Disease is very Acute; but for the most part, 'tis not so proper as sudorifics, nor so effectual a preventer of suppuration. When 'tis put in Practice 'twill be of use to distinguish an ascending Pleurisy from the descending; in the former we Bleed for Revulsion in the Leg, and for Aversion in the Arm: In the latter, for Revulsion in the Arm, and for Aversion in the Arm of the opposite side. However we ought to draw forth but a small Quantity at one time; and repeat the operation after short intervals. 2. Purges and Vomits are improper either in Pleurisies or Inflammations of the Lungs. The former are apt to cause a Looseness and retard the Concoction of the Spitting. The latter draws humours to the Breast, and so cannot choose but be pernicious, unless the Original of the evil lie in the Stomac, or the Inflammation be degenerate into an Ulcer. Clysters indeed are very Convenient, when the Belly is Costive. 3. Of all Medicines Sudorifics are the best, especially for pleurisies. In the beginning we exhibit volatile Salts and Opiates, notwithstanding the violent Heat of the Disease; and towards the height, fixed Diaphoretics, especially Diaphoretic Antimony. 4. Expectorating Remedies ought not to be administered till towards the height of the Disease, when the matter gins to Concoct. If they are given sooner, they promote Coughing, and consequently the frustraneous and painful concussion of the inflamed Parts, not to speak of their attempting to evacuat crude Matter. However when their season comes we ought to beware of mixing 'em with Sugar, Hony, or sweet Acids. 5. Opiates are only useful during the increase of the Disease; they alloy the pain, and promote the Concoction of the Matter; but in the height, when the Matter is already prepared, they hinder its due evacuation. 6. There's nothing more pernicious than cold Drink. It hurts the Lungs, increases the Inflammation, provokes the Cough, hinders Concoction, and thwarts evacuation. Therefore let their ordinary Drink be always warm, and such as the Decoction of Barley and Liquorice, mixed with the Tincture of Poppy Flowers.  
Now, as for the Specifics that dissolve stagnating Blood, those for a Pleurisy are of the same use in all Inflammations of the Breast. Such are red Poppies, Carduus Benedictus, and Carduus Mariae, especially their seeds; Chervil-water, the Decoction, or Powder of Burdoc-roots, the Juice of Dandelyon, the Soot of Wood-fire given to a dram in Elder Vinegar; the Pizzle of a Whale, or Hart, given in Powder to a dram, or by way of Decoction; the Powders of Boars-teeths, Pike Bones, Perch and Carp-stones, given to two scruples; the volatile Salt of the Jawbone of a Pike; the Blood of a Goat, or of a Hare strangled after Hunting, dried and given in Powder, to a dram; the Infusion or Juice of Horse or Sheep's Dung, the Powder of Pigeons Dung, Sperma Ceti given to a dram with Castor; the Spirit of Nitre dulcified with the Spirit of Wine impregnated by Cohobation with Antipleuritical Ingredients, given to two drams; the Bezoardic Tincture, given to a dram; the Flowers of Sulphur, or Gunpowder, given to a dram; and Antimony calcined by the heat of the Sun. The forms of prescription are as follows.  
Take of the Seeds of Carduus Benedictus, and Carduus Mariae, of each two drams; white Poppy Seeds, a dram; with Chervil-water, make an Emulsion. To which add of the Jawbone of a Pike, half a dram; Diaphoretic Antimony, a scruple; sweeten it for a draught in order to Sweat.  
Take of the Waters of Carduus Benedictus, and Chervil, of each an ounce and a half; of Treacle Water, six drams; clarified Juice of Dandelyon, an ounce and a half; prepared Crabs Eyes, a dram and a half; Syrup of red Poppies, an ounce and a half. Mix and exhibit two Spoonfuls every quarter of an Hour.  
Take of the Extracts of red Poppy Flowers, Holyhocks, and Misletoe of the Oak, of each a dram and a half; shave of Boars-teeths, and an Unicorn's Horn, of each two drams; Jawbone of a Pike, a dram and a half; the inner Rinds of Filberts, a dram; Antimonial Nitre, half a dram; Magistery of Coral, a dram and a half; with the thickened Juice of Scabious, make a Mass; of which a scruple is a Dose, to be given in Poppy Flower Water.  
Take of the Waters of Carduus Mariae, Chervil, and red Poppies, of each an ounce; the spirit of Venice Treacle Camphorised, three drams; Diaphoretic Antimony, and Jawbone of a Pike, of each half a dram; volatile Salt of the Jawbones of a Pike, twelve grains; Laudanum Opiatum, three grains; Syrup of red Poppies, an ounce. Mix, and give a Spoonful now and then.  
Take of the Blood of a Goat, a scruple; Mineral Bezoar, half a scruple; Laudanum Opiatum, a grain. Make a Powder for two Doses.  
Take of the spirit of Venice Treacle Camphorised, three drams; Essence of Saffron, a dram. Mix. Dose fifty or sixty Drops.  
If these dissolving Medicines cannot discuss the Inflammation by Sweeting, we must endeavour to promote the Concoction and Evacuation of the Matter by Spitting. For this end, we first use thickening Ingredients, and after Concoction those of an attenuating force. Of the former sort are the Decoctions of Barley, Liquorice, Elecampane, Scabious, Jujubes, Raisins, Speedwell, red Poppies, etc. An Apple excavated, stuffed with a dram of Frankincense, or Mastic, and half a dram of the Flowers of Sulphur; and so roasted, and ●●hibited with Carduus Benedictus Water; the spirit of Salarmoniac, the Conserve of Violets, the Syrup of Poppies with the Flowers of Benzoin, and above all the fresh Oil of Linseed given to three ounces in a convenient Vehicle; or in want of that; the expressed Oil of sweet Almonds. As for the latter Indication, viz. Attenuating, and Expectorating concocted Matter, 'tis compassed by adding to the Decoction of these Ingredients in Mead, the Syrups of Hissop, Hedgmustard or Tobacco, and especially the fresh Juice of Radishes, and dulcified spirit of Nitre.  
As for external Application, 'tis proper to allay the pain by fomenting the Part with the Decoction of Emollient and Anodyn Ingredients or applying Frogs-spawn with Burdock Roots, or an Ointment of the Juice of Coleworts, and Powder of Cummin seed; or of the Fat of a Country Mouse, or Hen's Dung, with Oil of Chamomil. Or Thus,  
Take of the Ointment of Marsh-mallows, an ounce; Oil of sweet Almonds, half an ounce; distilled Oil of Cummin, a scruple; Camphyr, nine grains. Mix and anoint the part every three hours, applying afterwards the Plaster of Melilot, mixed with the Plaster called Filii Zachariae, and softened with the Oil of Mullein. Every thing must be applied hot, and the part kept very Warm.  
If the Inflammation can neither be discussed, nor dissolved by Expectoration, 'twill be needful to promote its suppuration, by giving inwardly Preparations from Tobacco, Ground Ivy, Chervil, and Scabious, and applying outwardly Cataplasms of Holyhocks boiled in Milk, or the Plaster Filii Zachariae. After 'tis sufficiently Ripe, we must provide for opening it by Vomiting, Sneezing, or administering the Decoction and smoke of Tobacco, which is of Excellent use, especially when the Imposthume is seated in the Lungs. Otherwise we may discover the part where it lies, by the Heat, Pain, Swelling, etc. and open a direct Passage into it betwixt two of the Ribs. When the Imposthume opens of itself, its Matter does not always run into the Cavity of the Breast, as many imagine, but is ofttimes gathered within the dilated Membran that surrounds the Pleura, in which Case a Paracentesis, or opening in the usual place for an Empyema, is of no use. After opening the Imposthume the next thing is to cleanse it by exhibiting the Decoctions of Chervil, or rather the Syrup or Juice of ground Ivy, and Syrup of Tobacco, with the Balsam of Sulphur, Balsam of Peru, and the Spirit and Oil of Turpentin.  
Having dispatched the Cure of a G●●uin Pleurisy, it remains to touch briefly at the four Spurious kinds above mentioned. The first of which is treated as other external Inflammations in general. The second proceeding from a sharp Acid Lymph, stagnating in the Pleura, requires volatile Salts, such as the spirit of Salarmoniac, etc. mixed with Antipleuritical Specifics, and during the increase of the Disease with Opiates. If the Urine be muddy and Precipitat a Sediment, 'tis proper to add Diuretics, in order to discharge the Matter by Urine, according to Nature's Direction. Externally Oily fat things wi' not be so convenient, as dry hot Bags, or Frictions with a hot Cloth, and a Plaster of the volatile Salt of Urine and Turpentin. The third sort is also cured by volatile Salts and Diaphoretics, mixed with Opiates; to which in scorbutical Cases we add Adtiscorbutics. And Lastly, the spurious Pleurisies that proceed from Worms, are admirably accounted for, by exhibiting Carduus Benedictus Waterin which Quicksilver is boiled, and the spirit of Sulphur, or dulcified Spirit of Vitriol.   

ART. 5. Of Inflammations and Ulcers of the Liver and Spleen.  
INflammations of the Liver are frequenty caused by the external application of hot Plasters, and Cupping-glasses, not to speak of the common Causes of other Inflammations. As for Diagnostics, 'tis needful to observe that when the convex Part of the Liver is inflamed, they're attended mostly by the Symptoms of a  Pleurisy and when the Concave is chief troubled, the Symptoms of the Stomac and Guts, such as Vomiting, Looseness, Inappetency, Loathing, Sighing, Hickcup, etc. are most notorious. The Pain of an Inflamed Liver is always obscure, heavy, and distending; for the shooting Pains that sometimes infest the right Hypocondrium, are justly charged to the Colon: The Fever heat, and such like Symptoms, are not so Acute as in other Cases, by reason that the Liver enjoys only a small quantity of arterious Blood. Oft-times the Midriff shares the Inflammation with the Liver, by means of the Ligament which annexes the one to the other; and then the Person is sensible of Pain in the Throat, as if it were pulled downward when he breathes, he is troubled with a dry ineffectual Cough, difficulty of Breathing, and a quick unequal Pulse, and chooses rather to lie on his Back than on either side.  
Thus the Inflammation of the Liver is distinguished from a Pleurisy in the Rightside, by the remissness of its Symptoms, the absence of a stitch or shooting Pain, the dryness and meekness of the Cough, the largeness and openness of the Pulse, the sense as it were of a weight hanging upon the Rightside of the Thorax, and the easiness of Respiration in respect of Inspiration. 'Tis distinguished from the Colic by the Fever, Cough, and difficulty of Breathing, that the Colic is a stranger to; as also from the Inflammation of the Muscles of the Belly, by the anxiety of the Breast, Comparative invisibility of the Tumour, intenseness of its Symptoms, and the absence of a beating Pain. Sometimes a reddish black line appears in the right Hypocondrium, and by its pain discovers the Inflammation of the Liver. Sometimes the Liver reaches to the very middle of the Belly, and discovers its Tumour in the Centre.  
As touching the Prognostic, the Inflammation of the Concave part is more dangerous, than that of the Convex, especially if attended by a Hiccough; if the Fever be very acute, the Belly swollen, and the external Parts cold, while the Internal bourn within, or if black greenish Matter be Vomited, 'tis a desperate Case. If the Inflammation and Fever continue above twenty Days, it degenerats into an Ulcer or Schirrus; and the purulent Matter is voided mostly by Stool or Urine, or at least but very rarely by Vomiting or Spitting. If a Copious evacuation of Urine follow the use of Nitre, 'tis a good Omen.  
The internal Cure is compassed by Antipleuritical Medicines, such as the Sugar of Lead, or rather the Crystals of Lead, with Spirit of Nitre, Antimonial Nitre, Diaphoretic Antimony, volatile Salt of Vipers, and the common Sudorifics mixed with Laudanum Opiatum, and bitter Apperients. Externally we apply the spirit of Wine Camphorised with Plantain Water, or Nitre with Vinegar of Roses and the Juice of Houseleek; or what follows.  
Take of the Ointment of Marsh-mallows, half an ounce; Oil of Wormwood, two drams; distilled Oil of Dill, a scruple; Camphyr, nine grains. Make a Lineament, and anoint the Part. Or,  
Take of the Waters of Henbane, Plantain, and Water Lilies, of each an ounce; purified Nitre, half a dram; Camphyr dissolved in spirit of Wine, fifteen grains. make an Epithema, to be applied Warm.  
Sometimes the Inflammation of the Liver proceeds from excessive Venery, and 'tis cured thus. Take a living black Cock and cut out his Liver, which bruise in four ounces of Vinegar of Roses, till it be quite dissolved. Then strain the Vinegar, and exhibit it warm for a Draught; in the mean while, let the Patient take every Morning a Draught of the Decoction of Liquorice, Cichory, Rhubarb, Lesser Centory, Liverwort, and the inner Rinds of Elder; adding to Every Draught a scruple of Sperma Ceti.  
If notwithstanding these Precautions the Inflammation come to a head, which will appear by the Fever, Heat, and Shivering that attend it, and their abatement when 'tis over; in that Case we exhibit inwardly the Decoction of China Roots, Liquorice and Raisins. And apply Emollient Cataplasms, with Saffron, and Wormwood Tops. If the swelling be seated in the Convex part, it may be opened with a Knife, or a Potential Caustic. If it lie in the Concave side, we must endeavour by all means to break it, and when 'tis broken follow the conduct of Nature, in promoting the evacuation of the purulent Matter. As, if it be emptied into the Guts, we exhibit Mead for tempering its sharpness, and inject Clysters; if it be discharged by Urine, we administer Oxymel, with the Decoctions of Smallage, Parssey, Juniper-berries, etc. in Mead. If it recoil into the Stomac, and cause Vomiting, we forward it with fat Broth, Oil of sweet Almonds, etc. If it corrode the Membran, and cast itself into the Cavity of the Abdomen, 'tis a very dangerous case, in which some choose to open the Abdomen, and give vent to it; in the mean while we exhibit inwardly the Decoctions of China, Sarsaparilla, and the Vulnerary Ingredients, to which we add Turpentin dissolved in the yelk of an Egg, or the Balsam of Sulphur prepared with Oil of Turpentin.  
The Inflammations of the Spleen ought to be nicely distinguished from those of the adjacent right Kidney, as being attended by a beating Pain, towards the fore-side of the Abdomen, difficulty of Breathing, a moderate continual Fever; whereas the Inflammations of the Kidney display themselves mostly in the Back, and their Fever is very high, without any sensible Pulsation. In Inflammations of the Spleen, Bleeding at the left Nostril, Fluxes of the Piles, a Looseness and Pleutiful evacuations of Urine, attended by the signs of Concoction, are good Omens. Their Cure is the same as that of other Inflammations; internally all preparations of Lead, mixed with Diaphoretics; and externally, the Plaster of Hemlock with the Oil of Camphyr, and the Syrup of Elder, with Sugar of Lead, are of excellent use.   

ART. 6. Of Inflammations and Ulcers of the Kidneys.  
THE Inflammations of the Kidneys may proceed from Riding, Falls, Jumping, Stones in the Kidneys, excessive Venery, etc. Their Symptoms are; a heat of Urine and Strangury; a sense of heat and pain in the Loins, which by the Correspondence of the Membrans, frequently reaches upwards to the short Ribs, and along the back, so that the Person cannot bow his Body, and besides is frequently molested with Vomiting; and likewise downwards towards the Ureter, Bladder, Hucklebone and Thigh, causing a numbness in the Legs. Sometimes when one Kidney is inflamed, the other is either by Sympathy seized with Spasmodical Contractions, or so oppressed with the Quantity of Blood, that 'tis unfit for secretion, and causes a Dysuria: To these Symptoms we add Costiveness and Chillness of external Parts. Sometimes a simple Stone in the Kidneys, apes the Symptoms of an Inflammation, but the continual Duration and Pulsation of the Pain, the acute continual Fever, the heat and difficulty in making Water, that attend the latter, and are strangers to the former, will point out the Distinction. If an Inflammation of the Reins happen to weak puny Persons, or be attended by doting, or if it become an Ulcer, 'tis very dangerous. The Flux of the emrod's is a good sign; but white purulent Urine, with the abatement of the Fever, and extenuation of the Legs and Thighs, is a certain forerunner of Death.  
As for the Cure, the external Remedies are the same as those prescribed for a Quinsey, and the internal are the Specifics for a Pleurisy, especially Nitre, Sugar of Lead, and the Juice of River Crabs, given with the Decoction of Prunes, or the Emulsions of cold Seeds. Purgations are noxious, unless crudities disturb the Stomac, in which Case the gentlest Laxatives are only allowable. Emollient Clysters, or those of Milk, Turpentin, and the yelk of Eggs, are proper. Diuretics in the Beginning increase the Inflammation, but when the matter is concocted, the more temperate sort of 'em is useful, especially Winter Cherries, Liquorice, Turpentin, etc. Or,  
Take of the Waters of Winter Cherries, Broom and St. John's wort, of each an ounce; distilled Vinegar, six drams; dulcified spirit of Nitre, half a dram; Tartar Vitriolated, fifteen grains; Syrup of Ground Ivy, half an ounce. Mix. Dose a spoonful or two.  
Externally, we first Blood 'em in the Arm, then in the Ankle; and apply the juice of House-leek, with the juice of River Crabs and Camphyr, to which we sometimes add the Oil of Henbane, or expressed Oil of Poppies. Langius recommends an Ointment of Crude Alum, mixed with the whites of Eggs. If by these means the Inflammation cannot be discussed, we must promote its suppuration inwardly by the Decoction of Liquorice, Barley, Pellitory of the Wall, etc. And outwardly by Cataplasms of Emollient Ingredients boiled in Milk.  
Ulcers of the Reins are sometimes the effect of Inflammations, and sometimes of the Corrosion of a Stone. The former are less dangerous, and are attended by a whitish Urine, which by standing precipitats a white Purulent Sediment, whereas in the latter Case the Sediment is Ashy coloured, and the pain in the Loins more biting and gnawing. In either case fetid Stools are a good sign. For Cure we first exhibit a Vomit, in order to cleanse the Ulcer, than Pills of sweet Mercury with Turpentin or Balsam Capivi; the Decoction of Woods, Parsley, Chervil, Chicles and Agrimony, and above all the Troches of Winter Cherries, and the Powder of dried river Crabs. Or the following Decoction.  
Take of Agrimony and Flowers of St. John's wort, of each a handful; Mastic-wood, an ounce and a half; Comfrey Roots, half an ounce; Seeds of St. John's wort, three drams. Boyl them in Water, etc. The Spa Waters and absorbent Powders are also not improper. If the Ulcer be seated in the outside of the Reins, and seize the Muscles of the Back, it ought to be laid open.   

ART. 7. Of Inflammations and Ulcers of the Bladder.  
THE Bladder having only a few small Blood Vessels, is seldom or never inflamed by internal Causes; but mostly by external injuries, or the assumption of Spanish Flies, or the cutting of the Stone. The Symptoms are a Distension, Heat, Hardness, Tumour, and unsufferable Pain in the Pubes; a suppression of Urine, Tenesmus, Costiveness, acute Fever, and sometimes Doting. It is a dangerous Disease, as being very apt to degenerate into a Gangreen, unless it be seated in the muscular Neck of the Bladder, in which Case it ofttimes suppurats and becomes a troublesome Ulcer. The suppuration is discovered by the Remission of the Symptoms; and when the Ulcer breaks by the evacuation of Purulent Matter with the Urine, without it break into the Cavity of the Abdomen, and then it frequently gains a Passage by Imposthumes in the Groin.  
For Cure, we treat these Inflammations after the same manner, as those of the Kidneys, in order to discuss 'em. As for Injections of Cooling Liquors they're altogether useless, partly because they do not reach the Part, and partly because, supposing their entrance into the Bladder, they cannot conveniently be voided again. The Ulcers of the Bladders ought to be carefully distinguished from those of the Urethra, which frequently void purulent matter, without the Urine, and cause a violent pain in making Water, which is not found in Ulcers of the Bladder, unless they be seated just in its Neck. Ulcers are cured by dulcifying the humours of the Body, and consequently the Urine; cleansing and, consolidating the Ulcer, and mitigating the Pain. The Ingredients that are proper for these Purposes are frequently mentioned above. The forms of Recipes are as follows.  
Take of the Herbs Agrimony, Plantain and Horse-tail, of each half an handful; Liquorice Roots, two drams; Boyl them in Plantain and Betony Water, till the third Part be Consumed. To half a pound of the strained Liquor, add Honey of Roses, an ounce and a half. Mix, and exhibit a Draught twice a day, for mitigating the sharp humours; for which end the Decoction of Ground-pine in Milk is also very useful.  
Take of Turpentin, six drams; Honey, an ounce; with the yelk of one Egg, dissolve 'em in four ounces of Spanish Wine. Mix. Dose, six drams; for the abovementioned use, and for cleansing the Ulcer.  
Take of the Shave of Lignum Sanctum, three ounces; Roots of Sarsaparilla, Liquorice, and Eryngo, of each an ounce; of the Herbs Agrimony, Speedwell, and Ground Ivy, of each half a handful; Flowers of Roses and Violets, of each three little handfuls; Raisins, an ounce and a half. Boyl them in Water, and exhibit a Draught of the strained Decoction frequently, for consolidating the Ulcer.  
Take of Liquorice Roots, two ounces; red Vetches, a little handful; the Rinds of Beans, an ounce; Plantain Leaves, a handful; Boyl them in Water, with a little lie, adding two ounces of Turpentin dissolved in Honey to a pound of the strained Decoction; and in desperate Cases the Ointment Aegyptiacum. Mix, and inject it with a Syringe for cleansing the Ulcer.  
Take of Lady's Mantle, and Tops of St. John's wort, of each a handful; Marshmallow-roots, half an ounce; boil them in Limewater, adding to ten ounces of the strained Liquor, one ounce of the Syrup of Comfry, and three or four drams of the vulnerary Essence. Mix, for injection, in order to consolidat. Bathing in hot Baths, and drinking Spa Waters, are much approved, both for Inflammations and Ulcers of the Bladder.   

ART. 8. Of a Frenzy or Inflammation of the Membranes of the Brain.  
THE Inflammation of the Membranes, and some part of the substance of the Brain, was called by the Ancients Sphacelus; as that of the Midriff, was called Phrenitis, from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Diaphragma; and indeed all derivative Words ending in tis, signified the Inflammation of the Part, whose Name they're derived from, as Pleuritis, Hepatitis, Nephritis, etc. However, that we may not departed from the customary manner of speaking, we shall treat of the Inflammations of the Brain, under the name of Phrenitides, or Frenzies. Their Symptoms are a visible beating in the Carotid Arteries, and an unsufferable tearing Pain in the Head, obliging the sick Person to throw, toss, and as it were, beat his Head, and furiously pull at the Hair. They are attended by doting, and are apt to degenerate into fatal Gangrenes, at which time Convulsions, prostration of Strength, and a sort of a Lethargy ensue. Their Urine is pale, crude, and white; and if their Stools be also white, if the Teeth gnash, the Nose drop, and the Person tremble, shake, and pick at the Bed-Cloaths, 'tis a desperate case. Sometimes Phrenetic Persons are only molested with frightening Dreams, and a timorous inward doting, without any noise, which is a worse Symptom than open fury, loud out-cries, and violent toss of the Limbs. A Frenzy is distinguished from a simple Delirium, by the unrelenting vehemence of the Fever and Headache, and a difficulty of breathing. Sometimes, but very rarely, a Frenzy terminates in critical Sweats, Bleeding at Nose, Loosenesses, etc. Sometimes it becomes an incurable Imposthume in the Brain. A true Frenzy for the most part is incurable; however its Cure is attempted by Bleeding, Vomits Clysters, and Diaphoretics. Of which more in the Second Book.   

ART. 9 Of the  and Spurious Inflammations of the Eyes.  
A  Inflammation of the Eyes is either Sanguine or Serous. The former is called Ophthalmia; the latter Epiphora, or Lippitudo. An Ophthalmia is an Inflammation of the Tunicles of the Eye, especially the Conjunctive, which by reason of their Derivation from, and being of a piece with the Membranes of the Brains, are apt to communicate their disorder to the Brain; as on the contrary, the disorders of the Brain are frequently displayed in the Eyes. The External Cause is whatever provokes the Fibres to Contraction, and consequently obliges the Blood to stagnate in the small Arteries, which are very plentiful in the Coats of the Eyes; as the sharp effluviums of the Air, Dust, steams of Metals, etc. The internal cause is the suppression of any evacuation of Blood, or the retention of a sharp Acid in the Body, as after the Small Pox, or when the running of the Ears, customary to Children, ceases. Sometimes an Inflammation proceeding from the Effluvium's of the Air, is epidemical; and sometimes catching. The Symptoms of an Ophthalmia are, the Heat, Tumour, Redness, Pain and watriness of the Eyes. In its highest pitch, the Eyelids are likewise inflamed, and unable to shut, and the White of the Eye is swelled up above the adjacent Surface, with a sort of Chink betwixt 'em. If the stagnating Blood proceed from the outer Vessels, we observe a Pain, Tumour, and beating in the Temples; if from the internal Membranes and Vessels, the Pain is more vehement, and lies deep, the  and Nostrils itch, and the Person is apt to sneeses often.  
As for the Epiphora and blear'dness of the Eyes, the former is a distillation of a Cold or Hot Rheum from the Glandules in the corners of the Eyes; the latter from the Glandules of the Eyelids, in conjunction with those of the Eyes. Their Causes are,  
1. The Laxity of the Glandules, as in Old Persons, and in malignant Distempers, when the Animal Spirits are almost extinguished; or when the Caruncle that shuts them is Corroded or Cut. In this case, the Eyes are apt to be red, for that the Blood Vessels swell when the Glandules are so often emptied.  
2. The irritation of the Eye and its Glandules, by sharp effluviums from the Air, Pepper, Onions, Garlic, etc. This Cause is at the same time apt to cause an Ophthalmia.  
3. The sharpness and acidity of the Lymph, which tickles, provokes, and corrodes the Glandules. The Corrosion is frequently followed by a roughness, and that by a thickness and intransparency; and consequently, a total blindness. The Remote Causes are whatever is apt to occasion Catarrhs.  
All these Inflammations, whether Sanguine or Serous▪ are attended by a warriness or running of a Humour that is either sharp, saltish, corrosive, and apt to gall the Cheeks; or insipid, slimy, thick, and apt to make the Eyelids stick together. The former is called a hot Catarrh, the latter a cold one. The various Condition of this Catarrh, presents us with four observable Periods in an Inflammation. The First, is called the Beginning, viz. When the Humour is thin and plentiful. The Second, the Increase, when the Pain grows, and the Humour thickens. The Third, the Height, when the Humour is concocted, and makes the Eyelids stick together. The Fourth, The Declension, when all the Symptoms relent. But withal, we ought to remember that this Humour is sometimes the Effect, and not the Cause of the Disease, as in the case of external irritation, for which Astringents are proper, tho' noxious in other Cases.  
A spurious Inflammation is distinguished from the , by its comparative dryness, and admits of three Degrees.  
1. When the Eyes itch, and void a small quantity of a saltish Rheum.  
2. When the Eyes are red, swollen, heavy, and molested with a gentle Pain and Itching, without any flux of Matter.  
3. When the Eyelids are hard and rough, without itching or running.  
The Inflammations of the Eyes proceeding from the Disorders of the Membranes of the Brain, are very dangerous. If the Pain continue long, 'tis an ill sign. If the Inflammation be very tedious, or apt to relapse, it threatens a thickness of the Membranes, or Webs, Scars, and loss of Eyesight: If it tend to suppuration, it threatens a Gangrene, which, if the Eye be not quickly extirpated, is apt to invade the Brain, the consequence of which is certain Death. A dry or spurious Inflammation is tedious, but not so dangerous as a wet one. Sometimes critical Loosenesses give the solution of the Distemper. As for Epiphoras, if they prove inveterat in adult Persons, they degenerate to a Fistula Lacrymalis, which is ofttimes incurable.  
As for the Cure: When the Inflammation proceeds from external Causes, a few external Medicines may give relief. But when the Cause is internal, we proceed thus. First of all we open a Vein in the Leg, then in the Arm, and aftewards, but not sooner, in the Forehead, if it can be done without straitening the Neck. In desperate cases, we open the Jugular Veins, and sometimes the Temporal Artery. Blistering Plasters applied to the nape of the Neck, are of excellent use, as occasioning a plentiful Flux of Blood into the outer branch of the Artery of the Neck, which must needs drain the inner-branch that visits the Eyes. They are best prepared of Emplastrum Citrinum, mixed with the Powder of Spanish Flies whout Acids and the Blisters ought to be kept long open, with the Plaster of Ceruse, mixed with a small quantity of the Powder of Spanish Flies. In Hydropical Persons, or such whose Skin does not easily heal, Blistering Plasters may be omitted. In difficult Cases, we order Issues in the Arm or Leg of the same side with the inflamed Eye, and a Setum in the Neck: Instead of a Setum, some choose to make a sort of Issue in the Ear, thus; Take the Root of Hellebor, or Mezereon, dry it, and slice it into little round pieces, which macerat in the solution of Nitre in Water, or the Lie of the Ashes of Vine-twigs. Then bore a Hole in the Ear, and promote its suppuration for three Days with a thread covered with Butter, and then put in one of these pieces thus prepared, renewing 'em every day. Internally, we exhibit Jalap for a Purge, and the Decoctions of Chinaroots, Sassafras, Sarsaparilla and Juniper-Wood, to which we add the Cephalic Dryers, such as Fennel, Eye-bright, Valerian, Betony, Rosemary, and their Essences. If the Inflammation proceed from Mineral Fumes, we give Mineral Preparations inwardly. In external Applications, we ought to avoid Opium, and Milk, tho' commonly used. The former shuts the Pores, and promotes a Gangrene; the latter is also charged with the same Crime, and besides, is apt to Curdle and become Acid, and by consequence must needs be prejudicial to the Eyes. In the beginning of the Distemper, while the heat, pain, redness, and sharpness of the Rheum prevail, absorbent Powders are proper, such as Tutty, Ceruse, Chalk, Flowers of Tin, Crabs-Eyes, Calaminar-stone, etc. In general, the Water of Frogs-spawn, the Water distilled from bruised River-Crabs, when they begin to putrify, and distilled again with the Juice of Celandin; the Oil or Liquor per deliquium of Blue-bottle or Succory flowers, they being gathered in the Morning when wet with the Dew, and put into a thick Glass, encompassed with a thick Crust of Doughty, and so baked in an Oven till they melt into Liquor; the Phlegm of the Spirit of Vitriol, the Oil of Sugar per Deliquium, or Sugar itself ground in a new Tin Platter till it become livid; the Sugar of Lead, Camphyr; the mucilages of Flea-wort and Quince-seeds, extracted with Celandin Water; the Phlegm of Alum, Whites of Eggs, the strained Decoction of the lethargy of Gold in Vinegar, the Infusion of Crocus Metallorum or the Glass of Antimony; and in the height of the Distemper Collyriums' prepared with white Vitriol, are all approved Medicines. If the Inflammation proceed from external Causes, the above mentioned Mucilages, or a piece of raw Beef or Veal applied to the Eye, will finish the Cure. If the Rheum be very sharp and corrosive, we insist much upon fixed absorbent Powders; if it be thick and slimy, diluting Medicines and gentle Astringents are convenient: These Ingredients are prescribed in various Forms. As,  
Take of the mucilages of the Seeds of Quinces, Clary, and Fenugrec, extracted with Celandin Water, of each half an ounce; Sugar of Lead, twelve grains. With Fennel or Eye-bright-water, make a Collyrium.  
Take of Plantain and Eye-bright-water, of each an ounce; prepared Tutty, half a Scruple; Camphyr, five grains; Saffron, two grains. Make a Collyrium, to be used after the Smallpox.  
Take of Tormentil or Plantan-Water, of each an ounce; mix 'em with the White of an Egg, and ten grains of Alum. And apply it warm to the Eyes.  
Take of the Glass of Antimony in Powder, from ten to fifteen grains; infuse 'em in three ounces of the Water of Frogs Spawn. Let 'em stand all Night in a hot place. Strain the Liquor in the Morning, and add to it ten grains of the Sugar of Lead in fine Powder, and six grains of Camphyr.  
Take an Egg, boil it hard, and take out the Yelk, putting into its place six grains of the Sugar of Lead, eight grains of white Vitriol, two grains of Camphyr, and half an ounce of the Honey of Roses. When they're melted, squeeze out the Liquor and drop it into the Eye, especially when the Rheum is slimy, and apt to make the Eyelids stick togethet.  
Take of Rose-water, and Plantan-water, of each two ounces; Night-shade-water, an ounce; white Vitriol, a scruple; dissolve and strain, then add a scruple of prepared Tutty. Make a Collyrium; in which dip a Clout, and apply it warm to the Eyes, about the height of the Distemper.  
Take of the Ointment Diapompholigos, and that of Tutty, of each two drams; prepared Pearl, Coral, Crabbs-Eyes, Tutty, and Sugar of Lead, of each a Scruple; Camphyr, twelve grains; Leaves of Gold and Silver, of each four. Make an Ointment. With which, anoint the lower part of the Eyelids, and put about the bigness of a Lentil into the corner of the Eye.  
Take of sweet Apples roasted, three in number; boil them in Eye-bright-water till they be soft; beat their Pulp through a sieve, and add of prepared Tutty, two Drams; Camphyr, ten grains; Saffron, four grains. Make a Cataplasm for allaying the Pain and Heat.  
Take of fresh Butter, half an ounce; Sugar of Lead, prepared Tutty, and Calaminar stone, of each a scruple; Camphyr, a grain. Make a Lineament for anointing the Eyelids in a dry Inflammation.  
A serous Inflammation is cured by extracting the external Objects that disturb the Eye, or correcting the Acrimony of the Lymph, or strengthening the Glandules. For the first purpose, we apply to the Eye, a Crabs Eye making its hollow part to touch the apple of the Eye, or a Seed of Clary; or we make use of Instruments, such as Hildanus recommends. The Second Indication is accounted for in the Chapter of Catarrhs. The Third is compassed by moderate Astringents, outwardly applied; such as the Decoction of the Rinds of Pomgranats, with Chamomil-Flowers, especially after the Small Pox; the infusion of Tormentil Roots, and Alum, in Plantain and Rose-water; or of Tutty in Fennel-water; the Powder of Citron Myrobalans infused three or four times in Rose-water, and dried afresh every time; the Liquor that flows from a Willow cut in the Spring; the Decoction of dried Rue in Vinegar and Honey; or that of Cows-bones and the Chaff of Wheat, recommended by some as a valuable Arcanum; a mixture of the White of an Egg, Rose-water, and Sugar beaten in a Tin Plate; the Decoction of Quince-Leaves; the Infusion of the Powder of Calaminar-stone (upon which the Spirit of Wine has been Kindled) in White Wine, or Rose-water; or that of the Powders of Tutty, Sarrocol, Roman Vitriol and Sumac, in Eye-bright and Fennel-waters. The use of sneezing Powders is much dreaded by some, but the Vessels leading from either Eye to the Nostrils, discovered by Steno, and the Experiment of Collyrium's reaching the Mouth, seems to justify it. However, since so many tragical Evils have been observed to follow 'em, we ought to be very cautious, and never prescribe any but what are very gentle, and that in the declension of the Distemper, or when the Inflammation ceases.   

ART. 10. Of Inflammations and Ulcers in the Ears.  
THE internal Membran of the Ears is sometimes inflamed, either by Internal or External Causes. Its Symptoms are a beating, heat, and Pain; sometimes a redness of the external Ear, Temples, and Cheeks, especially when the Inflammation bends outwards; and sometimes a Fever, Doting, and Convulsions when it bends inwards.  
In Children 'tis more dangerous than in Old Persons. When it suppurats, 'tis least dangerous, and sometimes infers a critical solution of headaches: But if the purulent Matter be Corrosive, it may gnaw the Membrane, and cause Deafness. 'Tis Cured by Sudorifics and Bleeding, or applying Leeches, or scarifying behind the Ears. External Remedies ought to be very cautiously used. At first, we must endeavour to discuss it by dropping into the Ear the Balsam of Sulphur, or Oil of Chamomil in whic● Earthworms or River-Crabs have been boiled; or the Oil of the Yolks of Eggs, with the Juice of House-leek; and fomenting the Ear with the Decoctions of emollient and discussing Ingredients; or applying to it the Spirit of Wine, or Spirit of Salarmoniac, with hot Bread. If it be not quickly discussed, we must promote its suppuration by applying a Cataplasm of the Crumbs of Bread boiled in Goat's Milk, mixed with the Yolks of Eggs, Oil of Roses, and Saffron; or of roasted Onions, Butter, Oil of Chamomil, Oil of Sweet-Almonds, and Saffron.  
The Ulcers of the Ears are either the effect of a preceding Inflammation, or of a corrosive sharp Humour; sometimes we meet with a Flux of corrupt bloody Matter, that resembles that of Ulcers in the Ears, tho' in the mean while there be none, in which case we only wash the Ear clean with Man's Urine, but are cautious of stopping it, especially in moist Constitutions, or those who are liable to disorders of the Brain, or Eruptions in the Head.  
The real Ulcers of the Ears are Cured internally by Purgatives and Sudorifics, especially the Decoctions of Woods. Externally they are cleansed by dropping into 'em Child's Urine with White-Wine and Honey; or applying a Tent dipped into it. If the Ulcer be inveterat, we add the Ointment Aegyptiacum; the Juice of Wormwood, horehound, or Onions mixed with Honey, are also recommended for the same use. When the Ulcer is cleansed, and the flux of Matter abates, we add Tutty and Pompholyx, for consolidating.    

CHAP. II. Of the Effusion of Blood into the Cavities of the Body, and particularly of an Empyema.  
WHEN the Blood stagnates in its own Vessels, and is converted into Purulent Matter, it causes a Vomica or Imposthume in several Parts of the Body, which we dispatched in the last Chapter. But when this purulent Matter is collected in a distinct Cavity 'tis called an Empyema, which is the subject of this Chapter: 'Tis true, the Ancient Grecians meant by Empyema, any Collection of purulent Matter in any part. But since the Modern Latin Writers have Christened it otherwise, we choose to follow their Examples. The immediate Cause of an Empyema, is either the direct effusion of Blood into the Cavity itself, which stagnats, curdles, and by fermenting becomes Pus; as when the Breast is wounded; or the eruption of purulent Matter from its own Imposthume into a foreign Cavity, as when a Pleuritical Imposthume breaks, it ofttimes throws its Matter into the Cavity of the Breast, and gives rise to what we call, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, an Empyema: Tho' sometimes the Pleuritical Matter is contained within a Purse of the dilated Pleura, while 'tis erroneously referred to the Cavity of the Breast. The remote Causes are Bruises, Falls, Wounds, or whatever breaks the Vessels, and occasions the extravasation of Blood.  
The Symptoms discovering the extravasation of clotted Blood relate either to the Belly, Breast, or Head. Those for the Belly, are a Tumour, Paleness, Led colour, and hardness of the Abdomen, occasioned by the Convulsions of the Peritonaeum, as being provoked by the clotted Blood; and sometimes swoonings, Prostration of strength, difficulty of Breathing, and Critical Imposthumes about the Groin.  
2. Those for the Breast are a notable difficulty of Breathing, a troublesome Cough, a Pain and sense of weight about the short Ribs, an acute Fever, and the coldness of the external Parts.  
3. Those which discover a Collection of clotted Blood in the Head, are a violent beating and pain in the Head; an involuntary Watryness of the Eyes, redness of the Face, disorders of the Stomac, and critical Bleedings, at Mouth, Nose or Ears. In all these Cases shivering and the increase of the Fever are signs of Suppuration. After the matter is concocted it gins to float, and the feverish Symptoms relent.  
Of the Empyema's that proceed from the efflux of Purulent Matter, from some Imposthume into the Cavity, those which follow the suppuration of a pleurisy or Peripneumonia are most remarkable; and upon that account we shall content ourselves with an account of their Symptoms, which may serve as a Pattern for all others.  
The Imposthume generally breaks about the twentieth, thirtieth, or fortieth Day; being attended by a shivering, high Fever, a perpetual Cough with a hollow sound, and a sense of rebounding Matter, as being tossed by the convulsions of the provoked Midriff; and a difficulty of Breathing, with an oppressing heaviness in the Breast when they Stand or Sat, of which they are freed when they lie on their Backs. When they stoop they're in danger of Suffocation, by reason of the weight incumbent upon the Midriff. The Fever which at first was acute becomes slow, hectic, and liable to nocturnal Exasperations. They are subject to frequent Palpitations of the Heart, Anxieties of the Breast, nocturnal melting Sweats and Flushings in the Face, especially the Cheek of the same side with the part affected. When the distemper is far advanced, a rotten ashy taste invades the Mouth. The Pulse in the Wrist of the same side intermits while that in the other observes its regular Periods. A soft Tumour frequently besets the Ribs, which perhaps proceeds from the transpiration of the thinner part of the Matter, and the Patient finds most ease by lying on the same side.  
As for the Prognostic of Empyema's; those of the Brain attended by Vomiting are Mortal; nay ofttimes the Patient dies before the clotted Blood come to a Head. Those of the Abdomen are frequently discharged by Imposthumes in the Groin. Those of the Breast, if they be not cured betimes, are apt to cause Phthisics and Consumptions. If white smooth Purulent Matter be voided by Stool or Urine, or copiously expectorated in an Empyema of the Breast; and if the Thirst, Inappetency, Fever, and difficulty of Breathing relent, 'tis a good Omen: But the reverse of these Circumstances is fatal.  
The Cure consists in dissolving and evacuating the clotted Blood, or promoting its suppuration, evacuating the Pus and restoring the injured part to its due strength. As for the evacuating Indication, the efforts of Nature must be our Directory; as, if it incline to void the Matter by Urine, Sweat or Stool, it must be accordingly assisted. If the clotted Blood be lodged in the Abdomen, we give it Vent by a Paracentesis; if in the Breast, by opening the interval between the fifth and sixth Ribs (reckoning downwards;) if in the Brain, by a Trepanation. All these Operations are both proper and safe, if they be performed betimes, and not put off till the Patient's strength be exhausted, or the Matter be altered, and rendered unfit for evacuation. If it come by a prick, we enlarge the Orifice of the Wound. If the Person be Plethoric, and the Blood be apt to boil high, or if the Evil was occasioned by a Fall or Bruise, Bleeding will be requisite, especially that for Revulsion, according to the Circumstances of the part.  
As for internal Medicines. The first in order are those which dissolve and disengage clotty Blood. Such are the Decoction of Madder in Wine; the Tincture of the lesser Daisies, the Decoction of the Roots, Leaves, and Flowers of Arnic in Ale, the Juice of the Herb Robert, Sperma Ceti given to a dram; Castor, the Blood of Goats given to a dram; Sparrow's Dung dissolved in Vinegar, Man's fat melted given to half an ounce; the Herbs, Savin, Ground Ivy, Hyssop, Chervil, Wormwood, St. John's-wort, etc. The Roots of Angelica, Swallow-wort, Birth-wort, etc. The Seeds of Carduus Benedictus, Chervil, and St. John's-wort; the vulnerary Tinctures, Bezoar Stone, Diaphoretic Antimony, and in a word all absorbent Powders, especially Crabs dissolved in Vinegar. These Ingredients ought always to be mixed with evacuating Medicines, that so the Blood when dissolved may be readily voided. Thus if it be lodged in the Abdomen, or if nature incline to void it by Stool, we add Rhubarb and Laxatives; if in the Breast, we add Diuretics and Diaphoretics according to Nature's Motions. In general Diuretics are the most proper. The forms of Receipts are as follow.  
Take of the Decoction of Ground Ivy, a pound; while 'tis yet warm infuse in it over Night Rhubarb, one ounce; picked Senna Leaves, half an ounce; Salt of Tartar, half a dram. In the Morning strain the Liquor, and add of the Powder of Crabs Eyes, a dram and a half; the Powder against Falls (prescribed in the Ausberg Dispensatory) a dram. Sweeten it with the Syrup of Ground Ivy; and exhibit a Draught now and then.  
Take of the Powder of Crabs Eyes, Sperma Ceti, and Blood of Goats, of each half a dram. Mix for two Doses to be taken in Vinegar. Note, Vinegar renders the Crabs Eyes very Diuretic.  
Take of Chervil Water, three ounces; Vinegar of Wine, an ounce; prepared Crabs Eyes, a dram; Diaphoretic Antimony, a scruple; Syrup of Ground Ivy, six drams; Mix for two Doses. If the Head be bruised, or Convulsions be feared, add half a dram of the Cinnabar of Antimony▪ Myrrh, Laudanum Opiatum, Spirit of Salarmoniac, spirit of Treacle Camphorised, Poppy-flower-water, volatile Salt of Amber, Essence of St. John's-wort, and the vulnerary Essences may be added by turns.  
Having dispatched the Cure of clotty Blood, which for the most part degenerats into Empyema's, we proceed to that of an Empyema itself, which consists in evacuating the Purulent Matter, qualifying its sharpness, and strengthening the Part. The means for evacuation are either Natural or Artificial; the latter are mentioned above. The former are either Urine, Sweat, Stool or Spitting. Empyema's of the Breast, (which may serve for a Pattern for all others, as to the Cure) for the most part empty themselves, by Spitting and Urine, tho' the Passages, through which the Matter reaches either the Mouth or the Reins, are yet undiscovered. However 'tis a Physician's part, when he descries Purulent Urine, to exhibit Diuretics; and when the Matter moves upwards, and provokes Coughing, to administer expectorating Medicines, or rather a Vomit, which is of wonderful Efficacy; supposing still that there be no danger of a Spitting of Blood, for in that case it ought to be omitted, and shifted for expectorating Medicines, tempered according as the Matter is sharp or thick. As for the sharpness of the Matter, 'tis admirably accounted for by exhibiting the Flowers and Balsam of Sulphur, Balsam of Peru, Myrrh, and fixed Antimonial Sulphurs, such as Diaphoretic Antimony, Poterius' Antihectic, etc. The injuries done to the solid parts by the purulent Matter, are repaired by Goat's Milk, and by the Decoctions of Woods, Scabious, Chervil, and especially Ground Ivy. But Vulnerary or Balmy Medicines are not to be exhibited without such as evacuate one way or another, nor without a particular regard to the Fever that accompanies this Distemper. As for Example,  
Take of Hyssop and Scabious Water, of each an ounce and a half; the Flowers of Sulphur, half a dram; Diaphoretic Antimony, a scruple; Jovial Bezoar, half a scruple; Syrup of Tobacco, an ounce. Make a Potion for two Doses. To which, if the Fever be high, add a few Drops of the dulcified spirit of Nitre.  
Take of the Water of red Poppies, three ounces; Vinegar of Wine, six drams; prepared Crabs Eyes, a dram; Diaphoretic Antimony, half a dram; Syrup of red Poppy Flowers, six drams. Make a Potion to be given by Spoonfuls.  
Take of the Juice of Ground Ivy, four ounces: the Juice of horehound, two ounces. With Sugar make a Syrup, to which add of Frankincense and choice Myrrh, of each a dram. Mix. etc. The Decoction of China Roots, mixed with Diaphoretic Antimony; or that of Guajacum, with the Juice of Ground-Ivy; or that of Ox-bones, with the Jelly of Hartshorn, are also very proper. The hot Balsams may be mixed with Sugar of Lead when, heat prevails.  
Take of the Shave of Gujacum, an ounce; Sassafras, half an Ounce; boil them in seven Pound of Common Water, till a Pound and a half be consumed. Then add Ground-Ivy, Flowers of St. John's-wort, and the Herb Speedwell, of each two handfuls; Liquorice-Roots, half an ounce; Fennel-seed, six drams; Corants bruised, three Ounces. Boil all till a Pound and a half more be consumed. Strain the Decoction, and exhibit a Draught thrice a Day.   

CHAP. III. Of Bleeding, or the Bursting of the Blood Vessels.  
THE stagnation of the Blood in its own Vessels, and its extravasation in the Cavities of the Body, being already dispatched; it remains now to account for its effusion out of the Body. The causes of which are, either  
1. An Anastomosis, or spontaneous dis-joining of the Capillary Vessels, and especially of the Arteries, whose Blood in all natural bleedings runs by drops, as depending upon the successive Pulsation of the Artery; whereas that of the Veins (which, for the most part, never burst without a violent cause) runs with a constant and united Stream.  
2. A Diaeresis, or Breaches violently made in the Vessels, by external cutting, pricking, or bruising Instruments, by Coughing, Sneezing, Vomiting, or Crying by excessive Joy, Grief, and vehement Passions of the Mind, especially in the flux of the Terms; by the Assumption or Inspiration of sharp corrosive things; Such as Hellebor, violent Purgatives, Suppositories, etc. and lastly, by sharp corrosive Humours incorporated with the Blood, which both fret the Blood, and gnaw its Vessels, especially in scorbutical Constitutions; the Fibres of whose Vessels are lank and weak. Some Authors assign yet a third Cause of Bleeding, viz. A 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, or the Transudation of the Blood through its Vessels; but 'tis not accountable, that any Liquor so thick as Blood should sweat through the strong touch Coats of the Vessels, especially those of the Arteries, without a breach or Anastomosis. 'Tis true, the thin Serum may glide through sometimes; but the Consistence of the Blood robs it of that Privilege.  
The remote Causes of an Anastomosis, are  
1. A true Plethora or redundancy of Blood, as in the suppression of the Terms, etc.  
2. An apparent Plethora, or the Ebullition of the Blood, obliging it to distend its Vessels, as in Fevers, and the Small Pox, or when Persons drink much Generous Wine, or eat Aromatic Food, or employ themselves in any extraordinary exercise of the Body. This ebullition is most apt to cause a bursting of the Vessels in fat Persons, by reason that their Vessels are straitened by the incumbent Fat.  
3. The thinness and serosity of the Blood; which at once unbends the Fibres, and qualifies the Blood for making a Passage through 'em. In this case the Blood, when it runs out, appears thin and pale, whereas in other cases 'tis brisk and florid. This serosity of the Blood was by the Ancients charged to the Liver, as being tardy in its Office of sanguification; but as our later Anatomists have justly employed the Liver for other uses, so the imperfect Digestion in the Stomac, and fermentation of the Chyle in the Duodenum, will naturally account for the want of consistence in the Blood.  
4. The Convulsive Contractions of the Coats of the Vessels, especially the Arteries, which by straitening one Branch, occasion the extraordinary distension of the next. Thus splenetic Persons are liable to vomiting of Blood, because the Artery in the Spleen denies a free admission to the Blood; and the obstruction of the Blood in the Head is frequently removed by bleeding at Nose.  
5. The Convulsive Contraction of the Parts, encompassing the Blood-Vessels, which are apt to straiten the Vessels, especially the Veins, that are least able to resist their force.  
Critical and customary effusions of Blood, or such as follow the suppression of a wont Evacution, are not to be stopped, without they exceed measure. When a Bleeding is attended by a sensible pulsation of some adjacent Artery, 'tis a sign that it proceeds from the Compression or Contraction of that Artery. Bleedings at Nose are ushered in by a giddiness, redness of the Eyes, involuntary Tears, tingling of the Ears, itching of the Nose, a hard Pulse, a violent Pain, and sensible pulsation of the Arteries in the Head and Neck. A flux of Blood from the Windpipe is introduced by a Cough, and difficult Respiration. That from the Womb, by the distension, weight, and heat of the Abdomen and Loins, happening about the menstrual period; and that from the Haemorrhoid Veins, by a Pulsation in the Hypocondria, Back, and Loins, and a Tumour and Pain in the Veins, with a Tenesmus.  
As for the Prognostic, a Diaeresis is worse than an Anastomosis; and Bleedings from external Causes, are more favourable than those from internal. In Melancholic and Phlegmatic Constitutions, especially when the Bleeding renders the Face Limon-coloured, or is followed by Convulsions and Swoonings, it prognosticates Dropsies, Consumptions, etc.  
As for Cure, The various causes must be removed by proper Medicines; a Plethora by Bleeding, Scarifying, and a thin Diet: The Ebullition of the Blood by such Medicines as temper a volatile Acid, as Vinegar, Spirit of Vitriol, Nitre dissolved in Water; the Tincture of the Flowers of Daisies, the Sugar of Lead, the Antiphthisical Tincture, Coral, sealed Earth, Purslain, Plaintain, Opium, Camphyr, etc. The serosity of the Blood by thickening Ingredients, and such as evacuate Serum, either by Stool, Urine, or Sweat. The Convulsive Contractions of the Blood-Vessels by Chalybeats. The sharpness of Blood, by temperate Medicines, such as Milk, Raisins, Steel, etc. The Corrosion of the Vessels, by vulnerary Astringents: The Laxity of the Parts, by corroborating things, such as Ass-Dung, the Ankle of a Hogg; Crollius his Powder Sperniola; Opium, Steel, etc. However, we ought to observe,  
1. That Blood-letting is only proper, when the Blood abounds or boils too high, and 'tis better to bleed often, for Revulsion, Derivation, and Aversion, than to draw forth much at once. Sometimes Ligatures and Cupping-Glasses applied at a convenient distance from the Part, are not amiss.  
2. That Purgatives are only proper when the Blood is too serous; and in that case, especially if it be accompanied by a Fever, Diaphoretics mixed with Opiates are of good use; as being apt to thicken the Blood after the Swelling is over, tho' in the time of swearing they rather attenuate and dissolve it.  
3. Opiates are good in all Cases.  
From these Premises we infer, that the internal Medicines that are proper against Bleeding, are the vulnerary Astringents, absorbent Powders (especially Steel, which is both Astringent and Anti-acid to a notable Degree.) Diuretics and Purgatives in serous Cases, and temperate Ingredients, especially Raisins, and Milk, for mitigating the sharp Humours. The Medicines which jointly answer these ends, are either of the Vegetable, Mineral, or Animal Families. Those of the Vegetable Province are Plantain, Purslain, the Syrups of Comfrey, Ground-Ivy, and Myrtleberries; the Syrup made of the Juice of the Root of Bastard Acorus with Sugar; The fresh Juice of the common stinging Nettle, given to two or three Ounces; the Moss of Man's Skull given to a scruple, or half a dram, in the Water of Shepherd's Purse, with the Syrup of Coral; Mastic, Sarcocol, Amber, Frankincense, Raisins, Camphyr, Opium, and Rhubarb, which not only evacuats the Serum, but corrects the crasis of the Blood. Dragon's Blood, if it be , is very proper; but since 'tis generally adulterated with some noxious stuff, we ought to avoid it.  
The Mineral Province presents us with Coral, Bowl Armenic, Nitre, Spirit of Vitriol, Sugar of Lead, the Powder of Bloodstone mixed with Vinegar, or the Juice of Pomgranats, the Vitriol of Steel mixed with Sugar of Lead, Hartman's Astringent Extract of Steel, given to nine Grains; the Spaw-waters, or in want of them, the solar Liquor of steel; and above all, the Tincture of the Sulphur of Vitriol prepared thus;  
Take of the Native  Vitriol of Steel that's void of all Copper, and dissolve it in Water, (if the Vitriol be not , put the filings of Steel into the Water, and 'twill precipitat the Copper; and then the strained Liquor being thickened, will yield the  Vitriol of Steel) when the Vitriol is dissolved in Water, pour into it the Oil of Tartar per Deliquium, or the Lie of the Salt of Tartar, and 'twill precipitat an Astringent Crocus of Steel, which ought to be frequently dulcified with Water, and dried; then dissolved in the Spirit of Nitre, and after the Spirit of Nitre is drawn off, the Caput Mortuum digested with rectined Spirit of Wine gives the Tincture, which is of admirable use against all Bleedings. Its Dose is thirty or forty Drops in a convenient Vehicle.  
The Animal Province affords us burnt Hartshorn, Unicorn's-Horn, the Powder of green Frogs, the Water of Frogs spawn, Crollius' Sperniola, given to fifteen Grains, the Juice of Asses and Hog's Dung, mixed with the Juice of Nettles, or with Sugar in the form of a Syrup, or their Powders, with the Powder of the Dung of a Dog that's wont to gnaw Bones; and the Powder of the Blood that comes forth in Bleeding, it being dried and given to a Dram in some proper Vehicle. The Forms of Recipes are as follows.  
Take of the Extract of Flowers (viz. of Red Roses, Red Poppies, and Daisies infused in Water, in order to be strained or thickened for an Extract) three drams; Ivory and Sea-horse-teeths, of each half a dram; prepared red Coral, a dram; prepared Bloodstone, two scruples; with the Syrup of Red Poppies, make an Electuary for allaying the Hea● and Turgescence of the Blood.  
Take of the Pulp of Raisins, three ounces; choice Rhubarb, and prepared Red Coral, of each a dram and a half; Ivory prepared without Fire, a dram; Sea-horse-teeths, half a Dram; Extract of Steel prepared with the Juice of Apples, three Drams. With the Syrup of Red Roses make an Electuary. Of which, take the quantity of a Nutmeg Morning and Evening, for correcting the serosity of the Blood.  
Take of Plantain Water, three Ounces; Cinnamon-water, three Drams; Vinegar of Wine, half an Ounce; Astringent Crocus of Steel, half a dram; sealed Earth, a scruple; Laudanum Opiatum, three grains; Syrup of Myrtles, three drams. Mix, and exhibit a spoonful or two frequently, for correcting the sharpness of the Blood and Humours. For the Bleedings in Malignant Fevers, we add Alexipharmacal Ingredients. If a Bleeding be caused by Cantharideses, we exhibit Milk and the Decoctions of Raisins, Isinglass, and Misletoe of the Oak, with Gum Arabic, Tragacanth, etc.  
Take of the Juice of Fresh-Asses Dung, Syrup of Purslain, and that of Myrtleberries, of each half an Ounce; Plantain Water, an Ounce. Mix for a Draught.  
After the Bleeding is thus stopped, we exhibit such Medicines as dissolve and evacuat clotted Blood, especially if it proceeded from an internal part. In the mean while, we use likewise external Medicines, viz. Such as either cement the Vessels by their gluy Virtue, as the Whites of Eggs, Mastic, Aloe, Beans, and a living Pigeon or Hen cut up and applied to the Part, whose Blood curdles upon the orifice of the Vessels, and shuts 'em; or such as wring the Vessels by their austerity, or imbibe the Blood, and stick close to the Orifices, of the former sort are Vitriol, Vinegar, etc. Of the latter are Bole Armenic, sealed Earth, Alum, Potters-Clay mixed with Vinegar, etc. In general, the French Styptic Liquor, (which is nothing else but the solution of Alum, and half its quantity of the Vitriol of Steel in a proper Vehicle) and Tulpius' compound Powder of Bole Armenic, Quicklime,  Vitriol,  Alum, Bloodstone, Aloes, Dragon's Blood, Lemnian Earth, Crocus of Steel, Mummy, Mastic and frankincense; these I say are generally approved for external use in all Bleedings.  

ART. 1. Of Bleeding at the Nose and Gums.  
THE small Arteries inserted into the Membrane of the Nostrils are liable to frequent Bleedings, as being relaxated by prevailing moisture. The Symptoms and Causes of this Bleeding are related above. If it be very copious, and unwonted, or unseasonable, it prognosticates the Disorders of the Spirits; in Acute Diseases, especially about the height, 'tis an ill Omen; but in the beginning of the small Pox, or when it follows a Deafness after the height of a Fever, 'tis not ill. In the Disorders of the Liver or Spleen, if the Nostril of the same side with the Part affected void Blood, 'tis well; if that of the opposite side, 'tis a bad Symptom, according to Hypocrates.  
In regulating the Method of Cure, we must have a particular regard to the various Causes, viz. the redundancy, turgescence, serosity, or sharpness of the Blood; and single out proper Medicines, according to the Directions given for Bleedings in general. To which we shall only add this one Observation, that in habitual Bleedings at Nose, fresh Mint, or its Juice taken frequently, is of singular use.  
Externally we endeavour to divert and appease the Spirits, to curb the turgescence of the Blood, and to shut the Orifices of the Vessels. For compassing the first Design, we use painful Ligatures, Frights, Caustics applied to the remote parts, cold things suddenly applied to the Scrotum or Breast; a dried Toad hung under the Armpits, or tied to the Forehead, or its Powder applied to the Nostrils; a Bloodstone, or  Jasper, held in the Hand till it become warm; Ash-wood applied to the Nostrils, etc. For the second end, we sometimes Bleed by way of Revulsion and Derivation; or apply scarifying Cupping-Glasses to the Neck, or to the Calf of the Leg; those which the Ancients ordered for the Liver and Spleen, being very dangerous and of no use. Cataplasms of Fuller's Earth, and Vinegar, and Epithema's of the Juice of House-leek, Vinegar, Nitre, and Camphyr; or of Soot, Vinegar and the Whites of Eggs; or of Alum, Frogs Spawn, and Vinegar, being applied to the Forehead, Temples, Crown of the Head, Nape of the Neck, Scrotum in Men, and the Breasts in Women, are of admirable efficacy for appeasing the tumultuous Motions of the Blood. As for the third Indication of shutting the Orifices of the Vessels, we blow into the Nostrils the Powder of Alum or Vitriol, mixed with Painters Lac, or apply it with a Tent dipped into the White of an Egg; or into the Juice of Hoggs-Dung, mixed with Juice of Plantain. The Powder of Hoggs-Dung, and that of Toads, are very proper for the same use; as likewise the Phlegm of Vitriol, writing Ink, the Tincture of the Sulphur of Vitriol; Soot taken from the bottom of a Kettle, and mixed with the Powder of the Blood that runs from the Nostrils; the French Styptic Liquor, or a solution of Alum and Vitriol of Steel in Plantan-Water, and above all, the rectified Spirit of Wine.  
The Gums are also very liable to Bleedings, occasioned by the laxity of their Substance, or the Corrosion of sharp scorbutical spittle, or the drawing of a Tooth, or by the general Causes of other bleedings. If their bleeding be periodical, customary, or critical, it ought not to be stopped. If it be caused by the drawing of a Tooth, apply the Tincture of the Sulphur of Vitriol with Cotton; and gargoyle the Mouth with the Decoction of Tormentil, and Snakeweed-roots, with Galls, and White Poppy-seeds in Water, mixing it with Bole-Armenic, Alum, and a little Vinegar. Sometimes the Spirit of Salt mixed with Water is useful for washing the Mouth. But when every other thing proves ineffectual, an actual Cautery is the surest Remedy. Scorbutical Bleedings are accounted for elsewhere.   

ART. 2. Of a spitting of Blood.  
THE Blood that is evacuated by spitting, may either proceed from the Stomac, (of which elsewhere) or from the , Nostrils, and Gums, as was related in the last Article; or from the Organs of Respiration, viz. the Windpipe, Bronchia or Lungs; in which case, the Disease is called (〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉) Hemoptysis, or a spitting of Blood, and is the subject of this Paragraph. The general Causes are already accounted for: The particular Causes are,  
1. The Rupture of some Vessel in the Breast, occasioned by a redundancy of Blood, suppression of the Terms or Piles, violent Crying, bearing heavy Burdens, Falls, Blows, vehement Coughing, or immoderate Laughter.  
2. The Corrosion of the Vessels in the Breast, especially in the Lungs, occasioned by the Inspiration of Mineral Sulphureous steams; or by a sharp Lymph reigning in the Body, as in the small Pox, or when a sordid Ulcer is unseasonably dried. To these we may add the accidental swallowing of Leeches, and immoderate Bathing.  
A Spitting of Blood is of itself manifest: But to trace out the part from whence it proceeds is a piece of Difficulty. For this end the Physician ought to weigh the antecedent Causes, such as excessive Crying, Falls, Bruises of the Breast, and violent Coughs, which generally arraign the Lungs, while other Causes are apt to affect other parts. Besides the Circumstances attending the Evacuation, will give some further light into the Matter; as if the Blood be clotty, if it be voided without Coughing or much Hawking, and that in small quantities, than it proceeds from the , Gums, Throat, etc. and not from the Breast, If it be copiously voided with a Cough that not only accompanies but precedes the evacuation, and makes a hollow Noise, than it comes from the Windpipe or Lungs; and if the respiration be difficult, if the Blood be florid, thin, and frothy (as being rarified by the Air,) and if a pain beset the lower part of the Breast, it certainly takes its rise from the Lungs. If the Blood be black, clotty, and thick, and voided with a Cough and hollow Noise, it springs from the Veins in the Cavity of the Breast. As for the Prognostic; A Spitting of Blood from the Lungs is most dangerous, and apt to degenerate into a Phthisic or Ulcer of the Lungs, especially if it took its rise from the Corrosion of a sharp Humour. If it be only a Symptom of another Disease, as of a Pleurisy, Peripneumonia, etc. it is not so dangerous, as when it stands upon its own Legs. If a Spitting of Blood, occasioned by a suppression of wont evacuations, or by the Turgescence of Blood, be unseasonably stopped, it degenerats into a Peripneumonia, or Consumption.  
The Cure is performed in the Paroxysm, by removing the cause, appeasing and thickening the Blood, and repairing the losses of the Vessels: out of the Paroxysm, the clotty Blood remaining in the Breast, aught to be discussed, and the Lungs strengthened. Now in order to answer these Indications, let's mind the following Rules.  
1. When a Spitting of Blood is caused by the Corrosion of sharp humours, Blood-letting is improper; in some other cases it may be serviceable, but regard must still be had to the Rules of Revulsion and Aversion; as if it proceed from the suppression of the Piles or Terms, a Vein must be opened in the Leg: When it arises from the suppression of a customary Bleeding at Nose, the vein of the Forehead, or that under the Tongue is the proper place.  
2. Purgatives are highly pernicious. But Diuretics and Diaphoretics are very useful.  
3. Internal Astringents ought not to be used, before the Blood be turned off, for fear of imprisoning the Blood in the Breast, and so causing a Suffocation, or Peripneumonia.  
4. All external Astringents and cold things applied to the Breast, are more apt to inflame than mitigat the Disease.  
5. Opiates are always safe and useful; but such of 'em as are very hot, as Venice Treacle, Mithridat, etc. are not so proper as Laudanum Opiatum, and especially Henbane Seeds, which are unanimously approved both by the ancient and modern Writers. Hence an Electuary of Henbane and white Poppy Seeds, with Coral, Bloodstone, and the stolen Conserve of Roses, is of excellent use. However the safest way is to give but a small quantity of Henbane Seeds at a time, and repeat the Doses oftener, because they are very Narcotic, and apt to cause Madness.  
6. In all Compositions we ought still to have an Eye upon the corrosive sharpness of the Humours, for tempering which we use the same Medicines as were recommended against Bleedings in general; especially Plantain, Purslain and Comfrey, their Decoctions, Juices and Syrups, for their Waters have no astringent force: The Decoction, Syrup, and Conserve of Ground Ivy (a noble Pectoral,) the Juice of Nettles, the stolen Conserve of red Roses, Diascordium, the Troches of Amber, (which at once temper sharp humours, dissolve clotty Blood, and stop its Flux:) The Oil of Linseed given by Spoonfuls, the Oil of Vitriol when there's no apprehension of a Phthisic; the Juice expressed from Quinces boiled in Water till they be soft, given to two or three Spoonfuls, three or four times a Day; the Decoction itself being mixed with that of Barley, or Corants for ordinary Drinking; Mice Dung, given to a dram, twice a Day, with the Juice of Plantain and Sugar; the Tincture of the Sulphur of Vitriol, Bloodstone, the Antiphthisical Tincture, Mynsichtius' Species Diaplantaginis, etc.  
7. When the Paroxysm is over, we ought to add dissolving and expectorating Medicines, such as Sperma Ceti, Diaphoretic Antimony, Crabs Eyes with Vinegar, Oil of Amber, Oxymel of Squills, etc.  
8. In the last place the Lungs ought to be fortified by Vulnerary Balmy Medicines.  
As for external Applications some apply a dried Toad under the Armpits; some trust to the Sympathetic Powder of Vitriol; and others choose to wet or wash the Testicles with Rose Vinegar, and that with good success.  
Take of the Conserve of Ground Ivy, and that of Comfrey, of each an ounce; Conserve of Roses, an ounce; sealed Earth impregnated with spirit of Vitriol, (providing the Lungs are not corroded) two scruples; prepared Bloodstone, a scruple; Troches of Amber, a dram; Laudanum Opiatum, six grains. With the Syrup of Comfrey make an Electuary. Of which take the Quantity of a Nutmeg, twice a day.  
Take of Plantain, Purslain, and Chervil Waters, of each an ounce; Tincture of the Sulphur of Vitriol, a dram; Troches of Amber, two scruples; Crollius' Sperniola, fifteen grains; Laudanum Opiatum, five grains; Fernelius' Syrup of Comfrey, and the Syrup of Purslain, of each half an ounce. Make a Potion.  
The Spa Waters, Milk, and the vulnerary Decoctions are used as preservatives.     

SECT. XIX. Of Diseases relating to the Alterations of the Blood, in the Spleen, Liver, and Kidneys.  
AS the Blood visits the Bowels for their nourishment, so it is variously altered according to the Nature of every Bowel. In the Spleen 'tis impregnated with a Volatile sour Ferment, that prepares and qualifies its parts for separation; in the Liver 'tis separated from the Bile, which is conveyed thence in't oath Gut, either directly through the Ductus Hepaticus, or, after some stay in the Gall-bag, through the Ductus Cysticus. Now there are several Cases in which this separation is lamely performed, viz. When the Animal Spirits are exhausted or disordered, or the innate Spirits of the respective Bowel vitiated; or when Inflammations or Tumours invade the Part, as in Chronical Diseases; not, as if the Obstructions or Tumours of the Spleen or Liver were the Causes of Chronical Distempers, but only as being their effects, or at least troublesome Companions, that aught to be accounted for in the Cure of those Distempers, it being generally compassed by Chalybeats, or such Medicines as conquer an Acid, and clear the first Passages, which are the Original Source of all Obstructions.  
In the Kidneys, the Blood being carried thither by the Emulgent Arteries, is dissolved by a lixivious Ferment, and its Serum laden with acid and urinous Salts, invelop'd with Oily Particles, is strained through the small Fibres that convey it to the Corpus Papillare, from whence it sweats through into the Pelvis, and passing through the Ureters and Bladder, is voided under the name of Urine. If the Salts of the Urine be exactly united together, they entitle it to transparency; if their mixture be unequal, it is muddy or crude, and betokens the unequal temperature of the Salts in the Blood. But so soon as the Blood has conquered the prevailing heterogeneous Salt that overmatched and disturbed the Harmony of the rest, than the Urine precipitats 'em as a Sediment, and becomes clear. In perfect Health, it contains nothing but these Salts incorporated with Oil and a serous Vehicle, but when the Chyle is not elaborat or perfectly digested, than its Crudities, and the Sulphureous vicious Salts occasioned by them, are voided with the Serum, and impart to it a high or flat Tincture, according to the various Exaltation of the Salts, and their mixture with Sulphur.  

CHAP. I. Of Distempers relating to the separation of Serum in the Kidneys.  

ART. 1. Of an Ischuria in the Kidneys, or a suppression of Urine arising from the want of a due Separation in the Reins.  
THE Causes of an Ischuria in the Kidneys relate either to the Blood or the Kidneys. The former are the Redundancy of the Blood, or its vicious thickness and the close Cohesion of its Parts, occasioned by Acid or viscous Lymph, and an imperfect Fermentation, as in Fevers before the Height, in Chronical Diseases, obstructions of the Bowels, etc. The latter relating to the Kidneys are,  
1. The Obstruction of their Passages, occasioned by clotted Blood, as in the case of a Fall; Purulent Matter either residing there, or conveyed thither from other Ulcers; viscid tough Humours, a Stone in the Kidneys, external cold contracting the Fibres, nephritic Tumours, etc.  
2. The Paralytic Laxity of the Fibres, occasioned by a weakness or deficiency of Spirits, by preceding Wounds or Ulcers, by the disorders of their Nerves, the dislocation of the Vertebrae of the Back, etc.  
3. The Convulsive Contractions of the Fibres, which are frequently occasioned in one Kidney by a Stone in the other, through the correspondence of the Nerves.  
4. The flatness of the Ferment in the Kidneys, or its degeneracy from a volatile salin Acrimony, as in Dropsies, Cachexies, etc.  
A Suppression of Urine arising from the default of the Kidneys is distinguished from that in the Bladder, by a sense of weight about the Loins, the insufficiency of a Catheter for procuring Urine, and the absence of a Tumour or pain about the Pubes or Perinaeum; sometimes 'tis attended by stinking Sweats, or such as smell like Urine; a stinking Breath, Anxieties in the Breast, Vomiting, an universal Benummedness, Epileptic Symptoms, and Tumours of the Abdomen and Legs. If the Urine before the suppression was thick and muddy, with a copious slimy Sediment, the Body being universally infested with tough corpse Humours, than the suppression is caused by Slime stopping the Passages. If the Urine before the suppression was Bloody, or if a Blow, Fall, or violent Riding occasioned it, than clotted Blood is the immediate Cause. If the Urine was mixed with Purulent Matter, or if any considerable Bowel be ulcerated, the Obstruction is caused by the corrupt Matter. If the Urine was voided without any other remarkable Symptom, than that of losing its wont Smell and Taste, the Ferment is faulty.  
An Ischuria in the Kidneys is worse than that in the Bladder. If it be attended by Symptoms disturbing the Breast, 'tis very dangerous. If the Urine force its Passage before the Seventh day, it affords a comfortable Prediction, tho' not infallible, especially if the Blood and solid Parts be much corrupted: Some Instances there are of a total suppression of Urine, for ten, fourteen, or twenty Days, that was cured; but these are unfrequent; besides, they are generally attended by a perpetual Sweeting, Vomiting, or some notable evacuation of Serum, otherwise they would prove Mortal. If a suppression of Urine be free from pain, it proceeds from the Paralytic Laxity of the Fibres, and is always Mortal.  
The Cure varies according to the Difference of the Causes. In general, gentle Laxatives mixed with Diuretics and Turpentin Clysters are proper, as being apt not only to irritat the Guts, but to promote Urine. If the Obstruction be caused by clotty Blood; Madder, Sperma Ceti, Crabs Eyes mixed with Vinegar, Chervil, Ground Ivy, St. John's-wort, especially its Seed, and above all the volatile Salt of Amber, are proper Ingredients. If the Obstruction be occasioned by Purulent Matter, we exhibit the Balsam of Sulphur prepared with Oil of Turpentin, the Essence of Agrimony, Juice of Ground Ivy, and such like vulnerary Medicines. If a slimy humour beset the Kidneys, we must first evacuat the slimy Crudities by Laxatives, before we attempt to use Diuretics, for fear they should augment the Evil, as causing a greater afflux of pituitous Matter. After evacuation we administer the Juice of Radishes, the Infusion of Horse Radishes in Wine, the Juice of Lemons to two or three ounces, with Oxymel; the dulcified spirit of Salt, the Philosophical spirit of Vitriol, or rather the Acid spirit of Salarmoniac, with the Decoction of Parsley Roots and red Vetches; the Juice of the Pellitory that grows upon the Rubbish of old Walls, as being impregnated with the Nitrous Salt of the Lime; the Winter Cherry, Madder, volatile Salt of Amber, etc. If the Fibres of the Kidneys be flaggy, Aromatic and Nervous Medicines are proper, especially Turpentin, the spirit and Oil of Juniper-berries, Cinnabar of Antimony, and above all the volatile Salt of Amber given to twelve grains in a Convenient Vehicle is an admirable Diuretic. If the Fibres be contracted we exhibit Narcotics, with Cinnabar of Antimony, and the volatile Salt of Amber; or Mithridat with some diuretic Decoction; or, in imitation of Gesnerus, the Powder of Glass.  
If the ferment of the Kidneys be defective, we exhibit the sharp salin Diuretics, mixed with the temperate Oily Ingredients; especially the Decoction of Garlic Heads, the Seed of Hedge Mustard given to a dram in Wine, the Juice of Parsneps, the Spirit and Salt of Urine; Amelungius' nephritic Tincture, prepared from Tartar, Nitre, Antimony, and the solar Flint-stones; the Carminative Spirit, the volatile spirit of Tartar; the spirit of Salarmoniac, the volatile Salt or distilled Oil of Amber; the Spirit or Juice of Earthworms; the Powder, Juice and Infusion of Wood-lice; the Infusion of Spanish Flies in Wine, or their Diuretic Essence prepared with the Tincture of Tartar; the Infusion of Horse's Dung in Rhenish Wine; the Urine of a Goat; Crabs Eyes mixed with Wine or Vinegar; the Decoctions of red Vetches, Chervil, Madder, or St. John's-wort; the Shells of Hen's Eggs or rather those of Ostrich Eggs, given to a dram, or dissolved in spirit of Salt; the Powder of Snails Shells dissolved in like manner; the fixed Salts of Diuretic Plants, prepared according to Tachenius' Method; or so that they be not too much calcined, and consequently robbed of their Salin Virtue; the Tincture of Tartar, prepared thus.  
Take of the Salt of Tartar, two ounces; dissolve 'em in Water, than strain, and set it upon the Fire; while 'tis a boiling, throw into it by degrees three ounces of the Cream of Tartar in Powder; then thicken 'em with a gentle Fire, and afterward reduce 'em to Powder, from which extract an admirable Diuretic Tincture with the spirit of Wine.  
To these we may add the Juice of the Birch-tree, the distilled Oil of Turpentin, and Emulsions made of violet Seeds, and Speedwell Water, or of Turpentin and the yelk of an Egg, with some Diuretic Water, and the Juice of Lemons. Or,  
Take of the Waters of Parsley, and Restharrow, of each an ounce; Elixyr of Juniper-berries, (called Malvaticum) six drams; spirit of Putrified Earthworms, two drams; volatile spirit of Tartar, a dram; distilled Oil of Turpentin, three drops; Syrup of Ground Ivy, two or three drams. Mix and exhibit a Spoonful now and then.  
Take of Tartar vitriolated, a dram; of the Salt of Bean-stalks, and Salt of Pigeons Dung, of each fifteen grains; volatile Salt of Amber, twelve grains. Make a Powder for three Doses.  
Externally we anoint with Stone Oil, Oil of Scorpions, and distilled Oil of Turpentin, mixed with the Ointment of Marsh-mallows.   

ART. 2. Of the Stone in the Kidneys.  
Stone's in Man's Body, are nothing else but a vicious Acid congealed with a volatile Alcali. This vicious Acid, for the most part, is bred in the Stomac, and being mixed with the Blood, attacks a naked volatile Alcali wherever it meets it, with which it conspires to make up a third Concrete or Stone. Now the Kidneys being plentifully stocked with a volatile Alkali, are most liable to the shocks of this Acid. 'Tis true, that in a healthy state, the Alcali of the Urine in the Kidneys, is naturally qualified with an Acid, and then 'tis secure from the efforts of the vicious Intruder; but for as much as the Urine is ofttimes liable to Alteration, or Corruption, which sets the volatile Salt at liberty, much after the same method as when it has been exposed to the Air in an Urinal and gins to smell; therefore the Kidneys are in such cases in danger of being molested with Stones. Thus the generation of a Stone supposes two concurring Causes; one is a prevailing Acid in the Body, occasioned mostly by imperfect Digestions in the first Passages, or by such things as are apt to become Acid; viz. Milk, Cheese, and especially Wine: The other is the Putrefaction and liberty of the volatile Alkali of the Urine; occasioned generally by the weakness of the Ferment, as by Asparagus and such Diuretics as enfeeble the Ferment, and cause a putrid smell in the Urine.  
Now, that a volatile Acid engaged with the volatile Alcali in the Kidneys is apt to become a Stone, is made out by the following Remarks.  
1. Arthritick and Melancholic Persons, who are much molested with vicious Acids, are very liable to the Stone; whereas those of a bilious Constitution are not.  
2. Those who live near the Danube, and ●e wont to drink much Wine, are frequently troubled with the Stone, by reason of the prevailing Acid in Wine, which is apt to congeal with a volatile Alcali; as, if ye take Nitre very well fixed, and mix it with Flint-stones, then melt it upon a strong Fire, and 'twill become like Glass; pulverize this Glass, and pour Spirit of Wine upon it; after some time, pour that off, and add fresh Spirit of Wine, which in a Month's time will become a red Oil, containing the Acid of the Nitre exalted with the Spirit of Wine. Now if ye put a few Drops of this volatile Acid Oil into a Glass of Wine, 'twill gather it into a hard substance.  
3. The Chemical Analysis of the Stones presents us with a fetil Oil, an Urinous Spirit, a volatile Salt, and a Caput mortuum, like Quicklime: Not to speak of its effervescence with any Alcalin Salt.  
When the Stones thus engendered of the volatile Acid and Alcali are growing together, they sometimes take in a viscid Mucilage, being the depraved nourishment of the Kidneys, which renders the stones white: Sometimes they corrode the small Vessels, and take in some drops of Blood, which makes the stones red. Sometimes the pure Salts join together, without any other mixture but some earthy Particles, caused by the Putrefaction of the Urine, and then the Stones are yellow. But at other times the Membranes, and the whole substance of the Kidney, make a part of the Concrete.  
A Stone in the Kidneys, while it lies quiet and does not stir, is attended by few or no Symptoms. But when it gins to move, or, as the Practitioners speak, in the Paroxysm, it grates upon the Membranes, which by means of the immediate Correspondence of their Nerves with all those from the Mesenteric Plexus, communicate their disorder to all the adjacent Parts. When its motion in the Kidney first commences, the Person is molested with a heavy dull Pain in the Loins, inclining to the right or left side, and sometimes reaching to the respective side of the Head, according as the right or left Kidney is disturbed. When the Stone is advanced from the Pelvis to the ureter, than the Pain shoots, pricks, and raises a sense of distension, or tearing, and does not cease till it either reaches the Bladder, or retire to the Kidney. Immediately before the invasion of the Paroxysm, the Urine is scanty, watery, and very sharp. Sometimes when the Stone is in motion, the nutritious Juice of the membranous Parts being depraved, is voided together with the Urine, rendering it thick, pale, and glutinous, especially towards the bottom of the Urinal. Sometimes 'tis high tinctured, and thick, as being copiously impregnated with dissolved Salts; sometimes 'tis actually mixed with Blood, by reason of the Stone's offensiveness to the Blood-Vessels. Oft-times Sand is also voided, but than it falls to the bottom, and is hard, not friable; otherwise if the Sand be friable and reddish, it is only a Coagulation of scorbutical Salts: sometimes the Urine is totally suppressed, the other Kidney being contracted by the provoked Nerves.  
During the Paroxysm, the Person is unable to stand upright, or bow his Body, and the Pain glides along the Ureters to the Bladder; sometimes it draws up the Testicle, and benumbs the Leg of the same side; sometimes it causes vomiting, inappetency, contractions of the Fingers, a tickling pain in the Nut of the Yard, and difficult respiration, the Midriff being by sympathy affected, and girding the Region of the short Ribs with a sense of constriction. But above all, the most common Symptoms are, gripe in the Guts, Colic Pains in Men, Hysteric Symptoms in Women, and in such as are high-bellyed Pains resembling those of Childbirth. The Pulse for the most part is hard, by reason of the convulsive Contractions of the Fibres of the Arteries. All these Symptoms are not always to be met with, neither are they peculiar to this Disease; but those which are most certain, and distinguish this Distemper from the Colic, are the benum'dness of the Leg, inability to stand upright, or to stretch their Back, the continuance of the Pain without remission, the disorders of the Urine, and the absence of the Symptoms peculiar to the Colic.  
A Stone in the Kidneys is a dangerous Disease, especially to Women with Child. If frequently causes mortal Convulsions, Suppressions of Urine, Inflammations and Ulcers in the Kidneys, etc. especially if it be rough and large. If the Urine, that was at first thin, becomes thick and muddy, as being laden with Sand and small Stones, 'tis a good sign. But if the Urine be suppressed for a considerable time, and if the external Parts be cold, or seized with cold Sweats, Death is at hand. Sometimes the Pains observe a Tertian or Quartan period. If they cause a Lethargy 'tis incurable.  
The Cure consists in mitigating the Pain, and removing the Contractions of the Ureters and Membranes, and expelling the Stone by Diuretics. For which end, we ought to observe,  
1. That all violent Diuretics are improper, while the Pain is vehement; for that they provoke and irritate the Membranes, to contract 'emselves more. Wherefore while the Pain lasts, we give only the most temperate meek Diuretics mixed with Opiates.  
2. That oily things, such as Emulsions etc. are absolutely necessary for allaying the sharpness of the Urine. The Ancients indeed recommended 'em for relaxating the Passages, but 'twas a groundless Fancy: To be sure if they had any relaxating virtue, they would first display it upon the Stomac.  
3. That the first Passages ought always to be kept clear, lest their impurities should aggravate the Symptoms of the Abdomen. Upon this Account, emollient and anodyn Clysters are very serviceable, especially in the beginning of the Paroxysm. Such are those of the Decoction of Speedwell, Camomil-flowers, Marsh-mallow-roots, etc. in Milk; or of Rape and Lin-seed-Oyl; but we ought to take notice, that the simplest Decoctions are best; that large quantities must not be injected, especially in high-bellyed Women, for fear of distending the Parts, and aggravating the Pain; and that if the Belly be very costive, we may add Purgative Electuaries; and when the Pain is abated, Juniper-Berries, volatile Salt of Amber, and such like Diuretics. After the injection of Clysters, we order Baths and Fomentations of the Decoctions of softening, carminative, cephalic, and diuretic Ingredients; followed by emollient relaxating Liniments, sharpened with distilled cephalic and diuretic Oils. As,  
Take of Pellitory, a handful; Mallows and Violets, of each half a handful; Chamomil and Elder-flowers, of each two little handfuls; Marsh-mallow-roots, six drams; boil them in Child's Urine, or Whey. To eight Ounces of the strained Decoction, add of Turpentin dissolved with the Yelk of an Egg, two drams; Oil of White Lilies, half an ounce; Oil of Scorpions, a dram; Antimonial Nitre, two scruples. Make a Clyster.  
Take of the emollient Ingredients, three handfuls; of the four large hot Seeds, and Salt of Tartar, of each a dram; boil them in Water. To nine Ounces of the strained Liquor, add of the Electuary of Hiera with Agaric, an Ounce; Distilled Oil of Turpentin, a dram; with the Yelk of an Egg make a Clyster.  
Take of the Herbs, Mallows, Marsh-mallows, Pellitory, and Mercury, of each two handfuls; Chamomil and Elder-Flowers, of each two handfuls; Juniper-Berries, two ounces; Lin-seed and Fenugrec-seed, of each three ounces; make two Bags to be boiled in Water for a Bath, applying, in the time of bathing, one Bag to the Loins, and the other to the Navel.  
Take of Sage, Mother of Thyme, and Chamomil-flowers, of each two handfuls; Juniper-berries, two ounces; Seeds of Anis and Dill, of each an ounce. Tie 'em in a Bag, to be boiled in Water; foment the Loins and Abdomen with the Decoction, and apply the Bags as above.  
Take of the Ointment of Marsh-mallows, three drams; Oil of bitter Almonds, and Oil of Scorpions, of each a dram and a half; Rock Oil, two drams. Make a Lineament. With which anoint the Loins, Navel, and Region of the Ureters.  
Take of the Oils of bitter Almonds, Chamomil, white Lilies, and Scorpions, of each two drams; white Rock-Oyl, three drams; distilled Oils of Spike, and Juniper-berries. of each a dram and a half. Make an Ointment as above.  
Take of Rock-oyl, three drams; expressed Oil of Poppies, a dram and a half; expressed Oil of Henbane, half a dram. Make an Anodyn Lineament. The Essence of Opium is useful for the same purpose. The nervous Cephalic Oils, the distilled Oils of Turpentin, Cummin, etc. are also very proper. But above all, the Oil of Camphyr is an admirable Diuretic for external Compositions. The Oil of Amber is too fierce, and apt to aggravat the pain.  
Take of the Plaster called Nervinum, and Tacamahac, of each an ounce; Balsam of Peru, two drams. Make a square Plaster to be applied to the Loins.  
Take the expressed Juice of ten River Crabs boiled in Milk, and add to it three ounces of the Crum of white Bread, three yolks of Eggs, an ounce of Butter, an ounce of the Oil of Chamomil, and half a scruple of Saffron. Mix all for a Cataplasm, to be applied to the Loins, for allaying the excessive heat of the Kidneys.  
While these Prescriptions are in use, 'twill be requisite to look out for internal Medicines. In the beginning gentle Laxatives are useful. They ought to be mixed with the meekest Diuretics. As,  
Take of Tartar Vitriolat, fifteen grains; Salt of Broom, three or four grains; Scammony prepared with the Juice of Roses, three grains; distilled Oil of Turpentin, a drop. Make a Powder to be exhibited in the beginning of the Paroxysm. Or,  
Take of Turpentin, a dram; Rhubarb in Powder, two scruples; prepared Amber, half a dram; Cinnamon, half a scruple; with the Oil of Turpentin make Pills for a few Doses. Note, Turpentin is both a Laxative and a Diuretic, and upon that account highly useful in this case. The Emulsions of Violet-seeds with Speedwell-water mixed with Crabs Eyes, are also very proper for the same purposes.  
The first Passages being cleared, we exhibit such Medicines as mitigat the Pain, and allay the sharpness of the Humours, with gentle Diuretics. Thus the Elixir of Juniper, mixed with the Essence of Opium, and exhibited by Spoonfuls: The Oil of sweet Almonds mixed with Perch Stones, and the Syrup of Mashmallows: And the Emulsions temperate Seeds are very proper. In general, Narcotics are very serviceable, not only by allaying the Pain, but by procuring Sleep, and so strengthening the Spirits in order to the expulsion of the Stone. To these we add the gentle and easy Diuretics. As,  
Take of prepared Crabs Eyes, Sperma Ceti, of each a scruple; volatile Salt of Amber, five grains; Laudanum Opiatum, two grains. Make a Powder. Sometimes we add Cinnabar of Antimony, for preventing or removing the Convulsion of the internal parts,  
Take twelve living Wood-Lice; bruise 'em with two drams of the sharpest Tincture of Tartar; then strain it, and add a scruple of the Essence of Opium. Dose thirty or forty drops. The Tincture of the Balsam of Peru, or that of Capivi, are likewise very proper.  
Take of the extract of Acorus, sixteen grains; Castor four grains; Hysteric Laudanum, six grains; with the Oil of Turpentin make Pills, to be exhibited when a Vomiting and Hiccough attend the Stone in the Kidneys.  
Take of the Water of Strawberries and Winter Cherries, of each an ounce and a half; Cinnamon-water, three drams; Crabs Eyes, two scruples; Eggshells calcined, a scruple; purified Nitre, half a dram; Laudanum Opiatum, two or three grains; Syrup of Marsh-mallows half an ounce. Make a Potion.  
Take of prepared red Coral, and Perch Stones, of each fourteen grains Diaphoretic Gold, twelve grains; Camphyr, three grains. Make a Powder for two Doses.  
Take of Marshmallows-roots, an ounce; Liquorice-roots, two drams; Mallows, one handful; Violet-seeds, half an ounce. Boyl them in Barleywater. To two pound of the strained Decoction, add of the Syrup of Poppies, two ounces; prepared Crab's Eyes, a dram. Mix, etc. Sometimes we add Juniper-berries, Carrot-seeds, St. Johns-wort-seed, etc. Forestus' diuretic Decoction is much approved. As also the decoction of Chamomil-flowers, or that of Water-lillies. In every draught of such Decoctions, 'tis customary to add a few drops of the Spirit of Nitre, or of a mixture of the Spirit of Salt with the volatile Salt of Amber.  
When the Symptoms attending the Fit begin to relent, we must have recourse to strong sharp Diuretics; such are, the Juice of Radishes, given to two ounces with Spanish Wine; the Roots and Leaves of Horse-radishes infused in Wine; or a Spirit distilled from Wine, in which Roots or Leaves of Horse-Radishes have been infused in a Cellar for fourteen Days together; the Essence of Restharrow; Burdock-seeds; the Infusion of Ground-Ivy dried and Garlic Heads in the Spirit of Wine, or that of Juniper-berries; an Electuary of the Rob of Juniper, and St. Johns-wort-seeds, which when bruised smell like Turpentin, and consequently must needs be serviceable both for cleansing the Veins, and preserving their ferment by its balmy virtue; Carrot-seeds infused in fermenting Ale: The distilled Oil and volatile Salt of Ash-tree-seeds; or the following Oil;  
Take of the inner rinds of Ash-tree-roots, two pound; fresh Juniper-berries, three pound; Turpentin, a pound and a half. Mix 'em with the Turpentin, and digest all for the space of three Months in twelve pound of Water. Then distil an admirable Diuretic Oil. Dose, eight or ten drops in white Wine.  
The Juice of the tendrels of the Birch-tree gathered in March is of excellent use, if drank like Spaw-waters. As also the Water distilled from Arsmart and frequently cohobated; the Decoctions of the Indian Nephritic Wood; the Gum of the Cherrytree formed into Pills, or dissolved in Wine; and the Nephritic Essences or Spirits of Winter Cherries, Juniper-berries, etc. Timaeus recommends the Juice of the wild Tansey gathered in May before the Sunrising; and that of green Rye, mixed with red Wine. To these we add the volatile Salt of Amber, the Salt of Urine, Nitre, Spirit of Nitre, and all nitrous Salts, especially that of Pigeons Dung; or the infusion of Pigeons Dung in Vinegar, mixed with Honey; or the following Salt;  
Take Nitre well fixed, and expose it to the Air. 'Twill melt to the consistence of Pap. Then mix it with an equal quantity of the red Oil of Vitriol. When their Ebullition ceases, draw off the Liquor with a strong Fire, and 'twill leave a white Salt, of admirable efficacy against the Stone.  
The Mineral and Animal Stones are likewise recommended in this case, especially Nephritic Stones, Crabs Eyes, Perch or Carp Stones, the shells of Eggs, especially Ostrich Eggs. They are not directly Diuretic, but they drink up the Acid that gathers the Stone, and if dissolved in the compound Spirit of Salt are converted into a third Concrete that proves an admirable Diuretic. The Lie of the calcined Eggshells, the lixivious Salt of Quicklime calcined with Salarmoniac, are also much approved. The decoction of Quicklime in Water being strained and congealed, yields a fixed Salt, which is either used in Powder, or infused in rectified Spirits, to which it gives a notable red Tincture that's much commended. Helvetius boiled Quicklime in Vinegar, and evaporated the decanted Decoction. The remaining Salt he made red hot in a Crucible, and extracted a notable nephritic Tincture with Spirit of Wine. The Spirit of putrified Earthworms is also a proper Diuretic; or the Powder of Scorpions, first washed, then infused alive in Spanish Wine for 24 Hours, and then baked in an Oven in a Pot covered with Sage leaves; their Doses is four or five grains in a potch'd Egg. If the Wings, Head, and Feet of Crickets be lop'd off, and its Body be macerated in Parsley-water, 'twill become a milky Liquor that's very Diuretic. The Essence of Wrens is much applauded, as likewise the following Pills.  
Take black Beetles gathered in May, without touching 'em with one's Hand. Suffocat 'em in Spirit of Wine, then dry 'em, cut 'em into pieces; and in the middle of their Body ye will find a viscous Liquor, which mix with their Powder, to the consistence of a Balsam. Then take of this Balsam, adram; distilled Oil of Anis and that of Cloves, of each three drops. Make Pills. Of which exhibit two grains once or twice in Elder-flower water, in the Morning with a fasting Stomac. They will cause a Strangury that shall last for thirty Days.  
If Diuretic Medicines prove ineffectual, we ought to discontinue their use for some time, lest the Kidneys be overcharged with Crudities. The strongest of these Diuretics are by some called Lithontriptica, or dissolvers of the Stone in the Body; but I doubt much if any such Medicines be yet discovered. 'Tis certain that Spirit of Nitre will dissolve a Stone out of the Body; but the alteration it undergoes in mixing with the various Humours in the Body cramp its virtue within us. And therefore whoever pretends to the knowledge of Lithontriptica's must have found out such a Medicine as is not liable to be changed by the Humours of the Body, and besides, that is neither an Acid nor an Alcali, but consists of both as the Stone itself, and is peculiarly calculated for its Pores, as Aqua fortis is for Silver. Some have exploded all Lithontriptica's, as being too corrosive and apt to injure the Stomac, Guts, etc. But they ought to consider that all sharp dissolving Menstruums are not corrosive to the taste, as Arsenic, Quicksilver, Mercurius Vitae, etc. whic are altogether insipid. And besides, some Liquors are qualified for dissolving hard Concretes, that won't pick upon softer Objects; as Vinegar dissolves the shells of Eggs, while their inner Membran is left entire.  
After the Paroxysm is over and the Stone voided, we ought to prevent the generation of new ones by proper preservatives; as 1. By keeping the first Passages clean with Laxatives, and once in three or four Months a Vomit, or a stronger Purge. 2. By correcting the Acid in the first Passages with absorbent Powders, and the fixed Salts of Diuretic Plants. 3. By cleansing the Reins and evacuating the first Rudiments of the Stone, with volatile Diuretics, the Spirit and volitil Salt of Tartar, the Spirit of Urine, that of Salarmoniac, the Spirit of Worms, Elixir Proprietatis, Turpentin, fat Broth, Whey, etc. Some commend Milk, but its Curd dissuades us from using it. However we ought still to remember that the Diuretics must be of the meeker sort, and exhibited only once or twice in a Fortnight or three Weeks, and that at some distance from the times of eating, but not till the first Passages are cleared. 4. By strengthening the Reins, retrieving their ferment, and preserving the Urine from corruption, with balmy Medicines, such as Turpentin, the Balsam of Sulphur, Juniper, St. John's-wort-seeds, etc.   

ART. 3. Of a Diabetes, or excessive Flux of Urine.  
A Diabetes is either  or spurious. The former is a voiding of Liquors by Urine without any stay or alteration in the Body. The latter is a voiding of a much larger quantity of Urine than that of Liquids' received into the Body. The cause of the former is the laxity and openness of the Passages which lead directly from the first Passages to the Reins. 'Tis true these Passages are not yet discovered, but the quick Passage of some Liquors, and their being voided without any alteration in colour, taste, or consistence, according to the Observations of Galen, Bartholin, Hildanus, etc. do sufficiently evince their necessity. The cause of the latter is a sharp volatile Salt or Ferment bred in the first Passages, that dissolves the fat acid in the Blood, Chyle, and muscular Flesh, unlocking their Texture, and melting the ferment of the Reins. Thus the balmy and nutritious parts of the Blood being melted down, and tinctured with a sharp acrimony, they stimulat the Kidneys, and force their passage. This volatile Alcali Salt is not unlike that which sometimes causes melting loosenesses, or that of Spanish Flies and Beetles, and is frequently the follower of violent Diuretics. Perhaps it also sucks in the humidity of the Air in the Body, by virtue of which it melts, and so increases the quantity of Urine, which sometimes exceeds that of all the Juices in the Body. The Symptoms of the spurious Diabetes are the crudity, thinness, and sweet taste of the Urine, with a fat Scum swimming upon it; a notable weakness, leanness, dryness of the Mouth, thirst, a heat and pain in the Loins, a slow Fever, and in short, all the Symptoms of a Hectic. If it follow immoderate Labour, Venery, or Chronical Fevers, 'tis uncurable.  
For Cure of a  Diabetes we exhibit Astringents and Aromatics, such as we generally prescribe for defending and fortifying the Stomac and Bowels in the use of Spa Waters. Thus the astringent crocus of Steel, the Tincture of the Sulphur of Vitriol, Bowl Armenic, sealed Earth, Conserve of Roses vitriolated, the decoction of Orange-peel, and Plantain boled in Chalybeat-water, are very proper. Some recommend, as an Arcanum, a Coxcomb calcined, and exhibited with ones own Urine. As for the Cure of a spurious Diabetes; we must endeavour to correct the Acrimony of the Volatile Alcali; to prevent the colliquation of the Juices by Narcotics, and proper Astringents. First of all, their Diet must be the same as that of Hectic Persons. In the next place vomiting is very proper; to which we subjoin the Powder of the natural Bloodstone, or of the Artificial one, made of the Vitriol of Steel, and Sugar of Lead. The Antiphthisical Tincture prepared from the same Ingredients. The Tincture of the Sulphur of Vitriol; the astringent Crocus of Steel, the Powder or Spirit of Alum, Amber, and its Troches, or those of sealed Earth, taken in an Acid Vehicle; the Tincture or Magistery of Coral, prepared with the Juice of Citrons, or their mixture with Vinegar.  
Take of Plantain Water, three ounces; Distilled Vinegar, six drams; red Coral pulverised, (not prepared) a dram; Laudanum Opiatum, two grains; Syrup of Purslain, an ounce. Mix, and exhibit a spoonful frequently.  
Quicklime-Water, given to four or five ounces thrice a day, is of singular use in this Distemper; as also Milk, especially Chalybeat Milk, or that in which hot Irons are frequently extinguished; Asses or Goat's Milk are the Best, and next to them Cows Milk. The Emulsions of sweet Almonds, and white Poppy-seeds are also very proper. Externally some apply to the Kidneys, the Juice of River-Crabbs, or Bags of Plantain and Oak-Leaves boiled in Chalybeat Milk.   

ART. 4. Of a Pissing of Blood.  
THE Urine is sometimes tinctured with Blood, and that more or less according to its quantity. The Blood springs either from the Kidney, Ureters, or Yard; or from the Contusions of other parts. The Causes are the same as those of all Bleedings, viz. Either an Anastomosis or Diaeresis: The former is caused by the laxity of the Pores of the Reins, violent Motion, Jumping, Falls, excessive Venery, violent Diuretics, and a redundancy of Blood in the Body. The latter by sharp corrosive Humours, as in maligant Fevers, the Small Pox, and the Scurvy, or by the application of Spanish Flies without mixing and tempering them with Acids, by the Stone, Ulcers, etc.  
The bloody Urine is distinguished from that which is only tinctured by Salts, by its thick intransparent Consistence, and a red blackish Sediment, like clotted Blood at the bottom of the Urinal. When the Blood proceeds from the Kidneys, or Bladder, a heavy or gnawing pain besets those parts. When the Blood is plentiful and well mixed with the Urine, and is not curdled, but liquid when it falls to the bottom, it comes from the Kidneys. When the Blood is scarce, unequally mixed, voided with Pain, and gives a clotty Sediment, it takes its rise from the Bladder. If the Blood be voided without the Urine, or fall to the Bottom immediately upon making of Water, it proceeds only from the Vrethra. If a sharp Urine be voided with a sharp gnawing biting Pain, and if a strangury or difficulty of making Water went before, the flux of blood is caused by the Corrosion of the Vessels. If it proceed from Cantharideses, the Person is molested with an eternal erection of the Yard. If it proceed from the corrosion or ulceration of the Bladder, 'tis very dangerous; but that from the corrosion or weakness of the Reins, is yet more such.  
For Cure, the Causes must be enquired after, and removed after the same method, as in spitting of Blood. A redundancy of blood admits of bleeding. The sharpness of the Serum prohibits both that and Purgation. Rhubarb indeed may be allowed, as being an Alterative and Fortifyer of the Reins, as well as a Laxative. Sylvius' Mixture of Coral, Dragons-blood, Laudanum, and Syrup of Myrtles with Vinegar, and Plantain and Cinnamon-water, is a general prescription for all Haemorrhagia's. However, the Acrimony of the Urine ought always to be accounted for by the Juice of Plantain, or Purslain, or the Syrup of the Juice of Comfrey and that of Plantain Leaves; the Decoction of Ground-Ivy; or the following Decoction.  
Take of the Herbs Agrimony and Yarrow, the tops of St. John's Wort, and the Moss of Bullace-Trees, of each a handful; Comfrey-Roots, two ounces; St John's-wort-Seeds, two, three, or four drams; boil 'em in Chalybeat Milk, or Whey, or Black-Smith's Water; sweeten the strained Decoction with the Syrup of Comfrey, and add to every Draught, Crabs Eyes dissolved in Vinegar.  
The Decoction of Ground-Ivy, or Ground-Pine; Sheep's Milk exhibited to four ounces, with a dram of Bole-Armenic; Amber, and especially its Troches, given to a dram, with half a dram of Bole-Armenic, and a little Vinegar in Plantan-water, or with Crabs Eyes, and Sugar of Lead; the Tincture of the Sulphur of Vitriol, the Antiphthisical Tincture; prepared Bloodstone exhibited with Milk, (especially when the Disease is caused by Cantharideses) and the Emulsions of milky Seeds, are all very proper; and aught to be frequently interlaced with Laudanum Opiatum. To these we add vulnerary Ingredients, especially the Juice or Powder of River-Crabbs, and Turpentin, either given in Pills with Rhubarb, or dissolved with the Yelk of an Egg, in some convenient Vehicle. The Spirit and Oil of Turpentin are too sharp. If the Bladder be ulcerated we may inject the Troches of Amber mixed with Plantain Water, or the Juice of Plantain with the Powder of Bloodstone. When the Pissing of blood is over, we ought to dissolve the clotty Blood that may remain in the Bladder, with Amber and its Productions.    

CHAP. II. Of Diseases relating to the Expulsion of Urine from the Bladder.  

ART. 1. Of a total suppression of Urine, arising from its stay in the Bladder.  
THE Urine being separated in the Kidneys, is conveyed through the Ureters to the Bladder; and when its distending quantity, or its sharpness provokes the Bladder to Contractions, is voided through the Vrethra.  
This natural Evacuation is suppressed either through the default of the Bladder, or of its Sphincter, or of the Vrethra. The Bladder is faulty when its Fibres are heedless and stupid, as in Malignant Fevers; or relaxated, and unable to contract it. This may be occasioned by staying long in cold Water, by Wounds, Blows, Bruises in the lower part of the Back, or any Injury done to the Nerves of the Part; by an excessive quantity of Urine forcibly retained in the Bladder, by Worms, Ulcers, Inflammations, Tumours, etc. in the Bladder and adjacent parts; and by the remissness of the Muscles of the Abdomen, which ought naturally to press its Fibres. The Sphincter is faulty when it shuts the Orifice, as being constantly contracted. 'Tis provoked to such Contractions by Cholic and Nephritic Pains, Scorbutical Pains in the Abdomen, and the Application of Spanish Flies. The Vrethra or Passage which leads from the Bladder is faulty, when Inflammations, Tumours, or Venereal Excrescences beset the Neck of the Bladder, Prostratae or Perinaeum; or when 'tis blocked up by a Stone, clotty Blood, or viscous glutinous Humours occasioned by using Diuretics immediately after eating before the Chyle be transformed, or by giving bad Milk to Newborn Children, who are naturally liable to that Symptom.  
The Symptoms of this Distemper are these. When the Bladder is over-distended by a large quantity of Urine, the Person is molested with a grievous pain, and vain desire of making Water, and the suppression is difficult to cure; when the Bladder is Paralytic, 'tis insensible of Pain, or of any Provocation to evacuat; when the urinary Passage is obstructed, a painful Tumour appears in the Pubes, and is exasperated by touching. If clotty Blood cause the Obstruction, 'tis discovered by preceding Falls, Bruises, pissing of Blood, etc. If glutinous Humours block up the Way, antecedent Causes, and Slime voided with the Urine, will give us to know it. If a suppression of Urine in the Bladder be free of all Pain, and attended by a Tenesmus, and Hiccough, it prognosticates Death. That from a Schirrus in the Neck of the Bladder, or adjacent parts, is not easily cured.  
The Cure is varied according to the Causes. If the Bladder be Paralytic, and insensible, we give inwardly Cephalic Medicines, especially the Elixyr and distilled Oils of Juniper; the distilled Oil of Amber, or that of Turpentin, the Brains of Magpies, etc. and inject Clysters, first of emollient Ingredients, and afterward of Centory, Coloquintida, etc. Or we administer gentle Purgatives, and order the Person to keep in his Breath, and squeeze the Abdomen. If these methods be ineffectual, we open the Passage with a Catheter, or rather a Wax Candle, anointed with Honey and Oil of sweet Almonds. When the Bladder is emptied, we inject the Decoction of Sage, , wild Marjoram, Calamint, Rue, Castor, etc. in Wine; and foment the External Parts with a Sponge, or apply Cataplasms of Pellitory, and Oil of Scorpions; or anoint the Pubes and Perinaeum with a Lineament of the Ointment of Marshmallows, Oil of Scorpions, and distilled Oil of Juniper, applying afterwards to the Os sacrum and Pubes the Plaster called Nervinum, softened with the Oil of Amber. If the suppression be very obstinate, we order bathing in the Decoctions of emollient and nervous Plants, exhibiting at the same time some gentle Diuretic. In Malignant Fevers, we apply the same Ointments and Decoctions, and order the Patient to walk up and down the Room. When the Bladder is distended, we use the same Method. When the Sphincter is contracted, we exhibit inwardly the Specifics for Convulsions, mixed with Opiates; and anoint with a Lineament of the Ointment of Marsh-mallows, mixed with the Oils of Poppies, Castor, and Amber.  
If the Passage be stopped by clotted Blood, we exhibit Crabs Eyes with Vinegar, the Decoctions of Chervil, Sperma ceti, etc. and foment or bath with the Decoctions of Antipleuritical Ingredients; applying likewise Cataplasms of fresh Cows Dung. If viscid Humours block up the Passage, we give first a gentle Purge; then the Juice of Lemons with Spirit of Turpentin, or Spirit of Salt; the Juice of Radishes, and Decoctions of aperient and diuretic Ingredients, to which Black Garden-Currants are added. If the Prostatae be swollen, we apply Cataplasms of Brook-lime, and Chamomil Flowers. If purulent Matter stick in the way, we exhibit the Oil of Amber, and that of Juniper, and clear the Passage with a Cacheter, providing the Bladder be not inflamed. If Excrescences beset the Vrethra, we eat 'em away with Corrosives, applied with a Candle of Wax and Turpentin, and then consolidate the Ulcer with Vnguentum Album Camphoratum.  
For all Suppressions of Urine in general, we foment the Parts with the Decoction of Pellitory, Anis and Parsley-seeds, Zedoary and Bay-berries in Wine; and apply Cataplasms of Pellitory (growing upon the Rubbish of Old-Walls) with roasted Onions, Garlic, Oil of Scorpions, and Oil of Juniper; or anoint with the same Oils mixed with Rock-Oyl.   

ART. 2. Of the Stone in the Bladder.  
THE Stone of the Bladder is for the most part, first bred in the Reins, and introduced by Nephritic Pains, and, when it descends through the ureters into the Bladder, receives a considerable increase from the Mucilage, or depraved nutritious Juice, that sticks to it, and becomes hard as itself. Thus we find that stones in the Bladder are covered like an Onion with several distinct Coats, and have a Kernel in the middle, which represents the Stone as it came from the Kidneys. The Symptoms are; a sudden stopping of Urine in the very time of making it, followed by a violent and vain Desire of finishing that Evacuation, and of going to stool; a dull sense of weight about the Perinaeum and Pubes; a Pain, and itching in the Nut of the Yard, and its perpetual Erection, occasioned by the irritation of the inner Membrane: When the Person stoops to pull up any thing from the ground, he feels a pricking and pain about the Pubes; when he jumps, he feels it move, unless it be grown to the Membrane, as when the Bladder is tore; in which case it must be searched with a Cacheter. When the Evil is inveterat, the nutritious Juice of the injured Parts is depraved, and voided in the form of a Mucilage like white Clay, which some are apt to take for the Matter of which the Stone is bred, whereas 'tis properly its effect. The Stone in Women is more easily cured than in Men, whose Bladder is more inaccessible. If it be enclosed in a peculiar Membrane, 'tis scarce curable.  
The Internal Cure is the same as that of a Stone in the Kidneys, to which we refer the Reader. The Blood and Urine of a Goat, and the Juice of Wood-lice bruised with the Spirit of Juniper-Berries, or Tincture of Tartar, are particularly recommended; as also Pills of the Salts of Ivy-Berries and Water-Cresses mixed with the Crystals of Nitre and Tartar, and with Turpentin. If the Stone be in motion, and be not very large, we may give a Vomit to drive it out. Externally we inject proper Liquors for dissolving the Stone; for which purpose some commend the warm Blood of a Goat or Fox; or the solution of calcined Pigeons Dung in Pellitory Water. We likewise order Fomentations and Bathing in proper Decoctions; and anoint the Pubes and Perinaeum, with a Lineament of Rock-oyl, and the expressed Oils of Poppies and Henbane; or apply a Cataplasm of white Onions boiled in Wine, and mixed with the Oil of Scorpions. As for Clysters, their Virtue is sufficiently known. When all proves ineffectual, the Stone must be cut, and if the Inflammation and Gangrene of the Bladder can be prevented, there's no great danger in the operation.   

ART. 3. Of the incontinence of Urine.  
AN Involuntary efflux of Urine is caused by the imperfect Constriction of the Sphincter. The remote Causes are,  
1. The Palsy and stupidity of the Sphincter, occasioned by the weakness and deficiency of the Animal Spirits, as in Fevers and Apoplexies; or by the Obstructions of the Nerves, from internal or external causes.  
2. The Relaxation of the Fibres of the Sphincter, occasioned by a preternatural distension of the Vagina and neck of the Bladder in Childbirth, or the down-falling of the Womb.  
3. The cutting or tearing of its Fibres, especially in cutting the Stone, or in time of Delivery, when the Midwives scratch the Caruncula Myrtiformis with their Nails.  
Sometimes the efflux of Urine cannot be properly called involuntary; but 'tis such, that the Person is frequently obliged to make Water, and cannot retain the Urine so long as naturally one may. The immediate Cause is the perpetual Irritation of the Bladder, occasioned by rough Stones, or sharp Humours; or the Compression of the Bladder, caused by the distended Womb in Women with Child, or by excessive Laughing and Coughing, especially in fat Persons; or by Inflammations of the Muscles of the Abdomen and adjacent Parts. Some Persons are liable to an involuntary voiding of Urine when they're asleep, especially Children and Old Persons, whose Spirits are lazy and inactive.  
An incontinence of Urine, proceeding from a Palsy, or from the default of the Brain, or spinal Marrow, is very difficult to cure. In Old Persons, or when it follows Childbirth, 'tis seldom cured. In Fevers, 'tis a fatal Sign. In Children 'tis overcome by Nature before the Twenty Fifth Year of age; or else accompanies 'em to the Grave.  
The Cure in general is performed by Astringents, especially the Decoction of Calamint, Agrimony, and Mint in Wine; the Powders of Galangal, Aloes-Wood, Acorus, Castor, Myrrh, Frankincense, Gum Arabic, and Mastic. The most noted Specifics are the Throat of a Cock roasted, pounded, and given to a dram in Wine; the Powder of a  or calcined Hedgehog; the Powder called Medulla Saxorum; The inner Tunicle of a Hen's Ventricle, which when dried, becomes hard like Horn; the Fish found in the Belly of a Pike; the Powder of a Sow's Womb; or for Men, of a Boar's Pudendum; the Powder of Hogg's Hoofs; the Powder of dried Mice; and the Dung of a She-Goat. Externally we order Fomentations, and Baths, of the Decoctions of Astringent nervous Plants, such as Mint, Wormwood, Pomegranate Flowers, Tormentil Roots, and especially Comfrey-Roots, in Blacksmith's Water. For Old Persons, there's nothing so proper as the Natural Hotbaths. After Fomentation or Bathing, 'tis convenient to anoint the Loins and Pubes with the Oils of Mint, Amber, Wormwood, Mastic, Balsam of Peru, distilled Oil of Juniper, Turpentin, etc. and to apply the Plaster Oxycroceum softened with Oil of Amber. After hard Labour in Childbirth, some recommend an Ointment of Calaminar stone, washed in Vinegar and Rose-water, and pulverised with lethargy of Silver, Ceruse, Oil of Roses, Oil of Chamomil, and Goat's Fat. Finally, the Powder of a Toad, taken alive and burnt in a New Pot, being hung in a Bag about the Neck, is universally approved of for curing any incontinency of Urine.   

ART. 4. Of a Strangury.  
A Strangury is a making of Water by drops, with an unsufferable Pain in the Neck of the Bladder, and Vrethra, and a violent Itch for pissing and going to stool. The Cause is the acidity and sharpness of the Urine, which provokes the Bladder to Contraction, and when the Sphincter opens to give it vent, provokes it likewise to shut the Passage. Thus the reciprocal Contractions of the Bladder and Sphincter, occasion the voiding of Urine by drops; and the sharpness of the Humour causes the excessive Pain, which is more violent in the Vrethra than the Bladder, by reason that the one is defended by a slimy Matter, and the other is not. The Remote Cause of the acidity of the Humours, is an imperfect digestion in the first Passages, and the inactivity of the Bile. Thus New Wine or Ale will cause a Strangury, as being apt to turn Acid in the Stomach. The Strangury which attends the Venereal Disease, proceeds from a sharp corrosive Lymph, voided by the Prostatae. If a Strangury continue long, 'tis apt to create Ulcers in the Bladder; nay, sometimes it may proceed from Excoriations or Ulcers of the Bladder. In Old Persons, whose digesting Faculty is weak, 'tis almost incurable.  
The Cure consists in tempering the sharpness of the Humours, and rectifying the state of the Bladder. The latter Indication is accounted for above. The First is answered by Vomits, as being wonderfully useful in all Diseases relating to the Urine. Purges of Rhubarb, or Jalap and Turpentin, are also very proper. When the first Passages are cleared, the Essence or rather the distilled Oil of Orange-Peel, i●s of admirable efficacy for destroying the Acid, and whetting the Bile. In general we recommend for a Strangury, the Decoction of Black Currants and Carret-seed in red Wine; the Decoction of Winter Cherres, with Raisins; the Decoction of Rapes; the Emulsions of Hempseed and the four cold Seeds; the Oil of sweet Almonds mixed with the Syrup of Marshmallows and Crabs Eyes▪ the Juice of River-Crabbs; the Infusion of Onions in some proper Vehicle; the dulcified Spirit of Nitre; the carminative Spirit de tribus; the Spirit of Tartar; the Spirit of Wine taken every Night going to Bed; the Balsam of Sulphur; Oil of Amber; Troches of Amber; and above all, the Balsam Capivi given in Parsley-Water, and Borace given to a scruple. A Strangury caused by new Ale, is cured by the Powder of Nutmegs. If these Medicines prove ineffectual, we must have recourse to Aromatic Ingredients, such as Galangal, Zedoary, Orange Peel, Elixyr of Juniper Berries, and especially Wine in which burning Flint-stones are extinguished.  
Externally, anoint the Navel (which communicats with the Bladder by the Urachus) with a mixture of Goat's Tallow, and the distilled Oils of Wax and Orange Peel; or sumigat the Parts with the Decoction of Radishes in Wine. Inject Chalybeat Milk, or Oil of sweets Almonds, into the Bladder; and in time of Pissing let the Yard be put into warm Milk. Anodyn Emellient Clysters are also proper; as likewise Emollient Fomentations and Baths. For old Persons there's nothing so serviceable as the natural Hot Baths.   

ART. 5. Of a Dysuria, or Heat of Urine.  
A Dysuria is a voiding of Urine with a great deal of Pain and Heat. It differs from a Strangury in this, that the Urine is not voided by Drops, but in a due quantity; that the Pain vanishes after making Water; that it causes no vain desire of Pissing, or going to Stool, and that its Pain is accompanied with a burning Heat. The cause for the most part is the Inflammation, Corrosion, or Ulceration of the Neck of the Bladder, Urethra or adjacent Parts. Thus the Stone sometimes galls the parts as it passes, and causes a Heat of Urine. The Inflammation of the Prostatae, or the sharp Corrosive Humour voided by 'em; the Inflammation of the Womb, Intestinum Rectum, or the emrod's, will produce the same effect. Sometimes, but very rarely, it proceeds from the sharpness of Urine, as being laden with Scorbutical Salts, or mixed with some purulent Matter, or impregnated with Cantharideses, or corrosive Preparations of Mercury. When the Bladder and adjacent Parts are thus disordered, their nutritive Juice is depraved, and voided with the Urine, in the form of a thick milky Mucilage; in which case the Disease is dangerous. If this Distemper continue long, it degenerats into an Ulcer of the Badder, or Incontinence of Urine.  
The Cure consists in tempering the sharpness of Urine, and rectifying the state of the Bladder and adjacent Parts. For which Purposes the same Medicines as were recommended for a Strangury are proper; to which we may add the Conserve of Mallows Flowers the Decoction of Sebesten with House-leek Water, Whey, or Milk in which Blue-bottle or Larks-heel Flowers are boiled (especially when the Disease is occasioned by Cantharideses;) Turpentin mixed with Amber, Frankincense, Myrrh, and the Juice of Liquorice; the Bladder a Goat in Powder, with the distilled Oil of Caraways; the Powder of Dates with Sugar, and Laudanum Opiatum. Note the Spirit and Oil of Turpentin are too sharp.  
Take of the Conserve of Violets, an ounce and a half; Rob of Juniper, six drams: Powder of the Seeds of St. John's-wort, three drams prepared Crabs Eyes, a dram; prepared Pearch-stones, half a scruple; Laudanum Opiatum, a grain and a half. With the Syrup of Scabious make an Electuary.  
Externally we apply Cataplasms of Rue, Pellitory and Chervil boiled in Milk, and mixed with the Oil of Scorpions; or anoint the Pubes with the Ointments Martiatum and Agrippae, mixed with the Oil of Bays. The Injection of Milk and living Lice; the Bathing, and Clysters are also very proper. If the Bladder be ulcerated we inject, first, cleansing, and then consolidating Decoctions. Of which more else where.     

SECT. XX. Of Diseases relating to the separation of Lymph in the Glandules, and its regular Motion.  
THE Lymph is a Liquor separated by Glandules, some of which are gathered into a round uniform Globe, and are called Conglobatae; some into a Cluster called, Conglomeratae. The former convey their Juice through Lymphatic Vessels into the left axillary Vein, where it dilutes, and prepares the Chyle for an easy union with the Blood; and likewise promotes the fermentation of the Blood in the Heart and Lungs, as being of a volatile Spirituous Nature. The latter throw their Juice into some noted Cavity, as the Spittle into the Mouth, the Juice of the Sweat-bread into the Guts, etc. These Juices as separated or sucked from the Blood, partake of acidity, which is tempered by the Animal Spirits repairing to the Glandules, they being condensated and incorporated with the Liquor. The Separation of this Liquor is frequently disturbed by the Obstructions of the Glandules, of which else where.  

ART. I. Of Catarrhs.  
A Catarrh is a preternatural Defluxion of Lymph from the Conglamerated Glandules, into some noted Cavity of the Body, especially the Throat, Breast, and Head, where these Glandules are very plentiful, and their Lymph is most liable to alterations from the Air. A Catarrh therefore proceeds from the Constriction of the Fibres of the Glandules, occasioned by some provoking Causes. These Causes are either External or Internal. The former are the malignity of the Air (in Epidemical Catarrhs) sharp Steams, and external Cold contracting the Fibres, hindering a free Transpiration, and so occasioning the redundancy, stagnation, and provoking sharpness of the Lymph. The internal Causes are the sharpness or Acrimony of the Blood, and consequently the Lymph, occasioned by an imperfect Digestion in the Stomac, Scorbutical Salts, etc. Or the occasional Corruption of the Peculiar Nutritious Juice of the Glandules, which being depraved, sticks to their sides, and provokes 'em to Contractions. This degeneracy of their Juice arises from external injuries; or whatever internal Cause is apt to weaken or exhaust their innate Spirit.  
When the Fibres or innate Spirits of the Part are weakened, the Catarrh is Habitual and apt to relapse; in other Cases 'tis only Accidental, and generally take its rise from external Occasions. When a Catarrh gins, 'tis Thin and Sharp, as being the pure Lymph without mixture; but afterwards by its continued Flux it depraves the nutritive Juice of the Glandules, which mixes with it and renders it Thick and Temperate. When the Lymph is very Corosive and Sharp, 'tis usually called a Hot Rheum; when 'tis Thick and Slimy, 'tis entitled Cold.  
There is yet a Spurious sort of Catarrh, near allied to this abovementioned, viz. The Stagnation of the serous part of the Blood in any parts, either before or after its conversion into Lymph, as when Nocturnal Cold, or the Diminution of the ordinary transpiration causes pain in the Limbs. This is not properly a Catarrh, but a stagnation of Serum or Lymph, caused by the Constriction of the Fibres of the part in which 'tis lodged. Thus the Toothache, Scorbutic pains in the Limbs, Bastard Pleurisies, etc. are of the same kind. The Causes from which they take their rise are much the same as those of the  Catarrh. Sometimes the true Catarrh causes Fevers, which are particularly accounted for in the Section of Fevers.  
An imminent Catarrh is ushered in by a weariness of the Joints, heaviness of the Head, dullness of the Senses, and Froth making a circle in the Urine. If the Lymph be thin and sharp, 'tis mostly voided in the Night time, and a slow Fever increasing towards the Evening accompanies it; if it be thick and slimy 'tis equally troublesome at all times, but the Symptoms are more remiss. If a Catarrh recur frequently in the same part, or if the part be influenced by the alterations of the Wether, 'tis a sign that the nutritive Juice of the Glandule is depraved, and its innate Spirit weakened. If it be caused by the Crudites, or imperfect Digestion of the Stomac, it distinguishes itself by frequent relapses either in the same or different parts; by the Person's propensity to spit and sweat much; and the thinness and paleness of the Urine. Catarrhs in the Breast or Windpipe are apt to cause a Cough or Phthisic. In old Persons they're scarce curable, by reason of the weakness of their Digestive faculty, the natural Laxity of their Glandules, flatness of their Spirits, and Acrimony of the Serum. A Catarrh in the Glandules of the Brain is apt to cause Palsies, Lethargies, and such like disorders of the Spirits. That from the Nose and Mouth is least dangerous, especially if the Matter come quickly to Concoction.  
As to the Cure, let the following Cautions be minded.  
1. The best Evacuaters are Diuretics and volatile Sudorifics. When the Stomac is faulty, Vomits and Purges are proper, but not in other Cases.  
2. Chronical or Habitual Catarrhs, proceeding from the Acrimony of the Serum, as in old and Scorbutical Persons, are influenced by the Moon, and therefore Preservatives ought always to exhibited before the new Moon.  
3. Opiates are of excellent use, especially in the beginning of a Catarrh arising from external Causes. They ought always to be mixed with volatile Salts, and proper Specifics. Towards the height of the Disease, or in epidemical and critical Catarrhs they must be cautiously used.  
4. Issues and Blistering Plasters, are of use for draining the Lymph, or relieving a particular part; but they cannot remove its Cause. Therefore in scorbutical Cases, or when the Evil is inveterat, and scarce curable à Priori, we must insist on such a palliative Cure, being directed thereto by nature, which frequently throws out the Lymph by Ulcers in the Legs.  
5. Bleeding is not proper. But in some particular Cases, as when the Body is very Plethoric, or Blood suppressed in the Body, or when the Catarrh falls upon a noble part, 'tis allowable.  
These Cautions being premised, let's now Consider the Indications. As,  
1. The Activity of the Cause, and sense of the Part ought to be impaired by Opiates.  
2. The quantity of the Lymph must be lessened, its vicious quality corrected, and the solid part cleansed by volatile Sudorifics.  
3 The Stomac must be strengthened, its due digestion retrieved, and the solid part fortified by balmy Aromatics.  
The specifics proper for these purposes are Mother of Thyme, Rosemary, Avens-roots, Juniper-berries, and all Aromatics; Sassafras, especially its Tincture, prepared with the spirit of wild Thyme; Amber and all it preductions, especially the succinated spirit of Hartshorn; Myrrh, Sulphur or its Flowers, Mastic-wood, and Sperma Ceti. From such Ingredients we make several Prescriptions, such as the Decoctions of Woods; the infusion of Aromatic and Stomachical Herbs in Wine, an Electuary of the Rob of Juniper-berries mixed with Spices, etc. The Cure of sharp and thick Humours varies, as that of dry and wet Coughs. In scorbutical Cases we always add some preparation from the Pinetree. When we exhibit Purgatives we mix 'em with the Specifics, as in Crato's Pills of Amber, Jalap, sweet Mercury, and, in inveterat Cases, Hellebor, are recommended. If the Humour be thick, Coliquintida corrected with salt of Tartar, or Ferra foliata Tartari, will be very proper. Externally in Catarrhs of the Head, we apply to the Crown of the Head and Temples the Oil of Amber, distilled Oil of Mace, or of Hartshorn, if the Person be not offended by the smell; and the Plaster of Betony mixed with Tacamahac, and softened with the Oil of Amber. In Catarrhs of the Breast, we fumigat the Mouth and Face with Amber, Mastic, Benzoin, etc. But above all, the smoke of Tobacco is of admirable use, if it be mixed with the Powder of Amber, Anis, or Coriander Seeds, etc. The spurious Catarrhs abovementioned are cured internally with Sudorifics and urinous Spirits. Externally by applying the Gum Tacamahac, and Caran; or if the Skin cannot bear Gums, the rectified spirit of Wine impregnated with Aromatic Plants and Seeds. However all Oily things ought to be carefully avoided.   

ART. II. Of Coryza.  
THE most common instance of Catarrhs is that called Coryza, or a defluxion of Matter from the Nose, which at first is thin and sharp; but in process of time the nutritious Juice of the Nostrils being depraved, renders it thick. The membran in the Head of the Nostrils is frequently provoked to Sneezing, and the Nervous Tubuli being likewise assaulted communicate their Convulsive disorders to the Membrana dura of the Brain; whence ensues a heavy pain, and a sense of squeezing as it were in the Head. Sometimes the sense of Smelling is quite lost, and the Nostrils are galled and ulcerated. The Cure is the same as that of Catarrhs in general. While the Humour is thin, we ought to remove the Irritation by exhibiting inwardly volatile Salts; and applying outwardly the distilled Oil of Anis, or rather that of Amber, mixed with a few drops of the Oil of Cloves, with Cotton. The smell of the shave of Horn, the steams of  Amber, Mastic, Benzoin, Gum Animae, etc. and the smoke of Tobacco impregnated with a few drops of the distilled Oil of Anis, are likewise very serviceable. When the Humour is thick, and the nostrils stopped, we must endeavour to attenuat and evacuat it, by fumigating with Vinegar upon hot Iron, or applying the spirit of Salarmoniac, or the Oil of Almonds with Camphyr dissolved in it, both to the extremity, and internal Membran. Sneezing Powders are also very useful, such as the Powder of Florentin Orris with Euphorbium; the Powder of black Hellebor with Sugar. Tobacco-leaves sprinkled with a few drops of the Oil of Majoram, and dried; or mixed with the Powders of Marjoram, Flowers of the Lily of the Valley, distilled Oil of Anis, Amber, and Mosch. The solution of white Vitriol in the Decoction of Tobacco, Margerum, and Flowers of the lily Convally is also very proper. If the Head be disturbed or clouded, we anoint the Crown of the Head with Balsam of Peru, or Oil of Amber. If the Mouth be much molested, we order Troches of Mithridat, Mastic, and Olibanum, to be rolled in the Mouth.  
As for the Cough, Hoarseness, Blearedness of the Eyes, and all the other subdivisions of Catarrhs, they are accounted for in their proper places.  
Thus 've dispatched the Diseases relating to the Distribution of the Lymph. As touching those proceeding from its Stagnation, viz. Hydropical Tumours in the Abdomen, Head, Breast, Womb, Testicles, etc. their Cure is the same as that of an universal Dropsy. And besides, they are in great measure discussed in the Particular Chapters relating to the Disorders of those Parts.     

AN ABRIDGEMENT OF ETMULLERUS HIS Practice of PHYSIC, etc.  
BOOK II.  

SECT. I. Of the Diseases which disturb the Generation and Distribution of the Animal Spirits, and consequently the due Performance of Sense and Motion.  
THE Diseases of the lower Region of the Body were our last Subject. It remains now to move upwards, and consider the Disorders of the Head. Where the Spirits are separated and strained from the Blood by the Glandules of the Cortical part of the Brain; and from thence conveyed to the Body. Without the Influence of these Spirits all Motion and Sense ceases, as is evident by the Dissection of a Nerve.  
They require no Fermentation to fit 'em for their Office, being sufficiently prepared by a bare Separation from the Blood; and are equally capable to serve any Sense. The same Spirit that assisted in moving the Muscles of the Leg, would have served the Eye in the sense of Seeing. 'Tis true, the Spirits of one Man differ very much from those of another. The different condition of the Mass of Blood, and difformity of the Brain, occasions a remarkable difference of Spirits, which is visible in the variety of animal Operations, Thought and Genius among Men. Nay, in one and the same Man, any alteration of the Humours of the Body, and Mass of Blood, produces the like change in the Spirits. When the Blood observes its regular Course, the Spirits are likewise orderly; and when 'tis inflamed or boils too high, they become enormous, and cause a Perturbation in the Mind; which depends upon them, and can never pretend to Clearness and Justness of Thought, without the steady and equal Influence of the Spirits. When their Motions are clever and swift, they cause a nimble and ready Wit; when they are lazy, and move heavily, they make a dull inactive Soul; and when their Motion becomes more languid, Sleep takes place; which is always introduced either by exhausting the Spirits, by thickening and fixing them with sleeping Medicines, by rendering them flaggy and dull, or clogging them with nutritious Juice or some serous Humour, that distils upon the Brain in time of Watching.  
To return to the Generation of the Spirits. It may be disturbed. 1. When the Spirits are deficient, for want of a due Exaltation of the Blood, or by reason of some fault in the Texture of the Brain, or an immoderate Consumption by Exercise. This Symptom is cured by exhibiting generous and spirituous Medicines, as Spirit of Amber, Spirit of the Lily of the Valley, with volatile Salt of Hartshorn, and all the oily volatile Salts. 2. When the Spirits are numerous and crowded, which generally yields to Fasting, Sleeping, or Exercise. 3. When the Spirits are corrupted, they resemble rectified Spirit of Wine, and may suffer Depravation by mixing with foreign Spirits, or becoming phlegmatic, and degenerating from their volatile Subtlety, or by engaging in irregular Motions.  
Before I descend to Particulars, it will not be improper to premise three or four Positions that ought to be heedfully observed.  
1. That the Brain, Nerves, Membranes and Ligaments are all composed of little small Fibres, which are stronger in the Nerves and extreme Parts of the Body, than in the Brain and Medulla Spinalis. These Fibres are naturally bend and endowed with a rebounding Virtue upon the approach of an external Object, or the impulse of the Spirits from within. Their Texture is variable according to the Constitution of every Individual, and the different Motions of several sorts of Spirits. From whence ensues the variety. of the animal or sensitive Phaenomena's.  
2. That the Brain and Spirits have a peculiar dependence upon the Moon; and upon that account the Diseases of the Head increase or diminish in proportion to its Age. The Spirits when disordered are more sensible of this Influence than in their natural State. 'Tis true, the Sun has some Ascendant over our Bodies, but that properly relates to the vegetable and vital Functions; the Animal Province being more peculiarly allotted to the Moon.  
3. That there is an admirable Sympathy betwixt the Brain and the Bowels, especially the Stomac. An ungrateful Imagination disturbs the Stomac, and Vomiting and Giddiness do equally give rise to one another. The Disorders of the Stomac and lower Belly have a visible Influence upon the Fancy, as in the case of Hysteric or Hypochondriac Fits, and the ridiculous Appetites of Women. Helmont was very happy in this Observation, and the practical Inferences he deduced from it; but his Theoretic Conjectures are frivolous. The reason why the Spirits and the Stomac do so sensibly affect one another, seems to be this: That the Mouth of the Stomac is the first part of all the Body that receives any sensible Impression in the Womb; for so much as all Alterations in the Embryo must be produced by the Nourishment conveyed to the Stomac. This establishes an early Correspondence betwixt it and the Spirits, and lays the lasting Foundation of their future Intimacy.  
4. That the Spirits are liable to the same material Alterations with the Blood.  

CHAP. I. Of immoderate Watch.  
WE are said to wake when the Spirits are distributed through the Organs of Sense, and extend their Fibres. On the contrary, Sleep unbends the Fibres, and imprisons the Spirits. The Privation of which causes Disorders in the Body.  
The immediate Cause of Watchfulness is a continued or violent Incursion of Spirits into the Organs of Sense. The remote Cause, barring some external Object, must either be the Disorder of the animal Spirits, or some defect in the Brain. The Spirits are ofttimes too nimble and movable, as in young People and such as feed high, and drink generous Liquors. The Heat of Summer, or travelling in a hot Climate, eating of Venison, immoderate Care, Study, and the Passions of the Mind, the accession of foreign heterogeneous Particles from malignant Distempers, or drinking Tee and Cossee, are the natural Causes of the Mobility and Disorder of the Spirits, and consequently of Watchfulness. As for the Brain, Watch will ensue upon the Openness of its Pores, occasioned by a Dryness, or want of Moisture to fill up the Intervals. This may happen through Fasting, or eating of sharp volatile Meats, immoderate Venery, Sweeting, smoking Tobacco (which, though it be an Opiate, exhausts the Moisture of the Brain) an unseasonable Use of purging Medicines, or a Deficiency in the first Digestion, which not only affects the Spirits by Consent, but robs the Brain of its wont Recruits, in neglecting the regular distribution of the Chyle.  
This Disease is manifest of itself. As for Prognostics; It infers a Weakness and Feebleness. 'Tis more sufferable in Youth than in a State of Manhood, and among Men than among the Female Sex. It portends ill in acute Distempers. But in Chronical Diseases may be longer endured, though 'tis ofttimes followed by Frenzies, Folly, or Stupidity.  
The Cure is performed by taking off the remote Causes. If it be caused by the Inflammation and Impetuosity of the Blood, a Vein must be opened. If the Blood be sharp and oppressed with heterogeneous Particles, Purgation and Sweeting take place. If it spring from the Disorder of the animal Spirits, they must be reduced to Order by the use of pacific Medicines, such as Opium or Laudanum opiatum, or their Compounds. Bartholetus commends the Essence of Opium prepared with Spirit of Vitriol or Spirit of Cockle; Ens Veneris, which consists of Vitriol and Salt Armoniac, and likewise the Anodun Sulphur of Vitriol are proper in this case. But in using Opium, we ought to observe these Causions: Not to exhibit it when the Watch are owing to the Efforts of Nature, endeavouring a Solution of a Disease; or when attended with a straitness in the Breast, or difficulty of Breathing; or when they proceed from the deficiency and want of Spirits, as in old Men, etc. The mildest Opiates are the safest. Let them be given in small Quantities, and repeated often, As,  
Take of the Conserve of wild Poppy Flowers one Dram, Venice Treacle or Diascordium half a Dram, Laudanum Opiatum one Grain. Make a Bolus. Or,  
Take of native Cinnabar fifteen Grains, Saccharum Saturni eight Grains, Laudanum Opiatum one or two Grains; with the Extract of Saffron make Pills to be taken in the Evening, about an hour before Supper. The Seed of Thorn Apple is of excellent use in this case.  
As for the Watch which arise from the Dryness and Openness of the Brain, moist and cooling, Medicines are most proper: such as Emulsions, and other oily temperate Compositions.  
Take of the four greater cold Seeds, of each half an Ounce, Garden Poppy Seeds two Drams, sweet Almonds from two Drams to half an Ounce; with a sufficient quantity of the Water of Water Lilies make an Emulsion. Add of Cinnamom Water half an Ounce, and sweeten it with Syrup of Poppies. Or the Emulsion may be accommodated to whatever acute Distemper accompanies the Watch; as in a malignant Fever,  
Take of sweet Almonds and Garden Poppy Seeds, of each two Drams; of the four greater cold Seeds, of each a Dram: With Viper Grass Water make an Emulsion: sweeten it with pearled Sugar, and add half an Ounce of Ci●namom Water, and a Scruple of Bezoar Mineral. It pacifies the Spirits, and obviats the Malignity of the Distemper.  
The Decoction of Barley with Poppies and Liquorice is much applauded. And in general all moist, nourishing, milky, chilous Medicines are very conducive in this case●, especially the Seed of Thorn Apple; of the Fruit we make Pills thus:  
Take of Thorn Apples six Pound, bruise and boil them in twelve Pints of Lettuce Water to eight Pints; express the Decoction, and digest it in the Sun: sprinkle it with Spirit of Wine, and set it to dry. To an Ounce of the Juice thus thickened and dried add half an Ounce of Saffron, and two Scruples of the Oil of Citron Peel. Make a Mass for Pills. Dose a Grain or two. It procures Sleep, and stops all Fluxes.  
In the Watch of old Men, or such as proceed from a scarcity of Spirits, or a frigid Crudity in the Stomac, Opiates are inconvenient: Comforting and aromatic Medicines are only proper.  
Some give Opiate Clysters or Suppositories to procure Sleep; but 'tis a dangerous Method, unless the Watch be accompanied with a Looseness or Pains in the Guts.  
Besides the internal Use of moistening and quieting Medicines, some apply them outwardly to the Forehead, Temples, Feet and Hands. They foment and bathe the extreme Parts with the Decoctions of Anodyn and Emollient Vegetables, such as Camomile, Nightshade, Water-lilies, etc. They apply Emulsions to the Forehead and Temples, or Liniments made of the emollient Oils. Sanctorius affirmed that all these external Applications were of no use. Primerosius was of the same Opinion.   

CHAP. II. Of Excessive Sleep.  
SLeep is accounted preternatural when the Spirits do not repair to the external Organs in their wont Season, but continue locked up within the Brain. If a scarcity of Spirits, and extreme Weakness, occasion a shutting of the Eyes, 'tis not properly Sleep, but Swooning: As in the case of hysteric Fits and Weakness after Childbirth, there first appears as it were a violent Inclination to sleep, which presently terminates in Swoonings.  
If the Sleep be so profound, that the Person does not wake when jogged or called upon, but remains destitute of all Sense and Motion, except Respiration, 'tis called a Carus; and if it proceed from any internal Cause, is a sort of Apoplexy, and requires the same Cure. The external Causes are excessive Drinking, smoking Tobacco, using Narcotic Medicines, the Steams of sulphurous Minerals or fermenting Liquors, or new Plastering upon the Walls of the House, and such like.  
When the Person dotes in his Sleep, and readily answers upon a Call, but continues senseless, and presently drops asleep again, 'tis called a Sleeping Coma. If the Fancy be awake while the external Senses are shut up by Sleep, and attended by frantic Outcries and irregular Motions of the Members of the Body, 'tis called a waking Coma; which seldom comes alone, but is generally followed by Frenzies and Convulsions, and disappears upon their Removal.  
Sometimes the strength of Imagination is such, that while the Person is asleep, he not only speaks and moves, but gets up and walks about, and attempts many fearful things, that when awake he would shrink to think of. This is rather a natural Infirmity, than a proper Disease. It is influenced by the Moon, and seems to be near akin to Hypocondriac Melancholy.  
If the sick Person be seized with a sleepy Coma, and withal a slow Fever, and a forgetfulness of what he does, speaks, or demands, 'tis called a Lethargy; which is the only sleeping Distemper that requires Consideration in this place.  
The immediate Cause is the dulness of the Spirits. The remote Causes are, 1st, A Paucity of Spirits, occasioned by Bleeding, Venery, Watching, Fatigue, etc. 2dly, A watery or pituitous Humour, separated from the Blood by the Glandules of the Brain, that blocks up the Passages and drowns the Spirits. Thus Children, Hydropic and Arthritic Persons, and those of a Phlegmatic moist Constitution, are ofttimes obnoxious to this Distemper. The Stone in the Kidneys, or any thing that suppresses the evacuation of the Serum, will give rise to a Lethargy. 3dly, Narcotic Medicines, and sulphurous Liquors, or poisonous Fumes; which stupify the Spirits, by making such alterations in the Humours of our Body, as are apt to produce a Numbness. Thus the very Humours of our Body turn Narcotic, and have the like influence upon the Spirits; as new Wine by fermentation acquires a stupifying Quality, which formerly it had not. 4thly, The stagnation of the Blood, Contusions, or Tumours in the Brain; which compress the Spirits, and straiten their Passages.  
Sleep distinguishes these Distempers from all others. The particular Symptoms that distinguish one sleepy Distemper from another, may be gathered from what is already said.  
As for Prognostics: Sleep in general is a bad Omen, and is more or less to be suspected, according to the degree of sleeping. A Coma is very dangerous in the height of an acute Fever. If the Fever intermit, or be accompanied by evacuations, 'tis less hazardous, except it happen in the beginning. A Lethargy generally brings Death in seven days: If the sick Person survive the seventh day, he recovers. If 'tis followed by evacuations by Stool, by the Nostrils, the Ears, or salivating Glandules, 'tis a tolerable sign, especially if the Fever and other Symptoms relent. If the Symptoms are heightened, and the Body in the interim oppressed by other Distempers, especially those of the Head, together with cold Sweats, 'tis a desperate Case. A Frenzy preceding a Lethargy, makes it mortal: whereas if it follow after, 'tis a sign of Recovery. If a Trembling succeed, it portends ill. If it come of its own accord, without the impulse of an external Cause, 'tis mortal.  
In the Method of Cure, we must have regard to the remote Causes . If a Lethargy proceed from a prevalency of serous or pituitous Humours in the Blood, and consequently in the Brain, Blood-letting is for the most part necessary, both by way of Aversion, Derivation, and Revulsion. It may be repeated according to the former strength of the Patient. 'Tis better to bleed often, and draw forth but little at a time, than to take it all at once. In the beginning of a Lethargy from this Cause, 'tis not improper to inject the following Clyster.  
Take of Wormwood, lesser Centory and Rue, of each a handful; Pellitory Roots three Drams; Pulp of Coloquyntida tied in a Bag, from half a Dram to a Dram; boil them in common Water: To nine Ounces of the strained Liquor, add Electuary of Hiera with Agaric one Ounce, Ox Gall thickened a Dram; Volatile Salt of Amber half a Dram, and the yelk of one Egg (or, if you design to make it very sharp, half a Dram of Salgem) mix for a Clyster. Or,  
Take of Asarabacca (or Tobacco) Leaves, the Herb Rue, the Flowers of lesser Centory, Flowers of Arabian Stechas, of each half a handful; Bryony and Gentian Roots, of each half an Ounce, Pulp of Coloquyntida tied in a Bag a Dram and a half; boil them in common Water, or human Urinal: in seventeen Ounces of the strained Liquor, dissolve of Electuary of Hiera and Agaric one Ounce, Ox Gall thickened a Dram, Essence of Castor two Scruples; make a Clyster. Or  
Take of the Powder of Hiera with Agaric a Dram and a half; Mice Dung, Ox Gall thickened, of each a Dram, with a sufficient quantity of Honey of Rosemary Flowers, or Honey of Rue: make a Suppository to be anointed with Oil of Myrrh or Coloquyntida.  
If these prove ineffectual, 'tis proper to apply a blistering Plaster; as, Take of the Powder of Spanish Flies, from a Scruple to two Scruples, Powder of Euphorbium from half a Scruple to twelve Grains; Castor in Powder, from fifteen Grains to a Scruple; with half an Ounce, or an Ounce of Capital Lees: make a blistering Plaster to be applied to the pit of the Neck, or behind the Ears, or to the back of the Head, or to the Arms or Legs. 'Tis a very effectual Medicine in this Case.  
If the Patient reap any Benefit by these prescriptions, then 'tis time to prescribe Vomits and Purges. The Antimonial Vomits are best. As for purging Medicines,  
Take of Castor two Scruples, and prepared Scammony one Scruple, mix for two Doses to be exhibited in Oxymel. Or,  
Take of Quercetanus' Extractum Phlegmagogum, from half a Scruple to a Scruple, Castor half a Scruple, Troches Alhandal two Grains, Rosin of Jalap one, two or five Grains. With the Essence of Castor make Pills: To which you may add some sweet Mercury.  
Next to evacuating Medicines, we exhibit the sharp Volatile Cephalics, which dispel the serous Humour, and disengage the Spirits; such are Spirit of Salt Armoniac, Spirit of Mustard Seeds, Spirit of the Lily Convally, Salt of Amber, and especially Castor. The Decoction of Tee is much commended in all sleepy Distempers. The sharpest Cephalic Medicines are best. As  
Take of Marjoram and Rue Water, of each an Ounce and a half, Apoplectic Water six Drams, Essence of Castor a Dram and a half, Spirit of Soot two Scruples, Syrup of Betony one Ounce. Mix, etc. Or,  
Take of the Spirit of Mother of Thyme, Spirit of Citron Peel, of each a Dram and a half; Spirit of Human Blood one Dram; Mix. Or,  
Take of the Conserve of Sage, Conserve of Rosemary and Lavender Flowers, of each one Ounce, the Powder Dianthos a Dram and a half, Powder of Cubebs a Dram, Mustardseeds and Castor of each two Scruples; with the Syrup of Peony Flowers make an Electuary.  
If the Lethargy proceed from a narcotic Virulency that has seized the Spirits, than the Volatile Acids are most proper, especially the Volatile spirit of Vitriol, and the Volatile Spirit of Verdigreese: They are given from twenty to thirty Drops in any convenient Vehicle; to which Castor always aught to be added, it being an admirable specific in these Cases. When a Lethargy proceeds from this cause, prescribe thus,  
Take of black Cherry Water, Mother of Thyme Water, of each an Ounce and a half, Myasichtus his Hysteric Vinegar, or Vinegar of Squills half an Ounce, Essence of Castor two Drams, Oxymel of Squills six Drams; mix, etc. Or,  
Take of prepared Amber a Dram, Cinnabar of Antimony half a Dram, Castor two Scruples; make a Powder for four Doses.  
After the use of these Medicines, the Cure may be completed by the Sudorific decoctions of Woods, etc.  
Next succeed the sneezing and chewing Medicines, which evacuate by the Mouth and Nose. To this purpose are the sharp, pointed, irritating Medicines, which ought always to be mixed with Volatile Salts; that so while the one irritates and provokes to an evacuation, the other may penetrate and prepare the Humour. As  
Take of Powder of Tobacco, Powder of Lily Convally, of each a Dram, white Hellebor Roots a Scruple, Castor from twelve Grains to a Scruple, distilled Oil of Margerum six drops; make a Powder to be blown into the Nostrils thro' a Quill. Or  
Take of white Hellebor, Castor, white Pepper, of each a Scruple; the distilled Oils of Rue, of Marjoram and Sage, of each two drops; mix and make a Powder for the same Use. This prescription was peculiar to Timaeus. Or  
Take of Treacle of Andromachus, two Drams, Extract of Castor half a Scruple, Powder of Pellitory Roots, one Scruple, distilled Oil of Amber six Drops; mix and make a Medicine for cleansing the Palat.  
To these we add the external Remedies. As,  
Take of the distilled Oil of Sage half a Dram, the distilled Oils of Castor and of Amber, of each a Scruple; mix and make an Oil; with which anoint the Face and Temples, Or  
Take of the distilled Oils of Rue, of Savory, and of Mother of Thyme, of each a Scruple, Castor half a Scruple. With a sufficient quantity of some convenient Balsam, mix and reserve for Use. Or  
Take of Swallow Water prepared with Castor, two Ounces; the Spirit of the Crystals of Verdigrease, two Drams; mix and foment the Face and Temples with i●▪ Or  
Take of Vinegar of Rue two Drams, Spirit of Verdigreese prepared with Sulphur, two Drams; Essence of Castor a Dram and a half; mix and use as before. Or thus,  
Take of the Herbs Savory and Rue, of each half a handful, Zedoary half an Ounce, Juniper-berries six Drams, Laurel-berries half an Ounce, Mustard Seeds and the Seeds of Water Cresses, of each two Drams; boil them in a sufficient quantity of Vinegar, and foment the Face and Temples.  
The Spirit of Vitriol and Vinegar applied to the Nostrils, are of admirable use against feverish Coma's. As for the waking Coma's, a Cataplasm of a fresh Horse Radish Root beat up with Rue, Vinegar, common Salt, and a sufficient quantity of Lees, may be applied to the Feet.  
If the Lethargy proceed from Mercurial or Sulphurous Fumes, etc. let a Vomit be exhibited upon the first view; then apply Vinegar and Castor to the Nose, and likewise give it inwardly. Or thus,  
Take of Mint Water, of Rue Water, of Rue Vinegar, of each an Ounce, Essence of Castor six-Drams, Syrup of Mint, or of the Juice of Citrons, one Ounce; mix, and let the Patient take a Spoonful often.  
Where the immoderate Use of Opium causes a Lethargy, Vinegar of Rue, or of Squills, or of Vitriol, mixed with Castor is a sovereign Remedy; or if that prove ineffectual, add Mustard Seed, or Rocket Seeds; or inject a Clyster of Spanish Wine.  
If any sleepy Distemper ensue upon hard Drinking, let a Vomit be first exhibited; then foment the Forehead and Temples with Vinegar, mixed with the Juice of Smallage; or apply the juice of Sengreen the greater, with Vinegar and Nitre, to the Scrotum. Spirit of Salt Armoniac, or of Soot are very serviceable in this Case.  
Upon the whole, the Remedies made use of in a Lethargy must be particularly appropriated to the Cause that produced it. If it proceed from an external Cause, Vomiting and the use of Vinegar with Castor, will finish the Cure: If it own its Original to an internal Cause, or be preceded by other Distempers, the Cure must be varied according to the respective Indications.  
There is a near resemblance betwixt these Distempers, and what we call a Catalepsis; in which the Patient is deprived of all Sense and Motion, and seized with a stiffness in his Members, though movable by any external impulse, and apt to remain in the posture they're left in. It is an uncommon Distemper, and very surprising, being accompanied with a staring of the Eyes, and distortion of the Countenance.  
The Cause is the coagulation and fixedness of the Spirits: it may remotely proceed from Cold, suppression of the Terms, Hypocondriac Fits, Worms, sulphurous Fumes, and discontent of the Mind.  
It is a dangerous Disease. As for the Cure, exhibit Antimonial Vomits, and apply sharp Cataplasms or Suppositories; Spirit of Wine is used in this Case both Internally and Externally.    

SECT. II. Of the Disorders of the external Senses.  
EXternal Sense proceeds from the influence of outward objects upon the Organs, where the Nerves are inserted. The Animal Spirits ought naturally to bend and extend these Nerves; so that when the outward Extremities are moved, the same motion may readily be communicated to the Spirits in the Brain. This secondary motion of the Spirits within, occasioned by the impulse from without, is the foundation of internal Sense; by virtue of which we form Ideas exactly parallel to the motion of the external Object. Thus, when the Arm is cut off, there ofttimes remains an imaginary pain, as if derived from the first Finger.  
These outward Senses are five in number, among which that of seeing is justly entitled to the noblest Character.  

CHAP. I. Of the Diseases belonging to the Eyes.  
THE Rays of Light are either conveyed to us in a direct line from a luminous Body, or reflected from the surface of a dark solid Substance. If this reflecting Body be smooth and polished, the Rays are returned in the same condition and manner as they're received; if it be rough and unequal, they suffer various determinations according to the respective Figures and Texture of the Parts: from whence ensues the admirable variety of Colours.  
These Rays terminat in the Retina, where they form the inverted image of the Object, after having suffered a Decussation in the Crystallin Humour: And the size of this imaginary Picture is augmented or diminished according to the proportional largeness of the Angles of Intersection.  
The sense of seeing may be extinguished or diminished, when the Rays of Light have not a free access to the Eye, as when the Eyelids are seized with a Palsy; which is cured by applying a Plaster of Tacamahac and Caran, or distilled Oil of Tartar with Wax; or an Ointment of Balsam of Peru and Aqua Vitae.  
Sometimes the Rays are not admitted, by reason of a Web, or preternatural Tunicle covering the Eye: which proceeds from a corrosion of the Glandule in the internal corner of the Eye, by the sharpness of the Serum, and some disorder of the general Coat called Adnata. The nutritious juice of this Coat, and the Serum separated by the Glandule being thus vitiated, congeal into a thicker Substance, which increases by degrees, and at length covers the whole Eye. If the small blood Vessels, adjacent to the Glandule, be likewise vitiated, some strokes of Blood appear in it, which is a sign of Malignity; and if it be thick, rough, and painful withal, it approaches to a Cancer, and ought not to be meddled with. If it be thin, clear, and white, 'tis a good Sign. If it be inveterat, or attended by a suffusion, 'tis safest not to touch it.  
In curing the Diseases of the Eyes, the following Cautions are fit to be taken notice of. 1st. That all sharp irritating Medicines are improper. 2. That they ought to be neither very cold nor very hot, but temperate. 3. That when the Humours are sharp, and apt to inflame the part, Wine is not convenient. Tho, 4. when a cold moisture prevails, Wine, Fennel, Eyebright, and especially the Decoction of Sassafras, are incomparable internal Remedies. 5. That drinking of Spaw-Waters is very conducive in the end, though it seem to offend the Eyes at first. 6. That Alcalis are always proper. Quercetanus prepared an excellent Water, thus,  
Take of Child's Urine half a Pound, white Vitriol and Tutty, of each four Ounces, juice of Celandin two Pounds; let them stand to digest for some days; then distil and reserve the Spirit for use. Others thus,  
Take of the Roots of Celandin the greater, and of Valerain, of each one Pound; of the Herbs Rue and Eyebright, of each four handfuls, Aniseeds, Fennel-seeds, Lovage-seeds, of each two Ounces, Marygold-flowers, Roses, Borrageflowers, and flowers of Comfrey the greater, of each four handfuls, and fifteen Crabfish; chop 'em all small, and pour upon them equal quantities of the weak Spirit of Vitriol, and juice of Celandin: let them stand to digest for a Month, then distil, putting a dram of Camphor into the Alembic; reserve one half for use, add to the other half two Drams of Crocus Metallorum; let it stand for the space of two Hours, and then strain it. 'Tis an admirable Water for the Eyes. Hartman's Eye Water was thus prepared.  
Take of Fennel Water, Aniseed Water, of each a Pound. Dissolve in them half an Ounce of the purest white Vitriol. Then infuse in it the Roots of Elecampane in Powder: Strain the Liquor, and reserve it in a Glass. Or,  
Take of the Water of the Flowers of Comfrey Royal, of Blue-bottle Flowers, of Nightshade Flowers, of each an Ounce: White Vitriol from half a Scruple to twelve Grains. To the strained Liquor add half a Dram of prepared Tutty. Let it be dropped into the Corner of the Eye, or applied with a warm Cloth.  
The best Method of using these liquid Remedies, is that the Patient be laid flat on his Back, and the Liquor dropped into the Eye; and then the Eye must be carefully covered.  
Blistering Plasters and Issues are very proper; as also a moderate use of sneezing Medicines.  
To return to the Web upon the Eye. It ought to be removed either by resolving Medicines, or by the help of a Needle. And afterwards Astringents ought to be applied. In order to the former, Sugar Candy, Honey,  Hartshorn, Eggshells, etc. are very proper either by way of Powder, or formed into an Ointment. Quercetanus' Ophthalmic Water is generally used. 'Tis this;  
Take of Eye-bright Water, Fennel Water, and Water of Celandin the greater, of each one Ounce, Crocus Metallorum, or Glass of Antimony, or Buttyr of Antimony a Scruple, let it stand warm for the space of two or three Weeks: then strain the Liquor, and drop it while warm into the Eye; for all cold things are hurtful to the Eyes. Or,  
Take of the Glass of Antimony powdered from half a Scruple to fifteen Grains, infuse it in Water of Blue-bottle Flowers, Eyebright and Fennel Waters of each one Ounce. Let them stand in a warm place over Night. In the Morning strain the Liquor, and add six Grains of Camphyr. Or,  
Take of Salgem a Dram, dissolve it in Rose-water and Fennel-water, of each one Ounce; mix for a Collyrium.  
The Gall of a Pike and several other Fishes, also a Water drawn from human Gall, or from young Goose Dung, are by some reserved for Nostrum's. The following Water is incomparable, and much used.  
Take a Vessel of Brass; pour into it half a Pound of quick Lime Water prepared with Water of Comfrey Royal; and add half a Dram of Salt Armoniac. Let them stand till the Colour alter.  
The Juice of Celandin mixed with the Dew gathered from Fennel, or Eye-bright Water, is a great Specific in this case.  
As for Powders, white Vitriol leads the Van. Sometimes they're diluted with Waters, as,  
Take of White Vitriol a Dram, prepared Tutty, Sugar Candy, Collyrium Albi Rhasis, of each four Scruples, Camphyr six Grains, Rose Water, Vervain Water, and Water of the Flowers of Eye-bright, of each four Ounces. Mix. 'Tis good for removing Inflammations, as the following is for taking off the Web.  
Take of the Bone of a Cuttle one Scruple, Sugar Candy one Dram, white Vitriol half a Scruple, prepared Tutty half a Dram: Mix for a Powder. Riverius pilfered this Prescription out of Poterius, and was not so just as to take any notice of its Author. If you please you may dilute it with Celandin and Royal Comfrey Water, of each one Ounce.  
Take of Bloodstone half a Scruple, white Vitriol fifteen Grains, Myrrh and Saffron of each five Grains, white Sugar Candy one Scruple; make a Powder; or mix it with some convenient Water, and apply it to the Web with a Feather.  
If such Medicines prove ineffectual, we must have Recourse to sublimat Mercury. Plempius' wonderful Arcanum was this.  
Take of sublimat Mercury from five Grains to half a Scruple, dissolve in Rose Water, Eye-bright Water, and Fennel Water, of each one or two Ounces: Touch the Web with a Drop or two of this Liquor every Morning and Evening.  
The Juice of red Aunts expressed and dropped into the Eye is of wonderful Success.  
Having thus considered the first Obstacle to the passing of the Rays of Light, the next is when the Horn Coat or White of the Eye is disordered. This may happen, 1. When it is unequally nourished; or some Parts of it elated, while the others are depressed, by reason of the Viscidity of the nutritious Juice. 2. When white Scars remain in this Coat, after the small Pox or any other Ulcer. 3. When by an external Accident the Blood is forced out of its Vessels, and creates an Inflammation.  
The Signs are these. In the first case this Coat appears white and thick. In the second we discover as it were a white Spot upon the Eye. The third is known by the blue livid Colour that attends it.  
Children are more easily cured of these Maladies than adult People. If they are of a long standing, 'tis a difficult matter to remove 'em: only the last is generally more tractable.  
As for the Cure: The Viscidity of the Chylous Juice, and the Scars upon the Coat, ought equally to be removed by attenuating sharp Medicines; which ought to be somewhat sharper in the latter than in the former case. The Seeds of Clary applied to the Eye, are converted into a Mucilage by the Lymph which waters those Parts, and thus prove an incomparable Medicine in this case.  
The Gall of a Pike, or of a Partridge, and Ox Gall, or a Water distilled from it, are much commended: they are used with the Water of Frogs Spawn. If the Scars or Clouds in the Eye succeed the Small Pox, exhibit what follows.  
Take of Fennel Water two Ounces, of the Gall of an Eel from a Dram to a Dram and a half, Sugar Candy in fine Powder a Dram: Mix, and let them stand warm for the space of a Night.  
The Spirit of Urine distilled with Vitriol, the Juice of Eye-bright or. Fennel new drawn, mixed with a little Balsam of Peru, or rather the Juice of Fennel, mixed with Sugar of Lead, are very proper to this purpose.  
The Liver of a Lamprey melted into an oily Liquor, is accounted a Specific: 'Tis a sharp Medicine, and ought only to be applied to the Eyelids, unless the Malady be inveterat. The Scar may be gently anointed with Oil of Paper or  Rags, with a Feather, or with the white Water of Honey. If the Cloud or Scarborow be inveterat, take the yellow Water of Honey, or the following compound Water.  
Take of Honey from the Combs two Pound, tops of Elder Flowers, Eye-bright and Fennel tops, of each half a handful, Sugar Candy four Ounces. Distil in the Balneunt Mariae with a strong Fire.  
The Juice of Celandin the greater, or of Rue, or of Brooklime or its. Water, either dropped into the Eye alone, or mixed with Honey of Roses, are of excellent use: As also the Water of quick Lime with Sal Armoniac, as above prescribed; or Platerus' famous Experiment, especially if the Serum be sharp or apt to inflame the part, viz.  
Take of the Pulp of four Apples half a Pound; chop 'em small, and boil them in Rose-water and Fennel-water, to the Consistency of a Mucilage. Then add two or three Ounces of the Mucilage of Fenugree Seeds, and two or three Yolks of Eggs, half a Dram or a Dram of prepared Bloodstone, and two Drams of the Rinds of Pomgranats powdered. Mix and make a Cataplasm, to be applied and continually kept upon the closed Eye, and renewed twice a day.  
The Waters distilled from Cichory Flowers, or Blue-bottle Flowers, according to Schroder and Hoffman's Method: Fennel Water with the Gall of an Eel; the Powder of the Bone of a Cuttle with white Sugar; the compound Powder of Crabs Eyes, and the Scales of a Serpent, either blown into the Eye, or diluted with a convenient Vehicle, are all noted Specifics.  
But above all sublimat Mercury is the most effectual Medicine, exhibited as above.  
When Children are seized with these Distempers, the Nurse or Mother may chew a little Fennel Seed, and then breathe upon the Child's Eye, or touch it with her Tongue.  
When the Eye is beat black and blue by an external Accident, apply  dipped in Chervil-water, Hyssop-water, or the Water of Blue-bottle Flowers. The chewing of Cumin Seed, or Fennel-Seed, or Cloves, and then breathing upon the Eye, is a celebrated Remedy. Fomentation with Wine, in which the tops of Hyssop have been boiled, is very successful; but for a forlorn Hope take what follows.  
Take of Comfrey Roots six Ounces, the Roots of Solomon's Seal two Ounces; Elder Flowers an Ounce and a half, Meal of Beans one Ounce: mix; and use them by way of Decoction or Cataplasm, or reduce them with fresh Butter into the form of a Lineament. Or,  
Take of the Roots of Comfrey the greater, and of the lesser, of each half a Pound, Chamomile and Melilot Flowers, of each two Ounces, Meal of Beans four Ounces, fresh Butter three Ounces, Fenugrec Seeds one Ounce, Saffron half an Ounce: Boil them and foment with the Decoction; which is better than a Cataplasm, by reason that all fat oily things offend the Eyes. Or,  
Take of Blue-bottle Flowers, and Flowers of Comfrey Royal, of each a little handful; tops of Hyssop half a handful, Comfrey Roots three Drams, Roots of Solomon's Seal a Dram and a half; chop and beat them small, and then boil them in a sufficient quantity of Wine. Add to two or three Ounces of the strained Liquor two or three Drams of Spirit of Wine camphorized.  
If there happen a Collection of Matter under this Coat, it must be drawn forth by the hand of a Surgeon.  
Sometimes little Blisters appear upon this and the native Tunicle, which are caused by the suppression of sharp Humours. They are cured by applying Hartman's vitriolated Water, or a simple Solution of white Vitriol; or by blowing the following Powder into the Eye.  
Take of prepared Calaminar Stone half a Dram, prepared Tutty half a Scruple, Sugar of Lead half a Scruple: mix, etc. If the Blisters are opened, the Water of the Whites of Eggs is very proper.  
Having thus dispatched the Disorders that may affect the Coats of the Eye, let us next consider those of the watery Humour.  
The watery Humour is indisposed when a viscid Matter is mixed with it, and interrupts the Rays of Light. This is called a Suffusion. If the Matter harden into a Membran, 'tis called a Cataract. It generally sticks close either to the Horn, or Grape Tunicle, and seems to proceed from a preternatural Extension of its membranous Fibres. 'Tis always seated in the watery Humour, though it sometimes appears before the Coat called Wea, and sometimes behind it.  
If this Membran cover the whole Eye, the Sight is quite lost; if it cover but the half, the Object appears half'd; if it exceed not the bigness of a small Point in the middle of the Eye, and the Circumference is left open, the Objects appear as if holes were made in them. This last case is a true Suffusion.  
The Signs are these. In the beginning the Patient complains of Flies, Smoak, Cobwebs, Filaments, and such like, before his Eyes; the Colour of Objects is altered; and they appear either multiplied, halfed, or cut asunder. Thus by degrees the sight is darkened, and the Apple on the Eye grows dusky. Some are seized with Cataracts all of a sudden, without any preceding Signs. If the Colour of the Eye turn perfectly white, 'tis a complete Suffusion.  
As for Prognostics; a young Suffusion is curable by the use of Medicines, but an inveterat one is only to be cured by a chirurgical Operation. If Light when brought near be quite imperceptible, Surgery itself can afford no Relief. If the Eye affected be watery, and its Apple dilated while the other Eye is compressed, 'tis some Encouragement for a manual Operation. If not, 'tis a desperate case. If the Cataract be not ripe, and come to a sufficient Consistency, it ought not to be touched with a Needle, for fear the division of it should disturb the watery Humour, or it reunite and become come more callous than before. If it be of a long standing, it sticks so close to the Coats of the Eye, that it cannot be separated without rending them. An ashy coloured Cataract is generally ripe in five or six Months. But if white, it requires as many years. If blue or green, 'tis incurable. If yellow, it must be taken in time, else it becomes hard like a Horn. If the Cataract appear perfectly white, it is a sign of Ripeness, and withal of its remarkable Thickness. In old Age a confirmed Cataract from an internal Cause in one Eye portends the Invasion of another in t'other Eye; and if couched, it generally returns. If the Headache either precede or accompany a Cataract, 'tis an ill Omen.  
In the Method of Cure, regard must be had to the degrees of the Suffusion; if the Patient be only molested with the appearance of Flies, Hairs, etc. before his Eyes, 'tis in its first degree. When these filaments that cause such appearances are gathered into a Membran, 'tis arrived at the second degree: If the Membran be so thick and confirmed that there remains no manner of Sight, 'tis finished to the last degree.  
In the first degree Medicines are only proper. In the second they may likewise take place, but yield to manual Operation.  
Internally we use Hoglice, Eyebright, Vipers boiled in Ophthalmic Waters, the Decoction of Woods, Celandin, Vervain, Fennel, Betony, and such like.  
The external Remedies must be very penetrating; Antimonials are preferable to all others, by reason of an Acid subtle Sulphur couched within 'em. As,  
Take of Glass of Antimony in Powder, from half a Scruple to fifteen Grains; infuse in Water of Elewhottle Flowers, Evebright-Water, and Fennel-Water of each one Ounce. Let them stand warm for the space of a Night; in the Morning strain the Liquor, and add six Grains of Camphyr-Drop it into the Eye, while the Patient is laid on his back. Or,  
Take of the Eggs of Aunts four Ounces, and thirty Galls of Lampreys; mix and distil with a slow Fire. It yields a muddy Water, which ought to be strained and applied to the Cataract in the Evening.  
The distilled Water of human Dung; with the Gall of a Lamprey, and Sugar-Candy dissolved in it, is much commended. Celandin the Greater, and River Crabs half putrified and distilled, yield an Alcalin Water, of excellent Use.  
If these Medicines prove ineffectual, we must have recourse to Quercetanus his Ophthalmic Water prepared from a Child's Urine, and Vitriol: to which the juice of Celandin may be added.  
The White of an Egg hardened, and filled with white Vitriol and Sugar Candy, and hung up in a Cellar, melts into a Liquor, which if diluted with Eyebright Water, is of admirable Use in this Case.  
The Spirit of Salarmoniac sharpened with Quicklime is the most penetrating Spirit, and preferable to Spirit of Wine, in which we are wont to dip Rags, and apply them to the Eye.  
Blistering Plasters, Issues and Setaces are serviceable in the beginning, but are of no use in an inveterat Suffusion. In room of them we may use what follows.  
Take the Roots of Mezereon, and macerat them in Water in which Nitre has been dissolved, or in the Lees of Wine-ashes, and afterwards dry them. Make a little hole in the teap of the Ear with a Needle, and put some of this Root thus prepared into it, after the manner of an Issue. It drains a great deal of Matter from the Head and Eyes.  
In an inveterat case, 'tis probable a Salivation procured by Mercury may be serviceable. Fonseca, Mr. boil, and Schenkius, were of the same Opinion.  
Besides the  Suffusion , we meet sometimes with a spurious sort, which ensues upon Hypochondriac Fits, long Fast, and the Paroxisms of intermitting Fevers. It generally depends upon the Disorders of the Stomac, and ofttimes disappears upon eating, or at least is cured by stomachic Medicines, viz. Aloe, Mastic and Ginger.  
A Cataract ought likewise to be carefully distinguished from what we call a Glaucoma, that is, when the Chrystallin Humour loses its Perspicuity, and assumes a grey dusky Colour. Old People are naturally obnoxious to it, by reason of their scarcity of Moisture. For if we take out the Crystallin Humour, and put it betwixt us and Objects, it magnifies them; but if we dry it or boil it in hot Water, it becomes thick and untransparent. 'Tis in vain to attempt the Cure in old Persons. If the Patient be young, we foment the Eye with Spirit of Wine, or a Cloth dipped in it, and applied to the Eye over Night. Or infuse borage or Bugloss Flowers in Spirit of Wine, and then use it. Some commend a Tincture of Bugloss extracted with weak Alum Water, and the distilled Water of the Whites of Eggs.  
Thus much for the Obstacles which may embarrass the Passage of the Rays of Light. If the Patient be insensible of their Influence when they have a free Admission, the fault must lie in the optic Nerve, and 'tis called a Gutta Serena.  
Obstructions or Compressions of the optic Nerve interrupt the Passage of the Spirits to the Eye, and so cause the Blindness. And a Tumour, or Collection of watery Humours in the Brain, or a violent Commotion occasioned by a Fall, Sneezing, etc. An unseasonable Use of sudorific Medicines, or the Translation of a morbific Matter to the Head, may occasion this Disorder of the optic Nerve within the Brain.  
If nothing disturb it within the Brain, the Error must be lodged in its Expansion called the Retina, as when it becomes paralytic, languid, or otherwise indisposed by a Blow upon the Eye, a Fall upon the hinder part of the Head, violent Sneezing, strong Convulsions, or a continued gazing on the Sun or full Moon; the Violence of whose Rays weakens and resolves the Fibres of the Tunicle. Colic Pains, and especially excessive Venery (a mortal Enemy to the Eyes) may produce the same effect. Childbearing Women are sometimes seized with this Disease, which disappears upon their Delivery. In like manner it is sometimes caused by a Suppression of the terms, and vanishes upon their Return.  
A Gutta Serena is distinguished from the other sorts of Blindness by this; that these advance by degrees, according to the gradual Disorder of the part which causes 'em: Whereas it seizes on a sudden, and quickly arrives at its height. The Signs drawn from the Dilatation and Constriction of the Apple of the Eye are not to be credited.  
This Disease is not easily cured. If the Nerves be tore, or the Sight quite gone, there is no hope. Old People never recover, for the Relaxation of the Optic Nerve is natural in them. If the Cause be movable, and the Disease yet imperfect, there remains some ground of Hope.  
Among the internal Medicines, those which evacuat by Stool and Sweeting are first in order. Vomits are not safe, nor strong Purgations. The meekest Purgatives, such as the Pills called. Aloephanginae, or the Decoction of Senna with Agaric and Salt of Tartar, are only proper on this occasion. Or, they may be joined with Alteratives, thus.  
Take of the Herb Eye-bright one handful, Betony Flowers, Flowers of Comfrey Royal, Blue-bottle Flowers, of each two little handfuls: Leaves of Senna without the Stalks one Ounce, Roots of black Hellebor, and of common Spurge the greater, of each two Drams: Fennel Seeds, Cubebs, and Cardamons, of each three Drams: Salt of Tartar one Dram: Cut and beat them small to be tied in a Bag, and infused in Wine. Of which exhibit a Draught to the Patiented Morning and Evening.  
Sassafras and the sudorific Woods are best for Sweeting. As for Alteratives, the mild oily Aromatics which are tinctured with a gentle Bitterness, are only proper. All sharp and fierce Medicines inwardly taken are very offensive to the Eyes, as Onions, Garlic, Spirit of Sal Armoniac, Horse Radishes, etc. Therefore they ought to be carefully avoided. Eye-bright and all its Productions are admirably good. Next to it are Valerian, Celandin the greater, Lovage, Fennel, Juniper Berries, Carduus Benedictus, Rue, the four hot Seeds, Elecampane and Rosemary. We use to tie them in Bags to be infused in Wine. The following Powder is much approved.  
Take of the Herbs Betony, Celandin the greater, Eyebright, Lovage, Anifeeds, Lovage Roots, Valerian Roots, and Chinamom, of each a Dram: Cardamons, Ginger, Galangal, Fennel Seeds, Parsley Seeds, Seeds of Mountain Siler, and of the Herb wild Marjoram, of each half a Dram; Sugar one Ounce; make a Powder to be taken some time before eating, as likewise along with Victuals. Or,  
Take of the Powder of Falcon's Dung dried two Drams, Fennel Seeds one Dram: Mix, for a Powder to be taken every day.  
Innocent the 3d was wont to do mighty feats with an Electuary made of Fennel Seeds, the Seeds of Mountain Siler, Smallage, Dill, and Parsley Seeds, with Honey.  
Aunts, Earthworms and Hoglice, and their various Preparations, are very useful. Mr. boil commends the Infusion of Hoglice in Wine.  
If a Gutta Serena proceed only from a want of Spirits, occasioned by Venery or excessive Evacuations, there is nothing so proper as a moderate Diet, and Food of easy Digestion.  
As for external Applications, May Dew gathered from Fennel, Antimonial Infusions, distilled Waters from the Galls of Fishes or Goose Dung, are celebrated Remedies. The Liquor or Oil of the Liver of a Lamprey, the Fat of Vipers, and the Juice of Aunts clarified by standing, are all good. The Oil that melts from Earthworms, Glass, and fermented Bread, is very effectual; it must be strained thro' a thick Cloth, and sharpened with a little Camphyr, and gently laid upon the Eye. Brendelius admires the following Ointment.  
Take of Honey of Rosemary Flowers, scummed, Ginger in Powder, Cloves powdered, and common Salt, of each half an Ounce: Mix them for a liquid Ointment; of which put about the bigness of a Mustard Seed into the Eye: It will make it smart at first, but is a very innocent Medicine.  
Chewing and sneezing Remedies are likewise not improper. Blistering Plasters may be applied behind the Ears, or to the Pit of the Neck, or to the Head itself; and Issues or Setaces may be cut in the Neck.   

CHAP. II. Of the Disorders of the Ear.  
THE Sense of Hearing is occasioned by the Motion of the Air in the Ear; and is rendered agreeable or disagreeable, violent or flat, according to the Proportion of the Air's Impulse upon it, which is communicated to the Brain by a particular Nerve, set apart for that purpose. This Nerve detaches a small Branch to the Teeth, which causes the Sympathy that is observed upon the approach of any ungrateful Sound.  
This Sense is sometimes weakened or quite lost, and sometimes vitiated. The former may be caused by malignant, acute or chronical Distempers, and is taken for a good sign in Fevers. It ensues upon the cutting off or wounding of the external part of the Ear; which Defect is in some measure supplied by holding one's Hand or some artificial Instrument in its place. It may be caused by an Obstruction in the Passage for Hearing, or a Disorder in the Membran, which preserves the Nerve and internal part of the Organ from external Injuries. This Membran may be injured by violent Sounds, Ulcers in the Ear, or a redundancy of Serum in the Brain, which unbends it, and so indisposes it for receiving the Impression of the Air. It becomes sometimes paralytic, and liable to Convulsions, and is ofttimes affected by the Disorders of the Stomac.  
If the Animal Spirits have not a free Passage in the Hearing Nerve, Deafness will ensue. Their Passage may be disturbed by a wrong Insertion of the Nerve, by a Compression or Obstruction, occasioned by external Accidents or Defluxions within, or by the abovementioned Disorders of the Membran, which is nothing else but the Expansion of the Hearing Nerve.  
Deafness is manifest of itself. The greatest difficulty is to distinguish the Causes, which must be endeavoured by enquiring into the Patient's Constitution, the Accidents that preceded, and the Passions or Disorders which accompany it.  
In the business of Prognostics, we must have regard to its Companions. If it succeed to a Chronical Distemper, or becomes a formal Disease by itself, 'tis a difficult Matter to remove it. In acute Diseases, if the Urine remain crude, and the Person is seized with a Deafness, it portends Doting. If it be accompanied with the signs of Concoction, it signifies the Solution of the Disease. If attended by a Perturbation of the Eyes, a Heaviness in the Head, and a Distension of the lower Belly, it bespeaks a Bleeding at the Nose; especially if the Patient be apt to rub it. A Deafness succeeding to Doting, is a better Circumstance than if it went before.  
As for the Cure. In acute Diseases it disappears upon the Solution of the Disease; or if it continue longer, is cured by Cupping behind the Ears, or smoking Tobacco, or putting into the Ears a little Cotton dipped in Aqua Anhaltina. If it subsist by itself, without any dependence upon other Distempers, the Cure must be accommodated to the Cause that produces it. If it arise from an Obstruction in the Passage, occasioned by the hardening of the Earwax or otherwise, 'tis cured by injecting the Juice or Essence of Wormwood, or Child's Urine, or the Spirit of Urine unrectifyed. If it proceed from other internal Causes, a tender regard must be had to the Drum and the hearing Nerve, by preserving their due Order with Aromatic and Nervous Medicines. In a Catarrhous case give internally what follows.  
Take of the Essence of Rosemary Flowers, of Saint John's Wort, and of Sassafras, of each two Drams: mix, etc.  
Amber given inwardly, or applied to the Ear in a little Cotton, is an admirable Medicine for old People. Mosch or Civet, or Balsam of Peru diluted with Spirit of Wine, or Origanum Water distilled with Wine, or the Water of Carduus Benedictus rectified by frequent Cohobation, are all used externally the same way. If Deafness be attended by a remarkable Heat in the Ears, the Water that drops from one end of a piece of Ash-wood, while t'other is put into the Fire, or the Water of Aunts, or the Water distilled from Flies, or Magpie Water with Castor; or the Juice of Radishes, or of Onions, mixed with Oil of Amber and Oil of Bitter Almonds, are all applauded Remedies; and are to be used with Cotton, or a Linen Cloth.  
Above all, the penetrating Aromatics, as Spirit of Treacle, Essence of Wormwood and of Cloves, etc. are preferable. Human Gall, or the Galls of other Animals infused in Spirit of Wine, are much commended. Or,  
Take of Ox's Gall and Spanish Wine, of each equal Quantities: distil from them a Liquor to be dropped into the Ear, or applied in Cotton or a Linen Cloth.  
Take of the Roots of black Hellebor half a Dram, Roots of Aromatic Calamus two Scruples, Pulp of Coloquintida a Scruple, Bay Berries a Dram, Cumin Seeds from two Scruples to two Drams and a half. Cut and beat them small, and infuse them in four Ounces of Spirit of Wine: and use the strained Liquor as above, or sharpen it with Essence of Amber.  
All Preparations from Aunts are of wonderful use in this case. As,  
Take of the Eggs of Aunts one Ounce, and six Galls of Hares; beat them up with a double Quantity of Honey, and then drop it into the Ear. Or,  
Take twenty of the little white Worms that are found betwixt the Bark and Wood of an Oak-tree. Let them boil in two Ounces and a half of the Oil of unripe Olives. Then take the Root of Showbread, and cut it hollow. Fill the hollow space with the Oil of these Worms, and add of prepared Pellitory Roots, and of the Roots of Aromatic Costus, from half a Scruple to a Scruple; Oil of Costus or of Rue as much as it can hold. Close up the Root and roast it under the Ashes; then bruise it in a Mortar, and with force express the Juice; and pour some Drops of it into the Ear every day for ten ays together. Timaeus and Heertodius recommend it for an incomparable Remedy.  
The Fat of Serpents or of Vipers, or the Fat that drops from roasted Eels, are proper in this case, and may be mixed with the Oil of Amber or Aniseeds.  
Some commend a Fumigation of the Ears from a mixture of Sal Armoniac, Oil of Tartar per Deliquium, and a double quantity of Quicklime with common Water.  
After the application of these external Remedies the Ear ought always to be stopped with Cotton, and Amber or Musk upon it; and the Patient must lie upon the sound Ear, that so the Virtue of the Medicines may penetrate the more. Besides, 'tis to be remarked, that oily viscid Medicines are not so mild as those of a thin spirituous Substance; and that they ought never to be applied till the Ear be purged and wiped clean. All Medicines thus applied must be just lukewarm, and two or three Drops may always suffice for one time.  
If Deafness come by Fits, or depend upon a Catarrhous Disposition of the Brain; just before the Invasion of the Paroxysm, 'tis proper to apply to the Crown of the Head a Cloth dipped in Apoplectic Spirits or Oils.  
If it be occasioned by a vehement Noise, 'tis not amiss to apply hot Bread from the Oven with Juniper and Bay-Berries baken into it. Or,  
Take of the Herbs Marjoram, Sage, Rosemary, and the Flowers of red Roses, of each half a handful, Juniper Berry's one Ounce, Cumin Seeds half an Ounce; chop and beat them small, and stitch them into a Bag, to be applied hot; or wet with a convenient Vehicle.  
A Fumigation received at the Ear from a Decoction of Filings of Steel, with distilled Vinegar and Cephalic Herbs, or from the Flowers of Sulphur, is much esteemed. After the Fumigation is over, apply to the Ear distilled Oil of Fennel with Cotton.  
In Chronical or Catarrhous Cases the hot Baths are very proper, both for Bathing and Pumping upon the Head. An Issue cut in the Arm of the same side with the affected Ear, is likewise very useful on this occasion.  
If Deafness be caused by a Fall, Contusion, or external Violence, distilled Soubread Water is a proper Remedy; and a Plaster made of equal Quantities of Tacamahac and Cerecloth of Betony may be applied to the Head shaved. Hot Urine taken from a hunted Hare is commended by some.  
If any Obstruction or such like cause give rise to a Deafness, 'tis probable a Salivation procured by Mercury may be useful. But 'tis a desperate Cure, and must be cautiously undertaken.  
Thus I've dispatched the first Branch of the Disorders of the Ear; the next is when the Sense of Hearing remains, and the Patient is molested with a tingling or noise in his Ears. It proceeds from a preternatural Motion of the internal Air contained in the Cavity of the Ear, which affects the Fibres of the Drum, and so represents an imaginary Sound.  
This Motion may be occasioned by subtle foreign Fumes exhaled from the Blood in the adjacent Arteries, which disturb the Repose of the internal Air; or by the Irritation or violent misplacing of the Drum from any internal or external Cause. Convulsions of this Membran may be occasioned by the Inflammation of the Blood in a Headache or Fever, and in that case vanish upon bleeding at the Nose: Or by a Catarrh, or Translation of morbific Matter, as in the Declension of Fevers, etc.  
If a Tingling in the Ears accompany other Distempers, it affords the same Prognostics as Deafness. If it subsist by itself, it is not very dangerous, unless it be inveterat, in which case it proves a Forerunner of an Apoplexy. If it proceed from frequent Blows, it terminates in a total Privation of Hearing.  
The Cure is performed by the same Medicines as abovementioned; especially Fumigations, and the Application of Aromatic Spirits and Oils.  
Take of the Leaves and Flowers of Chamomil one handful: Dill or Sage, Margerum, Rosemary, of each half a handful; Millet Seeds toasted one Ounce, drved Salt half an Ounce; chop them small, and make a quilted Bag, to be applied warm to the Ear.  
The Vapour of new Bread from the Oven, with Cumin Seeds, Fennel Seeds, Aniseeds, Origanum, Mother of Thyme, and Bay-Berries, fermented and baked with it, is sometimes useful, but not always. The Oil of Oak-worms above prescribed, or expressed Oil of Peach Seeds, with Peach Flowers infused in it, are very proper. Or,  
Take of white Hellebor and Castor, of each two Drams; sweet Costus a Dram and a half, Rue two Scruples, Euphorbium half a Dram; Oil of Bitter Almonds, or Peach Seeds, one Ounce. Boil them gently in a sufficient quantity of Oil of Rue, and apply it to the Ear with Cotton. Or,  
Take of the Roots of white Hellebor three Drams, Bay-leaves and Rue of each half a handful: Ash-leaves one handful: Boil them in Oil of Bitter Almonds, or of Nut's with White or Spanish Wine, till the Wine be consumed. Express the Oil, and apply it to the Ear. Or infuse the Simples in Spirit of Wine, and extract and Essence for the same purpose.  
Fumigation from a Decoction of Mustardseeds in Wine is commended. In a pituitous Constitution apply what follows.  
Take of the Oil of Henbane, and of Rue, of each half a Dram; distilled Oil of Margerum half a Scruple, Castor six Grains, Saffron four Grains: Mix, etc.  
If it proceed from a Fall, Contusion or external Violence, take a Spoonful of the Spirit of Scurvygrass, and half a Spoonful of fresh Juice of Onions, and four or five Drops of distilled Oil of Spike. Mix and drop it into the Ear.  
In Plethoric and young Persons 'tis not amiss to breathe a Vein in the Arm, and exhibit some mild sneezing Medicines. If it come by Fits, follow the Course prescribed above. If it attack Hypochondriac Persons, it generally proceeds from the Disorders of the Stomac and lower Belly, and is cured by Chalybeats, Carminatives, and volatile urinous Salts, together with the usual Specifics.   

CHAP. III. Of the Sense of Feeling, and the Disorders 'tis obnoxious to.  
THE third Sense is that of Feeling, occasioned by the Influence of external Objects upon the nervous Glandules seated in the Skin. 'Tis true, the nervous Fibres within the Body that are not glandulous, are deeply sensible of the lightest touch; but their Sense is painful and preternatural, whereas that of the Glandules is equal and agreeable to Nature. Upon which account Feeling is their peculiar Property; and the Liver which has no Nerves or nervous Glandules is destitute of that Sense.  
This Sense is quite extinguished in Apoplexies, Palsies, and stupifying Diseases. Of which more in their proper places.  
The most remarkable Depravation of the Sense of Feeling is what we call Pain; that is, when the Object makes such a sensible Impression upon the Organ, as to provoke the Animal Spirits to irregular Motions, and disturb the repose of the nervous Fibres, which readily impart their Disorder to the Brain. It may be called a convulsive Motion of the Fibres; and Experience teaches us, that Convulsions and Pain are reciprocal Causes to one another.  

ART. I. Of Pain in general.  
THE remote Causes of Pain are innumerable, for every particular Object has a peculiar way of affecting the Nerves. The external Causes are manifest: The internal Causes are generally the Offspring of vicious Acids; which partake of sharp and stiff Parts, that are apt to make painful Impressions upon the nervous Fibres. This Acid for the most part owes its being to some defect in the Stomac and first Passages; and varies the Nature of the Pain according to its changeable Circumstances. If a volatile sharp Acid be joined to a viscid Vehicle, it takes deep rooting in the Part, and creates  Aches, as in Venereal and Colis Pains. If the Acid be more gentle, and joined to a thin Vehicle, it produces a fluctuating Pain. If it proceed from a particular defect in the Part affected, 'tis apt to recur and cause Relapses. According as this Acid is disposed, the Pain is either continued or intermitting; it either observes set Periods, or attacks indifferently in all Seasons. And sometimes it causes Swell, by contracting the Fibres, and straightening the Pores of the Part, so as to put a stop to the Circulation of the Blood.  
In order to form a distinct Idea of Pain, I shall divide it into ten sorts. The first is a weighty burdensome Pain arising from a Collection of insipid or viscid Matter lodged in a less sensible Part, as the Swelling of the Liver. 2. A pungent Pain arifing from a sharp pricking Acid in a membranous part, as in a Pleurisy. 3. A pointed penetrating Pain, resembling the Sense of a Hole made by an Awl, proceeding from a viscid Matter that partakes of Acidity: As in St. Anthony's Fire and Arthritic Pains. 4. A beating Pain which generally keeps pace with the Pulse of the Artery. It proceeds from a violent Distension of the Fibres, which are exasperated by the Incursion of the Blood; as in Headaches, or when ones Finger is pricked by a Thorn, etc. 5. A breaking Pain, peculiar to the Periostium, resembling the breaking of the Bone. 'Tis produced by a sharp Acid lodged in a tenacious Matter: as in Venereal Cases. 6. A rending or distending Pain. The former is peculiar to Hypochondriac Persons, and Parts that have no exquisite Sense, but are invested with a sensitive Membrane. The latter is caused by Wilid, or any thing that overcharges the Part, and stretches the surrounding Membran. 7. A tearing Pain peculiar to the Membranes, and frequent in scorbutic Cases. 8. A burning Pain, peculiar to Fibres and Membranes, arising from a volatile Acid, and the boiling of the Humours within the Part. 9 A stupid chilly Pain. And, 10. A biting gnawing Pain.  
If Pains be accompanied by an intermitting Pulse, 'tis no just Cause of Fear; for when the former disappears, the latter returns to its wont Order.  
There are three sorts of Medicines made use of for Pains, 1. All Alcali's apt to destroy a prevailing Acid: As Wormwood, Dill, Elder, Mint, Chamomile, Bay-leaves, Pellitory of the Wall, and the other softening Herbs; Fumigations with Amber, or the Spirit of Amber both inwardly and outwardly. The volatile Remedies prepared from human Urine, and the Parts of Animals, are all proper Antidotes against a volatile Acid. As for example:  
Take of Aqua Articularis (for external use) from an Ounce and a half to two Ounces, Spirit of Urine or Spirit of Sal Armoniac prepared with Quicklime six Drams, putrified Earthworms, or Earthworms mixed with a volatile Salt, two or three Drams: Mix and bathe the Part affected. Or,  
Take of the Leaves of Tobacco, of Sage, of Rosemary, of each one handful, Angelica Roots half an Ounce, Roots of Cuckoo Pint and Pelsitory of Spain, of each two Drams, Rosemary Flowers, Lavender Flowers, and Flowers of Arabian Stechas, of each two little handfuls; Rocket Seeds six Drams, Castor three Drams; pour upon them two Pints of Spirit of Wine, and one Pint of Spirit of Worms. Let them stand warm for some days in a close Vessel. And then strain the Liquor to be used as above.  
Venice Soap dissolved in Spirit of Wine is good for Arthritic Pains. In case of a burning Pain it ought to be mixed with Water of Frogs Spawn or Spirit of Wine with Camphyr and Saffron. Camphyr, Oil of Frogs, and the Oil of the Juice of Dwarf-Elder, and all emollient Oils, are convenient in Arthritic Pains. Paracelsus' Oil prepared from Galbanum, with Turpentine, and Oil of Spike, and the Oils distilled from Aromatic Seeds, from the Bones and Fat of Animals, or from Wax, digested with Spirit of Wine, are celebrated Medicines in all Pains arising from an Acid. Or,  
Take of Balsam of Peru one Ounce, dissolve it with the Yelk of an Egg, and add three Ounces of the Spirit of Juniper Berries, or of Elder Flowers: Mix for external Unction.  
The Gums and Plasters prepared from 'em are proper in the case of a viscid Acid. And likewise Cataplasms of human Dung, or the Dung of Animals with Oil of Roses. Among Purgatives in this case sweet Mercury is the best. And Sudorifics are the best internal Medicines.  
2. All Anodyn Pacific Medicines are used for Aches. As Milk, Emulsions, Mucilages or Oils of softening Herbs. Cataplasms made of white Bread, Milk and Saffron. Or,  
Take of the Crum of white Bread a sufficient quantity, let it soak in Cow's Milk: Mix it with Yolks of Eggs and fresh Butter, and an Ounce and a half of the Oils of Chamomile, Dill, white Lilies and Earthworms. Apply it to the Part affected with a warm Cloth. Swallow-water, with Castor, Liniments of the Fat of Animals, and emollient Oils, and all oily softening Liquors or Ointments, are all proper for external use.  
3. Narcotic Medicines stupify the Part, and so lessen the Sense of Pain. But where a viscid Acid prevails, they are inconvenient. In case of a sharp Serum they are not amiss. As,  
Take of the Hypnotic Ointment two Drams, expressed Oil of Nutmegs two Ounces, Oil of Henbane Seeds one Ounce: mix. Or,  
Take of Oil of Dill and expressed Oil of Poppies, of each a Dram, Oil of Henbane half a Dram: mix.  
The Oil of the Seeds of Henbane mixed with Camphyr, Saffron, and Spirit of Wine, covered with fermented Dough, and baked in an Oven, yield an incomparable Liquor for Pains of the Legs.   

ART. II. Of the sharp tearing Pains in the Joints.  
THese Pains are frequently met with in Scorbutic Cases.  
They proceed from a subtle Acid fixed in membranous and musculary Parts: And generally rage more by Night than by Day.  
Blood-letting sometimes gives Relief. Blistering Plasters conveniently applied, and Issues, are ofttimes not improper.  
The volatile Sudorifics, Decoctions of Woods, and all volatile Alcali Salts, such as we call Antiscorbutic, together with Anodyn Absorbents, as Chalybeat and Antimonial Preparations, are proper to be given inwardly.  
Take of the Roots of Swallow-wort an Ounce and a half, Myrtle Leaves one handful, Seeds of St. john's Wort, and choice Rhubarb, of each a Dram and a half. Boil them in common Water, and in six Ounces of the strained Liquor dissolve an Ounce and a half of the Syrup of Maidenhair. Mix and give it inwardly. Or,  
Take of the Shave of Juniper-wood three Ounces, Sprouts of a young Pinetree two handfuls, of the Herb Rosemary one handful. Infuse them in six Pints of simple Water, and let them stand over night in a Balneum Mariae. In the Morning boil it to four Pints, and give it for a Draught. It has a peculiar Virtue in the Obstructions of the Glandules about the Head and Chaps.  
External Medicines must be cautiously used; fat unctuous things are hurtful.  
Take of the Spirit of Lily of the Valley (not much rectified) four Ounces; Spirit of Sal Armoniac prepared with Quicklime two Ounces, Essence of Castor half an Ounce: Mix for external Use. Or,  
Take of Aqua Articularis (for external Use) an Ounce and a half, Spirit of Sal Armoniac six Drams, Spirit of putrified Earthworms three Drams: Mix and apply with a warm Cloth. Or,  
Take of the Leaves of Tobacco, Leaves of Origanum, Flowers of Elder, of each one handful, Roots of Angelica an Ounce, Roots of Cuckow-Pint, and of Pellitory of Spain, of each two Drams. Flowers of Arabian Stechas, of Lavender and of Lily Convally, of each two little handfuls; Rocket-Seeds six Drams, Castor three Drams. Infuse them in two Parts of Spirit of Wine, and one part of Spirit of Earthworms. Let 'em digest for some days. Strain the Liquor for use.  
Venice Soap dissolved in Spirit of Wine, and volatile Spirit of Tartar; Cataplasms of Comfrey Roots, and the use of hot Baths; are much commended.   

ART. III. Of the Toothache.  
THE Toothache proceeds from an acid Humour that corrodes the Membrane surrounding the Tooth. Sometimes the nutritious Juice of the Teeth is vitiated, and causes the Pain. Sometimes an acid Humour is distilled from the neighbouring Glandules, or collected in the Cavities of the Bones of the upper Jaw under the Eye, and gives rise to it.  
This Corruption of the Humour sometimes runs to that height, that the Substance of the Teeth is eaten away, and little Worms engendered in 'em.  
The Membrane is the original Seat of the Pain, which ofttimes seizes the whole side of the Head, attended by an Inflammation of the Jaw, or a Swelling of the Face. For the nervous Fibres being contracted in Sympathy with the Membrane, the Passages of the Blood and other Juices are straitened.  
The remote Causes are a Depravation of the Juices of the Body, and consequently of the nutritious Juice of the Teeth, as in Scorbutic and Venereal Cases; the use of acid Liquors, Sugar, or Honey; which ferment and acquire a notable Acid, very prejudicial to the Substance of the Teeth.  
The Toothache is not dangerous of itself; but may be followed by Convulsions, Inflammations, Tumours and Ulcers.  
If the Tooth be corrupted, it must be drawn. If it proceed from a Scorbutic Cause, Antiscorbutics must be added to the Remedies exhibited. If from a venereal Cause, the Decoction of Guajacum, or its Oil, must be used.  
As for the common Remedies, some use Decoctions of Herbs. As,  
Take of the Herb Arsmart, Mother of Thyme, of each one handful; Dock Roots, Nettle Roots, of each one Ounce; Pellitory (of Spain) Roots, the Shave of Boxwood, the Shave of Lignum Sanctum, of each half an Ounce; Seeds of white Henbane, one Dram. Boil them in a sufficient Quantity of Water. Strain the Liquor for a Gargal.  
Heurnius commends the Decoction of Tobacco with Chamomile Flowers. Or,  
Take of black Pepper, Roots of Pellitory of Spain, Seeds of Stavesacre, of each an equal quantity: boil them in Wine, and use it for a Gargal. Or,  
Take of Juniper Gum one Ounce; boil it in a Pint of Wine, for the same use. Or,  
Take of the Flowers of Spikenard a convenient Quantity: boil them in Wine for the same use. Or,  
Take of the Extract of Guajacum Wood three Grains, Laudanum Opiatum two Grains, distilled Oil of Origanum, or of Cloves two Drops. Make Pills to be put into the hollow Tooth. Or,  
Take of the Flowers of Benzoin six Grains, Opium dissolved in Spirit of Wine and thickened three Grains: with a sufficient quantity of the Extract of treacle, make Pills as above. Or,  
Take of Laudanum Opiatum one Scruple, Oil of Camphyr, Oil of Cloves, of each five Drops. With some convenient Balsam, make a Balsam to be applied to the Tooth.  
If the Face be inflamed, apply a Plaster of treacle to the Cheek. Spirit of Sal Armoniac prepared with Spirit of Wine and Quicklime, with Camphyr dissolved in it, applied with Cotton to the Tooth, gives present Relief. The Essence of Sassafras prepared with Spirit of Wine is very proper: But above all the Essence of Benzoin. Elixir Proprietatis prepared without an Acid is ofttimes useful. The Aromatic distilled Oils (especially of Savin) mixed with Oil of Henbane, are preferable to Essences. Sulphur Auratum Antimonii, Oils of Amber, Hazel, Boxwood, etc. are sometimes successful.  
The Surgeons are wont to apply Plasters to the Temples, or the following Plaster to the whole Part inflamed.  
Take of treacle of Andromachus, Tacamahac, of each half an Ounce; Balsam of Peru a Dram. Spread it upon a Linen Cloth for use. If the Toothache cause an Inflammation like to St. Antony's Fire,  
Take of treacle of Andromachus, from half an Ounce to six Drams; Salt of Wormwood, Balsam of Peru, of each a Dram: Mix and apply. If it be attended by a Swelling of the Jaws, 'tis not fit to provoke 'em to Suppuration. But,  
Take of Chamomile Flowers, Elder Flowers, of each a handful; Roots of Florentin Orris in Powder, half an Ounce: mix 'em with expressed Oil of Poppies; make a quilted Bag, and apply it hot to the Part affected.  
Sometimes indeed there happens a little Tumour in the Gums, at the very Root of the Tooth, which ought to be suppurated by warm Milk or roasted Figs, and afterwards kept clean with Honey or the like.  
If the Toothache be inveterat, and do not yield to the ordinary Medicines, 'tis necessary to purge with Jalap, and let Blood, and apply Cupping-glasses to the Neck and Shoulders.  
If the Tooth be corrupted, it must be drawn with a proper Instrument. Before drawing 'tis not amiss to apply the following Ointment in order to loosen the Tooth.  
Take of Gum Ammoniac, Seeds of Henbane, Juice of Henbane, of each a Dram and a half: with the Fat of a green Frog, and a little Wax, make an Ointment.  
In the case of Worms in the Teeth, the Decoction of Savin in Wine is proper. If the Tooth be rotten, an actual or potential Cautery will prevent its further Corruption.   

ART. iv Of the Aches of the Eyes.  
AN Inflammation, or the sharpness of the Serum, or external Accidents, may cause Pains in the Eyes. If any external thing lurk in the Eye, it must be taken out by putting a Seed of Clary, or a little Pearl, or Crabs-eye, into it. If the Pain proceed from a spontaneous Inflammation, the Mucilage of Seeds of Quinces extracted with Water of Frogs Spawn, adding five or six Grains of Camphyr and as much Saffron to three Ounces of Mucilage, aught to be laid upon the Eyes.  
Fennel-water with Sugar of Lead and Camphyr is likewise proper. Or,  
Take of the Water of Celandin the greater, Water of Blue-bottle Flowers and of Larks Spur, of each one Ounce; white Vitriol twelve Grains; strain the Liquor, and add half a Scruple of prepared Tutty; to be applied to the Eye with a Linen Cloth.  
Of all external Applications, the following Cataplasm is the best.  
Take three sweet Apples boiled and squeezed, and roasted under the Ashes, and the White of one Egg well mixed with two Drams of Loaf-sugar, and twelve Grains of Camphyr, with five Grains of Saffron: Mix for a Cataplasm to be laid upon the Eye. Some recommend the opening of an Artery in this case.  
Sometimes we meet with a pressing, tearing Pain, which comes in an Evening without any evident Cause, and seems to proceed from the Convulsions of the Coats of the Eye. In which case Antimonial Infusions are proper. Or,  
Take of the Mucilage of Plantain Seeds, Quince Seeds, and Clary, extracted with Water of Frogs Spawn, of each one Ounce; Saffron six Grains, Camphyr four Grains. Or,  
Take of Plantain Water, Fennel Water, of each six Drams, Lindanus' Sugar of Lead a Dram and a half, prepared Tutty seven Grains, Saffron three Grains: Mix for a Collyrium.  
Sometimes Arthritic Pains are ushered in by a Pain in the Eyelids, which may be cured by applying a blistering Plaster behind the Ears.   

ART. V Of Pains in the Ears.  
THE Pains of the Ears are for the most part occasioned by the Disorders of the internal Membran; by Inflammations, and the Corrosion of sharp Humours, or of Worms either engendered in the Ear, or received from without.  
An Inflammation is very dangerous, and attended by a remarkable Heat that is not observed in the case of sharp Humours. Worms are distinguished by an Itching and Sense of Motion within the Ear.  
As for Cure, the following Cataplasm is universally applauded.  
Take an Onion roasted under the Ashes, with an Ounce and a half of Oil of Chamomile, and half an Ounce of Oil of Dill, with as much fresh Butter, and a Scruple of Saffron. It is a sovereign Remedy for the Inflammations that follow the Toothache.  
The softening Oils, Infusions of Tobacco, or the Smoke of it, conveyed into the Ear, and especially the Oils of Infects, are all very proper. As,  
Take of the Oil of Scorpions one Dram, Oil of sweet (or bitter) Almonds, distilled Oils of Anniseeds and Caroways, of each half a Scruple. Pour it hot into the Ear, or apply it with Cotton.  
In the case of an Inflammation; Take of the Juice of Houseleek; Oils of Scorpions, of Earthworms and of Chamomile, of each a Dram: Mix and use as above.  
If there be no suspicion of an Inflammation, the distilled Vegetable Oils of Origanum, etc. are proper. Or,  
Take a hundred of the largest Eggs of Aunts, Castor, Pulp of Coloquintida, Margerum, Savin, Wormwood and Rue, of each one handful. The Seeds of Cumin, Aniseeds, Fennel-seeds, and Caraway-seeds, of each three Drams. Bay-berries and Juniper-berries, of each half an Ounce; the Rinds of Pomgranats six Drams; Roots of black Hellebor, of round rooted Cyperus, of Radishes and Showbread, of each one Ounce; bitter Almonds two Drams; with seven pretty large Onions: Infuse them in a sufficient quantity of Wine, and draw it off from a Balneum Mariae. Use as above. Sometimes ye may add a small quantity of Opium.  
If the Pain be occasioned by Worms, they ought to be enticed to come forth by pouring in sweet Milk, or applying a sweet Apple roasted to the Ear. If they refuse to come forth, they must be killed by bitter Oils and Juices. As,  
Take of the expressed Oil of Peach-seeds one Dram, Quercetanus' Oil of Coloquintida half a Dram, sweet Mercury from six Grains to half a Scruple: Mix and pour it in by Drops, or apply it with Cotton. Or,  
Take of Aloe two Drams, Myrrh from a Dram to two Drams, Coloquintida half a Dram, tops of Wormwood half a handful. Boil them in a sufficient quantity of Wine or Water, and use the strained Liquor as above.  
If an Ointment be more acceptable; take of Salt of Lead, Earwax, and expressed Oil of filberts, of each an equal quantity: Mix, etc.  
Fumigations by the bitter Herbs and Antimonial Ingredients, are proper both for the Ear and Mouth.  
If a Fly creep into the Ear, put a little Turpentin into it: If a Flea, put a little Ball of Dogs-hair: If a Leech, inject the Solution of common Salt, or the warm Blood of any Animal.   

ART. VI Of Headaches.  
SOmetimes the whole Head is seized with an universal Pain; at other times only a particular part, as the hinder part of the Head in Women, which generally slows from the Disorders of the Womb; the external Membranes surrounding the Scull, in venereal Cases; and the internal Membran called dura Mater, from the Indisposition of the Blood, which it receives by an infinite number of capillary Veins.  
If the Headache be not originally caused by some Disorder in the Head, it ofttimes proceeds from those of the Stomac, the Spleen, the Kidneys, the Womb, etc. by reason of the mutual Commerce established betwixt them and the Head, by virtue of their Membrans and Nerves.  
If it proceed immediately from some defailance in the Head, it may be caused accidentally by external Wounds, use of Mercury, immoderate Drinking, etc. and disappears upon their removal. If it become habitual and inveterat, it proceeds either from an Inflammation of the Blood in the Vessels of the Brain, or the Depravation of the Lympha separated by its Glandules, or a collection of some heterogeneous Humour which ofttimes settles into a viscid Consistency, and creates particular Pains confined to narrow Bounds, as the breadth of an Egg, the head of a Nail, etc.  
The only use of Signs in this case is to distinguish the Causes: If 'tis inconstant, and apt to relent, or be accompanied by Disorders in the lower Region of the Body, without any visible defect in the Head, it is owing to the influence of these other affected Parts. If it be habitual, or observe set Periods in returning, and be influenced by the Sun and Moon, 'tis an essential Headache. And if it cause a Sense of beating, like to that of an Artery, and a burning Heat, it proceeds from the Blood. If it increase after eating, or vanish after Sleep, it arises from the Depravation of the Chyle. If attended by a Drousiness, a sense of Weight, and a seeming Distension of the Brain, it proceeds from some serous or viscid Matter lodged in the Head. If followed by scorbutic or venereal Symptoms, they discover the Cause.  
As for Prognostics. If in Fevers it suddenly vanish without any Evacuation, 'tis an ill Omen. If attended by grievous Symptoms, as Giddiness, Convulsions, Vomiting, etc. 'tis not easily cured. If a drowsy Headache seize a Childbearing Woman, it is dangerous. If accompanied by a Coldness of the external Parts, it betokens an inward Inflammation. 'Tis more suspected in acute than in chronical Diseases.  
In order to a regular Cure, 'tis needful to observe the following Cautions. 1. If it arise by consent with other Parts, it yields to Vomiting, Purging, and the Restoration of the disordered Part. But if it be essential and inveterat, frequent Evacuations are not so proper as corroborating cephalic Medicines.  
2. Opiates are not very proper in essential Headaches. At least they must be given in sinal Doses; and if externally used, must not be applied to the Sutures, but to the Temples and Forehead.  
3. 'Tis always conducive, excepting the case of a malignant Fever, to keep the Belly open.  
4. The scorbutic Pains of the Head are the most obstinate. The Decoctions of sudorific Woods, volatile Salts and Spirits, Milk, Opiates, blistering Plasters, and external Anodyn Applications, are proper in such cases.  
5. In all Headaches the Decoctions of the sudorific Woods ought to succeed to the general Evacuations.  
6. Chirurgical Operations are of great use. If it proceed from the Blood, open a Vein in the Arm, or the Vein of the Forehead, or the Vein betwixt the Thumb and first Finger; or apply Leeches to the Temples; or open the Artery that runs along the temporal Muscle towards the Forehead, which gives present Relief, and is a very innocent Operation, if cautiously performed. If it arise from a Depravation of the Serum, apply blistering Plasters behind the Ears, or over the whole Head; or cut Issues in the Arm, Neck, or Head itself. Trepanations are sometimes, but very seldom, convenient. Cupping Glasses are not amiss. But the universal Evacuations ought to precede all chirurgical Attempts.  
7. If the Headache arises by Consent, Vomits are proper. But if it be essential, Purges are more convenient. As,  
Take of the Pills of Mastic a Scruple; extract of black Hellebor, extract of Castor, of each five Grains; Troches Alhandal two Grains; with a sufficient quantity of Elixir Proprietatis, make Pills. They are likewise proper against the Disorders of the Stomac and lower Belly, which ofttimes cause a Headache.  
Take of Crollius his Extractum Panchymagogum, or extract of black Hellebor fifteen Grains; Extract of Vervain seven Grains; sweet Mercury from half a Scruple to fifteen Grains; Laudanum Opiatum two Drams, Scammony Sulphurated two or three Grains; with a sufficient quantity of the Essence of Saffron, make Pills. Or,  
Take of Extract of Agaric half a Scruple, Extract of black Hellebor six Grains; Aloe prepared with Juice of Roses, Rosin of Scammony, of each three Grains; distilled Oil of Rosemary Flowers, or of Origanum, one drop. Mix and make Pills. In a pituitous Headache,  
Take of the Pills Aloephanginae with Diagrydium one Scruple, Rosin of Jalap six Grains; with Essence of Amber, make Pills. Or,  
Take of the Conserve of Rosemary Flowers one Dram, Cream of Tartar half a Scruple, Golden Sulphur of Antimony five Grains, Rosin of Jalap four Grains. Make a Bolus.  
8. Rosemary always aught to be added to the sudorific Decoctions. The volatile Salt of Amber, Camphyr, the diaphoretic Preparations of Antimony, and urinous volatile Salts, are proper Alteratives in all Pains of the Head. The Decoction of Tea in Wine or Water, the Essence of Silver, the volatile Spirit of Vitriol, etc. are of the like nature.  
Take of prepared Amber from half a Scruple to fifteen Grains, Cinnabar of Antimony half a Scruple, Laudanum Opiatum one Grain, distilled Oil of Sassafras one Drop. Mix for a Powder. Or,  
Take of native Cinnabar or Cinnabar of Antimony a Scruple, Extract of the Wood Aloe fourteen Grains, Extract of Castor eight or ten Grains, Laudanum Opiatum four or five Grains. Make Pills for four Doses. Or,  
Take of the Conserves of Sage Flowers, Rosemary Flowers, and Clove Gillyflowers, of each six Drams; Amber a Dram; native Cinnabar, or Cinnabar of Antimony half a Dram; of the Powder Diambra, and of the Powder Diamoschus dulcis, of each two Scruples, with Syrup of Clove Gillyflowers make an Electuary. Or,  
Take of black Cherry Water, Vervain Water, of each one Ounce; Water of Lily Convally prepared with Wine six Drams; the Spirit of Hartshorn with Amber two Scruples, Syrup of Betony three or four Drams. Or,  
Take of the Spirit and volatile Salt of Hartshorn three Drams; Essence of Opium tartarized one Dram: Mix. Dose forty or fifty Drops. Or,  
Take of the compound Essence of Castor two Drams, Essence of Amber and Spirit of Hartshorn with Amber, of each a Dram: Mix. 'Tis profitable in a Catarrhous Headache.  
9 Among the external Medicines Vervain leads the Van. Next are the Flowers of red Poppies, and the Herb Betony. As,  
Take of Betony two handfuls, Wormwood one handful, Cubebs two Drams: Boil them in two Pints of Wine, and foment the Head with the Decoction.  
The Root of Rhodium may be beat up with Vervain Water, and applied to the Head in the form of a Cataplasm. Or,  
Take of the Root of Rhodium an Ounce and a half, Flowers of red Poppies and of Roses, of each half a handful, with three Poppy-heads: boil them in Water, and apply the strained Liquor warm to the Forehead and Temples. Or,  
Take of Vervain Water, Water of Elder Flowers, Betony Water, of each one Ounce; Powder of Zedoary half an Ounce: Use as above. Timaeus fomented the Head with the following Mixture.  
Take of Vervain Water an Ounce, Betony Water, Elder Water, of each half an Ounce; Powder of Rhodium Roots two Drams, Rose Vinegar six Drams: Mix, etc.  
Emulsions made from narcotic Seeds and cephalic Waters, or Decoctions of cephalic Herbs, are sometimes used both inwardly and outwardly. The following Infusion is mightily esteemed.  
Take of the Seeds of Henbane one Ounce, Rose Vinegar five Ounces; put 'em into a Viol well stopped, and let them digest in Balneum Mariae for five or six hours. Apply it to the Head with a Sponge.  
The Ointment of Alabaster is used in all Pains of the Head. Or,  
Take of expressed Oil of Poppy Seeds a Dram, expressed Oil of Peach Seeds two Drams; expressed Oil of Henbane, and distilled Oil of Dill, of each a Scruple; with a sufficient quantity of Wax make a Lineament to be applied to the Temples.  
Take of the Extract or thickened Juice of Vervain a Dram, expressed Oil of Henbane half a Scruple, make a Lineament. 'Tis excellent in scorbutic cases.  
Take of Extract of Vervain, and of Dill, of each two Scruples; expressed Oil of white Poppies, and of Henbane, of each half a Scruple; distilled Oil of Dill, and of Chamomile, of each five Drops.  
In Chronical Aches external Narcotics are of no great use. They may be fitly exchanged for a Plaster of Tacamahac, with distilled Oil of Amber.  
10. If the Headache be caused by the Effervescency of the Blood, a Clyster ought to be injected before Blood-letting. Absorbent diaphoretic Powders and gentle acid Juleps are proper: outwardly we apply the Juice of Houseleek and Purslain warm to the Forehead, Temples and Stones; likewise Emulsions, and Ointments. As,  
Take of Ointment of Alabaster three Drams, treacle of Andromachus or Philonium Romanum half a Dram, expressed Oil of Nutmegs half a Scruple. Make a Lineament. Or,  
Take of the fresh Juice of River Crabs three Ounces; Betony Water, Water of Chamomile Flowers, and Water of Elder Flowers, of each one Ounce; Powder of Zedoary two or three Drams. Make an Epithema. Or,  
Take of the Herb Vervain, of Violets, of each a handful: Of the Flowers of Roses, of Elder, and of Violets, of each half a handful. Tie them into a Bag, and boil it in sharp Wine.  
If a Plaster be more acceptable, Take of the Plaster de Ranis with Mercury a convenient quantity, of the Plaster of Betony, and of Alabaster, of each half as much. Make a Plaster.  
If there be any apprehensions of Frenzies or Convulsions, Take of the Leaves of Rue a handful and a half, Pigeons Dung an Ounce, common Salt half an Ounce; Capital Lees two Ounces. With Elder Flower Vinegar, make a Cataplasm to be applied to the Feet.  
11. If a Headache be caused by a redundancy or sharpness of the Serum, and the Person be of a Plethoric Constitution, first of all let Blood. If Bleeding be inconvenient, inject a Clyster, or exhibit a Laxative; then apply blistering Plasters to the Neck, or behind the Ears; and in inveterat Pains, to the Head. In the interim Opiates may be cautiously exhibited; and when the Pain relents, Purging, Sweeting and diuretic Medicines may take their turns. In order to provoke Sweeting and Urine, take what follows.  
Take of the Roots of Elecampane, of Avens, and Sarsaperilla, of each six Drams; Roots of Florentin Orris, and Shave of Sassafras, of each half an Ounce: Of the Herbs Rosemary, Sage, and Chervil, of each half a handful: Galangal two Drams; Fennel-seeds three Drams. Boil them in a sufficient quantity of Water, and add two Ounces of Syrup of Betony or of red Poppies, to a Pint and a half of the strained Liquor. Dose, two or three Ounces, twice or thrice a day.  
12. If the Pain be fixed and obstinate, it arises from a viscid tenacious matter, which ought to be removed by the sweeting Decoctions above mentioned; and applying of Balsam or distilled Oil of Amber, and the Plaster de Ranis with Mercury, to the Head. When the Sutures of the Head open, this Plaster is of excellent use, in which case sharp Clysters are also proper. As,  
Take of the Electuary of Hiera with Agaric four Ounces, Electuary of Bay-berries two Ounces, Powder of black Hellebor Roots an Ounce and a half, the Gall of a Bull thickened three Drams. Mix, and add two Ounces to the common Decoction for Clysters.  
For a change; instead of the Plaster, the Head may be fomented with this Decoction.  
Take of the Herbs Rosemary, Vervain, Betony and Chamomile Flowers, of each half a handful. Boil them in Wine.  
13. If the Pain proceed from Cold, discussing Medicines are required. As,  
Take of Millet Seeds toasted a convenient quantity; Common Salt dried upon the Fire a quarter of that quantity. Quilt them into a Bag: to be fumigated with Gum Animi, and applied to the Head. Or,  
Take of Millet Seeds toasted a handful, common Salt dried over a Fire half a handful; of Vervain (or Betony, or Elder Flowers) and Chamomile Flowers, of each half a handful; Powder of Rhodium Roots half an Ounce. Sow them into a quilted Bag: 'Tis very proper for old Men, as likewise blistering Plasters.  
14. If the Headache be caused by external Accidents, apply the following Plaster.  
Take of the Gum Hedera (or Elemi) three Ounces, Rosin half an Ounce, Wax and Turpentin of each three Ounces, Oil of Roses two Ounces and a half; the Gum Animi dissolved in Vinegar two Ounces, Juice of the Flowers of Ivy four Ounces, Meal of Beans as much as sufficeth to make a Plaster.  
The Ointment of Alabaster, or Hartman's Bag of Amber with the Essence of Pepper, or a Plaster of Tacamahac with Oil of Amber, are very useful on this occasion.  
15. If the Pains of the Head are caused by Worms, Take of the Powder of Aloe and of Earthworms, of each two Drams; the Gall of a Bull a Dram, Oil of Wormwood and Wax, of each a sufficient quantity for a Plaster, to be applied to the Head. Then make a Fumigation of the following Powder, to be received by Mouth and Nose.  
Take of the Powders of lesser Centory, Horehound and Betony, of each two Drams; Zedoary half a Dram, Roots of Angelica two Drams, Amber a Dram, Crude Antimony an Ounce, Millet Seeds (or Ginger) a Dram and a half, Bowl Armenic a Dram, Roots of round Birthwort two Drams, Wormwood two or three Drams: Make a Powder for a Fumigation.  
A sneezing Medicine, composed of Pepper and Castor; and the Fumes of Spirit of Wine, Myrrh, and Seeds of Fennel Flower, conveyed into the Ear, are convenient in this case.  
16. If the Pains proceed from immoderate Drinking, Vomits and Purges are first required: Then Pepper, Cephalic Spirit of Vitriol, and Elixir Proprietatis. Cold Water with Vinegar may be thrown upon the Head and Stones.  
17. When one half of the Head only is affected, 'tis called a Hemicrania, and is the highest degree of Headaches. A Cataplasm of the Root of a wild Cucumber, or Bryony, with Vervain and Wormwood, or a Decoction of them, may be applied to the Part affected. Or,  
Take of Euphorbium one Ounce, sweet Oil a Pound, let them boil together; then add three Ounces of Wax, and make an Ointment, to be applied to the Temples, Forehead, etc.  
18. If it arise from the Womb, apply a Bag of Amber and Essence of Pepper, or a Plaster of Tacamahac and Oil of Amber.  
In all these particular cases the general Evacuations must be first taken care of, and no external Medicines are sufficient for the Cure without the Assistance of Internals.   

ART. VII. Of Arthritic Pains.  
THE Parts immediately affected are the membranous Ligaments surrounding the Joints. The Cause is a volatile Acid joined to the Spirits, which gnaws the Membrans, and thickens their nutritious Juice. This Acid takes its first rise from the Disorders of the Stomac. It displays itself in the Foot, and is called the Gout; in the Huckle Bones, and is called the Sciatica; in the Hands, and several other Parts of the Body. Sometimes 'tis hereditary. In other cases 'tis acquired by the use of acid Wine, Venery and Passion, or any Commotion of the Spirits that increases the Acid in the Body.  
This Acid affects chief the solid Parts, and serves to depurat the Blood and fluid Humours. When it invades a solid Part, it leaves some small Particles in it that afterwards revive, and make a new Paroxysm.  
The Paroxysm is ushered in by a Constipation of the Belly, difficulty of Breathing, an unsufferable Heat at the Stomac, Thirst and loss of Appetite. In the Gout the great Toe is first affected; in the Sciatica the Huckle Bone, where it receives the Bone of the Thigh, and all the Membrans from thence downward to the Foot are contracted. If the Acid be sharp and fiery, these Symptoms are aggravated; if it be viscid, and what we call cold, the Symptoms are weaker, and the Fits of a longer Duration.  
In forming Prognostics, we may expect the Paroxysm when the wont Excrements betwixt the Toes disappear, and the Belly is constipated. The Sciatica is more obstinate than the Gout; which if inveterat, hereditary, or attended by Nodes, is incurable in old Men. If the Joints adjacent to the Original of the Nerves be seized, it portends Death. If any part be put out of Joint by arthritic Pains, 'tis a hard matter to set it right. The frequency of bad Symptoms, and the moving of the Pains towards the Throat and upper Parts betokens Death. If the Paroxysm do not finish its Course, but break off abruptly, 'tis an ill Omen.  
As for the Cure. When we foresee a Paroxysm, 'tis convenient first to exhibit the Powder of Crabs Eyes with Salt of Tartar and Osteocolla; then a Vomit, and afterwards the following Purge.  
Take of Cream of Tartar, Salt of Wormwood, Arcanum duplicatum, of each eight Grains; Digrydium three Grains: make a Powder. Or,  
Take of the Conserve of Rosemary, Conserve of Sage, of each six Drams; Paracelsus his purging Powder for the Gout a Dram and a half; Rosin of Jalap half a Scruple; with Syrup of Buckthorn, make an Electuary.  
All purging Medicines ought to be avoided during the increase of the Fit; but after it has passed the height, and the Fever and other Symptoms have disappeared, give what follows.  
Take of Ruffius his Pills de tribus, Extract of black Hellebor, of each half a Scruple, Turbith Mineral prepared with Spirit of Sulphur two or three Grains: make Pills.  
Opiates ought never to be used, but after the universal Evacuations, and along with purging and sweeting Specifics. As,  
Take of the Pills Aloephanginae two Drams, Laudanum Opiatum half a Dram; make Pills for four Doses, to be taken in Wine, fasting three or four hours after.  
Take of prepared Crabs Eyes, Mynsichtus his Arcanum Duplicatum, of each twelve Grains, Salt of Amber six Grains, Hysteric Laudanum three Grains: make a Powder. Or,  
Take of treacle from half a Dram to a Dram, Salt of Wormwood a Scruple: with Wine make a Draught. Or,  
Take of Fennel Water, Water of Carduus Benedictus, of each an Ounce and a half; Spirit of putrified Earthworms a Dram and a half; Salt Armoniac, Magistery of Corals prepared with Juice of Citrons, of each half a Dram; laudanum Opiatum two Grains, Syrup of Orange Peel half an Ounce: mix.  
In Arthritic Pains Blood-letting is pernicious. But in the Sciatica, 'tis needful in the beginning of the Paroxysm, to open a Vein in the Foot of the same Side with the affected Part. Clysters ought to be injected, during the whole Course of the Paroxysm.  
The Specifics that are proper in the Paroxysm are sweeting Medicines, both fixed and volatile, as red Corals, Cinnabar of Antimony, volatile Salt of Hartshorn or of Vipers; Spirit of Sal Armoniac, Volatile Spirit of Tartar, and the Decoction of Sudorific Woods: Antiscorbutics ought to be mixed with 'em.  
External Medicines ought not to be applied till the Paroxysm have arrived at its height. In a hot Gout, attended by Inflammations, take Quick Lime and Sal Armoniac; pour Spirit of Wine upon 'em, and distil, adding to the distilled Spirit a little Camphyr. Apply it to the Part. Or,  
Take of Aqua Articularis ad extra two Ounces, Spirit of Worms an Ounce, Spirit of Sal Armoniac three Drams: mix and use as above. Or,  
Take a sufficient quantity of Elder Flowers beaten, put 'em into a new earthen Vessel, so that the Vessel may be full: stop it close, and set it under ground till the Flowers be converted into a Liquor: to be applied hot with a Cloth.  
Mullen Flowers, Henbane Flowers, may be boiled in Milk; or the Leaves of Valerian or Burdock may be applied to the Part with good Success. Or,  
Take of the Crumbs of white Bread three Ounces, Powder of Marshmallow Roots one Ounce, Flowers of Chamomile, Meal of Beans half an Ounce, Meal of Linseeds and Fenugrec, of each three Drams. Boil them in a sufficient quantity of Milk, to the Consistency of a Pultise: then add of Vnguentum Anodynum an Ounce, Balsam of Soap two Drams: with the Yelk of one Egg, make a Cataplasm.  
The Lean of Beef applied to the Part, and changed Morning and Evening, is much commended. Human Dung and Urine are likewise proper. Or,  
Take of Ox Dung one Pound, Rose-water, and Water of Speedwell, of each two Ounces; the Yelk of an Egg beaten up with a little Alum, Saffron a Dram, Camphyr a Scruple. Mix.  
The Plaster of Frogs Spawn with a large quantity of Sugar of Lead, or Tachenius' Plaster de Alcalibus, with Camphyr, are proper. All oily things ought to be avoided, and the Cataplasins or Plasters frequently renewed.  
If the Gout be cold, Spirit of Sal Armoniac prepared with Quicklime and Spirit of Urine may be applied. Or,  
Take of Venice Soap an Ounce and a half, Camphyr six Drams, Castor half a Dram. Dissolve in a sufficient quantity of Spirit of Earth Worms. Apply with a Feather to the Parts affected.  
The Oil of Soap, or the Roots of black Hellebor boiled in Rock Oil; or Balsam of Peru mixed with the Yelk of an Egg and Spirit of Worms; or Tacamahac, mixed with Oil of Amber; or Mysinchtus his Diaphoretic Plaster, mixed with treacle and stinking Oil of Tartar; or treacle mixed with Spirit of Salt Armoniac, are all much esteemed in this case.  
Blistering Plasters ought to be cautiously used. In a cold Gout perhaps they are not amiss.  
If the Pains are followed by Nodes or hard Swell, apply Spirit of Quick Lime or old Cheese with the Decoction of Pork, or a thin plate of Lead to the part.  
The Cure of the Sciatica differs in some things from that of other arthritic pains. In this Leeches applied to the Hemorrhoid Veins are very useful; after which inject sharp Clysters, as,  
Take one Coloquintida Apple, and divide it into four equal parts. Tie one part in a Bag, and boil it in Wine and Child's Urine, of each a Pint, adding a handful of Honey-suckles, till two thirds be consumed. Inject it for a Clyster.  
Vomits and strong Purges are more allowable in the beginning of a Sciatica, than of the other sorts. And in the progress of the Disease, Troches Alhandal, and sweet Mercury, are safely given. As for external Remedies, the following Cerecloth is equalled by none.  
Take of Pitch four Ounces, Turpentine half an Ounce; Mastic, Amber, of each two Drams; Brimstone in Powder half an Ounce: make a Cerecloth.  
I cured the Sciatica in a young Gentleman by this Method. He being plethoric, I first ordered a Vein to be opened; then I prescribed thus:  
Take of Diaphoretic Antimony, Chalybeat Bezoar, of each half a Scruple; Diaphoretic Gold five Grains: make a Powder to be frequently repeated.  
Take of the Waters of Mother of Thyme, of Mint and Elder Flowers, of each one Ounce; Spirit of Sal Armoniac a Dram and a half, prepared human Bones two Scruples, Diaphoretic Antimony a Scruple, Laudanum Opiatum three Grains, Syrup of Carduus Benedictus six Drams. Mix, and give it by Spoonfuls.  
Take of the Spirit of Sal Armoniac, Liquor of Hartshorn with Amber, of each a Dram and a half: Mix and reserve for use.  
Externally I applied the abovementioned Cerecloth for some days; then I ordered the part to be rubbed and fomented with the following Mixtures.  
Take of Aqua Articularis ad extra an Ounce and a half, Spirit of Salt Armoniac prepared with Quicklime six Drams. Mix, etc.  
Take of Aqua Articularis ad extra two Ounces, Spirit of Juniper-berries one Ounce, Balsam of Peru dissolved with the Yelk of an Egg three Drams. Mix.  
Cataplasms of Antiscorbutic Herbs boiled in Wine, and bathing in Wine, or in the Decoction of Aunts in Wine, are much commended.  
If after the Paroxysm there remain a Swelling, 'tis proper to fumigate the part with Wormwood, Rocket and Mugwort, boiled in Wine and Water, or to apply the Nurimberg Plaster. The Decoctions of Aromatic Vegetables in Wine are good for strengthening the Joints. If there remain a Weakness in the Joints, without any Swelling, let Issues be cut in several parts of the Body: And indeed an Issue in the Groin is not improper.  
Thus much for what is proper to be done in the Paroxysms. It remains now briefly to point out the Method of preventing them. The vicious Acid must be carefully rooted out of the Stomac, by the use of Mercurial and Antimonial Preparations, and a regular Diet. Those who are meager, and can easily digest Milk, may confine themselves to a Milk Diet.  
Vomits are absolutely necessary. Turbith Mineral, sweet Mercury, black Hellebor and Coloquyntida, are much used. Gentle Purges, and such as regard the Stomac, are best. Sweat aught to be frequently procured by the use of Diaphoretic Antimony, Antichecticum Poterii, Antimonial Sulphurs, and urinous Sudorifics. Next are Diuretics, which are of excellent use in preventing the Gout: As Spirit of Sal Armoniac, of Worms, of Hartshorn, etc. or the greasy Stagflies; or,  
Take of prepared Crabs Eyes two Scruples, prepared red Coral a Scruple, Volatile Salt of Amber fifteen Grains: Mix for three Doses.  
As for Alteratives, Aromatic Volatile Medicines are proper. As,  
Take of the Roots of Elecampane, Pyony and Avens, of each six Drams; China Roots one Ounce; Of the Herbs, Sage, Baum, Germander, Ground-pine, of each a handful. Rosemary tops two handfuls, Juniper-berries an Ounce and a half; Galangal, Ginger, Cinnamon, of each two Drams; Salt of Tartar from three to four Drams. Tie them in a Bag to be infused in Wine. Or,  
Take of the Herbs Germander and Strawberry, of each a handful and a half; Rest Harrow, Flowers of St. John's Wort, of each a handful; Bryony Roots an Ounce and a half, Sarsaperilla one Ounce, Nephritic Wood three Ounces, fresh Juniper Berry's half a Pound, Aromatic Costus three Drams; tie them in a Bag to be put into fermenting Ale.  
A Salivation may be attempted before the Disease be confirmed; but afterwards 'tis dangerous.  
'Tis usual also to make Washes for the Feet. As, Take of Juniper Berry's half a Pound; of the Herb Rosemary six handfuls; Mother of Thyme, and Marjoram or Sage, of each two handfuls. Boil them in Lees; and bathe the Feet at Night going to Bed.    

CHAP. IU. Of the Disorders of the Sense of Tasting.  
THE Nerves of the Tongue terminat in a great many Glandules, dispersed along its Surface; which are endowed with such a peculiar Texture, as to be sensible of the various Impressions of the minutest saline Particles, according to their respective Circumstances; in which consists the sense of Taste.  
This Sense is extinguished or rendered dull by the misplacing of the Nerves of the Tongue, the relaxation of its Fibres, sharp Defluxions, or Paralytic and Apoplectic Diseases. 'Tis sometimes vitiated, and counterfeits false Tastes, by virtue of the Depravation of the Spittle; as in Scorbutic, Hypochondriac, and Catarrhous Cases, or those of a Jaundice or internal Ulcers. This Depravation is cured by taking a Vomit, drinking Whey with Juice of Citrons or mineral Spirits, and removing the principal Cause. In case of an Abolition or Flatness, Aromatic and Cephalic Medicines are proper. Horseradish Roots chewed in the mouth, or the Juice of Sorrel and Purslain, used by way of Gargal, are of noted virtue for restoring the Taste.  
If the Muscles of the Windpipe, or the recurrent Nerves are seized with a Palsy or Convulsions, there ensues an Aphonia or want of Voice, which, if attended by a Hick-cough, is very dangerous.  
In the Method of curing an Aphonia, the remote causes which occasion the relaxation or contraction of the Muscles or Nerves must be taken care of. Internally give the Spirit of Sal Armoniac, or of Hartshorn with Castor or Amber. In an inveterat Palsy the Decoction of Sudorific Woods is very proper. Sometimes 'tis convenient to procure a Salivation by chewing.  
For external Use, apply to the Neck a Bag of aromatic Ingredients sprinkled with Spirit of Wine; or bathe it with the Essence of Castor, Spirit of Worms or of Aunts, or the distilled Oils of Amber, Lavender, Rue, Juniper, mixed with treacle, or Balsam of Peru. After a fit of an Apoplexy give what follows.  
Take of the Herbs Sage, and Rosemary, of each a handful; Rocket-seeds two drams: boil them in a sufficient quantity of simple Water in a close Vessel. To a Pint of the strained Liquor add Spirit of Black Cherries six Drams, Spirit of Sal armoniac a Dram; Honey of Rosemary Flowers one Ounce: mix for a Gargal. 'Tis proper to open a Vein under the Tongue, if the Circumstances of the Patient admit of it.  
Sometimes the Muscles of the Windpipe are in good order, and the Voice remains, but cannot be formed into an articulate Sound or Speech, by reason of the Paralytic or Apoplectic Disorders of the Tongue. In this case  
Take of the Herbs, Rosemary, Marjoram, Sage, of each a handful; Roots of Pellitory of Spain, half an Ounce; Rocket-seeds or Mustardseeds, two or three Drams; Cloves a Dram; boil them in a close Vessel in Water. To a pint of the strained Liquor, add Spirit of Juniper Berries, or of Black Cherries, from six Drams to an Ounce and a half; Spirit of Salarmoniac prepared with Quicklime, or with Cloves, from a Dram to a Dram and a half; Honey of Rosemary Flowers, from six Drams to an Ounce: make a Gargal. Or,  
Take of Sage, Hyssop, Acorus, of each a handful; boil them in Water. Strain the Liquor, and add an Ounce of Oxymel of Squills. Mix for a Gargal.  
Take of Rocket-seeds, Squills, Onions, Smallage, of each half a Dram; Ginger, Pepper, Cinnamom, and Nutmegs, of each a Dram; Of the Powders Diambra, Diamoschus dulcis, and Dianthos, of each two Scruples. With a sufficient quantity of Aqua Vitae make a Mixture, and anoint the Tongue and Palat.  
The Essence of Castor, or Castor itself applied to the bridle of the Tongue, is very useful, especially for the stuttering of Children. The distilled Oils of Cloves or Aniseeds, or Amber; the Cephalic Spirit of Vitriol, or Spirit of Black Cherries, or Spirit of treacle with Camphyr, etc. are all very proper. As,  
Take of Mithridat three Drams, Extract of Castor half a Dram; distilled Oils of Lavender, Amber and Aniseeds, of each four drops: mix, and rub the Tongue.  
Take of Mithridat three ounces, candied Roots of Acorus an ounce; Ginger, Nutmegs, of each two drams; Volatile Salt of Amber a dram. Mix all together in a Mortar, and add of the Juice of Sage clarified an ounce, and scumed Honey as much as sufficeth, to make an Electuary, which sprinkle with distilled Oil of Aniseeds or Amber; rub the Tongue frequently with it, and lay about the bigness of a Nutmeg upon it, to be swallowed down by degrees.  
If old People are seized with a difficulty of Speech, exhibit every Morning and Evening an ounce of the Essence of Lavender Flowers infused in Spirit of Wine.  
A Cataplasm of Lees with Amber or Oil of Amber, and other Cephalic Ingredients, may be applied to the top of the Head with good success.   

CHAP. V Of the Disorders of the sense of Smelling.  
THE Organ of Smelling is the Membrane placed near to the sievelike Bone above the Nostrils; which is variously affected by the different Textures of the sulphurous Particles that proceed from external Objects.  
This Sense is abolished or impaired by the Apoplectic, Paralytic, and Convulsive Disorders of the Spirits, by the obstruction of the Passages, or Compression of the nervous Filaments that reach to the Nostrils; and by the relaxation of the Membrane; which may be occasioned internally by copious Defluxious, and externally by the forcible Impressions of odoriferous or sneezing things. If it proceed from this last Cause, 'tis almost incurable.  
As for the Cure. The Disorders of the Spirits ought to be redressed; the Defluxions prevented, and external offending Objects removed betimes. The Medicines that are proper for these different purposes are recounted elsewhere.  
Margerum and Fennel Flowers are two noted Specifics in this case. The Extract or Essence of Marjoram mixed with the Oils or Essences of Penny Royal and Rosemary, may be taken inwardly from eight grains to half a scruple.  
Take of the Oils of Fennel-flower, and of Orris, of each half a dram; distilled Oil of Margerum half a scruple. Apply it to the inner side of the Nostrils; 'tis admirable in the case of an Obstruction or Catarrh. Or,  
Take of Marjoram and Fennel-flower-seeds, each two drams: sprinkle 'em with some drops of distilled Oil of Marjoram or of Aniseeds; and, according to Art, make a little Bag for the Nostrils.  
Take of Fennel-flower-seeds infused in strong Vinegar, and afterwards dried, Rue, Fumitory and Castor, of each a dram; reduce them to a fine Powder, and with Child's Urine beat it up into the form of a Syrup. Let the Patiented snuff up five or six drops in the Morning fasting, leaning his head backwards, and holding warm Water in his mouth.  
The Obstruction of the Nostrils may be caused by a Polypus, or fleshy Excrescency, that fills up the space. Sometimes it rises from the glandulous Membran at the top of the Nostrils, but more frequently from the nervous Filaments in the sievelike Bone. Sometimes it descends to the inside of the Mouth. Sometimes it has but one stalk, at other times more. It's Colour is white or red; if it be livid and painful, 'tis near akin to a Cancer.  
It proceeds from the Corruption and Redundancy of the nutritious Juice, and the occasional breach of the Unity of the Part. If it be white, soft, and painless, it is a good sign. If 'tis deep rooted, and reaches to the nervous Filaments, 'tis dangerous.  
The Cure is chief performed by external Applications: If the Body be disordered, 'tis not improper to prepare it by internal evacuating and altering Medicines. The external Remedies must be used in the last quarter of the Moon, because the Swelling then decreases. The milder sort are the juice of Pomegranates. Mustardseeds mixed with Vinegar, the juice of Onopostus (a sort of Thistle) the Powder of Turnsole, the Juice of Watercresses, or the Juice of the roots of Aron; all which may be applied with Cotton to the part affected. The fiercer Remedies are sublimate Mercury, Verdigreese and Lees; the Acid mineral Spirits, Aqua fortis, etc. As,  
Take of the Juice of Pomegranates three parts, Oil of Vitriol one part; mix. Or take of the Oil of Vitriol a scruple,  Alum a dram, Plantain Water an ounce; mix, and sprinkle the Polypus with it. Or,  
Take of the Cerecloth of Myrtles an ounce, of the Ointment called Aegyptiacum two drams; mix for a Lineament: you may sharpen it with precipitat Mercury frequently washed. Or,  
Take of the Ointment Aegyptiacum. half an Ounce, the Rinds of Pomegranates and Galls, of each half a dram; Oil of Vitriol a scruple: Mix, and touch the Polypus with it every day.  
In applying these Caustics, care must be taken that they touch not the neighbouring parts, by using a silver Fistula, or Cotton, or a Tent.  
If a Polypus have any tendency to a Cancer, it ought not to be meddled with. If it be ulcerated, apply the Water or Ashes of Frogs, Powder of Crabs, Led melted and dulcified, the Crocus of Steel, and such like.  
If it only hang by one stalk, it may be cut off, or a thread of Silk well waxed tied about the root. After 'tis taken off, the bleeding must be stopped by Astringents, and the Powder of Gentian with the Juice of Figwort applied on a Tent to the Nostrils, in order to prevent its return.  
The Smell may be adulterated by an Ulcer in the Nostrils called Ozaena, which sometimes seizes only the membranous soft parts, at other times the Cartilages and Bones. It may occasion bleeding at the Nose, or a plentiful Evacuation of sordid matter, or a Corruption of the adjacent parts, or a Polypus.  
The external Causes of an Ozaena are various; the internal for the most part is the Pox. It ought to be cautiously handled for fear of a Cancer: If it be inveterat, and affect the sievelike Bone, 'tis not easily cured.  
The Ulcer may be cleansed by snuffing up the Decoction of lesser Centory, and Aromatic Calami●s in Wine, till the patiented be sensible of its falling into the ; or Margerum Water with Hony, Myrrh, Sugar Candy, and a little Cinnamon.  
Take of the Ointment of Tobacco three drams, Balsam of Sulphur for external use a dram; mix, and apply to the Ulcer. The fresh Leaves of Tobacco may be put into the Nose, and kept there some months, then taken out and anointed with this Balsam.  
If there appear a Crust upon the Ulcer, it ought not to be removed by force; but by applying Oil of Sweet Almonds, or Oil of Roses with fresh Butter: and then proceed to the cleansing Remedies; among which Clary boiled with Honey of Roses is the most noted. The Decoction of Agrimony and Vervain in Honey, or Child's Urine, or the smoke of a red Wax-candle received at the Nostrils, are proper for the same purpose. Or,  
Take of Marjoram and Plantain Water, of each an ounce and a half; rectified Spirit of Wine three drams, Honey of Roses six drams: mix, and inject with a Syringe. If it do not yield to these Medicines, we must have recourse to Mercurial Preparations. As,  
Take of Plantain Water four ounces, in which dissolve of Sublimat Mercury twelve grains; strain the Liquor, and apply it to the Ulcer.  
Sweet Mercury well dulcified, or precipitat Mercury with Ointment of Roses, or the Ointment Aegyptiacum may be applied with a Tent to the Ulcer; or Oil of Vitriol dropped on a little Cotton may be applied twice or thrice, and then followed by proper Ointments.    

SECT. III. Of the Disorders of the Internal Senses and Animal Functions.  
THE Internal Senses depend upon the various Motion and Agitation of the Spirits in the Brain. The Organs of External Sense communicate the Impressions they receive from Objects to the Original of the Nerves, where a Motion not unlike to their own ensues, and is called Common Sense. This Motion in the Common Sensory is imparted to the Spirits in the Corpus Callosum, where the Fancy resides. The Spirits thus moved, roll to and again among the Nerves of the Cerebrum and Cerebellum; and their frequent returns thro' the same Passages are christened, The Memory.  
These Faculties are equally compatible to Men and Brutes, and are distinguished from those of the rational Soul by their unacquaintedness with reflex Knowledge. If they are disordered, all the Functions and Motions of the Body suffer by it. The natural and involuntary Motion sof the nervous Fibres that surround the Stomach and Guts, depend upon the regular Recruits of Spirits conveyed thro' the Nerves from the Cerebellum; and those of the Muscles which obey the command of our Wills, are owing to the due distribution of the Spirits from the Cerebrum. This Motion of the Muscles is performed by contraction. The Spirits crowd into the Cavities of the Fibres, and by extending their width abridge their length, and in the interim the arterial Blood flows copiously into the middle of the musculary Fibres, where it meets with least resistance. Thus the bloated Muscle contracts itself, and exchanges its Rhomboides Figure for a Rectangular Form.  

CHAP. I. Of a Swimming in the Head, or a preternatural Commotion of the Spirits in the Brain.  
THERE are several degrees observable in this Distemper: Sometimes there is only an apprehension that all things are carried round and tossed up and down; sometimes 'tis attended by a dimness of the Eyesight, and a false representation of various Colours; and ofttimes the Sight is quite lost, and the Person falls down, which is mostly followed by Convulsions and a tingling in the Ears.  
The part affected is the Eye, where the Spirits wheel round, and make such Impressions on the Retina, as external circular Motions are wont to produce. This proceeds from the irregular and confused Incursions of the Spirits, and their imprisonment in the round Globe of the Eye. The dimness and loss of Sight proceeds from the interruption and deficiency of Spirits; in which case their whole System is disordered, and the other Senses are brought into trouble.  
If a Dizziness proceed originally from some disorder in the Brain, 'tis called essential; but that rarely happens: For the most part 'tis a Symptom of other Diseases, especially those of the Stomac: For the least disturbance of the Orifice of the Stomac does quickly disorder the Spirits in the Brain. Some studious and hypochondriac Persons are apt to be seized with a swimming while their Stomac is empty, but by eating ward it off. Vomiting generally attends it: and drinking, eating of windy Meat, and sulphurous Fumes offensive to the Stomac, are apt to cause it. Old Men whose digestion is weak, hysteric Women, and Persons troubled with Worms in the Guts, or disorders of the Spleen or Kidneys, are obnoxious to it: For the Contraction of the Membranes of those parts is continued to the Brain; which resembles the ascending of Vapours, and so gives occasion to the vulgar Mistake.  
Sometimes a swimming may be caused by a redundancy of Blood, or by its vaporous halituous Disposition, as in scorbutic and hypochondriac Cases. If it proceed from an original Disorder of the Brain, 'tis caused by external accidents, or the accession of heterogeneous Particles, or an immoderate Consumption of the Spirits.  
A Symptomatical Dizziness is distinguished by the concurring Disorders of other parts, and the apparent good order of the Brain. If it be inveterat, it portends an Apoplexy in old Persons, and Convulsions in those that are young. 'Tis more or less feared according to the height of its degrees. If it seize the hinder part of the head more than the fore part, 'tis more dangerous.  
The Cure of preservation takes place after the Paroxysms, and is performed by Vomits and stomachic Medicines, when it owes its Original to the Stomac. If the Stomac be not faulty, gentle Purges may stand in the room of Vomits. But fierce Purgatives ought always to be carefully avoided. Upon the whole, Dizziness and Convulsions require the same Remedies.  
In the time of the Fit 'tis necessary to commence the Cure by a Vomit, by reason that for the most part it arises from the Disorders of the Stomac; or at least sharp Clysters must be injected.  
Take Mysichcius his Emetic Tartar two grains, Shall armoniac depurated nine grains: mix, and make a Powder.  
After vomiting, Take of the Pills of Mastic a scruple, Extract of Agaric five grains, Scammony sulphurated two grains, distilled Oil of Amber two drops. With Essence of Amber make Pills. Crato's Pills of Amber with Extract of Coloquintida, or the Pills called Aloephanginae, are likewise proper. Or,  
Take of sweet Mercury fifteen grains, Scammony sulphurated three grains: make a Powder.  
If the swimming be inveterat, strong or frequent Purgatives are improper. 'Tis sufficient every New Moon or Full Moon to give at night a dose of gentle loosening Pills, composed of Aloe, Gum Ammoniac, Myrrh, Mastic, and the like.  
Blood-letting is for the most part noxious: But in a suppression of a wont Evacuation, or a Redundancy, or Inflammation of the Blood, 'tis not improper.  
Sneezing Medicines ought to be carefully avoided. Issues and Blistering Plasters, are of excellent use for old Persons, or Cacochymical Dispositions. In a suppression of the Piles, or disorder of the Womb, the Legs are their proper Seat. When the Paroxysm is over, the cure of preservation commences. As,  
Take of Galangal half an ounce, Cubebs two drams, Sugar a dram and a half: make a Powder; Dose, two drams with Biscuit dipped in Wine an hour or two before Supper or Dinner. Or,  
Take of Peony Seeds, Coriander Seeds, Nutmegs, Misselto of the Oak, Cubebs, Galangal, of each two Drams; long Pepper, Ginger, Tormentil Roots, and Rosemary Leaves, of each a Dram. Make a Powder; Dose, half a Dram at pleasure.  
Elixir Proprietatis with Spirit of Mastic, or Elixir of Mint, or Galangal mixed with Amber, are proper to this purpose. Or,  
Take of the Conserves of Rosemary Flowers, of Sage, of Marjoram, of each half an Ounce; Ginger candied in the Indies, Nutmegs candied, of each three Drams; Rocket Seeds, Mustard Seeds, of each a Dram and a half; prepared Amber two Drams; Cardamom, Cubebs, Galangal, of each a Scruple; volatile Salt of Amber half a Dram; Spirit of Black-cherries a Dram. With Syrup of Clove Gillyflowers, make an Electuary. Dose, the bigness of a Nutmeg Morning and Evening. For old Persons Confection- Alkermes may be added.  
Take of the Conserves of Mint, of Baum, of each half a Dram; Cinnabar of Antimony half a Scruple; distilled Oils of Rosemary, of Amber, of each two Drops: with Syrup of Mint make a Bolus.  
These are the proper Remedies for a symptomatical or less inveterat Giddiness; but if it prove habitual, Specifics must be added. As,  
Take of the Essences of Chervil, Sage, and common Basil, of each a Dram; Castor a Dram and a half, Amber half a Dram. Dose, forty or fifty Drops twice a day. Or,  
Take of Conserve of Rosemary-flowers three Ounces, distilled Oils of Boxwood (which is much esteemed) Nutmegs and Mint, of each half a Dram: make an Electuary. Dose half a Dram. Or,  
Take of the Juices of Wormwood, Horehound and Stechas; Powders of Mastic, Rhubarb, Germander and Ground-Pine, of each three Drams; Hyssop a Dram, Agaric two Ounces five Drams and a half: make an Electuary. Or,  
Take of treacle of Andromachus, and Conserve of Sage, of each one part; Conserve of Roses two parts. With Honey of Rosemary-flowers, make an Electuary.  
Peacock's Dung is a famous Specific. 'Tis often dried and given in Powder with Sugar, or infused in Wine, or any convenient Vehicle; or in the form of an Electuary with Conserve of Rosemary Flowers. A compound Powder may be prescribed thus:  
Take of Peacock's Dung three Ounces, Male Peony Roots an Ounce, Powder of Cloves three Drams. Make a Powder.  
The Brains of Sparrows are recommended by some. As, Take the Brains of fifty Sparrows; Veal Brains washed in Wine, and dried in Smoak, filberts, of each an Ounce; Mithridat three Drams. With Syrup of Citron Peel make an Electuary.  
The Spirit of Hartshorn prepared with Amber, Castor, and Spirit of Sal Armoniac anisated, are mightily approved for this purpose.  
In the mineral Province Cinnabar is a famous Specific. Let it be used thus:  
Take of Peacock's Dung in Powder three Drams, Cinnabar of Antimony or native Cinnabar two Drams; Cubebs, Galangal, and volatile Salt of Amber, of each half a Dram: make a Powder. Add as much of distilled Oil of Aniseeds mixed with Sugar, as sufficeth to render it grateful. Take now and then as much as will lie upon the Point of a Knife, or exhibit it in the following Mixture.  
Take of Chervil-water three Ounces, Sage-water an Ounce and a half, Cinnamon-water six Drams; Spirit of Lily Convally, and of Sage, of each three Drams: mix for the use . Or,  
Take of Chervil-water three Ounces, Spirit of Hartshorn with Amber a Dram: mix.  
Amber may be given inwardly, and its Oil applied to the Crown of the Head: Rock Oil may supply the want of Oil of Boxwood. As, Take of Conserve of Mint an Ounce, Conserve of Rosemary Flowers half an Ounce, white Rock Oil a Dram: with Syrup of Mint make an Electuary. If you please, you may add fifteen Grains of Salt of Amber. I have cured some with a Vomit and this Electuary alone.  
In the last Extremity we have recourse to Laudanum Opiatum mixed with Amber or volatile Medicines, which ofttimes proves more effectual than any other thing. As,  
Take of Sage-water an Ounce and a half, Mint-water an Ounce, Spirit of Lily Convally three Drams, Spirit of Sal Armoniac a Dram and a half, Laudanum Opiatum two or three Grains; Syrup of Orange Flowers three Drams: Mix. Or,  
Take of Black-cherry Water, Mint-water, and Lily Convally Water prepared with Wine, of each an Ounce; Spirit of black Cherries three Drams; Essence of Castor a Dram and a half; Volatile Salt of Hartshorn a Scruple; Volatile Salt of Amber half a Scruple; Syrup of Clove Gillyflowers half an Ounce. Mix; and give a spoonful or two in the Fit.  
If the Disease be caused by the Disorders of the Womb, Take of Swallow-water an Ounce and a half; Baum-water prepared with Wine an Ounce; Spirit of Lily Convally, Spirit of black Cherries, of each a Dram; Spirit of Sal Armoniac half a Dram; Volatile Salt of Amber fifteen Grains; Laudanum Opiatum two or three Grains, Syrup of Orange Peel half an Ounce. Mix, and use as above.  
Essence of Castor, Spirit of Sal Armoniac, distilled Oil of Amber, and in a word whatever is used in Epileptic Fits, may be applied to the Head, Temples, Nostrils, Breast, etc.   

CHAP. II. Of the irregular Incursions of the Spirits into the external Parts.  
THE Instruments of all Motion are the Fibres, whether gathered into a Muscie, or dispersed in a Membran. The Muscles (for the most part) receive Spirits from the Cerebrum, and their regular Motions depend upon the Will. The other Fibres are supplied with Spirits from the Cerebellum, and perform involuntary Motions. If either the musculary or membranous Fibres are preternaturally; moved, the former without the direction of the Will, or the latter with Violence and Pain; we call them Convulsive Motions. If the Part be contracted and remain immovable in the same posture, 'tis called Convulsio tonica, and divided into several sorts. If the Head be drawn forwards towards the Breast, 'tis called Emprosthotonos. Vid. Hipoc. Sect. 4. Aph. 35. If backwards, Opisthotonos: If it be stiff and immovable to either side, Tetanoes. The Convulsions of the Yard in a Priapismus, of the Jaws in a Dog Cramp, of the Knees, Arms, etc. are all included under this general. If the Contraction of the Part cease and return alternatly, 'tis called a Concussion or Convulsio Clonica.  

ART. I. Of alternat Convulsions, and the Epilepsy or Falling-Sickness.  
THE Epilepsy is an alternat Concussion of several Members of the Body, attended for the most part by a Cessation of Sense. It admits of three degrees. The first is not different from the third degree of a Vertigo; of which above. The second is, when the whole Body is tossed with convulsive Motions, and the Senses both internal and external, either remain in their wont State, or become delirious. The Person is taken with Laughter, Crying, Shrieking, Singing; beats his Breast, talks ridiculously, skips up and down the room, and performs a great many antic Actions: And when the Fit is over, is perfectly ignorant of all that passed. Melancholy Persons are obnoxious to it; and for them the Spirit of Hartshorn prepared with Amber is a proper Cure. This kind of Epilepsies is very unfrequent. But the third sort is very common, that is, when the Body is thrown upon the Ground; all Reason and Sense abolished; the Thumbs shut close within the Hands; the Feet tremble; the Arms tossed about; the Teeth gnash against one another, and by't the Tongue and Lips; Froth is cast forth at the Mouth; and the whole Body is successively lifted up and depressed. And when these Symptoms remit, the Person slumbers and groans; and when he comes to himself, complains of a Heaviness of the Head, and a Weariness of the Joints, but remembers nothing that passed.  
The Part immediately affected is the Fibres. If the external musculary Fibres are only affected, 'tis called an external Convulsion. If the Internal are seized, 'tis called Internal. As in Nephritic, Colic, Hypochondriac and Hysteric Fits, and the Pains of Women after Delivery. These Convulsions of the internal Membrans are apt to cause Convulsions in the external Muscles, by communicating their Disorder to the Brain; and so produce an universal Epilepsy.  
The immediate Cause is the rapid, unequal, and disorderly Motion of the Spirits; for the Spirits are equally the Cause both of natural and preternatural Motions. If the Sickness be inveterat or hereditary, perhaps the Animal Spirits are degenerate from their natural Constitution, and become more elastic and movable.  
The remote Causes are, the Irritation of any sensible part, as the puncture of a Nerve; the Collection of heterogeneous Particles in the Brain, or their mixture with the Spirits; as in Wounds of the Head, malignant Fevers, and the Cessation of any wont Evacuation of Blood. Sometimes the vicious Recrements of the Blood are conveyed to the Brain with the Lympha, and infect the Spirits, or mix with them; and sometimes are lodged in other parts. These noxious Particles are nitrosulphureous, and in some measure Elastic, according to Willis; and the nature of the Remedies used against them sufficiently proves them to be acid. Upon which account 'tis that Scorbutic, Hypochondriac and Hysteric Persons are most liable to Convulsions: for the peccant Acid infinuats itself into the fibrous and tendinous Parts of the Muscles, and renders them stiff and unwieldy. And besides, supposing it did not lodge in the Muscle, it affects the Nerves wherever 'tis, and depraves the chylous Juice of the Glandules, especially those of the Mesentery, where it often lurks. This Acid is for the most part bred in the Stomac or first ways, and frequently produces Convulsions in gouty and arthritic Constitutions.  
If the Brain or what it contains be immediately affected without the intervening of any other part, 'tis called an essential Convulsion. But if another part be first affected, 'tis Sympathical; as when Convulsions are caused by Worms, by the Disorders of the lower Belly, Ulcers or Aches of external Parts, by the suppression of the Terms or Piles; neglect of Venery, causing a Corruption of the seminal Liquor in Women; the Indisposition of the Stomac, the Disorders of the Kidneys, Bladder, and Mesentery; Arthritic, melancholy and cholic Fits; Pains of Childbirth, etc.  
When a Convulsion proceeds from any inferior part, it resembles the Motion of a cold Vapour rising from the part towards the Brain. But there is neither space for that Vapour to move in, nor a sufficient force to put it in Motion: Therefore 'tis a false Imagination, and aught to be rectified. The plain case stands thus. The Part being irritated by the offending Cause, the Spirits repair in a disorderly manner into it, and contract the Fibres; these Spirits are followed by large Numbers of others, that not finding room in the contracted part, rebound; this Convulsion is continued to the Original of the Nerve, and creates a Disorder in the Brain, which affects all the other Nerves, and produces the universal Epilepsy. So the gradual Contraction of the Part, and the disorderly Incursions of the Spirits, create a Sense not unlike to that of ascending Vapours, and occasion the vulgar Error. These imaginary Vapours are generally attended by a sense of Cold, by reason that the Spirits have not a free admission into the contracted part.  
Convulsions differ from Trembling in this, that the former invade the part when resting; whereas the other follows only upon attempting some voluntary motion. In a Palsy the Part affected may be moved or extended without Pain, but in a Convulsion it cannot. In Swoonings or sleepy Diseases the Pulse is weak and low, and the Fits observe no regular Periods, nor are they easily carried off; but in the first degree of an Epilepsy, though it resemble swooning, the Pulse is strong and frequent, and the Fit returning at set times is easily cured.  
In acute burning Fevers, Convulsions are foretold from a tingling in the Ears, heaviness of the Head, dulness of the Senses, panting of the Heart, Flashing of Light, and strange Colours appearing before the Eyes. If in the beginning of the Disease, the Balls of the Eyes are seized with Pain, without any Inflammation; or if the sick Person attempt as it were to catch Flies, it betokens a Delirium, and Convulsions. But if he begin to pick at the Bed-clotheses, or be sensible of the Contraction or twitching of any Member, or of the seeming Ascent of Vapours to the Head, the Convulsion is just at hand.  
If the Patient dote, and be uncapable to give an account of these Symptoms, the Physician may put his hand to the Wrists or tendinous Parts; and if he observe that the Tendons start or quaver, 'tis a sign of fatal Convulsions. An Epilepsy may be also prophesied in other cases from frequent Swimming of the Head, and Nightmares.  
If an Epilepsy proceed from Convulsions of the internal Membrans, it discovers itself by a murmuring Noise in the Guts, Swell or Contractions or Hardness of the Belly, drawing the Navel inwards, violent throws in the Guts, Pains in the Loins, a Distension and Contraction of the Breast, difficulty of Breathing, an apprehension of being stifled, etc. If it be essential, it surprises the Person without any preceding signs, or sense of Pain; but a symptomatical Epilepsy is ushered in by the aching of some affected part, and the apprehension of Vapours transmitted from thence to the Brain.  
The Prognostics are variable according to the Circumstances of the Patient. If an Epilepsy commence after the twenty fifth year of the Persons Age; if it succeed Iliac Pains, acute Fevers, immoderate Watch, excessive loss of Blood, overviolent Purging, or the use of Hellebor; if the Fits return frequently, and the Lips, Tongue, Eyelids, or Breast, be much affected; if the Disease be hereditary, essential, and inveterat; if the Patient does not sneeze after using Medicines for that purpose: In all these cases there's a great deal of danger. If a Woman with Child be seized with Convulsions, they threaten Miscarriage. If it commence from the Infancy, or before the state of Manhood, 'tis curable. If it return frequently, it renders the Person stupid or delirious. If a Chronical Epilepsy be followed by an unmalignant Fever, 'tis a good Omen.  
The Cure of Convulsions and the Falling Sickness of Children is accounted for elsewhere. As for adult Persons, the Physician must heedfully inform himself if the Cause be external or internal; if the Disease be essential or symptomatical; and if symptomatical, in what particular Member the source of the Distemper lies. And withal let him carefully observe the following Remarks, which do not relate to the Paroxysm, but the general method of Cure.  
1. That Chronical Convulsions arising from internal Causes, do generally invade Hypochrondiac and Scorbutic Persons, and are owing to a vicious Acid, which for the most part is bred in the first Passages. Therefore Evacuations, and the use of testaceous Alcalin Powders, Spanish Soap boiled in Milk, and Chalybeat Medicines, are recommended.  
2. That if the Disease arise from any particular Member, the Medicines which properly regard that part ought to be joined with Specifics; but not exhibited till after the general Evacuations.  
3. That Antimonial Vomits are sovereign Medicines, if the Disease proceed from the internal Parts. They ought to be given every Month, four days before the Full-moon.  
4. That all purging Medicines ought to be of the milder sort, and mixed with sweet Mercury thrice sublimated; and exhibited before the Changes of the Moon.  
5. That if the source of the Disease be lodged in the Humours of the Body, the Decoctions of the sudorific Woods, together with proper Specifics, are given with good Success, after the first Passages are sufficiently cleansed.  
6. That in a desperate case a Salivation with Mercury may be attempted.  
7. That sneezing Medicines ought to be used every Morning. As for example,  
Take of the Leaves of Marjoram and Rue, of each two Drams, Flowers of the Lily Convally a Dram; white Hellebor and Castor, of each half a Dram. Make a Powder.  
8. That if the Distemper proceed from the Disorders of any external part, 'tis proper to place a Ligature betwixt it and the Brain, just before the Invasion of the Paroxysm. Issues, Caustics applied to the part (especially in the puncture of a Nerve) and opening the Scull with a Trepandiron, are of good use.  
9 That if the Falling Sickness be attended by a Suppression of any wont Evacuation of Blood, 'tis fit to open the Hemorrhoid Vein, or a Vein in the Arm, or in the Ankle of Women with Child; or apply Leeches to the inside of the Womb, when an Epilepsy follows Delivery.  
10. That Opiates ought not to be given before the general Evacuations; nor too frequently repeated, left they promote a Stupidity, which generally ensues Chronical Epilepsies. They may serve to prevent and mitigate a fierce Paroxysm. They ought to be mixed with Specifics and Camphyr, and given before the Invasion of the Fit. The Temples, Nostrils and Wrists may be anointed at the same time with Oil of Boxwood, which has a peculiar Anodyn Virtue.  
11. That the Disorders of the Brain and Animal Spirits ought to be redressed by the use of Epileptic Specifics and Antiacids; as the Bones and Dung of Animals, native Cinnabar, Castor, Vitriol, Amber, Misselto of the Hazel-tree, Peony, Opium, Camphyr, etc.  
The true Cure of this Disease consists in preservation, and preventing the Paroxysm. Vomits are the first in order. Next are purging Medicines, which ought to be strongest in an essential Epilepsy.  
Take of the Extract of black Hellebor, sweet Mercury right prepared, of each fifteen Grains; Extract of Troches Alhandal one or two Grains, distilled Oil of Amber two Drops: with Essence of Myrrh, or of Castor, make Pills. Or,  
Take of sweet Mercury fifteen Grains, Scammony prepared with Sulphur four or five Grains. Make a Powder. Or,  
Take of the Conserve of Rosemary-flowers a Dram, Powder of Jalap half a Scruple, sweet Mercury fifteen Grains: with the Syrup of Apples make a Bolus.  
Sweet Mercury and Mercurius vitae, well pounded and exactly mixed, prove laxative, and are mighty useful in this case.  
The Specifics for this Disease are very numerous; I shall briefly recount those that are most universally received.  
In the vegetable Province Male Peony is a famous Specific, if gathered in its proper season; the neglect of which has abridged its Reputation. It ought to be gathered at Noonday in July or August; or before the Sun rising, when both the Sun and Moon are in Aries, during the wain of the Moon. It is both given inwardly, and tied about the Neck, with good Success.  
Next are the Flowers of Lily of the Valley. They ought to be gathered before the rising of the Sun, while they are wet with the Dew, and presently distilled with Spanish Wine; which may be distilled again several times upon fresh Flowers. If you infuse Castor in this Spirit, it extracts a noble Essence, which may be given from half a Dram to a Dram.  
Hazelwood yields an excellent Spirit and Oil. The Misselto of this Tree, and the Catkins that grow upon it, are endowed with an Anodyn Sulphur, and are very successful Specifics against this Disease. The Misselto ought to be gathered in the wain of the Moon in March, and may be given from half a Dram to a Dram. Misselto of the Oak is likewise useful. But while they are used, 'tis needful to purge now and then, lest their fixing Quality should occasion other Diseases. In the Spring we gather a Sulphur from the Catkins of Hazel, that may be given inwardly from a Scruple to a Dram.  
The Misselto and Flowers of the Limetree, Boxwood, Lavender Flowers, Flowers of Dill, Angelica and Valerian Roots, Roots of Swallowort, Acorus, Briony, Seeds of Soapwort and Rue, are much esteemed. Black-cherries, Assa faetida, Camphyr, Spirit of Soot, Extract and Essence of the Wood of Aloe, are likewise Specifics. Some commend the Coals digged from under Mugwort, which decker's takes to be the ancient Roots of Mugwort, resembling Coals.  
These are the most noted vegetable Specifics, to which we generally add Cephalic and Aromatic Medicines. As,  
Take of the Leaves and Flowers of Sage six Ounces, Flowers of Lily of the Valley three Ounces, Flowers of sweet Lavender an Ounce, Male Peony Roots two Ounces, Leaves and Flowers of Margerum half an Ounce, choice Cinnamom two Ounces, Cubebs half an Ounce, Cloves three Drams, Mace two Drams; infuse them in fourteen Pound of Rhenish or Spanish Wine. Let them macerat for fourteen days; then distil in a Balneum Mariae. You may add Castor, and Spirit of Sal Armoniac.  
In the Animal Province, the Spirit, Oil, and volatile Salt of human Blood taken from a beheaded Criminal, are celebrated Specifics. The Spirit of a human Afterbirth putrified, given from fifteen to forty Drops, is reserved by some for a Secret: Or the Powder of it dried in an Oven may be given from half a Dram to a Dram. The Skull of one that dies a violent Death, may be given in Powder from a Scruple to a Dram. It yields a Spirit and volatile Salt, of wonderful use; and its Oil when rectified and applied to the Crown of the Head, prevents the Epileptic Fit. Oil of Amber distilled with the Powder of Man's Soul, yields a most penetrating Oil for the same use. The human Brain, its Spirit and Oil, and Bones of Men, are likewise much esteemed.  
The Bones of other Animals, especially the Teeth of a Sea-horse, the Livers of green Frogs, the Liver of a Wolf, the Gall of a black Cat, the Spirit of Urine, the Blood of a hunted Hare, Castor, together with Spirits and volatile Salts, are much in use. As,  
Take of volatile Salt of Amber, volatile Salt of a human Skull, of each a Scruple; Castor two Drams: Infuse in Spirit of Wine; let them digest and circulat; and they yield an admirable Tincture against this Disease.  
Peacock's Dung, Quails Eggs, Spirit of Sal Armoniac prepared with Quicklime, Spirit of Tartar, Assa faetida, Elks Claws, Swallows, with the Spirits and volatile Salts, are common Specifics.  
In the mineral Family: The fixed Sulphurs of Antimony lead the Van. Cinnabar of Antimony, sublimated several times, and reduced to a fine Powder, with some spirituous Water, is given in Substance; or a Tincture may be extracted from it with some vegetable Spirit, that is of sovereign Virtue in this case. Or the Cinnabar may be dissolved in a Menstruum prepared from Nitre and Salgem; and precipitated into Crystals, which pass by the name of Astrum Mercurii Secretum. Native Hungarian Cin●abar is likewise very useful. But above all, the Sulphur taken from the Dross of the Regulus of Antimony, after this manner. After you have separated the Sulphur Auratum by a second Precipitation, take the same strained Liquor, and pour on some distilled Vinegar and Spirit of Urine: It precipitates a noble Sulphur of incomparable use against an Epilepsy. Three Grains may be given to adult Persons.  
Next to the fixed Sulphurs of Antimony is Vitriol. It's fixed Anodyn Sulphur, and its sulphureous volatile Spirit right prepared, are mightily applauded by Helmont and Paracelsus. The common Spirit of Vitriol is corrosive, not volatile; but the true volatile Spirit is drawn from Vitriol exposed to the Air, and the preceding Phlegm is chamfered. The Spirit drawn from Vitriol and human Urine is an excellent Medicine; for the Alcali of the Urine dissolves the Metallin Sulphur, and the Spirit renders it volatile. In like manner any other vegetable Spirit, mixed with Vitriol, yields a cephalic Spirit of Vitriol, which may be mixed with Spirit of human Blood, and exhibited in an hereditary Epilepsy.  
Amber concludes the mineral Catalogue. It yields a Spirit, volatile Salt and Oil, which may be mixed with Spirit of Hartshorn, or of human Blood. Sometimes Camphyr may be added; which is a noted Pacific, and of singular use, together with Opium, against the Epilepsies arising from the Womb.  
The Methods of prescribing these Specifics are as follows.  
Take of Black-cherry-water, Lily Convally-water, and Langius' Epileptic Water, of each one Ounce; Spirit of Hartshorn succinated, or rectified Spirit of a human Skull, a Dram, Syrup of Clove Gilly flowers an Ounce. Mix. Or,  
Take of the Water of Lime-tree-flowers, Sage-water, Black-cherry Water, of each an Ounce; Spirit of Hartshorn with Amber three Drams, Spirit of treacle camphorized, or Essence of Castor a Dram; Essence of Opium a Scruple, Syrup of Peony Flowers an Ounce. Mix, and give two or three Spoonfuls twice or thrice a day.  
Take of the Water of the new Horns of a Hart two Ounces, Spirit of human Brains an Ounce, Spirit of human Blood a Dram and a half, prepared human Skull a Dram, volatile Salt of human Skull fifteen Grains, volatile Salt of Amber half a Scruple, Laudanum Opiatum three or five Grains, Syrup of Arabian Stechas an Ounce. Mix, and use as above.  
Take of the Water of Peony Flowers three Ounces, Water of human Brains distilled with Wine six Drams, essential Spirit of human Blood a Dram and a half, prepared Unicorn a Dram, Cinnabar of Antimony half a Dram, Laudanum Opiatum a Grain and a half, Syrup of Arabian Stechas an Ounce. Mix, and use as above.  
Take of the Waters of Peony Flowers, and of Limtree Flowers, of each an Ounce; rectified Cinnamon-water half an Ounce, unburnt Hartshorn a Scruple; native Cinnabar, Mineral Bezoar, of each half a Scruple; Hysteric Laudanum five Grains, Syrup of Peony Flowers half an Ounce. Mix, etc.  
Take of the Water of Peony Flowers two Ounces, Misselto of Hazel a Scruple; native Cinnabar, mineral Bezoar, of each half a Scruple; Hysteric Laudanum six Grains, Syrup of Peony Flowers half an Ounce. Dose, a Spoonful twice or thrice a day.  
Take of Fennel-water, and Water of Lime-tree Flowers, of each an Ounce; Spirit of Sal Armoniac, Spirit of Hartshorn with Amber, of each half a Scruple; Essence of Castor a Scruple, Syrup of Poppies, and Syrup of Arabian Stechas, of each half an Ounce: mix as above.  
Take of the Water of Peony Flowers two Ounces, Pennyroyal-water an Ounce; Apoplectic Water, or Langius' Epileptic Water six Drams; volatile Salt of Hartshorn twelve Grains, volatile Salt of Amber six Grains, Syrup of Peony Flowers three Drams: mix, and use as above.  
Take of Baum-water two Ounces, Sage-water an Ounce, Essence of Castor two Drams, Spirit of Hartshorn with Oil of Amber a Dram, Syrup of Peony Flowers half an Ounce: mix, etc.  
As for Powders. Take of Cinnabar of Antimony half a Dram, volatile Salt of Amber twelve Grains; Laudanum Opiatum prepared by Fermentation, two or three Grains: make a Powder for two Doses. For a Vehicle,  
Take of Sage-water, and Water of Lily of the Valley, of each an Ounce; Spirit of Lily of the Valley, and Spirit of Black-cherries, of each a Dram and a half: mix.  
Take of the Powder of human Skull prepared without Fire a Dram, Cinnabar of Antimony half a Dram, or two Scruples; volatile Salt of Hartshorn twelve Grains, volatile Salt of Amber six Grains: make a Powder for four Doses. Or,  
Take Cinnabar of Antimony fifteen Grains; volatile Salt of Hartshorn, Volatile Salt of Vipers, of each four Grains▪ Camphyr two or three Grains. Make a Powder as above. Or,  
Take of Diaphoretic Antimony, Native Cinnabar, prepared Amber, of each eight or ten Grains; Volatile Salt of Amber three or five Grains; Laudanum Opiatum one Grain. Make a Powder as above.  
Take Cinnabar of Antimony, prepared Amber, of each a Scruple; Castor twelve Grains; Volatile Salt of Amber, Volatile Salt of Hartshorn, of each half a Scruple; Camphyr three Grains: make a Powder for three Doses.  
Take of the Powder of a human Scull prepared without Fire a Dram; Cinnabar of Antimony half a Dram; Castor fifteen Grains; Volatile Salt of Hartshorn, Volatile Salt of Amber, of each half a Scruple: make a Powder for three Doses.  
The common Vehicle for these Powders, may be this following.  
Take of the Water of Lily Convally, Black Cherry Water, and Water of Limetree-flowers, of each a Dram; Essence of Rosemary-flowers, or Essence of Castor, from two Drams to three Drams; Essential Spirit of human Scull a Dram; Syrup of Clove Gillyflowers six or eight Drams: mix, etc.  
As for external Remedies, some are wont to apply Annulets of Elder, or the Roots of Master-wort sliced to the Thumbs and Toes; or Rings of the Teeth of Sea-horses, and the like, Cephalic Bags, Emplasters, Ointments, and the specific Oils , may be applied to the Backbone, Crown of the Head, and the affected part. But a special regard must be had to the peculiar Constitution of the Pat●●●t; for some are extremely offended by the approach of odoriferous Oils. Oil of Amber and Oil of Spike, or the fat of a wild Cat, may be applied to the Belly, when the Disease is symptomatical, both during the Paroxysm, and at other times. If the Epilepsy proceed from the Disorders of the Spleen, the Emplaster de ranis cum Mercurio is very useful. Upon other occasions a Compound-plaister may be prescribed thus.  
Take of the Emplaster Diacalcitheos', two Ounces; Diachylum ●reatum, an Ounce and a half; Emplaster of Betony two Ounces. Mix, etc. Crato's Plaster is likewise very proper for this purpose.  
Thus far I have considered the Method of preserving from, or preventing Epileptic Fits: My next business is to show what ought to be done during the time of the Fits. If the Person be Plethoric, let blood; but take care to draw forth but a small quantity. Then give a strong Emetic. If the temporal Muscles, or those of the Gullet, are so affected that the Person cannot open his mouth or take down any thing, you must open the mouth with a Spoon, and throw it in; or wet a Feather with the Emetic Syrup, and a Grain or two of Mercurius Vitae, and thrust it into the Throat.  
If a Vomit cannot conveniently be given, inject frequently sharp Clysters, adding to them antimonial Infusions and volatile specific Salts.  
Sneezing Powders ought to be cautiously used during the Fit, for they cause Convulsions. In room of them put Spirit of Sal armoniac, or of Urine to the Nostrils; or drop it upon the Tongue. The smell of Amber thrown upon the Coals is very effectual. The external Parts may be rubbed, but withal very gently. If the Epilepsy proceed from any external Part, Ligatures are very proper. The Backbone may be anointed with specific Oils or Liniments. In the mean while 'tis not improper to throw into the mouth two or three spoonfuls of some Epileptic Mixture, as above-prescribed.  
If the Tongue be hurt by the Teeth, throw upon it the Powder of Crabs-eyes, or anoint it with some vulnerary Extract and Sugar.   

ART. II. Of a Cramp or continued Contraction.  
WHEN a nervous Part is affected continually and without interruption, it becomes rigid and inflexible. The Cause of this Irritation may be either manifest or hidden. Of the former kind are the pricking of a Nerve, immoderate Purging, the unseasonable use of Mercurial or Antimonial Medicines, external Violence, drinking of Aqua fortis or acid Liquors (for all Acids have a contracting Virtue, as appears by Leather dipped in an Acid.) The hidden Causes are acute or malignant Fevers, Inflammations, Gout, Arthritic and Hypochondriac Fits (in which the prevailing Acid fixes in tendinous parts, and renders them stiff) Collections of Serum in the Brain, and Worms in the Guts, which are for the most part accompanied by swell of the Belly. Sometimes a flatulent serous Humour affects the Muscles, and causes a Contraction. Sometimes the offending Cause is lodged in the contracted part, and sometimes elsewhere.  
As for the Cure, the universal Evacuations are first in order, especially the injection of sharp Clysters. The internal Specifics are the same as in the case of an Epilepsy.  
For external use, all spirituous and oily things are proper; but such of 'em as are more penetrating than viscid or unctuous are preferable, as the Oil of Worms per deliquium. Or,  
Take of the Oil of Orris, Oil of Earthworms, of each two Ounces; Castor in Powder four Scruples: mix them by continual shaking, and anoint the contracted part without intermission till the Convulsion cease.  
The Oil that drops from a roasted Goose; the Spirit of Wine with Saffron; Spirit of treacle camphorised with Castor; the Decoction of stolen Urine with white Bread mixed with a small quantity of Assa faetida; Oil of Amber mixed with Ro●k O●l (when the occasional Cause is of a cold nature) are much approved for the same use. Or,  
Take of Oil of Turpentine, Oil of Earthworms, of each an Ounce and a half; Human Fat one Ounce; the Fat of Dogs, half an Ounce: make a Lineament. Or,  
Take of human Fat three or four Ounces; distilled Oil of Turpentine three Drams; Oil of Juniper Berry's two Drams; Oil of Spike half a Dram: make a Lineament. Or,  
Take of Oil of Turpentine half a Dram; distilled Oil of Cloves six Drops; Mucilage of Briony as much as sufficeth for a Lineament.  
When a Nerve is pricked by an error in Blood-letting, the Wound must be dilated, and distilled Oil of Turpentine, or of Wax, or of Bricks, dropped into it warm. If the Wound be large, apply the following Plaster.  
Take of Euphorbium a Scruple, Turpentine half an Ounce; with Wax make a Plaster.  
If after scarifying or letting of blood the Part swell and ache, anoint it frequently with the following Lineament.  
Take of the fat of Foxes, fat of Badgers, of each three Ounces; distilled Oil of Spike half an Ounce; Oil of Mastic two Drams; Wine two or three Drams: mix 'em before the fire, and use it hot.  
If the Part be livid, swelled, and affected with pain, apply the following Cataplasm.  
Take of the Herbs Agrimony, Chervil, and Flowers of Chamomil, of each a handful; Roots of Larks Spur three Ounces; Roots of Solomon's Seal an Ounce; Linseeds, Fenugrecseeds, of each half a Dram: Boil them in a sufficient quantity of Water to the consistence of a Cataplasm.  
If the Convulsion proceed from a Wound in the part, drop into it the Balsam of Sulphur with Turpentine, and anoint the part with Oil of Worms, and distilled Oil of Turpentine. If it be caused by a poisonous Animal, anoint with Oil of Scorpions; apply scarifyed Cupping-glasses, or an actual Cautery to the part, or the magnetic arsenic Plaster; and give inwardly treacle with Gentian, in order to procure sweat. If it be occasioned by violent Purgation, give treacle with Opiates.  
For a windy Cramp, take a rough Cloth hot and dip it into Spirit of Juniper Berries, or rectified Spirit of Wine, and rub the part; or foment it with Spirit of treacle and Juniper Water. In case of extremity apply the following Ointment.  
Take of fresh Goose-tallow four Drams; distilled Oil of Cloves half a Scruple; distilled Oil of Cinnamom five drops. Mix for an Ointment.  
Volatile Antiacids, Milk, and such like temperate things are proper for the Convulsions which proceed from an internal Acid.   

ART. III. Of Trembling.  
TRembling resembles Convulsive Motions, and when it follows Epileptic Fits, partakes of their Nature. Some particular Members are apt to shake after drinking or sudden Passion; but this is a lesser sort of trembling: For some are universal, some particular; some greater, and some lesser. It does not proceed from any weakness of the moving Faculty, but from the joint Action of several Muscles that are either Antagonists, or employed in different Motions of the Member, which is occasioned by the almost equal Incursions of the Animal Spirits: whereas upon the Will's injoining a particular Motion, they ought to repair more copiously to the Muscle, whose Office 'tis to perform the commanded Motion; than into its other Companions that are supposed to rest.  
The Animal Spirits are apt to commit this Error, when disordered by Passion, or over-fixed by the use of Narcotics, or excessive drinking of Wine. But ofttimes the Spirits themselves are innocent, and the fault lies either in the Nerve or the Muscle. If any Obstruction or Irritation happen at the head of the Nerve, the Spirits designed for the Muscle are diverted another way. If the Fibres of the Muscle be contracted, dry, misplaced, or not so accessible as they ought to be, the regular arrival of the Spirits is prevented.  
Thus mercurial Steams, immoderate Venery, Cold, drinking of cold Liquors, suppression of wont Evacuations, and malignant Fevers, are wont to occasion a Trembling.  
Trembling is easily distinguished from a Palsy, by the performance of the voluntary motion; and from Convulsions by this, that it never appears but when a voluntary motion is attempted.  
If it succeed to a Palsy, it prognosticats a Recovery. If it proceed from internal Causes, it ought not to be neglected. If it be hereditary, of a long standing, or accompanied by old Age, it seldom admits of a Cure. If it terminat in Convulsions, or approach to their Nature; If attended by Doting in Burning Fevers; If it succeed to Childbirth, or happen in a Lethargy or Apoplexy; it portends ill. If the under-lip quaver, it betokens Vomiting.  
The occasional Cause must be diligently enquired for, and removed. So the method of Cure must be calculated for the various Causes. In general, it requires cephalic and nervous Medicines, such as are used against Palsies, Convulsions, and Apoplexies. Sage is a noted Specific in this case; it may be eaten with food, infused in Ale; or a Spirit or Essence taken from it, and mixed with Castor, which may be used inwardly often. The Hands or Part affected may be fomented with this Spirit, or an infusion of Sage in Wine or Water used for a wash. Baum is next; its Leaves infused in Wine, or Spirit of Wine, make a useful Medicine for this purpose. Juniper-berries, their Spirit, Oil, Rob, Infusion in Wine or Spirit of Wine, and the infused Berries in substance, are very sovereign in this case. After due Evacuations, there is nothing so proper as a Diet-drink of the Decoction of Woods, especially of Juniper Wood  
Nutmegs, Cinnamom, Cloves, Castor and its Preparations, the ●rains of Hares roasted, etc. are mightily esteemed.  
Peacock's Dung infused in Spirit of Wine is a sovereign Remedy against Trembling in old Age. The Oils of Hazelwood and Boxwood are also very proper.  
If it proceed from metallin or mercurial Fumes, Cinnabar of Antimony and antimonial Sulphurs ought to be mixed with human Bones, and exhibited in order to procure Sweat. The Decoction of Elecampane and Fennel Roots in Wine, taken Morning and Evening, the Person being covered in order to sweat, is famous for expelling and correcting Mercury in the Body. Leaves of Gold, or Medicines partaking of Gold, are proper in this case to be given inwardly; and an Ointment of Gold may be applied outwardly.  
As for external Remedies, Forestus recommends rubbing and washing the Part with fresh Urine. In room of which you may use what follows.  
Take of Aqua Articularis for external use three or four Ounces, Spirit of Earthworms an Ounce and a half, Spirit of Aunts six or eight Drams, Essence of Castor three or four Drams: mix, and bathe the part affected.  
Petrus à Castro orders the part to be frequently fomented with distilled Water of Nettles. The Leaves of an Ash infused in Lees are commended. If the Trembling be inveterat, the natural Baths, or artificial Baths of a Decoction of Aunts tied in a Bag, are incomparably useful.    

CHAP. III. Of the Diseases in which the Animal Spirits cease to move.  

ART. I. Of an Apoplexy.  
WHEN Persons are seized with Apoplexies, they are like dead People in every respect, except the beating of their Pulse, Breathing, and the colour of their faces. If the Respiration be much impaired, the Pulse very low, and scarce perceptible, and the Person snort, and froth at the Mouth, 'tis a violent Fit. If the whole Body be equally seized, 'tis an universal Apoplexy. If only one side of the Head and Body, or the Trunk of the Body alone, or a particular part by itself, be affected while the others are at ease, 'tis called a particular Apoplexy. 'Tis usual among Writers to refer the Apoplexies of particular Parts to Palsies; but indeed these Disorders of particular Members proceeding from internal Causes, and called by them Paralytic, were by the Ancients accounted slight Apoplexies. Vid. Hip. Sect. 2. Aph. 42.  
The Cause of Apoplexies may be derived from the failure of the motion of the Animal Spirits, either in the Cerebrum or Cerebellum. If in the latter, the Circulation of the Blood and Motion of the Heart are in a manner quite extinguished. If the Animal Spirits be hindered to visit the Heart by the Convulsion of its Nerves, or such other Causes, the same effect will follow. These Causes are called Privative, which do not affect the Spirits immediately, but only prevent their Excursions, or withdraw the matter of their Generation, as all Obstructions of the Brain, a Fall, etc. The positive Causes are such as stupify the Spirits, or render 'em unfit for performing their Office, as narcotic Medicines, etc.  
A privative Apoplexy is occasioned by stopping the Circulation of the Blood. This is caused either by an Obstruction in the Brain imprisoning the Spirits; or by the Compression, tearing or breaking of the Blood-vessels. As, when external Violence is used, an Apoplexy may be caused by the Ligature or Compression of the Carotid Arteries, and consequently the interruption of the Blood in its Passage to the Brain. This Hypocrates understood by his Obstructio Venae, it being customary among the Ancients to signify by Veins the Arteries and Nerves. The other privative Apoplexies proceeding from internal Causes, are rather owing to the stoppage of the Blood in the Veins, and its subsequent Stagnation in, or Distension of the Brain; for suppose one of the Carotid Arteries were straitened by some internal Cause, the other Artery communicating with it, would supply the Brain with Blood, and so no Apoplexy would ensue upon that occasion. 'Tis the hindrance therefore of the Reflux of the Blood, and its subsequent Stagnation, that in internal cases distends the Brain, straitens its Passages, extinguishes the motion of the Animal Spirits, and so causes the Apoplexy.  
Sometimes the Blood is so thick and congealed, that of itself it stops in the Vessels within the Brain, without any determination to that effect from the Blood Vessels; as in Heart-swooning, which is a case not only parallel, but near a kin to this, it stagnates in the Lungs.  
The Ancients derived the cause of an Apoplexy from a Collection of Serum in the Ventricles of the Brain; but Anatomical Dissections make it appear, that the Brains of Apoplectic Persons are not always molested with any such matter; and that several People are, who were never seized with an Apoplexy in their Lives. It remains therefore to be concluded, that the immediate Cause of all Apoplexies is the Abolition either of the motion of the animal Spirits, or of the Circulation of the Blood.  
The remote Causes with reference to a defective Circulation of the Blood, are, sudden Cold, excessive Heat, gormandizing in a sedentary way of Living; washing the Head with warm Water, and then exposing it to the Cold; Swell in the Scull; suppression of wont Evacuations of Blood; using Dragon's Blood after violent Purges; immoderate Venery, especially in old Age; Anger, and all turbulent Passions of the Mind.  
With reference to the motion of the animal Spirits, the remote Causes of Apoplexies are a Contusion or violent Commotion of the Brain, by Thunder, Cannon shooting, etc. any sudden and impetuous Force that drives inwards the Lymph which waters the Cortical part of the Brain; Impostumes or any vicious matter lodged in the Head; all which straiten the Passages of the Brain, and Original of the Nerves, and so cramp the Spirits that they cannot perform their wont Office.  
Excessive Drinking may occasion a Prevalency or Redundancy of Serum in the Brain, that presses down the Walls of the Passages. Accordingly we sometimes meet with great quantities of Serum in dissecting the Heads of such as die of Apoplexies. The Smallpox or Scab struck inwards, and several other Causes, may likewise produce the same effect. Upon this account I shall not scruple to admit the distinction of privative Apoplexies into such as are Sanguine, and those which are Serous; though a nice Theorist might cavil against it. The former kind is apt to invade those whose Blood is thick and prone to congeal; the latter for most part seizes old decrepit Catarrhous Constitutions.  
Mercurial and subterranean Vapours not only clog the Spirits, but thicken the Blood, and so cause a privative Apoplexy. As for positive Apoplexies caused by an immediate Depravation and Fixation of the Spirits, I am of Helmont's Opinion, that not only external things, but an internal Ferment bred in the Stomac ofttimes causes 'em. This I am induced to believe by these Considerations.  
1. Vomits, sharp Clysters and stomachic Medicines are sovereign Remedies against a positive Apoplexy; which is a sign that the Stomac is concerned. 2. The Steams of Coals, Smoke of Tobacco, and eating ungrateful Food, cause Apoplexies. Now undoubtedly these affect the mouth of the Stomac most immediately. 3. I remember an instance of a Woman that was seized with a positive Apoplexy, of a sudden, without any known Cause: her Spirits were not exhausted or deficient, but she had an invincible Propensity to Sleep, with a grievous Anxiety and Trouble in her Breast; and after Recovery happening to take a Vomit upon another occasion, was thrown into the same Symptoms again. Now, as I take it, the source of the Disease lay in the Stomac, and the Vomit wakened it afresh. 4. A Giddiness proceeding from the Stomac is frequently a Forerunner of an Apoplexy; and where this is hereditary to a Family, that is a sure ground of Prediction. 5. Poterius his Diaphoretic Gold and Cinnabar of Antimony are Specifics against Apoplexies. Now they do not positively reach further than the first Passages. 6. The sudden and surprising way of Invasion of some Apoplexies, seems to intimate that there is a virulent Ferment in the Body which immediately extinguishes or fetters the Spirits.  
Supposing therefore that there is a virulent Ferment bred in the Stomac, we can give no other account of its manner of Operation than this, that as Opium in the Stomac disposes the Spirits to Sleep, so it fixes 'em to an Apoplectic height.  
When an universal Apoplexy terminates in a particular one, if it be sanguine, I doubt 'tis uncurable, unless it yield to Blood-letting. Or perhaps the clotted Blood may have left some Serum in the Brain, which falls deeper upon the spinal Marrow, or is thrown upon some particular Nerves; or if the Apoplexy was originally Lymphatic, the Lymph may have sunk in, and so caused an Obstruction of some particular Nerves. This Solution will serve for privative Apoplexies; but as touching the positive, I am at a loss to advance any plausible Reason, unless you admit of this, that the Contraction of the upper Extremity of the Nerves, near to their original Insertion, may produce a mere Apoplexy, without Convulsions, which always ensue the Contraction of their outward Parts.  
The Signs and Prognostics of an Apoplexy are these: The Person is seized with a profound Sleep, deprived of all Sense and Motion; the Respiration remains entire more or less, according to the violence of the Fit. If the Patiented froth at the Mouth, the Respiration is even almost abolished; for the Froth is the Blood stagnating in the Lungs, impregnated and rarified by Air, and so thrown up. This is a mortal Sign according to Hipp. Sect. 2. Aph. 43. for all that die of Apoplexies, are actually stifled. But we ought carefully to distinguish this Froth of Blood, which is of a whitish red Colour, and cast up from the bottom of the Breast, from the thin Spittle-like Froth, caused in the  by the Agitation of Air in a viscid Humour. If the Apoplexy proceed from a Stagnation of the Blood, the Face and Eyes are bloated, and of a red Color, and the Body is hot; otherwise they are pale and cold. If the Person snort high, 'tis an ill Omen. If the Memory decay of a sudden, 'tis a Presage of an Apoplexy. Sometimes the Urine and Excrements are voided without the Person's sense, by reason of the Relaxation of the Sphincters.  
A positive Apoplexy is distinguished from a privative by the Constitution of the Patient, of which above; and the Anxieties of the Breast attending the former. An Apoplexy is distinguished from a Syncope Cardiaca, or Heart-swooning, by this, that the latter is not attended by Snorting; the Respiration in it is always extremely difficult, and the Breast mightily troubled, the Face pale, the extreme Parts cold; a cold Sweat breaks forth, and the Pulse is very weak, and not so hard as in Apoplexies.  
'Tis distinguished from Hysteric Fits, by this; that in these the Face is always pale, the Pulse very low and imperceptible, Respiration pretty entire, the sense of Feeling ofttimes remains; and the Disorders of the lower Belly have ushered 'em in.  
A Carus steals on by degrees, and the Respiration is easy, and ofttimes without Snorting. But an Apoplexy pursues a contrary method.  
If a violent Apoplexy be not followed by a Fever in seven days, 'tis mortal. If a difficulty of Breathing be attended with Sweeting, 'tis a fatal Omen. If the Fit persist beyond tweuty four hours without remission, there's no hope. In general, all Apoplectic Persons, though cured, are apt to relapse, and young strong Persons are more likely to recover than the old and feeble.  
If it be not mortal, it either determines in a particular Apoplexy, or is discussed by Stool and Sweeting. Barbette relates an instance of its being cured by voiding Lymph by the Ear, and upon that account recommends a Salivation for its Cure.  
In prescribing the Cure I shall first take notice of what is fit to be done during the Paroxysm; and then how we ought to behave after the Paroxysm is over.  
As for the time of the Fit; sharp Clysters and Suppositories are approved by the general Consent of all Physicians. They are proper in all Apoplectic Cases. They must be sharp to the last degree, injected in moderate quantities, in order to be easily retained; and in case of a total Relaxation of the Sphincter, repeated often; or converted into Cataplasms by longer boiling, and applied all over the Belly.  
Vomits and Blood-letting are generally prescribed; but unseasonably administered, murder a great many. In order to avoid mistakes in this important matter, let us mind the following Cautions.  
If the Patient be young, lusty, accustomed to a sedentary Life; if the Face in the Paroxysm appear red, if there be a suppression of any wont Evacuation of Blood. In a word, if there appear any signs of a sanguine Apoplexy, or a Stagnation of Blood, 'tis highly convenient to bleed. In a serous Apoplexy, Bleeding can only act a preservative part. In a positive internal Apoplexy, it can do no manner of good, unless by accident, by correcting the Stagnation of the Blood in the Breast; upon which account it may be useful in the other sorts.  
If the Apoplexy be attended with Crudities in the Stomac, occasioned by drinking and gluttonizing, as it frequently happens in Germany; If the Patient be old or weak; If any narcotic Virulence be suspected, or any Deficiency discovered in the Lymph, and the Blood originally faultless; If a Giddiness or any sign of a principal Disorder in the Head appear; 'tis more advisable to omit Bleeding, and administer a Vomit. To sum up all, a privative Apoplexy requires Bleeding; or if the Patient be old, Cupping-glasses, Scarifications, etc. A Positive demands Vomiting, or in room of that for old Persons sharp Clysters, which turn to the same thing; for the Guts are a continuation of the Stomac. Some recommend Bleeding from the jugular Veins. As for Vomits, the Dose must be augmented in the Paroxysm; and if one do not operat, repeated till they prove effectual. 'Tis most convenient to exhibit them in a liquid Form, with some spirituous cordial Water.  
The Person ought to be set upright, whether in Bed or out of Bed; the Room well aired, and the more sensible Parts of the Body frequently twitched and pulled. Then let Blood in the right Arm, if it be convenient; and exhibit a Vomit with all possible Expedition, or inject a Clyster of Aromatic Herbs with Pulp of Coloquintida, or Infusion of Crocus Metallorum, with Sal Gem or Sal Armoniac, and other volatile Salts. All oily Ingredients must be omitted. As,  
Take of the Leaves of Tobacco and Sage, Chamomil Flowers, of each a handful; Roots of Pellitory of Spain from half an Ounce to six Drams; Pulp of Coloquintida tied in a Bag a Dram. Boil in a sufficient quantity of Water. To nine Ounces of the Liquor strained, add Honey of Roses, or of Rosemary Flowers, half an Ounce, or six Drams; Electuary of Hiera with Agaric, from half an Ounce to an Ounce; Castor in Powder, from a Scruple to half a Dram; Shall Gem from half a Dram to two Scruples: mix for a Clyster. Or,  
Take of Mother of Thyme, Tobacco-leaves, tops of lesser Centory, of each a handful; Lavender Flowers half a handful; Roots of Pellitory of Spain, Roots of common Flower de-luce, of each three Drams; Nettleseeds two Drams; Pulp of Coloquintida tied in a Bag, a Dram and a half; boil in a sufficient quantity of human Urine. In eight Ounces of the Liquor strained dissolve of Electuary of Hiera with Agaric an Ounce; Extract of Troches Alhandal, half a Scruple; Essence of Castor a Dram; mix for a Clyster. Or,  
Take of the Decoction of Rue, in which half a Dram of Crocus Metallorum hath been boiled, nine Ounces; Bulls Gall thickened a Dram and a half; Extract of Troches Alhandal half a Scruple; Honey of Rosemary-flowers an Ounce and a half: mix for a Clyster. Or,  
Take of the Decoction of Chamomil Flowers half a Pound; Infusion of Crocus Metallorum in Wine two or three Ounces; Honey from half an Ounce to an Ounce: mix and make a Clyster. As for Suppositories,  
Take of the Roots of white Hellebor in Powder, Scammony sulphurated, Troches Alhandal, of each half a Scruple; Castor in Powder eight Grains; Shall Armoniac a Scruple. With a sufficient quantity of Honey make a Suppository.  
In the Interim, some Apoplectic mixture may be thrown down the Throat. As,  
Take of strong Apoplectic Water one Ounce; Water of Lily Convally half an Ounce; Matthiolus' Quintessence two Drams; Spirit of Hartshorn a Dram; Syrup of Clove-gilly-flowers half an Ounce: Mix.  
Spirit of Black-cherries is of extraordinary virtue in this case. As,  
Take of Black-cherry Water, Mint Water, of each an Ounce and a half; Spirit of Black-cherries six Drams; Spirit of Hartshorn succinated, or Spirit of Sal Armoniac, or Spirit of human Blood, two or three Drams; distilled Oil of Amber four or six Drops; Syrup of Clovegilly-flowers half an Ounce. Mix and give a Spoonful now and then.  
Take of Lavender-flower-Water, Sage-water, of each one Ounce; Langius his Epileptic Water six Drams; Essence of Castor a Dram and a half; Spirit of Sal Armoniac one Dram; distilled Oil of Amber eight drops; Syrup of French Lavender one Ounce: mix, etc.  
Take of Apoplectic Water two Ounces; Spirit of Mother of Thyme two Drams; Spirit of Hartshorn succinated a Dram; Syrup of Clovegilly-flowers half an Ounce: mix and use as above.  
Take of Apoplectic Water two Ounces; Water of Swallows with Castor an Ounce; Spirit of treacle camphorized; Spirit of Hartshorn succinated, of each three Drams; Confection Alkermes half an Ounce: mix as above.  
Take of Lily Convally Water prepared with Wine an Ounce and a half; Elder-flower Water an Ounce; Carminative Water half an Ounce; Spirit of Hartshorn succinated a Dram and a half; Confection Alkermes a Dram: mix as above.  
Take of Black-cherry Water two Ounces; Spirit of Black-cherries, simple Spirit of treacle, of each half an Ounce; Syrup of Clovegilly-flowers six Drams: mix.  
Timaeus' Arcanum is of excellent use in a speechless Fit. viz.  
Take of volatile Salt of Amber half a Dram, treacle of Andromachus a Dram and a half; Powder of Castor two Scruples; distilled Oils of Rue and Rosemary, of each three Drops: make an Electuary. Dose as much as will lie upon the point of a Knife, to be exhibited in some Apoplectic Vehicle. The  and Tongue may be rubbed with this Electuary, or distilled Oils and Apoplectic Spirits. As,  
Take of Lily Convally Water prepared with Wine two Ounces; Spirit of Juniper-berries an Ounce; Essence of Castor three Drams; volatile Aromatic Salt half a Dram: mix for the  use.  
This Method being observed, if the sick Person do not come to himself in a quarter of an hour, blow the following Powder into the Nostrils, viz.  
Take of the Roots of white Hellebor, and Pellitory of Spain, Margerum Leaves, Flowers of Lily of the Valley, Castor, of each a Scruple: make a Powder, and use as above. Or,  
Take of the Flowers of Lily of the Valley a Dram; Roots of white Hellebor a Scruple: reduce 'em to Powder, and add distilled Oil of Cloves and Margerum, of each three Drops.  
Spirit of Urine, Spirit of Sal Armoniac, and Spirit of Hartshorn succinated, are fit for the same use; or the Fumes of Castor and Amber may be received at the Nostrils; and the Temples and Nose anointed with Apoplectic Balsams, or bathed with the following Mixture.  
Take of Baum Water, Lilly Convally Water prepared with Wine, of each two Ounces; Apoplectic Water, an Ounce; Vinegar of Rue, two Drams. Mix, etc.  
The rectified Oil and volatile Salt of Amber, mixed with Apoplectic Waters, are given inwardly with wonderful success; or with Camphyr, or Oil of Camphyr dropped into the Ear. The Back, Neck, Temples and Stomac, may also be fomented with it, or the following Mixture.  
Take of expressed Oil of Mace, a Dram and a half; distilled Oil of Rue, a Scruple; Oil of Spike, Oil of Amber, of each half a Scruple. Or,  
Take of white Rock Oil two Drams; distilled Oil of Amber a Dram; distilled Oils of Lavender, Margerum and Sage, of each a Scruple; mix and anoint the  parts; but withal we must be cautious in not overdoing, lest the Head be affected by an indiscreet quantity of odoriferous Oils applied to the Body.  
If the Paroxysm do not yield to these Medicines; the Vomits and Clysters must be repeated, blistering Plasters applied to the Neck, Arms, Thighs, Wrists, behind the Ears, etc. the Feet rubbed and chafed with Pickle, or Vinegar and Salt, and the external Parts of the Body pricked and twitched.  
Having thus discussed the Fit, it remains now to corroborat Nature, and prevent future Paroxysms by a preservative Cure. For which purpose, after Purgation, Sudorifics and Stomachics are most proper. Sage is much applauded; as also Cubebs, Cardamom, Rocket-seeds, and Mustardseeds. As,  
Take of Cardamons, half a Dram; Coriander-seed, two drams; Rocket-seeds, half an Ounce: make a Powder for several Doses to be taken when going to Bed. 'Tis a very good Preservative. If an Electuary be more acceptable,  
Take three large Figs, and a spoonful of Rocket or Mustardseed; mix them in a Mortar, adding a spoonful of strong Lavender Water, and half an Ounce of the Juice of Violets. Dose, the Bigness of a Walnut to be taken every Morning, and after Dinner. Let the Person take some drops of Spirit of Sal Armoniac anisated, or the Carminative Spirit de tribus.  
Some distil a urinous Spirit from Rocket-seeds and Quick lime, which is of admirable use. Spirit of Black Cherries is received by all as a great Specific; And likewise the Spirit of Vitriol, thus prepared.  
Take of Hungarian Vitriol calcined in the Sun, a convenient quantity; with Spirit of Wine drawn off from Aromatic Plants, reduce it to the consistence of a Pultise. Let it stand and digest some weeks, and then distil with an open fire. Take the Spirit thus drawn off and distil it thro' an Alembic; 'twill come off chafered; when it appears Cloudy, change the Receptacle, and receive a volatile Spirit of Vitriol. Mix all the Spirits, and after digestion cohobat 'em.  
Maebius his Apoplectic Spirit is very useful, viz. Take of the Flowers of Lily Convally six pound; cinnamon one pound; Zedoary half a pound; Saffron an Ounce; Mace and Cloves, of each half an Ounce. Let 'em digest in Spanish Wine for a Month, and then distil the Spirit, in which steep the following Ingredients.  
Take Roots of Valerian, Swallowwort and Peony, of each two Ounces; the Leaves of Baum, Oak of Jerusalem, and Rosemary, of each three handfuls; Lime-tree-flowers six handfuls; Flowers of Lavender, Spike, Sage and Thyme, of each a handful. Macerat them in the Spirit for a month in a close Vessel; then add a sufficient quantity of Spanish Wine, and distil the Spirit, which may afterwards be rectified upon-Amber, Mosch and Camphyr. 'Tis a noble Apoplectic Medicine; but is not fit to be given in the Paroxysm: For such inflammable oily Spirits have a stupifying quality, and are very offensive to some People. In a sanguine Apoplexy, the volatile urinous Spirits, and lean volatile Salts are preferable to these sulphurous Medicines.  
Essence of Castor mixed with vegetable Spirits, Spirit of Sal Armoniac camphorised, the volatile Salts of human Blood, human Scull, etc. are all much approved. In fine, from the infinite variety of Apoplectic Medicines, I shall single out the following Recipes.  
Take of Quintessence of Rosemary, two Drams and a half; Quintessence of Lavender, a Dram and a half; mix, and give twenty drops every Morning; and in the Evening thirty drops of Spirit of Sal Armoniac. Or,  
Take of the Essence of Castor, a Dram and a half; Spirit of Sal Armoniac anisated, Spirit of Sal Armoniac succinated, of each a Dram. Dose, thirty or forty drops twice a Day.  
Take of the Waters of the Flowers of the Lime-tree, Lavender and Primroses, of each an Ounce; Apoplectic Water, Spirit of Black Cherries, of each a Dram and a half; Essence of Primroses, three Drams; volatile Salt of Amber, half a Dram; Syrup of Clove Gillyflowers, an Ounce and a half. Mix. Dose, two spoonfuls every three hours.  
Take of Mint Water, Lilly Convally Water, Black Cherry Water, of each an Ounce; Spirit of Black Cherries three Drams; Essence of Castor, a Dram and a half; volatile Salt of Hartshorn, a Scruple; volatile Salt of Amber half a Scruple; Syrup of Clove Gillyflowers half an Ounce.  
Poterius' Diaphoretic Gold, given with Conserve of Clove Gillyflowers, is a famous Specific: Likewise the following Powder.  
Take of prepared red Coral a Dram; Cinnabar of Antimony half a Dram; volatile Salt of Amber a Scruple; Cubebs, half a Dram. Make a Powder. Or,  
Take of the Conserves of Sage-flowers, Rosemary-flowers, and Clove Gillyflowers, of each half an Ounce; Confection Alkermes, Mustardseeds, of each three Drams; Cardamons, Cubebs and Mace, of each half a Dram. With Syrup of Clove Gillyflowers make an Electuary.  
Take of the Conserves of Rosemary and Lavender-flowers, Conserve of Baum, of each an Ounce; candied Orange-peel, six Drams; candied Ginger, half an Ounce; Mustardseeds, Rocket-seeds, of each three Drams; Cubebs, Cinnamon, Cardamons, volatile Salt of Amber, of each a Dram. With Syrup of Clove Gillyflowers make an Electuary.  
Take of Conserve of Mint two Ounces; Conserve of Rosemary-flowers one Ounce; Powder of Mustardseeds six Drams; cinnamon, Cloves, of each half a Dram; volatile Salt of Amber a Dram; distilled Oils of Mint and of Mace, of each eight Drops. With a sufficient quantity of the Confection Alkermes make an Electuary.  
Take of the Conserves of Rosemary-flowers, and of Sage-flowers, of each an Ounce and a half; Ginger candied in the Indies, Mustardseeds, of each six Drams; prepared red Coral, a Dram and a half; Unicorn, Cinnabar of Antimony, volatile Salt of Amber, of each a Dram; distilled Oil of Amber half a Dram. With the Brodium of Ginger make an Electuary.  
Take of Confection Alkermes, or Conserve of Clove Gillyflowers, an Ounce and a half; Nutmegs candied two Drams; Rocket-seeds two Drams; Cumin-seeds a Dram; prepared Amber a Dram and a half; Cardamons, Cubebs and Cinnamom, of each a Scruple; Spirit of Black Cherries a Dram. With Syrup of Clove Gillyflowers make an Electuary.  
Take of Conserve of Rosemary-flowers, Conserve of Sage-flowers, of each half an Ounce; Confection Alkermes two Drams; Powder of Castor, the Powder Diambra and Diamoschus dulcis, of each a Scruple; Cinnabar of Antimony, distilled Oil of Amber, of each half a Dram. With Syrup of Clove Gillyflowers make an Electuary.  
Take of the Powders Diambra and Diamoschus dulcis, of each a Dram; prepared Pearls, prepared red Coral, of each a Scruple; prepared white Amber four Scruples; Confection Alkermes two Drams; Extract of the Roots of Elecampane two Scruples; Extract of Orris half a Dram; Extract of Aromatic Calamus a Scruple; Extract of Peony, and of the wood Aloe, of each half a Scruple; the distilled Oils of Sage, Rosemary and Amber, of each sixteen Drops; distilled Oil of Lavender twenty Drops; the distilled Oils of Spike, Aniseeds, Fennel, Mace and Nutmegs, of each twelve Drops; distilled Oils of Cubebs and Cloves, of each eight Drops; distilled Oil of Rue six Drops; fine Sugar seven Ounces. Mix, etc. This was Kolbius' Mixture, so much celebrated for its Virtue against Apoplexies: But it may be rendered more effectual by adding Rocket-seeds, and Mustards-seeds.  
All these Prescriptions are proper to be used both in and after the Paroxysm. Now in pursuance of the preserving Cure, let us view the evacuating Medicines fit to be given after or before the Paroxysm. Among which, Vomits obtain the Precedency, as Mercurius Vitae. Or,  
Take of Mynsichtius his Emetic Tartar two Grains; Shall Armoniac nine Grains. Make a Powder. Or,  
Take of Tartar vitriolated six Grains; Mynsichtius' Emetic Tartar two Grains; Scammony sulphurated one Grain.  
Purgative Medicines are next in order. As,  
Take of Crato's Pills of Amber, Extract of Wormwood, of each half a Scruple; Extract of Troches Alhandal, one Grain; distilled Oil of Amber two Drops. With Essence of Primroses make Pills.  
Take of sweet Mercury a Scruple; Scammony sulphurated five Grains. With Conserve of Clove Gillyflowers make a Bolus.  
Take of Ruffus his Pills de tribus, half a Scruple; Extract of black Hellebor five Grains; Tartar vitriolated, three Grains. With distilled Oil of Caraways make Pills.  
Take of Gum Ammoniac dissolved in Vinegar, Bdellium dissolved in Vinegar, of each half a Dram; Vitriol of Steel calcinated till it become white, a Scruple; Magistery of the Gum of Peru fifteen Grains; Scammony prepared according to Brendelius' Method, a Scruple; Extract of Troches Alhandal six Grains: make a Mass for Pills, fifteen of which are one Dose.  
The Decoction of sudorific Woods are very proper in the declination of the Paroxysm, and aught to be continued for some time.  
If these and such like Remedies do not accomplish the Cure, we must have recourse to Setums, Cuppingglasses, Issues, etc. If the Person be of a Catarrhous Constitution, an Issue in the pit of the Neck is very proper. But these external Helps are of no use in positive Apoplexies; in the privative indeed, where the Blood or Lymph is faulty, they frequently afford relief.  
The Plaster de Ranis, with Mercury, mixed with Balsam of Peru dissolved with the Yelk of an Egg, may be applied to the Head with good success. When the Disease declines, a Salivation perhaps may not be improper.   

ART. II. Of particular Apoplexies.  
WHEN an Apoplexy seizes a particular part, 'tis called Paraplegia, and by most of Writers is referred to Palsies; but the frequent reciprocal Permutation of general Apoplexies and Paraplegia's vouch for their near alliance. Sometimes it is only a retainer to a universal Apoplexy, at other times it comes of itself in the form of a principal Disease. It admits of three degrees; 1. When the Sense of the Part remains, and only its motion is lost. 2. When 'tis deprived both of Sense and Motion; but retains its natural heat. 3. When 'tis destitute of Sense, Motion and Heat, and becomes flaccid and soft.  
Some assign the Obstruction of the Nerves for its Cause, but Experience teaches us that it may proceed by consent from other parts; from Hysteric Fits, Worms in the Guts, and the Pastions of the Mind. The true cause seems to be the contraction of the nervous Parts about the root of the Spinal Marrow, which interrupts the intercourse of the Spirits to the part affected, perhaps by the consent of the Nerves; as the Stone in the Kidneys is wont to stupify the Leg of the respective side.  
It undergoes a frequent Permutation into Convulsions and Palsies. The manner of its succession to privative Apoplexies is accounted for above. It succeeds likewise to positive Apoplexies, and in that case seems to be tinctured with a convulsive Quality.  
The Method of cure is the same, as that of an universal Apoplexy. Vomits are always proper, especially if it follow an universal Apoplexy. As,  
Take of Mercurius Vitae two Grains; Scammony sulphurated three Grains: with Conserve of Bugloss-flowers make a Bolus.  
If Vomiting be very uneasy to the Patient, give a strong Purge. As,  
Take of Resin of Jalap half a Scruple; dissolve it with the yelk of an Egg in Fumitory Water six drams, Cinnamom Water a Dram. Mix.  
When it follows privative Apoplexies, Blood-letting is proper; otherwise it ought to be avoided, except in the case of a Plaethora. Issues, Blistering Plasters laid on the Pit of the Neck, and scarifyed Cupping-glasses applied between the Shoulders are likewise useful against this privative sort.  
These general Remedies being premised, Sudorifics come next, as the volatile Salts and Spirits of human Scull, or human Blood, and all Apoplectic or Epileptic Specifics. The Decoction of Woods, with Juniper and Laurel-berries, and Roots of Elecampane, is very much used for this purpose. As,  
Take of Sassafras Wood two Ounces; Rosemary-leaves, a handful or two; fresh juicy Juniper-berries, or Laurel-berries, an Ounce and a half, or two Ounces; boil 'em in a Balneum Mariae in Wine and Water, of each a pound and a half, with an Alembic. Mix the strained Decoction and the distilled Liquor, and add of Spirit of Juniper-berries four Ounces; Spirit of Sal Armoniac three or four Drams; Syrup of Clove Gillyflowers three Ounces. Mix, and give a large draught thrice a day.  
Poterius' Diaphoretic Gold is admirably fitted for this Case. He either prepared it of Gold calcined by Amalgamation; or, mixed Aurum fulminans with a double quantity of flowers of Sulphur, and reduced it to a Powder of a purple Colour, by putting red hot Coals into the Crucible; then digested it for fifteen days in rectified Spirit of Wine impregnated with Aniseeds; and afterwards separated the Spirit either by distillation or deflagration, and reserved the Powder for use. 'Tis not fit to be given in a liquid form, for that it sinks to the bottom: but thus,  
Take of Conserve of Clove Gillyflowers a Dram; Diaphoretic Gold, from fifteen Grains to a Scruple. Make a Bolus for two Doses. Or,  
Take of prepared human Scull, prepared Unicorn's Horn, of each fifteen Grains; Diaphoretic Gold half a Scruple. Mix. Or,  
Take of human Scull prepared without fire, prepared red Coral, of each fifteen Grains; fulminatory Gold three Grains. Mix. Or,  
Take of human Scull prepared without fire, prepared Unicorn's Horn, of each twelve Grains; fulminatory Gold four Grains; volatile Salt of Vipers six Grains. Mix.  
After the first Dose of these Powders, the Person may take a spoonful or two of Spirit of treacle, and then make account to sweat. Cinnabar of Antimony is likewise a noble Sudorific. As,  
Take of Cinnabar of Antimony fifteen Grains; Amber half a Scruple; volatile Salt of Amber five Grains: make a Powder. Or,  
Take of prepared human Scull, prepared red Coral, Cinnabar of Antimony, of each half a Scruple; distilled Oils of Cinnamom and of Cloves, of each a Drop. Make a Powder to be taken in a convenient Vehicle. Or,  
Take of Black Cherry Water, Lilly Convally Water, Mint Water, of each an Ounce; Spirit of Black Cherries six Drams; Cinnabar of Antimony half a Dram; volatile Salt of Hartshorn fifteen Grains; Syrup of Clove Gillyflowers an Ounce. Mix.  
For an Apoplexy of the Hands, foment the Pit of the Neck with distilled Oils and spirituous Waters. If the Feet be affected, apply them to the Loins and neighbouring Parts. But fat expressed Oils must be avoided.  
Take of Mustardseeds one part; Juniper-berries two parts; bruise and infuse them in Spirit of Wine, which reserve for Fomentation.  
Take of Spirit of Wine camphorised, or Spirit of Aunts, three Ounces; Spirit of Earthworms an Ounce and a half; Essence of Castor six Drams; Spirit of Sal Armoniac with Quicklime three Drams: mix and bathe the Backbone immediately after sweeting, applying afterwards a warm Cloth fumigated with Gum Ammoniac, or rubbing it with distilled Oils mixed with Oil of Tartar, or some of the Oils of the fat and hard parts of Animals, stripped of their nauseous stink by frequent Cohobation upon their Caput Mortuum. If they are of themselves too sharp, or apt to draw Blisters, qualify 'em with the Oil of Earthworms by decoction.  
If the part affected be apt to whither and consume; though the root of the Evil be not seated in it, 'tis not improper to anoint it with the following Mixture, in order to provoke and waken the Spirits.  
Take of Spirit of Earthworms three Ounces; distilled Oils of Spike, and of Juniper, of each a Dram and a half; distilled Oils of Lavender and Margerum, of each half a Dram; distilled Oil of Amber two Scruples; plumous Alum (which ought always to be added in this case) a Scruple.  
If this prove too sharp, as it frequently does to scorbutic Constitutions, take of human or Goose fat three or four Ounces; distilled Oil of Turpentin three Drams; Oil of Juniper-berries two Drams; Oil of Spike half a Dram. Mix, and use as above.  
Let the following Plaster be likewise applied to the Backbone, viz.  
Take of Gum Galbanum two parts; Gum Caran one part; soften 'em with stone Oil into the Consistence of a Plaster.  
Bathing in a Decoction of Aunts is of singular Virtue both in this and many other cases; of which more elsewhere.   

ART. III. Of a Palsy.  
A Palsy ought to be carefully distinguished from a stupidity of any part, and particular Apoplexies, though it be near allied to both. The former retains the power of moving, though deprived of the Sense of Feeling; the latter relates to the Disorders of the Nerves: whereas a Palsy is principally a relaxation of the Tendons, Fibres and Ligaments by which the part is moved, the Nerves being only secondarily affected. So a true formal Palsy affects chief the moving Faculty, and if the Nerves are not much touched, the sense of Feeling remains. Now by this it appears that in many Cases a Palsy is accused, where particular Apoplexies are the true Criminals. Their difference is thus made out, 1. The particular Apoplexies are retainers to the Disorders of the Brain and spinal Marrow; whereas Palsies follow another set of Diseases, as the Scurvy, Hypochondriac and Colic Fits, and excessive Drinking. 2. In the former the original and uppermost part of the Nerves is chief affected, and upon that account external Remedies are applied to the Neck and Backbone, without regard to the Apoplectic Part. But in the latter, that part of the Nerve which accompanies the Muscles of the place, is principally injured, and accordingly external Applications are confined to that quarter. 3. The former deprives both of sense and motion; the latter oftimes retains the sense, and is molested with pains. 4. The former are constant and obstinate; the latter relents now and then, and 'tis not quite so hard a matter to compass its Cure.  
Some Palsies are called Privative, when the Passages for the Spirits are straitened and embarassed, by Obstructions or Compressions of the Nerves, the sudden retreat of the small Pox, Wounds, Falls, and such like external Causes. But these are more properly particular Apoplexies. A true positive Palsy may be occasioned by a cold moist Air, bathing in cold Water, etc. Thus old Men and Children are as it were half paralytic; the former by reason of a watery Serum that succeeds in the room of their exhausted nutritious Juice, and unbends the Fibres; the latter by virtue of overflowing Moisture.  
The usual internal Cause of a Palsy is an acid Humour conveyed along with the Lymph or Serum to the affected part, where it vitiats the Fibres, and renders 'em unfit for their wont Motions. Palsies of this kind are frequently occasioned by immoderate drinking of some Wines that partake of a notable volatile Acid, which not being concocted in the Stomac, is thrown upon the external parts, and creates in them sometimes a tickling sort of Pain, resembling the motion of Pismires; sometimes a stupid, and sometimes a tearing Pain: Thus the Fibres are corrupted, but the Nerves are at first secure; and accordingly the moving Faculty is extinguished, while that of Feeling remains entire, though in progress of time it may dwindle away.  
A scorbutic Acid joined to a serous Vehicle, frequently causes Palsies. It proceeds insensibly; at first causes a wand'ring Stupidity and Titillation of the Fingers or Toes. One day they are quite well, another day mightily swelled, and retain the Sense of Feeling, though rendered in some measure stupid; and the Person when lying can move 'em; but if he attempt to stand, can perform no progressive Motion without a great deal of pain. 'Tis a volatile austere Acid that gives rise to these Symptoms; and if Austerity prevail, Convulsions and Contractions invade the part.  
The French Pox, Worms in the Guts, and Suffocations of the Matrix may procure Palsies: But the Bilious Colic, that proceeds from thin sharp Humours, more frequently introduces 'em. If these Colic Pains be exasperated by violent Purgation, or otherwise, as it frequently happens, the Navel being drawn inwards, and the Belly very much bound and gripped, there follows a Stupidity, and afterwards a Paralytic Disposition of some Members of the Body. In this case the Cause seems to be a Scorbutic Acid lodged in the nervous Knot of the Mesentery, which contracts the Nerves, and so prevents the regular distribution of the Spirits to these Parts: So that partly by the mutual consent of Membrans, and partly by the Translation of the morbific Matter to the external Parts, such Palsies take their rise. The suppression of wont Evacuations of Blood, and the Passions of the Mind, especially Grief and Want are likewise apt to cause 'em.  
Besides these internal Causes, there are several external Occasions of Palsies; as touching the Cramp-fish, or some Indian Shell-fish, reported to be endowed with a numbing Virtue; approaching to mercurial and mineral Fumes, and an indiscreet tampering with Narcotics.  
If the Nerves be chief affected, as in a total Privation of feeling, or when the Disease proceeds from a Wound, Fall, or other external Accidents, or succeeds an Apoplexy, the Original of the Nerves must be chief regarded, according to the Method proposed for particular Apoplexies. If the Sense of Feeling be entire, or not much impaired, the Ligaments and Tendons of the part affected aught to be most taken care of. If a Palsy invade the Face, 'tis distinguished from a Dog-Cramp by this, that in the former the paralytic part is soft and flaccid, and easily reduced to its natural posture; but in the latter, the contracted Part is hard, and cannot be brought to join the others without pain. As for the privative Palsies that approach to the nature of Apoplexies, or in which the Sense of Feeling is quite lost, or the Evil inveterat and fixed to a Part, their Cure will be very difficult: but if once cured, they are not so apt to relapse, as the proper positive Palsies proceeding from internal Causes. If the heat of the part be quite extinguished, and Contractions seize it: If the Eye of the paralytic Side be lessened: If the Person be old and of a Cacochymical or Cachectic Constitution: they are all cross Circumstances. If a Trembling invade the Part: If a Looseness succeed to a light Palsy, or an acute Fever to the Apoplectic Sort: they are esteemed Signs of Recovery.  
In regulating the method of Cure, we must heedfully distinguish the privative apoplectic Palsies from the positive sort: If the former arise from external Causes, the Cure turns upon their removal, and inunctions of the part with the Queen of Hungary's Water, Rock Oil, Oil of Juniper, Oil of Lavender, and above all Balsam of Peru. Internally nothing equals Oil of Lavender taken to the quantity of four or six drops in bed, in order to sweat; for which purpose distilled Oil of Amber is likewise proper. If they proceed from internal Causes, Sudorific and Cephalic Medicines are used in the same manner as for particular Apoplexies; and in an inveterat Case a Salivation is the last Refuge.  
As for positive Palsies, the peccant matter must be corrected and discharged by aromatic and volatile Sudorifics, and the nervous Parts corroborated and restored to life by the external application of penetrating meager Oils. In order to compass these ends, 'twill be needful to observe the following Rules.  
1. Since the peccant matter is an Acid that owes its Original to the first Passages, Saline Digestives, Vomits and sharp Clysters ought to be premised; and whatever purgative Medicines are used, they must be very gentle, especially in the beginning. 2. A temperate milk Diet aught to be closely pursued; for that it vanquishes any Acid, and supplies the Nerves with a Chyl-like Juice, capable to repair their loss of moisture, occcasioned by copious Sweats. 3. When a Palsy is caused by a Colic or Scurvy, by all means avoid strong Purges, lest Convulsions ensue. Soft Laxatives, in which black Hellebor is the chief Ingredient, may be ventured upon. Or Clysters impregnated with Carminative Oils may be frequently injected; but at first they must be gentle and soft, as those of Milk and Turpentine, etc. and in the progress of the Disease if the Patient reap no benefit by 'em, you may add a small Whetstone, 4. Fat viscous Oils are improper for external Use. Penetrating and spirituous Liniments are only convenient, and aught always to be used immediately after Sweeting, while the Pores are yet open. Indeed if the Person be scorbutic, temperate things are best to begin with. And when the affected part gins to whither, and the Person withal is of a choleric Constitution, 'tis advisable to abstain from applying these subtle volatile Remedies. But where a Palsy proceeds from a Corruption of the Lymph, and the part is swelled up, they are very needful. 5. If the stopping of any wont Evacuation of Blood give rise to a Palsy, repeated Blood-letting is wont to finish the Cure.  
I am now advanced to the Prescriptions of proper Remedies. For Vomiting, the Flowers of Antimony, with Extract of Scammony are recommended by Hartman. For Purging, Sweet Mercury is much applauded by Silvius, and Turpentin by Platerus: Hellebor and Turbith are generally approved; but Coloquintida ought always to be added for a Whetstone  
Take of the Arthritic Pills a Scruple; Scammony sulphurated four Grains; Extract of Troches Alhandal a Grain: With Essence of Sage make Pills. Or,  
Take of the Herbs Germander and Groundpine, of each a handful; Flowers of Rosemary, of Primroses, and of Sage, of each two little handfuls; Roots of Angelica, Masterwort, and Florentin Orris, of each three Drams; Roots of black Hellebor a Dram; picked Senna, six Drams; Roots of common Spurge half a Dram; Cardamons and Cubebs, of each three Drams; Salt of Tartar a Dram and a half. Mix for a Bag to be infused in Wine.  
Sudorific Decoctions of Guajacum, Burdoc, etc. are much in use: But Willis has remarked that those whose Blood is stuffed with a fixed Salt, and not much diluted with inspid Serum, are apt to be offended by Sweeting.  
The internal Specifics for this Disease are much the same as those for Apoplexies and Epilepsies. The Decoction of Rosemary over a gentle Fire in Balneum Mariae, mixed with a little Essence of Castor, is a noble Medicine. A large draught of it ought to be taken in the Morning with a fasting Stomac. Primroses, French Lavender, distilled Oils of Lavender and Amber are much approved. The Decoction of Elecampane is a sovereign Remedy for Palsies arising from a Colic. Sassafras and Guajacum are of excellent use, especially the former; Rosemary and Juniper or Bay-berries ought always to be boiled with 'em. Poterius found great benefit by the following Prescription.  
Take of the shave of Sassafras Wood one Ounce; Bay-berries an Ounce and a half; boil them in six pound of Wine to three pound, and reserve it for use.  
Instead of the Decoctions of these Woods, Essences and Spirits may be prepared from 'em, that are of singular use. Lindanus recommends a Wood called Pavana, given to the quantiry of two Scruples in a spoonful of Spirit of Wine: It procures Vomiting, Purging and Sweeting, without impairing the strength of the Person. Millet-seeds are likewise very proper for procuring Sweat. The volatile Preparations of Tartar, are wonderfully extolled. It's volatile Salt or Spirit, drawn from the dregs of Wine or stinking Oil of Tartar, or the Spirit of Tartar cohobated with tartarised Spirit of Urine, are very useful in Cholic, Hypochondriac, and Scorbutic Palsies. Silvius was wont to cure Cholic Palsies with his Sal volatile Oleosum. Next are the Spirit and volatile Salt of Urine prepared by putrefaction, Spirit of Sal Armoniac, Spirit of Lavender, the Spirit and volatile Salt of Vipers, Spirit of Hartshorn succinated, volatile Salt of Amber, given along with Cinnabar of Antimony, and Magistery of Pearls: But above all, the volatile Preparations from Worms and Aunts, have merited the greatest approbation. If you digest a vegetable Spirit with Aunts for some time, you'll have an incomparable Medicine that may be used both internally and externally.  
But withal we are to remember that these volatile Remedies are not fit to be given upon the first invasion of the Disease, till the Acid in the first Passages be in a good measure vanquished. Upon which account the fixed Absorbents ought to lead the Van. As,  
Take of prepared human Bones, from a Scruple to half a Dram; Cinnabar of Antimony, from twelve to twenty Grains; volatile Salt of Amber, from ten to twelve Grains. Make a Powder for two Doses. Now after a discreet use of such like fixed Medicines, is the time to exhibit the volatile Sudorifics.  
Poterius' Diaphoretic Gold is a noted Specific. Six Grains may be given for a Dose. Helmont commends the volatile Tincture of Coral. I have seen an admirable Tincturemade with volatile Spirit of Tartar in his Majesty of Great Britain's Laboratory; but Mr. Febure concealed the way of Preparation.  
If a positive Palsy proceed from the Relaxation, or prevailing Moisture of any Part, 'tis convenient to anoint both the Part itself, and the Backbone, with the following Lineament.  
Take of human and Goose Fat, of each an Ounce; Oil of Earth three Drams. Mix. Tacamahac and Balsam of Peru are fit for the same use. The Plaster for the Nerves of Tacamahac and Galbanum softened in distilled Oil of Amber and Oil of Bricks may be applied to the Joints. If the Ligaments are much unbended and flat, apply Crollius' styptic Plaster softened with Oil of Bricks and Oil of Earth, and in the mean while endeavour to procure Sweat, by giving Venice treacle inwardly. Barbette recommends the following Plaster,  
Take of Gum Caran half an Ounce; Galbanum an Ounce; Oil of Euphorbium a Dram and a half. Make a Plaster.  
If the Disease proceed from mercurial Fumes, exhibit the Decoction of Elecampane and Fennel; and after the Mercury is thrown out by sweeting, let the Patiented drink Whey or Milk.  
In a scorbutic light Palsy, the urinous volatile Medicines, and Milk are proper. The Decoction of Pineapple is likewise much commended. Or,  
Take of the Tendrels of Fir an Ounce and a half; China Roots an Ounce; cut them small, and boil them in Ale and Water till the half be consumed. Give a draught of the strained liquor twice a day. These Ingredients may be also boiled in Milk.  
The Decoction of Betony with Juniper berries; or an Essence prepared from the Rob of Pine-apples with some Antiscorbutic Spirit, and mixed with Castor, are very proper. After a regular use of fixed Absorbents and volatile Medicines, Milk or Whey mixed with Antiscorbutics is a sovereign Remedy; but it ought always to follow these Premises. Issues and Setums are not improper in this Case.  
If a Palsy proceed from the Colic; the Belly must be chief taken care of; Lenitive Clysters of Turpentin and Milk frequently injected: and strong Purgatives carefully avoided. The Decoction of Elecampane, of Millet-seeds and the four hot Seeds, and Sassafras, are proper Sudorifics. Whey mixed with Antiscorbutics is much esteemed. Let the Navel and part affected be fomented with Spirit of Tartar or of Sal Armoniac, and anointed thrice a day with Paracelsus his Galbanetum.  
So much for the internal Cure of Palsies, It remains now to consider the external Forms. If the Disease be inveterat, and the Part begin to whither, temperate fat Oils are proper. If the sense of Feeling be not much impaired, and the power of Moving only lost, the strong Apoplectic Waters, or rectified Spirit of Wine, in which the Powders of Mustardseeds, Pepper, Rue-seeds, Nettleseeds, Aron-roots, and Pellitory of Spain, have been infused and digested, are fit for external Fomentation. Or,  
Take of fresh Tobacco-leaves a handful or two; Leaves of Origanum, Flowers of Elder, of each a handful; Roots of Angelica, from an Ounce to two Ounces; Roots of Pellitory of Spain, Aron-roots, of each an Ounce; Euphorbium, Castor and Myrrh, of each from half an Ounce: to six Drams; white and black Pepper, of each three Drams; Flowers of Arabian Stechas, of Lavender, and Lily Convally, of each half an Ounce; Rocket-seeds or Mustardseeds, Seeds of Mountain-Siler, from six Drams to an Ounce and a half: cut and beat them small; and pour upon 'em of rectified Spirit of Wine two parts, of Spirit of Earthworms one part: digest 'em in a Balneum Mariae; and draw off the Spirit by distillation. With which foment the parts immediately after sweeting. Or,  
Take of the Herbs Rosemary, Sage, Margerum or Lavender, of each a handful; Lavender-flowers, Lily Convally-flowers, and Rosemary-flowers, of each two little handfuls; Juniper-berries an Ounce; Mustardseeds, from half an Ounce to an Ounce; Castor three Drams; black Pepper a Dram and a half. Infuse them in Spirit of Wine, and after digestion reserve the strained Liquor for use as above. And if the Disease be accompanied by scorbutic Pains, add to it some Spirit of Sal Armoniac prepared with Quicklime. Or,  
Take of Aqua Articularis for external use, two, three or four Ounces; Spirit of Sal Armoniac with Quicklime, from an Ounce to two Ounces; Spirit of Earthworms prepared by putrefaction half an Ounce. Mix, and bathe the part thrice a day. Or,  
Take of Spirit of Wine camphorised three Ounces; Spirit of putrified Earthworms an Ounce; Essence of Castor six Drams. Mix, and use as above. Or,  
Take of Apoplectic Water three Ounces; Spirit of putrified Earthworms, and Spirit of Sal Armoniac succinated, of each half an Ounce. Mix, etc.  
In a Colic Palsy, rectified Spirit of Tartar mixed or cohobated with Spirit of Wine tartarised, are externally used with great success. Balsam of Peru dissolved with the Yelk of an Egg, and mixed with Essence of Amber extracted by rectified Spirit of Wine, is much approved for external use in all sorts of Palsies.  
Take of common stinging Nettles three handfuls; Chamomil one handful; Cumin-seeds a Dram; Salt three Ounces: beat 'em well in a Mortar, and boil them in a sufficient quantity of human Urine, till the fourth part be consumed.  the part Morning and Evening with this Decoction, and wrap it up in a Cloth dipped in the Liquor, and after three or four days anoint it with Oil of Foxes. In Apoplectic Palsies pricking with Nettles is a very successful Remedy. Bathing in fermenting Wine, or such as is reduced to a Fermentation by throwing Quicklime into it, is of extraordinary use both against Palsies and Sciatica's; for by this means the volatile Tartar of the Wine insinuats itself into the Part. A bag full of Aunts thrown into boiling Water yields a Vapour, which is conveniently received upon the part, is very serviceable; after the Bag has lost its smell, it may be boiled in Water for the Patient to bathe in.  
Take of Brimstone, and Bay-berries, of each half a pound; Roots of Gentian three handfuls; Roots of Elecampane, and long Birth-wort, of each two handfuls: boil them in Quicklime Water for an artificial Bath.  
The last Refuge is the Hotbaths: But if a Colic, or use of Wine gave rise to the Disease, or arthritic and gouty Pains accompany it, they are not proper. In a word, they are more convenient for a Sanguine or Phlegmatic, than a Choleric Constitution.  
Take of the Herbs Marjoram and Sage, of each a handful; Rosemary two handfuls; Juniper-berries four Ounces; Bay-berries two Ounces; Roots of Pellitory of Spain an Ounce. Boil them in Water, and place the hot Decoction under the Person's Feet, that the Fumes may ascend.  
Take of Galbanum half a pound; Oil of Turpentin a pound and a half: distil the Oil from them, to which add an Ounce of Oil of Lavender; and then repeat the distillation, which produces an excellent Balsam to be digested and circulated with rectified or tartarised Spirit of Wine. This may be applied to the Navel, Back, or Part affected, as occasion requires.  
Take of white Rock Oil two Drams; distilled Oil of Amber half a Dram; distilled Oils of Lavender, Margerum and Spike, of each a Scruple: mix, and anoint the affected parts.  
As for Plasters, those of Tacamahac are most approved, especially when the Nerves are overcharged with Moisture. But if the Person be scorbutic, or the Part deprived of all manner of Sense, temperate oily things are best: As,  
Take of human or Goose fat, of each three, four, or six Ounces; distilled Oil of Turpentin three Drams; Oil of Juniper-berries a Dram; Oil of Spike half a Dram. Mix, and anoint the Part. Or,  
Take of human Fat two Ounces; Oil of Earthworms an Ounce; Rock Oil three Drams; Oil of Amber a Dram and a half. Mix, and use as above.  
Take a bowelled Goose, and fill it with the Leaves of Sage, Rosemary, Spike, and Avens; to which add of the fat of a wild Cat, an Ounce and a half; Frankincense, Mastic and Amber, of each half an Ounce; Castor and Eupho●bium, of each two Drams: Sow 'em in, and roast the Goose on a Spit; reserving the Fat that drops from it, ●s an admirable Lineament for Paralytic Parts. Or,  
Take a bowelled Gander, and wash it well with Wine, then stuff its Belly with Frankincense, Myrrh, Mastic, of each two Ounces; Ointment called Martialum, six Ounces. Roast it on a Spit; throw away the watery Phlegm that drops from it, and take of the Fat well separated an Ounce, and Powder of Earthworms two Ounces. Mix, and distil thro' a Retort an incomparable Oil for anointing paralytic Members.  
These external Remedies are applied to the paralytic Members when the Ligaments and Tendons are faulty; but if the source of the Distemper be lodged in the Nerve, than we apply 'em to the Back or Neck, or crown of the Head, according to the Progress of the Nerve.    

CHAP. IU. Of the Deficiency of Rational Operations.  
THE Intellect or Rational Faculty being immaterial, cannot be vitiated of itself by any morbific Cause; but for so much as 'tis conversant about the Objects of our internal Senses, it makes use of their Ministry; and if they are out of order, shares of the common Calamity. The internal Senses are the Imagination and Memory, which depend upon the regular Motion of the Animal Spirits in the Brain, and run into disorder upon their Enormities, as appears a posteriori by ridiculous Gestures, Words and Actions. Thus whatever impairs the right use of Reason, must immediately affect the Imagination and Memory.  
Our rational Faculty is injured either by being diminished or abolished, as by Stupidity and Folly; or by being perverted, as in Deliriums, etc.  

ART. I. Of the defect of Memory, and Stupidity.  
OUR Reason is impaired or extinguished by the deficiency of Memory, which is an Endowment common to us with Beasts, and is generally affected by the Disorders of the Head. The remote Causes that prejudice the Memory may be reduced to three Classes. 1. Whatever altars the regular form of the Brain, its Pores and Passages; as Falls, Bruises, Wounds, or any preternatural form of the Head. 2. Whatever corrupts the Blood and Animal Spirits; as immoderate Drinking, unseasonable Fasting, stopping of any wont Evacuation of Blood, excessive Bleeding, etc. 3. Whatever exhausts, disperses, or stupifies the Spirits; as an indiscreet use of Opium, Poison, Love-Potions, excessive Venery, sudden Fear, Care and Watch, and excess and multiplicity of Studies, sleepy Diseases, Epilepsies, Apoplexies, Madness, acute Fevers, the Plague, and old Age.  
A natural want of Memory being incurable, does not fall within the compass of our present inquiry. If it be preternaturally occasioned, we ought to consider the Circumstances and past life of the Patient. If the Person be old, drowsy, and inclined to sleep much, and voids a great deal of Phlegm by the Mouth and Nostrils, but retains a vigorous Judgement, we will find that in his Youth he was not given to study, or perplexed with Business and Care; and that the loss of Memory proceeds from an inundation of Lymph in the Brain. Old Persons whose Youth was employed in much study and thought, have generally a dry habit of Body, void but little by the Mouth or Nose, sleep not much, and are easily wakened: and their want of Memory proceeds from the dryness of the Brain, and agility of the Spirits. If young Persons are seized with a loss or deficiency of Memory, whose Apprehension and Genius was and continues lively, it argues a dryness occasioned in the Brain by the nimble Revolutions of the Spirits; and generally such Persons are in danger of losing both Judgement and Memory when they grow old. And those whose Memory and Judgement are very fresh and keen in their Youth, are apt to run the same risk. If a Youth have a weak Memory, and withal a drowsy inactive Temper, 'tis owing to the Humidity of the Brain, and Deficiency of Animal Spirits.  
The sudden loss of Memory without any visible Cause, is a Forerunner of an Apoplexy, Palsy or Epilepsy. If it surprise one already enfeebled and weak, 'tis a sign of Death. If it arise from the moisture of the Brain, 'tis easier cured, than when it flows from an excessive dryness. If it be caused by Poison, Love-potions, inveterat Diseases of the Head, malignant and acute Fevers, 'tis almost incurable.  
As for the Cure. The remote Causes must be specially accounted for: If it proceed from a dryness of the Brain, aromatic and spirituous Medicines are very noxious; nor are there any Medicines so effectual, as moist and juicy Food, Milk, Chocolate, etc. If it arise from the Moisture of the Brain, attended by a stupidity and drousiness of the Spirits, Purgatives are first proper, than Aromatics, sneezing Powders, and Medicines to be chewed.  
The aromatic Medicines are Rosemary, Baum, Stechas, Spike, and all the Spices. Three Cubebs taken in the Morning with a fasting stomac, corroborat the Memory wonderfully. Cardamons are very good, but more proper for old than young Persons. Frankincense and Amber are likewise very useful. But above all, Ambergrease is the most powerful Medicine. 'Tis given in Powder with Sugar, or by way of Essence or Tincture prepared with Spirit of Roses or black Cherries. It ought to be given in a small Dose, by reason of a Stupidity that sometimes follows it. Where the Brain is dry, or the Patient young and of a hot Constitution, 'tis not proper. But for old People 'tis incomparable, if discreetly used. Besides, 'tis an incentive to Venery, which is a mortal Enemy to the Memory.  
Laurembergius recommends the four following Compositions for corroborating the Memory, which are chief to be used when the Brain is moist, and the Spirits drowsy.  
Take of juicy Tobacco-leaves two handfuls; Roots of Pellitory of Spain three Drams; Ginger a Dram. With Hony reduce 'em to the consistence of a Pultice, and make little round Balls to be chewed or rolled to and again in the Mouth.  
Take of the Herbs, Baum, Margerum, Sage and Rosemary, Bay-leaves, of each a handful; Flowers of Lavender, Lilly Convally, Lime-tree, and French Lavender, of each a little handful. Boil them in Spanish or Rhenish Wine, and wash the Head with the Decoction every fourth, fifth, or sixth day.  
Take a convenient quantity of Spanish Wine, in which macerat for fourteen or fifteen days the following Ingredients: Take of the Herbs, Basil, Margerum, Sage, Baum and , of each half a handful; Flowers of borage, of Sage and Primroses, Flowers of Rosemary, of French Lavender, and of Lily Convally, of each a little handful. Distil thro' an Alembic, and receive the Spirit in a large open Body, which set into a heap of large black Aunts, such as resort to resinous Trees. When four or five handfuls of Aunts have crept into it, stir them with a stick till they be all stifled. Then set 'em to digest for fourteen days in the Sun, and after that draw off the Spirit, and infuse into it of the Confection of Anacardium, Cinnamom, of each an Ounce; Saffron half a Dram; Mosch twelve Grains. Mix, digest and strain out the Spirit; of which exhibit a spoonful in a Glass of Wine every Morning.  
Take of Tobacco-leaves two handfuls; Flowers of Common Basil, of Baum, of Primroses, and of Marjoram, of each a handful. Bruise 'em, and mix with Oil of Olives and fresh Butter, of each three Ounces; Rhenish or Spanish Wine five Ounces: boil for a Lineament to be strained and applied to the Temple and top of the Head.  
Montagnana extolled the following Prescription for a valuable Arcanum: Take of Cubebs, Calamint, Mastic, Nutmegs and Cloves, of each a Dram; Eastern Ambergrease half a Dram; Mosch five Grains. With Juice of Margerum make Pills. Let the Patient take down a few at Night, and double the quantity next Morning.  
Sebizius recommends the following Pills, viz. Take of Aloe an Ounce; Rhubarb two Drams; Myrrh, Saffron and Agaric, of each a Dram; Gentian and Zedoary Roots, of each a Scruple. With Venice treacle make small Pills. Dose, seven or nine.  
Ten boiled in Wine is a sovereign Remedy for corroborating the Memory and Judgement. Or,  
Take of the Cephalic Water for internal use, and Aqua Sophorum, of each two Ounces; Matthiolus' Quintessence half an Ounce; Spirit of black Cherries, Spirit of Lily Convally, Spirit of Primroses, and Essence of Amber, of each a Dram; Syrup of Betony an Ounce: Mix for internal Use. Or,  
Take of Conserves of Rosemary-flowers, of Sage-flowers, and of Clove Gillyflowers, of each half an Ounce; Candied Nutmegs three Drams; of the Powders Diambra and Diamoschus dulcis, and Spirit of Lily Convally, of each a Dram and a half. With a sufficient Quantity of Syrup of Clove Gillyflowers make an Electuary. Or,  
Take six fat Figs; Rocket-seeds six Drams; Bastard Saffron a Scruple. With Syrup of Clove Gillyflowers make an Electuary: of which take every morning the bigness of a Walnut; using after Dinner Spirit of Hartshorn, or Spirit of Sal Armoniac, succinated.  
Silver dissolved in Spirit of Sal Armoniac is likewise commended.  
As for external Applications. Let Oil of Myrrh per deliquium be applied to the Temples and hinderpart of the Head. When the Head is oppressed with cold Humours, let the Sutures called Coronalis and Sagittalis, be fomented with Spirit of Wine, with Pepper infused in it. In the like Case Hildesheim recommends the following Essence, viz.  
Take of the Leaves of Betony, of Sage, of Lavender, of Rosemary, and flowers of red Roses, of each a handful; Nutmegs, long Pepper, Galangal, and round rooted Cyperus, of each four Scruples; Castor two Drams; Nutmegs half an Ounce; Myrrh and Frankincense, of each three Ounces; Saffron half a Dram or two Scruples. Infuse them in Spirit of Wine; digest and strain it for anointing the Nostrils, Temples, and top of the Head.   

ART. II. Of Deliriums in general.  
THE Depravation of the Rational Faculty is called a Delirium or Doting, which sometimes seizes the Apprehension alone, and at other times reaches to all the three Operations of the Intellect together. The immediate Cause is the disorder of the Animal Spirits, in respect of their Substance and Motion; which occasions varions Deliriums according to the Humour and Constitution of the Patient; as one and the same Wine fills one Man with Anger and Fury, a second with Mirth and Jollity, and inspires a third with Love.  
The remote Causes are either external, as narcotic Vegetables, poisonous or mad Animals, etc. of which more anon: or internal, as Fevers, Melancholy, etc. These internal Causes determine the Animal Spirits to such and such particular Motions, after the same manner as the Titillation of the Genital Liquor occasions particular Dreams and nocturnal Pollutions.   

ART. III. Of Deliriums' arising from Internal Causes.  
WHEN a violent Fever attends a Delirium, 'tis called a Frenzy; or if the Delirium be not very high, a Paraphrenitis. If it be quite free from a Fever, we call it a melancholic Madness.  

Of Frenzies.  
THE immediate Cause is the confused and rapid Motion of the Spirits in the Brain, especially in the Corpus Callosum. The remote Causes are either the Heat and Effervescency, or the Stagnation of the Blood in the Brain. In the beginning of burning Fevers, the former occasions the Agility and Perturbation of the Spirits; and consequently the Watch and light Deliriums that then molest the Patient. (If these Symptoms happen without a notorious Effervescency, 'tis a fatal sign of Malignity.) The latter inflames the Membrans and Cortical Part, and so causes a Frenzy, properly so called. This Inflammation is made to appear by diffecting Phrenitic Persons after death; and is justly suspected when Pleurisies and Inflammations of the Lungs or any external Inflammations, disappear of a sudden, and are succeeded by Frenzies.  
The remote Causes are excessive Heat, drinking of spirituous Liquors, suppression of any usual Evacuation of Blood, or of a virulent Gonorrhy, Anger, and the exalted Passions of the Mind.  
It ought to be remarked, that though all Frenzies are attended with Fevers, they do not always proceed from the Fever, as in malignant Fevers, where the Blood does not boil high. Sportive ridiculous Frenzies ought to be carefully distinguished from those of a serious, angry, and eager Character. According to Hypocrates, the former are of a more benign Stamp than the latter.  
As for the Symptoms. An actual Delirium is easily perceived. An imminent Delirium is discovered by a sudden alteration of the Patient's Humour, a bold, fierce way of talking much, unquietness and tossing in Bed; the nauseous repetition of one thing, or forgetfulness of what was said or done; obstinate Watching, or the interruption and uneasiness of sleep. When the Delirium has actually seized upon 'em, they become morose and furious, leap out of Bed, and talk strangely; the Urine is at first thick, and in a little time after grows thin and transparent; the Head feels hot; the Eyes look glittering, fiery, and very movable. (If they appear stiff and staring, 'tis an infallible sign of a furious Frenzy.) If in the beginning of an acute Disease, the Person complain of a pain of the Eyeballs, or an Inflammation of the Eyes, or be apt to imagine strange Colours, 'tis a fatal Presage of Doting and Convulsions.  
A proper Frenzy which proceeds from the Inflammation of the Membrans of the Brain, is foreseen from the violent beating of the Arteries in the Neck and Temples. It is attended by an unsufferable Pain of the hinder part of the Head; a difficult Respiration; an invincible Heat, and continual Fever free from the sense of Thirst; a proneness to rub and toss the Head, and pull up the Hairs. When the Inflammation relents, it tends to a Gangrene, which occasions Convulsions, Lethargies, and a total inactivity.  
A true Frenzy proceeding from the Inflammation of the Brain is very dangerous. If it increase after sleeping; if it be serious and fierce; if a clammy cold Sweat drop from the Head, while the Body is unconcerned; if it be attended by a difficult Respiration, immoderate Watching, Headaches, notable Weakness, a ghastly Countenance, an invincible Forgetfulness, a Hiccough, gnashing of the Teeth, trembling of the Tongue and Hands, and involuntary voiding of Excrements; if the Person he speechless, apt to gather up or pick the Bed-cloaths, or become lethargic; if the Nostrils drop, and the Urine be not tinctured: All these Symptoms portend Death. A Paraphrenitis, proceeding only from the Heat and Effervescency of the Blood and Spirits, is more tolerable.  
A Symptornatical Frenzy is a proper Subject of Cure; but a Critical one ought not to be meddled with. It is followed for the most part by bleeding at the Nose, and is distinguished by the following Symptoms. The Urine affords signs of Concoction; the Pulse is unequal, but strong and large; the Eyes sparkle, a murmuring Noise disturbs the Ears, the Nostrils itch, the Face is red, and the lower Belly softly distended. Sometimes 'tis ushered in by a sudden Headache; or the sick Person is young and apt to bleed at the Nose. If these Symptoms are wanting, the Frenzy is symptomatical, and aught to be cured by allaying the Heat and Turgency of the Blood and Spirits, or removing the Stagnation.  
In the first place let the Physician take care that he be not imposed upon by drunken Persons, whose Frenzies resemble those of Fevers. In the next place, if the phrentic Person be molested with headaches and immoderate Watch, Narcotic Medicines are very proper, but aught to be cautiously administered, for fear of exalting the Frenzy, or converting it into a Lethargy. In order to avoid such Consequences, let us take notice of the following Cautions. 1. That in acute hot Diseases, Opiates ought to be prepared with Vinegar. 2. That they ought not to be administered in the beginning or height of the Distemper, but only during its increase. 3. That when the Person is very weak, they should be omitted. 4. They ought still to be mixed with Bezoardic, Diaphoretic Powders.  
Blood-letting is always convenient, unless the Fever be very malign; and aught to be liberally performed, and in the following manner. 1. Let a Vein in the Hams be first opened; then in the Arm; and afterwards in the Forehead. Incase of a particular Suppression of Blood in the lower Region, let the Vein in the Ankle be first opened. Instead of breathing the Vein in the Forehead, some recommend the Application of scarifyed Cupping-glasses to the forepart of the Head. 2. Let the Surgeon, while the Vein is open, lay his hand upon the Patient's Head, and mind the beating of the Artery, in order to adjust the quantity of Blood to be drawn forth, and the strength of the Patient. 3. Let the Orifice of the Vein be stopped and opened by turns by the Surgeon's Finger. Thus the stagnating Blood is evacuated without impairing the strength of the Patient in so great a measure as otherwise.  
As for external Applications, all strong smelling things, except Camphyr, aught to be avoided; Vinegar must be added, but in small quantities, because its sharpness hinders sleep.  
A symptomatical Frenzy disappears upon the removal of the principal Disease. Cooling and narcotic Medicines are its proper Cure; to which Diaphoretic Febrifugas are joined according to the Degree and Circumstances of the Fever.  
Take of the Waters of Male Pimpernel, Purslain, and white Water-lilies, of each an Ounce and a half; Syrup of Water-lilies, and Syrup of Poppies, of each six Drams.  
The Acid Mineral Spirits of Vitriol, Salt, Sulphur, dulcified Spirit of Nitre, and dulcified Spirit of Salt, are very useful against Frenzies. Camphyr has a peculiar pacific Virtue. If it be added to Opiates, their Doses ought to be proportionably lessened: As,  
Take of the Conserve of red Poppy-flowers vitriolated half a Dram; Langelot's Laudanum Opiatum one Grain; Camphyr two Grains. Mix, etc.  
Sugar of Lead prepared with Spirit of Nitre is a powerful Pacific. The Decoction of the Flowers of Male Pimpernel in Water, whetted with a little Rhenish Wine, is of excellent use.  
Take of the four great Coldseeds, of each a Dram and a half; white Poppy-seeds three Drams. With Purslain-water make an Emulsion. To which add human Scull prepared without Fire half a Dram; Bezoar Mineral a Scruple; Syrup of Purslain half an Ounce. Mix for use.  
In a malignant Frenzy let the following Powder be exhibited, viz.  
Take of Cinnabar of Antimony twelve or fifteen Grains; Lunar Bezoar six or eight Grains; Laudanum Opiatum a Grain; Camphyr two Grains. Make a Powder for two Doses to be exhibited in the Emulsion of white Poppy-seeds made with Pimpernel and Purslain Water. Or,  
Take of the Cephalic Specific Powder a Scruple; Sugar of Lead six Grains; Camphyr two Grains; Laudanum Opiatum a Grain and a half.  
Acid Juleps are likewise very proper; and if the Belly be constipated, Tamarinds may be boiled in 'em.  
Externally let Cataplasms of Rue, Chamomile, Vervain, Briony-roots and Soap; or of Radishes, Salt, sharp Vinegar and Yeast, be applied to the soles of the Feet. Or,  
Take of the Juice of Houseleek new drawn six Drams; sharp Wine Vinegar an Ounce and a half; Nitre two Drams; Camphyr half a Dram. Mix, and apply to the Stones, soles of the Feet, and forepart of the Head. When the Person sleeps, it ought to be taken off the Head.  
A Cataplasm of Houseleek, Purslain and Roses, may be applied to the Temples and Forehead. The Pulp of a Gourd applied to the Head shaved is commended by Bartholet. Some set their Feet into an excavated Gourd, and find benefit by it. The Juice of live River-Crabs newly expressed is applied to the Forehead with wonderful success. Or,  
Take of Rose-water ten Ounces; Opium a Dram; Saffron half a Scruple. Mix them, and apply with a doubled Linen Cloth to the Forehead.  
Take of the Water of Frogs Spaun six or eight Ounces; fresh Juice of River-Crabs, two, three or four Ounces; Opium dissolved in Vinegar half a Dram or two Scruples; Camphyr and Saffron, of each six, eight or ten Grains. Mix, etc. Or,  
Take of the Juice of River-Crabs, extracted with the Water of Frogs Spawn, six Ounces; Vinegar of Roses two Ounces; treacle of Andromachus two Drams; Camphyr half a Scruple; Saffron six Grains. Mix, and foment the Head and Temples. Let the Liquor be lukewarm or somewhat cold.  
Lindanus attributes much to the ancient way of applying live Creatures, cut up along the middle, as a Dove, a Cock, etc. to the Head shaved: But in the first beginning of a Frenzy they rather enforce it.  
Ofttimes the phrentic Persons, thro' inadvertency, neglect to void their Urine; in which case, Take of Pellitory of the Wall two handfuls; of Parsley (the whole Herb) one handful. Boil them in Water. Bruise them into a Pulp, and with two Ounces of Oil of Scorpions make a Cataplasm to be applied to the Pubes.  
Or, Let the Pubes and Perinaeum be fomented; and then anointed with the following Lineament, viz. Take of Coney Fat, or Ointment of Marshmallows an Ounce; Oil of Scorpions half an Ounce. Mix, etc.   

Of Melancolic Deliriums'.  
THE Dote of Melancholy are free from a Fever. They ought to be heedfully distinguished from the Melancholy itself, which is a principal Disease arising from internal Causes, attended by a sorrowful, sullen, peevish, pensive Humour, an unaccountable Straitness and Anxiety of the Breast, a proneness to Anger, and a facility of being frighted: Whereas those are for the most part occasioned by external Causes. The Epithet of Melancholy is joined to them, not as if Melancholy and Grief were inseparable Companions, for some are merry and sportive; but because they proceed from a vicious fixed acid Humour, which the Ancients called Melancholy.  
All Persons seized with this sort of Doting, have peculiar Symptoms and Humours according to the variety of their Objects, and the manner in which they are carried out in pursuit of 'em. But in general they all jump in the following Particulars.  
1. The Mind and Thought are always confined to one Object, or one Set of Objects. 2. Fear and Anxiety still haunt them: though they imagine themselves rich, Monarches, etc. and seem to be tickled with the Fancy; yet still the Joy is but short-lived, and Fear, Vexation and Trouble fill its room. 3. They all sleep little or none at all; or if they happen to sleep, are still haunted with fearful Dreams, and scaring Phantasms. 4. All of 'em have their lucid Intervals. 5. The Disease is more apt to disappear or remit upon some sudden alteration of Diet, or any other such occasional Cause, than by all the force and application of Art. 6. The Source of the Disease is always seated in the lower Belly. Upon which account Vomiting is the most sovereign Remedy. 7. The Cure never succeeds without abating the immoderate Watch. 8. Foolish Deliriums are ofttimes cured by foolish Remedies, which serve only to rectify the Fancy; as a Man imagining Serpents to be in his Belly, was cured by conveying Serpents into his Excrements, and giving him occasion to think that they were voided by himself. We may read a great many such Instances, in Thonerus, Platerus, Forestus, etc.  
The Seat is referable only to the Imagination or Fancy, which receives the Ideas of Objects conveyed thro' the external Senses, and stamped upon the Spirits. Now if these Animal Spirits degenerate from their lucid temperate Quality, and perform uncouth, awkward Motions, the rational Soul must needs consequently entertain itself with suitable Ideas.  
Tho this kind of Delirium be different from Melancholy itself, yet it does not invade any but such as have a Melancholy disposition of the Blood and Spirits; which by the way is the true reason why it does not always follow, where its ordinary Causes take place.  
Suppose we then that a melancholy Person meets with an Object which is extremely agreeable or disagreeable to him; and is forcibly stamped upon the mind by the introduction of some violent Passion, Love, Grief, Fear, etc. as if a Hypochondriac Person be molested with a murmuring noise in the Guts, resembling the croaking of Frogs: This fills him with fear and amazement: It determines the Spirits to new Passages which they are unwilling to forsake: The Idea of the frightful Noise still haunts his thoughts, till at length by the repeated and continued Rack, and inuring the Spirits to that unwonted particular Motion of Thought, the Rational Soul is brought into a habit of entertaining and dwelling upon that Subject; and so the Person is insensibly wrought into the fixed Opinion that Frogs are lodged in his Belly. Now that the Spirits being forcibly driven into new Channels are apt to persist in the same course, and are unwilling to return to their wont Devoirs, is evidently made out by the Influence of Passion, or any weighty Concern upon Watch, or the Dreams of sleeping Persons, which is only owing to the proneness of the Spirits to retain the same new Passages, as the preceding Business, and the Commotion it occasioned had so effectually cut out for 'em. The verity of this advance may be likewise evinced by the many Instances of Persons liable to this Distemper.  
The Doting that follows Melancholy being thus accounted for, our next business is to offer the Causes of Melancholy itself. They are either external or internal. The former are such Objects as are apt to occasion violent Passions, which immediately disorder the Spirits, and consequently the Blood and first Digestion. The latter are such Circumstances of Diet and way of living as alter the Juices of the Body, which impart the respective quality to the Blood and Spirits.  
This Constitution of the Blood and Spirits is ofttimes natural and hereditary, arising from the nature of the Seed; for so much as most of our Humours and Propensity to particular Passions is owing to the natural Idio-sincrasy of the Blood and Spirits.  
All melancholy Dispositions that have a tendency to Doting, own their immediate Original to some vicious Fermentation or Digestion in the first Passages. The remote Causes may be sometimes external, sometimes internal; but they never reach the length of Doting, till they have stamped a vicious Character on the Belly and its Entrails. Some imagine a Chymeric Melancholy proceeding essentially from the Head; but if they view the matter throughly, they'll find cause to acknowledge their Error.  
'Tis usual to ascribe Melancholy to the Spleen: And doubtless in melancolic Constitutions the Spleen may be damaged by the Stagnation of the Blood in the Arteries, and may serve to exasperate the Disease: it being a part enriched with good store of Nerves, and communicating with the wand'ring and intercostal Pair, cannot well miss of being prejudiced by the membranous Convulsions that Hypochondriac Persons are subject to. But originally the Spleen is faultless, and the principal Cause must needs be a vicious Acid bred in the first Passages, that thickens the Blood, and destroys its due Fermentation. This is evinced both by the Symptoms and Method of Cure. The former are a voracious Appetite, a constipated Belly, and Acid Belchings; the visible Effects of an Acid skulking in the Stomac or first Passages. As for the Cure, it turns upon absorbent Anti-acid Medicines.  
The Blood thus perverted by the prevailing Acid, stands accountable for the difficult Respiration, beating of the Heart, and the like Symptoms. It is not so productive of volatile lucid Spirits as otherwise; upon which account they become stiff and more fixed, and consequently apt either to move irregularly in the Brain, or still to retain the same course of Motion. In the former case the Dote are wand'ring and undetermined. In the latter, the whole force and vigour of Thought is confined to one Object, so that ofttimes the melancholy Persons are enabled to discourse and reason about it with much more accuracy than in their healthy state, when other Objects claim a larger share in their Thoughts, and cramp their Application to that one. Oft-times the sick Person reasons calmly on any other Object beside that of his Melancholy, by reason that the Spirits are not so keen and eager in pursuing the former.  
The change of Air and Seasons, or of any not natural thing, sensibly altars the Crasis of the Blood and Spirits, and consequently the nature of this Delirium, either by quite extinguishing, or heightening, or depressing it; or by removing it from one Object to another: As Wine by altering the state of the Blood and Spirits, first makes some Men cheerful, then inspires 'em with a talkative Humour; afterwards disposes 'em to Strife, Anger, Madness, etc. and last of all, covers 'em with drousiness and sleep.  
Melancoly being grounded on the Constitution of the Blood and Spirits, becomes an inveterat Companion, and ofttimes propagates itself by an hereditary Succession, especially among Women, who convey the Legacy to their Daughters, that surely visits 'em when with Child, or upon point of delivery, if not at other times.  
It is ofttimes cured by the Stratagem of cheating the Patient into a contrary Humour or Passion; which if forcible and strong, recals the Spirits from the Passages in which they deviate.  
'Tis highly necessary to obviate Melancholy betimes, before its Settlement. Now a melancolic Disposition is ushered in by these Signs. The Person is troubled in sleep, and haunted by awkward Dreams; he becomes sullen and sorrowful, and courts solitude; he is pensive, and apt to dwell long upon one thought; and is timorous to a high degree. If he begin to tell ridiculous Stories, and withal is full of his own Wisdom, the Delirium is at hand.  
Let the Causes be diligently enquired after. If it proceed from the Passions of the Mind, the Pulse is low, inconstant, contracted, ofttimes unequal, and sometimes resembles the Motion of Emmets or Worms; and when the Mind is unbended by cheerfulness, etc. the Pulse is proportionably altered.  
If Melancholy steal on by degrees, without the influence of external Objects, and be followed by wand'ring unfixed Deliriums, it proceeds from the Hypochondriac Distemper; and is attended by the Palpitation of the Heart, Anxiety of the Breast, acid Belchings, a murmuring noise in the Guts, constipation of the Belly, Wind, an uneasy obscure Pain in the left side of the Abdomen, with a Pulsation in the same place, or in the Back, a notable heat in the Forehead, and wand'ring Inflammations over the Body.  
If it proceed immediately from the Depravation of the Blood, it remits now and then; the Patient is querulods and anxious, oppressed with Grief and Sorrow, and a frequent Palpitation of the Heart.  
If Melancholy be caused by Passions of the Mind, or external Objects, 'tis much more easily cured than when it owes its Original to the internal Indisposition of the Blood and Spirits. If it be followed by Doting, recur frequently, or claim a hereditary Privilege, it accompanies the Person to the Grave. If it be occasioned by preceding Diseases, as Fevers, Frenzies, etc. a regular Diet carries it off. It is more uncommon among Women than among Men; yet the Cure of the former is more difficult, especially if they be with Child, or passed the season of their Terms. If the Countenance be cheerful: If the Delir●ums begin to relent: If the Urine exchange its thin Consistence for that which appears thick, muddy and black: If a Flux of the emrod's or Womb ensue: If a S●ab and such like Eruptions beset the Skin; we hope a Recovery. If the Person be subject to uncouth Laughter or Crying, immoderate Grief attended by a sort of Fury, it tends to a Palsy or Apoplexy, or Convulsions. If he obstinately decline eating or drinking, or totally deprive himself of Sleep, he posts to his Grave.  
We are now arrived at the Method of Cure, which consists in rectifying the Blood and Spirits by proper Correctives, and reducing the Animal to orderly Motions. The following Remarks are worthy our observation upon this matter.  
1. The remote Cause must be taken off either by moral Persuasions, or deceiving the Person with some cunning Stratagem, so as to bring him off the melancolic Fancy. If the Cause be internal, as suppression of the Terms, the hypochondriac Disease, etc. it must be particularly taken care of. In geneneral the hypochondriac Specifics and comforting Cephalic Medicines are always proper. 2. Vomiting is an essential part of the Cure, and aught to be frequently repeated. 3. Let the Physician be very cautious in visiting the Patients alone, for they hate the Person that pretends to cure 'em, and retain the Odium even after they are cured. 4. When the melancolic Fancy is deeply lodged within 'em, they ought to be undeceived by the means of some Stratagem or Trick. 5. By all means the Belly must be kept open: If it do not answer every day of itself, let Clysters or lenitive Draughts provoke it. 6. During the Solstices and Equinoxes, the Person ought to ply proper Preservatives, for fear of the Relapses which are wont to happen at those times. 7. Blood-letting is improper, excepting the Case of Suppressions, Inflammations and Plethoras, or where Madness is feared. Willis fancies that when the old unactive Blood is drawn forth, it gives occasion to the Generation of new spirituous Blood; but he should have remembered that 'tis Blood that begets Blood, and that by Blood letting, Stupidity and dull Folly is promoted. Trepanations, Issues, and blistering Plasters are sometimes used with Success. 8. In the beginning of the Disease, Purgatives may succeed to Vomits: but in the progress of the Distemper they are very improper. Dieuretics are incomparable Medicines for this Disease. Melancolic People naturally void large quantities of Urine; and its deep Tincture, muddiness or blackness, betokens the declension of the Distemper. 10. The Hypochondria must be particularly taken care of in all sorts of Melancolies. 11. By all means let Sleep be promoted by moist temperate Food, etc. 12. Opiates ought not to be exhibited alone, nor before the Acid in the Stomac be removed by the universal Evacuations. They ought to be mixed with Specific and moistening Ingredients. Externally Anodyn Fomentations for the Head, Washes for the Feet, etc. are very proper. 13. Their Diet must be very regular. Their Food nourishing, moist, and temperate, as Milk, Raisins, Apples, etc. A Glass of generous Wine is very proper now and then; a moderate Exercise and the regular Evacuation of Excrements ought to be heedfully procured.  
Now of the Medicines answering the foresaid intentions, Antimony is the chief both in its vomiting and purgative Capacity; but especially the former. This and all other Emetics must be given in very large Doses, though it is proper to begin with the ordinary one, and from thence advance gradually. The Flowers of Antimony, Aurum Vitae, the Infusion of Mercurius Vitae, Sylvius' vomitory Soap, and Sala's Emetic Syrup are all useful: As,  
Take of Fumitory Water one Ounce; Gum Ammoniac dissolved in Wine, from a Scruple to half a Dram; Emetic Syrup a Dram and a half; Scammony sulphurated, Extract of Troches Alhandal, of each one Grain; Simple Syrup of Roses two Drams. Mix for a Potion.  
The Dose of Purgatives must be likewise augmented or sharpened with Salts: As,  
Take of Extract of black Hellebor a Scruple; Extract of Troches Alhandal two Grains; Purgative Antimony, or Mercurius Vitae, five Grains. With Essence of Steel, or Tincture of Tartar, make Pills. Or, if a Potion be more acceptable, with the Waters of Pimpernel, or of Flowers of St. John's-wort, make a Potion, and sweeten it with laxative Syrup of Apples.  
The Troches Alhandal are of incomparable use for subduing the viscid matter, that reigns in this and all other Chronical Distempers.  
Take of Extract of black Hellebor, sweet Mercury, of each a Scruple; Magistery of Jalap six Grains: with Gum Ammoniac dissolved in Vinegar, make Pills.  
Take of Mint-water one Ounce; Liquid Extract of Steel half a Dram; Extract of black Hellebor a Scruple; Extract of Troches Alhandal one Grain; Syrup of Apples half an Ounce. Mix, etc.  
Take of Mint-water one Ounce; Gum Ammoniac dissolved in Vinegar a Scruple, or half a Dram; Tartar vitriolated half a Scruple; Extract of Troches Alhandal one Grain; Syrup of Apples half an Ounce. Mix, etc.  
Take of picked Senna two or three Drams; Roots of Polypody three or four Drams; Roots of black Hellebor one or two Drams; Salt of Tartar half a Dram. Infuse them warm in clarified Whey over night. In the Morning let 'em boil gently; and add to three Ounces of the strained Liquor, a Dram and a half of Cinnamom Water; and three, four or six Drams of Syrup of Apples. Or,  
Take of Corants bruised three Ounces; picked Senna six Drams; choice Cinnamom three Drams; Cloves a Dram and a half; Cream of Tartar three Drams. Bruise 'em and tie 'em in a Bag, to be infused for the space of a night in three Pound of simple Water.  
Take of Gum Ammoniac dissolved in Vinegar five Grains; Tartar vitriolated three Grains; Extract of Gummy Aloe two Grains. With Essence of Gum Ammoniac make Pills.  
Next to Hellebor and its Productions, are the Infusions of Senna; Quercetanus' Pills of Ammoniac, or of Tartar, of Fumitory, etc.  
Absorbent Digestives ought to precede the use of Purgatives; such are Cream of Tartar, Vitriol of Steel, or its Tincture, Essence of Steel, etc. Or,  
Take of prepared Crabs half a Dram; prepared red Coral, Alterative Crocus of Steel, of each half a Scruple. Make a Powder for two Doses. Or,  
Take of Sal Armoniac, Salt of Wormwood, and prepared Crabs eyes, of each fifteen Grains; Laudanum Opiatum two or three Grains. Make a Powder for two Doses.  
Alteratives in this Disease either correct the Acidity of the Blood, or amend its Indisposition, and purify it by Urine.  
Of the former kind are Preparations of Steel, such as its Infusion and Extract, with the Juice of Apples; all the Aperitive Crocus' of Mars, Mynsicht's Tincture of Steel, etc. Led also, but especially its Sugar; Coral and its Preparations, and chief its true Tincture; in room of which, if it be wanting, you may take of the Tincture of Coral prepared with Spirit of Stag's Heart, or that of Roses, one Dram; Essence of Baum and Saffron, of each half a Dram. And mix 'em.  
Of this sort also is the true Tincture of Silver and its Magistery, either alone or mixed with other Antiacids, as Coral and such like.  
Mynsicht's Arcanum Duplicatum is frequently used with good success; likewise Lapis Lazuli, either in Powder, or its Tincture mixed as follows.  
Take compound Essence of Pimpernel three Drams; Tincture of Lapis Lazuli a Dram. Dose from forty to fifty Drops.  
For altering and purifying the Blood by Urine, the Vegetable Kingdom affords many excellent Remedies; amongst which Tartar and its Preparations excel, as Cream of Tartar plain or vitriolated; or, mixed with lixivial Salts; Spirit and volatile Salt of Tartar; Rhefeldius' Diaphoretic Liquor of Tartar with Juices made thus.  
Take of the expressed Juices of Dittander four Ounces; Scurvygrass, Sea Radish, Water and Garden Cresses, of each an Ounce; rectified Spirit of Tartar one pound. Mix and digest, and then distil in a Bath over a slow Fire. Dose, half an Ounce.  
Remedies also are prepared of borage, Bugloss, Fumitory, Saffron, Camphyr; which last ought always to be joined with Alteratives in melancolic and maniac Distempers. As, Take liquid Essence of Steel two Drams; compound Essence of Fumitory, and that of Saffron, of each a Dram; Camphyr five Grains. Dose, thirty or forty Drops. Or,  
Take of the Leaves of Harts-tongue two handfuls; of Fumitory an handful and a half; Flowers of borage and Bugloss, of each a handful; of Clove Gillyflowers and Violets half a handful; Barks of Tamarisk and the Ash-tree, of each six Drams; Roots of Polypody or Elecampane, Filings of Steel, of each an Ounce; Cinnamom two Drams. Cut, bruise and tie them up in a Bag. Or,  
Take of the flowers of Rosemary, borage and Bugloss, of each four Ounces; of Saffron a Dram; Quinces four Ounces; best White-Wine two Pound. Mix and digest fifteen days, and then distil. Dose an Ounce, to be reiterated.  
Take of Hartman's Cachectick Powder a Dram; red Coral prepared half a Dram; Camphyr fifteen Grains. Mix and divide into three equal parts, to be taken in so many Mornings.  
The following Pills may be taken before sleep.  
Take of the Sugar of Lead, from five to nine Grains; Laudanum Opiatum two Grains; distilled Oil of Camphyr three Grains, and make Pills.  
The Spirit of Sal Armoniac is an incomparable Sudorific, especially mixed with an equal quantity of the Carminative Spirit.  
If Pains seize the Head, apply to the Forehead this Epithem.  
Take Waters of Elder-flowers, and St. John's-wort, of each an Ounce and a half; Camphyr six Grains. Mix 'em.  
This will yet prove more effectual, if a Plaster of Tacamahac be applied to the shaved head.  
If the Spleen is faulty, beside Preparations of Lead taken inwardly, apply the Plaster of Tobacco to the Region thereof.   

Of Madness.  
THE Blood which in Melancholy abounds with a vicious Acidity, is oftentimes by an intestine and fermentative Commotion volatilised, and so acquiring an Acrimony, and furnishing the Brain with Spirits suitable, occasions Madness, which is Melancholy arrived at the highest degree.  
In Madness we may observe three Circumstances; 1. A remarkable Fury and temerarious Boldness, hurrying one to attempt any thing though never so cruel and tragical. 2. A prodigious Strength, able to break in pieces the strongest things, and surpassing that of two or three Men. 3. A wonderful Sufferance of even the extremest Cold. It is also accompanied with most stubborn Watch.  
The Disorder of the Stomach, Intestinum Duodenum, and Bowels under the short Ribs, is the cause of the grossness, thickness and vicious Acidity of the Blood, which is the immediate material Cause of Madness.  
The formal Cause is the Spirits, which degenerating from their seminal and friendly Complexion, become of a sharp, saline, and as it were sulphureous acid Quality: and consequently being too too movable, and less capable to be checked in their ordinary Motions, and withal penetrating every where by virtue of their pointed parts, they become the Cause of Restlessness, Watch, Fury, extraordinary Strength, etc.  
This Disease is more incident to the Young than Old, to Men than to Women, but especially to melancolic Constitutions.  
If it proceed from internal Causes, it is an Evil of long continuance, and of difficult Cure; which though it remit for some Months or Years, yet it often leaves Melancholy behind, which being easily exasperated, returns with fresh Rage, and accompanies the Patient till Strength failing through Watch, Fast, and almost perpetual Movings, it kindly shuts up their miserable Life.  
In curing this Disease we must endeavour, 1. To mitigat the Fury, that the Patient may be the easier managed, and Medicines exhibited. 2. To remove the Distemper of the Blood and Spirits.  
The first is excellently performed by strong Vomits and frequent Bleeding. Preparations from Steel and Led, joined with Anodine Medicines, correct the Blood and other Humours; as Remedies from Camphyr and Musk do recreate and restore the Spirits.  
The Foundation therefore of the Cure must be laid by administering strong and generous Vomits, not only in the beginning, but progress of the Disease: For this purpose the Ancients used white Hellebor-roots with excellent success. But it ought not to be given in substance.  
Take of white Hellebor-roots, from half a Dram to a Dram; boil them in Wine till it become soft: infuse the Root thus prepared in fresh Wine all night in a hot place; strain the Liquor, or squeeze more or less, according to the measure of its desired strength. Dose, a Dram.  
Some instead of this use Infusions of Antimonial Emetics, but they prove too weak. Morcurius Vitae is good: Aurum Vitae Kegleri is much commended; also the Leaves of Asarabacca: but all these must be given in a greater Doses than ordinary. As,  
Take of the Conserve of the Leaves of Asarabacca, a Dram, Powder of its Roots two Scruples; Mercurius Vitae one Grain: make a Bolus.  
The Infusion of human Nails, is also a strong Emetic, surpassing those of Antimony.  
If in the beginning of this Disease Purging is required, you may use what I have above prescribed for Melancholy; chief black Hellebor and its Extract; the Extractum Melanogogum Quercetani, etc. to which Antimony Purgative, or Mercurius Vitae Laxative, ought still to be added. As,  
Take of the Essence of black Hellebor a Dram and a half; of that of Pimpernel half a Dram; Emetic Syrup of Angelus Sala half an Ounce.  
After strong Purgation, copious and frequent Bleeding is proper; first in the Ankle, then in the Arm and Forehead: some have been cured by opening an Artery.  
Cauterizing and trepaning of the Skull have been successfully used; as hath also Salivation by Mercury.  
But while these things are a doing, such Alteratives are to be given, as may restrain the boiling and wild Motion of the Blood and Spirits, and together with these Opiates and sulphureous Minerals and fixed anodynes, and that in a strong Dose.  
Such altering Remedies as we prescribed for Melancholy, may be used here. Particularly those from Tartar, Steel, Led, etc. But withal Nitre and its Preparations are not to be neglected. As,  
Take purified Nitre half a Dram; Camphyr eight Grains. Mix 'em, and make a Powder. Or,  
Take purified Nitre two Scruples; Laudanum Opiatum two Grains. Make a Powder.  
We may also use appropriated Specifics, such as the Arterious Blood of an Ass, Pimpernel with the red Flowers, St. John's-wort, Fumitory, Water-Lilly, borage, Baum, Spleen-wort, the Herb True-love, Polypody of the Oak; to all which Camphyr may be added. As,  
Take a clean Linen Rag of a hands length and breadth, dipped in Ass' Blood, infuse it in a sufficient quantity of Water of St. John's-wort: to two Ounces of the strained Infusion add Essence of Pimpernel half a Dram; Laudanum Opiatum about a Grain. Or,  
Take the Leaves of True-love, together with the Berries, two handfuls; Leaves of red flowered Pimpernel; Flowers of St. John's-wort, of each an handful; Roots of Polypody of the Oak an Ounce; small Raisins bruised two Ounces: boil these in a sufficient quantity of Whey: to three pounds of the strained Decoction, add Essence of Pimpernel an Ounce and a half. Mix them. Or,  
Take leaves of Baum cut small, an handful; infuse 'em in four Ounces of Spirit of Wine; add half a Dram of prepared Pearls. Dose, two Spoonfuls to be repeated every day.  
The Epitheme prescribed for Melancholy may also be used here. Or,  
Take of Musk twelve Grains; Camphyr a Scruple; Red-rose-water impregnated with the Tincture of red Saunders, fifteen Ounces. In this Mixture dip several Folds of Linen Cloth to be applied to the shaved Head and Temples, wetting the Cloth as it dries for twenty four hours space; or anoint with the following Lineament.  
Take of the Sleep-causing Ointment two Drams, distilled Oil of Camphyr a Scruple; Musk half a Scruple; Saffron eight Grains. Mix 'em. Or,  
Take Rose-water, or Juice of River-Crabs ten Ounces; Opium half a Dram; Saffron half a Scruple: make an Epitheme for the Forehead and Temples.    

ART. iv Of Deliriums from an external Cause.  
THIS Cause for the most part is the biting of some other Creature enraged with Anger, or taken with Madness. As in the case of a Canina Rabbis, which is so called, because 'tis oftenest occasioned by the biting of a mad Dog; though the Infection may be derived from any other Creature. For if any Creature chafed with Anger bites another, 'twill cause either Madness, or a very malignant and dangerous Wound.  
These things relating to this Disease are most worthy our Observation, viz. 1. The manner of Infection, which may be by the slightest bite or hurt of the mad Creature, or even the least touch of its Spittle. 2. A Hydrophobia, or the fear of Water and other liquid things accompanies this Distemper. 3. The malign Contagion lies hid, and as it were asleep in the Body, sometimes two, three, or as some say, thirteen or twenty years. 4. In the Spittle and Urine of rabid Animals are often seen other small Creatures, resembling the Form of the first Authors of their Madness. And lastly, the infected Creature exactly imitates the Actions and Mien of that which gave the Contagion.  
The Cause of this Disease consists in a certain peculiar Ferment, which affecting first the Spirits, and then the Blood, does in some sort assimilat 'em to those of the furious Creature. This Ferment is carried along with the Saliva into the Wound.  
It is of importance to know whether the Creature by which a Man has been bitten, be mad or not, in order to prevention: the manner of the Discovery is this; apply and rub upon the Wound Crum of Bread, till it is impregnated with the moisture, and if a Dog will neither eat nor smell to it, or dies if he does, 'tis a sign the Creature was mad.  
Sometimes this Disease is accompanied with a Fever, and sometimes not: The Signs that attend its beginning are, an anxious heaviness of Heart; Anger without a manifest Cause; complaining of the offensiveness of the Ambient Air; heaviness of the Body, etc.  
The Signs of a perfect Rabbis are, Convulsive Distentions of the Members; a bloated Face; anguish of Heart; frothing at Mouth; frightful Eyes; barking like a Dog, or otherwise aping the infecting Animal; restlessness, perpetual Watching, etc. but especially an Hydrophobia, or shrinking at the sight of any Liquor.  
If taken at the beginning, it may be cured with proper Remedies; but if it is come to perfection, and accompanied with an Hydrophobia, it is an acute Distemper, which seldom admits of Cure, but brings Death the second or third, or at most the fourth day from the Invasion of this Symptom.  
In the Cure of this fatal Distemper, two Periods of times are to be noted. 1. That of receiving the first Hurt or Wound. 2. That of the supervening Madness, and subsequent Hydrophobia.  
To begin with the latter: we must endeavour by all means to explode that venomous Ferment already possessing the Mass of Blood. This must be done by internal Antidotes, as well common as specific: such are Roots of Gentian and Swallow-wort; Galen's Mad-wort, Rue, St. John's-wort, Pimpernel, Carduus Benedictus, Fuller's Thistle, Sage, Betony, Myrrh, and the like. As,  
Take of the Leaves of Rue, Sage, Plantain, Polypody, Vervain, common Wormwood, Mint, Mugwort, Baum, Betony, St. John's-wort, Lesser Centory, of each a convenient quantity; beat them into a Powder, to be taken from one to two Drams in hot Broth, or a draught of Wine, or in half a Dram of Venice treacle and Syrup of Lemons, for forty days together at least.  
The Waters of Germander, Carduus Benedictus, Tormentil, treacle, white Maidenhair, and the like, are convenient Vehicles for such Powders.  
Moreover, sealed Lemnian and Melitean Earth's are good; also Venice treacle, Mithridat, Electuarium de Ovo, etc. but above all, Theriaca Diatessaron with Opium. As,  
Take of the Water of the Flowers of St. John's-wort an Ounce and a half; Venice treacle half an Ounce; Bezoardic Tincture a Dram and a half; Essence of Crabs-eyes a Dram: mix them for one Dose. Or,  
Take of Venice treacle one Dram; Salt of Wormwood half a Dram; let them be taken in a Draught of sharp Wine.  
The use of these and such like Antidotes must be persisted in for two or three Months; for oftentimes after it has lain hid for some Months, nay sometimes years, the Hydrophobia will again show itself; so that though the use of Sudorifics may, yet that of Specifics ought not to be discontinued. As for example,  
Take of prepared Crabs-eyes, burnt Hartshorn prepared, and prepared Jawbone of a Pike, of each a Dram. Mix and make a Powder.  
The River-Crab alone is a Specific against the biting of a mad Dog: It must be gathered in the Dog-days, and calcined alive: A Dram or two of the Ashes, with a Dram of Powder of Gentian, may be given in a Cup of good Wine, the Patient being prepared for Sweeting.  
But the better way of exhibiting River-Crabs, is to distil them (being well bruised) with an Alembic in a Water-bath; so you shall have the famed Water of Crabs: and what remains at bottom may be given inwardly from half a Dram to a whole one, in their own distilled Water, adding Powder of Gentian-root or Pimpernel. Or,  
Take of Venice treacle a Dram; River-Crabs thus prepared, Roots of Pimpernel, of each half a Dram.  
The Root of the wild Rosetree is commended by the Ancients.  
Staeckerus used to give a Dram of Powder of Gentian, mixed with as much Venice treacle, every Morning for three days, injoining the Person to fast five or six hours after, and make account to sweat; having first tied on the Wound Garlic, Rue and Salt, bruised and mixed in the form of a Cataplasm: which Method he says never failed him.  
Some Remedies are taken from the mad Creature itself, such as its Blood pulverised, given to a Dram for three days: Its Hair, Heart, or Liver boiled or powdered.  
Some plunge the Patient into cold Water over head and ears suddenly, keeping him under Water a small time.  
Purging is sparingly to be used, and that only when the Hydrophobia is but just a beginning; in this Case white and black Hellebor, as also Species of Hiera picra, are proper.  
Strong Diuretics are not amiss; among which Valerian and Cantharideses are Specifics.  
As to the Wound by which the Infection is received; so soon as possible the malignant Poison is to be drawn forth, lest it diffuse itself through the blood. Let the Hair of the mad Creature, if it can be had, be laid on the Wound: or the place being scarifyed and cleansed with the exactest care, apply this Cataplasm.  
Take one of the sharpest Onions, five Cloves of Garlic, and half of its Root; Venice treacle six Drams; with half an Ounce of Yeast make a Cataplasm.  
Several other things may be added, such as Honey, Mustardseed, Germander, Gentian, etc.  
Some apply the Liver or Flesh of the Creature, as also live Pigeons; others use Scarification and Cupping-glasses: others wash the scarifyed Wound with Wine, or its Spirit camphorised, Brine, Salt Water, Decoction of Germander, or Gentian-root in Water or Wine; applying afterwards the following Plaster.  
Take six Ounces of Wax, Oil of Olives and Goats Fat, of each three Ounces; melt them, and add of best Frankincense half an Ounce.  
The Wound is to be kept open for some time, or even enlarged; and if it is closed up before the complete Cure of the Disease, it must again be opened.  
But the most safe, and withal the most speedy Remedy is burning with a hot Iron or an actual Cautery, which utterly destroys all the Poison, abolishing its seminal Crasis; and so leaves the Patiented secure as to the fear of dismal Events.  
This were the proper place to treat of the Delirium Musicum occasioned by the biting of the Tarantula, and cured by Music; but seeing it is not to be found with us, we shall pass it over.  
As for Deliriums' proceeding from poisonous things, whether taken down by the Mouth, or drawn in with the Breath; the first is cured by a Vomit given at first; and the last, after universal things are premised, by Vinegar, Castor and Camphyr given together, or separately with proper Medicines.  
As for Love-fits; they are removed partly by rational Persuasions, and partly by such Medicines as have been prescribed in Melancholy, and Melancolic Distempers, with this only difference, that the milder sort will here prevail.      

AN ABRIDGEMENT OF ETMULLERUS HIS Practice of PHYSIC, etc.  
BOOK III. Of the Diseases peculiar to the Male Sex.  
HAving dispatched the Diseases incident to both Sexes; I shall now enter into the Consideration of those peculiar to Males.  

SECT. I. Of the Diseases which disorder the Genital Liquor in men's Bodies.  
SOME part of the Chyle accompanying the Blood in the Arteries, is conveyed by the Spermatic Vessels to the Stones, where 'tis in good measure prepared, by virtue of a particular Ferment for that purpose; and afterwards finished in the Epididimes, which forward it to the seminal Vesicles, to be there reserved under the Character of the Genital Liquor, till the Act of Venery dislodg it. 'Tis improperly called Seed, till such time as the Association of the Woman's Genital Liquor have entitled it to that Character.  
It is enriched with a large stock of Spirits, especially by the eagerness of the Venereal Encounter, and is thereby enabled to reach and impregnat the women's seminal Eggs. It is likewise covered with a soft serous Vehicle prepared in the Prostatae, that joins it in its Passage, and accompanies it thro' the Vrethra.  
The manner of its engaging with the seminal Eggs in Women, and their Counterpart in the Act of Generation, is accounted for elsewhere.  
When the Generation of this Male Genital Liquor is disturbed, it appears in its Deficiency, Redundancy, or Depravation. The two last are referred to the Paragraph of Gonorrhaea's; the first is the Subject of the following Chapter.  

CHAP. I. Of the Defect or Insufficiency of the Genital Liquor in Men.  
THE Causes relate either to the Matter itself, or the Stones in which 'tis prepared. As touching the former, naturally 'tis the Chyle, or mucilaginous, fat, milky part of the Blood, as appears by its Consistence, Color, etc. Now whatever impairs this, must consequently cause a Deficiency of Seed. Such are Hunger, the Disorders of the digestive Faculty, excessive Evacuations, Watch, etc. Violent Passions of the Mind, immoderate Exercise, and such like, rarify and sharpen the Blood beyond its due pitch, and so exhaust the Chyle or seminal Matter. Fat and corpulent Persons are liable to the like Inconvenience. The milky part of their Blood, which should be disposed of for seminal Use, is diverted and anticipated by its Conversion into Fat.  
The Causes relating to the Stones, proceed either from the defect of the Ferment, or the Indisposition of the Stones themselves. As for the former; questionless 'tis a spirituous oily volatile Substance, as appears by the notable Changes occasioned by it in the Mass of the Blood at the time of its Commencement. Now whatever fixes the Animal Spirits, and strips them of their volatile Capacity, must needs weaken the Ferment. Such are Spirit of Vitriol, Crude Nitre; external Cold, or exposing the Stones to be wet; Application of mercurial things to the Region of the Pubes; excessive or unseasonable Venery, or an indiscreet abstinence from it; Drunkenness; Crudities in the Stomac, or any Disorder of the first Digestion; Dropsies, Cachexies, etc.  
If the Deficiency of the Ferment be occasioned by any Cause respecting the Stones themselves, it must proceed either from tumors in 'em, or from being gelded. 'Tis much doubted if there be any natural Eunuches; for many whose Stones are not visible, may have 'em hid within the Abdomen, and give sufficient proof of their Manhood.  
The Signs are easily distinguished: If the Ferment be faulty, the Person is dull and unactive; the venereal Appetit flat; and the Seed when cast forth is thin, watery, and void of heat. The Prognostics are more fatal to the Species than to individual Persons. If the Person be old, or have overacted in his Youth, the Cure is very difficult. Sometimes this Deficiency produces not only Effeminacy and Unmanliness, but an universal Faintness and Consumption, for want of the due Influence of the Ferment upon the Mass of Blood.  
In regulating the Cure, a peculiar regard must be had to the Stomac and digestive Faculty; for the flatness of this will cause a Deficiency of Seed. If the Disease proceed from a Defect in the Stones themselves, the following Paragraphs account for its Cure. As for the Faults of the Ferment, or those respecting the matter of the Genital Liquor; the former must be amended by aromatic sharp Incentives; such as Ginger, Amber, Cubebs, Cloves, Cinnamom, Castor, Savin-berries, Borrace, Satyrium, Eryngo, Mustardseeds, Fennel-seeds, Rocket-seeds, Pepper, Cantharideses, Spirit of Aunts, etc. The latter by temperate Fat, and chylelike Ingredients, as Milk, the milky Seeds, Emulsions, Yolks of Eggs, with Spanish Wine, Oysters, Chocolate, Dates, etc. But neither of 'em ought to be used separately; but in conjunction with one another. As,  
Take of Milk three Ounces; Sugar three or four Drams; Pepper half a Dram: mix for a Draught.  
Take of the Oil of Fistic-nuts one Spoonful; the Yelk of one Egg; Ambergrise as much as will lie upon the point of a Knife, with the triple quantity of Sugar. Mix 'em before the Fire, and exhibit for one Draught.  
Take of the Water of Magnanimity three Ounces; Cinnamom Water prepared with Wine, Essence of Satyrium, of each three Drams; Tincture of Coral two Drams; Essence of Amber a Dram. Make a Potion. Dose, a Spoonful now and then. Electuaries are very usual in this Case. As,  
Take of Indian Chocolat an Ounce and a half; Electuary of Satyrium half an Ounce; Eryngo-roots candied, Satyrium-roots candied, of each six Drams; Nutmegs candied two Drams; candied Ginger two or three Drams; Shave of the Pizzle of a Stag killed in the act of Venery, half an Ounce; Cubebs, Cardamons, of each a Dram; Powders of Diambra, and Diamoschus dulcis, of each four Scruples; Rocket-seeds, Fistic-seeds, Nettleseeds, Ash-seeds, of each a Dram; Ambergrise and Mosch, of each ten Grains. With Syrup of Canel make an Electuary; and when you are about to use it, sprinkle it with Spirit of Ants. Dose, the bigness of a Walnut.  
Take of the Electuary Diasatyrium a Dram; Mynsichtus' provoking Tablets a Scruple; Ambergrise, Mosch, of each two Grains; Laudanum Opiatum one Grain. Mix for a Bolus.  
Take of the Conserve of Eryngo-roots, Conserve of Satyrium, of each three Ounces; candied Citron-peel, candied Ginger, of each half an Ounce; Pine-nuts, Sweet Almonds, and Fistic-nuts, of each three or four Drams; Pulp of Dates and Nutmegs, of each an Ounce; Bull's Pizzle five Drams; Rocket-seeds, Parsnep-seeds, Mustardseeds, of each two Drams; Cinnamom, Galangal, and white Pepper, of each a Dram; distilled Oil of Cloves half a Dram: With the Brodium of Ginger make an Electuary. Some add the Powder of Cantharideses, but they are improper for any purpose, save that of promoting the Erection of the Yard.  
The Stones of a Cock, or the Spirit of a Cock's Blood: The Blood, or Brains, or Pizzle of a Buck or a Bull killed in the act of Venery; or the shaving of a Bull's Horn taken at the same time; the Tincture of Gold with Oil of Cinnamom; the Troches of Vipers, or Pullet's fed with Vipers; Borrace taken in a potch'd Egg, etc. are all approved Remedies for provoking Venery.  
External Inunctions are not Improper. Let the Perinaeum, Cod, Stones, Groyn, and Nut of the Yard, be anointed with the Apoplectic Balsam; or distilled Oil of Mace with Oil of Cloves, Mosch and Civet; or with the Spirit or Juice of Ants. But care must be taken that their smell do not reach the Nostrils.  
As for the Causes of the Deficiency of the Seed relating to the Stones; if they be hid within the Abdomen, we must endeavour to bring 'em down by jumping, leaping, etc. by emollient Baths, and anointing the place where they are lodged with Balsam of Sulphur.  
The swelling of the Stones is occasioned either, 1. By Blood, and is called an Inflammation. Or, 2. By Wind, called Pneumatocele. 3. By a Collection of Serum within their Membrans, called Hydrocele. 4. By a schirrous Tumour. 5. By a superfluous Flesh called Sarcocele. 6. By the dilatation of the Spermatic Vessels called Hernia Varicosa. Of these in order.  

ART. I. Of the Inflammation of the Stones.  
THE Stagnation of the Blood causes Inflammations of the Stones or Cod. That may be occasioned by the suppression of a Gonorrhaea, violent Ligatures, Contusion, Blows, Compression by riding, etc.  
The Signs are a pricking shooting Pain, notable heat and redness besetting the affected Testicle and neighbouring parts, accompanied by a slow Fever. The Pain is exasperated by touching, and reaches almost to the Loins.  
If it be not quickly discussed, it tends to a Gangrene or Impostume, especially the Inflammation of the Cod.  
The Cure consists in discussing the swelling, and mitigating the Pain. If that cannot be obtained, it must be ripened and opened. For the former purpose, Bleeding and the common Evacuations, and such gentle Diaphoretics as promote the Circulation of the Blood, are the proper internal Remedies.  
Outwardly apply the following Cataplasm. Take of the Meal of Beans three or four Ounces; Powder of Cuminseeds two Ounces: With Vinegar make a Cataplasm. If the Vinegar be too sharp, add of Lytharge of Ceruse from one to three Ounces. (For Lead and its Productions dulcify the sharpness of Vinegar.) Apply this Cataplasm warm to the part, for all sorts of Inflammations.  
Take of Quick-lime-Water a Pound, or a Pound and a half; Spirit of Wine camphorised half an Ounce, or an Ounce; Ceruse or Sugar of Lead a Dram and a half. Make an Epithema to be applied hot: And if the pain be violent, add of Opium dissolved in Vinegar one Scruple.  
For venereal Inflammations let the Part be fomented with the Decoction of Chinaroots and Elder-flowers in Ale or Wine.  
Rue, Agrimony, Vervain, Chamomile, the Herb Paris, Elder-flowers, etc. are also proper Ingredients for Cataplasms or Decoctions. If the Pain be violent, add to them Leaves of Henbane, thus:  
Take of the Leaves of Wormwood, Lady's Mantle and lesser Centory; the Flowers of the Sloe-tree, Chamomile and Mullein, and Leaves of Henbane, of each a handful. Boil them in Wine with a little Water, and apply the strained Liquor with a warm Cloth to the Part. The Mucilage of Fleawort-seeds, extracted with Water of Frog's Spawn, may be added to the foregoing Ingredients.  
If the Tumour cannot be discussed, emollient suppurating things are proper; as the Plaster called Filii Zachariae softened with Balsam of Sulphur prepared with Oil of Turpentin. If the Pain be overbearing, let the Leaves of Henbane be roasted under the Ashes, bruised and applied with Lard in the form of a Cataplasm. When the swelling is ripe, let it be opened with a Lance by a skilful Surgeon.   

ART. II. Of a Pneumatocele, or distension of the Stones by Wind.  
IT is ofttimes accompanied by a Hydrocele or Collection of Water. The Wind is either derived from the Abdomen, or owing to the acid vicious quality of the nutritious Liquor of the Membrans surrounding the Stones.  
The Signs are a swelling and distending pain, without any sense of weight. If it likewise seize the Cod, it moves too and again when pressed by the hand.  
All internal carminative Medicines are proper. Externally let Carminative and discussing Cataplasms be applied. As,  
Take of the Powder of Chamomile and Melilot-flowers, and Meal of Beans, of each six Drams; Goats Dung and Bay-berries, of each half an Ounce. With Wine and Oil of Dill make a Cataplasm.  
Take of Cow's Dung two pound; Brimstone and Cuminseed, of each an Ounce. With Honey or Oil of Dill make a Cataplasm. This is more effectual than the former.  
If it be accompanied by a Hydrocele, anoint the part with Balsam of Sulphur prepared with Oil of Turpentin or Juniper, and afterwards apply Rulandus' Plaster Diasulphuris, tempered with Oil of Nutmegs by expression. Or,  
Take of Corianderseeds half an Ounce; Cumin-seeds, Aniseeds, of each two Drams; Alum half a Dram; Wine, common Water, of each a pound; and foment with the Infusion.   

ART. III. Of a Hydrocele, or Collection of Water within the Membrans of the Stones.  
THE Cause is the Rupture of the Lymphatic Vessels in the Stones, or whatever stops the reflux of the Lymph from thence.  
The Signs are a sense of something floating in the Cod, the alteration of the form and bigness of the Stone, the lucid and unwrinkled appearance of the Cod before a Candle. At first the Swelling is soft and yields to the touch, but does not retire into the Belly by lying down or compression; afterwards by continuance it becomes harder, but is capable of receiving Pits, and the Membrans grow thick and stiff.  
The Cure is performed inwardly by Antihydropic Medicines. Externally let the Balsam of Sulphur prepared with Oil of Turpentin, or Schroder's Plaster ad Horniam, or the Ausburg Hydropic Plaster be applied. Or,  
Take of the Plaster of Bay-berries, Goat's Dung, of each an Ounce and a half; Cumin-seeds, Flowers of Sulphur, of each two Drams. Mix with the Oil of Rue and Chamomile, and make a Plaster.  
Take of the Flowers of Chamomile, of the Herb Paris, of each two handfuls; Meal of Beans, from half an Ounce to an Ounce; Goat's Dung three Ounces; Powder of Cockle-shells two Ounces. Boil them in four parts of Chamomile-water, and one part Vinegar, to the Consistence of a Cataplasm.  
Take of Goat's Dung one Pound; Chamomile-flowers, Elder-flowers, of each two handfuls; Cumin-seeds, an Ounce. Boil them in Child's Urine. Foment with the strained Liquor; and make a Cataplasm of the remainder.  
Take of Cockles bruised together with the Shells four Ounces; Bay-berries, Brimstone, of each two Ounces; Goat's Dung three Ounces. With Lees make a Cataplasm.  
If a Hydrocele be inveterat, all external Discussives are in vain, and only Surgery can afford relief. There are two ways by which it performs the Cure. 1. By pricking, or boring a hole in the Cod and outermost Coat of the Stone, under which the Lymph is wont to be lodged. 'Tis a safe Operation in a simple Hydrocele; but in hydropic tumors for the most part it causes a Gangrene. 2. By cutting away the affected Stone; for ofttimes it relapses after a pricking, or the neighbouring parts are in danger of a Gangreen, in which case Amputation is needful.   

ART. iv Of the Schirrous Swell of the Stones.  
A Hard painless Swelling, free of all Inflammation or Heat, is called a Schirrus. If a pricking Pain attend a hard Swelling, it degenerats to a Cancer.  
The Cause is the indiscreet Treatment of a preceding Inflammation, which gives the accompanying Acid liberty to settle and thicken the matter. Platerus mentions an Instance of little Stones within the Testes causing a Schirrus.  
As for the Cure, 'tis performed by the Application of Gums dissolved in Vinegar, and discussive Plasters. As,  
Take of Gum Ammoniac dissolved in Vinegar six Drams; Plaster of Hemlock softened with distilled Oil of Tartar, as much as sufficeth for a due Consistence.  
The Balsam of Sulphur, or Rulandus' Plaster Diasulphuris, or the Ausburg-Plaister of Ammoniac, are of good use. Baths of Wine, and, in venereal Cases, the Plaster de ranis with Mercury are not improper. Timaeus recommends the following Composition.  
Take of the Mucilage of Marshmallow-roots, Fenugrec-seeds, and fat Figs toasted, of each three Ounces; Gum Ammoniac, Bdellium, Galbanum, of each an Ounce; Goose-fat, Hens-fat, Goat's Tallow and Turpentin, of each six Drams; Oil of Lilies, and Wax, as much as sufficeth for a Plaster.  
If it be attended by pain, we ought to proceed very cautiously for fear of a Cancer; upon which account Gummy Ingredients are only to be insisted upon. If it tend to suppuration, it must be opened, or the Stone cut quite off.   

ART. V Of a Sarcocele, or fleshy Swelling of the Stones.  
EXternal Blows, Falls, and such like Accidents do not only cause Inflammations, but sometimes tear the Vessels and Membrans of the Stones, and so oblige the Blood and nourishing Juice to stagnat and settle into a fleshy Substance, sticking to one or both the Stones, or to the Membran of the Cod called Dartos.  
The Signs are these; the Swelling is indolent, hard, constant, and increases by degrees. There is a near resemblance between it and the swelling of the Epididimes occasioned by a Redundancy of Seed, or the Stagnation of the Blood caused by the Schirrus of the Stones; but the preceding Signs, if carefully traced, will discover the difference.  
If it be attended by a shooting, it discovers a malignant nature and tendency to a Cancer, and ought not to be meddled with.  
As touching its Cure, inward Remedies are seldom effectual. Let the universal Evacuations be first premised; then exhibit the Antiscrophulous Specifics, as the Powder, or Decoction, or Essence of Restharrow-roots, and dulcified Spirit of Salt; Powder of Comfrey-roots, sealed Earth, Rupture-wort, and Spunge-stone, etc. Outwardly foment with a Mixture of Vinegar, Nitre, and the Ashes of Vine-twigs: or apply a Cataplasm of Sulphur, Cockle-shells, and Vinegar, or the following Plaster, which is mightily extolled.  
Take of Gum Ammoniac an Ounce and a half; Bdellium, Mustardseeds, Nettleseeds, of each six Drams; Spunge-stone, one Ounce; Powder of Birthwort-roots, Sulphur, of each half an Ounce; Turpentin an Ounce; Spirit of Wine an Ounce and a half; Oil of Olives four Ounces; Wax six Ounces. Make a Plaster.  
Take of the Gums Animi, Sagapenum, Opoponax, and Galbanum, of each an Ounce. Dissolve 'em in Vinegar of Roses. Then thicken it, and with a sufficient quantity of Oil of Bricks, make a Plaster: which is equally fitted for Suppuration or Discussion.  
If it tend to Suppuration; after opening, apply the Plaster of Gums and black Rosin; and afterwards, when 'tis proper to consolidat, a styptic Plaster. Vigo's Plaster with Mercury is of incomparable use, but the Mercury may deprive the Stones of their prolific Virtue. The natural Baths are of very good use.  
If these Medicines prove ineffectual, the Excrescence must be cut out either alone or together with the Stone, as its Circumstances will admit.   

ART. VI Of a Distension of the Spermatic Veins, or Hernia Varicosa.  
WHatever disturbs the Reflux of the Blood by the Spermatic Veins, causes an uneven, inconstant sort of rising towards the Stone, resembling a Cluster of Grapes. The Stone drops and hangs lose, and the Swelling is painless unless the Guts be molested with Wine, or the Feet exposed to cold.  
Bathing is very proper. Let the Plaster of Mucilage mixed with the Plaster of Ammoniac and Oil of Bricks; or the Ointment Basilicum mixed with the Fat of Animals, be applied to the part.  
If it be inveterat, it must be committed to the care of a Surgeon.    

CHAP. II. Of the irregular Ejaculation of the Seed.  
THE Ejection of the Genital Liquor is irregular; 1. When 'tis cast forth without any venereal Provocation. 2. When in the act of Venery its Egress is too precipitant and hasty. 3. When 'tis too slow. 4. When 'tis not ejected at all.  

ART. I. Of a Running, or involuntary Emission of the Genital Liquor.  
A Running is either spurious or . To begin with the last, a simple running is said to be such, when the true, , seminal matter is cast forth without the erection of the Yard, or venereal Pleasure.  
The Part affected is the seminal Vesicles; 'tis attended or followed by a weariness of the Limbs, Weakness, inability to move, a pale Countenance, hollow Eyes, diminution of Sight, Inappetency, trembling, and tendency to a Consumption. In a word, it robs the body of its balmy Moisture.  
The Causes are threefold; 1. The Redundancy or Turgescence of the seminal matter. 2. It's sharpness, which stimulats and contracts the Fibres of the seminal Vesicles, and adjacent Muscles. 3. It's tenuity and watriness, together with the concurring flaccidity of the Vesicles, and the patency of their Passages into the Urethra.  
The remote Causes of the first are high feeding and drinking; an entire freedom from Labour and Care; abstaining from the wont Measure of Venery; frequent Correspondence with venereal Objects; lying upon the Back, etc.  
The Remote Causes of the second, are a sharp saltish Disposition of the Blood, as in scorbutic and hypochondriac Constitutions; an immoderate use of sharp aromatic volatile things, as Pepper, Mustard, Rocket-seeds, Water-cresses, Wine, Cantharideses, and sharp volatile Purgatives. Those of the third are, excessive Venery (especially in ones Youth) and manual Violence, which not only relaxats the seminal Vesicles, but destroys the Ferment in the Stones, as appears by the watery inelaborat Consistence of the Seed.  
If a  Running be inveterat, it degenerats into a Hectic, and is not easily cured; nor is it safe to stop it suddenly, lest the Suppression of the wont Evacuation should cause an Inflammation or Tumour in the Testicles.  
The general Indications of Cure, are to lessen the vicious quantity, or qualify the sharpness of the matter, or to corroborat the Ferment and Texture of the parts.  
For the first of these Purposes, acid thin Food, short Commons, frequent Exercise and Watch are proper. Spirit of Vitriol and Crude Nitre powerfully curb the Ferment of the Testicles: But the Juices of Citrons, Pomegranates and Lemons, are more temperate and universally applauded for stopping all manner of Run. The Juice of Lemons with Spirit of Turpentin, and Camphyr, is extolled by Faber. Some commend the solution of Coral with Juice of Citrons. Emulsions of Hempseeds are of sovereign use in desperate Run, but they enjoy a narcotic Virtue prejudicial to the Animal Spirits.  
Take of Hempseeds half an Ounce; Seeds of the Chast-tree two Drams. With the Water of Yarrow make an Emulsion. Add of prepared Amber and Bone of the Cuttlefish, of each a Dram. Sweeten and reserve it for use.  
Take of the Seeds of the Chast-tree, Melon-seeds, of each two Drams; Hemp-seeds, white Poppy-seeds, of each a Dram and a half: With the Waters of Purslain and Water-lilies make an Emulsion. To which add the Bone of the Cuttlefish prepared, a Dram; Crollius' Compound Powder of Sperniola, two or three Scruples; prepared white Amber, and Diaphoretic Antimony, of each half a Dram: mix and sweeten with pearled Sugar. This is of noted efficacy, especially if the Perinaeum and Loins are girded with heat. Some commend the following Decoction.  
Take of the Leaves of white Archangel four handfuls; Leaves of white Yarrow two handfuls; Seeds of the Chast-tree four or six Drams. Boil them in Mint or Rue-water, or in Wine, and sweeten with Syrup of Water-lilies.  
Some recommend a Spoonful of the Juice of Ceterach to be taken now and then, as a singular Remedy for stopping a Gonorrhaea; as also two Drams of the following Powder to be taken in Chalybeat Wine.  
Take of the Leaves of Mint and Rue, Seeds of the Chast-tree, and Powder of Galls, of each equal quantities. Beat 'em into Powder for the use abovementioned.  
Spirit of Turpentin and Sugar of Lead is a  Remedy. The Juice of Yarrow or of Mallows with sweet Milk is also approved. Some apply outwardly the Juice of Lettuce with Camphyr to the Testicles.  
As touching the second Indication, viz. qualifying the sharpness of the seminal matter, the Tincture of Coral with Spirit of Woods, or of Sassafras, is very useful. The Astringent Crocus or Tincture of Steel, Sulphur of Vitriol, Sugar of Lead, and white Amber prepared, are all very proper. Or,  
Take of the Conserve of Red Roses, Conserve of Mint, of each an Ounce or an Ounce and a half; prepared Bone of the Cuttlefish (which in this Case is a noted Specific) two Drams; Calcined Borace a Dram; Nutmegs half a Dram; Syrup of dried Roses as much as sufficeth to make an Electuary. Of which the Patient may take a convenient quantity twice or thrice a day. Crude Borace provokes Lust; but when calcined, it leaves a Styptic Caput Mortuum of contrary use.  
Take of the Bone of a Cuttlefish prepared a Dram; prepared red Coral two or three Scruples; Sugar of Lead half a Scruple. Mix for six Doses.  
Take of prepared Crystal, Bone of the Cuttlefish, prepared Amber, of each two Scruples; Chalybeat Diaphoretic Antimony a Scruple; Crollius' Sperniola a Scruple; Sugar of Lead fifteen Grains. Make a Powder for five or six Doses.  
The Turpentine of Cyprus reduced to Pills with prepared Amber, or Crocus of Steel, or Rhubarb, is very effectual. Of late the Balsam Capivi is mightily esteemed. Sugar of Lead, and the Antiphthisical Tincture prepared with it is of noted efficacy.  
Take of the Waters of Rue and Water-lilies, of each half an Ounce; Juice of Lemons six Drams; Bole-Armenic a Dram; Cuttlebone, and Diaphoretic Antimony with Steel, of each two Scruples; Syrup of Citrons half an Ounce. Mix, and give a Spoonful now and then.  
If the Yard be exulcerated by the sharpness of the matter, take of Woman's or Cowed Milk four Ounces; prepared Tutty two Drams; Aloe a Dram; Sugar Candy half a Dram. Mix, and inject half an Ounce or six Drams at a time.  
As for the third Indication, viz. corroborating the relaxated parts, and correcting the watriness of the seminal Liquor; Mint, Wormwood, Amber, Mastic, Astringent Tincture of Steel, Tincture of Coral, Powder of Frankincense (which if too frequently repeated, causes a suppression of the Urine) Sugar of Lead; Extract of Tormentil-roots; sealed Earth, and Bole Armenic used with Vinegar; Tincture of the Sulphur of Vitriol, etc. are all proper Ingredients.  
Take of the Extract of Tormentil-roots two Drams; Crollius' Compound Powder of Sperniola two Scruples; Plantain-seeds, Seeds of  Lamb, Roots of Comfrey, of each a Scruple; Venice Turpentine boiled, Camphyr, of each twelve Grains. Make Pills.  
I have cured a desperate Running with giving thirty or forty Drops of the Tincture of Sulphur of Vitriol in a warm Vehicle every Morning; and half a Dram of the Troches de Carabe every Evening; without any other Injunctions, except that of lying on the sides, and a spare Diet.  
If in the Declination of this Flux, a thin, watery Humour continue to run, as it frequently happens; take of Gum Arabic, Tragacanth, prepared white Amber, prepared Mummy, Bowl Armenic, of each a Scruple; Laudanum Opiatum half a Scruple. With a sufficient Quantity of the Tincture of Catechu, make Pills for five Doses.  
The natural Baths that partake of Alum are proper in an inveterat Case.  
Outwardly the parts may be fomented with the Decoction of the Rinds and Flowers of Pomegranates, Roses, Comfrey-roots, Plantain, etc. or let the Perinaeum be anointed with the following Mixture.  
Take Oil of Myrtles three Drams; distilled Oil of Mastic a Dram; distilled Oil of Cloves, expressed Oil of Nutmegs, of each half a Dram. With Wax make a Lineament.  
If the ferment of the Testicles be desicient, Milk, Rice, Eggs and aromatic Ingredients are proper. Ofttimes 'tis needful to purge both in the beginning and progress of the Disease; as thus,  
Take of boiled Cyprus Turpentin a Scruple; Scammony prepared with Juice of Roses, Rosin of Jalap, of each five Grains. Make Pills for one Dose.  
I am now arrived at the spurious Flux of Seed, which is called such when the matter voided is of a different nature from the Genital Juice, being discoloured, sharp, stinking, attended sometimes by Pain and other Symptoms; but not occasioned by venereal Actions, or partaking of any venereal Virulency. It corresponds to the Whites in Women, and is called by some Gonorrhoea Catarrhalis; but there are few Authors that have taken any notice of it.  
The part affected is the Prostratae, whose Office 'tis to separat a Lymph for a Vehicle to the Seed. Now if they are relaxated or exulcerated, they separate and void larger quantities, as in the like case the Glandules of the Eyes, or those in the Throat, are wont to do.  
The material Cause is the serous cachectic Disposition of the Blood. The remote Causes are the Disorders of the Stomac and digestive Faculty, or whatever equips the Blood with crude and watery Particles. The formal efficient Cause is the Relaxation of the Prostratae, occasioned by excessive Venery, manual Violence, Riding, a Fall, etc.  
Tho this Flux may serve to cleanse the Blood, yet if it continue long, it degenerates into a Consumption.  
The Cure turns upon corroborating the Stomac, correcting the Crudity of the Blood, and cleansing and fortifying these Glandules. The first of these Designs is compassed by the use of Wormwood, Mint, Rosemary: The second by the Decoctions of Woods with Tormentil, Essence of Sassafras, volatile Salt of Amber, Turpentin, Mastic, Gum Animi, Powder of Frankincense taken in a potch'd Egg, drinking Spaw-waters, etc. After which bathing in natural Baths, or artificial ones partaking of Alum, answers the third Indication. But this last is not to be attempted till the former are accounted for.  
As for the Virulent Clap, 'tis referred as a Symptom to the Pox, of which elsewhere.   

ART. II. Of the overhasty Ejaculation of the Seminal Matter.  
THIS was the second Disorder relating to the ejection of Seed. The Cause is either the Patency and Looseness of the Seminal Vesicles, or the spirituous Turgescence and over-bearing youthful heat of the seminal Liquor. The former is removed by the internal and external use of Astringents, such as we prescribed in the foregoing Article. The second by the use of Opium, which stays the Spirits, and prevents their early flight. Upon which account it is much in use among the Indians and Turks, whose Women are most delighted with deliberate and prolonged Embraces. But it ought to be mixed with Ambergris; as if Opium were added in the Preparation of the Essence of Ambergris; in order to prevent any succeeding Stupidity.  
Henricus ab Heer mentions a quick Ejaculation of Seed, caused by the irritation of an Ulcer in the Intestinum Rectum.   

ART. III. Of the overslow Ejaculation of the Seminal Matter.  
OFttimes when the Blood inflames the Yard to an Erectien, the Spirits are deficient in quickening the Seed; or the Muscles of the Yard are languid, or the Seminal Vesicles flaccid and unable to counterpoise the force of the Prostratae and neighbouring Parts, which in the venereal Fit swell up, hear in upon 'em, and contract their Passages; insomuch that they cannot eject the Seed in due time, but it often slips out when the Yard is down, and the Turgescence of the Parts gone.  
Castor and sharp aromatic Cephalic Medicines are proper to be given inwardly. Externally let the Root of the Yard be anointed with expressed Oil of Nutmegs, or distilled Oil of Mace, or of Cloves, mixed with Civet or Mosch, or the Oil or Spirit of Ants.   

ART. iv Of Caruncles in the Yard, hindering the Ejection of Seed.  
THE fourth and last Head relating to this Chapter, is, when the Seed is not ejected at all, by reason of a fleshy Excrescence in the Yard stopping its passage. The Cause for the most part is a virulent Clap; in which the Urethra is corroded, and the Nourishment naturally repairing to the corroded part settles into a fleshy wartlike Substance.  
Sometimes instead of Seed Blood is voided, sometimes Wind. In the former case Astringents; in the latter Evacuating and Carminative Medicines are proper.     

SECT. II. Of the Disorders relating to the Erection of the Yard.  
THERE are two main Qualifications requisite for performing the Office of a Husband; one is the due Erection and stiffness of the Yard; the other the regular Ejaculation of the Seed thro' the Yard thus prepared. This was the Subject of the preceding Section: The former lies now before us. In order to set it in a clear light, we must distinguish the Turgescence and Distension of the Yard from a due Erection. The former proceeds from the influx of arterial Blood into the two nervous Bodies; but this Distension is continued and wrought into a State of Rigidity and Erection by the Contraction of the two pairs of Muscles seated at the Root of the Yard, which compress the Vein that runs along its Back, and so hinder the reflux of the Blood. When their Contraction ceases, the Blood that distended the Yard is discharged by this Vein, and leaves it in a drooping condition. So this Contraction of the Muscles is the Cause of Erection, and is in good measure promoted by the spirituous and provoking quality of the Seed in the Seminal Vesicles.  
What is needful to be said of the faults of Erection will fall under the Heads of its Deficiency, Excess or Depravation.  

CHAP. I. Of Impotency, or the Defect of Erection of the Yard.  
IT proceeds either from the Relaxation of the two Pairs of Muscles and inactivity of the Spirits, or the flatness of the Seminal Liquor.  
The Muscles may be relaxated by a Palsy, Excessive Riding, a Fall or Blow upon the Os Sacrum, or Wound of the Head affecting the respective Nerves, mercurial Inunctions, external Cold, etc. The Spirits are faulty when they are universally weak and languid, as in old Age and Sickness; when they are disordered by Passions of the Mind, such as Bashfulness and Fear (of which we have several Instances in new married Youngsters, that fancy themselves bewitched) or diverted by dwelling upon other Objects, or balked by hypochondriac Despondency.  
The Genital Juice is faulty, when 'tis not duly prepared, or falls short of its spirituous stimulating quality. This may be occasioned by old Age, defects in the Stones, or any Disorder of the Genital Parts; or by the continued use of Nitre or Camphyr.  
This Disease is manifest of itself. All the use of Signs is to distinguish the Causes. If the Muscles are paralytic, they are equally unmovable by all other Objects. If the Animal Spirits are deficient, an universal Feebleness seizes the whole Body. If hypochondriac Fancies, melancholy Thoughts or Passions of the Mind occasion it, the Circumstances of the Patient will discover 'em.  
The Cure consists in recovering the force and spirituality of the Seed, and the regular Influx of the Spirits into the Muscles. The internal Medicines answering these Indications are largely accounted for in the preceding Section. In England Ambergrise and Laudanum Opiatum are mightily extolled. Cantharideses mixed with aromatic Powders are of noted efficacy.  
Take of preserved Roots of Satyrium and of Eryngo, Pine-nuts, of each two Ounces; candied Ginger, Nutmegs candied, of each an Ounce; Confection Alchermes half an Ounce; Rocket-seeds, Seeds of Cresses, of each two Drams; white Pepper and Cloves, of each a Dram: With Syrup of Cinnamom make an Electuary.  
Externally, Cephalic Baths, Fomentations, and rubbing the Parts before the Fire are proper. Let the Decoction of Cubebs in Wine be applied to the Testicles and adjacent parts; or anoint the Perinaeum, Cod, etc. with Mynsicht's Venereal Balsam mixed with Oil of Ants.  
Take of the Juice of Parsneps, Oil of Mustard, of each two Drams; large Eggs of Emmets a Dram. Pound the Eggs, and set 'em in the Sun for a day or two; then mix all in the form of a Lineament; with which anoint the Nut of the Yard immediately before the Engagement. If the Erection continue after Enjoyment, wash the Yard with warm Water.  
The Spirit or Juice of Aunts with Civet and Oil of Pepper or Castor, the Root of black Hellebor or of Pellitory of Spain, powdered and mixed with the Fat of a Quail; And Wine in which Euphorbium and Pellitory of Spain have been boiled; are all recommended for the same use.  
Take of Civet eight Grains; Ambergrise six Grains; Mosch five Grains; distilled Oil of Cinnamom eight Drops; distilled Oil of Nutmegs four Drops; Balsam of Peru as much as sufficeth for a due Consistence. Mix and anoint the Perinaeum and Nut of the Yard.   

CHAP. II. Of the immoderate Erection of the Yard.  
THIS proceeds from the Contraction of the Muscles at the Root of the Yard, hindering the Recess of the Blood, which may be occasioned two ways; 1. When the Redundancy and Turgescence of the seminal Liquor irritats to a perpetual Erection, and desire of Venery, which for the most part ceases after repeated Enjoyment. 2. When the Muscles are seized with Convulsions, and the Erection is attended with Pain, exasperated by venereal Embraces, and free of any Inclination that way.  
As for the first, viz. the Heat, Sharpness and Turgescence of the Seminal Liquor, 'tis occasioned by a sedentary Life, high Feeding, use of Spices, or venereal Incentives, wanton Thoughts and Conversation, volatile sharp Purges, etc.  
It prognosticats fast Living, an universal Weakness, and a short Life. 'Tis cured by frequent Blood-letting, employing the Mind, exercising the Body, fasting, watching; the continued use of Nitre and Spirit of Vitriol; or of Camphyr, or of Sugar of Lead. Hempseed is a proper Specific. Purslain, Lettuce, Water-lilies, Vervain, Mint, Willow-Twigs and Leaves, etc. are generally approved.  
Take of Hempseed, Melon-seeds, of each two Drams; the four cold Seeds, of each a Dram; Lettuce-water, Sorrel-water, and Water of the Flowers of Water-lilies, of each three Ounces: make an Emulsion, and sweeten it with Syrup of white Poppies.  
Take of the Waters of Vine-leaves and of Willow-leaves, of each an Ounce and a half; dulcified Spirit of Vitriol half a Dram. Mix and sweeten with pearled Sugar.  
Take of the Phlegm of Vitriol two Drams; Tincture of Daisies, Tincture of Rose-flowers, of each half a Dram. Mix, etc.  
Take of the Powder of the Seeds of  Lamb, depurated Nire, of each two Drams; Camphyr half a Scruple; Laudanum Opiatum six Grains. Make a Powder.  
Let the Juices of Plantain, Nightshade, Hemlock, Henbane and Comfrey, be mixed with distilled Vinegar and Sugar of Lead, and applied to the Cod and Sharebone. Or, make Cataplasms of the same Ingredients with Vinegar. Let the Juice of Comfrey or of Lettuce, in which Nitre is dissolved, be applied to the Stones, Loins, and all round the Genital Parts.  
As touching the Second, viz. The Convulsion of the Muscles causing a Priapismus, hindering the Reflux of the Blood, and imparting somewhat convulsive to the Yard; 'tis occasioned by the iritation of the Animal Spirits, whether by an internal or external Cause. Cantharideses or other venereal Incentives, unseasonably and immoderately used, frequently produce it.  
If it be attended by violent Pain, it portends an Inflammation or Impostume in the Part, or the Convulsions of other Parts.  
As for the Method of Cure. Vomits are more proper than Purgatives, by reason that the latter frequently prove Incentives to Venery. After Vomiting let vitriolic and nitrous Acids be exhibited. The Decoction of Lentils with the Seed of the  Tree, is applauded by Lindanus. Opium and Camphyr, with the Juice of Citrons; Diaphoretic Gold, Rue, Mint, etc. are much in use. If it proceed from the use of Cantharideses, Milk is not improper.  
Let the Perinaeum be anointed with Oil of Rue, or of Mint, or fomented with Wine, in which Rue and Cumin-seeds have been boiled; or apply Cataplasms of Mint, Rue, Flowers of Water-lilies, Vinegar and Water: Or, anoint with Camphyr dissolved in Oil of Sweet Almonds, or in Vinegar. Vitriolic and nitrous Liquors are proper for the same use.   

CHAP. III. Of the Depravation of the Erection of the Yard.  
THE Erection of the Yard is depraved when it stands awry, or departs from the natural Posture. If the Bridle be short, it stands crooked; but that is cured by cutting the Bridle. If the Depravation proceed from the Inflammation of the Yard, 'tis cured by emollient Cataplasms, such as we prescribed for the Inflammation of the Testicles. Sometimes Erection is hindered by a Pain in the Yard, caused by frequent Venery; which is cured by thrusting into the Passage Balsam of Peru, or the Leaves of Hemlock bruised. If the Pain be caused by a Stone in the Bladder, there is nothing better than to put the Yard into the Water of the Whites of Eggs with Woman's Milk and Camphyr.  
The remaining Causes which disturb the Erection of the Yard are those relating to the Foreskin. They are of two sorts; 1. When the Prepuce imprisons and straitens the Nut, and cannot be drawn back. This is called Phimosis. 2. When the Prepuce being drawn off, cannot be brought to cover the Nut again. This is called Paraphimosis.  
As for the first, if the Prepuce be naturally so straight, it ought to be cut, but so as to avoid the Vein that runs along its side. If it proceed from the accidental Corrugation of the Prepuce, let the Cream of Quicklime be beaten up with fresh Butter, and applied to it. If it proceed from an Inflammation occasioned by the Embraces of a foul Woman, foment the Prepuce and Nut with the following ●●ixture.  
Take of the Mucilages of Fleawort-seeds, of Quince-seeds; of Fenugrec-seeds, extracted with Plantain-water, of each an Ounce; the Yelk of one Egg; and three Ounces of Cows Milk. Mix, etc. Or,  
Foment with the Water or Decoction or Quicklime, warm; if you please you may add to it Sugar of Lead, or sweet Mercury.  
Take of Chamomile and Elder-flowers, of each a handful; Henbane-flowers, Aniseeds, and Fennel-seeds, of each half a handful; Bay-berries half an Ounce. Cut, bruise, and boil them in Limewater; and apply the hot strained Liquor to the Part. Or make a Cataplasm of the Meal of Beans with Limewater for the same use.  
As for a Paraphimosis, 'tis occasioned for the most part by the first Venereal Encounter; and is ofttimes accompanied by a swelling of the Prepuce. Upon which account softening and discussing Ingredients ought to be joined together.  
Take of the Leaves of Marshmallows, common Mallows, and Pellitory of the Wall, of each a handful; Marshmallow-roots and white Lilly-roots, of each an Ounce; Flowers of red Roses, and Flowers of Chamomil, of each two little handfuls. Boil them in Milk to the Consistence of a Pultise, and apply to the part. Flowers of Chamomil, or of Elder, or of Henbane, may be boiled in Milk or Limewater, for a Fomentation. Or apply a Cataplasm of white Bread, Yolks of Eggs, Oil of Roses and Saffron. If the Pain be violent, Saffron ought always to be added.     

AN ABRIDGEMENT OF ETMULLERUS HIS Practice of PHYSIC, etc.  
BOOK iv Of Diseases peculiar to Women,  

SECT. I. Of the Disorders of the Menstrual Flux.  
THE most notable Alteration which happens to Women when they are ripe for Men's Embraces, is the monthly Evacuation of Blood by the secret Parts, beginning ordinarily in the fourteenth year of Age, and ending in the forty ninth; though sometimes it anticipates the former, and outlives the latter Date.  
This Flux is called the Terms or Courses, and returns duly once a Month, in some a few days sooner, and in others so much later; only Childbearing Women, and sometimes such as give suck are not liable to it.  
It is caused by an extraordinary Fermentation and Rarefaction of the Mass of Blood, occasioned by a peculiar fermentative Power of the Glands of the Womb; whence being incapable to be contained within its ordinary bounds, it breaks forth at the Arteries of the Vagina, till by lessening the quantity, the Fermentation ceases, in the space of three or four days, till the next period.  
This monthly Purgation is disordered in the way of desiciency, increase, or depravation.  

CHAP. I. Of the Deficiency of the Terms.  
THis is commonly but improperly called a Suppression of the Terms, and is occasioned either by a Default of the Blood, or of the Womb and Vessels through which it flows. The Default of the Blood is its grossness, toughness and fixed acidity, proceeding from the Disorder of the Stomac, whereby it becomes unfit for a due fermentative Expansion.  
Sometimes the Vessels of the Vagina are obstructed by a viscid Phlegm; and sometimes the sides of the Vagina being exulcerated, or otherwise hurt, grow together, in which cases the wont Flux is deficient.  
The remoter Causes, are Cold, whereby the Blood is coagulated, Food of difficult Digestion, use of Acids; and finally, such Affections of the Mind as naturally cool and thicken the Blood, such as sudden Frights, Sadness, Grief, and the like.  
If this Disease is from the Blood, the stretching Pains of the Loins, beating of the Arteries of the Loins, and of these about the Os sacrum, the ordinary Forerunners of this Flux, are not found; the Urine is crude, the Belly Costive, hypochondiac Symptoms prevail, and in time no stated periodical Alteration of Body is to be perceived.  
But if from the Womb, and its obstructed Vessels, the Symptoms absent in the former case are present here, and that in a higher degree; with weariness of the Joints, pricking Pains of the Loins, Blood issuing from other parts of the Body, and that at such times as the Courses used to flow.  
But the greatest Difficulty is to distinguish this preternatural State, from the natural Suppression of the Terms by impregnation, which are accompanied with almost the same Symptoms.  
However, we may conclude, that the Suppression is preternatural, if the Patient grows still worse and worse with an universal Paleness covering the whole Body, and decay of Appetite continuing beyond the third Month; if there are continued Pains of the head, unusual beat of the Arteries, especially in the Loins, frequent Vicissitudes of heat and cold all over the Body, difficulty of breathing, especially on every slight Motion of the Body, a frequent unequal obscure Pulse; and finally if the Urine is either thinner, Paler, or higher coloured than ordinary.  
If this Suppression happens in the very time of the Flux, the Cure is easy, if timely and speedy; but if the Suppression be of an earlier date, it is more slowly and difficultly cured, and oftentimes brings on divers other Diseases, such as Cachexies, Dropsies, various Ulcers of the Parts, Asthmas, Disorders of the Stomac, Melancoly, etc. and at length Death itself. Black Urine in this Disease is a good sign.  
In the cure of this Distemper we must endeavour, 1. To rectify the Chylification of the Ventricle, by Vomits and aromatic volatile Medicines. 2. To amend the Crudity of the Blood by Chaly beat Medicines, and volatile oily Aromatics. 3. To remove that viscidity of the Humours which obstructs the Vessels of the Womb, with Gums, and in particular, Gum Ammoniac, as also Mercurials, and chief Mercurius Dulcis; and above all, such Specifics as are known to excite the monthly Fermentation of the Blood.  
But to be more particular; 1. Specifics are never to be given, when the Distemper is confirmed, before the Universal Evacuations.  
2. Before we provoke the Courses, we ought to consider whether it be expedient; for in such as are emaciated, newly recovered from sickness, or who have never had them, it is not to be attempted.  
3. At such time only the Terms are to be moved, as otherwise naturally they would have flowed of their own accord.  
4. Of universal Remedies, the chief are such as evacuate, whether upward or downward, and next opening a Vein. Vomits, whether prepared from Antimony or Asarabecca given in the beginning of the Cure, yea sometimes repeated, are of excellent Virtue; but Digestives must be premised. As,  
Take of Mynsicht's Arcanum Duplicatum half a Dram, Chachectic Crocus of Steel two Scruples, with half a Scruple of Salt of Tartar. Mix 'em, and make a Powder to be divided into two equal parts.  
In the next place strong Purgatives may be given, such as Coloquintida and black Hellebor, of which, together with Alteratives, divers Compositions may be made up. As,  
Take Gum Ammoniac dissolved in Vinegar and thickened, Extract of back Hellebor, of each fifteen Grains; of Castor and Extract of Saffron, of each three Grains; Troches Alhandal two or three Grains. Make Pills with Oil of Turpentine or Amber. Or,  
Take of the Mass of Pills of Hiera with Agaric, and Mercurius dulcis rightly prepared, of each fifteen Grains; of the Extract of Troches Alhandal two or three Grains; and make Pills with Essence of Castor.  
Of these, and such like, let the Patient take a Dose every four or five days; and in the Intervals, let Bags of Alterative Aromatics be infused in Wine. As,  
Take Roots of Angelica and Lovage, or Spignel, of each an Ounce; of Galangal half an Ounce; Leaves of Rosemary, Fever-few, Savin, of each a handful; Bay-berries or fresh Juniper-berries an Ounce and a half; Cinnamom three Drams; Mace a Dram; Saffron as much; Salt of Tartar three Drams: cut, bruise, and tie them in a Bag to be infused in Wine, of which take a draught in the Morning fasting, and two hours before Supper. Or,  
Take Leaves of Mugwort, Pennyroyal and Rosemary, of each a handful; Roots of Angelica six Drams; Cinnamon two Drams; Saffron a Dram: Cut, bruise and tie them in a Bag to be infused in two Measures of Rhenish Wine, wherein red hot Steel has been several times quenched.  
5. The Body being thus prepared, Bleeding will be very, expedient, unless the Patient have never yet had her Courses, in which Case Bathe will suffice. If the Terms do already flow but sparingly, you may open the Saphaena in the Leg; as also if there is reason to fear they will not come at their wont time; but if the Flux is at hand, and you desire to facilitate it, than you may open a Vein in the Arm. These Universals being premised, we must proceed to correct the complexion of the Blood; to which purpose Steel and Chalybeat Medicines are of great force, such as all cachectic Powders, Earth's, Infusions and Extracts prepared from Steel, yea crude Filings of Steel, if the Stomach be strong. Or,  
Take Filings of Steel two Ounces; with one Ounce of Cinnamom, infuse them in Wine, whereof take a good draught Morning and Evening before Meals.  
Spaw-waters drunk, are very profitable.  
Together with these you must use the volatile bitter Aromatics, especially such as are also specific Movers of the Terms, as well internal as external, such as Rosemary, Calamint, Chervil, Lovage, Fever-few, Lesser Centory, Horehound, Savine, Wall-flowers, Flowers of Marygold, and Lavender Seeds abounding with a volatile Salt, or of a sharp Aromatic Taste; as those of Rocket, Cresses, Fennel, Anise, etc. Juniper and Bay-beries, Roots of Angelica, Fennel, Sea-holly, Briony, Madder, round-rooted Birthwort, Gentian, Elecampane, etc. Also Mugwort, Baum, Gentian, Cinnamom, Cassia Lignea, Galangal, Nutmegs, Cardamons, Myrrh, and its Essence, Elixir Proprietatis, compound Tincture of Tartar, all Preparations of Myrrh, Gums, Coloquintida, Castor, Saffron, Milt of an Ox, Borace, alcalin Salts, rather volatile than fixed: Also Mynsicht's Arcanum Duplicatum, etc. Of which almost an infinity of Prescriptions may be made. We shall single out only a few for example sake. As,  
Take four Ounces of Nutmegs, and mix 'em well with twelve Ounces of fine Sugar, and take the bigness of a Walnut Morning and Evening. Or,  
Take two Drams of Castor, volatile Salt of Amber and Hartshorn, of each a Dram; infuse them in a sufficient quantity of Spirit of Wine, diluted with Cinnamom-water, in a warm place, in a close Vessel till the Tincture is drawn; of which give a Dram.  
Take Zwelfer's Tincture of Vitriol of Steel, or its Solution with Spirit of Wine, two Drams; Essence of Castor and Saffron, of each a Dram. Dose, from forty to sixty Drops twice or thrice a day in some hot Liquor: But withal, let the Patient moderately exercise herself.  
Take Solution of Steel with Juice of Apples, compound Essence of an Ox's Milt, and that of Savine, of each two Drams. Or,  
Take Essence of Castor two Drams; Quintessence of Rosemary, Spirit of Sal Armoniac with Amber, of each one Dram. Or,  
Take Borace a Dram, Myrrh half a Dram; Saffron fifteen Grains. Make a Powder for three Doses. Or,  
Take Mynsicht's Arcanum Duplicatum four Scruples; Castor half a Dram; Myrrh a Scruple; Saffron half a Scruple. Make a Powder for four Doses.  
For a Vehicle to such Powders, take a Spoonful of this Mixture.  
Take Mugwort-water two Ounces; Cinnamom-water one Ounce; Essence of an Ox's Milt three Drams; Essence of Castor a Dram; Syrup of Canel six Drams.  
If the Suppression of the Terms be from the default of the Womb, the obstructed Vessels are to be opened by volatile penetrating Medicines mixed with Sudorifics. Sometimes manual Operation is required.  
If by a sudden Cold, or other such Cause, the flowing Courses are stopped, let Blood at the Saphaena; and then let volatile oily Aromatics be given, which with a soft breathing Sweat will restore the natural Motion of the Blood; such are Spirit of Sal Armoniac, and the volatile oily Salts. Sperma Ceti may be given to a Dram with Castor, in hot Ale; also some fixed Salt, as that of Wormwood or Savine. If a grievous Pain molest the Womb, the Decoction of Chamomile, with the other  Ingredients, may be given inwardly; and what remains after straining, may be applied to the Groin in form of a Cataplasm.  
But if from a sudden Fear, Anger or such like, the Flux is restrained; first open a Vein in the Foot, then give the Spirit of Sal Armoniac twice or thrice a day. Or,  
Take of the Decoction of Chamomile-flowers three Ounces; to which add of simple Oxymel one or two Ounces.  
To these internal Remedies, externals may be added, such as Fomentations, Baths, Tumigations, etc. They are used after opening a Vein in the Arm, at what time the Courses are expected. They are prepared of common emollient, or proper Aromatic Ingredients, such as Savine, Feverfew, Mugwort, etc. As,  
Take Leaves of Mugwort, Pennuroal, Wild-time, of each two handfuls; Savine, Flowers of Chamomile, white Lilies, of each a handful; Roots of Marshmallows, round-rooted Birthwort, Madder, of each two Ounces; Roots of Angelica an Ounce; Juniper and Bayberries, of each six Drams; Salt of Tartar six Ounces. Mix them for a Bath. Or,  
Take Leaves of Savine half a handful; Myrrh two Drams; Wood of Aloes a Dram; Troches Alhandal a Dram: Make a gross Powder, to be thrown on burning Coals, that the Smoke may be received by the Womb.  
The Ancients also gave Pessaries, among which that made of the Gall of a Bull mixed with the Juice of Mercury, wherein Coloquintida has been boiled, is not unprofitable; Garlic also, and its heads beaten with the Oil of Spike, may be used to this purpose.  
If the Evil is very stubborn, we are sometimes forced to use Cantharideses both inwardly and outwardly.   

CHAP. II. Of the immoderate Flux of the Terms.  
IF the Courses flow oftener, or in greater quantities than they ought naturally to do, 'tis called an immoderate Flux of the Terms.  
In those who labour of this Distemper, we may observe three things; 1. The strength of the Stomach is impaired with dejection of Appetite. 2. They feel for the most part a stretching and tearing pain in the Back about the Loins. 3. Those who are scorbutic, abounding with a volatile Acid, are for the most part subject to it.  
The Causes respect either the Womb or Blood. Sometimes the former loses its due firmness or tone, and does not sufficiently strengthen and extend its Vessels; sometimes the Orifices of these Vessels are over-dilated or broke open by force; as by over-straining ones self in taking up great Weights, hard Labour, Sneezing, Vomiting, etc.  
But most frequently the Cause is in the Blood, either when it is too waterish; or when its Serum does too much abound with a saltish Acidity, or Acrimony; or finally, when it is too much moved and heated by venereal Rage, Exercise, Joy, Anger, use of strong Liquors, Aromatics, or too hot a Season, etc.  
If the evacuated Blood is thin, of a florid and brisk Colour, or if, when received on a Linen Cloth, it discovers a pale Circle, the Serosity of the Blood is the Cause; but if the Patient perceives a gnawing, biting, itching Pain, twitching as it were the Genitals, with a desire of Evacuation; then the Acrimony of the Serum offends: But if the voided Blood easily clots, is of the natural Colour, being somewhat obscure; and if withal, the Cheeks are ruddy, Veins swollen, the Pulse great, quick and frequent, than the fault lies in the over-heating, or fermentative irritation of the Blood.  
This Evil is dangerous if of long continuance; inferring Weakness, Indigestion, Cachexy, swelling of the Feet, Dropsy, the Whites: and if the Patient is in years, it is for the most part incurable.  
In the Cure we must endeavour three things; 1. Either to diminish the Blood by Fasting, Labour, or Blood-letting, or to alter it with Wormwood, Rhubarb, etc. or allay its Fervour and Fermentation, by Plantain, Purslain, and mild Acids. 2. To check its Fluidity with things that thicken and allay its sharp Serosity with Chalybeat and absorbent Medicines. 3. To strengthen the Womb and its Vessels, with Astringent and chief Martial Remedies.  
Now with regard to these Indications, we must observe, 1. That a Flux of any considerable standing must not be stopped of a sudden.  
2. The Diet must be well ordered, the Patient must be kept warm, with rest of Body and Mind; her Drink must be warm, and she ought to abstain from Wine.  
3. Mild Purgatives, and such as leave some astriction behind them, may be used before the Flux, when a superfluous Serosity abounds; as a Dram of Rhubarb mixed with Conserve of Roses, or Syrup of Quinces; also Myrobalans. Or,  
Take Powder of choice Rhubarb a Dram; Marmalade of Quinces half an Ounce; Plantain-water an Ounce; Mix for a draught.  
4. Bleeding increases the Disorder, and ought not to be used: but instead of it, if the Blood is waterish, you may have recourse to Sudorifics and Diuretics.  
5. Opiates are of singular use in preventing and curing the Paroxysm: but special regard must be had to the Patient's Strength.  
Remedies therefore in this Disease are either absorbent, or allaying, in regard of the Blood, or astringent with respect to the Womb. The Oil and Spirit of Vitriol, given in Plantane-water, does notably allay the ardour of the Blood; also prepared Nitre, Lapis prunellae, and mild acid Astringents.  
As for Astringents which thicken the Blood, and correct its fluidity: These are Plantain, Purslain, Shepherd's Purse, Nettles, white flowered Yarrow, and chief their Juices; the Moss of the wild Plum-tree, and that of the Oak, (given to a Dram twice or thrice in a potch'd Egg) Loostrife with a purple Flower, the greater Comfrey and its Root, the Root of Bistort, Nutmegs, Rinds of bitter Oranges, and their Decoction; the Bark of the Root of the Mulberry-tree, Rinds of Pomegranates, and their Flowers; Poppv and Henbane-seeds, Pears, Services, Quinces, Medlars, Mastic, and Wood of the Mastic-tree; Misletoe of the Oak, Steel and Chalybeat Remedies, Coral and its Preparations, Alum, Bole-Armenic, sealed Earth, Amber, Dragon's Blood, the Dung of an Ass, Goose, or Dog, the Yelk of an Egg, burnt Hartshorn, etc. Of these, and such like, many forms may be prescribed. As,  
Take red Coral prepared, yellow Amber, Bole-Armenic, Dragon's Blood, of each two Drams; Plantain-seed, calcined Borace, of each a Dram; Laudanum Opiatum six Grains; Hartman's Extract of Saffron a Scruple. Make a Powder, which is of excellent use when the Disease proceeds from watery Blood.  
Take Conserve of Roses vitriolated an Ounce; burned Hartshorn prepared, Bloodstone prepared, of each a Dram; Alum prepared with Sugar, twelve Grains; Laudanum Opiatum two Grains. Make an Electuary with the Syrup of acid Pomegranates, which is excellent in all bleedings of the Womb. Or,  
Take Water of Frogs Spawn, and of Oak-leaves, of each six Drams; prepared Bloodstone two Scruples; Moses of human Scull a Scruple; Syrup of Myrtles three Drams. But it is in vain to multiply Prescriptions, which any one may vary at his Pleasure.  
Externals may likewise be used. Some hang a Jasper about the Neck: Some a Toad killed and dried: A Pessary may be made of Asses and Hog's Dung with Juice of Plantain, and the Mucilage of Quince-seed. Injections for the Womb may be made of the Decoctions of simple Astringents, or their Juices, with addition of Alum.  
If a grievous Pain and sense of burning molest the Vagina, Henbane and Poppy-seeds may be added to Astringents.  
Some order a Woman to put on a Shift that has been for eight days worn by a Man, and add, that by so doing, she runs the risque of never having her Terms again.  
Some commend Cataplasms. As,  
Take Carpenters Ruddle, Bloodstone, and dulcified Earth of Vitriol, with red Bowl, of each equal parts: Mix them into a Cataplasm with Whites of Eggs and Vinegar, to be applied to the Belly, and particularly the Region of the Groin.  
Natural hot Baths are excellent, if the Evil is inveterat.  
Some also have found much good by fomenting the Region of the Groin with a Sponge dipped in the Decoction of Alum, either alone or with the addition of Knotgrass, Roots of Bistort, and the like.   

CHAP. III. Of the Depravation of the Menstrual Flux.  
WE shall cast into this Head several Accidents and Defaults of this Flux, of which we treat in the following Articles.  

ART. I. Of the difficulty of the Terms.  
TO Women of an impure and Cacochymic Body, it often happens that a day or two before their Courses are upon them, and sometimes when they begin to flow, they are afflicted with Headaches, pricking and grievous Pains of the Stomac, beating and shooting Pains of the Loins, reaching sometimes to the Groin; also Pains in the Belly, Palpitations of Heart, difficulty of Breathing; which Symptoms either cease, or at least diminish, when the Terms come; till these being over, those also vanish.  
These Pains proceed from the Vessels of the outer Neck of the Womb, which either being too small, or stopped up by the foregoing Flux, hinder the discharge of the fermenting Blood. Moreover, in those of an ill habit of Body, Wind coming from the vitiated Bile, and pancreatic Juice, and passing from the Guts to the Mesentery, occasions Spasms and Contractions of the Nerves and Membranes, whence ensue the racking pains resembling those of the Cholic.  
This Distemper, if not timely prevented, ends in a total Suppression of the Terms; sometimes dismal hysteric, and other bad Symptoms ensue.  
In order to adjust the Cure, we must endeavour to rectify the vitiated Crasis of the Blood by Chalybeat and aromatic volatile Remedies, with the addition of gentle Laxatives.  
In the Paroxysm the Fermentation of the Blood should be promoted by volatile Aromatics, the Effervescence of the Bile and pancreatic Juice should be restrained by Chalybeat Medicines, and fixed Acids.  
In the Paroxysm let gentle loosening Clysters with Turpentine be injected; then exhibit the compound Essence of an Ox's Milt, either alone or with the liquid Essence of Steel; to which may be added, Essence of Saffron: also Elixir proprietatis, compound Tincture of Tartar, distilled Oil of Aniseed, or that of Amber. Or,  
Take Penyroyal-water two Ounces; Water of Mugwort half an Ounce; Essence of Castor a Dram and a half; Spirit of Sal Armoniac half a Dram; distilled Oil of Aniseed three Drops; Syrup of Mugwort six Drams. Mix and make a Potion.  
If eight days before the flowing of the Terms, an Alterative and laxative Bag be given in Wine, the following hysteric Pills will effect the Cure.  
Take of Aloe three Drams; best Myrrh a Scruple; Extracts of Calamus Aromaticus, and Carduus Benedictus, of each half a Scruple; of Saffron three Grains; of Roots of Gentian, round-rooted Birthwort and Dittany, of each five Grains. With Essence of Myrrh make Pills, to be given during the time of the Flux, from half a Dram to a whole one, for some days.  
Sweet things ought to be avoided; but the following Potion to be taken by Spoonfuls, is of singular efficacy.  
Take Water of Swallows with Castor, an Ounce and a half; Carminative-water an Ounce; Water of Pennyroyal half an Ounce; Spcrima Ceti a Dram; Crabs-eyes prepared a Scruple; Diaphoretic Antimony half a Scruple; volatile Salt of Amber eight Grains; Syrup of Cinnamom six Drams. Mix them.  
If the Symptoms are grievous, we must have recourse to Laudanum Opiatum; but always remember to mix it with such Ingredients as provoke the Courses.  
If the Courses are at hand, or begin to flow, a Vein may be opened in the foot: if they are not looked for, till after some days, Blood may be taken from the Arm.  
Externally such things as are prescribed in the convulsive Cholic and hysteric Passion, may be used: Also this Fomentation.  
Take of Bay-leaves, Wormwood, of each two handfuls; Pennyroyal a handful; Flowers of Roman Chamomil and Flder, of each half a handful; Roots of Angelica and Lovage, of each two Ounces; Bay-berries an Ounce; Juniper-berries half an Ounce; the four greater cold Seeds, of each two Drams; cut, bruise, and boil them with a sufficient quantity of Wine in a close stopped Vessel.   

ART. II. Of the lesser quantity of the monthly Flux.  
SOmetimes the viscous toughness of the Blood proceeding from a default in Chylification, is such, that the Terms flow too sparingly; upon which ensues a Palpitation of the Heart, difficulty of Breathing, and a beating Pain about the Loins.  
In curing this we must strive to provoke the Courses by all such specific Remedies as were ordered for the cure of their Suppression; such as half a Dram of Venetian Borace, with some drops of Essence of Saffron, given in Pennyroyal or Cinamon-water; also the Decoction of Savine, its Extract and Oil, Myrrh, Castor, volatile Salt of Amber, and such like.  
Blood may be drawn forth from the Foot; Cupping-glasses, with Scarification, may be applied to the Legs or Thighs; Fomentations of emollient Ingredients mixed with such as provoke the Terms, may be used if need be.   

ART. III. Of the Flux of the Terms by drops.  
IF there's an Acrimony in the Blood with toughness and thickness, or if the Passages and Vessels be narrow, there follows a dropping Flux of the Terms, which is either continual, or lasts every Period much longer than it ought, ending sometimes in an exulceration of the Womb. If the Blood is gross and thick, 'tis a stubborn Evil.  
This is cured in like manner as the immoderate Flux.  
Steel and Chalybeat Medicines are the top Medicines for compassing the Cure; also loosening and alterative Bags, with hysteric Ingredients, may be used with good success.  
If the Vagina is excoriated, vulnerary Injections will be convenient.   

ART. iv Of several other defaults of the Courses.  
SOmetimes the Courses have not their due Colour, but are either watry-coloured, whitish, livid, yellowish, black, or tinged with divers ugly Colours; all which proceed from the ill Disposition of the Blood and Chyle; to cure which after a Vomit, let Chalybeat Remedies, Aloe, Myrrh and Saffron, or compound Tincture of Tartar be given.  
If the smell of the Menstrual Blood offend by reason of the Putrefaction begun in the Womb-Vessels, occasioned by its sluggish Motion there: We must endeavour to restore its usual swiftness. Myrrh, Saffron, Elixir Proprietatis, compound Tincture of Tartar, Essence of Myrrh, Amber, and its Essence, Balsam of Sulphur with Turpentine, Preparations of Aloe with Mercurius dulcis, do notably answer this Design.  
If the Courses come sooner or later than ordinary, or observe no certain period, the default is in the Crasis of the Blood perverted, and the Genitals notably enfeebled.  
This Distemper is ever a Forerunner of a Cachexy, and ends either in a total suppression, or a Dropsy.  
Steel and Coral, and the noble Medicines prepared from them, accomplish the Cure. But we must continue for some time in the use of them; joining such things as either promote or retard the Flux, as occasion shall require. Of Steel we have its Crocus' and Essences, artificial Spaws, artificial Vitriol of Mars, Poterius' Pills, etc. From Coral we have its Sublimation with Sal Armoniac, and its Precipitat and Tincture: To all which we may a●d sometimes stimulating Aromatics, as Cinnamom, Myrrh, Saffron, etc. sometimes retarding Opiates; and sometimes Purifyers of the Blood, such as Fumitory, Germander, Monks Rhubarb, lesser Centory, black Hellebor, and such like.  
If the hypogastric Vessels terminating in the outer Neck of the Womb, be naturally mishapen, or misplaced, or depraved, by any supervening Obstruction, and accordingly deny egress to the fermenting boiling Blood, it forces its Passage through other parts of the Body; such as the Eyes, Mouth, Nose, Breast, Navel, etc. and that either with or without order of time.  
In curing this Dilsorder, regard being had to the sound or cachectic Disposition of Body, we must endeavour not to suppress the Flux, but bring it to the natural place.  
Internals are of little use in the Paroxysm, but out of it volatile Aromatics may be used to open the obstructed Vessels.  
When the Flux is at hand, the Saphaena may be opened; also Cupping-glassies may be applied to the Groin, to the Calves of the Legs, and insides of the Thighs, sometimes with and sometimes without Scarification, in order to turn the force of the Blood to the lower Parts: bathing of the Feet is also useful.  
To open the Vessels of the Womb, external Fomentations may be applied to it; Fumigations of Coloquintida, Pessaries with Hellebor, Aloe, and such like, may be used: sharp Clysters are likewise not to be omitted: Or the Decoction of Pennyroyal, Camomile, Savine, with Coloquintida, may be injected into the Womb.  
And thus much shall suffice for the Disorders of the Terms.    

CHAP. II. Of the white Flux in Women.  
THIS Disease being allied to the former, shall have place in this Chapter.  
The external Neck, or Vagina of the Womb, is a glandulous Membran, whose confused Glandules every where open into its Cavity, especially two glandulous Prominences encompassing the Urinary Passage, which in time of Coition emit a whitish Liquor somewhat thick and glutinous.  
If the matter of this genital Liquor is too copious, spirituous, or sharp, or if the foresaid Orifices are somewhat lose and flaccid, there ensues a Flux of that seminal Liquor, that disappears and returns by intervals.  
This Flux is sometimes inoffensive to the Patient, as being but little and seldom; but if it continue long, it must be cured by diminishing or tempering the seminal Liquor, or by straightening the overloose parts. Two or three Ounces of the Juice of Citrons or Lemons, may be taken every Morning for a long time, to moderate the heat and acrimony of the matter; also Turpentine taken in an Egg, or with the Yelk of an Egg mixed with Willow-flower-water; but especially the Decoction and Extract of the Flowers of the white flowered dead Nettle, or the Infusion of Clary in Ale. Externally we use astringent Baths and Fomentations.  
But if through default of the Blood and Chyle, the Liquor separated and collected by these Glandules becomes too sharp, and either simply Salt, or tinctured with acidity; and if withal the Texture of this glandulous Membran is by frequent run rendered lose and flaccid; in this Case, I say, there follows a continual and much more copious Flux of a serous Liquor of various Colours, as yellow, black or green, and sometimes of a noisome smell.  
This Flux is accompanied with Cachexies, loss of Appetite, swelling of the Feet, Belchings, Weakness, dulness of the venereal Appetite, etc. and ofttimes occasions Barrenness.  
If it is of long continuance, the Cure is hard, especially in old Women; if the matter is sharp, it causes Itchings, Burning, Exulcerations of the Genitals, Gangrenes, and at length Death.  
In curing this Distemper we must first retrieve the Chylification of the Stomach, by vomiting and stomachical Medicines. 2. Correct the cachectic Crudity of the Blood, partly by Steel, and partly by volatile Salts and Aromatics. 3. In particular we must resist the Disease with Specifics. And 4. Repair the injury done to the solid parts with astringent and nervous Remedies.  
Two Scruples of the Powder of Asarum-root, given after the use of Digestives, is the choicest Vomit. Purgatives are of no use, but Sudorifics, as Guaiacum, Sassafras, Juniper-wood, etc. and Diuretics, as Turpentin, etc. may fitly supply their room.  
Take Turpentin washed in Rose-water half an Ounce; Powders of red Coral and Bowl Armenic, of each half a Dram. Mix, and take it twice a week fasting: 'tis an excellent Diuretic.  
Rosemary is of noted efficacy, to which some add leaves of Mint and Baum: also the Roots of Galangal, Cyperus, Avens, Margerum, Clove Gillyflowers, and their distilled Oils; also vulnerary Herbs, as Lady's Mantle, Agrimony, etc.  
Of Steel Medicines, the chief are Liquor Martis Solaris, Tincture of Steel with Tartar, its Solution in Juice of Quinces, etc.  
Internal Specifics for this Flux are such as allay the saltish Acid, dry up watery Humours, and leave some astriction behind; such are Misletoe of the Oak in Substance and Decoction; (the Decoction of the Pine-nut, with the Wood of this Misletoe is an admirable Remedy) drop Fern, Tormentil, Solomon's Seal, Angelica, and the like; Garden and wild Clary, used any way, for internal or external Use, dead Nettle with the white Flower, its Water, Conserve or Decoction, Walnut-shells, white flowered Millfoil, Fern-root, Melilot with the white Flower, Plantain, Horse-tail, white Daisy, Woods of Mastic, Guaiacum and Sassafras, Chalybeat Milk mixed with Bowl Armenic, shells of hatched Eggs either crude or calcined given to half a Dram, the Bone of the Cuttlefish, Jawbone of a Pike, River-Crabs, Capons head powdered,  Cork given to a Dram, Amber and its Preparations, prepared Crystal, Pumicestone crude or calcined, Diaphoretic Antimony, feathered Alum, Osteocolla, the Pizzle of a Hart or Whale. Of these Ingredients various Receipts may be prescribed. As,  
Take Ostoocolla prepared half an Ounce; prepared Crystal and Jaw of a Pike, of each a Dram; with the Conserve of Rosemary-flowers make an Electuary to be taken twice or thrice a day.  
Take Walnut-shells two Drams; Aniseed a Dram. Mix, and make a Powder for four or five Doses.  
Among external Remedies, the Ointment of Clary is famous, viz. Take Clary and beat it up with Butter, let it stand sometime to putrify, then boil and strain it; with this anoint from the Navel to the Groin, using it also by way of a Pessary. Natural Baths are useful, as also artificial ones made with Quicklime, Alum, Sage, Clary, Mugwort, Feverfew, etc. or Injections of the Ashes of Walnut-kernels with Wine. Some use Fumigations with Mastic, Frankincense, Nutmeg, Amber, etc. Or convey the Smoke of Sage by a Pipe. Issues in the Thighs, Legs, and Shoulders, are of use to divert the Humours.    

SECT. II. Of the Disorders of Women relating to the venereal Appetite.  

CHAP. I. Of the loss of Virginity.  
IN the outer Neck of the Womb behind the Urinary Passage, there is a transverse Membrane placed, which if the Lips of the Privity be drawn aside, resembles a Crescent with a hole in the upper side; but when the Lips fall together, it has the appearance of three small fleshy Prominences like Myrtleberries.  
In the Integrity of this Membrane, together with the straitness of the Vagina, does Virgin-Innocence consist; and Virginity is said to be lost, when by the admission of the human Yard the former is violently broken, or loosened and distended, and the latter widened; though yet in the mean while it may be violated by other means.  
Tho Virginity once lost can never be properly restored, yet an artificial one, aping the true, may be obtained by straightening the Genitals, and retrieving their natural Tone: which is effected by Baths and Fomentations prepared of Astringents, such as the Root of the greater Comfrey, Plantain, Lady's Mantle, Rob of Acacia, etc. to which Alum must still be added. As,  
Take of Oak and Plantane-leaves, of each a handful; Root of the greater Comfrey three Ounces; Galls an Ounce; Alum half an Ounce; boil them in water. This Decoction may be injected by a Syringe, or applied externally with a Sponge.  
Moreover, if we frequently foment the great, soft, and flagging Breasts of Women that have conceived, with the distilled water of green Pine, and wash them with the same at night, letting them dry of themselves, they will become little, round, and hard. Lady's Mantle, Feaverfew and Clary, are also of use for this purpose.  
That which provokes Virgins to forfeit their Title to the Angelical Character is Lust, which they begin to entertain about the age of fourteen, when the menstrual Flux commences.   

CHAP. II. Of the Depravation of the venereal Appetite.  
THE venereal Appetite or Lust is nothing else but a tender sense and tickling of the extended Clitoris, caused by the influence of seminal matter abounding in the two gland●ous Prominences, and other Glandules of the Vagina.  
This according to nature ought to be moderate; however it is sometimes deficient, and sometimes it exceeds.  
The languishing of the venereal Appetite is frequently occasioned by the paucity of Genital Liquor, and its want of Spirits, proceeding sometimes from another Disease, as the Scurvy, Whites, etc. But if this Appetite is altogether wanting, I am of opinion it is a default in the Structure or Conformation of the parts, and admits of no cure.  
As to the former, it is an Evil of little danger, save that it is ordinarily accompanied with barrenness.  
The want of Genital Liquor may be supplied by the use of juicy Food and volatile Aromatics, such as Musk, Civet, and Amber. But if it is only the effect of other Causes, 'tis cured by their removal.  
Externally foment with the Infusion of Aunts, together with their Nest; and anoint the Groin and Privities with the Oil of Aunts, or with Aromatic Oils or Apoplectic Balsam mixed with Civet and Musk.  
If the seminal humour contained in the glandulous Substance of the Vagina, either by too long retention, or otherwise, become sharp, saltish, or somewhat acid, it excites sometimes in the places through which it passes, such an itching as disturbs Sleep; it is sometimes accompanied with a desire of Copulation, but oftener not.  
In curing this, we must begin, if need be, with mild Laxatives and Sudorifics, and, if needful, alloy the Acrimony of the Humour, and finish what remains by external Applications. The Internals are the Infusions and Decoctions of Fumitory, Succory, Scabious, Baum, , Roots of Bryony, Black Hellebor, Polypody, etc. Mercurius dulcis, and Troches Alhandal answer the purgative end, as the Essences of Elder, the Tincture of Coral, and the Spirit of Woods perform the alterative and diaphoretic Office.  
Of Externals, the Preparations of Lead and Mercury are the best: such as Vinegar wherein calcined Led is dissolved. If the Evil proves stubborn, anoint the Lips of the Privities with an Ointment made up of one part of Oil of Tobacco, and two of the Ointment of Tutty; or apply Blistering-plaisters; or cut Issues in the Thighs.  
Sometimes the acid Humour retained corrodes the Lips of the Privities, and occasions Wheals, Pushes, and in fine Scabs, which are of a mild Character, but very itching; but there are others called Epinictides, yet different from those little painful ones that spring from foul Embraces. However both the one and the other are catching, and difficultly cured.  
For cure we must begin with such Universals as are used against the Scab or Itch; especially laxative Bags of the Root of Briony and Spurge: and if they are of the malignant kind, we must use Mercurial, and other Specifics for the Pox.  
Externally you may apply Oil of Roses mixed with Yolks of Eggs, and discoloured by beating in a leaden Mortar. Or,  
Take of the Decoction of Quick-line one pound; Sugar of Lead a Dram. Inject one half, and foment with the other. If you suspect Infection, instead of Saccharum Saturni take a Dram of Mercurius dulcis. Or,  
Take of Aloe and Myrrh, of each the bigness of a small Pease; Verdigrice half as much; of white Wine, Rose and Plantane-water, of each an Ounce: Mix for Injection and external Washing.  
You may also use Vnguentum Album Camphoratum, or de Lithargyrio mixed with Oil of Tartar per Deliquium in the mild sort, and with Mercurius dulcis in the malignant ones.  
If the venereal Appetit is exalted to the pitch of a Delirium, it is then ca●'d furor Vterinus, a Disorder incident as well to Virgins, as married Women and Widows. Such Persons are talkative and peevish; they ramble through the Streets, and solicit whoever they meet to Venery, and receive a denial with the highest Indignation; sometimes wantonly uncover themselves before Men, and interlard their incoherent Discourses with Smut and Bawdry.  
This Distemper at first is easily cured, but if neglected, ends in absolute Madness: Wherefore in the beginning 'tis proper to exhibit a strong Emetic, enjoin a spare Diet, and drain the Genital Liquor, by extinguishing Specifics, such as are the Root of white Water-Lilly, Agnus Castus, chief its Seed; Lettuce, Rue, Purslain, Hemlock, principally its Seed; Willow-leaves, the Liquor running from its smaller Branches lopped off in the Spring, Hemp and Poppy-seed, etc. Or,  
Take Hempseed two Ounces; Seeds of Lettuce and Purslain, of each two Drams: Make an Emulsion with Purslain-water, to be sweetened with Syrup of Water-Lilly. If Camphyr or an Opiate be added, 'twill be more effectual.  
The Effervescence of the Blood, and by consequence the Turgescence of the Seminal Liquor, must likewise be repressed by frequent Bleeding and absorbent Acids, such as the Juice of Citrons, Lemons and Pomegranates; Nitre, Sugar of Lead, Coral, etc. and also by mild Sudorifics: and besides, in order to put a stop to the Fury and impetuous Motion of the Animal Spirits, 'tis convenient to add Poppy-seed, Opium and Camphyr.  
Externally we use Cataplasms, Baths and Fomentations of Mandrake, Nightshade, Purslain, Rue, Hemlock, Poppy, and such like.    

SECT. III. Of the Disorders of the whole Body, which are supposed to proceed from the Womb.  

CHAP. I. Of the Green Sickness.  
AS the first arrival of seminal Liquor occasions several notable Alterations in Women; so if it is too long retained, and consequently corrupted and altered, it ferments the Mass of Blood, Juices and Spirits, introducing an Evil disposition of the whole Body, called the Green Sickness, or white Virgin Fever; in which the Colour of the Skin is pale, or somewhat livid and ugly, attended by a bluish Circle under the Eyes, Anxiety and Sadness, without manifest Cause; a slow, obscure, and disorderly Fever; an unequal and inconstant Pulse; Vomitings in the day time, etc. It only invades Virgins and Widows, or Women retired from Men; and is heedfully to be distinguished from the Cachexy or evil Disposition of Body that's common to both Sexes.  
It is difficult to be known: however, if no error in Diet, or the use of the six Nonnaturals; no Obstruction of the Courses, or other manifest Cause have preceded; or if the Patient of a forward brisk Maid is become sad and anxious, or is a forlorn Widow, who formerly was a healthy Wife; we may in such cases conclude this to be the Disease, which the older it is has the worst Symptoms following it.  
In curing of it we must endeavour to correct the default of Genital Liquor, and remove the vicious Crasis of the Blood, and by proper Remedies cure the incident Symptoms.  
For the former Intentions, Camphyr is a notable Remedy; it not only diminishes the quantity of seminal Liquor, and amends its virulency, but has a peculiar Virtue of fortifying the Blood and Spirits. Amber also, Myrrh and its Essence prepared with Nitre, Castor, Spirit of Sal Armoniac, and all Remedies prepared from them, Preparations of Lead, and moderate Acids, are all proper. As,  
Take of the Conserve of Baum an Ounce and a half; Conserve of Citron Pulp, and of Quinces, of each six Drams; Essence of Myrrh half an Ounce; prepared Amber two Drams; Crystal Mineral of Lead, Powder of Castor, of each a Dram; Cloves, Mace, Zedoary, of each a Scruple; Camphyr half a Scruple: Make an Electuary with Syrup of Pomegranates.  
With these, such things as extinguish the Seed may be mixed, as Agnus Castus, Willow, Hemp; and possibly Turpentine may not be amiss. Opiates allay the severity of Symptoms, and may be mixed with other Specifics. Bleeding, and that often repeated, is not improper.   

CHAP. II. Of a Cachexy in Women.  
ANother Fountain of Diseases commonly termed hysteric, is the suppression of the Terms, from which a numerous train of Evils proceed, especially if it happens on a sudde●; by reason both of the quantity and depraved quality of the stagnating Blood: for when there is too great a quantity of Blood, it's due Circulation, and fermentative Turgescence being restrained, it becomes less spirituous and volatile, yea gross and viscid, and as it were, flat and useless. And as touching its quality, we ought to remember that though all the Mass of Blood is originally of the same condition and nature, yet that which by the monthly Fermentation is measured out to be expelled, undergoes a singular Change in the Vessels of the Womb, where it waits for Passage, and acquires a certain corrosive Acrimony, or aluminous Tincture.  
Now from these Causes spring innumerable Mischiefs, such as Pleurisies, Quinsies, Inflammations of the Womb, Epilepsies, unusual Long, Melancholy, tumors and hard Swell of the Womb and Spleen, stubborn Headaches, Palpitations and Beat, as well of the Heart as in the Back and Loins and under the Short-ribs; till at length the digestive Ferment of the Stomach, the Bile and pancreatic Juice being spoiled, evil Dispositions of Body, Jaundice, Dropsies, and Consumptions, and finally Death, creep in.  
Now to obviate these Evils we must jointly carry on two Designs. 1. We must correct the vicious Crasis of the Blood and other Juices, particularly its austere Acidity: And, 2. Revive the monthly Fermentation of the Blood, that the Terms may flow as they ought. These in general we may compass by Steel, and aromatic volatile Medicines. But we must first of all give a Vomit, and repeat it, if occasion require: for this end we use Preparations of Antimony, which are best, Asarum, Hellebor, etc. as for example; two Drams of Oxymel Helleboratum Gesneri for a Dose. It is likewise convenient to purge with Quercetanus' Pills of Tartar and Gum Ammoniac; or those of Hiera with Agaric; or by adding to alterative Bags the Roots of Bryony, black Hellebor, and Colocynth.  
As for Calybeats we may use Zwelfer's Tincture of Vitriol of Mars, Tincture of Steel prepared with Spirit of Sal Armoniac and Spirit of Wine, Aperitive Crocus' of Mars prepared with fixed Salts, and such like: also Wine or Decoctions of Rosemary impregnated with Steel, Quercet●●us's Cachectic Powder, etc.  
To these we join Aromatics and aperient Ingredients, especially Sassafras, Galangal, the greater hot Seeds, Juniper and Bay-berries: also the volatile Spirit of Tartar, and Elixir Proprietatis prepared without an Acid. The Specifics must be calculated according to the variety of Symptoms: An Epilepsy and convulsive Motions require Remedies from Cinnabar, Castor and Amber.  
The Headache calls for the volatile Salts and Antiscorbutics, as volatile Salt of Amber both internally and externally.  
For Palpitations of the Heart we choose Remedies from Coral, chief its Tincture; or the Powder of Zedoary mixed with prepared red Coral.  
If a stopping of the Terms is followed by a melancholy Delirium, let Antimonial Emetics be repeated, and the Spirit and Powder of a human Secundine, added to the incident Prescriptions.   

CHAP. III. Of the Hysteric Passion.  
THOUGH this Disease is accounted peculiar to Women, and to proceed from the Womb, yet it is found by experience to be common also to Men, and to be of the same Nature with their hypochondriac and scorbutical Distempers: Its Symptoms are as follows.  
The Paroxysm is ushered in with noise and murmur in the Belly, and sometimes the apprehension: as it were of a Ball violently moved and tossed hither and thither, and rising up gradually. It is always attended by a stretching or tearing Pain under the short Ribs; a plentiful breaking of Wind upwards or downwards; frequent Yauning and Stretching; various and violent Pains in the Belly, either fixed or floating; prostration of Appetite and Costiveness; a Vomiting sometimes of a greenish or yellowish matter, of an acid or strange Taste; Palpitation of the Heart, with a small, weak, and sometimes intermitting Pulse; Swooning, difficulty of Breathing, and danger of Suffocation; giddiness of the Head, dimness of the Eyes; sometimes frequent Laughter, various kinds of Deliriums, Convulsions, strange Motions of the Joints and whole Body; sometimes a total Cessation of all the Senses internal and external: for the most part the beginning and increase of the Fit is accompanied with coldness, succeeded in the declension with heat, ending in a large Sweat.  
This Disease proceeds from a vicious Effervescence in the Guts of a preternatural Acid, bred in the Stomach, Pancrea●, or other Glandules, with the bilious Juice; whence the mesenteric Nerves being irritated, give rise to the various Symptoms of the Abdomen. And the vicious Acid being carried into the Blood, occasions also its Coagulation and Stagnation. To which we may join a disorderly and disturbed Motion of the animal Spirits, especially in the intercostal Nerve, and those of the Par vagum, which spread the Disorder all over the Body.  
The Paroxysms of this Disease are revived sometimes by violent Passions of the Mind, as Anger, a Fright, Grief; sometimes by strong Smells, whether from sweet smelling things, as Musk, Civet, Amber, Roses, etc. as it frequently happens, or from fetid things, according to the peculiar temperament of the Patient. To which we may add, as a confirming Circumstance, the use of sweet things, which easily turn acid.  
When the hysteric Woman lies destitute of Sense and Motion, you may know if there is life, by using a Looking-glass, or Feathers, or blowing Snush up the Nose.  
This Disease is seldom mortal in Maids, but disappears for the most part in time of Childbearing; or if it seize Women with Child 'tis dangerous; in old Women 'tis seldom cured.  
In delivering the Cure of this Disease, we shall order what is to be done in the Fit, and what out of it. The Violence and Fury of Hysteric Paroxysms suffer us not to stand idle Spectators, but require a speedy help, both with external and internal Remedies.  
As for Externals, first we must apply to the Nostrils such things as yield a strong and stinking Smell, regarding still the temperament of the Patient: Above all, I esteem volatile penetrating Salts; as Spirit of Sal Armoniac, Spirit of Hartshorn, or any other urinous volatile Spirit. In great Swoonings, Castor infused in strong Wine, and the Smoke of things burnt may be useful, as that of Amber, Nutmegs, Feathers and Quills of Birds, chief of Partridges, Hairs and Horns of Beasts, Lignum Aloes, etc.  
In the mean while, to allay the Contraction of the Intestines, apply to the Region of the Navel and Pit of the Stomac aromatic Oils, such as that of Rue, Anise, Laurel, Castor, Amber, fetid Oil of Tartar, Guajacum, Spike, etc. or an Ointment made of Clary boiled in Butter, or Camphyr dissolved in Oil of Sweet Almonds. Or,  
Take distilled Oils of Amber, Spike, of each half a Dram; of Cumin half a Scruple; of Mace nine Drops. Mix and anoint the Backbone, Region of the Navel, and Pit of the Stomac. Some apply beaten Garlic.  
After anointing it will be fit to apply a Plaster of Galbanum, to which some add Tacamahac, Castor, Pitch, etc. A girdle strongly tied about the short Ribs is helpful; as also sweet-smelling things applied to the Genitals, as a Pessary anointed with Peruvian Balsam, or Oil of Nutmeg, wherein some Civet is dissolved, etc. It will likewise be proper to inject Clysters of Carminative, Aromatic, and penetrating Ingredients, to which volatile Salts sometimes may be added. As,  
Take Chamomil with the Flowers, Leaves of Sage and Fever-few, of each a handful; Roots of Angelica and Lovage, of each six Drams; the four lesser hot Seeds, Salt of Tartar, of each a Dram: boil them in a sufficient quantity of common Water; to nine Ounces of the strained Decoction, add Electuary of Bay-berries an Ounce; distilled Oil of Amber, volatile Salt of Hartshorn or Urine, of each a Scruple; the Yelk of one Egg: Mix them, and make a Clyster.  
To such Decoctions you may also add Electuary of Hiera Picra, Castor, distilled Oils of Cumin, Caraways, Amber, Juniper-berries, Turpentine, etc. Or, instead of distilled Oils, volatile Salts, from a Scruple to half a Dram; as that of Urine, Hartshorn, Amber, etc. Clysters of the Smoke of Tobacco are also approved.  
If the Patient is plethoric, a Vein may be opened, but with due caution.  
Internally in the time of the Fit, volatile and oily Salts are to be used, and in particular such as readily 'cause sweat, to which Opiates may be added: Bitter things therefore are in common use, such as Set-wall, Southernwood, Wormwood, Lovage, Angelica, Gentian-root, Mint, Galangal, , Fever-few, Clary, its Decoction and Spirit, Roman and common Chamomil, Orange Peel, wild Carrot-seed, Juniper-berries, Garlic taken in Wine, its Electuary, Saffron, Rosemary, Myrrh, Elder and dwarf Elderberries, etc. all which by virtue of an oily volatile Salt destroy the vicious Acid. To these we may add Castor, Assa foetida, the volatile Salts themselves; as Spirit of Sal Armoniac, Hartshorn, volatile Salt of Amber (given from five Grains to twelve in Swallow-water with Castor) distilled Oil of Amber; volatile Salt of Soot, the Tincture of Tartar, Tincture of the Dross of the Regulus of Antimony, Tincture of Castor prepared with Spirit of Wine or otherwise; all the several Preparations of the forementioned Simples; Crollius' Elixir for the Womb; Camphyr, the Spirit of human Secundine, chief that of the first Child; the Juice of Courser's Dung, expressed with Wine or Ale, or its Decoction: to all which we join Opium, Hysteric Laudanum, Mithridate and treacle; of which innumerable Prescriptions might be made up. As,  
Take of the Waters of Mint, Elder-flowers, and Fever-few, of each an Ounce; Essence of Castor three Drams; volatile Salt of Hartshorn twelve Grains; that of Amber eight Grains; Hysteric Laudanum nine Grains; Syrup of Orange Peel six Drams. Mix, and make a Potion. Or,  
Take prepared Amber, prepared Pearls, or Crabs-eyes, Castor, of each a Scruple; distilled Oils of Rue and Amber, of each five Drops. Mix, and make a Powder.  
'Tis to be noted that Preparations with Castor, and such like fat volatile Salts, yielding a strong smell, agree not with some Patients, for whom meager Salts are more proper; as dulcified Salt of Nitre, etc. If sweet Smells or Tastes be offensive, we choose Medicines of contrary qualities.  
After the Fit is over, if a Relapse is feared, it may be prevented by the use of Medicines partaking of Steel. As,  
Take Antiscorbutic and Hyssop-water, of each an Ounce and a half; Solution of Steel in Juice of Apples three Drams; Spirit of Scurvy Grass a Dram and a half; fermented Laudanum two Grains; Syrup for the Scurvy three Drams. Mix, and make a Potion.  
But if what is above prescribed prove ineffectual, we may try a strong Snuff, and if that has no effect, give a Vomit; yea Blood-letting has been found sometimes to avail in desperate Cases.  
Hitherto we have prescribed what is to be done during the Paroxysm; when 'tis over, we first give Digestives, than Vomits, and afterwards Anti-hypocondriac and Antiscorbutic Remedies: for Digestives, I refer you to the hypochondriac and scorbutic Diseases. Or,  
Take red Coral prepared, or Mother of Pearl, or Crabs-eyes prepared, half a Dram; Arcanum Duplicatum a Scruple; Salt of Wormwood half a Scruple. Mix for three Doses.  
For a Vomit, take Arcanum Duplicatum, or Tachenius' vitriolated Tartar, nine Grains; Mynsicht's Emetic Tartar two or three Grains. Mix, and make a Powder.  
Next to these, Aromatics mixed with mild Laxatives are to be used; and these almost the same as the internal Specifics prescribed in the Fit. In short, the Method of Cure is the same with that of hypochondriac and scorbutic Disorders: So that alterative Bags of carminative Ingredients, such as are friendly to the Nerves and Womb, infused in Wine, are of very good use. Or, whatever partakes of a volatile Alcali, or a volatile oily aromatic Salt more or less bitter, which destroys Acids, or has an anodine Quality; as the Roots of Angelica, Butterburr, Set-wall, Lovage, Gentian, and the like; also Orange-peel, and all Aromatics, especially Clary, and its Decoction; also Baum, Rosemary, Mugwort, Sage, etc. the Carminative Seeds, or those called hot; to which wild Laxatives, such as black Hellebor and Briony, may be added: As for example,  
Take of the Leaves of Baum, Fever-few, Pennyroyal, of each a handful; Leaves of Senna, Roots of Gentian and black Hellebor, of each a Dram; prepared Spurge, and true aromatic Costus, of each three Drams; Set-wall, Salt of Tartar, of each half an Ounce: Cut, bruise, and tie them in a Bag to be infused in Wine.  
Medicines of Steel are wonderfully helpful; as also succinated Spirit of Salt Ammoniac given to thirty Drops at night, and mild Laxatives mixed with Opiates.  
Take Gum Ammoniac dissolved in Vinegar half a Scruple; Vitriol of Mars five Grains; Extract of Castor three or four Grains; Extract of Troches Alhandal a Grain; or of the Troches themselves three Grains. Make Pills with the distilled Oil of Amber.    

SECT. iv Of the Disorders of Women denying admission to Men.  

CHAP. I. Of the down-falling of the Womb.  
SOmetimes the outer Neck of the Womb, especially its internal wrinkled Membrane, either by hard Labour, or the unskilful hand of a Midwife, or by an immoderate red or white Flux, is so relaxated and extended, that it hangs out in form of a Ball, having a hole in the middle, two Fingers breadth without the Privity; and sometimes some part of the internal Membrane is relaxated, and hangs out like a blind round Ball by a small Neck. In this Case both the Ancients and some of the Moderns fancy that the Womb falls down: Whereas that Symptom never happens but when an unskilful Midwife pulls it down by force, and so kills the Patient outright.  
This Distemper is ushered in by a stretching Pain of the Parts to which the Womb is fastened; sometimes a Fever and Convulsions supervene, and sometimes the prominent Substance becomes the Seat of an Ulcer or Gangrene, and must be cut out by the hand of the Surgeon.  
All that Art can do is, 1. To restore the Part fallen down to its natural Place. 2. To confirm it there either truly by Astringents, or palliatively by other means. 3. If that can't be compassed, Amputation is the only relief.  
The Patient being conveniently placed on her Back, let the part be gently put up with ones Fingers covered with a soft Cloth wet with the Decoction of mild discussive Aromatics; such as Rosemary, Sage, Wormwood, etc. boiled in equal parts of Wine and common Water, or Water from the Forge.  
This done, Decoctions prepared of vulnerary Astringents are to be used internally; such as those of Rupture-wort, Mousear, Knotgrass, Comfrey-root, Cyprus-Nuts, Betony, Tormentil, etc. to which Anise and Fennel-seeds, and the four greater hot-seeds may be added.  
Externally also Astringents must be used; the place may be fumigated with their Smoke, or their Decoction injected, or the Privity fomented therewith, or a Pessary of carded Wool may be dipped in it and applied. Such Astringents are Galls, Oak-leaves, and those of the Myrtle, Sloe-tree, Horse-tail, Ladies-Mantle, Milfoil, Pomegranat-rind, Sumac, and the like, which may be boiled in Forge-water, adding Alum, if the Parts be not excoriated or exulcerat. The Moss of the Oak-tree also, and Nettles and Sun-flower are commended.  
For a Palliative Cure you may use Wax or Cork, white Wax, or the Mass of a Plaster made of Wax, Colophon, Gum Elemi, and the like, shaped into a round, oblong, or pearl-like Form, according as there is occasion, with a hole in the middle, and a thread fastened to 'em: their bigness must exactly answer that of the Vagina.  
But if it is only an Excrescence, or one or two wrinkles of the Vagina, or if the Vagina itself being fallen down is altered by the Air, or corrupted or ulcerated, it must be cut off by the Root, a Ligature being first made with a Thread; and than it must be cured as an Ulcer.   

CHAP. II. Of the Inflammation of the Womb.  
THIS is caused by Blood stagnating in the Pores of the Womb, which is occasioned either by too frequent Coition, or cold catched after Labour or the Terms, or by hard labour.  
The Signs are a Swelling, Heat, stretching Pain of the Genitals, Groin, and Navel, which, if the Finger is put up into the Genitals, is exasperated, extending to the Lips, Backbone and Shoulders; the Vagina is red with swollen Veins, the Terms suppressed, with a burning continual Fever, Thirst, dryness of the Tongue, Headache, Delirium and Convulsions.  
It is dangerous enough, and is easily converted into a Gangrene: Discussion is safer than Suppuration; sometimes it degenerates into a Schirrus, and is accompanied by a Dropsy.  
The Patient must in the beginning be let Blood at the Arm, and, a Clyster being given, next day at the Ankle: afterward you may use temperate, emollient, and resolving Clysters of the Decoction of Lettuce, Mallows, Violet-leaves, Flowers of Chamomil, etc. boiled in Limewater, mixed with Lenitive Electuary, solutive Syrup of Roses, and Nitre. To loosen the Belly, give Decoction of Tamarinds, wherein Senna with Cream of Tartar has been infused.  
Externally we foment the Groin, or apply Cataplasms of Mallows, Marsh-mallows, Pennyroyal, Mugwort, Melilot, etc. boiled in common or Limewater or Wine.   

CHAP. III. Of Ulcers of the Womb and Vagina.  
THE Causes are either internal, as retention of the Loches, suppurated Inflammations, Corruption of the Foetus or Mola, a virulent Clap, the Whites, etc. or external, as frequent and excessive Venery, fretting of the Vagina, hard Labour, etc. The naked Eye, or a Womb-glass discovers 'em; or if they lie deep in the Womb itself, the troublesome biting Pain of these Parts when tickled in Coition, or by sharp Injections, reveals the Mystery. They degenerate frequently into Fistulas, or end in a Dropsy; and though they be cicatriz'd, infer Barrenness.  
If they proceed from an external Cause, they must be cured by consolidating Remedies; if from the sharpness of Humours, they must be corrected and evacuated: but first of all the Pain must be mitigated.  
Internally cleansing vulnerary Decoctions are useful, such as those of the tops of St. John's-wort, ground Ivy, Plantain, Sawicle, Shave of Hartshorn, etc. Externally the same Decoctions may be injected. Or,  
Take of Chalybeat Milk one pound, Turpentin dissolved in the Yelk of an Egg half an Ounce; Honey of Roses an Ounce; to be often injected for cleasing and consolidating the Ulcer.    

SECT. V Of the Disorders of Conception.  
COnception is nothing else but the Impregnation of one of the little Eggs contained in the female Testes, by a certain Air or Spirit exhaled from the seminal Liquor of the Male received into the Womb. The Egg thus influenced, falls off into one of the Womb-Trumpets, which at that time embrace the Testes, and thence passes unto the Womb. Being received there, it strait gins to increase, and then one little point gins to distinguish itself by its tremulous and leaping Motion, being surrounded with subtle red Threads, the Rudiments of the Blood-vessels, round which some small time after is to be seen something more gross and white, like a little Cloud distinguished into two parts; whose greater part consisting of four little Bags, represents a rude Draught of the Brain, Cerebellum, and two Eyes; and the lesser part being stretched out below like a Ship's Keel, is the Rudiment of the Backbone, from which the Limbs gradually extend themselves, while the Bowels successively shoot out from the Blood Vessels, till the perfect Foetus is formed.  
The matter of which it is formed is partly a clear Liquor resembling the white of an Egg, conveyed thither by the Arteries, and squeezed through the glandulous Substance of the Womb into its Cavity; and partly Blood elaborat from the foresaid Chyle or nutritious Juice; so that the Parts are rightly distinguished into sanguine and spermatic.  
There are scarce any infallible Signs of Conception; however ordinarily if a Woman hath conceived, the internal Orifice of the Womb is close shut up, the Terms are stopped; In the first days after Coition, a certain shivering or wand'ring Sense of Cold spreads itself over the Body or its extreme parts; the Appetite is impaired; she vomits every Morning, and is troubled with long, and loathing such Meats as formerly were grateful. If the Woman is cacochymical, and scorbutic, she is troubled with hysteric Affections, though unacquainted with 'em before; a gradual Swelling invades the Belly, and points upwards. In the third, fourth, or fifth Month the Child is felt to move in the Belly; first more obscurely, and afterwards more distinctly: finally, the first Months oftentimes discover a heavyness and giddiness of the Head, and sometimes the Toothache; from which Signs concurring we may conclude the Woman is with Child.  
With reference to. Conceptions, we shall treat of false Conceptions, Barrenness, and vicious Conceptions.  
Conception is counterfeited by an Inflation or Swelling of the Belly, caused by external Air received unto the Womb after Childbearing, or Abortion, or Bathing, or in the time of, or after the Menstrual Flux, attended sometimes with cruel pains girding the whole Belly.  
This is distinguished from a true Conception by these Symptoms. 1. The Belly is not always equally distended, 2. There is no motion, or at lest none but what may easily be distinguished from that of a Child. 3. The Swelling is greater, and less weighty, not pressing so much upon the Pubes.  
This Distemper is seldom dangerous, though sometimes when the Flux of the Terms or Lochia is stopped, 'tis attended by grievous Pains in the Womb. In which case let the Vein Saphaena be opened; let the Digestion of the Stomach be promoted, and consequently Wind prevented, by stomachic and Carminative Medicines.  
Let the Decoction of Sassafras, with Anise and Fennel-seeds, be used for a Diet-drink; and the Essence of Zedoary be taken every night going to Bed. Castor, Chamomil-flowers, Rosemary, Fever-few, Pennyroal, Sage, Flowers of Marigold and Groundsel, Roots of Elecampane, Zedoary and Gentian, the four greater Hot-seeds, Galangal, Ginger, etc. their Decoctions, Essences, or distilled Oils are of good use both inwardly and outwardly: to which we may add, the Species of Hiera, or the Mass of Pills of Hiera, with Agaric, or the Extract of Elaterium.  
Sometimes 'tis necessary to open the internal Orifice of the Womb to give vent to the Wind, by fomenting with the abovementioned Decoctions; or applying to the Belly and Pubes Bags of Milletseed, dried Salt, Chamomil Flowers, and Carminative-seeds boiled in Wine and Water; or anointing with Oil of Chamomil, Oil of Bays and Castor; or applying a Cataplasm of Goats-Dung and Carminative-seeds boiled in Wine, or a Plaster of Tacamahac with Balsam of Peru.  
Sometimes a false Conception is feigned by a Dropsy or Collection of clear or yellowish Water in the Womb. And sometimes this Dropsy of the Womb joins itself to a true Conception, as taking its rise from the Redundancy of the nutritive Liquor, mixed with much Water; from the Suppression of the Terms, or Lochia, or whatever obstructs the Reflux of the Lymph from the Womb. This Swelling covers the whole Belly equally, and does not rise to a top in the middle, as that of a true Conception, and is distinguished from a Dropsy of the Belly, by the fresh Colour of the Face and absence of Thirst. If the Swelling is caused by Water, 'tis not so dangerous as when it flows from a corrupt Liquor.  
If the Patient is with Child, little or nothing can be attempted; but if otherwise, we may boldly use convenient Methods to conquer the Disease: and in the first place for a Purgative use this Pill. Take Extract of Elaterium twelve Grains; Mercurius dulcis fifteen Grains; Troches Alhandal three Grains: Make Pills with Essence of Rosemary. The Infusion or Extract of Spurge-root, or the Infusion or Syrup of Briony-root given to half an Ounce, are also proper: Vomits are approved by all, by reason of their squeezing Effects. Such things also are to be used, as provoke the Womb to Excretion, or discuss insensibly; such as Decoction of Calamint, Pennyroyal, Sage, and white Onion with Sugar; also Castor, Myrrh, Saffron, all Aromatics; Elixir Proprietatis, and the Decoction of the Woods.  
Externally we use purgative Pessaries of Elaterium and dry Figs, or of Coloquintida and Extract of Black Hellebor. Sometimes we inject into the Womb the Decoction of the Leaves of Pennyroyal, Savine, Calamint, etc. in Water or human Urine, mixed with Electuary of Hiera; but all will be rendered more effectual, by premising Baths and Fomentations of emollient and expelling Ingredients. And if one or both the Lips of the Privity are hydropic, there's nothing better than to foment with Limewater.  
The second Disorder relating to Conception, is that of Barrenness, occasioned by the Indisposition of the Ovarium, the narrowness of the Trumpets, the defect of the nutritious Juice of the Egg, the Laxity of the Womb, Disorders of the external Parts, and other occult Causes. And if the Womb be ulcerated, 'tis incurable.  
As for the Cure; after the universal Evacuations, aromatic Ingredients are proper for strengthening the Womb, and the Ovarium; such are Rosemary, Sage, Lavender, Margerum, Baum, Pennyroyal, Roots of Burnet, Setwal, and Galangal, Cassia Lignea, Cardamons, Nutmegs, and Myrrh. To which, in Cachectic and Scorbutical Cases, we add Guajacum and Sassafras, with other Sudorifics.  
With these we join the specific Ingredients, and such as gently provoke Venery, viz. Satyrion, Eryngo, Rocket and Mustardseeds, Mosch, Amber, flesh of Vipers; the Stones of a Hart or Boar; the Matrix of a Sow, Hare, or Hind, pulverised; the Spirit of Aunts; the Powder of a human Secundine, etc.  
Externally natural Baths are profitable; or artificial ones of the Decoction of aromatic Ingredients, and that of Aunts with their Nests. Some commend Baths made of Hemlock; or Fumigations with sweet-smelling aromatic Rosins; such as Gum of Juniper, Juniper-berries, Amber, Frankincense, Storax, Mastic, etc. and Pessaries prepared of the bruised Leaves of Fever-few, and sprinkled with a little Oil of Spike.  
After Barrenness we come in order to vicious or depraved Conceptions. They are said to be such when the Subject of Conception departs from a human form, and assumes that of other Animals, intitling it to the Character of a Monster, or continues a shapeless Lump void of Form, and christened a Mola.  
The immediate Cause of a Mola is the Confusion or Mixture of the nutritious Humour contained in the Chorion, with that of the Egg; upon which the Tracts of the Foetus delineated in the latter are effaced by the former.  
If this Confusion be very early, it generats a watery vesicular Mola: If its date be as late as the forming of the Vessels, and their repletion with Blood, it leaves a fleshy Lump; which, if the fibrous Threads are already spun out, and enriched with Spirits, is endowed with a principal Motion.  
This vicious Mixture is oftentimes occasioned by violent Motion, Passion or Heat.  
'Tis a difficult thing to distinguish a Mola from a true Conception, especially if a Child accompanies it in the Womb; in which case it either kills the Child or causes Abortion. However if we carefully observe, we may discern a Mola by its much greater weight; and by the measure of its motion, which is either none at all, or such as by its sluggishness is easily distinguished from the brisk Motion of a living Child. If it possess the Womb alone, it generally putrifies, and entails the like mischief to the Womb.  
First of all we ought to observe carefully whether the Mola is joined with a Child; and if so, we must endeavour to prevent Abortion, and expect the exclusion of the Child with which the Mola is ordinarily expelled. But if the Mola is alone, we must endeavour with all convenient speed to procure its ejection: for which purpose we must use first preparative, and then expelling Medicines.  
Preparatives are Baths, Fomentations, Inunctions, Clysters both for the Belly and Womb, etc. of emollient and laxative Ingredients: Womb-Clysters must be of Oil, those for the Belly of Milk.  
In the next place, a Vein must be opened, first in the Arm, and then in the Foot; after which we may use strong Vomits either from Steel or Vitriol; and powerful Purgatives, such as the Faetid Pills, those of Hiera with Colocynth, or the Decoction of Senna, Pennyroyal and Savin in Whey, taken for three days successively.  
To these we subjoin such Medicines as bring down the Terms, and are entitled to an expulsive Faculty, viz. Rue, Mug-wort, Pennyroal, Savin, Briony, Gentian, Asarabacca, Dill, Juniper-berries; the Essence and Oil of Cloves, the Decoction and distilled Oil of Savin; or a Powder made of equal Parts, of Borace, Myrrh, Castor and volatile Salt of Amber, given to half a Dram in Cinnamom-water twice or thrice a Day for some time: the Powder also and Spirit of an Afterbirth is much commended.  
Externally also, we must use Clysters for irritating the Vagina and internal Orifice of the Womb, and moving them to convulsive Motions; such are the Decoctions of Pennyroal, Fever-few, Savine, and Pulp of Coloquintida tied in a Bag. Pessaries and Fumigations from the same Ingredients are also proper; but withal let the Patient use some violent Exercise; such as leaping, jumping, etc. to promote the Operation of the Remedies.  
If all these Prescriptions prove successless, we must have recourse to a skilful Surgeon, who with a Speculum Vterinum must dilate the Vagina and internal Orifice of the Womb, and by his Hand or Instruments draw out the whole Mola. And if after the Extraction, excessive Bleedings and Pains of the Womb ensue, exhibit the following Electuary.  
Take Conserve of Roses an Ounce; Conserve of Quinces without the Species half an Ounce; Troches of Amber, sealed Earth, and Spodium, of each half a Dram; Sorrel-seed, and burned Hartshorn prepared, of each a Scruple: With Syrup of Quinces and that of Mint make an Electuary.   

SECT. VI Of the Conduct of Big-bellyed Women.  
WHILE Women are with Child, they ought to be very cautious of the use of the six Non-natural things, for fear of incurring the dangers that the suppression of their Terms exposes 'em to, and provoking the Child to an untimely Egress.  
In their Diet let Custom be their Rule, since things unwonted, though of themselves proper, are offensive, and e●contra. Summer-fruits, violent Aromatics, and strong Smells, whether sweet or foetid, are pernicious. Much Wine and acid Liquors are apt to cause Abortion. Violent Motion is also dangerous, especially during the first Months, though in the latter Months if it be moderate 'tis not inconvenient. Venery, long Watch, Fear, Anger, and suchlike Passions, aught to be avoided. Costiveness ought to be removed by the Pulp of Tamarinds, or Oil of sweet Almonds; Cream and Salt of Tartar or Rhubarb, mixed with Carminative-seeds. Sometimes potch'd Eggs and Sugar are sufficient. Proper Purgatives or strong Clysters are very dangerous. Sometimes it will not be amiss to strengthen the Child by a moderate Draught of sweet Wine after eating, by exhibiting Cinnamom-water impregnated with borage and Quinces; or the Juice, Syrup and Marmalade of Quinces mixed with Cloves, Mace and Nutmegs; or at Bedtime to apply to the Belly a Bag quilted with Mint, Baum, Ginger, Cloves, Galangal, etc. sprinkled with the Oil of Citrons, or that of Orange Peel.  
If a Big-bellyed young and plethoric Woman be seized with an acute Disease, Blooding is not improper; but 'tis better to blood frequently than draw forth much at one time. If her Stomach be disordered, mild Vomits are allowable during the first four Months: but Purgatives, at least such as in violence surpass the Laxatives abovementioned, are always suspected. Narcotics in general threaten the Relaxation of the Fibres of the Womb: But in some Cases when the Animal Spirits are much irritated, and such other Circumstances seem to demand it, we may venture to allow a moderate Dose of Opium.  
All the peculiar Symptoms of Big-bellyed Women are occasioned by the Influence of the seminal Liquor, the Suppression of the Terms, and the Sympathy of the Stomac with the distended Womb. The first is Vomiting, which in the first Months ought not to be stopped, for it facilitats Delivery. In the last months it is dangerous, and aught to be curbed betimes. Toward the middle of their Reckoning, Blood-letting removes it; unless they be Cacochymical, in which Cases the absorbent Powders and stomachical Ingredients are required: But Steel is hurtful. Externally stomachical Plasters are likewise useful. To this Symptom we may add a Pica, loathing of Meat, gripping of the Guts, which we accounted for in the first Book.  
A Looseness in the first Months is dangerous. Towards the latter end it is of less consequence, unless it exceed bounds; upon which account we ought to be very cautious in stopping it. If it be accompanied by a prostration of Strength, or signs of Malignity, and threaten Miscarriage, let astringent Acids and Venice treacle, or Diascordium dissolved in acid Vehicles be exhibited, and proper Plasters applied externally; but all Purgation is pernicious. The Pains of the Loins, Hip-bones and Pubes, caused by the various distension of the Ligaments of the Womb and the annexed Membrans, according as the Child is seated, forwards or backwards, are removed by anointing with the Oil of Earthworms mixed with distilled Oil of Juniper; or applying the Spirit of Earthworms mixed with Aqua Articularis. The Toothache in Women with Child yields to the common Cure. A Palpitation of the Heart happening to a lusty Woman, about the middle of her Reckoning, is cured by Blood-letting, or else by the ordinary Method. If a Cough molest a Woman with Child, we must vary the Cure according to its nature, as in the first Book.  
Childbearing Women are frequently subject to bleedings. If the Blood flow from the Vagina of the Womb, it runs gradually, at set times without Pain; and ought not to be stopped. If it proceed from within the Womb, it runs continually, causing Pains in the Loins, and if the Woman or Child be not weak, may be gently moderated by Blooding, and the common Specifics: But if the Child move weakly, and the Woman's Appetite and Strength be dejected, 'tis necessary to promote Miscarriage by external Assistance. If the Blood break forth only at other parts of the Body, it argues a scorbutic Disposition of the Blood, which is cured by Chalybeats.  
A suppression of Urine is caused by the low Situation of the Child, and its bearing down upon the Bladder, and is cured by emollient Ingredients used both inwardly and outwardly, and by heaving up the Belly upon occasion of making water. Proper Diuretics are scarce safe. A Strangury is cured by Laxatives; such as the Syrup of Peach-flowers, and Emulsions, and Decoctions of Marshmallows with Raisins, or of Jujubes and Peach-stones. The Cramps that Childbearing Women are subject to, are cured after the ordinary Method, especially by external Inunction and Fomentation. The Pain and Chaps that molest the skin of the Belly, as being caused by its distension, are removed by applying emollient Oils and Mucilages. If the Waters break forth from the Womb, especially from within the Amnios, before the time of Delivery, 'tis a dangerous Case, and their loss ought to be repaired by anointing the Passage with emollient Oils and Ointments. But if the Flux of Water proceed only from the outer Neck of the Womb, and is not followed by the true Pains of Childbirth, 'tis of no great consequence.  
Sometimes Cacochymical Big-bellyed Women are troubled with swell of the Feet, which disappear upon Childbirth, as being removed by the Flux of the Loches. If these Swell be very troublesome, anoint the Legs and Feet with the Oils of Dill and St. John's-wort, and apply a Cataplasm of Chamomil-flowers; or foment 'em with Quicklime water. If hydropic tumors invade the external Privity, foment it with Quicklime Water, and apply a Carminative Cataplasm. Or if these prove successless, apply Leeches, or scarify the Part. If the Veins of the Legs are much swelled, so as to threaten a Rupture, anoint 'em with the Ointment of Bay-berries, and tie 'em round with a broad Swath dipped into some aftringent Decoction. If the Hemorrhoids swell, anoint with the Oil of the Balsam-Apple, or apply a Cataplasm of the Pulp of boiled Apples and Oil of Hoglice.   

SECT. VII. Of Disorders relating to Childbirth.  
THE regular Season of Delivery happens about nine solar Months after Conception; or after ten periodical Revolutions of the usual Interval of the Fluxes of the Terms. If this time be anticipated, 'tis called miscarrying, supposing still that the Child is formed: for if the Egg be evacuated before it be formed, 'tis called Expulsion. The Cause of miscarrying is either the Irritation and Contraction of the Womb, occasioned by irregular Passions, violent Motion, drinking Wine, especially in the first Months, ungrateful strong Smells, external cold, acid Food, the weakness or preternatural Situation of the Child, the Disorders of the Kidneys, Intestines, and adjacent Membrans, the Redundancy and Exaltation of the Mass of Blood; or the Relaxation and Flaggyness of the Womb, arising from excessive Bleeding, want of Spirits, immoderate use of Opium, sudden Grief or Fear, a Chronical white Flux, etc.  
The Signs of imminent Abortion are a heavyness about the Loins and Hips, and wand'ring shooting Pains moving downwards from the Navel. To which we may add a Lazyness, Inappetency, the Womb's gathering itself into the form of a Globe incumbent upon the Share-bone, Shivering, Tremble, Palpitations of the Heart, the Efflux of Matter from the Womb, and an involuntary bearing downwards. Hypocrates looked upon the flagginess and Extenuation of the Breasts, or their voiding of Milk or Blood, as a sign of miscarrying. It prognosticats Barrenness, Bleedings of the Womb, etc.  
As for the Cure of Abortion; if the Foetus be already separated, we ought to assist Nature in the Expulsion; and on the contrary, if Abortion be only threatened, we ought to prevent it by Blood-letting, if the Women be plethoric; or otherwise by exhibiting the Decoction or Water of Vervain, the Powder or Tincture of Chermes-berries, the Powder or Juice of River-Crabs, or the Tincture of Coral. If the Spirits be much iritated, Opium is allowable. If the Womb be flaggy, let a Cataplasm of Bdellium and Mastic dissolved in Vinegar, or a Plaster of Galbanum and Tacamahac be applied to the Pubes; or bathe the Parts with an Infusion of Alum in the first Months; or let the Woman make use of the natural Hotbaths before Impregnation. A Cataplasm of Yeast (or Bread baked with Pepper) Cloves, Cinnamom, Mace and Wine, applied to the Pubes, is of good use against all sorts of Abortions. If Abortion be caused by the Passions of the Mind or acid sharp Food, use absorbent Powders mixed with Aromatics; Opium cautiously used, and Fomentations with astringent Decoctions are very proper. If it proceed from external Cold, Aqua Vitae and spirituous Liquors are required. If Swoonings usher it in, the Tincture of Coral prepared with Spirit of Stag's Heart, and the Confection of Hyacinth, are useful. A serous Cachexy is accounted for by the Decoction of Guajacum; and the white Flux removed by cutting Issues in the Legs.  
If Abortion cannot be prevented, let the Woman after Miscarrying beware of the least degree of Cold; and let the Afterbirth be cautiously drawn forth by the Midwife, without giving any internal Medicines for that purpose, for fear of occasioning a Flux of Blood, which in this Condition Women are very liable to. So much for Abortion.  
If the Woman is come to her full time, the first thing to be considered is, if the Child presents in a right Posture, viz. the Head first; if not, the Midwife must endeavour to set it right, or else to pull it out by the Feet. If the Posture be regular, the next Task is to distinguish between the true and spurious Pains of Childbirth; the spurious Pains are either Colic, hysteric or nephritic, which assume the form of the true ones, and impose upon the Midwives under that cover. They are cured by exhibiting the Spirit of Zedoary or Decoction of Cumin-seeds in Ale, and rubbing the Belly and Back with hot Napkins, or fomenting 'em with the Decoction of Carminative and Anodyn Ingredients; whereas the true ones are rather irritated by that Method, and besides are attended by these Signs, viz. the down-falling of the Belly towards the Pubes, the Progress of the Pains from the Loins downwards, the opening of the internal Orifice of the Womb, and the distension of the Membrans enwrapping the Child. Now 'tis highly pernicious for a Woman to bear down or endeavour the Expulsion of the Child before the appearance of these Signs.  
Supposing then that the true Pains are come upon her, we must endeavour to facilitat her Labour. Now the Causes of hard Labour are the weakness and sickliness of the Mother, her Spirits being exhausted by sweeting or spurious Pains either antecedent or concomitant; her being liable to the Passions of Fear, Shame, or whatever cramps her due Efforts, or interrupts or inverts the Motion of her Pains; the weakness of the Child, its being entangled in the Navelstring, or disturbed by a fellow Twin; the hardness and thickness of the Membrans enwrapping it; the straitness or dryness of the Passages (the former incident to stolen Maids converted into Wives, the latter following the untimely Efflux of the Waters) the stiffness and resistance of the Share-bone, and that of the Back called Coccyx; the repletion of the Bladder and Intestins; Excrescences in the Womb or neighbouring parts; extreme Laxity of the Neck of the Womb, disabling it for Contraction and Expulsion; and a hydropic Tumour in the Child's Head, or its leaning on the Share-bone. In which last Case the Head ought to be put back by the Midwife's hand; otherwise all expelling Medicines do but augment the Evil.  
Now in order to prevent such Inconveniencies, a few days before the hour of Delivery, let the Woman bathe in the Decoction of Marsh-mallows, Melilot, Chamomil, Pennyroyal Mug-wort, Wild Thyme, Baum, Fever-few, Seeds of Lint, Fenugrec and Dill; or apply Bags of the same Ingredients to her Belly; anointing afterwards her Back, Belly and privy Passages with an Ointment of Mucilages and emollient Oils. When her Pains are just at hand, 'twill not be improper to inject a softening Carminative Clyster, or exhibit Oil of Olives inwardly, and anoint the Parts frequently. If the Pains are discontinued, the Woman must not be forced to bear down. She ought rather to walk a little about; and when the Orifice of the Womb is open, and the Waters broke, then let her be placed on the Stool, and encouraged to a speedy Delivery. If the Mother or Child be weak, let her take a Glass of Cinnamom, Baum, Pennyroyal, or the Compound hysteric Water mixed with the Syrup of Orange-peel, or of Mugwort, etc.  
When the Pains relent, if the Child presents naturally, and the Waters are broke, and the Orifice of the Womb opened, we may exhibit aromatic and expelling Medicines, but not otherwise. The Aromatics are Dittany of Candy, Sage, Mugwort, Saffron, and especially Cinnamom, which ought never to be omitted. The expelling Specifics are a Draught of the Husband's Urine, or of the Juice of Horse Dung mixed with Wine; Castor, Oil of Amber given from ten to thirty drops in Pennyroyal Water with a few drops of the Oil of Cinnamom, the volatile Salt of Amber given to fifteen Grains; The Oil of Hazelwood given from fifteen to twenty five drops; Troches of Myrrh or Pilulae Foetidae given to a Dram; Borace given to a Dram; the Powder of the Liver of an Eel dried together with the Gallbladder, given to a Dram; the Powder of the Livers of Vipers, or of Horses Stones, given to a Dram; Crude Mercury, Fulminatory Gold, and above all the Powder of a dried human Afterbirth given to a Dram, or its Spirit drawn from it when it has stood for a Month in a close Vessel in a Balneum Mariae given to forty Drops: in the room of which we sometimes make use of the Spirit of Soot. If the Pains recur frequently and the Woman be much fatigued, we may add Laudanum Opiatum.  
Take of the Powders of an Eel's Liver, and a human Afterbirth, of each a Dram; Myrrh or Borace two Scruples. Make a Powder for three Doses.  
Take of the Water of white Lilies two Ounces; Cinnamom Water half an Ounce; Baum and Pennyroal Waters, of each an Ounce; Powder of Horse Stones four Scruples; Borace two Scruples; Essence of Castor, and that of Amber, of each twenty Drops; distilled Oil of Nutmegs six Drops; white Sugar two Drams. Mix, and give a Spoonful now and then.  
Externally apply a Girdle of Snakes Cast-Coats, or anoint the Belly with an Ointment made of them with Earthworms, and the Juice of River-Crabs, and the fat of a Fox or Hare. Or, Take of the Oil of Wall-flowers six Drams; distilled Oil of Amber a Dram. Make an Ointment for the same purpose. Or, Take of the fat of Vipers six Drams; Oil of the Balsam-Apple three Drams; distilled Oil of Spike a Dram. Mix and anoint the Belly, but be sure to wipe it off after Delivery. Or, Take of Galbanum dissolved in Vinegar an Ounce; Myrrh two Drams; Saffron half a Dram; with Oil of Orris make a Pessary. Some choose to apply a Cataplasm of the Decoction of Coloquintida, Rue, Myrrh, and Meal of Barley.  
If all these means prove successless, we must have recourse to sneezing Medicines made of Hellebor, Margerum, Tobacco, Pepper, Castor, etc. and if these be ineffectual, to Mercurius Vitae for a Vomit. Sometimes Lusty Women accustomed to drink Wine, or that live in hot Climates, are relieved by Blood-letting. If the Mother be seized by Convulsions or bleeding from within the Womb, she ought to be immediately laid by a skilful hand. If the Mother be dead, and the Child alive in the Womb, it ought to be cut out.  
Ofttimes Childbirth is rendered difficult by the Death of the Child in the Womb; in which case the same expelling Medicines are to be used, but in larger Doses. Besides the external Applications already enjoined, some recommend a Fumigation of the Womb with the Smoke of rotten Berries thrown into boiling Water, or with the Smoke of Troches made of Myrrh, Castor, Snakes Cast-Coats, Pigeon's Dung, Madder-roots, and Ox Gall thrown upon burning Coals. If all the means abovementioned fall short of expelling the dead Child, it must be pulled out either all in one piece by hooks, or cut into several Pieces.  
This Symptom of a dead Child ought to be carefully minded, not only about the time of Delivery, but during the whole Course of the Woman's being with Child, for fear of Mistakes in giving Astringents to prevent miscarrying, when 'tis actually dead; or of endeavouring its Expulsion as being dead, while 'tis yet alive. Now to prevent such Mistakes, the following Signs will be of use. When the Child is quite dead, neither the Mother nor Midwife are sensible of the least Motion: The Mother's Share-bone, Lips, Face and extreme Parts are cold; her Breasts that were turgid, are now become flaccid, and their Milk serous; she is seized with a violent Shivering and Yauning, Swooning, and sometimes a Fever, pain of the Head and Stomac, and dismal Convulsions; her pains intermit of a sudden; the Membran of the Child's Head is flaccid, and ofttimes the Excrements come forth before the Child. In process of time her Breath becomes fetid, and Water or corrupt Matter drops from the Womb. If the Child be alive, it will move when the Womb is fomented with volatile Liquors, when the Mother holds her hand in hot Water for some time, when a green Leaf of Margerum bruised, or one's hand wet with cold Water, or Bread soaked in Spanish Wine, is applied to the Belly, and a Vein opened in the Leg. If it do not, you may conclude that 'tis dead.   

SECT. VIII. Of the Management of Women in Childbed.  
AFTER the Woman is laid, let her be wrapped up with a Swath of Linen about the Ribs, and carefully armed against Cold, Anger, Fear, and strong Smells. Let her abstain from sleep for some hours, and take a Glass of warm Wine with a Toast for strengthening, quenching Thirst, and preventing the Symptoms that ofttimes ensue. After some hours, she may take a potch'd Egg, with Cinnamom or Zedoary; or some Drops of the Tincture of Coral prepared with the Spirit of a Stag's Heart. After three or four days, if she be very Costive, her Belly may be opened with Balls of Civet, or Clysters, or Elixir Proprietatis, taken inwardly.  
The most material Circumstance relating to a Woman in Childbed, is the separation of the Secundine; for if any part of it remain, it putrifies and produces tragical Effects. The Causes of its retention are the Influence of cold Air; the Tumour and straitness of the internal Neck of the Womb; the Corruption or breaking of the Navelstring, by which 'tis generally pulled out; and the firm adhesion of the Secundine to the Womb. Sometimes indeed if it be united with the Womb, and receive nourishment directly from it without the Foetus, it may remain unputrifyed in the Body. But for the most part its Nutrition is received from the Foetus, and its Adhesion is occasioned by the early Egress of the Child, or want of due Motion in the Mother, or by external Violence. The Symptoms that attend it are an acute Fever, Pain and swelling of the Belly, Gripe about the Region of the Womb, a stinking Breath, difficult Respiration, and voiding of corrupt matter or Blood from the Womb. If it continue long, it may occasion Ulcers and Gangrenes.  
In order to prevent this Inconvenience, the Midwife ought to tie the Navelstring to the Woman's Thigh, till she be ready to draw forth the Afterbirth: And then the Mother ought to be encouraged to promote its Egress, by Sneezing, Coughing, and in Case of Extremity, Vomiting. If all prove ineffectual, let the expelling Medicines abovemention'd be administered; especially the Spirit and Powder of a human Secundine, Myrrh, Saffron, Amber, Castor, and Borace. If the Afterbirth be already corrupted in the Womb, exhibit Elixir Proprietatis, extracted with the Spirit of Venice treacle camphorised. In the interim, let sharp irritating Clysters be injected; and Pessaries of expelling Ingredients put up into the Womb. Glauberus orders a Mixture of Sal Armoniac and Salt of Tartar to be put into a Glass with a long Neck thrust into the Womb. Some anoint the parts with the Oils of Coloquintida, Wall-flowers, Savine, Amber, etc. and order Fumigations of Myrrh, Cinnamom, Galbanum, Castor, Opoponax, and Black Hellebor formed into Troches with Cow's Gall. If these Prescriptions are still successless, the Midwife must put her hand into the Womb, and draw it out; or if that cannot be done, its Putrification must be promoted by injecting emollient Decoctions of Marshmallows, Pellitory of the Wall, Chamomil, etc. mixed with Aloes, Myrrh, Oil of Roses, and Vinegar of Wine; to which we may add Limewater, Vnguentum Basilicon, and a small quantity of that called Aegyptiacum.  
After the Expulsion of the Afterbirth, the next step is to regulate the Flux of the Lochia, or the Childbed Purgation. If they are deficient, we ought to consider if they are not voided some other way, as by the Nostrils, Stool, etc. In which Case we ought not to disturb Nature, unless grievous Symptoms oblige us. Besides, if the Woman was wont to void but a small quantity of her monthly Courses, or if she suckle the Child, we are not to expect so large an Evacuation as otherwise. The natural Method of this Flux is such, that Blood is voided four days after Delivery; from thence a watery Liquor like the washing of Flesh till the seventh day; after that a viscous and serous Humour, untainted with Blood, continues to flow till the fourteenth or twentieth day. Now the Causes of the Suppression of this Flux are external Cold, drinking cold Liquors, Anger, Fear, Grief, Shame; and the Collection of clotted Blood or viscid Humours in the Womb. The Symptoms of a Suppression, are the Distension, Hardness, and Pain of the Belly, a beating Heat about the Loins and Groin, a shivering Fever, Headache, difficult Respiration, Swooning, cold Sweats, Doting, and frequently Death. If the Womb be inflamed; if a Pleurisy, Dropsy, or spitting of Blood ensue, 'tis a dangerous Case.  
As for the Cure of a Suppression of the Lochia, if the Blood and Fever boil high; if Headaches, difficult Respiration, and such like Symptoms of the upper Region molest the Person, let a Vein be opened in the Arm; and after the use of some internal Expellent, open the Saphaena; or apply Leeches to the Vagina, or scarifying Cupping-glasses to the inside of the Thighs. The internal Medicines are those of an expelling Virtue, recommended above; especially Myrrh, Saffron, Borace, Amber, Zedoary, and Elixir Proprietatis. If the Blood be clotted, Castor and Sperma Caeti, with Crabs-eyes and Wine, are proper; to which we may add some Grains of Laudanum Opiatum in case of violent Headaches and other Pains. Externally let the Abdomen be fomented with the Decoctions of Chamomil, Savine, and wild Thyme; and anointed with a Mixture of the Oil of Wall-flowers, and the distilled Oils of Cumin, Juniper-berries and Amber; applying afterwards a hot Brick, or a Bag (either dry or boiled in Wine) of Wormwood, Chamomil, Fever-few, Angelica-roots, the four great hot Seeds, and Juniper-berries. If the Urine be also stopped, apply to the lower Belly a Cataplasm of Chervil, Pellitory of the Wall, and Oil of Scorpions. In the mean while it will not be improper to inject Clysters of the Decoctions of Specifics for the Womb, and stimulating Ingredients; and to order Fumigations from Coloquintida, the Dross of the Regulus of Antimony, Troches of Myrrh, Bdellium, etc. Some put into the Vagina a little Bag of black Hellebor. In a word, this Symptom and that of a Suppression of the Terms require the same Cure.  
Instead of a Suppression of the Lochia, sometimes we meet with an immoderate Flux of Blood, attended by a Prostration of Strength, dimness of Sight, tingling of the Ears, and Swooning. If the Blood be of an obscure and blackish Colour, it proceeds from the Veins; if its Colour be florid, and a yellowish scarlet, it comes from the Arteries, and portends Danger. The Causes are, 1. The Redundancy and watery thinness of the Blood. 2. It's Turgescence and accelerated Motion occasioned by the abuse of spirituous Liquors in time of Labour, or the administration of expelling Medicines. 3. The Wounds of the Womb caused by the violent pulling of the Afterbirth in case of miscarrying, or of its firm Adhesion to the Womb. 4. The Irritation of the Womb occasioned by a Mola, or Clots of Blood, or pieces of the Afterbirth remaining.  
The Cure is varied according to the respective Cause: If the Blood be thin, Sudorifics and Incrassating Ingredients are proper. If it be overturgid, Purslain, Plantain, Tormentil, Loostrife and Acids take place. If the Womb be wounded, the Decoctions of Chervil and vulnerary Ingredients are recommended. If a Mola or Pieces of the Afterbirth remaining cause an immoderate Flux, we must be cautious of using strong Expellents, because they promote the Flux: But Aromatic Ingredients mixed with Astringents, may be safely administered. Such are Tormentil, Bistort, Margerum, Pennyroyal, Mugwort, Troches of Amber, etc.  
In general all Preparations from Quinces; the Powder of Sea-horse Teeth (given to a Dram) the Preparations of Steel, Bloodstone, sealed Earth, burnt Hartshorn, the solar Tincture of Steel given to fifteen Drops, and the Tincture of the Sulphur of Vitriol given to thirty, Conserve of Roses and that of Comfry-roots, with Laudanum Opiatum; and in case of extremity, Alum given to half a Dram: These, I say, are generally approved in all Cases. Externally apply Cupping-glasses under the Breasts, or foment the Breasts and Genitals, with a cold Mixture of Vinegar, Juice of Housleek, Nitre, and Water of Frogs Spawn; or apply a Cataplasm of Soot, Vinegar of Roses, and the Whites of Eggs, to the Loins. Some order Decoctions of astringent Ingredients and Hog's Dung in Smith's Water, to be injected into the Womb. Others recommend a Girdle of black Hellebor-leaves tied round the Body. The Redundancy and Turgescence of the Blood admits of bleeding in the Arm, but no other Cause.  
With reference to the Extraction of the Afterbirth, and Regulation of the Childbed Flux, we ought to take notice of the After-pains, that ofttimes succeed to Delivery. These After-pains are called , when they're seated in the Womb, as being only a Continuation of its Contraction and expulsive Endeavours, occasioned by the irritation of the Womb from cold, Wind, clotted Blood, the Remainders of the Afterbirth, etc. or its being wounded by sharp humours, or a violent tearing of the Secundine. They are styled spurious when they're lodged in the Guts, and assume the form of Colic Pains. The  ones are confined to the lower Belly, and move downward; whereas the others are more floating, and direct their Course upward, especially towards the left Hypochondrium.  
If these Pains proceed from Cold, we order a Fumigation of the Womb with Nutmegs; if from clotted Blood, we administer the Decoction of Chervil and Sperma Caeti inwardly. If they occasion a Suppression of the Lochia, ●●ro the Irritation and Constriction of the Neck of the Womb, let the Tincture of Tartar, and Essence of Myrrh be exhibited. If the Excoriation of the Womb gave root to 'em, the Oil of Sweet Almonds, and vulnerary Decoctions mixed with Chalybeats give relief.  
In general the Decoction, Spirit and distilled Oil of Chamomil is universally approved as an admirable Specific against all after-Pains: To which we add ofttimes Elixir Proprietatis. Zedoary, Mug-wort, Castor, the Powder of a human Afterbirth, and the Carminative-seeds are likewise proper Ingredients. In the last Extremity we are obliged to have recourse to Laudanum Opiatum. Externally we foment the Womb with the Decoction of Mugwort; and anoint it with the Oils of Chamomil, Wall-flowers, Cumin, Dill, Earthworms, etc. and apply the Plaster of Galbanum called Matricale, or carminative Cataplasms. As for spurious Pains, we treat 'em as Colics.  
Sometimes Women in Childbed are seized with a Drousyness, Swooning and Anxiety about the Stomac and Hypocondria, which in effect are the Symptoms of a hysteric Passion, and are removed by volatile Salts, as Castor, Spirit of Sal Armoniac, etc. and Antihysteric Clysters. But if these Symptoms are attended by a Difficulty of Breathing, they threaten an acute Fever, which forbids Clysters, and requires a much different Cure; of which more anon. The Convulsions of Women in Childbed are generally retainers to this hysteric Passion, or the Suppression of the Lochia, and are cured by Myrrh and Castor, joined to succinat Spirit of Hartshorn, and absorbent Powders.  
Sometimes hard Labour causes Excoriations, Tumours, or Rents on the Privity. The first and last are cured by applying a Lineament of the Oil of St. John's-wort, Balsam of Peru, and Yolks of Eggs; the second by fomenting with the Decoction of Chamomil and Elder-flowers in Wine and Water, and applying a warm Cataplasm of fresh Brook-lime and Chamomil-flowers beaten together. If the Capacity of the Vulva be so enlarged that the Rent passes through the Perinaeum, let the Woman avoid all motion of coughing, and apply the following Glue to the Lips of the Wound.  
Take of Comfry-roots two Drams; Bole Armenic, Mastic, Dragon's Blood, Sarcocol, fine Flower and Pompholix, of each a Dram. With Rosin of the Pinetree and the Whites of Eggs make a gluy Substance. If the Lips of the Wound are already covered with Scars, we treat it the same way as a Hair Lip. If it be inflamed and tend to a Gangrene, we cut off the corrupt part, wash the sound Flesh with Limewater, and cover it with the Balsam of Sulphur.  
If the Woman in Childbed be Costive, or troubled with the dry Piles, exhibit a very gentle Laxative, and foment the Anus with emollient Decoctions. If a Looseness seize her while the Lochia are suppressed, it ought not to be stopped any other way than by administering Specifics for retrieving the Flux of the Lochia: But if their Flux continues, or if an acute Fever attend the Looseness, it ought to be curbed betimes, by exhibiting Sudorifics and proper Specifics against Loosnesses, and applying to the Navel or Stomac the Oil of Amber mixed with the distilled Oil of Mace. If the Sphincter of the Bladder be so relaxated by the distension of Childbirth, or the roughness of the Midwife's Hands, that the Woman cannot retain her Urine, she must foment the Parts with aromatic and astringent Decoctions, and hang the Powder of Toads in a Bag over her Breast, or have recourse to the natural Hotbaths. If Clots of Blood collected in the Passage for Urine, occasion its Suppression, let the Pubes be anointed with Oil of Scorpions; and the Decoction of Chervil, Chamomil and Sperma Ceti be used both inwardly and outwardly. If hard Labour occasion wrinkles in the Belly, let it be anointed with a Lineament of the Oil of Nutmegs, Sperma Ceti, Saffron and Wax.  
The remaining Disorders incident to Women in Childbed, are the Milk-feaver and acute Diseases. The occasion of the former is this. The nutritious Juice that was wont to be measured out for the Child in the Womb, stagnats in the Blood after Delivery, and about the fourth day raises a feverish Thirst and Fermentation; by virtue of which 'tis precipitated into the Breasts, and converted into Milk, while the remaining Recrements are voided by a natural Sweat about the seventh day. If this Fever be troublesome, 'tis alleviated by promoting the Flux of the Lochia, especially if the Woman do not design to suckle her Child; as the fixed Salts with Diaphoretic Antimony and Myrrh, or gentle Sudorifics, will answer those who make account to suckle. In general there's nothing more friendly to Women in Childbed, than continued breathing Sweats. If anxiety and difficulty of breathing attend this Fever, we must have recourse to the expelling Emulsions of the Seeds of Turnips, Columbines, etc.  
If the Breasts be hard and molested with pain, foment 'em with the Spirit of Sal Armoniac and the Essence of Saffron; and apply a Plaster of Saffron and Galbanum.  
The acute Diseases of Women in Childbed are for the most part malignant, and ushered in by malign Symptoms. If a Fever is occasioned by a Suppression of the Lochia, we must endeavour to recover their Flux. If the Lochia continue to run, we must be cautious of exhibiting strong Sudorifics against the Fever, for fear of occasioning an untimely Suppression. But withal remember to keep it within bounds, and restrain it if there be occasion, lest the Malignity should gain force by the excessive loss of Blood. In general, the Cure is performed by avoiding the least degree of cold, and taking Sudorifics, such as Mineral Bezoar, Di●phoretic Antimony, Cinnabar of Antimony, the volatile Salt of Hartshorn, and the fixed Salts mixed with Myrrh and Amber in case of a Supprestion of the Lochia; or with Astringents when they exceed measure, exhibited in the Water of Swallows with Castor for a Vehicle. Purging, Clysters, Blooding and sweet Syrups are generally noxious; especially if the Fever be very malignant, attended by a tingling of the Ears, heavyness of the Head, difficulty of Breathing, etc. Tho the Person be molested with Thirst, Acids aught to be cautiously used, by reason that they may provoke the Womb, or stop the Childbed Flux. The Jelly of Hartshorn and Juice of Citrons, or the Tincture of Columbine and Blewbottle-flowers, and such like temperate Acids are the best. If the Person be frequently seized with slight Shivering, and little pricking Pains in the Back, 'tis a sign of miliar Eruptions, which if they be white are dangerous. Before their Eruption, absorbent Diaphoretics are proper; after their appearance, Emulsions of the expulsive Seeds, the antiscorbutic Tincture of Coral, and the Essence of Myrrh, aught to be added.   

SECT. IX. Of the Disorders relating to Suckling.  
THE nutritious Juice that was wont to be measured out for the Child in the Womb, stagnats in the Blood when the Womb is emptied and contracted. This Stagnation is followed by a Fermentation, or Milk-feaver, and that by a Precipitation of Serum, which being strained thro' the Glandules of the Breasts, and thickened by their acid Ferment, is converted into Milk, and fitted for the Nourishment of newborn Infants. The Accidents which thwart Nature in this its Design, are such as either impair or over-mul●iply the quantity of Milk, or else deprave it.  
Those which impair the quantity of Milk, are the artificial Compression, or preternatural Obstruction of the Glandules and Passages in the Breasts; the meager dry Constitution of the Woman's Body; much sweeting, or voiding large quantities of white Serum in the Childbed Flux; drinking of acid Liquors, or austere Wine; Grief, Fear, Anger and Childbed acute Diseases; to which we may add the want of a sucking Force in a weak Child. Now in order to supply Milk, we order juicy Food, and the Decoction of Elder-flowers in Milk, or that of Earthworms and Fennel-seeds, for drink. The Seeds of Anis, Caraways and Dill, or their distilled Oils, are also very proper. Prepared Crystal and Marl from Rocks, indirectly promote the increase of Milk, by subduing the Acid that thwarts it. Externally we order the Breasts to be rubbed with a rough Cloth after eating, and fomented with the Decoction of Fennel-seeds, Marshmallows, Mint, and Elder-flowers in Milk; or anointed with the Oil of Worms, mixed with a few Drops of the distilled Oil of Anis; and covered with a Cataplasm of the Meal of Barley, Marshmallows and Yeast.  
Contrary to this Symptom is the Redundancy of Milk caused by the Laxity of the Glandules in the Breasts, or the overacting of a volatile Acid which promotes the Precipitation. It is followed by a distension of the Breasts, pain in the Back, swelling of the Glandules under the Armpits, and sometimes a Corruption of the Breasts, if it stagnate there; or by an universal Weakness, if it be evacuated. If it coagulat and distend the Breasts, we endeavour to promote its Egress by sucking, and applying the Plaster of Sperma Ceti, and above that, hot Bags quilted with Millet-seeds, Rice and Barley. If the Milk be free from Coagulation in the Breasts, we foment 'em with the Decoction of Mint, Hemlock, Cumin-seeds, and Alum in Water and Vinegar; or apply Cataplasms of the Powder of Mint, Bread, Vinegar and Salt. Some commend the Juice of Plantain, and the Plaster of Hemlock. Internally we exhibit the cold Antivenereal Specifics.  
Besides the Deficiency and Redundancy of Milk, there remains yet another Disorder relating to the same Class, viz. its Corruption or Curdling, occasioned either suddenly by the quick Retreat and Perturbation of the Animal Spirits through Grief and Fear, or gradually by its mixing with acid Lymph in the Glandules of the Breasts, and lingering beyond its due time. The Symptoms of curdled Milk are the unequal Swell of the Glandules of the Breasts, at first free of pain, but afterwards followed by a violent Heat, Redness, pinching Pain, and Inflammation that perhaps degenerats into Imposthums, Fistula's, Schirrus' or Cancers. The Cure, which ought to commence betimes, consists in discussing the Swell, and dissolving the curdled Milk, or else promoting its Suppuration. The Discussion is obtained by giving inwardly Sperma Ceti to a Dram; or Crabs-eyes and Myrrh, with Diaphoretic Antimony and fixed Salts; or the Powder of Woodlice to a Dram; or the Spirit of Sal Armoniac to a Dram; in order to sweat. After sweeting we apply a large quantity of the Plaster of Sperma Ceti, and cover it above with hot Bags of Rice, Millet-seeds and Barley; or if that Plaster be ineffectual, that of Galbanum with Saffron covered in like manner, the Breast being bathed twice a day with a Mixture of the Spirit of Sal Armoniac, Essence of Saffron and ordinary Spirit of Wine.  
If the Breasts be much inflamed or seized with St. Antony's Fire, the Woman is molested with feverish Shivering, and a beating Pain in the middle of the Swelling. In this case let the Milk be forcibly sucked; let the Decoctions of Mint and Chervil, with the abovementioned Sudorifics, be administered; and Hony spread upon grey or blue Paper be applied to the Breasts. The Phlegm of Vitriol stripped of Acidity, the Water of Frogs Spawn, and especially that of Quicklime, are very useful for external Fomentation. Some order River-Crabs bruised to be applied to the Breasts: But above all, a Cataplasm of the Meal of Beans, Lentils and Lupins, boiled in Vinegar and Water, and mixed with the Whites of Eggs, is most effectual. For St. Antony's Fire, let the Syrup of Elder spread upon a Linen Cloth be applied to the Breasts, and renewed every hour.  
If Discussives prove successless, we must endeavour to ripen the Swelling, by bathing it twice a day with Essence of Saffron and Spirit of Sal Armoniac mixed; and applying Mynsichtius' Plaster of Galbanum with Saffron mixed with Diachylon. 'Tis usual to apply Cataplasms of the Juice of Smallage, Juice of Sheeps-dung, etc. But they generally create pain. Perhaps the following Cataplasm may not be amiss.  
Take of the Roots of Orris, roasted Onions, of each three Ounces; Yeast two Ounces; Yolks of Eggs in number three; fresh Hog's Tallow half an Ounce; Oil of Roses, Meal of Beans and Linseed, of each two Ounces. Make a Cataplasm.  
When the Swelling becomes soft, it ought to be opened with a Lance, because though the Glandule and Fat be easily dissolved by the purulent matter, yet 'tis not able to break through the Skin without insufferable pains. After 'tis open, apply Tents covered with Balsam of Peru, or Oil of the Balsamin Apple, Oil of St. John's-wort, or the common Digestive of Turpentine, Honey and Yolks of Eggs; or above all, the Oil of Man's Ordure. In case of a Fistula, wash it with the Decoction of Agrimony, Alum, and Myrrh, and apply the following Ointment.  
Take of the Juice of Agrimony an Ounce; Aloes, Myrrh, Sarcocol, and plumous Alum, of each a Dram. With Hony make an Ointment.  
Ofttimes these Swell elude the Operation both of discussing and suppurating Medicines, and become hard painless Scrofles or Schirrus'; the former arising from curdled Milk, the latter from clotted Blood fixed by a powerful Acid, after the Inflammation. In this Case Gum Ammoniac, Galbanum, the Plaster of Hemloc, and a Lineament of the Juice of Nightshade with Lytharge are proper for external Application. If we are apprehensive of their Degeneracy into a Cancer, a Cataplasm of the Juice of Earthworms, Pulp of rotten Apples, Turnips, Figgs and Saffron, will not be improper. But if the Swell begin to shoot and cause pain, they are not to be meddled with; as being near akin to Cancers.  
Cancers in the Breast generally take their Rise from hard Swell, and are much encouraged by the Suppression of the Terms. When the Swelling shoots and pricks without a tendency to Suppuration; when it becomes hot and livid, and the Veins are swollen, we may reasonably conclude upon a Cancer. Sometimes, but very rarely, it comes without any visible precedent Cause, and appears first in the form of a little red Knot, about the bigness of a Chiche, which by derees increases, becomes livid and black, and the surrounding Veins swell up like so many Crabs-feets.  
If a Cancer lies hid within its own Verge, and does not yet corrode the Skin and Substance of the Breasts, it ought not to be tampered with. For a palliative Cure we apply Liniments which partake of Ceruse and the Sugar of Lead, or a Plate of Lead to the Breasts. The Juice of the prick Thistle called Onopordon, or of the Herb Robert, and the Juice or Water of rotten Apples, are also proper for external Applications. Note, all Compositions against a Cancer ought to be beaten and mixed in a Leaden Mortar.  
If a Cancer be ulcerated, and void corrupt matter dispersing its Venom round all the neighbouring Parts, it ought to be rooted out with a Knife, and the bleeding stopped with a fired Iron. Allioth pretended to cure it with Alcali's mixed with Sulphur. But the former Method is most universally received. Some apply a living Crab which dies upon the Breast while the Virulency remains; and if it live, signifies the temperance of the Ferment. This Application they repeat till the Crab be able to live upon the Breast. Soot and Limewater are also recommended for washing the Ulcers, as likewise the following Ointment. Take of the Juices of Golden Rod, Nightshade, and Sowthistle, of each an Ounce; Oil of Violets, and that of Roses, of each an Ounce and a half. With Quicklime make an Ointment in a Leaden Mortar.  
The last Disorder relating to Suckling shall be that of the Nipples; when they are small and not open, or chopped and ulcerated. The former Inconvenience is amended by applying a Cupping glass or a glass Instrument fit for the purpose, and suckling a toothless Puppy. The latter is prevented by fitting an excavated Nutmeg to the Nipple, or anointing it with Hog's Tallow mixed with common Bole, some time before Delivery. It's actual Cure is compassed by anointing with Balsam of Peru, or Oil of Balsamin Apple mixed with the Oil of Eggs. The Oil of Sugar, the fat of Cockles, the Juice of the Herb Robert, and above all, the Juice of Wood-lice expressed in Wine, are approved for the same purpose. Some apply stoned Raisins, or the Leather of ones Shoe: But when the Chaps are large, they ought to be washed frequently with warm Water to take off the stagnating Milk and Serum that corrupts and galls the Nipples; and then fomented with Plantain-water, in which Sugar of Lead is dissolved; and afterwards covered up with a leaf of Ground Ivy. If they be ulcerated, wash them with Quicklime-water; and anoint 'em with a mixture of lethargy, Alum, Myrrh, and Oil of Roses.    

AN ABRIDGEMENT OF ETMULLERUS HIS Practice of PHYSIC, etc.  
BOOK V Of the Diseases of Children.  
IN the foregoing Sections we conducted the Child from the first minute of Conception, to the hour of Birth. It remains now to view its Circumstances, when just launched into the World, and provide suitable Relief. The first Alteration it undergoes, is occasioned by the free Air which rarefies and quickens the Blood and Spirits, and by consequence provokes the Stomac, Guts, and Bladder to expulsive Contractions. Now in imitation of Nature's Efforts, 'tis the Duty of Art to promote these Evacuations by exhibiting small quantities of a Mixture of solutive Syrup of Roses, Syrup of Cichory with Rhubarb, and Sala's Emetic Syrup; and feeding it with the Beesting projected by Nature for that purpose: For the Excrements lodged in the first Passages, are the curdled, acid, nutritious Juice barred from Evacuation till Childbirth; hence the voiding of 'em before Delivery is looked upon as a Sign of a dead Child: And their undue stay after the Birth taints the nourishment with a preternatural Acidity, and is in good measure the Cause of all the tragical Symptoms that pursue our Infancy; upon which account we ought to be diligent in endeavouring their early removal.  
Nor is the insensible Transpiration or Evacuation by the Pores of the skin to be neglected, as being so essential to Life. Now the slimy Crust fastened upon the Skin by the Liquor in the Amnios, deprives the Infants of this Benefit, and by imprisoning the Steams under the Skin exposes 'em to cuticular Eruptions. To remove this inconvenience the Nurse ought to bathe the Child very frequently in warm Water, in which Soap or common Lie is dissolved; and with a soft Cloth wipe off the impurities of the Womb.  
As the undue Retention of Excrements is frequently the Cause of children's Diseases, so the Assumption of irregular Food is justly charged with the same Crime. The most of their Food is Milk from the Breasts, which is rendered disorderly several ways. As,  
1. When 'tis not the Mother's own Milk. The nutritious Juice which the Child was acquainted with in the Womb, being converted into Milk, would be the most natural and easy nourishment; since Customary Food is always most easy of Digestion. But forasmuch as the temperament of every Woman varies the Milk; that of a strange Woman must needs disagree with the nutritious Juice of the Mother, which the Child was wont to digest, and consequently causes several notable Alterations in its Body; especially considering that our Hackney Nurses are generally poor and inur'd to corpse Food, whereas the Mothers that hire 'em are entitled to a contrary Character.  
2. The Milk of a sickly Woman, whether Mother or Nurse, is improper.  
3. Fat thick Milk at first, is pernicious to the Child, and apt to curdle into an acid Crudity. Nature has wisely provided against this Consequence by the thin purgative Beesting that prepare the Child's Stomac, and by degrees enable it to digest the thick elaborate Milk.  
4. Nothing is more apt to disorder the Child than suckling it too often; since large quantities of Milk stagnating in the Stomac, must needs corrupt and occasion Crudities, especially if fresh Milk be poured in before the preceding be digested.  
5. The Nurse's irregular Conduct does frequently vitiat the Milk. The least Error in Diet, though inoffensive to her, may taint the Milk and hurt the Child. Upon which account she ought to eat roasted Meat, and that moderately, and not over-charge her Stomac, as many are wont to do, when they're transplanted from their own hungry Habitations to a fat Pasture. In particular she ought to avoid Acids, Sweetmeats, Cheese, Wine, Summer-fruits, or whatever is apt to curdle and clot the Milk. And as her Diet ought to be clean and regular, so she ought to preserve a calm dispassionat temper of Mind; since Fear, Anger, and Grief, clot the Milk by diverting and withdrawing the Spirits that should keep up its equal temperature: Nay the influence of Fear and other Passions is visible in the natural Marks that are entailed to Children in the Mother's Womb, by the violent Motion of the Mother's Spirits determined upon one part; and (by the way) these Marks are cured by applying frequently a hot bloody Secundine, or Clouts dipped in Menstrual Blood, and the touch of a dead Child's hand. Some apply Clouts dipped in the Blood of Toads, or Fernelius' Aqua Divina, or in case of extremity cut 'em off.  
If Fear or Passion actually prevail and cause the Coagulation of Milk, let the depraved Milk be first sucked out by a Puppy, and the Medicines recommended against the same Symptoms in the foregoing Book, be exhibited before the Child be admitted to suck. In general the curdling of the Milk is best prevented by eating Anise and Fennel-seeds after Meals, and abstaining from cold drink, or avoiding any external Cold; especially by diverting the menstrual Purgation, and shunning the Emotions of Venery, which by curdling the Milk in the Child's Stomac frequently entail to it an Antipathy against Cheese, as being a natural resemblance of the curdled Milk that was wont to annoy it.  
After the Child has sucked about a year it ought to be weaned, especially a little after the Equinoxes, during the increase of the Moon. The chief Inconvenience Children are liable to, is drinking in the Nighttime, which swells up their Belly, and occasions Loosenesses and many other bad Symptoms. To prevent this, let the Essence of Wormwood be mixed with their drink; or if these Evils prevail already, exhibit a little Spanish Wine, and apply Aromatic Bags to the Belly. Besides, as for the other Food of young Children it ought to consist of white Bread dried and beaten small, Yolks of Eggs and Aniseed boiled in Milk or Water to the Consistence of a thin Pulp. That which is commonly made of Flower and Milk or Water is fit for Paste than any thing else; for it lies heavy in the Child's Stomac, and degenerats into a viscous tough Crudity; whereas the Bread being already fermented, is sooner and more easily digested. 'Tis customary among Nurses to attenuate the Child's Food in their own Mouths before they give it; and indeed 'tis true that a healthy Nurse's Spittle is of use for promoting the quick Digestion: But if scorbutic Salts be lodged in her Gums, or if a Cacochymy prevail in her Body, it is too apt a Vehicle for conveying a morbifical Tincture into the Child's Body.  
These premises, if duly weighed, will furnish us with a distinct Idea of the Causes of children's Diseases. The Excrements retained and vicious Milk or Pap received into the Stomac, degenerate into an acid Crudity; which if imprisoned in a viscid Vehicle, displays its force within, and if diluted with a thinner Serum, breaks out upon the Skin in various Eruptions. From this Source it were easy to derive all the particular Diseases of Children, their violent Gripe, and voiding of discolored Excrements; the generation of Wind and distension of the Belly; Vomiting and Inappetency; Hiccough, Watch, Convulsions; and the numberless Train of cuticular Eruptions, or aches on the Skin, occasioned partly by the Efflux of a ferous acid, and partly by a want of due transpiration which obliges it to stagnat in the out parts.  
Now forasmuch as all these Diseases of Children are derived from one Cause, and consequently demand the same Method of Cure, 'twill be needless to trace every distinct Symptom apart; and therefore we shall content ourselves with a general Account of the Method of Cure. And indeed if the foregoing Hypothesis be duly considered and understood, 'twill be an obvious Consequence that the Basis of the Cure falls upon Alcalies, or such Medicines as discuss a viscid Crudity, and imbibe an acid.  
These are; first, the volatile Alkalies, especially the Spirit of Sal Armoniac succinat, which though dreaded by some, is recommended by experience as an incomparable Medicine for Children. 'Tis given in the Mother's Milk, or in Mint or Fennel-water. To this Class we may join oily Aromatics, as Aniseed given in Powder to half a Dram; Castor, Myrrh, and Elixir Proprietatis prepared without Acids. In the second Rank we place the fixed absorbent Alcalies, viz. Coral, Crabs-eyes, Pearl, Sea Horse-teeths, Ivory, Bezoar-stone. To which we may add the Tincture of Tartar, or that of the Dross of the Regulus of Antimony; and Venice treacle or Mithridate given to two Grains; (stronger Narcotics and more generous Medicines being improper.) As for example,  
Take of prepared Crabs-eyes half a Dram; Hartshorn prepared without fire, half a Dram; prepared red Coral half a Scruple; choice Myrrh, six or nine Grains; Venice treacle three or four Grains; distilled Oil of Anise three or six Drops. Make a Powder. Or,  
Take of Hartshorn prepared without Fire a Scruple; Crabs-eyes and red Coral, of each half a Scruple; volatile Salt of Hartshorn six Grains; Venice treacle four Grains; choice Myrrh three Grains. Make a Powder, of which give a convenient quantity in Milk or Pap.  
Take of Elder-flower-water two Ounces; Spirit of Sal Armoniac fifteen Drops; Hartshorn prepared without Fire, the Jawbone of a Pike, and prepared Unicorn, of each half a Scruple; Syrup of Poppies two Drams. Make a Potion to be given by little Spoonfuls.  
Now the acid Crudity being thus subdued and prepared, it remains only to make Provision for its Evacuation, first by Clysters of the Decoction of Chamomil-flowers, mixed with Salt of Tartar, Hony of Rue, and Oil of Anise; or those of Milk with Turpentin dissolved by the Yelk of an Egg; or in a difficult Case, thus,  
Take of the Decoction of Carminative Ingredients with Salt of Tartar two Ounces; Sala's Emetic Syrup two Drams; Hony of Roses two Drams: Make a Clyster.  
If a viscid Slime stuff the Breast, we may exhibit for a Potion three Drams of Hyssop Water, half a Dram of the Syrup of Tobacco, and a Scruple of Sala's Emetic Syrup mixed; or half an Ounce of Mint-water, with half a Dram of the Emetic Syrup. As for Purgatives take what follows,  
Take of the Solutive Syrup of Roses two Drams; prepared Crabs-eyes half a Dram; prepared red Coral twelve Grains: With a few Drops of the Spirit of Anis make a Mixture. Or,  
Take of the Powder of Jalap six Grains; Tartar vitriolat half a Scruple. Make a Powder.  
Manna given to two or four Drams in Breast-milk or Pap, is also a good Laxative. But above all, sweet Mercury is the most effectual Correcter and Evacuater of acid viscous Humours, especially upon the approach of the Small Pox or Measles. 'Tis given at the rate of a Grain for every year of the Child's Age. As,  
Take of the Pulp of Raisins half a Dram; sweet Mercury a Grain and a half; Powder of Jalap three Grains. Make a Bolus.  
If Mercury be insufficient, Fulminatory Gold given to a Grain with Ivory and Powder of Sea-horse-teeths, is a notable Medicine; especially if the first Passages be stuffed. It operats more fiercely in weaned Children than those that suck, by reason that the Milk tempers it.  
These Medicines, if discreetly managed, will answer all Diseases in Children, particularly the gripe they are so liable to, which are attended by prodigious unquietness, and voiding of clotted or green Excrements, or at least such as are first yellow, and afterwards become green by reason of the freer Effervescence of the curdled Acid with the Bile. These we cure by the abovementioned Clysters, (or those of Milk when the yellow Excrements are thin and sharp) and Mixtures of aromatic Waters, volatile Salts and fixed Alkalies; and when all prove ineffectual, by exhibiting a Grain or two of Aurum Fulminans in black Cherry-water. Externally we anoint the Belly with distilled Oils of Mace and Anise mixed with the expressed Oil of Nutmegs; or if the matter be very viscous, with an Ointment made of Gum Ammoniac, Turpentin, Aloes, Hog's Tallow, fresh Butter, and distilled Oil of Anise. If the Belly be distended by Wind, we exhibit the Powder or distilled Oil of Angelica-roots, Aniseed, red Coral, and the Water of the Oak of Jerusalem, and anoint the Belly with Oil of Chamomil, and distilled Oil of Anise. If the Child vomit often, 'tis a Sign of a strong Stomac, and ought not to be stopped, especially if it proceed only from a Redundancy of Milk; but if the Milk be corrupted and the matter discoloured, we exhibit a Powder made of Nutmegs, Coral, and Cloves; or Cinnamom-water, and distilled Oil of Cloves. Externally we inject Clysters, and anoint the Belly and Stomac as above. Against the Hiccough vomiting is proper; as also Aniseeds, Venice treacle, and distilled Oil of Cloves; or Joel's Powder of  Hartshorn and red Coral. For Costiveness which frequently causes the Distension of the Belly, difficult Respiration, and many other bad Symptoms, we order 'em Mousedung dissolved in Milk, or in case of extremity Sweet Mercury and Aurum fulminans. Externally we inject Clysters of Rape and Linseed Oils sharpened with Extract of black Hellebor or Suppositories of Venice Soap; or apply to the Belly rotten Apples with Goose Fat, and Oil of Coloquintida; or in case of Extremity the Ointment of Showbread mixed with Bull's Gall, and Oil of Coloquintida. Ofttimes the stagnation of sharp Sweat, or the neglect of shifting of the Child, galls the tender Skin under the Armpits or about the Genitals; then we order the part to be first washed with warm Water, and then sprinkled with the Precipitat of the Vitriol of Steel, mixed with Chalk, Ceruse, and Sugar of Lead. Sometimes much crying or coughing will force the Caul or one of the Intestines into the Navelstring, and so distend the Navel, and relax at the Peritonaeum; against which Inconvenience we exhibit Aniseed inwardly, and anoint the Navel with Oil of Eggs, or Bear's Fat mixed with the Seed of Thorowteasel; and with a Roller fasten upon it a round Ball of Mastic and red Wax, or Turpentin. If the Navel be inflamed, we anoint with Oil of Roses mixed with Ceruse and Sugar of Lead and apply the Plaster of Sperma Ceti. Sometimes crying, coughing, or much Wind in the Belly occasions a Rupture, which we cure by applying a Plaster of the Skins of pickled Eels boiled to a Consistence in Lie, and bathing with astringent vulnerary Decoctions. Sometimes a watery Tumour distends the Scrotum, and feigns a Rupture; this is cured by fomenting with the Juice of Goat's Dung, and applying the Dung itself as a Cataplasm. A Tenesmus or Down-falling of the Anus is cured by Fumigations of Pine-tree-Rosin, Sarcocolla, Bay-berries and Fennel-seeds, and applying Bags quilted with Mullein-flowers, Bran, Cumin-seeds, and Bay-berries. A Suppression of Urine caused by a pituitous Humour in the Passage, is cured first by cleansing the Body with Mechoacan and solutive Syrup of Roses, and then exhibiting the Decoction of Vetches and Fennel-tops with some Drops of the Spirit of Turpentine, and Emulsions of Violet-seeds with the Water of Elder-flowers, or of Restharrow; and anointing the Pubes and Perinaeum with Oil of Scorpions and that of Wax, or applying Cataplasms of Chamomil, roasted Onions, and Oil of Scorpions. An Incontinence of Urine is removed by fomenting the Sphincter of the Bladder with astringent Decoctions, and giving inwardly Castor, Myrrh, and Oxymel.  
The Thrush or Wheals that frequently beset children's Tongues, Throat and Stomac (and sometimes the Guts, as appears by scaly Excrements) are cured by washing 'em with Speedwel-water, and Juice of Turnips; or applying a Lineament of the Mucilage of Quinces extracted with the Water of Frogs Spawn, mixed with Juice of Houseleek and Alum; or Honey of Roses mixed with Spirit of Salt. If the Gums be putrified, gargoyle the Mouth with the Decoction of Chervil and Sage in Water mixed with Honey and a little Vinegar.  
Stubborn Watch are frequently the Harbingers of an Epilepsy, and therefore aught to be obviated betimes by exhibiting gentle Laxatives, and Emulsions of Sweet Almonds with absorbent Powders. Perhaps Venice treacle or Mithridate, and the Rinds of Poppy-heads boiled in Milk are not amiss; but the Preparations from Poppies are to be cautiously used if the Children be very young. Externally we bathe the Temples with the Nurse's Milk mixed with Saffron; and anoint the Breast and Pit of the Neck with an Ointment of expressed Oil of Nutmegs, and the distilled Oils of Rue and Amber. An Epilepsy is also ushered in by a starting and frights in sleep, occasioned by the violent Excursion of the Spirits, which requires the same Cure as an Epilepsy. Now an Epilepsy for the most part seems to proceed from a provoking Acid in the Guts, and is cured by Alkalin Absorbent Powders; such as Cinnabar of Antimony, Unicorn's Horn, Crystal, Sea-horse-tooth, and especially Amber and Misletoe of Hazel-wood, and the Powder of the Moss called Wood Claw. If these be insufficent, we add to them the volatile Salt of Amber, or which is yet better, the Spirit of Hartshorn impregnated with Amber. But above all, the Sulphur of Antimony or Fulminatory Gold (each of 'em given to a Grain) are the most effectual Medicines.  
Convulsions are frequently caused by the breeding of Teeth, especially the sharp Eye-teeths; whose original soft Pulp, being hardened about the sixth or seventh Month, gins to force its Passage through the Gums, and consequently irritates the nervous System, contracts the salivating Glandules, and occasions that observable Heat and Efflux of Serum to the Mouth, and the Inflammation of the adjacent Parts. This Symptom is cured by keeping the Belly open, and applying to the Gums the Mucilages of Fleawort and Quince-seeds, extracted with the Water of Frogs Spawn, mixed with Oil of Sweet Almonds and that of Poppies; or the Brains of a Hare boiled to the Consistence of a Lineament with Hony. Some recommend the Blood of a Cock's Comb for the same use. Externally we anoint the Cheeks with emollient and discussive Oils. If the swelling of the Gums begin to appear white in the middle, it may be cut with a Knife, to make way for the Tooth. Sometimes Children are troubled with Swell upon the Gums, that are not caused by Teeth, and then they cry, if the Region of their Ears be touched. This Symptom is allayed by anointing the Swell with the Oil of Sweet Almonds, and the Region of the Ears with the fat of Hares.  
A Looseness is frequently caused by the defect of Saliva following the breeding of Teeth, as also by the thinness or watryness of the Nurse's Milk. It ought not to be stopped at first; but if it last above six days, or if the Excrements be sharp, green, or black, and the Appetit dejected, a speedy Cure must be endeavoured by absorbent Powders, and the common Specifics against a Looseness.  
Worms in the Guts are frequently the Authors of the Epilepsy, Fever, Unquietness, etc. that molest Children. They are discovered by these Symptoms. The Child's Mouth is always full of Saliva, especially in a Morning, while the Stomac is empty; it rubs its Nose and gnashes with its Teeth while asleep. It's appetite is uncertain, sometimes voracious, though followed by leanness; and sometimes very low; the Belly sometimes sinks, and sometimes is much enlarged. The Face is liable to frequent Flushings, and Alterations of Colour; the Belly is for the most part open and much gripped. The Seeds of these Worms are conveyed into the Body in the Child's Food, especially in Corn or Bread. Sweet Mercury and the Conserve of Peach-flowers, interlaced with the bitter Specifics, absorbent Powders and volatile Alkalies' compass the Cure. Sometimes a Worm settles its self within the Navelstring, and causes a paleness of the Lips, wasting of the Body, and unquietness; 'tis killed by applying to the Belly the inner Shell of a Walnut filled with the Powder of Venice Glass, and that of Saffron; and than it ought to be purged out.  
Children are frequently troubled with a Cough which proceeds for the most part from the Stomac. If it be a wet Cough, Vomits are absolutely necessary. If dry, the Spirit of Hartshorn succinat, the Spirit of Sal Armoniac, Sperma Ceti, the Mucilage of Linseed, Figgs soaked in Spirit of Wine, the Juice of Rapes, and Pulp of Raisins joined to gentle Anodynes are noted Specifics. If the Cough be convulsive, we exhibit the Castor and Spirit of Amber. If the matter be very thick, the Juice of Horse-Radishes, or of Fennel, the Syrup of Hyssop or that of Tobacco, and Sala's Emetic Syrup are very proper. Externally in a dry Cough we wash the Child's Feet in hot Ale, and anoint 'em with the Goat's Tallow. If a plentiful defluction attend the Cough, we cover the Head with Cotton fumigated with Amber, Frankincense, and the Gum of the Juniper-tree. If the Child's Nose is stopped, put into it a Clout wet with Marjoram and black Cherry-water impregnated with white Vitriol, and anoint the Nostrils with the Oil of sweet Almonds mixed with a few drops of the Oil of Margerum.  
The Acidity of the Lymph, caused by the Crudities in the Stomac, frequently occasions an Obstruction and swelling of the Glandules about the Ears, Neck and Head; and a milky Crust or scaly Eruption in the Head and Face, which in process of time, if the Acid be very sharp, degenerats into Ulcers voiding corrupt matter. If this Eruption be unseasonably suppressed, it occasions a Cough, Looseness, Convulsions, and many other bad Symptoms. For Cure; internally we exhibit Purgatives, especially sweet Mercury; and absorbent Powders, together with volatile Spirits. Externally we anoint the crusty Eruptions with Oil of Tartar per Deliquium and Camphyr, and bathe 'em with the Decoction of Dock-roots, Marshmallows, Soap-wort and Celandine in small Beer or Child's Urine; and cover the running Ulcers with the Powder of the Precipitat from Vitriol of Steel, mixed with Calaminar Stone, Chalk, Ceruse, Salt of Tartar and Myrrh; and apply discussive Plasters to the swelled Glandules. When the Evil is inveterat, and the Ulcers are become fetid, 'tis customary to wash 'em with the Decoction of Tobacco, and mix Quicksilver with the Ointments, or order a Girdle of Quicksilver killed with Hog's Fat: But these Applications are not always safe. Panarollus' Ointment of Sulphur, Juice of Lemons and Hog's Fat; or that of the Yolks of Eggs boiled hard with Myrrh, black Hellebor, Cuckou-pint, and Snake-weed-roots, are preferable. If the Skull be corroded by the Ulcers, we apply Honey of Roses mixed with Spirit of Wine; and the Powder of Birthwort mixed with Balsam of Peru. If the Child's Head be lousy, apply the Oil of Spike and Powder of Stavesacre over night, or the Juice of Wormwood mixed with Quicksilver; or, which is yet safer, the precipitat of Mercury prepared with Spirit of Nitre; washing it next Morning with a Lee of the Decoction of Lavender and Spike.  
This Acidity of the Lymph, proceeding from curdled Milk in the Stomac, is also the Cause of the small Pox and Measles. They are ushered in by a dry Cough, a watriness and swelling of the Eyes, and itching of the Nose. So soon as we can discover their approach, we exhibit sweet Mercury with a Grain of the Powder of Jalap; or if the strength be much impaired, and the Heat be violent, the Sulphur of Antimony precipitated from the Dross of the Regulus. If the Belly be swollen and infested with Noise, we inject gentle Clysters. After the Ebullition is over, we administer the Emulsions of the outstriking Seeds with Castor, Myrrh, Diaphoretic Antimony, Cinnabar of Antimony, fixed Salts, absorbent Powders; and the Juice of Horse-Dung. If the Malignity of the Humours cause Convulsions, we add the volatile Salt of Amber, and the succinat Spirit of Hartshorn. If the Child be very restless, we may venture to give a small quantity of the Syrup of Poppies. If a Vomiting attend the beginning of the Disease, we ought not to stop it, unless it prove excessive, and then we give Venice treacle and Laudanum Opiatum; or rather the Spirit of Hartshorn Succinat. To prevent a Looseness, which in this case is fatal, let the Nurse and Child both drink the Decoction of Vipergrass with the Jelly of Hartshorn. As for the other Symptoms that generally accompany this Disease, see the first Book.  
Ofttimes the Child is emaciated, and does not thrive, and that chief upon three accounts. 1. When the Nurse's Milk is stolen and sharp. In this Case we change the Nurse, and bathe the Child in Goat's Milk, and exhibit the Water distilled from Ivy, or that from Fern. 2. When Worms exhaust the nutritious Juice. Besides those in the Guts treated of already, there are others like little Hairs that not only exhaust the nourishment, but continually gall and gnaw the skin. They are cured thus:  the Child in warm Water or Lee, in which Chickens Dung is boiled, and rub the Body over with Honey to tempt the Worms to come out in the form of black Hairs. Then scrape 'em off with a Crust of Bread made sharp like the Edge of a Knife. After this has been practised three or four times, bathe 'em in Wormwood-water in which Aloe is dissolved, or in the Decoction of Quicksilver. Inwardly the Tinctures of Antimony, Essence of Myrrh, and Salt of Vipers are proper. 3. When the Glandules of the Mesentery, or milky Vessels, are stuffed with viscid Crudities, and deny passage to the Chyle. This we discover by the hardness and distension of the Belly, the viscidity and whiteness of Excrements; and cure it by the abovementioned volatile attenuating Ingredients. To which we may add the Tinctures of Steel, the Tincture and Salt of Tartar, and after the Child is weaned, Arcanum Duplicatum. Externally we anoint the Belly with the Ointment of Soubread, and that of Marshmallows, Gum Ammoniac and Oil of Chamomil.  
The Fevers that Children are liable to, are also owing to the corrupt Crudities in the first Passages, which defile the Blood. Their Cure is performed by answering the various Indications according as the infirmity of Children will admit, and the nature of the Fever requires. In general, Laxatives and absorbent Powders accomplish the Design.   

AN ABRIDGEMENT OF ETMULLERUS HIS Practice of PHYSIC, etc.  
BOOK VI Of Surgery.  
SURGERY is that part of Physic which affords manual relief to the external Disorders of the Body. But 'tis not necessary for a Physician to be nicely acquainted with all the particular Directions for the Hand, that being a Province peculiar to Surgeons: So that our present business amounts no further than to account for a Physician's Duty in regulating the Method of external Applications and inward Administrations. This we project to do under five Heads, viz. those of Swell, Wounds, Ulcers, Dislocations, and Fractures.  
But before we launch into Particulars, 'twill not be improper to take notice of the Distinction of the parts of the Body into those that are hard, and others that are soft. The former are frequently injured by applying oily fat things which enjoy a latent Acidity prejudicial to the Bones. The latter are either sanguine or spermatic. The sanguine are originally nourished with Blood, and all tumors, Wounds, Ulcers, or Amputations relating to them, are neither so painful, nor so easily provoked and irritated by sharp Medicines, nor so difficult to cure; as those of the spermatic or nervous parts which are nourished from the beginning with Chyle and nutritious Juice.  
Now when any of these parts suffers external Injury, we must endeavour to allay the Pain and Symptoms that attend it, to preserve the natural Course of the Blood and Humours, and remove the putrifying acid Ferment that annoys the Part.  

CHAP. I. Of Swell.  
A Swelling is the Enlargement of the Dimensions of any part. It may be caused by Dislocation or Wind; but for the most it owes its being to Humours; as, if the Blood or Serum stagnate; the former Causes Inflammations, the latter soft white Swell: If the thinner Humours force their Passage, while thick viscous Excrements stick by the way, they gather into a Body by degrees, and so cause tumors, such as the critical Swell that succeed to Fevers, to the Plague, and French Pox, and the hard tumors of Glandules. If the nutritious Humour of any part is corrupted by a vicious Ferment residing in it, or otherwise occasionally altered, it degenerats into Imposthumes, Ulcers, Callous tumors and Excrescences. And if the nutritive Juice be too plentifully received into any part, it produces the like effects.  
The remote Causes are the straitness of the Passages occasioned by Constriction, Compression, or painful Contractions of the Fibres; the viscidity and thickness of the Humour; the disproportion of its Particles; the Influence of an acid Ferment; the extraordinary distension of the Pores giving entrance to large Quantities of nutritious Juice, etc.  
The Swell are cured by retrieving the natural Motion of the stagnating Humours; or by Discussion, Suppuration, or artificial opening. Discussion is proper for sanguine tumors, and is accomplished by applying volatile attenuating Ingredients, which temper the congealing Acid, and dissipat or exhale the Humour. Suppuration is the Effect of a mutual Effervescence betwixt the alkalin oily parts, and the Acid which precipitats 'em into a white Pus; but if the Acid be predominant, the Tumour either degenerats into a Schirrus, or breaks the Skin without Suppuration. Upon which account all ripening Ingredients ought to be juicy and balm●, for tempering the Acid, and unbending the Fibres of the part. Hence volatile Remedies which dissipate the thin and so condensate the thick Humours, and those of an acid quality, are improper. Indeed if nature be inactive, and the Humour be very thick, 'twill sometimes be useful to join some sharper Ingredients to the ordinary Medicines. If the Swelling cannot be forced to Suppuration, it ought to be opened by a ●aunce, or by a potential Caustic of the Lee of Soap, or of the Butter of Antimony, or of ●●●nes Arsenicalis, which if well managed is an admirable Caustic, and causes no pain.  
The Medicines which unlock and set at liberty the stagnating Humour, are 1. Emollient, such as Marsh-mall●ws, Pellitory of the Wall, Melilot, Fenugrec, Linseed, white Lilies, Figs, recent fat of female Animals, Mucilages, ●ils, etc. 2. Attenuating as well as well as Softening. Such are Smallage, Elecampane, roasted Onions, St. John's-wort, Saffron, Chamomil and Elder-flowers, Turpentin, liquid Storax, Goose Fat, Goat's Tallow, Gum Tacamahac, Sperm● Ceti, Oil of Dill, Oxymel of Squills, etc. 3. Discussive and in some measure Diaphoretic; such are Briony, wild Cucumbers, crude Onions (Note, the roasting strips 'em of their volatile Salt) Swallow-wort, Showbread, Tobacco, Squills, Savin, Mustardseeds, Gum Ammoniac, a Swallow's Nest, the Urine and Dung of Animals, Spirit of Urinal, Spirit of Sal Armoniac, Yeast, Oil of Scorpions, Oil of Bricks, Oil of Turpentin, Oil of Worms, the Plaster Oxycroceum, or of Ammoniac, or of Hemlock, a Plate of Lead covered with Mercury, the Ointment called Martiatum, etc. These Ingredients yield us Liquors for Fomentation, Cataplasms, Ointments and Plasters. As,  
Take of the Roots of Marsh-mallows, and white Lilies, of each an Ounce and a half; the Leaves and Flowers of Mallows, and Melilot, and Elder-flowers, of each a handful; fat Figs, in number six. Boil them in Whey or Goats Milk. And to a Pound and a half of the strained Decoction, add of the recent Juice of Onions, or Oil of Chamomil three Ounces. Mix and foment the part.  
Take of the Roots of Marshmallows three Ounces; Roots of the Flower-de-luce, an Ounce; Golewort, Mallows, and Wormwood-leaves, of each a handful; Chamomil and Melilot-flowers, of each half a handful; Linseed an Ounce and a half: Bruise them, and boil them in whey or Milk. Then beat the Pulp thro' a Sieve, and add to it of Horse-dung three Ounces; Oil of Chamomil an Ounce and a half; roasted Onions two Ounces. Make a Cataplasm. Common Soap dissolved in hot Milk is also very proper.  
Take of the Mucilages of Marshmallow and Fenugrec-seeds extracted with the Decoction of Figs, of each an Ounce; Goose Fat six Drams; Oil of Chamomil and Oil of white Lilies, of each half an Ounce. Mix, and add of the distilled Oil of Turpentin a Dram; stinking Oil of Tartar a Scruple. Make a Lineament.  
Take of the Plaster of Henbane two Ounces; Gum Ammoniac, dissolved with a gentle Heat, an Ounce. Mix, and make a Plaster.  
The discussive Ingredients are endowed with volatile subtle hot parts, for subduing the Acid, melting down the thickened Humour, and opening the Pores. Such are the Roots of Fennel, Elecampane, Flower-de-luce, Birth-wort, Pellitory of Spain and Ginger; the Leaves of Dill, Chervil, Rosemary, Marjoram, Calamint, wild Marjoram, Lavender and Hyssop; the Flowers of Roman Chamomil, Lavender, Rosemary and Saffron; Juniper and Bay-berries; the Seeds of Cumin, Anise, and Caraways; all the Spices, Castor, Storax, the Spirit of Wine camphorised, the Essences of Aromatic Plants, their distilled Oils, etc. The Decoctions of such Ingredients are used both for Fomentation and Fumigation; Cataplasms, Liniments, and Plasters are likewise in use, but Care is to be taken that no oily Ingredient stop the Pores of the Skin.  
The ripening Ingredients ought to be, 1. Moist and juicy, for dissolving the two combatant Salts that promote Suppuration. 2. Oily and temperate; and 3. Endowed in some measure with a penetrating Virtue in opposition to the fixed Acid. Such are Marshmallow-roots, white Lilies, roasted Onions and Garlic; the Emollient Seeds, Flowers, Oils, Ointments, Plasters, etc.  
The general Doctrine of tumors being thus premised, we proceed to the Description of particular Swell, which we cast into four Heads. 1. Those that proceed from the Stagnation of Blood. 2. Such as are Critical. 3. Such as arise from the Depravation of the Lymph; and 4. Those which relate to the Blood-Vessels.  
1. Under the first Head we comprehend Inflammations, Bloodshot and St. Antony's Fire. Inflammations are cured thus: Inwardly we exhibit the same Medicines as we prescribed for a Pleurisy; to which we add Nitre, by reason of the Fever that accompanies 'em. Externally we first bleed; and then endeavour to discuss 'em by applying the Decoction of Sulphur in Urine, and the Plaster of Sperma Ceti, or the Juice of River-Crabs and Horse-dung; or the Spirit of Wine camphorized, mixed with gentle Diaphoretics, and the Water of Spirma Ceti●; or Quick-l●me-water with Sugar of Lead; or the Lee of the Ashes of Vine-twigs mixed with Vinegar, Nitre and Salt. If these do not succeed, we must endeavour to bring the Swelling to a head, by applying Milk, in which Castle-soap is boiled. But if the Inflammation and Heat be great, we must avoid oily fat Ingredients. If the Inflammation be spurious, that is, if a pituitous Humour accompany the stagnating Blood, we may add Ripeners of the sharper kind. Generally the Plasters of Melilot and Diachylon, softered with the Oil of Lilies, or Ointment of sweet Almonds, are very proper. After the Swelling is open, apply the Balsam of Sulphur and Plaster Diasulphuris, or an Ointment of Turpentin, Hony of Roses, and Balsam of Peru dissolved in the Yelk of an Egg. If the Ulcers are deep and hollow, inject the Decoction of Tobacco and Plantain, mixed with Myrrh and Aloes, or tempered with Limewater and the Spirit of Venice treacle. Some are wont to apply Astringent Cataplasms and Plasters in the beginning of an Inflammation, in order, as they fancy to hinder the irruption of the Blood; but the Rules of Circulation have discovered their Mistake.  
Bloodshot is the effect of Contusions, or the Distortion of the Capillary Vessels. It's internal Cure is the same as that of a Pleurisy. Externally we apply a slice of raw Beef; or Venice treacle mixed with the Syrup of Elder, Sugar of Lead, and Salt of Wormwood. If these prove successless, we must have recourse to Cataplasms of the Roots of Solomon's Seal and Comfry, bruised and boiled in Wine; or to the Spirit of Wine camphorised and the Spirit of Sal Armoniac. If a nervous part be affected by the Contusion, we exhibit the Oil of Lavender inwardly, and anoint the part with the Balsam of Peru mixed with Spirit of Wine and Oil of Castor. If the Symptom do not disappear after these Applications, we must endeavour to suppurat, and after Suppuration consolidate as above. But when the Part quickly becomes black, and threatens a Gangrene, or when the Contusion is deep and reaches beyond the Cuticle, 'tis not safe to stay for Maturation; therefore we scarify it, and then apply Aromatic Decoctions, or Limewater sharpened with the Spirit of Wine and sweet Mercury.  
St. Antony's Fire is an Inflammation incident to Scorbutical Persons, and seems to proceed from a subtle volatile Acid, that ferments with the volatile Salt of the Blood, and causes it to stagnat. It is ushered in by shivering, and attended by a notable Heat and Fever. It's Colour is very red; when touched it becomes white, but quickly reassumes its redness; It spreads over the neighbouring Parts, and is apt to degenerate into sordid Ulcers or Gangrenes. When it besets the Arms, 'tis more troublesome than in the Legs: If it strike in, or seize the Head, Face, Mouth, or Fundament, 'tis very dangerous. It's internal Cure is accomplished by the Water, Essence, and Syrup of Elder-flowers, mixed with the volatile Salt of Hartshorn, or that of Amber, Camphyr, Sugar of Lead, Diaphoretic Antimony, Cinnabar of Antimony, and absorbent Powders. Purgation before the Declension is absolutely pernicious; as also bleeding, unless the Disease be occasioned by a Contusion, Fracture or Wound. Externally cold, astringent, oily and fat Ingredients are hurtful; the more proper Medicines are the Decoctions of Elder-flowers in which Venice treacle and Castle-soap are dissolved; the Spirit of Wine impregnated with Camphyr or Saffron; the Decoction of Myrrh, and Frankincense in Wine, mixed with Camphyr and Saffron; the Water of Sperma Ceti, and that of Cow's Dung distilled in May; the bruised Leaves of Radishes applied as Cataplasms; Clouts dipped in Hare's Blood, or the first Flood of a Virgin's Terms; the Leaves of Arsemart bruised and applied; the Powders of Myrrh, Frankincense, Chalk, Sugar of Lead and Camphyr, sprinkled upon brown Paper dipped into the Spirit of Wine impregnated with Saffron. To all which we may add Laudanum Opiatum, as occasion requires. The following Ointment is also much approved.  
Take of the Powder of Elder-flowers three Drams; Ceruse a Dram and a half: With Salt of Wormwood, and Venice treacle make an Ointment. The Ointment of Sugar of Lead and Syrup of Elder, is likewise of noted Efficacy.  
If notwithstanding these Precautions, the Swelling be ulcerated, apply the Water of Quicklime prepared with Elder flowers, and mixed with the Juice of Cresses, Sugar of Lead and Ceruse.  
2. Under the Second Head, viz. Critical Swell, we comprehend Buboes, Swell of the Glandules behind the Ears, the fiery Botches called Carbuncles; those called Furunculi, Phymata, and Phygilta; the Swell in the Fingers called Paronychia, and Chilblains in the Hands and Feet.  
A Bubo is a Swelling in the Groin or Armpits. If it lie deep, low, and flat, 'tis very dangerous. If it accompany pestilential Fevers, we ought to promote its Suppuration, by avoiding Purgation and Bleeding; exhibiting Sudorifics; and applying externally Cataplasms of the Juice of Celandine, mixed with Venice treacle, Soot, and roasted Onions and Garlic; or Toads dried and soaked in Wine. If the Skin be thick and the Swelling obstinate, we apply a blistering Plaster, and when the Blister is open, Sala's Magnes Arsenicalis, which will extract the Malignity in the form of a Crust. After this Crust is removed, we cleanse the Ulcer with a Mixture of the Balsam of Sulphur, Ointment, Basilicon and Venice treacle. Venereal Bubo's are accounted for above.  
The Critical Swell behind the Ears ought to be brought to a Head when they accompany malignant Fevers, by ripening Cataplasms and Plasters. To which, if the Swell are very hard, we add Gum Ammoniac dissolved in Vinegar, and the stinking Oils of Guajacum and Tartar. When the Swelling is ripe, it ought to be opened and cleansed.  
Carbuncles are very malignant Swell, caused by a sharp, caustic, lixivious Salt separated from the Blood, which creates a bitter Heat and Pain, mortifies and blackens the Part, and occasions a crusty Ulcer, like those that follow the Application of potential Cauteries. This Ulcer is sometimes ushered in by little whitish or livid Pushes; and is always surrounded with a red or livid Circle, according as the adjacent parts are more or less mortified. 'Tis cured thus: Apply the Butter of Antimony to the middle of the Ulcer, and make a Circle with it about the mortified part: So the corrupt part will fall off, and the further Progress of the Mortification be prevented. In the room of the Butter of Antimony, some choose to apply Sala's Magnes Arsenicalis, the Part being first prepared by a blistering Plaster. Valeriola order it to be scarifyed, and then he applies the following Cataplasm.  
Take of the Juices of Comfry, Scabious and S, of each an Ounce; Venice treacle three Drams; common Salt a Dram, and two Yolks of Eggs. Mix for a Cataplasm: which separats the Crust, and prepares the Ulcer for being cleansed first by Vnguentum Aegyptiacum, then by the Oil of Eggs, the Balsam of Sulphur, and the Plaster Diachylon with Gums. In the mean while we administer internally Antimonial Sudorifics mixed with Acids.  
The Swell called Furunculi are the red, hot, pointed Botches appearing in glandulous parts. They are cured by promoting Suppuration, and avoiding Repellents; as likewise those called Phymata, which are round glandulous Swell, flat in the lower part, and pointed like a Plant in the upper. Those styled Phygeltons' are heard glandulous Swell resembling a Mushroom adhering to a Tree. They are cured by applying discussing Medicines mixed with softening and anodyn Ingredients.  
The Swelling called Paronychia is a painful Tumour of the Joints of the Fingers, sometimes fixed, sometimes wand'ring from one Joint to another. The Cause is a sharp corrosive Humour collected about the roots of the Nails, where it gnaws the Periostium and Tendons, and so causes Inflammations, Imposthums, and sometimes Gangrenes. For Cure, we administer Mercurial Purges, and apply the Spirit of Earthworms, Balsam of Sulphur and the Plaster Diachylon; or a Lineament of Earwax, Sugar of Lead, and the expressed Oil of Filberts. Some order the Finger to be put into a newlaid Egg while 'tis hot, or into a Dunghill, and held so for some time. Sometimes 'tis necessary to lay the Swelling open, and then apply to it Venice treacle dissolved in Wine. And for a defensive to the whole Hand, a Lineament of the Ointments Populeum and Album Camphoratum mixed with Opium and Venice treacle.  
The Chilblains or Kibes are whitish Swell in the Hands and Feet, apt to become bluish, and sometimes to ulcerat. They are generally occasioned by Cold, and are cured or prevented by applying Rock-Oil, or the distilled Oil of the Pinetree, or the distilled Oil of Turpentine mixed with the expressed Oil of Rapes. Some order the part to be rubbed Morning and Evening with Ice or cold Snow, and to be washed with the Decoction of frozen Rapes; or with the Spirit of Wine camphorised, or impregnated with Strawberries or Saffron. If the parts are much injured, we apply Cataplasms of Yeast, distilled Vinegar, and Sulphur of Antimony. If the Kibes are ulcerated, we apply a Lineament expressed from a Rape, excavated and filled with the Oil of St. John's-wort, and so roasted; or sprinkle 'em with the Powder of Man's Dung, and then anoint 'em with an Ointment of fresh Juniper-berries and boiled Butter; or of the Mucilage of Quinces, extracted with Nightshade-water, and mixed with prepared Tutty.  
3. The tumors next in order are such as proceed from the Disorders of the Lymph. Such are the serous, watery, soft, painless Swell, that receive no impression by the pressure of one's Finger, and if looked upon sideways, seem to be pellucid. They proceed from the Obstruction of the Lymph, and are cured internally by administering Diuretics, and the Decoctions of sudorific Woods; externally by applying Limewater impregnated with Spirit of Wine, and Cataplasms of Cow's Dung, Cumin-seeds and Lie; or the Plaster of Bay-berries mixed with Goat's Dung and Hony.  
If the Lymph be viscid, it occasions a soft, white, painless Swelling that retains Pits by the pressure of one's Finger, and is called an Oedema, which generally accompanies Chronical Distempers: For the internal Cure we prescribe stomachical and aromatic Medicines, and whatever corrects the Crudities of the Chyle, that are justly accounted the Causes of viscid Lymph. Externally we apply Discussives, for 'tis in vain to attempt Suppuration. As,  
Take of the Leaves of Tamarisk, Rosemary and Rue, of each a handful: boil them in Wine till they become soft; then add of the Meal of Vetches and Bran, of each three Ounces; Cow's Dung four Ounces; Duck's Fat an Ounce and a half; Honey four Ounces. Make a Cataplasm. If Oedema's happen in the declensions of Fevers, Cataplasms of the Herb Robert or of Celandin bruised with Wormwood are very proper. Some fumigate the Parts with Amber and Vinegar upon red hot stones, and apply the Plaster of Bay-berries mixed with distilled Oil of Amber, renewing it twice a day. Rosemary-leaves and Juniper berries boiled in Lie for a wash for the Feet, or Bay-berries boiled in Limewater and the Lee of Vine-twigs to be applied with a Sponge, are much approved. If the Swelling be hard, a Cataplasm of Goat's Dung and Man's Urine is very proper.  
If the viscid Lymph be fixed by an Acid, and stagnat in glandulous parts, it creates scrofulous Swell called the King's Evil, some of which are hard, some soft, some lose and movable, others ; some painless, and others very painful and shooting, as being near akin to Cancers. These tumors we endeavour to discuss by applying Cataplasms of the Leaves and Roots of wild Cucumbers with Goat's-Dung, and the Plaster de Ranis with Mercury; or Gum Caran mixed with Mercury and Turpentin; and anointing with Helmont's distilled Oil. In their Infancy the Fat of Vipers is also very proper. If they cannot be discussed, we must endeavour to bring 'em to maturity by applying the Plaster of Melilot mixed with the Oil of sweet Almonds and Fat of Snakes; or Platerus' Plaster of Tobacco, or Sala's Magnetic Plaster mixed with Diasulphuris. When they are ripe, we ought not to open 'em, but leave 'em to their natural leisure, that so the better part of the Glandule may be dissolved into Pus. After they're broke, we apply the common Digestives mixed with precipitat Mercury well washed. If the Swell are lose and pendulous, we tie 'em with a Horsehair, and so by degrees force their separation. If they're enclosed in proper Tunicles, 'twill be needful to extirpate the whole Membrane by the hand of a Surgeon.  
The internal Cure of the King's Evil is compassed by purging with sweet Mercury, and black Hellebor, and administering the Decoction of Swallow-wort, Pile-wort, Dropwort and Broom, or the following absorbent Powder. Take of  Sea-spunge three Ounces; Bone of the Cuttlefish, Jaw bone of a Pike, prepared Crabs-eyes, long Pepper, white Ginger, Roots of Pellitory of Spain, Galls, and calcined Eggshells, of each an Ounce. Make a Powder. Dose half a Dram to be given with a convenient quantity of Arcanum Duplicatum. The Powder of Lizards with Honey in the Form of an Electuary is also of excellent use.  
Next to the King's Evil are Schirrus' which are hard,  Tumours in soft fleshy parts, both internal and external. They proceed from the Coagulation of Blood, as when they follow Inflammations, or from the stagnation of crude Chyle, either in company with the Blood or in any other Vehicle. For the most part these tumors are free of Pain: if they happen to be very painful and livid, they are of a spurious race, and apt to degenerate into Cancers. For Cure, we endeavour to discuss a Schirrus by applying Cow's Dung boiled in Vinegar, or the stinking Oil of Tartar, and that of Earthworms mixed with Spirit of Wine; or Cataplasms of Briony-roots, Goats-Dung, Lie and Soap. If these be insufficient, we must have recourse to the Gums, especially Gum Ammoniac and the Plaster of Hemlock with Mercury, or a Plate of Lead applied to the part. If the Tumour cannot be discussed, we must bring it to a Head with ripening Ingredients; but withal take care that they be not too violent, lest it degenerate into a Cancer.  
A Cancer for the most part is the Consequent of schirrous and scrofulous tumors, and frequently invades the Breasts and glandulous places. If it come by itself, it appears first as a Tumour no bigger than a Bean, and by degrees increases, becomes hard, black, livid, and molested with shooting pains. Afterwards it festers, stinks, and corrodes the adjacent parts, being surrounded with Veins swollen with black Blood. The immediate Cause is a volatile corrosive Acid, which if it be not supplied with fresh Recruits may lie hid in the part a long time before it fester, and then we call it an occult Cancer. But as soon as it becomes an Ulcer, 'tis justly entitled a manifest one. If a Cancer proceed from internal Causes: If the whole Mass of Blood, and the Bowels are tainted: If the Tumour lie very deep or near to large Vessels: If the pain be violent, and frequent Bleedings ensue, 'tis a dangerous case. If a Cancer be occult, it ought not to be tampered with, nor is it safe to apply any thing except some very temperate Alcalies; such as the Juice of Nightshade beaten in a leaden Mortar, the Juice of the Prick-thistle called Onophordon, the Pulp of rotten Apples, or Quick-lime-water prepared with the Water of rotten Apples, the Juice of River-Crabs and Man's Dung. Sugar of Lead, and all Preparations from Lead are of excellent use; especially a Plate of Lead covered with Quicksilver. Ointments and Cerecloths of  Lead, mixed with the Oil of Roses, Oil of Frogs, etc. are also recommended; but all oily things ought to be cautiously used. In the mean while 'twill be proper to exhibit internally absorbent Anti-acid Powders followed by Purges of black Hellebor and sweet Mercury. After which the Sugar of Lead, the Tincture of Antimony tartarised, the volatile Spirit of Tartar, the Decoction of River-Crabs in Milk; and above all, the Powder of Wood-lice mixed with Crabs-eyes, are used with notable success: sometimes Issues are useful. As for manifest Cancers, we shall have occasion to take notice of 'em afterwards under the Head of Ulcers.  
The Acidity of the Lymph stands also charged, as being the Cause of the Gummy Tumours that grow upon the Bones in the French Pox: For 'tis the vicious Acid that perverts the natural Nourishment of the Bones, and occasions its degeneracy into a preternatural Swelling. They are cured internally by the sudorific Decoctions, or by a Salivation with Mercury interlaced with Preparations of Steel and Vipers. Externally we apply the dissolving Gums, with the distilled Oil of Guajacum and Mercury, or a Plate of Lead covered with Quicksilver, or Quicksilver congealed by the Fumes of Lead. For mitigating the pain we may add Opium to all such Compositions.  
The occasional Depravation of the nourishment of the several parts of the Body will also cause several sorts of tumors. As upon broken Bones a Callus; upon tendonous places a Ganglion, and upon fleshy parts fleshy Excrescences. The first two are discussed by applying a Plate of Lead with Mercury, or the stinking Oil of Tartar with Castle-Soap, or the Spirit of Wine with the Juice of Rue; or in obstinate Cases, the Plaster de Ranis with Mercury. Fleshy Excrescences, unless they adhere to the Nerves or Arteries, aught to be cut off, and the Root eaten away by the Butter of Antimony and Vnguentum Aegyptiacum.  
Some Excrescences are enclosed within their own proper Membrans, and contain peculiar Humours, sometimes like Honey, sometimes like Pap, and in other Cases like Soap or Fat. The Cause of such Excrescences is the distortion and enlargement of the Fibres, occasioning a large accession of Juice which distends and adds to the Growth of the misplaced Fibres, till by shooting out new Tendrels, they join one another in the Form of a Concave Membrane, containing the stagnating Juice variously altered according to the different occasions. They frequently happen about the Head and Neck, and share the common Fate of some nervous Swell, in being liable to alterations from the Moon. For Cure; if they are recent, we may attempt to discuss 'em with Gum Ammoniac, Balsam of Peru, Sulphur, etc. If they cannot be discussed, we ply 'em with sharp suppurating Ingredients; such as Gum Ammoniac, Pellitory of Spain, Euphorbium, and Oil of Amber. When the Tumours are thus ripened, we open 'em with a Lance, and apply a Caustic of the Ointment Aegyptiacum, the dulcified Earth of Vitriol and Salt, for extirpating the Membrans; But if the Excrescence be hard and stubborn, 'twill be needful to set aside all discussing or suppurating Ingredients, and cut up the skin cross-ways so as not to touch the Membran; then separat the one from the other, and cut out the Membran with the enclosed Tumour by the Root: and after all, stop the bleeding and cleanse the Ulcer, as in other cases.  
Sometimes when the nervous Fibres in the Skin are tore or corroded, they throw out their nutritious Juice which settles into Warts; and in the Toes of the Feet, where the nutritious Juice of the Bones is squeezed out, into hard Corns. Some of these Warts and Corns are fixed so deep into the Tendons, that they cannot be extirpated without incurring the danger of Inflammations, Convulsions or Gangrenes. But others are only superficial and easily removed. Warts are extirpated by applying the Juice of Celandine, or the Ashes of Briony mixed with its Juice, or the Juice of Spurge, scarifying the part gently before Application. Some commend an Ointment of Honey with the Spirit of Sulphur, and the Solution of Sal Armoniac in Water, or the Juice that Snails cast forth when rubbed with Salt; but the best method of rooting them out, is to touch 'em with Butter of Antimony or Aqua fortis, or rather to burn them out with a hot Iron. If they are pendulous and hang by a small Root, a thread of Silk tied about the Root will cut off their nourishment, and make 'em fall off. As for the venereal Warts that generally invade the Genitals, we apply the Solution of sublimat Mercury and Alum in Plantain-water.  
As for Corns, we order the Feet to be washed, and the thick Skin to be scraped off; then we apply Galbanum or Gum Ammoniac, or the Plaster of Hemlock with Mercury softened in the Oil of Bricks. Some recommend pieces of raw Beef, or Onions mixed with Soap in the form of a Cataplasm. If these prove successless, we apply Aqua fortis, or Butter of Antimony mixed with Honey, taking care to defend the neighbouring parts, and take off the Eschara with the Plaster Diachylon with Gums. But if the Corns lie deep, and be fixed in the Tendons, 'tis dangerous to apply Caustics, or to cut them with a Knife; though in other Cases, such Operations may succeed.  
Sometimes we meet with spongy Swell about the Joints, that proceed from the nutritious Juice of the Membrans mixed with the glutinous Matter that bedews the Joints. The best way of curing 'em (if so be they admit of a Cure) is to throw astringent Powders upon 'em; such as the Sugar of Lead, Vitriol, Calaminar Stone, and sometimes precipitat Mercury. Stronger Caustics, or Emollient Ointments, or manual Section, are for the most part very dangerous, by reason of their tendency to Cancers.  
4. The fourth Class was allotted for the tumors of the Blood-Vessels, which are of two sorts; 1. Those of the Arteries called Aneurisma's. 2. Those of the Veins called Varix's. The former are occasioned by cutting the Artery in Blood-letting; or relaxating its Coats by violent Motion, Crying, etc. or by the Corrosion of some internal Cause; all which are apt to occasion a Collection of Blood about the injured part of the Artery, and consequently a Tumour. The Signs are a Swelling rising gradually according to the Pulsation of the Artery; if the Artery lie near the Skin, its Colour is reddish; when the Swelling is pressed by one's Finger, it sinks and disappears, without it be inveterate. 'Tis cured by opening a Vein in the opposite part of the Body, avoiding all oily fat things, and applying Bowl Armenic, Frankincense, Earth of Vitriol, Dragon's Blood, and Laudanum Opiatum, with a Plate of Lead and a strong Ligature. In France they follow a new Method; as for example in the Arm, they squeeze the superior part of the Artery so close, that no Pulse is perceived; then they open the Tumour with a Lance, and remove the congealed Blood. Having discovered the Wound of the Artery, they apply to it a little ball of Vitriol wrapped up in Cotton, and the Powders of Sarcocol, Frankincense, and Pine-tree-Rosin with Tow, and above all Bolsters covered with the common Digestive, and tied down with a strong Ligature. The upper Bolsters are renewed every day; but the Ball of Vitriol which is no bigger than a Pea, and which is insensibly dissolved by the Blood that soaks thro' the Cotton, is suffered to continue till it fall off.  
The immediate Cause of a Varix is the Relaxation and Distension of the softer Fibres of the Veins. The remote Causes are the thickness of the Blood, or the Compression of corresponding Veins, as when the Iliac Vessels being straitened by big Bellies, occasion a Varix in the Veins of the Legs. The Diagnostics are the Turgidity, and bluish Blackness of the Veins. It seldom requires a Cure unless it be painful or threaten a Rupture, Ulcer or Gangrene. If it be very painful, we apply the Ointment Populeum, with Mucilages of Flea-wort and Fenugrec-seeds, the Oil of Chamomil and Flower of Beans. If they are ulcerated, apply the Plaster of Frog's Spawn with Hartshorn, Frankincense and sweet Mercury. If the Tumour be very high, and apt to break, open it with a golden or silver Needle, and apply a Plate of Lead, or foment with a Sponge soaked in the Decoction of Alum, Salt, and the Fruit of Acacia in Vinegar; or apply a Cataplasm of the Flower of Lupins, dried Goat's Dung, and Vinegar in which a hot Iron has been five times extinguished; remembering still, to tie a strong Ligature about the part. If the Varix is open and bleeds excessively, apply the Powder of Hog's Dung, or Clouts dipped in the Solution of Steel and Alum. In the mean while we ought to take care that the Ligatures do not hinder the Circulation of the Blood, and exhibit inwardly attenuating Sudorific Decoctions.   

CHAP. II. Of Wounds.  
THE Nourishment of wounded parts, and the Blood which flows from 'em, being corrupted by the external Air, become acid, corrode the nervous Fibres, extinguish the innate Spirit, and produce all the tragical Consequents of Wounds.  
The Wounds of internal parts are discovered by the lame performance of their respective Offices, or by the alteration of Excrements voided by 'em. Wounds of sanguine parts ought to be carefully distinguished from those of the Nerves or Membrans; as also the Curable from the Incurable; some of which are mortal, some not. The mortal are said to be such, either when an internal Bowel essential to Life is disabled, or when the Blood, Spirits, or Vital Juices are too copiously evacuated, or thrown upon some Cavity from which they cannot be retrieved.  
Thus the Wounds of the Heart are not always mortal, without they reach into the Cavities, especially the left: but those of the Lungs, Bronchia and Windpipe; of the Middrif, especially its tendonous part; of the internal side of the Guller and Orifices of the Stomac; of the Guts (excepting that part of the straight Gut which may be reached from without) of the Caul, Sweetbread, and Liver (especially if they reach the large Vessels) of the Gall, Bladder, and Branches of the choleric Passage; of the Spleen, which is full of Arterious Blood; of the Conduit of the Breast, the Navelstring, Kidneys, and the Neck of the Bladder; of the Womb while the Woman is with Child; of the Medulla of the Brain, intercostal Nerve, Cerebellum, and Marrow of the Backbone, betwixt the Vertebrae of the Neck, and those of the Back: these I say are all mortal. Those of the Mesentery are curable if the large Vessels be safe: as likewise those of the cortical part of the Brain, of the temporal Muscles, of the bottom and muscular part of the Bladder, and the inferior part of the spinal Marrow, if it be not cut across.  
A Surgeon's Duty with reference to Wounds is to remove the corrupt Blood and Juice that hinders Coalition, to join the divided parts, and apply such vulnerary balmy Ingredients, as preserve their nutritious Juice from Corruption. Now for so much as the natural Temperature of the nutritious Juice consists in a temperate oily volatile Salt, surrounded with a Dewy Vehicle, and consequently its Degeneracy is justly called Acidity; we ought therefore to keep the Wound safe from the Injury of the Air, which has a notable Virtue of creating Acids, and to untie or open it as seldom as ever we can. Some Surgeons being more amused with the Effect than the Cause, choose rather to provide for the removal of the Gore and Filth, than be so nice in exposing the Wound to the Air. But as their Practice is unaccountable, so it ought not to be looked upon as a Precedent. The Surgeon's Breath, especially that of drunken Persons or Women in their Terms, is likewise prejudicial to a Wound; and therefore aught to be avoided as well as the Influence of the Moon, which stupifies and benumbs whatever is exposed to it, as appears by gathering its Rays with a Convex Glass.  
Thus the Corruption of the natural Juice is prevented by applying temperate, volatile, balmy, saline Medicines, such as the Balsam of Peru, Turpentin, Oil of St. John's wort, Balsam of Sulphur, and especially Paracelsus' Balsam of Samech prepared from the Salt of Tartar volatilised by the Spirit of Wine. The common expressed Oils without they be further prepared are pernicious, by reason of their latent Acid; as also all sharp volatile Salts, because they increase the Pain, melt down and consume the Nourishment of the Part, and hinder Consolidation. But above all, let Acids be strictly prohibited. In the mean while we administer internally Medicines prepared from the vulnerary Plants, Dog's Dung, Earthworms,  River-Crabs, and the Blood of Goats. Crabs-eyes mixed with Wine are also of good use; for they qualify and correct the Acid of the Wine, which of itself is highly pernicious. Nay the chief Virtue of all vulnerary Ingredients is that of subduing a Acid; thus Mercury fixed by Acids is revived by boiling in the Juices of vulnerary Plants.  
Some are wont to apply Digestive suppurating Ingredients to all Wounds; but if the Wound be free of Contusion, and no heterogeneous Substance be lodged in it, they are noxious, as causing a needless Afflux of Matter, and converting the Wound into an Ulcer. 'Tis true that Wounds received by a Pistol, which generally carry Contusion along with them, or those of the Head which require to be kept open for some time, or such as are already ulcerated, require Digestives. Such are Turpentin, the Yelk of an Egg, Myrrh, Balsam of Peru, Oil of Roses, Camphyr, Hony, and in a word, all oily Alcalies, to which we add Absorbent Powders, as Chalk, Led, Copper, etc. After Digestion we add some sharper Ingredients for cleansing the Ulcer.  
The remaining part of a Surgeon's Office is to take out the heterogeneous Substance, if any such there be; and to join the divided parts either by convenient Ligatures, or sewing 'em together. The heterogeneous Substance is extracted by proper Instruments, or by applying the fat of Hares with Amber and living Crabs, or the dried Tongue of a Fox soaked in Wine, or a Plaster of Honey, Yeast, and Misseltoe of the Oak: and administering in the mean while the vulnerary Decoctions, such as that of Dittany with Crabs-eyes. For joining the sides of the Wound, we use a Fillet of two ends meeting in one Body, which joint Body we apply to the part opposite to the Wound, and bring the two ends across upon it, so as to join its Lips. These Fillets will serve for joining simple Wounds that run along with the length of the Fibres; but for large ones that come across the Fibres, or the Joints, or when any part is almost cut off to a very Point, than 'twill be needful to few up the Part with a Needle and Thread. But we ought to take care not to attempt sewing up a nervous Part, for fear of enlarging the Pain or pricking a Nerve; as also when we few, not to bring the sides of the Wound, too close, because they are apt to swell; and besides, the purulent matter, if it have not a sufficient Vent left, will recoil, and create hidden Ulcers, or corrode the Bones.  
Wounds that come by Pricks rather than Cuts are plied with Tents, which provide for the Incarnation of the remote bottom of the Wound, before its surface be covered with Flesh. But in applying Tents we ought to observe these Cautions; 1. They must not be too long applied, because they retard Consolidation. 2. In nervous parts they ought not to be long or hard for fear of irritation. 3. They ought not to be too large for fear of rubbing off the Gore which cements the sides of the Wound, or hurting the growing tender Flesh, and denying Reception to the purulent matter. When the Wound is a closing we ought not to be too liberal in applying astringent Powders, because they straiten the Pores, harden the Fibres, and so occasion a Scar or Roughness, especially in adult Persons, whose nutritious cementing Juice is not so balmy as that of young People. To prevent such Deformities, let the Fat of a Graylin be frequently dropped into the Wound when it gins to consolidate. 'Tis true, that moderate Astringents are useful for drying up the thin serous Humour that accompanies the nutritious Juice of the part, cramps its cementing Faculty, and renders the part flaccid, soft, and overgrown with luxuriant Flesh. But in simple Wounds, where there is no loss of Substance, they are not so very necessary.  
To conclude, we may justly infer from the foregoing Premises, that vulnerary Medicines are enriched with a temperate volatile oily Salt, and a gentle astringent Force, as being such as do not of themselves create new Flesh, but only preserve the natural state of the nutritious balmy Juice, which alone is able to consolidate and repair the loss. They are prescribed in these or the like Forms. First, Internally,  
Take of River-Crabs, in number twelve; Comfry-roots an Ounce; Leaves of Bugloss and Ground-Ivy, and Tops of St. John's-wort, of each a handful: Boil them in Water and Wine, and sweeten the strained Decoction with the Syrup of Ground-Ivy; and if a nervous part be wounded, add Oil of Amber. Dose, six Ounces twice a day. Note 1. The simple vulnerary Medicines are best. Therefore Crabs-eyes and Diaphoretic Antimony; in Fever's Antimonial Nitre, and in nervous Wounds the Oil or Spirit of Amber, are sufficient for internal use. Note 2. When any heterogeneous Matter is lodged within the Wound, or when 'tis very foul, we add to such Decoctions, Savin, Mugwort, Speedwell, Agrimony, etc. and when the Wound is sufficiently cleansed, leave 'em out.  
Secondly, Vulnerary Medicines are prescribed for Injections: As, Take of the Herbs Speedwell, Winter-green, Sanicle and Tobacco leaves, of each two handfuls; Dog's Dung four Ounces. Boil them in Water. Add to the strained Liquor Spirit of Wine with Hony, and wash the Wound with the Mixture.  
Thirdly, They're prescribed in the Forms of Oils or Balsams to be dropped into the Wound; of which the Oil of St. John's wore, Balsam of Sulphur, or that of Peru, and especially Capaivi, are infinitely the best.  
Fourthly, Ointments: As, Take of Benzoin an Ounce; Spirit of Wine an Ounce and a half; Mastic a Dram; of the black Balsam, half an Ounce. Make a Lineament. Or, Take of Earwax two Drams; Sugar of Lead two Drams: With the expressed Oil of Walnuts make an Ointment. Note 1. Earwax is of peculiar use for Wounds of nervous parts. 2. Spirit of Wine not over-rectifyed is of admirable Efficacy for preventing Corruption and Consolidating. Hence Venice treacle mixed with it and applied to the Wound is much approved.  
Fifthly, Plasters; of which Paracelsus' Oppodeldoch, and Crollius' Styptic Plaster are the best.  
Some pretend to cure Wounds by Sympathy; as by mixing the Blood of the Wound with the Vitriol of Copper calcined by the Sun; or by applying Arsmart to the Wound, it being first dipped in cold Water, and then removing it from the Wound while 'tis hot, and burying it in a Dunghill. But the Colcothar of Vitriol washed and dissolved, infused or boiled in Wine for washing the Wound, is certainly a useful Medicine.  
The general Cure of Wounds being thus premised, we come next to consider some particular sorts; as 1. Bruises, or those which partake of Contusion. If the Contusion be very considerable, 'twill be needful to scarify the Wound; if not, the common Digestives and suppurating Medicines will sufficiently cleanse it; to which we may add the Oil of Wax, expressed Oil of St. John's-wort, and the Plaster of Cummin. Towards the end of the Cure, we may apply the Spirit of Sal Armoniac, distilled with Quicklime.— Of this Nature are the Wounds received from Guns; for so much as Bullets tear and bruise wherever they come, in curing them we ought first to promote Suppuration by applying Tents dipped in Spirit of Wine, and covered with the following Lineament.  
Take of the Oil of White Lilies four Pound; boil two Puppies in it till their Bones be dissolved; then add of Earthworms boiled in Wine a Pound. Boil them together, and when the Liquor is strained, add Venice Turpentin three Gunces, Spirit of Wine an Ounce and a half. Make a Lineament. After Suppuration is obtained, let the Wound be cleansed with the following Ointment.  
Take of Venice Turpentin five Ounces; Oil of Roses an Ounce; Honey of Roses strained three Ounces; Myrrh, Aloes, Mastic, and round-rooted Birth-wort, of each half a Dram; Flower of Barley three or four Drams. Make an Ointment to be sprinkled with Spirit of Wine. If the Part be much corrupted, we may add precipitat Mercury. If the Bones be seized with Aches after they're cured (as it sometimes happens in these Wounds) anoint 'em with the Oil of Turpentin. If when the Wound was received, the Gun was very near the Person, the wounded part will be likewise burnt; in which case Quick-lime-water with the Juice of River-Crabs and Phlegm of Alum is very useful.  
2. Malignant and venomous Wounds. The Causes are a poisoned Instrument, or the biting of an angry or mad Animal. The Symptoms are an unaccountable Pain, sudden blewness or blackness of the Part, and its tendency to a Gangrene; difficulty of Breathing, cold Sweats, Swoonings, Headaches, etc. If the Wound be deep, it must be scarifyed, and Venice treacle with Spirit of Wine applied to it. If it was caused by the biting of a Viper, apply a living Toad bruised, or the Powder of a dried Toad in Vinegar, and touch the part with a hot Iron, but so as not to burn it, and exhibit Urine to drink. For the Bites of mad Dogs, etc. apply the Stone of an Indian Serpent, or in want of that, Sala's Magnetic Plaster mixed with the Powder of River-Crabs; or a Cataplasm of Onions, Garlic, Venice treacle, and Yeast. After the Poison is extracted, we apply Digestives as above. Wounds received by poisoned Darts, etc. are cured after the same manner. In the mean while we administer internally Venice treacle, Diaphoretic Antimony, etc. with distilled Vinegar.  
3. Wounds of Veins and Arteries. In which the most pressing Indication is to stop the Bleeding: For this end we apply styptic Liquors of the Solution of the Vitriol of Steel mixed with a half quantity of the Solution of Alum in some Astringent Vehicle; or a mixture of strong Vinegar, Crocus of Steel, and the dulcified Caput Mortuum of Vitriol; or above all, the Moss of a dead Man's Scull, or the Mushroom called Crepitus Lupi, tied very hard to the part. If the bleeding be obstinate, and if there be no Nerves or Tendons in the way, we apply a Caustic of Vitriol calcined till it become white, mixed with Crepitus Lupi. For Amputations, Ligatures are of very good use. Internally we exhibit nitrous Acids with Astringent Tinctures. But in the mean while the Patient must carefully avoid all Emotions either of Body or Mind.  
4. Wounds of the Nerves, or nervous Parts, are very dangerous, by reason of their liableness to Convulsions, Inflammations, Gangrenes, etc. If a Nerve or Tendon be pricked, drop into it the distilled Oil of Turpentin mixed with Spirit of Wine, and Camphyr or Euphorbium. If a Nerve or Tendon be cut across, avoid all Tents, and expressed Oils, or fat Ingredients; and apply volatile vulnerary Balsams sharpened with the distilled Oil of Amber, or the Powder of Earthworms mixed with Turpentin, or the Powder of Snake's Cast-Coats mixed with that of Crabs-eyes; or a Mixture of the Oil of Earthworms, Oil of Foxes, Man's Fat and Juice of Earthworms, rubbing the whole Interval betwixt the wounded part, and the Original of the Nerve. Sometimes when Tendons are cut across, they may be fewed together with a fine Needle, according to the Example of a late Instance of that Nature in Paris.  
5. The Wounds of the Breast. In curing of which we ought to mind these Cautions: 1. That if the Wound be lower than the seventh Rib, it belongs to the Belly, and not to the Breast. 2. 'Twill be needful to use Tents for the Wounds of the Breast; but they ought not to be put in during the time of Inspiration, lest they be sucked in: and besides, they ought to have large Heads to prevent their Ingress. 3. Internally Dieuretics are very proper, by reason that matter in the Breast has ofttimes a tendency to pass by Urine. 4. Antipleuritical Medicines will be also very convenient for preventing the Evils that may ensue.  
6. Wounds of the Head: In all which the Belly ought to be kept open. If they're only superficial, let a Plaster of Tacamahac, and the Plaster of Betony be applied. If the Scull be injured, apply the Powders of the Flower-de-luce, Aloes and Myrrh mixed with Spirit of Wine, or distilled Oil of Turpentin. If the meanings and Scull be cut quite through, we must stop the internal Bleeding by the Powders of Aloes, Frankincense, and Bole Armenic mixed with the Whites of Eggs, and put into the Wound Clouts impregnated with the Oil of Turpentin or Balsam Capaivi. Some apply the Oil of Roses, but that and all fat viscid Ingredients are absolutely pernicious. As for Bruises of the Head; if they are without Wounds, and are not likely to be discussed, we must promote their Suppuration, and open 'em very quickly, lest the stagnating matter should injure the Scull. If they are accompanied by Wounds, but such as do not injure the Cranium, we apply a Digestive of Turpentin, Gum Elemi, Fat of Beavers, and that of Hogs. If the Scull be hurt by Bruises, they cause either a Fracture, or a Fissure, or Depression of the Bone; of which more anon.  
We shall conclude this Chapter of Wounds, with a few of their most remarkable Symptoms. 1. Inflammations of Wounds are cured by applying Limewater or the Juice of River-Crabs with Camphyr and Sugar of Lead. 2. An Erysipelas, by applying Venice treacle and Salt of Wormwood dissolved in Spirit of Wine. 3. Luxuriant over-growing Flesh caused by the spongyness and flagginess of the Part is removed by applying burnt Alum, Crocus Metallorum, the Ointment Aegyptiacum, Platerus' Green Water, or rather the Powder of the Crystals of Silver dissolved in Spirit of Nitre. 4. The Pain which generally attends Wounds of nervous parts is mitigated by applying a Mixture of the Oil of Earthworms, distilled Oil of Lavender, and that of Amber. 5. A Synovia or Efflux of the nutritious Juice of the wounded Joints, is cured by applying Clouts soaked in the Water distilled from River-Crabs or in a Virgin's first Menstrual Blood; or a Cataplasm of Hog's Dung boiled with the Blood of the Wound; or the Moss of a dead Man's Scull, or Wurzius' brown Ointment; or in the room of 'em all, the following Powder, viz. Take of the Powder of Oyster-shells an Ounce; Calaminar-stone, Cuttle-bones, and Jawbones of Pikes, of each two Drams; prepared Spodium, and seal'd-Earth or Alum, of each a Dram and a half. Mix and make a Powder. 6. Convulsions of wounded parts are cured internally as an Epilepsy, and externally by applying the Balsam of Peru with the distilled Oil of Amber, and if a Nerve be pricked, treating it as above; or if it be imperfectly cut, by cutting it or the Tendon quite through, and so saving the Person's Life, though at the expense of the Sense of that Part. 7. The Fevers that attend Wounds are for the most part ushered in by extraordinary Heat, Redness of the Eyes, unwonted pain, and frequent Flushing; they're cured by Sudorifics, such as Crabs-eyes, Diaphoretic Antimony, Coral, and Sal Armoniac mixed with Nitre and the Juice of Citrons.   

CHAP. III. Of Ulcers.  
ULcers are the Corrosion of the Fibres, occasioned by a sharp acid Ferment flowing from the corrupted Nourishment of the Part, or the vicious Blood and Lymph. The Acidity of this corrosive Ferment is sufficiently made out by the acid Smell of Plasters, after 've been applied to Ulcers, and the unfitness of Alcalin Caustics to corrode, as being more apt to mortify. In nervous parts, whose nutritious Juice is not laden with such a strong volatile Salt, as that of the sanguine; and in glandulous places, where the Lymph does naturally incline to Acidity, Ulcers are more troublesome and dangerous than elsewhere. In Persons whose Blood is degenerate from its volatile State, and become acid, Ulcers are very obstinate, and scarce curable, without the Crasis of the Blood be retrieved. If an Ulcer be closed before the malignant Ferment be quite drained, 'twill either relapse in the same place, or corrupt the adjacent Bones, or display its Energy in another part of the Body. If they be much exposed to the Air, their Lips become hard and callous, and sometimes dry: If they're much discoloured, they signify a Gangrene: If they continue long, they cause Consumptions, Fevers, and Ulcers of the Lungs. If the Matter that issues from 'em be bloody, thin, sharp, yellow, or stinking, it is not so favourable as when 'tis white and thick. When Ulcers become dry, unaccountably, and of a sudden, they portend imminent Death.  
Ulcers are cured by volatile Acalies and fixed Absorbents, which mortify the prevailing Acid. The external Remedies are of three sorts. 1. Digesting. 2. Cleansing; and 3. Healing. Those of a digesting Force are the more temperate Alkalies: such as Turpentin, Yolks of Eggs, Mastic, Oil of St. John's-wort, Myrrh, etc. and are used for qualifying the sharp bloody matter, and working it into a thick Consistence called Pus. For the prevailing Acid converts the nutritious Juice of the part into a sharp thin matter, which ought to be qualified by an Alcali, in order to become thick; but so as not to destroy all the force of the Acid, which entitles it to whitish Colour. When the matter is thus prepared, we proceed to cleansing Remedies, that is, sharper Alkalies that destroy the Acid more powerfully, and hinder the Conversion of the nutritious Juice into corrupt matter. Their cleansing Virtue is only accidental, and less to be regarded than that which directly stifles the Causes. Of this Nature are the Decoctions of vulnerary Plants in Limewater, or Cataplasms of the bruised Leaves of vulnerary Plants which are infinitely more useful than all the Oils, Ointments, and Plasters of the Shops; the last being of no use but for defending the Wound from Air and Cold.  
Take of Tobacco-leaves two Handfuls; Wormwood-tops and the Herb Speedwell, of each a handful; Roots of round-rooted Birthwort an Ounce; Juniper-berries half an Ounce; Crude Alum from three to six Drams. Boil them in Black-Smith's-water, strain the Liquor to be injected into the Ulcer, adding at every Injection a convenient quantity of the Spirit of Wine.  
Take of Limewater a Pound; Sweet Mercury two Drams; Spirit of Venice treacle camphorised an Ounce. Mix, etc.  
Take of the Crocus of Steel, prepared by Precipitation two or three Drams; Calaminar Stone or sealed Earth a Dram; Lac Lunae a Dram and a half; Mace, Myrrh, Olibanum and Aloes, of each a Dram; Camphyr half a Dram. Make a Powder to be sprinkled with the Spirit of treacle camphorised, and applied to obstinate Ulcers. A cleansing Ointment may be prepared of the Juices of Tobacco, Wormwood, Betony, Hony of Roses, Aloes, Myrrh, Flowers of Sulphur and Turpentin. If the Ulcers are rotten, or the part much corrupted, the Ointment Aegyptiacum, or Verdigrise with distilled Vinegar will be proper.  
When the Wound is cleansed, we apply healing Remedies, which retrieve the natural balmy Juice of the part, cement the Wound, and by a gentle astringent Force strengthen the Fibres, and prevent the unseasonable Growth of luxuriant Flesh: Such are the Balsam of Sulphur, expressed Oil of Filberts, Balsam of Pern, etc. mixed with the dulcified Earth of Vitriol for benign, and arsenic or precipitat Mercury for Malignant Ulcers. But ofttimes oily Ingredients are improper; and therefore we shift 'em for Honey and the Juices of vulnerary Plants; and in rebellious Cases add Quicksilver, from which the Spirit of Nitre is drawn off. If the Ulcer be covered with luxuriant Flesh, touch it with Crocus Metallorum, or the Crystal of Silver dissolved in Aqua fortis. If the Ulcer become suddenly dry, apply an Ointment of Turpentin, Hony, Juice of Smallage, and Flower of Beans or Fenugrec. In general the following Plaster is of singular use for consolidating Ulcers.  
Take of Mastic an Ounce; Turpentin three Ounces; yellow Wax four Ounces. Mix, and make a Plaster according to Art. Or, Take a convenient quantity of Quicklime washed twice or thrice, and dried. Mix it with the Oil of Linseed, and Bole Armenic, for a Plaster.  
In the mean while 'twill be requisite to administer vulnerary Decoctions and Essences inwardly, especially those of River-Crabs, Dog's Dung, Ground Ivy, and Tops of St. John's-wort. To which we add the Decoctions of Sudorific-woods, the Tinctures of Antimony, the Spirit and volatile Salt of Vipers, Myrrh, Saffron, Chalybeat Diaphoretic Antimony, and Coral or Crabs-eyes exhibited with Vinegar; and interlaced with Purgatives of Turbith Mineral, or Sweet Mercury with the Extract of Black Hellebor. In desperate Cases we must have recourse to a Salivation.  
Having dispatched the general Cure of Ulcers, we shall now descend to a few Particulars; as 1. The Ulcers that are attended by a Caries or Rottenness of the Bones, which must be particularly accounted for before the Ulcer can be cured. When a Caries gins, the Bone appears fat, oily, and yellowish; and when it is perfectly rotten, becomes black, uneven, and full of little Holes. If the Bone be not exposed to one's view either by the naked Eye, or thro' a Microscope, its roughness and little Pits are discovered by a Probe. If a Caries approach to the Joints, or be surrounded by many nervous parts, 'tis not easily cured. However the Method of Cure is first to dilate the Ulcer with Tents of the Roots of Gentian, or the Heart of Elder; then to apply the rectified Spirit of Wine, and the Powder of Euphorbium mixed with the Root of Florentin Orris, Birthwort, Aloes or Myrrh. The distilled Oil of Guajacum and that of Cloves are also very proper; but all Oils by Expression or Infusion are pernicious. Injections of warm Plantain-water, in which Sweet Mercury is dissolved, are of excellent use for cleansing the Bone, and fetching off its Scales. But if they prove ineffectual, we must either scrape the Bone with a Knife till it appear white and solid, with the Marks of little Blood-Vessels; or apply an Actual Caustic, the adjacent parts being carefully defended from its Injury. After scraping or burning; we apply the Spirit of Wine, or distilled Oil of Cloves.  
2. Fistulas or winding Ulcers with Callous Sides. The Figure and number of their Turn must be carefully traced by a small Candle of Wax and Turpentin: If the bottom of the Fistula be a Bone, it discovers itself to the Probe; and if it be painless, signifies that the Periostium is broke: If it end in a nervous part, the exquisite Pain will lead us to the knowledge of it; if in a Blood-Vessel, the obscure Colour of the matter will give us to know so much. Glandulous places are most liable to 'em, and unless the hardness can be removed, they prove incurable. Now in order to remove it, and to cleanse the Ulcer, we first dilate the Orifice (which in Callous Ulcers is always narrow) with a Tent of Gentian-roots sprinkled with  Alum: then we inject Limewater with Spirit of Wine; or the Juice of River-Crabs with the Juice of Tobacco and Sweet Mercury; or a Mixture of the Honey of Roses, Spirit of Wine, and Precipitat Mercury. In inveterat Cases, we apply the green Waters, or the following Mixture. Take of the Ointment Aegyptiacum half an Ounce; Sublimat Mercury a Dram; Lie four Ounces; Rose-water an Ounce; Plantain-water four Ounces; Arsenic a Scruple. Boil them till the third part be consumed, and apply the Remainder with Tents. If the Pain be so violent that these Remedies cannot be applied, we must lay open the Fistulas, and consume the Callus as above. For a Fistula in the Corner of the Eye, called Fistula Lachrymalis, the following Mixture is of noted efficacy. Take of prepared Tutty a Dram; fine Powder of Lead and Crude Antimony, of each half a Dram; Ceruse and lethargy, of each a Scruple. With the Cerecloth Diachalcitidos mix, etc.  
3. Sordid or rotten Ulcers. In the former the matter is slimy, thick, livid or black; in the latter, it stinks horridly. Sometimes Ulcers become fordid thro' the indiscreet Application of far Oils and viscous Ointments, in which Case Cataplasms of the Dung of Animals with Wine are very successful. In general, for all fordid Ulcers, we prescribe strong Cleansers; such as the Juice of Tobacco or Savin, Spirit of Wine, the Ointment Aegyptiacum, Quick limewater with Sweet Mercury, or a Precipitat upon which Spirit of Wine has been frequently distilled.  
4. The inveterate Ulcers in the Legs called Phagedema, which generally are somewhat corrosive and apt to enlarge their Dimensions. Let 'em be washed with distilled Water of rotten Apples, mixed with the Extract of Birthwort-roots, or with rectified Spirit of Wine, Sweet Mercury, and Sugar of Lead; or the Decoction of Tobacco in which Alum is dissolved; or the Solution of Precipitat Mercury, or of the Dross of the Regulus of Antimony, in Plantain-water; or the Solution of Gunpowder in Wine. After washing, apply the Ointment Diapompholigos, and Sugar of Lead, or Precipitat Mercury, with Tents. And anoint the Circumference or Edges of the Ulcer with the rectified stinking Oil of Man's Dung.  
5. Cancrous Ulcers. Their Causes and Symptoms are accounted for in the Chapter of Tumours. As for their Cure, let the Dung of a Cat fed with River-Crabs; or the Powder of a Toad and a Lizard calcined together in a new close Vessel; or mixed with black Pepper, Salt, dry Soot, and Orpine; be sprinkled upon the Ulcer after 'tis washed with Plantane-water. If these prove successless, apply the Oil of Man's Dung, and for the last Refuge Arsenic fixed with Nitre, and mixed with Scot and Rulandus' Balsam of Sulphur in the form of an Ointment, or the Oil per deliquium of the Arsenic thus fixed, it being dulcified with Spirit of Wine. If the Cancer still continue after these Applications, 'twill be needful to cut it off, and then burn out its Roots with a hot Iron; for if the least Particle of the Ferment be left, 'twill revive again. Alliot Physician to the Duke of Lorraine published a Schedule at Paris some years ago, in which he pretended to cure an ulcerated Cancer without cutting or burning; and that by a certain Alcalin Salt that is so fixed, that it won't dissolve or melt as the other Alcalin Caustics, which by so doing exasperate the Cancer. This Salt he says makes an Eschara, and converts the sharp matter into a laudable Pus.  
6. Ulcers caused by Burning. In order to adjust their Method of Cure, we ought to distinguish three degrees in Burning. 1. When the outer Cuticle alone is hurt, and lifted up in little watery Bladders. This is the ordinary effect of hot Water, burning Straw, etc. 2. When the inner Skin is also contracted and wrinkled. This is the effect of hot Oil, Wax, Pitch, etc. 3. When the Flesh itself is burnt, and the Skin cast into a Crust, as by melted Metals, etc. The Cure consists in subduing the volatile Sulphureous Acid of the Fire which melts down the nutritious Juice of the Part, and causes the fiery Bladders. For this end we apply for the first degree Quick-lime-water prepared with the Decoction of Rapes, and mixed with the Oil of Linseed to the Consistence of a thin Ointment; or a Lineament of Quicklime (frequently washed and purged of its sharp Salt) Tutty, Whites of Eggs, with Vinegar and Oil of Roses; or the Juice of Onions or Garlic mixed with Salt, Castle-Soap, and Oil of Roses. The Mucilage of bruised River-Crabs extracted with the Water of Frog's Spawn, or an Ointment of River-Crabs bruised and mixed in a Leaden Mortar with fresh Butter; the Solution of lethargy in Vinegar mixed with the Oil of Rapes, Camphyr, Mucilage of Quince-seeds, and the Whites of Eggs; a Lineament of common Oil mixed with the Whites of Eggs; or the Syrup of Elder mixed with Spirit of Wine, are all approved in the same case.  
In the second degree we lay open the Bladder without any delay, and then apply the abovementioned Medicines, or a Lineament expressed from fresh Hen's Dung fried with fresh Butter and Sage, and Plantain-leaves; or a Mixture of the Pulp of Apples boiled in the Water of Frog's Spawn, with Sugar, Camphyr and Saffron.  
In the third degree we lay open the Pushes with all possible speed, and apply emollient Liniments for separating the Crust, such as Butter mixed with the Decoction of Mallows, or the Mucilage of Quinces extracted with the Water of Frog's Spawn, and mixed with Butter, the Oil of Eggs, and that of white Lilies. If the Crust do not come easily off, it must be cut with a Lance, for fear the imprisoned matter should create a deep Ulcer. After the Crust is removed, we apply Digestives and Cleansers as in other Cases.   

CHAP. IU. Of Dislocations.  
THE Bones designed for Motion are received into Cavities called Sinus', and fastened to 'em by Ligaments, Tendons, or Muscles. And when the Head of any Bone is justled out of its proper Sinus, 'tis called a Dislocation. The Causes are generally external; though sometimes a vicious Acid thickening the nutritious Juice that waters these Cavities, may straiten their Capacities, and so deny Admission to the Bone, as in the Sciatica and Gout; and sometimes a sharp saltish Catarrh, such as Scorbutical Persons are obnoxious to, by relaxating the nervous Ligaments may indirectly promote a Dislocation. When a Bone is put out of joint, its Figure, Situation, Length and inability to move will discover it. Some Dislocations are called perfect, when the Bone is quite out of its place; others imperfect, when it sticks upon the side of its Cavity. The former is more difficult to cure than the latter. The Dislocation of the Thigh Bone, as it does not easily happen by reason of the extraordinary Strength of its Ligament; so 'tis hard to cure, the Muscles being very thick, and the part in a manner inaccessible. But that of the small Bones about the Ankle is much more dangerous, they being surrounded with many Tendons, which, when they're misplaced, are apt to create grievous Pain, Inflammations, Convulsions, etc.  
When a Bone is set, let the contracted Muscles be extended to their due Length, and the whole Member be conveniently tied fast with broad or narrow Swaths, as its nature requires, remembering still not to tie it too hard, nor to apply Astringents (as most Surgeons are wont to do) lest the Stagnation of the Blood or Serum should occasion Inflammations or Tumours. If the part be much inflamed, we must not pretend to extend it, or to set the Bone, till the Inflammation be abated by the following Decoction.  
Take of the Tops of St. John's-wort, a handful and a half; of the Herbs Betony, Chamomil, and Rosemary, of each a handful; Comfrey-roots three Ounces; Roots of round-rooted Birth-wort six Drams; the four large hot Seeds, of each an Ounce and a half. Boil them in Water, and add to a Pound and a half of the strained Liquor, six Ounces of Wine, in which Sage has been infused. Mix and foment the part, and after 'tis tied up, wet the Swaths with a Sponge dipped into it. If the Pain be excessive, we may add Poppy-Heads to the Decoction. In the mean while give internally volatile Alcalies and fixed Diaphoretics, for preventing the Stagnation of the Blood.  
If a white Swelling invade the part, either before or after the Bone is set, anoint it with the distilled Oil of Tartar, or of Man's Bones rectified with  Hartshorn. However, in all Cases let expressed Oils and Astringent Cataplasms be avoided; the former shut the Pores and relaxat the Fibres; and the latter cause Inflammations and tumors. The common Plea for Astringents is, that they strengthen the Fibres: Whereas the Fibres are much more benefited by fomenting 'em with Aromatic and nervous Decoctions, and applying Cephalic Plasters of Amber, Elemi, Balsam of Peru, etc. If the Dislocation be caused by the internal Coagulation of the nutritious Juice of the Joint, 'tis incurable, unless Mercury give relief. If it be only threatened, we endeavour to prevent it by giving inwardly the volatile Preparations of Tartar, especially its Spirit prepared from Tartar fermented with its own Alcaly; to which we may add Sal Armoniac, and the Spirit and volatile Salt of Man's Bones. Externally we apply the Spirit of Earthworms mixed with Spirit of Sal Armoniac; and in a word, whatever was recommended for the Sciatica. Particularly the following Oil,  
Take of the distilled Oil of Man's Bones one part; stinking Oil of Tartar two parts. Mix 'em with Quicklime, and distil, through a Retort, a most penetrating Oil.  
If the Relaxation of the Ligaments occasioned by a saltish Serum threaten a Dislocation, administer inwardly Poterius' Diaphoretic Gold, the Spirit of Earthworms, Essence of Sassafras, and Sal Volatile Oleosum; and rub externally with the Spirit of Earthworms and the Oil of Earth, applying a Plaster of Tacamahac and Caran softened with the Oil of Amber, or Crollius' Styptic Plaster mixed with Stone Oil.   

CHAP. V Of Fractures.  
BONES are broken mostly by external Causes; though there are some uncommon Instances of Fractures occasioned by violent internal Convulsions. Some Fractures come across the Bone, and frequently cause Splinters, which gall the nervous Parts most sensibly; and sometimes wound the Skin. They are easily discovered by their extreme pain, loss of Motion, the contraction and distortion of the muscular Fibres, the inflammations and soft swell of the Part, and by feeling with one's fingers, especially if the Bone be out of its place. But the Inflammations that attend 'em at first, aught to be distinguished from the Erysipelas that sometimes appears about the fourth day, being ushered in by shiverings, and accompanied by a Fever, as arising from the growing Acidity of the nutritions Juices of the injured Membrans, which provoke 'em to Contractions, and so waken all the Juices in the Body. Other Fractures are more properly Fissures, viz. When the Bone is split lengthways. The Symptoms of a Fissure are these. A profound Pain gradually seizes the Bone, but 'tis still capable of performing its wont Offices: Afterwards a small reddish Tumour appears, especially if the Fissure be great; the nutritious Juice of the Bone runs out of the Cleft, and glides along the Member, till the Tendons about the Joints thwart its Passage, and oblige it to stagnat, and so become an Ulcer. In the mean while the Bone itself where 'tis split, becomes rotten, and feeds the Ulcer with continual supplies of corrupt matter though at some distance. Therefore a Surgeon ought to be very cautious in all Ulcers lying near the Joints, to examine the Bone narrowly, and inquire after the abovementioned Symptoms, since Ulcers proceeding from Fissures can never be cured, till the distant Cause be traced out and accounted for.  
As touching Prognostics: Fractures in the middle of the Bone without Wounds or Splinters, are more favourable than those about the Joints, or where the two joining Bones are both broke, or where the Bone is beaten to pieces, and the Wounds, whether occult or manifest, threaten Ulcers. Fractures about tendonous places are very dangerous. The Bones of the Thigh seldom consolidat, being closely blocked up by bulky Muscles. The time of the Reunion of broken Bones is uncertain as depending upon the difference of Ages and Constitutions. Women with Child are not easily cured, but after Delivery their Cure succeeds.  
When a Bone is broken across, 'tis the Surgeon's Office to extend the Member, and join the two ends together, fastening 'em with proper Ligatures, and ordering an easy Posture of the Part according to the custom of the Patient. Thus the two ends of the broken Bone being laid together, the nutritious Juice will stagnat betwixt 'em, and gradually harden into a Substance of equal Consistence joining 'em together. If the Part be inflamed, nothing can be attempted towards setting, till the Inflammation be removed. After 'tis set, bathe it with the Spirit of Wine mixed with a third part of the Spirit of Earthworms; or anoint it with the Oil of Earthworms, distilled Oil of Rosemary, and the Oil of Man's Fat rectified upon Man's Bones; applying afterwards a Plaster of Tacamahac softened with the distilled Oil of Rosemary; or the common Plaster of white Rosin, Turpentin, Powders of Snakeweed and Birthwort-roots, the Extract of round-rooted Birth-wort prepared with Spirit of Wine, and distilled Oil of Amber. The Plaster must be so applied that its two ends do not come quite together, lest they should suppress the Tumours that always happen. If the Part be bruised, apply Honey with the Spirit of Wine. After the Plaster is applied, tie it down with Swaths and Splents, but the Swaths must not be too hard tied, nor the Splents too many. Astringent Cataplasms are generally used, but to the detriment of the Patient. If Cataplasms are demanded, let 'em be made of the Leaves of the Herb Robert bruised, or of the Powder of Snakeweed-roots with Wine.  
In the mean while 'twill be proper to exhibit inwardly vulnerary Decoctions, especially of Rosemary, Agrimony, Savin, and the Herb Robert. The Stone of Osteocolla given to a Dram in Wine or Vinegar is of singular use.  
As for Fissures; the divided parts of the Bone must be joined, the abovementioned Plaster applied, and the Member tied up with Swaths. If a Tumour beset the Part, let it be opened, and treated as a Fracture with a Wound. If an Ulcer happen, lay it open to the very Fissure, and cleanse the rotten Bone and Ulcer as above.  
If a Fracture be attended by a Wound, it must be kept open for some time, to give vent to the pieces of Bones that do not consolidate with the rest. If the Bone hang out at the Wound, and be not tainted by the Air, it ought to be put into its proper place; if otherwise, it must be sawed off, or otherwise separated. The Separation may be promoted by the following Lineament.  
Take of Aloes and Myrrh, of each half a Dram; Comfry and Birthwort-roots, of each three Drams; Euphorbium two Drams: With Turpentin and Wax make a Lineament.  
Sometimes the Callus which joins the Bones is too bulky, and causes a Deformity, which may be helped while 'tis soft and green; but it if be confirmed, there's no relief: For if a new Fracture be endeavoured, it will not fall upon the Callus, but near to it.   

CHAP. VI Of a Gangrene and Sphacelus.  
A Gangrene and Sphacelus differ only gradually; the former being an imperfect, the latter a perfect Mortification. They are equally the Consequents of all the preceding Disorders, viz. Tumours, Wounds, Ulcers, Dislocations and Fractures; and therefore seemed to claim a peculiar Chapter to themselves. Their immediate Cause is a prevailing Alcali that destroys the innate volatile Acid, and dissolves its Sulphur. The remote Causes are, whatever prevents the Influx and Circulation of the Blood and Animal Spirits, which are wont to recruit the volatile Acid, as Ligatures, Bruises, Wounds, Cold, or the sudden Contraction of the Pores, Poison, malignant Diseases, etc. The Symptoms are these. At first the Arteries beat very high in the Part, but the Pulsation, Heat and Sense dwindle gradually away; the Muscles become soft and flaccid, and separat, as it were, from the Skin, whose Colour becomes pale, blue, and at length black. If an Ulcer degenerate into a Gangrene, it voids no corrupt Matter; or if there be any, 'tis discoloured and fetid. If a Gangrene proceed from an internal Cause, 'tis incurable; for though the Part be cut off, 'twill revive elsewhere. Nervous parts are more liable, and more difficult to cure than the sanguine. Sometimes a Tendon, when seized by a Gangrene, may be moved by the Muscle, which being long and at some distance is not touched, and therefore Motion is no certain sign of a sound part.  
For Cure. In a Sphacelus the mortified part must be cut off. In a recent Gangrene, we must prevent its progress; internally by exhibiting the Spirit of treacle camphorised, Spirit of Wine camphorised, Spirit of Juniper-berries, Spirit of Hartshorn, etc. and externally by applying the Spirit of Wine camphorised with Myrrh, Aloes and Frankincense; or the Decoction of Quicklime mixed with Spirit of Wine, and Sweet Mercury; or the Decoction of the Dross of Antimony in Vinegar; or the Decoction of Lupins with White Wine, Lie and Saffron. Cataplasms of Germander, Wormwood, Hyssop, Sage, Agrimony, etc. boiled in Limewater, and Clouts dipped in the Decoction of the Caput Mortuum of Aqua fortis in Rose water, are also much commended. If the Gangrene be far advanced, let the part be scarifyed, and washed with the following Mixture.  
Take of Pickle four Ounces; Spirit of Wine camphorised two Ounces: Ointment Aegyptiacum an Ounce. Mix, etc. After 'tis washed apply the Butter of Antimony, or sublimat Mercury with Myrrh, Aloes, Alum, and the Caput Mortuum of Vitriol, or precipitat Mercury boiled with the Oil of Nuts. Some extol the following Cataplasm.  
Take of Wormwood-tops, Chamomil, and Elder-flowers, of each a handful and a half; of the Herb Germander a handful and a half; Rue half a handful; Horse-dung three Ounces. Boil them in Pickle, adding in the end two Ounces of Ink, and three Ounces of the Spirit of Wine.  
In a Sphacelus the mortified part must be cut off with all convenient Speed, without waiting (as some do) till it come to the Joint. Some perform Amputations with red hot Instruments, thinking thereby to prevent the excessive bleeding; others are content with cold Instruments, and stop the bleeding with the Powder of Hog's Dung, and dulcified Earth of Vitriol; or with Clouts dipped into a Mixture of the Vitriol of Steel and Alum with the Juice of Plantain.    
FINIS.