A BRIEF and PRACTICAL DISCOURSE OF ABSTINENCE In Time of LENT. Wherein is shewed The popular MISTAKE and ABUSE of the Word SUPERSTITION. Preached at the Cathedral of St. PATRICK DUBLIN on ash-wednesday March 1. 1681/ 2.  
BY PETER MANBY Dean of DERRY  
DUBLIN, Printed by Joseph Ray at College-Green, for William Winter Bookseller at the Sign of the Lord Primates Head in Castle-street. And are to be sold by the rest of the Booksellers. M.DC.LXXXII.   

A brief and practical Discourse of ABSTINENCE in time of LENT.  Matth. 4. 2. 
And when he had fasted Forty Days and Forty Nights he was afterwards an hungered.  
NOt to trouble you with any needless inquiries into this mysterious Fast of our blessed Saviour; I shall treat of it no otherwise than as matter of example to us, and shall endeavour only these two things,  
First. To evidence our obligation to the virtue of Abstinence; especially at this time, so solemnly observed by the Christian Church ever since the Apostles days.  
Secondly. I shall recommend it from the consideration of those good Fruits and Benefits that result from it.  
As to the first; if Abstinence be a Christian duty, the neglect of it must be our sin; and whether we be obliged to it or no, we may soon be advised by the many precepts and examples both of the old and new Testament.  
It hath been observed long since, that God was pleased to impose on Adam in Paradise only one Precept, and that was Abstinence; of the three of knowledge of good and evil thou shalt not eat; for in the day that thou eatest thereof, thou shalt surely die, Gen. 2. 17. if in the state of innocence we ought to abstain, much more in this state of our corruption.  
Examples of the old Testament are not a few, as of Esther, Nehemias, Ahab, the Ninevites, of David, Psal. 69. I wept and chastened my Soul with Fasting. Upon these I shall not insist, lest possibly some may imagine them not so obligatory to us Christians: but I shall manifest it out of the new Testament.  
Our blessed Saviour enjoins it, mat. 6. 17. But thou when thou fastest, anoint thy Head and wash thy Face, that thou appear not unto men to fast, but unto thy Father which is in secret; and thy Father which seeth in secret shall reward thee openly. Here he establishes the duty in prescribing the manner how we ought to perform it; as in the same Chapter he advices concerning Prayer and Almsgiving; when thou prayest and when thou givest thine Alms, be not as the Hypocrites are, &c. presupposing and establishing all these Duties, while he directs us in the manner of them.  
Likewise he confirms it mat. 9. 15. Jesus said unto them, can the Children of the bride-chamber fast, so long as the Bridegroom is with them; but the days shall come when the Bridegroom shall be taken away from them, and then shall they fast; that is, this virtue of Fasting will be more seasonable after my Death, and then shall it be practised by my Followers. And accordingly 'twas verified in the practise of the Apostles, and first Christians, immediately after his Ascension, as we red Acts 13. 3.  
Again, the Evangelist St. Luke records it, to the perpetual commendation of Anna the Daughter of Phanuel, that she was a Widow of about Fourscore and Four years, and departed not from the Temple, but served God with Fastings and Prayers night and day. Nay our blessed Saviour recommends as a means of expelling the Devil, and consequently all naughty suggestions of the Devil, mat. 17. 21. Howbeit this kind goeth not out but by Prayer and Fasting.  
Lastly, St. Paul instructing the Corinthians about Conjugal Duties, 1 Cor. 7. adviseth them, Defraud not one the other, except it be for a time, that you may give yourselves to Fasting and Prayer: to all which I shall add, that Divines in their Bodies of Divinity do all teach the necessity of this Duty, even our Dissenters themselves, though they find fault with it in us, can yet appoint their own times of Abstinence, and impose them too, when they think good.  
The Application of this Doctrine concerns two sorts of Persons, First the ignorant who have need to be informed; Secondly such as confess it their duty, but never practise it. The former I hope may see their mistake of supposing it rather a Popish than Christian duty. The later I wish may remember our Saviours words Luke 12. 47. The Servant which knew his Lords will, and did it not, shall be beaten with many stripes.  
And now I consider that it is our Duty especially at this time, so universally observed by the Christian Church ever since the Apostles days.  
Whosoever shall desire to inform himself concerning the original of the Quadragesimal Fast, will find the chief reason to have been the Imitation of our blessed Saviours Example: though other reasons be not wanting;  
As the preparing ourselves by a solemn Abstinence of Forty days for the Reception of the blessed Sacrament at Easter; whereunto the Christians of all ages( excepting those of fanatical Humours) have thought themselves obliged; which reason is given by St. Hierom in his Comment on mat. 5. The want of a pious disposition and preparation before our religious duties of Prayer and receiving the holy Sacrament, is perhaps the reason that we are so little the better for them.  
Another reason is, that the quadragesimal season is much about a tenth part of the year. That God hath commanded the Tenth of all things to be devoted to his Service; that while nine parts are allowed to ourselves, we ought to dedicate a Tenth of our days to some more than ordinary recollection of ourselves and repentance towards God.  
But some will needs refer the Institution of Lent to politic reasons only: though it be too ancient to have been instituted upon any such account. The primitive Church doubtless intended Devotion, not Policy, in her solemnities of it: and the same our Church intends now. To observe a time of Abstinence upon prudential or politic reasons only, were no fasting for Religion: and it is to be remembered, that the Abettors of this prudential Opinion are not very famous for any Religion.  
That it was first observed in commemoration of our blessed Saviours Forty days Fast, St. Austin affirms; Quadragesima authoritatem habet ex Evangelio, quia totidem diebus Dominus jejunavit. And St. Hierom writing on the 58th. Chapter of Isaiah saith, Dominus quadraginta diebus in solitudine jejunavit, ut nobis solennes jejuniorum dies relinqueret. Our blessed Saviour fasted Forty days in the Wilderness, that he might leave us a solemn opportunity of fasting. And long before St. Hieroms days, Ignatius the Disciple of S. John hath left his Opinion, that this time is to be observed by Christians in memory of our Saviours Forty days Abstinence. And were it not very ancient, our Church could not have thought her self obliged to the observance of it.  
After its being thus attested by the ancient Fathers, we find it thus censured by Mr. Calvin in the 4th. Book of his Institutions; Mera stultitia fuit jejunium quadragesimale ad Christi imitationem instituere. It was mere Folly and Superstition( saith he) to pretend to observe Lent in imitation of Christs Forty days Fast; and he gives this reason for it; Christ abstained Forty days, not that he might leave us an example of the like Fasting, which was impossible for us; but that he might manifest himself a person above the common condition of mortals.  
This Opinion and this Reason he thinks fit to advance against the sense of the ancient Church; and let us consider it a little, it being all that the Adversary has to say in this matter.  
And first, it cannot be denied that our Saviours Forty days Fast and Temptation in the Wilderness was a part of that humiliation and those sufferings he underwent for our sins. He suffered for us( saith St. Peter) leaving us an example that we might follow his steps. He was not only our Redeemer by his Sufferings, but our Teacher by his Example; and if it be answered, that his Forty days Fast was too miraculous to be exemplary to us; we may soon satisfy ourselves, that the reason of all Christs Miracles was to be beneficial to mankind; and what benefit could be intended or reason assigned for that miracle of Abstinence, unless this of being exemplary to us? to amuse the world with wonders was not the design of our blessed Saviour, but to do good.  
Christ abstained as became him; we must imitate him according to the strength of our Frailty. We follow his steps whilst we undergo what we can: we cannot sustain those extremities that he did; but to do what we can is ever acceptable to him.  
Nay further, were this Abstinence only a Free-will Offering of the Church, the Psalmist will encourage it Psal. 110. 3. In the day of thy power shall the people offer thee free-will offerings. Under the Law( we know) the more voluntary the Devotion, the more accepted it was; provided there were no repugnancy to any Divine Precept. And it is so now under the Gospel; as may appear by this one observable instance mat. 26. 12. There came unto our Saviour a Woman having an Alabaster box of Ointment, who poured it on his Head as he sat at meat; which when the Disciples saw, they had indignation, saying, to what purpose is all this wast? But Jesus said, why trouble ye the Woman? for she hath wrought a good work upon me: verily I say unto you, wheresoever the Gospel shall be preached in the whole world, this dead shall be  told for a memorial of her. That Free-will Offering which the Disciples rejected as an impertinency or Superstition in this Woman, our blessed Saviour commends as an expression of Devotion. Let us beware of that popular impiety of calling every thing Superstition that we do not understand.  
And here perhaps it may not be impertinent to digress a few words concerning Superstition; which is a word, about the true meaning whereof the people are generally very ignorant, or very confused.  
Let us therefore consider 1. what is meant by it in Scripture. 2. What it signified among the ancient Pagans. 3. How 'tis taken at this day among Christians.  
First in Scripture meaning, the word {αβγδ} which we render Superstition, signifies supreme Worship given to Daemons or Pagan Idols: for instance, I hate those that hold of superstitious Vanities( saith the Psalmist,) but my trust is in the Lord Psal. 31. where by superstitious Vanities he means the Pagan Deities, which in the old Prophets are usually styled Vanities; my people have burnt Incense to Vanity, saith the Prophet Jeremy, 18. 15. Again Saint Paul, Acts 17. preaching to the Athenians, saith, Ye men of Athens, I perceive that in all things ye are too superstitious; so our English Translation reads, but in the Greek 'tis otherwise: Ye men of Athens I perceive ye are very much addicted to the Religion of Daemons or false Gods. That this was his meaning, appears evidently by the 16th. Vers. of that Chapter; the words are these, While he tarried at Athens, his spirit was stirred up in him, when he saw the City wholly given to Idolatry.  
The word {αβγδ} or Superstition is not often met with in Scripture, and among those few places there are none where it signifies ought but either Religion in general, or else the Religion of Daemons, or men deified after their death; such were Saturn, Jupiter, Mars, Mercury, &c.  
2. Among the ancient Pagans 'twas a word( as to them) of no ill meaning; but used by the most( except Atheists and Epicureans) to signify Religion in a good sense. It was the most common word to express Religion in general, as the learned Dr. Hammond demonstrates by many instances in his Tract of Superstition, to which I refer the Reader: but the Epicureans by way of contempt were wont to term it Superstition, to fancy any Rewards or Punishments after this life; and Atheists would call it Superstition to be afraid of invisible powers, or to think that in nature there is any thing just or unjust but only by Law or Custom.  
3. At this day among Christians 'tis thrown as a word of reproach or defamation on every Devotion we don't fancy. Thus to observe any special Devotion or Abstinence at this time is impiously called Superstition: to bow at the blessed name of Jesus, to kneel at the holy Sacrament of Christs Body and Blood, to bestow any Ornament on the House of God, or observe any external reverence there, is atheistically called Superstition. Thus Dissenters will needs pervert this word from its original and scriptural meaning. To worship the true God by a Liturgy must be Superstition; tho there be scarcely a Sentence in our Morning or Evening Service, that is not verbatim out of the holy Scriptures; which no man can say of their Prayers.  
Again, to swear by a Book, to baptize Infants, or sing Psalms must be Superstition, say the Millenaries, Anabaptists and Quakers; persons no less sober in their Morals and conversant in the Scriptures than any Presbyterians whatsoever.  
O but to worship the true God in a false manner, is not that Superstition? I answer, what do they mean by false manner? They mean doubtless all other ways except their own; and that is a fond conceit. Good God! where do the Scriptures tell us, that to pray by the spirit is to pray extempore? do they not tell us, that to pray by the Spirit is to pray in an unknown tongue? I will pray by the spirit( saith St. Paul) and I will pray with understanding also; if I pray in an unknown tongue my Spirit prayeth, but my Understanding is unfruitful. 1 Cor. 14. 15.  
But human Inventions( say they) are prohibited in Gods service; not considering in the mean while, that all their own Prayers and manner of Worship are in the opinion of all Christians( except themselves) purely the issues of their own invention: For truly their extempore Prayers( which they call serving of God in spirit and in truth) are either human Inventions, or divine Inspirations, or a mixture of both: if they are human Inventions, then are they no better in their own nature, than the Liturgy of our Church, which they reject upon that account: if they are divine Inspirations, then are they as much the Word of God as any of Davids Psalms, or as any part of the Bible; and being written from their mouths may become caconical Scripture: if they are a compound of both, still they mingle their own Inventions with Gods Worship. I wish they would do us or themselves the kindness to answer this.  
What intelligent unprejudiced man sees not, that in our Churches Litany, nay in one of her Collects there is more of Substance and Instruction than in a million of their extempore effusions?  
I conclude that Superstition( as some people misunderstand and misapply the Word) is so far from being a Sin, that it may be highly pleasing and acceptable to God.  
It is time that I proceed to the second Head, namely, what are those good Fruits and Benefits that result from the virtue of Abstinence.  
And the first is a subduing the extravagancies of our Flesh. We may as well hope to be cured of a dropsy by continual drinking, as expect to moderate the Fire of Lusts without substracting the fuel. They that live after the flesh shall die, is the frequent voice of Scripture; and every good man will take notice of it; but it is not possible for the man to live otherwise; who takes all opportunities to inflame himself by Drink or idle Company. Beasts are not cured of their ill Conditions by being pampered.  
Whilst we can deny nothing to our Appetites, no marvel if we suffer those inconveniencies that render our Lives more unhappy than that of the Brutes. Refraining ourselves is but necessary to the Happiness of this present life, as well as to that of a better. Abstinence hath been the practise of good men in all Ages for the defeating of Temptations and preventing the Vices of depraved nature.  
But some may say, I have tried, but am not so happy as to find any such effect of it; I answer, it can hardly be, if thou art in earnest; joining thy Prayers and sincere endeavours, not being a traitor to thyself.  
A second Advantage is, to assist us in our Prayers by substracting from the nourishment of those desires that would otherwise trouble our good thoughts: especially it will suggest to us this reflection, what crazy and tottering Tabernacles our Bodies are, unless upheld every day by the supplies of Food and Nourishment. Indeed our trouble and sorrow for our sins can scarce be real without it. Jejuna quia peccasti; Fast because thou hast sinned, in a pious revenge upon thyself, in a real abhorrence of thy sin.  
If the Heart be unfeignedly discontented for sin, it will assuredly give some outward evidence of it by way of pennance: and he that never abstians at all, may justly suspect the reality of his Repentance.  
3. Through the merits of Christ, it is a means to conciliate the Favour of God and Forgiveness of our sins. Upon the preaching of Jonas the people of Niniveh believed and proclaimed a Fast; and the King of Nineveh said, Let every one turn from his evil way, and from the violence that is in their hands, Jonah 3. 7. and then follows( vers. 10.) God saw their works and repented of the evil that he had said he would do unto them.  
Nay God was pleased to take so much notice of Ahabs hypocritical Fast, as to spare his Kingdom until the Reign of his Successor. And it came to pass that Ahab fasted and lay in Sackcloth, and the Word of the Lord came to Elijah the Tishbite, saying, seest thou how Ahab humbleth himself before me; I will not bring the evil in his days, but in his Sons days I will bring the evil.  
To conclude this matter, with a few particular Directions.  
When we fast, let us do it cheerfully, not Pharisaically with a sad coutenance: let us do it with respect unto God and not unto men; knowing that of him we shall receive the Reward of the Inheritance.  
Let every Christian limit himself according to his strength, abstaining between the two extremes of too much Indulgence and too much Severity; giving to the poor and distressed people the quantity or value of that Diet from which he abstains.  
I know it is objected by some, that the Clergy themselves are not exemplary to us in this matter. But although this were true, it is certainly no excuse for you or me: 'tis as much as to say, thou wilt not go to Heaven, because some Clergymen have no mind to go there.  
The Prophet Isaiah instructs us how we ought to fast, in reproving the manner of the Jewish Abstinence, Isaiah 58. 3, 4. is it such a Fast that I have chosen; is it to bow down the Head as a Bulrush, and to spread Sackcloth and Ashes under him? wilt thou call this a Fast and an acceptable day to the Lord? is not this the Fast that I have chosen? to undo the heavy burdens, to let the oppressed go free? is it not to deal thy bread to the hungry, and that thou bring the poor that are cast out to thy House; when thou seest the naked that thou cloth him, and that thou hid not thyself from thine own flesh.  
To this Abstinence( as is meet and requisite at this time) let us join an honest confession of our sins; which our Church prescribes to be done by the rule of Gods Commandments.  
Let us therefore reflect upon our past lives, and charge our Memories, so officious in other things, to recollect our sins with their aggravating circumstances; as first against the first Table.  
I am the Lord thy God, thou shalt have none other Gods before me.  
Thou hast not in obedience to this Precept loved God above all things; but hast loved thyself and thy own wretched Interest above all things. Nay, thou hast never regarded any man, further than thou thought'st him in some measure capable to serve or to hurt thee in that point. Thou hast served God more out of fear or respect to thy Reputation than love or gratitude to him. Thou hast not in thy adversity put thy trust in God; and in thy prosperity hast too much presumed on his Goodness.  
The second Commandment, Thou shalt not make to thyself any graved Image, &c.  
Thou hast hated the Idolatry of bowing before a Crucifix or Picture of thy Saviour; but not that of sacrificing all to thy worldly Interest, thy Pleasures or Avarice, which the Scripture calls Idolatry, Coll. 3. 5.  
The third, Thou shalt not take the Name of the Lord thy God in vain, &c.  
Thou hast taken his Name in vain by perjury or idle swearing: thou hast broken thy Vows and Promises which thou madest to God.  
The fourth, Remember that thou keep holy the Sabbath day, &c.  
Thou hast not kept the Lords day and other holy days by giving attendance to his public Service, or behaving thyself reverently in the House of God.  
Also against the second Table thou hast sinned, not so loving thy Neighbour as thyself, that thou hast seldom thought of doing to others as thou wouldst be done unto.  
Honour thy Father and thy Mother, &c.  
Thou hast not been so obedient or serviceable to thy natural Parents as thou oughtst to have been; and against thy civil Parents, the King and Royal Family, thou hast been guilty of seditious words and thought; meddling too much with them that are given to change. As for thy spiritual Parents, to say nothing of personal distastes, which are hard to be avoided, where the Superior is a proud or insolent or peevish person; proud to his Inferiors, timorous and obliging towards his Equals and Superiors: but thou hast maliciously bent thyself against the whole Order, for the introducing of Confusion and Anarchy into the Church.  
Likewise against the Sixth Commandment thou hast offended many ways.  
Thou hast murdered thy Adversary with thy Heart and Tongue, though not with thy Hands: or thou hast dealt unmercifully with thy Neighbour, not relieving his necessities when it was in thy power to do it. Thou hast rejoiced at other mens misfortunes.  
The seventh Commandment, Thou shalt not commit Adultery.  
Thou hast made it thy business to corrupt thy Neighbours Wife or thy Neighbours Husband.  
The eighth, Thou shalt not steal.  
Thou hast purloined thy Neighbours Goods, which thou hast never yet restored; or circumvented him in his just pretences.  
The ninth, Thou shalt not bear false witness against thy Neighbour.  
Thou hast often accused him out of envy, hatred or malice: thou hast loved to speak all words that might do him hurt: thou hast been too apt to receive and propagate ill Reports of him, not knowing whether such Reports were true or false.  
The tenth, Thou shalt not covet thy Neighbours House, thou shalt not covet thy Neighbours Wife, &c.  
Thou hast entertained dishonest and unchaste thoughts, running into the occasions thereof; as Drunkenness, Intemperance, idle Company, &c. Thou hast coveted thy Neighbors Goods, Means or Fortune, and envied his Reputation: in all these things thou hast flattered thy self, not regarding the All-seeing eye of God, so thou mightest escape the notice of men.  
Thus if we confess our sins, God is faithful and just to forgive us our sins; but the Scripture adds another necessary word, he that confesses and forsakes his sins shall find mercy, Prov. 28. plainly admonishing us of the vast mistake of that Confession or Sorrow for sin, that never produces any alteration of the Man, nor Fruits meet for Repentance.  
And thus I do not reckon Abstinence as any virtue considered by itself alone; only I say that we cannot serve God and our own Appetites at once.  
To fare deliciously every day, remitting nothing of our wonted Satisfactions, argues but slight apprehensions or a dead faith of the last judgement; and of that Account which every man must render of all his thoughts, words and actions. You may observe the Prophet Daniels practise, Daniel 10. 2. In those days I Daniel was mourning three whole weeks; I ate no pleasant Bread, neither came Flesh nor Wine into my mouth; neither did I anoint myself at all, till three whole weeks were fulfilled: and this he did without any command that we red of.  
To conclude all with a word or two. I have been hitherto exhorting to Abstinence and Confession of Sins. Give me leave also to mind you of Alms-deeds; for these must go together. True Charity will oblige you to remember not only the mendicant poor; but also those poor, whether Widows or Families that have lived in plenty and are ashamed to beg; and let your Charity in this be as secret as possible: and thank God that he has given you the opportunity and ability to do it.  
For a Gentleman to be able to find money for his needless and impertinent Debauches, and none for the Relief of a poor Family, is an Objection that he can never answer at the last judgement.  
To all this let us add a vigilance over ourselves for the time to come; let us watch and pray that we fall not into the snare of the Devil when tempted by him. Let the time past of our lives suffice to have wrought the will of the Flesh.  
There be two sorts of Sins against which our blessed Saviour commands us to watch, that the day of the Lord surprise us not; first Surfeiting and Drunkenness, that is, the pleasures of the Flesh. 2ly. The Cares of the World.  
Of these grand enemies, which war against our Soul, it concerns us to be apprehensive; and to pray to God diligently to deliver us from all the deceits of the Flesh, and from all the deceits of the World; that is, from all the flattering vain opinions of our worldly Interest or Dignity.  
Blessed is the man who has the Grace and Wit to despise the fallacious and flattering enjoyments of the World; looking not at the things which are seen; but at the things which are not seen; for the things that are seen are temporal; but the things that are not seen are eternal.  
FINIS.