A DISCOURSE OF THE State of Health IN THE iceland OF JAMAICA. With a provision therefore Calculated from the Air, the Place, and the Water: The Customs and Manners of Living, &c.  


licenced,  
Aug. 1. 1678. R. L'Estrange.    {αβγδ}. Hip. Lib. 1. Aph. 2. 
By Thomas Trapham, M. D. Coll. Med. land. Soc. Hon.  
LONDON, Printed for R. bolter at the Turks Head in cornhill over against the Royal Exchange. 1679.   

To the Right Honourable JOHN, Lord VAUGHAN, Knight of the most Honourable Order of the BATH.  
MY LORD,  
IT having pleased his Serene Majesty, our most Gracious sovereign in all places to manifest his Royal care of his happy Subjects; even the most remote in the West Indies, living on the daily refreshings thereof: Distances separating nothing from his extensive goodness, but rather evidencing the bounty of the overflowing Source; through the signal eminency of the Noble Conveyance his Majesty was pleased to make of himself to the iceland of Jamaica, in your Lordships most happy Government thereof: It cannot but deeply impress the highest obligations of grateful Loyalty on all, who savour so great a goodness, among whom my education and business, but more especially my favourable accesses to your Excellency, hath made me one, though the least, yet such who necessary must testify my sense of the public Weal, by offering my small Mite thereto. Having the great encouragement of your Lordships Patronage, to assist the weakness of my Endeavours; the which since they are in my own way, at least as an observer and well wisher to health and life; it may seem not improper for me, to remark in a new Colony, as Jamaica is, the Conducers thereto, and to transfer such to a further cultivation; that the English or others may not miss of their ends in transporting themselves thither, nor his Majesty of his Subjects by too immature deaths. My Lord, the sincerity of my ends my Conscience must justify, not by blind Zeal and empty Words, but matter of Fact in desired successses, of which your Lordship being the most competent Judge, I presume to lay my following discourse of the State of Health in the iceland of Jamaica at your Lordships Feet, humbly begging pardon for my weakness therein, and the Honour of being owned as, My Lord,  
Your most Devoted and Most Humble Servant T. T. At Port-Royal in Jamaica.   

THE CONTENTS OF THE BOOK.  OF the Ordinary Temperature of the Air between the tropics, and whence. Of the Winds which in Jamaica for the most part regular, and observe stated times. Of the several sorts of Breezes, and their different effects. The Sea Breezes reign in the day and are healthful, the Land at night and dispose to Diseases. A fuller description of the Breezes and of the Norths, whence they proceed and how the iceland of Jamaica is influenced by them, and an enumeration of the Distempers frequently introduced by them, and the ordinary Land Breezes. That these winds are dangerous to ancient Inhabitants, less hurtful to new comers from Europe, especially from England and other more Northerly parts and why. Why those Winds also hurtful unto such as transplant themselves for Barbadoes, Mevis, Monteral, and others of the Carib Islands. Of the consistence of the Air of Jamaica. Proved that it is thick and gross notwithstanding the excessive heat, but that the great inconveniences which would otherwise thereupon ensue, prevented by its constant agitation with winds. That the Air doth also notwithstanding the predominancy of the heat abound with moisture, as also with a volatile nitrous Salt, proved from the speedy rusting of Steel and Iron, and the penetrancy and wonderful fructifyiag quality of their reins and dews: hereby putrefaction hindered, hence is it that the heat is so little troublesone, and that the heat doth not cause such thirst as the same would in Europe: from this also proceeds their being more lax in their Bowels. A Digression concerning the Nature of Nitre and the manner of its generation or production, that from its copiousness Jamaicans not ordinarily subject to the Scorbute, Plague, or even continued Fevers; most Fevers being intermitting, the Cause whereof assigned. Its Longitude, Position in reference to Neighbouring Countries. Its form and figure from whence not subject to Hurrieanes. Jamaica divisible chiefly into plain and mountainous Country; their different nature and temperature, and whence it comes to pass that it is hazardous without due care and provision to pass suddenly from one to the other. A description of Cagway or Port Royal the chief harbour and habitation of the iceland. Its situation, the Advantages and Inconveniences thereof in reference chiefly unto health and sickness. Ligany a most beautiful Territory. River de Covre; The Town or City of St. Jago de la viega. The Savanna's between St. Jago and the Mountains. An account of the Sugar works and several caveats, about the accommodation of both Whites and Blacks, in order to the preventing Distempers whereunto otherwise obnoxious. An account of the Distempers result from the over-copious drinking of Rum and other spirituous liquours. Two surprising rarities, one of a three whose bark shines most vividly in the dark, especially in rainy weather, which lustre continues many hours after its separation from the Wood. The other of an animated seed endowed with a power of self motion, which it enjoys many days, concerning which, many very strange circumstances related, which were beholded by divers witnesses, ready to attest the seemingly otherwise incredible Report. A very pleasant description of the journey over or through the Mountains, from tho South to the North side of the iceland. A description of St. Thomas in the Vale, surrounded with mountains and almost continually skreened with Fogs, yet populous and healthful. The descent from the mountain to the North side of Jamaica, the different temperature of the Air from that of the South, different seasons as to winds and reins, and the consequents thereof. That this side is more proper for Plantations of Cacaa. The description of a Cacaa walk, where first of the plantain which always planted by it, then of the Cacaa itself, Piemente, Winters bark, &c. Several other Commodities which this side of the iceland is capable of producing. The Author promises a large natural History of the iceland. Of Water in General. The Water of the River de Covre which runs by St. Jago, wholesome at some times of the year and unhealthful at others, that latter is chiefly during the reins, when increased by torrents from the mountains impregnated with mineral Particles. The Spaniards caution in its use and cure of it, which not sufficiently regarded or imitated by the English, whence what inconveniences have ensued. Why the water of this River is better near Port Royal than at St. Jago, and near the mountains. Advice concerning its use and more perfect Cure. An account of a better water near the Port. Danger in the frequent use of Well water especially at Ligany Why Rain and Pond water generally more wholesome. Jamaica abounds with Rivers and Springs, especially in its more mountainous parts. Why these afford most wholesome Drink nearest their head, also more pure, clear and cooling. A digression why in most Countries Mountainers more robust and healthful than those which inhabit the Vales. Of a Vegetable which cut, affords copiously a healthful liquour. Of the Coco Nut three and its various uses. That we must necessary change our way of living and accommodate it unto the Climate wherein we reside. That the ordinary English way of living is no ways suitable in most Southern Countries. Where we must eat more sparing and frequently. A suitable Regular Diet recommended and particularized. Of Wine, that no sort so proper for the Jamaicans, as that brought from the Madera. Its good Qualities, and how wonderfully in all respects appropriated unto Jamaica. The noxiousness of most of the Wines brought from Europe. How the Jamaican should order himself in the night, whence it comes to pass that four Males die to one of the other Sex, regard being had also to the disproportion in number. Of Chocolate, its commendation being duly taken, it is the Manna of the West Indies. Advice how to make and take it. The Conveniencies thereof, and whence so agreeable unto the Inhabitants of Southern Countries. Of Fruits, which may with safety and benefit be eaten, when and how. Of Flesh, Fish especially, the Sea Tortoise or Turtle, which is by the Author largely commended, divers ways of preparing it for food specified, divers Reasons and Conjectures why it must necessary be wonderfully Nutritive, Restaurative, and conduce to prolong life. Where several remarkable observations about Turtles. Of the Manaty or Sea Cow. The Jew Fish their description and use, as also of divers other species of edible Fishes there enumerated. That as in Jamaica no venomous Creatures; so neither in Rivers or Neighbouring Sea any poisonous Fish which infest most that dwell on the Continent, Bahama and other Islands of the West Indies. Divers sorts of Fowls enumerated, which so wholesome, that no danger from any ill quality but satiety. That Jamaica produces few Diseases in comparison of Northern Countries. Seldom Small Pox unless brought with the Negroes from Africa. No Scurvy or Depopulative Plague, Consumptions rare and never so tedious as in England. Venereal Effects their symptoms all lessened, their cure easy. The ston a great Stranger, women liable to few Diseases on the account of their Sex, and Childbirth easy to admiration. The Diseases of Jamaica few and simplo. The first which usually surprises new comers, the Diarrhoea or Flux, which unless some gross irregularity precede, friendly; caused ordinarily by change of Drinks and Diet. Its usual symptoms and Cure. If not timely regarded or duly managed, degenerates into a bloody Flux. Its Causes, Effect, and Cure. Of the white Flux, its Remedy. An Explication of the Name and Nature of Fevers at large, their several causes and various effects. That there's no malignity originally in Fevers at Jamaica, though sometimes superadded by the management of the attendant or Patient for want of due evacuation or exasperating hot remedies. The most general and proper Remedies for Fevers in Jamaica, bleeding and vomiting. Of the Pestilential Fever brought to Jamaica, after the return from the expedition from Panama. Whence spots appear in some after Death, and the Faintings, could Sweats, Deliriums, &c. in some persons, yet without just suspicion of malignity: These as before from neglect or ignorance, all which by due method and remedies easily obviated. Whence it is that our Fevers usually intermittent, of which there are divers sorts, all which duly managed prove simplo Tertians, but if interrupted continued. The use of Cordials dangerous, for which divers reasons assigned. The most successful and natural Cure is to begin with emetics, and then to proceed with hieroglyphics, of which latter sort China Root plentifully growing in Jamaica, is commended and by long and frequent experience approved. The Quantity and seasons of exhibiting, and several ways of preparing it, which effectual not only in Tertians but even Quartans. This Plant recommended to the use of Europeans. A general Description of the dropsy and its several kinds. Servants and careless or neglected persons most liable to this Distemper. They are usually after Fluxes Fevers and other Diseases, where Nature weak and Transpiration lessened and interrupted; as appears in its Cure by Unction. A specific Remedy for this Disease afforded by Jamaica. Its description called the Dumb Cane, whosoever toucheth it with his tongue becoming dumb some hours after. That 'tis no poison and might therefore probably be taken inwardly, but the Author applies it only externally. Its preparation and how to be used, its odd effects, where occasionally of the like evacuation caused by another plant, very successfully applied in the pleurisy. A Philosophical account of its operations. Cure by baths recommended the decoction made with the Dumb Cane, as also with Savanna Weed which is a sort of Spikenard. Whence Worms so frequent in Jamaica, and that the persons chiefly afflicted therewith, are children, women and weakly infirm. Their symptoms. Occasioned partly by the Air, partly by the Water and Diet, the former being too plentifully impregnated with the Eggs or seminal Principles of infects: And Bread not being over plentiful the meaner sort feed on Potato's and other Roots, which are here accounted equivalent to Bread. The proper Remedies against Worms are almost all bitter things, especially Remedies irradiated with Mercury. The Cure somewhat diversified by the parts in which the Worms reside, how to make discovery thereof. Jamaican Aloes or Sempervive variously prepared a specifical Remedy against Worms: As also irradiations of Mercury communicated to convenient Vehicles; and succeeded by gentle Purges. That safe, and nothing of the body of Mercury mixed therewith. A Physical account and Demonstration thereof. How first known to Europe. Some odd Conjectures concerning its Original at large. The Yaws its description. Cured with ease and certainty in Jamaica, by a Methodical use of Vomits, Purging and Bleeding, together with an easy Parable Remedy for external Sores at large described and vindicated. In this Chapter our Author seems to describe an Endemial Disease proper to the West Indies, as the Root of the Pox, which latter he accounts an European Disease grafted on an Indian, and ascribes unto them different Cures. The Authors Conjecture that many of the symptoms in the Yaws and Pox, may proceed from minute Animals, confirmed by divers Reasons and Observations. That the Air of Jamaica conduces much to the easy and speedy Cure of the Distemper, by Reason of its nitrous Quality. The Cure of the Pox as successfully practised in Jamaica by a plain methodical Course, in which he usually employs a Balsamical Juice, whose use first discovered by wild Boars, its excellent qualities and signal effects. A dreadful Distemper, how occasioned. The Parts affencted, its terrible and affrightful symptoms. Divers Arguments to prove it proceeds from could and hindrance of perspiration, together with a mineral Steam which he shows capable of producing such like Distempers. That it often proves a Chronical Disease ending in an Atrophy. In the East Indies and Neighbouring Countries of the same temperature not so obnoxious to this Disease, which ascribed to their frequent bathing: By our Author recommended as a sure prevention of this formidable Malady. A specifical Remedy for this Distemper common to Jamaica and most part of the West Indies, to be accompanied and succeeded by the external Use and Application of the forementioned balsamic Juice or Gumm. The Conclusion. A general Method for the prevention and moderating most of the forementioned Distempers, which consists in the frequent use of suitable Baths. The Authors advice how to prepare and order themselves therein. The other Remedy earnestly recommended unto the Wealthy is Ambergriese. The Authors Opinion concerning its Production, virtues, and Use. That it's no animal or mineral bituminous Substance, but a vegetable Juice coagulated by the salt Water. Divers Arguments to confute the commonly received Opinions, and establish his own.  

A DISCOURSE OF THE State of Health IN THE iceland OF JAMAICA, &c.  
IT being my business, while in Jamaica, to consider the Health and attend the Diseases of the place, it was necessary to commit what occurred in that affair to a more faithful Register than my memory: to the which, that I might better effect my end, I was forced often to recur, and thereby to amend what too easily imposed itself on my credence, or else what I was more confirmed in, became the better establishment of my practise.  
The first Generals, whereto I referred myself, were the topics of Hippocrates, viz. the Air, the Place, and the Waters, next the Customs and manners of living: and lastly the consequents of the former, viz. the intemperatures and Diseases either peculiar to the tropics or most usually found thereabouts all which may not serve barely for speculation but the use and benefits of the Inhabitants, either for their timely preventing or else curing their incident Maladies. Not as if Jamaica were obnoxious to more Diseases, and such more frightful then are elsewhere to be found, for the sequel will demonstrate the contrary, but least such as are there, prove more fatal for want of being remarked: and forasmuch as no one yet hath done that charitable office to his neighbour, I cannot without rebuk of my conscience refuse to become a Samaritan, and by thereto make what reasonable provision I may for the comfort and recovery of the afflicted: for it doth not a little uneasily touch humanity to see the burdens of nature aggravated by ignorance of remedy, and want of suitable assistances. Neither is it a little confusion to be able to do so little in so desirable a work; however a single Talent may not be napkined without guilt, and that not to be expiated without a double diligence. It's true a little labour is more then doubly troublesone in a hot Country, where the most sooner seek the shade, though it be but of an Ass, rather than undergo the heat of the day; wherefore to start any thing that may exercise in a lazy country, hath this in it of praise, that it's against the grain, and manifests somewhat of self-denial, at least the vanity of ostentation or humour of scribbling can have small pretences here, where there is so little of gaiety offered at. And in a place where Bookishness is not reasonably to be expected, it may suffice, if relation of matter of fact employ the more sagacious in profitable deductions, or that the present truths afford relief to any one afflicted. For it must needs be irksome to have the pleasures of a summer country, such as Jamaica is, interrupted by indispositions and want of list to enjoy what's so plentifully offered. It's pity a rational Creature should surfeit of dilicacy, and not moderate his inclinations out of good husbandry to enjoy it the longer. but since appetite is apt to over-rule our reasons, and the desire of good tempts to the nearest confines of evil, by how much the more desirable the place and climb is, by so much the more need of circumspection: to the which if I might happily awaken my Country-men, I may prevent surprisals, which of all is the greatest evil the English usually lay open to, through too hardy a courage rather then remiss supineness: they being too prove to slight their lives rather than be curious in their preservation; a temper happy and agreeable enough to the northern climbs, but unsuitable to the torrid Zone, where through the great activity of Nature most sudden changes are effected, a sound health oft precipitated into Distemper, and such Distempers posting to the Grave, ere the sluggish observer be awakened to prevention. To neck opportunity, is wisdom in all things; and where such opportunities are most swift, most advertence is requisite not to slip the seasons; and herein lies the necessary sagacity of a West Indian practiser, Hic labour hoc opus est, as will more evidently appear under our first topic, viz. the necessary brisk moving Air.  

CHAP. I. Of the Air of Jamaica.  
THe Air of Jamaica, as it may have an agreement with all betwixt the tropics, is therein first to be considered, viz. in its general heat& moisture, the one contemperating the other to render the Torrid Zone habitable. Its heat is the necessary product of the neighbouring Sun, as its moisture is from that of the Moon; from both flow the beneficial as well as necessary Brezes rendering the Air different from any on the other side the tropics, and therefore differently to be considered as the cause of Health and Diseases. Though the wind bloweth where it listeth, yet it's in general somewhat regular, and observes its times, and keeps or makes its seasons, no one whose observance hath been but slight, can easily doubt: For whilst the Sun by its direct rays threatens most to parch, then( as there is most need thereof) the more forcible Brezes fan most: wherefore I stick not to conclude the Sun to be the apparent cause of the brisk moving Air, or daily Sea Brezes, thereby rendering Apollo opportunely solicitous of the health of his most immediate subjects by so reasonable provision therefore. For of necessity all things must be suffocated and dy between the tropics, did not the extraordinary heat generate the extraordinary winds to give a suitable supply of often to be changed breath, ventilating our Lungs with renovating changes of fresher air. Which happy effect though it aclowledge the Sun as its male parent, requires also as pregnant a Womb of receptive moisture to bring forth the happy and necessary Brezes: whereto the Moon, as a handy Midwife to Nature, most readily affords assistances, not only from her own moist rays, but by the signal power on the Ocean, where unloosing the close saline Bonds of the briny Main, she adapts thereby the parts volatile for a daily flight, as oft as the urging Sun stimulates the necessary succour of the cooling Brezes. But Brezes or moving Air being twofold, and generally producing different effects, as well as they have different times of their blowing, force us to assign a different cause of their productive originals. For as the Moon by losing the saline Bonds of the Sea( which is demonstratively to be proved it doth) affords daily matter for the sea Brezes: So the stagnated Air, harbouring in mountainous Caverns and woody confinements, actuated by the night lights and starry influences, administer sufficient matter for the night winds called the land Brezes, both which differently impress in point of Health: For as the Sea Brezes partaking of the universal vivifying saline nature are found to be most healthful and agreeable to life, as resisting and defending from putrefaction; so the stagnated Air impregnated by mineral Gas and the still variable Moon, never ceaseth to incline to alterative changes, and such as savour of putrefaction and death: wherefore from their cause, as well as we find by experience, I conclude, the two Brezes respect health variously: The solar and saline ones most concurring to health, as the Lunar and putrefactive ones do to death and dissolution. From the latter spring the great increase and multiplications in the Indies, as from the former the worth and vigour of their product, both Brezes seem necessary from their cause, and to their ends, and a virtue is to be made of such as well as a necessity entails them on the Places where they are found; betwixt both the Air is almost always kept in motion, which otherwise through its great heat and moisture must egregiously putrefy, and thence rather hatch the plagues of Egypt, producing Infects and such like generations, instead of more noble and perfect animals.  
The division of Day and Night being smore equal throughout the year than in Europe, divides the seasons of those two sort of Brezes more equally, also they generally have near twelve hours for their interchangeable blowings, though sometimes they may borrow of each other, viz. the Land Brezes entrench on the time of the Sea's, as the Sea Brezes do sometimes on the usual time of the land Brezes: Besides the seasons of the norths which much alter the usual course of the Winds as well as of health. These norths are smart winds and could, blowing from off the land with unusual force and continuance, being particular not general winds, either from the mountainous Tracts of Jamaica itself, and then only to be felt on the south side, and not far to Sea, or else arising from Cuba, and then chiefly if not only remarked on the North side of Jamaica: But yet sometimes so strong as to excite the same effort of winds in the mountainous passages, where being increased, it's propagated to the South, and becomes a thorough and severe North to the whole iceland and neighbourhood of Jamaica, which comes nearest to the windward iceland tumultuating Haricanoes, but never one quarter so mutinous or afflicting. The usual seasons of the Norths is while the Sun is most remote in its Capricorn progress: For then the could umbrages of the mountains have best opportunities to sally forth, while the over-ruling Phoebus is most absent with his strong sea Brezes: The season of these Norths is most fruitful in the cruciating Belly ache, and especially it endangers such who have been once afflicted therewith, likewise sore Eyes, sore Throats, and Tertians take oft this time of assaulting disposed Bodies,  
But to return to our most usual and orderly diurnal and nocturnal Brezes, the better to defend from the latter as well as rejoice in the former, besides what hath been said to both as to their effective originals, in their evident qualities vastly differ: for the land Brezes have a far more sensible chilliness than those from the Sea; the general occasion as to the Air of the Tertian and Quartan Agues: for while the pores by daily sweeting or insensible transpirations are egregiously open, the sudden change of the land Brezes surprising the open Pores easily invade the disposed body with an aguish Inclination, Nature being sensible of her intruding Enemy oft violently shuts and keeps too too close the outlets of the skin, unadvisedly imprisoning what ought be discharged: hence the prisoners become a four ferment to the Juices of the whole body, first shivering and chilling the extreme parts, and after inflaming the whole in a hot paroxysm; of which more under our Chapter of Diseases. It may not be improper to remark, that those Brezes of the night do less injury to new comers from the colder Europe, than to the more ancient inhabitants, whose pores being as it were moulded into the bore of the Indian Air, are of larger size and more receptive of the chilling Brezes than such as come from the northern parts: hence also such as pass directly out of Europe hither are not so easily assaulted with fevorish attracts as those from the Carib Isles: for those little tracts of land of Barbadoes, Nevis, Monserat, &c. being well opened, and therefore affording nothing so much of night Brezes as the large woody mountains of Jamaica do, hath not enured them thereto, while their greater diurnal heat hath sufficiently disposed them to a most ready reception of the night could Invaders, of which more under the head of place. Let's here make some further progress, though on this airy Subject, and consider next it's thickness and moisture. That active heat rarefyes and thins, is very true; and therefore it may seem a Paradox, to assert the Air of Jamaica to be eminently thick, while the climb is so hot: but yet that de facto it is so, and for great reason must be so, it behoves me to evince. Air as Air, in its self and without additional mixtures, is to a proverb thin: so that to inquire into its first essentialls or quiddity ought to afford but a jejune notion; yet as it causeth real effects, and carrieth so great a share of the most manifest impressions of the Universe, it ought not to be neglected in a physical enquiry. Every one breathing knows or feels what's meant by the word; and as it hath generally been esteemed an element, it admits of no composing mixture. But since it is demonstrated of late, to have great elasticity or central Spring of its motion, which always ariseth from centration, or contraction of somewhat, I consider it therefore as a most thin rest or mantle of grosser bodies, without which our senses can act on nothing; and the which, as it's variously altered and changed by diversities and accumulations of bodies, becomes differently beneficial or noxious to life: but as in itself not stuffed out with grosser bodies, it may well be apprehended as contracting and shrinking into its self: hence reasonably it may be most could, and a general cooler: when therefore it's sensibly hot, it must necessary be thick, and from the great resistance of its inmates be disposed to quickest motion, or without such motion it must necessary resolve into putrefaction, and break up the old mansion for a newer dress or outward appearance. It may not be without some probable show, that from this Elasticity of the Air, when refined and separated through the porous Lungs, that the Systole, or contracting power of the heart may first be put into act, and that then the heart from its concentrated heat may be pushed into its Diastole or enlargement, so beginning and and so continuing our vital motions from the same springs that give motion to the greater World. But to run that Elasticity to its first cause and the heat to its, would transport me into improper suggestions for this place, and therefore at least now I shall be content to take them both as I find them, viz. as they two constitute the Jamaica thick, yet brisk moving Air. There remains yet another necessary quality viz. that of Moisture: for thick and hot must be too harsh for life without softening moisture. Male qualities can never be benign enough without amorous mixtures of Female softness; thus Male and Female created he them, and they replenished the earth, The Air of Jamaica is eminent herein, and therefore most agreeable to women, benificial to their living, incuding their conceptions and facilitating their Births: but yet not so far impregnating, as if they, like the Spanish Ginnets, might be impressed by the Wind to a fruitfulness, without the Airiness of a Male consort.  
It's evident, maugre the false reports of the designing Spaniard concerning Jamaica, that it abounds with Children, as who so when he lands at Port- Royal, may convince himself at the easy rate of his first sight. It's true, among so great a crowd of young many will drop, as all the world over, ere they arrive their riper age. The moisture of their infant state complying with that of the air must necessary breed worms, which is almost the whole of evil, ordinarily besiegeth children to their hazard; of which in its more proper place. That the Air here is egregiously moist, the very keys in our pockets will easily open and demonstrate its truth, and that moisture is not only such, but notoriously nitrous; hence it may well work on mineral bodies and corrode them with rust, as we see it doth. The great quantities of saltpeter brought into Europe from the East-Indies, evinceth its great store to be found in such like hot Countries as they are, and every way to be equalled by the West in all such products: from the same cause of abounding nitrous parts in the Air, our reins are so fruitful and our Dews so vastly penetrating, that they equal if not out-do that of Snow water.  
Hence it is, the moisture of our Air is not so putrefactive as might be expected from its heat and moisture, did not its Nitre eminently season it with a saline preservation. Neither yet doth our heat cause such thirst as the same would of necessity in Europe: Forasmuch as the nitrous Air resolving clammy thicknings and furrings of our mouths, answers one end of moisture, and consequently prevents thirstings: From the same cause generally our bellies are more open and lax to the daily discharge of excrementions burdens.  
It may not be improper being fallen into this nitrous account of the Air, to speak something of that thundering salt, which hath made such a noise in the world, especially since the invention of Gunpowder, whose principal ingredient being Nitre, hath brought it into daily remark as well as into greater use: Nitre therefore, to describe it, and make good the description by experiments, is to every ones taste a cooling Salt, to every ones experience volatile and greatly penetrating, therefore cleansing and scouring, possessed with a remarkable Sulphur and an internal bitterness. All which sensible qualities point at its being and compositions, which Nature elaborates from various subjects, on which art itself in some most happily imitates. That all Air hath nitrous parts, though some far more then others, is no difficult belief: but how it comes by such is nothing so easily to be evinced. The most eminent disposer of our visible heat is the Sun, all light contracted proves hot, and the extremity thereof Fire, the passage or medium of light from its great Source to the earth is soft yielding Air; and that already hath been said to be a contracting rest of Bodies, and therefore it will not be hard to apprehended how it may invellope and grasp to itself warm Particles of light, and thereby give being to this universal inmate, viz. the Nitre of the Air which while but lightly tinctured manifests but little thereof, but through daily renovations of the same action grows satiate, and falls by its own weight to the ground: Besides, from the Earth, and eminantly from the Sea, the united rebounding heat ascending its nearest air therein is captivated, and fashioned into this new form of nitrous Salt; and to conclude this deviation, the Sea salt itself, though so egregiously fixed, that Fire moves it little, even that is wholly converted into pure Nitre and a fixed insipid Earth, as by undoubted experience I have evinced to myself: So then for our great heat between the tropics, the moisture of the air and our nearness in Jamaica to the surrounding Sea: We cannot but expect, as we find our Air to be very nitrous, thence penetrating and thence cooling, averse in its nature to the coagulating ston, in human Body a good defence and security against scorbutick affects, a true cooling Febrifuge. Hence our Fevers arerarely continued but generally intermitted ones, of which else where, hence to conclude this Chapter of the air of Jamaica, the contagious plague is well and maturely prohibited inhabiting our Air, the which, to sum up all, is vifying hot, and multiplyingly moist, incorporating thick, and spirituously brisk and moving, by its nitrosity piercing and cleansing, in all most proper to increase life, suitable to the necessity of the place.   

CHAP. 2. Of the Place.  
JAmaica being an iceland of its peculiar Form, situated in the degrees of 17.29. with its references to its neighbouring Islands and the South Continent being variously liable to Currents, to Norths, South's, and southwest Winds. Its diurnal and nocturnal Brezes affords peculiar considerations, both as to seasons and states of health.  
First as it is an iceland, 'tis more suitable to Islanders; as to its form, it seems fitted for the resistance of Hariconoes, to which this iceland hath not yet been, and I presume never may be subject: For the whole is a long narrow Tract of land, swelling in the midst into the continued heights of mountains, running from the East to the West: whereby the north Winds become divided from the South, and the East and West are both wedged asunder to the diminution of their force, from the figure of the place. Therefore it becomes less liable, if not wholly free, from those destructive tumults of huddling winds, which desolate sometimes and always at the seasons of their blowings affright other the lesser Islands: The figure of this iceland resembles most a Saddle or many Saddles, the most inhabited and planted places are the plainer skirts and descents, as most near the exporting and importing places of the iceland. Yet the more remote mountains are not without their eminent desirableness, as being generally best wooded and watered, and when opened, most wholesome and agreeable, pleasant to the English Temperament, as being cooler and the Air thinner: Besides the mould is most unctuous and fruitful, having been a long time defended and shaded by its mighty Bowers, from the fierce Rapes of the fiery Phaebus. The coolness of the mountainous tracts so vastly differing from the hotter neighbouring confines of the Sea, render health more difficultly to be preserved in those who pass immediately from one to the other, but that is for want of due advertency of one and the other place, and suitable provision for that change, which hereafter I shall sufficiently remark, having experienced the same sufficiently on myself, to my satisfaction and safety: after first having suffered in such a travail, by the invasion of a severe Tertian. But to return to the more inhabited parts of this iceland, and to salute our new Comers at the most eminent place of Port-Royal, which is seated on the south side of the iceland, in the degrees 17.29. On the end of a long spit of sandy Land, after it having run twelve miles from the Mountains foot into the Sea, framing with other most admirable helps of the salt Pond, Mountains covert, the incomparable Land locked Harbour most properly styled Port Royal, a place as agreeably seated for health and wholesome air, a for exportations and importations and defence. The latter being more proper for others on suitable occasions, to expatiate on, I leave the healthy part to our present remarks, and therein matter of Fact hath sufficiently convinced me for nigh five years, and the reasonableness thereof bids fair to secure for the future. For the salt Water washing it on both sides with the great preservative and balsamic friend of life, defends from putrefactive inclintion, neither yet renders such a place incident to the Scurvy( as usually in could northern climbs 'tis wont) for here the most fixed sea Salt through the nature of the Heat, Air, and heavenly Blas, is readily volatilized, and thereby cures in stead of causing scorbutick affects. This Spirit of Salt relieves what the fixed Salt inflicts in our northern Sea confines, of this well seasoned Air Port-Royal partakes doubly for any other part of the iceland, because seated in the midst of this preserving pikle: So that when the land Brezes reach this place, they must needs be first blended with the well leavening Air of the Harbour itself, whereby its noxiousness becomes well corrected and far less injurious. Besides, the nature of this sandy tract is such, as well to concur with its wholesome air, for it's eminently dry, and thereby an imbiber of the greatest reins, leaving no stagnating Water to putrefy and corrupt the Air, thus the sterile Sands become occasionally fruitful in healthfulness. And what is not so proper for Herbage is more happy in being agreeable to human Nature, and for propagating the Stock of Adam with the first signal blessing of increase and multiply. But I must not dwell too long in one place, having so much to touch at, especially the fair Ligania inviting their greedy eye to a present inquiry. This compact settlement is joined by its mountains Easterly to the first runnings out of our extended sandy tract, whereof Port-Royal graces as well as defends the one end, and these Mountains the other, which seem to make one point of a Bow, for such a figure best explicates Ligania. May it always abide in its strength, projecting its numerous shafts as their Decus and Tutamen of the whole iceland: the string of this lovely Bow is the most convenient Harbour of Port royal, from whence the expatiating level Land and large Savannas crowd backward the swelling Mountains many a fair Mile, affording a most benign Seat to numerous settlements: this pleasant tract is well advanced by its sweeter profit, while it unlades itself of great quantities of the best Sugar; and that so easily as to dissolve little by its transporting charge, which conducing to its plentiful accommodations, and being thus nigh, daily supplies of conveniencies render Ligania to be a most grateful and healthy place: the North west end whereof affords the other point of our Bow directing a further journey: for there the parting River of de Coure remembers us of St. Jago de la viega seated on the side of the same about six Miles from the Harbour. It is this River which supplies the daily drink of the Port, as well as its more neighbouring place, called Passage Fort, the fair hopeful beginning of a larger Town, distant from Port royal about two leagues, quickly passed over by the delightful as well as the convenient transports of Jamaica built Wherries, whereof many a score plying both on the one side and the other side administer every way suitable convenience of most ready Communication. Thus we bring our new Comer from the sandy point to the more apparent Terra ferma of Jamaica, where I being instead of a Mercury to the unacquainted, I cannot but tell him once for all, that this place as well as all our immediate bordering places on the sea round the whole iceland are more proper for the well enured Jamaica Man than any later arrived persons: for the Air here as well as the water are rarely so good as more high in the well opened Country. Let's therefore being welcome here, pass on our most pleasant Road to the Town of St. Jago a very fair Town, through the enlargement of many streets beautified with divers Churches and regular Buildings, while it was the Residence of the lazy Spaniards, who here contented themselves with easy pleasure, committed their planting to the care of their slaving negroes: whereas now their more industrious successors live more sprinkled abroad, wheree're their thriving concerns require the presence of the Master, leaving this Town more thinly dwelled in, having first been much spoiled by the conquering Army or ruinous neglects since. However there remains yet a good seat for a large Town, being well accommodated with a free open Air, from the wide Savanna wherein it's placed, supplied with water from the River de Coure running by its side, furnished plentiful with the grazing Herds and Flocks, sporting in its view, though sometimes forced to go further a Field for their daily Food, the soil having so long lay open to the sterilating Sun, it must needs be dry and afford more health to the Inhabitants of the Town than plenty of Herbage to their grazing Cattle. But the large quantity of their far extending Savannaes, and the skirts of woods well supply the shortness of their grass, in their dry times generally affording Milk for their Babes and good flesh for their stronger men. This Town being well seated both for health and the conveniency of the whole iceland, becomes the place of distributing Justice to the whole: the grand Courts being kept there, as well such as make as execute the laws; and to give life to all, our gracious Soveraign's mediated presence shines usually here in their Excellencies ordinary residences. After which I need say nothing more for St. Jago de viega but pass on in our pleasant Savannaes or Indian, Fields( for such these Savannaes are conjectured to have been) and while we journey, refresh our sight sometimes with the numerous herds of larger oxen, in whose labour there is profit, sometimes with the sporting of the wanton Calves, and delight our ears with the sweet breathed Cowes, whose lowings echoing make Rural music, delightful at least to the happy owners whose dwellings ever now and then salute the passengers with their innocent aspects: and by this time viz. of an hour we are arrived the Bridge, eminent for it's remarkable good water; and here we must needs drink, as custom is, and by drinking commend the same, as the best of any River water in Jamaica. When passed the Bridge, we still continue in open Air Savannaes, where jogging on we are still affencted as before with the brutal Crowa, and soon after surprised with more suitable appearances: For on the margin of the rising hills which still terminate our dexterous aspects; the most remarkable Sugar-works 'allure us thither: The stranger is apt to ask what Village it is( for every completed Sugar-work is no less, the various and many buildings bespeaking as much at first sight) for besides the more large mansion House with its offices, the works, such as the well contrived Mill, the spacious boiling House, the large receptive curing Houses, still House, commodious Stables for the grinding Cattle, lodging for the Over-seer, and white Servants, working Shops for the necessary Smiths, others for the framing Carpenters, and Coopers: To all which when we add the streets of the Negroes Houses, no one will question to call such completed Sugar-Work a small Town or Village, as well for the number of the Inhabitants as Buildings, where since we are once come, it is but civil to wish them health, at least by remarking somewhat conducing thereto, as first, though water is a most necessary conveniency, and its plenty and goodness a great accommodation to such a settlement, yet forasmuch as the Air itself is very moist, we ought to covet as dry a living as may be, and therefore not to lodge ourselves or servants, receptive of additional moisture either from pounds or Rivers: For I have observed it matter of Fact where such care hath been omitted, more lives then elsewhere have flooded into Styx. Besides, for the great preservation, a dry lodging, removed at least one story from the ground, it is approved the best security of our white Servants; as for the Negroes, though their lodgings be near the ground, they force off the moisture of the Earth by their constant fires, and thereby become healthy, moreover I cannot but mention a necessary restraint on the profuse drinking of the Rum: Forasmuch as its excess most strangely renders skirrous the Liver& Spleen, whence ill and waterish Blood and at length Dropsies, which intimation besides matter of Fact, I first received from the learned Johannes Antonides Vanderlinden, whose practise leading him to the observation of strange skirrous Spleens in Frisia, he reasonably concluded such to arise from their adusting Drink of Brandy, of which elsewhere: I only now admonish being strengthened with reason and observation, that the use of Rum exceed not the due proportion of the judicious Adjuster: However if it chance to rain and wet the Labourers in the Field, it is agreeable if not necessary to fortify with a moderate Dram, and sometimes more liberally, thereby to encourage their strenuous exercise of dancing, whereby they may alleviate their slavery through delight as well as by exercising their Limbs adapt them more strong for work: Thus having visited one sugar Work for all, and seen the large Savannas, animated with flocks of Sheep, Herds of cattle, and gangs of the Barbary breed Horses; we suppose their repeated continuance of the same through the precincts of St. Dorothy: St. Johns Vere, Clarendine, and St. Elizabeth. Through all which, though worthy of visiting, it were too tedious to travail our new Comer, I will only now refresh him with a surpassing Rarity, of a most strange three or two, worth his pains to visit: The one is a shining three, which about the Month of November bears such starry lights on its Body or Bark, that the Horse as well as the unknown Traveller is strangely affrighted thereat, 'tis a living as well as thriving three: Not such an one whose rotten wood may solve the appearance, neither doth any Gloworm or such like Animal lodge there, to give us the reason of the light, neither yet is it a transient shining made by any reflections of light elsewhere, but it is such as to abide some miles carrying it, and some hours after its separation in a small part of the bark from the three itself: For I carrying the same in my pocket, and after looking for my wooden Gem found its lustre persevering, so that I red by the light thereof, and by most exact scrutiny I could never observe Worm or liquid Gum superadded, but by the next morn( for this was about midnight) my once lighted Bark shows me nothing else but its ordinary dark self: This three did not only once impose on the credulous fancy or disturbed Brain of a single person, but every year shows the like to who so lists to view it; besides there be more then one such trees, and in divers places of the iceland, of which it s observed they shine most sparklingly and vivid in the darkest night, and especially after a shower of Rain. Whether this may have any affinity with the burning Rush, I dare not determine, but having by one Rarity prepared the curious, I shall less surprise by another, which is a three or shrub bearing animal seeds: to the which the plants called sensitive, whereof there's plenty here, are trifling and inconsiderable. For these seeds have an internal spring of motion, jumping up and down without any touch like the usual sensitive Plants, to make them contract themselves, neither from applicating or contracting dryness do they take their Rise, and then have done, as several seeds will often spart themselves from suchlike Causes. But our far stranger seed hath more then one motion: For touch you each and you will perceive a pulse( besides in your own fingers) plainly throbbing in the hollow seed itself: And yet further and more strange, lay two of the same on the Table, they will skip many a fair jump above a span high, and further to surprise, they steer their motion one to the other, though placed at distance on the table. The seeds will continue those frolics many days: But thendecline in their vigour, till they leave us destitute of the pleasure they first afforded: The seed is externally convex and oblong, internally concave and adapted to a true adjustment with four other seeds in one common enclosure of a brown Colour light and hollow within, where( for I opened them) appeared nothing to exercise our conjecture about; only matter of Fact convinced the various senses of its extraordinary appearances: The which being so great, I am glad it was seen by a multitude, and at divers times, and more eminently to confirm the certainty by the highly sagacious and most just observer, his excellency my Lord Vaughan our most happy governor, who ordered his gardener to cultivate some of the same seeds for a further growth, which being at St. Jago, we will suppose our inquisitive Traveller returned thither. And since he hath hitherto seen our Savanna Country, now for a more delightful mixture and variety sake we will steer a course of another nature: for as the former progress was with the extended length, and as it were with the grain of the Country, at least on the South side: So now wee'l across and run athwart to the North side of our more narrow Jamaica, following as much as may be the natural cut through the Mountains, which the rapid Rivers and violent reins through a long duration of time, hath effected more powerful then Hannibals Vinegar through the Alpes. It's four miles from St. Jago ere we need take the advantage of this way-preparing River Coure, and then we chiefly make use of its marginal Cut, elaborated by many hands and continual Industry, preserved a tolerable good path, at least such as is most strangely different from any other, affecting the pensive passenger with new thoughts from the unusual novelties presented to his passing eye: For now he rides at the bottom or near the same of the high Mountains split a sunder to wall in the Passenger on both sides from straggling deviations, pleasantly imprisoning him in his own way, which like to that of the Stygian Lake can nere be missed: And here it is reasonable to look before us, as well for our pleasure as preservation, although we can be but short sighted, being soon terminated in our prospect by a rocky upright Wall exceeding far both in height and strength, that of China or any other whatsoever artificial one. For here Nature her self is prodigal in the number and bigness of her rocky Tablets, heaped one on the other to a portentous crowd of the uprear'd structure, as if the Giants of old had here begun their work of invading the Empyraeum. And lest the horror of these daring Rocks affright too much by their threatening Imminency, Mother Nature hath kindly mantled them with a green vesture of delighting Trees strangely ranging one over the other, as if the superior were rooted on the tops of the inferior, propagating various lengths of( as it were) Trees to a portentous height, and least such continued sights should glut the eye, the bare supporting Wall peeps out now and then with its scraggy aspects, to render the scene more solemn: Especially while the hoarse murmuring River sets the Base to the shrill Choristers of the wood,& affects the Daughters of music as well as the enamoured eye at the same time, by all which unusual pleasure we beguile ourselves of our way till it brings us to the elysian plains, a most pleasant Vale opening her kind Bosom to receive us from the passed shades into the more open Air of St. Thomas in the vale or sixteen mile walk, where to a wonder notwithstanding its surrounding Mountains and great ascending Fogs which screen off the morning Sun some hours, it hath hitherto been reputed a wholesome and healthy place, greatly plantedand almost crowded with the greatest settlements; but steering our Northern course we leave this vale behind us, and ascending successive mountains are lead by the exalted Ridges forward, not without memorials of the path to Heaven: Few hours are spent ere we descend the settled skirts of the North side of our Jamaica Saddle, where we may congratulate ourselves returned to the temperament of an English May. It's almost past credence that so sinal distance should afford so great difference of heat and could: Here the Air is most keen and thin, shutting up the too open Pores to a better husbandry of profuse sweatings, calculated more agreeable to the Meridian of the South side, where such sweatings are no less then necessary, but here scarcely convenient. Neither herein only are the North and South side differenced, but more eminently in their various seasons For whereas the South side summer or most direct neighbourhood of the Sun brings in the reins, and when the Sun is more remote in its Capricorn progress, our dry times are generally observed, 'tis quiter contrary on the North side, for there the more eminent seasons of Rain, make the Winter in its most proper time, and leave the summer like that of the English to be more dry. Hence, if my conjecture fail not, the North side is in its self, as it is found by good experience to be, most proper for the desirable Cacaa. The reins most opportunely drenching the luxuriant three to its great satiety and overflowing fruitfulness, which reins on the South side being deficient about the time of Cacaas bearing, leave the succulent three too dry, and therefore pining for want of its desirable fruit, as if the voice of Nature in the Cacaa three cried give me Children or else I die; everything is beautiful as well in its place or season. Wherefore seeing Nature seems to adapt the North side to this Indian Treasury; and hath already well stored this proper place through planting diligence, with a hopeful prospect of this its enriching produce, it were too great a neglect to omit visiting a Cacaa Walk: For so ground orderly planted therewith in regular walks, is called, wherein the Cacaa and Plantain Trees are orderly and successively ranged the one to shelter the other, lest the preying Sun suck up too much of the moisture naturally benign to the Cacaa three as well as to break the force of the too boisterous winds, lest such should chance to injure the delicate Plant. These attendant Trees called Plantains give novelty of aspect to our Northern Stranger, no three whatsoever in the could Countries affording so large and so broad a Leaf, the which copiously lodge the enriching due, and retails it to its neighbouring Plant, sprinkling the pearly drops as the wind moves the yielding leaves; Neither is this the only fruit of the Guardian three, for it is loaded with a weighty bunch of clustering Plantains( for so the fruit is called) whereof both bread and drink with smallest trouble are provided, not only for the labouring Slaves, but grateful to their Masters palate: A food far exceeding Potatoes, at least in point of health as nothing so readily breeding worms or such who live thereon: This Fruit before its immature roughness( of which it eminently partakes) is removed by the sweetness of the ripening Sun, is a most ready astringent in our ordinary debilitating Fluxes. But the service of these Plantain Trees 〈◇〉 least in our Cacaa Walk advance us four 〈◇〉 five paces further, and then employ th●… greedy eye no longer on themselves b●… on a far more affecting object, viz. the delightful Cacaa three: A three of that singular beauty as to gratify the marveling eye of each beholder, for bigness not exceeding our Cherry-trees; its large, broad oblong leaf, falls back, and hangs with kind of native fondness to its productive original, like so many shields to defend the tender three from the descending injuries, the colour of the leaf is solemn and grave with a deep verdure. Its fruity Jewel is most admirably set, studding the very body of the three with its luxuriant Treasure, enameling with yellow and read, not only the verdant Boughs but barky substance and body of the three from the very earth upwards, each cod( for in such this Treasury is crowded) Cabinets about thirty two Nuts orderly set in a soft Bed of sweet slimy pulp, to preserve as well as nourish the tender fruit. To say the truth at once, the whole three is a non pareil, an Indian Treasury: For the very Nuts among the Indians and Spaniards go currant as lesser money, even there whence the greatest part of the currant coin of the whole world is brought, 'tis their Riches, their Food, their Delicacy, and all in one. Of this so useful, so profitable commodity, the North side of this iceland is most richly stored as well as through the goodness of the mould, &c. very fit for the more speedy unlading Sugar Cane, which by sufficient experience is found here not inferior to the best, besides the great quantity of Fustick; the Bay three or spicy Piemento perfume the woods with profitable sweets, to which our Winter Bark or West Indian Cinnamon three adds its help to embalm the Air, while the creeping China paves our footing with its eminent restorative Roots, too easy at hand to be valued to their intrinsic worth: ( ex pede Herculem) from the little yet discovered we may guess at the more unknown Treasure. Its Woods, Plants, Seeds, Fruits, Stones requiring more ages than one to bring them to light, it may suffice at least for my first attempts to have presented this one huddling Cluster of our first more obvious commodities. A more retired inquisition, when the desirable Country shall be my chief study, may hereafter( God willing) be superadded, in the mean while I have thus lightly touched at the nature of the place both on the North and South side of the iceland of Jamaica; There remains my third Hippocratical head, and there under to speak more distinctly of the water of this place.   

CHAP. 3. Of the Water of Jamaica.  
HOw necessary Water is to life, and how differences of water do variously affect the life not only of the vegetative, but of the breathing world, though readily it will be confessed, yet oft it's less considered than the improvement of such an object may well require at our hands: Especially in those places where water is the common drink of the most, as well as the most proper for all. To search out the fountains of the deep, and inquire after the original Source of waters may seem an extravagancy as well as too needless a Retrospect; yet forasmuch as the inquisitive mind is never satisfied without it ascend to the first cause of things, and even the first as such intimates a principle yet prior to the cause, I presume to guess at the principations of waters, and thence assign them one of the first appearing causes or matter of all visibles, and therefore not to be neglected in this our Chap. of Water, relating to Health, or the interruption thereof by Diseases. Without presumption I may take Moses for my best guide to the origination of things, especially since particularly he hath written there, Gen. 1. For he not only as enlightened by the Candle of the Lord with other men: But as ascending into the Mount, and by the special light of the burning Bush, peeping nearest into the thick darkness, thence knew how to commence the generations of the Heavens and the Earth; for darkness was first on the face of the Deep: Not darkness as a privation of light, because it was first but darkness as a fit sheathe to enshrine thee after to be produced light: Darkness as the curdling power and confining Tabernacle of the first breath, or going forth of the Almighty: Thus he makes darkness his Pavilion, and characterizeth his otherwise unintilligible Word to the modes and measures of after to be created Beings, fitted to take in by piece meal, what was impossible in the whole to be apprehended, therefore the Spirit of God is said to move first on the Face of the waters: The Spirit cannot move without the Word, nor the Word without Light, nor the Light be apprehensible but by a confinement or termination which is darkness on the face of the Deep, or on the face of the waters, which is all one and the same: For the face of the waters, viz. the external term thereof, being nothing but darkness, was ere the waters were brought forth, for the Waters being creatures were made by his word, and his first word was Let there be light, where, but in the darkness, which being the Horizon, the confinement, the vale of the light, and that light being according to true weight and measure adjusted to its covering rest, make the first pure fluid. The first essentiated waters not yet contaminated but very living, and waters of life natural, a pure Mirror for the Almighty to see, and by seeing to bring forth his eternal Ideas, and render them visible in a World of creatural Beings.  
Hence all our knowledge in and of this World may well be said to be as in a mirror darkly, and that not tropically only but truly and naturally, for the nature of all created Beings taking their Source hence, viz. from the originating waters, all we see is truly and radically in each thing, nay all that becomes communicative any wise to our supply, first expands itself towards this Fountain head: All seeds are reduced into a watery expansion ere they multiply, all Foods become dissolved into liquids ere they nourish, and the external sign of the great and mystical Renovation descending into waters, the significant Sacrament adjusting our Religion to the principles of our Nature; therefore whoso violates the one to engraffed the other, and destroys the man to make a Bigot, runs counter to the alwise at his own peril. God begins his new creation near where he did the first, and both from waters, though different products flow from one and the other, or else infinity would be straitned, from which, as contradictory, nature abhors; or do the same work twice which would tax of infirmity, or want of power or wisdom: wherefore almost an infinite variety must necessary emerge from this self same original, which though so vastly differing, yet all agree in water, which water were it equally pure, all equally limpid and agreeable, there would be no need I should assign the water of Jamaica as one topic for my discourse concerning Health and Diseases there. But since it is so receptive of divers Forms and mixtures, and so becomes more or less agreeable to human life and health, from its great diversity of Allays and corruptions, my duty is to remark the good, and and characterize the less good, or directly noxious, or at least stimulate others to do it better. The most general allowed Test of waters is their lightness, of which the best partakes most: Whereby all mineral waters, though never so limpid are first to be excepted against, at least in the way of nourishment, though not as to medicinal effects. Sometimes desirable mountainous places, such as Jamaica, hid in their teeming Bellies store of the subjects of the mineral kingdom, and therefore the waters issuing thence are first to be distinguished, hence the first settling Spaniards name the River that passes by the Town of St. Jago Rio de Coure, or the Copper River, being it is tainted with issuings forth of some or many Copper Mines, chiefly discernible in the time of Floods and Freshes, when the mountainous Rain wash down the Creeks and Guts, in the otherwise wholesome Current, at which times the prudent Spaniard drank not thereof, nor at other times, without first settling the same in Jars, whereby the mineral Ocra had time to subside and separate the vomitive virtue from their drink, which laudable custom continues to their Successors, who generally take up the next days water in the precedent evening, which while the careless neglect, they oft pay for it to their sorrow, though they consider less the cause thereof than the importance requires. This same River after having run some purging miles becomes the usual drink of Port-Royal, for the most part more wholesome there than at the Town of St. Jago, because by its current more defaecated from its mineral Inmate, which demonstration of weight will easily evince to the curious, not but that even this water brings sometimes its taint with it to the Port, through the discharge of the many salt Springs near Cabbage three bottom, and the neighbouring places, of which my curiosity hath prompted me to taste; but then being casked up( for so our water is conveyed to the Point) and standing sometimes in its new enclosure, ere we drink thereof, give's time to the subsiding alien: The care remains that the Cask be always well washed when the supplies of water are required in the same Vessel, otherwise the mineral Ocra may contaminate the latter received tenant, continuing the alien taint till it be imbibed by the drinkers, who unknowingly all on a sudden fall into Fluxes and Gripes, especially new Comers who not yet used thereto are much affencted thereby, nay the country planters coming rarely to the Point, suffer oft the like from the same cause: To avoid all which both at St. Jago and the Port, it were much to be desired that both one and the other would supply themselves with water elsewhere, viz. that they of the Town would be at the trouble as the wiser Spaniards were to fetch their water from the Bridge, from the River called the black River, and they of the Point from the Rock( a place so termed near the Harbour) both which afford signally good water. As for the Well waters wheresoever they are used, as too frequent they are especially in Ligania, they are found too heavy for our necessary brisk circulation of Blood, besides their remaining grosser parts prove oft obstructive inmates, administering too frequent occasions of our dry Bellyach and Dropsies. Pond water as either arising from higher Springs or containing Rain water, both farther concocted of the Heavens, makes a more wholesome than delightful water; yet such as is most fit for brewing our could drinks( as they call them) with being most susceptive of a fermenting power to work and thereby render them more wholesome. Providence hath plentifully watered this iceland with great variety of copious Rivers, besides lesser Springs almost every where to be found, but more in the mountainous than valy Land. And such affording more wholesome drink by how much the higher the ascent of such is, hence though we mount not without some straining difficulty the aspiring heights of Hills, we are well recompensed by the excellency of the water, usually found there more clear, more pure, and far cooler, truly slacking and not exasperating, as some waters do, the deceived thirst: for on such Eminences the water is usually best digested and separated from injurious aliens( especially there no mineral Taints are blended therewith) such are most usually met with in their descending traces, not in the first ruptions on the tops of mountains: for thereto mineral waters cannot well aspire, for their depressing weight hurries such to their more proper place, and brings them to the mouths of the lazy, who not taking pains for the best must be contented with the worse. said quis ascendet in montem Domini, he alone is secure of the true natural waters of life which in their pure vitality promise length of days and clarity of Spirits. It's more than ordinary briskness they usually shine to the very eye with, besides, the discerning Palate or yet the more intelligent Stomach quickly discover their agreeableness, thus as we ascend to the fountain of all blessings, we nearer partake of his more immediate goodness in vital gifts, which are mixed more and more the lower they descend: Therefore it is worth while to receive such at the first hand on the mountainous eminences of Nature, framed as it were for the contented aspirer, who there still satiates himself with elemental purity, and thereby hath less fear of jarring discords to the dissolution of his Frame. As Helmont remarks in his Chap. of the Mountain of the Lord, all Nations, saith he, inhabiting the mountains are of an hardier body and of a more vigorous and flourishing life than those who inhabit pleasant Fields, which effects do manifest their cause: for a more sweet and purer Air is there imbreathed and every Gas being deprived of its filth returns into the pure matter of water: Further, it is in such mountains are found the highly sublimed Dews plenteously enriched with Heavens Treasure, and separated from terrene clogs to afford a kind of elixirated water transcending all others whatsoever, especially for those whose longer durance in such places hath adapted them for so pure a Drink, too penetrating for grosser Bodies, as endangering too sudden a change, which nature will never brook to be forced to at once, but is easily lead by preparatory steps of a thin Blood and rectified Juices: 'tis then our Mountanist may drink this liquid Manna, and live more healthy and longer than others elsewhere. Besides the ordinary supplies of Rivers, Springs, pounds, Wells from Heaven itself in copious reins, and refined Dews; there grow large Withs, for so they are called, most frequent in the most dry places, as it were providentially to obviate the thirsty, which being cut, pour out a clear well tasted and wholesome water to satiate the bewildered Traveller, of which our Hunters serve themselves frequently: I may here add the remarkable Coker Nut three, a three well provided with all necessaries of life, as for clothing, Meat and Drink, and Vessels of use, besides it affords a most grateful aspect while it ascends direct and high, wearing its tuft of palmy Branches aloft, whose monthly clusters of large capacious Nuts, at their due successive times, supply a pleasant milky water both for the slacking of thirst and good nourishment: for if it be urged by the Fire, it jellies into a natural Custard, otherwise it is a clear agreeable water well answering the Indications of an hectic Heat, cooling, moistening, and sweetening, and nourishing, at the same time, of which notwithstanding a too cool Stomach may take too much; and thereby be chilled into a disadvantageous weakness. But such water as that of the Coker Nut being more appropriated to the industrious Planter than it is common to all( for usus est communis aquarum) we need take no further notice thereof; but we'll conclude Jamaica to be plentifully watered, and that with great choice, among which some give no place to the best in the world, and to which the long living Jamaica Man must necessary addict himself for his most usual drink, of which we may see further under our next head of the Customs and Manners of living.   

CHAP. 4. Of the Customs and Manners of living.  
THe consideration of the Customs and Manners of living, is no way an alien speculation from our scope of desired health, but the neglect thereof often much contributes to divers Intemperatures, undavisedly drawn on ourselves, for the want of substituting new Indian ones in the place of our proper native manners and usages in living. I confess it is deeply natural, where ere we are, to adhere to our earliest implanted inclinations, wherefore though we change our place we seem loth to change our ingeny, but needs, though with less reason than's fit, we transport northern chilly propensities, and customs thereon depending, into the southern hot climbs, and most improper and destructive to health, at least long life: we retain our ancient English humour( most desirable in its proper place) as to eating and drinking, and other the acts of Nature no way to be neglected or perhaps diminished, only in an order suitable to the change of the place, to be better husbanded for the vigour of Nature and prolonging of Life. The quantity, times, and quality of our English Drink and Food, ought, according to the best of my reason, to be wholly changed for other more natural and agreeable to the climb and circumstances of living. As for the quantity we neither ought to eat so much or so little as may well agree in England, for excess in either cannot so sudden threaten life there as here, for Nature is not so yare with her delinquents in the could northern Tracts as between the tropics, where all motions being necessary more quick, the punishment of all Intemperances afford less time for Repentance: the quantity therefore ought to be lessened one way and increased another, i.e. we may well eat more at more times and less at each, where good supplies administer a plenty. It must be for health and continuance of strength to eat at least four times in twenty four hours, viz. Chocalata at six in the morn, at Ten dine more sparing than the English, at four afternoon repeat Chocalata, between seven and eight a plentiful supper may be best admitted; to drink between meals may not be forbidden in a hot Country as this, for whoso lists may properly take a plentiful draft of water, as it is usual for some before they take their Chocalata, but by no means soon after, as strictly prohibited by the observing Spaniard: However at other times a large draft of the pure crystalline naturally well concocted Water, may well refresh and contribute to render our Bloods thin, and circulate the better: and lest such at sometimes should chill the Stomach too much, the Spanish custom of eating candied warm Fruits and Roots after such draughts may be esteemed reasonable, such as candied limbs, oranges, Ginger, Marmalade of Guavas quiddinies, of Citrons, to be taken in little quantities as we usually do Cheese after meat for concoction. When the Sun declines, the warm Spirit of the Grape most properly may be admitted, and that to a natural warmth, not an inebriating Fire, to whet appetite and better perform the digestion of the greater meal, as well as to fortify against the nigh moisture of the Air, and powers of the near Moon. And now it being not out of the way, but conspiring to the great design of health and life, we may well remark the Wines proper and improper for our careful Jamaica Drinker, and herein we may consider the great providence and bounty of the alwise and All-good disposer of his creation. For as there is no place so conveniently seated for the quick and commodious conveyance of Wines to the western World, as the Maderas and her neighbours: So neither is there any wine so well adjusted to the wants and profitable refreshings and safety of the Drinkers, as such Wines are, they being as it were a medium between other Wines and Brandy, not so hot as the latter, nor so mildred as the former, but of a good warming nature against the daily large expense by heat and sweeting, adapted to circulate her thick blood: For such we are liable to here, suitable to the brisk motions necessary to this swelling part of the Globe. Besides, such wines afford agood pleasant mixture with water, and thereby become most useful here, where water is our most natural and common drink. Again contrary to other wines, which are best preserved to the pleasure and the profit of the Drinker in could places and cellars, these as it were complying with the place they were designed for, preserve themselves though in a warm Repository, and grow sour and eager in a more cool. Having therefore so good and agreeable conditions in our Madera Wines, we may better dispense with the absence of French Clarrets and white Wines, as also the too heavy( as usually ordered) Canaries and Sacks, for these, more especially the balderdashed Clarrets, the covetous Brewers and Corrupters thereof seldom sand them without having one part thereof burnt to serve the funerals of those they have killed. It were not without show of Justice that such who first exposed them to the public nuisance of life should drink most of such themselves, whereof if they dy, they may have a stake driven through their Corps as Felons de se: But the unrighteous Mammon accrueing from such merchandise will make them better friends and entail the danger on the innocent Purchaser, whom as I ought I do warn thereof, wishing him to drink his own health in the safe Maderas, such being every way accommodated to cautious Jamaica Drinkers. But lest while I talk of the Madera Wines with a feeling gusto, I may seem to forget myself and loose my way, I'll return more directly to my discourse, where I left my regulated man at his good supper, to supply the large expenses of the Day, as well as to provide carefully for the night, which ought to be spent not without circumspection, our greatest dangers arising thence, viz. from the great chilling moistures of the Moon, and the influence of the other man alluring Planet felt by the amorous, from whence the due moderation of Reason ought carefully to defend the Males, who, for want of advertency herein and other things, die four or five to one of the other Sex. I mean the virile Males to the suitable Females, and the reason is not very obscure, for whoso spends two hundred pound in one place, as oft as in another he could but one single hundred, must as soon again be bankrupt, which is much the state of the forementioned case: wherefore let our moderation be known herein by prolonging our lives through alteration of customs to a suitable adjustment of Nature and Place. But of this enough; to please therefore, let me return to my Chocalata, wherewith I begin the orderly and properly supplies of the day. And here dame Nature smiles me thinks as it were showing her self in love with humanity by such a provision both for the individual and species in one single nourishment: Had the Poets known hereof, they had made this single Food serve their Deities in both Capacities of Meat and Drink, for such it, is being moderately hot as its agreeable bitterness witnesses, and refreshing moist as its cool oil suggests, and thereby most fitly nourisheth and slacketh thirst at the same time.  
If to any Thirst ensue the drinking thereof, or whereso it may disagree with the Stomach, as sometimes it may, it signifies such of no good west Indian temper, at least at present; or that the place doth not naturally agree with such an one: For as much as all Natives I ere observed most greedily desire it from their infancy, and if ever they refuse Chocalata, it signifies they need rectifying their State. Wherefore it is not only a Food, but a natural test of Health, for when the Stomach hath too much choler, as to quarrel with Chocalata, it indicates evacuation thereof necessary and expedient, or some other provision for regulating of disordered temper, but luxury is too prove to vitiate the gifts of Nature by corrupting her simplicity, for a better provision to the satisfying of lusts, which as entrenching on the integrity and duration of life, I ought not to insinuate but casheir the high aromatic mixtures and perfumes of the otherwise much better Chocalata, such burdening the Stomach, which else with fresh and renewed appetite would continually grace the sincere Chocalata: eggs likewise graduate it too high for a constant usage, wherefore while I recommend a daily repetition and that doubly of this our west Indian Ambrosian Nectar, I intend the simplo well ground and adapted Nut and water, with so little Sugar as to preserve somewhat of the natural bitterness of the Cacaa, which is most grateful to the Stomach; whoso listeth may consult Hernandes, P. 8. and find there three sorts, and choose which pleaseth him best: The ancient Indians contented themselves often with the bare Nut in their traveling, eating two or three of them at a time and drinking water, to make the composition more natural in their digesting Stomachs: With the better composition, yet still as near nature as may be, I would have the regular living Jamaica man institute one half of his sustenance, it being not only very easy of digestion, but affording solid and lasting nourishment against the devouring heat of the near Sun: For the oily parts supply with genuine moisture his otherwise apt to be too much parched Body, rendering the muscular Fibres apt to motion, levening the Stomach with renovated ferment, supplying the Bowels with defensive armature against corroding defluxions, as well as making the same slippery for the advantage of their peristaltic motion: For the Kidney I find nothing more genuine than Chocalata, moving a more plentiful Urine, and also administering a balsamic quality to the Ulcers, oft incident to those parts, provided spices, &c. be omitted. To particularize all the useful conveniences of this single fruit, would require more paper than this small manual can admit; to show what convenient and nourishing Food( in time when it shall be plenty enough) it might administer to Armies and royal Navies, would swell as beyond our stint. What use the hard white Butter separated from the Nut, what pleasant fermenting Juice the washing of the slimy fruit may afford, to what great uses they may well concur, I must kerb myself in full relations; being to proceed from the morning proper food unto the ten of the clock Meal, wherein I would change the times of eating in England, and that because of the too near heating Sun at high noon more inclining to a Seasto than any thing else: Let the Table be therefore spread never later than ten of the Clock, where first the delicious well concocted Musmillion most temptingly presents, both the oblong and white one as well as the more round and read one, as also the water Million, the superlative Pine, various oranges and Lemons, Citrons, Pomegranates, Cushewes, Grapes, Dates, maiden Plantains, Bonanoes, Cherries, Tamarinds, Nasburies, sour Sops, Pinguins, with many other, each in their seasons supplying the whole summer year with a plentiful first service, proper for this time of day and the place of living. Next good Broths, with Mutton, Goat, or Fowls, well cooled with purslane, Lettuce, Sorrel, Papas thickened with Potatoes, Yams rendered stomatick with our read Pepper as wholesome as the east Indian, serves very agreeable both to nourish and moisten, or else Piloe, for which our native Rice may serve, as a food easy of digestion may well be admitted likewise the young Ocra an agreeable Food as well for the species as individual, dressed variously according to pleasure, besides the Family of Legumina, of which there are more then thirty sorts, relished with salted Pork, which Flesh here greatly excels, or powdered Beef, rather in compliance with the English great inclination to Flesh than otherwise, for the lighter or easiest digested food is always most proper here for digestion, as all the works of nature here are and ought to be most speedy, to comply with the universal briskness of motions betwixt the tropics. Wherefore the vast variety of Fish are found a great as well as a most suitable nutriment, and the Natives though descended from great flesh eating Parents prefer a Fish diet, and whatso is easily convertible to human service, before stubborn flesh,( for such all flesh is comparatively) a demonstration, what the nature of the place requires, and therefore to be complied with by the reasonable observer: And here, it being not an improper place, let me recite with thankful acknowledgement to divine Bounty the delightful wholesome as well as plentiful store of nourishment, which the boundless Ocean, as well as many retailing Rivers on all sides pour in upon us, in which recital I must needs give the first place, for more reasons than one, to the Bountiful Turtle, a strange as well as useful Creature, vastly answering necessity in living through its quantity of convenient Food, as well as gratifying the curious palate with extraordinary delicacy, exceeding that of marrow and fatness in any other Creature I know of, this flesh of Fish unites both Sea and Land in one, it partakes of neither so much as to offend the Palate, and wants of nothing that excels in either, the Flesh is truly solid but easy of digestion, like Fish in the last, but as flesh in the first, neither the lean nor the fat of a fishy taste, but both as pleasant as nourishing, and as nourishing as pleasant, and therefore in the whole a complete restaurative food: as it is a shell Fish it may well pretend thereto, and as its flesh is most like the white tender veal, it may make good the pretence, hence its broths, when boiled excels whatsoever, transcending the very Jellies of the curious: when the Callapee( for such is called the belly part) is baked, it vies with Venison, and lacks only scarcity to make it better, for judgement as well as palate will extort as much from me. Judgement, I mean directed from the nature of this Creature, which certainly is extraordinary in Generation, Formation, Life, and Death, all which being remarkable, I must not omit either to defend my judgement. As for the generation of the Turtle, it's almost past the creed of any to allow, without most undeniable sense convince: for the amorous embraces of the Male and Female Turtles continue not Minutes, not Hours, not Daies; but the very circuit of a Moon, an old egyptian year complete, their coitions, wherein they live on seminal expenses without any other restaurative than water, is that, which would bankrupt the creation to imitate throughout. But then the poor prodigal, like the emblematick figures in Fullers holy War, as he went on full, he returns empty, and requires eleven months recruit to visit his Uncle, while the she plumps with the swelling of her impregnated Ovary, and being richly laden seeks the proper discharge of her increasing Treasury, mixing it, like that of natural dust Gold with the warm hatching sand, which puts off its sterility by extraordinary plentiful brood of young Turtle, who by strange instinct knowing their watery mansion, hast thither, from their now unprofitable nest: But that not without a numerous attendance of preying Fowl, who savouring their delicacy, endeavour to intercept them in their passage, which they fail not to do of some, while the other escape into the more proper Element, increasing the stock of Turtle for the more constant furnishing the table of the deliciously feasting Jamaica Man, where I must not yet leave the Turtle, till I further remark his near approximation to reason, as well as his prodigious fullness of vital energy, both evidently insinuated by the signal property of weeping. And here me thinks I cannot but bear a part with the mournful Turtle, and almost cry for company, while I behold her lying on her back( for that posture is their prison) fetching deep melting sighs, and profusely emitting Tears from her languishing eyes, literally fulfilling the creation groans for the hoped for liberty. Neither can so great passions appear without great sense, which certainly this creature partakes of at a prodigious rate, and truly testifies the same from his heart, for even that hath vital motion five or six hours after its separation. The ignorant, to make it more strange, assign the Turtle three hearts: But to undeceive, it's one Heart with two large Auricles, neither yet is the whole Turtle unsuitable to his heart in retaining vital motion, it hath even grieved me to see the Calapee many hours after its separation from head, heart, and other parts, after its cutting, salting, and peppering, sensibly move under the fiery trial of the Oven. My pen would refuse disclosing this necessary cruelty, did it not strangely testify the great vitality of this creature, and consequently the advantage the feeders thereon may well expect from converting it into themselves: Much more might be said concerning this nourishment, but yet the large shoal of various Fish require some place in our paper. The Manatee or sea Cow must not be forgotten, though she more seldom visit us, to remind of her worth, yet when she doth she brings a feast with her as well as a good medicine for the afflicting ston. Our English name of Cow doth much befit, for her nose and head most imitate the same; her pasture not fish, but grass of the sea or banks, with which the Bays and Creaks being well supplied, draw these creatures for their food sake to be taken: the Manatee hath yet somewhat remarkable, for she doth not spawn as fish nor cast forth her eggs as Turtle, but calves her young and suckles them from an udder with milk, the better to make good the name of Cow: our dairy wives are not yet so curious to experiment their Butter, and I fear never will, those Cows being scarce to be herded. The Jew fish crowds to be one of the first three of our most worthy Fish, and deserves by no means to be excluded, affording a most firm well relished flesh throughout his whole bulk, but a most eminently delicious head comparing with the curious Cods; his fat eyes and brains exercise the palate with an unusual taste of a most singular marrow, the whole skin is well moistened with such fat, and renders it most nourishing and restaurative, without the usual hazard of surfeiting entailed thereon: It never affecting the stomach fulsomely, but disolves into spermatic nourishment readily, our Botargo Treasurer. The choice Mullet brings up the next division crowded with various Snappers, Rock fish, ston bass, Cavallies, Groopers, Jacks, Grunts, Porgoes, old Wives, Tarpums, Spanish Mackeril, Barrocoota, Gar fish, Grash fish, Mud fish, Cat fish, Silver fish, Pilchers, Sprat, Drummers, parrot fish, Dolphins, Place, Flounders, Bonetoes, Thornback, Stingraies, Murraies, Lobsters, Crawfish, Shrimps, sea Crabs, Eels, &c. with many others not yet name, though daily baptized in their own Element, or not remembered in so great a crowd: And now from so great a store it is no miracle that some thousands are daily fed on Port-Royal especially, as also else where near the margin of this iceland throughout. And moreover, which ought most thankfully to be remarked, as the Land of Jamaica scarce harbours any venomous troublers of our secure living, as the main Land throughout the Indies doth, so neither doth our neighbouring Seas or Rivers serve us with any poisoning Fish, as are found elsewhere about the Bahama iceland& other parts, where its frequent to be strangely affencted and merely poisoned by eating some sort of fish and others at sometimes: Of which I have seen two Barmudians strangely and hazardously afflicted, but recovered by taking Orveitan. But Jamaica hath no fear from her more benign fish, wherefore we may boldly serve ourselves from so great variety; the care remains, to restrain the appetite, better to preserve it quick and thoroughly digesting, whereby the Stomach may greedily crave the afternoon Chocalata, and so easily employing nature to a gradual full supply, chiefly to be completed at the greater meal about seven of the Clock, where our Muttons, Veals, Lambs, Kids, variously ordered, may satiate our strongest dint of appetite, whereto adding our dunghill Fowl at choice, and wild Fowl, such as Ducks of divers kinds, Teal, Plover, Snipes, Pigeons of various sorts, Turtle Doves, ground Doves, Parrats, Parreketoes, clucking Hens, Guinny Hens, Curlews, and if the Roman luxury were on foot, the Flemmingos Tongues, all which may sufficiently replenish and gratify our supping Jamaica Man, who, if at any time, may now take liberty to satiate nature but never over burden her, but so that the daily and nights discharge may be well supplied without entrenching upon the main stock, which ought carefully to be handled, from one day to the other, and improved rather than lessened, so that he may without damage sometimes shift his thick blood by emissions, to the bettering of the whole mass, and fundamentally securing life and health. For it is plain matter of fact, that they to whom such shiftings of the Tyrian die Juice is natural, even they live-longest in Jamaica and freest from interruptions of their health by intemperatures and diseases; unto the consideration of which it is now time to descend in our next Chapter.   

CHAP. 5. Of the Intemperatures and Diseases  
AS for Diseases usually found heret, hey are far short of the long Beadrowl which infest our native Country: No small Pox or very rarely, saving sometimes brought from Guinny by Negroes, terrify or remark us; no Scurvy that almost universal contagion of our native Country is got here, or continued if brought; no depopulating Plague that ere I have heard of in the West Indies; Consumptions nothing so frequent, and when, never so piningly tedious. As for Venereal Affects their symptoms are all lessened, and their discharge more easy far than in colder climbs: The chief danger lying in the too often neglect, and slighting the small Enemy, from whence the wise know how to take heed; the affrighting ston is a great stranger here, forasmuch as hopped Beer and French Wines are so likewise; the Green Sickness and accumulated evils flowing thence, the benign female moon in her direct approximation rescues that whole sex remarkably from, as well as assists and facilitates births: So that scarcely is there room left for the old cry ( Lucina far opem) Births proving as brisk as all other Produces in the Indies do. But why should I thus multiply our happy negation or absences of afflicting evils, but the better to excite the thankful acknowledgement of Divine Goodness in such deliverances, and that with so much the more courage and contentedness we may sustain the maladies incident to us here when infflicted on us: for it is never to be thought that human frailty may be excluded from any place since the loss of Paradise, and it is proverbially ridiculous to dream of that of the Fools: Jamaica therefore as part of the Indies hath its endemical evils, and of such we are here to consider as well as of the general frailty of human life, whereby our Houses of day, where ere they are seated, daily moulder into the dust, administering consideration to the prudence of the pensive man, and scarcely to be declined by any such: Especially since the Ancients have well calculated the contemplation of death to be the beginning of wisdom. For no one can rightly dole away his time or supply it with actions agreeable to wisdom, but whoso reckons upon his small duration; neither can any one, who hath rightly calculated, be surprised with the terror of his exit: Let's therefore that we may be prepared for the worst, consider the number of our Enemies, their Nature, their manner of assault, with the reasons of all, in order to obviate or prevent, or else cure and relieve from, or lastly manfully to comply with the necessity of Fate when nothing else shall remain. As for the number of weal-public affections usually and chiefly infesting Jamaica, they are but few, and may well be reduced to the heads following, of which distinctly though with brevity suitable to each ones apprehension and easy provision, it being my design not to multiply things far sought and dear bought, but to serve ourselves as far as possible with easy and ready Remedies and those few, in imitation of my most wise and most honest Master Hippocrates, not complying with the corruption of his degenerated successors, who have sacrificed the honour of the noble science to base lucre, and have accordingly succeeded.  
The first indisposition that usually meets the new Comer, is a diarrhea or Flux, a friendly rather than injurious motion of Nature, caused either by a new sort of Drink& Diet, which falls out in most places more or less, the which ceaseth without prejudice or any other remedy than a little time; or else the same may arise from rejoicing intemperance, too often welcoming the new arrivers, and may be accompanied with an ebullition of the fermented Juices boiling over to a convenient discharge of nature, the which by due abstinence may likewise cease: but if the same chance to stir up excrementitious complices and blend them with the blood, it may well hurry the whole into a chafing fret, marching the blood into the outrage of a febrifick Rant, if not discharged by the Crisis of a plentiful sweat, which is the usual prevention as well as the natural termination of distempers proper to the warm place, and hitherto nature is the sole Physician and ever afterwards the truest Indicator to the sagacious, what ought to be done: but while she labours sometimes in vain, sometimes in an excited rage, she is gently to be reduced and assisted in her first regular motion by the artificial attendant, thus if the Flux continue, it indicates somewhat to be discharged as well as nature to be quieted and hushed into a repose, lest she spend her strength in vain and then expire for want of the same, which sometimes happen: Let therefore the Patient to answer the first intention, take a suitable quantity of Manna( for Manna is the most natural, most agreeable purge here of any) dissolve of the same ℥ jss or ℥ ij, in a pint of Posset drink or other vehicle; after discharge thereby, at night let him take fifteen grains of torrefied Rhubarb in a poached Egg, repeat the like Rhubarb the next morning and as much at night in a Bolus of diascord, or if need be, before the same inject a Clyster of broth and diascord, to the intention of the observer; if heat increase by this method, as sometimes it may happen, it indicates bleeding necessary, and the blood will prove very thick, and always and in all cases plentifully to be withdrawn; forasmuch as the Patient is less fainted thereby, the blood afterwards moving more briskly and giving less pressure to the Chest. If so be the first two intentions, viz. the discharge of peccant matter and quiet of enraged nature are not properly and timely conciliated, further progress of the Enemy requires further intentions of the Physician; for nature struggles at length unto blood, and here the intentions may be quiter contrary, directed from quiter contrary causes, but both meet if well managed, at the same end: Thus two in a circled though they turn back to back and walk one from the other, may meet face to face at the same point, the Dysentery or bloody Flux( for thereof we are now to treat) may proceed either from a colliquation of humours, where all of them, through great heat either of mind extremely agitating or of the body resolving through extraordinary ferments, become extravagantly thin and eager, bounce through the tender restraint of the vessels into an open flood; or else the same may be effected through a sluggish thickness of blood, whereby being too gross for our quick circulation, and forced by the sure intending motion, it breaks the due restraint of the vessels, and floods out by indirect ways, so much as by great loss to threaten danger, from both we may have the bloody Flux: Which ought to be cured by contrary means, viz. by reducing the blood to a due thickness in the first case and by rendering it more thin in the second. Whoso daringly or ignorantly runs through thick and thin at the same rate, using means to one or the other alike, must necessary run a notorious risk, or else hath more luck than good cunning. As for the Case wherein the blood is too thin and eager, I shall need keep no Crowd of Remedies to confuse the chooser, but prescribe what nature freely offers in Jamaica, and that is China Root, whereof being somewhat dried and then grated into powder separated in a scarce, let him take a scruple, or as much as may ly on the point of a broad knife twice, for a Dose, let the same be taken in bed, and repeat the same if need be every six hours: And the blood and Juices thereby sweetened cease from their indirect eruptions. In the other case where the blood is thick let the Patient bleed and drink copiously of Ptisan or barley Water, till the symptoms cease by such a dilating course, and if the blood being thinned chance to be rendered sharp, and effect the Dysentery from a new cause, as sometimes it may be: Then take of China as before. To the which I shall add no more nor design any further, till I shall observe this fail. The white Flux as also the vain irritations of Nature called the needy, whereto oft provocations urge and give considerable disturbances, they are conciliated by the same Remedy; and what is signably remarkable, no inconvenience of weakness or heat ensues such a stoppage, but sensibly strength springs thence as from a most proper restaurative, wherefore we may well pass from our Chapter of Fluxes to the next of Fevers.   

CHAP. 6. Of the Fevers in Jamaica.  
A Fever being the general door through which most in all places take their exit of this world, and the difference of Fevers affording a great variety thereof, hath employed in all ages and places different attempts of Remedy, for so universal a grievance, or at least of discourse towards so desirable an end. That I may not be wanting to common custom, or more especially in any good wishes and endeavours to obviate so common an Enemy, I'll subjoin the best of my thoughts with my successses and observations as well of the nature as cure of those conflagrations in human Body, called Fevers. A Fever is a word of a Roman extract derived from the same Root as cause of its denomination, with the month styled February, wherein the Ancients using their expurgatory fires for expiating the lapsed, as well as for a further preparation for the new years future benefit, both in form and intention design the same for the public Weal, that Nature in each individual intends for human preservation by the conflagration in human body termed Fevers: The genus of which affects common to each species or kind of Fevers, is a non-natural heat, wherein all agree, of which therefore somewhat ought to be said. By non-natural is meant something necessary to the preservation of nature in her delinquent condition, though extraneous thereto and not of the nature thereof, and therefore called non-natural. Thus the Air, Eating and Drinking, Evacuations and Retentions, Labour and Rest, the Passions of the mind and Propagation of the species are called commonly the six non-naturals: Though congenial to and flowing from nature yet being extraneous from the physical Being of a man( for a man is none of those) they have hitherto been allowed the term of non-naturals: Thus a Fever is a heat non-natural, though it be nothing else than an heating struggling endeavour of nature her self to remove some grievance: Yet as this heat is more than nature requires for her daily management of her functions of life, such heat may be termed non-natural: it is not contranatural, though nature thereby is sometimes overthrown and dissolved, nor yet preternatural, for it is not beside but with the intention of nature, nor yet natural, because nature in her integrity needs it not, but therefore non-natural, a Fever is a non-natural heat. Heat seems the active principle of the Universe, from which both particular and general motions are begun, or at least continued. The World is quickened by the central heat of the Sun, and the whole jollily dance about their warming Fire, to the solemn natural praises of the great Recidenciary, life beams itself thence: For in him we live, move and have our being; the continuance of his Efflux maintains us in life, our Calidum nativum, or sacred Vestal Fire being fed thereby daily, and sometimes is surfeited thereof by an inflaming disproportion, whereby our temperament not only ad Pondus, but that ad Justitiam is fractured into weal-public Affects. Thus nature is enraged often by our abode too long in the Sun, and excites our Ephemeris, or the Fever of a daies time: For which there's no need of a Cure, the very nature of such a Fever terminating itself, if we subtract the Patient from the inflammatory cause. The first heat of nature in human frame preparatory to the continuation of all her depending motions, is the digestive heat for chylification in the Stomach, from the corruption or exasperating of which either from the sour ferments, or too much of the overflowing gull, most Fevers are either continued or begun. Hence it hath been a common usage as well as successful to accost our Fevers at first with Emericks or Vomits, either sometimes to remove the sole cause of the feverish Intemperature( and the effect likewise causeth this sole Remedy) or else timely to subtract occasional succours of additional heat, which though begun elsewhere would much be aggravated by vitiating Juices brought or found in this first elaboratory of decocting nature. Therefore such evacuation by vomiting never ought to be neglected by the careful attender, provided such be duly timed and proportionated both to the circumstances within and without, which being material may crowd themselves into our present remarks. As first where eminent signs of a Plethora or great fullness of blood exhibit themselves, then these cleansings by vomitings must give the first place to evacuation by blood letting, lest the full vessels being too much urged by the contranatural motion of the Stomach in vomiting, suffocate at once; or else may be forced to an eruption in the more tender and fine parts, such as the Eyes, Lungs, &c. laying the unhappy foundation for an Empyeron in the first, or divers lasting, weaknesses in the latter. Wherefore evacuation by blood letting ought in such cases to preceded these from emetics. Moreover the sex is to be considered, the Female not wanting so much the evacuations, by bleeding especially, nor that by vomiting so generally, both which are almost necessary to the other sex, under the first irregular ferment, or non-natural heat in the Stomach, nature providing better for the one than the other Sex by her great difcharges of turgent humours: besides the great commotions caused from wind in emetics or opening of a Vein, may in the Female prevent or corrupt natures own intentions, and raise the Devil of vapours not so soon laid again. Wherefore advertency is to be had, and that more cautious, concerning the more tender Sex suitable to their Nature, Time, Age and other circumstances. And now having thus added the necessary cautions not to be forgotten in our most general evacuations, we may more securely proceed thereto, and so much the rather, because malignity, of which there's great noise and solicitude in other parts of the World, hath no place here originally at least in Fevers, but sometimes added thereunto by the management of the attendant or Patient, who for want of discharge proper and timely of turgent humours; but exasperating such by an inflammatory usage, they may become little less, if not somewhat malignant. But our Air in Jamaica( of which oft refreshed the Patient ought partake) is our general external preservative from pestilential and malignant Fevers, wherefore I insist on the two general Remedies of bleeding and vomiting, as the most proper for our Jamaica practiser, and most safe if duly timed. I know it hath been commonly received that about eight years since when the victorious Fleet returned from the signal Panama expedition, that then they brought with them an high if not pestilential Fever, of which many dyed throughout the Country: But this being a foreign distemper brought from abroad, the causes of which I could not so well judge, I am not as yet forced from my opinion thereby, but conclude Jamaica more happy than to be amnoyed therewith directly and originally, I confess if our Patient be not timely and sufficiently bled, and death ensue, spots from the thick blood stagnating appear: but that not from a malignant cause but fullness, for bleeding and cooling well timed, and thinning medicaments prove successful; for the symptoms of malignity, such as great oppressions at heart, Fainting, could Sweats, &c. are here acted from the usual thickness of the Blood, for the blood being thick and when by a feverish ferment whipped about with a brisk motion suitable to the moving causes, the thickened Juices not without difficulty pass the many straits of the Body, and sometimes stagnating by a plaging force of the actuated blood suddenly kill, whereas when blood is duly withdrawn ere the ferment rise too high, and is so managed till it cease again, the symptoms of malignity either not appear or else are soon removed, relief always ensuing such evacuation if rightly timed: wherefore if the Practitioner be not ignorantly malignant there's no cause of terror in our Jamaica Fevers: But the two imitating evacuations being established, we may descend to the particulars of our non-natural heat, and begin from the intemperature in the first decoction of nature in the Stomach, which seeing it quickly draws its neighbours into association, the fermentation is easily propagated further, or else soon ceaseth here by the sole Remedy of a Vomit; but if not, this first evacuation sets us but the further in our direct way of obviating a greater Enemy: therefore scarce ever with safety ought it to be neglected or retarded. It's usual that the too sour ferment of the Stomach vellicates and thereby contracts that part, so that the neighbouring assage of the gull called the Coleduct is moved upwards likewise, and from such motion the ductile gull follows till it ascend the Stomach, from whence the former heat is aggravated and gives a sickness in that part, irritations to vomit, and pains in the head. Wherefore the former method of cure continues proper: however one emetick is not sometimes sufficient to discharge the Cystis fellea, the nest of this flowing ferment; but such filling again, and overflowing as before, renew the feverish heat, hence most reasonably our usual Fevers are intermittent. Of the which since our discourse is now in their chief seat, and such Fevers are the most frequent Enemies that annoy us, I must more particularly insist thereon, and show that Jamaica is as kind in a sufficient Remedy, as liable to this frequent intemperature. Five or six of our Fevers are of this kind and commonly called the every other daies Fever and Ague, which oftentimes is interrupted by medicaments or Methods, but if let alone, the management of nature proves no other than a safe Tertian, to the which the Natives are safely liable, it rarely killing any of them without the help of an irregular management. The great frequencies of these Agues may have two causes, the one the great quantity of Choler abounding here, the other a stop of the usual necessary discharge of such fermenting humour. The Choler abounds between the tropics is but reasonable as well as matter of fast for the inflaming Sun must needs kind its like in its nearest subjects, and propaga●… from the great fountain of heat the like inhuman Body: of which the gull as central receiver in the lower Belly, ebbs and flows according to the communications of the supreme dispenser of heat and motion. F●… the gull is not an excrement but a nob●… fermenting extract calculated by natu●… for the first motions towards a superior life in the delineations of the foetus first, and therein becomes though the lowest, yet the first tendency to human life, which must deign to have the same with the plants, and inferior Beings, ere it ascend to a more perfected life consummated in the intelligent and rational creature, which though it towers so high at length, yet hath but the small beginning of a fermentative motion eminently seated in the Center of the overshadowing and preparing Liver, if not of the lower orb of the Belly: whereof the Navel being the Pole, guides us directly to this first central fermenting heat, treasured in the Cystis fellea where the yolked fire derived from the maternal Stock by the umbilical vessel kitchens her self for the service of the whole new to be raised structure of the anon to be hatched foetus.  
From the which Choler seeing evident necessary fermentations have their beginnings, we shall likewise observe that the non-natural heat of a Tertian springs thence likewise, and our eyes must witness hereto, while we see the bilious ejections which do naturally arise or reasonably are enforced by vomitings, under such affects; which when but removed or contemperated, the severish heat and bilious fermentations cease, wherefore herein lies the proper cure of those Tertians or the every other daies Ague or Fever. To complete which and render the returns of the fit more reasonable and apparent, we must add the constipation of the skin or the shutting the Pores caused either from external sudden could, or internal rage of alarmed Nature, who while assembled relieves inward, leaving the outgard of the porous skin more shut because more could, and less of the retiring heat remaining there. Thus the usual ports of the skin denying passage to the constant profuse discharge in those hot Countries, absolutely necessary, by the habit of the Body; the same condense and thence become sour, then chill the extreme parts, and cause the shaking or could fit, enough to awaken nature to a relief and cause whatso follows in the hot combat or struggle in the casting forth the disturbing foreigner, wherein the inflaming ferment of choler having its chief part to act, exasperates the heat too high, till it threaten the conflagration of the whole and the attending symptoms necessary thereto, in which rage to add good inflaming Cordials, is to make nature desperate and thereby sometimes to work extraordinary for her relief, but more often becomes a sacrifice to the mistake and folly of the flattering administer, who comforts himself and the paying friends of the deceased, that he had the richest Cordials imaginable: thus men pay for their mischiefs and love to have it so be, because they know no better. Whereas nature will never be forced but lead, and her truest Secretary and near counsellor, the great Hippocrates, who saved more lives than any one ere since, knew nothing of these inflammatory Medicaments. The corruption of simplicity and confused ignorance hath raised these Spirits since to carry the afflicted more speedily in fiery Chariots, God knows where: for my part I never add coals to the fire, but remove the fuel, and calm nature to a compose and regular discharge of the weal-public matter, without straining her or running unnecessary risks. For my great Master tells me, Nature is the curer of all her diseases, the physician is but the observing Minister to suggest her necessaries and remove impediments, the which now remains, and that therein I manifest the same simplicity that nature delights in, and thereby is relieved, as whoso tries will find the benefit of easy relief and safety, in the attempt thereto complying with the three happy adverbs of the divine Hippocrates, viz. that the Physician ought to cure quickly, safely, and pleasantly; without demurs, to magnify the cure and inflame the Reckonings; without happy-be-lucky ventures, where mans life lies at pawn; or torturing nauseousness, to add affliction to the afflicted. Wherefore since the intention of our present Fever, and it may be of most others, is the discharge of the first turgent monitor from the Stomach, and adjacent parts by vomiting as is said before and the contemperating of the incited or enraged non-natural Heat; let the Patient upon the discovery of the assaulting Enemy watch a Pacate, and timely three hours before his Fit take either of the vomiting Wine, which is no other than Crocus Metallorum powdered( the quantity whereof matters little) suppose half an ounce more or less in one quart of Wine, set the same in a Skillet or Pot of warm water, wherein let it stand two hours, then remove the same infusion and keep for use, pouring off the same clear when occasion offers, whereof one ounce, or half as much more may serve for a Dose, or if this easy Remedy be wanting( which ought not to be in a Plantation) let him take from five to nine of our vomitive Nuts, which agree well in all flegmatick temperaments, or of our Sea Onions whereof is plenty here, prepared by Vinegar for the use above. By the which cleansing the Guts and Stomach, ere the access of the feverish assault, a fit season is prepared for our most general of a vegetable( if not of all others) sudorific or febrifuge Sweater, which the benign Jamaica affords most plentifully and ready at hand, viz. China Root, take and grace the same when first dry, scarce the fine powder thereof, and thereof take about ℥ j, or the quantity that two points of a broad knife will take up, there's no prejudice as ere I found in the access of so benign a simplo compose in Bed to a swear, which soon without exasperating heat or force ensues, and if need be more plentiful to discharge by sweeting, repeat the like three hours after, adding for a better supply of inoffensive and agreeable moisture of the Decoction, for which of the same Root may be taken about ℥ iij, sliced into two quarts of water being boiled as we usually do Tea. To afford after half an hours decoction an agreeable Tincture of of the said China, the which when poured on Sugar to a grateful sweetness, or without that sweet addition, makes a most ready and proper drink for the thirsting Sweater, whereof the Patient may drink most freely to discharge more plentifully and without faintness by sweeting, and at any other times if he fear by previous symptoms a returning Fit, let him always at such notices betake to his Bed, and take of the powder as before with the same drink, and by Gods usual help I have hitherto seen and felt the desired successses. Wherefore there needs no further care for elaborated Medicaments and Methods, Frustra fit per plura quod fieri potest per pauciora, neither need I add the rational where matter of fact approves its self: only to satisfy the inquirer, I must say our Root sweetens as I suppose the enraged ferment either of the Stomach or gull: Thence Nature being pacate easily flings out by sweat the disposed weal-public matter, sets open the doors for the fugitives, and thereby answers the true intentions in feverish ebullitions, which being come to an happy end of designing Nature, cease by so simplo so easy a Remedy, thus the greater half of our Patients in Jamaica may be provided for without trouble, cost or nauseousness. And moreover this happy Remedy answers not only the Indications of a Tertian, but of a continued, nay of the most obstinate quartan Fever also. But I need not distinguish of Fevers or at least pursue such distinctions with distinct Cures, for though I have not experienced as yet in Quartans as much as in Tertians, nor ever may; yet so much as I have, which hath been in some and in all I have met with since my happy usage of China, as above, I have found the safe discharge both of Continued and Quartans by the same simplo: therefore I shall conclude though empirically yet beneficially for the public, for the which I writ, and not further multiply under this Head, but refer the users to the abovesaid, who may be content with no further trouble. For to confess the truth where ere the practiser heaps a multiplicity of Remedies, it declares his own suspicion of the desired effect, and ignorance what will answer his intention, or insufficiency in what he uses or else a mercenary compliance with custom. Wherefore as Nature is the infallible curer of every distemper, and she by how much the more simplo, the less must be opposite and querrelsome: Whatso of Remedy comes nearest to nature must needs be most proper and less liable to hazards( and it is no little virtue among the crowd of practitioners to do no hurt) therefore most natural remedies seem first to be desired as most safe, most pleasant and benign, such as our agreeable China, so then we need not wonder, this Root among the wise Chineses, from whence it took its name, hath been in great esteem and valued at a good price, though when it's transported thence it scarce answers its so great famed; for to make it the better transportable, they bereave it much of its virtue, and serve us in Europe with little better than rotten wood. Whence of late its price hath sunk with its demand, whereas in Jamaica this happy Root being repleat with its salutiferous Tincture, which gives its weight and intrinsic worth, outdoes its common famed and any vegetable that ere I have met with, nay what the cracking chemist brags of his Elixir, this while in its vigour, truly performs. But whether in the northern climbs it may answer what it performs in its native place, where the Pores are openly disposed to sweats, I cannot assert, but judge it worth probation, and wish its success there as I have found it here.   

CHAP. 7. Of the dropsy called the Country Disease.  
I having after my manner dispatched the discourse and cure of the Fevers in Jamaica, come to the next ensuing epidemic, called the dropsy or Country Disease, to which many Servants and neglected persons especially are obnoxious, and for want of timely assistances come short home, for their sakes therefore as well as their masters, I shall omit nothing healingly to obviate so common an enemy, rendering it both easy and cheap through the overflowing bounty of the great healer of us all, who hath given a balm for every Sore, and that not to be far sought and dear bought, but near at hand, were our eyes opened like Hagars to see the thirsted for Remedy. A dropsy is a disease hath made a great noise in the contending parties, an argument of its being less known, nay Helmont is so bold as to tax the whole Schools with the ignorance thereof, and although he was happy in a Remedy to cure the same, which is the the true end of the knowledge of a Disease; yet with his good leave, he himself might perhaps run into as unlike conjectures about the causes as those he severely reproves. The Schools have assigned three sorts of Dropsies, viz. an Anasarca, Ascitis and the Tympany. The first is water betwixt the skin and that generally throughout the Body and near the same with a Leuco-Plegmatia, the second name Ascitis being the most proper dropsy as appearing in Belly and Legs, the third is called Tympany from the great Tension of the skin like to a Drum, the most rare though the most cruel and afflictive, all which seem little less than distinction of degrees of one and the same disease, or at least I will take leave to suppose them so, having reason therefore in my cure thereof. Helmont will by no means allow the Schools to be just in taking the Liver as the chief part male affencted in these distempers, and indeed not without great show of good reason, for I thought with myself, says he, to what end hath there been Anatomy in the World for two thousand years, if there be not in this day a more successful cure of the dropsy than in times past, for wherefore are we the Butchers of dead Carcases, if we do not learn thereby the errors of the ancient. The same Author therefore having inspected the many Carcases of dropsical persons, of whom he makes distinct mention, asserts the Livers of them all all no way vitiated, and therefore concludes the Liver faultless in dropsical Affects, of which I am further satisfied by the nature of the Cure of such distempers, of which anon: However I can neither allow the opinion of the more happy Helmont concerning his hard word Latex, and the wrothful governor thereof, the Kidneys, whence in short he derives the cause of a dropsy, the which for want of my well understanding I betake myself to a more evident description thereof agreeable to its frequency in the hottest Indies, premising the usual times of our Dropsies to be after Fluxes, Fevers and other disturbances, whereby the discharge through the habit of the body is lessened and interrupted, hence whats usually carried off by sweeting and a more silent daily breathing through the whole skin, rebounds inwards thence condense into an ichorous Water, thence aggravates more and more the first cause through increased weaknesses and hindrances of the necessary transpiration, the which according to the Statica Medicina is demonstrated to be very considerable, it being some pounds weight. And when that in part or in whole shall be retained, some time, such as the Dropsies usually take to come to their height, may well accumulate the greatest quantities of Water treasured up for the destruction of the Patient, that ere we may have seen or heard of, not but that such stagnating Waters in time may work further alterations likewise on the subjected parts and Viscera, the which then to see effected, may afford no wonder, nor yet insinuate the reason of the first Waters from the weakness of the Liver, Reins, &c. as usually is taught and received for a truth, but rather from a more evident cause, viz. the constipation of the porous Skin impeding transpirations and more copious sweatings, according whereto I institute the reason of the Cure of Dropsies, which matter of fact hath evinced to me from bare external unctions, although from greater security to the cure, I add or rather premise a Vomit of Mercurius vitae or of our physic Nuts, but oft cure without and perhaps as well, the unction sufficiently answering the intention of this Disease of the dropsy.  
There grows almost every where in moist and boggish places, a large and remarkable plant called generally the dumb Cane, and that not improperly. For it similates in its large and high jointed Stalk that of a Sugar Cane, and scarce of itself without its leaf by the eye to be distinguished there from, though it gives a deeper verdure than usually the sweet Cane doth, and besides the leaf of this is much other than the flag of the Sugar Cane, most representing a water Plantain leaf though much longer. The Epithet of dumb is remarkably added thereto, for as much as whoso toucheth it with his Tongue becomes dumb and unable to speak for two or three hours: But then without any prejudice the part returns to its former use and volubility. Therefore it appears to be no poison, however I administer it not inwardly as yet, but content myself with the sufficient outward application in the manner following.  
I take of the juicy Cane, and beat it in a mortar into a kind of a Past, then add thereto a double quantity of Hogs Grease or rather Turtle Fat or Snakes fat, the which having agitated strongly together, I suffer it to rest some daies, then beat it well again and keep for use. Observing that the longer it be kept it better answers our intention. But then it must be heated in the Mortar ever and anon, and well beaten, lest it vivify into worms, further to prevent which, as also to render the ointment more fine, safe and agreeable: Take of the Mass beaten in the fats as before and well heated; then strain the same through a course strong Towel forcibly, which boil up to due consistency and keep for use, which is thus.  
Take of this Ointment and chafe it warm into the swollen parts, and if need be apply the former gross Unguent or mixture by way of a Cataplasm to the Scrotum, which part usually bears a great share of the Disease. Such effect hath this ointment on the Patient as to discharge the watery Tumour through the skin, which though Helmont would fain have carried another way; yet seems better, if possible which he questions, through the habit of the Body: Such a like discharge the Herb Verbene, of which great store is to be found in Jamaica as well as elsewhere, effecteth on the stagnating blood in the Pleurify. For apply a Cataplasm of that Plant warm to the side affencted and it relieves from that grievance through a discharge by the skin, of the afflicting blood; the remarks whereof appear on the Cataplasm when removed, wherefore when Nature can and doth discharge the nearest way, what need we go further about. The reason why and how this dumb Cane affects the Tongue, may be the same for its desired way of discharging by the Pores to the curing of the dropsy, for that which renders the Tongue as beforesaid upon the touch of the dumb Cane, is its power of drawing such plenty of moisture into the porous Parts as to strut the vessels, whereby the whole tongue is rendered immovable, till gradually such crowded moisture be discharged, which done, the Tongue returns to its former state without injury thereto. Likewise this same Cane effecteth the like on the swollen parts, whereto the Ointment is applied by an easy and kind discharge of the swelling Ichor, and at the same time opening the Ports for the prevention of a further accumulation or return of the Disease, which I make from the cure to be originaly but a cutaneous disease, arising from the constipation of the skin, which prohibiting due transpiration, thereby the swelling is formed and continued in the cutaneous parts and neighbourhood thereof, especially those that are depending, as the belly Scrotum and the Legs, which parts may, well be weakened by want of due exercise in daily transpirations. And therefore though the discharged matter be removed, and thereby for a time the disease in its appearance vanish, yet to confirm the same and render it a continual cure, it may be necessary, especially in persons more elderly to use warm Baths made of the aforesaid dumb Cane decocted, into the which it may be agreeable to descend an Evening before bed time, and there to continue not to faintness or sweeting but a due warmth, after which frications may have their proper use and great benefit. Further it may be convenient to change the first Bath for another, wherein Savanns Weed or spikenard, as some call the same, being decocted make a fragrant and balsamic Bath to strengthen the cutaneous Fibres, and restore their true tone for their better service of the offices of nature, especially the necessary daily plentiful transpirations which are absolutely necessary to health in Jamaica and such like places.   

CHAP. 8. Of Worms.  
FRom the great moisture of the Air, before suggested, conjoined with its quickening animating heat, it's no wonder to observe a frequent generation of Worms, either in the Stomach and Guts most usually or in other parts, oftentimes to the great interruption of Health by various annoying symptoms, chiefly and with most hazard accosting the Infant, as the moistest state, as also the more grown among the Female Sex, or the debilitated among the Males far oftener than is suspected; from whence irregular Fevers and looseness, Convulsions, dejections of Appetite, Nauseousness, Vomitings, &c. usually ensue. Wherefore I scruple not, though among my few heads of disaffections, to assign a particular Chapter thereto. Active Nature being never at rest is at all moments and in all things hatching of life, though variously more or less perfect according to the various occurrences of Matter, Motion, and seminal Dispositions. Every creature living whether Animal or Vegetable, have their lesser and different troops of Worms, Mites, Flies, and other products arising from the heat and corrupting seminal Particles. Neither is Man freed from such offensive nuisances, but often lowered to the very dust from such little intestine Enemies: especially the weaker state of man, Infancy or childhood, whose ferment or degestive heat being not sufficiently master of their great moisture, suffer such like generations to the hazard of the harbouring structure. This evil of Worms is universal throughout all places and climbs more or less, but more especially to be remarked and savingly obviated in all hot and moist places, such as Jamaica, where from their Diet and Water as well as the place Worms are found most frequent and injurious. As for the Diet, Bread being not so frequent especially in remoter places of the iceland, for there most supply themselves with sweet Potatoes, and a fruity kind of bread, which gives sufficient matter to this intruding vermin, and our water being commonly haunted with Muskeetoes, a small sort of fly which prodigally sprinkle their eggs every where, though scarcely perceptible, yet in a weak Stomach may well be hatched into offensive small Stomach Worms, and act the tragical symptoms thereto. Wherefore it seems reasonable if not necessary, to provide for and fortify against those inbred disturbers of our more perfect health: And when by usual symptoms such may be suspected, we ought most speedily to labour there casting forth by proper Remedies, and such almost all bitter things are found to be as well as those which partake of the irradiations of Mercury or Quicksilver. From which two topics we cannot want a choice of effectual Remedies, and forasmuch as Children the chief subjects of Worms and wormy Slime, are not easily induced to admit bitter tasted Remedies inward, it concerns to contrive otherwise to answer our intention. Besides the Place or Residence of the offenders is to be considered, viz. whether such be the Stomach or Bowels, if the Bowels, whether the most external as the Rectum, or more internal as the Colon, or Ilia, or Jejunum. And according to the different seat of such internal scandals or offensives of life, we differently level our Remedies and manner of cure. If the Stomach be the residence thereof, Sickness and gripings in that part, especially at times most remote from eating, sudden qualms and incitations to vomiting, pains in the head, disturbed rest, stinking breath, &c. may discover the same, and then a Vomit, about an hour after having well eaten may be the most proper thereto. But if the seat of the vermin be lower in the jejune or hungry gut, a fit place to nourish these milk suckers to the deprivation of the whole Body from its due supplies, of which likewise the craving vermin being quickly cheated by the numerous sucking Chyle vessels found there, are rendered more restless, and thereby become more easily felt by the observing Patient. However vomitings do not there usually ensue, but rather acute gripes on the sudden afflicting and thence skreeks: for the greater worms being bread here for their room sake, as well as the most supply of milky juice, while they follow their quickly withdrawn milk unto the orifices of the sucking vessels, may well knip the tender Fibres thereof, and cause sudden twitches oft complained of, to dislodge these notorious offenders, though sometimes by forcible vomiting( whereby the mouth of the Ventricle through weakness or otherwise may be relaxed) they accidentally may be pumped upwards. As in such cases which happen now and then where large worms are cast forth by vomitings, yet such are not natives of the Stomach, but as is said before of the Jejunum or other next productive guts, wherefore the most proper conveyace for them is downward by the force of aloetick or Mercurial Medicaments: And forasmuch as the passage is tedious for such slow marchers as worms are, there are requisite repetitions of the protruding medicaments at least for three daies together, sometimes six they ought be stimulated to their exit by such appropriated Goads. And further to render the whole Region of the Bowels, an uneasy residence to such unwelcome guests an external plaster of our Aloes or Sempervive inspirated to a due softness, which then sticks well to the Navel, is never to be omitted; and further to specificate the same, powder of formerly ejected worms may be sprinkled therewith as most effectual to our purpose, especially for Children, who often will admit no internal. But for such who may or will be persuaded to take in a bitter sup of the juice of the Sempervive simplo, or sweetened into a dulcamare Syrup, with the aforesaid plaster applied to the Navel; they may need no further, provided such be monthly repeated, nay those who through daily usage of Sempervive juice in a draft of water, have rendered the same agreeable to their palates, as some have done this as well as Wormwood Wine in England: such Children or more elderly persons have had the most florid and healthy complexions of any in the Indies, as being thereby well secured against worms and ill effects thence arising. Besides not only those worms of the Guts but of the Stomach likewise, and the small lesser worms of all stabling in the Rectum, called Ascarides, who cluster themselves in the sink of the Body or fundament, may be removed by internally received Sempervive and external applications of the same bitter enemies in Baths and Injections, so then seeing Nature hath provided us so plentifully with sufficient Remedies against so common an Enemy, it's our own fault if we suffer for the want of the benefit thereof. However since some will spare the Child for his crying, and comply with the refusal of a bitter and unpleasant Remedy, we must set down an insipid though effectual one calculated to deceive the obstinacy of ill commanded Children, and such Medicaments are those which partake of Mercurial Irradiation destructive to worms where ere they are. And now I am fallen on a consideration which gives me as much wonder as any in Nature, and yet matter of fact enforceth it upon us, viz. the strange operation or the way how all mercurial Bodies, such as all Metals are, operate with a kind of divinity, powerful and yet without diminution of their Force and Virtue. Thus the common emetick Wine may always be supplied from the same undiminished Crocus Metallorum: Thus likewise the Antimonial Cup communicates its vomitive quality to its contained liquour remaining the same in weight and operation, though years and ages made use of. And thus our common Quicksilver, if boiled an hour or two in fair water, renders the whole without communication of scent or taste or least imaginable loss of parts of the said Mercury, a certain destroyer of worms in human body, nay common Quicksilver is enemy to worms where ere it be placed. Hence it's received that if the same be placed any where, as among Corn, &c. where worms most frequently are generated, it defends the same there from. The why and wherefore I dare not undertake to determine, Helmont solves it by an Irradiation, supposing Metals according to their names to be no less than earthen Luminaries, Gold as supreme and most perfect obtains the name of the Sun, Silver that of the Moon, Tin is remarked with the sign of Jupiter, Iron with Mars his note, Copper is signalized by Venus, and led they give Saturn's Character, and and our Quicksilver is commonly known by the name of Mercury, which most certainly appears to lose nothing though it be made use often thousand times effectually to the killing of worms; which is after this manner: Take one ounce or two of Quicksiilver( for the quantity varies nothing) boil the same in two quarts of water in a glass vessel or Bottle, pour off the water, the Quicksilver in its full weight remains at bottom, use the insipid Water not discernible, as boiled, by the most peevish palate of Children from their usual drink of water, wherefore they drink freely thereof. The proper times for the same is going to bed or in the night, three nights afore and as many after the full Moon. But since this Water may only kill the worms and not bring such away, if the Child have not a loose belly( which commonly they have) a dissolution of Manna ℥ ss, in their Chocalata may secure all by carrying forth the skinny slough and remains, which might otherwise injure health, such looseness at the time or from the cause of worms killing many Children indicates what ought to be done. And indeed Manna used instead of Sugar in their Chocalata is a most agreeable and proper purge in such cases, but lest the looseness like a wheel set a turning continue too long, though the moving hand be suspended, let our Child so accosted lest he be too much weakened, take of our true Sweetner of our Juices and benign quieter of nature, viz. of China Root powdered as much as lies on a knife point with or without as much Sugar to carry it more easy down the Throat, after which washing the mouth with any liquour, let the Child or other person be kept warm that night, and the looseness diminisheth if not quiter ceaseth. Thus the poor and every one may easily and safely at all times be provided against the general affliction arising from Worms and the most eminently in hot and moist Countries, as Jamaica is.   

CHAP. 9. Of Venereal Affects.  
IT may appear reasonable to whoso reads this and the other Chap. that this follows the former of Worms, and surely venereal affects in the West Indies, may well challenge a particular animadversion, affording considerable intimations to all other parts where those unhappy plants have taken root. Neither may it be improper to inquire into the first soil of this scourge of transgressing humanity, to know whence it sprung, so that by searching the originals thereof we may better eradicate its foul offspring. The first opening of this Pandoras Box, at least in the European parts, was at the Siege of Naples, where the Spaniards returning from their new found World, brought with them as great a rarity, this new found distemper. Thus they severely paid for their treacherous lavishing the Indian Blood, and the sale of their own Faith and Humanity: among others they brought this foul return of a Pox to themselves. And had they still engrossed it to themselves without any participation thereof to their Neighbours, as they have laboured to do their acquests in the Indies, Europe might well have thanked them for so great a benefit of their reserved Temper, but alas! a Spaniard is too free of his Flesh to be confined within his own Nation,( but like a plaguy person as they say) crowds to infect others with no other than the pitiful excuse of the old ditty Solamen miseris, &c. and miserable comforters are such all, especially while the anguish of this Nemesis whippings makes them feel to the purpose, while the intestine enemy approaches the very bone, and there by violent intrusion separates the sensible Periostium. What memory of the itching cause can administer any softening relief, but rather aggravate the inflamed spirit under the sense of so foolish a barter, parting with the golden State of Health and Ease for so babbling a looking-Glass of their own misery? But this Itch in spite of Morals will be catching, and the beginning natural pleasure will often urge the smartful end, especially in the precipitant Youth, who scarcely sufficiently dread the Fire till they have been savingly burnt. Thus some are saved in a natural sense but so as by fire, and there are those who dread not a Purgatory so they may get to Heaven, but me thinks it were more desirable to need no such trying difficulties, Take away the cause and the effect will cease, fire burns not where fuel disposeth not to conflagration, let the Spaniard enjoy with their rich Metals their fiery Vulcanoes, both as the entailed results of their American Conquests. But seeing success hath placed the English there likewise, that we may separate the pure from the impure, the Gold from its dross, enjoy the West Indies without its native disease, is worth more pains and skill than I under this topic can well afford to lavish. However, that I may not be altogether wanting herein, I may presume to subjoin an observation with my conjectures thereon concerning Venereal affects, and add for the service of the remote and such as are destitute of help and remedies, such easy and natural ones as are grounded on the reason of the disease and experiment thereon and ready at hand for the most needy sinner conjoining an Empirical and rational cure of the present disease in one method of relief. I find the old sour stocks of Venereal affects most plentiful among the animal Indians, and the cursed posterity of the naked Cham. The first in the large Tracts of the American, the latter in the African deserts, both which quarters of the world bring forth the monstrous Yaws as a proper Stock to engraffed a new tion of Disease, and that too too fruitful in the apple of Sodom and the bitter Fruits of Gonorrhoea, of which the Europeans to their great costs have tasted under the new dished affect, called first the Neapolitan, and then the French Disease; whose original being first the Yaws, reduceth my discourse thither. The Yaws therefore, to describe if not define the same, is a seminal taint monstrously corrupting first the spermatic parts with a could indigested putridness, branching out oft in the Groin and obscene parts, oft infecting the Mouth and Throat and parts near the origination of the Nerves with a filthy eating crusty Scab, which needs sharp metalline corrosives to cleanse, which serves but for a time neither. For usually yearly or oftener at the cleansing times of burdened nature it returns as before. Mercurial Medicaments have chiefly been made use of for its internal discharge, and such the same as our filthy Pox requires, the Infants oft bring it into the World with them, and are the chief subjects of its more easy invasion, indicating the taint of their spermatic original. And now I am left in a wood to find the first cause of this afflicting Enemy of Mankind, whence it sprung or whence deduced, and by ranging to and fro I meet with strange monstrous mixtures of Animal Shapes, more than ordinarily imitating the actions as well as the shapes of mankind, varying sometimes under the larger size of Baboons and Drills, as on the Virginia Tracts, sometimes under that of Monkeys and Pongoes, as in Africa, the Native Negroes Seat, or less under the Malmaset, as among the Indians of the more southern Main of America. All which at first sight bespeak too near alliance with the Lords of the creation by some unhappy jumble of the rational with the brutal Nature, a sin against the principles of our Being, therefore significantly punished as well as naturally inflicted in the polluted Yawes. It was not without tacitly instructing Wisdom that Linsiwoolsy was forbidden by the Law of Moses, and the same did well prohibit the Jews sowing their Field with two sorts of Seed, and God condemned him that lay with a beast to die, not only out of absolute sovereignty, but paternal care of his Creations good, all which tide of Nature and goodness whoso dares boldly stem, must needs reap the fruit of his degeneracy and sordid madness in a suitable plague of weal-public Pollutions, the Disease indicating its cause in its punishment as well as natural produce. For when the rich Oar of human Seminals shall wickedly wantonly be sucked in by a vastly unsuitable Matrix, to say no worse, it must necessary suffer egregious corruption, and not only bring forth an anomalous Breed, but convey an afflicting Taint into the spermatic vessels of the more noble unlading Animal, who having discharged his own rich Treasure designed by nature and just rule of commutation for as rich a Cabinet, receives necessary into the porous vacated Tube the polluted Emergencies of the brutal nature. The which how well they must necessary agree in the internal frame of humanity, let's consider by viewing misshapen Satyrs, how devilishly loathsome it is to behold a cloven foot under an erected shape, and what filthy excrescency shows a beastly superadded tail, where an human front bespeaks a divine Majesty. As horrid a discord must needs be found in the ill blended humours within, when brutal communications in seminals jangle Nature into a confused medley, what less than unheard of corruptions do necessary emerge? Therefore loathsome to every sense and much more to the rational being, whose advantage lies in truly adjusting Agents with Patients, whereby his overruling wisdom out-doth the whole Creation, made the decorum of submitting obedience, wherefore he rightly becomes the Lord and Ruler thereof. Whereas should he descend to an unsuitable communication, and such but generally obtain, he must quickly quit his Royalty, if not to the beastty herd itself, yet to whoso retains entire Humanity. Hence the Black may well become naturally Slaves, and the vast Territories of the Indians be easily invaded and kept in subjection by inconsiderable force of the Spanish Tyranny. And even those conquerors through mixture with these animal People, reap their infirmity of Body and Mind, and now lay them open to a newer and more hopeful conquest; of which it's no place for me to treat saving lightly to point at Natures disposition thereto and to warn the intending conquerors to escape the same degenerating Pit of naturally necessary destruction. But forasmuch as it is too late for our present afflicted to prevent an incumbent evil, I must needs administer some relief to the Yaws ere we proceed further: and here to be more regular I advice the cleansing of the first ways as to Stomach, Guts, &c. by a Vomit either of infusion of Crocus Metallorum or else Mercurius vitae gra. iij, or else if neither be present, of our physic Nuts from five to nine, the next day six ordinary Pills of our native Aloes, to carry off the remainder( if any) of the Vomit or moved humours. Interpose one or two daies rest, and repeat the like Vomit, and succeedingly purge two daies more, and so a third time: in the most radicated and polluting Yaws, rest three daies and take away blood, if it be very thin and waterish the less, if thick ℥ viij, after which at night, and so successively dress the Yawe Sore with this Unguent, take verdigris, put the same into a crucible or strong earthen Pot, which place in a hot fire for four or five hours, even until all the greenness of the verdigris disappear through the discharge of ist corroding vinegar driven away by the fire, and there remain a fine Calx of Copper, which put into a Crucible or earthern Pot with its equal proportion of Sea Salt, grinding them well into fine powder, which Powder is to be urged by the fire strongly for two hours, and after remove the same and grinned it being reduced into a lump, expose the said Powderin an earthen Pot to the night Air, afterwards with its double quantity of the fat of Snakes, mix it well into an ointment, which keep for use; which may be thus, anoint the external Sores till healed; and lest such should return, use to purge them with Aloes every full Moon. But lest Aloes through much usage may cause evacuations of Blood, it may be taken in the liquour of a Water Million, which notice may serve in general in the use of Aloes or Aloetick Medicaments. To give an account why I alter the verdigris from its Vinegar, which makes it verd or green; and mix the same rather with Sea Salt, is because Sea Salt is far more penetrating, and opening both the Body of the Copper and that of the Yawy Patients, which thereby is more balsamically tinctured to the casting forth of of the filthy Enemy, which reason when once I had secured by experience I could not but comply with. And hitherto of the stock of our engrafted neapolitan Disease. I must now pass to the unhappy tion finished in the Pox. Unhappy Planters who first introduced it, and more unhappy who meet not with a cure! Such as in the generality are the polluted Spaniards throughout all their new Conquests greatly as well as justly infested with this intestine Enemy. The which we cannot but follow, the better to chase it away from our neighbourhood, for even that contaminates with disposing inclinations and renders nearest friendship too hazardous. It were need less to describe this disease, or to concern myself in this paper with the so often treared on subject, did not something offer itself new from what I have yet, with which rendering the distemper known and therefore a Cure more certain and readily from the original of the Affect, viz. the Yaws produced as before said from the unnatural mixture of human with brutal seed. So our Pox is nothing else in its first rise than a further ingrediency of the European viz. the aforesaid corrupted seminals in the Blacks and Indians from whence it may well be propagated under the present appearance of the Pox, the which in its beginning being manifest in a virulent gonorrhea, leads me first to consider thereof and that differently from any thing yet remarked as I know of on that subject, which accidentally suggested itself from observations here made, while to my amazement such running discharge manifested itself, what it might be, by presenting to the the sight large living white Maggots or Worms. The which appearance streight put me on new thoughts, viz. that the Taint of corrupted seminal Particles or a corrupted odour, for such oft is a sufficient original of a gonorrhea, from and in feminal vessels, may very easily produce worms, and such by increasing and swelling into bigness cause erection and streitning the Fraenum, and render the Urine obstructed and guttatim discharged, and when such Animals grow too large for the narrow Continent, they must needs burst and afford the discharge which Gamesters talk of, and from the skin of the bursted Maggots white raggy Fibres may show themselves in the Urine. I might instance in more circumstances to render the probability, but such I leave to each expert to do for himself, the naked truth being ashamed of my English rest. After such skins are thoroughly cast forth, and yet the vermifying Taint being not eradicated, it may infest other parts of the Body with the like, though lesser vermin, the which may solve all the appearances in a confirmed Pox. Thence it is easy to render a reason of the little Twitches on the membranous parts, and if not prevented great pains at the very Bone, when these animals shall begin to terebrate and work themselves into these solid parts. Also hence it may be that some parts are afflicted, while others have only sympathy to disturb them, and these passions are various according to the unhappy quickenings of these Tormentors. The nature of the usual Cure complies with such a conceit; therefore it is found beneficial as killing worms, as all know Mercury to be eminent. Therefore besides all bitter things, as our Purgators are, prevail from the same reason, the strange long Guinny Worms, arising from the Yaw teint found especially in the Children and Youth of the Blacks may speak somewhat on the behalf. But if the suggestion be true, each one may find more to say of it, if not, I have said too much of Venereal Affects, for this place and my design. However, that I may not leave the indigent and remote Person helpless under those evils, I must according to my proposals give them a true Cure in their own reach, taking Indications from my present hypothesis and experience of the place. For that the place alters much the cure of the Disease, I question not; wherefore Holland which is could and moist requires a double dose generally of that physic, whereof in France single will well work and serve the turn. And in a confirmed Pox, they generally remove from one to to the other place, from heavier phlegmatic low Countries to the more brisk and drier Air of France, placing much of cure in the nature of the Region. And ours of Jamaica being so sweatingly warm, and the Air from its Nitre piercingly cleansing, assists much our ready cure, which may be thus, if we begin with the first Gonorrhoea or virulent running of the Reins, which I'll suppose to arise as first suggested, it may wholly and most safely be absolved by purgations, for which I calculate and use this native Electuary, for so I call it, being composed of what the place affords; not but that most purging Pills as being bitter and aloetick, effect the same, such as Extractum Rhoei, Pill. Ruffi, Hierae cum agarico, &c. However since my Jamaica Man may be destitute of the former, let him provide himself of the following Electuary. Take of Pulp of Tamarinds,& Cassia Fistula, of each lb ss, the Juice of our Aloes or Sempervive lb iij, of our small read Pepper dried and powdered one Scruple, or about eight or ten of the small Cods, of Winters Bark called Cinnamon Bark powdered one Scruple and half, of Malasses clarified with the white of an Eg lb jss, put all these into an earthen Pot, which place in the Sun, stirring the mixtures with a wooden Spatula twice or thrice a day, let it stand till it thicken to a due temper of a soft Electuary; which keep for use not only in our present case, but as a general purging Electuary. When such may be requisite, whereof from ℥ ss to ℥ iss, may be a Dose taken downward, and by way of Clyster ℥ ij may be admitted. Let the Patient of our present cure take ℥ ss thereof, or two good broad knifes points full in the morning fasting, and as much at night going to bed, two hours after having eaten some spare supper: continue such usage every other day, till the Gonorrhoea or running of the Reins cease. Let the diet be temperate, though I prohibit nothing but excess in quantity: The Madera Wine with water may rather be drunk than cool drinks, from which I dissuade, water being more preferable though alone, garlic in all his Sauces may comply with the intention of the Cure as being an Enemy to Worms, as all bitter herbs. Neither may salt meat be forbidden for the same reason, I never add but strictly dissuade the use of astringent Pills, such conducing to prolong our distemper into a confirmed Pox, which I cure the same way but in more time. As for those who cannot be at the charge of the former Electuary, let them take of the juice of Sempervive in all the water they drink, or the liquour of Water Million; they may more properly take the same for preventing the force of Aloes in the opening of the vessels and effusion of blood thereby. However take care of repeating such occasions of cure, lest by usage it proves less effectual, and by a continued taint of the vessels amount to a completed Pox; which to describe, is an universal sour taint of the spermatic parts. From whence and from prevaricated natural heat, especially at the time of the Moon, and other circumstances, may be quickened into life, and then disturbing motion, a kind of small worms, such as appear in Vinegar and degenerated Juices, which Animalcula by twitching the membranous parts cause those pains which are usually felt there, as well the usual ones such as are easily born, as those which exceed in cruciating torture, while these worms terebrate the bones, or the immediate covering thereof called the Periostium.  
But if these quickened Executioners take their course outward towards the skin, they then worst themselves there, and by forcing themselves through the skin dy and ly butted in the crusting Scabs easily known by the eye of each due observer, which last apparent discharge is most usually in the Indies, because the daily sweeting and open Pores incline thereto, so that pains at Bones are less frequent here than in the colder northern Parts, wherein the hard constrictions of the skin through could encourage these Animals to harbour inward. For which reason could weather may well most afflict such Patients in such places: but between the warm tropics such accidents rarely if ever happen except in the grisles of the Nose, which being near at hand and recipient of the discharging Brine is often hazarded thereby through the ignorance of the pretending Curers, signally marking the sinner by a breach in that part; from which accidents as well as others of the Pox, as also from the bitter Root thereof, that the concerned may better free themselves; there are two intentions to be considered from the nature of the Disease, the first is killing the vermin and eradicating the rest of sour spermatic Juices; the second is to sweeten the vessels and introduce a contrary order that may defend from the former impression. The first is performed either by Aloetick or other bitter Purgations, such as are enemies to worms, as those are of a mercurial nature, the latter being obvious Lippis& tonsoribus leaves the first to be more particularly remarked as being most safe and sufficiently effectual. Let therefore the transgressor punish himself by conformity to the ensuing course, let him take of the Electuary before described ℥ j every other morning, unless some accident prohibit, if he exceed or lessen the Dose according as as he finds it purge him, it matters little save time: At night let him take of our China powder ʒj, and drink of the Drink made for that purpose of China Root, warm to sweat with, the drink ought be made new every day without being fermented with Sugar or Age, the Water is only to be boiled as that for Tea usually is half away, then so much China sliced added thereto as may make the decoction of a claret colour: there can be no excess in that Root, neither need ought be added save for palate sake a little Sugar, but it's better without for our intention; let him drink thereof every night in bed plentifully about two quarts, the better to sweeten the sour Juices which China powerfully doth in these affects, as well as in others, such as the Gouts, Tertians, Hecticks, Consumptions, &c. Moreover to comply with the same intention, there is a most admirable Gum, which the wounded Boars have found out for us: for they presently betake themselves to the Trees, and strike it with their tusks, for their cure outflows a thick balsamic juice which hardens to the consistence of Bees Wax in the Air, neither is it unlike thereto, but transcends any Gum I have yet met with in its pleasant perfume, this Gum hath no forbidden quality, but admirably complies with our intentions in the present case as well as in many other, of which elsewhere. That which Turpentine performs through its fragrant passing the urinary and other ways( for by such odour I'll suppose it beneficial) this Gum outdoes, more powerfully impressing those parts with salutiferous perfumings, agreeable to the intention in our present case, whereby the cure is perfected and secured, where I will take leave to end my discourse.   

CHAP. 10. Of the Dry Belliach.  
I refer my hardest task to the last, that my thoughts may have a longer time and experience for their happy intimations concerning the Bellyach. A Disease so called from its most urgent symptom, which is exquisite pain, suffered under this affect in that same most sensible part; a Part by God himself styled the seat of fellow feeling and divine sympathy; most tender, and therefore most ready to receive all impressions; most necessary to life, and therefore when obstructed long, carrying most feeling horror with it: from its seat it may seem to have some alliance with iliac and colic Passions, and sometimes it may add both of them to itself, which however are but consequents or rather concomitants and not the disease, no more than the shadow is the Body. This Bellyach as well as those additional torments may need the invocation as well as the name of miserere mei: For, to confess the truth, if any thing hath dismal aspect in the Indies, it is this Disease of the dry Belliach. But that not so much from the incurableness as the want of care, there being no impossibility therein, were ignorance banished: As for myself though I may grope as in the dark in an unknown path; yet through the guidance of my observation from the nature of the Affect, the Attributes thereof, its inseparable Conjuncts, its Causes and Circumstances, Symptoms, Consequents, &c. comparing the West Indies with the East, I cannot but presume to hold the Candle in this same darksome distemper. The general occasional cause is contracting could, excepting there, where contagion from excrements, &c. hath propagated its like, a could not to be found in the Northern climbs, but even there where the Sun showers his most plentiful heat. Thus the sharpest Vinegar results from the sweetest Wine, thus freezing by the fire side must needs be the most violent; thus hardest Steel is made by the softening fire, and could taken between the hot tropics if seated in the region of the Belly, &c. Cramps the Muscles of the Abdomen and tender Fibres of the Guts with the contractings of the torturing Bellyach, and there's the original Cause, heres the formality of the direful Distemper. Neither may it seem strange, that could and Heat should so eminently meet in one place, while the whole World is upheld by its bounding contraries,& consequently where heat is intended could must obtain its proportion of contracting vigour( wherein its formality lies) though not of extending enlargement; so that there may be more could in less room, though less room for could. Therefore if could in such places chance to obtain, its Tyranny may be most severe and cruelly urging; thus strong Springs drawn closest project the strong force, exercising their aggravated Energies with greatest violence. For could is not a simplo privation of heat, but a strong competitor therewith, and strengtheners its opposite, while it subdues its force to itself: Thus the conquering heat grows strong through the acquest of subjected could; the struggling Enemy inflaming his conqueror to keep it under. And if ere he chance to break the yoking Bond, with what violence doth the Captive triumph, cruciating the tender Fibres with obdurate contractions; wherein the sharp sting of the Bellyach lies. But further to assign a sufficient complete cause for so great an evil as we see this Bellyach to be: we must add the superior aggravator of all Spasms and convulsive motions, viz. the Moon, which we have reason to allow as the timer of such like affects: for it is at her full that the tide of such nervous Diseases rise highest, and in a place where her direct Beams, as between the tropics, are most strong, this Spasm of the Bellyach may well derive an afflicting enforcement. Neither is such supposition chimerical, to give more power to the direct aspect of the Moon between the tropics than she may challenge elsewhere; for demonstration evinceth it frequently, that Fish taken in the moist Moon-shiny nights most suddenly grow short and rotten, nay that side of the fish which chanceth to ly open to that light, while the covered part of the Fish remains more firm. Moreover I have seen myself most severe Spasms of the one half of a man who hath ventured to sleep in the Moonshine, and other lesser Spasms through long continuance under this nocturnal Luminary. Moreover that our assigned causes may not come short of the great effect, we may well add the mineral Gas descending from the Caverns of the mountainous Tracts; most eminently manifesting themselves in our could Norths, as a reasonable aggravator if not producer of such affects. And that such Gas must needs break forth from mountainous hollows, no one will hesitate; and that such egregiously affect the nervous parts, and cramp oft the tender Fibres in weaker men with convulsive Spasms, is as easily granted. I have known in the led Works in Derby, there where the fumes of the separating Oar hath infested the Air, which as heavy laden with its weighty inmate, and falling on the neighbouring fields of Grass, hath communicated the same effect to the grazing Cattle as our torturing Bellyach, of which the brutal Patients give sufficient notices by their bellowing complaints, their restless motions, and convulsive Deaths. Again, the nature of the Parts first affencted ought chiefly to be considered, forasmuch as thence flow the most eminent apparent evils, such as the constipation of the Belly, obstructing or lessening of the peristaltic motion; thence inflaming heat; and thence obdurateness of excrementitious Passengers; thence their immovable resistance; from whence the aggravation of the first Evils with addition of irritating vomitings, corruptions of Chyle into porraceous and adust Choler, dejections of Appetite, and a general infirmity, with an Iliad of Evils linking each other to falter the infirm Man to his uneasy Couch. At the first seizure of this Evil, the Muscles of the Abdomen, and sometimes those of the Breast, through contractions prove hard and painful, as in our ordinary Cramps; the Pulse heavy and slow, yet even enough, after some time the pain is shifting and communicated to the Muscles of the Back; thence the Urine flows sparing and appears read as if Brick were mixed therewith: Pain aggravates more and more; and want of sleep and rest, with other uneasiness and commotions of mind and Body, entail a symptomatical Fever, which alters and changes as it causes do. This feverish Affect and irregular huddling up and down of the contained Juices, with unhappy stoppage in the contracting fibrous Pipes of the Muscles, still inflame the cruciating pains, and like added ciphers to the first sum, mount it high enough, sometimes to bankrupt nature. But more oft spin out the Thread of life to a longer durance miserable and afflictive; for heated nature by its often trials to fling off her oppressions, violently forceth the crude and indigested liquour into the small nervous Passages, fitted for most fine indwellers, but perforce receptive now of such more gross ones, which obstruct and plug them up, whence lameness in such parts necessary succeeds; and an Atrophy increasing the weakness of the Members, till neither hand nor foot be able to help; nor yet the physician quickly, but Nature and time effecteth it if ever. However to prevent the height of those accumulated Evils, and restore the the lost limbs and weak parts with what speed possible; something may be inserted not improper nor insuccesful. And now I cannot but desire the Western People, without superstition to turn their faces Eastward, and see there the usages proper to such a temperament, to consider what they there do and why, with the happy sequel or matter of fact. That in hot Countries sweeting is natural as well as necessary needs no argument, and where necessaries are liable to be obstructed, the proper Remedies to remove are or ought to be most ready at hand; and where such are neglected, ill consequences may well ensue. Hence the West Indies though of the same temperament with the East, may sustain superadded Evils, which the customs of the East wisely prevent and preserve themselves free from. It is matter of fact, they are little afflicted if any thing at all with this Evil there: And I cannot assert a better reason thereof than their profitable usages of Baths and Unctions, by which the cutaneous and muscular Fibres being secured from contracted Spasms, and kept open for the constant discharge of transpiring Particles; the original of the Bellyach is cut off, as also the crowd of ensuing Symptoms before mentioned: Wherefore let whoso fears and carefully would avoid so great an evil, be provided with convenient bathing Tubs or places adapted to so necessary an office in a sweeting Country. Let him always after traveling and such like exercisings descend thereto, having such suitably warmed and refreshingly sweetened with Orange Flowers, or the Waters thereof, or with our spikenard or other sweet Herbs. For such Sweets 'allure the Spirits outward to supply the extreme Parts to withstand their cutaneous Contractions, which else might hinder transpiration, but now by Bathing being called forth, and increased at least in the extreme Parts, the formality of the Bellyach is removed at an easy rate. An agreeable unction of Orange Flowers or Jessamine Butter or such like, lightly rubbed ore the Skin; especially of the Belly, Back,& Stomach, may further render useful the Bath for the ends proposed: And those not only of preventing the Bellyach, but curing it likewise. Let such a Patient therefore under the binding constrictions of the Bellyach, betake himself to such a like Bath, and therein sit or lie as long as he may well bear the same, then be removed into a Bed and be rubbed and well anointed with fragrant not strong pungent oils. For the latter may well cause further contractions, whereas the more kind and soft may relax the bondage; if the Excrements of the Bellyach need, as oft they do, an auxiliary discharge, let a Clyster of Malasses, in Milk or in the want thereof with water be injected just as they enter the Bath, which may well forward a beneficial Stool and the quieting of the Bowels. As for a specific( for the Indians have many such) my Worthy Friend Doctor Lawford of the iceland of Barbadoes humanly communicated a remarkable one in this case to his Exellency My Lord Vaughan, by whose favour for the benefit of the afflicted, I subjoin the same, having found the Plant as described, through the assistance of an ingenious Botanick Friend here, who by the description taken out of Piso, P. 102. happily met with the same, of which saith the sagacious Doctor, he had a hundred trials, powdered I give, saith he ʒj, in any convenient liquour, and repeat it once in three or four hours till the usual symptoms of the disease abate; sometimes I give ℥ j, ℥ ij, ℥ iij, of it in Syrups: also in decoctions and Clysters. It is an admirable Antidote agaist the biting of Serpents, and I have found it a great diaphoretic in malignant Fevers. So far the Doctor to his excellency, referring to the Plant itself under the name of Cajacia, called by the Spaniard Erudos Cobres; which in English is a Snakeweed, for its great use and service frequently known to the Spaniards. Pisoes description is exact thus, it is a small creeping milky Plant, its Leaves not unlike those of Mint but longer and smaller, of a dark green colour: its Stalk inclining to a reddishness with small Fibres or hairy Roots, between its leaf at the joints of its Stalk come forth Flowers of a green colour in small Bunches. This specific being every where to be found growing in all sorts of soil and therefore ready at hand, I'll detain my Reader no further, but recommend in my former prescribed Baths in this distemper to be better specificated by boiling of this Cajacia therein; and for strengthening the lost Limbs let the weakened parts be fortified with an Emplaster of our afore described Gum: the which may well be renewed once in twenty four hours using warm frictions to the parts so affencted. And after such usage the plasters to be continued till strength is restored and confirmed to the suffering cripple, who then may fling away the Crutches of adventitious helps, where I rejoice to leave my Patient.   

The Conclusion.  
AS I prefaced those Chapters of which particularly I have now treated with the occasions thereof, and my Method therein, and the Reasons inducing thereto: So now by way of conclusion to the whole, I shall subjoin somewhat that may have place in each case, where Nature shall want due assistances or vigorous fortifying, as she may sometimes in any of the forementioned affects. As also recommend the East Indian or other Countries like ours of Jamaica, their laudable if not necessary usages of Baths for the keeping free and open the Pores to healthful transpirations and more copious Sweatings. The which for want of such assistances, at some time or other may cause our Bellyach, many of our Tertians and other Fevers, Dropsies, &c. rationally to be prevented by due and proper Bathings. The reasons whereof are very obviously two, the one is cleansing from relics of obstructing sweat, whereby the porous Passages being opened easily admit a thoroughfair to Natures ejectments: The other is the preservation of the Tone and Spring of the fibrous Skin, for the better strength of her necessary functions, both which are secured by bathing and proper anointings. Wherefore let whoso desires the continuance of Health and vigour in this our iceland, provide himself proper bathing Places, and use the same frequently, especially after Travellings, at which time we are liable to Fevers, as also upon all lassitudes and listless indisposition, not presently after, but rather before eating, and four hours after at the time of distribution of nourishment into the extreme outward parts: Then may such most properly be exercised with rubbings in a warm Bath, into which let the desirous of health descend carefully both of time in residing there, and the manner thereof: The time, that it may not exceed to faintness, but refreshment, caused as well from Natures relief from her oppressed burdens, as by sweet smells effected by odiferous Herbs or Flowers or sweet Waters superadded to such Baths, after which being carefully dried and gently anointed, let such pass into their Beds, and there remain half an hour, not to sweat, but compose nature to a fit briskness of exercising new vigour, when they arise to their former employ. Thus tired wholesomeness too incident to hot Countries is defeated, life itself vigorated in all its exercisings, and thereby becomes less liable to Disease. There remains as general a restaurative and high, most innocent Cordial, wherever nature shall need succours either for the Sick or well habited Man; of which since we are near the place of its being usually found, I must say somewhat both of its nature and use to our desired end. It hath been already received by all that Ambergriese is a great friend to Nature, and its use hath already placed it in high Price and great Demand. It hath every where been esteemed fit to attend the Courts of Princes and great Men: but yet it is not concluded what it may be, volumes have swelled with diversity of opinions about this restaurative Treasure, though each agree in its just transcendent benefit; I shall not trouble myself to repeat the false opinions concerning it: for there can be but one adjusted to the truth, and all the other must needs miss the mark. In general I can never believe it any Mineral or Bitumen, because it is so thoroughly innocent, and its perfection consists in lightness. No excrement of any animal, Fish or other, as of a great bide, as the voluminous German imagines it, because of its long duration and liquid unctuousness discernible by heat. No Liver of a Fish, as some have suggested, from its fibrousness observed when fresh; which may otherwise be salved: besides it dissolves not, nor hardens as all Livers do by dry heat. And it were strange to find the Liver without some other parts of the Fish. But negatives proving nothing, I must add matter of fact; and that, wheresoever Ambergriese is usually found, there are poisonous and venomous Fish, as about the Barmudas, Bahame Islands, and the Coasts of Florida, &c. Secondly, that the Inhabitants of such places, when ever poisoned with Fish, which often they are, they betake themselves to Ambergriese as a most powerful Antidote, and are cured therewith, and rescued from the otherwise most horrid Symptoms threatening life hastily, without the assistances of this sovereign Remedy. Thirdly, that from the good success it had agaiust Poison, the People there venture on it in almost all their weaknesses, in great evacuations by Vomitings and Stools, and all other too liberal discharges of nature and strength: In dispiritments from Fevers or any other affect they happily take Ambergriese. And which adds to its desirable innocency, they stand not on quantity from any other cause than the preciousness of that Commodity. I have seen the Man who by good luck in finding a quantity hereof hath eaten ʒij at a time, without any prejudice to himself or any alteration to the state of health, saving that he was cheerfully disposed as persons are by drinking good Wine or use of Opium. But our Amber excels both, for it neither stupefies nor intoxicates as Wine and Opiates are apt to do; but unites by its odiferous parts to the Spirits themselves, and strengtheners by such addition these brisk Ministers of life and sense, thereby enabling to cast forth an Enemy, or receive its assault without sinking under the same. The advantage of such Auxiliaries exceds far the transient inflammatory ones of burning Spirits: such as those of Wine or any other such vegetable ones less natural. Our more benign Amber carries no such hazard with it: it's not like these volatile Spirits who like foreign pigeons though for a little while may augment the home fed Stock, yet quickly deceive the hopes of the owner by carrying his proper ones in place of staying themselves; the like doth not seldom happen to those profuse crowders of warming mixtures under the characters of Cordials, whereby the spirits are hurried into a brisk motion the sooner to hasten an exit. The first fountain of all descending physic, the divine Hippocrates had no such Spirits for his familiars; Aqua vitae men first brought them into use, Nature knows nothing of such: they may serve as external fire in could Countries to exercise the healthy, but conduce little to the Sick, saving to gratify them that use them, or from custom expect such attendants. Whereas our benign and powerful Ambergriefe, neither serves the ignorant Pomp of thronging the sick mans Chamber with useless Glasses, nor endangers inflaming the weak Spirits to a Consumption of the much rather to be increased Stock: nor spurs hurrying nature to an overhazarding strain: But succours with adventitious and lasting strength conveyed apparently by subtle and lasting odour, such as Nature her self hath adapted and cooked without any further trouble than dissolution in Wine or Broth or other warmed Liquids. The which when received into the sensible Stomach rejoiceth therewith, and is perfumed thereby to a continued sending of the same impressions into the whole Body; whereby the Spirits, especially the Animal ones, are not heated but refreshingly cherished and strengthened to their proper functions and ejectments of foreign morbisick Taints not only of the egregious poisonous ones but all other less noxious. Hence vomiting and loosnesses cease thereby, if managed as directed in our fifth Chapter; intemperate heats in Fevers( as in our sixth Chap. described) if urging to faintness may be obviated; weakened nature under Dropsies, of which in our seventh Chap. becomes fortified; putrefactive fumes from Worms and wormy Slimes of which in the eight Chap. is over-ruled; debilities in venereal affects, whereof the ninth treateth, may be signally remedied, and the horrid Spasm in the dry Bellyach( of which our tenth Chap.) is best provided. Thus we dare assign Ambergriefe to be our most universal and proper Cordial, from which no detriment but benefit if rightly administered for the most part, which is enough for any medicament, ensues the receiving thereof. Wherefore from matter of fact in its sovereign usefulness, from the places of its being found and circumstances thereabout, I will conclude with my best conjectures concerning this great restaurative Medicament as well as most deservedly rich Commodity, which I believe to be a Marine Plant growing on the Rocks or shoals of such places where poisoning Fish are, not unlike the species of Caragauta or Manguey or Metle a large strong and thick leaved and succulent Plant, whose leaves if broken afford a thick roapy juicy bitumen not unlikely to appearance of the white or black Amber, both which I'll suppose from the same vegetable. But that the black is the more recent dropped juice, and therefore most heavy; the grey such as by duration laying on the sand near the Root of its original ere it be moved thence becomes more light, as washed with the cleansing Pickle of the Salt Waters from its more crude parts; thence it's made grey and more porous and therefore lighter. Whereas the newer Juice, such as affords the Black Amber; may well be the first or new running of such a vegetable caused either by the browsing Fish, who hastening thither for this Antidote and breaking its enclosing Plant, may cause it to sand forth this precious Juice, either by storms cast up on the surface of the water presently, and then it must be black; or if it remain longer on the ground where it first run from its original, it turns as said before grey and may be mixed with little sands and fish scales oftentimes found therein: or else if the Fish that hath plentifully fed thereon chance suddenly to be taken, in such it may be seen, as also in Sea Fowl who alured by the smell, when cast on the shore by Storms, and devouring much of the same, being grateful to all life may puzzle catchers of such Fowl, and make them sancy that Amber is the produce of that Animal. Whereas as much reason is there for every sort of Fish, who eats thereof, and may discover the same if taken in due time: Wherefore since we justly may not ascribe it to one more than another, I rather conclude it as before suggested from no Animal but such a like marine Plant placed by divine bounty and wise provision for the relief of poisoned Fish originally, and thence to be brought to our more happy knowledge and use, and to the singular benefit of the Creation, in which blessed Concord all things naturally most sweetly harmonize, singing an universal Te Deum, wherein may I but bear an agreeable part I have my end.   
FINIS.   

Books to be sold by Rob. bolter, at the Turks-Head in cornhill, over against the Royal-Exchange.  

FOLIO.  
RUshworth's Collections,  
Baronage of England, in two parts, by William Dugdal Esq;  
Hooker's Ecclesiastical Policy.  
Cursellei Opera,  
Spiritual Refinings, in two parts, by Anthony Burgess.  
— His 145 Sermons on John 17.  
— His Treatise of Original Sin.  
Curia Politiae, or the Apologies of several Princes, justifying to the World their most eminent Actions by Reason and Policy.  
Reynold's Works.  
Sturmy's magazine.  
Sixty five Sermons by the Right Reverend Father in God Ralph Brownrig, late Lord Bishop of Exeter. Published by William Martin, M.A. sometime Preacher at the Rolls, in two Volumes.   

QUARTO.  
An exposition with Practical Notes and Observations on the five last Chapters of the Book of Job, by Jos. Caryl.  
Husbandry Spiritualized, or the Heavenly use of Earthly things, by J. Flavel.  
A Treatise of the Sabbath, in four parts, by Mr. Dan. Cawdry.  
Vindiciae Legis, or a Vindication of the Law and Covenants from the Errors of Papists, Socinians, and Antinomians by Anthony Burgess.  
The Saints Everlasting Rest, or a Treatise of the blessed state of the Saints, in their enjoyment of God in Glory, by Richard Baxter.  
— His plain Scripture-proof of Infant-Baptism,  
Thesaurus medicinae practicae, ex praestantissimorum tum Veterum tum Recentiorum Medicorum Observationibus, Consultationibus, Consiliis& Epistolis, summa diligentia collectus ordineque Alphabetico dispositus, per Tho. Burnet.  
A Treatise of the right use of the Fathers, by John Dailly.  
Annotations on the Book of Ecclesiastes, by a Reverend Divine.  
Norwood's Works.  
Lightfoot in Lucam.  
Seamans calendar.  
The Doctrine of Justification by Faith, by John own, D. D.  
Man of Sin, or a Discourse of Popery; wherein the numerous and monstrous Abominations in Doctrine and practise of the Romish Church are by their own hands exposed to open sight, that the very Blind may see them. By no Roman, but a Reformed catholic.  
De Origine, Moribus& rebus Gestis Scotorum Libri decem. Authore Joanne Leslaeo Episcopo Rossensi.   

Large OCTAVO.  
A Discourse of Growth in Grace, in sundry Sermons; by Samuel Slater, late of St. Katherines near the Tower.  
The Grounds of Art, teaching the perfect work and practise of arithmetic, both in whole Numbers and Fractions, by R. Record.  
A Cloud of Witnesses, or Sufferers mirror; made up of the Swanlike Songs, and other choice Passages of several Martyrs and Confessors, to the Sixteenth Century, in their Treatises, Speeches and Prayerss by T. M. M. A.  
Norwood's Exit.  
Phillip's Manual.  
How's Blessedness of the Righteons.  
Wilson of the Scripture,  
A Treatise of the Divine Promises, in five Books, by Edw Leigh Esq;  
The unreasonableness of Infidelity, in four parts, by R. Baxter.  
Quakerism no Christianity clearly and abundantly proved out of the Writings of their chief Leaders, with a Key for the understanding their sense of their many usurped and unintelligible words, by John Faldo.  
ΗΞΙΟΔΟΥΑΞΚΡΑΙΟΥ ΕΥΡΙΞΚΟΜΕΝΑ. Hesiodi ASCRAEI quae extant, Cum notis Cornelii Scrivelii.  
A Treatise of the Bulk and Selvedge of the World; wherein the Greatness, Littleness and Lastingness of Bodies, are freely handled, with an Answer to Tentamina de Deo, by N. Fairfax. M. D.   

Small Octavo and Duodecimo  
Saint indeed, or the great Work of a Christian opened and pressed from Prov. 4.23. by J Flavel.  
Artificial arithmetic in Decimals, showing the Original, Ground, and Foundation thereof, by R. Jagar.   
FINIS.