MAHOMETS tomb A the Grand signor B the Crim Tartar C the Emperour of Ger: D the Pope: I: Chantry. seu●…    

THE SECOND PART OF THE New Survey OF THE TURKISH EMPIRE, Containing 

I. The Extent of its Dominion, when, how, and by whom conquered.  
II. An Account of the Tartars.  
III. The Life of Mahomet the Impostor.  
IV. Their Militia.  
V. Their Government Civil and ecclesiastic.  
VI. The Continuation of their History.    
Being now an Absolute and complete Discovery of what is worth Knowledge, or is any way satisfactory to Curiosity, in that Mighty Nation.  
LONDON, Printed by J. Best for Henry Marsh at the Princes Arms in Chancery-lane. 1664.   

Imprimatur.  
Will. morris. Jan. 9. 1663.   

To the Right Honourable Thomas Lord Arundel of Wardour, and Count of the sacred Empire.  
May it please your Lordship,  
THere is due to the glory of your Illustrious Family a more ample and sufficient Discourse of the subject I have resumed, and I must therefore humbly crave your pardon, that I presume to confine the extended renown of your Name throughout the Turkish Empire, to this abridgement of its Greatness.  
Your valorous and victorious Ancestor left the Impression of English Courage and Honour indelibly visible on the walls of Strigonium, which Town his noble achievement did in effect restore to to the German Caesar, whose sentiments of so great a service have not onely worthily ranked you( by succession) with the most Noble Counts of the most sacred Empire, but signalized that merit with an English Barony, conferred as a further reward thereof by our late sovereign King James of blessed memory.  
Be your Lordship favourably pleased to permit therefore your Titles to be inscribed to this Treatise, as by the matter thereof you have been entitled, to your Honours, and that with more splendid remarks then the greatest Dignities in Europe can pretend to. And I no way doubt but that your great Name will prove as benign and propitious to this design as it hath been disastrous and formidable to the Turks.  
Wishing your Lordship all Prosperity, answerable to your own particular virtue, which hath been no less signally famous in the late Royal Service, I humbly beg leave to subscribe myself  
My Lord, Your most humble and obedient Servant, Henry Marsh.   

To the Reader.  
HAving lately published the First Part of a New Survey of turkey, when for Expedition, by reason such a Treatise was every day expected; I could not possibly digest all that concerns so spacious and mighty an Empire into so small a Volume; I have now by the favourable encouragement of the formers acceptation perfected and completed the Discourse, which I presume and doubt not will give ample satisfaction to the most curious and inquisitive Reader. There were some things in the former only mentioned, some things misrepresented, some things wholly omitted; but the perusal of this will rectify all, whereby the equal Reader will perceive that it was not ordinary nor common labour to contrive the Essentials of so great a State, so much distant from our knowledge, to every easy apprehension, and yet to have kept a decent reverence and respect to its Greatness.   

ADVERTISEMENT.  
Because of a vulgar and most obvious error concerning Mahomets Tomb, it is prefixed in the piece before the Title, that it may be perceived, it is not suspended by virtue of a Loadstone in the Roof of the Temple, but is placed by the side thereof as Monuments with us usually are; As Dr. Heylin, Mr. Sandys, Sir Henry Blunt, Sir Walter Raleigh, and others do agree.   

ERRATA.  
page. 21. Line 20. for 1642. red 1462. page. 54. the mention of the Isle of Rhodes ought to be referred to page. 97.   

THE SECOND PART OF THE NEW SURVEY OF THE Turkish Empire.  

CHAP. I. The Extent and Dominion of this Empire.  
The Preface. TUrky owes so much to its barbarous power and greatness that it is almost bankrupt in its renown and glory, while the Christian world debarred of any free and unjealousied converse, or wanting the advantage thereof by the rudeness, ignorance, and vast depopulations of the ●espective Provinces of this spacious Monarchy do conclude and gaze upon it as a Monster, spreading and winding his pernicious bulk upon the face of Europe, more by a brute impulse and sudden violent effort, then by the conduct and directions of true reason and policy, which by a just and exact disquisition of their abridgement and conquests, Our Mistakes concerning Turkish Government. will be found of the best extraction from the truest refined wisdom, and to relish of that pure and genuine intellect, which in the freeborn world is reported and credited to have descended upon, and blessed this Tract and Regions, however our vicious and depraved sense, perplexed with the Matchivilian Intrigues of Government, doth falsely conceive of it as exotic simplicity, and of their Prowess as the forced result of their Savage and ferally Rapinous disposition.  
Our purpose therefore is in describing of the dimensions of this large and ample Territory, to observe the manner and means of their augmentation, and Coalition into this entire and grand consistency, with a Chronology of each Provinces reduction to the Ottoman sceptre from under the Government of their former and natural Princes. The present Politiques, and Civil and Ecclesiastical, marshal and Judiciary Administration of this Potent and most extensive sovereignty, its Magnificence, Pomp and splendour, not interfering with what hath been said before, but in a distinct and orderly method, for perfect and plenary information of the Reader.  
Nor will it therefore be necessary to prie into those lurking holes and abdite retreats of their despicable and unobserved Ancestry, since the disparagement of their Originals is rather the glory of their adult and mature estate and grandeur, and concerns not their story or present condition, besides that it hath already been briefly, but satisfactorily mentioned in the former part.  
The con●… enient ●… city of ●… he Em●… ire. Considering this Dominion in general, there is nothing can be faulted in it which is requisite to the support of its grandeur. For its situation it is placed most conveniently for an universal or fifth Monarchy, being divided equally into Europe and Asia, the very Center of the Earth, whereby he may be ready on all occasions to stretch his Conquest either way, and be quick and ready at hand with recruits and supplies to carry on a war in either quarter. His Imperial City of Constantinople being the extremest limit of both Regions, officiously attended and served by two Seas, the Euxine and the Mediterranean, which combine their waters by the walls of the Magnificent Seraglia, and do join in Homage to this mighty Lord and Ruler.  
His constant po●…cy in m●…king wa●… He hath also large Territories in Affrick, and the read Sea under his command in part, so that of the habitable world he hath the biggest and fairest proportion, and by that means may when his Ambition shall incite him extend his Arms and Dominions further, in any of these quarters, provided the Conquest be worth the purchase, and his affairs at Home or the opposite Regions will afford him opportunity, for it is to be noted the Grand signor never makes War in two places together, nor long in one place, either fearing the contagions of his Enemies manners should spread among his own people, which he carefully avoids, as the bane of his Tyranny, or else suspecting that his own deficiencies in the Art Military, or some other inconveniencies of his soldiery may be notified to the Adversary by any continuance in their Country, just like a lion and a Dragon fighting by insults or results, taking and leaving as he pleaseth, so that most of his design and force seems to lie in the invasion and intrusive manage thereof; The French fury, and Turkish incursion being equally terrible and as as soon abated, unless extraordinary Fortune and other concurrent advantages hold them longer in breath and prosecution, which is much to be feared in this present juncture, and the condition of Hungary, from whence and the european parts adjacent we will begin this Survey of this mighty Empire.  
●… clavonia ●… escribed. We will enter into that part which is nearest to us, and leads into the body of his Dominions, Sclavonia, divided now into six Provinces, bounded on the East with Servia, Macedonia and Epirus, from which they are partend by the river Drinus, and a line drawn from thence unto the adriatic; on the West with Carniola in Germany and Histria in the signory of Venice, from which last they are divided by the River Arsia; on the North with Hungary; and on the South the adriatic Sea, containing in length eight hundred Italian miles,( the breadth being 325) those Provinces are, Windisland, Croatia, Bosnia, Dalmatia, Liburnia or the County of Zara, and Sclav●nian Isles.  
Bosnia described. Of this Territory Bosnia is wholly the Turks, it was united as a Kingdom unto Hungary, and under the Homage thereof a Kingdom by itself in 1420, as is reported; but as it was a Kingdom of a latter date, so was it of as short continuance, for in the year 1464. Mahomet the Great having taken Constantinople, and almost all the rest of Greece, suddenly surprised and seized it, together with Stephen the last King thereof, he most barbarously commanded him to be flayed alive( whereby he terrified all other Pretenders) and then converted it to a Province of his Empire; thereafter, and yet governed by one of the principalest of his Bashaws.  
DALMATIA; In this Province, though the Venetians have a share, yet it is a very inconsiderable one, yet it stretches all North along the adriatic Sea or Gulf of Venice,( whereto they pretend a sole dominion and Jurisdiction) for they pay for the customs of all trade and merchandise, a certain stipend yearly to the Turk, with which engine it is thought they have for so many ages held play with him being ever in danger of a rapture and war, but much against their wills and inclinations; The Gr●nd eignior Protector ●… f the ●… tate of ●… agusa. upon the same account the Great Turk is Protector of the little Commonwealth of Ragusa, very rich formerly by their traffic upon the adjoining Sea; without this protection they had long ere now fallen into the hands of the Venetians, as on the other side they are preserved by the State of Venice from being a prey to their Protector. So that it is the very parallel of the State of Geneva lying betwixt the Duke of Savoy, the French and Spaniard. This Ragusa, is the Maritime descent into turkey.  
Bosnia described. The ISLES( some of which belong to Ragusa) as Curzola or Corcyra, X Zara and the rest have been often ransacked and pillaged by the Turks, but never possessed by them, as not caring for such remote and dangerous tenors, being placed in a boisterous and destructive Sea.  
County of Zara. In the County of ZARA the Turk hath a good part, as he hath firm footing in Windischland, the parts whereof lying much to Hungary on the North and East, do groan under the Bondage of the Turkish Garrisons, some whereof are also placed in Croatia, where the Turk in 1592. took Whitiz the Metropolis, though fortified strongly both by Art and Nature in the form of an sland by the river Una, when contrary to the Articles of surrender, he put all the Souldiers immediately to the sword. Now for better elucidation of the Turks part in the whole we will sum it up in this partition:  
The whole apportioned. The Venetians possess the greatest part of the Islands, and all the Sea coasts from the River Arisia to the Bay of Cattharo( the City and Commonwealth of Ragusa only excepted; the House of Austria, as Kings of Hungary, the Inland parts of Windischland and Croatia; and the Turks who set footing herein the reign of Mahomet the Great, the whole Kingdom of Bosnia, the patronage of Ragusia, some Towns in Windischland and Cr●atia, and all the residue of Dalmatia, from the Bay of Cattaro to Albania, so that he hath the better half of this Region of Sclavonia.  
Hungary: In HUNGARY itself, by the Victories of soliman the Magnificent, who( upon the death of Lewis the Second, King of Hungary, that lost unfortunately the battle of Mohatz, and was drowned in his flight) was called in by John Sepusio Vayvod of Transilvania, chosen King by election of the States of Hungary, against the hereditary claim of Ferdinand Arch Duke of Astria, &c. such advantage was made in the dissension betwixt the two rival Kings, that upon the death of John Sepusio in 1540. that under colour of Patronage to Stephen Johns Orphan whom he took into his own tuition, and afterwards deprived( having deliberated to put him to death) he seized Buda the Capital City, with other Towns, and from that time his successors, but especially himself, have never omitted any occasions or advantages of the Christian quarrels to enlarge their dominions in this Kingdom, which same design this successful present Emperor hath so far prosecuted, that there remains not to the Emperor above four places of Note and strength in that Kingdom, which are Raab, Comorra, Toskay and Presburgh, the last confining upon Austria itself, while the whole Country, Towns and Villages, even beyond the limits of that Realm are subjected to, and lie open to this barbarous enemy.  
The present condition thereof. So that most men conclude, Actum est de Hungaria, and give it over as a Province of the Turkish Empire, to which it was in as forward a condition after the battle of Keresture in 1578. when Mahomet the third took in Agria, and making advantage of the Lutheran innovation in Germany, which then divided the Princes thereof, battle of Keresture had swallowed the Conquest, but was so near an utter overthrow himself, being forced to forsake the field in a most disorderly frightful fight, in which with hast he lost his turban, that had not the Christians out of greediness of Plunder and Spoil, left the pursuit scarce begun, to rifle the Camp, which gave the Turks time and courage to rally again, Mahomet had hardly recovered Constantinople: But by reason of this disastrous covetousness the fortune of the battle was quiter changed, with such a diversity, that as Dr. Heylin elegantly observeth, the conquerors were beaten out of the field, and the vanquished ran away with the victory.  
Belgrade. Among other possessions of the Turks in Hungary, before we depart thence, Belgrade anciently called Taurunum, or Alba Greca, once the possession of the Despots of Servia, by whom it was consigned to Sigismond King of Hungary, as the best able to maintain it, deserves our observation: it is seated upon the confluence of the Savus and Danow, by the former of which it is hemmed in on the North and on the East by the latter, it was heretofore the great Bulwark of Christendom against the Turks, who were often times worsted and defeated before it( especially Amurath the Second and Mahomet the Great) but at last taken to the shane of Christendom for not succouring the besieged in time, by soliman the Magnificent in the year 1552. not to mention some other principal places besides these name, as grand or Strigonium, at the taking whereof by the Emperor Rodolph, in the year 1595. 〈…〉. Arun●… el of Wardour. Sir Thomas Arundel of Wardour for forcing the water Tower, and bringing thence a Turkish Banner, was made a Count of the Empire, and after Lord Wardour of Arundel by King James, Alba Regalis, Quinque Ecclesio, Zigeth, Temeswar, Pest Colocza an Arch-bishops see, &c. and now Newhausel and Novigrad.  
Dacia. In DACIA, the Eastern bound of Hungary, he is absolute Lord and Master. In this Region are contained the Provinces of Transylvania, Moldavia, Valachia, Rascia, Servia and Bulgaria, the four first in old Ducia North of the Danow, the two last in the new on the South side thereof.  
Transilvania. Transylvania bounded on the East with Moldavia, on the West with Upper Hungary, on the North with Russia Nigra, on the South with Rascia and Valachia, hath its name from the great Woods lying between it and Hungary. This people is divided into seven Cantons, keeping their own laws, fatally and insensibly betrayed to the Turkish yoke, by John Sepusio the Son of Stephen, Vayvod of Transilvania( which was the title in use before sigismond Battori, who styled himself Prince) who as aforesaid called in soliman: his Infant Son Stephen was afterwards by him made Vayvod of Transilvania, a fine recompense for his Fathers kindness for the Turk: since which time the Grand signior clayms the Investiture of the Provinces hereof, and a yearly Tribute, besides their initiating Bribes and Presents: The re●… olt of ●… rans●lva●… ia. many revolts have been attempted, but none so signal as first, that of Sigismond Battori, who defeated several Turkish Armies, and shook off the Turkish yoke with scorn and indignation, but his successors have been forced to accept of it again, and their Subjects contented to pay the Tribute, for which they enjoy their National Laws and Liberties of Religion. Secondly that of Ragotzi in 1659. and 1660. who was likewise very successful against the forces of this present Sultan, but he being wounded in his last conflict with them, was carried to Varadin, where he ended his life, much honoured and lamented by his Subjects. Ragotzi death. Varadin which is one of the strongest pieces of this Country, but garrisoned by Hungarians, was soon after taken by the Visier Bassa, and the prosecution of the war into Hungary from this Pique hence undertaken, as from a near view of those troubles and dangers which threatened the Empire of Germany on the other side. The present Prince of this Country Michael Apaffi, is wholly at the Devotion of the Turk, and is reciprocally caressed by them, but how long the kindness will last, the German war will soon determine: the Transilvanians are most part of them Calvinists.  
Moldavia described. MOLDAVIA is bounded on the East with the Sea, on the West with Transylvania, on the North with the River Niester and Podolia a part of Poland, and on the South with Walachia, it is a fruitful Country, but very thin of people, by reason of those depopulations made by Turks, Tartars, and Cossacks, nevertheless it supplies Constantinople with five hundred Ships laden yearly wish provision for Constantinople, it is in diameter every way three hundred miles, they believe with the Greek Church, and are tolerated therein like other Cristians in the same condition. Their Vayvod is a Tributary and Beneficiary of the Grand signior, and is placed and displaced as he pleaseth, but he that gives most commonly now adays is honoured with the Dignity. The eminentest of their Princes substituted in this manner have been John the Vayvod about 1570. who gave a terrible overthrow to the Turks assisted by Peter the Vayvod of Valachia, who had bought, and now fought for the possession of the Vayvod-ship, but was at last perfidiously murdered by the Turks 1574. The various attempts of the Moldavians to recover their Liberty. when Moldavia submitted to them, but was again wrested from them forcibly by Aaron the Vayvode, confederate with Sigismond Prince of Transilvania, whom themselves had placed, who being also again devested, and betrayed by Roswan one of his disloyal and ambitious Subjects, Moldavid sheltered itself under to the tuition of the Polanders, who have since placed some Vayvods, but to their perpetual loss and trouble, and then of Rodolphus the Emperor, but at last again it reverted to the Turk, who raged there in the year 1622. when young Osman was Emperour, since which time the Vayvods have lived with good correspondence with the Port, and now attend this expedition of the Grand Seignor into Germany; but though they are absolute Vassals, yet is not their Country quiter conquered, or so much as marched over or thoroughly traversed by those Infidels.  
Valachia described. VALACHIA is the next Province, once one and the same with Moldaevia, but by a modern distinction defined and divided from it by the name of Transalpina, a ridge of Mountains crossing both Countries; they follow the Greek Church, and obey the Patriarch of Constantinople, whom those Christian parts of the world aclowledge as supreme: but as their Neighbours are ignorant of all letters, and so the fitter for the mahometan Impositions.  
It is in length five hundred, in breadth a hundred and twenty miles, and very plentiful of all things, the Store-house with the other adjacent Provinces of penurious Asia, and gives credit and reputation as it borrows its fertility, to the River Ister, which in its confines, and by the confluence of other Rivers into the Danow, is here so called. The people hereof were governed by Vayvods of their own, till the Turks invasion made them seek for the King of Hungaries protection, to whose often and very great discomfitures they have been highly instrumental, but with various fortune, from the time of Bajazet the first, who vanquished their Prince, and was himself caged by Tamberlane, until this last age.  
Mahomets Policy. It afterwards was resigned into the several vicine Princes, as the necessity and occasion of war advised, still stubborn against the Turkish yoke, while the prevailing fortune thereof made all the Territory about them to undergo it; yet with a great deal less of slavery then the rest; For Mahomet the great in the year 1642. very unsuccessfully undertaking the entire conquest of this Country, wherein he found more Rocks, Mountains, and precipices then human defence, prudently declining any further attempt, by the more destructive mines of Empire, hurled the state thereof in to a Convulsive and distracted ruin, by the intestine Divisions of the two Brothers, Wladus the Prince, and Dracula his younger brother, whose interest he set up and assisted to their common destruction.  
By which means and his Auxiliarys residence there. He was not to be disputed with longer, and thereupon was acknowledged the Lord of the Principality under certain limitations and restrictions to his supreme power, which the nearness of a continual aid from the Christian world adjoining thereunto induced him to allow. We have spoken of Michael the Noble Vayvod thereof in 1659. who had in all probobility by his singular valour and generosity freed this warlike Nation from their dependence on this Tyrant, and should mention the like bravery of their late Vayvod in conjunction with Regotski, but the urgent Fate of the Empire would not not have those petit strugglings to bear any part in her general calamity; yea, hath suffered those puny and indifferent limbs of Christianity to be monstrously turned into Arms against her, and to assist the barbarous violences that now oppress and ravage the Austrian Dominions, Moldavia a very expensive conquest. yet have the Turks got nothing in this conquest but a safe Retreat, which hath cost them five times the money they will ever make of it, were it not that there assurances of our divisions will one day quit their expense, as otherwise, which God for his mercy vouchsafe, it is now and may prove to be able to pay his score, if once he turns his back to the face of a competent and courageous Christian Army.  
Rascia. RASCIA is bounded on the East with Valachia, on the West with Hungaria, on the North with Transilvania, on the South with the River Danow, and on the East divided from Valaohia, by the River Aluta. The people hereof are so wretched that they have lost their very name, not a Gentleman surviving this depression, they have been linked into the Government of their Neighbours, but now scarce know any body but their Tyrannical Masters, to whom they do excellent service, when this natural courage which like Brutes they retain, is emulously provoked by other more barbarous Nations. Unjust& indiscreet ambition deservedly punished. By their union with Servia they tasted of the same fortune, and were subjugated by the glorious Amurath the second, at the time that those Despots( who had unjustly vanquished this people) were captivated themselves. Fate showing herein, how desperate a folly it is for Princes or( to descend to) private men, to undertake any unjust, though advantageous design upon another, while there is a Superior Enemy thereby invited to the umpirage of the quarrel. These Rascians do yet so retain their primitive hatred against the Turks, that upon all occasions they have been ready to wreak themselves, but to very little purpose, more then to show their more noble extract and ancestry.  
The three Provinces mentioned before Rascia, do and have enjoyed more liberty then any people under the Turkish Dominions, because first the Turk hath not Colonies to plant them, being not so numerous as his Armys speak him for all his Polygamy, and secondly because their often overthrows( as they have enfeebled their Natives, and in their long resistance desolated the Country, so that a man cannot find an Inn or Harbour in a days riding) have disheartn'd an expedition on purpose, Mahomet the Great, who first attempted them, saying in great anger that he came not to fight with Beasts, or which was more unequal against Nature itself, who had by so many abrupt or uncouth ways hindered the progress of his most industrious and eager Ambition, which his successors notwithstanding from that kind of precarious sovereignty have improved into an aweful submission, and address to the Port with two hundred thousand Chequins yearly, which makes some 45. thousand pound sterling besides the Fees and Presents of the respective Princes. But what their condition is now like to be, the event of this present enterprise will best declare, but as now they are not fit for, or else not worth his fury, onely miserable Rascia, not honoured with a governor, suffers all extremity. And so we must pass the Danow to its Southern shore, the two kingdoms, or despotical Provinces of SERVIA and BULGARIA.  
Servia surveyed. SERVIA is bounded on the East with Bulgaria, on the West with Bosnia, on the North with the Danubius, on the South with Albania and part of Macedon, a rich and fruitful country for grain and gain, concealed in the repositories of several mines of Gold and Silver, and therefore much peopled by the Turks after their general Excision and Massacre( in a manner) of the Christian Inhabitants by Amurath in the year 1367. Mahomet the great seizeth it. when he took Nissa their Capital City, and Key of the Country, in revenge of their Despots assisting the Hungarians in the siege of Adrianople, but after the death of Lazarus the last Despot, Mahomet the Great not satisfied with a Tribute which Amurath had imposed, dispossessed his three Orphans Peter, John, and Martyn( who fled to the Hungarian protection) in title of Lazarus s two other brothers who craved his assistance, and thereby with dread and Terror destroyed most of the Natives, by empaling, gaunching, flaying, and all other devices of Torture, so that he quickly tamed their courage, and made them the second province of the Eastern, or Greek Europe, that acknowledged and humbled itself to his Conquest and Dominion, in the year 1460.  
Bulgaria described. BULGARIA is bounded on the East with the Euxine Sea, West with Servia, on the North with the River Danow, which is here called Ister, and on the South with Thrace. It was governed by Kings till Amurath the first reduced it by his Arms,( and the abject submission of Sasmenos the last Prince, who humbled himself in a winding sheet before that Tyrant in 1369.) after by Bajazet his Son, not content therewith, made a Province under the absolute Government of the Turks; who in Nicopolis, Sophia and Silistria have three Sanjacks, or mayor Generals under the command of the Beglerbeg, or Viceroy of Greece.  
It is a mountainous and woody Country, the Plains thereof being thick Planted with tall three, so that it furnisheth Constantinople with fuel, and is a good defence against any sudden eruptions into the more inward part of Romania; famous for the many Battels fought herein by Trajan the Emperor, who built Nicopolis, interpnted The City of Victory, in memory of his Conquest of Dacia, and by modern Potentates, Sigismond Emperor and Bajazet the first which was fatal to the Christians, and Michael the brave Vayvod of Valachia against Mahomet the third as calamitous and destructive to the Turks. Not to mention the plains of Cossova, where Miles Cobelitz, a private soldier rising from among the dead, slay Amurath the first: and for that three days encounter betwixt Huniades and Amurath the second, both of them with the adversest fortune that Christians ever fought with; which is to this day alleged as an argument against any Invasion upon the mahometan Territory, how fond, the encroachments of that enemy so many miles upon Christian ground doth sadly evince.  
And so we have finished the survey of Dacia, sometimes possessed by the Romans, afterwards by the Seythians, then by the Greek Emperors, and lastly swallowed by the Turks, who keep it so fettered, that it will hardly know another Master.  
Mount Haemus. Our next aspect tends towards Grecia; but in our way thither we must pass over Mount Haemus, so high and open to the weather, that it is said of it, that for eight months in the year it is always could, for the other four winter. There are but two passes, and those thought so impregnable by their abruptness, that with little defence they are the invincible security of the Turkish Dominion on the other side, as Huniades in his expedition to the siege of Hadrianople sadly experimented; but our Survey shall have leave and licence to descend.  
Graecia. GRECIA thus entertains our sight, which from the glorious and most noble structure of Empire, in the third universal Monarchy, a bridged afterwards by civil Fate, and the unwilling disrespect of time, into the Empire of the East, is crept into most petty and despised Cantons of this barbarous Signiory, cut out and partitioned under the commands of several inferiors, but most cruel Governors, all subjected to the Beglerbeg of Romania, so called by us, but by them Rum Ili.  
In the present Latitude& extent thereof it is bounded on the East with the Propontick, Hellespont, and Aegean Seas, on the West with the adriatic, on the North with Mount Haemus, which parteth it from Bulgaria, Servia, and part of Illyrium, on the South with the Sea ionian, so that it is in a manner a Peninsula or demi iceland, environed on three sides by the sea, and on the fourth with the rest of Europe.  
To give precedency to Christianity in the brief description of this Region, it will be satisfactory to give a little account of the Greek Church,( before-hand) in this part. The Patriarch of Constantinople, who was reckoned the last in order& dignity, is now notwithstanding the principal& chief of all, in point of latitude and power, which hath engrossed the most concerning affairs of the Church to itself, for he presides over all Greece, Russia, Dacia, Sclavonia, part of Poland, and all the Islands in the Adratique adjacent Seas, which extent of jurisdiction confined at first within Thrace, was acquired by the reputation of the Imperial City for his See, and the diligence and piety of their Bishops in conversing and supplying the Russes and other Nations with Pastors and Ministers in such parts, which being conquered by the Turk, were forsaken by their Clergy, but such is the poor and despised condition thereof, that there is little power of Christian Religion. And though it be enlarged in the outward Members it is much impaired at home, by the Tyranny of the Turks( who educate their Children in Mahumetanisme) on the one hand, and the Temptations of preferment unto apostasy in the other, yet there are twenty Churches of them in Constantinople, and at Salonica, formerly Thessalonica thirty, which freely enjoy the profession of their faith.  
To return to Greece thus Turkified, it will be an unnecessary insignificant labour to trouble the Reader with those several names, and particular numerous Governments thereof in former ages, when it produced the most marshal and learned men, whose Ghosts would wish for annihilation at sight of the disgrace and ignominy of this their wretched posterity, we pass over the particular Dominions of old sition, of Eli, Messenia, Sparta, Athens, now called Selina( and is but an ordinary burrow taken by Mahomet the great in 1440. when some beauty of it remained,) and in a general manner, since all limits of them are confounded in this barbarous subjection under the Grand signor, and speak of those more noted places thereof, as they now pass under the name of Romania and are, Governed by one Viceroy as their supreme commander, termed Beglerbeg, of whom before a little; The next temporal Dignity in this Empire to the Prime or Grand Visier, as commanding the strength and flower thereof, as to its marshal and military pvissance.  
The descriPtion of Romania. TURKEY ROMANIA. And now that we have for brevities sake run over the Western Provinces of this mighty, rich, and dreadful Potentate, we will in some sort relate to the pleasure of the Reader, many the particulars of those good and ancient regions which at this day this Saraeenical Nation termeth by the name of Romania, so called, either for the many Roman Colonies planted there, or for the former name of Constantinople called Nova Roma.  
This Romania at this day is the most populous and delectablest part of the Turkish Empire, and containeth the Provinces of Thrace, with it's Chersonese, vulgarly the strait of Callipolis, Macedon, Epire now Albania, Achaia now Livadia, P●loponesus now Morea, and the iceland of the Archipelago.  
The Vicissitudes of the graecian Government. Until the coming of Cyrus King of Persia these Provinces remained in freedom, but of all others he first gave them the yoke of subjection. After him Xerxes the Son of Darius, with the succeeding Princes of Persia did no less afflict them. When their turn was past, Philip King of Macedon acted his part, and united them under his own Dominion, until the days of Perseus, whom the Romans subdued and subjected. But the Roman Empire being divided into the East and West, the grecians began their Empire under Constantine the Great, and Ruled honourably many ages, until the discent, first of the Goths, secondly of the Bulgares, thirdly of the Saracens, and lastly of the Turks, who slay their Emperor; and seized on the Empire. Who at this day( except some relics remaining under the Venetian Dominions,) possess the greatest part thereof, as well upon the continent as in the Islands. The Condition of the Greeks Those that are under the Venetian jurisdiction( saith Bellonius) little differ, especially in Religion, from those that are tributary to the Turk: for both sorts being mingled, those that are subject to the Turks, live like Turks; and those that live under the Venetians, do as do the Venetians. So unspeakable is the rudeness of either, that through all their Cities you shall not find a School to instruct their youth. Promiscuously all speak the Greek tongue corrupted from the ancient, but some better then others. The Burghers, subject to the Italians, speak Italian as well as Greek, but the Villageois altogether Greek. And so the grecians, which are subject to the Turk, in Cities speak Turkish and Greek, the Villageois onely Greek, and in places of traffic they borrow one from another, according as their business is with those whom they Negotiate. And as they differ in language, so do they in attire. Those that serve the Venetians go appareled like Venetians, those that live under the Turk, like Turks. Both the Islanders and those that live on the continent as well in Europe as Asia, although subject to turkey, keep their ancient Christian faith. Long also they rejected the primacy of the latin Church, and elected to themselves patriarches, whom they aclowledge for their chief pastors, and appointed them several sees. Whom not onely the Grecians thus obey, but likewise all those Provinces which follow the Greek Church, as Circassia, Walachia, Bulgaria, Moscovia, Russia, the better part of Polonia, Mangrelia, Bosnia, Albania, Sclavonia, some part of Tartary, Sirtia, Croatia, and generally all the Provinces of the Euxin Sea. In number they are four, viz. the patriarches of Constantinople, Alexandria, Jerusalem, and Antioch.  
The Gree●… Patriarchs●… Of these, the Patriarch of Constantinople is the Primat, sitteth in Constantinople, and chiefly moderateth over the Caloieri( so are the Greek Priests termed) which reside in Mount Athos, and generally over all Christians, professing the ritts of the Greek Church throughout Europe; and for the Monasteries of Mount Athos, and all other, dispersed over Europe, he payeth the Turk yearly 12000. ducats. The Patriarch of Alexandria moderateth in egypt and Arabia, and his dwelling places in Memphis and Cair, are not much inferior to his of Constantinople.  
The Patriarch of Jerusalem, absolutely moderateth in Judea, and over all professors of the Greek Religion throughout Siria. And must of necessity every year on the 15. of August, say Mass in the Monastery situated upon Mount Libanus.  
The Patriarch of Antioch presideth in the Monasteries and the Greek Churches, which are in Beritus, tripoli, Haleb, and other places of Asia. And in these places, as in all other, the Turk permitteth the Christians to use their consciences freely, so they perform their due and accustomend tributes. To proceed,  
Thrace d●scribed. THRACE hath on the East the Euxine Sea, the Thracian Bosphorus, Propontis, and Hellespont: on the North the Mount Haemus, upon the West the higher Mista, and part of Macedon, on the South the Archipelago. It is a most Noble Province, could, plain and admirably populous, stored with grain, pulse and excellent wine, towards the Sea-side: but towards the up-land( lying more subject to could) it is not so fertile nor woody.  
In it stands many goodly Cities Philipopolis, Nicopolis, Sophia, Hadrianopolis, the former Regal Seat of the Turkish Kings, taken by Amurath the first, and beautified with a famous Seraglia. The Town is seated very pleasantly, and was built by Hadrian the Emperour, whose name it retains, it is now the usual retreat of this Grand signor, and where at present he abides for its vicinity to his affairs in Hungary. Pera by others called Galata, once peopled by the Genoese, as the Mart and Factory of that State taken by Mahomet in 1653. but still replenished with Christian Merchants and Artificers. Description of the famous City of Constantinople. But above all other Constantinopolis, by Heaven erected to he the head of an Empire; as the onely seat which Romans, Greeks, and now the Turks, have chosen and reputed to be most commodiously seated, not for the Government onely of the Empire, but( as was before generally mentioned) of the whole world.  
Constinople described. By its first Founders name it was called Byzantium, and after many various turns of Fortune betwixt the Persian and Spartans, it settled at last under the Roman Empire, by the Conquest of Severus, who sacked it after three years siege, for their partaking with Niger his Competitor, but yet such Majesty remained in the very ruins, that Herodian reports, not without favour and pity thereof, Mirabantur homines utrum eorum qui primi Extruxerunt vel eorum qui deinceps sunt demoliti vires essent potiores; it was wondered at, whether the strength of the Founders, or the Destroyers was greatest. From this Rubbish it was reared and re-edified by Constantine the Great, and finished May 11. 331. and endowed with the privileges of Rome, and called for that reason Nova Roma for some short times, but in memory of its raiser, afterwards Constantinople.  
It continued in this state under the Eastern Empire 1100. years and upwards, till an unfortunate Constantine surnamed Palaeologus, lost it to Mahomet the Great, A. D. 1453. by the base covetousness of the Citizens, who would not for their own defence supply the Emperor with money. It is eighteen miles in compass, by which computation it is one third part bigger then London and the Suburbs, it is said to contain seven hundred thousand souls, and would be much more populous were it not for the plague, whose Triennial mischief destroyeth multitudes, it is fortified toward the Land with three strong and high walls, the one higher then the other, but towards the sea with one onely built with many Turrets, which strongly flanker it. It yields a pleasant prospect a far off, by reason of the many Groves and Gardens within it, but is meanly built, the Houses but two stories high, some of course ston, the rest of Timber, rough and ungarnished; there are in it 8000. Mosques or Churches, which are the beauty of the City, the chief of them, and worthy of remark is that of St. Sophia, which in elegancy, though not in bulk exceeds all the fabrics of the World, the sides and floor flagged with Marble, with a stately Porch at the entrance: add hereunto the Sepulchral Mosques of the Turkish Sultans, which are very sumptuous, together with the Seraglio, built all of white Marble, round in form, and crwoned at the top with shining golden Spires: not to omit the Mosque of soliman the magnificent, one of the present wonders of the world. But Constantinople which is seated upon seven Hills and Mountains, as well as Rome, is better furnished with a Port and Haven, so convenient and advantageous to shipping, and so commodiously seated upon the Thracian Bosphorus, that Ships of all burdens, and with all winds may come close to the walls, the water is so deep. As to the Seraglio it standeth on one of the seven Hills in the north-east quarter of the City, like a Delta two Angles of it aspect the Sea, which affords it a most pleasant speculation, the other is joined by a wall to the City, towards which it hath one gate onely; the other gates are never opened but for the private pleasures of the Grand signior, or his displeasure to be executed by the death of some of his Officers and Bashaws; it contains three Courts, one within another, the first is open to all persons, in the second sits the Divan or Courts of Justice, into which no man comes on Horseback, the third is the Mansion and privacy of the Grand signior and his women, it is three miles in circuit, in which are contained many delightful Groves of Cypresses, intermixed with Plains, delicate Gardens, Artificial Fountains, banqueting Turrets, and Prospect Rooms, with a most magnificent audience Chamber for Ambassadors, floored with embroidered Velvet seamed with Pearl and other Jewels. I have the longer insisted on this place, because as the mistress of the World she draws all eyes upon her, and therefore it is fit to dress her in those Ornaments which she usually wears, and do become her greatness.  
Callipolis, is another famous portion thereof, seated on the Northern promontory of Chersonese, the first City of note possessed by the Turks in Europe, taken in the reign of Orchanes in 1358. from whence they easily spread their conquest over the adjacent Provinces, it is the most convenient passage between Europe and Asia, by reason of the safe harbour and good anchorage.  
Macedon described. Next followeth MACEDON, bounded on the East with the Aegaean Sea, on the West with Albania, on the North with Mysia superior, and on the South with Epyrus, and Achaia, is is now principally divided into Thessaly( a sweet and delectable Country) Macedon specially so called, and Migdonia by the Turks called Iamboli. It is a fertile region enclosed with Hills, and near the ionian Sea, plain and woody. That it was once the Empress of the East, it is well known, but at this day it is Turkish, and without any famous Cities, save in a piece of Albania. Mount Athos. In it is nothing so memorable as the Mount Athos, or holy mount. It is seventy five miles in compass, three days journey long, and half a days journey broad, resembling the shape of a man lying with his face upward, whose highest cone, always covered with Snow, is seen thirty miles of at Sea. It is exceeeding fertile in Grass, Fruit, oil, and wine. privilege of Greek Priests. Long ago it was dedicated in honour of St. Basil to the Greek Caloieri, and endowed with privileges, which at this day it enjoyeth by the Turks good favour; that is to say, that no man neither graecian nor Turk may inhabit in this place except he be a Priest. So that their number in these days are about six thousand, dispersed into twenty four Monasteries, ancient and warlike, built for fear of thieves and pirates, although there be no such great cause. In these Monasteries are many relics, which cause great concourse of people, and they are stately built, and richly adorned. This was made a Roman Province in the year of the world 3798. after the Captivity of their last King Perseus, and was upon the division of that Empire to East and West, consigned to the Eastern, to which it continued subjected till Amurath rent it from that Dominion by taking Thessalonica, it is now governed by a Sanjack, who is bound to maintain 100 horse, and to find 400 more upon an Expedition.  
Epirus. Epire, now Albania, was once a very famous Province, bounded on the East with that part of Greece called Aetolia, on the West with the adriatic, on the North with Thessaly, Macedon and part of Albania, and on the South with the ionian Sea; as witnesseth P. Aemilius, it had in it seventy Cities, now destroyed, and turned into ruins, and Villages meanly inhabited. For the most part it is woody and barren, but near the Sea fertile and adorned with very beautiful havens.  
This Country was formerly famous for Olimpias the Mother of Al●xander the Great and Pyrrhus that great Captain among the Romans, but modernly as much renowned for the unexemplary valour and conduct of scanderbag or Scanderbegs renown. Lord Alexander, who proved a scourge to the Turks in the reigns of Amurath the second, and Mahomet the first, his bones after his death taken up, were worn by this rude enemy about them, as an omen or pledge of success and victory whomsoever they engaged with.  
Achaia, mentioned for its name in Scripture, is a very goodly region, as may be gathered by the goodly Cities, which therein once flourished ( viz.) Delphos, Thebs, Athens, Megara and many more, now destroyed.  
So is Peloponesus; termed by Pliny the Bulwark of Greece. It yieldeth all things that man can desire either for life or pleasure and although the ancient Cities be now defaced, yet is for quantity the best peopled part of Greece. It is now under the Turk, and counted the best Sang●ackship in turkey, as bound to bring at the command of the Beglerbeg of Greece 1000 horsemen under his own pay. It is worth yearly fourteen thousand ducats.  
Dardanels. And so we pass to the Isles of the adjoining Aegean Sea, which are many in number, saluting first the Dardanels or the two Blockhouses, where all vessels passing out of the Hellespont into this Sea( which extends forty miles in length) are stayed three days for slaves and other prohibited merchandises, or until information of any such may come from Constantinople, they are exceedingly well walled, fortified and provided, they receive the customs, and are the principal strength of that City, as to the Mediterranean( as it is defended with the two black Towers( the Prison for the Bashaws and great persons) at the mouth of the Euxine, where it joins with the Thracian Bosphorus, the one of which is scited above Constantinople on Europe side, and the other on the Asian shore.  
The Aegeaan Isslaups. These Aegaean Islands are thus name Samothrace, Thassus, Imbrus, Lemnos, famous for the late contest in 1660 between the Turks and Venetians about it, Euboea circuiting a hundred and fifty miles in which stands the famous City known by the Gulf of Negropont, taken from the Venetians( to whom with other things it fell in the division of the Eastern Empire unto the Latins) by Mahomet the Great in 1471. with the loss of forty thousand men. Salamis, Aegina, the Cyclades, in number fifty three, called now the Isles of the Arches, encompassing Delos and the Sporades.  
Candia descr●bed. Next we should view the Isles of the Cretan Sea, but they being inconsiderable we will mention only Candia, in form extending East and West, in length two hundred and seventy, and in breadth fifty miles, placed in the midst of this Sea, the Natives speak the Greek Language, and before the Turks put foot there, were governed by latin Bishops of the Church of Rome, to which the Venetians, then the Lords of it, do adhere.  
It hath been attempted by Selymus the second in 1571. when he conquered Cyprus, but in vain, yet Ibrahim the father of this Sultan, gained footing there some few years ago, and this is like when he shall be at leisure, unless the Venetians improve his absence in Hungaria, to carry it all; for of late he hath been very successful there against all the power they can make, and is at present possessed of the better half, so that he must be reckoned as more interested then the Venetian. The ionian Isles as pertaining to their signory, we are not obliged to mention here, though they stood in great danger of changing their Master.  
Rhodes. From hence as we descend to the bottom of the straights appears the iceland of Rhodes,( which we must observe in our way to the Isle of Cyprus, and so to Egypt) famous in former times for the potent residence of the Knights of the order of St. John of Jerusalem, who deserted by the Christian Princes were forced to yield it in the Grand mastership of Villerius, to soliman the Magnificent, not more to the scandal then detriment of Christianity, but this is so notorious that I must not enlarger myself.  
Cyprus. Cyprus is situated in the Syrian, and Cilician Seas, extended in length from East to West two hundred miles, in breadth sixty, the whole Compass reckoned five hundred and fifty, and distant from Cilicia, in Asia minor some sixty miles, it is a rich and fertile Kingdom, and hath in it twelve eminent Cities, but the most famous are those two of Nicosia and Famagusta, the last whereof was gallantly maintained by signior Bragadino governor of the iceland, for the Venetians: The barbarous conquest of Cyprus. who being in despair of relief, yielded the Town, and consequently the Kingdom upon honourable. articles to Mustapha, Selymusses General, but was barbarously flayed alive, and all persons of quality murdered besides, onely a beautiful Lady reserved for the lust of the Grand signor,( with some other Prisoners) in their voyage to Constantinople blew her self, Ship and company into the air, and worthily preserved and transmitted her honour to after ages inviolate.  
And so we pass to Syria. SYRIA is bounded on the South with Palestina, and some parts of Arabia, on the West with the Mediterranean Sea, on the East with the River Euphrates, by which partend from Mesopotamia, on the North with Cilicia and Arm●nia minor, from which it is separated by the mountain Taurus.  
Phaenicia described. In the Survey of this spacious Country, the Reader is desired to limit his sight to the grand division thereof into its several Provinces, wherein we must transitorily observe those Eminent Cities which are in the knowledge and discourse of Europe; The first Province is Phaenicia, bounded on the East and South with Palestine, on the North with Syria, on the West with the Mediterranean Sea. It is famous for the noble Cities( for their abridgement and Merchandises) of Tyre and Sydon, Berytus and Ptolemays, the last place of the Holy War Conquest: they were reduced to the Turkish Domion in 1489. but that place which now most concerns us, is Tripoli, bravely and fertilely seated, once a Christian Marquisate( but in name so allied to that barbarous den of thieves in Africa, mischievous to trade, that I cannot but forestall its scite) and is upon that account the Metropolis of Phaenicia: secondly Syria Propria, bounded and adjoining Northward to Phenicia, famous to our acquaintance, for Laodicea, as is mentioned in the Revelations of Saint John; Antioch. and Antioch, the place where Christians were first so called, but now hath no name itself either Turkish or Christian to be called by, being sunk into most obscure and ignote Rubbish. It was finally lost from the Christians is 1381. when it came to Saladine, the Victorious Sultan of Egypt and Damascus. Aleppo. Thirdly Comagena bordering upon Euphrates towards the East, with which it is watered, in it Aleppo situated in midst betwixt tripoli, Beritus, and Alexandretta, the three prime ports of Turkey, and on the further side it adjoins to the Persian Territories; it hath been of long time a factory of the English Nation, governed by a Consul who maintain thence correspondence with the East Indies, several goods coming overland upon Camels. Aleppo. The English are here well beloved, and our Tutelar or National Saint George, whose Sepulchre is feigned here, is had in great veneration; It overlooks by its situation upon a Hill six Villages, to be seen no where else in these depopulated uncultivated places of this Empire, and is governed by a Bashaw, which Dignity hath of late years been troublesone to the Turkish State, as was mentioned in the former part; It was taken in by Selymus the fi●st, of which more presently. Fourthly Palmyrene a Country never conquered in the Holy-Land expedition, as the other parts were. Fifthly, Coelosyria bounded on the West with palestine, whither we are next to pass, and on the South-East, with Arabia Deserta, and on the North with Palmyrene, remarkable for the famous City of Damascus, and the Imperial and regal Seat of many Kings, who have been celebrated as well in Divine as human writ. Damascus. A most fruitful delightful place, even to surfeit, being stored with wine to superfluity, for which reason, as is excellently observed, the vile Impostor Mahomet would not be persuaded to come to it, lest being inescated with its pleasures he should forget the business he came about, but his Successors were not so abstemious, it being the seat of one of his Caliphs, while Babylon or Bagdat was re-edified. Here are many ingenuous workmen in most Arts, and hence come our Damask Satins and linens, wrought with curious Branches. It is now the Seat of one of the principal Turkish Bashaws, and who is had in great estimation and beloved by the Grand Seignor; It was held in modern times by the Mamalukes, who piecemeal recovered Syria from the Tarters, who under Tamberlane terrible sacked this City; but in the year 1516. when the victorius Selimus the first discomfited Campson Gaurus the Egyptian Sultan in the fields of Aleppo, this City fearing the spoil and ruin thereof then very opulent by trade, set open their Gates, as did all the other Cities by their example. By means whereof the Turks became Lords of all this Country with out any more blows, as they were next year of Egypt also, by their victory over Tomombeius, in whom perished the Name and, Empire of the Mamalukes.  
Mount Hermon. In our way to Palestine on the Holy Land, we must pass over Mount Hermon, a ledge of Hills, which beginning Eastward run directly South, by which Palestine is bounded on the East, and partend from Coelosyria and Arabia Deserta, on the West with the Mediterranean Sea, and some part of Phaenicia; On the North it is divided with the Hill Anti-Libanus from Syria, and on the South with part of Arabia Petraea; a most fertile Land even to admiration, flowing with milk and Hony, as it is elegantly expressed in the eight of Deuteronomy; by its former division it was cantoned into six Provinces. 1. Berea, 2. It●rea, 3. Galilee, 4. Samaria, 5. Judea, and 6. Idumea, but made one Province of the Roman Empire, as it is now of the Turkish, the chief Cities were Coesarea, Samaria, and jerusalem, of which a little must needs be spoken.  
For to speak nothing of ancient times, in the 73. year after Christ, Jerusalem was taken and destroyed by Titus, with the slaughter and captivity of infinite thousands. In the year 136. it was restored by Aelius Adrianus, new-named Aelia, and given in possession to the Jews. In the time of Constantine and Helena his Mother, it fell into the hands of the Christians, and so continued until the days of our Henry the fourth, at which time it was again taken by the Sultan of the saracens, and the Christians clean banished.  
Holy land. In the year 1097. in a general council for the delivery of the Holy Land, the Crossed Knights were instituted throughout Christendom, and Godfrey of Bulloygne chosen General of three hundred thousand footmen, and one hundred thousand horse. These Knights did many famous acts; recovered the Land, instituted a Monarchy, and though sometime with loss, continued some defence thereof, until the year of our Lord 1517. and then was it overcome by the Turkish Armys, of the aforesaid victorious Selymus, who at this day retain it in miserable servitude under a certain Tribute or imposition upon such Christians as are permitted to live here.  
There are now therefore two or more Monasteries, or Religious Houses, where friars do abide, and make a good commodity of showing the Sepulchre of Christ, and other Monuments unto such Christian pilgrims as do use superstitiously to go in Pilgrimage to the Holy Land.  
And so it resteth peopled with men of divers Nations and Sects; as Saracens, Arabians, Turks, Hebrews, and Christians: whereof some follow the latin Church, some the Greek: as the Grecians, Syrians, Armenians, Georgians, Nestorians, Jacobites, Nubians, Marodits, Abessines, Indians, and Egyptians, every one having their peculiar Bishops, whom they obey. But to particularise a little further.  
galilee upon the North is invironned with the steep hills of Libanus and Antilibanus, upon the West with Phenicia, upon the East with Caelosyria, and upon the South with Samaria, and Arabia the desert. The soil is most fruitful, yielding all sorts of trees, and divided by Jordan: upon whose banks stand very many Towns and Villages, and so w ll watered either with mountain Torrents, or springs, that no part thereof lieth unmanured.  
Nazareth. The Country is the more famous, for that in it, standeth( amongst the rude mountains) the small Village of Nazareth, the place of our Lords conception: And at this day, there is a small chapel Archt and built under ground, whereinto a man must descend by stayrs: Here( some say) the Angel appeared unto Mary, and foretold her that she should conceive and bring forth our Lord.  
The Inhabitants are Arabians, short and thick men, rudely appareled, and weaponed with Bows, Swords and Daggers. In this Region likewise standeth the Mount Thabor, whose North part is inaccessible, and whereon our Lord was transfigured, according to the blessed Evangelist.  
Samaria. SAMARIA lieth in a most delicate plot of Palestine, but in bigness not comparable to judea or galilee. The soil is partly mountainous, partly champian, pleasant, fruitful, and very well watered with fresh and sweet water. The City is now ruinated: but as for pleasure and delight it was inferior to no other. It is situated upon the side of a Hill, the eighth part of a mile from whence, a man may behold the ruins of a great Temple: whereupon( as men say) Christ sate, when he asked water of the Samaritan woman. But these are uncertainties, not to say fallacies.  
Judea. JUDEA, far excelleth any part of the residue of Palestine, and at this day enjoyeth it's ancient fertility.  
The tribe of Juda so name it, and in it, as in the rest of Palestina were very many worthy Cities, Jerusalem. whereof Jerusalem was the chief seat of their Princes, the possession of the patriarchs, Prophets, and Apostles: the original place of our faith, and the glory of the Christian world. By the Barbarians, at this day it is called Godz, or Chutz: It standeth on an eminent place, as whereunto a man must always ascend.  
Saint Jeroms opinion was, that it stood not onely in the heart of Judaea, but in the very center of the world, as having Asia on the East, Europe on the West, upon the South Lybia and Africa, and upon the North, Scythia, armoniac, Persia, with the residue of the Pontique Nations.  
What the glory hereof hath been, may be conjectured out of Tacitus, who reporteth, that in the beginning of the Siege, it contained two hundred thousand souls. At this day it numbereth not above five thousand inhabitants, although many Pilgrims daily resort thither in a good conscience, and for devotions sake.  
The Sepulchre of Christ. It was once strongly and fairly walled, but now weakly, and therein it sheweth nothing so famous as the Sepulchre of our Saviour Christ, whose Temple incircleth the whole Mount of Calvary, situated upon a plain plot of ground, high, round, and open at the top, from whence it receiveth light: but the Sepulchre itself is covered with an archt chapel cut out of the main Marble, and left unto the custody of the latin Christians.  
Whosoever is desirous to see this Sepulchre, must pay nine Crowns to the Turk: so that this tribute is yearly worth unto him, a very considerable revevennue.  
One hundred and eight foot distant from this Tomb, is the Mount( called the Mount Calvarie) whereon our Saviour Christ was crucified by the treacherous Jews. In this place are many other religious relics. And the Pilgrims which come thither, are always lodged according to his own profession; the latins with the Franciscans, without the City, by Mount zion: the grecians are lodged with the Caloirean Greeks, dwelling within the City by the Sepulchre: And so every other Nation, Abessines, Georgians, Armenians, Nestorians, and Maronites, who all have their proper and peculiar chapels. Those Franciscans, which follow the latin Church, and are for the most part Italians, were wont to create the Knights of the sepulchre, and to give testimonial unto Pilgrims of their being there.  
Without this City is the valley of Jehosaphet, and therein the Tombs of the blessed Lady and Saint Anne. The territory adjoining is exceeding fruitful in Vines, apple, Almonds, Figs and oil: the mountains are no less stored with trees, wild beasts and spiceries.  
Besides Jerusalem, here standeth Bethlem, now destroyed, and showing nothing worth looking on, save a great and stately Monastery of the Franciscans, within which is the place where Christ was born. Rama is now likewise ruinated; the Arches and Cisterns which are now remaining, by the witness of Bellonius his own eye, are greater then those of Alexandria, but not so thick.  
Gaza is now a Turkish Sangiackship: the soil about fertile, and the inhabitants Grecians, Turks, and Arabians.  
Idumea. IDUMEA. I●●oly writ, this Region is called Edom, and by other Authors Nabathea. Toward the Sea and Judea the soil is fertile, but toward Arabia desert and barren. Some say its inexpugnable for its deserts and want of water: yet is it stored therewith but hidden, and known to none but the Natives. Of old they were a turbulent, unquiet, and seditious people, and so at this day they are like to their villainous and roguish Neighbours the Arabians.  
For further satisfaction of the Reader, be he pleased to refer himself to Doctor Fullers Holy Land, or Sir Walter Raleigh, who have amply discoursed on this Subject, by whose copious and pleasant style and luxurious description, the ruins and present indigence and penury of this once flourishing and abundant Region are only to be alleviated. And so we pass forward.  
Egypt. egypt is best to be known as to its bounds, by its threefold definition and division. First, Egypt properly so called, extends itself North upon the Mediterranean sea, and part of Idumea to Lybia or Marmarica. Secondly, Lybia or Marmarica lying betwixt Egypt properly so called, and Cyrene or Pentapolis, so called for the five chief Cities thereof, 1300 miles long and 200 broad, reaches from Lybia to the Greater Syrty, The kingdoms of Tunis and Algeir. where it is bounded with the Kingdom of Tunis in Africa, which Kingdom with the other of Algeir, by the Ottoman Family's intermeddling with the quarreling Princes thereof, though mahometans also, came at length to aclowledge no other Master but themselves, the last King of Tunis name Mahomet, put in by Don John of Austria whose succour he craved, being subdued by the Turks, and carried prisoner to Constantinople in the reign of Selymus the second, about which time the Kingdom of Algeir in length 300 miles, but in breadth not considerable, was likewise reduced upon the same score by the famous Barbarossa. Not to mention here some of the Isles of Barbary which are subject to the Grand signior, as Zerby, infamous for the loss of 15000 Christians by slaughter at the taking, and afterwards by famine at the surprise and retaking of it by Pial Bassa in 1559. I am constrained to mention these parts of Affrick here, for want of convenient reduction( in this brief Compendium) to their proper place.  
egypt was vassalled to the Mamalukes, who seized it from the Eastern Emperors some 300 years before Selimus the second, that ambitious and marshal Sultan wrested it from them in the fields of Aleppo, and extinguished the name and Empire as aforesaid: When Cyrene followed the same fortune, and submitted to the Turkish yoke. In this Province we must remark tripoli, assigned by charles the fift to the Knights of John of Jerusalem in lieu of Rhodes, but wrested from them by Sinan Bassa in 1577. since which it is become a den of Pirates, as was mentioned before in the Syrian tripoli.  
In Egypt, passing over Pelusium and the famous Damiata, we will confine our view to Grand Cairo, once called Memphis, the Metropolis of Egypt, which of all ancient Cities hath lost little or nothing by the injury of time.  
Grand Cairo described at large. Grand Cairo was wrested from the Mamalukes, and their Sultan Tomombeus, by Selymus the first in the year of the Incarnation, 1517. after four bloody days spent before he could entirely possess himself of the City; It is nobly scited, and is between thirty and forty English Miles in compass, divided into seven Burghs, built after the Egyptian manner, high, and of large rough ston, part also of Brick, the streets are narrow, of late there are new buildings made of the Turkish Fashion as the former decay, poor, low much of Wood and Timber, except some modern stately palaces of both Nations.  
There are in it as are reckoned five and thirty thousand Moschets, four and twenty thousand noted streets, besides lanes and turnings, some of those streets are two miles in length, some not half a mile, all of them every night are locked up with a Door or Gate at each end, and Guarded by a Musketier, to prevent Tumults, Fire, or other outrages.  
Its Government. Without the City on horseback there watch every night to prevent any attempts of the Arabs, four Sanjacks, with each a thousand Horse-men under his command, so that in all, as it is easily computable by the individual, Guardians of the streets there watch every night no less then twenty eight thousand persons.  
The Castle is the place where the Bashaw resides, who is always one of the most avaricious and ravenous Viziers, sent thither on purpose to squeeze and oppress the Egyptians, and is frequently made a sponge, to refund his wealth with his life) into the Grand signors Exchequer, in which act the slavish Egyptians can discern nothing but his justice, and are satisfied with it as their revenge. This Castle is founded upon a Rocky ascent on the East side of the City, nor well repaired nor quiter decayed; at the foot of this ascent is a place half a Mile long, wherein they ride the great horse, and by that a little House and Garden,( wherein the old Bashaws of this place, when disauthorised till the coming of a new one, are kept until they are strangled or restored to the Grand Signors favour. The famous R●ver Nile. Things of remark and note herein, are first the River Nile running along the South of the Town to the West, making as it leaves it, a little dainty iceland, whose fertile and wonderful inundation begins constantly about the middle of June, and increaseth to between eighty and a hundred days, then it abates, and by the end of November comes within its narrowest banks, about a quarter of a mile broad: by reason of this flood they have four Harvests in a year, the ground adjacent to this River being before a white Sand, without a sprig of any green thing but two weeds( which carried to Venice makes the finest crystal Glass) becomes a fat black mould, and bears Flax and Rice, with Sugar-Canes in abundance. Not to omit the number of Crocodiles that infest this River, nor the Nilscope in the Isle, where stands a Pillar with several marks, declaring the height of the Flood all over Egypt. The Pyramids. The next are the Pyramids so much famed in history, and the granaries or storehouses which Joseph built, three of which Pyramids stand twelve miles southwest of the City on the other side of the River, and are yet almost entire, their form is quadrangular, lessening by equal degrees from a quarter of a mile flat at bottom to a square at top a little more then 4. yards angular; there are sixteen or eighteen other Pyramids some twelve miles to the Southward, but ruined extremely. It reins not here but once in three or four years, so that bodies butted in that sand, will keep without putrefaction, by reason no moisture is near them but what is in themselves.  
Cairo Subject to plagues, yet populous. Plagues are here very rife in Winter, by one whereof eighteen hundred thousand pers●ns died in six months, yet was the City presently as populous as before, and continues so thronged that persons of quality have one going before their Mules to make way for them, by bidding people make room, this is caused by the confluent multitude of the Arabs, and Indians too, that flock to the pleasures and plenty of this place. There are a great many Christians also, Venetians, Dutch, Genoese, and some English, the air sometimes in summer is like any sweet perfume, and almost suffocates the Spirits, caused by the wind that brings the odours of the Arabian Spices in a full Flavour.  
The sandy playns about it. There is also a sort of rare Horses, but of tender hoofs, yet fit for that sandy and soft ground, which will run four days and Nights together without eating or drinking, and some Egyptians with a little provant, and less sleep, their body being wound about with a linen, will ride them so upon business, to which this is the only convenience, over those sandy deserts, where there is neither House or Inhabitants, but the Theiving Murderous Arabs. For the direction of the way over those Vastitudes, the wind blowing the Sand, and losing the tract of any beaten way, and sometimes burying the Travellers in Sheats of it, unless they be wary, are pillars of brick, set up a mile distant from one another.  
The revenue of Egypt. The Revenue that the Grand signior receives from egypt amounts to eight hundred thousand pound sterling, a third part whereof comes onely clear to the Exchequer at Constantinople, all ariseth out of certain farms of the Land belonging to the Crown, let out to the Egyptians, the least farm pays two hundred pound a year. But the Bashaw hath other ways to make profit to himself, nor is any invention of oppression thought envious or dangerous; for the Egyptians naturally effeminate, and having suffered under a lasting Tyranny, from slavery to slavery, are in no likelihood of endeavouring a revolt: the Grand signior hath of them no more then fourteen thousand enrolled in his pay, and that for show onely. The other two parts of the Revenue are disposed thus, the one to furnish the expense of the Caravan and Pilgrimage to Mecha, whither the Grand Seignor sends presents yearly, especially a green velvet Pall, for Mahomets Coffin, and the other third part of the revenue towards defraying the charges of the Government, viz. all Officers and public services, besides that of the Timariots, who do theirs for their tenor, and enjoy almost a half of that Kingdom. It is a rare felicity for any Bashaw of this place to escape with life, fortunes, and liberty, yet there are few of the viziers, who do not ambitiously affect this ominous government.  
Alexan●… ria. The Nile descends from Cairo in a length of 360. miles to Canopus, now called Rosetta, where it embogues itself into the Sea: from whence by Land to Alexandria, the Port where goods are landed for Cairo, famous for its founder Alexander the Great, and for the Monument and Tomb of read Marble of its beautifier, Pompey the great, likewise, and for its new Castle built since by the Turks, being their onely Emporium or scale of Trade in Egypt.  
The description of Arabia. ARABIA TRIPLEX. The three Arabias, are likewise parcel of this Empire, which is a marvelous great country, included between two huge bosoms of the Sea, in manner of a Peninsula, viz. upon the West and East with the Arabian and Persian gulfs, upon the South with the Ocean, and upon the North with Syria and Euphrates.  
The Inhabitants are indifferently called Arabians, Saracens, or Moors: Those are the true Arabians which live out of Cities in Tents, dispersed over Syria, Egypt, and Afrike, these give themselves to feed cattle, and droves of Camels. Those which inhabit Cities, are called Moors, and were once of such pvissance, that they not onely subdued Syria, Persia, and Trogladitica, but likewise Egypt, a great part of afric, and almost all Spain, with the iceland of Sicily, and the Kingdom of Naples.  
Two hundred years they kept possession of these pieces, but of some part of Spain seven hundred, even until the days of our Fathers. And further, this accursed generation at this day is not onely spread over all the Southern cost of Asia: viz. Persia, East-India, and the Islands of the Indian Sea, but likewise advanced with great prosperity unto divers wealthy Kingdoms, famous Cities, and worthy Mart-towns, over all the South cost of afric: under this people the Turks were first called into Asia to bear Arms, and from whence issued out the swarm of this Locust Mahomet. The Division is as followeth, first  
The di●… ision of ●… ARABIA DESERTA. This is a vast Country, full of Deserts, yet well inhabited with populous and warlike multitudes, especially toward Euphrates, and the mountains of Arabia Felix, whether Merchants resort. The residue towards the West is sandy, by which if a man be to travail, he must have the stars for his guide, company for his safeguard, and provision for his diet, for otherwise he shall lose his way, or surrender his goods to the thievish Arabs, or starve in the Desert for want of food.  
ARABIA PETREA. Towards Syria this is somewhat fertile, but smally commended for that property by the ancients: For indeed it is exceeding barren, and wanteth necessary sustenance, wood and fresh water. The memorable things herein are the Mountains at Synay and Oreb, upon the former whereof, is at this day builded a Monastery of Christians, following the Greek Church, and the onely receptacle or Inn for wayfaring Christians: other place of relief is there none.  
ARABIA FELIX is a very large province, better manured and watered then the other. It is adorned with noble Cities, and full of Villages, especially toward the Sea side, where are many excellent places of trade. The residue except the Sand, is made manurable, either for feeding of Cattle or Camels, in which places live infinite swarms of divers Nations, by Grazing and Husbandry.  
●… s Histo●… y. Arabia Petrea and Deserta, were subdued by the Turks upon their first Conquest of Persia, in the rise of their greatness, but recovered by the Mamalukes, whose fortune they followed to the fatal period made by Selymus the first, when in his expedition to Egypt they more amnoyed him by falling in his Rear, and terrified him in their night alarms, then all the Forces of their Mamaluke Masters in the field; which deciding the Title to Egypt included soon after the Dominion of those Countrys, the Chiefs thereof being gained by money and promise of preferment, who yet nevertheless continue their petty stomachs, and rob and steal upon their own account, making no distinction betwixt Turk and Christian.  
As for Arabia Faelix it continued unconquered, till the Turks and Portugals quarreled about it in 1538. when soliman Bassa sent with a Fleet into the read Sea to maintain the Trade thereof, and to repress the Persians, assisted by the said Portugals, instead of taking in, Diu, most basely surprised Aden, one of the chiefest Ports, when under colour of a friendly invitation, he had got the King thereof on board, where he hanged him, as he did the like to Zibel( and the King thereof) the Port of Mecca; nevertheless the Turks have but little command here, especially in the more inland pa●ts, and towards the Persian Gulf, where a Turk is generally hated and abhorred.  
Assiria described. ASSYRIA is bounded on the East with Media, West with Mesopotamia, South with Susiana, and North with part of Turcomania, by the last name of it as alluding to its great Original, called by the Turks Arzyrum, and though formerly the terrible name of a mighty Empire, and the first of the four, is now a mean Province of the Grand signors Dominion: ●… inivie. in it was once seated the famous City of Nineve mentioned in Scripture, but the name and memory of it is now lost, only it is supposed that Mosul seated on the tigris, and inhabited with a number of Nestorian Christians is risen out of its ruins. The Bassa of Arzyrum, the chief and strongest place in this Province, hath ten thousand Timariots under his Command to defend this Country, and to be ready for any other service.  
MESOPOTAMIA is bounded on the South with Arabia Deserta, from which it is partend with the bending of Euphrates, on the East with the River tigris& Assyria, on the West with Syria, on the North with Mount Taurus, and armoniac mayor, it is memorable for very little of modern note, the people prove to slavery, and accept of any Master that can win and wear them.  
CHALDEA bounded on the East with Susiana a Province of Persia, on the West with Arabia Deserta, on the North with Mesopotamia, and on the South with the Persian Bay, and the rest of the Deserta. As to the account hereof we shall confine our view to Babylon, Babylon described. enlarged by Nebuchadnezzer, once accounted one of the worlds nine wonders, but since dwindled into oblivion, but recovered by the name first of Seleucia, and now of Bagdat: it was taken from the Persians by soliman the Magnificent, and recovered from them under Sophy abbess in 1625. and retaken from them by the noble and glorious Sultan Morat in 1640. when he intended to bury the name of the janissaries in the rubbish of it, but left his own bones there like another Alexander: but the same vicissitude hath again restored it to this present Sophy; the people of those Regions as washinted before, being patient and regardless of any power or Government whatsoever, as sure to suffer no worse, nor having ever experienced better.  
●… urcoma●… ia. TURCOMANIA( of which some thing more largely for the quality of the place) is bounded on the North with part of Tartary, upon the West with the Euxine Sea, Cappadocia and armoniac Minor, on the East with Media and the Caspian Sea, and on the South with Mesopotamia and Assyria, it is called Turcomania from the Turks, who from hence made their first fortunate expedition and irruption to the conquest of Persia, and spread themselves afterwards into other Regions. The Inhabitants are now generally Christians, privileged by Mahomet the Great, and speak a language of their own, yet are their manners very barbarous, given much to Tillage, and very industrious; they are of late well seen in Manufactures, especially in rich Tapestries, Grograins, and watered and unwatered Chamlets, with which they traffic in all places of Turkey.  
armoniac mayor. The chief Provinces of this Territory, are armoniac mayor, conquered by Selymus the first in 1515. after the fatal Calderan field, the day whereof was called by the Turks Dooms-day, against Hismael the Persian Sophy, The Chaldean fields whose Predecessor Ussan Cassan took it from a Christian Prince thereof; and fully settled by Amurath the third, by the strong Garrison of Van. 2. Colchis, reduced by Uluzales the famous Turkish Sea Captain, sent into the Euxine Sea by Amurath in 1579. and made subject to a Beglerbeg. 3. Iberia with the rest, formerly feudatory to the graecian, as before to the Roman Empire, by the same Amurath( who pursued his Father Solymans design) was partly united to his sceptre, but the Georgian Princes by the near aid of the Persians have yet a part. 4. Albania conquered by the Great Cham of Tartary, but since blended with the other Georgians into Turkish slavery. This Turcomania, though it were the first place of the Turks extraction, yet it was the last of their conquest, besides that it is strangely Christian, and is the last Province that is assured and settled under their Dominion.  
Georgia described. GEORGIA, by the Barbarians termed Gurgistan, comprehendeth part of the ancient Iberia, with part of the great Armeny, and peradventure Atrapatia. Upon the West lieth Mengrelia, upon the North Zuiria( once Albania) upon the East the middle Atropatia( now Sirvan) upon the South that part of the greater armoniac, which now is called Turcomania.  
For the greater part it is covered with Mountains, Woods, and Thickets, and in that regard inconquerable, for the difficulties of the mountainous passages. It is notwithstanding fertile, and adorned with many large places and villages, from whence arise many famous Rivers, as cyrus and Araxis, springing from the Mountain Taurus, and running through the whole Province, until at last, it disgorge itself into the Caspian Sea.  
The Inhabitants are termed Georgians, of St. George, whom they advow their patron and advocate. For they are Christians according to the Greek Church, with some small difference. They are very populous and warlike, strong of body, and valorous in fight, even until our times maintaining their liberty in the midst of the mahometans, sometimes following the fortunes of the Turks, sometimes of the Persians. But at this day, they have not onely lost their wonted liberty, but also many Fortresses and Cities, as Teflis, Lori, Clisca, Gori, and Tomanis, and withal some of them have embraced the Turkish infidelity.  
The City ●… f Tauris. I must here insert the noble City of Tauris in Media, within that Province belonging to the Persian, being the utmost extent of the Turkish Dominion Eastward, and the bound thereof, whither being arrived we will return back to Constantinople by the way of Asia Minor, called Natolia, and after this spacious perambulation, sit down and compute in an entire sum, the whole extent of this Dominion, for the reader happily may be tired with so tedious a journey.  
Asia Minor. NATOLIA. That which the Turks at this day term Natolia or Turcia mayor, once Asia Minor, comprehendeth the Provinces of Pontus, Bithinia, Asia itself, Licia, Galacia, Pamphilia, Cappadocia, Cilicia, and armoniac the less; and in these Provinces of ancient times flourished the States and Kingdoms of the trojans, of Methridates, of Cressus, of Antigonus, of the Paphlagonians, of the Galathians, of the Capadocians and phrygians; All which at this day are not sufficient to satisfy the single ambition of the Turkish Tyranny. The Inhabitants for the most part are mahometans, and naturally Turks, of simpler nature then the Turks of Europe, and nothing so cruel as the Renegado Christians. The condition of the people. Yet are there many Christians among them in many of these Regions, following the Rites of the Greek Church. Among these Turks there is no acknowledgement of Superiority, Blood or Nobility, but all are equal slaves to the Grand signor, over whom he appointeth Beglerbegs and Sanjacks. They are either a kind of idle or lofty people, for they are smally industrious, and were it not for their slaves, their grounds would generally lie unmanured.  
Its Cantons. Pontus and Bithynia are now united under one name, and called Bursia. Here once reigned the Great King Methridates; and here stood the Famous Cities of Chalcedon, Nichomedia, Apamia, Prusia Nice, and Heraclea Ponti.  
Asia propria, now Sabrum, is a particular Province of Asia minor, and containeth in it many famous Provinces, as Phrygia mayor, and minor, Caria, Mysia, &c. in Phrygia minor stood that noble City of Troy, famous at this day( saith Bellonius) an eye witness, for it is very ruins of walls, gates, circircuit and marble sepulchers, found upon the way without the walls.  
Pamphylia now Caramania, is one of the seven Sangiack-ships, with 8000 ducats of yearly revenue, In this Country, as also in Cilicia, are woven those fine clothes which we call Chamblets, watered and unwatered. They are made of the hair of Goats, so fine and white as no silk can surpass them in those two properties.  
The Empire of Trapezond. Cappadocia now Amasia, is a goodly Country, and the seat of the Turks eldest Son. In it are many goodly Cities, as Trapezond once the seat of the Commeni, Emperors of Trapezond, whose name and progeny, mohammed the second utterly extinguished.  
Cilicia, now part of Caramania, is a good Country; the Inhabitants are given to pasturing· of Goats for lucre of their fleece, of which they make their Chamblets; but otherwise neither given to fishing, Navigation nor Husbandry. At the foot of mount Taurus( saith Bellonius) are divers small Villages, and excellent pastures about them, which for the fertility thereof should seem to be one of the Turks razes; for from thence he culleth out every year 600 horse of service, which they highly esteem, and name Caramani.  
armoniac minor, is a better soil, and more populous then Cappadocia, round about encircled with tall, huge, broken and woody mountains. These Provinces are of Natolia, governed by a Beglerbeg, the chief next to him of Romania, but his forces are not esteemed so much for their service as the Europeans.  
The whole is bounded on the East with the River Euphrates, by which it is partend from Asia the Greater, on the West with the Thracian Bosphorus and Hellespont, by which divided from Europe, on the North with the Euxine Sea, and on the South by the Rhodian, Lydian, and Pamphilion Seas, so that it is almost a demi iceland or Peninsula. The iceland Rhodes. To omit for brevity sake the Provinces of the Isles, among which are reckoned as chief, Samos, Lesbos, Tenedos, and principally Rhodes, an iceland an hundred and forty miles in compass, the City whereof, taken by soliman the magnificent on christmas day 1522. is reputed one of the most impregnable Fortresses the Turks possess, as is Famagusta in Cyprus. It is now inhabited by Turks and Jews which were banished out of Spain.  
As to the story of Anatolia, it chiefly depends upon the ruins of the two Empires of Constantinople and Trabezond, and the Kingdom of Caramania, subdued by Bajazet the second, since which time every parcel thereof became united to the Ottoman Dominions. It was once the most flourishing part of the world, but hath lost since some few Centuries, no less then 4000. Cities, partly by earth-quakes, which are frequent here, and partly by the sloth and natural laziness of the Turks, who busy themselves in nothing but their lust and luxury, so that little Trade is stirring here. But their Horse bread here retain their native excellency, and are reputed the best, the European Horse-men are likewise so esteemed. And in these two consist the chief power and strength of the Turk.  
So that we have s●en under the Empire of the Turk i● com●●●hended the better part of 〈◇〉 ancient threefold division of the earth, which we will recapitulate and repeat for the Readers memory. The sum of the Turkish dominions He holdeth in Europe the whole Sea cost, which from the borders of Epidaurus, stretches itself to the mouth of Tanais: whatsoever lieth between Buda and Constantinople, and from the Euxine Sea to the banks of Savus, is his. In that perambulation is contained the greater part of Hungary all Bosnia, Servia, Bulgaria, Macedon, Epire, Greece, Pelloponese, Thrace, and the Archipelago with the Islands. He holdeth in Asia and afric, all that is between Velez de la Gomera and Alexandria in egypt, between Bugla and Guargula, between Alexandria and the City see; and from the City Suez as far as Swachen. The hugeness of this territory may be imagined by the circuit of some of the parcels: Palus Meotis( wholly his) spreadeth itself a thousand miles into the land; two thousand and seven hundred miles do hardly harass the Euxine Sea. The cost of the Mediterranean Sea( as much as is subject to him) containeth in circuit eight thousand miles. Egypt wholly his, is esteemed three thousand and two hundred miles; so far from Derbent upon the Caspian Sea to Aden upon the read Sea; and from Balsara upon the Persian Gulf to Tremessen in Barbary, is accounted little less then four thousand miles. In the Sea, he is Lord of the most noble Islands of Ciprus, Eubea, Rhodes, Samos, Chio, Lesbos, and many other in the Archipelago, of which before.   

CHAP. II. Tartaria Surveyed, with its History.  
HAving thus surveyed the Turkish Dominions, it will be an acceptable endeavour I presume to give the Reader a little discovery of the Tartar and his Dominions, which are linked and joined by Religion and other compacts to the Grand signors, because this Nation hath been as yet much unknown to us.  
TARTARIA is bounded on the East, with China, the Oriental Ocean, and the streights of Anian( if such streights there be) by which partend from America, on the West with Russia, and Podolia, a Province of the Realm of Poland; on the North with the main Scythick or Frozen Ocean; and on the South with part of China, from which separated by a mighty wall; the River Oxus parting it from Bactria and Margiana, two Persian Provinces; the Caspian Sea, which separates it from Media, and Hyrcania; the Caucasian mountains interposing betwixt it and Turcomania; and the Euxine, which divideth it from Anatolia and Thrace. So called from the Tartars, a puissant and mighty people, now possessed hereof.  
Tartaria briefly described. It containeth all those great and spacious Provinces, which the Ancients called ceres, Scythia extra Imaum, Scythia intra Imaum, Saca, Sogdiana, the greatest part of Sarmatia Asiatica, and part of Sarmatia Europaea; extending itself the whole length of Asia, from the River Tanais, to the Eastern Ocean; taking in Taurica Chersonesus, and some other parts of Europe also. So that if we measure it by miles, it is said to contain 5400 from East to West, and 3600 from North to South; a greater quantity of ground then the Turkish Empire, but of less fertility and account.  
The smal●… duration of the Tartars conquests. This extent in easier term● stretched from the uttermost bounds of Asia to armoniac, and from Bengala to Volga, yea their incursions pierced even to Nilus and Danubius. The Macedonian and Roman Empires were never so large. But because they were rather runagates then men of War, wanting politic Government and Military Discipline, sometime ruling one Province, sometime another, they rather wrought spoil and terror to the conquered Nat●ons, then fear of bondage and subjection, and at last seated themselves beyond the mountain Caucasus. After it became divided into many Principalities, yet so that the title and majesty of the Empire remained always to the great Cham, who took the original of this name from the great Chingis, the founder of this Empire.  
Tartarians bounded and Crim Tartar histo●… ified. But leaving the great Cham of these Tartars, the Successors of Tamerlane, to remoter affairs, supposed by very learned men to be but an imaginary Titulado, and the shadow of the shadow of spirits, as they call their Emperor; our purpose obligeth us onely to an account of the Crim or Praecopense Tartar, so called from Praecopia, a chief town thereof. This Tartary is bounded on the East with the River Danais, now Don, on the West with the River Nieper once called Borysthenes, by which it is partend from Podolia, on the North with part of Russia, and on the South with some part of the Euxine sea, by which lye the Circassians, a sort of warlike Christians, who sell their children to Mahometans for to make Souldiers of them, such as were the Mamalukes, such now some of the janissaries, and the Persian standing Army.  
These Tartars are good Souldiers for the most part( as their frequent eruptions into Europe do sadly manifest) especially at Bow and Arrows, which they use as dexterously as the Parthians; of late years they have been trained up to the Harquebuze, and the handling of a Scimetar. Their Discipline of the Tartarians. They are not to be vanquished but by death, as resolute against captivity, the misery whereof they know from their own cruelties, yet at home are they more civil to Christians then abroad, for they have some honourable thoughts of our Saviour, more then other Mahometans, which hath invited many Greeks and Armenians to cohabit with them.  
As to their modern History, and for what relates to our purpose, we must retrospect to the reign of Mahomet the first, the Turkish Emperour when they grew at last of so great power, by conquering the asiatic Tartars, which lay nearest to them, that Mahomet the Great thought fit to keep them down before grown too strong for him: The policy of Mahomet the great. and therefore under colour of taking in the City of Capha, then possessed by the Genoese, made himself Master of the greatest part of the Taurican Chersonese, and the port of Tanais; thereby commanding both Moeotis and the Euxine Sea.  
In the time of Selymus the first, who had Married the Daughter of this Crim-Tartar( for so they called him) and was aided by him with an Army of fifteen thousand men against his father; the Turks and these Tartarians grew into a League. The chief conditions of it were, that the Tartar should aid the Turk upon all occasions, with sixty thousand Horse, that they should not make war with any of their Neighbours,( except the Muscovite) without leave of the Turk; that they shall pay yearly to the Grand signior in the way of Tribute, three hundred Christians; that the new Cham, upon the death or deposition of his Predecessor, shall receive from the Great Turk a Royal Banner, in token of his Confirmation in that estate, that in reward of these services, the Crim Tartar shall have yearly from the Grand signior, five thousand five hundred Ducats, in the way of pension; and succeed finally in the Turkish Empire, if the male issue of the house of Ottoman should chance to fail. The condition between the Turk an●… the Tartar in point of succession According unto this agreement the Tartars have been aiding to the Turks from time to time, against the Persians, Polanders, Hungarians, Moldavians, and indeed whom not; and that with great and puissant Armies, the Great Cham sometimes arming 150000. of his own Subjects( leaving but one man in an house to attend their cattle;) and someti●●●dding five thousand Circussians and others of the Asian Tartars.  
The Turks dealing with them. Nothing so punctual is the Turk, on his part to perform the contract; who not content to have the Tartar for his friend, or at the worst his Homager, hath of late times attempted to make him his slave or vassal. For Amurath the third, quarreling, Mahomet the Crim-Tartar for a design to intercept Osman Bassa, in his way from Persia to Constantinople, authorised the same Osman to war upon him: by whom the poor Crim and his two Sons, betrayed by some of his own Councellors( corrupted with Turkish gold) were strangled with a Bowstring; Islan a brother of the Crims, first sworn a Vassal to the Turk, put into the place, and over him a Turkish Beglerbeg or Bassa, to command in chief, What hopes he hath of succ eding in the Turkish Empire, if the house of Ottoman should fail, hath been already taken into consideration, in our discourse upon that subject.  
His Revenue. What the Revenue of this Prince is, it is hard to say: his subjects have little money, and live most upon the bartery of their cattle. But besides what he hath in lands or customs, and the 5500 Ducats yearly from the Turk, he hath the tenth of all the spoils which are got in the Wars, and a Checkine for evry captive, for some, two or three,( whosoever taketh them) according unto their estates.  
As for his powers what he can do in horse we have seen already; and as for foot, Ammunition, and other necessary, he is supplied with them by the Turk,( who doth sometime espouse his quarrels;) by whose assistance they have brought the Moscovites to some extremities.   

CHAP. III. Of the Life and Imposture of Mahomet.  
LIttle reason hath the world to admire at the impiety of men how execrable soever, when it shall be fully informed of the most blasphemous designs of this vile and lewd Deceiver, who by his prosperous and thriving delusions and abominations, hath given encouragement to succeeding and very modern times to practise and imitate his wicked example. Such a Miscellany of absurdities in moral and religious concernments could indeed hardly have been imagined to have found any reception among rational creatures; but such was the force of his bold Atheism, and his boasted familiarity with the Deity, and the pleasing insinuations of his sensual and material Paradise, how incongruously soever confounded in his Institutions, besides the fine novelty thereof to a Pagan people, that without very much ado this Impostor quickly planted his opinions so strong, that they have taken such root and spread so universally, that one whole half of the habitable world to this day adheres to his doctrine.  
Mahome●… extracti●… Most Writers accord that Mahomet, which name in the arabic signifies Indignation or Fury, was the son of Adalla a Merchant in Mecca, a City in Arabia Faelix but Jathrib an obscure Village there, is name for his extraction. His mother Hemina a Jew, and himself in Anno Dom. 571. born Posthumus, though others say he was deprived of both his Parents at two years old, when a poor woman that laboured for her living bread him up, others say it was his Uncle; at sixteen years of age he became a Merchants Bondman, his name Abdalmutalif, his Master, pleased with his wit and dexterity, made him his Factor: He dead, Mahomet being then twenty five years old, married his Mistris, and until the thirty eighth year of his age he industriously followed his trade of merchandise, avoiding no personal travail( as well in the Kingdoms of Egypt, Syria and Persia, as elsewhere) where profit might arise. Being then satisfied with wealth, and given to ease, he began to think on higher things, whereof in his travels he had not been negligent, having been curious to understand the Religion of the Jews and Christians; which compared with the Idolatry wherein he was originally trained thirty years did work in him assurance that Paganism was the way of ignorance, but to whether of those to incline, he stood doubtful. At last falling in company with two Christian Artificers inhabitants in Mecca, by conversation with them( who red the Old and New Testament unto him, for himself was unlettered) he preferred Christianism, and seemed of opinion that thereby onely a man might attain unto salvation, and accordingly he framed his life, which bread admiration in them that knew him, and gave him a greater reputation then he did expect.  
M homet aspire to the name of a Prophet. But this hasty spring was quickly blasted; for the Devil, taking advantage by this his esteem, enflamed his heart with pride, which wrought in him a desire to be taken for a Prophet, thinking all other attributes of Religion and sanctity to be but vile and base: To aspire unto that opinion he embraced a solitary life, retiring to a Cave in the Mountains, where he lived free from the ordinary conversation of men; repaired seldom to his own home, and his speeches( mixed with gravity and holiness teaching good life, and beating down Idolatry) moved, not onely such as saw him to admire, but the rest also( that heard by other mens ears) held him to be a Saint. Mahomet troubled with the Falling sickness. To increase this opinion of sanctimony, of the falling sickness( wherewith he was afflicted) he made good use; for he gave it out( when he fell into his fits incident to that disease) that he conferred with the Angel Gabriel, by whom the pleasure of God was revealed unto him, and that his trance proceeded through the weakness of his earthly Carcase, that was astonished at the Divine presence of the Heavenly ambassador. To pass by the vulgar story of his pedigree.  
Grown now famous, he thought it necessary to divulge into the world some works in writing, whereby his name might increase; His best help was a Jew Scribe, who for want of a better Scholar he entertained; but shortly after, his Master the Devil( the Church of Christ then labouring with the sickness of many Heresies) procured the acquaintance of a Christian called Sergius born in Alexandria, The Monk S●rgius his Coadjutor by profession a Monk, and by infection a Nestorian, witty, eloquent and learned, who( having mist of some Ecclesiastical preferment which in his opinion he had deserved) full of despite and revenge, in a devilish discontent,( having fled out of Syria into the hous● of Mahomets Master) sought as well to raise a scandal upon the Christian Religion, as upon the professors thereof, the readiest way to kindle this fire, he found to be Mahomet; who( as is already said) had won some extraordinary opinion of sanctity. After some conference between them, the Jew for insufficiency was discharged. His damnable advice. Sergius being fully informed how Mahomet had hitherto proceeded, made him to understand how weakly and grossly he had erred in fundamental points necessary for the advancement of a new Religion; and cunningly shewed him, not only the means how to smooth his past errors without scandal, but to compose a new Treatise, collected out of the Old and New Testament, united into some common principles with devised additions of his own, to bring christians, Jews, and Gentiles under one profession, that should give credit to his Doctrine, and humour the hearers which being divulged amongst the Idolatrous people( who were easily caught) spread the poison it contained over all the Arabies, but the wiser sort fearing( as they had cause) that the settling of a new Religion, might also draw with it a new form of Government; opposed themselves against it, calling Mahomet an impostor, reproving his hypocrisy, and taxing his sensuality and drunkenness( of both which he was guilty) and sent to apprehended him; whereof Mahomet from some of his friends in Mecca having notice left his Cave and fled to the deserts, Sergius in the mean time sounding in the ears of the people his parts and piety( the sixteenth of July 622. The Hegyra. from which flight the Turks begin their computation of Hegyrathi) unto whom divers Novelists resorted; as also such as the Estates had banished for approving his late coined trash: This swarm of Wasps being stirred, nothing but revenge could ease their hearts; Mahomet willingly taking the advantage there offered, enlarged his thoughts holding it now less difficil for him to gain a Kingdom, then the title of a Prophet, which he had obtained.  
To make a smooth way to his enterprise, by underhand means, he exaspered the heady Novelists( whereof there were many of wealth and estimation) to be sensible of their banishment, and to repair their wrongs by force; himself r accounted unto them Revelations, which assured him that God was displeased with the Meccans, for the rigorous prosecuting of him and his Sectaries; that God willed to chastise their Tyranny; of victory he was assured: and whosoever of them dyed in that Holy War, his soul should presently ascend to Heaven: with these and such like motives, Mahomet takes Medina. the giddy people encouraged and seduced, elected Mahomet to be their chief, who( ordaining Officers and Captains, and receiving an Oath of fidelity as well from them as from their troops) marched to the City of Medina, and though repulsed at first,( yet after a field fight with the said enemy, at a place called Bedez, often mentioned in the Alcoron, where he had the Victory) took it by force, the cause of his quarrel being pretended against the Jews Synagogue, which he converted into a Temple for his own abominations: This first good fortune wrought the effect he desired, for instantly by his Army he was saluted Calipha; which interpnted, is King, and because his creation happened upon a Friday, that day was ordained by him to be their sabbath.  
Takes Mecca. His next conquest was the City of Mecca, where he triumphed in the blood of his Neighbour Citizens, which was not spared; and proclaimed death to all those that did not embrace his Doctrine.  
Opposed by the Nobles of Arabia. The Princes and great men in Arabia( opposite unto him) assembled all their forces; Mahomet being too weak, was overthrown, wounded, and fled to Mecca; yet in the end( ●he war continuing) he prevailed, and reduced the three Arabies under his subjection. Grown great and glorious with his Victories,( at that time the Emperor of Constantinople and King of Persia being men of weak and tame Spirits,) and assisted with the Saracens, who had been deceived and abused of their pay by Heraclius the Emperour, as also by Julian the Apostate,( f●r Mahomets appearance was signalized with the contemporary reign of that miscreant) His conquests. he invaded their Dominions, and with a conquering sword triumphed over Syria, the City of Jerusalem, the Kingdom of Mesopotamia and Persia, the great City of Babylon, with other Eastern Provinces; of all which, as of the Arabies, he styled himself King. And retirement. Being now grown elder by his inordinate life, in the state of his body then in years, which exceeded not sixty seven, full of glory, as well in regard of his large Empire, as in opinion of sanctity, in being esteemed a Prophet, and weary with war, with a feigned holiness, he retired to Mecca, the Metropolis of his new Empire( under which mask he intended to take his ease) sequestered himself from public affairs, committing the government of his estates to the Lieutenants, and within three years following, which was in Anno Dom. 631. the sixtieth year of his Age, and the tenth of his reign he died; but others say in the seventieth of his age, and the twenty third of his impostures, and that he died frantic: Mahomet dies. Upon his death-bed he commended unto his principal Commanders, the care and use of his fantastical Law, assuring them that it was agreeable to the Will of God, and that so long as they and their posterity should hold and maintain it, they should flourish. His dead body being kept four days in expectation of a resurrection, which he promised to perform in three, grown full of stench and putrefaction, was carried by his successors, who pretended to be his Caliphs or Vicar Generals, to Medina, where it yet continues, but not drawn up to the roof of the chapel by a Load-stone, as is vulgarly fabled.  
Mahomet pretends discent from Abraham. This false Prophet and usurping Prince, pretended paternally to descend from the Patiarch Abraham by his eldest Son ishmael, and to avoid the infamy of an unlawful bed, he affirmed that ishmael was the Son of Sara, not of the Bondwoman Agar, whereupon the Arabians( which is the undoubted name of that people) are by some writers( of ishmael) called Ismalites, and by others( of Agar) Agarens; And( of Sara) saracens, but in this latter time they are distinguished by the name of Arabians, Moors, and Mahometans, the first is proper onely to those which inhabit in Arabia: the Moors are the Progeny of such Arabians as after their Conquests seated themselves in that part of Affrica: the Mahometans is the general name of all Nations that profess Mahomet, as Turks, Tartars, Persians, &c.  
Of the successors of Mahomet until the year of our Lord 673. the writers vary in opinion, both in name and number of the Caliphs, and in the years of their reigns: the reason that begot their errors proceeded from the dissension that happened( about the succession) amongst Mahomets Kinsmen, evermore Anti-Caliphs starting up with pretended Titles in opposition to him that had the Diadem; whereof some were murdered and others deposed, so as the writers either out of ignorance( not able to discern the truth, or wilfully partial) have erred. Notwithstanding their civil tumults they kept Mahomets Dominions, and inherited his fortunes, for every of them added somewhat to his monarchy, whereby they became fearful to the world, and potent in Asia, Affrica, and Europe.  
The fourth Caliph( agreed upon by Historiographers) was called Aozman or Azman, Husband to Mahomets Daughter, who perceiving ( that in this upstart Religion) Schisms and diversities of opinions began to rise, by the help of his Wifes Mother recovered Mahomets papers wherein his Law was written, which with some additions of his own he caused to be digested into one volume, containing four books, divided into 124. Chapters, and called it the Alcoran; that is to say, the Collection of Precepts: the Original whereof they feign to be written in a Table which is kept in Heaven, and the Copy of it brought to Mahomet by the Angel Gabriel by his mistake, say the Persians, but for Mahomets virtue, approved by God. The esteem of the Alchoran. A Book so highly reverenced by the Mahometans, that they writ upon the Cover of it, let none touch this but he that is clean; Commanding expressly upon pain of death, that that book, and that onely, should be received as caconical, through his Dominions. The whole body of it is but an Exposition and gloss on these eight Commandements.  
1. Every one ought to believe that God is a great God, and one onely God, and Mahomet is his Prophet. The●r opinion concerning Christ. They hold Abraham to be the Friend of God; Moses the Messenger of God; and Christ the Breath of God, whom they deny to be conceived by the Holy Ghost, affirming that the Virgin Mary grew with Child of him by smelling to a Rose, and was delivered of him at her breasts. They deny the mystery of the Trinity, but punish such as speak against Christ; whose Religion was not( say they) taken away, but mended by Mahomet. And he who in his pilgrimage to Mecca, doth not coming or going, visit the Sepulchre of Christ, is reputed not to have merited, or bettered himself any thing by his journey.  
2. Every man must mary to increase the Sectaries of Mahomet. Four Wives he alloweth to every man, and as many Concubines as he will, between whom the Husband setteth no difference, either in affection or apparel, but that his Wives onely can enjoy his Sabbaths benevolence. The women are not admitted in the time of their lives to come into their Churches; nor after death to Paradise.  
3. Every one must give of his wealth to the poor. Hence you shall have some buy slaves, and then manumit them; buy birds and then let them fly. They use commonly to free Prisoners, release Bond-slaves, build canes or lodgings in the ways for the relief of Passengers, repair bridges, and mend High-ways.  
4. every one must make his prayers five times a day. When they pray they turn their bodies toward Mecca, but their faces sometimes one way, sometimes another way, believing that Mahomet shall come behind them, being at their devotions. And those which canno● come, must when they hear the voice of the Cryars, fall down in the place where they are, do their devotions, and kiss the ground thrice.  
5. Every man must keep a Lent one month in a year. This Lent is called Ramazan, in which they suppose the Alcoran was given unto Mahomet by the Angel Gabriel. This fast is onely intended in the day time, the law giving leave to frolic it in the night, as they best please, so they abstain from Wine and Swines flesh.  
Turks unnatural to their Parents. 6. Be obedient to thy Parents. Which Law is the most neglected of any in all the Alcoran: never any children being so unnatural as the Turkish.  
7. Thou shalt not kill. And this they keep inviolated among themselves, but the poor Christians are sure to feel the smart of their fury. And as if by this law the actual shedding of blood onely were prohibited, they have invented punishments for their offenders, worse then death itself.  
8. Do unto others, as thou woldst be done unto thyself. The Turks Paradise. To those that keep these Laws he promiseth Paradise, a place of all delights, adorned with flowery fields, watered with crystalline Rivers, beautified with trees of Gold; under whose cool shade they shall spend their time with amorous Virgins, whose mansion shall no● be far distant. The men shall never exceed the age of thirty, nor the women of fifteen; and those to have their virginities renewed as fast as lost.  
He taught too, that at the end of the world, all men that professed any such Religion, should go into Paradise; the Jews under the Banner of Moses; the Christians under the Banner of Christ; and the Saracens under the Banner of Mahomet. They compel no man therefore to abjure the faith in which he was born, but commend and approve secretly such as they find zealous and constant in their own Religion; yet hold it an especial honour to have daily new Proselytes, they incite them by hope of freedom and preferment, which with many are motives too much prevailing.  
Their absurd conceits of doomsday The opinions which they hold concerning the end of the world, are very ridiculous; as that at the winding of a horn, not all flesh onely, but the Angels themselves shall die, that the earth with an Earthquake shall be kneeded together like a lump of doughty; that a second blast of the same horn shall after forty days restore all again; that Cain shall be Captain or Ring-leader of the damned, who shall have the countenance of Dogs and swine; that they shall pass over the bridge of Justice, laden with their sins in satchels; that the great sinners shall fall into Hell, the lesser into Purgatory onely; with a thousand of the like fopperies, which it is needless to add here, considering that the Alcoran itself is now extant in English, and every one that lists may red it.  
I need not engage further in an account of his Doctrine, and pretended successors. But having shown you the Original and Author of this Dominion, and how gained, and by what art enlarged into that bulk, and by force wrested from other Princes,( Mahomet pretending for his injurious invasions, the directions of God, who seeing his Law delivered by Moses and Christ to have been despised, because of the weak assertion thereof, would have them planted now by the Sword) we will next see by what means they are yet kept and maintained, and are like to be increased, namely by power, and the same militaty maxims. Imperium iisdem Artibus facile retinetur quibus acquiritur.   

CHAP. IV. Of their Militia.  
The Infantry. THeir Infantry consists of two sorts, First, such as are levied upon particular Cities, more or less according to the nature of the Expedition, and proportionable to their abilities, from whence many Christians are frequently sent, both Turks and Christians well clothed and armed, and exercised a month before they march without the Cities where they are raised: The second the janissaries, who make 50000, which are Christian Children taken from the Northern parts of Europe, and entred into the Grand signors books, and bread in the Seraglio and other places as common servants till twenty two years old, and then are mustered and disciplined for service ( but now Turks are listed among them very frequently) these are the flower of the Army, and are never disbanded, but when old, are put into Garrison. Their Cavalry. The horse consist of the Spahioglans, whose just number is 32000, and are the constant guard of the Emperors person at home and abroad; and the Timariots, who hold lands by serving the Sultan in his Wars, and according to the value of their Timarr or Farm sending three, four or six horses, but not all for service, their total number with the Tartar, whose aid of 60000 horse is always to be in a readiness may be 300000. of which number the Kingdom of Algeir affords 40000 that of Tunis 30000. Tripoli 10000. we may not reckon proportionably, so with the other Provinces, because Horse are here in abundance.  
When a War is proclaimed, and a general Rendezvous appointed, the several bassas and Goverours of Provinces draw their forces together, sommoning the Timariots to do their service aforesaid, but many of them with some janissaries and volunteers have leave to march before to the said Rendezvous. The Tur●… disciplin●… in marc●…ing. When these Bashaws begin their march, public proclamation is made to hang all such janissaries as shall be found behind those Forces upon their march; when they are rendezvouzed, and upon the Expedition, the Bashaws do not go all in company, but setting forth about an hour one after another, draw out their Troops without confusion, not in any strict order of Rank and File, as near no enemy.  
Yet though there is not the discipline of posture, their Officers commands are in all other things carefully obeied; tis a wonder to see such a multitude, as commonly they march with, so clear of confusion, violence, want, sickness or any other disorder, there being always plenty of good biscuit, Rice and Mutton carried with the Army.  
The Bashaws and great Commanders have with them three or fourscore Camels, besides six or sevenscore Carts to carry the Baggage, and when the General takes horse, he hath five or six Coaches covered with cloath of Gold or rich Tapestry to carry his wives, some have with them twelve or sixteen, the least ten who when they enter the Coach, there are men placed on both sides holding up a row of Tapestry to cover them from being seen by the people, although they were muffled after the Turkish manner that nothing but their eyes appeared. ●… e Turks ●… domy. Besides these women, each Bashaw hath as many or rather more pathick Boys which they use for Sodomy, whom they prefer as the greater satisfaction before their Wives, which are used mostly to dress their meat, to wash, and for to honest their unnatural lust.  
The Boys are generally of fourteen, ten or nine years old, and are usually clad in velvet or scarlet with gilded Scymetars, and bravely mounted with sumptuous furniture, to each of them a soldier is appointed, who walks by his bridle for his safety.  
When the Prime Vizier departs upon any expedition out of Constantinople, he wears in his turban a long broach Feather, which none but the Grand signor usually wears besides himself, upon this onely occasion; He is accompanied on his way with all the Grandees of the Court, who present him with Gifts, as doth the Sultan himself in vests and such like commodities, to bestow upon merit or other occasions for his Magnificence. Their Military music. The marshal music they have is none of the best, but will serve sufficiently to confounded the senses, and deafen the ears to any other clamour, being a kind of hoarse Kettle Drum, which with some brass dishes and wind Instruments, carried by fellows on Horse-back, ride a little before every great Commander, and noise along the journey. The great rendezvous when he marcheth against Christendom is always appointed in that fatal plain, of Thessaly famous for the battels of Pharsalia, between Pompey and Caesar, and Philippi between Augustus, and Cassius, and Brutus, ●… heir ●… rms. As for their arms which hath been touched before something more particularly is to be said of them. They differ from those of the Europeans very much, yet their Harquebuze is something like our Caliver, their Scymetar a crooked flat backsword, good at Sea upon Boording, or among Ropes, but in field fight is much inferior to the Rapier; but constant use( for it hath been always the Eastern weapon) gives them advantages, more then we can ward.  
They use likewise an Iron Mace, either for stroke or hurl, and in this they have a peculiar excellence, being brought up in it from their youth. Bows and Arrows. Bows and Arrows are no less skilfully then frequently used, with which they do most mischief, though the Arrows be no bigger then Childrens, but the strength of their Bows doth the Execution. Besides these they carry other, almost all sorts of weapons with them, as they do the like when they travail, first their Girdle is charged with three or four pistols, then on either side a knife as long as a mans arm, like a skean but not so broad, with another for ordinary uses, tucked to his coat, a Harquebuze on his Shoulder, on his thigh a Symitar, on the one side of the Saddle Pummel a Petronel, on the other a strange Sword, the blade being hollow and foursquare, by that either an Ax or an Hungarian Mace, or both, and at his back Bows and Arrows, so that he looks like a Porcupine, with weapons in every part of his body. The great ordinance each soldier carries in his pocket in pieces to the field or leaguer, where it is cast.  
Their Quarters. As to their Quarters, which are always in the fields and the open air, but what their Tents sometimes defend, all these arms are fastened to their Bridles, which are embellished with brass guilt bosses, and that is tied about the three, or otherwise made sure to the ground, where he rests, that being cared for, he spreads a Blanket, whereon he first eats and then sleeps in his clothes, with his Saddle for his Pillow; armor they have not had long, but now they begin to use it frequently, the agility and celerity of men and horses in offending, equalling the defensive part. To 3. Horsemen a waggon is allowed to carry their other necessaries.  
When they approach an enemies Country, they march in Rank and file with wonderful exact order and silence, whereby commands are readily heard and obeied; there being severe punishment for them that by disorderly and licentious behaviour, disturb their companies. Their provision on their march. And for the better security of this discipline, and to prevent straggling, they are always provided of biscuit, dry flesh, and store of rice, with a sort of course butter, so as in the greatest desolate places and Countries, they have plenty of necessaries, which brings them in heart to the encounter.  
Their battle. When they are near an engagement, the horse( which is one of their chief Military politiques) encompass all their Infantry, except the janissaries( whose courage and bravery they confided in) in the rear, in form of a half Moon or Crescent, which figure they esteem propitious. Those Horse have order not to meddle with the enemy, but onely to drive and necessitate Their manner of fighting. the foot upon the Enemy till they have pierced through their Battaliaes if possible, and if they chance to recoil, to hold them to the slaughter, till they have wearied and dulled the enemies Swords, and then the janissaries and they together fall with fresh fury and vigour upon them, and this serves for all the advantages of Military Policy and quickens his multitudes, through desperation, to high and gallant services.  
Their sieges and Leagures. In matter of siege and Leagures, they are not altogether so expedite and understanding as the Europeans, and what ever they have attained to in matter of raising or ruining Fortifications, hath been taught them by Fugitives and Renegadoes; the use of the Cannon they have learned very well, but yet it is not so familiar to them, for not many Matrosses are to be found in their Country, the Persian their next neighbour to this day standing six or eight yards off when he gives fire to those pieces.  
Their bold approaches. Their number serves them for shelter and defence, for as soon as they have raised a battery, and made a kind of breast work, with some Mounts in it to overlook the place besieged, they make their approaches in spite of the bullet, and strive to fill up the Trenches with their bodies, if they cannot do it with other matter, and when once a breach is made, is is either a Souldiers death there in honour, or a Dogs in the Camp for an Officer to retreat, or give over the assault while Commanded.  
Yet they can use Galleries, as they do mines and other devices of conquest, but neither with that art or success as the Christians, but that is equalled with their diligence and undefatigable working, and obstinate resolution of carrying the Town at last. And their patient suffering of all extremities upon such a bent is almost incredible, and the like they do in defence of their own.  
The Turk always Master of the field. But the Turk puts not himself to much charge of Garrisons, unless Frontiers and maritime Towns,( which are not yet so strictly guarded and maintained as with us) for he supposeth himself Master of the field, and that upon any sudden rapture he is able to march with a sufficient Army to their relief( the places being provided for such a competent time) besides, after the conquest of a Country, he divides it as was partly said before, into so many Timars or Farms, for which the several possessors are bound always to be in a readiness, with two, three or six horses according to the value of the said lands, who do so awe the Country,( the Nobility and better sort being either transplanted and destroyed, and some rustics onely left to till& manure the ground,) that seldom happens any revolt merely by them, the Morlacks excepted, whose poverty suited not with their Lordly Greatness, nor was able to maintain it among so many natural wants and indigencies.  
Their Naval force. As to their Naval force it consists of three Fleets, the one( like our Newcastle Traders) sails the Euxine and Mediterranean seas, either toward the Moscovite, Circasse or Cossack, and thence bringing slaves, with honey, wood and wax, &c. returns to Constantinople about August, and thence sails to Alexandria to barter those commodities for Flax, Sugar, Tapestry, Sherbets( made of several dry preserved fruits, as apricots, Peaches, Citrons, &c.) Corn, Rice and other Egyptian traffic, and returns with Tribute( guarded with a Fleet for fear of the Malta and valentine Galleys which lie in weight for the stragglers) in January back to Constantinople, 
Of late for fear of the said Galleys, it comes by Land in Caravans.  which is as the Nursery of his Seamen. The second is his fleet of War, built and equipped in the Streights, and made only for fight. The third, the Barbary men of War, which exercise Piracy over all Christendom.  
The pirates of Algers, &c. This last is his chiefest strength, though not so much and so soon at command as the other; for they have long pretended an independence on the Grand signior, when appealed to from those they have robbed, which he likewise dissembles, so that sometimes they prefer their own designs before his quarrel; but generally they comply with his Orders.  
Notwithstanding to give the world to believe that they are exempt from the Turkish jurisdiction, and to be reputed free pirates, for fear of restoring their prizes, they will not come to Anchor under the reach of any of the Forts or Castles belonging to the grand signor, but if they have occasion to stay for a wind or other convenience, ride at anchor for a while out of danger of any shot; which personates the exemption very finely.  
The Turkish store of Seamen. They are notwithstanding ill supplied with Seamen, for besides Renegadoes they have very few skilful sailors; these Renegadoes in the Barbary Fleet have taught them to sail into the North-westermost parts of Europe, they having sometimes landed in cornwall by night, and carried away some captives out of their Beds; they have frequently infested Spain in the same manner, and now they have proceeded so far that they roave as far as Newfoundland, and have taken prizes there, and in one of the Ships a very handsome English woman going for Virginia, who was presented by the Captain to the Grand signior and is by report at present in his Seraglia, and one of the Sultanaes.  
The Seamen are generally very civil and courteous, as they are obedient and diligent, and not irreligious and profane, as too many of our Mariners are, and rough and quarrelsome besid●s, their Terms of Navigation are altogether Italian, from whose commerce they borrowed it, themselves having formerly few or no Ports to the Sea.  
Their vessels. Their own Ships called Caramuzaels are most part great Ships, with Poop and Fore-castle very high, and will carry seven or eight hundred passengers, but like Portugal Galleons are slow of sail, not fit for service in fight, and are soon overset by any sudden tempest, or stormy weather. Holland prizes. The best Ships therefore they have are such as they have taken from the Hollander, who to save their lives and liberty, which the Turks promise upon a present surrender, will part with their Ships and Goods, which turns to the unspeakable prejudice of other Christians trading in the Levant, especially the Venetians, who have often times encountered the Turks at Sea within these few years.  
An English exploit. This makes the pirates of Algiers, sally, and Tripoli to have such a contemptuous opinion of that Nation, and always apt to flinch from such terms of peace as are every foot agreed on between them; but with us they care not how little they quarrel, for that they seldom get any thing by the bargain, but frequently come by the worst, a single Merchant man having spoyled two of their best men of war, and slain almost all their men, with their Captain Bashaw of Rhodes, about which a great difference was like to have arisen in the year 1634. by a complaint made against the English at the Port.  
It were to be wished therefore that the Turk were no more formidable at Land then he is like to be at Sea, of which the Venetians have continued Masters, and by their annual espousal have wedded it to their Fortune and Glory, which hath in several triumphs adorned that maiden and little republic, against the huge and bulky mightiness of this Empire.  
The Turkish Arsenals for shipping. The Turkish Arsenals for shipping are four; the first is at Pera, and contained thirty three docks or mansions for so many Gallies: The second is at Callipolis, and contained twenty, both under the charge of the high Admiral and his Servitors: The third, is at Suez upon the read Sea, containing twenty five mansions, and the fourth and last, at Balsaro in the Persian gulf, consisting of fifteen Gallies, and these two last under the charges of the Beglerbegs of Balsaro and Cairo; but of late years there are double the number built at Pera and in Callipolis.   

CHAP. V. Of their Government Civil and ecclesiastic.  
THE Court is commonly styled by them Capy, viz. the port, wherein are many great Officers, partly spoken of before, and whose services are onely destinated to uses within the Seraglio( too large to be here described further then what was mentioned in the Description of Constantinople;) and they are for the most part Eunuchs, with their table of under Eunuchs. But without the Seraglio are also divers honourable offices for the Government of the Empire, the chief whereof is their Mufti or Pope, who onely hath plenary power to interpret their Law and Alcoran. In the second Rank, are their Caldeleschers, viz. Chief Justices, and they have the hearing and deciding of all temporal suits between party and party. The great Officers of the Empire. In Ancient times they were but two, one in Rum Ili or Europe, the other in Natolia: but Selimus the third, added a third equal in authority to the other two, over the Provinces of Egypt, Syria, Arabia, and part of armoniac. These chief Judges have jurisdiction over all inferior Justices, or Caddies in particular Provinces, and by them are nominated, but confirmed by the Grand signior himself. After the Cadeleschers, followeth the Viceroy Bassaes( counsellors of estate) whose number is uncertain; in old time three or four, but of late twelve. The President of these the Turks term Vizeroy Azem, and in truth, is a parsonage of great dignity, and authority in managing the affairs of the State, as the man with whom the Grand signior doth onely communicate his weightiest intentions, and secretest deliberations.  
In the next place appear the Beglerbegs ( masters deal Campo) mayor Generals. the chief whereof is he that is termed of Romania or Grecia: The second is the Beglerbeg of Anatalia or Asia. The third is the Denizi Beglerbeg, that is to say, the Lord high Admiral. And these three Beglerbegs have equal place and authority with the former Bassaes in the Divano, or place of public audience.  
Before the last war of Persia, this Empire was under-Governed by forty Beglerbegs, who likewise had under them two hundred and seventy Sanjacks( but since those times this number, hath been much augmented) viz. in Europe resided seven, in Affrick four, in Asia 29.  
His yearly revenue, without counting his Timars, by them he hath 30000 horse always in pay( which are farms held as by Knights service, and remove the wonder his Revenue is so little) is estimated at fifteen Millions of ducats.  
The Divan. As to the Capy or Port, by which is insinuated the safety and Harbour of such as address themselves to the Grand signor, the remarkable thing besides the Emperors places of pleasure which are hinted in the other part is the Divan or places of Judicature, where the viziers, and the two Cadileschers sit four days in every week. A notable story of Sultan Morat. Their decisions are speedy and most just, for that the Grand signior hath a place private to himself to inspect their Deportment; and it is very certain that the late Sultan Morat being there one day, and hearing judgement given against a coiner, to lose his right hand, which is the onely punishment for that fact, by a waft of his hand out of the window, unseen to any but the Executioner, gave a sign for cutting of the Fellows Head, as judging him to deserve death, which the Executioner performing, to the amazement of the Divan, they sentenced him to the same infliction( for sentence and Execution are done at one and the same time) which the fellow preparing for, and refusing to give any account or reason of his Action, as relying upon the Emperors intervention, was by his own mouth, out of the same Privacy absolved and acquitted of the fact, as done by his Command.  
The Emperours public appearance every Friday ●revents In●u●tice. Besides, by the Emperors public appearance every Friday, when he goes in great State on Horse-back to the Temple of St. Sophia, attended by no less then 20000. men, such is the Majesty, and consequently the aweful dread of this Prince( though to their joyful acclamations he will answer by bestowing his blessings cheerfully upon the people, and shows himself ready to receive all manner of complaints from all manner of persons, insomuch that none of his attendants dare deny the receipt of any paper from the meanest wretch, nor the greatest of his Officers hope for any favour upon any true information of their oppression and injustice) I say by this means justice is kept most part uncorrupted, and the Grand signior upon the account of his impartial severity towards his Ministers, though he squezeth to himself by their death or exile the juice of their oppression, is most infinitely beloved and admired by his subjects, being by his state, magnificence, and justice, conceived by them to have something more then human in his nature.  
The Turks Trials. As to their common Trials,( which is by way of viva voice, and the Oaths of Witnesses) though of late the attestation of a Musselman or Turkish believer is often taken for an authentic proof against a Stranger, yet in their ordinary trials between one another, they do proceed with more caution, and upon surer grounds,( for even the Religious orders of which there are four, and are presumed for the honour of their Religion not to be taintible with any crime are given most excessively to subornation and perjury) extracting ground and just presumptions for sentence from private examinations and questions, so artificially put, as no premeditated combination can evade, Turks reverence Oaths more the Christian yet generally the Turk bears a more aweful reverence to Oaths then Christians, nor are they found to alloy it with the poisonous mixtures of equivocation, though the Jews that live among them are very prove to forswear and abuse that sacred name they pretend to have in so much veneration, and for this reason and other wicked subtleties of that people, they will not suffer them to turn Turks,( which they would readily do, because of the same common principle of Circumcision) unless they will first turn Christians, which goes against the grain, and keeps numbers of them from being converts to Mahomet.  
The Mufti. But to proceed, from all Judges both extrordinary and ordinary at the Port, and in the several Villages of the Provinces( for a Justice or Caddie is appointed for every Town) there lies an appeal to the Mufti or Muhumetan chief Bishop( who is next to be considered in the Government) to whom all controversies difficulties or perverted judgement are submitted for his final sentence, and even the grand signior himself doth and must refer himself, but his Oracle is sounded before, and must not utter one word more or less then is directed to him, and shall fit the convenience of State, for as it hath been excellently observed, the Turk hath the Mufti and Mecca both in his own Dominions, and is not forced in some untoward occurrences to apply himself to foreign dispensations. And sometimes the Grand signor makes not nice to remove this Arch-Clergyman, as well as other of his Tribe, if they once interfere with the State, yet without any tumult or Faction, or scarce any blemish to the persons of the men, who shall be reputed Saints, and so Calendaried, even if put to death, such is the radical opinion of their unstained sanctity and integrity.  
As to the Bashaws and Beglerbegs, and their honours for life, their posterity being reckoned for no more then common Turks, unless their own worth shall raise them, by which all potent combination of families is prevented, having spoken something more liberally of it in the former Part, we must omit it here.  
The nu●…ber of h●… Christia●… Vassals. In the time of Selimus, were reckoned one million and thirty three thousand Christian souls to live within his Dominions, not accounting those that enjoyed freedom of conscience by privilege, nor those that then were subject to the Egyptian Sultan, whom the said Selimus vanquished, but now they are in far greater numbers.  
●… f Jews ●… ewise. The Jews likewise live dispersed over his whole Dominions, in such infinite numbers, that scarce no town nor Village, but is very populously replenished with their Families, speaking divers Languages, and using the trade of merchandise in ample and rich fashion. Thus to my power have I laid out the portraiture of this mighty, tyrannical, irreligious and bloody Empire, which as it began by the sword, and is propagated by the sword, so let all Christians henceforth pray, that by the sword it may fall, and at last vanish into nothing, as of nothing( to speak of) it took original.   

CHAP. VI. The Continuation of the Turks History.  
The viziers design on Presburg NEwhausel being reduced, which was supposed, and vainly hoped, would have disappointed the Turks Progress, and success for this year, being declined so far as the depth of winter, the Grand Visier undertook some farther conquest, and with his Army, leaving a sufficient Garrison, and other numbers to repair and better fortify the Fort, by bringing the River Niutre round about it, marched towards Presburg, the Capital City or Metropolis of lower Hungary, and with his approach gave out rumours of his resolution to attack it, relying on his first fortune, and those popular insinuations he had spread abroad of his reality, justice and tenderness to such places as should come in to his Masters protection, with which thriving artifice he had already gained upon the credulity of most of the peasants and indefensible places.  
Besides the honour of the place, as the repository of the Crown of Hungary( which the Hungarians most religiously reverence, as placing the safety and glory of their Nation therein, and which being seized, would have entitled the winner and wearer to the Kingdom) the convenience thereof as freeing his way to Vienna, on one part; and to Commorra, Raab, or Newhausel on the other, and contrarily incomodating any attempt upon the iceland of Schut, by its Neighbourly correspondence and assistance in case of danger, where at present the General Count Serini was enquartered, was a great motive and incitement to an attempt against it. Contents himself with submission o●… places a●…jacent. But such had been the vigilance and care of Count Strozzi a famous and experienced soldier, in providing and furnishing the City, wherein the hope of the Kingdom was concerned, and his courage, and all other excellent qualities of a governor, so known and believed by this discreet Vizier, that contenting himself with the submission of Modern, St. George, Posing and other places that lay open and exposed to his power, and the bravery and gallant designment of so high an enterprise, which the unimpeded conduct of the affair, he retreated honourably: and as if he had proceeded so far merely upon a plot and design to surprise some places by his sudden return, he presently invested Niutra, a place near Newhausel, and as well fortified, and more respected, because of its Ecclesiastical concernment, as being a Bishops see, and by terrifying menaces and preparations for a storm, soon wrought upon the defendants to a surrender, who by the Articles thereof were conveyed to Presburg.  
Nuntia yielded. The speedy and lucky event of this rendition, was effectual to his practices upon other places, for upon the same score Tyrnaw and some other Towns thereabouts opened their Gates and submitted to him, upon his common Terms of Religion and Liberty, baffled 〈…〉 Schinta. which success invited him to the Siege of Schinta, a very strong and considerable Fortress, and a Magazine of a great and the best quantity of the Emperors Artillery, but by the fidelity and valour of the governor and his men, was repulsed thence, and glad to abandon the enterprise, for that October was more then half spent, and the climate did much incommodate his Asian and African soldiery.  
Therefore to provide them of warmer Winter Quarters, to keep them well and in health against the Spring, Retires t●… Winter quarters he repassed his great Guns with some of his Army over his Ship bridge to grand or Strigonium, rumouring that when he had disposed of those unuseful pieces in the depth of winter, he would return himself with his Europeans and prosecute the War, but in fine, he passed over his whole Army, being followed in his rear, in expectation of advantage by General Serini, who having partend with General Montecuculi,( conjoined in attendance of the Newhausel design upon the iceland of Schut) did at last cut off some 600. janissaries with 200. other Besonio's, or Baggage people, engaged in the defence thereof, which they resolutely maintained, by barricadoing themselves among the Wagons, so that Serini's Hussars were forced to alight and follow them a foot into their advantages, and there courageously slay them;( This was some expiation of that defeat given to Count Forgatz very near the same place) as a fortnight before his brother and he had defeated two great parties, but not with so great success. This happened about the last of October, and so those parts of this side the Danow, conceived some joyful hopes of a respite till the coming of the Spring.  
But the Vizier by those other after accessions had so strongly fixed himself, by leaving a Garrison of 4000. men in Newhausel, and 1500 in Niutre, besides a body of 10000. men to be ready to assist them upon all occasions, that the Christians are still kept to their Arms to attend their motion, and guard themselves. ●… paffis in●…igue ●… ith the ●… urk dis●… vered. And to increase the danger, Apaffi the Prince of Transilvania, whom they looked upon as under a constraint of compliance with the Turks, and a secret well-wisher to the Christian cause, discovered himself a declared and professed enemy, being inveigled with an investiture of those places taken this Campagnia, and upon the total Conquest, with the Crown of Hungary: for as soon as they were rid of the Infidels, he with his half Christians, Valachians, Moldavians, intermixed with Tartars, and his own plundering Transilvanians, undertook the Lieutenant-ship of the Winter War, those Nations being better able, as enured to the climate, to undergo the extremities of the weather.  
Apaffi manages the Winter war. Apaffi's first design was upon the Berg Towns, or Mine Hills, whence the Hungarian Gold is fought, which as soon as he had partend with the Grand Visier, then retreating to Belgrade, he attempted, and this the easier, for that there was no resistance in readiness to oppose him, the forces that were raised by the Counts of Cochary and Tekelly in the upper Hungary, for the most part( for that the lower was already joined with Serini, or awed by the Turks) were a little before,( maugre the enemies design of impeding them) already arrived to the gross of the Army; which also for want of necessaries for Man and Horse, and voured by the Turks as now dispersed into Quarters.  
●… is design ●… 'pon the ●… ine ●… owns. The two first obstacles of his design upon the Mine Towns, and which barred his entrance, were the two Towns of Levents and Novigrad, reputed one of the prime places of upper Hungary; ●… ventz ●… ilded. Levents was also well appointed, having in it a Castle manned with courageous Souldiers, and firmed with thick walls, flankers and Turrets, that accordingly gave the enemy a rude and mushroom entertainment, but their numbers being not to be wearied and no relief to be expected by the besieged, it was yielded by agreement, and the Articles according to the modern policy of the Turks punctually observed.  
From thence Apaffi marched to Novigrad lately yielded. Novigrad, lying further in upper Hungary, which after a stout but short resistance, not without suspicion that the governor was of Apaffi's party( more obvious now by his retreat into the Enemies Country, and the neutrality or rather assistance of the whole Province, as to the generality, towards Apaffi) was rendered likewise, and the Garrison dismissed, but not into Christian quarters, being set to work, and enjoined to be in readiness to assist their late Besiegers.  
The enemy encroaching thus upon the Mine Towns, some Regiments which could be best got together were sent to enforce them, and to hinder them from settling their Winter quarters in those places, which were nevertheless much despaired of, for that Apaffi with his aids threatened Cassovia the Metropolis of upper Hungary with a present siege, as he did in effect beleagure Fillek, some ten miles distant, prejudging that the Christians, if once able to take the field, would carry the War into these Quarters, of which therefore they would betimes possess themselves, Seizeth some of the Mine Towns. and therefore notwithstanding the prevention aforesaid, they soon after seized on Shomnitz, Cremnitz and other Towns of the Mines; and by threatening Letters and summons terrified the people thereabouts to an acquiescence and submission under their command: They faced likewise Tokay( the strongst Hold of all) with parties; but neither their courage, multitudes, practices or hopes, served them to the adventure of a siege.  
Nevertheless to countenance such resolutions, they spread rumours abroad as if the Grand Visier would presently return, and orders were indeed to that purpose dispatched to the Magistrates of Frystad to make ready two Bridges over the Waegh, so broad as that whole Squadrons might pass over there a breast, another irruption into Moravia.  
Count Hohenlo General of the Auxiliaries. This news caused Count Serini, who till then continued in the Isle of Schut, observing the designs of them at Newhausel, to put himself into motion, which presented him with some considerable booties,( but inconsiderable parties,) designed for Constantinople; and that was all he was able to do; the Auxiliaries of the Empire amounting in all not to above 8000. men under command of the Count of Hohenlo,( whose Ancestors were famous in the low Country war) by their surfeits upon the fruits of the Country, which are in great abundance in the Hereditary Dominions, being so diseased that they were in no condition or capacity for any field service; to increase these Auxiliaries the Sweeds were near upon their arrival from Bremen, with 700. Horse well mounted, but now like to have met with some danger at Erford, as the Hessen Darmstad aids perished with a greater misfortune upon the Danubius in their passage to Vienna.  
The Empe●or to Regensburgh or Ratisbone. Neither were the Frontive Garrisons better conditioned by want of many necessaries, even Raab and Comorra, where the Officers that surrendered Newhausel had been newly acquitted, so that amid so many exigencies and streights every thing was feared to excess; The Emperor himself was at this time departing from Vienna to the Diet he had summoned at Regenspu g, to consider with the Princes of Germany of some quick expedient to redress those evils, leaving the Archduke charles Joseph to govern in his absence, who to add affliction to misery is since deceased,( as our latest intelligence) and the direct line of the imperial Family totally extinguished, a matter of no small moment to some designs in the world, especially since the Pope and the French are now so near a rapture, yet to alleviate the present distress, providence was pleased to bestow on the vigilance and conduct of Count Serini, a very remarkable success. Count S●…rini give a great defeat to the Turk The Forces of Apaffi intermingled with Tartars, and some Turks, pursuing their design of another invasion into Moravia; having also an eye upon the iceland of Schut, had privately laid a Bridge over the River Mur, and had passed two thousand Horse already over it; of which Serini having good and timely notice by a discharge of a Cannon, he rise from his post, and with his Troops so fiercely charged them, that betwixt surprised and dismayed, and fairly worsted, they betook themselves back to the Bridge, where rancountring with numbers of their fellows passing over in great hast to them, they could neither go forward nor backward, but were forced to take the River, which spared none, there escaped very few of those 2000. this was done in the morning, Novemb. 27. when Serini brought two field pieces and 300. of his Foot to face the Enemy, who stood on the other side the water and managed a revengeful Skirmish all the day long, and then retreated towards Canisia, from whence they are dreaded to reinforce this their first attempt, being exceedingly enraged at this disgraceful disappointment.  
●… ffairs of ●… he Diet. There is mention made in the Diet, of Mars. Turenne to succeed in the supreme command in Hungary, by means of an invitation, and request to the French King; but what the result of that and other things that concern this Subject to be consulted in that Grand Assembly may prove, we must refer to another continuation if God permit.   

JUst now is arrived a cetain report, out of Transyvania and Valachia, That there is a very great feud and rapture happened between the Turks and Tartars, b●● the grounds of it uncertainly deliverd●… Some are of opinion, that the Turk, quartering so near him this winter, and seeing him partly engaged with the Pole( which he pretends to stomach) and partly embodied with himself, designed a surpri●al of this Empire, and to unite the whole force thereof with his own, which the Reader may be induced to believe from a former precedent mentioned in this Treatise: others affirn that the Tartar disappointed of his pay, and having endured all the miseries of the Campagnie, abridged likewise of the best part of his spoils, did revengefully and in great indignation begin the quarrel. However it was caused, most certainly such a different is risen among them, that much blood hath been liberally spent between them, no less then a 1000 janissaries at one time with their supplements far greater in number having been cut off in an encounter by the Tartars, and a very far invasion made into the Turks Country, with fire and sword.  
Not to mention other troubles in Asia, which may by the blessing of God and his pity of distracted Christendom, give this insolent Enemy a timely diversion.   
FINIS.