Introduction
In
recent times, information and communication technology (ICT) has been deployed
in university libraries to help library users gain access to information, as
well as to become up-to-date with recent developments in their areas of
specialization. Selective dissemination of information (SDI) is a conscious
attempt by librarians to search databases in order to find relevant information
for each library user or group of library users to fit their
information needs, while current awareness services (CAS) keep users
up to date with the latest professional literature in their fields of interest,
and inform library users about new acquisitions in the library. SDI is tailored
to a particular group of library users, while CAS is for every library user.
This study considers the extent to which ICT is incorporated in library services
in the delivery of SDI and CAS in university libraries in South-West Nigeria
and if, like most university libraries in developing countries, Nigeria has
yet to use ICT in providing CAS and SDI services to the library users.
University Libraries in Nigeria
Nigeria’s
first university (and first university library) was established in 1948 at the
University College Ibadan, now the University of Ibadan. The earlier
universities established in Nigeria in the late 1940s and early 1950s were
mainly public universities with functional libraries. The purpose of
establishing them was to meet the educational need of Nigerians before and
after independence, to train government workers, train professional
workforce, and to help achieve rapid industrialization and development after
independence (Buzz Nigeria, n.d.).
In
1999, the Federal Government of Nigeria granted charters to five
private universities (Babcock, Bowen, Covenant, Igbinedion, and Madonna) which
were owned and operated by Christian denominations and had served as missionary
schools where church workers were trained. Babcock University, for
example, was owned and operated by the Seventh-day Adventist Church in Nigeria
and had started in 1959 as Adventist College of West Africa.
In
addition to the earlier universities, Nigeria recognized the need to train
workers in order to develop the gas and oil industry. Therefore, in March 2007,
the Federal Government of Nigeria established the Federal University of
Petroleum Resources, Effurun (FUPRE), located in Delta State in South-South
zone of Nigeria. It is the first in Africa and one of only a few in
the world. The broad aim for establishing FUPRE was “to have a specialized
university that will produce a unique high level personnel and relevant
expertise for the oil and gas industry in Nigeria and worldwide” (The Federal
University of Petroleum Resources Library Guide, 2014). The university offers
courses in Petroleum Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Electrical and
Electronic Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Marine Engineering, Geology,
Environmental Science, Computer Science/Mathematics, Physics, and Chemistry,
with the university library providing the information, materials, and ICT
infrastructure that helps prepare the students to face the challenges posed by
the evolving technological advancement in the oil and gas industry. At the time
of opening, the FUPRE library had a stock of 3,000 books, 85 journal titles,
over 2,000 electronic books, and journals in Oil and Gas, General sciences,
Engineering, ICT, and Geology on its database. Presently, the FUPRE collection
has grown to 6,662 print books and 1,702 journal titles. It also has an
e-library with 140 computer systems used by both staff and students (see
Appendix B, Figures 3 and 4) to browse the Internet and backed up with an
inverter to provide uninterrupted power supply. The upgrading of the FUPRE
library was achieved through an intervention from the Tertiary Education Trust
Fund (TETFund), a special fund set aside by the Federal Government of Nigeria
for library development.
With
regard to ICT, Abubakar (2011) has noted that university libraries in Nigeria
are at a crossroads because they are operating in an era of dwindling finances.
He added that the constraints of university libraries in providing SDI and CAS
services include erratic Internet services and inadequate hardware and
software. Similarly, Fowowe (2017) claimed that funding of university libraries
in Nigeria is inadequate, affecting collection development and hiring of
adequately skilled workers. Ogunsola (2004) stated that the diffusion of ICT
into Africa in general, and into Nigeria specifically, has been at a snail's
pace, such that the gap between information-rich developed countries and
African countries continues to widen. While some university libraries in
Nigeria have made tremendous efforts in the area of ICT adoption and use,
others have yet to use ICTs fully due to inadequate funding, inadequate staff,
lack of support by university management, interruption in Internet access, and
unreliable power supply.
Statement of
the Problem
Selective
dissemination of information (SDI) and current awareness services (CAS) are
well known for delivering prompt and up-to-date information services
to the library users. The effect of these services has been felt in most
libraries across the world. Some libraries display ICT features and tools on
their webpage for the purpose of disseminating information, while in practice
they are not used. This study investigates the extent to which university
libraries in South-West Nigeria have adopted and used ICT for SDI and CAS, with
a view to identifying the challenges and making suggestions on the way forward
to enhance quality service delivery to the library users.
Literature
Review
The
need for libraries to respond quickly to the information needs of users through
SDI and CAS has repeatedly been mentioned in dated and contemporary literature
(Broady-Preston & Barnes, 2002; Fourie, 2003; Uzohue & Yaya, 2016).
Shultz and De Groote (2003) stated that the use of CAS and SDI services would
benefit librarians in developing professional relationships with patrons while
increasing their professional expertise and subject knowledge. Similarly,
Domini, Goh, Wong and Chen (2010) asserted that CAS and SDI are considered
essential for success and survival in today’s environment. Prompt responses as
a result of using ICT will ensure that the library patrons choose to use
library services, rather than selecting from a range of alternatives such as
vendors and the Internet.
According
to Uzohue and Yaya (2016), CAS is beneficial in keeping users informed and
providing access to needed documents and information in a preferred format. On
the other hand, SDI services support users in bringing the right information
closer to them, enabling the users to use time efficiently to attend to other
needs instead of searching for information resources. Uzohue and Yaya (2016)
noted that display boards and shelves, displays of tables of contents,
newspaper cuttings, alerting of heads of departments, compilations of
bibliographies, reading lists, and indexing and abstracting, among others, were
traditional methods of CAS and SDI. These have changed due to advancement in
ICT. Advancement in ICT can make SDI achievable using services such as
emailing, WhatsApp, short message service (SMS), and Rich Site Summary (RSS)
feeds, among others, to communicate with library users.
Some
university libraries in Nigeria, however, have yet to take advantage of ICT in
delivering SDI and CAS. Nkiko and Iroaganachi’s (2015) study on the need to
provide community-focused SDI service revealed that among the academic
libraries in Ogun State, Nigeria, only 3 out of the 17 use SDI for community
development programs. Equally, Oguonu’s (2013) investigation of reference and
information services in state teaching hospital medical libraries in South-East
Nigeria showed that SDI was not provided by the libraries, while online
catalogue and ICT facilities were also not available for reference and
information services due to inadequate funding and lack of ICT facilities in
reference services.
Role of CAS in the University Library
In
some university libraries in the world, ICT infusion into library services has
given unprecedented access to information. For instance, the University of Sheffield Library uses their webpage
driven by ICT to deliver CAS to the library users (University of Sheffield,
2017). Similarly, the
University of Illinois Library uses RSS feeds to keep up with publication in
users’ fields, while email alerts are used for the electronic bibliographic
database (University of Illinois, 2017). Cornell University Library also uses
ICT tools such as blog, RSS feed, and citation alerts to notify their library
users about new books, journal tables of contents, and databases subscribed to
by the library, among other activities (Cornell University, 2017). Fourie
(2003) noted that since acquisition librarians operate in a dynamic environment
that requires constant alertness to new developments, CAS, especially those
available for free on the World Wide Web (WWW), would be helpful in keeping up
with trends in information processing and service delivery.
Role of SDI in Library Services
Many
studies have emphasized the importance of SDI in library services in easing
access to information. Nkiko and Iroaganachi (2015) emphasized the need for SDI
in university libraries for dissemination of community-based information and
services to different categories of library users. Uzohue and Yaya (2016) in
their study expressed the need for medical librarians to use CAS and
SDI to deliver library services to their users. Madukoma (2015) investigated
the perception of users on electronic reference services at Babcock University
Library, Nigeria, in order to identify their needs, and concluded that
electronic reference services were not adequately used due to lack of awareness
of the availability of the services in the library. She recommended the use of
memos and posters to create awareness of reference services. Effective use of
ICT in library services, especially for SDI and CAS, will enable library users
to promptly access quality information that will support their learning,
teaching, research, and decision making (Oyewusi & Oyeboade, 2009; Uzohue
& Yaya, 2016).
Challenges of
Using ICT for SDI and CAS in University Libraries
The
implementation of ICT in university libraries in developing countries, and
especially in Nigeria, has faced several challenges (Ayo, 2001). A study by
Issa, Ayodele, Abubakar and Aliyu (2011) on the application of information
technology to library services at the Federal University of Technology, Akure
Library, Ondo State, Nigeria, showed that the only facilities available for
services in the library are Internet and computer. Similarly, Haliso and
Ogungbemi’s (2014) study showed a disparity in the use of library software,
library website, and electronic library services in the six academic libraries
in Lagos State. Ayo (2001) stated that most
university libraries in Nigeria were yet to fully implement ICT due to lack of
funds, erratic power supply, and lack of qualified personnel. Omeluzor and
Oyovwe-Tinuoye (2016) noted that a general non-use of integrated library
systems (ILS) in academic libraries in Delta State, Nigeria was due to inadequate
ICT infrastructure and funding. In addition, Onyeonoru (2001) saw the issue of
inadequate funding for development of education in Africa as a serious
challenge. There is a decline in funding of Nigerian universities due to fallen
crude oil prices in the international market (Mitchell, 2016). Similarly,
Omeluzor, Madukoma, Bamidele, and Ogbuiyi (2012) concluded that the decline in
funding of Nigerian universities contributed to low research output of academic
staff.
Skill
and knowledge are relevant for the manipulation of ICTs in university
libraries. Adeyoyin
(2005) portrayed poor ICT skills among library staff as a problem hindering the
university libraries’ services. Inadequate skilled personnel in the area of ICT,
indifference of administrative bodies, and insufficient support groups left
many ICT-based functions in libraries in Bangladesh dormant (Uddin &
Hasan, 2012). A major challenge in ICT use
in most university libraries is the lack of technical support and training,
resulting in major setbacks (Arachchige, 2002; Hasan, 2009; & Haliso, 2011).
Aims
This
study aims to:
1.
Identify
university libraries in South-West Nigeria that have ICT features on their
webpage for delivery of CAS and SDI.
2.
Determine
the media used in delivery of SDI and CAS services to the library users
3.
Identify
the challenges of using ICT in delivering SDI and CAS services in university
libraries in South-West Nigeria.
Methods
This
study investigated the application of information and communication technology (ICT)
in providing selective dissemination of information (SDI) and current awareness
services (CAS) to library users in universities in South-West Nigeria. The
study adopted a survey research design. The population is made up of the entire population of 379 librarians in the 37 federal,
state, and private university libraries in South-West Nigeria. Further
demographic details are shown in Appendix A, Table 1. The data collection
instrument used was a structured questionnaire (see Appendix C). The instrument
was subjected to a reliability test using Cronbach alpha reliability
coefficient, and produced a result of 0.72. This means that the instrument is
reliable, since the test result is above the acceptance point of 0.50. The
questionnaire was administered directly to the respondents with the support of
six research assistants. Of the 379 questionnaires returned, 353, or 93%, were
found usable. The questionnaire was analyzed, and the results are presented in
frequency table, percentage, and chart in Appendix A,
Tables 2 to 4 and Figure 2.
Figure 1.
Showing the number of universities and those with ICT features on their
webpage for delivery of SDI and CAS in South-West
Nigeria.
Results
Research
objective 1
was to identify libraries with ICT features on their webpage for delivery of
CAS and SDI in South-West (SW) Nigeria. Appendix A, Table 2 shows that out of
the 37 universities in SW, 3 federal
university libraries and 3 private university libraries use features
such as blogs, RSS feed, Ask a Librarian, Twitter, Google+, email, OPAC,
Facebook, and YouTube for delivery of SDI and CAS to their patrons. None of the
state university libraries have ICT features on their webpages. Appendix A,
Table 3 shows that 4 federal university libraries, 8 state university
libraries, and 19 private university libraries in South-West Nigeria do not
have ICT features on their library webpage. (See Figure 1.)
A majority of the
libraries (31) do not have ICT features on their library webpages (see Appendix
A, Table 2). The research also shows that five university libraries have
two ICT features or more, while Crawford University library has only RSS feed.
The use of only one ICT tool may be insufficient to deliver CAS and SDI to
library users, since some library users may not use that particular tool.
However, findings reveal that Babcock University Library and University of
Ibadan Library provide online assistance to library patrons using OPACs which
are not linked to their library webpages on the university website.
Research
objective 2 was to
determine the media used in delivering SDI and CAS services to the library
users. Among the respondents in this study, 98 (28%) mostly use the Internet to
deliver SDI and CAS, 64 (18%) rarely use the Internet, and 191 (54%) of the
respondents do not use the Internet at all to deliver SDI and CAS services to
library users. (See Appendix A, Table 3) This implies that since the Internet
is not consistently used, dissemination of information to the users may be
limited to only those who access information via notice boards and memos. This
finding is in variance with Aina (2014) who stated that since the advent of the Internet, libraries
in developed and some developing countries have risen to the challenge by
ensuring that the Internet is used to enhance the provision of information
services in order to retain the patronage of the library. In addition, 85 (24%) of the respondents use computers to
deliver CAS and SDI, 67 (19%) of the respondents rarely use computers, and 201
(57%) do not use computers at all to deliver CAS and SDI. (See Appendix A,
Table 3.)
Findings also show that 151 (43%) of the
respondents use telephones to deliver CAS and SDI, 102 (29%) of the respondents
rarely use it, and 100 (28%) of the respondents do not use telephones at all
for CAS and SDI (See Appendix A, Table 3.) Use of telephones in university
libraries for SDI and CAS is slightly adopted, which means the users may be
more inclined to use other sources of information. Non-use of telephones, of
course, also prevents users from receiving reference services via text message.
This finding supports Madukoma (2015), who found that inadequate ICT facilities
in academic libraries hindered users’ access to reference services. Her
findings revealed that the Internet, cellphone, SMS, and email were slightly
adequate. This finding also supports Capron (2000), who identified mail,
telephone, TV, and radio as the traditional ways users send and receive
information.
Results also indicate that 223 (63%) of the
respondents use notice boards and 230 (65%) of the respondents use memos
to deliver CAS and SDI to the library users. This finding agrees with Madukoma
(2015), who recommended that memos be sent to Deans and Department Heads to
inform staff about recent additions to the library collection, and that posters
should be designed and pasted on strategic notice boards in the university
premises. It also shows that 39 (11%) of the respondents mostly use Ask a
librarian, blogs, and RSS feeds, while 314 (89%) of the respondents
did not use the tools for SDI and CAS. It is evident here that relevant tools
such as Ask a librarian, blogs, RSS feeds, and email have not been adopted for
the delivery of SDI and CAS. This may be connected with lack of skill, as
stated by Adeyoyin (2005) and Uddin and Hasan (2012) as a major factor
hindering ICT adoption in academic libraries. This result clearly shows that
the use of traditional methods such as notice boards and memos still dominates
other methods of information dissemination in university libraries in
South-West Nigeria.
Research objective 3 was to identify the challenges facing university libraries in using ICT to
deliver SDI and CAS services in South-West Nigeria. This study considered four
factors that other studies have determined can affect the use of ICT in service
delivery in university libraries in Nigeria. These include Internet connection,
training and technical support in the use of ICT, librarians’ level of ICT
skill, and university managements’ support.
Internet Connection
Results show that 84% of the respondents
indicate that erratic Internet services hinder CAS and SDI in university
libraries (See Appendix A, Figure 2). This agrees with studies on library
infrastructure and facilities that have shown that the problem of Internet
access in Nigeria is still unabated (Nkiko & Iroaganachi, 2015). This
result also agrees with Abubakar (2011) who stated
that most university libraries in Nigeria are severely constrained by erratic
Internet services, and with Ezeani and Igwesi (2012), who report that bandwidth and Internet
facilities in university libraries in Nigeria are outdated and cannot support
remote access to information.
Training, Technical Support, and Skill
Level
Appendix A, Figure 2 also shows that 69%
of the respondents indicated that insufficient training and technical support
hinders the delivery of CAS and SDI in university libraries. This substantiates
the findings of Ayo (2001)
that most university libraries in Nigeria have not yet fully implemented ICT as
a result of inadequate qualified personnel. It also supports Arachchige (2002) and Haliso (2011), who found the lack of technical support as a hindrance
towards ICT use in university libraries. It further supports Adeyoyin (2005) and Okiy (2012), who described the poor ICT infrastructural development, poor ICT
skills, and the poor training of librarians in university
libraries in Nigeria.
Appendix A, Figure 2 further shows that
81% of the respondents agreed that inadequate ICT skill among librarians was a
hindrance in the use of ICT for SDI and CAS services. Inadequate skilled personnel for the provision of ICT service to the
library users is a prevalent factor (Mathew & Baby, 2012; Quadri, 2012).
Support from University
Management
The studies of Hasan (2009)
and Osaniyi (2010) revealed that lack of support by university managements also
militate against ICT use in university libraries. The implication of this
finding is that access to relevant information sources will be hindered; hence,
libraries will not be able to provide SDI and CAS to the library users.
Limitations and Opportunities for Further
Study
This study was limited to 37 university libraries in South-Western
Nigeria. The method of study was limited to a structured questionnaire without
an “other” option provided in any of the questions. A study of more libraries
using a questionnaire with more options might produce different results. Future
studies might also investigate the characteristics and practices of
universities that this paper revealed are able to offer ICT despite a
nation-wide funding crisis.
Conclusions
The integration of ICT features in the
library services for the delivery of CAS and SDI has been a challenge in
university libraries in South-West Nigeria. In an era of advancement in ICT in
all sectors of human endeavour, most university libraries, especially in
Nigeria, have yet to adopt ICT in the delivery of SDI and CAS to its patrons.
Among the university libraries in South-West Nigeria, few libraries and a low percentage of librarians have adopted ICT in the
delivery of CAS and SDI, while a larger number of
libraries have yet to do so, but rather resorted to the use of notice boards
and memos. The level of ICT literacy among the librarians in this study is low,
as a large percentage of them did not have adequate ICT skill to use available online
resources on the Internet and other ICT tools to deliver SDI and CAS in
South-West Nigeria. This is not unconnected to the fact that the training and
technical support received by the librarians is inadequate and the level of
support that academic libraries received from their university managements in
South-West Nigeria in terms of funding for ICT development, Internet services,
and training is insufficient. It is obvious that non-use of ICT hinders access
and use of library resources and services. Therefore, it is imperative to use
ICTs in university libraries for the delivery of SDI, CAS, and other services
to the library clients.
Acknowledgement
The authors sincerely
acknowledge the assistance
of Carol Waseleski and the editorial support from the reviewers and editors of
EPLIP in helping to prepare this manuscript for publication.
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provided the original work is properly attributed, not used for commercial
purposes, and, if transformed, the resulting work is redistributed under the
same or similar license to this one.
