To the Editor: A range of studies have
demonstrated that symptomatic hyperlactataemia and lactic
acidosis are associated with antiretroviral combinations
containing stavudine.1
,
2
The HIV treatment programme in Khayelitsha, Cape Town, which
began using stavudine as a first-line therapy in 2003,
reported approximately 10% of patients switching from
stavudine to the alternative drug after 12 months due to
hyperlactataemia.3
Following a meta-analysis showing that lower doses of
stavudine are safer and as effective, the World Health
Organization (WHO) issued a statement that only a low dose of
stavudine (30 mg) should be used.4
This retrospective review included patients treated at the adult HIV clinic at Dr George Mukhari Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa. The study was approved by the Medunsa Research Ethics Committee (reference MP 156/2005). The records of 86 patients (aged 27 - 59 years) initiated on stavudine-containing antiretroviral therapy regimens between 2004 and 2006 were analysed: 66 females (29 received 40 mg stavudine; 37 received 30 mg stavudine) and 20 males (7 received 40 mg stavudine; 13 received 30 mg stavudine). Lactate levels were not routinely determined for all patients (only when a clinician suspected lactic acidosis or symptomatic hyperlactataemia on the basis of clinical symptoms). A serum lactate level >2.0 mmol/l was considered to be elevated. Lactic acidosis was defined by persistently increased blood lactate levels (>5 mmol/l) in association with acidosis (pH <7.35) and a bicarbonate level ≤ 20 mmol/l.5
Among female patients, elevated lactate levels developed in 18/29 (62%) treated with 40 mg stavudine, but only 13/37 (35%) treated with 30 mg of stavudine (range 2.3 - 9.8 mmol/l). Among male patients, elevated lactate levels developed in 2/14 (14%) treated with 30 mg stavudine and 2/7 (29%) treated with 40 mg stavudine.
Thirty-five patients (41%) had elevated lactate levels with
signs or symptoms that obliged clinicians to cease treatment.
The relative odds of developing elevated lactate levels when
commencing treatment were 2.92 times higher in the group
receiving 40 mg stavudine than in the group receiving 30 mg
stavudine (95% confidence interval 1.10 - 2.51). The relative
risk (RR) ratio was higher for female patients, with a greater
risk for developing hyperlactataemia than males (RR 2.17 for 40
mg stavudine; RR 2.28 for 30 mg stavudine) (Table 1).
|
Table 1. Elevated lactate level in patients receiving 30 mg or 40 mg stavudine |
|||
|
|
40 mg stavudine |
30 mg stavudine |
OR (95% CI) |
|
Female, n (%) |
3.02 (1.10 - 8.29) |
||
|
Elevated lactate levels |
18 (27) |
13 (20) |
|
|
Normal lactate levels |
11 (17) |
24 (36) |
|
|
Total |
29 (44) |
37 (56) |
|
|
Male, n (%) |
2.20 (0.24 - 20.00) |
||
|
Elevated lactate levels |
2 (10) |
2 (10) |
|
|
Normal lactate levels |
5 (25) |
11 (55) |
|
|
Total |
7 (35) |
13 (65) |
|
OR = Odds ratio; CI = confidence interval.
The onset of the first symptoms of elevated lactate levels occurred from 2 to 18 months following treatment initiation. Of the 35 patients with elevated lactate levels, 43% (n=15) were obese and 4 (11%) died due to complications of lactic acidosis.
This analysis demonstrated that stavudine dose reduction increased the odds of patients being more stable on treatment with fewer reported side-effects. Stavudine-containing regimens should be avoided in obese female patients. Low-dose stavudine (20 mg) may offer alternative solutions in poor or resource-limited settings, with a lower associated risk of toxicity and side-effects; however, virological non-inferiority to the first-line treatment option should be established.
Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, University of Limpopo, Medunsa Campus
Corresponding author:
E Osuch
(elzbieta.osuch@ul.ac.za)
References
1. Menezes C, Maskew M, Sanne I, Crowther N, Raal F. A longitudinal study of stavudine-associated toxicities in a large cohort of South African HIV infected subjects. BMC Infect Dis 2011;11:244. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2334-11-244]
2. Hernández Pérez E, Dawood H. Stavudine-induced hyperlactatemia/lactic acidosis at a tertiary communicable diseases clinic in South Africa. J Int Assoc Physicians AIDS Care (Chic) 2010;9(2):109-112. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1545109710361536]
3. Wood R. 2006. The role of stavudine in the South African public sector antiretroviral programme: Should the perfect be the enemy of the good? Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine 2006;7(2):5-8.
4. Hill A, Ruxrungtham K, Hanvanich M, et al. Systematic review of clinical trials evaluating low doses of stavudine as part of antiretroviral treatment. Expert Opin Pharmacoter 2007;8(5):679-688. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1517/14656566.8.5.679]
5. Southern African HIV Clinicians Society. Guidelines for the prevention, diagnosis and management of NRTI-associated symptomatic hyperlactataemia and lactic acidosis. Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine 2006;7(1):8-15.
S Afr J HIV Med 2013;14(1):34-35. DOI:10.7196/SAJHIVMED.875