About the Author(s)


Michael T. Boswell Email symbol
Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa

Department of Internal Medicine, Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa

Liam Robinson symbol
Department of Oral Pathology and Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa

Nelesh Govender symbol
Centre for HAIs, AMR and Mycoses, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa

Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa

Citation


Boswell MT, Robinson L, Govender N. Skin and mucosal manifestations of an AIDS-related systemic mycosis. S Afr J HIV Med. 2021;22(1), a1198. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajhivmed.v22i1.1198

Clinical Images

Skin and mucosal manifestations of an AIDS-related systemic mycosis

Michael T. Boswell, Liam Robinson, Nelesh Govender

Received: 23 Nov. 2020; Accepted: 09 Dec. 2020; Published: 28 Jan. 2021

Copyright: © 2021. The Author(s). Licensee: AOSIS.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

A human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive male from Cameroon who had recently started antiretroviral therapy presented with a new rash, night sweats and loss of weight. On examination, erythematous to flesh-coloured papules were noted on the trunk (a). Intraoral examination revealed granular-appearing lesions of the hard and soft palate, with areas of pigmentation in keeping with HIV-associated mucosal hyperpigmentation (b). A full blood count showed a pancytopenia, with a moderate neutropenia. He had a severe lymphopenia, and his CD4+ T-cell count was 46 cells/microlitre (µL). Serum (1-3)-β-d-glucan and ferritin levels were markedly elevated at > 500 picograms per millilitre (pg/mL) and 5533 micrograms per litre (µg/L), respectively. Periodic Acid–Schiff with Diastase (PAS-D) and Grocott-Gomori histochemical stains of a skin punch biopsy showed numerous small, round intracytoplasmic organisms within histiocytes, consistent with histoplasmosis (c and d) (see Figure 1). A pan-fungal polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay confirmed infection with either Histoplasma capsulatum or Emergomyces africanus. This PCR assay cross-reacts with Blastomyces species; however, the yeast phase of this pathogen has a different histological appearance.

FIGURE 1: (a) Erythematous to flesh-coloured papules on the trunk; (b) Granular-appearing, pigmented lesions involving the hard and soft palate; (c) PAS-D and (d) Grocott-Gomori stained sections highlighting the intracytoplasmic organisms (original magnification × 200).

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank Theresa Rossouw, Tarryn Jacobs and Glynn Dale Buchanan for their help on earlier versions of this manuscript and input on the management of this case.

Competing interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Authors’ contributions

All authors contributed to the case management and drafting of this manuscript.

Funding information

This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sectors.

Data availability statement

Data sharing is not applicable to this article, as no new data were created or analysed in this study.

Disclaimer

The views and opinions expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of any affiliated agency of the authors.