Older and Online: Enhancing social connections in Australian rural places

Helen R Feist, Kelly Parker, Graeme Hugo

Introduction

There are three pervasive trends impacting on societies worldwide: the ageing of our populations, the continued urbanization of human societies and the increasing reliance on information and communication technologies (ICTs) to stay connected with each other. Each of these global trends has significant influence on small rural communities.

Fertility decline and urbanization have dominated global demographic trends in the second half of the twentieth century, along with a continued steady increase in life expectancy over the 1900’s (Kinsella & Velkoff, 2001). Generally people in western societies no longer live as intergenerational, extended family groups. Families are often mobile and dispersed, divorce rates are higher, and single parent families and new family structures (such as same sex couples, childless couples and blended families) have become more common (Fry, 2003; C. Phillipson, Bernard, Phillips, & Ogg, 2001). For older people this means that living longer is often combined with changing family and social structures, including fewer children and grandchildren to offer both emotional and physical support in later life. Urbanization and globalization has increased the dispersion of these family ties; for example in rural Australia there is a greater likelihood of younger family members moving to urban areas for work and education opportunities, leaving higher proportions of older people in rural and remote locations without familial supports and with dwindling population numbers. Low density rural populations can equate with less localised services and socialisation opportunities (Alston, 2007; Cheers, 2001; Joseph & Cloutier-Fisher, 2005).

Demographic changes leading to the ageing of our populations have occurred at the same time as rapid changes in technology and technological capabilities (Bernard & Phillips, 2000). Technology has become an integral part of every-day life for many people. It will continue to become even more integrated into aspects of society including work, education, service delivery, communication and social activities in the future (Czaja & Schulz, 2006). With the future roll-out of high-speed broadband across Australia in the coming years, the recent developments in web based mobile phone and tablet technology, and wireless and 3G Internet enabling improved communication and connection regardless of place, now is the ideal time to consider how new technologies will play a part in improving community participation and social connectedness for older people in rural regions.

A current consensus among social gerontologists is that life satisfaction and psychological well-being among older people are influenced to some degree by their levels of social activity and sense of connectedness (Beckingham & Watt, 1995; Klein & Bloom, 1997; Morrow-Howell, Hinterlong, & Sherraden, 2001; Phillipson, Allan, & Morgan, 2004). The importance of social networks, particularly family and kinship relationships has consistently been reported by older people as an important factor in the quality of their lives (Antonucci, 2001; Bowling, 1997). Fast (2008) found that family and friends were ranked second in importance after health for older people, and older people have reported family, activities and social contacts as the three most important factors giving ‘quality’ to their lives (Farquhar, 1995). Reduced social contact, being alone, isolation and feelings of loneliness have all been associated with reduced quality of life (Victor, Scambler, Bowling, & Bond, 2005).

While social networks have important implications for supporting and/or protecting the well-being of older people these contacts may not necessarily be localised or closely connected (Gilleard & Higgs, 2005; Feist, 2011). Older people with limited proximate network ties may have more difficulty ageing in their communities, while those with family nearby have more potential for assistance (Wenger & Keating, 2008). This is particularly relevant in rural areas where time and distance still exercise constraints on interactions outside of the local environment. It is even more pertinent for older people who may have additional challenges connecting with others because of restricted rural transport options, lack of knowledge and access to new technologies, and physical health limitations.

ICTs offer the opportunity for relationships between people to occur regardless of location, distance or mobility; providing an ideal medium to foster and strengthen both localised community connections and dispersed social network ties for rural older Australians. These technologies offer potential for increasing quality of life for older people including: enhanced communication strategies, integrated service delivery, better access to community information, promotion of lifelong learning and self-efficacy, and as a medium to connect with community, family and friends. In order for all community members to remain integrated within a world that increasingly relies on ICTs it is important that older people are offered opportunities to adopt and use new technologies such as computers, web-based mobile phones and the Internet.

The Study

The ‘Linking Rural Older People to Community through Technology’ project aims to improve access and connection to personal networks and the wider community for older Australians in rural locations through the use of new technologies. The first two phases of the project involved a paper-based survey (n=858) and follow-up in-depth interviews (n=201) with people aged 55 years and over living in the rural Murray Lands region of South Australia. See Figure 1 for a map of the study region. A wide range of data were collected including information about participants’ connections to their communities and wider social networks; and their attitudes to, and current use of, technologies such as mobile phones and personal computers (Feist, Parker, Howard, & Hugo, 2010; Hugo, Feist, Parker, & Howard, 2010).

Figure 1: Map of the Murray Lands Study Region

This has been followed with a sub-sample pilot study with 48 participants over six months; providing them with their choice of either a laptop computer or an Apple IPad, 3G Internet connection and self-directed, personalised tuition. Participants were assigned to one of three small groups (n=14, n=7 and n=14) or one-to-one in-home learning with a visit from a tutor (n=13). Groups took place in localised areas and assistance was provided with transport for those travelling to take part in groups. Both groups and individuals met with researchers weekly for six weeks and then fortnightly for the remainder of the six months. Individuals had tuition for one hour and the groups for an average of 2.5 hours. In addition, on-going support was provided by researchers by telephone and email during office hours. One participant withdrew from the pilot study due to illness and other personal circumstances. At the completion of the pilot project participants will retain ownership of their selected devices and will receive on-going Internet connection, and support and advice from researchers for a further six months.

Methods

The ‘Linking Rural Older People to Community through Technology’ project has adopted a mixed method approach. The sub-sample pilot study involved a pre-test survey of participants’ computer and Internet attitudes and efficacy prior to commencement and will be replicated as a post test survey. This builds on the quantitative survey data and qualitative data from social network interviews collected in Phase One and Two of the project. The Phase Three pilot study has also collected data from weekly participant activity log sheets, information on data usage from Internet accounts and participant observation field notes. Emails from participants have been collated throughout the pilot study and used as additional qualitative data. A second interview replicating the Phase Two interview will be carried out six months after the completion of the pilot study and 18 months after the original interview. This interview will provide information on changes in participant social networks as a further post-test measure of the pilot study.

At the time of writing this field report post-test survey data collection and analysis is not complete from the pilot study. However, several participant vignettes have been developed as case studies. Four of these vignettes will be presented here as notes from the field, highlighting the potential various applications of new technologies have for improving the social connections of older people living in rural areas.

‘Robert’¹

Robert (Bob) lives in a very small rural community, Riverton, with a population of less than 300 permanent residents, located on the River Murray in the north of the study region. The town is chiefly a holiday and retirement community with limited services. Bob is 65 years old and lives alone. In the survey Bob self-reported his health as being ‘fair’; mainly due to on-going chronic back pain. He retired to Riverton, South Australia from Western Australia (over 2,000 kilometres away) six years ago with his wife, and since that time his wife has died. The loss of Bob’s wife, his poor health and lack of family and other social contacts in Riverton and South Australia has seen him become more socially isolated.

At the time of the Phase Two social network interview Bob nominated only two contacts in his social network: a person providing in-home personal care and a local friend. After prompting he expanded this list to include his two children living in other states in Australia that he maintained limited contact with, and an un-named group of ex-mining colleagues from Western Australia with whom he had lost touch with. Bob selected a personal computer at the start of the project, at the recommendation of his son. He had very limited experience with computers before leaving work almost ten years earlier, and mentioned that he hadn’t enjoyed working with computers then. Researchers met with Robert one-to-one in his own home throughout the six months of the pilot project.

The visits with Bob started with very simple tasks such as turning the computer on and off and learning to use the mouse. He often expressed concern about not remembering how to do something shown to him because he felt quite isolated and had no one else to ask. Yet, within weeks Bob had set up an email account and in two months had become more confident using email, searching on the Internet and was using Skype to contact his son and family.

Email is perhaps the new communication skill that has most dramatically changed Bob’s life. Through his new email activity Bob has reconnected with many old work friends who now send him daily joke emails, stories, and information about the mining industry in which he used to work in. This has enabled Bob to feel more connected to not only his previous career, but also to the community he has left behind in Western Australia. Bob has also used email to enrich the relationship he has with his son, enabling them to arrange Skype² contact, in particular with the grand-daughter he has never met.

In addition to strengthening his social ties Bob has utilised email and the Internet to begin actively managing his own retirement funds through his investment fund’s website and email contact with his accountant. Having easy access to this information has renewed Bob’s interest in this process and has led to Bob taking an active interest in his future retirement plans and activities as well. Week by week researchers have noticed an increased brightness in Bob’s disposition as he gains more confidence with his computer and Internet skills and as he connects with more social contacts.

Email may be a common, often taken for granted, part of everyday life for most individuals. For most participants in this pilot study having an email address was one of their first goals. Within three weeks of commencing the pilot study almost all participants (n=44) had an email address and were beginning to use itthem, mainly to connect with dispersed family members and friends but also to send jokes and practice emails to each other. For Bob, as with other pilot study participants, living in an isolated environment with limited contact with friends and family located in other states and very few localised social ties, email has enabled him to reconnect with old friends and strengthen family ties while at the same time take a more active role in his own future.

‘Joan’

Joan is 81 years old and lives alone in a rural township of about 2,000 people. Joan retired from a nursing and teaching career only five years ago, mainly due to poor health. Joan described her health as ‘fair’ with difficulties in mobility and manual dexterity; she also has an on-going illness that requires regular trips for treatment to the nearest capital city, a three hour drive away. Joan moved to Laxhill less than two years ago to be closer to three of her siblings, and she has become quite involved in the local community through community groups and the local Church in this time.

Joan selected a personal computer at the beginning of the pilot study, with the view of updating her existing old computer. In the survey she described her comfort levels with computers and the Internet as high and indicated that she felt ‘New technologies made it easy for her to stay in touch with family and friends’ but also that she would ‘Use new technologies more often if she had more advice and support’. Joan already had an email address and was reasonably comfortable searching the Internet for information; however she expressed an interest in being able to use the new computer (with its built in camera) for making Skype calls to her family members. While now physically closer to some family members Joan also has four other siblings living in other states of Australia and one brother living in Vietnam as well as two children and some grandchildren living long distances away.

After installing Skype on her laptop and practising a few times within the group Joan was confident enough to use the application to speak to her family members. On one of her weekly feedback sheets she describes Skype as being “great fun” and how she particularly enjoys spending time chatting with her grandchildren. Towards the end of the pilot study she learnt how to take photos from the Skype calls and enjoyed showing other group members the photos of her grandchildren making funny faces and crowding around the computer screen together to talk to ‘Gran’.

Of great importance to Joan is the contact she has been able to have with her ageing brother who is living permanently in Vietnam, but who also travels worldwide on a frequent basis. Not only is she able to maintain regular contact with him, regardless of his location; but she has been able to have a visual understanding of where he lives and see that he is well. When Joan talks about these conversations she includes a description of how things look, for example recently describing that “it must be very hot at the moment in the US because he was only wearing shorts and a t-shirt when we talked last week, and he just looked so hot and bothered”. Clearly, the visual nature of the contact with her family is just as important to Joan as the conversation itself. Equally important for someone such as Joan, with poor health, unable to travel great distances easily and who is living on a low, fixed income; is the ability to maintain very regular contact with dispersed family members at a small cost.

Being able to make regular contact with extended family for a low cost was a key advantage of new technologies for many participants. By the end of the first month most participants had taken an interest in Skype and over half had installed the program on their devices. Participants in this pilot study had family members in Germany, England, the United States, Hong Kong, China and Vietnam they wished to contact and Skype was also being usedtilised to make contact with children and grandchildren all over Australia. For one participant this had enabled him to ‘meet’ his baby grand-daughter for the first time and he has been able to use Skype to watch as she opened a present he had sent to her. Another participant is planning to read her young grandson a story at night just as she does when she goes to visit him. Many of these intimate face to face family connections are difficult, if not impossible, without the use of an application such as Skype because of poor health, physical distance and the cost of travel and long-distant phone calls.

‘Anne’

Anne is 68 years old and lives alone in East Willows; a new housing estate of about 40 homes located on the River Murray, chiefly inhabited by retired couples and nestled within in a dairy farming region. The nearest town with facilities and services is 20 minutes drive away and the nearest regional centre, Murray Bridge, is located 35 minutes away. Anne described her health as ‘fair’ in the survey but ‘better than a year ago’. She reported having depression and chronic fatigue syndrome since the death of her husband less than two years ago. Anne has only lived in this area permanently for just over two years; prior to this she lived with her husband in the capital city of Adelaide, a 75 minute drive away, and they used the property as a holiday home. Thus, Anne has not only been adjusting to widowhood but also to rural living. During the interview process Anne described her retirement from work to care for her husband before his death, the subsequent loss of her husband and the physical distance from her previous support networks since moving as having a huge impact on her sense of self-confidence.

Anne had some experience using a computer as part of her previous job role but had struggled with usingtilising those skills since that time. In the survey Anne nominated three statements she identified with relating to new technologies: ‘I would use new technologies if I had more opportunities for training’, ‘I would use new technologies more if I had more advice and support’, and ‘I would use new technologies if they were easier to use’. In the pilot study pre-test survey Anne listed ‘contacting family and friends’, ‘accessing information’ and ‘to be reachable by family and friends’ as all ‘very important’ motivators for using new connection technologies. Under motivations to use new technologies she also wrote “To move with the times and be in the 21^st Century”.

Anne joined one of the pilot study groups in her local area and selected a laptop computer as her device. She chose the laptop because she was keen to regain her lost word processing, data management and spreadsheet skills; however her interests developed in a very different direction as the pilot progressed. Anne’s lack of confidence in her own abilities soon became very apparent and in the early weeks she was often reluctant to ask for assistance or try new things. She spent a lot of her time playing solitaire on the computer to build up her confidence in using the device and would often retreat back to solitaire if she was feeling overwhelmed by the information being offered. However, after only a few weeks in the pilot study Anne had set up an email address and was slowly starting to use it independently, along with looking for information on the Internet. Shortly after this Anne suggested that she would like to learn more about Facebook and the following week arrived at the group to let us know that a friend had helped her to set up a Facebook account and she now wanted to learn how to use it.

While Anne appeared quite overwhelmed at times by the concept of communicating on Facebook she also emphasised to the researchers that she felt it was important to ‘push’ herself to take this step because it was where all her family and friends were communicating. “If I want to be able to talk to them I need to be able to use Facebook, it’s how they all stay in touch...it’s where they are”. Anne continued to challenge herself throughout the pilot and developed a core group of friends on Facebook, although she still found some aspects of it quite confusing; such as writing on her ‘wall’ as opposed to writing on the ‘walls’ of her friends, and understanding what information was public and what was private. However, with support she has enjoyed viewing photos of friends and family members, particularly her young grandson who lives in another state, writing birthday messages, and re-connecting with friends who live overseas and in other states of Australia. Anne’s level of self-assurance improved dramatically over the course of the pilot study, as evidenced by her responses to the question on the weekly activity feedback sheets about what she had enjoyed doing: “Just doing it”, “Knowing I can”, “Each time I learn so much, but I want more”.

Overall, pilot participants were keen to understand how Facebook worked and many wanted to look at the Facebook sites of their children, grandchildren and great-grandchildren but most did not want to actively participate in this medium. The idea of using these sites was not popular, mainly due to the negative coverage Facebook has received in the media in Australia associated with bullying and privacy issues. For sSome, they had heeded advice from their children about not having a Facebook profile. However, six participants did adopt Facebook as a medium for connecting with family and friends who, like Anne, realised that it was through Facebook that they would be able to communicate freely with their wider social network living both in other states of Australia and overseas.

‘Elsie’

Elsie is 87 years old; she lives alone on the dairy farm she farmed with her husband for over 50 years. While Hampton has several dairy farms and houses clustered together there are no services, shops or public transport in the settlement. Hampton is located 15 minutes across the river from a large town and 20 minutes from the regional centre of Murray Bridge. Elsie is no longer driving but manages at home with some in-home support for housework and assistance with transportation. She appears active and independent and is determined to remain living in her local community, despite being relatively isolated.

Elsie has a small, scattered family. Her son manages the dairy farm and lives nearby; she also has a daughter living in another state of Australia, two granddaughters living in the local capital city (over 90 minutes drive away) and a grandson living in the USA. In the initial unprompted network list Elsie only nominated two network ties, one social group and one service provider. After prompts she also added her six family members and five community services she accessed.

Before her involvement in the project Elsie’s only experience with new technologies was using a mobile phone, where she described her comfort level as 'moderate'. She indicated she had no experience with personal computers or the Internet. In the survey Elsie nominated three statements on attitudes to new technologies that she identified with: ‘New technologies are too complex for me to use’; ‘I am too old to learn about new technologies’, and ‘I can see no use for new technologies in my life’.

After becoming engaged in the survey and interview phases of the project, but before being selected for the pilot study, Elsie decided to challenge her own attitudes to new technologies and enrolled in a local computer course and purchased her first personal computer and Internet connection. The shift in her attitudes and approach to new technologies was clear from the results of her pilot study pre-test where, less than eight months later, she indicated the following statements best applied to her attitudes to new technologies: ‘The Internet is useful for finding new information’; ‘New technologies make life easier and more interesting’; ‘I like playing games on the computer’, and ‘New technologies are useful for contacting family and friends’. In the pre-test Elsie described the following motivations for using new technologies as 'very important': ‘contacting family and friends’; ‘for games and recreation’, and ‘for education and learning’. She also described ‘accessing information’ and ‘being reachable by family and friends’ as important. Under this Elsie had added "To combat loneliness and boredom" as a further personal motivator.

For the pilot study Elsie selected an iPad, having only recently purchased her own personal computer. As with most other participants who selected the iPad (n=16), Elsie adapted to the iPad technology very quickly. Within weeks of starting the pilot study her weekly activity sheets included requests such as: “I want to learn about downloading music from iTunes”, “How do I put email addresses into my contacts lists”, and “How do I delete unwanted icons from my home page?”. Elsie also enjoyed using the iPad for playing games, such as Solitaire and Sudoku and within two months she was interested in downloading an application for playing an interactive, on-line version of scrabble. Elsie explained that when her grandchildren were little they would come to her house and they would play the board game scrabble together. She wanted to re-engage this activity with her grandchildren utilising an on-line version of the game that would enable her to play despite the large distances that now separated them.

Elsie is now regularly playing scrabble not only with her two granddaughters but also with other members of the pilot project. In fact, a core group of five pilot group iPad users, who all live in different parts of the study area (and three keen researchers), are regularly playing the on-line version of scrabble together. While some of these scrabble players have been hesitant to play a game with people they have never met their enthusiasm for scrabble is slowly overcoming their reluctance to play with strangers. Players are also getting more confident about using the ‘chat’ function associated with the on-line game and are beginning to connect socially while playing. For Elsie, this has not only helped her meet her goal of combating loneliness and boredom by widening her group of friends it has also strengthened her relationship with her distant grandchildren through an old family tradition with a new twist.

Discussion

The four vignettes presented here highlight positive examples of the introduction of new technologies into the lives of older people living in rural Australian communities. For the vast majority of pilot study participants utilising their new devices and Internet accounts to make contact with family and friends; through email, Skype, Facebook and on-line games was their main priority. In addition to these mediums other methods of interaction between group members have been introduced; such as a pilot study football tipping pool which has 25 members from across the pilot study region and the project blog site http://www.ruralolderpeople.blogspot.com/ which is open to participants to view tutorials, pilot information as well as photos and comments about the project.

The aim of these vignettes is not to suggest that this process was quick and simple, or that these positive results would apply to all older people. As Selwyn (2003, p.577) suggests ‘much academic and political interest in older adults and technology has been based on an implicit assumption that ICT use is an inherently useful and desirable activity’. Exploring how older people adopt, learn and utilise new technologies is valuable for understanding how new technologies can be incorporated into maintaining social connectivity, independence, service delivery and access, and quality of life for older people. However, it must be remembered that this does not offer a panacea for all people or all issues associated with isolation, ageing-in-place and positive ageing experiences. Nor is it simply a matter of accessibility to new technologies and a reliable Internet connection along with a course of instruction – although these certainly help. These four example show that certain aspects of new technologies can make very positive changes to the lives of some older people, and that older people are open to the advantages new technologies offer them in enabling social connectedness – given the right equipment, personalized and localized tuition, hands-on experience and long-term advice and support.

Conclusion

It has been suggested that older adults who practice lifelong learning and adopt new skills as they age enhance their sense of well-being, including improved health, richer levels of social and civic engagement and greater resilience to external life stressors and crises (Field, 2009; National Seniors Australia, 2010). Preliminary results from the ‘Linking Rural Older People to Community through Technology’ pilot study suggest that older people are keen to embrace new technologies; and that newer, user-friendly technologies combined with reliable, fast Internet connections and personalized, localized support and tuition over the long term enhance access to general information, connections to community and social networks. In particular it is the relationships with wider social networks, especially communication with dispersed family ties that can be improved.

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FootNotes