b'\n\n\nJ," ^n <^^ * \n\n\n\nr/ ^^\'-^--^ ^TO^. /\'"\\ -.^^Z .,*"*. \'^fw.\' , \n\n\n\n\nqV ^ " \xe2\x80\xa2 ^ "^ \n\n\n\n\n\n\n^oV^ \n\n\n\n<^^^^ \n\n\n\n\n\n\n% \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nA DICTIONAEl \n\n\n\nr \n\n\n\nOF \n\n\n\n^DOCATIOML BlOGRiPH! \n\n\n\nGlVrXU MOKE THAN FOUR HUNDRED PORTRAITS AND SKETCHES \nOF PERSONS PROMINENT IN EDUCATIONAL WORK \n\n\n\nPY \n\n\n\nC _ W . BARD \n\n\n\nKDITOK Ol\' Till-: SCHOOL HLLLirriN \n\n\n\nN \n\n\n\n\nSYRACUSE, N, Y. \n\n(". W. BARDEEX, PUBLISHER \n1901 \n\n\n\nCopyright. 190L by C. W. Haudken \n\n\n\nTHE LIBRARY OF \nCONGRESS, \n\nTwo Copies Received \n\nAPR. 24 1901 \n\nCOPVRWHT ENTRy \n\nCOPY B. \n\n\n\nLJ\\ \n\n\n\n\xe2\x96\xa0\xe2\x80\xa2> \n\n\n\nPREFACE \n\nI began collecting these portraits some twenty years ago, and \nsince then liave searched most of the print-shops in the prin- \ncipal cities of this country and of Europe, and examined most \nof the catalogues of dealers and of auction-sales. Such a col- \nlection can never be complete, and this lacks some important \nnames ; for instance I have been unable to find authentic por- \ntraits of Alcuin, of Ratich, and of Mulcaster. But most of \nthe great names are here, and it is likel}^ to be some time be- \nfore a more comprehensive collection of the kind is published. \nFor many of the portraits of mathematicians I am under \nobligation to Prof. Daniel Eugene Smith, of the Teachers col- \nlege, who put his fine collection at my disposal. \n\nWhere duplicate portraits are given they are usually suc- \ncessive, as of Bancroft (page 158) and of Henry Barnard (page \n190); or confirmatory as of Francke (page 69), of Humboldt \n(page 110), and of Froebel (pages 122 and 123). In the case \nof Pestalozzi I have given, besides the usual portrait (page 1)5, \nto the right) and a more conventional portrait (page 94), the \nsqualid portrait from Biber\'s life (page 95) ; though Wil- \nliam Woodbridge says in the Annals of Education (i.597): \n" We regret that the portrait should present us with the mere \nremains of Pestalozzi. We are so fortunate to possess a better \none, whose correctness we have knoAvn from personal inter- \ncourse with this amiable man." \n\n(iii) \n\n\n\niv Pkeeace \n\nIn tlie case of living persons it has of course been difficult \nto make selection. No one will look over the list without de- \ntecting what seem to him omissions. But it was necessary to \nfix some limit, and I have given those whose work seemed \nespecially important and ty])ical, and whose names are frequent \nin the news of the day. \n\nThe form of sketches was adopted for use in the Teachers \nCalendar, published for several years past as a supplement to \nthe School Bulletin, and giving each month portraits and \nsketches of six educators whose birthdays come during the \nmonth. The sketches are brief, but will be found to contain \na good manv facts, and an aljundance of dates, whic-li form \nthe anatomy of biography. \n\nA first attempt at a compilation of this kind must neces- \nsarily show crudeness and incompleteness, and it is one of the \nexpectations of the compiler that the work he has done here \nwill some time help another man to make a better book. \n\nSykacusk, March 21, IIM)] \n\n\n\nCHRONOLOGICAL INDEX \n\n\n\n1000? \n640 \n620? \n582 \n550 \n540? \n470 \n460 \n436 \n429 \n384 \n\n342 \n\n300 \n\n287 \n\n1/106 \n\n98 \n\n3 \n\nA. D. \n121 \n\n130 \n\n742 \n\n? \n\n1225 \n1320 \n1466 \n1467 \n\n\n\nPAGE \n\nZoroaster, 17 \n\nThales 18 \n\n^Esop 18 \n\nPythagoras 19 \n\nConfucius 20 \n\nAristicles 21 \n\nSocrates 22 \n\nHippocrates 21 \n\nIsocrates 22 \n\nPlato 23 \n\nDemosthenes 24 \n\nAristotle 25 \n\nEpicurus 26 \n\nZeno 26 \n\nEuclid 27 \n\nArchimedes 27 \n\nCicero 28 \n\nLucretius 29 \n\nSeneca 30 \n\nMarcus Aurelius 30 \n\nGalen 31 \n\nCharlemagne 3j2 \n\nLeonardo of Pisa. . ..33 \nSt. Thos. Aquinas... 33 \n\nWychf 34 \n\nColet 34 \n\nErasmus 35 \n\n\n\n7)at( of \nllirlh \n\nA. D. PAGE \n\n1473 Copernicus 36 \n\n1483 Martin Luther 37 \n\n1490? Rabelais. -. 38 \n\n1491 Loyola 39 \n\n1492 Vives 40 \n\nAgricola 41 \n\n1497 Melanchthon 41 \n\n1499 Thomas Platter 42 \n\n1501 Cardauo 43 \n\n1505 John Knox 44 \n\n1506 St. Francis Xavier.. 46 \n\n1507 Sturm 45 \n\n1509 Calvin 46 \n\n1515 Ascham 47 \n\n1533 Montaigne 48 \n\n1540 Ludolf von Ceulcn.49 \n\n1543 Aquaviva 49 \n\n1546 Tycho Brahe 50 \n\n1550 John Naj)ier 51 \n\n1560 Arminius 51 \n\n1561 Bacon 52 \n\n1564 Galileo 53 \n\n1571 Kepler 53 \n\n1576 St. Vincent de Paul. 54 \n\n1578 William Harvey... .55 \n\n1585 Jansen 56 \n\n1 589 Bignon 56 \n\n1592 Comenius 57 \n\n\n\na) \n\n\n\nChronological Index \n\n\n\nDate of \nBirth PAGE \n\n1596 Descartes 58 \n\n1601 Fermat 58 \n\n1608 Milton 59 \n\n1612 Arnauld 60 \n\n1623 Pascal 60 \n\n1626 Mme d e Se vigue .... 6 1 \n\n1627 Bossuet 61 \n\n1632 Locke 62 \n\nSpinoza 63 \n\n1642 Newton 64 \n\n1646 Leibnitz 65 \n\n1651 Fenelon QQ \n\nSt. De La Salle 67 \n\n1661 Rollin 68 \n\n1663 Francke 69 \n\n1667 Bernouilli 70 \n\n1 6 6 9 Christian Wolff 71 \n\n1682 Nicho\'sSaunderson.71 \n\n1685 Bishop Berkeley 72 \n\n1696 Sam\'l Johnson 72 \n\nLord Kames 73 \n\n1698 Colin Maclauren....73 \n1703 Jonathan Edwards.74 \n\n1706 Benj. Franklin 75 \n\n1707 Linnaeus 76 \n\nEuler 76 \n\n1710? Dilworth 77 \n\n1710 JohnLovell 77 \n\n1711 Hume 78 \n\nEleazar Wheelock...78 \n\n1712 Rousseau 79 \n\nde I\'Epee 80 \n\n1713 Clairaut 80 \n\n1714 d\'Alembert 81 \n\n\n\nDate of \nBirth \n\n1715 \n1722 \n1723 \n\n\n\n1727 \n\n1733 \n1736 \n1737 \n1738 \n\n1740 \n1741 \n\n\n\n1743 \n\n\n\n1744 \n1745 \n\n1746 \n\n\n\n1749 \n1750 \n1752 \n\n1753 \n1754 \n1758 \n\n\n\nPAOE \n\nGellert 82 \n\nWitherspoon 82 \n\nBasedow 83 \n\nAdam Smith 84 \n\nKant 84 \n\nWm. Sam\'l Johnson. 85 \n\nEzra Stiles 85 \n\nPriestley 86 \n\nLagrange 86 \n\nMyles Cooper 87 \n\nJames Manning 87 \n\nWm. Herschel 88 \n\nOberlin 89 \n\nMrs. Trimmer 88 \n\nSamuel Kirkland. . .89 \n\nLavater 90 \n\nJefferson 90 \n\nLavoisier 91 \n\nCondorcet 91 \n\nDalzell 92 \n\nR. Edgeworth 92 \n\nHannah More 93 \n\nLindley Murray 93 \n\nPestalozzi 94 \n\nMonge 96 \n\nMme. de Geulis 96 \n\nCampe 98 \n\nLaplace 97 \n\nGirard 99 \n\nLegendre 97 \n\nTimothy Dwight..-.99 \n\nAndrew Bell 100 \n\nNiemeyer 101 \n\nde Sacv 102 \n\n\n\nChronological Index \n\n\n\nDate of \nPAGE Birth \n\nPorson 102 1786 \n\nFichte 103 \n\nJean Paul Richter. 103 1787 \n\nJames Kent 104 \n\nS. Van Rensselaer. 105 \nMaria Edgeworth.. 106 1788 \nJ. Quincy Adams. .107 \nJames Wadsworth. 107 \n\nE. D. Clarke 108 \n\nTobler 108 1789 \n\nCuvier 109 \n\nA. von Humboldt. 110 \n\nDe Witt Clinton... Ill 1790 \n\nHenry Davis Ill \n\nJacotot 112 \n\nFellenberg 113 1791 \n\nEbenezer Porter... 114 \n\nEliphalet Nott 114 \n\nJohn Griscom 115 \n\nJeremiah Day 115 \n\nEdward Baines....ll6 1792 \nGeorge Birkbeck...ll6 \n\nHerbart 117 \n\nSpurzheim 118 \n\nDavy 118 \n\nLancaster 119 \n\nSchimmelpennick.120 1793 \n\nBrougham 1 20 \n\nAudubon 121 \n\nFroebel ...122 1794 \n\nvon Raumer 124 \n\nGideon Hawley...l25 \n\nArago 126 \n\nNathan Guilford.. .126 \n\n\n\nPAGE \n\nVerplanck 127 \n\nGreenleaf 127 \n\nGallaudet 128 \n\nJesse Torrey, jr... .129 \nEmma Willard....l29 \nAbig\'l Hassel tine.. 130 \nSir Wm. Hamilton. 131 \n\nGeorge Combe 131 \n\nSchopenhauer 132 \n\nMrs. A. H. Judson.130 \n\nCauchy 132 \n\nJohn Farmer 133 \n\nCyrus Peirce 133 \n\nA.C. Flagg 134 \n\nDiesterweg 135 \n\nDenison Olmsted.. 134 \n\nFaraday 135 \n\nS. F.B.Morse 136 \n\nPeter Cooper 136 \n\nBeck 137 \n\nCousin 138 \n\nFrere Philippe 138 \n\nWilbur Fisk 139 \n\nLowell Mason 139 \n\nThaddeus Stevens. 140 \n\nMrs. Phelps 140 \n\nWarren Colburn ... 141 \nGideon F.Thayer. 141 \n\nDavid Stow 142 \n\nEdward Everett... 143 \n\nW. R. Johnson 143 \n\nElias Cornelius. ... 1 44 \n\nH. P. Peet 144 \n\nJames G. Carter... 145 \n\n\n\nChronological Index \n\n\n\nDate of \nBirth \n\n1795 \n\n\n\n1796 \n1797 \n\n\n\n1798 \n\n\n\n1799 \n1800 \n\n1801 \n1802 \n\n\n\nPAGE \n\nEbenezer Bailey... 146 \n\nWm. B. Fowle 146 \n\nGeorge Peabody . . .147 \n\nWhewell .^ 148 \n\nSir Rowland Hill.. 148 \nThomas Arnold....l49 \n\nJames Harper 149 \n\nHorace Mann 150 \n\nFrancis Wa viand.. 151 \n\nLyell \\ 151 \n\nMary Lyon 152 \n\nGeo. B. Emerson. ..152 \n\nSamuel J. May 153 \n\nCharles Anthon .... 1 53 \n\nD. D. Barnard....: 154 \n\nGen. Dix 154 \n\nDuhamel 155 \n\nMichelet 155 \n\nWm. Russell 156 \n\nCharles Davies 156 \n\nWm. A. Alcott 157 \n\nA. B. Alcott 157 \n\nSamuel Lewis 158 \n\nGeo. Bancroft 158 \n\nE. C. Benedict 159 \n\nS. B. Woolworth...l59 \n\nWm. Ellis 160 \n\nAlonzo Potter 160 \n\nMarshall Conant...l61 \n\nT. I). Woolsey 161 \n\nJohn Kingsbury... 162 \n\nS. G. Howe \xe2\x96\xa0^...162 \n\nSimeon North 163 \n\nTayler Lewis 163 \n\n\n\nDate of \nBirth \n\n1802 \n\n\n\n1803 \n\n\n\n1804 \n\n\n\n1805 \n\n\n\n1806 \n\n\n\n1807 \n\n\n\n1808 \n1809 \n\n\n\nPAGE \n\nCalvin E. Stowe...l64 \n\nHugh Miller 165 \n\nThomas Guthrie.... 165 \n\nMark Hopkins 166 \n\nE. Ryerson 167 \n\nJacob Abbott 168 \n\nE. Leaven worth ... 1 6 8 \n\nFrederic Hill 169 \n\nRichard Owen 169 \n\nE. P. Peabody 170 \n\nTillinghast 170 \n\nDilla way 171 \n\nRob\'t Rantoul, jr..l71 \n\nH. P. Tappan 172 \n\nTh. Burro wes 172 \n\nF. D. Maurice 173 \n\nG. A. Deuison 173 \n\nDeMorgan. 174 \n\nJ. S.Mill 175 \n\nE. C. Wines 176 \n\nJ. P. Fairbanks... 176 \n\nEzra Cornell 177 \n\nJoseph A Id en 177 \n\nS. H. Taylor 178 \n\nMary Carpenter ... 1 7 9 \n\nJoseph Payne 179 \n\nAgassiz 180 \n\nGuyot 180 \n\nSchreber 181 \n\nB\'rancis D wight. ..182 \nS. S.Randall 183 \n\nF. A. P. Barnard.. 184 \n\nBlackie 185 \n\nDarwin 186 \n\n\n\nChronological Index \n\n\n\nPAGE \n\nD. P.Page 187 \n\nJ. S. Hart 188 \n\nSamuel Clark 188 \n\nAsa Gray 189 \n\nHenry Barnard ... 1 90 \n\nSarmiento 192 \n\nJames McCosli 193 \n\nJ. W. Draper 193 \n\nJ. V. S. L. Pruyn.194 \n\nElias Loomis 194 \n\nW. R. Grove 195 \n\nSeguin 196 \n\nC. H. Anthony.... 196 \nJ. W. Armstrong.. 197 \nJas. N. McElligott.197 \nJames D. Dana.... 198 \nMarcius Willson...l98 \nWm. B. Carpenter. 199 \n\nIsaac Pitman 199 \n\nMissShirrefF 200 \n\nJ.J.Sylvester 200 \n\nM. B. Anderson... 201 \n\nMyrtilla Miner 201 \n\nA. D. Lord 202 \n\nMary Mortimer .... 203 \nNoah T. Clarke... 203 \nBenjamin Jowett..204 \nAlexander Bain... 205 \n\nHenry Drisler 206 \n\nMaria Mitchell 206 \n\nVictor M. Rice 207 \n\nEbenezer Dodge.. ..208 \nF. D. Huntington. 208 \nWm. E. Forster....209 \n\n\n\nBate of \nBirtli \n\n1819 \n\n\n\n1820 \n\n1821 \n1822 \n\n\n\n182J \n\n\n\n1824 \n\n1825 \n1827 \n\n\n\nPAGE \n\nJohn Ruskin 209 \n\nChas. Kiugsley....210 \n\nJohnTyndall 210 \n\nHerbert Spencer... 211 \nCharles T. Pooler.. 212 \n\nEdward North 212 \n\nH. B. Wilbur 213 \n\nS. G. Love 213 \n\nEdward Thring...214 \nTheo. W. Dwight..215 \n\nN. A. Calkins 215 \n\nA.R.Wallace 216 \n\nMatthew Arnold... 216 \n\nBenn Pitman 217 \n\nDana P. Colburn..217 \n\nE. A. Freeman 218 \n\nMax-Mtiller 218 \n\nJonathan Allen 219 \n\nA. J. Upson 219 \n\nE. A. Sheldon 220 \n\nJames Johonnot....221 \nJohn H. French.... 221 \nGeo. L. Farnham..222 \n\nA. J. Rickoff 222 \n\nG. W. Curtis 223 \n\nJ. G. Fitch 224 \n\nHuxley 224 \n\nWickersham 225 \n\nS. G. Williams 225 \n\nJoseph Baldwin... 226 \n\nA. G.Gaines 226 \n\nA. G. Boyden 227 \n\nEdward Atkinson. 227 \nEmily Howland... 228 \n\n\n\n6 \n\nDate of \nBirth \n\n1828 \n1829 \n\n\n\nCheonological I^dex \n\n\n\n1830 \n1831 \n\n\n\n1832 \n\n\n\n1834 \n1835 \n\n\n\n1836 \n\n\n\n1837 \n\n\n\n1838 \n\n\n\nC. W.Bennett 229 \n\nWm. Hutchison.... 229 \n\nJ. B. Angell 230 \n\nM. Mac Vicar 230 \n\nS.S.Laurie 231 \n\nD\'A. W.Thompson 231 \nLaura Bridgman..232 \n\nE. E. Wliite 232 \n\nDavid Murray 233 \n\nF. W. Farrar 234 \n\nR. H. Quick 234 \n\n0. C. Marsh 235 \n\nArchbishop Rvau.235 \nJ. A. Garfield ."^ 236 \n\nA. D. White 236 \n\nMrs. Pollock 237 \n\nThomas Egleston..238 \n\nNewell 239 \n\nC. W. Eliot 240 \n\nWm. T.Harris 241 \n\nSimon Newcomb...242 \n\nGeo. F. Barker 242 \n\nOrlan\'o Blackman.243 \n\nE. V. DeGraff 243 \n\nWm. H. Payne.... 244 \n\nB. A. Hinsdale... .244 \nMrs. Kraus-Boelte.245 \n\nA. P. Marble 245 \n\nJ. D. Steele 246 \n\nGeorge Ebers 247 \n\nCol. Parker 248 \n\nH.R. Sanford 249 \n\nA. B. Watkins 249 \n\nE. S.Morse 250 \n\n\n\nDate of \nBirth \n\n1838 \n1839 \n\n\n\nJohn Morley 251 \n\nKotelmann 252 \n\nFrances Willard...253 \nM. Cooper-Poucher 253 \n\nAaron Gove 254 \n\nThomas Davidson. 2 54 \nGeorge W. Ross... 255 \n\nT. W. Preyer 256 \n\nGeo. H. Martin... .257 \n\nJohn Fiske 257 \n\nT. J. Backus 258 \n\nJ. G.Wight 258 \n\nIrwin Shepard 259 \n\nCompayre 260 \n\nE.B.Andrews 261 \n\nC. R. Skinner 261 \n\nIsaac H. Stout 262 \n\nSherm\'n Williams. 262 \n\nH. H Straight 263 \n\nWilliam Rein 264 \n\nBrother Azarias...265 \n\nA. S. Draper 266 \n\nSeth Low 267 \n\nMelvil Dewey 267 \n\n1851 M. W\\Stryker 268 \n\n1852 Wm. H. Mace 268 \n\nWm. H. Maxwell..269 \nThos. M. Balliet...269 \n\n1854 .L G. Schurman...270 \n\n1855 C. B. Gilbert 271 \n\n1856 A. S. Downing 271 \n\n1857 Albert Leonard.... 272 \n\n1858 De Witt Hyde 272 \n\n1802 N.M.Butler 273 \n\n\n\n1840 \n1841 \n\n\n\n1842 \n\n\n\n1843 \n\n\n\n1844 \n\n\n\n1846 \n\n\n\n1847 \n\n1848 \n1850 \n\n\n\nCLASSIFIED INDEX \n\n\n\nOrgauizers and Reformers \n\n. Aquaviva 49 \n\nArmiuius 51 \n\nAscham 47 \n\nBasedow 83 \n\nBell 100 \n\nCalvin 46 \n\nCa,mpe 98 \n\nCharlemagne 32 \n\nClinton Ill \n\nComenius 57 \n\nCousin 136 \n\nM. Edgeworth 106 \n\nR. Edgeworth 92 \n\nErasmus 35 \n\nFellenberg 113 \n\nFroebel 122 \n\nHerbart 117 \n\nJacotot 112 \n\nJefferson 90 \n\nKnox 44 \n\nLancaster 119 \n\nLocke 62 \n\nLoyola 39 \n\nLuther 37 \n\nMelanchthon 41 \n\nMilton 59 \n\nMontaigne 48 \n\nNiemeyer 101 \n\n\n\nOrganizers and Reformers \n\nPestalozzi 94 \n\nPorter.. 160 \n\nRabelais 38 \n\nRichter 103 \n\nRollin 68 \n\nSturm 45 \n\nTobler 108 \n\nVincent de Paul 54 \n\nVives 40 \n\nWyclif 34 \n\nUniver\'y of the State of N. Y. \n\nChancellor Benedict 159 \n\nCurtis 223 \n\nPruyn 194 \n\nUpson 219 \n\nVice- Chan. Verplanck..l27 \n\nSecretary Beck 137 \n\nClinton Ill \n\nDewey 267 \n\nHawley 125 \n\nMurray 233 \n\nWatkins 249 \n\nWoolworth 159 \n\nCollege Presidents \n\nAlfred, Allen 219 \n\nBowdoin, Hyde 272 \n\nBrown, Andrews 261 \n\nFisk 139 \n\n\n\n(7) \n\n\n\nClassified Index \n\n\n\nPAGE \n\nCollege Presidents \n\n. Brown, Mauiiing 87 \n\nWayland 151 \n\nColgate, Dodge 208 \n\nColumbia, Barnard 184 \n\nCooper 87 \n\nS. Johnson 72 \n\nW. S. Johnson 85 \n\nLow 267 \n\nCornell, Schurinan 270 \n\nWhite 2:36 \n\nDartmouth, Wheelock.. 78 \n\nHami Iton, Davis Ill \n\nNorth 163 \n\nStryker 268 \n\nHarvard, EUot 240 \n\nEverett 143 \n\nJefferson, x\\ Id en 177 \n\nMichigan, Angell 230 \n\nTappan 172 \n\nMiddlebury, Davis Ill \n\nPrinceton, Edwards 74 \n\nMcCosh 193 \n\nAVi therspoon 82 \n\nRochester, Anderson.... 201 \nSt. Lawrence, Gaines... 226 \n\nUnion, Nott 114 \n\nWilliams, Hopkins 166 \n\nYale, Day 115 \n\nDwight 99 \n\nStiles 85 \n\nWoolscy 161 \n\nMasters of rrivate 8clio(\xc2\xbbls \nIlugbij, Arnold 149 \n\n\n\nPAGE \n\nMasters of Private Schools \n\nSt. PauUs, Colet 34 \n\nUppingham, Thring....214 \n\nAiidover, Taylor 178 \n\nBoston Latin, Dillaway.171 \n\nLovell 77 \n\nCanandaigua, Clarke. . . 203 \nBound Hill, Bancroft.. 158 \nState Superintendents \n\nU. S., Barnard 190 \n\nHarris 241 \n\nConn., Barnard 190 \n\nMd., Newell 239 \n\n3Iass., Mann 150 \n\nN. Y., Dix 154 \n\nDraper 266 \n\nFlagg 134 \n\n\xe2\x80\xa2Hawley 125 \n\nLeavenworth 168 \n\nRice 207 \n\nSkinner 261 \n\n0., Lewis 158 \n\nPa. , Burrowes 172 \n\nWickershain 225 \n\nB. J., Barnard 190 \n\nVt., French 221 \n\nOntario, Ross 255 \n\nRycrson 167 \n\nInspectors, Eng. , Arnold. 21 6 \n\nFitch......! 224 \n\nCity Superintendents \n\nBhufhandon, Farnhani.222 \n\nBoston, Martin 257 \n\n\n\nFields of M\'"ork \n\n\n\n9 \n\n\n\nPAGE \n\nCity Superintendents \n\nCincinnati^ Guilford 126 \n\nWhite 232 \n\nCleveland, Draper 266 \n\nHiusdale 244 \n\nRickoff 222 \n\nDenver, Gove 254 \n\nJamestown, Love 213 \n\nNew York, Calkins 215 \n\nMarble 245 \n\nMaxwell..... 269 \n\nRandall 183 \n\nQuincij, Pa rker 248 \n\nRochester, Gilbert 271 \n\nSpringfield, Balliet 269 \n\nSyracuse, Farnham 222 \n\nSheldon 220 \n\nNormal Instructors \n\nAlden 177 \n\nArmstrong 197 \n\nBaldwin 226 \n\nBoyden 227 \n\nCarter 145 \n\nClark 188 \n\nConaut :.161 \n\nCooper-Poncher 253 \n\nDenison 173 \n\nFarnham 222 \n\nHinsdale 244 \n\nJohnson 143 \n\nLaurie 231 \n\nLeonard 272 \n\nMacVicar ....230 \n\nMartin 257 \n\n\n\nPAGE \n\nNormal Instructors \n\nMay 153 \n\nPage 187 \n\nParker 248 \n\nJ.Payne 179 \n\nW. H. Payne 244 \n\nPeirce 133 \n\nRein 264 \n\nSheldon 220 \n\nShepard 259 \n\nStraight 263 \n\nTilhnghast 170 \n\nS. G. Williams 225 \n\nAVool worth 159 \n\nInstitute Instructors \n\nDeGraff 243 \n\nDowning 271 \n\nFrench.\'! 221 \n\nJohonnot 221 \n\nPooler 212 \n\nSanford 249 \n\nStout 262 \n\nAVhite 232 \n\nEducational Historians \n\nCompayre 260 \n\nDavidson 254 \n\nHinsdale 244 \n\nNiemeyer 101 \n\nPlatter 42 \n\nQuick 234 \n\nRandall 183 \n\nSchimmelpeunick 120 \n\nvon Raumer 125 \n\nAVickersham-. 225 \n\n\n\n10 \n\n\n\nClassified Index \n\n\n\nPAGE \n\nEducational Historians \n\nS. G. Williams 22-5 \n\nEditors \n\nW. A. Alcott 157 \n\nBarnard 190 \n\nButler 273 \n\nCornelius 144 \n\nDiesterweg 135 \n\nDwight 182 \n\nFarmer 133 \n\nFowle 146 \n\nHart 188 \n\nLord 202 \n\nMcElligott 197 \n\nMann 150 \n\nNewell 239 \n\nE. Peabody 170 \n\nRussell 156 \n\nThayer 141 \n\nE. E. White 232 \n\nAVickersliam 225 \n\nFounders and Benefactors \n\nAnthony 196 \n\nBrougham 120 \n\nCokt 34 \n\nP. Cooper 136 \n\nCornell 177 \n\nEglcston 238 \n\nFairbanks 176 \n\nFrancke 69 \n\nFranklin 75 \n\nGirard 99 \n\nKirkland 89 \n\nMaurice 173 \n\n\n\nPAGE \n\nFounders and Benefactors \n\nG. Peabody 147 \n\nVan Rensselaer 105 \n\nWadsworth 107 \n\nWheelock 78 \n\nEducational Legislators \n\nD. Barnard 154 \n\nBrougham 120 \n\nCharlem ague 32 \n\nClinton Ill \n\nForster 209 \n\nGarfield 236 \n\nJefferson 90 \n\nMorley 251 \n\nRantoul 171 \n\nSarmiento 192 \n\nStevens 140 \n\nA.D.White 236 \n\nCharitable and Reformatory \n\nBaines 116 \n\nBirkbeck 116 \n\nBransiet 137 \n\nCarpenter 180 \n\nDe La Salle 67 \n\nEllis 160 \n\nFrancke 69 \n\nGriscoin 115 \n\nGuthrie 165 \n\nF. Hill 169 \n\nKingslev 210 \n\nObcrhn^ 89 \n\nStow 142 \n\nVincent de Paul 54 \n\nWines 176 \n\n\n\nFields of Work \n\n\n\n11 \n\n\n\nPAGE \n\nSpecial Education\xe2\x80\x94 Negro \n\nHowland...., 228 \n\nMay 153 \n\nMiner 201 \n\nBlind \n\nBridgman 232 \n\nHowe \xe2\x80\x94 162 \n\nLord 202 \n\nSaunderson 71 \n\nDeaf \n\nBridgman 232 \n\ndel\'Epee 80 \n\nGallaudet 128 \n\nPeet 144 \n\nFeeble-minded \n\n8eguiu 196 \n\nWilbur 213 \n\nMissionaries \n\nCornelius 144 \n\nJudson 130 \n\nKirkland 89 \n\nXavier 45 \n\nAdult Education \n\nBirkbeck 116 \n\nBrougham 120 \n\nMaurice 173 \n\nTorrey 128 \n\nEducation of Women \n\nAbbott 168 \n\nBackus 258 \n\nBailey 146 \n\nEmerson 152 \n\nFenelon 66 \n\nGenlis 96 \n\n\n\nPAGE \n\nEducation of Women \n\nHasseltine 130 \n\nKingsbury 162 \n\nLyon 152 \n\nMore 93 \n\nMortimer 203 \n\nPhelps 140 \n\nShirreff 200 \n\nTrimmer 88 \n\nWight 258 \n\nE. Willard 128 \n\nF. Willard 253 \n\nSpecial Subjects \n\nArabic, de Sacy 102 \n\nT. Lewis 163 \n\nArt, S. F. B.Morse 136 \n\nRuskin 209 \n\nAstronomy, Bernouilli.. 70 \n\nCauchy 132 \n\nCopernicus 36 \n\nGalileo 53 \n\nHerschel 88 \n\nKepler 53 \n\nLaplace 97 \n\nLoomis 194 \n\nMitchell 206 \n\nNewcomb 242 \n\nNewton 64 \n\nThales 18 \n\nTycho Brahe 50 \n\nBotany, Gray 189 \n\nLinnaeus 76 \n\nChemistry, Clarke 108 \n\nDavy 118 \n\n\n\n12 \n\n\n\nClassified Index \n\n\n\npa(;b \n\nSpecial Subjects \n\nChemistry, Faraday 1 35 \n\nGriscom 115 \n\nLavoisier 91 \n\nDiscip line, A bbott 168 \n\nA. B. Alcott 157 \n\nBancroft 168 \n\nEmerson 152 \n\nF. Hill 169 \n\nR. Hill 148 \n\nSpencer 211 \n\nWines 176 \n\nEthics, ^sop 19 \n\nA. B. Alcott 159 \n\nAristides 19 \n\nAristotle 25 \n\nConfucius 19 \n\nEpicurus 26 \n\nFranklin 75 \n\nHuntington 208 \n\nKarnes 73 \n\nMarcus Aurelius 30 \n\nPlato 23 \n\nPythagoras 19 \n\nSeneca 30 \n\nSocrates 22 \n\nSpinoza 63 \n\nZoroaster 17 \n\nGeography, ( luyot 180 \n\nHumboldt.." 110 \n\nGeology, ( \'larkc 108 \n\nCuvier 109 \n\nDana 198 \n\nEgleston 238 \n\n\n\nPAGE \n\nSpecial Subjects \n\nGeologif, Humboldt 110 \n\nLyeil 151 \n\nMarsh 235 \n\nMiller 165 \n\nOwen 169 \n\nWhewell 148 \n\nGreek, Anthon 153 \n\nBlackie 185 \n\nDalzell 92 \n\nDrisler 206 \n\nHutchison 229 \n\nJowett 204 \n\nLewis 163 \n\nNorth 212 \n\nPorson 102 \n\nHistory, Azarias 265 \n\nBennett 229 \n\nEbers 247 \n\nFiske 257 \n\nFreeman 218 \n\nMace 268 \n\nMichelet 155 \n\nKindergarten, Froebel. . 1 22 \n\nKraus-Boelte 245 \n\nOberlin 89 \n\nPeabodv 170 \n\nPollock"! 237 \n\nLang aage, Max-Miiller. 218 \n\nLaw, I^ignon 56 \n\nDwight 215 \n\nKent 104 \n\nMathematics, \n\nArchimedes 27 \n\n\n\nSpecial Subjects \n\n\n\n13 \n\n\n\nPAGE \n\nSpecial Subjects \n\nMathematics \n\nBernouilli 70 \n\nCardano 43 \n\nCauchy 132 \n\nCeulen 49 \n\nClairaut 80 \n\nD. P. Colburn 217 \n\nW. Colburn 141 \n\nCoudorcet 91 \n\nd\'Alembert 81 \n\nDavies 156 \n\nDeMorgau 174 \n\nDilwortli 77 \n\nDuhamel 155 \n\nEuclid 27 \n\nEuler 76 \n\nFermat 58 \n\nGreenleaf 127 \n\nLagrange 86 \n\nLegendre 97 \n\nLeibnitz 05 \n\nLeonardo 33 \n\nMaclauren 73 \n\nMouge 96 \n\nNapier 51 \n\nNewcomb 242 \n\nPascal 60 \n\nPythagoras 19 \n\nSaundersou 71 \n\nSylvester 200 \n\nThales 18 \n\nWolff 71 \n\nMecJwMics, Archimedes 27 \n\n\n\nPAGE \n\nSpecial Subjects \n\nMechanics, Newton 64 \n\nMedicine, Cardano 43 \n\nGalen 31 \n\nHarvey 55 \n\nHippocrates 21 \n\nMusic, Blackman 243 \n\nMason 139 \n\nPythagoras 19 \n\nOratory and Rhetoric \n\nAdams 107 \n\nCicero 28 \n\nDemosthenes 24 \n\nEverett 143 \n\nHart 188 \n\nSocrates 22 \n\nPorter 114 \n\nRussell 156 \n\nUpson 219 \n\nPhilosophij, Aquinas... 33 \n\nAristotle 25 \n\nBacon 52 \n\nBain 205 \n\nBerkeley 72 \n\nCicero 28 \n\nCousin 138 \n\nDescartes 58 \n\nEpicurus 26 \n\nFichte 103 \n\nGellert 82 \n\nHamilton 131 \n\nHerbart 117 \n\nHume 78 \n\nKant 84 \n\n\n\n14 \n\n\n\nClassified Index \n\n\n\nPAGE \n\nSpecial Subjects \n\nPhilosopliy, Leibnitz 05 \n\nLocke 62 \n\nLucretius 29 \n\nMill 175 \n\nPlato 23 \n\nPythagoras 19 \n\nSchopeuhauer 132 \n\nSocrates 22 \n\nSpencer 211 \n\nSpinoza 63 \n\nThales 18 \n\nWolff 71 \n\nZeno 26 \n\nZoroaster 17 \n\nPhonography \n\nB. Pitman 217 \n\nL Pitman 199 \n\nPhrenology, Combe 131 \n\nSpurzheim 118 \n\nPhysics, Bacon 52 \n\nBarker 242 \n\nDraper 193 \n\nFranklin 75 \n\nGrove 195 \n\nMorse 136 \n\nNewton 64 \n\nOlmsted 134 \n\nPriestley 86 \n\nTyndall 210 \n\nPhysiology and Hygiene \n\nW. A. Alcott 157 \n\nBain 205 \n\nCarpenter 199 \n\n\n\nPAGE \n\nSpecial Subjects \n\nPhysiology and Hygiene \n\nkingsley 210 \n\nKotelmanu 252 \n\nPreyer 256 \n\nSclireber 181 \n\nPolitical Economy \n\nAtkinson 227 \n\nA. Smith 84 \n\nTheology, Agricola 41 \n\nAquaviva 49 \n\nAquinas -33 \n\nArminius 51 \n\nArnauld 60 \n\nBossuet 61 \n\nCalvin 46 \n\nConfucius 20 \n\nEdwards 74 \n\nErasmus 35 \n\nFrancke 69 \n\nHarper 149 \n\nJansen 56 \n\nKnox. 44 \n\nLoyola 39 \n\nLuther 37 \n\nPascal 60 \n\nC. E. Stowe 164 \n\nWyclif 34 \n\nXavier 46 \n\nZoroaster 17 \n\nZoology, Agassiz 180 \n\nAudubon 121 \n\nW. B. Carpenter 199 \n\nDarwin 186 \n\n\n\nSpecial Subjects and Text-Book Authors \n\n\n\n15 \n\n\n\nPAGE \n\nSpecial Subjects \n\nZoology, Huxle}^ 223 \n\nMichelet 155 \n\nMorse 250 \n\nWallace 216 \n\nText-Book Authors \n\nAdams 107 \n\nAlden 177 \n\nAntlion 153 \n\nBackus 258 \n\nBailey 146 \n\nBain 205 \n\nBaldwin 226 \n\nBlackman 243 \n\nCalkins 215 \n\nW. B. Carpenter 199 \n\nD. P. Colburn 217 \n\nW. Colburn 141 \n\nDana 198 \n\nDavies 156 \n\nDay 115 \n\nDeGraff 243 \n\nDilworth 77 \n\nEuclid 27 \n\nFarnliani 222 \n\nFrench 221 \n\nGray 189 \n\nGreenleaf 127 \n\nGuyot 180 \n\nHart 188 \n\nJohonnot 221 \n\nKotelmaun 252 \n\n\n\nPAGE \n\nText-Book Authors \n\nLegendre 97 \n\nLoomis 194 \n\nMcElligott 197 \n\nMacVicar 230 \n\nMace 268 \n\nMason 139 \n\nMaxwell 269 \n\nMorse 250 \n\nMurray 93 \n\nOlmsted 134 \n\nPage 187 \n\nPhelps 140 \n\nB. Pitman 217 \n\nI. Pitman 199 \n\nPooler 212 \n\nPorter 1J4 \n\nPreyer 256 \n\nRein 264 \n\nRickoff 222 \n\nRussell 156 \n\nSauford 249 \n\nSchreber 181 \n\nSheldon 220 \n\nSteele 246 \n\nE. E. White 232 \n\nWickersham 225 \n\nE. Willard 128 \n\nS. Williams 262 \n\nS. G. Williams 225 \n\nWoolsey 161 \n\n\n\n1000? B. C] \n\n\n\nPersia \n\n\n\n\nZOKOASTElt (I\'ei-siun. 1000 :.- 15. C), is so liiinllv \noutlined i 1 history that little is certain except thaY \nhe was a real person, and that lie lived more than 800 \nyears U. (J. JIo i\'ound two slaves of culture strivin;: \nlor mastery,\xe2\x80\x94 the aliiirus. the breeders of cattle and \nthe daevas, who maltreated the cow and lived bv \nplunder. He joined the loriner and led them to vic- \ntory. From tlie reli-ious dualism of his time he de- \nrived his dualisticseheiueof the universe. From the \nbeginning there existed the spirit of good and the \nspirit of evil, Ormu/.d representing light and life \nand all that is good, and Satan all that is opposite. \nThese spirits are in continual conllict for the soul of \nman. Wicked actions cannot be undone, but may l)e \ncounter-balauced by good ones. When he dies if the \nbalance of good deeds is in his favor he goes to para- \ndise; if the balance is against him he goes to eternal \npunishment. \n\n\n\nIS \n\n\n\nGreece \n\n\n\n[640 B. C. \n\n\n\n\nTHALES (Greek, 640-54fi, B. C), the tounder ot \nCiv.-k- srennietrv, astronomy, and philosophy, anil \nchief ot " the sc-veu wise men of Greece ", owed much \nof his tame to lii^ [.vcdiction of the eclipse of the sun \nthat occurr.Hi .M;n -\'s, r.s5, B. C. He was enga-ed in \ntrade and leannMl tlic empirical geometry ot sur- \nfMces\'iu K"ypt. but added to this the geometry of \nlines and made it au abstract science. He thus laid \nthe foundation of algebra, and he applied geometry \nto the measurement of heights and distances. He \nmade valuable astronomical discoveries. In pliysics \nhe believed that water was the origin of_ things, and \nth-it the earth floated upon a s^a ot this elemental \nlluid. He attril)iited the attraction of the magnet to \nits haviii"- a soul. He supposed all things to be full \nof .rods Yet all the Greek schools except that of \nl\'vtlia"oras took their origin from his doctrine, and \nh6 was\'hencethe founder of the philosophy of Greece. \n\n\n\n\n-ESOP (Greek, 620 ? -564, 15. C) was brought while \nyoung to Ath(ms as a slave, but was eventually freed, \niind visited Croesus, king ot Lydia, who made him \nambassador at Delphi and (charged him to pay four \nniiiiae to each of the citizens. Owing to some dis- \npute he declined to furnish the money, and the Del- \nphians hurled him lieadlong from a precipice. The \nstory tliat he was a monster of ugliness and deform- \nity is now discredited, and it is believed that none of \nhis fables are extant, those attributed to him being \nof oriental origin. They were popiilnr at Athens, \nbut were not written, and were in i)rose. Several \nauthors turned them into poetry, tliose of Pha\'drus \nbeing most ccli\'brated. The jxtpular stories concern- \ning him come from a life prefixed to a book of fables \npurporting to l)e his, collected by Maximus I\'lanudes, \na monk of tlie 14th century, ".^sop appears as a \nguest in Plutarch\'s " ConTiviurn\'\'. \n\n\n\n.")()() p>. (\'.] \n\n\n\nTlIALKS, ,Ks()r. PvilIACoiJAS \n\n\n\n\nVVTHAGORAS (Greek, 583-500 B.C.), Was a native ov \nSamos, aucl about 529 emigrated to Crotoua, iu the \nsouth of Italy. Here lie became the centre of a wide- \nspread and luflueutlal organization, more like a re- \nligious brotherhood than a philosophic school. nHo \nwas a moral reformer rather than a speculative \nthinker, and the only doctrine of his school that was \nessentially his own was that of traasmigration of \nsouls, or metempsychosis. He was the first to raise \nmathematics to a ^ience, uniting geometry with \narithmetic. The central thought of his philosophy \nwas the idea of number. His school was the first to \ndiscover the mathematical relations of musical inter- \nvals, and they considered tiie seven planets the \ngolden chords of the heptachord\xe2\x80\x94 the harmony of the \nspheres. Dissensions arose about 510, and Pythago- \nras withdi\'ew to ^Metapoutum, where he died about \n\n500.S \n\n\n\n(/HINA \n\n\n\n[550 B. C. \n\n\n\n\nCOSFUCirS (Chinese, 550-478. 15. (\'.) appeuretl at a \n(M\'iiic-;il iHTiod of his country\'s hi.slory, wlien riglit \nlirini-iplcs liad disappeared. lie was of illustrious \nliiir.mc, was eager for iearninj;, and at 21 became a \nline- her. In 517 his disciples were so numerous to fur- \nnisli him means to examine the royal library. At 51 \nM\' was made chief majristrate of C\'hun<;too, and \nruled SO well tViat ho was made minister of crime in \nLu and lie became the idol of the people, but at 55 he \nhjst favor with the ruler. For 13 years he travelled \n111 the dirtVrent states. In 483 he was recalled, but \ni-\'fused to take oflice, fiivinp; his last years to writing \n:iiid teaching, lie died in disappointment, but his \ndeath sent a thrill through China, and his teachings \nIx\'gan to prevail. The dynasty of Ts"in souglit to \ndestroy his memory by burning his books, but the \nui\'xt dynasty lionored his name. Foremost of his \nprinciples wits the golden rule. \n\n\n\n375 ?B. C] \n\n\n\nGreece \n\n\n\n21 \n\n\n\n\nARISTIDES (Greek. ?- 468? B. C.>, surna.ned "the \nJust \' , first isppeiirs in history at the battlj of Jlara- \nthon, 4f\xc2\xbb0 1!. (_\'., where he w;is one of the ttn fieiicrals, \nand persuaded tlie others to yield supreuie coiiiuiand \nto Miltiades. He was made archoa at Atlieiis, but \nthrouKh the machinations of Themistocles was bau- \nished in 483. On the nijiht before the battle of Salamis \nhe went to the tent of Themistocles, offered to assist \nhim, and persuaded the other generals to follow his \nplan. In 479 he was general of the Athenians, and \nshared in the victory of Platffia, and in 477 lie recon- \nciled the allies to Pausanias. When the allies formed \na confederation under the Athenians, Aristides drew \nup the laws and determined the amount of tribute. \n^\\\xe2\x96\xa0hen the vote occurred on his banishment, a stranuer \nasked him to write his vote. " AVhv do vou want to \nbanish him?"\' asked Aristides. "" Because I am \ntired of hearing him called \'The Just\' "\'. \n\n\n\n\nHIPPOCRATES (Greek, 460-375 ?, B. 0.) was oorn oi \n\xe2\x80\xa2I family of ])riest-phj"sicians. and studied medicini- \nund( r his fatlier. He was the first tocast aside super- \nNlitionand Ijase the practice of medicine uponinduc- \nti\\e pli;los()|)h.y. He studied carefully the records \nmade at the hospitals of ever.v case, and in his obser- \n\\ itions upon the natural history of disease showed \nhimself a great clinical physician. He employed \nl)0\\\\erful medicines and practised blood-letting, but \njilaced great reliance on diet and regimen. Of the \n87 books attributed to him not all are genuine, but \nthe\\ have had wide influence, 70 editions being known \nof the "Prognostics" and 300 of the \'"Aphorisms\'\'. \nHis age at death has been variously stated, at from SS \nto 109 j\'ears. It is discredited that he refused to visit \nPersia during anepidemic because it would be aiding \nan enemy. He was venerated by the Athenians as a \nmm of integrity and morality. \n\n\n\n\xe2\x80\xa2)\xe2\x80\xa2) \n\n\n\nGi;ki;ce \n\n\n\n[470 B. r. \n\n\n\n\nSOCRATES (Greek, 470-399 B.C.), who.se fondness for \nquestioning lias made tnat form of Instruction com- \nmonlj known as "tlie Soeratle method," left no writ- \nin{,s bi.\'hind him, tint aiiiilleations of his method are \ntound in tue "MemnraUdia" of Xenophon, and in the \ndialogues of his pupil Plato. He beuau liie as a \ns( ulpt )r, but soon gave himself to education, concelv- \nma. t lat hi had a divine couimission, witnessed by \n111 a h s, dreams, and signs, not indeed to teach any \npositive doctrine, liut t^i convince men of ignorance \niiusta\'-\'ing itself for knowledge, and by so doing to \nniomote their intcllecfual and moral improvement. \nIlls Av hole time was s]irut in public, where he talked \nto all comers, questiduiiig tlu\'in about their affairs, \nabout their notions of moraUty, etc., seeming to be \nignoiant of the result to wiiich their enforced an- \nswers tended. lie was accused of atheism and im- \nmorality and tm justly condemned to death. \xc2\xa7 \n\n\n\nISOCRATES (l-irefk. 4;W-:?.38 H. (\'.) the iix^sl cclc- \nbratt\'cl teacher of his age, had the best education \nAlli\'Mi^ rniild airord. Having lost his fortune during \nill\'\' l\'\'l"!\'"iiiH\'--i:in war he adopted the profession of \niiM\'\'li \xe2\x96\xa0!\xe2\x80\xa2 iiiid in :\'.\'.\'\xe2\x96\xa0,\' opened his school at Athens. His \niusLrui-l ion wa.-i based on rhetorical composition, but \niucludeil also pliilosophiiial gras|) au<l treatment. \nI\'icero says that in his school tlieehupieneeof Greece \nwas trained and perfecded; itsdisciples were brilliant \nin ])ageanl or in battle, forcunost among the accom- \nplished writers or powerful debaters of tlnnr lime. \nIt drew students from the islands of the Aegean, the \ncities of Sicily, and the distant colonies of the \nEuxine. Every one of the contestants at Halicarnas- \nsus in S.il had been tlu^ pupil of Isoerates. His fees \nwere enormous, and he became one of the 1.200 richest \ncitizens. Me surpassed in greater breadth of view, in \na higher moralitx. and in thoroughness. \n\n\n\n338 B. C] \n\n\n\nSocrates, Tsor rates. Plat( \n\n\n\n\nJPLATO (Greek, 429-347 B. C), was the most dlstin- \ngulslied seliolar of Socrates. In Ills 40tli year lie be- \ngan teaclilug In tlie Academy at Athens his celebrated \nsystem of philosophy, known as Idealism. Ideas he \ncalls the divine types or forms, constituting tne es- \nsences of things according to their several species \ngenera, tamLhes and classes. Tliese Ideas are the \n.substance of all knowledge, and the human intellect \nattains to the substance of them by " dialectics," that \nIs, systematic examination and argument, by which \nthe non-essential are distinguished from the essen- \ntial parts. Plato sougiit to establish a sound theory \nof human life, and in his "Republic" he describes in \ndetail his ideal of a perfect community, describing \nhow men must be taught and trained to perform their \nseveral parts In such a community. The supreme \nIdea is the idea of the good, and human perfection \nconsists in acquiring the Icnowledge of good.t \n\n\n\n\xe2\x80\xa224 \n\n\n\nGreece \n\n\n\n[884 H. C. \n\n\n\n\nI)E)IOSTHENES (Greek, 384-3:>3, U. L\\) was not slal- \n\\\\:irl 111 limly and liad sin iinpedimciit of speecli. yet \nbcranip the ur<\'atcst of Greek orators. He entered \nluililic- life in 350, and till his death pU^aded consist- \nently for Athensas the natural head of Greece and the \nilelcniler of law against barbaric force. He urged \nI hat the Atheni.\'in should set liis duty to the city \nMliDvehis private interests. His Pliilippic orations \nwire only parts of his main purpose, and he was one \nof the anibassa,(l()rs sent to Philip in 346. From this \nliuietill the battle of Chaeronea (338) his authority \ni;rew, and that (calamity left him still paramount. lii \n330 .Kscliines atlacked the proposition to jjrant De- \nnici^ibcries a frolden crown, and the latter triumphed \noverw helniinjily in his most splendid oration \'"On \nthe (.\'rown ". In 322 he favored the Lam inn war. When \n(ireece was defeated he was condemned as a traitor \nand lied to ^Kirina., where he committed suicide. \n\n\n\n.122 B. C] \n\n\n\nDemosthenes, Aristotle \n\n\n\n25 \n\n\n\n\nARISTOTLE (Greek, 384-ai2 B.C.), Often called tne \n" Staglrite," was educated as a physician, but at 18, \nbecame a pupil o\xc2\xa3 Plato, who called hlin \'\'the intel- \nlect of the scliool." Aristotle established a school of \noratory. From ;i43 to 3t0 he was tutor of the prince \nAlexander. In aw he opened the "Lyceum," where \nhe matm-ed his philosophy and attained his unsur- \npassed reputation as a philosophical writer and teach- \ner. From his habit of walking- ai^out in the garden \nwhile teaching, his was called the "peripatetic" \nphilosophy, from fffpz7rar\xc2\xa3/V, to walkabout. In \n:i2-Z he had to fly from Athens on charge of atheism, \nand he died that year atChalcis. He created the \nscience of deductive logic, and wrote on metaphys- \nics, ethics, politics, rhetoric, etc. In the 7th and \n8th cliapters of his \'\'Politics" he treats of education, \nholding that man should be trained by the State, t \n\n\n\nGreece \n\n\n\n[:M2 B. C. \n\n\n\n\nEPICURUS (Greek, 343-270 B.C.), was tlie soa of a \nschoolmaster, wliom lie assisted at Sainos aud at \nColopliou, but became interested lu pliilosupliy, and \niu 3U7 opened a garden at Atuens, wuere he taught \nfor 36 years, tlie venerated hedd ot a remarkable so- \nciety such as tne world had never seen, made up of \nboth men aud women. The di\'ink was water, the \nfood was baney- bread. They were held together by \nthe siren-like charm of his personality, and by the \nfree sociality which he inculcated and exemplified, \nlie wrote 300 books,\xe2\x80\x94 tlie principal one a treatise on \nnatm-e iu 37 volumes, of which iragments still exist. \n" Steer clear of all culture," was \'ais advice to a young \ndisciple, in recoil from Plato and Aristotle, wlio \nseemed to him to teach aristocracy of Intellect rather \nthan commonwealth of uappiness. Prudential wis- \ndom seemed to him the means of a happy life, aad \nthus the chief excellence. \xc2\xa7 \n\n\n\n\nZESO (Gr(H;k, 342-270, 1!. ( .) founder of the Stoic \nschool of philosophy, wns born in Citiuiii, canii\' to \nAthens at 22, and alliirlicil liimself to the cynic \nCrates. Becoming- diss.-iiislii\'d witli the cvnics\' \'dis- \nregard for conveutioiKilily mid iiidilference to sjieou- \nlative iiniuiry, he joined tlie scliool of Stilpo. and \nafterw.-ird tliiit of Poleiuo, tlie iicMdciiiiciMn. He (hen \nopened a scliool of liis own in the " l\';iinled Porcli " \n(drod TtoihiXif, hence the word stoic), where he \nlau\'jlil. lionorcd liy all, till in old iiiie he coniniitted \nsuicide. He adopted I he loLiieal criterion, the iul;ipta- \ntioii of Her:iclilenii ]diysics. Miid tlie introduction of \nthe IcMdiiif;- ethiciil teirets. \'I\'lii! Stoics held tliat the \nuniversi\' is tioverned by one uood iuid wise God; (hat \nmen li;ive bodies like ;inini;ils but rejison like goils; \nthat thef^ood is not necessarily identified with haiipl- \nness: :ind tlmt llii\' fountiiin of virtue is life nci-ord- \nint; to nat iirc \n\n\n\n212 B. C] Ei\'Kiiu\'s, Zexi), Euclid, ARCHT:\\iEnKs \n\n\n\n\nEUCLID (Greek, 300 ? \xe2\x80\x94 ?, B. C.) is said to liave \nfounded tlie matheuiatic.al school of Alexandria. \nl!ul little is known of him save his books, of which \nhis \xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x96\xa0 l\':i(\'inents of (icometi\'v " is the most famous. It \nwas for :j() iTntui\'ics tlie main te.\\t-l)ook, and is still \nwidely used. He replied to Kint; Ptolemy, who asked \nif he could not learn >;eometry more easily than by \nstudyint;; the Elements, " Tliere is no royal road to \ngeometry." "He arranged tiie discoveries of Eu- \ndoxus, perfected those of Theaetetus, and reduced \nto invincible demonstration many tliinus that had \npreviously been more loosely proved." As A])polo- \nnius was the great geometer, so Euclid was" tin; \ngreat elementator ". His treatment of parallells, \nhowever, dejiendson an axiom that is not axiomatic, \nand he makes sparing use of superimposure as a \nmethod of proof. Theclassificatioti, too. is imperfect, \nand tlie nomenclature defective. \n\n\n\n\nARCHIMEDES ((ire(\'k, 1!. (\'.. 287-212) was the most, \ncelebrated geometrician of antiquity, but is known \nbest for his application of mathematics to mechanics, \nile invented the water-screw, and discovered the prin- \nciple of the lever. Of the power of the latter he \nboasted, "Give me a place to stand on tuul I will \nmove .the world." Being asked to see if there was \nsilver in a crown of King Hiero ordered to be made \nof gold, without destro\\ing it. he observed the dis- \nlilaceuient of water as he stepped into the batli and \ndiscovered that this would alford a test. He was so \ngi-:ilili.-d that he rushed through the streets niiked as \nhe w :is. eL-\\ inu \xe2\x96\xa0\xe2\x96\xa0 iMireka", " ] liave discovered it." \nKv iiiiHi.u-v ene-iues that lie invented he postponed \ntiie rail of Svracuse. \\\\hen Syracuse was taken he \nsat in the public square, drawing figures in the sand, \nand called to the Roman soldier not to spoil his circle, \n\\;-\',t Vie was remorselessly cut down. \n\n\n\n28 \n\n\n\nRome \n\n\n\n[100 B. C. \n\n\n\n\nMAUCIS TVLLIl\'S CICERO (Roman. 106-J3 B.C. \n\nIi 11111(1 I lu ;iicil iirattiry, :ui(l Greek philosophy aud \nlili 1 ituK iimliT the best teachers at Rome, at a time \nw 111 n the oi itor was a sneaker both in le^al and po- \nliiii il causes, and nesdcd, as he points out in his book" \n\nm ( due ition, " de Oratore ", almost universal knowl- \n1 (l_( His first important speech was deliv(Ted in 81 \n15 t ind It W he was recojini/.ed as a leader at the \nRom 111 bir In 76 he was made qiia\'stor, and in 70 \nnil] I I Ind the infamous Verres. In 66 he became \nI 1 I I 1 ind in one of his great orations (\'\'pro lege \n\n\\[(iiiili<i ) supported the appointment of Ponipey. \nIn b? hi became consul, and foiled the plot of Cati- \nlini 1 or I time he was looked upon as the father of \nhis ( ounti \\ In 58 he was e.xiled, and in o7 he was al- \nmost umnimously recalled, but could not re<:ain his \nloimir inHiiencP. His last years were spent at the \nb 11 md in w ritiuK works on "rhetoric and iihilosophy. \n\n\n\n43 B. C] \n\n\n\nCicero, Lucretius \n\n\n\n29 \n\n\n\n\nT1TU8 LUCRETIUS CARUS (Roman, 98-55 ? B. C). \n\nknown as Lucretius, gives in his poem De Rernni \nyutura tlie most complete iiccouut of tlie chief \neffort of the ancient mind to explain the beginnins; \nof things and to understand the course of nature \nand man\'s relation to it. " I\'hjsical philosophy in \ntlje iiresent day is occupied witli the same problems \nas are discussed in the first two books." "No one \nelse combines in the same degree the contemi>lativc \nenthusiasm of the philosopher, the earnest purpose \nof a reformer and moral teacher, and the profound \npathos and sense of beauty of a great poet. He \nstands alone among his countrymen as much in the \nardor with which he observes and reasons on the \nprocesses of nature as in the elevation with which he \nrecognizes the majesty of her laws." Little is known \nof his life except that he committed suicide in an in- \nterval of insanity. \n\n\n\n30 \n\n\n\nIxnMK \n\n\n\n[8 B. C. \n\n\n\n\n- LUCIUS ANN.KUS SENECA (Koman, 3 B.C.-65 A.D.), \ntlie most brilliant figwe of Ills tiuie, aud *he most \neminent of the writers of tiie silver age, had the wit \nto discover that conduct could furnlsn inexhaustible \ntopics of abiding interest far superior to tlie imagin- \nary themes set in scliools, aud treated plain matters \nof urgent personal concern with an earnestness tuat \niiiiiied directly at the readers editieation, progress \ntuw^rd virfue, andgeneral improvement. His works \nijf tiiis iciud, wliich might be called moral essays, are \nI\'J "Dialogui\'s," 3 boul<s "On Clemency," 7 "On Ben- \nelils,"aud ^0 of "Letters to Lucullus." They are \nremarkable lor their auticlpatioa of modern ethical \nconceptions, and their exhortations to forgive evil \nand overcome evil Avith good, and tlieii" recognition of \nthe principle of universal benevolence. In 48, Seneca \nwas made tutor of Nero, and the first years of that \nemperor\'s reign sliow what principles he Inculcated. \xc2\xa7 \n\n\n\n\nMAKCrS AURELIIS AMOMXUS (Komau, 121 \nIHO), iioblfst (jf p;ig;iMs and crown and flower of \nstoicism, was fasciuatcU l)v the ]>liilosophv of Diogne- \ntus. llie stoic, ;nid abandoned rhetoric aiul poetry for \npliilosopliy and the law. In 140 he was made consul ; \nin 1()1 became joint empert)r will] X\'erus. who married \nhis dauuliter; and in 169 sole emperor. In 177 he in- \nstituted a. persecution of .llie Christians in which \nPolvcarp and .lustin perished, l)iit, it is evident thai \nhe kiu\'w nothinti\' of Christian ethics, for the svstem \nof morality in the \'\xe2\x80\xa2 Meditations " of .Vnreliiis resem- \nbles that of tlie New \'I\'estanienl. These meditations \nwere written as occasion offered\xe2\x80\x94 in the midst of i)id)- \nlic business, sometimes ,iust before battle,\xe2\x80\x94 i)robablv \nfor the guidance of his .son, and are the best non-in\'- \nspired reflections on practical moralitv. ThcL\'oal he \naimed ai was tranquillitv. and his ii\'recepts are tlie \nr<>cord of iiis practice. \n\n\n\n200? A. M.] Sexeca. Marcus AntELirs, Galex \n\n\n\n\nCLADirs GALEX (l;50-200-r) besau the stutly of \niiu\'div^^iue iu 14\'j. and studied iu Alexandria under \nHeraclianus. In 104 he went to Rome, where h(! \nhealed ICudemus and others, and became known as \na "wonder-worker " and a \'\xe2\x80\xa2 wonder-speaker ". He \nwas physician to Marcus Aurelius and to his son \nConiiuodus. He wrote nearly 500 treatises, includ- \ning works on losic, ethics, and grammar. Of puli- \nlished works attributed to him 83 are considered \ngenuine. He was an unusually prolific writer on \nlogic, and the fourth syllogistic figure has been at- \ntributed to him. Of all tlie writers of antiquit\\- Ut- \nwas the best anatomist. His writings are the com- \nmon depository of the anatomical knowledge of the \nday, the osteology being particularly complete, iuid \nhis description of muscles nearly perfect. He be- \nlieved that nerves of sensation orisinated in ihe \nbrain, and those of motion in tlie spinal chord, \n\n\n\n32 \n\n\n\nFrance \n\n\n\n[741 \n\n\n\n\nCHAKLEMAGNK (?4::-814) nilt\'d the liiioruKnis \nFi-aiikish territory lor 46 ywMrs, By 32 years of \nlighting he subdued the Siixoiis, the last Gerniiuiic. \nnpijoiients of christiiuiity. In 800 he was cro\\vne(l \nciuperor of theRonuuis. But he showed the sainecn- \n\xe2\x96\xa0 \xe2\x96\xa0ruy in internal as in external affairs, and calle<l to \nhiscourt men of lenrnini:. especially Alcuin, whoui \nGui/.ot calls his intellect ual i)riine minister. Alcuin \ncame to him in 78:^ and hectiine master of X\\w palace \nschool, where the king himself was an eager i)upil. \nIn 7S7( \'harlemagnc sent a procla,mation to lheaI)l)ols \niif ilic monasteries reproving tlieir illiteracy, and \ndirecting them to engage tit teachers. In 7W) he or- \ndered candidates for the prieslhood to be taken from \nthe sous of freemen; and in 802 ordered every one to \nseiul his child to school, thou\'jh he did not intend \norganized legal compulsion, a tliought far Ijeyond tlie \nnossiljilities of that age. \n\n\n\n1274] \n\n\n\nItaly \n\n\n\n88 \n\n\n\n\nLEONARDO OF PISA (lUiliaii. r\xe2\x80\x94 :) was the sou of \n\n:i iin\'ri-li:int of Pisu, and travelled about the Mediter- \ni-MHi\'.-in. ai-(|uii\'iuo\' the geometry of Euclid, the alge- \nbra i>r K]s\\ |it, and the arithmetic of ludia. In 1202 \nhe ]nil)lislii-d liis " Liber ^46a\xc2\xab ", setting forth methods \nof calculatinij- almost as completely as a modem \narilhmi\'tic. \'L\'liis jirobablv ijaiued him access to the \ncmirl of l\'\'riM.lcricl^ II. In\' 1220 he published his " IJe \nPrtjcfira (;i:Oiiietriae\'\\ written fm- tliose familiar with \nKuclid, able to follow riuorous demoustrations-and \nneedinK them. It contains a trisouometrical chap- \nter, with the expression " giiius versus a?T(W", and \nsolves the problem to find a square number which \nremains a, square when 5 is added to it. In 1225 he \nwrote " Liher Quadratorum ". At a time when math- \nematics in Europe had sunk to the lowest ebb he \nmade it the task of his life to disseminate ancient \nmathematics in Arab dress. \n\n\n\n\nST. THOMAS A<Ji:iN"AS (rtalian, 1225-1274) the \napostle of >cholasticisni, studied in the university of \nNaples, and at the famous Dominican school at, \nColotcne under Alberlus Maunus, whom he followed \nto Paris, where he was graduated in 1248. He re- \nturned to Cologne as lecturer, lie was chosen to \nrepresent at Rotne the Begy;ing P^riars in their con- \ntroversy with the University of Paris, and secured \nfor them the liberty of teaching. In 1257 he began \nto lecture, upon theology in Paris, Rome, etc., and \nfrom this time on his life was one of incessant toil, \nand usually of travel. In 1272 he was called back to \nthe professor\'s chair at Naples, and wrote his great \nwork " SumnM Theoloc/iae ". He refused an arch- \nbishoi)ric, and an abbacy, and died from over-e.\\- \nposuro in travelling during illness. He did more \nthan any other writer save Augustine to fashion the \ntheological language of the church. \n\n\n\n;ii \n\n\n\nEN(iLANJ) \n\n\n\n[V^-Ii) \n\n\n\n\nJOHN WYCLIF (Rntrlish, 1820-1?W), "the greatest \nof the ret\'Di\'incrs licioiv tlic IJrfnniiation,\'" was edu- \ncated at Oxford, and liiiide luasH\'r ot Baliol college \nin 13(J1, but shortly ifsii,nifd to become a priest. In \n1374 he was second in a ((iiiiuiission sent to Bruges \nto confer with the ]r.t\\y.\\\\ Icyare as to abuses com- \nplained of Viy tlie Engiisli ])arliament. lie became \noutspolcen against tli ; pope, and in 1378 was called \nto aci\'i)unt for lust: erances, Init London citizens \nburst into tiic cliap\'"\' i"ifl friglitened the s^\'iiod into \nstopping the procci\'diii\'^s. lie was au-ain sntninond \nbefore tlie prelaics at l.aiiil)f\'tli. bin cscapi\'d \\\\-itli an \nInjunction, lie now translati\'d tlie IMiilc into Eng- \nlisli, and cliallenged the doctrine of transiiiisiantia- \ntion. In 1382 he was hanislied fromOxtord. and died \ntwo years later of paralysis. His followi rs were \ncalled tlie Lollards. He did much to establish sounder \nprinciples of education. \n\n\n\n\nJ JOHN COLET (English, 1466-1519) after graduating \nfrom Oxford went to Paris and Italy to perfect him- \nself in the classics, then poorly taught in England. \nHere he formed liis friendship with Erasmus. On \nhis return he ivad lectures at Oxford, and inLTOS be- \ncanii\' prebeii(lar\\\' and soon afti\'r dean <it St. Paul\'s, \nLondon. The urea t work of liis life was t !ie found- \ning i n 1.500 of SI . Paul\'s school tor the education of \n153 scholars "of all iiiiei(Jiis and countivs indilTer- \nently." This was for the time (Jii a lari^e scale, and \nthe course of iiist met ion was preseriUed witli wide \nand liberal vi^\'ws, not untiiiged with severity. It \nwas tlie lirst School ill Eny-land in which (ireek wa.S \npiiijlicly tauglit after t li(> revival of letters. The first \nmaster was t\'.ie gramnuuiaii, William Lily. C\'olet\'s \nreligious opinions were so niiicli more liberal than \nthose of his conteiniioraiies that he was deemed a \nheretic, and died iu retirement at Kichmond. \n\n\n\n15:50] \n\n\n\nlIoLI.AXn \n\n\n\n\nERASMlS (Dutch, 1467-1536),tlie most famous schol- \nar of the laii (fiitm-y, Is said to have "htid the egg \nwhich LuthiT hatched," aiding\' the Reformation, and, \ndoing much to bring- about the revival of somid learn- \ning-. Though deeply imbued with the classical spirit, \nlie anticipated modern educational reformers by his \nadvocacy of the value of scientific studies, and of the \ntraimng of womeu.t lie was the nrst " man of let- \nters " who had appeared in Em-ope since the fall of \nthe Roman Empire, able to bring his vast acquire- \nments to bear >ipon the life of his day. He dlil not \nstudy antiquity tor its own sake, but as an instru- \nment of culture. At the outbreak of the Reforma- \ntion he was sought after by many universities, and \nhis word was the law of the Humanists. But he was \nlittle ntted for troubled times. Ills influence de- \nclined, and he sank into neglect, and died at Basel, \n"\xe2\x80\xa2 a man without a country. "\xc2\xa7 \n\n\n\n36 \n\n\n\nGermany \n\n\n\n[1473 \n\n\n\n\nNICOLAIIS COPKRNICUS (Gerniaii, 1473-1543) after \nf(5ui\' yi\':irs nl tlic university of Cnicow, studied \nastrououiy at liolotriia and Padua, and in 1499 was \nmade doctor of medicine, lu 1500 lie lield a chair o( \nmathematics at Rome, and in 1503 went to Frauen- \nburg. wh(^re he studied the stars. He evolved from \nthe astronomical theories of his predecessors the \npresent accepted theory that bears his name. The \nJjreparation of his treatise De Orbimi Coelestium \nEevolutionihiiii Libri VI occupied him from 1507 to \n1.530. Just after the booJc was finally printed in ]84\xc2\xa7 \nhe was suddenly attaclced for the first time by a vio- \nlent illness, and when acopy of the book was put into \nhis hands he looked at it, seemed conscious of what it \nwas, and then relapsed into insensibility, which soon \nlapsed into death. The book had been printed under \nsujjerintendencc of Rheticus, who had already pub- \nlished Copernicus\'s theories in a letter written in 1549. \n\n\n\n1546] \n\n\n\nCopernicus, Luther \n\n\n\nOl \n\n\n\n\nMAIITIN LUTHER (Genuiui, 1483 1546), most noted \nol the Protestiuit refonuers, was orilaimnl priest in \n1507, and became teacher in the Uiiiversitv of Wit- \ntenbei-fi. He srew iiidijinant at the sale\' of iudul- \nLieiices, and nailed 95 theses ajjainst thein upon the \ndoor of the church, den.vinjr to the pojie the power \nto forgive sins. In lo-il he declared himself before \nthe diet at Worms, in 15ri9 enuaired in aconference at \nMarburij, and was near at hand when in 1530 tlie \nProtestant creed was established ac Auiisburtr. lie \nviKcrously opi)osed the schonis of the time, and \nsoiiiiht to substitute a curriculum tliat would include \nLatin. Greek, Hebrew, history, mathematics, and \nmusic, with stronsremphasis upon reli\'rion. and (ilaci \nfor logic and rhetoric. Libraries were important, \nand home life should be disciiilined bv a trentle firm- \nness which would assure prompt obedience, yet win \ncordial love. \n\n\n\n.\xe2\x80\xa2]S \n\n\n\nUAXCK \n\n\n\n[1490-? \n\n\n\n\nFRANCOIS liABELAIS (French, 1490?-1553),\'- the \ngreatest of French humorists, was brouglit up a \nFranciscan mci.k, but became In 1524 a Ueiiedictlue. \nIn 1580 lie became a secular priest, was graduated in \niiicdicine at Mdutpcllicr the same year, and In 1532 \nbecame liuspital ijhysician at Lyons, wnere his \n" I\'aulagTuel \'" had appeared as early as 15 vJ, and his \n"(iarg-antua\'\' by 1535, ihnuuli ilic tlilrd bnek i.id not \napiiear till 1546, the feurlli till i55-,>, and the tilth till \nalli\'i- Ills death (15C2). In 1535 t he am iionlies at Lyons \nvntfd his ijosition vacant on amiunt ef his abseiices, \nand he thni-ifter led a wandering life, and nulhing \ncertain is known as to his death. His " Life of Gar- \ngantua and the Heroic Deeds of Pautagruer" is a \nfantastic wiirk, much of it in revolting laiiguage, but \nexerted enormous influence. An excellent epitome \nof it is found in Williams\'s " History of Modern Edu- \ncation \xe2\x96\xa0\', pp. 68-73. \n\n\n\n155(i] \n\n\n\nSpain. The Ji-:.<riT Schools \n\n\n\n;u) \n\n\n\n\nIftJiATIlIS I)E LOYOLA (Spanish, 1491-1556), fouart- \ner of the order of the JesiHt\xc2\xab, was at first a soldier, \nand had a leg broken hy a cannon-ball at the defence \nof Panipeluna, Durin>;- his enforced idleness he read \na book called " The Lives . it t lie Saint s \xe2\x96\xa0\xe2\x96\xa0, wtiieii turned \nhis ambition in a new direei ion. In lo^\'O he hun"- up \nhis arms, and devoted hiniseir to spu\'ltual wai-fare \nHe set out barefoot on a pil-rima\'^e, and withdrew \nto a solitary cavern. He was afterward blessi-u l3y \nthe pope, and went to the liolv Land, retui-nin"- to \nBarcelona in 15^4. He now Iieu\'aii to educate liiinself \nfor preaching, completing his studies at Paris, where \nin 1534 he lorininl tiie Soelef \\ of Jesus, or the Jesuits \nwho got from him n<it didy their general spirit, but \ntheir rules and cunstitutidus. lu 1S40 he was elect- \ned first general of tlie society. " 8ince the revival of \nlearning no body of men has played so prominent a \npart in education as the Jesuits." + \n\n\n\n40 \n\n\n\nSpain \n\n\n\n[1492 \n\n\n\n\nGIOVANSO LUDOVICO VIVES (Spanish, 1492-1540) \nwas a I\'rieud of Krasimis and of Sir Thomas More, \nwho looked upon liini as a ])rodip:y. Schmidt calls \nhim one of the most eminent teachers of his age. \nHe lectured at Paris and at Oxford, and was the au- \nthor of several pedairogical books. He agreed with \nErasmus in his estimate of the importance of edu- \ncation: in regard to the education of women, which \nhe would make sufReient to enable them to study \nclassic authors; in considering classical training the \nbest means of culture: and in despising scholasti- \ncism. His ideal of the teacher is lofty, demanding \nhot only scholarshii) but aptness to impart, incor- \nruptible morals, and a life worthy of the dignity of \nhis calling. He advocated inductive teaching, all \nstudies starting from the pupil\'s standpoint of ex- \nperience, the rules of grammar to be taught from \nobservation of examples, etc.* \n\n\n\n1566] \n\n\n\nGermany \n\n\n\n41 \n\n\n\n\nJOHAXX AGRICOLA (German, 1492-1566) founder \nof untinomiiinisui, studied at Wittenberg;, where he \nbecame iicijuuinted with Martin Luther, and in 1519 \naccompanied him to the assembly of German divines \nat Leipzij;, actinK as secretary. After teachins: for \na lime at Wittenberg he wentin 1535 to Eisleben as \nteacher in the school of St. Andrew. In 1536 he re- \nturned to Wittenberg as professor, and was welcomed \nby Luther; but controversy between them soon arose \nbecause of Agricola\'s view that Christians were free \nfrom the law, being under the gospel alone, a belief \nnow called Antinomian. In 1540 Agrieola went to \nBerlin, and until his death was court preacher and \nsuperintendent at Brandenburg. lie wrote several \ntheological works, and made a collection of proverbs \n(1528), which he illustrated with appropriate eoni- \nraentary. He is sometimes called from his birthplace \nMagister Islebius. \n\n\n\n\nPHILIPP MEIiANCHTHON (German, 1497-1560), \n" the Preceptor of Germany," was foremost among \nthe practical educators of Ins century. At Ul he was \nmade professor ot Greek at *V\'lttenburg, and remained \nthere till Ms death, lectm-mg on classics, the Bible, \ndogmatics, ethics, logic, and physics, sometimes to \n2,000 students, over whom he had remarkable Inflti- \nence. His text-books were many and widely-used. \nHo also interested iiimself in school organization. \nHe would have three grades, tlje first teaching read- \ning, writing, and a good stock ol Latin words; tlie \nsecond, grammar, simple Latin reading, and music ; \nthe third, lor the elite youth, music, higher Latin \nautliors, and ability to speak and wi\'ite in Latin. He \nbelieved that " no greater harm can be done to all \narts, than wlien the youth is not well practised in \n\'\'ranimar " ; but thought "too many rules ought\' not \nto be glvea,lest tliey Mgliteii away by tlieir prolixity." \n\n\n\n42 \n\n\n\nSwitzerland. \'\'A B C Shootei^ \n\n\n\n[1491) \n\n\n\n\nTHOMAS PLATTER (Swiss, 1499-1582) as a boy be- \n:;:iiiU\' fau\' to a i)iirty of " bacchants " or "A B C-shoot- \ncrs ". who from 1300 to 1600 used to wander over Ger- \nmany, stopping here and there to teach, and taking \nwith tliem boys nominally as scholars, who really \nwere obliged to beg and steal for them. After 15 years \nof tliis wandering, he ran away from his "bacchants" \nand went to school in Schellstadt and Znrich, where \nhe studied day and night, keeping himself awake by \nputting raw turnips, sand, or cold water into his \nmoutli.or grinding his teeth together, tutoring and \nnKil-;ing ro]ie for support. In 1541 he was appointed \nteaclicr of the school at Basle at a salary of 100 florins \nfor himself and 100 florins for his assistants. He held \nthe place successfully till 1578. In his 73d year he \nwrote an autobiography, which is among the best pic- \ntures extant of the school life of that time. It is re- \nmarkably frank and simple in narration. \n\n\n\n15.S2] \n\n\n\nItaly \n\n\n\n4n \n\n\n\n\nGIROLAMO CARDANO (luliaii, 1501-1575) ronk his \ndcjjree as doctor of inHdeciiit- at I\'adua in 1525. By \n1538 he had bcL\'oiiii\' a celebrated ])hvsiciaii of Milan, \nand was professor of niathenia,tics there. Snbse- \nc|uently he taught in Bojosna till 1570. His works, \npublished in 10 volumes in 1663, beijin with his auto- \nbiography, and include treatises upon almost every \ndepartment of learning; including observations oil \nheat, cold, light, colors, etc., since reproduced as \noriginal discoveries. He took deep interest in alge- \nbra and geometry, which he considered tlie higliest \nattainments of man\'s mind. Luigi Ferrari was his \npupil, and he cooperated with Nicolo Tartaglia. As \na physician he was called to Scotland to treat the \nbishop of St. Andrews, was received with honor b \nFCdward VI, and was made a member of the college \nof physicians at Rome. He was as remarkable for \nhis eccentricities as for his mental powers. \n\n\n\n44 \n\n\n\nScotland \n\n\n\n[1505 \n\n\n\n\nJOHN KNOX (Scotoh. 1505-J572) af tor education at \ntlie University of Glasgow was for some ten years a \npriest of tlie church of Rome, but in 1546 became a \nprotestant and was called to be a minister. He was \ncaptured by the French and labored for a time in the \nicalleys. Upon his release in 1549 he went to Lon- \ndon, and preached at Berwick for two years, where \nhe substituted sitting for kneelinp; at communion. \nAfter the death of Henry VI in 15.53, he retired to \nthe continent, and from" 1.556 to 1.5.59 preached and \nwrote in Geneva. In 1.5.59 he went to Scotland and \nwas elected minister of St. Giles. He was anions the \nforemost in the establishment of presbyterianism, and \nand was one of the five to draw up a " Boke of Disci- \npline", one-fifth of which, believed to be almost \nwholly his. is devoted to education, and determined \nthe policy of the nation toward free schools. In 1.562 \nlie was tried for treason but acquitted. \n\n\n\n1589] \n\n\n\nGermany \n\n\n\n45 \n\n\n\n\nJOHAHN STURM (German, 1507-1589), the most re- \nnowned teaclier of his age, has left his Impress on the \nsecondary school system on all northern Europe \nsince his day. When 30 years old ho was called to \n.Strasburg- to organize the gymnasium, and was the \nhead of It for 47 years. The fame of it drew pupils \nfrom all quarters, so that in 1578 its students num- \nbered several thousands. Its reputation was due to \nlis thoroughly systematic organization, being the \nfirst scheme we have looking to an (M;/e;(,dec?,.NV/.s\';f-/,i,(U- \n?c, well-arHcuUitni com-se of studies; and to Its \nclearly defined aim to train pious, learned and elo- \nquent men. Sturm\'s method of teaching Latin and \nureelv was by double translation, from Latin Into \nGerman, and rice-vfrsa. The pedagogic ideas which \ncontrolled Sturm\'s method were : All subjects to be \nkept within range of the pupil\'s present ability ; all \nteaching tc be made clear and definite ; little at a time \n\n\n\n46 \n\n\n\ni;amk \n\n\n\n[1 .\',()(; \n\n\n\n\nST. FRANCIS XAVIER (Freucli. 1506-1552) alUT \n<ir;nlu;ili()ii rriiiu I\'liris bfcaine in 1528 Aristotelian \nlc<-lui-iT at till\' ColluKt^ Jf Bcauvais. Ignatius Loyolii, \ncaiiii\' tlirrc the same year, and reeofjuized in him the \n(lualities which made him tlie tir^t missiniiary of his \ntime. He becalm- a .lesiiit in Vi\'M. and in 153(i went to \nItaly intendinji\' (oat lempt tlie conversion ut the Mos- \nlems in Palestine, but Ijy tlio outbreak of war was \ncompelled to remain in Italy. After the pope had \nconlirmed the order of Jesuits in 1540 he became sec- \nretary, but was soon made papal nuncio in India, \nwliere he was so successful as a missionary that h<^ \nwas credited with a miraculous yift of toiiKues. In \n1547 he sailed for Japan, remainint^ until 1551, and in \n1553 went to China where he died of^ fever. His noble \nand brilliant work is ackuowledsfd by all writers, \ncatholic and protestant alike. lie has been well named \n\xe2\x80\xa2The apostle of the ladies". His body is buried at Goa. \n\n\n\n\nJOH>\' C4LV1N (French. 1509-1.564) was educatcHl \nfor the Catholic priesthood, butchanired to tlie studv \nof law. Still he studied the Hilile. and became a fol- \nlower of Luther, .\\bout 1.5:W Ik; yave up the law for \ntheolojiy. In 1.532 he published his tirst book, \'\xe2\x96\xa0 />^ \nC7f/\xc2\xab?ni\'ia ", and became recognized as the head of \nthe Reformation movement in France. In 1.534 he \ncelebrated the first Proleslanl coiuiuunion ncir I\'oi- \ntiers. To escai)e [lersecut ion he retired to ISasle in \nSwitzerland, where he ])repared his "Institutes of \nthe Christian Keli;:ioii "\' (1.536). He joined Fand at \n(ii\'iieva. and liec.-ime teacher of theology. Here ho \nsdimht t(i estalilish schools tlirouuhout Switzerland, \nwith religious instruction prominent. In l.iSThe was \nb.-mished from the city, and lived till 1.541 in Strass- \nburg, returning then to (ieneva. In 1.5.53 he secured the \nconviction of Servetus, who was burned at tlie stake. \nHe secured theocratic government in .Switzerland. \n\n\n\nEncji.a.nd \n\n\n\n47 \n\n\n\n\nR\xc2\xabm;ei{ ASCir.VM ^EnglisU, 1516-1568), was the l)f>sl> \nkimwii I\'li^lisli i>\'aeli(.\'r of the sixteenth century, \nbeiiiu- tutiii- aniiiiiu- dlUers to Colleen Elizabeth. He \neniliiiilicd his practice and ais opiniuus In "Tlie \nScliiHiliiiaster," which haslJecome an Englisli classic. \nTliis licjuk gives the author\'s metliocl of teaching \nLatia (liy double translation), with charming- tUgres- \nsii HIS on\' pedagogic topics. He believed that grani- \nijiat leal li_)rias and rules ai\'e "sooner and surer learned \nIjy examples of good autliors than liy the naked riUcs \noiu\'i\'ammarians." "Eretliesi-liulni\'liavcciiiisunrted \nparsed, twice translated over liy gnod advertisenuml, \nmarki\'d (i\\it his Six points by skilful lud.Lj-ment, he \n-luill ii:i\\ r necessary occasion to i-ead ovci- every lec- \ntiii-e a iinicii, tiiiies at the leant; wliirh l)i\'cause he \nshall always do in order, he sliall do it always with \npleasure . . . aud pleasure allureth love ; Idvc hatli. \nlust to labor ; labor always obtaiucth his pmpose." \n\n\n\n48 \n\n\n\nFrance \n\n\n\n[153^ \n\n\n\n\nMICHEL KY(^UE>i ae MONTAIGJfE (French, \'I53:j- \n1592), lu liis biilliaut " Essays" founded the school of \nthinkers on education of which Locl^e and liousseau \nwere afterward the great exponents. In teaching \nlanguages he would discard grammar and teach by \nconversation. He Insisted upon pliysical education \n"-We have not to train up a soul, nor yet a body, but \na man; and we cannot divide him."t Put in the \nshuitest form, Montaigne\'s Idea of the end of educa- \nth <n IS, t h It a man should be trained to the use of his \n()\\v n 1 1 ,is(in. "A man can never be wise save by his \n( \' //\' /t u 1 s( i(jm. " The Icey-notes to his method are these : \n\xe2\x80\x94 Selt-activlty of the pupil In the use of all his pow- \ners and capabilities ; tlnugs before words ; judgment \nand understanding before memory; adaptation of \ninstruction to tlie pupils\' present abilities.* Like \nMilton and Locke, lie dealt only witU the education \nof gentlemen. > \n\n\n\nANOTHER PORTRAIT \n\n\n\nj(M.*,] \n\n\n\nHolland, Italy \n\n\n\n49 \n\n\n\n\nLUDOLF von CEULEN [sometimes writeiiKEULEN \n\n;iiul COLLES] (Dutch, 1540-1610) famous for upjiroxi- \nmatiiii; tlie s(iuariiig of the circle, was born at Hil- \nik\'sheim, anil became teacher of mathenintics in \nLivlaud,\' Antwerp, Breda, Amsterdam, IJeHt, and \nArnheim, and professor of Krieusbaukunst in the \nUniversity of Leyden. He wrote \'" Van den ( \'erckel \' \n(1596) and "De Arithmetische en geometrische fon- \ndamenten " (1616). The Jews had regarded the ratio \nas 3, the Egyptians as 3.16-|-, Archimedes as 3 1-7+, \nPtolemy as 3. 141553. and the Hindus as 3.1416. Adrian \nof jMetz by a lucky but illosical process got 6 correct \nfractional figures,\' Viete got 10, Adriaan von Roomen \ngot 15. Von Ceulen calculated the ratio of the circum- \nference to the diameter with great labor to 35 decimal \nplaces. The number so obtained, 3. 14159-1- was called \nafter him the Ludolf number, and the35decimals were \ncut into his tombstone in St. IVtcr\'s church, Leyden. \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCLAUDIUS A(}UAVIVA (Italian, 1543-1615) entered \nthe (jrder of Jesuits at 25, and at 38 became its head. \nThe organization of this body was largely his work. \nIn 1C84 he appointed a school commission, consist- \ning of six distinguished Jesuits from the various \ncountries of Europe, who spent nearly a year in con- \nsultation at Rome. They framed the ordinances \nregulating studies of the order which after revision \nand approval by Aquaviva finally appeared as the \n" lliitio atqiie Institutio StuiHiiiiun. societatis Jesu" \n(l.">i)9), one of the most famous <<[ piNhi\'/ogical books. \nIjy this the order wasgoverm^d until 1832, when the \ncurriculum was enlarged to include ph^\'sical science \nand the modern languages. One of the most impor- \ntant of the many superior features of this system was \nthe careful training of teachers, two j\'ears oi\' prepara- \ntion being held indispensable. It also provided care- \nfully for the pliysical welfare of the students. \n\n\n\n50 \n\n\n\nDenmark \n\n\n\n[1546 \n\n\n\n\nTV\xe2\x82\xacHO BUAHE (Danish, 15-16-ltiOl) leariu-d Latin \nat seven, and in 15r>9 w as sent to Copeuhajien to study \nidiilosophy and rhetoric. The great eclipse of the \nsun, Aug. 2], 1560, occurring at the instant predicted, \ncalled his attention to astronomy, and though sent \nin 1562 to Leipzig to study law he gave all his atten- \ntion to the stars. Having continued his studies at \nItostock and Augsburg, in 1571 he returned to Den- \nmark, where his uncle helped him in his researches. \nIn l.">74 he read lectures at Copenhagen, and in 1575 \niravi\'lled through Germany to Venice. To prevent \nhis removing to Basle, King Frederick II of Den- \nmark gave him funds for an observatory at Uranien- \nburg, but after the king\'s death Brahe \\vas compelled \nto give up his work there. He went to Prague, where \nhe was magnificently treated, but died before he had \nlong enjoyed his fortune. He had however been joined \nby Kepler, who owes his fame to Brahe\'s lessons. \n\n\n\ni(-U7] \n\n\n\nEn<;lam), Holland \n\n\n\n51 \n\n\n\n\nJOHN NAPIER (Enslisli. 1550-1617). the iiiveiuor ..f \nlutiariilims, aud the first KuKlishman to take part in \nthe .-iilvaiice of science, after education at St. An- \nil i-ews and Paris settled down in Scotland as a coun- \ntry scpiire, engased in political aud theological con- \nti-sis. and invented engines of war. But in ]fil4 he \npublished his treatise on logarithms, explaining their \nuse l)ut not theirconstruction. This ablirevi.-iticni of \nniulli|ilieati(insand divisions he \\viirke<l nut by arith- \nmetic and geometry alone, not recognizing theireon- \nnection with the exponents of algeVira. In 1617 he \npublished his " Rabdologia ", showing the use of num- \nerating rods, commonly called "Napier\'s bones", \nfor multiplication and division. He also gives a \nmethod bythe use of little plates of metal in a box. \nand another, "\' local arithmetic \'", which is performed \non a chess-board, and is based on the expression of \niiumbers in the scale of r.adix 2. \n\n\n\n\nJACOBUS ARMIXIUS [or HKRMANUSJ (Dutch. \nI. )tii)-lti(\xc2\xbbl\xc2\xbb). founder of Arminianism, after education \n.11 Le\\(|en went in 1582 to Geneva and Kasle. travelled \nin I5\xc2\xab()in Italy, visited Rome, and in 1.588 was ordained \nat Amsterdam. He was commissioned to organize \nthe educational system of the city, and did it well. \nIn 1603 he was made professor of theology at Leyden, \nwhere he remained till his death. He was the founder \nof the anti-Calvinistic school of theology. Calvinsim \nhad become supreme in Holland, but the rigor of \nuniformity provoked reaction. Arminius was chosen \nin 1589 to controvert Koornhert, who opposed a con- \nditional to unconditional predestination. Thus led \nto study the subject, Arminius found himself inclined \nto assert the freedom of man and limit the range of \nthe unconditional decrees of God. He was made rec- \ntor of the university in 1605. but resigned after one \nyear. He died worn out by uncongenial controversy. \n\n\n\n52 \n\n\n\nEngland \n\n\n\n[1561 \n\n\n\n\nFRANCIS BACOX (English, 1561-1626) was a preco- \ncious child, and entered Cambridge at 13. After \nstudy in Paris he practised law, and began to advance \nrapidly about 1603. becoming attorney-general- in \n1613, keeper of the great seal in 1617. and lord chan- \ncellor in 1619, with the title Baron Verulam. (He was \nnever Lord Hacon.) Hut he used this last ofiice eor- \nni|)tly, and in 16:31 was convicted on his own confes- \nsion, and banished from public life. Though he was \niMc.\'in In character, he was magnificent in intellect. \nHis \xe2\x96\xa0\xe2\x96\xa0 Ivssays " appeared in 1597, his " Advancement \nof Learning " in 1605, his \xe2\x80\xa2\' Nomiin Orgunon " in 1620. \nHy recalling the mindfs of men from barren specu- \nhition, and from exclusive humanistic study, to the \nrelief, of man\'s estate throusrh the investigation of \niinture by exact observation and rigorous experiment \nleading to induction of her laws, he added an entire \njiedagogy .-iihI a new realm of profitable study. \n\n\n\n1642] \n\n\n\nIjALY, Germany \n\n\n\n58 \n\n\n\n\nGALILEO GALILEI (Italian. 1564-1642) in 1581 \nbctiiin to study medicine at Pisa. In 1583, while \nwatching the vibrations of the great bi\'onze lamp in \nthe ciitlicdrul he discovered the isochronisiu ot the \njjendulum, using it more than fifty years later in the \nconstruction of an astronomical clock. In l."88 he \nbocami! mathematical lecturer at Pisa, and began the \nseries of experiments that brought on him theenmity \nof the followers of Aristotle, as when from the lean- \ning tower he showed that the velocity of falling \nbodies is not proportional to their weight. From \n159:i to IGIO he was professor of mathemal ics at Padua. \nIn 1609 he made a telescope and in IHIO discovered \n\xe2\x96\xa0Iupiter"s satellites. He had defended theCn]ierniean \nIhcory. Ijutin 1816 was admonished nottohold, teach, \nordcfcnd it, and was silent till in 1632 he published \nhis \xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x80\xa2 Dialogue of the Two Systems ". This was con- \ntlenmed, and he died iu nominal iinprisoumeut. \n\n\n\n\n1 \\ \n\n\n\nbi I. \n\n\n\n.M>H> KEPLER (German, 1571-1630), the founder of \nl)li\\si il islronomy. after education in theology at \nluimi _ n, reluctantly accepted iu 1594 the chair of \ns( 1 n It Gratz, afterward becoming assistant to \n1.1 ihe at Prague. On the death of the latter he \n1 d hira as imperial mathcni.-itiriari, and was \nI u^li d\\\\ith Brahe\'s papers and tabh\'s. He had long \n111 undertaken to account for the solar system, \nin 1609 he published his observations on the orbit \nol Mils establishing the laws of elliptical orbits \n111 I pi il aieas. In 1619 he published a treatise on \n( 111 K ( stablishing the third law, that of the sesquip- \nli It 1 itio between the planetary periods and dis- \nt 11)1 ( s He had in 1612 removed to Linz as mathe- \nm itK lau for Upper Austria, in 1627 going on account \nof the siege to Ulra, where he published his "Rudol- \nphine Tables ". The duke of VVallenstein assumed \nthe salary due him, and iu 1628 he removed to Sagan, \n\n\n\nFrance \n\n\n\n[157(; \n\n\n\n\n/ \n\n\n\nVINCENT DK PAUL (French. 15r6-1660>, an Illus- \ntrious saint of t ho Catholic rlinrch, was mado a priest \nin 1600, and sciiiu after \\\\-as capturedby iiiratcs and \nsold into slavery :it \'I\'nnis. lie reeonverled liis mas- \nter to Christ i:inily. and escaped td Fi-aiice in l(\'i07. \nHe hecame teaeiier of I lie cliildren of tlie eonuuand- \nant of the .u-alleys at :\\larsi\'illes, and in IGIO was made \nalmoner-g-eneral of tlie galleys. Wliile here he \noffered liimself, and was accepted, as a [irisoner in \nplace of a convict i verwhelmed with grief at leaving \nhis family destitute. :Meanwhile he had founded ah \nassoeiatinn of jiriesls called Lazarists, who devote \ntlieiiiselves to tlie work of assisting the clergy hy \npreaching in districts te wliich they are invited by \nlocal pastors. From this timehislifewasdevotedto \nworks of charit.\\- and lieiie\\olence. He established \nthe first foundling hospital at Paris, and provided \nlor the education of this hitherto neglected class. \n\n\n\n1G60] \n\n\n\nEngland \n\n\n\n55 \n\n\n\n\nWILLIAM HABVEY (EhkHsIi, 1578-1657), the dis- \ncoverer of the circulation of the blood, after graduat- \ning from Cambridge in 1597 went to Padua to studv \nmedicine, returnino; in 1603 an M.D. In 1607 he be- \ncame fellow of the Royal college of physicians, and \nin 1615 lecturer. In his first course of lectures he \nbrought forward his theory of the circulation of the \nblood, showing that the blood in the arteries was of \nthe same kind as that in the veins, and that the heart \nwas the motive power of its movement. His theory \nlacked only the capillary channels by which the blood \npasses from the arteries to the veins, discovered in \n1661 by Malpighi. H,is life was full of honors.\' In \n1609 he was made physician of St. liartholoraew\'s \nhospital : he was physician of James I and of Charles \nI: he was warden of Merton college, O.xford. and in \n16.54 elected president, resigning the next day, but \nbecoming concilarius. He left the college his estate. \n\n\n\n56 \n\n\n\nFrance \n\n\n\n[1585 \n\n\n\n\ni \n\n\n\nCORNELIUS J ANSEN (Dutch. 1585-1638) after ^rad- \niiation in Iti-lU lioiu Louvain taught for a time in \nParis, and afterward beouuie head of the episcopal \ncoUefje at Bayonne. In 1017 he returned to Louvain \nto take charge of tlie college of St. Pulcheria, but \naave it up to become in 1619 professor of theology, \nand in 1630 of iJiblical exegesis. In 1636 he became \nbishop of Yi)res. He died wliile jjreparing to print \nhis great worli upon St. Augustine, upon wliich he \nliad spent 22 years. It appeared in 18-10, with an \nepilogue attacking the distinctive theology of the \n.lesuits, and making claims as to predestination not \nunlike those of Calvin. In 1641 it was prohibited by \nthe Inquisition, and in 1643, 1653, and 1705 by papal \nIjiills. It was because Arnauld and the other Por- \nRoyalists refused to yield to this condemnation that \n1 heir schools encountered such fatal opi)osition from \nthe Jesuits, and in 1710 the schools v.\'ere closed. \n\n\n\n\nJERO.HE BICiNOX iKrench. 1.589-16.56), to whom was \ndue the founding of the Port Royal schools, was a \nin-ecocious child. Before he was 10 he had acquired \nan enormous amount of information, and at 12 he \npublished "Chorographie, ou Description de la Terre \nSaiute". Henry IV made him tutor to the Dauphin. \nIn 1604 he wrote his " Discourse on the City of Rome" \nand in 1605 a "Summ.ary Treatise on the Election of the \nl\'o|)e". Afterwards lie devoted himself to the study of \n(he la.w, wrote in 1610 a treatise on the treatise on the \nprticedency of the kings in France, and in 1613 edited \nMerculf(!\'s\' " Formulae \'". In 1620 he became advocate- \nucn(!ral to tlu\' grand council, and in 1626 to th(i parlia- \nmi\'ut of Paris. In 1642 Richelieu put him in charge \nof the pul)lic. library. He was interested in Saint- \n(lyran\'s i(h\'as upon (education, and ]iut his two sons \ninto Saint-Cyran"s hands: it was for them that the \nPort Roval schools were founded. \n\n\n\n1671] \n\n\n\nGermany \n\n\n\n57 \n\n\n\n\nJOHN AMOS COMENIUS (Moravian, 1592-1671), was a \n\nBlsliop of the Moravian Brethren, but gave a life of \nuntiring\' zeal to dev^elop a system of education that \nsliould educate. He took up the worlv begun by Ra- \nticli, aiul began by simplifying the Latin grammar. \nHe afterward wi\'ote \'\xe2\x96\xa0\'\xe2\x96\xa0Dklactica Magna" but in the \nmeantime published (1631) his \'\xe2\x96\xa0\'\xe2\x96\xa0Jaii.ua Liufjiurrum,^" \nwhich soon made him famous. A simpler edition, il- \nlustrated, was issued in 1657, under the name of \n" Orbift J\'iciii.s," a series of rude engravings of sensi- \nble objects, accompanied by a description of tliem in \nshort and easy sentences. Tkis became the most \npopular text-book in Europe. + He was first to bring \nthe mind of a philosopher to bear practically on the \nsubject of education. Montaigne, Bacon, Milton had \nadvanced orinciples, but Comenlus applied them. \nHis principles are fully stated in his \'\xe2\x80\xa2 Llfea,Qd Works" \nby Laurie \'$1.00).\xc2\xa9 \n\n\n\n58 \n\n\n\nFrance \n\n\n\n[1596 \n\n\n\n\nKENK DESCAKTKS (Frencli, 159G-1650) alter an aft- \nventurovis early life had voliinteerecl lu the Bavarian \nseiv.ce uiKl lu I8l9was in quarters at NeuL)Ur<^on \nthe Danube, when ho ji\'ot tor- fleeting on the science \nof method, ai.d was tilled witli entliusiasm as he \nreru^-ulzed that he had slniel< the rnots oi a, marvel- \nous science. Ju Kir.\'l lie quit military Hcrvie\xc2\xbb;aiid be- \nf;;.iu t(j devote himself tu study and reilcciiuu. From \nICriO (o iiMii he lived in llelland, and lie liad been but \na few i]ji,>uths at tlie Swedish court, when he died \nsuddenly. "Had De>seartesc(iiitnliuted tu education \nniitliluy more than the fundamental maxim (jf his \nmet hod, he would have deserved luny icmembi-ance \nin lis history: * * * -never to receive lor true \nanything\' that Is not known to be such on reliable \nevidence : and to comprise no more in oxu\' judgment \nthan Avhat is so clearly presented to our minds that \nwe have no occasion to call it in question \'." * \n\n\n\n\nPIEKBE (le FEBMAT (French, 1601-1665) wus for \nsome time councillor of the parliament of Toulouse, \nand an accomplished general scholar, but became \nfamous as a mathematician. While still a boy be \nmade some discoveries in regard to the properties of \nnumbers on wliioh he afterward built his method of \ncalculating proljabilities. He discovered a simpler \nmethod tlian that of Archimedes of quadrating par- \nabolas, and a method of finding the greatest and \nsmallest ordinates of crool^ed linos. His method led \nto a controversy witli Descartes. His complete niath- \neinatical works were published in 1670 and 1679. The \nfirst volume contains llie "Arithmetic of Diopliaii- \ntus " with notes and additions. The second, besides \ntlie papers already referred to, contains treatises on \nmaxima and minima, on taugenis, on centres, on the \nrectiflcationof curves, various other treatises, and his \ncorrespondence. \n\n\n\nin74] \n\n\n\nEngland \n\n\n\n59 \n\n\n\n\nJOHX MILTON {English, 1608-1674), known to his \nown age as a vigorous political pamphleteer and a \nlearned theological controversialist, and to all after \nages as the author of "Paradise Lost," was also a \nschoolmaster, undertaking in 1639 the education of \ntwo nephews, and afterward taking in other pupils. \nHe published the tractate, "\xe2\x80\xa2Of Education" In 1644 \nMark Pattlson says his deflnition of education has \nnever been improved upon: "I call a complete and \ngenerous education that which nts a man to perform \njustly, skilfully, and magnanimousl3\' all the ottices. \nboth private and public, of peace and war."1: The \nyoung were to be led on " by the Infinite desire \nof a happy nurture ; for tlie hill of knowledge, labori- \nous Indeed at the first ascent, else is so smooth, so \ngreen, so full of goodly prospect and melodious \nsounds on every side, that the harp of Orpheus was \nnot more cliarmlng."t \n\n\n\n60 \n\n\n\nFrance \n\n\n\n[1612 \n\n\n\n\nANTOINE ARXAULD (French, 1612-1694), the most \ncelebrated of llii;\' Port Royal authors, was the 20th \nchild of the most famous advocate of his time, who \nill 1594 had defended the University against the Jesu- \nits. He took his dejiree as doctor of theolofiy at the \nSorboune in 1641, and gave himself and his property \nto Port Royal. He esjioused the cause of the jansen- \nists. and in 1643 he published his treiitise Be la fri- \nquente Comininnon, especially directed against the \nJesuits. In 16.")5 a. lesuit confessor refused absolution \nto the due de Liancourt unless he dismissed his jan- \nsenist chaplain and withdrew his granddaughter from \nPort Royal. Arnauld wrote the duke two letters upon \nthis affair, one of tliem containing what is now the \ncelebrated distinction de jure and Oe facto. The Sor- \nboune expelled Arnauld, who was defended by Pascal \nin his Provincial Letters. In 1679 he was compelled \nto flee to the Netherlands, and he died at Brussels. \n\n\n\n\nBLAISE PASCAL (French. 1623-1663), great as a \nmathematician, as a philosopher, and as an author, \nwas precocious, writing at 16 .a treatise on conic \nsections that made Descartes incredulous. In 1648 \nhe made experiments on atmospheric pressure that \ncompleted the work of Galileo and Torecelli. He \nmade a calculating machine, and contributed to the \ni iiliniii\'smal calculus, the equilibrium of fluids, the \numi li.MiKitioal theory of probability, and the iirciix\'i-- \nlics mI\' the cycloid. In 1652 his sister Jac(|ueliiie \njoined the Port Royalists, and in 1654 he threw him- \nself with devotion into that cause, defending them \nin his 18 "Provincial Letters \'", which Voltaire de- \nclared to have the wit of Moliere and the sublimity \nof Uossuet,\' while Gibbon says he learned from them \nto manage the weapon of grave and temperate irony \neven on subjects of ecclesiastical solemnity. His \n" Pensees" appeared in 1669. \n\n\n\n1704] \n\n\n\nThe Schools of Port Royal \n\n\n\n61 \n\n\n\n\n>T> \n\n\n\nMARIE de RABUTIN CHANTAL, MAR({LISE de \n\nSEVIUNE (Fi-ench, 1636-1696), most charuiiu.LC :iiid \n;iiluiir:ible womsui of her time, reoLnved an excelleni \nc\'lluration, and after marriajje in 1644 became one of \nthe most prominent members of the circle of the \nHotel Rambouillet. After her daughter married the \ntjovernor of Provence, she wrote the letters which \nThou\'-ih not intended for publication appeared after \nliiT death and made her famous, being of great his- \ninrical interest and the highest literary merit. Her \ncliaraoter is unsullied, for her heart was given entirely \nto her children, and her sweet and hapjiy temper \nplayed lightly even with sorrow and sin. She was on \nintimate terras with the Port Royalists, and -was a \nconvert to the moral philosophy of Nicole. She \nlived to see her sou and her grandson married, and \n(lied after nursing her daughter through a serious \nUness. \n\n\n\n\nJAtOrES BEMGNE BOSSLEl ( Krmch. 162;-i7U4) \nwhile ;i,t the .Jesuits college in Dijon was so thrilled \nw ith Hebrew poetry that he was often called \'\xe2\x96\xa0 a man \nof one book\'" from his absorption in the Bible. In \n1643 he was sent to Paris, and at 16 his attainments \nMl the university were the talk of the town. At 24 \nIII- was made archdeacon of Met/, but was frequent- \nly csilled to Paris to preach, and in 1662 Louis XIV \n:iricr liearing him wrote to felicitnle his father upon \nliavrng such a son. In 1670 he became preceptor to \nI lie dauphin, and resumed his own education the \nKetter to instruct his inipil. writing several books, \nI he most noted one upon universal history. In 1670 \nhe published his Exposition of Catholic doctrine. In \nI6S1 lie became bishop of :Meaux. and drew up the \ndecision of the assembly appointed to settle the dis- \nputes as to the pow er of the king and of the Pope. He \nis often quoted in regard to the Port Royal schools. \n\n\n\n62 \n\n\n\nEngland \n\n\n\n[1632 \n\n\n\n\n^ JOHN LOCKE (English, 1633-1704), long\' celebrated \nas a philosopher, has exerted wide influence on edu- \ncational history thi\'ou\'^h his "Thoughts concerning \nEducation," and in a much smaller degree uy his es- \nsay on "Studies." He thinks education consists In \n1st, virtue ; 2d, wisdom ; ad, good-breeding ; and 4tli \nand last, learning. " Nc but that I think learning a \ngreat help to well-disposed minds; but yet ItTOust \nbe confessed that in others not so disposed it helps \nthem only to be more foolish or worse men." Wis- \ndom is a blending of pinideuce, foresight, knowledge \nof the world, and ability in affairs, with an aversion \nto mere cunning. Locke strenuously objects to fre- \nquent resorts to the rod.* \'In all tne parts of edu- \ncation, most time and application is to be bestowed \non that which Is like to be of greatest consequence \nand f requentest use. " It may be doubted whether wo \nhave yet reached the full application of his principles, t \n\n\n\nr()4] \n\n\n\nHolland \n\n\n\nH8 \n\n\n\n\nBAltUCH SPINOZA (Uutcb, 1632-1677) ihe "-roat- \npst moderu expounder of pantheism, was of Hebrew \nparentage, but became a student of Descartes and in \nIfioh wnsf\'xcommunicated. For a time he supported \nlunisrli ),v urinding lenses, refusing a professorship \n.11, iichi.ii.iTu-, and a pension ou condition that hl^ \n.sljoukl dcdicale a worl: to Louis XIV preferring to \nlive on a pittance. His philosophy was a pure \nmouisin. in which the sole foundation is substance \nand IS mainly contained in his Ethica. His Be In- \ntellectas Emeiukttione, published posthumously has \nbeen translated and is the most available brief sum- \nmary of his philosophy. Its purpose is search for -i \njoy which shall be permanent, and consequentlv the \ndiscovery of the highest good. " The reformation of \nintellectual procedure" is the first step and he dis- \ntinguishes four classes of ideas, and eight properties \nof the mtellect. Eternal truths are necessary truths \n\n\n\n64 \n\n\n\nEngland \n\n\n\n[1642 \n\n\n\n\nSIB ISAAC NEWTON (English, 1642-1727) after \nsradualior. from (\'amiiridue in 1665 was made fellow \nin 1667 and professor in 1669. From 1687 to 1690 he \nsat in i>arlianient for Cambridge, beinji associated \nwith .John Locl^e. His fireatest work was his dis- \ncovery of the theory of tiravitation, to which his \nattention was called\' by the fall of an ajjple in 1666. \nIjiit the tlicory was not elaborated till 1685. From \nKeiiler\'s laws\' he proved that the attraction of the \nSUM ii|)on till\' planets varies as the s(|uares of their \ndistances. His " rrincipin "\' was published iu 1686-7. \nhis method of fluxions in 1693, and his " Optics \'" in \n170-1. From 1703 till death he was president of the \nRoyal Society. In 1696 he was made warden and in \n1690 master of the mint, holding: the place till death: \nthe reformation of English coinage was largely his \nwork. The reflecting telescope was devised by him, \nthrough disbelief in acromatic lenses. \n\n\n\nAXOTHFR PORTK.M\'l\' \n\n\n\n1727] \n\n\n\nGerman^ \n\n\n\n65 \n\n\n\n\n"\'\xe2\x80\xa2\'II" \'\'\'\'\'I\'-ian aucl \xe2\x80\x9e,uf o^^ \\^ philosopher, \n\nl^atin an.i Gix4- if h /f.ul, f S[\'^ ^\'"^"^^"^ himself \n\nml <li\'>\'\'o^erin"-thc(litf^ront; , i \xe2\x80\xa2 ^- ^- \xc2\xb0f London, \n1 ro,n 1676 to his de^th hP , \' \'\'\xc2\xb0 \'ntesral calculus \n\xe2\x80\xa2lake of Brunswik-Lflnenbur\'^\' \'por^f r\'\'\'^V\xc2\xb0\'^ \xc2\xb0^ ^^^^ \nto unite the Catholi^"nn?i p/v For a time he strove \n171? he was made a baron mul?/\'\'\'"* ^^urches. In \nt.. iHs PhiIosophicalTo"rks "a\'^cltf-Tli\'l^^^^feS;^^\' \n\n\n\n66 France [1651 \n\n\n\n\nFRASCOIS DeSALIGNAC de LAMOTnT: FENELON \n\n(French, 1651-1715), arcbblsbop of Caiubray, was from \n1675 to 1685 superior of a community louiicled for \nwomen converted from Protestantism, and wrote at \nthis time his Avoric "On the Education of Daus\'iit\'^rs". \nFrom 1689 to 1695 lie was made tutor of tlndauiiliUi\'s \nson, the Duke of Bm\'ffimdy, a boy of vi( jIi nt tiniper, \nyet warm-hearti\'d and keen, over wlmni Fenelon \nacquired so bem flfnit an influence tliat his life \nwould have t)Ptn ablrssing to France had he lived \nto reign. Fenelon bciame involved in a theologi- \ncal discussion of tlie doctrines of Mollnos, and in 1699 \nwas banished from court. The principles on which \nhe based the young prince\'s education are eniVjodied \nin his "Adventures of Telemachus".hls "Fables", \nand his " Dialogues of the Dead ", all of Avhicli had \nlarge circulation. Moral lessons he alwa,\\s incul- \ncated, by examples rather tliau by bald precepts. \n\n\n\n1719] \n\n\n\nFenelon, ]j\\ Salle \n\n\n\n(17 \n\n\n\n\nJOHN BAPTIST DE L.4. SALLE (French, 1651-1719/ \nfounder of tUe Brothers of the Chiistian Schools, \nwas ordained to the priesthood In 1671, and in 1682 \nchose as his life-^vork the education of the working\'- \nclasses, and the teaching of poor boys. lie took \ncharge of schools that had been staited in the dif- \nferent parishes of Rheims, and as the teacliers in- \ncreased secured a house for headquarters, estab- \nlished rules of poverty, chastity, and obedience, and \nchose a distinctive dress. In 1688 lie established his \nsystem of schools in Paris, and in 1705 was called to \nKouen where he made the headquarters of the order \nat St. Yon. Schools were soon established in all \nthe principal cities of France. By 1702 there were 26 \ncommunities, and they liave since e.\\tended tlirough- \nout the world. At the Chicago Exposition their ex- \nhibit attracted much notice. Some of his text-books \nare still in use. \n\n\n\n68 \n\n\n\nFrance \n\n\n\n[1661 \n\n\n\n\nCHARLES KOLLIN (French, 1661-1741) became at \n22 ii master in the college du Plessis, and was pro- \nmoted until in 1694 he became rector of the university \nof Paris, after which he was made principal of the \ncolleRB de Heauvais. In 1719 he was re-elected rector, \nbut was disqualified and deprived of his other appoint- \nments because of his Jansenist principles. His " An- \ncient History " (1730-38) was long a famous text-book, \nand his \xe2\x96\xa0\xe2\x80\xa2Treatise on Studies" (1726-31) is still a \nstandard pedagogical authority. It contains a sum- \nmary of what was then a reformed and innovating \nsystem, based on a use in study of the vernacular. \nHe put littleemphasis on Greek,"butconsidered Latin \nessential, and proposed reforms in methods in the \ndirection of Humanism. He also made much of his- \ntory and natural science, proposing for the latter a \nseries of practical object-lessons on much the basis \nafterward adopted by Pestalozzi. \n\n\n\n1741] \n\n\n\nGermany \n\n\n\n69 \n\n\n\n\n>AUGUST HERMAN FUAJfCKD (German, 1663-1757) \nwas g-racluated Irom Lelnzig In 1685, aud In 1689 be- \ngan to lecture there on tlie Bible. He was accused \not pietism, and the lectm-es were forbidden. He \nwent to Ei-fin-t to preach, but in 1691 was banished \nfrom that town. Soon after he was made professor \nof Greek at Halle, and tor 36 years Avas also pastor \nof the parish at Glaucha. In 1695 his plans for relief \not destitute children matm-ed into an Institution for \nthem supported by public charity. He began with \na room, on a capital of seven guelders which he \nfound in the poor box of his house. Within a year \nhad purchased a house, and in 1697 added another \nhouse. In 1698 he had lOO orphans under his chai-ge, \nand 500 day-scholars. At his death the institution \nincluded a training- college, a Latin scliool, town \nschools with 110 teachers and i7-?4 children, etc. \nThese schools now give instruction to ssm children. \n\n\n\nANOTHER PORTRAIT \n\n\n\n.S\\\\iT>!RRLAXr) \n\n\n\n[16fi^ \n\n\n\n\nJEAN BEBNOUILLI (Swiss, 1667-1748) after gradii- \niitioii from Basle at IH studied chemistry as well as \nmatlifiiiatics, and in 1690 published an essay on fer- \nlueiil.ition, and in 1694 he took the degree of M.l). \nHe Ijeoame professor of mathematics at Groningen, \nwhere he also lectured on experimental physics. In \n1705 he succeeded his brother James as professor of \niiiailicinatics at Basle, where he remained till his \n(I\'-aili. 43 years later. Among his independent dis- \nOdvi\'fics were the exponential calculus and the line of \nswiftest descent. He won several of the prizes of- \nfered by the Paris Academy on the laws of motion, \nthe elliptical orbs of the planets, and the inclinations \nof the planetary orbits, but his most permanent con- \ntributions are his works on pure mathematics, to \nwhich D\'Alembert declared he owed all he knew of \nthe subject. He was keen in friendships but ardent \nin resentments. \n\n\n\n1754] \n\n\n\nGermany, England \n\n\n\n71 \n\n\n\n\nCHRISTIAN WOLFF (German, 1679-1754) after edu- \ncation at Jena began in 1703 to lecture at Leipzig \nand in 1706 became professor of mathematics at Halle.\' \nHis ideal was to base theological truths on mathe- \nmatical certitude, and he lectured in German instead \nof Latin. In 1723 he was removed from office and \nordered to quit Prussian territory. He went to the \nuniversity of Marburg, where he was received with \ndistinction. More than 200 books and pamphlets \nappeared upon his expulsion, and his philosophy had \nalmost undisputed sway in Germany until displaced \nby that of Kant. The king of Prussia made overtures \nto him to return, and in 1739 his philosophy was re- \nquired of candidates for ecclesiastical preferment. \nIn 1740 Frederick the Great recalled him to Halle, and \nin 1743 he became chancellor of the university; but \nhe had lost the power of lecturing attractively, and \nhis class-rooms were empty. \n\n\n\n\nNICHOLAS 8AUX\xc2\xbbEBS0\\ [or SANDERSON J (ICng- \nlish, 1682-17.39), the blind prolcssor of nialliematics, \nlost in infancy iiotouly liis sight but his eyes, yet was \na diligent student of the Pennington free school and \nat home, and in 1707 went to Cambridge. Through \npoverty he was unable to enter as a student, but he \ngave private instruction in physics and optics. In \n1711 he received a degree and was made professor of \nmathematics. He invented a computing- board, de- \nscribed in his "Algebra" (1740), which also contains \na portrait and a memoir. This work " is a model of \ncareful exposition, and reminds one of the algebra \nwhich Euler dictated after having been overtaken by \nblindness ". His " Method of Fluxions " (17.51) is an \nelementary mathematical physics. He was remark- \nably successful as a lecturer, clear in statement and \nattractive in presentation. He was made a fellow of \nthe Royal society. \n\n\n\n\n\n\nEngl AND, ^America \n\n\n\n[1685 \n\n\n\n\n(JEOBGE BERKELEY (English, 1685-1753) after \nf>r:idu:itioii from Dublin in 1704 studied the new phil- \nosoplncai principles of Descartes and Locke and \nevolved the jirinciple that noexistence is conceivable \nwliieh is nut coMsridus. Perception and volition he \nroii^i.lriiMl ()|ii-r;ii inns of mind or spirit; no object- \nexisis :i|.arMi\'Min llie mind. He expounded his theory \nin his \xe2\x96\xa0\xe2\x96\xa0 New \'I\'lieoryof ^\'ision " (1709) and more fully \nin his " I\'rinci pies\' of Human Knowledjre " (1710\'. \n\'\xe2\x80\xa2Dialogues" (1713) and \'-DeMotu\' (1715). and its \npractical application in his " Discour.se on Passivi\' \nObedience " (1711). He was a college tutor. 1707-1712, \nand a privatf! tutor, 1715-1720. In 1721 he became \ndivinity lecturer and university preacher at Dublin, \nand \xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x96\xa0ifterward became Hebrew lecturer and senior \nproctor. In I72\xc2\xab he came to America to found a col- \nlege in the Bermudas, but after three years gave up \nthe project and returned to England. \n\n\n\n\nSAMCEL JOHNSON (American, 1606-1772), IJrst \npresident of Columbia University, after graduation \nin 1714 from Yale taught school, jind in 1716, when the \ncollege was removed to >i\'ew Haven, was at first its \nsole tutor, with only 15 students. In 1719 he \\\\ itli- \ndrew, but it was afterward throuiih his inlluence that \nUislioj) Berkley made his gifts to the college. In 1720 \nhe was ordaiiied a Congregationalist. He l)ecani(! \nconverted to the Kpiscopal form of church go\\crn- \nment. and in 172:^ visitecl I\'.naland, and on his return \nl>i-..cc(.(l(.d to oruani/e the cluu-ch of i;m;l;i nd in ( on- \niMM-iirul. estalilishing a clinrch at Stratford. In 174.S \n\xe2\x80\xa2 \xe2\x80\xa2xlnrd gavi\' him the degree of D. 1). In 174St lienjamiu \nfranklin visiteil him to offer him the i)resi(lci\'icy of \nthe new academy, now the University of I\'a.. wl\'iich \nhedeclined: but iu 1754 he became jire\'sident of KiuLi\'s \ncollegi\'. no\\\\- Columbia, In 176M he rrtiredio .Strat- \nford, on .-1 pension of \xc2\xa3.50 a year. \n\n\n\n1782] \n\n\n\nScotland, England \n\n\n\n73 \n\n\n\n\nHEXRY HOJIE, LOUD KAMES (Scotch, 1696-1782) \nbi\'caiiie III! udviicale ill \\7:13: published a volume of \nlejiul decisions in 1728: was made judge in 1752, and \none of the lords of judiciary in 1763. In 1761 he suc- \nceeded through his wife to "an estate in Perthshire, \nwhere he removed a stratum of peat on 1,500 acres of \nland bv rtoatiiis it into the river Forth. He was on(! \nof tlie founders of the Ro.val Societ.v of KdinburKh. \nIJesides his legal treatises h(! published in 1751 "Es- \nsays on the Principles of Moralit.v and Natural Re- \nligion": in 1761 "An Introduction to the Art of \nThinking": in 1762" Elements of Criticism "; and in \n1774 "Sketches of the History of JIan ". In his \n" Loose Hints on Education" (1781). published in his \n8.5th .year, he combats the doctrim-s reciMitly jiromul- \ngated b,v Rousseau. He consider^ i-liiclly tiic culluri\' \nof the "heart, and would hiiM- lln- i-liild made ac- \nquainted early with the priucii)l(\'s of revealed religion. \n\n\n\n\nCOLIN MACLAUBEX (English. 1698-1746) on grad- \nuating from Glasgow at 16 had already shown remark- \nal)li\' mat licmatical genius, and in 1717 was elected pro- \nfessor of mathematics at .Aberdeen.\' In 1719 he became \na fi\'llow of the Royal society, made the accjuuintance \nof Newton, and published liis Organic Geometry, in- \nsi)ir<>d b.v Newton\'S discoveries as to conic sections. \nIn 1722 he became a private tutor, but in 1775 was \nmade professor of mathematics at Edinburgh. In \n1740 lie divided with Euler and Daniel Bernouilli the \nFrench academy prize on the flu.x and reflux of the sea; \nand his "Treatise on Fluxions" was published in \n1742, In whicli he follows Newton in regarding flux- \nions as velcjcities, and announces the doctrine of the \na 1 1 raction of ellipsoids. Lagrange declared that this \ndiscovery could be compared with the greatest of \nthose of Archimedes. His algebra was published \nafter his death. \n\n\n\nAmerica \n\n\n\n[170.". \n\n\n\n\nJONATHAN KDWA1{1\xc2\xbbS (Am Ticaii, ir03-iro8). Ilic \niiiDst, i-\'iiiiueiit (;(\xe2\x96\xa0 AiiicriiM!! im\'t;ipliy.sici;ms, \\v:is the \nsou of a iiian fiO yi\'iirs pMslor of \\\\w s;iiiie chiirrli. ;aul \nafter sriKiniitioii from Vale at ITsluilicd llicolo^x for \ntwo years in New Haven, and was a liiior there 1724- \n1727. He then beeamecolleaijue with his tirandfalher \nas jiastorof the church at jSortlianiiJloii, Mass., and \ntwo years later the paslor. Here he became tlie ac- \nknowledn(>d champion of the doctrine of endless \nIjiinishuieiit. In 1750 in conseciuence of a contro- \nversy over the suitability of certain l)o<)l<s for read- \niutr, and the admission to communion ol aiiconverted \npersons, he was dismissed from liis pastorate, and \nwas for a time a missionary to tlie Indiiins. In 1754 \nlie published (he boolc by which he is best known, \n" The Freedom of the Will." In .laiiuiiry, 1758 he be- \ncame president of what is now I\'rinceidu uuixersity. \nbut died 34 days after his installation. \n\n\n\nITtH)] \n\n\n\nEdwards, Fi; a x k lix \n\n\n\n/O \n\n\n\n\nBENJAMIN FRANKLIN (Ai.irrir;ni. 1 TiMr i;\'.i()), \nIx\'sidcs Ijciiii:- one n( \\\\iv uio^t I\'uiucuis AiiKTiciui \nstMtesau\'u JUiMiors, iiud inventors, rendered ureal, \nservice to tlie cause of educjition. lie founded tlie \nUniversity of Peuns.vlva.nia, and also tlie American \nliliilM^opliical society. Dr. Win. T. Harris says: \n\xe2\x80\xa2\' W liilc Tlionias Je\'fferson, witli tliat Isreadtliof \n-iiiirMiiansliip wliich characterizes all of his lal)ors \nI-\' 111 nni-i>a>inaly before Lis view the importance of \n\nI iil.ii- I\'lliuMtiou, to re-inforoe and make efr<\'ctive \n\n1 1 liei-alious of the principles of local self-fj:overn- \n\nUKMit, on the other hand. Dr. Franklin, himself a \nnot(!\\vorthy example of the self-educated man, kept, \nin view the importance of education as the founda- \ntion of thrift and social development. These two \nmen seem to liave furnished more than any other \ntwo men the guidins |>rincii)les which have prevailed \nin our civilization, i)olitical aiul social." \n\n\n\nAXOTHKR rOKTRAIT \n\n\n\n76 \n\n\n\nSweden, Switzerland \n\n\n\n[1707 \n\n\n\n\nCAUIi von LINNK (Swedish, 1707-1778), better known \nunder liis earlier iiaiuo ol\'Oarolus Linnaeus, betiiui to \nbe intereste(l in plants -when four years old, and Ije- \ncame tlie <ji-eaie^i liotanist of his time. In 17:^7 he \nwent to tlie niii\\>T-.iiy at Lund, and in 1738 to I\'psal. \nwhere in 17:\'A> he bci^a\'n to lec^ture on botany. In 17H2 \nhe explored Lapland, and in 1733 Dalecarlia. In 1735 \nhe went to Holland for a decree, in 1736 he visited \nEngland, and in 1738beKi:n practice as a physician in \nStoclvholiu. and in 1740 became professor of botany \nat Upsal. His system of botany is founded on the \nsexes of plants, taking into account only a few \nmarked characteristics, and serving only as an index \nto the book of nature. It was first published in Ley- \nden in 1735. His "Genera Plantorum " (1737) is the \nstartinj; jioint of modern systematic botany. His \nmost inijiortant work is " Species Plantorum " (1753). \n" He found biolo;;\',v a chaos, he left it a cosmos." \n\n\n\n\nLKONHART KlILEK (Swiss, 1707-1783) after gradu- \nal ion from Uasle in 1723 continued his favorite study \nof ^icomelry, to wliicli he added pliysiology. In 1737 \nhe went to St. Petersburg, where in 1730 he became \n|)r()fess(U" of physics and in 1733 of mathi\'matics, \nsucceeding Daniel Uernouilli. Here he carried the \nint(>ural calculus to higher perfection, and invented \nthe calculal ion of sines. In lr"\'35 he solved in three \ndays a problem for which other mathematicians liad \ndemanded months. In 1741 lu^ became iirofessor of \nluatliernatics at l!<\'rlin. but returned to Russia in 17t5li. \nNearly losing his siglit, Ik; dicta.ted his " Klemenls \nof A lueljra \xe2\x96\xa0\' to his servant, wlio knew nothing of \nnial hi\'ina.lics. He won both prizes of the French \nAcademy for tlie theory of t\\w moon\'s motion, al- \ntliou^li he had to i-arry the intricate calculations in \nhis memory. In 7 years he contributed to the St, \nI\'elersluirL;\' Aeademv more th.an 70 memoirs. \n\n\n\n1783] \n\n\n\nEngland, America \n\n\n\n77 \n\n\n\n\nTHOMAS DILWORTH (EiiKlish, 1710?-1780), the \nt. \\t-book author, was for some time assistant to a \nschoolmaster named Dycke. at Stratford-on-Bowe \nmd then started a school of his own at WaiJuiuo-\' \nIn 1,40 he published \xe2\x80\xa2\' Dihvorth-s Spellins Kook or \nNeu Guide to the English Tongue ", which came into \njeneral use, in many cases succeeding the " horn- \nliook . It was used to teach the alphabet, si)ellin"- \nII idins, and graiumar, and was in small type with^^i \npoitiut of the author. AVhen in 1784 Webster\'s \nspelling book began to displace Dilworth\'s in Amer- \nua Dilworth\'s Ghost" was written to deter teach- \n< r;, fiom making the change. In 1743 he published \nnis Schoolmaster\'s Assistant, being a compendi- \ndium of arithmetic, both practical and theoretical" \nuhKli was for a time used almost universally iri \n\\m(ric!in schools, and may still be occasionally \nfound in shelves of old schoolbooks. \n\n\n\n\nJOHX LOVELL (American, 1710-1778) after gradu- \nation from Harvard in 1728 became in 1730 assistant \n111 the Public Latin school, Boston, in 1733 he be- \ncame headmaster, and continued so42 years. Though \nin many respects an excelhnit teaclie\'r he was stern \nand rough, and his pupils feared him as they would \na. lion. In 1742 he delivered the first public address in \nKaneuil hall, at the town hall meeting called on the \ndecease of I\'eler Faneuil. When the Revolution came \nhe was a loyalist, and when neyvs arrived of the battle \nof Lexinglou lie dismissed the school, saying: \n" War\'s begun\xe2\x80\x94 school\'s done." He went to H:ilif;7.\\ \nWilli the British troops and died there. In his day \nsi-liool began at 7, closed at 11, and began again at ]", \nwhile at 9 the scholars went to another school to learn \nto write and cipher, which it was beneath the dignity \nof his school to teach. He had a garden in which he \nall(>wc<l (lie boys as a reward of iiieritto wurk for him. \n\n\n\n78 \n\n\n\nEngland, America \n\n\n\n[1711 \n\n\n\n\nDAVID HIIME (Knslish, 1711-17rti), "tlio most sub- \ntle ini\'tiipliN siriim luid one of the gri\'Mtest historians \nand iioliiical e<\'ononusts of Great Britain," stu<lie(i \nat tlie imiversily of Kdiuburghand resolutely devoted \nhimself to a literary life. From 1734 to 171^7 he studied \nin Franei^, and in 1739 began publishing his \'\' Treatise \nof Human Nature \'\', which, he says, " fell dead-born \nfrom the press." In 1741 his " Essays "\' proved more \nguccesaful. In 1744 he sought unsuccessfully tlu\' \nchair of moral philosophy at Edinburgh, and in 17,51 \nthat of logic at Glasgow. In 1748 his \' I\'hilosophical \nEssays " appeared and in 17.t1 his popular \xe2\x80\xa2\' Political \nDiscourses "", and " Inquiry concerning the Principles \nof Morals". In 17.53 he begati liis "History of Eng- \nland ". and in \\7ri7 publislied " Four Dissertations ". \nin which he argues that polytheism is the natural \nreligion. In 1769 he quarrelled with Rousseau. \\\\ horn \nhe had befriended. His later years were j)rosiiiTous. \n\n\n\nANOTHER PORTR.MT \n\n\n\n\nELKAZ.VR WHEELOCK (.Vmeri<-an, 1711-1779), \nliHiudrf and 1st, president of Dartmoutli college, af- \niiT L;raduation from Yale in 1733 preached at Leba- \nn<in. Conn.; and became convinced that as his salary \nlirovideil but half his support, he ought to give half \nhis time to educating the Indians. In 17.54 he took \ntwo Indian boys into his family, and in 17.55 " :Moor\'s \nIndi;in charity si\'hool " was established there. Vari- \nous ^nfts wi\'re secured, and in 17ti5 some $.50,000 was \nraisi\'d in lOngland, under charge of a bo.-ird of trus- \ntees with the earl of Dartmouth at the head. In 1770 \nthe school w;is removed to Hanover. N. H.. with 30 \npupils, and became Dartmoutli college, Mr. Whi\'elock \nlii\'iim- the first jiresident. His .accounts of th<\' school \nfrom the beginning w(>re publishecl in 9 pamphlets \n(17(53-7.5). .\\niong the Indians he instriu-tcd was \nThyandegea (.biseph Brant), who afterward sent his \nsou to Dartmouth. \n\n\n\n177\'.)] \n\n\n\nFrance \n\n\n\n79 \n\n\n\n\nJEAN JACqUES ROUSSEAU (Swiss, 1712-1778), was \nthe most extravagant, the most eloquent, the most \nreckless of all innovators.* " Take the road directly \nopposite to that in use and you will almost always go \nright," was his fundamental maxim. His \'\xe2\x96\xa0\'\xe2\x96\xa0 Enulf." \nIs perhaps the most inlluential book ever written on \nthe subject of education. The school to which he be- \nlonged may be said to have been founded by Mon- \ntaigne, and to have met with a champion in Locke. \nBut It was reserved for Rousseau to give this theory \ncomplete development, and to expound it in the clear- \nest and most eloquent language. In the EiiiUe he \nmade the ttrst noteworthy study of child-natm-e from \na pedagogic standpomt ; emphasized the Importance \nof training the senses and bodily capabilities ; and \nwas the nrst to treat adequately tlie education of \ngu-ls. He gives directions for teaching geography, \netc., from the standpoint of the child\'s experience. ^ \n\n\n\nAXOTIIRR PORTRAIT \n\n\n\n8U \n\n\n\nFrance \n\n\n\n[1711 \n\n\n\n\nCHARLES MICHEL ABBEdel\'El\'EE(li(ii(li, 1712- \n\n1789), upon wliosc labors the present system ol\' deiif- \nmute Inslruetion is based, studied for tlie jjrieslliood, \nbut on aeeounl of his Jansenist tendencies \\\\ as de- \nprived of his church functions, lie uudeiMook the \ninstruction of two deaJ-mutes, and invented the \nmanual alphabet by which he tau^ilit tliem to con- \nverse, lie was entirely uninformed of Pereiras ef- \nforts in tli(! same direction, so that his invention was \nindependent of sujij^estious from others. In 17.^^) In; \nfounded a scliool for the instruction of de.-if-mutes, \nwhich he maintained at his own expense till liis deatli. \nand which was succeeded by a national institution \nfounded in 1791 l)y the Niitio\'nal assembly. He pub- \nlished various books upon his methods, the principal \none in 1784. .\\n estimate of them in:iy be found in \nHartmann\'s " Deafmutism ", of which a transl.iiion \nappeared in 1881. \n\n\n\n\nALEXIS CLAUDE CLAIRAUT (French. 1713-1765) \n\nwas the son of a, teacher of mathematics in Paris, \nand at 13 read before the French Academy an ac- \ncount of four curves he had discovered. At 16 he \nfinished his treatise on curves of double curvature, \nand at 18 was admitted to the academy. In 1736 he \njoined Maupertuis in the expedition to Lapl;nid to \nestimate a decree of tlie meridian, and on his return \npublislied his treatise on the form of the earth, pro- \ninultratiiii;- a tlieory on the variation of (gravity after- \nward corrected by\'.Viry. He obtained an in<jenious \napproximate solution" of the problem of the thr<-e \nbodies, and in 17r>0 Kaiued the St. Petersburtr ])ri/.e \nfor liis treatise on tlie lunar theory. In 17r)9 he cal- \nculated the perihelion of Ilalley\'s coriu\'t. He ex - \nplainecl in 1747lhe motion of the li\'iuar aposee, a- point \nleft, unexplained by Newton, applying his solution of \nthe iiroblem of the three bodies. \n\n\n\n1789] \n\n\n\nDe l\'Epee, Claikaut, D\'Alemhert \n\n\n\n81 \n\n\n\n\nJEAXLK ROND D"ALKMBKRT (I reucli. 1717-1783) \nwas I\'diii-ati\'d at iljc .Mazarin c-nllc^c, where the Jan- \nseiiists in si\'rkiiit;\' to direct liis attention to theology \nsave him so litlh_> instruction in matheraalios that he \nafterwards wasted much time in discovering for \nhimself what had already been established. After \nsubiiiittinti several mathematical papers to the Acad- \nemy of Sciences he was in 1741 made a member, and \nin 1743 established his principle of dynamics that if \nfi\'om the forces acting on a connected system of \nbodies there be subtracted the forces which, acting \nalone, would be callable of producing the actual ac- \ncelerations and retardations of the bodies, the re- \nluainder must exiictly baltmce each other. In 1746 \nhe received tlieHerlin gold medal for a newcalculus, \nand ]n\'. refused llattering otfers to settle in Germany \naudRtissia. He assisted Diderot in preparing the \nDictionmtire J\';ucycliipedi(iue. \n\n\n\n82 \n\n\n\nGermany, America \n\n\n\n[1715 \n\n\n\n\nCHRISTIAN FURCHTEGOTT GELLERT (German, \n1715-1769) was educated at Leipziji. and li\'diii Ibol to \nhis deatli was processor of philosophy there. He \nlectured on poetry, eloquence, and morals to lartre \nand enthusiastic audiences. The German literature \nof the period was dominated by Gotlsehed. Gillert \nwas one of a body of young men who resolved to free \nthemselves from sueli trammels, and who started the \nrevolution which was consummated by Schiller and \nGoethe. Of his writinirs, the best are his \xe2\x96\xa0" Fables " \nand his " Soiiss ". the latterexpressinu; the maxims of \na liberal i)iety .\xe2\x80\xa2ind still popular in Germany. His in- \nfluence w:is due slill more to the excellence of his \npersonal character, his fjentle piety, and hissiminlar \nknack of jiainin^ the reverence and love of ynmiL; \npeople. He was Ix\'loved by his students, and llie.\\\' \ncarried his leachiniis all over Germany. I\'.dil ion-, of \nhis works were published iTi 1769-74. and in IKtiT. \n\n\n\n\nJOHN WfTHKRSPOOX (Scotch-Americ.-iu. KiC- \n1794). a lineal descendant of .John Knox, afler edu- \ncaliou at the university of Rdinburjih. and i>reach- \niufi at Heith and I\'aisley. became in ]7t)8 sixth presi- \ndent of what IS now I\'rinceton university. lie at \nonct\' inspired it with new life. Iiroadened its course \nof sludy, and secured incre.-ised tin.-incial suppuri. \nlie was also prominent in the councils of the Ri\' volu- \ntion, lie wasa siinierof the Declaration of Indepenii- \neuee. a member of the New Jersey constii ul ional \ne(iu\\eMiii)n and jjrovincial coni;ress in 177(5, and .a \nnieniher of till- Continental congress from 177fi to \\\'ih\'2. \nIll\' was always firm in the most gloomy nsiiects of \nl)ul)lic affairs, and discovered gre.\'it presence of mind \nunder the most embarrassing conditions. Jn 1779 he \nresigned his liouse on tl;e college grounds In I lie \nvice-presidi\'nt. but in 1783 he visitiMl I\'",urope, and to \nthe last iierformed his functions as jiresident. \n\n\n\n1794] \n\n\n\nFrance, Ajieeica \n\n\n\n83 \n\n\n\n\nJOHANN BEBNHARD BASEDOW (German, 173S- \n1790), became t\'amoustlirougliliisPliilanthropmumat \nDessau, founded on the Ideas of Rousseau, with the \nkey-note "Everything- according to nature." There \nwas mucli teaching- by guessing and other games, \ntlie pupils sometimes tlirowing dice to see who should \nrecite next. They had 8 hours tor sleep, 8 for food \nand amusement, 8 for school-work and manual labor. \nThe development of the body was especially cared \nlor, gymnastics being introduced into modern \'schools \nlor the first time. But it did not succeed, and was \nclosed in 1793. Basedow proved an unfit man to be \nat its head, and did not continue long in charge, there- \nalter teaching privately. His \'\xe2\x96\xa0\'\xe2\x96\xa0^lexientarbucJi" \ngave inlormation in the lorm of dialogues, inter- \nspersed with tales and easy)poetry, and his \'\xe2\x80\xa2\'\xe2\x80\xa2 MetJioO- \nentjucji. \' was a companion volume lor j)arents and \nteachers. \n\n\n\n.\\NOTllER PORTRAIT \n\n\n\n84 \n\n\n\nScotland, Germany \n\n\n\n[1723 \n\n\n\n\n\nADAM SMITH (Scot.-li. 1723-1790), lh<i tn-cat poliii- \nf.-il (\xe2\x96\xa0(\xe2\x80\xa2ouoiiiist, after education at. Glasy:<)w. in 1751 \nbi\'i-aiiie professor of loyic, and iu 1752 of moral ])hil- \nosopliy at (ilasfjoW. His " Theory of Moral Senti- \ninciils" (17.\')it) save him wide reputation, and he issued \nin 1(7(5 "An huiuiry into the Nature and Sources \nof llie Wealth of Nations", wliieh made him the \nfather of niod(U\'n political economy. It demonstrates \nthat t() advance a people to greiitness every man \nshould he permitted so long as he observes the rules \nof ,iustic(! to ])ursue his own interest in his own way, \nand to bring both his industry and his cai)ital into \nthe freest competition with tlTose of his fellow citi- \nziMis. He lived in London, 1776-78. and then removed \nto IvLnburgh as commissioner of customs forScol- \nland, wiiere he remainixl till death. In 1787 he was \nelected lord rector of the I\'niversity of Glasgow. A \nposthumous volume of I\'ssays ajipeared in 179.n. \n\n\n\n\nIMMANUEL KANT (German, 1724-1804) was tlirougli \nlife a professor in tlie university of KOiiigsburg fi\'om \nAvhicli he was graduatfrt, nevei- ouee leaving tlie \ncity (luring tlie tliirty years he taituiil there. The \ncentral point of his philosojjliy is that before any- \ntliing can be dctcriiiiiK\'d coik lining the ol)jeots of \ncognition, tlie faculty of cognition and the sources \nof knowledg\'e l.Miig thcn-in must lirst be examined. \nIlealsogave IccHircs uu iK-dayouy. He believed tliat \nbclniKl educalioii lies hirtdcu the urcat secret of tlie \nperfcciinu oi huMian nature, uikI llial education is \nmade up of discipline, cult i\\ at ion, and the attain- \nment of prudence and luorality. The cliief interest \ncentres in characirr-UcvcloiuiH\'nt, which lie terms \nprurlieal education; aud the great pi\'oblom is how \nto cuinl-iine sulijcction to legal aiiUinrity witli the \nprojicr use o\\ indlvitlual ficcduiu. His views on \nmoral educutiou anticipate Herbert Spencer\'s. \n\n\n\n181!\xc2\xbb] \n\n\n\nTwo American College Presidents \n\n\n\n85 \n\n\n\n\nWILLIA3I SAM L EL JOHNSON (Auk li. :iii I7:i7- \n1819), president of Columbiti rniversitv and son of \nthe first president, after graduation from Yale in \n1(\'44 studied law and rose to eminence in that profes- \nsion. In 1761 and 1765 he was elected to the Connec- \nticut general assembly, and in 1765 to tlie ui)per \nhouse, where he was a guiding s|)irit in opposition to \nthe stamp tax, and from 1766 to 1771 he was in Kng- \nland as special agent from tlie asseinblv. Durin" \nthe war he was sent to plead with the [Jrit\'ish oflicers \nnot to destroy the town of Stafford, wlieu he \\\\as ar- \nrested and paroled: but after peace was declared he \nresumed his place in the upper house. In 17S7 he was \nmade the first president of Columbia collcc under t he \nnew charter. He was elected first U. S. senator from \nConnecticut, but resigned and from 1793 to his resi"- \nnation in 1800 devoted himself to the college, spend- \ning the rest of his life in literiiry leisure at Stratford, \n\n\n\n\nKZBA STILES (American. \\rri-\\:\'.Ki) studied Latin \nat 9. was ready for college at I:.\', and entered Yale at \nl.\'i. was graduated in 17-46, became tutor in 1749. was \nadmitted to the bar in 1753, but in 1755 became pastor \nof ;i .\xe2\x96\xa0hurch in Newport. R. I. He conducted the first \ni-le,-trical experiments in New ICngland. and was a \npersonal friend of Dr. Franklin, who sent him a \nIhi\'rmonieter, liis observations of which he recorded \ndaily till his death. He was also interested in silk- \n(ndture. In 1778 he became president of Yale, having \ninsisted upon some modifications of the ndigious re- \nquirements and upon more cordial relations with the \nState authorities. He gave much of the instruction \nin mathematics and the sciences, as well as i i mental \nand moral philosophy and ecclesiastical histor\\. \nDuring the revolutionary war the college lost grounil. \ndepending chiefiy upon"clergymen for support. In\' \n179-^ the legislature made its first grant to the college. \n\n\n\n86 \n\n\n\nExfiLAxi). Fkaxoe \n\n\n\n[!\xe2\x96\xa0 \n\n\n\n\nJOSKl\'H I\'RIESTLEV (Kn-iisb. ]733-18(M) wus :i \ncKt^n man. I!iU in IToS he also eslablislied a jji-ivalu \nschool and Ironi ITHl to 1767 was tutor ill an aoadeiiiv \nat W arrin-itoii. lie was especially interested iii \niialia-al science, he met Franklin in London, and in \n17ti7 he |)ul)lished his "History of Klectricitv"\'\'. His \n\' \\|iiTinients witli the carbonic acid produced in a \nlii\'^wcry led to the discovery of oxygen, announced in \n1 ; ;4. followed by the preparation of nitric and nitrons \n"\\ides, hydrochloric acid, etc.. which did much to \nI I\'ct <-hemistry into a science, though his doctrine of \nl)hlo<^iston was long ago discarded, lu 1780 lie l)eji;in \nto preach in Hirmingham, but because he sided with \nthe French revolutionists in 1791 his home and chapel \nwere burned by a mob. In 1794 he came to America, \nand sp<\'nt the rest of his life in Northumberland, I\'a.\' \nHe pulilished altogether 130 volumes. Though called a \nmaterialist, he believed in the iminortalitv of the soul. \n\n\n\n\nJOSEPH LOUIS LA(;UAXGK (Italian, 173(i-1813) a, \nmalhenintician of the lirst rani-;, while at college in \nTurin read anessay Ijy llalley tliat roused his enthus- \niasm for the anal> iic.-\'il metluid in mathematics, and \nat 19 made known to lOulcr his calculus of variations. \nIll ir.")4 he w.-is made professor in the royal school of \nartillery, and in IK.V.i published his theory of sound. \nIn 176:^ he published his " method of variations ", anil \nfrom 17fi4 to i;88 took tlie live prizes offered b\\- the \nParis Academy of Sciences. In 1766 Ik; succe\'eded \nEuler as director of the mathematical tlepartnient of \nthe Herlin academy. In 1788 he published his "An \nalytical Mechanics \'\'at Paris, whether he had removed \nin 1787, and aided in the establishment of the metric \nsystem. He became professor of mathematics in tin; \nPolytechnic school, and was i)laced at the head of the \ngeometry section of the Institute. He w.-is buried at, \nthe I\'aiilheon. Laj>lace delixeriug the funcr.al oration. \n\n\n\n1813] \n\n\n\nTwo Mori-: American College Prp:si dents \n\n\n\n87 \n\n\n\n\nMYLES COOPER (Euglish, 1737-1785), Sd pn\'sidciil, \nof Columbiii university, after sradiuiliou in 1760 Irum \nQueens collef^e, Oxford, became iu I7(i2 pi\'olV.s.soi- nt\' \nmoral philosophy aud assistant to the president of \nKings college, now Columbia university, and within \nthe year beeanie president at the early age of 2(3. At \nfirst his popularity Wiis great. He \\viis a wit and a \nsoholii.r, and won the students by occasional! v laving \naside his dignity. He secured gifts from Oxf\'ord uni- \nversity, and in 1771 visited Rnghmd in behalf of the \ncollege. As the revolution aiiproached. however, he \nbecame active as a high chun-li lory, and his pamph- \nlets soon made him the most thoroughly hated man \nin America. In 1775, warned that a mob was to at- \ntack the college, he jumped over the college fence :ind \nspent all night wandering along the Hudson river, \nand the next day escaped to Enghuid. He w;is aft<T- \nward a clergyman in England and Scotland. \n\n\n\n\nJAMP:S JIANXIXG (American. 1738-1791). thr (irst \npresident of Krown Tniversitv. after graduation \nfrom Princeton in 1763. while |)\'reaching at Warren \nR. 1.. opened in 1763 a Latin school. In 1765 he was \nelected president of the Rhode Island College pro- \nposed and established largelvthriMiuh his efforts and \nbeuan to give collegiate insfrurtion at Warren.\' In \n1770 the college was moved to Providence where he \nserved also as pastor of the First Hapti\'st church. \n\n1\' 1 1 1776 to 1783 the college was suspended, as the \n\nbuilding was used for a barrack and a hospital. In \n1/88 he was elected to Congress. He was of com- \nmanding and pleasing appearance and winnin"\' \nmanners, and depended for college discipline rather \nupon ijarental persuasion than upon official authori- \nty. Nicholas Brown, whose naiiie the university now \nbears, was one of his students, and gave to one of \nthe buildings he erected the name \'\xe2\x80\xa2 Manning Hall \xe2\x80\xa2\' \n\n\n\n88 \n\n\n\nEngi.ani) \n\n\n\n[1738 \n\n\n\n\nSIR MILLIAM HKUSCHEL (German, 1738-1822) \nw;\\.s ill early life a lllu^i(\xe2\x80\xa2iall. anil in 1757 settled in \nEu\'ilaiul as an oriianisl and music teacher, becom- \ning in 1766 organist at Hatli. Hut he was a scientific \nstudent, and, aided by liis brother and his sister, began \nto nial<e telescopes for liis own use, in 1774 complet- \ning one of 6 feet, and in 1789 one of 40 feet fociil \nlength. In 1780 his observations began to be coin- \niiuinicated to the Royal Society, in 1781 he discovered \nUranus, in 1783 he showed the motion of the solar \nsystem in space, and from 1784 to 1818 he showed the \njiosition of the sun. In 1793 he i^roved that the ter- \nrestriallaws of uravitalion applied to the most dis- \ntant stars. Ill 1782 he became jirivate astronomer to \nthe king, which enabled liim to devote himself to sci- \nence. He ])nblished catalouues of double stJirs. neb- \nula\', etc.. and fables of comparative brightness. He \nalso made researches in light and heat. \n\n\n\n\nMUS. SARAH KIUIJY TRI.linKR (lOnglisli, 1741- \n1810) waslhedauuliliM\'or I he draw iim\' teacher of Kin;; \nGeorge 111, ami as a- child knew Ur. .Johnson, Ho- \ngarth, Gainsborough, Sir. Joshua Reynolds, and tlu\'ir \nsocial set in London. She married at 21. and luid 12 \nchildren, whoso education she herself directed. She \nhad also much to do in placing governesses in private \nfamilies, and in 1780 began her \'\xe2\x80\xa2 Easy Introduction \nto the Knowledge of Nature", in which she gave her \nown plan of home instruction. This was followed b.v \nselections from "Sacred History" with annotations \nand rc^flections: " The (Economy of t\'harily " (1787), \n" The Servant\'s Friend", "A Coniiiarative A\'iew of \nthe Xew j\'hin of Kdncation " (I80,;). various illus- \ntrated histories, ".V Mttle Spelling-Hook ".and other \nsmall liooks of natural history, etc. Sh<> also pu 1)1 i shed \n"The l\'\'ainily Magazine", "The Guardian of I\'.duca- \ntion ", .\xe2\x80\xa2ind an " Essay upon Christian Education ". \n\n\n\ns;:o] \n\n\n\nFrance, America \n\n\n\n8!) \n\n\n\n\nJEAN FREDERIC OBEKLIX (French. ir40-182ti) in \nUm l)pc-iiui\xc2\xab\' piistcir ul WaUlb.-ich, Alsacr, and si\'t \nhiinst\'lf to betteriug Uw physical coiulitioii of his \nlliiclc. He begiui by constructing roads, erecting \nliiidges, and introducing improved metiiods of agri- \ni-iiltnre, till comfort took the place of poverty and \nindolence. At the close of his 60 years labor, the \npopulation had increased from 500to5000. He foimd- \nI\'d an itinerant library, established village schools, \nand started the first infnntschools known. \'Phis last \nwas his distinctive educational work. In tliesc in- \nf.int schools, then termed asylums and more like the \nFrench creches than our kindergartens, he gathered \nthe children for instruction and recreation while \ntlieir parents were at labor. Primarily his intention \nwas to leave the parents free to work, but tin\' plan \nsoon developed into training of the children, till that \nbecame an end, and great good was accomplished. \n\n\n\n\nS VmrEL KIRKLA.ND (American. 1741-1808), found- \nII III H million college, was a student at, lOlcay.ar \n\\\\ 111 elock s school for Indians at Lebanon, and <li\'- \n\\i)U(l himsflf to their evangelization. Before his \n^i uluation troin Princeton in 1765 lie had begun his \n\\\\oik in central \\ew York among the Oneidas. He \nli\\id with them and made his life a, long sacritice for \nlor them H(; married a niece of Dr. Wheelock, who \n<icoom[)<inie(l him in his work. In 1788 the Oneidas \nand the Slate conjointly gave him 47.50 acres of land, \nand on this he set out to found an institution open lo \nIndi.ms Jind whites that miuht perpetuate his work. \nlie gave it one-eighth of his trrant, and interested \notliers in the jn-oject. He got from Alexander Haiii- \nilton a g-ift of land, and for Hamilton the school was \nnamed. A charter was granted in 179S. and in- \nstruction began in 1798. In 181-2 it received a college \ncharter. \n\n\n\n!)() \n\n\n\nS\\\\ ITZEULANl), AmIOUK A \n\n\n\n[1741 \n\n\n\n\nJOHANN KASPAR LAVATER (Swiss, 1741-1801) \nthough best, kiKiwn for his work on physiognomy was \na preacher, a tlieohjgical writer, a poe"t, and a friend \nof Goethe, from whom however he flfterward became \nestranged. When Ziirich was taken by the French \nin 1799, while trying to appease the soldiery he was \nshot through the body, and died after long suffering. \nIn his " Wahrung und Dichtung" Goethe draws an \namusing contrast between Lavater and Basedow (see \nQuick\'s "Educational Reformers", pp. 186, 187), \nmuch to the disadvantage of Basedow. He says : \n" As the lines of Lavater\'s countenance were free and \nopen to the beholder, so were Basedow\'s contracted, \nand as it were drawn inward. Lavater\'s eye clear \nand benign, under a very wide lid ; Basedow\'s on the \nother hand, deep in his head, small, black, sharp, \ngleaming out from under shaggy eyebrows, whilst \nLavater\'s were under two arches of soft brown hair," \n\n\n\n\nTHOMAS .lEFFKUSOJf (American. 1743-1826) was \n\nan educalor as wi\'ll as astatesman. He was educated \nat William and Mary\'.s college. In 1778 he presi\'Uted \nan educational bill ft)r Virginia, said to havi; bei>n the \nsuggestion for the school system adopted in Germany \nunder von Humboldt, with whom he had intimate cor- \nrespondence. He ]>roposed an amendment to the na- \ntional constitution by which the national government \nshould cooperate with the States in educational work. \nThroughout his administration as president he fa- \nvored every bill that made grants for education, es- \npecially that giving section 16 of ever.y township for \nth(! su|)port of common schools. In 1817 he proposed \ncompulsory education for Virginia. The nnqhuis of \nthe ])resen\'t congressional library is the gift of 6.700 \nbooks from his own library. After his retirement \nfrom pulilic life in 1809 he devoted himself largely to \nthe est.\'ililislunent of the University of A\'irginia. " \n\n\n\nI8-!G] \n\n\n\nFhaxcic \n\n\n\n01 \n\n\n\n\nAMOIXE LAIREXT LAVOISIER (li,ii,li irj:i- \nl.iM), I 111- di><\'ovcTrrof o\\\\,\';cii.:irii-r-ra(lu:ui(>iili-(,iii \nI he ( \'olletif Ma/.;u-in, Paris, devoted liiiiist\'lf to sciciu-e \nwith .such zeal that when preparing; the essay which \nwon liiin in 1766 his fli-st prize, on the best mode of \nI luhtins the streets of Paris, in order to render his \n\'s more sensitive he sliut himself up for six weeks \nI .1 room hung with black ami lit onlv bv the lamps \nwas experimentinK upon. He assisted in prepar- \nml; a geological map of France, and in 1770 beu-an \nnvestigation of the air. In 1778 he gave to what \nI\'nestley had called " dephlogisticat.ed air "the \nname of oxygen, and in 1778 published his " .Alethode \nde nomenclature chimique ", which supplanted the \nalchemistic jargon iirevailing. His " Traite elemen- \nl.nre de chimie \xe2\x96\xa0\xe2\x96\xa0 (1789) dealt the finalblow to phlo- \ngiston, and established the science of modern chem- \nistry. In 1794 as ex-farmer-general he was beheaded. \n\n\n\n\nJEAX AXTOIXE NICOLAS rl\xc2\xa9 CABITAT COM)OI{- \n\nCET (Fri\'ucli. 1743-179-1). mathematician and philoso- \npher, after study at the college of Navarre by an \nessay on the integral calculus aained a seat in tlie \nac.-idcniy of sciences, and in 1777 became secretary \nIn llic same .\\car his theory of comets gained a prize \niu I he Berlin academy. At the revolution he was \nelecicd |r) ih(! legislative assembly, of whicli iu )77-3 \nlie was president. In tin; national convent inn he \nsided with the Girondists and in 1793 was outlawed. \nWhile in hiding he wrote his most reuuirkable w<n-k, \n;\' lOsiiuisse dcs Frogres de Pl\'^sprit Hunuiine". Ha\\- \niiig left his hiding place he was imprisinied and the \nnext morning was found dead on the floor, probablv \nlia,vin<r poisoned himself. His collected works were \npublished in \xe2\x80\xa2..\'I volumes in 1804. He treated all proli- \nlems in malheiuafics with e.-ise arul with iliKenuitx. \nbut was stronger in su\xc2\xa3\';estiiui than iu deumnstratioii. \n\n\n\n\\)2 \n\n\n\nS (:( )\'rL A N D, E N ( ; 1 , A n n \n\n\n\n[1748 \n\n\n\n\nANDREW D.iLZELL (Scoidi, 174:M80fi) .-ifti-r Ln-ul- \nuatioii Iroiu Kdiiiburtih in 17T3 became Greek ])ri)fe>- \nsor there by what was then the coiiimou practiee of \npaying the present incumbent $1300 for his phice. \nHe at once infused new life into what had been a \nneglected study, so that in 1784 it brought him an in- \ncome of $2000. In 1785 he published his first text- \nboolv, "Collectanea Graeca". followed in 1797 by a \nsimilar volume of poetical selections. His " Ana- \nlecta inajora" and "Analecta minora" also came \ninto wide use. In the contest where Jacob Bry- \nant denied the existence of Troy and Bentley and \nWolf the existence of Homer, he stood by Homer and \nhis story. He was librarian of the university, and \nwrote a history of it i n two volumes. Lord Cockburn \nsays he was "mild, affectionate, simple, an absoluti; \nenthusiast about learning," \xe2\x80\x94 not a good instructor, \nbut a great exciter of boys\' minds. \n\n\n\n\nRICHARD LOVELL EDOKWOKTH (English, 1744- \n1817) while still at Oxfoi\'d luade a niu-away match, \nand went to live in r.eikwliire. He tried to bring\' up \nhis sou after the i\xc2\xbbiiirii>l(s laid down lu Rousseau\'s \nEmile^hut afterward d<ni)ited many of Rousseau\'s \nviews. He formed a, iriciidslili) witli Thomas Day, \nwljoat hlssttu-.u\'csiion wimIc "Sautni-daud Merlon". \nIn 1782 he setilcd down U|ion liis estate m Ireland, \nwliere in 1794 Jie offereil to establish a telci^-rapli sys- \ntem of bis own Invention, wliicli was put Intoopera- \ntlon in 1802. In 1798 "Praetical Kduration\' was \npui)lisiied under joint aiitliorsliip witli bis daughter \nMaria, a literary partnerslilp iliat continued for \nniaiiy years. In i806 be was niaile one ul llie com- \nmissioners to Inquire into Irish education, and his \n"Professional Education" appeared in 1808. His \nblograpliy was written by himself up to 1783, and \nconcluded by his daughter. \n\n\n\n1838] \n\n\n\nE.\\(;i,A.\\i) \n\n\n\n93 \n\n\n\n\nIIAXNAH MORE (1745-1833), made tlrree reputations ; \n(] ) as a clever verse-writer and converger In tlie cii\'Cle \nof Jolmson, Reynolds, and Garrick ; (2) as an ani- \nmated wiiter on moral and religious subjects on \nthe I\'urltanic side : (3) as a practical phUantlu\'oplst. \nShe was the daughter of a schoolmaster, and in 1767, \nwitli her lorn- sisters established a boarding-school \nat Bristol. An annuity trom a wealthy admirer set \ninT free lor literary pui\'suits. Her "\xe2\x80\xa2 Strictm-es on \n! 1 \'male Education " was published in 1799. The tone \n! > animated, the Avriting frfesU and vivacious, with an \n< niglnality and force in her way of putting common- \nplace sober sense that accounts for her extraordinary \npopularity. In her serene old age philanthropists \nfrom all parts of the world made pilgrimages to see \nthe i)nght and amiable old lady. She retained all \nher faculties till past the age of 85, and died univers- \nally lamented. \xc2\xa7 \n\n\n\n\nLIXDLKY MURRAY (Aiiicncaii, 1745-1826), (lu\' \njiiMiiniiariiin. w.\'is the sou of a Quaker uierchaut, uud \nli(M-:iiiir a s\\u-c(\'ssful lawyer in New York city. He \nrcliriM! iu 1784 and settled in England, where he dc- \nvoteil himself to literary pursuits. He is best known \nby his " Hufzlish Grammar" (1795), for many years \nthe standard authority, especially in England, and in \n1816 he issued a new edition, of an abridgment of \nwhich (1818) more than a million copies were sold. It \nwas enibossed for the blind, and translated at Bom- \nIjay into an Indian dialect. He published an " En<j- \nli^li K\'.\'.-ider" (1799), a "Spelling Hook" (1804) that \ni\'.m\'Ii\'mI Ai editions, and other text-books, besides an \n:iiilnl.iiiirra,phy, and some religious and philanthropi- \ncal \\\\()rks. His library beciinie noted for its theologi- \ncal and philologieal treasures. He studied botanv, \naiul his garden was said toexcei\'d iu variel v the roviil \ngardens ;it Kew. \n\n\n\n\xe2\x80\xa214 \n\n\n\nS\\\\ riV.Klil.AM) \n\n\n\n[1740 \n\n\n\n\nJOHANN HEINRICH PESTALOZZI (SWiSS, 1740-1827), \nknuwu lis tlie founder of " object-teacliiug," Is the \nmost celebrated of educational retormei-s. He was a \nlonely child, and grew up witli excitable feelings and \na lively imagination wUicli prevented ciitiumspection \nand foretliouglit. He failed as a clergyman, failed as \na farmei\', and failed as a scboolmaster, butwasunex- \nl)ecti/;lly suci\'pssiul as an an author, Ills "\xe2\x80\xa2Leonard \nand (k\'rtrudu " (1T81) making liiin famous, afterward \nfollowed by "How Gertrude teaches lier Clilldren."t \nAfter the French revolution, iiis Iriends came into \npower, and asked him what pi)sb he would accept. \nHe replied, "I want to be a schoolmaster." So in \n1798 he was sent to Stanz to care for orphan children, \nremoving in 1799 to Burgdorf, and in 1805 to Yverdvm, \nwhere his school gained a Em\'opean reputation. \nPupils flocked to it, and its fame attracted many dis- \ntinguished visitors. liead his life by DeGuimps (|i.50). \n\n\n\n1827] \n\n\n\nPestalozzi \n\n\n\n95 \n\n\n\n\n\nPOK\'l\'KAri\' I\'KOM I;11!I:K\'S-M kio \n\n\n\nANO\'i\'ii i;i; I\'diM\'i; Ail\' \n\n\n\n96 \n\n\n\nliAXCE \n\n\n\n[i74r, \n\n\n\n\nOASPAKD MOXGE (French, i;W-1818), tlio iii- \nviMitoi" of descriptive <ieoineir\\\'. after education at \nIJeaniic, Lyons, and at the military school in Me/i- \ncres l)(;c,anie professor at tlie latt(!r iu 17(58 of matlie- \nnialics and in 1771 of ])liysics. In 1778 lie got tlie \nchair of liydraulics at the Lycenni in Paris, vhilher \nli(! moved in 1783, and was api)oiiiled examiner of \nnaval candidates. In 1781 he. published his disc-ov- \ncrv of the curves of curvature of a surface, which in \n1795 lie applied to the ellipsoid. In 1792-3 he was for \na time minister of the niariiK\', a.i;d Wiis active in the \nnational d(>feiice, and in the estaljlishment of the \nNormal and Polytechnic schools, at each of which \nhe was professor of descriptive geometry. In 1796 \nhe was sent to Italy, and later to Egypt and Syria. \nHe became president of the Egyptian Commission. \nHe was in the senate with the title of Count, when the \nfall of Xapoleon took away nil his political honors. \n\n\n\n\nSTEPHANIE FELICITE DUCREST de SAINT All- \nBIN, COMTESSE de (JENLIS (French, 1746-1830) \nwas married at 16. and at 24 became governess at the \nPalais Royal to the daughters of the duchess of \nChartres, and in 1781 to the sons of the duke of Or- \nleans, one of them afterward King Louis Philippe, \n\\\\ liich led to the resignation of all their tutors. The \nbetter to ctirry out her theory of education she wrote \nscvi-ral works, the best known of which is the "Thea- \ntre of Education" (1779-80). The fall of the Giron- \ndins in 1793 compelled her to tak(^ refuge in Switzer- \nland. In 1794 she went to Herlin, but was expelled, \nind settled in Hamburg, where she supported her- \nself by writing and painting. In 1799 she returned \nto l\'\'rance and was received with favor b.v Napoleon, \nwho gave her a pension of $1,200 a year. She con- \ntinued her writings, which though hasty form good \nniat(>rial for historians. \n\n\n\n1X33] \n\n\n\n^roxGE. i\xc2\xbbE Genlts, Laplace, Legendj^c \n\n\n\n\nPIEKBE SIMOJf MAR<^riS dp LAPLACE (Knnch. \n1749-1827), the Ni\'wtoii of Fritiicf, after educiitinn at \nthe military school of Keauiiiout became a teacher \nthere, and at 18 came to Paris, where a letter to \nD\'Alembert made him professor in the Ecole Mili- \ntaire. lu 1773 he announced the invariability of \n|)lan(>tary mean motions, the most important step in \nthe establishment of the stability of the solar sys- \ntem. This was followed by profound investigations \nby him and by Lagrange, communiciited to the .Acad- \nemy of Sciences in 1787. His " M^canique Celeste \'\xe2\x96\xa0 \n(17519) collected in a single work thedevelopment and \napplication of the law of gravitation by three gener- \nations of illustrious mathematicians. His " Exposi- \ntion du Systemedu .Monde \'" (1796) gave the same con- \nclusions in style so lucid that in 1816 he was elected \nto the French Academy. It is in this volume that he \nannounces his nebular hypothesis. \n\n\n\n\nADRIEN MARIE LEGENDRE (French. 1752-1833), \n\nin tlie front rank of the several great French mathe- \nmaticiiuis of his time, after graduation, from the \nCollege Ma/.arin became professor in the Ecole Mili~ \ntaire and afterward in the Ecole Norma le. In 1792 \nhe received the Berlin academy prize for a memoir \nrelating to the paths of projectiles. He was a niein- \niDer of the commission for connecting Paris and \nGreenwich geodetically. and of the council to intro- \nduci- the decimal system of weights and measures \nand determine the length of the metre. His researches \non elliptic functions covered 40 years, yet when in \n1827 the discoveries of two young and yet unknown \nmathematicians revolutionized the subject, he readil> \nand cheerfully accepted them. His name is most \nwidelv known\' through his \'\xe2\x96\xa0 Elements of (ieometry ". \nthe first successful attemjit to sujiersede Euclid, .-in!! \nlong a favorite text-book iu England and .Vmerica. \n\n\n\n98 \n\n\n\nGer:\\iaxy \n\n\n\n[1746 \n\n\n\n\nJOACHIM HEINRICH CAMPE (German, 1746-181b; \nstudied tln\'oloyy at Halle, and alter acting for a time \nas c!iai>l:iiii at i\'otsdam, in 1777 replaced Basedow as \ndirector ol\' studies at the Philantbropin at Dessau. \nSoon after he set up a similar establishment of his \nown at Tittow, near Hamburg, but was obliged to \ngive it up on account of ill-health. In 1787 he be- \ncame counsellor of education at Brunswick, and pur- \nchased\'a school-publishing business, which became \nvery prosperous. He published the Kleine Biblio- \nthek ", 12 vols., "Sammtliche Kinder- und Jugend- \nsohriften". 37 vols., etc. His "Robinson derJiingere \' , \nknown in P^nglish as " The Swiss Family Robinson ", \nwas translated into nearly every European lanuua^e. \nHis theoretical works on education were .ilsu inllucn- \ntial, including his \'General Revision of the Schoo"i \nSystem" (178.5-91) in 16 volumes. His biography by \nLeyser was published in 1877. \n\n\n\n1831] \n\n\n\nAmerica \n\n\n\n99 \n\n\n\n\nSTEPHEN GIKARD (FnMioli. 1750-1881). founder of \nGir;ii\'d college, \\v;is ii sailor at. 13 and a captain at, \n23. Ill 1877 he {jave up the sea and settled in Phila- \ndel pliia as a merchant. When yellow fever broke out , \ns\\vpe])iug away ti sixth of the population, he became \nmanaucr of the hospital, and devoted himself to the \ncare of the sick and the dead, and assisted the suffer- \ners with money and provisions. From this time liis \nfinancial success was reinarkalile. On tlie dissolu- \ntion of the United States bank he founded the Girard \nbank, and durinj; the war of 1812 assisted the gov \nernmenl at a critical period by subscribinj; to a lars\'i\' \nloan, lie left his 7^4 millions to charity, most of it \nfor foundini; the Girard collcfie fir orphans. He \nrequire(l that the.v should be instructed in tln^ purest \nprinciples of moralit.v, with a love for truth. sobriet.\\ , \nand industry: l>ut to prevent sectarian instruction \nhe forb.-ide that clerirvmen should enter the icrounds. \n\n\n\n\nTIMOTHY \xc2\xa9WIGHT (Amcricm. 1752-1817) was a \nuraudson of Jonathan Jvlwards. and M-as sraduali\'d \nfrom Yale in 1769. After two years in a New Haven \nlir.-immar school ho became in 1771 a tutor, which ise \nri\'inained till in 1777 he was licensed as a preacher \nand became an army chaplain. In 1778 he retir(!d to \nhis farm in Northampton, serving two terms in the \nMassachusetts legislature. In 1783 he was ordained \nat Grci-n field, where he opened an academy that drew \nstudents from all over the country. In 1795 he was \ninade prc\'sident of Yale. At that\' time the collefje \nwas a feeble institution with 110 students and only \nfour instructors, but under him it grew toward rea\'l \nn liversity life, and recovered the prestige it had lost. \nIlis principal works were "Theology Explained and \nDefended " (1818), " Travels in ?^ew England and New \nYork " (1821). He also wrote the \xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x96\xa0 Conquest of Ca- \nnaan" (1771), an ambitious eiiic i)oem. \n\nLof C. \n\n\n\n100 \n\n\n\nEn(;i. \n\n\n\nAND \n\n\n\n[175^ \n\n\n\n\nANDREW BELL (Scotcli. 1753-1832) after gradua- \ntion from St. Andrews served as tutor six years in \nVirginia and six more in Scotland. In 1787 he sailed \nfor India, and became superintendent of the orphan \nasylum at Madras. He could not set satisfactory \nteachers, and liit upon the plnn of making one i)upil \nteach the others, the "monitorial" system. In 1796 \nhe returned to England with a reputation and ^1*130,- \n000 in his pocket, and published \'" An Experimerit in \nEducation", a report of what he had done. In 1805 \nJoseph Lancaster came to see him, and they became \nenemies. The National Society was formed to sup- \nport Dr. Bell\'s methods, and the British and Foreign \nSchool Society to support Lancaster\'s. Dr. Bell be- \ncame prebendary of Westminster Abbey, and is bur- \nied there. lie left his estate of a million dollars to \neducational uses, and founded the chairs of education \nat Edinburgh and St. Andrews. \n\n\n\n1832] \n\n\n\nGermany \n\n\n\n101 \n\n\n\n\nAUCJUST HERMANN NIEMEYER (German, 1754- \n1S28), a great grandson of Fnuioke, after being pro- \nfessor of theology at Halle, was in 1785 made a di- \nrector; and upon the establishment of a teachers\' \nseminary in 1787 was placed at the head of it. The \ninstitution was closed by Napoleon, and when opened \nagain through his efforts in 1807, he was made chan- \ncellor, which position he held for nine years. His \n"rnuciplesof Education and Instruction" (1799) \nwas the first attempt at systematizing German peda- \ngogy, and one of the earliest attempts at a history ot \neducation. He regarded the harmonious develop- \nment of the faculties as the first principle of educa- \ntion. The book grew to three volumes, and he \nhimself edited eight editions of it. It is still re- \ngarded as amon" the best German authorities. In \n1816 he was made a member of the consistory ai \nMagdeburg. \n\n\n\n102 \n\n\n\nFkANCK, EXfiLAND \n\n\n\n[175S \n\n\n\n\n\nANTOIXE ISAAC SILVESTKE, BAKO.N de SACl \n\n(I-\'reiich. 1758-1838), sf^iiti^st ol Krciicli orientalists \n.\xe2\x80\xa2mil fciuudiT (it the modern school of Arabic scholar- \nship, was educated in seclusion at his home in Paris. \nHe became in 1781 counsellor and in 1791 eommissary- \ngeneral in the coar deK \xe2\x96\xa0monnaif^. In 179^ he retired \nfrom public service, and devoted himself to the orien- \ntal studies to which he had already {i\'veu a great deal \nof time. In 1795 he was made professor of Arabic in \ntlie newly founded school of livinsf Eastern lan- \n\xe2\x80\xa2.^uaues. His Arabic text-books proved him to be a \niireat teachf^r as well as a profound scholar. In 1806 \nhe became professor also of Persian. In 1808 he en- \ntered the corps ler/islafif, and in 1832 was made a \nbaron. In 181.5 he became rector of the University of \nI\'iiris. and after the secrond restoration was active in \nthe commission of public instruction. With all this \nvaried work he was always fond of society. \n\n\n\n\nRICHAKD POKSON (Knglisb, 1759-1808), the great- \nest of nioden. Greek scholars, after graduation from \nCambridge in 178i was elected fellow of Trinity, and \nin 1783 began publishing critical reviews, and in 1786 \nhelped to edit au edition of the Anabasis. By 1790 \nIk\' liad b(!come known as a scholar of tlie lirsi\'rank, \nand his h\'tters on a spurious verse in 1st .lohn were \n|iriinounced by Gibbon the most acute and accur.-ite \npii-rr (it criticism since the days of Mentley. In 1792 \nlie Im,i liis fc\'llow shi|) because unwilling to become a \n^\xe2\x80\xa2lcri;\\ iii:in, ami his friends raised funds to jirovide \nail .inuuily of .\'f.\'iUO a year. He lived in London, and \ndcliuhlcd to gather young men about him and pour \nfoi-th from his marvellous memory torrents of every \nkind of literature. In 1792 he became Greek i)roros- \nsor at L\'ambridge. but the income was only $2(iO: and \nin ISOfiwas made librarian of the London institution, \nwhich brought him $1,000 a year more. \n\n\n\n1888] \n\n\n\nGermany \n\n\n\n103 \n\n\n\n\nJOHANN GOTTLIEB FICHTE (German, 1762-1814) \n\nafter a youth of uUidy at the universities, supporting \nhimself by teaehiuK and literary work, in 1790 became \nacquainted with Kant\'s philosophy, and wrote his \n"Critique of Revelation", which by the publisher\'s er- \nror was ascribed to Kant himself, thus brinsinK fame \nto Fichte. In 1794 he became professor of philosophy \nat Jena, where his success was instantaneous. His \nessays here on moral subjects are well-known in \nEuKlish under the title "The Vocation of the Schol- \nar". In 1799 he was accused of atheism and obliged \nto resign, residing till 1806 in Berlin, giving lectures \nin 130.5 at Erlangen. and publishing his " Nature of \nthe .Scholar ". The disasters of war drove him away, \nbut in 1807 he returned, and delivered his "Addresses \nto the German nation" enunciating a theory oi \nstate-education, based on the principles of Pestalo/.zi. \nFrom 1810-1812 ho was rector of the new universit.y. \n\n\n\n\nJOIIANN PAUL FRIEDERICH RICHTER (German, \nirej^-isas), often referred to as "Jean Paul," came of \na race of pedagogues, both lus father and grandf atlier \nhaving been schoolmasters. He was himself a teach- \ner, starting in 1789 a school of seven scholars. He was \nmuch loved by his pupils, seeking not to Instil knowl- \nedge but to evoke faculty ; to teach, not to preach \nHe gathered here the ideas for his \'\xe2\x96\xa0\'\xe2\x96\xa0Lerdim," the \nGerman representative of \'\xe2\x96\xa0\'\xe2\x96\xa0Emile." Richter, like \nRousseau, is a sentimentalist, and approaclu\'s the \nproiilem of education from the emotional rather than \nthe intellectual side, hut Richter repudiates Rous- \nseau\'s careful system. "\xe2\x80\xa2 Leva iia " is a miglity maze, \nwithout a plan, yet with fixed ideas and principles, \nand a safer guide than "\xe2\x80\xa2 Eruile." To educate by illu- \nsions and carefully prepared accidents Is futile, he \nsays, for sooner or later the boy will aiscover the \ndeception, t s \n\n\n\n104 \n\n\n\nA:\\1ERICA \n\n\n\n[176.- \n\n\n\n\nJAMES KKNT (A iinTicMii. (i;ti:i-lK4r). pi-ofcssor of \nhiu ill Coluiiibiii (\xe2\x80\xa2oIlcKc. after lii\'ad nation fl\'oiii \'S\'ali\' \nill 1781 [iractisL-d Jaw in Pou^hkefpsie, \\. Y. In 179;< \nlit\' removed to New York, and was made iiiasti^r in \nchancery. In 1797 he became recorder, in 1798 jiidsie \ncif the supreme court, in 1804 chief justice, and in 1814 \ncliaucellor. Up to this time chancery law had been \nunpopular, and no decisions had been published. His \n.iudgmeuts (Johnson\'s Chancery reports, 1816-24) \ncover a wide ranite of topics, and are so thoroughly \nconsidered and di\'vi\'liipecl as uni|iiestionably to form \nthe l)usis of .ViiiiTii\'.-iii i\'(|uity jurisprudence. In 18"-i:! \nhe resigned, and r<\'t unn-d I o the chair of law in f\'olnm- \nbia, to which chair lie had been elected in 1796. Out \nof his lectures ^rrew iiis " Commentaries on American \nLaw " (1826-30), which won for iiini a liisrh and per- \nmanent place aiuousi jurists. lie was a man of trreal \nimrity of character, simple and jiiMitle. \n\n\n\n1847] \n\n\n\nKkNT. \\\\\\X IiENSSKLAKi; \n\n\n\n10.\') \n\n\n\n\nSTEPHEN YA> 1JE.NSSEL.4.EK (Auiericuu. 1764- \n1839i. beL-ume an anny ollicer in 1786. and nia.jor- \ny;en(n\'al of cavalry in 1801. He was ele<-tecl iu 1789 \nto the assembly and in 1790 to the senate, where \nhe remained till in 1795 \\u: was elected lieutenant- \ntiovernor. In 1810 he was appointed upon the canal \ncommission, and in 1816 was once more appointed, \nserving till 183-1. In tiie war of 1812 he was ))laced \nin command of the militia of N(>w York, and on \nOct. 13 ]danted tlie flan on the heights of Queens- \ntown, in 1819 he was elected re-ient of the Univer- \nsity, and in 1821 to the constitutional convention. In \n1820 he was president of the board of agricnltnre, \nand he paid for a geoloiiical survey of the route of \nthe Erie canal. In 1824 he founded the Rensselaer \nPolytechnic Institute at Troy. From 1823 to 1829 he \nwas a member of congress, and his report secured \nthe election of John Quincy Adams as president. \n\n\n\n106 \n\n\n\nEngland \n\n\n\n[1767 \n\n\n\n\nMARIA EDOEWORTH(Kii<;lish, i;T3r-l\xc2\xab49) the crcii- \ntor of the uovel of iiatiomil uuiuuers and moral pur- \npose, was the daughter of Richard Lovell Kdfie- \nworth, who devoted himself with enthusiasm to the \neducation of his children, and joined with her in \nwriting " Practical Education " (1798) and the " Kssay \non Irish Bulls ". Her first novel appeared in 1800 and \nat once established her reputation. This was followed \nby "Belinda", "Popular Tales", " Fashi()nal)l<\' \nTales", etc., till the list reached to many volumes. \nThe Encyclo]i;ie(lia, Brilannica says: " Siie plainly \nbelongs to the realistic school, and her tales are ex- \npressly foumlecl on a carefully thought out philosophy \nof education, tlius i:ivin^ no countenance to the theory \ntli.-it teai-liini; is a mere knack, rattier than a science \nresting on well-asccrt.-iiiiiMl mental phenomena. * * * \nIn her pages the heroic virtues give place to prudence, \nindustry, kindness, and sweetness of temper." \n\n\n\n184\')] \n\n\n\nA. Ai ERICA \n\n\n\n107 \n\n\n\n\nJOHX QUISCY ADAMS (American. 1T6T-I848), tith \nlircsidi\'ut ol\' the Viiitcil Suites. \\v;is also for a time :i \nin-ofessoi- ill Harvard ami author of a rhetoric. At 12 \nhe visited lOurope with his father, and asain in 1814. \nattending the Uuiversit.v of Leyden. At 15 he was \ns(?cretary to the mission to St. Petersburg. After \n\'graduation from Harvard in 1788. he was in 1791 ad- \nmitted to tlie bar. and in 1794 made minister to The \nHague, and in 1797 to Prussia. In 1801 he returned to \nHostou, and in 1803 was elected to congress. He was \nprofessor of rhetoric in Harvard 1806-9; and his lec- \ntures, the first on the subject delivered in America, \nwere \'published as a text-book, and for many years \nenjoyed wide popularity. Th.-y are still often called \nfor. " In 1809 he was made minister to St. Petersburg, \nand in 18)5 to London. Ii; 18-^5 he was elected presi- \ndent. In 18:>1 he was elected to congress, and re- \nmained a member till his death. \n\n\n\n\nJAMES WADSM\'OKTH (.\\mericau, 1768-1844) after \ngraduation from Yale in 1788 purchased with his \nbrother large tracts of land on the Genesee river in \nNew York, then unsettled. The enterprise was suc- \ncessful and made them wealthy ; the death of the \nIjrother made James the sole proprietor. Much of \nhis time and wealth he devoted to the common schools. \nHe urged the setting apart of school lots, and the \nestablishment of normal schools. In 1832 he secured \nthe republication and distribution amongthe schools \nof HalTs " Lectures on School Keeping ", and in 1835 \nand 1838 the establishment of the district library sys- \ntem. In 1842 he paid for the publication and distri- \nbution of 15,000 copies of " The School and the School- \nmaster ", by Alonzo Potter and George B. Emerson. \nAltogether he expended more than $90,000 for im- \nproving the schools, and his personal influence in \ntheir behalf was far more valuable. \n\n\n\n108 \n\n\n\nEnG la N D, S W ITZE U LA N 1) \n\n\n\n[1769 \n\n\n\n\nEDWARD DANIEL CLAHKE (Knulish, 1769-1822), \n\nthe first professor of iiiiiieraloi;y at (.\'anibridfje, iu his \ncapacity ;is a i)rivaie tutor was a noted traveller. Af- \nter the capitulation of Alexandria lie aided in secur- \ning for Eufiland many stat ues. sareophajii, maps. man- \nuscripts, etc.. wlii<\'li had been uatiiered by the French \nscientists. lie sold his manuscripts to the Bodleian \nlibrary for $5,000. and he^ave to Cambridge a colossal \nstatue of the l%leusiniau Ceres. In 1808 he was made \nprofessor of miueralofi:y,and he also ])ursued eagerly \nthe study of cliemistry, malving several discoveries \nlay means of the blow-pipe, which he brought to per- \nfection. His health gave way under too ardent study. \nBesides his books on travel, on which his profits ex- \nceeded $30,000, he published in i807"A Methodical \nDistribution of the Mineral Kingdom ", and work.s \non the ancient marbles he had brought to Kngland. \nHe was personally of most amiable character. \n\n\n\n\nJOHANN (;E0KG TOBLEK (Swiss, 1769-1843) was \neducated for a preacher, but had not sufficient mem- \nory to acquire foreign languages, and in 1799 became \nthe head of a school at liasle for girl children of emi- \ngrants. In 1800 he joined Pestalozzi at Burgdorf, \nand remained with him seven years. He then founded \na labor-school at Miihlhausen, which grew to 600 pu- \npils, but came to an end in 1811. He returned to Basle \nto compile his pedagogical views and experiences \nand write a Pestalozzian geography, but for want of \nmoney was obliged to become a teacdier. A fter some \nvaried experiences he established at St. Gall a school \nwhere for 10 years he was allowed unimpeded control, \nand applied Pestalozzian principles to language, \ngeograjihy, and natural history. An account in his \n(iw II words of hisediMjational experiences and failures \nis given in Pestalozzi\'s Christoph und Else. He passed \nhis latter years at Basle, finishing his writings. \n\n\n\n1S43] \n\n\n\nGermany \n\n\n\n109 \n\n\n\n\nGEORGES CUVIEB (UHrmaii, 1769-183::^). the great- \nest, palaeontologist of his time, after graduation from \nthe Academy of Stuttgart was in 1795 made assistant \nto the professor of comparative anatomy at the Paris \nMuseum of Natural History. In 1796 he began lec- \nturing at the Pantheon Central School, and in 1799 \ngot the chair of natural history in the College de \nFrance. In 1802 he became titular professor in the \nJardin des Plantes, and was\' appointed commissary \nof the Institute to accompany the inspectors of pub- \nlic instruction. In 1803 he became perpetual secre- \ntary of the National Institute. He also did much as \nan "official connected with iiublic education in gen- \neral, -being placed in 1808 on the council of the Im- \nperial University, and making three separate reports \non the higher schools beyond the Alps. He was after- \nward made chancellor of" the University, and minister \nof the interior. \n\n\n\n10 \n\n\n\nDki.\'.many \n\n\n\n[17G9 \n\n\n\n\nHMEIHUCH HKIMUCH ALEXAXDKK, BAUONvoii \n\nIMMBOLl>T((.;rriii;ui,17tt)-18o<)) after study ;it, Fr;uik- \nI\'ort ;iiiil (^Ottiiiiii\'ii ciitcred in 17\'J1 llu! iiiii\'iiiiii scliool \nat I\'l-eibcrti-. From 1792 to 1797 Iks was ii iiiiuiny: olIictT \nat liavrctitli. lie explored the Si)aiiish colonies of \n("iMitraland South America 1799-1803, brin<rin<; back \nail immense stori! of material, and lived till 1827 in \nParis, ]iuljlishiii\'j his researches in 29 volnmes, with \n\xe2\x80\xa2-\'.IHH) exc^uisite illustrations. After 1827 he resided in \nUerlinat request of the king. In 1829 the Kussian \nI\'liiperor placed him in chary;e of an ex])edition to \ni-etitra,l Asia, the results of which he jmblished in 1843. \n" Ivosmos" (1845-1859), his chief work, describes the \nmiinerous forms th(! world (-ontains as one consistent \nexistence. He astronomically determined more than \n700 positions in Souili Amcrii\'ii, with many barome- \ntrical observations, and <li\'termiued the" ma<;netic \nequa.tor. \n\n\n\n\nANO\'I\'IIFK I\'OIM\'KAI r \n\n\n\n1.S59] \n\n\n\nAmerica \n\n\n\n111 \n\n\n\n\nDE AVITT CLINTON (Americiiii, 1769-1828) after \ngruduiition fi-oiii Columbia in 1786 studied law and \nbecame private secretary to his uncle, Gov. George \nClinton. He entered the assembly iu 1797, the State \nsenate in 1798, and the United States senate in 1801. \nHe was mavor of New York city 1802-15, lieutenant- \ngovernor 1811-13, and iu 1812 received 89 electoral \nvotes for the presidency of the. United States. He \n^\\.ls "overnor of New York 1817-22, and from 1824 to \nbib death. His greatest work was the Erie canal, for \nwhich he had presented a memorial to the legislature \nin 1815. But he was also exceedingly active in pro- \nmoting the interests of education. About 1795 he \nbean studying the natural sciences, and as mayor \nof New York was active in establishing public schools \nand institutions of science, literature, and art. He \nwas secretary 1794-7 of the regents of the University \nof the State of New York. \n\n\n\n\nHENRY DAVIS (American, 1770-1852), 2d president \nn{ Middlebury, and 2d president of Hamilton, after \ngraduation from Yale in 1796 was tutor at Williams, \n1796-8, and at Yale, 1798-1803. In 1806 he became pro- \nfessor of Greek at Union, in 1809 president of Mid- \ndlebury. In 1817 he declined the presidency of Ham- \nilton and in 1818 that of Yale. Later in 1818 he ac- \ncepted the rfuiewed offer from Hamilton. He was \npresident, 1818-33, and member of the board of trus- \nii-es till 1847. The death of Azel Backus, after being \npresident but four years, had left 50 students and 4 \ninstructors, with principles of administration as yet \nunsettled. The number of students doubled, new \nbuildings were erected, and the college got into debt. \nSerious dissensions arose between Dr. Davis and the \ntrustees, as detailed in his " A narrative of the em- \nbarrassments and decline of Hamilton college " \n(1833). He left, 9 students \xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x96\xa0iiid a single professor. \n\n\n\n12 \n\n\n\nKANCK \n\n\n\n[1770 \n\n\n\n\nJOSEPH JACOTOT (French, 1770-1840), the most im- \npcrtant of the Inventors of peculiar methods, based \nhis system of teachiug language upou this maxim : \n\xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x80\xa2\'Master whatever you learn, and proceed by the \nmethod of comparison" ; to which he added four ex- \nplanatory words, "Learn, repeat, compare, verify," \nthat is, Learn tlioughtlully ; repeat often for sure \nmemory;\' compare to discriminate, sj^stematize, and \ngeneralize, thus assuring clear and dlstmct ideas; \nverify by bringing principles to the test of facts.* \nAfter a simple statement of the subject with the lead- \ning divisions, ail were free to ask questions, to raise \nobjections, or to suggest answers. When professor of \nFrench at Louvain,he had pupils who knew only Flem- \nish and Dutch, which he could not speak. So lie gave \nthem Teleiiuique with French on one side of the page \nand Dutch on the other, and had them learn the \nFrench by heart; thence his method developed.! \n\n\n\n1844] \n\n\n\nSwitzerland \n\n\n\n113 \n\n\n\n\nPHILIPP EJIAM\'EL von FELLENBERG (Swiss, \n1771-18J4), educated at, Tubiii^ien. after an exciting \npolitical career, in 1799 purchased the estate at Hof- \nwvl. near Bern, where in 1804 he sought to make \nairriculture the basis of a system of education. Jn \n1807 he opened a special school of agriculture in \nbuilding:s presented by the government of Bern, \nand in 1808 a philanthropin for children of wealthy \nparents .\\n institution for poor "iris was added, \nand in 1830 a real school for children of the middle \nclasses. A teachers institute was established, and \nhis schools received visitors from all over the world. \nTuicc (1804 and 1817) Pestalozzi was for a time con- \nnic-tcd with him, butthey con\' i notasree. From 1809 \nto 1852 Wehrli was his assistant, and did much to make \nthe school famous. Herbart was for a time one of \nhis teachers. The fullest account of his work in \nEnglish is in The American Annals of Education. \n\n\n\n114 \n\n\n\nAmekica \n\n\n\n[1772 \n\n\n\n\nEBENEZER PORTER (American, 1772-1834), afiei \ngradual inn from DiirtiiKiuth in 1792 bei-arae a Con- \ngri\'Lintional pn-adirr. In 1S12 he became professor \nof sai-red rlietoric in the Andover Theolo\'/ii-al Semi- \nnary, founded in 1808, and in 1827 was made pri\'si- \ndent. His epitapli speaks of him as a fattier of tliis \ninstitution, with which he was connected for 22 years. \nHis liealth was feeble, owini; to exx-essive night study \ndurinir tlie early years of liis ministry. He was "a \nfirm friend of the American Education\' Society, and \nbeiiuealhed to it the greater part of his property. \nHe was methodical in his business transactions, and \nhis sound common sense was everywhere recognized. \nHis text-books on oratory were well known for many \nyears, and his "Rhetorical Reader" was for a long \ntime a favorite in schools. In 1833 he published \n"Spiritual hab\'ts and progress in study ", and was \noften a si)eaker at eilucatioiial associations. \n\n\n\n\nELIPH.VLET XOTT ( AimTi.-au, ir7:;-lseiti) was born \nin Asliford, L\'oiiii.. and from a child showed avidity \nforle.-irniiig, supporting himself by teaching winters, \nand taking a partial course at Hrown university. He \nstudied divinity, and in 1790 was sent to New York as \na missionary. He bec.ime minister and teacher of \nthe academy at Cherry Vally, N. Y., and in 1798 took \na. church at Albany. In 1804 he became i)r(!sideiit of \nUnion college, and\' held the otlice till his death, grad- \nuating more than 3.700 studcuits. He found 14 stu- \ndi\'iifs. a f(MV unfinished buildings, no library, no ap- \njiaratus, no money in tin* treasury, and overhanging \ndi\'liis: but with nndaimteti energy he ijrocured grants \ncif land from the Slate, gathered" books and instrn- \nmi\'nts. endowed jjrofessors\' chairs, and lived to si\'c \nHe\' college take hii;li rank. From his success in \ndealing with students whom othi\'r colleges could not \nnianagi!, under liiin Union was called " Hot.anv lJ:iy "\'. \n\n\n\n1S67] \n\n\n\nPorter, Xott. Pay, Grisc()>[ \n\n\n\n115 \n\n\n\n\nJEltEMIAH DAY (American, 1773-1867), 9th jn-csi- \ndeut of Villi-\', after graduation from Yak\' in 1795 took \ncharsB of Ur. Dwi^lit\'s school at Grei\'nticld, was \ntutor at Williams 1796-8. and then returned to Yale, \nbeooiiiini; professor of mathematics in 1801, and presi- \ndent in 1817. He ht\'ld this olhce till 1846, a period of \ncontinual growth and great prosperity. The divinity \nschool was started in IS\'Zi, the law soliool was revived \nin 18;i6, and the medical faculty was enlarged in 1829. \nDr. Day was one of the colleg\'e corporation till his \ndeath lit the age of 94; he was one of the few men \nwho had lived through both the revolutionary and \nthe civil war. Among his text-books were those on \nalgebra (1814. 18.i2), mensuration (1814), plane trigo- \nnometry (181."i), and navigalicm and surveying (1817). \nHis aluebra was used in Yale until his death. In \nl:iter life he defended Jonathan Edwards\'s and refuted \n(\'ousin\'s doctrine of the will. \n\n\n\n\nJOHN GRISCOM (American, 1774-1852) began teach- \ning at 17, and had such success at Burlington, N. J., \nthat in 1807 he came to New York city on a guaran- \nteed income of $2,250, and in 1808 built a schoolhouse \nfor himself, in which he taught for ten years. Goold \nBrown "vas one of his assistants. He became a lec- \nturer on natural science, with experiments, and be- \ncame recognized as the chief expositor of chemistry. \nHe was also interested in pauperism, and in 1823 re- \nconimendeil the house of refuge for juvenile delin- \nquents, established in 1825. He had already conceived \nthe plan of a monitorial high school, and this he \nopened in 1825 with 250 boys, and soon found it filled \nto overflowing. It had 4(X) pupils when it closed in \n1831. In 1827 he was appointed professor of chemistrv \nin Rutgers medical college, and in 1832 became prin- \ncipal of a Friends\' school in Providence. After two \nyears he retired, and spent his days in literary work. \n\n\n\n116 \n\n\n\nEngland \n\n\n\n[1774 \n\n\n\n\nEDWAKD BAIXES (Enslish, 1774-1848) was the son \nof .\xe2\x80\xa2icdtl\'Ui in:iiiiil\'ucUirer, but was apprenticed to a \npriiiti-r, and in i;ai entered the ollice of the Leeds \nMercury, of whicli he soon became owner and so \ncontinuiMl until his death. He made it one of the \nmost inlUiential country newspapers in the kingdom, \nand was mainly influential in seonring the election \nof Macaulay to parliament in 1832, and succeeeed \nhim in 1834. At the first he was an advocate of popu- \nlar education, and in 1823 he supported Dr. Hirkbecjc\'s \nplan for mechanics\' institutions, and the infant \nschools started about that time, and in 1838 served on \nthe committee on tin; state of education. Hut after \nhis retirement from parliament his letters of 1846 in \nopposition to Lord Russell\'s plan of popular educa- \ntion had ii powerful influence in determining the \naction of government. He said that he thought it was \nbetter to leave education to the people themselves. \n\n\n\n\nGEORGE BIRKBECK (Englisll, 1776-1841) at 23 was \nappointed professor of physics in Andersoulan Insti- \ntution, Glasgow. To procure apparatus he had to go \nhimself to the sliops of the mechanics. In whom he \nbecame so interested, that,he gave lectures to them, \nwliich led to a " mi\'iiianics\' class" at tlie institution \nand then to the rstaiilishraeut of a mechanics\' in- \nstitution there. In 1804 he settled in London as a \nphysician, and in ]S(1\',) he wasoneot tlic]irojcct(irs of \ntlie Loudun Institution for the diffusion of literature, \nscience, and the arts. In aS23, h(> founded t he Lon- \ndon Mechanics\' Inst it tit ion, wliiiii opened with 1,.\'30() \nmembers. He was act.Nc in tlic cstablislunent of \nUniversity (\'olle\'_;v in 18:!(;, i 1 tlie S(jciely for t,li(^ Dif- \nfusion of i\'scful Knowledu\'c in 18-\'W, and of the Cen- \ntral Society (if Kducatioii in 1H:S. He Is often called \nthe pioneer of popular education in England, and \nfi\'om him tlie Blrkbeck scliools took tlielr title. \n\n\n\n1848] \n\n\n\nGekmaxy \n\n\n\n11 \n\n\n\n\nJOHANX FUIEDRICH HERBART (German. 1776^ \n1841) was interested in piiilosopliical investigation \nli-oni rhildhcKXl. In 1793 lie entered Jena, where \nFielite liad just become professoi- of pliilosophy, but \nsaidufiuia, "\xe2\x80\xa2 Fid irfraii-Utiiifciiiciiv by his errors." \nFrom IT\'.)" to Lsno lir was a pri\\ate tutor at Berne; \nin isou hn visited IVstaluzzi at Bm-gdorf, afterward \n(lsi)4) writing \'-Pesialozzl\'s Idea of tlie ABC of Ob- \nservation Scientmcally Treated"; from 1800 to 1803 \nhe studied and tauglit at Bremen; in 1802 became \nlectm-er and in 1805 professor at GOttingen; and la \n1809 succeeded Kant as professor of philosophy at \nKonlgsbm-g. In 1810 he also founded a pedagogical \nseminary, held after 1812 In his own house. In 18.33 \nhe accepted a call back to Gottingen, where he died \nof apoplexy in 184.. His AUaeineine rdaofiogii: was \npublisheil In 1806. His principles are best known to \nEnglish readers in Item\'s " Outlines of Pedagogy ".\'\'^ \n\n\n\nlis \n\n\n\n("lEiniANY, Engi.and \n\n\n\n[1776 \n\n\n\n\nKASPAR SPURZHKIM (G.u-ni:in, 1776-1832) studied \n:ti Mie university ot \'I\'lcv.\'s, and became in 1800 u pu- \npil of Gall, the plircuolo-ist. servinK from 1804 to 1813 \nas his associate, proviui; a powerful advocate of the \nsystem. In 1808 they presented a joint memoir to the \nFrench Institute, and in 1809 besau publishintj their \n\xe2\x96\xa0\xe2\x80\xa2 An;itoiny and Physiology of the Nervous Svstcm \xe2\x96\xa0" \n111 |si 1 li.- went to Great Hritain. and enlisted the aid\' \nof (..ni-^c Combe. He founded the Anthropolotiira I \nsocieiy. In 1832 he came to America to study the \ncountry and to propoxate phrenologv. His first ad- \ndress was before the American InstiUite of Instruc- \nlion, and a series of lectures on phrenology soon fol- \nlowed, in which he so overtaxed himself that he fidl \n111, and died Nov. 10. His body was the first interred \n111 Mt. Auburn. The Boston Phrenological Society \ntook up his doctrines, and contained such men as S \nG. Howe, John Pierpout, and \\Vm. A. Alcott. \n\n\n\n\nSIR HIMPHRY DAVY (English, 1778-1839) was \nMpijrenticed to an apothecary, but devoted liimself to \nself-educatiou, especially to scientific experiments. \nIn ]7ii8 he became superintendent of a pneumatic \nmedical institution, and his lirst paper was published \nin 1799. During the next year lie publislied his re- \nsearches on nitrous oxide. Jn 1801 lie became lecturer \nat the Royal Institution, and in 1802 ])rofessor of \nchemistry. In 1807 became secretary of the Royal So- \nciety. For his electro-chemical investigations tlu; \nl<\'reiich Institute gave liim a, prize of 3.000 francs. His \nproduction of i)otassium and sodium was shown in \nIK07, and of magnesium jind strontium in 1808. He \nl>i-edicted the discovery of l)arium and calcium. In \n1815 lie invented the safety-lamp. He was a memiier \nof almost all the scientific societies of the world, and \nCuvier said that he occupied the first rank among the \nchemists of his or anv other age. \n\n\n\n1S3S] \n\n\n\nEn(;l.\\xi) \n\n\n\n\nJOSKPH LANCASTER (English, 177R-183S), son of a \nChelsea pensiouer, began at lO to yatlier tlie clill- \nflren of the neighboring po(ir Inr gratuitous Instruc- \ntion, at flrst in his father\'s himsi,\', inid then in rented \nrooms. He soon had a thousaml cliildri\'n asscnililed \nat Borough Road, London. Thiouuhthc l)ukr(]f r>ed- \nford and others a building ^vas pnividrd, the King \nbecoming Interested, and Lancaster travelled over \nEngland gning lecture.s and estaljlislilng schools. \nBut his projects exceeded his resources, and In \n1807 he was arrested for debt. The Britisli and For- \neign School Society was formed t< assume his worlc, \nleaving him in charge. But by i8i- his debts \namounted again to $40,000, and he became bankrupt. \nIn 1818 lie sailed to America, wliere he lectured and \ntaught, finally settling down in New Yoric city, \nwhich made him a grant of $.500. Here he was run \nover lu the street by a can-iage, and killed. \n\n\n\n120 \n\n\n\nEXGI.ANI) \n\n\n\n[1778 \n\n\n\n\nMART ANNE SCHOIMELPEXMCK (EngUsll, 17rR~ \n1850), daughter of Samuel (iairmi, is best known as \nthe historian of the I\'nrt Hdvalists, to whom her at- \ntention had been called by llai.uah More. She pub- \nlished In 1813 "\xe2\x96\xa0 Lancelot\'s Tour to Alet and La Grand \nCharti-euse " ; in 1816, "Demolition of Port Royal des \nChamps"; and in 1829, an edition containing both, \nunder the title, "Select Meinoii\'S of Port Royal." \nThese "little schools" started in 1643 as a protest \nagainst the system of the Jesuits, and were sup- \npressed through the Jesuits In 1660 ; but their influ- \nence continued through the great literary ability of \ntlie lay lirothers, wlio wrote, besides some pedagogic \ntreatises, several approved text-books, long current \nunder tlie name of Port Royal books. In the line oi \nreform, one of their great merits was the stress they \nlaid on the vernacular, making Frencii the basis of \nall instruction.* \n\n\n\n\nHEMIY I\'ETEK. BAUOX BKOIUHAM AND VAIX \n\n(S.\'.itrl], 1779-186^), Inuiidrr (iT LiukJi.ii uiiiversil.v, \n.\xe2\x80\xa2I It IT uradiialioii from ImIIiiIjui\'kIi in 1795 was axliiiiUi\'d \nto till\' bar in 1800. In 1802 he joined in founding the \nlOdinVjufi;!! Review, had 80 articles in the first 20 uuin- \nl)efs. and contributed to it for many years, in I8O.1 \nhe removed to London, and in 1810 entered parlia- \nment. In 1821 he gained gi\'eat popularity by his \ndefence of Queen Caroline. Ho distinguislied him- \nself as a promoter of public education. In 1820 he \nbrouij,ht in bills for maintaining parochial schools, \nhe joined George Hirkbeck in starting meclianies in- \nstitutes, and in 1825 he published " Observations on \nthe Kdueation of th"e l\'eo])le \'". wliich resulted in the \nSociety for thedilTusion of useful knowledge. In 1812 \nhe founded London university, and was prominent \nin the educational debates of 1833, 1835, and 1837. His \nworks are published in 10 volumes (1857). \n\n\n\n186S] \n\n\n\nAmerica \n\n\n\n121 \n\n\n\n\n.10HN JAMES Al\'DUBOX(Ain.Ticau, 1780-1851) llie \nI\'limient iiiitiu-alist, was taken at 15 to Paris where \nhe had drawing lessous of David. At 17 he returned \nto America, and for 15 years searched the primeval \nlorests simply through eujovmeut of nature. His \ncolored drawings of more than 1,000 birds, deposited \nwith a friend in Philadelphia, were destroyed by rats \nwhich threw him into a fever that nearlv proved \nlatal. Kut he plunged into the woods aga\'iiiandin \nthree years had filled his portfolio, and in 18a6 he \ntook the sketches to Kngland wliere they were ^n-eat- \nly admired. He published them, 1830-39, in elephanl \nloho, every one of the 1,055 birds the size of life and \nthe most magnificent work of the sort ever issued \nHis \xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x80\xa2American Ornithological Biography" (183]-;wi \nalso filled five volumes. Afterward he published his \n\xe2\x96\xa0Uirds" in 7 octavo volumes (1839), \xe2\x80\xa2\' Quadrupeds \' \n(1840), and " Hiogriiphy of Quadrupeds " ( 1840-50). \n\n\n\n122 \n\n\n\nGliUMANY \n\n\n\n[17.S2 \n\n\n\n\n\nFRIEDERICH FRffiBEL (German, 1783-1852) the \nf oimcler of the Kinderg-artcu, became m 1808 tht! tutor \nof two boys, and took them for two years to Peslaloz- \nzl\'s school at Yverduu. llcu\'e he uot oaly gamed the \nceriM-al idea of Pestalozzi\'s system, the idea of genu- \niue huiuau development and Its conditions, but im- \nproved I lu Pestalozzi\'s idea of self-activity. In 1836 he \npublished his principal work, "The Education of \nMan." From 1817 to 1831, he carried on a school at \nKeilhau. In 1837 he opened the first kindergarten at \nBlankeuburg, behevlng that "the rousing of the need \nto learn must precede learning ;"* and in 1843 he pub- \nlished his "\xe2\x80\xa2 Muiirr- uml Koxt^-Lieclfr" (Mothei"Songs \nand liauies), still a text-book in all kindergartens. \nHis \'\'Autobiography" ($1.50) is fascinating for its sim- \nple directness; and his principles are best stated In \n"Child and Child-Natm-e " ($1.50) by the Baroness \nMarenholz- von Buelow, his coadjutor. \n\n\n\n1852] \n\n\n\nFRIIiDEKICH FR(J.;I!EL \n\n\n\n123 \n\n\n\n\n\\N<\'Tiii:i; iv)|;trait \n\n\n\n124 \n\n\n\nGermany \n\n\n\n[1783 \n\n\n\n\nKARL GEORG Ton RAUMER (German, 1783-1865). \nbrother of the great historian Friedrich von Raumer, \nafter university education was in 1811 made professor \nof mineralogy at Breslau. From 1819 to 1823 he was \nprofessor at Halle. From 1823 to 1827 he was an as- \nsistant at Dittmar\'s institution at Nuremberg for the \nrescue and education of orphan children. In 1827 \nhe was made professor at Erlangen. While studying \nin Paris in 1808 he became so impressed by Pestaloz- \nzi\'s writings that he gave up his studies and was a \nvoluntary assistant in Pestalozzi\'s school during the \nwinter of 1808-9. His main work was his " History \nof Pedagogy", published 18-16-1855. This was trans- \nlated in great part for Barnard\'s Journal of Educa- \ntion , and a revised edition was published in 1877. \nThe chapters on the education of girls, and German \ninstruction, were also published separately. It is \nstill a standard authority. \n\n\n\n1870] \n\n\n\nNew York Common Schools \n\n\n\n12.", \n\n\n\n\nGIDEON HAWLEY (Americau, 1785-1870), first Stale \nsuperintendent of New York, after sraduatiou from \nUnion in 1809 was for a year a tutor there, but studied \nlaw and in 1812 was admitted to the bar. He was in \nthat year elected State superintendent of common \nschools at a salary of $400, and threw himself into \nthe work with accustomed energy. He has been \ncalled the father of the common school s3\'stein. In \n1821 he was superseded by reason of political changes, \nwhich led to such dissatisfaction that the office was \nabolished, its duties being transferred to the secre- \ntary of state. He served as secretary of the regents \nof the University, 1814-1841, and in 1842 was elected a \nregent. On the organization of the Alliany normal \nin 1845 he was made one of the executive committee. \nHe was one of the four regents-at-large of the Smith- \nsonian institute. He published privately \'\xe2\x80\xa2 Essnvs in \nTruth aud Knowledge " (1850). \n\n\n\n126 \n\n\n\nFRANt\'E, America \n\n\n\n[1786 \n\n\n\n\nDOMINIQUE FRANCOIS ARAGO (Fiencli, 1786- \n1853) after education at the Paris Polytcchuic became \nin 1874 secretary to tlie observatory, and with Biot \nwas commissioned to iiic\'isurc the meridian of the \nearth as a basis for the nn\'tric ^y^iiMu. In l.s09 he was \nmade a member of tin- Ac-adrmy of Scirnees, and \neleeti\'d ])rofessor in the Polyleclinic. He was also \nnamed one of the astronomers of the observatory, \nand resided there till death. In 1816, in connecddn \nwith Guy-Lussac, he edited the Annales de Cldmie \net de Physique, and in 1821 published the results of \nhis observations on longitude. From 1812 to 1845 he \nhad unparallelled success as a popular lecturer on \nastronomy. In 1830 he was elected to the chamber of \ndeput ies. where his services were of great value to \nscience, and in the same year was made perpetual \nsecretary of the .Vcademy of Science. In 1848 he be- \ncame secretary of war. \n\n\n\n\nNATHAN GUILFORD (American. 1786-1854>, founder \nof the school system of Ohio, after graduation from \n\\-a\\i\' in 1812 conducted a classical school in Worces- \nirv, Mass., but was admitted to the bar and in 181t) \no|)ened an offlcc in Cincinnati. He became a zealous \nadvcK-ate of a liberal system of common schools, and \nopened up a correspondence with prominent men \nI liroughout the Stale. For 7 years he issued "Solo- \nmon\'s Thrifty\'s Almanac" with something on every \nIjage about free education. In 1824 he was elected to \nthe State senate to secure a schol tax. He secured the \npassage without amendment of the bill he had pre- \njiared for a tax of \'\xe2\x96\xa0Smill. He iirepared an arithme- \ntic a,iul a revised edition of \\Vel)st(>r\'s speller, from \n1825 to 1843 he was n, publisher and bookseller, and \nin 1847 he started a newspaper. In 1849 he became \nthe first city superint(>ndent of schools, and resigned \nin 1852 to beconu\' loc-al magistrate. \n\n\n\n1870] \n\n\n\nAmerica \n\n\n\n127 \n\n\n\n\nGULIAN CROMMELIN VERPLANCK (American, \n1786-1870) after graduation from Columbia in 1801, \nentered the New YorVc legislature in 1820, and was in \ncongress from 1825 to 1833, wliere he was noted as the \nmost industrious man there. He sat afterward in the \nsenate of Xew York, and was from 1829 to his death \nvice-chancellor of the regents of the university. His \ncollege addresses were widely published, including \n"The Right Moral Influence and Use of Liberal \nStudies " (1833), "The Influence of Moral Causes on \nOiiiiiinn, Science and Literature" (1834) and "The \nAdvMiitages and Disadvantages of the American \nSchohir" (1836). They exerted an extended and up- \nlifting influence for higher education. He issued an \nannotated edition of Shakspere, and from 1846 was \npresident of the commissioners of eniisiratiijfn, writing \nmost of their reports. The memorial address upon him \nbefore the historical society was delivered by Hryant. \n\n\n\n\nllEN.IA.MIN(atEENLEAF (American. 1786-1864). the \nniMihcinatical author, after graduation from Dart- \nn;oulh in 1813 taught in Haverhill, >lass., and in 1814 \nbecame; preceptor of Bradford academy, the 14th in \n11 years. He remained until 1836, beginning with 10 \npupihs. He was of nervous temperament, quick in \nthouglit and action, disciplining by "an odd mixture \nof ridicule, sarcasm, and moral suasion, with a whole- \nsome seasoning of corporal punishment ". He was a \npioneer in public science lectures illustrated by ex- \nperiments. He was in the legislature, 1837-39, and \nurged the foundation of an educational system; he \nalso introduced an order for geological and natural \nliistory surveys. In 1839 he founded the Bradford \nteachers seminary, which he conducted till 1848. His \nmathematical books, first issued in 1835, became so \npopular that millions of copies were sold, and trans- \nlations were made into Burmese and modern Greek. \n\n\n\n1-28 \n\n\n\nA^rERicA. Deaf Mute Instruction \n\n\n\n[1787 \n\n\n\n\nTHOMAS HOPKINS GALLAUDET (American, 1787, \n1851) alter trraduation from Yale and from Andover \nbecame in 1814 a, clerjivman, but the next year visited \nEurope to qLialify liiuiself as a teacher of the deaf \nand dumb, and became a pupil of the Abbe Sicard. A \nyear hiter hereturned, brinsintr with him a hig:hly ed- \nucated deaf mute, and spent 8 months in soliciting \nfunds for the American asylum at Hartford, which \nwas opened April 15, 1817, "witli 7 jnipils. In 1830 \nwhen the number of pupils had increased to 140, he \nl-etired on account of ill-health. The next year he \npublished " The Child\'s book on the Soul ", followed \nby his " Mother\'s Primer" and some text-books, be- \nsides religious books. He was an early advocate of the \nhigher education of women. In 1833\'he wrote " Pub- \nUc Schools Public Blessings ", and was a frequent \ncontributor to the Annals of Education. In 1838. he \nbecame chaplain of an insane retreat. \n\n\n\nINTO] \n\n\n\nGaLLAIDKT. ToRREV, W\'n.LARD \n\n\n\nI2i \n\n\n\n\nJESSE TORRET, JR. (American. 1787\xe2\x80\x94 y), au early \nchampion of free public schjools and libraries, in 1804 \nwas one of the founders of the New Lebanon, N. Y.. \njuvenile "society for the diffusion of knowledge", \nwhich had 148menibers, and formed a free circulating \nlibrary. In a pamphlet entitled "IntellectualToroh" \n(1S17) he made a plea for public libraries, referring to \nWashington\'s words, \xe2\x96\xa0\' Promote as objects of primarv \nimportance institutions for the general diffusion of \nknowledge." His essays form a volume published in \n1819 as " Moral Instructor". He was also a pioneer in \ntemperance reform, and proposed a liquor tax of 50cts. \nper gallon for the " universal establishment of free \nLancastrian schools and free libraries". He believed \nin the gradual emancipation of slaves and their right \nto education. He published "A Portraiture of Domes- \ntic Slavery" (1822), reprinted in London with a pref- \nace by AVilliam Cobbott. \n\n\n\n\nEJIMA. (HART) WILLARD (American, 1787-1870), the \nmost noted woman-teacher ot her time, devised plans \nfor the higher education of women tliat so early as \n1819 demanded aid of the New York legislatm-e. In \n18;2l she removed her school to Troy, where it opened \nwith 3i)0 pupils and soon became famous. For 17 \nye.M-s \xc2\xabhe was the principal, assisted by her sister, \nMrs. /Vluiira Lincoln, afterwards Mrs. Phelps. The \nschool has contlJiued prosperous, and only recently \nhas received gifts ot $150,000 lor new buildings. Mrs. \nWillard became stiU more successful as an author, \nher te.Kt-books having an immense circulation. In \n1830-31, she visited Fi-ance, which furnisned material \nfor an entfrtaining volume. After an unfortunate \nniani.ii^e and divorce, she travelled, took part in \nf(luc;iriiiiial conventions, etc.. even acting as super- \niiiteudeut of town schools In Connecticut. Her "Life" \nby Dr. Lord appeared in 1874 \n\n\n\n180 \n\n\n\nTwo Eminent American Sister^ \n\n\n\n\nAlUOVIL CARLBTON HASSELTINE (American, 1788- \n1868), priiKripal of liradfni-d acadiMuy, did not talk- \ntill sill\' was I\'ciiir xcai\'s old, and then talked at ouee \nalmost like an adnlt. She learned to read slowlyand \nbeiran arithmetic at 12. When Bradford academy was \nestablished in 1803 close by her father\'s house, she \nentered it, and in 1806 she began teaching at Byfield, \ncontinuing at Pembroke and Beverly, and in a mis- \nsionary school at Great Rock. In 1815 she becanle \nassistant preceptress and in a few weeks preceptress \nof Bradford academy. Here she became a great power. \nShe was tall and stately, but as gentle in her sway as \nfirm, and with an oiniii|>ri\'sent sense of humor that \nwon the pupils. In ls:!rt t he academy Iji\'iMiiie a school \nfor girls alone, and slie was made lirincipal. In 18-18 \nshe resigned, but was called back, but in 18.52 withdrew \nagain, after a service of 38 years, acting as honorary \nprincipal. \n\n\n\n\nMRS, ANN HASSELTINE JUnSON (American, 1789- \n1826), sister of Mrs. .loseph Kmerson. who with her \nhusband taught the school at Byfleld. Mass.. where \nMary Lyon graduated; and of Abigail Hasseltine, \nlong preceptress of Bradford academy, taught in \nHaverhill, Salem, and Newbury, and in\'l812 married \nAdonirain .Tudson and sailed for India. They found \nthe East India company hostile, and went to Bur- \nmah. They had no knowledge of the language, no \ninterpreter, no grammar or dictionary. Mr. Judson \ncommenced preaching in 1819, while Sirs. Judson \ntaught llie women and children and assisted in the \ntranslation of the Bible into Burmese. In 1823 they \nscltird down under the protection of the British flag, \nwhen sill\' died of fever. President Wayland said he \nh.id ni\'xer met a more remarkable woman, uniting \nclearness of intellect, large powers of comprehension, \ninttiitive female sagucit\\-, and disinterestedness. \n\n\n\nScotland \n\n\n\n131 \n\n\n\n\nSIR WILLIAM HAMTLTO" (Snoteli, 1788-1856), the \nmost, eminent oc Scutch iiictiii)ii\\>iiciuns, was profes- \nsor of logic aiKl metapliysics in tlie university of \nEdinbiu-gli from 18;* till deatli. His an lliorsliip be- \ngan with Lis "f\'liiiosophj of tlic I\'nconditioned" \n(iSJg), followed by "Discussions In PliilosopliyXitera- \nture, and Education" (i85d), "Lectin-es on Logic" \netc. For twenty years liis influence on tlie yoimger \ngeneration of minds in\' Scotland was predominant. \nIt was liis peculiar contrilnition to pliil(iS(ipijy that \n\nl>laci\'d tlie data of perception along with the data \n01 thoiiglit, and affirmed tliat both classes alilce are \nInexplicable, yet as facts clear; that both rest on the \nsame authority ; and that if the one be accepted as \ntrue, so should the other. He was a realist, because \nhe believed realism to be the dictate of conscious- \nness, as to the alleged primary facts of which he laid \ndown four criteria \xc2\xa7 \n\n\n\n\njfiKORGE COMBE (Scotch, 1788-1858) is best known \nas a phrenologist, but was the competitor of Sir Wm. \nHamilton lor tiie cliair of logic and metaphysics iu \nthe University of Edinburgh, and declined a chair In \nthe University of Michigan. lie lectured in America, \nis:^-40, on fdncatiiin as enlightened by phrenology, \nlie w as (iiic lit f he ilrst to advocate scientific instead \not classical education, and to oppose tlieological \ntiMcliing in schools. lie founded and taught in the \nfamous "Williams Secular Schnui " in lOcHnbiirgh, \n(in the plan of the Bn-kljcck schools, and from 1846 \n111 lii^ death he was active In support of national \n(\xe2\x80\xa2(luiatiiiii on non-sectariaii principles. His educa- \ntional works were gathered into a large voluaie by \nWm. Jolly, under these principal heads : (i) What is \neducation? (2) What subjects should be taught? \n(3) How shotild education be conducted? (4) Who \nshould be educated ? \n\n\n\n132 \n\n\n\nOermany, France \n\n\n\n[17.SS \n\n\n\n\nARTHUR SCHUI\'KNHAUKK (German, 1788-1800) \nafter a wanderinj; youth in 1809 entered GOttinKen, \nand began to study Plato and Kant. In 1811 he went \nto Berlin, and heard Fichte and Schleieriuacher. In \n1813 he fled from war to Weimar, received his dejjree \nfrom Jena, and published his first book "On the \nFourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason ". \nIa\xc2\xbb1814 he quarrelled with his widowed mother, and \nnever saw her again. In 1818 he published "The \nWorld as Will and Idea", and in 1819 accepted an \nappointment to lecture in Berlin. Rut he did not \nfinish the firstcourse, which he attributed to Hegelian \nintrigues, and he lived an unhappy life until 18.31 in \nBerlin, and afterward in Frankfort: and in 1836 he \nprefaced "The Will in Nature" by an attack upon \nHegel. After IS.oO he began to find growing recogni- \ntion. He showed how feeble is spontaneity of intel- \nlect, and how overpowering the sway of original will. \n\n\n\n\nAUGIISTIX LOUIS CAUCHY (French, 1789-1857) \nwas tor :i, time tutor to the Comte de Chambord. anil \nfrom 1848 to 1852 professor of astronomy at Paris, \nbut refused to take the oath of allegiance to Napoleon \nIII, and lived the rest of his life in retirement. In \n1882 the Aeademv began a reissue of his works in 26 \nvolumes. In 18l"5 lie puljlislird liis memoir upon the \ntheory of waves, whieh afterward became the basis \nof the undulatory theory of light, and in 1837 he \npublished liis memoir upon the dispersion of light, \nllis demonstration in the same year that every nu- \nmerical e(iu;ition has a numerical root surpasses all \nothers in simplicity and completeness, proving not \nonly that a numericiil etiuation of the ?(th order has a \nnumcric;i 1 root, but that it has n numerical roots. Th(> \ndemonstration does not assume tlie existence of any \nroot: tlK^ ctuitour may be the infinity of the plane. \nHis liioi:r:ipliv in two volumes was published in 1868. \n\n\n\n1S60] \n\n\n\nAmerica \n\n\n\n133 \n\n\n\n\n. JOHN FARMER (American, 1789-1838) began tuach- \nlug m 1810 near Amherst, X. 11. . where he formed a \nliterary association for mutual improvement and \nbecame a contributor to the Massachusetts Historical \nsociety. In 1821 he moved to Concord and Iiecame an \napothecary, but gave most of his time to antiquarian \nresearch. In 1823 he started a journal on New Ilami)- \nshire history, and aided in editing a <jazetteer of tlie \nState. He was corresponding secretary of the X H \nHistorical society, arranged the State papers at Con- \ncord, and published many historical and genealogi- \ncal works. Tlirough his articles the Quarterly Jour- \nnal of the American Education Society became a \nthesaurus of information on higher institutions of \nlearning, and is still of great value in the history of \neducation. It continued for 1.5 volumes 1827-1843 \nand gives portraits and sketches, histories of institu- \ntions, lists ol graduates, etc., no where else found. \n\n\n\n\nCYRUS FFIRCE (American, 1790-1860) was graduat- \ned from Harvard in 1810,aud after some teaching began \nm 1818 to preach, but in 1826 resumed teaching, going \nback in 1831 to Nautucket where for six years he con- \nducted a private school. During this period Maria \nMitchell, afterward professor at Vassar, was one of \nhis assistants. In 1837 he became principal of the \nhigh school. Here his work attracted the attention \nof Horace Mann, who secured his appoiuiment in \n1839 as principal of the first American normal school, \nat Lexington. Here he overworked, seldom allowing \nhimself more than four hours of sleep, but after a \nrest from 1842 to 1844, resumed the prineipalshii) of \nthe school, then removed to West Newton. lu 1849 \nhe was once more compelled to resign, and he visited \nEurope as a representative of the American l^\';i.ce \nSociety. In 18.30 he became assistant in the school of \nXathaniel T. Allen, and tai-ght altogether 50 years, \n\n\n\n134 \n\n\n\nAmkrica \n\n\n\n[ITMO \n\n\n\n\nAZARIAH CUTTINfi FLAOG (American. 1790-1873). \ntlie originator of the school district library, was a \nlawyer and editor of the PlattsburK Republican 1811- \n36. He was member of assembly 1823-4, secretary of \nstate and ex-otlicio superintendent of common \nschools, 1826-33, and comptroller 1834-9, and 1842-7. \nHe was comptroller of New York city 1852-8. In his \nreport as superintendent of scliools in 1830he referred \nto the Society for promoting useful knowled<:e, and \nrecommended an appropriation for district libraries, \nan idea taken up and carried out by his successor, Gen. \nDix. A treatise of his on public"parks and bankin-; \nin New York was i)ublished in 1868. He became blind \nin 1859. but continued to be one of the democratic lead- \ners of the State. He had for many years discussed \nliolitical questions in the columns of the Albany \nAr(/ii!i. He wasan oj^ponentof the V. S. bank,favor<\'d \nthe lOrie canal, and was outspoken against slavery. \n\n\n\n\nDKXISOX OLMSTED (American, 1791-1859) after \n^radualioii from Vale resumed the teaching by which \nhe had paid for liis education, and in 1815 became a \ntutor at Vale, resigning to become professor of chem- \nistry in the university of North Carolina. In 1825 he \nbecame professor of mathematics and natural philoso- \nphy at Yale, and in 1835 professor of natural philos- \nphy alone, so remaining until his death. His "Natural \nPhilosphy\'\' appeared in 1831, his "Astronomy" in 1839, \nand his " Rudiments of Natural Philosophy and As- \ntronomy", a book of great popularity, in 1842. His sub- \nject for\'the A.M. degree in 1816was" The state of edu- \ncation in Connecticut" and he had alre.-Kly projected \nan acjidemy for schoolmasters. In 1840, as a member of \nthe State board of commissioners he advocaled normal \nschools, and the more general employment of women \nteachers. He frequently addressed teacliers\' associa- \ntions and spoke for education before the legislature- \n\n\n\n1873] \n\n\n\nGekmanv, England \n\n\n\n135 \n\n\n\n\nFRIEDRICH ADOLF WILHELM DIESTEKWEG \n\n((iiTiiuui, 17yO-l\xc2\xab66) after study at Ilcrboni and \n\'L\'uljiuyc\'ii Mild ten years teacliinji;, beeame in 1820 \nactin^J iircsident of\'the seminary at Jleurs and in \n1832 director of the normal schoorat Berlin. In 1847 \nhe was suspended and iu 1850 removed from office, \nbut with continuance of salary. He was elected to \nthe IJerlin town council: and to the Prussian Parlia- \nment, where he led the opposition to the \'\xe2\x96\xa0 three res- \nulatioiis \xe2\x96\xa0\xe2\x96\xa0 that aimed to substitute for the principles \nof Pestalozzi the most intimate connection between \nchurch and scliool. He founded in 1827 tlie Ehein- \nische BJattfr fill\' T\'nterricht iind Erziehuncj, and in \n1851 his I\'itila^iof/inches Jahrbuch. He was the author \nof numerous te\\t-l)ooks. His " \\Ven:weiser " sets \nforth liis views on education, his aim being "self- \nactivity in the service of the true, the beautiful, \nand the good". \n\n\n\n\nMICHAEL FAllADAY (Knulish, 1791-1867) wliilc a \nbookbinder heard in 1812 some of Sir Humphrev \nBavy\'s lectures, and took such intellijient notes of \nthem that in 1813 he became Davy\'s assistant in the \nlaboratory of the Royal Institution. He be(-ame direc- \ntor iu 1825, and professor of cheniisiry in 18:i3. He \nmade a special study of chlorine, stuilied diffusion of \npasses, liquefied several gases, and investigated the \nalloys of steel. But his most remarkable discoveries \nwere in electricity and magnetism, including mag- \nneto-electric induction in 1831, magnetization of \nlight iu 1845, and diamagnetism in 1846. Among \nhis books are " Chemical Manipulation " (1827), " Ex- \nperimental Researches in Electricity" <l844-5), and \n" in Chemistry and Physics " (1859), "" Chemical His- \ntory of a Candle "(18(51), "Various Forces of Na- \nture." etc. Biographies of him have been written by \nT,vndai;, Benee Jones, and J. H. Gladstone. \n\n\n\n136 \n\n\n\nAmerica \n\n\n\n[1791 \n\n\n\n\nSAMIKL FI>LEY BREESE MORSE Am. i iciin. \ni;!il-is7:.\'). iiivnit.ir uf li\'lr>;rapl]\\ . \\v;i.s the smi of Jud- \nI\'diali Morsi\'. Ihi- ^;co<;raplj(^r. AIut yradiiation fivnii \nYale ill 1810, he went, to London in 1811 with Wash- \nington Allston. inlendini;- to Ix\'ooine a painter. In \n1813 he I\'eeeived the y:old medal of the Rov al Academy \nfor his first sculpture. Returnint; to America in 1815 \nhe became one of the founders of the .\\merlcaM \nAcademy of design, and was for many years Its [iresi- \ndeiit. lie w^as also professor of line arts in New York- \nuniversity. lUit he had been iiUi\'ivsted also in sci- \nentific studies, and in 1835 he set up in his college \nroom a rude telegraphic apparatus. In 1844 he brought \nhis invention befare world, the first messaue being \nsent May 24. lie became famous, and a congress of \nthe sjoveriuiients of Europe especiallv convened at \nParis voted to present him |;8(),()00. "lie also wrote \npamphlets, poems, books, and magazine articles. \n\n\n\n\nPETER COOPER (American. 1791-1883) founder of \n(\'ooper institute, liad only the si;hooling he could get \nin half-day attendance for a single year. He was ap- \nprenticed "to a coach-maker, and began to manufact- \nure a machine for shearing cloth. After the war of \n1812 he went into the grocery business, bought a glue \nfactory, and erected the Canton iron works, near Bal- \ntimore. While there he built in 1830 a locomotive that \nwould run up steeper grades and around sharper \ncurves than had been thought possible, thus saving \nthe K. & O. from bankruptcy. He manufactured iron \nnear Trenton. X. J., and Easton. Pa., and became in- \nterested in telegraph-lines. The Atlantic cable was \nlargely due to him. In 1876 he was the candidate for \npresident of the national party. But his great work \nwas the founding iu 1854 in Xew York of "Cooper \nUniou for the Advancement of Science and Art ", to \neducate the industrial classes, \n\n\n\n1883] \n\n\n\nMouse, Cooper, Beck \n\n\n\n\nTHEODOKIC BOMKYX BECK (Ainci-icMn. i;91-)85o) \nalii\'i- L:railn:ii iiui frDiii I\'niou in 1807 liud pr<-[)arr(l a. \ns,\\ siiiii.ii !\xe2\x96\xa0\xe2\x80\xa2 I\'riMiii nil luiuerii.ls as early as 1813, and in \nIM.\'i lic.\'aiui\' lU\'nl\'-ssor in Fairfield inedicul colk\'Sii\'. \nKroiii 1817 to l)S-)8 he was inMncijial of the Albany \niicadeniv, still continnin>i\' to lecture from 1826 to 1840 at \nFairfield, and from 1840 to ]8o4 in the All)any medi- \ncal oolle^e. From 18-11 to his death he was secretary \nof the resents of the university. When the State \ngeotoKical survey was ori:ani/,ed, the instrnctions \nprepared for the scienliiie slalf were larirely his work. \nand he was himself intnisli\'d with the department of \nmineralogy. Out of this survey sprang the State \nMuseum. He e<]iled the .lonrual of Insanity from 1849 \nto 18,"i.\'i, and imhlislied much on the education of the \nde:i,f and dumb and the blind. He ortraiii\'/ed the \nAlbany institute. He published in 1823 his cele- \nbral<>d treatise on \'\' .Medical Jurisprudence \'". \n\n\n\n18S \n\n\n\nFranc\'K \n\n\n\n[1792 \n\n\n\n\nVICTOR COUSIN (P^rench, 1792-1867) In the normal \nschool at Paris was especially attracted by meta- \nphysics, and in 1815 became instructor in that branch \nin the normal school and in the university. In 1817 \nhe met Hegel and Schelling. In 1822he was deprived \nof office and went to Germany, where through French \ninfluence he was imprisoned for six months. In 1828 \nhe was with Guizot recalled to the university, and for \nthree years crowded the Sorboune with hearers as no \nlecturer had done since Abelard. In 1832 he was made \nmember of the council of public instruction, in 1840 \nminister of public instruction, and during the reign \nof Louis Philippe was virtual director of France in \nphilosophy and literature. To him France owed the \nadvance from 1830 to 1848 in primary education. In \n1831 he was sent to Germany and his reports on Pub- \nlic Instruction in Prussia and iu Holland wrought \ngreat results everywhere. \n\n\n\n\nMATTHIEU BRANSIKT [FREKE PHILIPPE] \n\n(French. 1792-187-1). supcrior-gfurral of Christian \nbruihcrs. went at 17 to the Petit-Colle;;e at Lyons al- \ni\'iimIn ili\'ii\'rmined to become a brother of the Chris- \ntian si-l](jols. He soon became teacher of mathematics \nat Auray. In 1816 he went to Rethel, and in 1818 be- \ncame director of the school established by St. De La \nSalle at Reims. He opposed the Lanca.strian ideas \nthen jjrcivalent. and retained the simultaneous in- \nstruction established by his great predecessor. He \nwas afterward director at Metz. atid in 1823 was made \ndirector of the commuiiitv St.-Nicholas-des-Champs. \nParis. Here he published a geometry (1826). In 1830 \nhe Ix\'came one of th(^ four assistants of the order of \nChristian brothers, and was instrumental in found- \ning the first evening schools, to the gratification of \nGuizot. In 1838 he became supervisor-general. His \ntext-books found place iu all the schools of the order. \n\n\n\n1874] \n\n\n\nAmerica \n\n\n\n180 \n\n\n\n\nWILBUR FISK (American 1793-1839) after gradu- \nation from Brown university in 1815 was licensed in \n1818 to preach, and in 1825 was made principal of the \nseminary at Wilbraham, Mass., just removed from \nNewmarket, N. H. He began with 7 students, but \nduring the five years he was in charge there were \n1150 different persons in attendance. In 1830 he was \nelected first president of Weslevan university, which \nhud purchased the buildings erected for Capt. Part- \nridge\'s military academy at Middletown, Conn., and \nthe college opened Sept. 21, 1831. He remained pres- \nident till his death, refusing manv positions off\'ered, \namong them that of bishop in the^Methodist church. \nAll through his life he had been in feeble health, but \nhe worked hard to the last. In 1831 he took an active \npart in the controversy on the use of the Bible as a \ntext-book, j^e has been called the originator of co- \neducational academies. \n\n\n\n\nLOWELL MASON (American, 1792-1872) taught \nmusic in (Georgia for 15 years, but in 1827 came back \nto Massachusetts and was so successful in class work \nas to arouse new interest in musical instruction. \nThrough W. C. Woodbridge he became a convert to \nPestalozzian methods. He began teaching the pub- \nlic school children on Wednesday and Saturday after- \nnoons, and to give concerts. Vocal music was in- \ntroduced into some influential private schools, and \nafterward into the public schools of Boston In 1837 \nhe visited Europe to examine the systems there \ntaught. From 1834 to 1852 the Academy of Music \ngave annual institutes for instruction in Pestalozzian \nmethods of teaching music. Horace Mann said it \nwas worth any young teacher\'s while to walk ten \nmiles to hear a lecture of Dr. Mason. His published \nworks were many, and his hymns are sung every Sun- \nday throughout the land. \n\n\n\n140 \n\n\n\nAmkimca \n\n\n\n[1792 \n\n\n\n\nTHADDEUS STEVEXS (Amorican, 1792-1868) is \ncouiilcd ainoiij,\' (\'(Incatioiinl leaders bocuuso in 1835 \n111- saved from reiieal the law under which in 1834 l)r. \nBurrowes had organized the Pennsylvania school sys- \ntem. He was born on a farm in Vermont, and worlved \nIiis way throu;ili Dartmouth college by cobblinji and \nteai-hiiiL;. Upon gradiiatingin 1814 he" went to Penn- \nsylvania, to teach, soon becoming a lawyer, and a \nmember of the lejjiislature. The school-bill of 1834 was \nso unpopular that he barely escaped defeat for re- \nelection because ho had advocated it, and his con- \nsi iiuents instructed him to oppose it. He defied their \niMsti-iii-iionsaml m.ade in itsfavorthe greatest speech \nof hi-, iile. He was nifMuber of Congress 1849-1853, and \nis,v,i-isi;,s. and durinuthe war was the recognized re- \npublii.\'au leader. When 72 years old he wrote that in \nreviewinu\' all the work he had done, he felt the most \npride in his dercncc of tin\' free-school system. \n\n\n\n\nMils. \\LMIUA LINCOLN I\'HELPS (American, 1793- \n\n1884). a younLii\'r sistero! Mrs. Knuiia W\'illard, became \nat 16 a district school teacher, and after teaching in \nacadeuiii.\'sat Pittsfield, Mass., and Herlin, Couii., took \ncharge of the public school in New Britain. She had \nfor some time a private school: at Berlin, and then \nbecame principal of an academy at Sandy Hill, N. Y. \nIn 1817 she married, but after her husband\'s death in \n1823 was for 8 years a teacher in her sister\'s school at \nTroy. Here her " Lectures on Botany " (1828) grew \nout of lier cl.ass work: 11 was followed by her with \nlike books on geology (1834), chemistry (1835). and \nl)hvsics (183()). In 1833 she i)ublished "The Femnh; \nStudent ". or " \'I\'lie Fireside Kriend ". In 1831 she \nnuirried .lohn Phelps, in 1838 she became principal of \na school at Westchester, Pa., and in 1841 of Patapsco \ninstitute at lOllicotfs Mills, Md. In 1856 she witli- \ndrew, to devote herself to literarv work. \n\n\n\nStevens, C\'oLHrKN, Thayer \n\n\n\n141 \n\n\n\n\nWAKUKN COLBUUN (Americau, 179;}-18;33), iiiaui- \nfested expertness in aritlimetic at an early age, and \nafter g-raduation irom Harvard 1 n l8ao opened a se- \nlect scliool in Boston. In 1821 lie published liis " First \nLessons in Intellectual Arithmetic," hased on the \nprinciples of Pestalozzl, whicli received higher en- \ncomiums than any other text-boolc ever published in \nthis country, and soon came Into almost universal \nuse, 50,000 copies being sold annually in Greu, Brit- \nain, and twice as many in America. In 1823 he with- \ndrew Irom school to become superintendent of a \nmanufacturing business, but lectured on scientific \nsubjects, and published a "Sequel" to his "First \nLessons," and an " Algebra." But his fame rests on \nthe "First Lessons." Thomas Sherwin said : "I re- \ngard Mr. ("olburn as the great benefactor of his age, \nwith respect to the proper development of the math- \nematical powers." \n\n\n\n\nGIDEON F. THAYER (1793-1863) became a le:ielier \nin 1814 and iu spite of ill-health secured credit to \npurchase a site and erect on a scale of liberality \nhitherto unknown, his Chauncy hall school, still the \nmost noted private school in America. His confidence \nand energy secured success from the fir.st. and when \nhe retired from the principalship in 1855 he left a \nflourishing school to his successor. He was a pronii- \nnentfounderof the American institute of iustntetion \nand of the Massachusetts State feacliei->\' :iss,\xe2\x80\x9e-i,i(ion \nwas one of the editors of the 3Ia-\';s<ir/nisf/fs iVncher \nfor 1848, and contributed to Barnard s .Journal of \nEducation "Letters to a Young Teacher". Of his \naddress on "Connection of courtesy with school in- \nstruction " more than 50,000copies were circulatefl by \nHenry Barnard. While a niiMnber of the Boston \ncommon council he was one of the originators of the \nmovement to establish the public library. \n\n\n\n142 \n\n\n\nScotland \n\n\n\n[1798 \n\n\n\n\nDAVII) STOW (Si-n1i\'li. ir93-l\xc2\xabt)4) w;is m, Glasgow \nl_)ii>>iiii\'>s-iii:iii iiuicli iiil(\'i\'(\'sU\'d ill poor <;liildi\'(\'ii. t\\>r \nA\\hoiii ill \\XW 111\' ostuljlislii\'du Siuuhiv m\'cuinu school. \nlie Icarufd of tlio worl< of IJell, Liiucnstfr, Pesla- \nlozzi, and Wildcrspin, and founded the Glasgow edu- \ncational society, which in 1824 established a week- \nday iL\'ainiuf; school. In 1827 this had developed into \nthe first normal school in Great Britain, and in 3836 \nit was transferred to larjicr quarters. In 1841 the \nKoveriuiient ^rant was increased to $25,000 on condi- \ntion tliat the school should be turned over to tin? \nchurch of Scotland, which was done. Wlien in 184.5 \ndisruption occurred in the church, Stow and the en- \ntire school sided with Chalmers and withdrew to \nwhat was called the Free cliurch normal college, \nwhere lie remained till death. His \xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x96\xa0Training Sys- \ntem" passed through nine editions. A memoir by \n^V. Fraser was published in 1868. \n\n\n\n1865] \n\n\n\nAmerica \n\n\n\n14^ \n\n\n\nEDWARD ETERETT (American, 1V94-1865) after \ngraduatiou from Harvard at 20 became pastor of a laro-e \nBoston church, and in 18U was elected professor of \nGreelc at Harvard. After five vears iu Kurope for \npreparation, he entered upon this wovk and at the \nsame time became editor of tlie JVorth American, \nJieview. He gave in Boston the first purely liter- \nary lectures delivered iu America. From 1824-34 he \nwas a member of congress. From 1835-39 he was gov- \nernor of Massachusetts, and aided iu establishing the \nboard of education. From 1841-4.5 he was minister to \nl^ngland, and from 1846-49 was president of Harvard \nresigning through ill-hc^allh. In 1852, he succeeded \nDarnel U ebster as secretary of state, and in 1853 en- \ntered the U. S. senate, resigning in 1854 on account of \nlU-health. The rest of his life was given to lectures \nand orations. In 1840 he published "Importance of \nPractical ]{;ducation and Useful Knowledge". \n\n\n\n\nWALTER ROGERS JOHNSON (American, 1794-1852) \nafter graduation from Grotoa academv and Harvard \ncollege taught in Framingham and Salem, and be- \ncame principal of Germantown academy, near Phila- \ndelphia. He undertook the cause of educational \nreform in Pennsylvania, publishingin the Harrisburg \nConmionwealth a series of 13 essays on education \nfollowed in 1823 by 6 others in iha Journal of the \nFranklin Institute. In 1825 he published a pamphlet \nadvocating normal schools. The school law of 1834 \nwas largely due to his efforts. From 1826 to 1836 he \nwas principal of the high school of the Franklin In- \nstitute, where he taught Greek as a living language. \nHe was also active in the scientific work of the InsU- \ntute. From 1839 to ;843 he was professor in Pennsvl- \nvania college, and he conducted several scienti\'ic \ninvestigations for the government, especially one in \nrelation to the use of coal. \n\n\n\n144 \n\n\n\nAmerica \n\n\n\n[1704 \n\n\n\n\nELIAS CORNELIUS (Ain\xc2\xab\'i-i.-:ni, 1794-1832) after \n<Ji-n:liuili(in Ir.Mii V:ili- in ISlo spfiit sonu\' time ul, \nLilchlii\'ld ^\\illl l.,\\iii;iii lii\'CrhiT. was licensed tii \n])i-c;ii-h ill lyit), aii<l\' bccanic a missionary amoiif; tlic \nsmilliwcsteru Indians. In 1819 he became pastor in \nSalem, and in IH-.\'C) secretary of the American Kdiu-a- \ntion Society, founded in 18i6 to educate youns men \nlor the ministry. His work was largely a"s solicitinsr \nagent, and lie was reinarkaldy successful, owing to \nhis earnest belief in ilie c.-uise\', and his cheerful and \ncourteous zeal. He believed in ample training fort lie \nministry, and he investigated closely the character \nand purposes of the young men assisted. He founded \nthe American Quarterly Register, at first devoted to \nthe interests of the Society. In 1833 he became secre- \ntary of the American Board of Commissioners for \nForeign Missions, liut died Feb. 12. His memoir by \nB. B. Edwards was published in 1834. \n\n\n\n\n-^HAKVEY PRINDLE PEET (American, 1794-1873) \nafter graduation from Yale became in 1822 an in- \nstiuctor in the American asylum for the deaf and \ndumb at Hartford, and in 1831 became principal of \nthe New York institution for the deaf and dumb, \nwhich grew to be the largest in America. When he re- \nsigned in 1867 the institution had educated nearly 2,000 \ndeaf mutes, and his son succeeded him as principal. \nH<\' began in 1844 the publication of a course of text- \nbooks for the deaf and dumb, and he wrote many his- \ntorical and other papers on the subject. In that year \nHorace iMann urged the teaching of articulationand \nlip-reading, already used in German institutions, but \nthe New Vork aiid Hartford institutions decided \nagainst it. In 1868, at a meeting of American princi- \npals, it was however unanimously adopted for such \nupils as are able to profit by it, and is now used ne.irly \neverywhere, either aloue iii eounectiou with sigus. \n\n\n\n1873] \n\n\n\nA^IERICA \n\n\n\n145 \n\n\n\n\nJAMES G. CARTER (Anierlcan, 1795-18-19) after \n<_\'r;Mliiation from Harvard opened a private school iu \nI,.iiic.isti>r. Ill 1821 he began to publish newspaper \nli\'tti\'i-s in behalf of popular education, which iu 1824 \nwere issued in a pamphlet, "Letters to the Hon. \nWilliam Prescott, LL.D."\' In these he deprecated \nthe supplanting of free high schools by academies \nand the employment of unti-ained teachers, and ad- \nvocated the introduction dnto the curriculum of in- \nductive logic. A similar series of letters was pub- \nlished in 1826 under the title. \'\xe2\x80\xa2 Essays upon Popular \nlOliir.ition". In these he developed a plan forateach- \niis\' si\'ininary or normal school, and in 1827 he pre- \nsented a memorial to the legislature for such an in- \nstitution. It failed by one vote, and he started a \nprivate normal school in Lancaster, but was obliged \nto relinquish it on account of opposition. From 1835 \nto 1839 he was a member of the legislature. \n\n\n\n146 \n\n\n\nAmerica \n\n\n\n[1795 \n\n\n\n\nEBENEZEU BAILEY (Amerioim, 1795-1839), ouu of \n1 lie piiinijers ill giving woniiin an opportnnity for u \nliiuiii\'i\' (mIiiciiI ion. after firaduation from Yale in 1817 \nb(!cam(! a tutor in a Virginia family, and after a year \no|)(\'iied a scliool for girls in Newburyport, Mass. In \n1823 he became master of the Franklin grammar \nschool. Boston, and in 1825 first principal of the girls \nliigh school. In 1827 he opened a private school for \ngirls, whicli from the first enjoyed a high rei)utation. \nThe eqiilpmont and course of instruction were far \nabove thos(! usually employed, and his graduates \nwere eagerly sought for teachers. In 1830 he was one \nof the committee to organize the American Institute \nof Instruction. He published "The Young Ladies \nClass-liook " (1831), " Hakewell\'s Philosophical Con- \nversations" (1832), and " Bailey\'s Algebra" (1833), for \nmany years a popular text-book for beginners. The \nj^anic of 1837 forced him to give up his school. \n\n\n\n\nWILLIAM IJESTLEY FOM\'LE (American, 1795-1865), \npublisher of th(^ Comuion School Journal, at 15 be- \ncame a clerk in the Boston bookstore of Caleb Bing- \nham. In 1821 he was elected a member of the primary \nschool committee wliich established the first inter- \nmediate s(diool, and adopted the Lancasterian plan \nof instruction. >Ir. Tweed-Dale of Albany wlio h.-id \nbeen put in cliarge being unable to remain, Mr. l\'\'owle \ntook liis i>lace. In 1823 he opened the T\'emale iiioiii- \ntori:il si-hool, which he conducted until in 18-10oblige(l \nby ill-lie;ilth to resign. In 1842he becamethe i)ublish- \nei- ;ind after 1848 was the proprietor of The i\'oiniiion. \nScliool JoKnial, until its discontinuance in 1852, when \nlie once more openeil a private school. His " Ti\'acli-. \nit\'s Institutt!" grew out of his experience as a con- \niluctor, and he published two spellers. He was among \ntlir lirst to admit girls, to use blackboards, and to \ntrai\'li :ill subjects ill tlie silllie room. \n\n\n\n1S60] \n\n\n\nBailey, Fowle, Peabody \n\n\n\n147 \n\n\n\n\nGEORGE PEABODY (AmeruMn, 1795-1869), the \nliliilaiitliropist. became at 11 a clerk in a country store \niu Massachusetts. In 1811 he went to Georgetown, L). \n(\'.. as clerk for an uncle, and in 1813 became a part- \nner in a dry-Koods business, removed in 181.T to Halli- \nniore. In 18-27 he visited London, and becam.\' a \nwealthy banker. In 1851 he contributed $15,000 to \nprovide for a display of American exhibits at the \nGreat Exhibition, and in 1852 fitted out a ship for Dr. \nKane"s Arctic exploration, wlience comes the name \n\xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x96\xa0 F\'e.abody land" in the refjion visited. In the same \nyear he gave $20,000, after\\\\ards increased to $250,000, \nto his native town, Danvers, Mass., for the Peabody \nInstitute. Other gifts were a million to the Peabody \nInstitute, Baltimore. S\'^ million to the laboring ])oo\'r \nof London, and 3i4 millions to education in tiie south, \nbesides many gifts to colleges and various cliarities, \nso that his name is familiar all over the couutrw \n\n\n\n148 \n\n\n\nEngland \n\n\n\n[179/ \n\n\n\n\nWILLIAM WHEWELL (English, 1795-1860 . was a \nprize man in mathematics at Cambridge, and became \na fellow and tutor at Trinity. From 18^-33 he was \nprofessor of miiioralos\'yatCambridg-e, andjfrom 1838- \n55, professor lit moral tlu\'oloj;-y. In 1811 he was ap- \npointed master uf Trimly, and in 1855 vice-chancellor \nof the University of Cambridge. He was such a vol- \numinous writer and on subjects so diverse, that It \nwas said of him tliat "knowledge was his forte, \nomniscience his foible". The anecdote is told that \nstudents who wanted to detect Ignorance on at least \none subject, worked up from old reviews a knowledge \nof Chinese music, and introduced It as a casual topic \nof conversation. When they had exliaustcd tliem- \nselves he remarked, " I was imperfectl>- and to some \nextent Incorrectly informed when I wrote tlie arti- \ncles from which you liave dra^rn your Information." \nBut his knowledge was profound as well as various. \n\n\n\n\nSIR KOAVLAND HILL (E\'n-Iish, 179.5-18,9) tan-IU in \nhis fiithci\'s i.i-ivntrs.\'hool. and developed at lla/.clloii \nthe r.-iiinius lbi/.rl\\v(M,a system, the .-hK\'t points ol \nw hieh wei-i\' (1) seir-^ioverninent and niutuul respoii- \nsiliiHlv (\xe2\x80\xa2:) fixed stiiiuliirds of merit instead ol coni- \n,\xe2\x80\x9e.|ition. :i,nd (3) natund penalties instead of arbi- \ntrary nunisliments. In l\xc2\xab:i: he and liis bnitlier \nMut\'tliew hniuiilit out " Fnblic Ediu-ation lor tlie \noovenuuenl. and liberal instruetiou of boys iii Iju-p\' \nnuiiibers. as praetised in the llazel\\yood .sehc.ol. a, \nboek in \\yhic!i tlie system was made known. t was \nnolic<-d at lensith in tlie KiHnbnnjh Nenen: was trans- \nla,1,.d into seyeral for.M-n lansiia-es. am l.i-oui-h 1. \nyisilors from all oyer Fairope. Jeremy lientliam fad \nthe Ixiok sent for him. and became his warm Irieiid. \nMe wa,s \'the aiillior of penny-postajic ado|ite,l in \nis40 and beeanie se.nvlary to the post-olliee. lie was \nkniiihtod in 18(iO. \n\n\n\n1S70] \n\n\n\n\\\\"iiE\\vELL. Hill, Arnold, Hakpei; \n\n\n\n14* \n\n\n\n\n\nTHOMAS ARNOLD (English, 1795-1842) became dur- \xe2\x80\x94 \ning the last fouiteen years of his life tlie most famous \nof modern sclioolmasters. Aftei\' graduation from \nWinchester and Oxford, and some private teaching, \nhe was in 1838 elected master of Rugbj School One \nof his testimonials predicted : " If Mr. Arnolo is elect- \ned, he will change the face of education all through \nthe public sciiools of England"\xe2\x80\x94 and he did it. His \nsuccess was due to his earnest endeavor to apply \nthe principles of Christianity to life in the school \nas well as out of it. The amiability of his heart, the \njustice of his dealings, the transparent honesty of \nhis character, made him at once loved and feared. \nThe feeling grew up that it was disgraceful to tell a \nlie to a man who trusted boys as lie did. In expelling \nsome boys, he said : " It is not necessary that this be a \nschool of 300, of 100, or even of 50 boys : it is necessary \nthat it should be a school of Christian gentlemen, "t \n\n\n\n\nJAMKS HAKPEU (Scotch. 1795-1875) bccMiiic ;il Ir.\'M, \nstudi\'iil in Ihi\' University of Ohisjiow, ;uul in isi:f in \nthe University of Edinburgh. He slndied tlieohi^v \nat Selkirk iuul in 1818 was lii-eused to pi-eucli. In \n1826 he became editor of the Edinburgh Theoloiiirdl \nMarjazine. and in 1831-2 was a warm advocate of tlie \nReform bill. In 1845 he became professor of syste- \nmatic theology of the United Presbyterian HaH, and \nbecame in ISrio editor of its Maguziiie.. He helped \noriginate the movement against theolouical tests I\'or \nlay professorships iu the universities, resulting in \ntli\'eir abolishment in 1853. He wiis identified from \nthe Hrst with The Xatioual Education Association of \nSootlar.d, advocating pureiy secular Instruction and \ncontrol, which finally prevailed iu the law of 1872. \nWhen thCwUnited Presbyterian college was recon \nstructed he became in 1876 the first principal. His \nspecial strength was iu the depnrt meut of homiletics. \n\n\n\n150 \n\n\n\nAmioimca \n\n\n\n[iTun \n\n\n\n\nHOHACK .\xe2\x96\xa0HA.>N (AiiHTican, l70ti-lS50). was tlio most \nemiiu\'Ui iinU .successful pi\'oiiKJtcr ui popular educa- \ntion or Ills iluif. As lawyer, statesman, and pliilan- \ntliropist he had achieved considei-ai)le reputation, \nwhen in 1837 he became secretary of the newly-es- \ntahllshed Board of Education of IMassacinisetts. He \nheld tills position for 13 years, wurkim;- lo imurs a \nday. ne made use mainly of three uut\'ncies: (i) a \nseries of teachers\' Institutes; (2) a niondily cinnnioii \nScJiool JouDutl, and (3) a wide circulation of his An- \nnual School Reports to the Board ot Education, which \nstill rank as amonar the best of ediicatinnal litera- \nture. In 184.3, lie visited Europe, and liiscmnparisons \nin his rth Keport li-d tea heatedconiniversy with the \nmasters of the r.ostdu schools. In ists lie resig-nedto \nbecome V. S. Senator, and in 1854 he became presi- \ndent of Autiocli College, where he remained till his \n\n\n\n1875] \n\n\n\nAmerica, England \n\n\n\n151 \n\n\n\n\nI-KANCIS WATLANI* (American, 1796-1865) after \ngi-acluatlou iroiii I\'liion beg-an i)raetice as a physi- \ncian. Becoming- converted, lie entered tlie univer- \nsity, but after five years of preacliiug in Boston \nbecame professor of matliematics at Union, where \nhe had previously served four years as tutor. Al- \nmost immediately he -.vas elected president of Brown \nUniversity, where he remained from 1827 to his res- \nIjjnat ion iu 1855. He proved to be one of the half- \ndi>/.i\'n urrat colleo-e presidents of the generation, \n(\'st.ii)ilsliingnrm discipline, and proving himself an \nii.srrnciiir of remarkable power. A justice of the \nJMassai-huscrts Supreme Court, himself a Brown \ngradual 1\', sjid Of a witness In a certain trial: "I \nshould liavi\' suspected that that man was one of Dr. \nWayland\'s students fi\'om the way in which he dls- \ncriminntcd between character and reputation, two \nwords ofteu coufoundsfi." \n\n\n\n^- \xc2\xbb^. \n\n\n\n\nSIK CH.VKLES LYELL (Faislish, 1797-1875), the first \n^icolosist of liis century, after graduation from Ox- \nford in 1819 and 1831 began the study of hiw, but gave \nit up for geology. In 1823 he was elected secretary of \nthe Geological society, and his flrstorigiiial paper was \nread t)efore it in 1824. In 1827 he contributed to the \n(htartfi-hj -Review an article describing the part that \nscienlilic societies are to plav iu provincial education. \nHis \'\xe2\x96\xa0 Principles of Geology \xe2\x96\xa0\' appeared 1830-38. and \ngave the death-blow to the catastrophic school of ge- \nologists, showing a progressive state of existence on \nthe globe. In 1831 he was made professor of geology \nin Kings college, London, and he gave lectures at the \nRoyal institution in 1832. In 1835, 1836, 1849. and 18r;0 \nhe was president of the Geological society, and in 1838 \npublished his " Elements of Geology ". He visited \nthe United States in 1841 and 1845 and delivered a \nseries of lectures before the Lowell institute, \n\n\n\n15: \n\n\n\nAmkrica \n\n\n\n[170 \n\n\n\n\nMARY LYON (American. 1797-1849) had been a \nteacher for 20 years, when she attended Joseph Em- \nerson\'s scliool at Byfleld, and was impressed by his \nviews of the higher education of women. She taught \nin the academy at Derry, N. H., and from 1828 to 1834 \nwas principal of the academy at Ipswich. Mass. She \nresigned to establish the Mount Holyoke Female Sem- \ninary, to fit women for teaching by giving them ad- \nvantages corresponding with thbse\'offered in colleges \nfor men. She opened it in 1837, and presided over it \ntill her death. A distinguishing feature was to have \nall the domestic labor performed by the pupils and \nteachers, thus reducing the expense and giving the \nyoung women exercise and practice in household \nwork. This plan with some modifications is still pur- \nsued there, and was adopted at Wellesley college \nwhen it opened. In 1888 Mount Holyoke became a \ncollege. \n\n\n\n\n\xc2\xab;KOKfiK K. KMERSON (Amoru .Ul, 1797-1881), oue of \nlUc most iiiliueutlalti\'achers ol MassacmiseLls, began \nin a distrii-i scliuol when 17 years old, and withat\'cw \niu l8o5, after liavlii.u- been for 25 years princii)al of a \nprivate srhuol tor i^irls iu Boston. He served on the \nstate I\'.oai\'d of Eduration, was anioni;- tlie founders of \nthtT Aiueriran Institute of Instruction, and aided \nU\'arreu t\'oli)urii in liriugln^ out his "Intellectual \nAritiunetic." He wrote iu 1S4;^ the second part of \n" Tlie School and the Schoolmaster," placed by James \n\\\\;ids\\vorth and Mr. Brimmer resp(^ctively in every \nput ilic school of New York and Massachusetts. l\\Ir. \nlOnierson\'s main efforts at reform in education were \ntoward t he abolishirient of corporal punishment, and \nthe extension of tlie education of women. Some of \nIlls experiences were gathered by liitu into a volume \ncalled " Kemlniscences of an Old Teacher " (1878). In \nhis later years he aid much botanical Investigation. \n\n\n\nISSl] \n\n\n\nLyon. P]Mf:Ksox, ^\\\\\\. Antiiox \n\n\n\n153 \n\n\n\n\nSAMUEL JOSEPH MA V (Aiiifric:ui. 1797-1871), ;i. iv- \nliii\'Micr iucilui-aiiciM :iiid in luiii slavery, after firadiui- \nlioii Iroiii llarvMnl in 1\xc2\xab17 becmne in 1822 a Unitarian \n\'\xe2\x80\xa2Ici\'^yuian. In 1832 lie was a member of the first New \ni;ni;land anti-slavery society, and was the champion \nol\' I\'rudence Crandall when she was perse<-uted for \nadinittinK colored i^irls to her school in Canterburv, \n( \'onn. In is:tt he became general asent of the ^lassa- \ncliiisi-tts anli-slavcry society. In 1842 he beca,rao \nprincipal of the State uorma,l school at Lexington, \n.Mass. In 1845 he becjime pastor of the church at Syra- \ncuse. X. Y., where iu 1830 lie had been mobbed \'and \nburned in cttij,\'y. Here he remained until in 1867 he \nbecame missionary in central Xew York for the \n.American missioiiarv association. He published \n\xe2\x96\xa0\xe2\x80\xa2 lOducation of the Faculties"\' (1846). \'-Revival of \nI\'.ducalion" (185.5). and \'\xe2\x80\xa2 Recollections of the Auti- \n.shivery Coullict" (186y.) \n\n\n\n\nCHARLES ANTHOX (American. 1797-1867), after \nt;raduation in 1815 from t\'olumljia was from 1820 to \n1830 adjunct professor, from 1830 to 18.57 professor \nof Greek ;ind Latin, and from 18.57 to his deiith .l;iy \nprofessor of Greek, completing\' a continuous service \nin the eoUese of nearly half a century. From 18:iO \nto 1864 he was also rector of the grammar school. \nTo the educational world at large, however, he is best \nknown as ail author of Latin text-books. In 1830 he \n|)ublished an edition of Horace, followed by some \nfifty classical books, mostly texts withaiinotafions si> \nsuperabundant that they were more pojjular with \nl:i7.y pupils than with careful teachers, but had large \nsale both here.-ind in Rngland. As the notes were up- \non the same page with the te.xt and gave parajTfirases \nof much of the text, a quick-witted pupil could often \nenter a class without preparation, and recite with a]i- \nparent credit, \n\n\n\n154 \n\n\n\nAmerica \n\n\n\n[1797 \n\n\n\n\nDASIEL DEWEY BAKN\'AllD (Aiiifrican, 1797-1861) \nwas iiiiulc a clerk in the eounty clerk\'s office at Can- \naii.hiP\'ua, K. Y.,Ht 13 years of age, was graduated \nfrom Williams in 1818. sind began practice as a law- \nyer in Rochester in 1834. In 1826 he was made dis- \ntrict i>ttornev. and in 1827 was elected to congress, Us \n\\ (nin"est member. He opposed the auti-mason party, \n;,uil was counsel for the defence in several of the \n\xe2\x96\xa0\xe2\x96\xa0.M,u-an trials\'". In 1832 he removed to Albany-, \na lid from 1839 to 1845 was once more in congress. He \nwas alwavs interested in education, and in the legis- \nlature of "1838 presented the report on colleges, acad- \nemies, and common schools upon religious exercises; \nand upon the subject and system of public instruc- \ntion the latter in connection with the new U. b. ae- \nDosit fund. In this he pointed out the need of su- \nperior teachers, and recommended the extension of \nthe regents svstera of training classes. \n\n\n\n\nJOHN ADAMS DIX (American 1798-1879) became \nill I\xc2\xabi3 the youngest officer in the U. S. army, but \nrelived in 1826, and was admitted to the bar in 1828. \nIll 1833 he became secretary of state for New York, \nand was for six years ex-officio superintendent of \npublic instruction. He secured the establishment of \ntraining classes for teachers and school district \nlibraries, and in 1837 published "Decisions of the \nSuperintendent ,)f Common Schools ", a volume of \n487 pages that has been the foundation of all works \non scliool law since published. In 1845 he became \nsenator in C\'ongress, in 1853 assistant treasurer of \nthe U. S., and in 18.\'i9 postmaster of New York city. \nIll 1860 he was appointed secretary of the treasury, \nand gave the famous order. \'" If any one attempts to \nliMul down thC\' America n llai;. shoothim on the spot." \nIn 1S(U he became majdr-geiieral; in 1866 minister to \nParis, and in 1872 goveniur vt New \\"ork. \n\n\n\n1S79] \n\n\n\nFkaxck \n\n\n\n15.-) \n\n\n\n\nJEAN MARIK CONSTANT DlHAMEIi (1< nncli. 175)7- \n1872). the matlii\'iniilii-iaii. was educated in the P<ily- \nteclniic school in Paris, and became teacher of math- \niMiiiitirs tliere. He proved so successful both as an \niii\\e-,ii-ator and as a teacher that in 1831 he was \nmadf lu-ofessor of liifi-her mathematics in the Uni- \nversity of Paris, where he remained until his death. \nIn 1840 he bec;ime a member of the Institute. He \nwas tlie author of many works on mathematics, ana- \nlytical mechanics, and the theory of heat. Amonir \nhis best known books are " Coiiirs d\'Analvsis del" \nEcole Polytechnique" (1840, 1841). \'\xe2\x96\xa0 Cours de Me- \nchanique " (3d ed. 1863), " Klements :lu Calcul Intini- \ntesimal" (3d ed. 1874). and \xe2\x96\xa0\' Des Methodes dans les \nSciences de Raissounement \'" (1866-72). All of these \nhavi! been widely used both in France and abroad, \nand valued for clear statement as well as soundness: \nfor he could demonstrate as well as investieate. \n\n\n\n\n.TITLES JIICHLET (French. 1798-1871) was sent by \nliis i)overty-stvick(.\'n parents to college, and upoii \ngraduation began to teach in the public .scliools. ris- \nin!i rapidly till ho became professor in the Collejii\' \nde France. Hi" lost his place by refusing to take the \noath of allegiance to Louis Napoleon. In 1827 lie \n[uiblisbed his first book, an outline of modern his- \ntory. This was followed b.V more tlian 50 other \nvolumes, growing out of his work as a teacher. He \nused to say the first principle of politics is educa- \ntion, the second principle is education, the third, \n[irinciple is education. lie said that for \'I\'hierry his- \ntory was a narrative, for Gui\'/ot an analysis, for hini- \nsi\'lf aresurrectioii. "\xe2\x80\xa2 His i>a,ges are ])acked with first- \niiand inronuation, and they ulow with the fires of \nhis love for his country as the sufferer, the teacher, \nand the prophet of the whole human raci\'." He wrote \nother popular books\xe2\x80\x94 on natural histor.v\', etc. \n\n\n\n1 5() \n\n\n\nAmekka \n\n\n\n[170S \n\n\n\n\nWILLIAM RUSSELL (Scotch, 1798-1873), after -rad- \nualioii from the university, on account of Iuuk trouble \ncame to America as a tutor in a Georgia family. He \nmarried a Connecticut woman, and moved to New \nHaven, teaching for a time in the Hopl<ins grammar \nschool. He beu-an to teach elocution iu Harvard, \nAndover. and the Chauncy hall school and in 1826 be- \ncame editor of the American Journal of Education, \nthe lirst educational journal published\' in Knglish. \n\'I\'liis liiljor in addition to his tenchinii was so burden- \niim lli.it after three years he relin(iuished it. In 1849 \nlie established a normal school in New Hampshire, \nwhich he moved in 1853 to Lancaster, Mass. The \nState normal schools had made a private school no \nlonger necessary, and it failed, compelling him to go \nback to his old work as instructor in institutes. He was \nthe author of a \'\' Manual of Mutual Instruction\'"(1826), \nand "Suggestions on Teachers\' Institutes" (1848). \n\n\n\n\nCHARLKS DAVIES (American, 1798-1876),the mathe- \nniatir;il ie\\l-b(>ok author, after trradiiation from \nWest I\'oint in 181o, in 1816 becMine .\xe2\x96\xa0! ss-ist;i nt profes- \nsor of mathematics tliere, and in IS\'J:! iiV\'^fessor. He \nri\'si^iied in 1837 on account of civer^N i.irk upon his \ntext-books and visited Europe. On his return he \nwas i)rol\'essor in Trinity college 1839-41, but once \nmore wa,s comijelled by ill-health to resign, and was \nmade piiymasler in the army. He was treasurer iit \nWest Point till ISIR, when he became protessoi- of \niiiatliemntics in New York university. He retired in \n1847 to give all his atteiil ion to his mathematical text- \nbooks. .\\fter te:iehiiig ill the .Vlbanv normal 1855-57. \nhe became in lK.i7 professor and in 1865emeritus i)ro- \nlessor of liinher muthemalics in Columbia. Ilistext- \nbooks (lS3r-(i;) ranued over the entire field of mathe- \nmatics, iiH\'luding a " M.-ithemalical Dictionary\'" \n(185,5). His last work was \xe2\x96\xa0 The .Metric System "\' (18ni), \n\n\n\nRussell, Davirs, the Alcotts \n\n\n\n157 \n\n\n\n\n^.,vn!5;^^^\'^\'^ ^- -^I^^^OTT (Amei-icnn. 1798-1859) was a \n..nmei- s s,)u, \xc2\xbb,\xe2\x80\x9e1 when 18 tauglit, his dislricl, school \ntor the wun..r at fu dollars a month and board hin,- \nIf taught for six winters, and in 18:22 got a \nschool tor the entire year, at $100 and board around \nHis experiences are given in his "Confessions of .-i \nSchoolmaster. \' He continued to teach, but in 18^4 \nbegan to st^udy medicine, and in 1826 got license to \npractise He continued to teach occasional! v how- \never introducing many novel ideas, and was \'active \nou the school committee, established a librarv ana \nw o^,^\xc2\xb0\xc2\xb05\'v,\'^-7\' ^9^ t^\xc2\xab Pi\'-^ss. In 1830 he joined \nr^lo.u ??\'^^i"\'^^\'\'i ?\'^ starting a Fellenbery scliool \n.itt n^^^w "\'"^K^-\'J\'^ "\xe2\x80\xa2\' ^^^?- ^\'^ "\xe2\x96\xa0\'\'""^ to Boston to as- \nsist Dr Uoodbridge m editing the Annals of Educa- \ntion,a\\nTge monthly journal. Here he became a \nvoluminous author, especially of medical and Sun- \nday school books. \n\n\n\n\nAMOS BRONSOX ALCOTT (American 1799-1888) -i \nP\'-ripatetic philosopher, was sent south asabov\'lo \npeddle m \\ irginia. He went among the plantations \nwelcome as a visitor but making no sales. In 1823 hi\' \nstarted an infant school, and in 1838 another in Bos- \nton, the peculiar methods in which are described in \nLhy.abeth I\'eabody\'s "Record of a School" (18S4 \n1873). It was not successful, and he removed to Con- \ncord, where he became cne of the most picturesuue \ntigiires in the Concord school of transcendentalis\'ts\' \nHe was especially noted for his " conversations "\' \nwhich he delivered on a wide range of speculative and \npractical .themes in the principal cities of the coun- \ntry. Among his books are " Conversations with Chil- \ndren on the Gospels " (1836), " Tablets "(1868) " Con- \ncord Days " (1872), " Table Talk " (1877)! " New Con- \nnecticut " (1881\\ "Sonnets and Canzonets" ^S8\'\'^ \n" Ralph Waldo ICmerson " (1882). \'\' \n\n\n\n158 \n\n\n\nAmkuica \n\n\n\n[1799 \n\n\n\n\nSAMUEL LEWIS rVmerioan, 1799-1854) \xe2\x80\xa2 after a \nyouth (if iKivcrty iuid hiird work was admitti\'d to the \nbar ill 1822, was licensed as a local preacher in 1824. \nand in 1837 was elected superinteudeut of coininou \nschools for the State of Ohio. He travelled 1200 miles \non horseback, he found half the districts witliout \nschoolhouses, and he recommended to the legislature \na state fund, supervision, a school journal, etc. The \nschool law of 1838 was practically his, and in that \nyear he issued The Conwnon School Director, visited \n65 counties, delivered addresses, studied the schools, \nand particularly begged for central high schools. In \n1839 he recommended a State normal school. That \nwinter the legislature united the office of superin- \ntendent to that of secretary of state, and though he \nwas urged to be a candidate for the latter office he \ndeclined. He was from its foundation president of \nthe Cincinnati school board. " \n\n\n\n\nGEORWE BA>\'(;R0FT (American. 1800-1891) lliough \nhis faiiH\' is MS :m historian had much lo do with edu- \ncation ill liis I\'urliiT years. After graduation from \nHarvard in 1817 and from Gottingeu in 1820 he became \nin 1822 teacher of Greek at Har\\ar<l, and in 1823 \njoined Joseph G. Cogswell, afterward superintendent \nof the Astor library, in opening in Northampton, \nMass., the Round Hill school for boys, something on \ntin; plan of Rugby and Eton. It did not receive boys \nmore than 12 years old, made English .first in impor- \ntance, provided ntitive teachers in French, Spanish, \nGerman, and Italian, and taught inductively so far as \npossible. A pupil of Jahn taught gymnastics. A \nuniform was required of blue broadolo\'th with brtiss \nliiittous. When Mr. Bancroft retired in 1831, the \nschool had numbered 290 pupils, among Iheni many \nw ho had hecome famous. Hut it did not i)ro: per liii.-iu- \nrially and he gave it up for literary work. \n\n\n\nANOTHKR I \'OKI\' K A IT \n\n\n\n1891] \n\n\n\nT.Euis. Bancroft, Benedict, Woolwokth \n\n\n\n150 \n\n\n\n\nERASTUS CORNELIUS BENEDICT (American, \n1800-188U), 13tli chuncellor of tlie Uuiversity of Die \nState of New York, after graduatiou from \\Villiaiiis \nin 1821 was principal of academies atJamestow n and \nNewburgh, N. Y., aud for a year a tutor at \\Villiaiii>. \nHe was admitted to the bar in 1824, aud w:is deimi \\ \ncleric of the U. S. district court, 1M7-9. He becauic \nthe leading lawyer of New York in aduiiralt v cu.m\'s. \nand his \xe2\x80\xa2\' American Admiralty, its Jurisdiction and \nPractice " (1850) was recognized as the standard an \nthority. In 1848 and in 1864 he was elected to the as- \nsembly, and in 1872 to the senate. He was a member \nof the New York board of education 1350-63, and its \nfirst president. In 1855 he bec^ame a regent of tln\' \nUniversity of the State of New York, in 1872 vice- \nchancellor, and in 1878 chancellor. He published \xe2\x96\xa0\xe2\x96\xa0 A \nRun through Europe" (1860), and \'"The llvniii nC \nHidelliert" (1869). \n\n\n\n\nSAMUEL BUELL WOOLM\'ORTH (American, 1800- \n1880), 9th secretary of the board of regents, aft(!r grad- \nuation from namllton in 1822 taught for two years in \nMouson, Mass., where Henry Barnard was his pupil. \nHe was principal of the Onondaga academy, N. Y., \n1824-30, of.the Cortland academy. Homer, 1830-51, and \nof the Albany normal 18.52-6. In 1856 he su(!ceeded \nDr. Beck as secretary of the Regents of the University. \nUnder his administration the apportionment of tin\' \nLiterature fund was made dependent upon the number \nof pupils who had passed examinations in tlie funda- \nmental branches, which showed them iiuali lied to take \nup advanced subjects. Thus began the system of Re- \ngents e.xaminations, which is the most extensive ever \ni nstituted. He was also a mover I u the establish ment ot \nthe University Convocation. He was one of the founds \ners of the State teachers association, and in 1847 pres- \nident. He was 40 vears trusti-e of Hainillun college. \n\n\n\n160 \n\n\n\nEngland, America \n\n\n\n[1800 \n\n\n\n\nWILLIAM KLLIS (Elig-lisll, 1800-18H1) W;is well- \nkQowu as ;i philantlu\'opist and writiT on I\'ducation, \nbut was already middle-aged wlicu iu iSKihe offered \nhis services as tcaelier of social science in tlie \nscliools of tile iSrilislinnd Forei\'^\'n ScIkhiI Societ\\-. In \n1848 lie founded t lie tirst IMrkliecIc scliool in Lin\'idou, \nsoon followed l)\\dt hers. These seho(;ls excluded sec- \ntarian teaclilnLrintrodnccMl physiology, and abolished \ncorporal ])unishn lent. Heading- was taught in connec- \ntiiMi -witli lessdiis on objeers ; Spelling- and grammar \nfrom! lie reading lessons ; and social economy was \nmade pi-iimineni, including instruction in the means \nby which wealth is produced, the division of labor, \nand the importance of parental foresight and econ- \nomy. These schools did much to lay the foundation \nfor the present system of national schools. His \n" Education as a means of pi-eventing Destitution " \nis still regarded as a standard work. \n\n\n\n\n\nALONZO POTTER (American, 1800-1865) after grad- \nuation iu 1818 froin Union college, was professor \nthere from 1821 to 1826 and from 1831 to 1845, when he \nwas elected bishop of the Episcopal cliurch. He was \nalways interested in the coiiniion .schools. He was \nthe first president of the American a.>soeiation for \nthe advancement of education.. and was adviser of \nthe department of public instruction at .\\lbany and \nof James VVadsworth in his benef.-u-tions to educa- \ntion. He wrote the first part of \'The School and \nthe Schoolmaster", of which 15,000 copies were dis- \ntributed by Mr. Wadsworth among the schools of \nNew ^\'ork, and of which 60,000 copies were sold: and \n\xc2\xabMs prominent in all school associations up toihc \nlime his health broke down from overwork. In tlic \nwar of 1861 he was an active member of the sanitary \nand Christian commissions, and an advocate of \nemMiieiiiatioii. \n\n\n\n1889] \n\n\n\nAmerica \n\n\n\n161 \n\n\n\n\nMARSHALL COXANT (Ain<n-ican. 1801-1873), 2(1 \npi-iiK\'i]);il III\' tlic IJfid^\'ewntei\' iiormiil. was a V(n-nu)iif, \nfarini\'f\'s Ixiy, and became a carpenter, but studied in \nliis spare liours, and in 1823 endeavored to compute \nthe eleni(!nts of a comet that appeared. At 23 he be- \ntran ienchin<i at $12 a montli paid in corn, and suc- \nceeded in calculating correctly two eclipses. In 1828 \nlie calculated an almanac of which 10,000 copies were \nsold, and contiiuii\'d its publication for five years. In \n1829 he opened a select school in Woodstock, and in \n1834 became a tejicher in a Koston grammar school. \nIn 183(5 he opened another private school, in 1839took- \nau academy at Hillsboro, III., and in 1841 at Fratn- \niiiKham, :\\Iass., and from 184.\'S to 1853 was eni>a<jed in \n()iit-doorent;ineerin<j work. From 1853 to 1860 he was \nprincipal of the Bridgewater normal, and from 1862 \nto 1872 was an otricer in the internal revenue depart- \nment at Washington. \n\n\n\n\nTHKODOUE DWKiHT WOOLSEY (American, 1801- \n1.S89). Kith presideni, of Yale, after graduation from \nVale in 1820 studied law in New York and theologv at \nI\'rinceton and was tutor at Yale 1823-25. He studied \nin Kurope 1827-30, and iu 1831 became professor of \nGreek at Yale, of which he was president 1846-71. \n.\\fter his resiijnation he lectured in the law school, \nand continued his studies in political science. He- \nsides editions of four. Greek texts and his college ad- \ndresses, he published his " International Law " (1874). \n"Essay on Divorce" (1869), "The Religion of the \nPresent and the Future " (1871), \xe2\x80\xa2 Political Science\' \n(1877), and "Communism and Soci.\'ilism " (1879). He \nalso re-edited after the author\'s death Lieber\'s " Civil \nLilierty and Self-Government"\' (1874) and "Manual \n(if Political Ethics " (1874). He was for several years \na rejrentof the Smithsonian institution, and one of the \nconimittoe for the revision of the Xew Testament. \n\n\n\n162 \n\n\n\nAmEKK\'A \n\n\n\n[ISOl \n\n\n\n\nJOHN KINtiSBURl (American, 1801-1874) afte. \ngraduatiou from Urown in 1836, established in 1828 \nhis "YouuK Ladies\' High School", over which h6 \npresided for 30 years, during which period he was \nabsent from tiie school altogether only 11 weeks. \nThe school was a pioneer in giving hisjher education \nto women, but was a success from the start. The \nnumber of pupils was never allowed to exceed 43, and \nthere was always a long waiting-list of applicants. \nAltogether he had 557 of the best young women of \nProvidence under his charge, many of them of a second \ngeneration. From 1857 to 1859 he was State commis- \nsioner of publie instruction, and devoted himself to a \ncareful inspection of the schools, visiting nearly every \ndistrict in the State. He was one of the founders of \nthe American Institute of Instruction and of the \nRhode Island Institute of Instruction. From 1853 h\xc2\xbb \nWas the secretary of lirown university. \n\n\n\n\nSAMUEL (JRIDLEY HOWE (American, 1801-1876), \nulter gradualiciii from IJrown university in 1821 stud- \nied medicine, but soon sailed for Greece to take i>art \nlike Lord Kyron in tlie Greek revolution, of which in \n1828 he pulilislied a history. Upon his return, be- \n\xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x80\xa2omiu\'j interested in tlie education of the blind in \nthe Alilie Haiiy\'s schools in Paris, he went there in \n1830, and afterwards to Herlin, where he was impris- \noned for bearing gifts to the Polish revolutionists, at \nrequest of Gen. Lafayette. He was released in 1832, \nand came back to America to begin teaching the \nblind. His success led t\'ol. Perkins to found for him \nthe Institution for the lilindin Boston. In 1837 he be- \nyan (o train Laura. l!ridgm;in,adeaf. dumb, and blind \ni-liild. and his suci-ess is narrated from .\\rar to year in \nhisreiiorts. In ]8f31i<\' married Julia Ward, afti\'rward \nllie author of the \'\xe2\x80\xa2IJatlle Hymn of the Kei>ublic". \nllr was prominent in all philanthropic work. \n\n\n\nI\\i.\\(;snri;v. Howi:, Xortii, T.kwis \n\n\n\nU]?> \n\n\n\n\nSniKON NORTH (AuKTiean, 1802-1884), 5Mi presi- \nilc\'iii (if Hamilton, niter sraduation from Yale in 1825 \nwas a tutor there. 1827-9, and was graduated from the \niliviniiy school in 1828. He caiue to Hamilton as \n|irol"ess\'or ill 1829, in the midst of President Davis\'s \n1 rouble, when there were but nine students and one \nlirofossor. He remained lOyears as professor, and in \n1K:^9 became president, resignins in 1857. He was \ntrustee until his death, his entire connection with \n1 lie college coverino: 55 years. He was also a trustee \ncif the Auburn theological seminary 1840-49. Amons \nhis published works were \'\'The American System of \nCollegiate Education" (1839), " Faith in the" World\'s \nt\'onversion" (1842), and " Anglo-Saxon Literature " \n(1847). A leading event of his administration was \nthe election in 1841 of Prof. Jlandeville to the chair \n.if rhetoric, leading to the training in public speak- \niii" for which the colleae has ever since been noted. \n\n\n\n\nTAYLER LKM\'IS (American. 1802-1877), an eminent \nscliolar, alter graduation from Union in 1820 studied \nlaw, and practised at I\'\'ort Miller, X. Y., where he \nbecauK! absorbed in the study of Hebrew and Greek. \nIn 183^ h( ibandoned law and took a classical school \nin \\\\ 11(1 lord. In 1837 he was made professor of \nGifi k 111 New York university, and in 1849 professor \nol nil II lit oriental languages at Union. In 1863, hav- \niii_ sulKKd f(u- many years from deafness, he was \n^b 1 ki d l)\\ the wounds in battle of his son and the \n1 itli u) on the field of his son-in-law, but hi.s activity \nIs 1 wiilii continued till the last. His published \nnoiks iiK aided \xe2\x96\xa0\xe2\x96\xa0 \'i\'lie Nature and Ground of Pun- \n1-.111UI nt (1844). \'-The Six days of Creation" (1855), \n1 hi Duine Human in the .Scriptures " (I860), and \nstite Rights, a Photograph from Ancient Greece ", \n\\\\liich h id wide circulation in the early days oi the \nci\\ il w 11 \n\n\n\n164 \n\n\n\nAmerica \n\n\n\n[1802 \n\n\n\n\nCALVIN ELLIS STOWE (American. 1802-1886) after \ngraduation from Howdoin and A ndover, in 1830 be- \ncame professor of langiuiKes in Dartmouth college \nand in 1833 professor of biblical literature in Lane \ntheological seminary. In 18i50 he became divinity \nprofessor at Bowdoin, and in 1852 professor of sacred \nliterature at Andover, where he remained till 1864. \nIn 1836 ne visited Europe, and on his return published \nhis \'\xe2\x96\xa0 Report on Elementary Education in I->urope"". \nThe legislature of Ohio distributed this report to every \ndistrict in the State, and INIassachusetts, Pennsylva- \nnia, Michigan, North Carolina, and Virginia "took \nsimilar action. It pointed out so strongly the thor- \noughness, completeness, and comprehensiveness of \nprimary instruction in Prussia and Wurtemburg \nthat the attention aroused led to great advancement \n.nou-r own schools. In I836he married Harriet Beech- \ntf, afterward author of " Uncle Tom\'s Cabin ". \n\n\n\n18X6] \n\n\n\nScotland \n\n\n\n165 \n\n\n\n\nHUGH MILLER (Scotch, 1803-1850). was among the \nmost remarkable of self-taught men of genius. At 13 \nhe was an Incoirieible truant, and the schoolmaster \nthought he would grow up a dunce. But he liad a \ngreat fancy for authorship, and became a stone-nia, \nson that he might have the unemployed winter time \nfor literary composition. Under the discipline ol \nlabor the refractory schoolboy became a sober \nminded man. A fter his marriage he got employment \nin a bank, but after a pamphlet-letter to Lord \nBrougham in 18-39 had made him famous, he became \nan editor of The Witness, of Edinburgh, which posi- \ntion he held until his death, which occurred from a \npistol-shot from his owh hand while crazed from \nover-work. His autobiographical "My Schools and \nSchoolmasters " ranks among the masterpieces of its \nkind in p:nglish literature, but he is best known for \nhis contributions to geology. \n\n\n\n\nTHOMAS GUTHIIIE (Scotch. 180:^-1873) aflcr ten \n\nyears iif, tlie university of Kdinbursh bi.\'jian ijreaoli- \nuig in 182.5, but did not secure a pastorate till 1830. \nB.\\r 1837 had become reooKni/.ed as a great pulpit \norator. He supported the disruption of 1813 and was \nhenceforth associated with the Free church, in 1847 \nlie published his first " Plea for Ragged Schools"\xe2\x80\x94 \nschools for poor children, where food, clolhing, and \nindustrial training as well as schooling were given. \nOne of tlie.se had been opened in London in 1841, and \nDr. Guthrie became the aposlle of the movement. \nHis first \xe2\x96\xa0\xe2\x96\xa0 Plea" was (|nofed in newspapers every- \nwhere. The Eil/ii/)iir<j/i /?\xc2\xbb r/\'/r approved the move- \nment, and $3.iiOO in siihscriiil ions soon came to him. \nTwo other "Pleas" followed, uniled in " Seed-Tinie \n;uid Harvest of Ragged Schools" (1860). He wjis \nalso an advocate of national and of compulsory edu- \ncation, and from 1847 of tot<il abstinence. \n\n\n\n166 \n\n\n\nA (!i;ka\'1\' Amkricax College President \n\n\n\n[1S02 \n\n\n\n\nMARK HOI\'KIXS (AiaericiUi, 180:^-1887,), 41)1 pnvsi- \n(li\'iii III\' Williams cDllem.!, after graduation t\'roiii Wil- \nliams in IS\'.M. was a tutor there 1825-7, and in 18;.*!l \nwas \'^raduali\'tl from the Berkshire medical sidiool. \nJle l)ei;aii praeliee in New York, hut in 18;i() \\va> \ncallcil to Williams as professor of moral philosophv. \n.and in ISIW hecanie president, \'i\'his oflice he held \nI ill \\X7-1, when he resumed his former ciiair. lie was \ncine of tlu! few \xe2\x80\xa2;rcat college presidents, leaving his \nim[iress upon every young man who came there. He \nwas president of tlie American Hoard of Coinmis- \nsiou\'Ts "f Foreign .Missions from 18.i7till his death. \nAmong his books are \'-Evidences of Christiauitv " \n\'lS4ti, 18ti-l); \xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x96\xa0Moral Science- (|8K): "Law of Love \nand Love ;is a. Law \xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x96\xa0 (18R9. 1881). which led lo a con- \nii-.iversy wiih President McCosh: \xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x80\xa2 An Outline Studs \n"f Man \xe2\x96\xa0\xe2\x96\xa0 (I87;i. 188ti): \xe2\x80\xa2\' Scriiitural Idea, of .Man \xe2\x96\xa0 \n(1883); \xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x80\xa2 Teachiiiirs and Counsels \xe2\x80\xa2\' (188-4). \n\n\n\n1887] \n\n\n\nCanada \n\n\n\n167 \n\n\n\n\nEGEIJTOX UYERSOX (< \xe2\x80\xa2iuiadiaii, 1 ,S03- 1 \xc2\xabH:i) , Hrst su- \npiTiiitcii(l(-ii! .if Oiilavio. l)ct;;ni tcacliiiij>- at Hi. hut in \nI;S:i5 wa.s (inl.-iiiic\'d ami bcauii prt-acliinti\'. In 18~\'9 he \nhel|)e(l cstablisli The Christian (iuanlian, and Ije- \ncame its first editor, In 1835-6 he was in l^njrlund \ngottins a charter and subscriptions for Cobourij acad- \nemy, and in 1840 became first president of " \'I\'he Uni- \nversity of Victoria college at Cobours\' ". Three years \nafter the establishment of a new system of edacation \nfor Ontario, he was in I844appointed suiierinli\'ndciil, \nand in IS.\'iO framed a school law winch is -.i:!] thr Imsis \nof the system in force. In 1854 he estalili^li(<l a >\\,s- \ntem of free public school libraries, and in is:ir<iathereil \nmaterial for an educational museum. In his report to \nthe English and Scotch inquiry commissions, .lames \nFraser said that what Ensland\'owed to .1. K. Shuttle- \nworth and New England to Horace Mann, Canada \nowed to Rverson. \n\n\n\n168 \n\n\n\nAmerica \n\n\n\n[1.^0.". \n\n\n\n\nJACOB ABBOTT (American, 1803-1879). famous .-is a \n^^ rilci- I\'nr I lie noliii^\', after graduation from ISowdoiii \nin is^i) and from Andover iu 1825. was tutor at, Am- \nherst IS.M-.T.uid professor of mathematics 1825-29. He \nestal)lislii\'(l tli(! Mount \\\'ernou school forjiirls in Bos- \nton add comlucted it 1829-34, and was pastor of the \nEliot eliurcli 1834-6. For several years he-devoted \nhimself to literary work, partly in Farmin^\'ton, Mi,-., \nand partly in New York city. "He became known as \nan author throu!z;li the \'\xe2\x80\xa2 Young Christian " series, but \nhis fatiie rests principally upon his \xe2\x80\xa2\'Rollo" books \n(28 vols.), the " Franconia" stories (10 vols.) "Hari-er\'s \nStory Hooks" (36 vols.), and other juvenile works. \nAltogether his works exceed 200 titles. " The Teacli- \ner. or ^Moral Influences in Training tlie Young \'" (1831) \nis still a useful book for teachers. His \'\xe2\x96\xa0 .\\ Descrip- \ntion of the Mount ^\'er!lon School in 1832" is rare and \nvery interesting. \n\n\n\n\nETilAS LEAVKNM\'ORTH (American. 1803-1895). last \ne.\\-otlicio su|)eriiiti\'ndent of schools of New York, \nafter grtiduation from \\\':i\\e in 1824 studied law with \nWilliam Cullen Hryaiit, and in 1827 was admitted to \nthe bar and begaii i)ractice in Svracuse, N. Y. He \nwas jiresident of the village. 1838-41, and in 1849 and \n1859 mayor of tlie city. In 1853 he was elected secre- \ntary of state, and (>\\-officio superintendent of com- \nmon school\'s. He warmly supported Gov. Seymour\'s \nrecommendation that there be organized a separate \ndepartment of pulilic instruction, and this became a \nlaw in 1\xc2\xab54. In 1M49 and 1856 he was elected to the \nasseml)ly and in 1874 to conjiress. From 18til to his \ndeath In"\' was one of the regents of the University of \nthe State of New York, liy his will he provide(l fiu\' \na public fountain and for the laying out of the park \nin S\\ raciise which bears liis name. He was president \nuf <iie Svracuse Savings bank. \n\n\n\n18!)5] \n\n\n\nEngland \n\n\n\n160 \n\n\n\n\nFBEDEUIC HILL (Kn-li>!i. ISO:!-) \\v;is tin\' s.m of \n;i schoolmaster, and at 18tauj;ht in liis ImUkt\'s scIkhiI, \nand with his brother Rowland :a, the famous Hazel- \nwood sohool. Ill 1831 he became interested in ]);irli- \nnientary reform, and in 1832 wrote "National ICdiu-a- \ntion in its Present State and Prospects ", published \nin 1836. In 1834 he became secretary to Lord Truro, \nand in 1835 was appointed inspector ot prisons. \nThereafter, lie devoted himself to prison reform, es- \ntablishins the separate system, the abolition of flog- \ngiuir. usidul labor, with pay for extra hours, and en- \ncoura\'.iin<,\' industrial schools. In 18.53 he published \n" Crime, its Amount, Causes, and Remedies ", recom- \nmending the system now in use at the Elmira Re- \nformatory, which he highly approved. From 18.51 to \n1876 he was employed in the post-office, and made \nmany improvements in the service. At the age of 90 \nho was still as interested as ever in prison reform. \n\n\n\n\nRICHARD OWEX (En-ilish, 1804 1892) studied \nmedicine at Kdinburgh and Loudon, became a inem~ \nber of the royal college of surgeons in 1826, and soon \nafter assistant curator of the Ilunteriau museum \nwhere his researches led to new classifications of \nanimals, the addition of new genera and species. an(; \nhis " Physiological Series of Comparative Anatomy "\' \n(1833-40). His ability was especially shown in the \nreconstruction of extinct families. In 1836 he bi- \ncame Hunterian professor in the college of surgeons, \nand in 1856 chief of the natural history depiirtmcnt \nof the British museum, holding also a professorshi]) \nin the Royal institution, London. On his retirement \nin 1883 he was made K. C. B. Among his worl<s \nare " Odontography "," British Fossil Manual and \nBirds ", "British Fossil Reptiles", "The Vertebrate \nSkeleton ", " Parthenogenesis ", " Lectures on Com- \nnarative Anatomy "\', " Anatomy of Vertebrates "\', etc. \n\n\n\n170 \n\n\n\nAmerica \n\n\n\n[1804 \n\n\n\n\nELIZABETH PALMER PEABODY (American, 1804- \n181>4) was the dauKlitiT of a physician and of Miss \nPalmer, a noted teacher. Her \'sisters married Na- \nliel ILiw Ihdnie and Horace Jlann. In 1830 she \nsl.-iteil 1 ).\' ( ii\'iando\'s "Self-Education". She as- \n(1 A. l!ri>ii>(i)i Alcott in his school, of which she \nished in 1S35 " A Record of a School ". In 1841 she \nished "A Theory of Teaching", followed by \nral text-books. In 1860 she started in Boston a \nprivati\' kindergarten, but in 1S67 went to Germany to \nstudy with Krau Froebel. and returned to introduce \n^;-eiiuiuc Fr(iel)eli:in methods. She was editor of The \nKiiiih rf/iirl. ,1 .\xc2\xa5>\xe2\x96\xa0\xe2\x96\xa0<\xe2\x96\xa0\xe2\x96\xa0\xc2\xab 11 \'/>^r (1873-.^, 1877, 1881-2). Her \n\'\xe2\x96\xa0 Moral \xc2\xbb \'uhure nf liilnncy" (1863) was reissued in \n18r.il. In Isr8 slie put)lished "After Kindgarten\xe2\x80\x94 \nWliMt\'.\'", and in 1888 "Lectures in the Training \nSchools for Kindergarteners ". Her beuevolentspirit \nknew uo boundaries and no limite. \n\n\n\n\nMfltOrVS TII,T;TNf;H.VST (American, 1S0H856), \ngTaduaird fi-oin \\\\e>L I\'ulut ii 18:i4,altfr three years\' \nservice leeame-iustrue\'tor at West Polut until 1834, \nami resigned fi-oin the army in 1836 to establisti a \nprivate school iu Boston. lu 1840 he became first \nprincipal of the Normal School at Brldgewater, the \nonly one of the fli\'st three nurnial schools of Massa- \nehiisctts that snr\\ived. His success lay Inhisper- \nKi)ualrharacter,in1hatqnietbutiinilinchin,g-devotlon \nI n iirUiciple, that lieroic and real abnegation of self, \n\xe2\x80\xa2> liicU to those whu knew iiim intimately appeared \nas the ruling- trait Of Ills moral nature. The mere \nIvuowledge on the part of a piipU that Mi: Til- \nliiigiiast disapproved his course, even where no \ndisapprobation had been expressed, was a biu"cieu \nwhich few could endure. But t Hough at first reserved, \nand apparently cold and distant, he was klud-lieai\'t- \ned and generous, sympathetic and iiiucL \n\n\n\n1804] \n\n\n\nPearody, Tilli.\\(;hast, Dillaway, Raxtoul \n\n\n\n17] \n\n\n\n\nCHARLKS KNAPP DILLAM\'AY (American, 1804- \nKSS9) Jiftfi- ur.-uluatidu Ironi llarvavd in 1825 bw.aiuo \nin 1831 hcadiuaslcr of the Boston Public Latin school. \nIn 1836 he resigned his position on account of ill \nhealth, and lor several years tau-rhtin private school \nfor hoys in Kostou, and later a school for voung \nwomen in Ro.xbury. He was also frequently called \nupon to teach our language to foreigners, especially \nto Japanese. He was the author of numerous text- \nbooks, including eight volumes of Cicero, and one \neach of Plautus, Terence, Quinlilian. and Tacitus; \nand edited editions of the (^\'olloquies of Erasmus. \nRoman antiquities and mythology, etc. He wrote \na history of the Roxhury Latin school, of which he \nwas trustee for more than -10 years, aided Pickering in \npreparing his Greek lexicon and Worcester in his \nEnglish dictionary, and was a frequent contributor \nto periodical literature. \n\n\n\n\nROBERT BANTOUL, JR. (American, 180.i-1852> \nafter graduation from Harvard in 1826 began the \npractice of law in Gloucester, Mass., in 1829. He was \nelected to the legislature in 1834 and to the State \nboard of education in 1837, where he was one of the \nwarmest supporters of Horace Mann as secretary. \nIn 1843 he became collector of the port of Boston, aiid \' \nin 1845 r. S. district attorney. In 1851 he succeeded \nDaniel Webster in the U. S. senate, and in the same \nyear was elected to the house of representatives. He \nwas always warmly interested in education, and in \n1839 addressed the American Institute of Instruction \non "The iMlucation of a Free People". His "Re- \nmarks on ICducation"\'. reviewing Horace Mann\'s 1st \nreport, and first published in the Xorth American. \nReview, was widely circulated as a pamphlet, and did \nmuch to sustain Mr. Mann\'s efforts, and to carry on \nthe r-sform of education in Massachusetts. \n\n\n\n172 \n\n\n\nAmerica \n\n\n\n[1805 \n\n\n\n\nHENRY PHILLIP TAPPAN (American, 1805-1881) \nafter graduation from Uuioii in 1825 and some years \nas a clergyman, in 1833 was made professor of moral \nand intellectual philosoiahy in New York university. \nIn 1838 the entire faculty resigned, and for a time he \nconducted a private school. For the first ten years \nthe university of Michigan had no president, and Mr. \nTappan, elected in 1852, was the first to hold that \noffice. He did much to develop the institution on the \nbroad lines laid down by its early founders, but on \naccount of lack of harmony with the faculty and the \nregents was removed in 1863, E. O. Haven being \nelected his successor. Thereafter he lived in Europe, \nfinally settling down in Vervay, Switzerland. He \nwrote three books on the "Freedom of the Will", \nafterward republished in Glasgow, " Elements of \nLogic", "Treatise on l^niversity Education", and \n" iV Step from the New World to the Old ". \n\n\n\n^ \'*5f^.: \n\n\n\n\nTHOMAS HENBY BURROWES (American, 1805- \nISTl) "llie fatlicfof Pennsylvania common schools ", \n:i lawyer, was in 1831 elected to the legislature, and in \nisii.T .1]) pointed secretary of the commonwealth. He \n\n1 Mine interested in the common school interests of \n\nthe .State, and found the law of 1834 inadequate. \nAlmost alone he drafted the law of 1836. which con- \nt inued in force till 1849. In 1838 a change of admin- \nistration removed him from office, and after seven \nyears upon the farm he resumed in 1845 the practice \nof law. He also published newspaper articles on \nidiicntion, and in 18.52 began the publication of the \nI\'l iiiisiil nuiid ticliool ./oitriKil, which occupied most \n\xe2\x80\xa2 il\' hisli til! W70. In 1855 he published " Pennsyl- \nvania School Architecture". From 1860 to 1863 he \nwas State superintendent, in 1865he was made super- \nintend(!nt of soldiers orphans, and in 1869 became \npresident of the State agricultural college. \n\n\n\n1900] \n\n\n\nEngland \n\n\n\n173 \n\n\n\n\nFBEDERICK DEXISON MAURICE (Kii\'ili.sh, I8O.1- \n1872). louudrr of the Working jMen\'s college, and of \nQneiMis college, after graduation from Cambridge in \n\\S\'l7 bfc-.wne a writer on the social, political, ecolesi- \nMstical, and scientific questions of the day, and in 1831 \njoi ned the established church and became a preacher, \nills books, "The Kingdom lof Christ" (1838), \'\xe2\x96\xa0 Lec- \ntures on Kducatlon "(1839), and others, laid the found- \nation for the Broad church as it was called. In 1854 \nhe founded and became principal of the Working \nMen\'s college, with the help of such men as John \nRuskin and Thomas Hughes. He edited The Educa- \ntional Magazine, new series, 1839-41. He was profes- \nsor of literature in King\'s college 1840-53, and in 1866 \nbecame professor of moral philosophy at Cambridge. \nIn 1848 he founded Queens eollcuc. ("iiicM-ially Intended \nfor governesses. He favored S\\ind:iy recreation for \nworking people. His works are mostly religious. \n\n\n\n\nGEORGE ANTHONY DENISON (Lngllsh. 180.V ) \nilh I _i iduatlou from Oxford was elected fellow ot \n0111 1 illege. He was ordained deacon In 1832. and \nw IS I ui ite of Cuddeson till 1838, when his brother, \nthen Hishop of Salisbury, gave him the living of \nBroadwmsor, whence he was transferred in 1845 to \nEast Brent, subsequently becoming archdeacon of \nT lunton. In 1853 he was accused of unsound doc- \ntiine and m 1856 was deprived of all his preferments, \nbut the sentence was set aside by the Court of Arches. \nHe ^\\as e\\f miner in classics at the Charterhouse. \n1832-1838, examiner for the Ireland srl.olarsliip to \nOxford, 1837-8, and for the Newcastle srliolarsliip at \nEton. At Taunton he established a training-school \nfor schoolmasters, and a middle school for the sons \nof farmers and tradesmen. He was one of the most \npronounced opponents of national education, and es- \npecially of " The Manchester and Salford scheme ". \n\n\n\n174 \n\n\n\nEngland \n\n\n\n[1806 \n\n\n\n\nArOrST(^S DE MORCJAX (RnTlish. IsnR-lSTl) was \nburn in huii:i, but was bi-.Miuhl, to i:iisl:iii(] when an \ninlniil, and in 18:^7 Iook bmrth phicf,- in the mathc- \niiuUical tripos at Cambridge, lie was professor of \nmathematics in University college, London, 1828-1831, \nand 1836-1866, and recosinized as an unrivalled teacher. \nFor 30 years he ciliicd tlic piililir.-ii i.ms of tlie Royal\' \nAstronomical si"-i\'-l\\, .111(1 his mat hcnialical works \nwere numerous, bcL^iiiniuu\' in 1S\',;h witli .-i translation \nof part of Koiinliin\'s algebra, and in<\'ludinK his Cal- \nculus (1843), and his " Foundations of .VlL.\'i\'ljra " in the \n7th and8lh volumes of the Cambrid.Lre Philosophical \nTransactions. But he was also a famous reformer \nin the field of logic, the importance in mathematics \nof training in which he always insisted upon. His \n"Formal Logic" was jiililished in 1847, and his \n"Syllabus of a Pro]i<>srd System " in 1860. "He was \nthe kindliest as well as the most learned of men." \n\n\n\n1873] \n\n\n\nDe Morgan, INIill \n\n\n\n175 \n\n\n\n\nJOHN STUART JIILt, (Engllsli, 1806-1873>, the son \nOf James Mill, Uistorlan aucl political and mental \nphilosoplier, had an extraordinary early education. \nHe was taught the Greek alphabet at 3, and at 8 had \nread a great many Greeiv bcolvS in tlie original, as \nwell as much history in English. He then began \nLatin, Euclid, and Algebra, and became tutor to the \nyounger children. At 12, he began logic, and at 13 \npolitical economy; and here, when nearly 14 his \neducation terminated, and he began to work under \nhis father\'s eye. He had been his father\'s constant \ncompanion, and had acquired by example the habit \nof strenuous application to difficult labor. He was \nalso taught to regard himself as consecrated to a \nlife of labor for public good. In 1823 he became a \nclerk in tlie India House lie wrote for the maga- \nzines, publlslied his "Lo^-iC in 1S\xc2\xab, his " I\'nlirical \nEconomy " m 1846, and his " Pliilosopliy " in 1805. \n\n\n\nANOTHER PORTRAIT \n\n\n\n176 \n\n\n\nAmerica \n\n\n\n[1806 \n\n\n\n\nENOCH COBB WINES (American, 1806-1879) after \nKradu;it,ion from Middleburj\' iu 1827, and service in \nthe U. 8. navy, in 1832 became principal of the Edge- \nhill school near Princeton, N. J. His address in 1837 \nbefore the constitutional convention of Pennsylvania \nwas expanded into a volume, " Hints on a System of \nPopular Education". The legislatures of Pennsyl- \nvania and of New Jersey both ordered several hun- \ndred copies for distribution throuuh their States. The \nsame year lie published "How shall I govern my \nSchool \'\xc2\xbb " In 1838 lie was made teacher in the high \nschool of Philadelphia. In 1844 he opened a board- \ning-school near Burlington, N. .J. In 18.59 he became \npresident of the university of St. Louis. In 1862 he \nbegan his greatest work as\'secretary of the >\'ew York \nprison association. In 1871 was sent to Europe by the \ngovernment to establish an international prison con- \ngress. .Sessions were held in 1872 and in 1877. \n\n\n\n\nJOSEPH PADDOCK FAIRBANKS (American. 1806- \n1855), was engaged iu uiauulacture of scales with his \nbrothers at St. Johnsbury, \\\'t. From the first he was \ninterested and activi; in benevolent work, and especi- \nally in education. As early as 1832 he began to assist \nyoung men to enter the ministry; in 1843 he united \nwith his brothers in establishing the St. .lolmsbury \nacademy: and in 1845, being elected to the legislature, \nhe made it his especial effort to improve the common \nschools. He secured the passage of a new school law, \npromoted educational associations, established the \nVermont SchooUnurnnl. and sought to secure in \\\'er- \nniont such an aw:iki\'uing as was -occurring in Massa- \nchusetts under Hor.-ice Mann. In 1851, the political \ncontrol changed, and no State superintendent was \nelected: and though besought to secure the contin- \nuance of the office by subscription, the pl.ni failed \nand the school law became inoper.ative. \n\n\n\n1885] \n\n\n\n\\Vi.\\Es, Fairbanks, Cornell, Alden \n\n\n\n177 \n\n\n\n\nEZRA CORNELL (American, 1807-1874), founder of \nCovni\'ll university, built at 18 .and without appren- \nficesliip the two-story house in which his parents \nlived at DeRuyter, N. Y., and worlced as a carpenter \nat Cortland and Syracuse. In 1828 he removed to Ith- \naca, where he became superintendent of a laroe mill- \ning business. In 1840 he travelled in the interest of a \nnew plough, and in 1844 saved the telegraiih from fail- \nure by suggesting the erection of poles for the wires. \nHe built lines in Pennsylvania, New York, and Can- \nada, and then i n the west, and was one of the founders \nand for many years the largest stock-holder of the \nWestern LTnion telegraph company. In 1861 and 1862 \nhe was elected to the assembly, and was a State sena- \ntor 1864-8. In 1863 he founded the Cornell free library \nat Ith;ica, and in 1865 he gave half a million to endow \n(,\'orncll TTniversity, on condition that it should have \nthe auricultural land grant. \n\n\n\n\nJOSEPH ALDEN (American. 1807-188,5), 6th presi- \ndent of .lelTerson college, and 4th principal of the Al- \nbany normal, after graduation from Union in 1829 \ntiiught for two years in Princeton while taking a \ntheological course. After a year as pastor he became \nin 1835 professor of rhetoric in Williams. In 18.52 he \nbecame professor of mental and moral science in La- \nfaypfte college, in 18.57 president of .Jefferson colle\'^-e \nand in 1867 principal of the Albany normal, retiring \nin 1872. His works number some 70 title\'s mostly \nSunday school books, and his text-books have had \nLarge sales, \'\xe2\x96\xa0 Elements of Intellectual Philosophy" \n\xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x80\xa2 Science of Government", \xe2\x80\xa2\' Christian Ethics", and \nespecially his " Political Economy ", of which An- \ndrew D. White said: " It is clear, well arranged, and \nthe best treatise for the jiurpose I have ever seen." \nHe was also for a time editor of The New York Oh - \nt\'erver, a well-known religious weekly. \n\n\n\n178 \n\n\n\nAmerica \n\n\n\n[1807 \n\n\n\n\nSAMUEL HARVEY TAYLOR (American, 1807-1871), \n.\'-.nown to all graduates of Pliilllps Academy, Andover, \nas "Uncle Sam," became an assistant teacher there \nin 18S4, and was principal there from 1837 to his \ndeath. He had an instinct for the government of \nboys, and his profound convictions, liiflcxiijie will, \nand strong- sensibilities gave him an iniliiriiii- equal- \nled by that of few American teachers. As a tcailier, \nhe united accuracy in the details of classical litera- \ntm-e with an entl\'iuslasm in its general spirit. His \n"Methods of Classical Study" (1861), set a high \nstandard for oilier teachers, but represented well his \nown practice. He was in his element before his \npupils, and summoned them to exertion witli almost \ntalisnianic force. Ills aim was not to give knowl- \nedge, but td (luallfy them for getting it. He gave \ntlieni inspiration ft/r work, and was himself the hard- \nest student in school. \n\n\n\n18S4] \n\n\n\nSwiTZRELAND \n\n\n\n179 \n\n\n\n\nLOUIS JOHN RUDOLPH AGASSIZ (Swiss, 1807- \n1873) pursued medical studies ;it Zurich, Heidelberg, \nand Mimicli, but with special reference to natural \nhistory, particularly botany. He was soon employed \nto describe specimens brought from Brazil of the \nfresh-water fishes of the Amazon. This led him to \nresearches upon the fossil fish of the Alps, and he es- \ntablished a new system of classification. In 18-10 he \nb<!came interested in glaciers, upon which he became \nail authority. In 1846 he came to America, and in 1847 \nwas appointed professor at Harvard, where he built \n\nip the museum of natural history. In 186.5 and in \n^n he visited Brazil, and came home laden with \n\nfasures. Through the liberality of John Anderson, \nwlio gave liim Penikese island aiid a fund of $.50,000, \nhe estal>lished a summer school of natural history \nthere. To the last he rejected the doctrine of evolu- \ntion, I)elieving in independent creations. \n\n\n\n\n\n\\ \n\n\n\nARNOLD HENRY GUTOT (Swiss, 1807-1884) was \ngraduated at Berlin in 1835, and from 1839 to 1848 was \nthe colh.\'ague of Agassiz at Neufchatel, where he car- \nried on extensive studies of the Alpine glaciers. He \naccompanied Agassiz to America in 1848, and was for \na time a lectureron physical geography in the schools \n.and institutes of Massachusetts. His lectures before \nthe Lowell Institute were published as " Earth and \n:\\Ian" (18.53). From 18.54 to his death he was professor \nof geography and geology at Princeton. He had the \nmanagement of the meteorological department of \nthe Smithsonian Institute.\' and often lectured there. \nHe published a series of geographies and maps, and \nwas one of editors of Johnson\'s Cyclopfedia. He was \nthe first to discover the laminated structure of the ice \nin glaciers, and to show that its motion is due to \nthe displacement of its molecules, which render it \nplastic. \n\n\n\nISO \n\n\n\nSwitzerland \n\n\n\n[1807 \n\n\n\n\nMART CARPENTER (Kn^rlish, 1807-1877) in 1829 \nopened a school for irirls at Bristol. A visit from the \nRev. Joseph Tuokerman of Boston determined her \nwork in life, and in 183o she founded a workinj: and \nvisiting society, to improve the condition of the pnnr. \nIn 1846 she opened a ragged-school. She published \nbooks on \'\xe2\x80\xa2 Rugged Schools " (1849). and on " Reform- \natory Schools " (]i^.\')l). In 1852 she opened a private \nreformatory school near Bristol, and in her "Juvenile \nDelinquents " (18.o3) pointed out the evils of existing \nmodes of punishment. In 1849 she published the \n" Claims of Ragged Schools\'", and in 1861 was called to \ntestify before parliament. In 1864 she published \n" Our Convicts ", which at Rome was put on the In- \ndex Expurgatorius. In 1866 she went to India, and \nin 1868-9 was for six months principal of a women\'s \nnormal school in Bombay, In 1873 she visited \nAmerica, and in 1875 once more visited India. \n\n\n\nJOSEPH \n\n\n\n\nPAYNE (English, 1808-1876) had liraitea \n\nfor education and at twenty became ; \n\n)r at Cainberwcll, s\\icceeding so well that \n\nilhiT children undi\'r his i-liarge and \n\nnil gr;iinninr scliiiiil grew up. Iul><45he \n\nscli.N.l :,l [..Mili.\'i-h.\'nd. \\Nhich for 18 \n\ns Mill\' ol\' I lii. I]r,i ].|-i\\ :iti\' scliools \n\n\xe2\x80\xa2I irriii.-iil in IsiiH he (li\'\\ oted him- \n\ni.\'_;i-iss. especially witli reference \n\nii"ii 111\' women and the profes- \n\n\xe2\x96\xa0 lie- l.Mchrr. He was the first \n\n1. 1 l;\' laical chair founded by the \n\nI\'s. .-inil his "Lectures on the \n\niluc-:iiion " in book form are still \n\namong the best treatises on th(^ subject. \n\nres on the History of Education, with a \n\n\xe2\x96\xa0rnian Schools " was published after liis \n\nhe was tlie author of sevenil text -books. \n\n\n\n\xc2\xa5\xe2\x80\xa2" \\ \n\n\n\n1877] Germany 181 \n\nDAMEL GOTTLIEB MOB. SCHBEBEB (Geiinan, \n1808-1861), noted for his services iu behalt\' of physical \neducation, after being educated at Leipzig was from \n1843 to 1859 physician in the Carus orthopaedic hos- \npital. He exerted great influence in the reform of \n.4: \\ educational methods, especially iu the direction of \n\nphysical education. He made theexpression " health \ni.\'ymnastics " (Heilgymiiastilc) a familiar word. His \nmost famous work is -\'AeTztliche Zimmergymnastik " \n(34th ed. 1890), of which an American translation un- \nder the title " Gymnastics for Health and Cure " is in \ncommon use. Other books are " Das Buch der Gesund- \nheif (1839), " Kallipadie oder Erziehung zur Schon- \nheit" (18.=i8), "Das Buch der Erziehung" (1891), \n\' Kinesiairik oder die gymnastische Heilmethode " \n(18.12), " Die scliadlichen KOrperhaltungen und Ge- \nuohnheiten der Kinder" (1858), "Die plaumassige \nScharfung der Sinnesorgane " (1859). \n\n\n\n182 \n\n\n\nNkvv Y()|{k \n\n\n\n[ISOS \n\n\n\n\nFRANCIS BRIGHT (American, 1808-1845), was born \nin Massacliusctts, Init in 1838 removed to New York, \nwliere lie est atilisluMi in ih40 Thf District SchoolJour- \nnal. Under liis editursliip tills jom\'nal was until \nIlls death the focus which attracted and cemented all \nthe elements in the State favorable to advance in \neducatlOQ. His modest deportment and captivating \nmanners won friends on every hand. He was promi- \nnent in estaijlishiug the normal school, coxmty su- \npervision, and n inventions of teachers. His journal \nwas sent hy the Legislature to every district in the \nState, and it educated the people at large to the econ- \nomy of a larger expenditure for better schools. He \nthrew himself heai\'t and soul into the cause, and his \nenthusiasm was Infectious. He was foremost among \nthose who made New York recognized as foremost \nin education. His death was a great loss to the \nState. \xe2\x80\x94 se*^ \n\n\n\n\nDwiGHT, Randall 183 \n\nSAMUEL S. RANDALL (Amerioau, 1809-1881) after \nstudy at Hamilton college was admitted to the bar iti \n1834. He became clerk in the New York department \nof public instruction under Gov. Dix, in 1841 was made \ndeputy superintendent, and in October became act- \n\\ ing superintendent, his chief being made secretary \n\\ of war. He was again appointed deputy in 1849. In \n\\ 18.51 he was made commissioner to codify the school \n\' law of the State, and in 1853 was again elected deputy. \nI In 1854, his recommendation that the office of the su- \n/ perinteudent be separate from that of secretary of \n/ state was adopted, and it was supposed that he would \nbe the first superintendent but by a political trick \nVictor M. Rice was elected instead. Mr. Randall was \nmade deputy, but in June, 18.54. was elected first su- \nperintendent of schools in Kew York city. He re- \nsigned in 1870 on account of failing health. He was au- \nthor of a histor.v of the common schools of New Y\'^ork, \n\n\n\n184 \n\n\n\nAmkiuca \n\n\n\n[ISOO \n\n\n\n\nFREDERICK AUGUSTUS PORTER BARNARD \n\n(Americiui, 1809-1889) after graduation in 1818 from \nVale, where he showed remarkable aptitude for math- \neniatiios, became a master in the Hartford Latin \nschool, and in 1830 was made tutor at Yale. After a \nyear he taught in the deaf and dumb asylums in \n"Hartford and in New York, and in 1838 became pro- \nlissor of mathematics in the university of Alabama. \nill-re he defended the established curriculum against \nI 111- elective system and against the dormitory system. \n11 18.54 he became professor of mathematics in the \niiiversity of Mississippi, and in 1856 was made presi- \ni\'-iit, resigning when the war broke out in 1861. After \nwork on the coast survey, he was in 1864 elected \npresident of Columbia college, where he remained till \nJeath. The women\'s department is named Barnard \naollege in honor of his efforts for the higher educa- \ntion of women. \n\n\n\n1895] \n\n\n\nScotland \n\n\n\n1S5 \n\n\n\n\nJOHN STUART Bh.VCKIK (S,.,,i,cl,, lS09-ISi\xc2\xbb.->) n Ii.t \n(\xe2\x96\xa0<lu.-:iii()ii :il AbiTdrcii. Kdinhur-li. and nliroad was \nadiiiiMcd 1(> Ihr bar in 18:\xc2\xab. hut publislicd ihal, vi\'ar a, \nmetn<!al Inuislalioii ol\' Fausf, and contributed \'niUL-li \nto till! uiasazini^s. In 1841 he became professor of \nLatin literature at Aberdeen, and in 1852 of Greek- at \nEdmburfjb. This last he considered the great lan- \niiiuyxi\'. and he iiad the best Greei< library in (ircat \nHntain. Hut lie was in other wavs the most notable \nliiil)iic figure in Scotland. lie was prominent in the \nHiovciiicnt for university reform, and was a warm \n:Hl\\\'M-:ite of Scotch nationalitv, securing a Celtic \n\xe2\x96\xa0hair at Edinburgh He was unconventional in at- \n\'ire and manner, but an enormous power, in college \nind out: and though he retired from teaching in I88"2 \nh" was at 85 still a boy in. feeling and often in ex- \npression. His writings were voluminous the best- \nknown in America being his "Self-Culture \xe2\x96\xa0\'. \n\n\n\n186 \n\n\n\nEngland \n\n\n\n[1809 \n\n\n\n\nCHARLES ROBERT DAHWIN (English, 1809- ), \ntlie naturalist, after graduation iu 1831 from Cam- \nbridge sailed as a. voluutciT naturalist to the coast of \nSouth America. After his return in 1836 he published \na "Journal of Researches " (1839), " Zoology of the \nVovage of the Beagle" (1840-42), "Coral Reefs" \n(1842), "Volcanic Islands" (1844), " Geological Ob- \nservations " (1846), and "A Monograph of the Cirri- \npedia " (1851-53). But his "Origin of Species by \nmeans of Natural Selection" (1859) made him the \nmost famous scientist of the century, leading first to \nviolent attacks, but finally to general acceptance of \nhis theory. " The Descent of Man" (1871) is a con- \ntinuation of that work. Among his other works are \n" The Variations of Animals and Plants under Do- \nmestication" (1868), "The Expressionof the Emotions \nin Men and Animals " (1872), " The Effects of Cross \nand Self Fertilization " (1876), etc. \n\n\n\nI\'.\xc2\xbb01] \n\n\n\n\nAmkkica 1\'\'^7 \n\n\n\nDAVID PERKINS PAGE (American, 1810-1848), was \nboru at Epplug, N. II. ; tauglit lu small schools for \nloui- years ; at 21 became tue vice-prmcipal ot the \nschool at Newburyport, Mass. ; and at 34 was made \nDi-lncipal 01 tne new state Normal school at Al- \nbany, N.Y. On his way to Albany, he called on \nHorace Mann, whose parting words were : " Succeed, \nor die " He succeeded and died, for after ttu-ee years \nbe laid down the burden be had borue too zealously. \nHe labored indefatigably. Against the assaults upon \nthe normal school he interposed able, manly, com-- \nteous defences ; those levelled at himself he bore in \nsilence ; but no man, however blttei his hostility, \never came within the magnetism of Mr. Page\'s pres- \nence and influence without being changed from an \nenemy to a friend. II -^ His influence lives in his " The^ \nory and Practice of Teaching," the most popular or \nall American books on pedagogy. \xc2\xbb. \n\n\n\n188 \n\n\n\nAmekica, England \n\n\n\n[1810 \n\n\n\n\nJOHN SEELY HAllT (American, 1810-1877) after \ntrrailimtiou from Princeton in 1830 and employment \nilnTi\' as an instructor became in 1836 proprietor of \ntlie Edgelull scliool, and in 1842 principal of the \ncentral high school of Philadelphia, succeeding A. \nD. Bache, where he remained 17 years. In 1859 he \nbecame editor of the publications of the American \nSunday School Union, in 1863 principal of the New \nJersey State normal school, and in 1873 professor of \nrhetoric and English at Princeton. He was a volu- \nminous writer, his most successful text-book being \nhis rhetoric. Ill 1844 he was editor of the Pa. Com- \nmon School Journal, and from 1849 to 1851, of Sar- \ntain\'s Magazine. His annual reports of the Phila- \ndelphia high school have much statistical informa- \natiou, and his ideas on organization and supervision \nare valuable. In 1851 he edited the "" Female Prose \nWriters of America". \n\n\n\n\nSAMUEL CLARK (English, 1810-1875) was obliged \nto give up school for business at Southampton before \nhe was 14, but by private reading had acquired large \nknowledge and ready expression. In 1836 he became \npublisher of the Educational ]\\l;i,gazine in London, \nwhere he became ac(iuainted with P. D. Maurice, \nwhom he afterward assisted to establish Queens col- \nlege. While still in business he began study at Ox- \nford in 1839, and was graduated in 1 \'40. He was made \nchaplain of St. Mark\'s training college, Chelsea, and \nthrew himself heartily into the work, becominsr vice- \nprincipal. I\'\'rom 185i to 1862 he was princip.al of the \nBattersea training college, \\\\hich he made tirst of tlie \nnormal schools in the kingdom. At the Exhihitinu \nof 1863 he was one of Ihe judges in the educational \ndepartment, and he had .-i prominent part in drawing \nuj) tlie revised code. He cominled a- Bible atlas, \nand ^vrote parts of the \'\xe2\x80\xa2 Speakers Commentar.v ". \n\n\n\n1888] \n\n\n\nAmerica \n\n\n\n189 \n\n\n\n\nASA GRAY (American, 1810-1888) was born at Paris, \nX. Y,, and fjraduated from the Fairfield medical \nschool in 1813, but soon save up practice to devote \nhimself to botany. In 1834 he was made botanist to \nihe U. S. exploring expedition to the southern seas, \nbut on account of delay resisned. From 1842 to 1873 \nhe was professor of natural histor.v at Harvard, and \nMfter resignation retained charge of the great herb- \narium he had given to the university in 1864. In 1874 \n111! succeeded Agassiz as regent of the Smithsonian \ninstitution. He was probably the first botanist of \nliis century. In conjunction "with Dr. John Torrey \nhe was the first to arrange species upon the natural \nb-isis of affinity, and he became an influential sup- \nporter of the Darwinian theory. In 1838 he published \nwith Ur. Torrey the " P\'lcra of North .\\merica "", and \nmany other works followed, iiichiding a series of \ntext-books still regarded the best. \n\n\n\n190 \n\n\n\nAmEHICA. EnrCATIONAL JoiRXALISM \n\n\n\n[1811 \n\n\n\n\nHKNRY BARNARD (American. 1811-1900) after grad- \nuation from Yale in 1838 studied law, Vntt, was State \nsuperintendent of schools of Conuectioiit 1838-42, of \nINiode Island 18-13-9, of Connecticut again 1851-5. He \nwas (Chancellor of the University of Wisconsin 1858- \nCiO. and in 1866 president of St. John\'s college, Md. \nI\'roni 1867 to 1870 he was United States commis.sioner \niif education. He is best known, however, as editor \nnf tlie American Journal of Education.. It contains \n\xe2\x80\xa239 volumes of 800 closely-printed pages each, and \nenvers almost every topic, giving translations of \nloreign books not elsewhere to be found. The volumes \nare numbered 1-30. but Vol. 25 was never published. \n\\\'ol. 18 is the American Yearbook for 1869; Vol. 19 a \nspecial report of the District of Columbia: Vol. 21 a \nreport on technical schools: and Vol.29 the report of \nthe commissioner of education for 1877. There are \nalso scores of reprints und<\'r various titles. \n\n\n\n1900] \n\n\n\nHenry Barnard \n\n\n\n191 \n\n\n\n\n\nIX isro \n\n\n\n192 \n\n\n\nA RGENTI N K 1 1 KPUIiL IC \n\n\n\n[ISll \n\n\n\n\nDOMINGO FAUSTINO SARMIENTO (Argpntirinn. \n\nISll-l-^yy) u:is l)iini in llir lii\'st vi-ar of the revolution \ntliMt tiiiully Kiivc lilnTiy to the republic, and beeanie \n;i noted writer, orator, a\'nd legislator. He was minister \nof the Argentine republic to the United States, when \nin 1868 he was eU-cted president of the republic for a \nterm of six years, lie liad been greatly interested in \nthe school system of the United States, and in a let- \nter to diaries Sumner, pulilished in the Masxachn- \nsetts Teuchi\'r for Auu., 1\xc2\xbb\'\'^!. le- speaks ..f ihe s.-hool \nas tlie I)iisis of the American e(.n>til\\il inn. All houtrh \nduring his i)residency the rei)ublio was eiiL;a,tJc\'tl in \nwar, and an insurrection broke out, he devoted him- \nself so successfully to building up a system of public \neducation tliat tlie anniversary of his death is a \nm.arked day in the school calendar. The Evoliicinti \nEiinrafiva "for Sept. In, 1899, is largely devoted to tlie \nstorv of his life. \n\n\n\n1894] \n\n\n\nAmerica \n\n\n\n193 \n\n\n\n\nJAMES McCOSH (Scotch, 1811-1894), 11th president \nof Princeton, after ediiciitiou at Glasijow and Etfin- \nliursh sotau honorary A.M. from tlie latter on motion \nof Sir Wni. Hamilton for an essay on the Stoic phil- \nosophy. He preached from 1835-1851, and wrote \n"Method of Divine Government" (1850), which so \ninterested the lord-lieutenant of Ireland that the \nauthor was made professor of logic at Queen\'s collefje, \nBelfast. He came to America as president of Prince- \nton in 1868, resigning in 1888 altera most successful \nadministration. He had great influence upon philos- \nophical thought, his philosophy being. Prof. Baldwin \nsa vs. a development of the Scottish realism, but going \nfarther than Reid in asserting the direct cognition of \nrealities of all kinds. He very early accepted the doc- \ntrine of biological evolution. Among his many works \nare \'\'Logic\'\' (1869), "The Emotions" (1880). "Psy- \nchology " (1886), \xe2\x96\xa0\xe2\x96\xa0 Philosophy of Reality \'\' (1894). \n\n\n\n\n\n\nJOHN WILLIAM DRAPER (English, 1811-1882). 2d \npri-\'sidentof the New York university medical college, \nwas educated in of London, but came to America in \n1833, and became M.U. of the University of Pennsyl- \nvania in 1836. He was professor of chemistry in \nHampton-Sidney college 1836-39, in New York univer- \nsity 1839-41, and in the medical department 1841-50. \nHe was president 18.50-73. In 1839 he took by Daguer- \nre\'s process the first photographic portrait ever taken \nfrom life. In 1840 he took the first photograph of the \nmoon, and he was associated with S. F. B. Morse in \ndeveloping the telegraph. He discovered many of the \nfundamental facts of spectrum analysis and published \nthem 1841-50. The titles of his papers (183-J-HO) eNcecil \n100. His \xe2\x96\xa0\xe2\x80\xa2 History of the Conflict between Ki\'ligiou \nand Science" (1874) has been translated into 9 lan- \nguages. Other books are " Human Physiology" (18.56), \n\xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x80\xa2 Intellectual Development of Europe " (1863), etc. \n\n\n\n194 \n\n\n\nAmerica \n\n\n\n[1811 \n\n\n\n\nJOHN VAN SCHAICK LANSING PRUTN (American, \n\n1811-ll^?X) aftcf yrudiuition from tho Albany academy \nwas .-iiliiiitliMl to the bar in 1832. He was appointed \nby Gov. Maroy master in chancery, and afterward \nbecame injunction master of the third circuit. He \nbecame counsel for the New Yorlx Central railway, \nill\' was State senator 1882-3, and representative to \ncunsress, 1863-5 and 1867-9. He was a regent of the \nSmithsonian Institution. In 1866 he suggested the \nIVii-mation of the State board of charities, and was \nprcsidiiit until his death. He was one of the original \ncommissioners of the new capitol, and laid its foun- \ndation stone. He became a regent of the University \nof New York in 1844, and from 1862 to his death was \nits chancellor. After the annual Convocations were \nestablished in 1863, his receptions were among the \nmost important features of the meetings, at which \nhe made an ideal presiding ofTicer. \n\n\n\n\nELIAS LOOMIS (American, 1811-1889) scientist, \nafter graduation from Yale in 1830 was a, tutor there, \n1833-36. He was the first American to see the return \nof Halley\'s comet in 1835 and published an account \nof it. In 1836-7 he studied in Paris. In 1837 became \nprofessor of natural philosophy in Western Reserve \ncnllcgi\', 111 1844 of mathematics in New York univer- \nsity, and in 1860 of astronomy in Yale, where he re- \nmaini\'d till his death. He was distinguished for \ncareful observations in astronomy, meteorology, and \nmagnetism, with important results. As an instruc- \ntor he was noted for compi-lling his students to in- \nvestigate for themselves, s.miiim lines a student would \ncome to him with a suppuM-d iiii>iake in the text- \nbook. " Will you please read it again ? " he would \nsay again and\'again, till finally the student saw his \nown error, when a smile would stretch across Prof. \nLoomis\'s face like a rising sun. \n\n\n\n1901] \n\n\n\nEngland \n\n\n\n195 \n\n\n\n\nSIR WILLIAM ROBERT GROVE (Welch, 1811-) \nafter Rraduatioii from Oxford in 1833 studied law. but \nbecnnie interested in electricity and was from 1835 to \n1840 professor of natural philosophy in the London \nInstitution. In 1839 he communicated to the French \nAc;i(l(\'niY his invention of the Grove battery, which \nsnbsiitutes platinum for copper and nitric^for sul- \nphuric acid. In 1841 he published a paper on electro- \ntypiuii, and in 1842 enunciated the doctrine of the \ncorrelation of physical forces. showiuK that arrested \nmotion prodnces\'heat. His book on the subject was \npublished in 1847. and is his principal contribution \nto science. In 1866 he was president of the British \nAssociation. Having resumed the practice of law, \nhe became in 1853 queen"s counsel, and in 1871 jus- \ntice of the common pleas. He was kniiihted in 1871. \nHe is one of the few men who have been eminent both \nin science and iu a chosen profession. \n\n\n\n196 \n\n\n\nAmerica \n\n\n\n[1812 \n\n\n\n\nKDW.VRD SEGUIN (French, 1812-1880) ciuiie froii! \naiiri.>tnr., who had been physiciuiis for generations. \nAflc\'i- fdui-aiion in Paris he studied medicine under \nItard and Esquirol, and was led to the study of idiocy, \nwhich he discovered to be not uialforiuation of tlie \nbrain, but arrested development. He established a \nscliool for them in Paris, and joined a brilliant coterie \nof youns men, including Ledru RoUin, Louis Hlanc, \nanil Victor Hugo, who believed in a republic founded \non the teachings of St. Simon. He published in 1846 \nhis treatise on idiocy which was crowned by the \nAcademy, and is still its text-book. In 1850 he came \nto .Vmerieaand jirartised as a physician, but did much \nfor the feeble-mindi\'d, ami lri>m IS.\'il to 1857 assisted \nDr. Wilbur in the institution at Syracuse, N. Y. He \npul)lished " Idiocy and its treatment by the Physiolo- \ngical Method" and several other books, and eslalj- \n\'\'vsIichI in New York a school for the feeble-minded. \n\n\n\n\nCHARLES HARTSHORN ANTHONY (1812-1874), \na famous Albany teacher, after graduation from the \nTroy (X. Y.) academy at 15 began lecturing there \non Ideology and botanv. In 1831 he established a \nprivate high school, which in 1831 he became the \nTroy academy. In 1837 this was merged with the \nRensselaer polytechnic institute as the department \nof classical literature, but the union was not carried \ninto effect, and Mr. Anthony continued to be princi- \npal \xe2\x96\xa0until 1839, when he was made principal ol th<\' \nTroy public high school In 1840 this school was \nsuspended, and he removed to Al bany a iid established \na private school there. In 1846 he established the \n\\lbany classical institute, and remained in charge of \nit for 20 years, continuing afterward to visit almost \ndaily, and to lecture at least once a week, until .)an. \n2. 18"72, when \\w was seized by an attack tliat left tlie \nright half of his body paralyzed. \n\n\n\nSeguin, Anthony, Armstrong, McElligott \n\n\n\nli)7 \n\n\n\n\nJOHN W. AKMSTRONG (Rnjilish, 181:i-1878). 1st \nlirincipal of Kn\'doni;!.. iiccoiiipanied his I\'utlK\'r to \n(\'aii:id:i in 1824. .-iiid in 1837 came to Cu/.tMioviii seni- \ninarv. X. Y. In 1839 he taught at Nichols, and after \nliriv.\'ite work rn Canada, in 18-11 at Red Creelc. He was \nlicTused as a hical preaclier, bnt was principal of \nthe (ioverneur Wesleyan 1844-50, when he c.anie back \nt.i (\'a/.cnovia as a student teacher of science. In \nl,s.i4 he became principal of Falley seminary, and in \n1855 of the Susquehanna seminary at Rinfilianilon. \nIn 1856 he resumed pastoral work, and in 1857 was \nsent to Anienia seminary in an unsuccessful attempt \nto >ave it from sale. After pastoral work, 1857-65, he \n\nI ;inie headmaster and teacher of science in the \n\noswv^o normal, and in 1869 was made principal of \ntlie Fredonia normal, where he remained till de.-itli. \nHe was president of the association of normal prin- \ncipals from its organization in 1869. \n\n\n\n\nJAMES NAPOLEON McELLlGOTT (American, 1812- \n1866). a prominent New York school man, after educa- \ntion at New York university became instructor in and \nin 1S45 principal of the Mechanics society institute. \nIn 1849 he opened a private classical school, which he \nconducted with signal success till his death. In 1848 \nhe was editor of The Teachers Advocate, and in 1860 \nwas ])resident of the State teachers association. He \ncuiipcrati\'d in the preparation of the Union readers, \nand Im- was the author of \xe2\x80\xa2\' M.-inual, Analytical and \nSvnl helical, of Orthography and Dellnition " (1845), \n\xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x96\xa0\'Oldham\'s Humorous Speaker" (1853), and "The \nAmerican Debater " (1855). At the time of his death \nhe was engaged upon a Latin grammar, and was to \nhave followed with a Greek grammar. He was for 16 \nyears corresponding secretary of the American Sun- \nday School Union, and was active in church and be^ \nnevolent work. \n\n\n\n108 \n\n\n\n.X^FKRICA \n\n\n\n[is: \n\n\n\n\nJAMES DWIGHT DANA (Aiiicnc-aii. 1813-189o) was \nl:oni ill Vtica, N. V.. and after uradualiou from Yale \nin 1833 travelled for two years in the Mediterranean \nas instructor of midshipmen in the U. S. navy. In \n1836-38 he was assistant at Yale to Prof. Silliman, \nand in 1838-42 took part in the Wilkes exploring ex- \npedition, of which his reports on geology, corals, \nand crustaceans were published 1846-54. In 1846 he \nwas made professor of geology at Yale. He had al- \nready published a "System of Mineralogy" (1837). \nand a " jSIanual of Mineralogy "\' (1848), andiii 1864 he \npublished his "Text-Book of Geology", so much tlie \nbest book of its kind that a German geologist ad- \nvised his students to learn English in order to use \nthis book. Personally he was one of the simplest \nand most lovable of men, as ready to take a walk with \nfreshmen and point out geological A-lJ-C"s as to pre- \nside over the Academy of science. \n\n\n\n\nMAUCl\'S WILLSON (Americ;in, 1813\xe2\x80\x94) after grad- \niialiiiii from Union in 1836 taught at I<Mshkill Landing \nand for four years in the Pouirhkeepsie collegiate \n>rhiii)l. ami was principal of CanaiulaiL;ua academy \nlS4it-1853, but he declined the )ircsidi\'iicy of N\'assar. \nlie was also admitted to the bar, but his principal \nwork was as an author. His first work was a civil \n"jiivernment, followed by American histories, a uiii- \nMi\'sal history, and a setoj science readers on which \nhi\' ^pi\'ut four years, ana afterward another set of \niradris. For copyright on text-books he was paid \nimire lliau ^OOO.OOii\'hy the ll.-u-per Hrolhers alone, witli \nlarge amounts from other iiulilishers. He also wrote \n\xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x96\xa0 The Wciuderful .story of OliI \'\xe2\x80\xa2, an illustrated l{il)le \nwork. He delivertid his first written temperance ad- \ndress at the age of 18, and was prevented from prac- \ntising law by the injury to his voice from speaking \non a cold winter\'s night. \n\n\n\n1901] \n\n\n\nEngland \n\n\n\n199 \n\n\n\n\nWILLIAM BEXJA3IIN CARPEXTEU (i:n;;lisb, 1813 \n\n1885), fatuous for his work in comparative pliysiol \nosy, brother of Mary Carpenter the phihinthropist. \nstudied medicine at University collese and \xc2\xabt Edin- \nburgh, and beyian practice in Bristol. He became a \ncontributor to the magazines, and subsequently edi- \ntor of the British and Medical Foreign Review. In \n1837 he gained the Edinburgh prize of $l!>0 for the \nbest essay of the year, and bought a microscope, \nwhich enabled him to write his \'\xe2\x80\xa2 General and Com- \nparative Physiology " (1838). In 1844 he became pro- \nfessor of physiology in the Royal institution, London, \nand published his " Comparative Physiology " and \n\xe2\x96\xa0 Human Physiology ". He was professor of medical \njurisprudence at L\'riiversity college 1849-.59, principal \nOf University hall, 1851-59, and in 1856 became reg- \nistrar of the University of London in the develoji- \nment of which he was the chief worker. \n\n\n\n\nSIR ISAAC PITMAN (English, 1813- ), the in- \nventor of phonography, became at 12 a clerk in a \ncounting-house, and at 18 was sent to the normal col- \nlege of the British and Foreign School Society. After \nlive months training he became master of a public \nschool, and subsequently established a school at \nUarton-on-Humber. Here he began to study short- \nhand, and published his " Stenographic Sound Hand" \nin 1837. In 1842 he began the Phonetic Journal, and \nin 1843 established a Phonographic Institute. Besides \nhis text-books he issued a library of some eighty \nvolumes printed entirely in short-hand. In 1894 the \nQueen conferred upon him the honor of knighthood. \nDr. \\Vm. T. Harris says: "All short-hand writers in \nthe world concede the debt of gratitude due to Isaac \nPitman as the original inventor of the best system of \nshort-hand, and the one which forms the basis for a, \nhundred or more modifications,"\' \n\n\n\n200 \n\n\n\nEn(;i.ani) \n\n\n\n[isi \n\n\n\n\nEMILY ANNE ELIZA SHIRREPF (En-lisli. 1814- \n3897). with licr sister Mrs. Grey u foremost fliiiinijioii \nof llie hisilier educutiou of women, was tlie ilautrliler \nof an admiral, and while residing at tJibraitar re- \nfleeted on how little her education had done for her. \nand resolved that other women should have a better \nchance. In 1850 the two sisters published " Thoughts \n\xe2\x96\xa0 ill Self-Culture ", and in 1858 " The Intellectual Edu- \n\n\xe2\x96\xa0atiiiu of "Women ". In 1871 the.vformed the National \nI nion for the Education of Women, in 1872 theGirls\' \nrublio Uav School Co.. and in 1877 the Teachers\' \n\nTriiinino; and Registration Society. In 1876 Miss \nShirretf became president of the l-\'roebel Society, and \npublished "Principles of the Kindergarten System "\'. \nrepulilished in 1880 as "The Kin<lgeri;arten "\', and \nrepulilished in America. In 1877 appeared her \n"Sketch of Froebel\'s Life", in 1882, " The Kinder- \ngarten at Home "\', and in 1892, " Moral Training ". \n\n\n\n\nJAMES JOSEPH SYLVESTER (English, 1814-1897), \n\'\xe2\x80\xa2 great as a maker of matliematicians no less than of \nmalhematics ", after education at Cambridge and \nDublin became in 1837 professor of natural philoso- \npliy at University college, Loudon. In 1841 he be- \ncame professor of mathematics in the University of \n\\irginia, but returned to England in 1845, and was \nfor ten years connected with a firm of insurance \nactuaries. From 1855 to 1870 he was professor ot \nmathematics at the Royal military academy, Wool- \nwich. Upon the founding of the Johns Hopkins \nuniversity in 1877 he was made professor of mathe- \niii.it ics, where he remained till in 1883 he became \nI\'lnlessor of geometry at Oxford, remaining till in \nlSi)4 he retired on account of failing health. His \nwritings cover some 2.500 quarto pages, and many a \nsingle "memoir among them would have nitide him \n\'Muinenl. luorale.xpression also he riveted attention \n\n\n\n181)7] \n\n\n\nAmerica \n\n\n\nI\'OI \n\n\n\n\n1 J,P,T*^\' BBEM-EK AXDEBSOX (AnieriLMn. mh- \n1H91)) :itt(n-t;radualion from WaH\'i-ville collc^v in 1840 \niuul a year at Nowton. returned to Waterville as tutor \nand professor. In 1850 he became proprietor of the \nNew York Recorder, and in 1853 he Ijecame president \not the University of Rochester. In 1870 he was \nelected president of Brown university and when the \nb\'redonia normal was started, was offered |5 ooo \xe2\x80\xa2f \nyear to accept tlie presidency: but Ik- remained at \nK\'oohester till failing health compelled him in 1889 to \nwithdraw. He was one of the few ideal collejie- \nI\'l-esidents\xe2\x80\x94 a, man of coniinandiufj presence a^nd \n>ti-ontj personality, who made himself felt by every \nstudent. A man miirht take a course under Him anil \nstiil be small-niinded. but not without discovering \nthat he was small-minded. His discussion of current \nevents was in itself worth the entire s<-nior yi-ir in \ncollege. \n\n\n\n\nM\\BTILLA MINER (American. 181.5-1864) was born \n111 IJrooktield.X. V. In spiteof spinal disease she be- \n^;an teaching at 15, and after service in Rochester and \nIM-oyidence went to Mississippi to instruct a private \nsi\'hool for planters\' daughters. She became inter- \nested in the education of negroes, and as she could \nnot teach them there she went to Washington to found \n.\xe2\x96\xa0I norm.-il school for colored girls. She began in 1851 \nwithac.-ipilalof $100, Inahiredroom witli5i)ii])ils. In \nIf^.iS she iM.ii^ht a whole citv square fur i*4,:i(i() (sold in \nisre for \xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x80\xa2t^40.000), Harriet IJeeoher Stowe giving her \n*l. 000 from proceeds of "Uncle Tom\'s Cabin" and \nol her friends contributing. From 18.57 to 1859 she was \nill, and transferred the care of the school to Emily \nliowland of Sherwood, N. Y.. while she travelled to \ni-\'et money for a building. The school was incorpor- \nated ill 18t53, and the Miner normal school was trans- \nlerred in 1877 to a building costing $37,000. \n\n\n\n202 \n\n\n\n.\\mK1^1(\'A \n\n\n\n[ISK; \n\n\n\n\nASA DKAKIJOKY LORD (Amorieaii, 1816-1874). 1st \n\ni-inli\'Uilciil al, ( \'i)liiiiibiis. Ollio, ilflcr ediical.ioii \n\n(\' aradc\'iiiy al rolsilaiii, N. Y., tautilit in dislricl, \n\nI ml ill lb(;i7 ill a private school at WillouKli- \n\nIl(! was principal of the Western Reserve \n\nseininai\'y 1839-47, senilinK out some 800 \n\nIn 1H17 lie Ix\'caiiie the first sui)erinten(leiil \n\ns in C(iliiiiil)iis and iiia,ut?urated a system ol\' \n\nhciols 1 hat sniin si)read over the Siate. In \n\n\xe2\x96\xa0^an puljlishiiitr Tlie Ohio Schonl .[(Dirndl. \n\n!-,a,iiie ill isr,<t \'I\'lif Srhooi l-\'rhmL When this \n\nmtiiiued iKMMlilcd T Iw I\'lihlir S,ho<)l Adro- \n\nvate for a year till, The ()hio Jonrnid of Education was \n\nlieuuii, aiid of (his was residimt editor to the close of \n\nthe lirst volume 111 185(5. In 1854 he succeeded Lorin \n\nAndrews as aj;ent of (hi\' Ohio Stat(^ teachers associa- \n\nlioii. In IS.")() lieeaiiH^ head of the Ohio Institution for \n\nthe blind, and in 1868 of that at Balavia, N. Y. \n\n\n\n\nMARY MORTIMKR (Eniilish, 1816-1877). 1st princi- \npal of ihi\' Milw.-iiikee female collej^e. came with her \nr.niiilv to America when four years old, and lived in \n\\\\ ateiloo, N. Y. At 16 beKan\'teachinji-. and in 1841 \nbec.-une principal of the female deparlmeiil of tln^ \nitrorkport colk\'niate institute. In 1846 she bei-aiiie a \nteacher in the LeRoy female seminary, and in 1850 \neiilcrc\'d upon her life work in tlu^ establishment of \n\\\\w. .Milwauke<\' female college, in which (.\'atharino \nKeeclwr wasdi\'eply Interested. Miss iMortiiner took \ncharficM)f the iionn;il ilepartment. In 1852 she became \none of the managers of the American women\'s edu- \ncailonal association. In 1857 she took a private \nschool In i;iiiilra. and In 1859 went to the female sem- \ninary at liarabcio, Wis., resifjiiinj; in 1868 on account \nof 111 health. In 18t)6 she became once more the head \nof the Mllu\'.-uiki\'c femah^ collei^c, resi^\'iiinii\' in 1874, to \nretire to ijuiet country life. \n\n\n\n1S!)S] \n\n\n\nL(\xc2\xbbi;i), MoirriMKi;, Cla \n\n\n\n\n;kj \n\n\n\n\'^.1-. \n\n\n\n\xe2\x80\xa220; 5 \n\n\n\nNOAH T. CLAUKK (AiiK\'i-icaii. 1817 1898), Mi,. \\,.s- \n\noatu.n. l,\xe2\x80\x9e(,n. 18-11 bcranie assistant in Cana a^ a \na.<-,a<],.niy and in ip snc<-..,.(l,.d Alaivus Willsoi? s \nprincipal This plar-.. he held uiilil 1882 sci-vin"- 41 \nyai-s in thesan,,. school. In this j.osil ionh.- wiHd,., \nnMnarkal.h; nilluonc,. for ili,. upbnildin^. of o , ! \nmen He was so thorouu\'lily a man. so Tvpieall a \nwnlloinan.sosynii.alheti.-andhelpfnlandi lspi,\xe2\x80\xa2in.\' \nlh.atmanyal,oy was ifted by contart with liini out \n"\\ Ihe eoimnonplaeo inio tlie ideal, and carried on lo \nhiL:h worth and uselnlness. He was prominent in all \nti\'Mviiers a.ssocin,tions, a,nd always a valued counse" \n\n\n\n\nANOJIIKR I\'OIM\'KAIT \n\n\n\n204 \n\n\n\nEngland \n\n\n\n[1817 \n\n\n\n\nBENJAMIN .lOWETT (EnKlish, 1817-1893) was born \nat-Cuniberwell. London. He was a lonely boy, and \nhis early life was a stru<;<?le. Bnt he was graduated \nfrom Oxford, and became regius professor of Greek, \nfor a time without salary. In 1S70 he was made mas- \nter of Haliol college, and in IW^^ vic-i\'-chancellor of \nthe university, rendering eminent service in all these \noffices. He is i)erhaps the only teacher of liis day to \nbe compared with Thomas Arnold. He had "a little \nliuure with a high forhead and whitening hair and \nI lie look of a saint". He was a famous classical \nscholar: his translations of Plato, Thucydides, and \nAristotle are beyond comparison the best published. \nFor he was also a master of English prose. Walter \nPater says : \'"He seemed to have taken the measure \nnot merely of all opinions, but of all possible ones, \n\n"\xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x80\xa2nd to have put the last refinements on literary \n\ntxpression." \n\n\n\n1901] \n\n\n\nScotland \n\n\n\n205 \n\n\n\n\nALEXANDER BAIN (Scotch. 1818- ), the apostle of \nIjhysiciil psycholofiy, after graduation from Aber- \ndeen university in 1840 taught there till in 1845 lie was \nmade professorof physics in the Andersonian univer- \nsity, Glasgow. P>om 1847 to 1850 he was assistant \nsecretary of the Metropolitan sanitarv commission \nfrom 1857 to 1862, and from 1864 to 1869he was exam- \niner in logic and moral philosophv in the University \nof London, and in 1860 he became\' professor of lo"ic \nin the University of Aberdeen. He had done nuu-h \nwriting when in "The Senses and the Intellect" \n(185.5) and "The Emotions and the Will" (18.59) he \nmade public his views of psvchologv, based upon the \nstudy of mental effects from their phvsical side. Later \nworks are " The Study of Character" (1861) " Mental \nand Moral Science" (1868), " Logic. Deductive and \nInductive" (1870), "Mind and Body" (1873) and \n" Education as a Science " (1878). \n\n\n\n206 \n\n\n\nAmerica \n\n\n\n[1818 \n\n\n\n\nHENRY DRISLER (American. 1818-1897) after \n\'/viiduntion from Columbia in 1839 became classical \nin^t^acto^\xe2\x80\xa2 in the grammar seliool. In 1813 he was \ninndi\' tutor and in 1845 adjunct professor in classics. \nIll 1S57 lie became professor of Latin, and in 1867 he \n<uiM-,eeded Dr. Anthon as professo^of Greek. During \nl\xc2\xbbr. Barnard\'s absence in 1878 ai" after his death in \nIS79, Prof. Drisler acted as president until the elec- \ntioii of President Low, when he became dean of the \n^\xe2\x96\xa0\xe2\x80\xa2liool of arts. He retired in 1894, and the Drisler \npnifessorship of classical philology was founded in \nhis lionor. He collaborated with Prof. Anthon in \nmany of his text-bool-cs, prepared an enlarged edi- \ntion of Youge\'s English-Greek dictionary, assisted \nin the compilation of Johnson\'s encyclopa?dia, and \nwas an associate editor of the Oxford edition of \nLiddell & Scott\'s Greek dictionary (1883). He was \nthe general editor of the Harper editions of classics. \n\n\n\n\nMARIA MITCHELL (American, 1818-1889), assisted \nhi^r father, who tauglit school in Nantucket. Mass.. in \nhis astronomical studies. Later she studied under \nCharles Peirce, and became his assistantin his school \nat, Nantucket. She was appointed librarian of the \nNantucket athenaeum. She continued her astrono- \nmical studies, and gave special attention to neublae \n;ind comets. She received in 1847 a gold medal from \nthe king of Denmark for the discovery of a comet, a \nMiciiioir on which she published in the Smithsonian \ncontribulions. She was emijloyed upon the coast \nsurvey and as one of thecom]nilers upon the nautical \niilmanac. She visited Europe in IH.\'i.s, and on her re- \nturn received through Elizabeth Peabody the gift of \na large telescope. In 1865 she became professor of \nastronomy at Vassar, where she continued a syste- \nmatic course of scientific observations, .and exerted \nin\\ich inlluenci,\' through her ni.-irked pi^rsoiiality. \n\n\n\n1897] \n\n\n\nFkke Schools in New Yohk \n\n\n\n\xe2\x80\xa2207 \n\n\n\n\nVICTOR MOREAU RICE (American. 1818-1869), after \ngraduation from Allcuhany college iu 1841 studied \nlaw iu Buffalo with Millard Fillmore, and iu 1843 be- \ncame a partner with John Drow in " The Buffalo hijih \nschool ". Iu 1846 he became editor of The Cataract. \nIn 1818 ho begau teachiuK iu the public schools of \nliulfalo. and in 1851 was elected superiuteudeut: it \nwas largely by his efforts that iu 1853 the central \nhijih school was estaiilislied. He was State superin- \ntendent, 1854-7 and 1862-8, and iu the interim served \nin the legislature. In his first report he made seven \ni-pc(iinmeudatious, all of which were subsequently \nii.loiiicd: among them that more normal schools be \nrrrati\'d, and the school laws be codified. He iilso suc- \nceeded in 1867 in doing away with the rate-bill sys- \ntem, and making the schools free. In 1868 he became \npresident of th<! American Popular life insurance \ncompany, and later of the Metropolitan bank. \n\n\n\n208 \n\n\n\nAmerica \n\n\n\n[ISIO \n\n\n\n\nEBKNEZER DODGE (American, 1819-1890). 4th pres- \nidf\'iit.of Colgate university, after graduation from \nBrown in 1840 taught two years in Shelburne Falls, \nMass.. and was graduated (rom Newton in 1845. After \na vearas instructor in Hebrew in Kentuclcy, he was \npastor for 7 years in Kew Hampshire, and became \nprofessor at Colgate in 1853 of biblical criticism, and \nin 1861 of christian theology. In 1868 he was elected \npresident, and so remained till his death. This period \n\xe2\x96\xa0was one of prosperity for the university, due largely \nto the confldenceinspired by his profound scholarship \nand high character, and is recorded in \'"The first \nHalf Centurvof Colgate University " (1872). He was \na man of profound thought and broad views, and \nstood in the front rank of Baptist theologians. He \nwas a power in debate, and exerted strong personal \ninfluence. He published \xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x96\xa0 Kvidences of Christianity \xe2\x80\xa2\' \n(1868) and " Lectures on Cliristian Theology" (1883), \n\n\n\n\nFREDEIIICK DAN HUNTIXfJTON (American, 1819-), \nafter gra,duation from Amherst in 1H3\',), studied theol- \nogv at Cambridge, and in 1842 l)iM-:nii(" i>astorof the \nSoiith church, Boston. In 1855 he w ,is chn^i-n preach- \ner and professor of Christian miir:ils .it Harvard. His \ntheological views changed, and in 1860 he was admit- \nted to the Episcopal ministry. In 1864 he resigned \nhis office at Harvard to become rector of Emanuel \nchurch, Boston, and in .869 he was elected bishop of \nCentral New Yorlc. He was one of the founders of \nthe Church Monthly, and has written several religious \nbooks. His greatest service to education is his ad- \ndress on "Unconscious Tuition \'", first delivered be- \nfore the American Institute of Instruction in 1855, \nand since then known all over the \\vorld. For forty \nyears it has been regarded the most stimulating and \nhelpful book that cau be put into a young teacher\'s \nhands. \n\n\n\n190]] \n\n\n\nEngland \n\n\n\n209 \n\n\n\n\nWILLIAM EDWARD FORSTEB (English, 1819- \n1886) married tlie i-ldcsl dau\'^lilc-r of Thomas Arnold \noT Ruuby, and in ISfil uuleriHl parliament. In 1868 \nlie became vice-president of the Couneil on Educa- \ntion, entered Gladstone\'s cabinet in 1870. and intro- \nduced the Elementary Education bill. He showed \nV investiKiition that the voluntary system was in- \nlequate, and his bill created scliool boards with \niw(!r to levy rates for maiutaiuins schools, and to \nimpel attendance. No catechism or formulary of \nly religious denomination was permitted, and" the \n\xe2\x80\xa2lionls were put under government inspection. In \n;; 1 he visited the United States, and in 187.5 was \n\'i-ii\'d Lord Rector of Aberdeen university. In 1880 \n\xe2\x96\xa0 lii\'came chief-secretary for Ireland, but resigned \nill l^s-2. " His undoubted patriotism, his great abil- \niiii-. and his sturdy independence will give liiin an \nhonorable place among Britisli statesmen." \n\n\n\n\nJOHN UUSKIN (English, 1819-1900) after gradua- \ntion from Oxford in 1843 hesitated between the Church \nand art, but chose the latter, and in ISiS published \nthe first volume of " Modern Painters ", which im- \nmediately made him famous as an art critic. He de- \n\xe2\x96\xa0l.ired his theory that nature must be followed im- \nhliciily, everv alteration coming from powerless in- \nlolnice or liHnd audacity; and he made Turner its \n\xe2\x96\xa0liief exjionent. He spent some years in Italy, but \n111 18.58 became professor in the Cambridge school of \nart, in 1867 lecturer at Cambridge. He was professor \nof flue art at Oxford 1869-79 and 1883-85. The Ruskin \nmuseum at Sheffield contains his art treasures. He- \nsid(!s his numerous works on art. he did much for the \nsocial condition of workmen, his best-known lec- \ntures being gathered in " Fors Clavigera" (1871-84). \nIn ediieatioh he insisted on the dominance of moral \nideas, and the essentialuess of first-hand study. \n\n\n\n210 \n\n\n\nEngland \n\n\n\n[1819 \n\n\n\n\nCHARLES KIXGSLEY (English, 1819-1875) after \ngradualioii from Cambridge became rector at Evers- \nley ia Hampshire, which was thereafter his home, \nand where he died. He was professor of English liter- \nature 111 Queens college, and from]1860 to 1869 he was \nprofessor of modern history at Cambridge. ]n 1845 \nhe was appointed canon at Middleham, in 1863 at \nChester, and In 1873 at \\Vestminster. From the first \nhe was keenly sensible of the wants of the poor, and \nhe threw himself into the movement for Christian \nsocialism headed by Frederick Maurice. In this \nspirit he wrote "Yeast "and "Alton Locke". In \n1854 he wrote " Alexandria and her Schools ", in 1869 \n"Madam How and Lady Why", in 1872 "Town \nGeology ", in 1874 "Health and" Education ". Both \nas a writer and in his personal intercourse with men \nhe was a stimulating teacher. As a novelist his chief \npower lay in description. \n\n\n\n\n.JOHN TYXDALL (English. 18->0-1893). investigator \nof raidant heat, was educated in the national public \nschools, and in 1839 joined the Irish ordnance survey. \nIn 1841 an official sutrgested to him better use of his \nleisure hours, and for twelve years he was always at \nills liiioks by five o\'clock in the morning. In 1844 he \n\nI aiiie a railway engineer, but gave it up in 1847 to \n\ntiarli ill Queenswood college. In 1848 he went to the \nI nivcrsity of Marburg to study under Hansen, being \nLiradualed in 1850. In 1853 he\' became professor of \nnatural ])hilosophy in the Royal institution, where he \nwas the colleague\'of Faraday. In 1867 he succeeded \nFaraday as superintendent.\' In 1849 he visited the \nAlps, and thereafter became an enthusiastic nioun- \nlain climber, and iiiad<! important researches as to \nghicicrs. From 1859 to 1871 he studied radiant heat \nanil established new theories. He was a famous lec- \nturer, ami delivered a course in America, 1873-4. \n\n\n\n11 )()()] \n\n\n\nKlXGSLEY, TyNDALL, SpENCER \n\n\n\n211 \n\n\n\n\nHERBERT SPENTKR (English, 1890-) Is the son \nof a private teaclier, liis grandfather and his iincle \nbeing also teachers. He did not learn to read till \nhe was seven, hut was encoui-aged to keep insects \ntlirough their translormations, and to draw fi-orc \nobjects. He was educated to be a civil engineer \nand in 1838 became aa assistant on one of the rail- \nways. In 1848 he began writing " Social Statistics " \nand completed tlie first volume in 1850, having be- \ncome in tlie mean time sub-editor of T7ie Fxono\' \nmist. In 1855 he publislied "Tlie Principle? of Psy- \nchology", and thougli his health trave wav for the \ntime, he has continued the worlc hiid our, and pub- \nlished volume after volume ot liis iihilosniihicai \n\xe2\x80\xa2ludertaking. His "Education, Intfllecfual, Moral \nand Physical " is one or the few great books upon \nthe subject, and has influet led all subsequent dls- \nijusslona. \n\n\n\n212 \n\n\n\nNew York \n\n\n\n[1820 \n\n\n\n\nCHARLES T. POOLER (American. 1820-1897) for \niiuuiy years an institiuo instructor, after graduation \nfrom Wf\'sleyan in 1844 Isecame principal of the Mid- \ndli\'town hi\'ih scliool, and afterward taught in Canton \n:iinl Oi^dcnslnirs, X. Y. He was admitted to the bar \nill 1849, l)ut taught for three years in Potsdam, and \nthen opened a privati; academy which he continued \nfor four years. He was superintendent of schools in \nAkron, 6., 1857-60, principal of Deansville academy \n18(50-63, and school commissioner 1863-71!, after which \nlie ga\\\'e himself entirely to conducting institutes. He \ni-oniliii-!i-(l his first institute in 1860, and had continued \niIm\' wc.rk since. He was the first president of the \nsiiiii\' iissciri:ition of school commissioners. He pub- \nlished "\'A Chart of Civil Government", and \'" Hints \non Teaching Orthoepy". His work was especially \ndirected to the practical assistance of country school \nteachers, whose limitations he never forgot. \n\n\n\n\nEDWARD NORTH (American, 1820\xe2\x80\x94), after grad- \nuation from Hamilton in 1843 was for a year a private \ntutor, and tlieu read law, but in 1841 was elected pro- \nfessor of ancient languages at Hamilton, where he \nhas been for more than half a century a powerful and \nhealthful influence upon every student. As a teacher \nof Greek he has made the language loved for his sake \nlis well as for its own. He illustrated one of the \nl.eculiarities of his teaching in a paper before the \nTui versify convocation in 1863 on " Use of the Black- \nl,u;ird in teaching Greek ". In 1845 he was one of the \nIniiiiders of the State teachers association, and hi \nI si-,:i its president. Since 1855 he has been the necrol- \noi-^t of the Hamilton alumni, and since 1856 has \nedited Alumniana in the Hamilton Monthly. He was \nalso for several years necrologist of the .University \nconvocation. His memory extends over every Ham- \nilton graduate of the last 60 years. \n\n\n\n1901] \n\n\n\nAmerica \n\n\n\n213 \n\n\n\n\nHERVEY BACKUS WILBUR (American, 1820-1883). \nIbt supcriiiteudent of tlie Syracuse institution for tin," \ntt>ebli\'-miuiled, after graduation from Amherst in \n1838 and the Berl<shire medical institution in 1842. \nstudied en>;ineerins,and practised medicine at Lowell \nand at Harro, Mass. In 1847 he read of Dr. SeKuiii\'s \nschool for training idiots, and s(!Ut for his book, which \nled Ur. Wilbur to establish first a school in his own \nhouse, and afterward an experimental school at Al- \nii un which in 1854 became the State institution in \ns\\ 1 ,. u^( . Dr. Willjur was made superintendent, and \nDi s. ,11111 afterward worked for a time with htm. \nin lh71 he published a paper arguing that moral \ncauses were often productive of insanity, and that \nniortil treatment should be largely used for reinetly, \nwhich led to a long controversy. His report that \nKnglish methods of managing the insane were in \nuuuiy ways superior led to many reforms. \n\n\n\n\nSAMUEL G. LOVE (American, 1821-1893), for 2.\'. \nyears superintendent at Jamestown, X. V., after \ngraduation from Hamilton in 1846, studied law, but \nbecame a teacher in Buffalo. He afterward taught at \nGowanda, was princii)al of Chamberlain institute \n1850-53and 1859-64, and in 1865 l:>ecame superintendent \nat Jamestown, resigning in 1890 to become librarian. \nHe made the Jamestown schools remarkable for be- \ning in advance of other schools of the times. He in- \ntroduced physica,! culture, vocal music, and maiuial \ntraining long before they were usually thought practi- \ncable. He was a naturalist and gathered a large muse- \num. He was a leader in associations, and through his \ntraining classes sent out young men and women in- \nspired with enthusiasm" for teaching. His reports \nwere valuable documents, and his printed addresses \nwere widely read. He published \'"Industrial Rdu- \ncation, a Givide to Manual Training " (1887). \n\n\n\n214 \n\n\n\nEngland \n\n\n\n[1820 \n\n\n\n\nEmVARD THRINf! (Enfrllsli, 18Jil-lR89), vmo ranks \nsccDiid only to Tliuiaas Arnold among tlie EngUsli \nS( huuliiiasters of this century, became lieacl-mastet \nof Uppuigliam School in 1853. It was then a school- \nhouse and schooh\'oom with 25 pupils, which had \ngrown in 1887 so as to employ a staff of 33 masters. \nHe was a ri,<^\'\'id disciplinarian, ar.l Insisted that II \none Ijoy did -w mn\'^- it was lii-cause the rest approved, \nand punislii\'d tlieni all. ISut lie had intense feeling \nlor the worth ol a life,\xe2\x80\x94 of every life ; and he spared \nnothing to give to every boy that Individual training \nwhich would do most to develop the best in liim to \nIts Lig\'hest. His pervading humor was also a power. \nHis best known work is "Education and School" \n(1867). A volume ol his " Addresses " was published \nin 1890, and " Uppingham LjTics " in 1887. " A Mem- \noiy of Edward Thring," by John Huutley Skrlne waa \npi.ijlished in 1889. \n\n\n\n1895] \n\n\n\nAmerica \n\n\n\n215 \n\n\n\n\nTHEODOUE WILLIAM DWKJHT (Americun, 1822- \n1892), 1st wai\'ileu of the Columbia law school, after \ni;radaatloii from Hamilton in 1840 and the Yale law \nschool in 1842 became in 1846 professor of law at Ham- \nilton, and in 1858 at Columbia, where he was soon \nmade warden of the law school, and became recoji- \nuized as one of the great teachers of the century. \nHe was elected non-resident professor of consti- \ntutional law at Cornell (1868), and lecturer at Am- \niierst (1869). He was a member of the New York \nconstitutional convention of 1867, vice-president of \nof the New York State commissioners of public \ncharities, president of the New York prison associa- \ntion, and a member of the "committee of seventy " \nof New York city. In 1874 he was made a judu(^\' of \nthe commission of appeals. Besides his leffal works \nhe joined with Dr. Wines in publishing " Prisons and \nReformatories in the United States " \n\n\n\n\nX0B3IAN ALLISON CALKINS (American, 1822- \nl.^ti.")) ijiM-ame a teacher at 18, first at Castile, N. Y., \nand lh\'\'n at Gainesville, where he became principal. \nIn 1845-6 he was town superintendent. In 1846 he re- \nmoved to New York, and conducted teachers insti- \ntutes. From 1863 to his death he was assistant su- \n[\xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x96\xa0rintendent of schools in New York. He was also \nMofessorof methods and principles of teaching in \nI \'."\' Saturday sessions of the Normal college, 1870-80. \nlb\' was president of the N. E. A. in 1886, and always \none of its most trusted counsellors. He was treas- \nurer of the American Congregational union 18.57-83. \nHe publish d The Student for ten years, and was the \nauthor of several text-books, including "Primary \nObject Lessons " (1861, 1870), " Phonic Charts " (1869), \n" Manual of Object Teaching" (1881). " From Black- \nboard to Books" (1883). He selected and classified \nPrang\'s natural history series (1873). \n\n\n\n216 \n\n\n\nEngland \n\n\n\n[1822 \n\n\n\n\nALFRED KLSSEL WALLACE (Kiijilibh, 18:i2- ) \ndevotfd hini.scir eiirlv id niituriil liistory, and ex- \nplored the forests of"i;r;r/.il 1848-52, and the Malay \narchi peUiso 1854-62. While making his investigations \nhere he reached entirely independent of Mr. Uarwin \nthe same general conclusions as to natural seleeti<ni, \nhis paper before the Linnaean society and Mr. Dar- \nwin\'s being read coincidently in 18.\'i8. His "Contribu- \ntions 1o Natural Selection" was publishedin 1870, and \n" Darwinism " in 1889. His belief in spiritualism is \nshown in "On Miracles and IModern Spiritualism" \n(187.5). Heopposed compulsory vacoinationin "Regis- \ntration Statistics " (188.5). He devoted several years \nto cataloguing his 100,000 entomological specimens \nand 8,000 birds. Hesides his books of travel, he has \npublished "Tlie Geographical Distribution of Ani- \nmals "(1876), which founded a new strience: "Land \nNationalisation " (1882); and " Bad Times " (1885). \n\n\n\n\nMATTHEM\' ARNOLD (English, 1822-1895) eldest son \nof Dr. \'I\'lionias Arnold, after graduation from O.xford \nin 1845 \xc2\xabas for a time secretary to Lord Lansdowne, \nand became in 1851 inspector of schools, which office \nhe held till death. In 1857 he was elected professor of \nlioci ry at O.xford, and gave lect \\u-es t here for ten years. \nI II ist\'io was made foreign ;i-.>i si ;i m cuiiinissioner, and \nli.\' piihlished "A French lOhui. m- ,M iddle Chiss Kduca- \nI iiiu and theState ", " I\'opular iMlucation in France ", \na ad " Schools and I\'niversilieson the Continent". As \n\xe2\x96\xa0A writer he stands high both as critic and poet. It is \nliis theory that in culture the remedy for evils of mis- \nuovernment is to acquaint ourselves with the best \nI hat has been said and known in this world. He is \noften called the apostle of "sweetness and light". \nHis verse is Greek in form and pantheistic in feeling, \nyet with a vein of Christian reverence in which faith \nand doubt are mingled. \n\n\n\n1901] \n\n\n\nA:\\rKRTrA \n\n\n\n217 \n\n\n\n\nBEXX PITMAN (Ku-lisli. 1822-) with two other \nbi\'ollii\'i-s (il Sir Isaac I\'iliiiaii. wliose " Steuojiraphio \nSiuiiid Hand \'\xe2\x80\xa2 was imblishcd in 1837. was from 1842 \nto 18o2 associated witli Sir Isaac in travelling throu"h \nKnKliind lecturing\' and giviuji lessons in phonog- \nraphy. In 1853 he came to America and founded \nthe Phonographic Institute, Cincinnati. His flr,st \nManual was published in 1855, and bv 1860 his first \nscries of text-books was completed. Revised editions \nwere issued in 1885 and in 1897. He lias not followed \nthe changes in vocalization made bv Sir Isaac in 1857 \nbut adheres to the original plan, as "simpler. Graham" \nalso adheres to this plan while Rlunson adopts the \nchanges of 1857. In 1893 the Benn Pitman svstem \nwas used by more than one-third of all the teacliers of \nshort-hand in America. He was recorder of militarv \ncommissions for the V. S. govurameut, 1863 to 1867 \nand general reporter to 1873. \n\n\n\n\nDAXA POND COLBUKN (American. 1833-1859), the \nmalliematiral author, a.ftia- graduation from tin; \nIJriiluewater normal in 18-13 taught district schools in \nIM.iss.icliusetts and in East Ureenwich, R. I. His \ntearhiug of arithmetic attracted the attention of \nIbiraceMann, and in 1848 he was made one of thi; \nboard of institute instructors. He was assistant in \ntli(! Uridgewatcr normal 1848-50, and in 1852 opened a \nprivate normal school in Providence, R. I. In 1854 \ntliis became a State institution, and Mr. Colburn was \nmade its first principal. He taught because he loved \nto teach, and liis classes, thouuh always hard work- \ning, abounded in joy and laughter. His "First Steps \nin Numbers" (1847)" was followed by his "Decimal \nSystem ", " Interest and Discount ", "Arithmetic and \nits Applications" (1855), "Common School Arithme- \ntic " (1858i, "Child\'s IJook of Arithmetic ", and " In- \ntellectual Arithmetic " (1859). \n\n\n\n218 \n\n\n\nEngland \n\n\n\n[1823 \n\n\n\n\nEDWARD AUGUSTUS FREEJIAX (Eimlisli, 182;U \n1892). till- historiiiu, after becoiiuiiii- scholar at Oxford \nin 1841. fellow in 1845, and examiner in 1857, 18ti:?, and \n1873, in 1884 became Rejjius professor of modern his- \ntory. His historical works are nnmerous, including \n"History of the Saracens " (1856), \'\xe2\x80\xa2 History of Fed- \neral Government" (1863), "History of the Norman \nConquest" (1867-72), " Old English History" (1869), \n"Historical Essays" (1871-73, 1892), "General Sketch \nof European History " (1872), " Growth of the English \nConstitution" (1873). "The Ottoman Power in Eu- \nrope " (1877), " The Historical Geon;raph.y of Europe " \n(1881). "TheReisnof William Rufus " (1882), "Chief \nPeriods of Eurojjean History " (1886), " Methods of \nHistorical Study " (1885)," George VVa.shington " (1888), \n"William the Conqueror" (1888), " The History of \nSicily" (1891-92); besides works on architecture," and \n\'\xe2\x96\xa0 Lectures to American Audiences" (1883). \n\n\n\n\nFUIEDKICH MAX-MOLLER (German, 1823-1900), \n\nson of the distinguished lyric poet, after graduation \nfrom Leipzig in 1843 made" Sanskrit his special pur- \nsuit. He went to London, and in 1847 was commis- \nsioned by the East India company to edit the Rig- \nVeda at "their expense. In 18.50 he became professor \nat Oxford of modern languages; in 1866 of compara- \ntive philology. His treatises on philological topics \nhave done more than those of any other single scholar \nto awaken interest in the science of Inngu.-ige, the best \nknown being "The Science of Language" (1861-3) \na rid \xe2\x80\xa2\' ( \'hips from a German Workshop " (1868-75), In- \nhiTiling his father\'s jioetic imagination, he illustrates \nwhat are ordinarily dry subjects with a felicity that \nm.ikesthem attractive. Tlie successful anonymous \nCii\'i-iiian novel "Deutsche Liel)e " is also atlribuled \n(o him. He was a commander of the Legion of Honor \nuud member of the Privv Council. \n\n\n\nlUOl] \n\n\n\nAmerica \n\n\n\n219 \n\n\n\n\nJONATHAN ALLEN (Ainpi-ioan, 1823-1892) after \nKradu.\'itiou iii 184t) rroni OIktIjh became principal of \nAllred Academy and secured for it a charter as Al- \nfred I\'niversiiy. He was elected the first president, \nbut declined in favor of his elder colleague, Wm. C. \nKeiiyon. becoming president upon Dr. Kenyon\'s re- \ntirement in 1867, holding that office till his\'death, a \n(luarter of a century later. His especial pride was \ntlie Steiuheiin building, with its fine collection of \nminerals. He was also an infhirnlial cI\'tux man, \ntlie organizer and for manv years iMi-r.\',i>(,ndi n- sec- \nretary of the Seventh-Day-Kaptist IvIu.-.-n ion S.i.\'iety, \nand several limes president of the general conference \nof that deiK.uiiuaiidn. In accordance with his wish \nhis body was crrmaied, and the ashes were deposited \nin a Greek vase of wliite alaliaster, one of the treas- \nures of th(? Steinheim building. He impressed a \ngenuine manhood upon two generations of students. \n\n\n\n\nANSON JUDD UPSON (Amerii\'aii, 1823\xe2\x80\x94). 12(lt \nchaucellor of tlie University of the ,Sta,te of >\'ew \nYork, after graduation from Hamilton in 1843 studied \nlaw. but in 1845 was elected tutor in Hamilton, and \nin 1849 adjunct professor, and in 1853 professor of \nlogic, rhetoric, and elocution. Here he did much to \nnniintain the high standard of oratory established l)y \nProf. ]\\Iandeville. In 1868 he was ordained to the \nmiiiisiry. and from 1870 to 1880 was pastor of the 2d \nI\'ri\'sliyicrian churcli, Albany; professor of rhetoric \nin till\' Auburn theological seminary 1880-87, and sinc(! \nthen professor emer.tus, taking up his residence in \nGlens Falls. In 1874 he was elected a regent of the \nUniversity of the State ol\' Xew York, and in 1892 be- \ncame chancellor. M;iny of his sermons, addresses, \nand lectures have been i)ublislied. He has been a \nfrecjuent contributor to the periodical jiress, and is \nalways a welcome speaker upon the platform. \n\n\n\n220 \n\n\n\nAmerica \n\n\n\n[182.^ \n\n\n\n\nEDWARD AUSTIN SHELDON (American, 1823-1897) \nalter tliree \\i\'!ir.s :it lliuniltcm rollege had plamicd to \nstudy theology when lie was inado teacher of a school \niu Oswesio for orplians and children of poor parents, \nlu 1851 he became superiulendeiit of schools iu Syra- \ncuse, but in 1853 came l)ack to Oswego as clerk of the \nhiiard of education. While visitinfj; Toronto he saw- \nin the museum the appliances of the London Home \nand Colonial training scliool, and in 1859 he intro- \nduced object-lessons into llie Owego schools. He \npersuaded some of the teacliers to give up half their \nsalaries so as to bring over from London one of the \nHome and Colonial teachers, and in spite of opposi- \ntion he succeeded in making object-teaching a recog- \nnized method. In 1869 tlie city training school be- \ncame a State normal school, and he remained princi- \npal of it till his death. Here he accomplished a noble \nwork\xc2\xbbfor New York and for education everywhere. \n\n\n\n\nM. A. NEWELL (Irish, 1824-1893). for nearly 25 years \nSlate superintendent of Maryland, after graduation \nfrom Trinity college, Dublin in 1845, taught two years \niu the Mechanics institute, Liverpool. In 1848 he \ncame to Baltimore to visit relatives, became a private \ntutor, and afterward professor of natural sciences iu \nthe City college. Afterward he was for a time pro- \nfessor "in Madison college, butbame back to Balti- \nmore and established a " Commercial and collegiate \ninstitute ". The war made this unprofitable and he \nbecame principal of No. 1, afl-erward going to Pitts- \nburg to teach with hiscousins inthe Newell institute. \nIn 1865 he became first princii)al of the State normal \nat Baltimore, and in 1867 State superintendent. He \nheld both offices til 1 1890. A fterward for many years \nhe conducted the Manjland SchoolJournnl, he edited \na series of readers, did institute work, and in 1876 was \npresident of the N. E. A, \n\n\n\n1897] \n\n\n\n8riEi>Dox, Newell, Johowot, Fren*!! \n\n\n\n\xe2\x80\xa2221 \n\n\n\n\nJAMES JOHONNOT (Auiericnu, 1823-1888) was born \nin Vermont and tauuht there four years. In 1845 he \nbecame principal of the Jefferson school, Syracuse, \nbut had leave of absence to attend tlie Albany nor- \nmal from which he w;is smdiialcil in 18-18. In l\'854 he \nbecame the first State a}ient of tin; State teachers as- \nsociation, at a salary of $1,000. Tliis histed only a \nyear, when in connection with IMr. Criittenden he \ndid independent institute work. In 18.i7 he assisted \nDr. French in preparing\' the gazetter of the State, \nand in 1860 became principal of the high school at \nJoliet, 111. In 1872 he became principal of the State \nnormal school at Warrensburg. Mo., and in 1875 of \nthe school at Deposit. N. V. In 1876 he removed to \nIthaca and began to do institnt(! work. He was one \nof the first four regularly apiiointed Slate institute \nconductors, continuing as long as his health pre- \nmitted. He was also the author of many te.\\t-books. \n\n\n\n\nJOHX JI. FRENCH (American, 1824-1888), the author \n;ind institute conductor, began teaching at 17, and at \n21 undertook a revision of Adams\'s arithmetic, event- \nually going to Keene, N. H., to complete it. He wrote \nthree other books in that series. He was then prin- \nc\'iljal at Clyde, N. Y., and at Newton, Conn., and in \n1831 prepared a set of arithmetical charts that had \nl.-irge sale. He then began publishing local maps, and \nill 1856 undertook a map and ga/.etteer of the State of \n\\(\'\\v York. Dr. French was also employed in the \nrevision of Robinson\'s arithmetics, and he published \n.iiiothcr set of arithmetics in his own name. In 1866 \nhe hiM-:une superintendent of schools in Syracuse, re- \nsinning to become princijial of the Albany model \nschool. He was State superintendent of Vermont \n1870-73, superintendent in Burlington 1873-5, and \nprincipal of the Indiana (Pa.) normal 1878-81. His \nlast years were spent in institute instruction. \n\n\n\n\'^99 \n\n\n\nAmi:i!Tca \n\n\n\n[1824 \n\n\n\n\nGEORGE LOOMIS FARXHAM (American, 1824- \nlOoit). Mtillior ol\' the siMil.Mict\' iiu\'tliod of teiicliino \nn-iKliiiLi:, hi^jjau in 18-15 to tuncli in (he schools of \nWiiltM-town, M. Y., and after graduat.iiis from the Al- \nbany normal in 1847 taught at Adams, and in 1850 be- \ncame principal of a Syracuse grammar school, lie \nresigned to take (-barge of a girls school in Indiiin- \napolis. but returned to Syracuse, and in 1855 beiMuie \nsuperintendent of schools. From 1863 to 1869 he \\va.s \nengaged in business, but wa.s superintendentof I5ing- \nhanitou schools 1869-1875. and principal of a ward \nschool 1878-80, when he became superintendent at \n( \'ouncil IJlulfs, la. Here he remained till elected prin- \ncii>al of tlie State normal school at Peru, Neb., aftiT \nretirement from whiclihe lived in (Jalif(n\'nia. After \ngiving the subject much studyhe introduced in 1871 \nthe Sentence method of teaching n-ading. of which \nhis mnnnal puIiIIsIhmI is I lie standard li\'\\t-l)ii(ik. \n\n\n\n\nANDREW JACKSON RICKOFF (American. 1824- \n1899), often called ihe father of the American graded \nschool, after education at tln^ \\Voodwar<l College, \nCincinnati, began to teach at 17. He \xc2\xabas for 5 years \nsuperint(Mident at Portsmouth, ()., principal and 5 \nyears superintendent in Cincinnati, and for 9 years \nconducted a private school, serving for 2 years as \npresident of the board of educa,tion. From 1867 to \n1882 he was superintendent in Cleveland, and made \nits schools famous, the e.xhibit at the Centennial Ex- \nposition b(!ing considered the most representative of \nAmerican education. In 1882 he was ma.de superin- \ntendent at Yonkers. X. Y., resigning to give his at- \ntention to his text-books. In 1855 he wiis president of \ntli(^ Oliio Slate association, and in 1859of the National \na,ssociali(Ui. His jiersonal iiualities made him the \nliayard of (Ii<\' .Vnu\'rican le;icliers of this century\xe2\x80\x94 \nour kiiiglil uilhnut fear ami wilhoul rejiroacli. \n\n\n\n1900] \n\n\n\nFahniiam, Riokoff, Curtis \n\n\n\n223 \n\n\n\n\nGKORGK WILLIAM CURTIS (American. 1824-1892), \n13tli (.\xe2\x80\xa2h.-iucc-lliii\' cif the L\'niversity of tlie State of New \nYork, was fur a time a clerl< in a business house, but \nin 1842 went with his brother to l{rool< Farm. ]n \n1846 he travelled abroad, and on his return published \n\xe2\x96\xa0\'NMle Notes of the Ilawadji " (18ol) and \'\xe2\x80\xa2\'I\'he How- \nadji in Syria" (1852). He becatue editor of Put- \nnam\'s Muy;azine and financially interested. Its fail- \nure involved him in debt that was a burden most of \nhis life. He became a popular, lecturer and from 1853 \nuntil Ills death edited \'\xe2\x80\xa2 The Easy Chair " in Harper\'s \nMonthly. He was also editor of Harper\'s Weekly \nfrom it.s establishment in 1857. He was from 1871 at \nthe head of the movement for civil service reform. \nHe became a regent of the University of the State of \nNew "i\'ork in 1864, and chancellor in 1890. Anions; \nhis books were "Lotus Eatinsr " (1852),"\' Potiphar \nPapers " (1853), " Prue and I " (1856), " Trumps"(1862). \n\n\n\n224 \n\n\n\nEngland \n\n\n\n[1824 \n\n\n\n\niJOSHrA G. FITCH (English, 18S4-) was maiulj- \nself-educated, and while In University (\'(lUege, Lon- \ndon, was t)ceasional tutor In the normal department \nOf the Ihitish and Foreign School Society. In 1852 \nhe was made vice-principal of their normal college \nin the Bort)Ugh Road, and in 185C became principal. \nIn 1S03 he was made inspector of schools, in 1877 be- \ncame one of the chief inspectors for the eastern \ncounties, and subsequently became inspector of \ntraining colleges for schoolmistresses. In 1894 lie \nwas retired on half-pay, having reached the extreme \nlimit of age permitted. Outside his official duties \nhe was from l8G5 to 1869 assistant commissioner on \nLord Taunton\'s Schools Inquiry Commission, and \nserved on another commission in 1869. In 1888 he \nwas sent to visit and repoi\'t on the United States. \nHis " Lectures on Teaching ", " Art of Questioning ", \nand "Alt of Securing Attention \', are well known. \n\n\n\n%"^- \n\n\n\n\nTH<)JiAS mXLEY (English, 162.5-1893) , studied \nmedicine, and (uiteriug the navy became assistant- \nsurgeon on the lUiiili-snaKe. This vessel was com- \nmissioned to exploi-ation near Australia, and Hux- \nl-\'y devoted himself to study of the marine animals \ncollected, writing scientific papers upon them. \nThese were pui)lished, and when lie returned to \nEngland lie l)epan_ arranging his accumulation of \nfacts and oV)servatious. In 18.54 he was made pro- \nfessor in the Royal School of Mines, and subsequent- \nly became Hun erian professor to the Royal College \nof surgeons. In 1872 he was elected rector of Aber- \ndeen University. He was a member of the London \nschool board till 1872, and has written much on edu- \ncational subieits, vol. III. of his "Collected Es- \nsa.ys"\' being entitled " Science and Education ". He \nwas naturally a strong advocate o\xc2\xa3 scleutiflc edu- \ncation. \n\n\n\nan<)iiii;k I\'di; ri;A r \n\n\n\n15)00] \n\n\n\nAmerica \n\n\n\n225 \n\n\n\n\nJAMES PYLE WICKERSHAM (American, 1825- \n1891) began teachino; at 16, and at 20 became princi- \npal of the Marietta academy. Pa. In 1854 he was \nelected first superintendent of schools in Lancaster \ncounty, at $1500, the hishest salary paid in the State \nand in 1855 he opened a normal institute that in 1859 \nliecame the State normal school at ]\\lillersville. He \nwas principal until 1866, when he became State super- \nintendent, which office he held for 14 years, during- \nwhich period the State made great advance. \'He wa\'s \nofflcially editor of the School Journal; he was au- \nthor of two pedagogical works of wide sale, "School \nEconomy" and " Methods of Instruction"; and his \nlast work was a "History of Education in Pennsyl- \nvania" that will always be the standard authority- \nWhen the confederate army in 1863 entered Pennsy\'l- \nfania, he dismissed his school, started for the front, \nand served seven weeks at the head of a regiment \n\n\n\n\nSAMUEL GARDINER WILLIAMS (American, 1827- \n190U), ilicc(lni-;iii(jnal histdriau, after graduation from \nIlamillou in l\xc2\xab.iO w.is principal at tirotou 1853-56 and \n1858-9, at Seneca Falls 18.56-7, at Ithaca, 1860-69, and \nof the central high school. Cleveland, Ohio, 1869-79. \nIn 1879 he became professor of geology at Cornell, and \nin IwsRihe first professor of the art and science of \nI\'^arliinu\' there, which position he resigned in 1898. \nWhile here he wrote his " History of Modern Educa- \nI ion ", which became the standard text-book upon the \nsubject. He was president of the Kew York State \nteachers association in 1867, and chairman of the \nexecutive committee of the University convocation \nin 1883. He was a frequent speaker, and his genial \nface and pleasant manner made him one of the best- \nknown men in educational work. He collected a \nhirge pedagogical library, being ahvavs on the look- \nout for rare yolumes. \n\n\n\n226 \n\n\n\nAmerica \n\n\n\n[1827 \n\n\n\n\nJOSEPH BALDWIN (American, 1827-1899) attev \ngrailuiitiou I\'rdiii ISi\'lliany College in 1852 and teach- \nins iti Missouri, in 1856\' spent some montlis in the \nMillersville normal, and in 1857 establislied tlie nor- \nmal school at Kolvomo, Ind. In 1867 lie started the \nnormal school at Kirlvsville. Mo., at first a private \nventure, but throujih his influence made in 1870 the \nfirst ol\' a State system of normal schools. During \nthe 14 years he remained here he gave more than 1000 \naddresses, worlved in more than 1.50 institutes, and \nwrote his "School Management" (1881). From 1881 \nto 1891 he was president of the State normal at \nHuntsville, Texas, lecturing all over the State, and \nwriting his "Elementary Psychology" (1887). In \n1891 he became professor of pedagogy in the univers- \nity of Texas, and in 1897 emeritus professor. Here \nlie wrote "Psychology applied to tejiehing" (1892), \nand \xe2\x96\xa0\xe2\x96\xa0 School managi\'iiii\'iit .-iiid methods "\' (1897). \n\n\n\n\nABSALOM (JUAVKS GAIXKS (American, 1827-) \n3d iiresident of St. Lawrence universitv, after grad- \nuation from the University of ^\'lrgini;l in 18.50, taught \nin tlie Clinton liberal institute. In 18.57 he was or- \ndained, and was pastor in ISIaine till 1870, when lie re- \nmoved to Canton, N. Y. In 1872 lie became professor \nof moral iihilosnphy in the St. Lawrence universitv, \nand w:is prc-i.I.Mit |S7:i-88. His great mental powers, \nhis unusual luj^i.\'.il .iliility, his ripe experience, with \nhis clear and forcible style of expression, and his \nnoble uprightness of character are impressed upon \nall his students. He is eminently a wise man. Here \nis one of his utterances: " Wlieii I hear a young man \ncjill Socrates a knave and Aristotle a fool, "it does not \nparticularly change my opinion of Socrates and Aris- \ntotl(\\ but it gives me a gauge l)y which to measure \nthe young man." He is still pnifessor of moral phil- \nosophy and political economy. \n\n\n\n19011 \n\n\n\nBaldwin, Gaines, Boyden, Atkinson \n\n\n\n227 \n\n\n\n\nALBERT G. BOYDEN (American, 1827\xe2\x80\x94), 3d priii- \ncipnl of till\' l!i-L(l<;i\'\\v;iter normal, after sriiduation \nfrom till? BridjiL\'wati-r normal in 1849, was assistant \nteacher there 1850-53, principal of the Salem I\'^nRlish \nhigh school 1853-6, associate principal of the classi- \ncal high school 1856, sub-master of the Chapman \ngrammar school, Hoston, 1856-7. first assistant in the \nHridgewater normal 1857-60, and has been priucipul \nsince 1860. He edited the "History and Aliinmi \nRecord of the State Normal School, Hri(li:r\\\\;ili\'i-. \nMass., to July, 1876", which gathered I\'a.-K :il>out \nmore than three-fourths of all who had enr ai tindiil \nthe school, and gave some indication of the enormous \ninfluence wrought by such an institution. The record \nthen filled 182 close pages, and when the story of the \nlast 25 years iS added will make another and a very \nmuch larger volume of inestimable value in the his- \ntory of education. \n\n\n\n\nEDWARD ATKINSON (American, 1827\xe2\x80\x94), reformer, \nwas educated in private schools, and has distinguished \nhimself as a reformer in various fields, especially \nImnking, free trade, and cooking. In 1885 as vice- \npresident of the American association for the ad- \nvancement of science he gave an address on \'\xe2\x80\xa2Appli- \ncation of Science i a the Production and Consumption \nof Food", and has invented an improved cooking- \nstove called the Aladdin caker. He is president of \nthe Boston manufacturers mutual insurance com- \npany, the members of which for mutual protection \nhave adopted rules for the economic management of \ntheir plants, .\\mong his publications are " Our Na- \ntional Domain \' (1879), \'\xe2\x96\xa0 Cotton Manufactures of the \nUnited States" (1880), "Railroads of the United \nStates" (1880). He has recently been prominent in \nthe anti-expansion movement, one of his pamphlets \nbeing excluded from the mails. \n\n\n\n228 \n\n\n\nAmerica \n\n\n\n[1S27 \n\n\n\n\nEMILY HOWLAXD (American, 1827\xe2\x80\x94) was the \nil.ui-lilci- or .-i Qaiil<(,\'r abolitionist of SlxTwood, X.Y., \naiitl lj(;caiiii! so iiiibuod witli liis scntiiiiciils that in \n1857\' she went to Washington to assist in tho colored \nschool for siirls started by Myrtilla Minor. Here she \nri\'ni:iini\'(l two years. From 1863 to 18(5(5 she taujrht in \n(In- ( \'..nlr.ibnnd camp near Arlington. In 1867 her \nf.-itlh\'i- h. Mi_;lit, a tract of land near ire.athsville at the \nmouth of the Potomac, and she toolc tliere a colony \n"f Virfiinia negroes and started a school in a log \n\xe2\x96\xa0 \xe2\x96\xa0abin, which has since developed into a day and in- \ndustrial school. This school she has since main- \ntained, paying all the expenses. She alsoeslablished \n,ibout 1870 a private school of high character at Sher-, \nwood, N. Y. She has been prominent in the woman \nsuffrage movement, aiding it not only by liberal con- \ntributions but by her gracious presence and her win- \nning voice on important occasions. \n\n\n\n\nDAVID HENRY COCHRAN (.American, 1828-) after \ngraduulidu from Hamilton in IS.iO taught sciences in \nthe (Jlinton Liberal Institute, in 18.t1 becaiiK\' princi- \npal of Fredonia Academy, in 18.i4 became teacher of \nsciences in the Albany Is\'ormal, and in 18r->(5 became \nprincipal. While here he was sent to l^\'.urope to \nstudy the Tiiethods of the normal schools there. lie \nwas in sui\'h constant demand as a lecturer at teach- \ners\' institutes thatexcessive sjieaking occasioned for \na time entire loss of voice, from which Ik; never \nftilly recovered. In 1864 he was made president of \nth(! Polytechnic Institute of Hrooklyn, resigning in \n1899 after 3.5 years service. During this time the \npropertv of theiiistitution was increased from $40,000 \nto $340,000. Since 1872 its graduates have received \ncollege degrees and liave Ix-cn a<lmitted to tlie post- \ngraduate courses of Harvard and Columbia, ;ind in \n1890 it received from llu\' regents full college jiowers. \n\n\n\nJ*.*01] HowLAND, Cochran, Bennett, Hutchinson \n\n\n\n229 \n\n\n\n\nCHARLES WESLEY BENNETT (American, 1828- \n1891) after graduation from Wesleyau iu 1853 tauul\'t \ntwo years in Canada and iu 1854 became a teacher in \ntlie Genesee Wesleyau seminary, of which, in 1856 \nhe became principal. In 1859 he became associate \nprincipal iu Fort Plain seminary, in 1860 superin- \nt.\'ndeiit of schools iu Schenectady, and iu 1861 prin- \ncipal of Lowville aoademv. After two vears of \npreach i Hi,\' he was from 1864-66 again princi)Jal of the \nGenesee Wesleyau Seminary. From 1866-69 he trav- \nelled and studied iu Europe. After preaching two \nyears he became iu 1871 professor of history and \nlogic iu Syracuse university, where he remained till \nin 1884 he accepted the chair of history iu the Garrett \nl!il)lical Institute. Among his books are "Christian \nAri-haeology ", \xe2\x80\xa2\' National Education iu Europe", \nand \xe2\x96\xa0\' History of the Philosophy of I\'edagogics ". He \nwas a lovable uiau, but a liou in debate. \n\n\n\n\nM\'lLLIAJI HUTCHISON (American, 1828-1885), \nprincipal of L;iwreuce academy, after graduation \nfrom Yale iu 1854 and afterward from the Andover \ntheologii^al seminary, was for a time a missionary in \nTurkey, but became iu 1863 principal of the Lawrence \nacadcHuy, Groton, l^Iass. In 1865 he was called to the \nprincipalship of the Norwich free academy. Conn., \nwhere he remained until his death. He was a re- \ninaik.ible preparatory teacher, especially in Greek. \nIfc \xc2\xab -IS called " Zeus " by his pupils, and in no disre- \nsiJiM-i lul spirit. He gave every energy to his cjilling, \nwrestled with bodily infirmity that every duty be \nfaithfully per formed, and wrought upon all committed \nti5 his charge a lasting impression of the dignity of \nChristian manhood. In college he h;id l>cf n upon the \nlioat-cri\'W, and he always eucour;igi-d athletic sports \n.imong his students. He also stimulated tlieiri^owers of \ncomposition and debate, making them all-round men, \n\n\n\n230 \n\n\n\nAmerica \n\n\n\n[1829 \n\n\n\n\nJAMES BURKILL AXGELL (American, 1829\xe2\x80\x94) \nalter {ii-iKl u.-M ion fi-iiin lirown in 1849 and study in \nI\'Airopc Ix\'cainc in 1S53 prot\'cssor of niodcni laii\'^uanes \nill Brown. In IJ^tiO lie became editor of tlu; I\'rovidence \nJournal. In 1806 lie became president, of the I\'niver- \nsity of Vermont, and in 1871 of the I\'liiversily of \nMicliiiiiin. In 1880-2 he was for 18 months minister \nto rhina. under commission to procure a revision of \nthetri\'Mties between that nation and tliis country. \nSubse(iuently he accepted a similar temporary mis- \nsion to Turkey, in both cases accepting leave of ab- \nsence from Michitiun. In 1888 he was appointed one \nof the three commissioners to elTect tlie treaty with \nGreat Britain upon tlie fisheries dispute. In Win- \nsor\'s " Narrative and Critical History of America" \nhe prepared the article on "The Diplomacy of the \nUnited States". During his administration tlie Uni- \nversity of Michigan has grown greatly. \n\n\n\n\nMALCOLM MacVICAR (Scot.-h, 1829-), 1st princi- \nl):il of the Brockport normal, came to Canada with \nhis i);ireiils in 1885, and studied in Knox college, To- \nronto is.\'i()-r>3 He was ordained to the ministry in \nISoti and in 18.=S8 was graduated from the university of \nUor\'hester. He went to the Brockport collegiate in- \nstitute of which in 1864 he became i)rincipal. When \ntliell the school bec-auie a State normal school lie was \nits tirst i)rincipal. His health failing, he wi\'ut west, \nand in 1868 he became superintendent of s<-liools in \nLeavenworth Ks.. but returned in IStilMo become the \nlirst principal of the new school at rotsdaui. In 1880 \nhe bec.-ime principal of the Ypsilanti normal school, \nand in 1881 professor of interpretation in th\' \nto Baiitist college. In 1888 he became tir.- \' \nif MacMaster uuivi \n\n\n\n\xe2\x96\xa0rsitv, and in 18Sl0edu<- \n\n\n\nTore \n\n\xe2\x80\xa2hancellor \n\nlional su- \n\n\n\nperintendent of the American Baptist liome mission \nsociety. He has pulilished "Principles of Kducatiou . \n\n\n\n1901] \n\n\n\nScotland, England \n\n\n\n231 \n\n\n\n\nSIMOX SOMERVILLE LAUBIK (Scotcli. 1829-), \nafter education at Ediuburgh became in 1856 visitor \nand examiner to tlie Diolc bequest fund, from one of \nthe reports on which his " Primary Instruction on \nrehition to Education " (1867) is reprinted. In 1873 he \nwas secretary to the Endowed schools commission, \nand since 1876 has been professor of the institutes \nand history of education at Edinbursh. He has been \npresident of the Teachers guild of Great Hritain and \nIreland. His books include " Life and Educational \nWork of .John Amos Comenius" (1881). " Mediaevnl \nEducation and Rise and Constitution of Universities " \n(1886). "LanxuKUsje and Linguistic \xe2\x96\xa0Metliod in the \nSchool" (1890). "Institutes of Education" (18921. \n"Teachers Guild Addressi\'s" (1892i. \' Historical Sur- \nvey of pre-Christian Education" (189.i). and many text- \nbooks on ethics and other subjects He has exert(!d \nwide influence overall English-speaking teachers, \n\n\n\n\nD\'AB<:V W. THOMPSON (English, 1829-) was edu- \nralcd at Christ\'s Hospital, London, and graduated \nfrom Cambridge. P^or 12 years he was chissic;il mas- \nter at the Edinburgh academy, when he lirc.-unc prci- \nfessor of Greek in the Queen\'s colh\'gr, (iaiwav, \nwhich chair he still holds. He has been for some \nyears fellow of the Royal university of Ireland. His \n" Day-Dreams of a Schoolmaster "is a charming and \npoetic treatment of what has proved in the hands of \niiinst :iutliors an unromantic theme. It is largely \nauliiliiou;raphical, dealing humorously, often tender- \nly, with phases of life as pupil and teacher in the big \nEnglish public schools. It has made him friends \nwherever the English language is read, and secured \nfor him an invitation to deliver a course of lectures \nbefore the Lowell Institute, Boston. These lectures \nwere published in 1868 under the title of "Wayside \nThoughts ", \n\n\n\n282 \n\n\n\nAmerica \n\n\n\n[1829 \n\n\n\n\nLAURA BRIDGMAX (American. 1829-1889) at two \nyears of a^f lost li.\\ IVvcr her senses of sight, heariu-i, \nand smell. Al fiiilii she was sent to the Perkins in- \nstitution forthe l)lind, where Dr. Howe undertook her \noare ar.d education. She learned to rend by touch \nfirst embossed letters, and then embossed words at- \ni;iehed to objects. AVlien it flaslied upon her that by \n:liis means she could CDmniuuicate her own thoujilits \nli\'^r being seemed changed. By metal types and a \niioard to insert them she learned to spell the nanies \nil\' objects, and began to take lessons in geography, \niilgeb\'ra, and history. She learned to write a legible \nhand, and received and answered letters from all \nparts of the world. She thought deeply on religious \nand other subjects, and reasoned well. Finally she \nbecame a skilful teacher of tlie blind and deaf and \nduuib. Her demonstration of the possibilities of iu- \nstruction is now continue by Helen Keller. \n\n\n\n\nEMERSOX KLBRIDCJE WHITE (American, 1829\xe2\x80\x94 > \nwas burn in Maiilna, ()., and in 18.M became principal \nof the Cleveland liigh school. From 1863 to 1866 he \nwas State commissioner of education, and secured \nan institute fund and a State board of examiners. \n\ne "as for a long time editor of the Ohio Educa- \nthmal Montlily. From 1876 to 1883 he wasM^resident \n\xe2\x80\x9ef I\'urdue universitv, and from 1886 to 1889 superin- \ntendent of schools in Cincinnati. Since then he has \nbeen a private institute conductor and lecturei \non education, deriving a larger income than any \n,,ll,er man has ever received from this service. He \nwas president of the Ohio State ass.K\'iatu.n in 86^. \nof the National superintendents association in 18bt). \n(,f the National educational association 18.2 and ol \nthe National council of education, 1884-6. He has \nbeen\' successful as an author of text-books, espee- \niallv of arithmetics, and a "School Management . \n\n\n\n1901] \n\n\n\nEducation in Japan \n\n\n\n233 \n\n\n\n\nDAVID MURRAY (AuK-rioan, 1830\xe2\x80\x94 ) who formed \nllic|iablic school system of Japan, after gr\'-duation \nI\'l\'Din Uiiiou in l^o-i became a teacher in tY i Albany \nMcademy, and in 1857 was made principal. In 1863 he \nbecame professor of mathematics in Rutgers. In 1873 \nhe went to Japan as superintendent of educational \nalfairs, and spent six years iu establishing a system \n\'il\' scii,j(,is. He caine back by way of China, India, \nand Kuyiit in isri as agent of\'the Japanese govern- \nment to collect information and material. In 1880he \nwas appointed secrelarv of the Regents of the Uni- \nversity of the St:ite of New York. In 1889 he retired \nand has since lived in New Brunswick, N. J. He lec- \nlured on the history\' of education in Japan at Johns \nHopkins. 18\'.17: and has written "The Story of Ja- \npan"\', \xe2\x80\xa2\' History of Education in New Jersey", \xe2\x80\xa2\'Tlie \nAnti-Rent Episode in New York", "Examinations, \ntheir Use and Abuse ", etc. \n\n\n\n234 \n\n\n\nEngland \n\n\n\n[1881 \n\n\n\n\nFREDERIC WILLIAM FARRAR (EiiKlish, 1831-) \nwas born in India, but yradualcil from London Uni- \nviTsity and Cambridge. He was from 1855 to 1871 a \nmaster at Harrow, and from 1871 to 1876 head-master \nof ]\\Iarlborou<jh College, serving in the mean time as \nsrlcct iircnclier at Cambridge and as honorary chap- \nliiii 1(1 till\' (^)ueen. He has been prominent "i n tem- \nIH r:nici\' reform. In 1876 he became canon at West- \nminster Catlicdral and in 1883 was made arch-deacon. \nIn 1890 he becanK? chaplain to the House of Com- \nmons, and in 1895 dean of Canterbury. As an author, \nbesides many religious books, including a life of \nChrist that passed through 12 editions in a single \nyear, he wrote " Eric, or little by little, a tale of Ros- \nlyn school" (1858): "Julian Home, a tale of college \nlife" (1859): "St. Winifred-s. or the world of \nschool "(1863) :\'-On some defects in yiublic school edu- \ncation"; and edited " Kssays on a liberal education ". \n\n\n\n\nROBERT HERBERT QUICK (English, 1831-1891) \nafter gracUiiit ion from Cambridge spent a winter lu \n(.;ci-iniuiv, when; Ills atteutiou was callecl to pwla- \nefie-ic literal tire, so that bis "EUiicatioiial Kefunn- \ncis " was projt\'clocl when be was still tiiiite a young \niiiaii, though not published till 1808. lie was con- \nnected as pupil and teacher with eleven schools, \nmost of bis teaching being as assistant-manager at \n( rauli\'ieh and Harrow, and as tlie beadot prepara- \ntory sdiools in Orme Square and at Guilford. He \nw as a man vi singularly lovable dlspositlun, modest \nalmost to shyness, abounding iu pungent but stlng- \nless )est, and combining unusual intellectual vigor \nwith\' the heart of a child. His "Educatiunal Re- \nformers" is called by Dr. Harris the most valuable \nliistory of educatlun In English, and has made the \ngreat names ol pedagogy familiar to thousands of \nteachei-s. \xc2\xab" " \n\n\n\nmn] \n\n\n\nAmerica \n\n\n\n\nOTHXIEL CHARLES .irARSH (American, 1831-1809), \nth.\' i>al:ii\'ontolo\':isl. nru\'i- m-adualiou from Yale in \nIHtiOaiul 1863 studied in (icnnanx- 1862-65, and in 1866 \nbecame professor of pala.Miiituln- \\- at Yale. He do- \nvoted himself to the in\\c\'>tiy.ii iini of extinct verte- \nIn-ate animals in the Rocky mountains, and in 1868 \nl)"-an organizing animal expeditions for explora- \ntion-i. IMore than 1,000 new species of vertebrates \n\\\\<Te discovered, and 400 of them described in pub- \nli-li.\'d papers. In 1884 lie published through tlie \n1 11 it I\'d States government the first of a series of ro- \nll, ii-ts with full illustrated descriptions of these dis- \n\'\xe2\x96\xa0"V.Ties. In 1878 he was president of the American \n\\-^M,\'iation for the advancement of science, and in \nI\'-yS Ijecame president of the National academv of \nscience. In 1882 he became vertebrate palaeontolo- \nuist of the coast survey. He left his valuable private \ncollections to Y\'ale. \n\n\n\n\nrATllICK JOIIX RVA\\ (Irish. 1831\xe2\x80\x94). arclibisliop \nof I\'hiladelphia, alter graduation from Carlow col- \nlege in 1842, came in 1853 to St. Louis, Mo., where he \nfinished his studies at Carondolet seminary, and be- \ncame professor of literature there. He became priest \nin 1854, vicar-general and bishop of Tricomia, and \ncoadjutor archbishop of St. Louis in 1872, and arch- \nbishop of Philadelphia in 1884. He went to Rome in \n1887 to aid in establishing a Catholic university at \nWashington. In 1883 ho was one of the priests \nselected to represent at Rome the interests of the \nBoman Catholics of America. He was president of \nthe third plenary council at Baltimore in 1884, and \npronounced the opening address upon "The Church \nand her Councils ". He has published " What Cath- \nolics do not Holieve " (1877), and " Some of the Causes \nof Modern Scepticism" (1883), besides many contri- \nbutions to periodicals. \n\n\n\n236 \n\n\n\nAmerica \n\n\n\n[1831 \n\n\n\n\nJAMES ABRA5I GARFIELD (American, 1831-1881) \nafter ^\'"idH\'ition from Williams in 1856 came back to \nwhat was afterward Hiram college, where he had been \npupil and teacher 1851-4, as teacher of classics, and \nwas principal 1857-61. But he also studied law, and \niu 1859 was elected to the State senate. In 1861 he \nentered the army as colonel, and after being made \nmajor-general for bravery at Chickamauga resigned \nin 1863 to enter congress, where he remained till \nelected to the senate in 1880. In the same year he was \nelected president, and was assassinated July 2, 1881. \nHe was in 1866 chairman of the committee which re- \njiorted in favor of establishing a bureau of education; \nhis speech in its behalf is published in Barnard\'s \n.rournal, and his portrait is the frontispiece to Vol. \nwij. Prof. Hinsdale\'s " President Garfield iind Edu- \n(Mlion " (1882) gives 12 of his ediiational speeches and \naddresses in congress and elsewhere. \n\n\n\n\nANDREW DIXON \'^VHITE (American. 1832\xe2\x80\x94) after \ngraduation from Yale in 1853 travelled in Europe, \nwlK\'re he was for several months attached to the \nIcuation in Russia, and studied at Berlin 1854-.5. He \nwas professor of history at the University of Michi- \ng:ui 1857-63, and State senator of New York 1863-66. \nHe introduced the bill incorporating Cornel] univer- \nsity, of which he was president 1866-85. In 1871 he w:is \none of the oonimisouers to San Domiuuo, minister \nto Germany 1879-81 and to Russia 1892-94, and to \n(Jermany again 1896 to date. Besides " The Warfart; \nof Srii\'iice" (1876, 1895) by which he is best known as \na, writer, he has published " The New Education" \n(1S6S), \xe2\x80\xa2\' A Report on the Co-education of the Sexes " \n( IS71), " Paper Money Inllation in France " (1876. 1882), \n" A History of the Doctrine of Comets " C1887), " Out- \nliiieof Lectures on Mediaival and Modern Historv" \n(1861, 1872), "A \'Word from the Northwest"( 1863), etc. \n\n\n\n1901] \n\n\n\nGarfield, White, Pollock \n\n\n\n\nMKS. LOUISK POLLOCK <1832-) was boru atEv- \nlurt, Prussia, youngest daugliter of Frederick Wil- \nhelm Plessner, a Prussian officer. At 15 she was \nsent to Paris to complete lier study of French, and \nijii her way met George N. Pollock, of Boston, Mass., \n^\\il(JU^ she married in 1S49. For ten years she de- \nvoted herself to her children, who grew to numher \nlive, but in 1859 was compelled by her husband\'s \ntuianclal reverses to attempt the support of her \nfamily, at first by translation and other literary \nworlc. In 18G2 she opened in connection with Mr. \nAllen\'s English and classical school at West Newton \nthe first kindergarten in America. In 1874 she visited \nBerlin to study the kindergarten system there, and \nupon her return removed her school to Washington, \nwhere it is now known as the National Kindergarten \nand Normal Training Institute, and began her lec- \ntures to mothers She is also a successful author. \n\n\n\n238 \n\n\n\nAmioric \n\n\n\n[1S32 \n\n\n\n\nTHOMAS EGLESTOX (American. 1832-1900). fomidcr \n111 tlii> Schocil of ^^iu(\xe2\x96\xa0s, al\'lor ii\'i">durition from Ynli\' in \n1854 ;ind the Scliool ol\' Mines in Paris in 1860, t.Kjk \ncharge of tlie mineralogical collection in the Smith- \nsonian institute. He conceived the idea of a scliool \nof mines in Kew York, and in 18ti4 founded what is \nnow the scientiTic department of Colunil)ia univer- \nsity, lie was professor of mineralo^.v and mi\'talhuTy \nuntil 1898. when he became profi^ssor em<\'ritus. He \nwrote many works on these subjects, some of them \ntranslated into several different lanKuajjes, and did \nmineralogical work for the United States, the Japa- \nnese, and the Russian governments. He was one of \nthe founders of several scientific societies, and was \nvice-president of the New York Academy of sciences \n1859-81. He left much of his estate to Trinity church \nfor its parish schools, to teach children to earn a \nliving. \n\n\n\n1901] Scientific Education 239 \n\n\n\n240 \n\n\n\nAmerica \n\n\n\n[1834 \n\n\n\n\n("HARLKs >vn.LIA5r ELiOT (American, 1834- > \nafter -ladiiation fi\'om llarvarrt In ia5.3 tauglit there \nfur rni years, and v.as professdr of analytical chem- \nistry in tlie JIaKsachuseits Institutflof Technolog;- \nIrom 1805 to lS(i<.). He was t hen elected president of \nHarvard, In wliicli iiosU ion he has led that universi- \nty, and Tiiroii^h Its example most of the other col- \nleges uf tlie (-(juntry, to substitute electlves for the \nnnilonu courses of si idy that had prevailed. lie \nhas also been one of tne most agressive reformers of \nsecondary, and to some extent of common school \nInstruction, his phrase "shortening\' and enriching" \nthe common school curriculum having become \nfamiliar as expressing an imperative necessity. He \nIs one of tlie most influential members of the "Com- \nmittee of Ten " of the National Association, which \nhas directed the recent trend of educational dis- \ncussion. \n\n\n\n1901] \n\n\n\nEliot, Harris \n\n\n\n241 \n\n\n\n\nWILLIAM TOKItKY H VKRis (isa^-), the most emi- \nnent of living- Aincric;iii educators, after tlu-ee years \nIn Yale beg-an teaching in St. Louis in 1858, and was \nsuperintendent, 1808-1880. Upon lils retirement the \ncitizens gave him a gold medal, and $1,000 lor a year \nof travel. His annual reports are highly valued \nas an Important part of a pedagogical library, \nand many extracts have been puolished as separate \ntreatises. In 1889 he became Commissioner of Edu- \ncation, In which office he has performed an amount \nand variety of valuable work that are unparallelled. \nAt the National and otlier teachers\' associations he \nhas been a frequent speaker : he was joint editor \nwith Andrew J. Rickoff of Appleton\'s Readers, and \nIs editor of the International Series ; and since 1867 \nhe has edited The JouduiI of Siwcalative rhiloso- \nphy. He Is regarded as the best exponent in tills \ncoimtry of the philosophy of Hegel. \n\n\n\n242 \n\n\n\nAmerica \n\n\n\n[1835 \n\n\n\n\nSIMON NEWCOMB (Nova Scotian, 1835\xe2\x80\x94) came to \ntlic Uiutf\'d St:ites ill boyhood, and taught school in \nM.ii\\ land IS-M-G. In 1857 he was employed as a com- \n]iutcT upon the " Xautical Almanac", and in 1858 \nwas uraduatcd from the Lawrence school. Harvard. \nIn 1861 he bicanie professor of mathematics in the \nnavy, and was assigned to duty at the observatory. \nHe was superiiiteiiili\'iit of the " Kautieal Almanac" \n1877-9r, and has bei^n since 1894 professor of niathe- \nin.it i<\'s and astronomy at Johns Hopkins. He was \nsecrelary of the coinmissiou created by congress in \n1871 for tlie observation of the transit of Venus. In \n1874 he received the gold medal of the Royal Astrono- \nmical Societv for his tables of Uranus and Neptune, in \n1878 th(i Huytrhcus medal of the Dutch Society of Sci- \nenc-;s. ancl in 1890 the ( \'opley medal of the I\'oyal Soci- \nety. He has written several mathematical and astron- \nomical text-books and works on economic subjects. \n\n\n\n\nGEORGE FREDERIC BARKER (American, 1835\xe2\x80\x94). \nafter graduation from Shelheld (Yale) in 18.58 was \nchemical assistant in the Harvard medical school \n(18.58-(il), and professor in Wheaton college (1861), \nand the Albany medical colli^ge (1863), where he be- \ncame iM.D. In 1864 he became professor in the Wes- \ntern University of Pennsylvania, in 1865 instructor \nand in 1867 professor of physiological chemistry at \nYale, and in 1873 professor of physics at the Univer- \nsity of Pennsylvania. In 1878 lie was president of \nthe American Association for the Advancement of \nScience. Among his books are "The Force of Na- \nture " (1863). " The Correlation of Vital ami Physical \nForces " (1869). and a "Text-Hook of Elementary \nChemistry " (1870), which has been widely used. He \nwas ii commissioner to the Electrical Exposition of \n1881, and a member of tlie U, S. Electrical Commis- \nsion in 1884. \n\n\n\n1901] \n\n\n\nNewcoaib, Baeker, Blackman, DeGraff \n\n\n\n243 \n\n\n\n\nORLAXDO BLACKMAN (American, 1835-1899) for \n25 years dirpctoi" of music in (Jhicago, oame of :i \nmusical family ot central New Yorli. and at 15 led \nthe churcli choir. At 16 lie began teaching a district \nschool; he attended Ca/.enovia seminary 1855-8, and \ntauglit the village school 1858-9. In 18.i9 he opened \na private school at \'Sew Berlin, and in 1860 became \nprincipal at Morris, at 1300 a year. Alter two years \nhe gave up the place, on account of throat trouble, \nand became a music teacher, going in 1862 to the \nmusic school at Geneseo, where he met Lowell ^lason, \nGeo. P. Root, and Carlo Bassini. In 1863 he went to \n.loliet. III., and through competitive test wjis ap- \npointed music teacher in Chicago. He was one of \nthe sufferers of the fire of 1871 and went east, but in \n1872 was called back, and remained till liis death. In \n1867 he published "Graded Songs for Day Schools", \nfollowed by several other series and books. \n\n\n\n\nESMUND V. DeGRAPF (American, 133.5-1885) after \neducation at t^anandaigua, academy Iwgan teaching \nat 18, becoming in 18.57 principal at Middleport and \nin 1861 at Newark. He enlisted in the 33d New York, \nand when mustered out in 1863 became principal at \nFairport, and afterward of No. 5. Rochester, In 1867 \nhe went to Flushing, and in 1868 established a boys \nschool in Rochester. He was afterward princi])al at \nGreen Island, and superintendent at Paterson, N. ,J., \nbut gave most of the rest of his life to conducting \nteachers\' institutes, in which work he was the most \n\n>>" \xe2\x96\xa0^\xe2\x96\xa0^fiil man in his generation. He was called to \n\nII\' Mrl\\ e\\cry (\xe2\x80\xa2oiinty in New Yoi-k. New Jersev, and \nPennsylvania, and to Rhode Island, and several \nsouthern States. Without being s\'-holarlv or a pro- \nfound thinki\'r he had the oratorical instinct, and al- \nways sent his teachers back to their work filled with \nenthusiasm. \n\n\n\n\xe2\x80\xa2244 \n\n\n\nAmerica. College Pedagogy \n\n\n\n[1836 \n\n\n\n\nWILLIAM H. PAYWE (American, 1836-) was born \nin Farniinston, N. Y., and had only the education of \ndistrict school and academy. In 18.o6 he became \nprincipal of the scliool at Victor, in 1858 of the school \nat Three Rivers, Midi. ; in 1864 he was called to Niles, \nand in 1866 to Ypsilanti seminary. In 1869 he became \nsuperintendent of schools at Adrian, where he re- \nmained 10 years. All these years he had been a tire- \nless student, had mastered Latin, French and Italian, \nand li:id been csiiiM-ially interested in psychology as \nbeariiiudii i.eil.iMduy. "Frum 1,S64 to 1869 he had edited \nthe Micliii/aii \'J\'kic/ii/\'. Ins plan was adopted for the \nState exhibit at I\'liiladelphia, and he published \n"Cha,pters on School Supervision", "Outlines of \nEducational Doctrine ", etc. In 1879 he became first \nprofessor of the science and art of teaching in the \nuniversity of Michigan, and remained till in 1887 he \nwas n^ade chancellor of the university of >\'ashville- \n[In 1901 he returned to the University of Michigan. \n\n\n\n\nBURKE AARON HINSDALE (American, 1837-1900). \none of the soundest educational thinlcers of his gen- \neration, at 24 became a minister of the Campbellite \nchurch, and preached for 8 years at Solon and Cleve- \nland. In 1868 he became professor of history in Hiram \ncollege, and was president 1870-82. He was superin- \ntendent of schools in Cleveland 1882-86. and from \n1888 to his death he was professor of the art and \nscience of teaching in the University of Michigan. \nHe was a leading member of the National I\'.duci- \ntional association, and in 1897 president of the Na- \ntional Council of Education. " Schools and Studies ", \n"Studies in Education "," Teacliing the Language \nArts", "The Art of Study " "How to Teach and \nStudy History", "Jesus as a Teacher", " President \nGarlleld and Education", "The Works of James \nAbram Garfield", " \'I"he Old Northwest", "The \nAiiiericau Goverument. " are among his books. \n\n\n\n1901] \n\n\n\nPayne, Hinsdale, Kraus-Boelte, Marble \n\n\n\n245 \n\n\n\n\nMRS. 5IARIA KRAIIS-BOELTK ((icrnian, 1h:5(5\xe2\x80\x94 ) \nwas born in Mcoklenljiirs. tliL- (hiuslittT of ;i, prouii- \nn(Mlt liiwvtT and niajiistratx\'. She studied l<indei-^ar- \nten methods with Froebel\'s widow and Dr. Lanijc, \nand began teaching in Loudon in 1860, under Frati \nBertha Rouge. In 1868 she established a kindergar- \nten in Liibeck. Di 1872 she came to America, and es- \ntablished a model kindergarten. In 1873 slie married \nJohn Kraus, a disciple of the Pestalo/./i-Uiesterweg- \nFroebel methods, and they e.stablislied a training \nschool for kindergartners in New Yorlc city, wliicli \nshe continued after his death in 1896. Tlie school h;is \ngraduated more than 700 kindergartners. and it reji- \nresents with remarkable fidelity thf? princiiiles of \nKroebel. Mrs. Kraiis-Hoelte lieVself lias proved an \niiis|)iratiou to all that is true .\xe2\x80\xa2i.iid womiiiily. \'I\'licir \n\xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x96\xa0 Kindergarten Guide " in two voluuie.s is the most \ncomplete te.\\t-book of kiudergarteniug i)ublislied. \n\n\n\n\nALRERT PRKSCOTT MARBLE (American. 1836-), \n.-issoi-iale siiperinleudeiit in New York city, was\' \ngradiiat<\'d from.Colbyin 1861. lie had taught coun- \ntry sc-lii)ols in Maine, and he went to Wayland acad- \nemy, Wis., as teacher of mathematics. Became hack \nto iMaiueas principal of the Eastport high school; \ntaught in the Edwards Place school, Stockbridgc. \nMass.: beira me principal of the Worcester academv; \nand was superintendent of schoolsin Worcester 1868- \n94. He was suiierintendent of schools in Oiualia one \nyear, and has been assistant superintendent in New \nYork city since 1896. He has been three times presi- \ndent of tlie Massachusetts State teachers association \nand was president of the N. E. A. in 1889. He was \nfor 6 years one of the visitors of Wellcslev college, \nHe prepared a work on school lieatinu\' and ventilation \nfor the Bureauof education, and his addresses and ar- \nticles are well-kuown for their wit and keen sense. \n\n\n\n246 \n\n\n\nAmkrica. Poi\'i\'LAR Science \n\n\n\n[i8;u; \n\n\n\n\nJOEL DOUMAN STEELE (Aiiu-rii-ui. 1836-1886), \nwliost\' ti^xt-bouks popul.-in/.in;; >i;i(\'iice had sucli lur^c \nSM-li:", tifter (iraduation rroui Syi\'Mouse university in \n1858 tau^lil in Jlexiuo (X. Y.) academy 1858-61 ; served \nin the army 1861-3; was princiiwil atNewarlc 181^-66, \nand of Klmira free academy 1866-72. He declined tin- \nprincipalshipof the Fredonia normal. In 18T1 lie was \npresident of the State Ic\'iu\'Ihts .I\'-sociation. His ad- \ndress before the Universil y ri.ii\\ \xe2\x96\xa0"\xe2\x80\xa2atiun (1869) on the \nself-government of pupils describt^d tlie methods he \nh;i(i employed in IClmira, and occasioned much com- \nment and fr(H|ueiit imitation. His " Fourteen \\Veel<s \nin Cliemistry \xe2\x80\xa2\' (1867), was followed by similar works \nin other sciences, and a " Brief History of the United \nStates " on the same phui of whicli 200,000 copies were \nsold inasiufile year. Altogether he published 27 works \nand revisions. He left $.50,000 to found a chair of \ntheistic science at Syracuse university. \n\n\n\n1898] \n\n\n\nGrkmany \n\n\n\n247 \n\n\n\n\nGEORGE EBERS (German, 1837-1898) while a law, \n\nnI ikIi\'IU at (.(iitiimrii became acquainted with the \ni;i:\\ picilD^ist Lrpsius, and grew to be absorbed in \nthe study. In 1859 he went to Berlin, and afterniuch \ntravel settled down in 186.5 at .Jena, where in 1868 he \nwas made professor of Egyptology. In 1864 he wrot(^ \nas a relaxation \'-The Egyptian Princess ", the suc- \ncess of which, though it was translated into 16 lan- \nguages, did not swerve him from his worlv as a scien- \ntist. In 1869 he visited Egypt and on his return \nbecame professor in the Universitv of Leipzig, which \npost he held for twenty years. " In 1876 he wrote \n\'\xe2\x80\xa2Tarda", again as a relaxation, followed by other \nnovels of Egyptian and German life, so popular that \nhe is better known by them than by his more serious \n\\\\ofk. In 1893 he was so crippled by sciatica tliat he \nremoved to Munich, where he gave "his mornings to \nwork on Egypt, and his afternoons to his garden. \n\n\n\n248 \n\n\n\nAmerica - \n\n\n\n[1837 \n\n\n\n\nKHAXCIS M AYLAM) PARKER (Am. rii iiii, IK?;-) \nWHS born in Ni\'W Haiiipsliirr. mikI at llif o)M\'iiintr of \nthe civil war liail rccrivcd siiiur acadeiiiii\' education \nand lauylit di.strict school, lie enlisted as a private \nand alter three years came out a brevet colonel, with \na wound in the throat from which he still suffers. \nHe became principal of the sraramar school at Man- \nv\'hester, >\'. H. ; then of the trainins school at Dayton, \nO. Then he went to Uermany for three years and \nstudied educational methods at Berlin. In 1877 he \nbecame superintendent at Quincy, Mass., where his \n\xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x96\xa0 Quincy methods " became famous. In 1880 he was \nmade oiieof the supervisors of schools of Boston. In \n1HH3 lie became principal of the Cook county normal \nschool, resifjninK in 1899 to become principal of the \nnew training; school founded by Mrs. Kmmons Blaine. \nHis ijrinciijal books are \'\xe2\x80\xa2 Talks on Teaching", \nand \xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x80\xa2 How to Study Geography "\'. \n\n\n\n11)01] \n\n\n\nParker, Sanp\'ord, Watkins \n\n\n\n240 \n\n\n\n\nHEXRY R. SANFOED (Aineric.-ui, 183r\xe2\x80\x94 ). dean of \ntliu New York inslitutu faculty, after fjraduatioii from \nSyracuse in 1861, was principal iit Red Creek 18B1-2, \nClyde 1862-5, Ovid 1865-7, and Dansville seminary 1867- \n9. In 1869 he became teacher of science in the Fre- \ndonia normal, and in 1874 superintendent of schools \nin Middletowu. In 1885 he became one of the New York \nboard of institute instructors, of which he is now tlie \ndean. He has also conducted institutes in man v other \n.States, inoludins Pa., Va., Del., N. C, and N. J. He \nwas for several years secretary of the State teachers \nassociation, ;ind was president in 1875. He founded \nthe Council of Superintendents of the State of New \nYork, and has always been one of its officers. He \nis th(! author of "Tlie Word Method in Number ", a \nseries of cards for teachiu": rapid computation, and \nof "A Limited Speller". His institute work is dis- \ntinguished for its practical and helpful detail. \n\n\n\n\nALBERT BARNES WATKINS (American, 1838-1891). \nlirst iiis|K-(;ior of teachers classes in the State of New \nYork, after firaduatioii from Amherst in 1863 taught \nclassics for four years at Fairfield seminary. In 1867 \nhe organized a. girls school at Westboro, Mass., but \ncaiue Ijaok to Fairfield in 1868 as vice-principal. \nIll 1S70 he became principal of the Adams collegiate \niii->tilule. While still here he was in 1878 elected \nupon the independent ticket school commissiouer \n.iiKl re-elected in 1881. In 1882 he resigned both \nplaces to become the first inspector of teachers classes \nunder the regents of the University of the State of \nXew York. Upon the death of Dr. Pratt in 1884 he \nbecame assistant secretary of the regents. He pre- \np.\'U\'c\'d the history of training classes in the regents\' \nllistorii-al and Statistical Record. In 1882 he was \nliri\'-idriit of the State teachers association. Person- \njilly he was highly esteemed iu every relation of life. \n\n\n\n250 \n\n\n\nAmeeica \n\n\n\n[1838 \n\n\n\n\nEDAVARD SYLVESTER MORSE (American. 1838-) \niil\'tcr education in tlio Lawrence scientific school lived \nin Salem 1866-71, where he aided in founding the Pea- \nbody academy of sciences, of which in 1881 he herann- \ncurator, and in establishing The American Xaiarulixt. \nof which he became an editor. He was professor of \ncomparative anatomy and zoology in Howdoin 18T1- \n74: i)rofessor of zoology in the Iniperial university at \nTokio, Japan, 1877-79. He was president of the Ameri- \ncati association for the advancement of science 1885- \n87. Besides text-books, he has pulilished many sci- \nentific works, and "Early Race of Man in Japan" \n(1879), "Japanese Homes and their Surroundings" \n(1886), "Ancient and Modern Methods of Arrow Re- \nlease" (1885), "On the Older Forms of Terra-colta \nRoofing Tiles " (1892). He has contributed many im- \nportant papers to scientific journals and the transac- \ntions of societies of natural historv. \n\n\n\n1901] \n\n\n\nEngland!)^^ \n\n\n\n251 \n\n\n\n\nJOHN MORLEY (EnsHsh, 1838-) after graduation \nfrom Oxlnrd in 1^59, though admitted to the bar \nchose literature iis his profession. From 1867 to ]882 \nlie edited the Fortnu/htly Revieiv, and from 1880 to \n1883 the Pall Jfall Gazette. His articles in favor of \nhome rule in Ireland did much to influence public \n\xe2\x96\xa0opinion. In 1886 he was Irish secret;irv and he sup- \nported Mr. Gladstone in 1890. He also took an active \npart in \'\xe2\x80\xa2 The Strusrsle for National Education " his \nbook under that title, published in 1873, being mostly \nmade up of articles from the J\'ortnightly. He editecl \nthe " English Men of Letters " series of biographfes \nand among: his books are "Edmund Burke" (1867)\' \n"Critical Miscellanies" (1871) "Voltaire" (1872) \n"OnComproniise" (1874), "Rousseau" (1876) "Did- \nerole and the Encyclopicdists " (1878), and " Richard \nCobden" 1881. His poliiical op])onents say he is \nbetter lifted to write history than to mak(! it. \n\n\n\n252 \n\n\n\nGermany. School Hygiene \n\n\n\n[1839 \n\n\n\n\nLUDWIG KOTELMANN (Russian, 1839-) was the \nsou of llic coun-ctor. of the gymnasiuiu at Demmiu, \nstudied in Russia and Germany, and toolv his doctor- \nate from Jena. After attending a training-school he \nbecame in 1866 rector of the scliools of Riigen, and in \n1868 was called to the PjidnLrouuun at Pusbus. Soon \nafter he went to Li\'ipziL; as duoent, and then became \nassistant in the pli,\\ sinLi^ ir;il institute of Maiburg. \nIn 1876 he began practice at Hamburg as an opthalmo- \nlogist, and in 1877 founded the Zeitschriftfur Schitl- \ngesundheitspjiege (jonnvdl of school hygiene), which \nhe edited for ten years, making himself thoroughly \nfamiliar with the\'literature and discussion in this \nfield. His "School Hygiene", published in 1895, was \nat once recognized as the most important contribu- \n1ii)u ever made to this subject. An American trans- \nlation appeared in 1899, especially revised by him \nto date, with additional matter and more illustrations. \n\n\n\n1901] \n\n\n\nAmekica \n\n\n\n253 \n\n\n\n\nFRAXCES ELIZABETH >VILLARi>(Ameiion 11,1839- \n\n1898) alter jii\'iiiluat.ion from the Northwestern female \ncoUefie ill 1859, was preceptress of the Genesee VVes-, \nleviin seminary, president of Evauston oollefje for \nladies, and then teacher of rhetoric in Northwestern \nuniversity. In 187-1 shewas elected correspondint; sec- \nretary of"the Woman\'s Christian temperance luiion \nand in 1879 was made president. In 1883 she founded \nthe World\'s Christian temperance union, and was \npresident from 1887 to her deatli. In 1888 she became \npresident of the American branch of the International \ncouncil of women. She was also one of the first to \nstart in 1886 the White cross movement for social \npurity, and she secured enactments in. 12 States for \nthe protection of women. She was in many ways the \nfirst woman of her time. Her earnestness and liumor \nyave herremarkable power, while lierlovable ijersoual \ncharacter commanded sympathy and cooperation. \n\n\n\n\nMATILDA COOPER-POUCH ER (Auk rican. 1839- \n190U) aflin- <;riuluatioii from th(! Albany noriii:il in \n18.i6 became a teacher in Oswego, and upon the ortiati-. \ni/.ation of the normal school was made one of the \ncritics, afterward becoming teacher of methods. She \nremained until 1886 at the right hand of Dr. Sheldon. \nShe kept all the records of scholarship, attendance, \nand location, her work showing the celerity and ac- \ncuracy that were characteristic. Her retentiveness \nof memory was astonishing. She could tell almost \neverything about any present or former student. In \n1899 she married Isaac Pouch(!r, who upon Dr. .Shel- \ndon\'s death succeeded to the princlijalsliip of the \nschool. She was especially effective in lier work as \npreceptress of the boarding school h;ill, carrying its \ncares with masterly ease, and often turning the cur- \nrent of a student\'s life at the critical moment by \nsympathetic and wise advice. \n\n\n\n254 \n\n\n\nAmerica \n\n\n\n[1839 \n\n\n\n\nAAROX GOVE (American. 1839\xe2\x80\x94). for more than a \niiuarter of ;i ciMiUiry superintendent of schools in \nDenver, was educated in the Dwight school. Boston, \nand after graduation from the Illinois State normal \nuniversity, was in the army 1861-4, serving as adju- \ntant of the 33d Illinois infantry, and was breveticd \nmajor. He afterward taught in Illinois, and was for \na time editor of the Illinois Schoolmaster. Since 1874 \nhe has been superintendent of schools in Denver. He \nwas president of the N. E. A. in 1888, and has always \n131\'en (Mil! of its most trusted leaders. Among his pa- \npers have been " Citv school systems \'\' (1884), " Sup- \nply of teachers " (1894), " Tests of work " (1895), \n" Business side of city schools" (1896), "Education \nin the colonies " (I9(J0), and "The trail of the city \nsuperintendent" (1900). His remarks in discussion \nhave always carried weight on account of their bal- \nance-wheel tendency, for no fad ever swerves him. \n\n\n\n\nTHOMAS DAVIDSON (Scotch. 1840-1900) after grad- \nuation from Aberdeen iu 1860canie in 1866 to Canada,, \nand in 1857 became a teacher in the St. Louis high \nschool, and edited The We-^tern. Through Longfel- \nlow\'s iiiMuence he became in 1875 attached to the ex- \namination department of Harvard, and had oppor- \ntunity to study archaeology in Greece, where he \nlearned the language so as to be able to address \nfluently an audience of modern Greeks. He also \nspoke "easily German, Italian, Spanish, and Norse, \nand did his own philosophic thinking in German. \nHe was proficient in Hebrew and Arabic, and versed \nin Czech, Russian and Ma.ygar. But he was also \nscliooled in philosophy. Beginning, like his St. \nLouis companions, a Hegelian, he live to denounce \nhim, and thought St. Thomas Aquinas had come \nnearest to solving the riddle of life. He published \n"Rosmini " (1884) and "Aristotle". \n\n\n\n1901] \n\n\n\nCanada \n\n\n\n255 \n\n\n\n\nGEORGE WILLIAM KOSS (Cauadiau. 1841\xe2\x80\x94) vv;is \neducated at the normal school and became a teacher. \nIn 1871 he was made county inspector of schools: sub- \nsequently inspector of model schools. He \\v;is y:rad- \nuated in law from Albert university in 1883. and be- \ncame minister of education, which place he held with \ngreat acceptance until made prime minister in 1900. \nHe was a member of parliament 1872-83, an honorary \ncommissioner at the Colonial and Indian exposition \nof 1885 and has been editor of the Strathroy Age. of \nthe JItiroii Expositor, and of the Ontario Teacher. \nHe has written "A Report of the Schools of Kngland \nand Germany", "The History of the School System \nof Ontario", and is well-known as a lecturer. He \ngave an address upon the school system of Ontario \nbefore the N. E. A. in 1891, at the International con- \ngresses of 1893. and at the N. Y. Commissioners asso- \nciation of 1897. \n\n\n\n256 \n\n\n\nGermany \n\n\n\n[1841 \n\n\n\n\nTHIERRY WILLIAM PREYER (Eiifilish. 1841-). \nafter education in England. Germany and France \nbecome in 1865 privat decent at lionn, in 1869 pro- \nfessor of physiology at Jena, and in 1888 privat \ndooent at Berlin. Besides " Die Seele des Kindes" \n(1881, 1890), and " Die Gren/.en des Erapfindungsver- \ninogens und des Wollens " (1868), widely known in \nAmerica in translation as " The Soul of the Child ", \nhe has published " Ueber Emi^findungen" (1867), \'^ J^lc- \nmente derreinein Emplindungslehre " (1877). " Uebet \ndie Grenzen der Tonwahrneniung " (1876), "Akusti- \nsche Untersuchungen " (1879), " Die Erklarung des \nGedaukenlesens" (1885), "Die Bewegungen der See- \nsterne (1887), " Eleniente der allgemeinem Fhysiolo- \ngie" (1883), "Specielle Physiologic des Embryo\'" (188S- \n84), " Ueber den Farben undTemperatursinn " (1881), \n"Die Kataplexie und der thierische Hypnotisnius " \n(1878), and other books on hypnotism (1881, 1890). \n\n\n\n1901] \n\n\n\nAlNIERICA \n\n\n\n257 \n\n\n\n\nGEORGE H. MARTIX (A raerican, 1841\xe2\x80\x94) after grad- \nniiliou I\'roni the l!ri(lue\xc2\xabati>r iiorraiil iu 1862 taught at \nSouth Daiivers ami (Juincy, and for 18 years in the \nliriciL\'euater aornial, the last 13 as vice-principal. \nHe u i>i then for 2 years an asent of the Massachiis- \nI ti-, board of education, and has been since 1892 su- \n|iir\\isor of the public schools in Boston. He lias \npublished a "Civil Government", " Hints on Teach- \nluy: Civics", "A Historical Sketch of the English \nL.inKuage", and "Evolution of the Massachusetts \nSchool System ", the hist giving rise to a controversy \nw ith A. S. Draper as to the relative parts played by \n"Massaohusetts and New York in the early educa- \ntional history of our country. Subsequently he pub- \nlished a series of papers on the early histor.v of \nschools in Boston. He delivered an address on Patri- \notism before the N. E. A. in 1895, and has been a fre- \nquent speaker a,t its meetings. \n\n\n\n\nJOHN FISKE (American. 1842\xe2\x80\x94) after graduation \nI\'rom Harvard in 1863 was lecturer in philosophy there \n1869-71. instructor in liistory 1870, and assistant librar- \nian 1872-79; he was overseer 1879-91. He was professor \nof American history in Washington university, St. \nLouis, 1884. He has since devoted himself to lectur- \ning both in this country and in Great Britain, and to \nwriting, residing in Cambridge. His writings are \nmostly philosophical and histt)rical. Of tin; fo\'nier. \nthe principal are " Outlines of Cosmic Philosophv "\' \n(1874), " The Unseen World " (1876), " Darwinism and \nother Essays " (1879, 1885), " Excursions of an Evolu- \ntionist " (188.3), "The Destiny of Man viewed in thi> \nLight of his Origin" (1884>,"and "The Idea of G<h\\ \nas Affected by Modern Knowledge " (1885). The lat- \nter include " American Political Ideas viewed from \nthe Standpoint of Universal History "(188.5). "The \nCritical Period of American History" (1888), etc. \n\n\n\n258 \n\n\n\nAmerica \n\n\n\n[1842 \n\n\n\n\n\xe2\x80\xa2 TUUJIAN J. BACKUS (American, 1842\xe2\x80\x94), after \ni;radnation from Rochester in 1864 was professor of \nthe Kiijilish hingua^;e and literature in Vassar 1867-83. \nand then became president of the Paclcer collegiate \ninstitute. He was civil service commissioner in \nUrooklyn for several years, president of the board of \nmanagers of the civil service system, and of the \nState board for the care of the insane. He h;is pub- \nlished " Outlines of English Literature ", a revised \nedition of Shaw\'s " History of English Literature", \nand "Great I\'-uglish Writers". He has been a fre- \n(luent speaker attheUniversityconvocation and other \neducational and literary meetings, and promin(!nt in \ncivic and benevolent work. Under his charge tlie \nPacker institute has grown greatly in numbers and \nin influence, having now some 50 teachers and 600 \nstudents, and exerting great influence through its \ngraduates. \n\n\n\n\nJOHN fiUEEX WIGHT (American, 1842-) served in \nthe navy for a year during the civil war: after gradu- \nation from Bowdoiu in 1864 taught at Lancaster, N. \nH., and at North IJridgton, Me.; and in 1865 came to \nCooperstown. N. Y., to teach mathematics in the \nseminary. In 1867 he was called back to North Bridir- \nton as principal, and in 1870 returned to Cooperstown \nas principal of the union school. Here he remained \nfor 20 years, until in 1890 he was made principal of \nthe high scnool at Worcester, Mass. In 1894 he be- \ncame principal of the Philadelphia high school for \ngirls, with 80 teachersand2,.=)00 pupils; andinl897of \nthe Wadleigh high school for girls in New Yorkcitv, \nthe largest high school in the United States. In 1899 \nhe was president of the Schoolmasters association of \nNew York, and in 1900 of the association of colleges \nand secondary schools of the Middle States and \nMaryland. He has published "Bible Readings" (1900). \n\n\n\n1901] \n\n\n\nBacus Wight, Pheparp \n\n\n\n259 \n\n\n\n\nIRWIN SHEPABD (Aiuerican, 1843\xe2\x80\x94) was boru ueai- \nSyracuse, >\'. Y., and while atteuding- the Ypsilanti \nnormal iu 1862 enlisted in the 17th Jlichigau, and was \ndischarged for wounds in 1865: a congressional medal \nof honor for jiallaatry was awarded hira in 1898. Af- \nter graduation from Olivet iu 1871. he was superin- \ntendent in Charles City. la., till 187.t: principal of the \nhigh school, Winona, Minn., 1875-8: superintendent \n1878-9: and president of the State nornial school 1879- \n98, when he resigned to become the first permanent \nsecretary of the National educatioiuil association. \nOf this body he became a member in 1874, and has \nbeen a member continuously since 1883. He was pres- \nident of the normal departrnent iul889. and served as \ngeneral secretary from 1893 till the office of permanent \nsecretary was created. His courtesy and his efficiency \nare equally marked, and he has introduced business \nmelhods i\'nto all departments. \n\n\n\n260 \n\n\n\nFrance \n\n\n\n[1848 \n\n\n\n\nGABRIEL COMPATRE (French, 1843\xe2\x80\x94) after grad- \nmitiou from the Ecole Normale Superieure of Paris, \nbecame in 18(55 jn\'ofessor at the Lycee of I\'au, in 1868 \nat the Lycee of Poitiers, and in 1871 at the Lycee of \nToulouse. In 1889 he became director of the Academy \nof Poitiers, and in 1896 rector of the University of \nLyons. He has translated into French Bain\'s Lo^ic, \nHuxley\'s Hume, and Locke\'s Thoughts on Education. \nHis thesis on the philosophy of Hume was crowned \nin 1873 by the French Academy, which in 1878 gave \nhim a prize for his " History of "the Doctrines of Edu- \ncation in France since the ifeth century." Anabridg- \nment of this, translated into English by Chancellor \nPayne, is widely used in the United States, and has \nbeen followed by a translation of his "\' Lectures on \nTeaching", and "" Psychology applied to Education ". \nHe was a member of the Chamber of Deputies from \n1881 to 188.5. and secretary in 1883. \n\n\n\n19011 \n\n\n\nAmerica \n\n\n\n261 \n\n\n\n\nELISHA BENJAMIN ANDREWS uVimTiraii. 184-1\xe2\x80\x94) \nserved in tlie union army and was ijraduiai\'d from \nBrown in ISTO. He was fortwo years jirinciiial of the \nConneelicut Literary Institute; and after graduation \nfrom Newton was ordained in 187-1 as a Baptist elersj;- \nman. In 1875 he became president of Denison Uni- \nversity, in 1879 professor of homiletics in TCewton \nTlieolo!.\'ical Seminary, in 1882 professor of liistory and \npolitical economy at Brown, in 1888 professor of \npolitical economy at Cornell, and in 1889 president of \nBrown University. In 1896 his advocacy of free silver \nled to dissatisfaction, and he resigned in 1898, to be- \ncome superintendent of schools in Chicago. After a \nbreezy service there, marked by continual conflict \nwith the board of education for what he deemed the \nrights of a superintendent he resigned in 1900 to be-, \ncome chancellor of the University of Nebraska. He \nhas written several published works. \n\n\n\n\nCHARLES RUFUS SKINNER (American, 1844\xe2\x80\x94) af- \nter education at Mexico academy and Clinton liberal \ninstitute taught in tlie former 2 years, was assistant \npostmaster at Wutertown 4 years, New York agent \nfor a mow ing machine 1867-70, and editor of the Water- \ntown Times \\S70-7 4. He was a member of asse:)ibly \n1877-81, and of congress 1881-5, where he introduced \nthe law reducing the letter postage to 2 cents. He was \ndeputy superintendent of public instruction 1886-92. \nsupervisor of instititutes 1892-5, and has been State \nsuperintendent since 1895. He was president of the \nN. E. A. in 1896. In 1890 he published "Arbor Day \nManual. An aid in preparing Programmes for Arbor \nDay Exercises ". a volume of 475 pages that has since \nbeen a standard for this purpose. He also edited \n"The New York Question Book " (1890), and the first \ntwo " Supplements " (1891-2) giving the questions and \nanswers for New York teachers examinations, \n\n\n\n262 \n\n\n\nAmerica \n\n\n\n[1846 \n\n\n\n\nISAAC H. STOUT (Anioriciiu, 18-16\xe2\x80\x941, supervi.soi\' of \nteachers institutes, iil\'ter ii partial course in civil eii- \ngiueeriu;; betjiin in 1862 to teach in district schools: \nwas in the army 1864-5: assisted in surveying for tlie \nKansas division of the Union Pacific railway in 1866: \nand was principal at Lodi, Farmer (11 years), and \nDundee academy, X. Y. He was school commissioner \nof SiMieca county 1878-84: assisted Dr. John II. French \nin writing? "Harper\'s Advanced Arithmetic" 1886-7. \nIn 1887 he became institute conductor, aiid so con- \ntinued until in 1898 he became supervisor of te.-ichers \ninstitutes for the State of New York. Asan institute \ninstructor he was noted for the application of shrewd \ncommon sense, and for deal inji with topics outside \nthe curriculum which yet have bearinrr upon the wel- \nfare of the school. He has given frequent illustrated \nlectures not only before; institutes but, before ihe Al- \nbany historical society. \n\n\n\n\nSHEUMAX WILLIAMS (American. 1846\xe2\x80\x94) bej;an \nteaching at 18, and in 1871 was graduated from the \nAlbany normal. Ho taught at Little Neck, and in \n1873 became superintendent of schools in Flushing. \nIn 1882 he was called to organize the uewly united \nschools of Glens Falls, where he remained till in 1898 \nlii^ resigned, and was appointed upon the State board \nof institute instructors. For 13 years he conducted \na summer school at Glens Falls, which cost him $2,000 \nmore than he received, but it became famous and drew \neminent teachers from all over the country. He made \nit a special end at Glens Falls to furnish good read- \ning to the children, and he has published in "Choice \n;.it(M-atur(!" five volumes of the selections that he \nfound most useful. He has also presented this sub- \nject at State teachers associations, and before the X. \nV). \\. As an institute instructor he is broad-miuded, \nand practically helpful. \n\n\n\n1901] \n\n\n\nStout, Williams, Straight, Hughes \n\n\n\n263 \n\n\n\n\nHENRY H. STRAIGHT <Americiin, 1846-1885) after \ngraduatiou from Oberlin became priucipal of the \nState normal school at Peru, Neb., but owins to his \nInterest in natural science resigned at the end of the \nyear to become teacher in the school of that subject. \nHere he mapped out a scheme of education based \nupon science and the industries, which in 1862 he \nproposed in his lecture, " What we want and how \nto get it". He was from the first one of Agassiz\'s \nsummer students at Penikese ishmd, and in 1875 ac- \ncompanied Prof. Shaler in gcologic-al study at the \nsouth. In 187.5-6 he studied at Cornell and Harvard, \nand in 1876 became teacher of sciences in the Oswego \nnormal. In 1883 he Ijecaine a teacher in Ool. Parker\'s \nOak Park normal, but in 1885 was compelled to seek \na warmer climate, and died in Pasadena, Cal. His \n\'\xe2\x96\xa0Aspects of Industrial Education" is a recognized \nauthority. \n\n\n\n\nJAMES LAUGHLIiV HUGHES (Canadian, 1846\xe2\x80\x94). \nafter graduation from the Toronto normal in 1865 \nbecame headmaster at Frankford. In 1866 was made \nassistant in the model school connected with the \nToronto normal, and in 1869 principal. Since 1874 \nhe has been inspector of public schools in Toronto. \nHe was for years secretary of the Canadian Sunday \nschool association, and in August, 1878, tauglit the \nfirst lesson ever given at Chautauqua. He was the \nfirst i^resident of the New York State kindergarten \nassociation, and when he was chairman of the ele- \nmentary department of the World\'s Congress of 189.3 \nhis second wife, Mrs. Ada Marean Hughes, a distin- \nguished New York teacher, was president of the kin- \ndergarten department. Among his books are "\' Mis- \ntakes in Teaching ". " How to Secure and Retain At- \ntention ". \'\xe2\x96\xa0 Froebel\'s Educational Laws for All \nTeachers ", and " Dickens as au Educator ", \n\n\n\n264 \n\n\n\nGermany \n\n\n\n[1S47 \n\n\n\n\nWILLIAM IJKIX (Goniian, 1847\xe2\x80\x94) studlotl at.Tona \nand Ileidelbei-g, and took the decree, ot D.I) at Wei- \nmar. He then entered Ziller\'s seminar at Lcipzis?, \nand became prineioal t\xc2\xabaclier in the modfl sciuiol. \nAfter a year in a realscluilr, liebeearae jw-jlcNsor in \ntlie noim.il scljuul at \\\\umar, from viiuU lio ua.s \n])inm(>tcd tu bf piiucipal of the normal f^rhool at \n1 iM u II li In 1885 lit\xc2\xab su\' 1 1 ed<nl I\'mr. istnv in tho \nI li in )i pedaj;()i,\\ at Ji ii i,\\\xc2\xbbiu( li liasciMu(\'\'\'to be re- \n^ iiiImI asIlK h( idipi till isoi Ucrbartian t\xc2\xabicliing. \nIll\' li IS 1 < t 1) aMduiiiuutiis V ritei\'. Ills "OutlniOH of \nI\'t il uii_\\ IS \\\\i ll-kiKiwn to Anierirau rfad<>r8 a.s \ntilt ni isi <n 111 iiili\'int ^ m itiou of 11 t1 "art\'s princi- \npli \xe2\x96\xa0-, uul jii iij\\ otlii 1 uui i s not yet translated into \n1 luli^li li i\\i ]i id e^ii ii iiiilurniv in tii-njiany. He \n1-1 niiu t n^a^t d upim an t neyclupedia of pedagogj\'. \nH< IS editdi oi J\'(i(t(i\'/uf/i\'^t}if si>i\'.Ui\'ii,uiid of Zeit- \ns(li) ijtjur I\'?Ltlv^ophie ami I\'dtki\'j\'jyik, \n\n\n\n1<)01] \n\n\n\nAmkku\'a. Christian H!;i)Tiieh> \n\n\n\n265 \n\n\n\n\nPATRICK FKAXCIS MULLANY, ISKOTHKR AZV- \nlUAS (Irish. lS4;-lS93).:i.sU-oiiK advocate of roiislnir- \nlivr orilicism, came to Ainei\'ic;i. in yoiilli. and in 1H6\'2 \n\\\\:is adniitletl to llie Christian Krothcrs. He studied \nin Loiidou and Paris, 1877-9, and was president of \nliock Hill college 1879-86. He was then called to Paris. \n:ind searched tlie libraries of Milan, I\'Morence and \nRome. In 1889 he came l)aclc to .\\inerica. .ind at Ue La \nSalle institute, New York, became tc-iclnu\' of lilera- \nI lire. He read papers before the University Convoca- \nI ion, the New Y\'ork State teache\'rs association, and tlie \nInternational congress of education (1884). and w;is \ntlie first C;itholic invited to address the Concord School \nof Philosophv. He published \xe2\x96\xa0" Philosophy of Litera- \nture \xe2\x96\xa0\xe2\x80\xa2(1874), \xe2\x96\xa0\'\xe2\x80\xa2 I)evelo|iiitentof Old I\'lniilish Thouuiit" \n(1S79). ".Vristoij,\' :in<l the Christian Church "(1889). \n\xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x80\xa2 Rooks and Readintr" (1890). " Marv Queen of M;iv " \n(1891). and \xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x96\xa0 I\'hasesof Thou^\'lil and Criticism \xe2\x96\xa0 (I89:i). \n\n\n\n266 \n\n\n\nNkw York. Uniform Examinations \n\n\n\n[1.S48 \n\n\n\n\nAM)Kh\'\xc2\xab\' S. DKAPEK (Ainci-icaii, 1S4S\xe2\x80\x94 ) iiftiT \nL\'railuatiut; from Albany Academy taught for a tiim\' \nthiir and elsewhere, but soon became a lawyer and \niMilii ii\'ian. and was appointed by President Arthur \none of the judges of the (\'ourt on the Alabama claims. \nIn 1886, he was elected State Superintendent of Pub- \nlic Instruction, a iid in the higher phases of educa- \ntional work he found a sphere surprisinjily cone;enial. \nHe was unprecedently successful, unitiu\'i the various \ninterests of New York in work for common uidiftins, \nso that the adoption of uniform examinations was \nonly one of the several reforms consummated. In \n189:2 his party went out of power and he retired, but \nwas soon elecfed supcriiilendent of schools in Cleve- \nland, under a. new law that [i:\\\\i- him authority never \nbefore grantci!. In 1894 he resigned to Ix^come presi- \ndent of the University of Illinois. He has become \nwidely known as an educational speaker and writer. \n\n\n\nANO\'I\'IIICR PORTRAIT \n\n\n\n1901] \n\n\n\nDhai\'ei;, Low, Dewev \n\n\n\n267 \n\n\n\n\nSETH LOW (Aniei-ican. 1850\xe2\x80\x94). 12t.h presuleiu, of \nCi)Uuiil)i;i. ;iriiT iiraduulion from Columbia in 1870 \nbeciiiiK-\' :i pMrtiier in his fiither\'s toa-imijortin<r house. \nHe was mavor of Brooklyn 1881-5, his grandfather \nhaviuL\' been its first mayor: and he was candidate \nfor mayor of New York in 1897. In 1889 was elected \npresiilentof Columbia, of which he had been trus- \ntee since 1881-. He gave a million fur the libr:iry \nbuilding, in Iionor of his father, "a merchant jvho \ntai!;iht his son lo value the things for which Coluui- \nbia\'"c(>llege sl.-inds": in (;onsid<\'rati(ni of which thi\' \ntru.stees gav<\' I\'^ scholarshiiis for the boys and 12 for \nthe girls of Hrooklyn. and 8 university scholarships. \nThis has been supplemented by freiiuent later gi fl \xe2\x96\xa0<. \nlie. is also ijresidi\'Dl of tiie archaeological institution \nof .\\merica. ;ind vice-president of the New Y<\')rk \nAcademy of Sciences. :ind has (\xe2\x80\xa2onducted a Snnd.\'iy \niiibl.\' c-l:i\'ss of men iu St. (JeorLie memorial church. \n\n\n\n\nMELVIL DKWEY (American. 18.il\xe2\x80\x94 ). lil>rarian of \nthe Stale of Nrw York. iifU\'r graduation from .Aiu- \nliiM--i in 18r4 w.-is acting librarian there till 187*;. when \nhe went to lioslon and foundi\'d the .\\meric;in libr.-iry \nMssociaticn, the Speiling reform association, and tlje \nMetric bureau. He was librarian of Columbia, 1883-8; \nStale lil)rarian and secrc^tarv of the re<j\'ents of the \nUniversity of the State of New York 1888-99: aiul has \nsi ni-i\' been State libraritiu. H<^ is at the liead of a \nlibrary school held in the State libr.-iry. and the au- \nthorof the svstein of decimal cl.-issillcation tienerally \nadoi)ted by librarians. His work in behalf of libraries \nwas honored by the grand i)ri.\\, a special highest \naward, by the Paris exposition of 1900, and In; has \nheld evei-y position of honor the librarians of .\\mer- \nie.icould Ijestow. His services of secotnhiry educ.-i- \nliou were also recognized by most complinieMtary \ni-e>olutions upon his resien,-it ion as secretary in 1899. \n\n\n\n268 \n\n\n\nAlMEUICA \n\n\n\n[1851 \n\n\n\n\nM\' LANCHTHON WOOLSEY STKYKER (1851\xe2\x80\x94). 9th \n;jrc.-,i(l4Mil (iT llaiiiiltoii coUeyi\'. ul\'tt\'i\' KiMcliiiiliou from \nHaiiiilloii ill lS7:iiiiid from Auburn in 1876, was for a \nyear assistant secretary of the Y. M. C. A. in New York \ncity, where he developed unusual skill, tact, and \nsvmpatliv in dealin<i with youns; men; was pastor in \nAuburn 1876-8, in Ithaca 1878-83, in Holyoke. Mass.. \n1883-5, and in Chicago 1885-92, where he succeeded \nL)r. Herrick Johnson. As a preacherhe waseaniest. \nuntraiiiiiiclled by notes, and fertile in new vimvs of \nfamiliar truth. In 1892 he became president of Ham- \nilton. Besides published sermons, speeches, and ad- \ndresses, he has written poems and hymns, and has \ncom piled several h vmn-books: \xe2\x80\xa2\' The Allelulia" (1880). \n"Church Praise Book " (1881), "Christian Chorals" \n(18841. "Church Song" (1889), "Choral Son>r " (1891). \nIn 1888 he published " The Song of Miriam and other \nHymns and \\\'erses". \n\n\n\n\nWILLIAM HARRISON MACE (American. 1853-) \naflrr uradu.-iiioM Iroiii tln\' Imliana Slate normal in \n1876 and the University of Michigan in 1883. w;is \nprincipal of public schools in Indiaim and Iowa, and \nfrom 1<S85 to 1890 was professor of history in Doi)aiiw \nuniversity normal school. In 1891 he bei-anu! jirofes- \nsor of history in Syracuse university, where lie still \nremains. In 1896-7 he studied in Germany, and was \ngraduated from Jena. In 1895 he was ai)poiiited by \nI fj|, reuonts of the Universi ty of the State of New York \nexaminer in history for higher degrees, and he has \neouducted extensive courses in Chicago, New ^\'o^k, \nPhiladelphia, and other large cities, and suiiinier \nI\'ourses in (Jhautauqua, the University of North Car- \nolina, and othcn- places. He has published " A Work- \ning \\IanuaI of .American History ", " Methods in His- \ntory ", "Organization of Historical Material", and \nother works. \n\n\n\n1901] \n\n\n\nrfTKYKKH, Mace, Maxwell, Balliet \n\n\n\n\xe2\x80\xa2J(;*) \n\n\n\n\nWILLIAM HEXRY MAXWELL (Irish, 1852-), after \noniilu:itii)ii in 1S7-2 witli lii<jh honors from Queens \ncolh\xe2\x96\xa0^;e, (_inl\\\\;iy, Ijernme siiljniaster in the Royiil \naoiuleniical inslilutiou, lielfnst, and took post-grad- \nuate \\vorl< in Queens college. In 1874 he came to \nAmerica, and not finding educational work became ;i \nreporter on the Xein York Tribune and Herald. \xc2\xbb\\\\([ \nwas for five years managing editor of the Brooklijii \nTimes. He had also been teacher and lecturer for \ntwo years in the evening high schools, when in 1882 \nhe was elected assistant superintendent and in 1887 \nsuperintendentof schools. This place he held till in \n1898 he was elected the first superintendent of schools \nof the Greater New York. He ha.s been president of \nthe New York Council of superintendents, and of the \nDepartment of superintendence of the N. R. A. He \nwas chairman of the Committee of 15 appointed by \n*.he N. F.. A. in 1S9.S to report on school systems. \n\n\n\n\nTHOMAS M. BALLIET (American, 1852\xe2\x80\x94) was edu- \ncated at Franklin and Marshall college and at Y.ale. \nAft(.\'r graduation from college he pursued university \nstudies for two years. He was principal of a high \nschool for one year, and later teacher of the classics \nfor two years in a normal school in Pennsylvania. In \n1884-5 he devoted all his time to lecturing* on educa- \ntional subjects in the west. In 1885 he was elected \nsuperintendentof schools. -it Reading, Pa., and served \ntwo years. In 1887 he was elected professor of psy- \nchology, logic, and ethics in Haverford college, but \ndelined the appointment to accejit his present posi- \ntion as superintendent of schools at Springfield, \nMass. In 1900 he spent a ye.\'ir in Europe studying \nschools and school systems, and during his absence, \nMr. (i. I. Aldrich. now at Hrookline. Mass., served as \nacting superintendent. He has read si.\'veral papers \nlicfore the N. E. A. \n\n\n\n270 \n\n\n\nAmerica \n\n\n\n[1854 \n\n\n\n\nJACOB <JOULD SCHUUJIAN (t\'aii;i<liMii, 1854\xe2\x80\x94 ) w;is \nliorii III I\'riiicc Ivlwai\'d Island, lull stiulii\'diii Kin\'opi\' \n187o-8U, i-i\'sidinji at tin- uiiivfr^ilies of rAlinhuriih \nand Loudon, and reeeivint; upon his sraduatiou from \nthe hiter in IBTf the University scliolarsliip iu pliil- \nosopliy. In IHTS he took the Hibbert travelling; fel- \nlowship and spent two years in Germany. lie was \nprofessor of loi^ic in Acadia college 1880-82, of phil- \nosophy in Dalhonsie collfge 1883-86 and in Cornell \n1886-93. when he became president. In 1892 he became \neditor of The PhUosophiral Review, and in 1893 he \naided in starling T ke School liecietr. He has pub- \nlished \'\xe2\x96\xa0 Kantian I^lliics and the Rthics of Evolution " \n(1881). \xe2\x96\xa0\xe2\x80\xa2 The i;thii-al Import of Darwinism" (1888), \n\xe2\x96\xa0\' Belief in (iod " (189(1). \xe2\x96\xa0" .Vnnosticism and Religion \'\', \netc. In 1899 he was made one of the commissioners \nto the Philippine islands. His presidency of Cornell \nhas been aggressive, and has led to rapid growth. \n\n\n\n1901] \n\n\n\nJ^cHUR^rAN, Gilbert, Doavning \n\n\n\n\xe2\x80\xa2271 \n\n\n\n\nCHARLES B. (ilLBEBT (American. 1855-) alter \n\xe2\x96\xa0n\'adu.-ition I\'rom Williams in 1876 lauglit. in a board- \nins school a,t Xorwalk, Conn., 1876-8, and then went \ntolNliunesola, and became principal successively ot \nthe hishscliools at Mankatoand Winona, Minn., and \nat Beaver Dam and Oshkosh, Wis. In 1883 he becanu; \nprincipal ot the hi^h school and in 1889 superintend- \nent of schools at St. Paul. In 1896 he became super- \nintendent of schools at Newark, X. J., and in 1901 at \nRochester, X. Y. He was lor three years lecturer on \nschool administration at the Teachers college, (-\'oluni- \nbiauniversitv, and was president of the department ol \nsuperintendeiK-e of the N. R. A., 1895-6. He is joint \nauthor with Miss Arnold of "Stepping Stones to \nLiterature". He has read papers before the X. K. A. \non \'\xe2\x96\xa0 lUhics of school manasement " (1888), \xe2\x80\xa2\'Gram- \nmar school studies " (1894), \'" Correlation of studies " \n(1896), \xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x96\xa0 Child-stiidv " (1896). \n\n\n\n\nAUGUSTUS SEISS DOWNING (American, 1856\xe2\x80\x94) \nafter "craduatiou from Pennsylvania college in 1874 \ntaus\'ht for three years iu district schools, and in 1877 \nbecame assistant principal at Palmyra, X\'. Y. In 1882 \nhe became i)riucipal at Fairport and in 1885 at Pal- \nmyra. In 1887 he became teacher of mathematics in \ntlie high school at Newark, >\'. J., resigning in 1890 to \nbecome one of the institute instructors of the State \nof New York. In 1895 he became State supervisor of \ninstitutes and training classes. In 1898 he was made \nprincipal of the new Training scliool for teachers \norganized in New York city. In 1900 he was presi- \ndent of the dejiartment of superintendence of the \nNational educational association. He has been direc- \ntor ot the N. E. .v. for several years, and is a member \nof the National council of education. He was one \nof the speakers at the meeting.in 1900 of the Southern \neducational association. \n\n\n\n272 \n\n\n\nAmerica \n\n\n\n[185 \n\n\n\n1/ \n\n\n\nALBERT LEONARD (American, 1857\xe2\x80\x94). 1st presi- \ndent, <if the iioniKil school system of Michiiian, after \ni;i\',-i(luaii(>n from Ohio university in 1888 tautrht in \nLounii and New Holltuid, :ind in Ohio university. In \n1889 became principal of the hisjh school at Uunl<irl<, \nN. Y., and in 1893 of that at Uin-hamlon. N. Y. In \n1897 he became professor of pedajio-y and dean ol \nthe liberal arts col lejio of Syracuse university. resit:n- \n11." Ill 1900 to become first president of the normal \nschool system of MlehiRau.- In 1887 he establishec \n\\\\\\v Jouhial of Pedcuiogii.i^.nA has since conducted \nit. He has been chairman of the Latin and Greek \ndivision of the Round Ttible of the N. K. A. His \nc.uirieous manner and his warm personal interest in \nhis students made him remaTkably successful in the \ndillU\'iilt position he held in Syracuse university. He \nhas entered upon his work in Mi<-lii\'jaii under most \nfavor.-ible auspices \n\n\n\n\nM\'lLLIAM DK WITT HYDE (American. 1858\xe2\x80\x94), 7th \npresident of Howdoiii, alter er:uluation from Fhil- \nlips-i\'lxeter ill 187.\'), from Harvard in 1879, and from \nAndoverin 1882, and a year of advanced study, was \nfor two yea,rs a olerjiyman at I\'aterson, N. J., and in \n1885 was eli\'cted president of Bowdoin collese- He \nhas distinsnished himself not only in the administra- \ntion of coUe^je all\'airs. but in his frequent api)ear- \n.-iiices before the i)ublic as a speaker and writer on \neducational topics. He has read jjapers before the \nN. 1\'\'.. A. m 1889 on " Promotion in the schools", and \nin 1892 on " ()r>;ani/ation of .ViiK\'rican education", \nthe latter accDiiipanied by a diagram showing by \nI\'oncentric circles how education may bi\' correlated \nfrom the nursery to the university, and insisting that \nc.illeui" and universit V work sho\'uld be sh.-irplv dif- \nferentiated. Ill\' has\'publisln\'d \xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x80\xa2 Practical Ethics", \n" Practical Idealism", and " Social Theology". \n\n\n\n1901] \n\n\n\nLeonard, Hyde, Butler \n\n\n\n278 \n\n\n\n\nNICHOLAS MIRUAY BUTLER (Amciioan, 1862\xe2\x80\x94) \nalli\'i- }>i\':nlnatinii Iroui ( \'uhiiiiliin in 1882 bcciuiif^ uni- \nviTsily fellow ill philosophy, studii\'d in Ucrliu find \nParis 1884-5, and became in 1885 assislant, in philoso- \nphy in Columbia, in 1886 tutor, in 1889 adjunct jiro- \nIV.ssor, and in 1890 dean and professor of pliilosoi)liv \nand education. Jn 1886 he founded tlu^ Teachers eoj\'- \nlecry^ ,ind was president till 1891. He was a, member \nof the New Jersey State board of education 1887-95, \npresident of the Paterson board of e<lucati<)U !h92-3, \nand of tUe N. E. A. in 1895. In 1892 he founded a nd has \nsince edited the Educational Remeiv, and he is editor \nof the Great Educators series of the Teachers Pro- \nfessional Library, and of the Columbia Contributions \nto Philosophy and Education. He has also been \nprominent in movements for civil and political re- \n\' inn. (^nly a mind marvellously k-een. alert, and iin- \nrriii\'j cinild [lerform such work so well. \n\n\n\nINDEX \n\n\n\nPAGK \n\na-h-c shooters 42 \n\nAI)boU. Jacob 168 \n\nAdiuus, .lohn Quhicy 107, 105 \n\nAdi\'iiiaii von Roometi 49 \n\nAdrian of Metz 49 \n\nadult education 116. I\'M. 128, 173 \n\nyEsehi nes 24 \n\n^sop 18 \n\nAgassi/,, Louis John Rndoli)li.. . 179. 189, 263 \n\nAsri\'icola, Johann 41 \n\nafii\'icultuiv 89. 113 \n\nahiiras 17 \n\n.\\ir.V, Sii- (itioi\'oe Kiddfll 8(1 \n\nAlherlus Magnus 33 \n\nAlcott, A. 15 157. 170 \n\nWni. A 157, 1 18 \n\nAleuin 32 \n\nAldeii, Josepli 177 \n\nAldricli. (i. 1 269 \n\nAlenibert, Jean U- Rond d\' 81,70.97 \n\nAlexander 25 \n\nAle.\\andi\'i;i 27, 210 \n\nalgebra 18, 33. 43. 51. 71, 73. 76, 115. 174 \n\nAllen, .lonalhan 219 \n\nN.ilhaniel T 133. 237 \n\nalloys of steel 135 \n\nAllston. WashinsitoM 136 \n\n.Vnieriean association for the advance- \n\nniiMit of ed\'n 160 \n\nof science 235,242, 250 \n\nhoard of coniniissionevs of foreign \n\nmissions 166 \n\n.-dn society 114. 133, 144 \n\ninstitute of instruction \n\n141, 146, 152, 162, 171, 208 \n\nJounial of IvTu (Barnard) \n\n190. 113, 124. 141.236 \n\n(Russell).. 156 \n\nniissionar V associatiou 153 \n\n\n\n(3 \n\n\n\nPAGE \n\nAmerican Naturalist 250 \n\nphilosophical society 75 \n\nQuarterly Register 133, 144 \n\nSunday school union 197 \n\namusements 83 \n\nAn K.xperiment in Education 100 \n\nanalytical mechanics 155 \n\nmethod 86 \n\nAndrews, Lorin 202 \n\nAnnals of Education 128, 157 \n\nAnderson, John 179 \n\nMartin Brewer 201 \n\nAndrews. Elisha Benjamin 261 \n\nAngell. James Burrill 230 \n\nA n thon, Charles 153, 206 \n\nA nthony , Charles H 196 \n\n.Vntinomians 41 \n\n.\\ntoninus, ilarcus Aurelius 30,31 \n\nA [ipolonius 27 \n\nA qua viva. Claudius 49 \n\nAquinas, St. Thomas 33, 254 \n\nArabic 102, 163 \n\n.Vrago, Dominique p\'ranc^ois 126 \n\n.Vrbor Day Manna 1 261 \n\n-Vrchimedes 27. 49. .58, 73 \n\n.\\ristides 21 \n\nAristotle 25. 26, 53, 204, 226, 254 \n\narithmetic. 19. 33. 49, 141. 174, 217. 221. 232. 262 \n\nlocal 51 \n\n-Vrminius, Jacobus 51 \n\n.\\rmstrong, John W 197 \n\nArnauld, Antoine 60. 56 \n\nArnold, Matthew 216 \n\nSara L 271 \n\nThomas 149. 204.209. 214. 216 \n\nart 136.209 \n\nA rthur. Chester Alan 266 \n\nAscham, Roger 47 \n\nastronomical clock 53 \n\n75) \n\n\n\n276 \n\n\n\nIndex \n\n\n\nVAdV, \n\n:istroiioiny 18. \n\n36. 50, 53. t)4. 70. i^X. 97, 13:i. 194, 306, 242 \n\nphysical 53 \n\n.\\1 kiiison, K<1\\\\ :\\nl 227 \n\nAllailtic c:ililc 136 \n\n;ilinospheric iircssmc 60 \n\nA\\i(lubou, Joliu .1 .lines 121 \n\nAusustine, St 33. "6 \n\nAiirelius, Miinnis 30, 31 \n\nAziirias, Krotlier ..26.\'i \n\nbiicchants -12 \n\nUiiche, Alexaiidcr Dalliis 18\xc2\xab \n\nUackus, Azel Ill \n\nTruma II J 258 \n\nBacon, Francis 52. 56 \n\nBailey, Ebenezev 146 \n\nBain, AlexandfM-. ; 205. 260 \n\nBai ne.s, Edward 116 \n\nBaldwin, Janios 193 \n\nJoseph 226 \n\nBalliet, Thomas M 269 \n\nBancroft, Geors\'e 1\'\'^ \n\nBarker, Georfie Fredi\'ric 242 \n\nBarnard, Daniel Dew ey 1.54 \n\nFrederick Aii!j;ustiis VovIct 184. 20:i \n\nHenry 190. 113. 124, 141. 1.59.236 \n\nBasedow. .Toliauii IJmi.ird 83.89.98 \n\nBassini, Carlo 243 \n\nBeck, Theodoric Boiiicyn 137. 159 \n\nBedford, Duke of 119 \n\nBeechev, Calhcriiie 202 \n\nLyman 1-1-1 \n\nbegging friars 33 \n\nBell, Andr(^w 100. 142 \n\nBenedict, Erastus Coriieliiis 159 \n\nBenedictines 38 \n\nlieniiett, Charles W\'l\'sley 229 \n\nBentham, Jeremy 148 \n\nBentley , Richa rd 102 \n\nBerkeley, George 72 \n\nBernouilli, Daniel 73. 76 \n\nJames 70 \n\nJean ^o \n\nBible 34, 41,61. 69, 164 \n\nas a te.M-book 139 \n\nreligious e.\\ercises 154 \n\n\n\nPAGE \n\nliiiinham, Caleb 146 \n\nliignon, Jerome 56 \n\nbiology 7.) \n\nBiot, Jean Baptiste 126 \n\nbirds 121, 216 \n\nHirkbeck, George 116, 119, 131, 160 \n\nBlackie, John Stuart 185 \n\nBlackinan, Orlando 243 \n\nBlaine, Mrs. Emmons 248 \n\nKlanc, Louis 196 \n\nblind, education of.. .71, 93. 137. f::2. 202. 232 \n\n\xe2\x96\xa0 work by 7 1 , 73, 91 . 134 \n\nblow-pi pe analysis 108 \n\nBodleian library 108 \n\nliossuet. .facques Benigne 61. 60 \n\nBoston Latin school 77 \n\nl)otany 76, 93. 189 \n\nBotany bay 114 \n\nBoydcn, Albert (; 227 \n\nBrahe, Tycho 50, 53 \n\nliransiet. Matthieu 138 \n\nIJrant. Joseph 78 \n\nIti-id-niaii. Laura 232. 162 \n\nl!i-ilisli a lid foreii;n school society \n\nKHI. 1 19. 160, 224 \n\nUi k lann 223 \n\nl)r()lliers of the Christian schools 67 \n\nIJrougham, Henry, Lord 120, 165 \n\nBrown, Gould 115 \n\nNicholas 87 \n\nBrunswick-Lunenburg, Duke of C5 \n\nBryant, William Cullen 127, 168 \n\nBunsen, Robert Wilhelm 210 \n\nBurgundy, Duke of 66 \n\nBiirrowes, Thoinas Henry 172, 140 \n\nButler. Nicdiolas Murray 273 \n\nByron, I.oi-d 162 \n\ncalcul.Mti 11^ machines t\'.O. 71 \n\ncalculus 60. 65. 70. 76. 81, 8li. id \n\nCalkins. Norma 11 .\\ 215 \n\nCalvin, .loll 11 46. .5() \n\n( \'aiiipe. .Inachini lleinrich 98 \n\ncarbonic acid 86 \n\nCarda no. (iirolamo 43 \n\n( \'aroliiie, Queen 120 \n\n( \xe2\x96\xa0.\xe2\x80\xa2irpenter. Mary 180. 199 \n\n\n\nIndex \n\n\n\n\xe2\x96\xa027\'; \n\n\n\nTAOE \n\n(arpt\'iiter, William Jiciijaiiuii 199 \n\nCarter, James G U5 \n\nciitastrophio geology 151 \n\nCatiline 28 \n\nCauchy, Augustiu Louis 132 \n\ncenteuaial exposition 223 \n\nCt\'iilr;il society of education 116 \n\nCeuk\'M, Ludolf von 49 \n\nChalmers, Thomas 142 \n\nChambord, Comte de 132 \n\ncharacter 84 \n\nCharlemagne 32 \n\nCharles I 55 \n\nchastity 67\' \n\nChautauqua 2ti3. 2f8 \n\nchemistry 91, 108. 115, 118, 134. 135 \n\nchess 51 \n\nChicago exposition tir \n\nchild study *9. 25ti \n\nChina 20. 4(i \n\nchlorine 135 \n\nChristian brothers fi~. 138.2)55 \n\nChristof und Elsa 108 \n\nCicero 28. 22 \n\ncircle, squaring the 49 \n\ncirculation of the blood 55 \n\nci vi 1 service re form 223 \n\nClairaut, Alexis Claude 80 \n\nClark, Samuel 188 \n\nClarke, Edward Daniel 108 \n\nNoah T 203 \n\nclassics 34. 35. 40. 41. 131 \n\nimportance of 68 \n\nmethods of teaching 45, 47, 178 \n\nClinton, DeWitt Ill \n\nGeorge Ill \n\nCobbett, \xe2\x96\xa0William 128 \n\nCochr.-in, David Henry 228 \n\nCockburn. Lord 92 \n\ncoeducation 139 \n\ncognition 84 \n\nCogswell, Joscpli ti 158 \n\nCol burn, Dana I* 217 \n\nWarren 141,152 \n\nColet, John 34 \n\ncollege chairs of cd ii 100. 181). 225. 231 . 244, 272 \nCoUeii. Ludol r von 49 \n\n\n\nPAGE \n\ncolors 43 \n\nCombe. George 131. 1 18 \n\nComeniiis, John Amos 57 \n\ncomets 53, 80. 91 , 194 \n\nCommentaries on American Law 104 \n\ncommittee of 10 240 \n\nof 15 2(39 \n\nCommon Scliot)! Director I.\'8 \n\n\xe2\x80\xa2 Journal 140, 150 \n\ncomparative anatomy 169. 199, 250 \n\nphilology 218 \n\nCom pay re. Gal)riid 2:\'() \n\ncompulsory ed\'n 32, 90, 165 \n\nConant, M:n-sli:ill 161 \n\nConcord sclmoldf pliilosophy 157, 26.i \n\nCondon-et. Ji\'.in Autnine 91 \n\nConfessions of a Schiiolinastcr 157 \n\nConfucius 20 \n\n<\'oiigressi(iiial lilirary 90 \n\nconic sections 60. 73 \n\ncooki ng 152, 227 \n\nCooper. M vies 87 \n\nPeter 136 \n\nCooper- Poacher. Malild.a 253 \n\nCopernicus. Nicolaus 36, .53 \n\ncorals 198 \n\nCornelius. Klias \' 141 \n\nCornell. Ezra 177 \n\ncorporal punishment 62. 152 \n\nCousin, Victor 138, 115 \n\nCrandall, Prudence 153 \n\nCrates 26 \n\ncreches 89 \n\nCroesus 1 i^ \n\nCrotona 19 \n\nCruttenden. David II 221 \n\ncurriculum 37. 45. 24(1 \n\nCurtis. George William 223 \n\ncurves 58. 80. 96 \n\nCuvier. Georges 109, 1 18 \n\ncycloid 60 \n\ncynics 26 \n\n.laevas 71 \n\nDagucrre. Louis Jacques Maude 193 \n\ndWlembert, Jean le Rond 81. 70. 97 \n\nDulzell, .Viidrew 92 \n\n\n\n278 \n\n\n\nIndex \n\n\n\nPAOE \n\nD.-iiin, Jjunes Uwijrlit 1 W \n\nDiirtmouth, enrl of 7S \n\nDarwin. Chni-lc\'s Robert .... 18(i, 189. 21t). 26;i \n\nUiividson, Thomas \xc2\xab.\'i4 \n\nDavies, Charles loti \n\nDavis, Heury Ill, IfiS \n\nDavy. Sir Humphrey 1 18, 135 \n\nDay, Jeremiah 1 1."\' \n\nThomas it\'i \n\nDay Dreams of a Schoolmaster \'SM \n\ndeaf, education of 80, 128, 137, 144, 184 \n\ndecimal classification "67 \n\nweiglits and measures 97. 1;26 \n\ndeductive lojjic ".t \n\ndephlogisticated air 91 \n\nDe Genlis, Mme de 9fi \n\nDe Geraudo, Baron Joseph M 170 \n\nDeGraff. Esmund V 243 \n\nDe Guim])S, Baron 94 \n\nDe La Salle, St. John Baptist fi7, 138 \n\ndelEpee, Charles Michel, abbe 80 \n\nDe Morgan, A ugustus 174 \n\nDemosthenes 24 \n\nDenison, George Antliony 173 \n\nDenmark, king of 206 \n\nDescartes, Kene 58, 63, 72 \n\nDescent of Man 186 \n\ndestitute children \n\n67.69,94. 100. 115, 119. 124. 165, 180 \n\nDe Viette 49 \n\nDewey, Melvil 267 \n\ndialectics 23 \n\ndialogues 83 \n\ndiamagnetism 135 \n\ndice in teaching 83 \n\nDick bequest 231 \n\nDiderot. Denis 81 \n\nDiesterweg. Krledrich .\\<l()lf Uilli<>lm... \n\n135, 245 \n\n(lilTusion of gases 135 \n\nDillaway, Charles Kn;ipp 171 \n\nDilworth, Thomas 77 \n\nDiognetus 31 \n\nDiophantus 58 \n\ndiscipline, methods of \n\n37. 77, 87, 127, 148. 149, 152, 157, 168, \n\n1 69, 170, 176,211, 214,245 \n\n\n\nTAGK \n\nDistrict School Journal 182 \n\nDittmar 124 \n\nDi.\\. John .\\dams 154. 134. 182 \n\nDodge, Ebenezer 208 \n\ndogmatics 41 \n\ndomestic ed"n 152 \n\ndormitory system 184 \n\ndouble translation 45, 47 \n\nDowning, .\\ ugustus Seiss 271 \n\nDraper. A ndrew S 266. 257 \n\nJohn William 193 \n\nDrlsler, Henry 206 \n\nDrow, John 207 \n\ndualism, religious 17 \n\nDuHamel, Jean Marie Coutant 155 \n\nDwight, Francis 182 \n\nTheodore William 215 \n\nTimothy 99. 1 15 \n\ndynamics 81 \n\nEbers, George 247 \n\neclipses 50. HW \n\nEdge worth. Maria liHi. 92 \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 - Richard Lovell 92. 106 \n\neditors, educational \n\n133, 135. 141, 144. 146. 150. 156, 157, 170. \n\n..182, 188, 190, 197. 202, 225, 232, 239. 273 \n\ned ucation by the State 25 \n\nEducational Magazine 173. 1S8 \n\nReview 273 \n\nEdwards. B. B 144 \n\nJimathan 74. 99, 115 \n\nEgleston, Thomas 238 \n\nEgyptians 49, 108,217 \n\nelective system 184. 240 \n\nelectricity 85, 86. 135, 195 \n\nEliot, Charles William 240 \n\nElizabeth, Queen 47 \n\nellipsoids 73. 96 \n\nelliptic functions 97 \n\nel 1 i ptica 1 orbi ts 53 \n\nEllis, William 160 \n\nElmira reformatory 169 \n\nEmerson, George B 1.52. 107 \n\nJoseph 130, 1.52 \n\nEmih\' 79,92, 103 \n\nendless puiiislinieut 74 \n\n\n\nIndex \n\n\n\n279 \n\n\n\nPAGE \n\nKiiglish popular (Mlucation 116 \n\nIC pee, Charles Michel, abbe de 1\' 80 \n\nI\'jpicurus 26 \n\nequations 132 \n\nequilibrium of fluids 60 \n\nErasmus 35, 34. 39 \n\nEsquirol. I)r Am \n\nEssays on a Liljeral Educaliou 234 \n\nethics \n\n17, 19. 22, 23. 25, 26, 30. 63. 73, 75, 159, 208 \n\nEuclid \' 27, 97 \n\nEu<leMUis 31 \n\nEu(l()\\us 27 \n\nEulur, Leon hart 76. 71. 73. 86 \n\n"Euryka\'" 27 \n\nI\';verett, Edward 143 \n\nevolution 179, 186, 189, 193. 216 \n\nexamiualious 159, 233 \n\n\n\n, 135, \n\n\n\n.196, \n\n\n\nfables \n\nFairbanks, Joseph Paddock.. \n\nFaneuil, Peter \n\nFaraday, Michael \n\nFarel, Guillaume \n\nFartuer, John \n\nFaruham, George Loomis \n\nFarrar. Frederic William \n\nfeeble-minded, ed"u of , \n\nfees of Isoorates \n\nFellenberg, Philipp Emau\'l von.. Ill, 113. \n\nFenelon, Francois 66, \n\nFermat, Pierre de \n\nfermentation \n\nFerrari, Luigi \n\nFichte, Johann Gottlieb 103, 117, \n\nFisk, Wilbur \n\nFiske, John \n\nFitch, Joshua G \n\nFlagg, Azariah Cutting \n\nfluxions 71. 73, \n\nForster, William Edward \n\nfounders 34. 69, 75, 78, 89, 99, 105, \n\nlOr, 120, 136. 147. 173, 176, 177, 196. \n\nfoundlings ^ \xe2\x96\xa0 . . \n\nFowlc. William IJentley \n\nFranciscans \n\nFrancke. Augusl llcruiaii 59, \n\n\n\n)8 \n176 \n\n210 \n46 \n133 \n\n234 \n\n213 \n\n22 \n\n157 \n\n112 \n\n58 \n\n70 \n\n43 \n\n132 \n\n139 \n\n257 \n\n224 \n\n134 \n\n132 \n\n209 \n\n238 \n54 \n\n146 \n38 \n\n101 \n\n\n\nPAGE \n\nFranklin. Ken jam in 75. 72, 85, 86 \n\nEraser. \\V 142 \n\nFrazer. James 165 \n\nFrederick the Great 71 \n\nFreedom of the \'Will 74 \n\nFreeman, Edward .\\ugustus 21S \n\nFrench, John H 221, 262 \n\nFroebel, Priedoricli 122. 17C, 200 \n\nFrau 17C, 245 \n\n\n\nGaines, .\\bsalom Graves \n\nGai usborough \n\nGalen. Claudius \n\nGalilei. Galileo \n\nGall, Era n/, Joseph \n\nGallaudet, Thomas Hopkins \n\ngallery lessons \n\nGallon, Samuel \n\ngames \n\nGarfield, James A bra in \n\nGargantua \n\nGarrick, David \n\nGellert, Christian Furchtegoil \n\nGenlis, Mme de \n\ngeodesy \n\ngeography.. 79, 108, 110, 136, 179, ISO. 216. \n\ngeology 91, 105, 108, 109, 110 \n\n..127, 137, 148, 151, 165, 169. 198, 235. \n\ngeometry 18, 19, 27, 33, 43. 49. 76 \n\ndescriptive \n\norganic \n\nGeorge III 88, \n\nGerman ed"l system \n\nGibbon, Edward 6(;. \n\nGilbert, Charles B \n\nGirard, Stephen \n\nglaciers .179. \n\nGladstone, J. H \n\nWilliam Ewart 209. \n\nGlens Falls summer school \n\nGoethe. .Johann Wolfgang von 82 \n\ngolden rule \n\nGottsched, Johann Christoph \n\nGove, Aarou \n\nGraham, A.J \n\ngrammar 31. 40. 47. 48, 93, \n\ngravi t ation 64, 80, 86 \n\n\n\n226 \n\n88 \n31 \n53 \nlis \n128 \n142 \n120 \n83 \n236 \n3S \n93 \n\n\n\n238 \n, 86 \n\n96 \n\n73 \n119 \n\n9(: \n102 \n271 \n\n99 \n210 \n13.^ \n251 \n262 \n. 90 \n\n\n\n254 \n\n217 \n\n16C \n\n97 \n\n\n\n280 Index \n\n\n\nPACK PAfiE \n\nGray. A s;i is\'t ll ill. Frcilfii.- l\xc2\xabi \n\nGreek- -.U. :ir, rtS. it2. 1(C. sir Row land US. IC.ii \n\n..143. 1,^3. lt)3. lr.^, IS.=>, 204. 20o. 212. 22n IIIikIus 19 \n\niniportaiici! of tiS lliii-sdalc. IJurkc .V.irdri 244. 2:!i) \n\nmet hods of tcMchiiit; H:! IlippDi\'iaic-. 21 \n\nGreen leaf. IJenjaniin 127 history. . ... A\'i\'i. 218. 229. 247. 2ri7. 26.5. 2ti8 \n\nGrisconi. .John ll.i of cdn 42. 92. \n\nGrove, William Robert U)7> ..loi. 12(i. 12."), IH3. 22.\'i. 234. 244. 2.54. 2fi() \n\nfruessing eucourajied 83 lloluyl 1 i:i \n\nGuilford. Nathiin 12fi ll.i-arth. Williain 88 \n\nGiii/ot, FraiH;oi.s Pierre G 32. 138. 1.55 Ilomr. Ilriii\\ (ly.nl Kanics) : .. 73 \n\nGuthrie, Thomas Ui5 and cdlDnial i i-aininu s<dio(d 220 \n\nGuy-Lussae 12ti Hopkin>. M.irk 166 \n\nGuyot, Arnold Henry 179 hospitals 99 \n\njjym nasties. .. , 83 house of refu^;!\' 115 \n\nHow (;i-rtrnde Tcirhi\'s 94 \n\nIl.all. Sainn.d i; 107 Howe, .lulia W.ar.j |(i2 \n\nHalle, the Kranrke schools t)9 Samuel (.rid ley 162, 118. 232 \n\nH;illey. Ivlniund SO. 86 How la ml. j\'.mily 212. 201. 228 \n\nHamilton. Ale\\;inder 89 llu^ho. .lames 1 263 \n\nSir Will 131. 193 Mrs. .\\da IMare.m 263 \n\ncollege Ill \'I\'lMimas 173 \n\nharmony of the s|il]eres 19 llii-... \\\'iei.ir 196 \n\nHarper, .Tames 119 humanists 35. 68 \n\nHarris. William Torre \\ 241. 75. 199. 234 llumlioldt. .Ue\\,-inder vmi 110 \n\nHart. .I..hn Seely 188 William v.m 90 \n\nHarlman 80 Hume. David 78,260 \n\nH.arxey. William .55 humor of Ualielais \' 38 \n\nHassidtine, .\\l)ii,\'ail 130 II unl i nmoii, Krederiek Dan 208 \n\nAnn (.IikIsoi.) 130 llul(diiscm. Williain 228 \n\nHaiiy, abbe 162 llu\\ley. Thomas 224. 260 \n\nHaven. Kraslus <) 173 Huy^ciis. Chrisliaii 65. 242 \n\nHawley. Gideon 125 Hyde. William DeWitt 272 \n\nHawthorne, Xathaiiiid 170 hydroehlorie, ai-id 86 \n\nHa /.el wood syst(uii 14S li\\ piiotism. . 2.56 \n\nheart eulture 73. 169 \n\nheat 43, 86, 1.55. 195. 210 idealism 23. 72. 138 \n\nHidirew 37. 16:? idiocy 196. 2i:i \n\nH(d)rews 19. 63 Illinois School master 251 \n\nHegel, (;eore \\Vilh(dni I\' 132, 138.241.254 im-oinesat F.diiiburgh 92 \n\nHeraclianus :!1 Imliaus. education of 74. 78. 89. 14 1 \n\nHi-raidites 2ii individual freedom 84 \n\nHerbart. .lohann Fried rich | i;. \\]:>,, 264 induction 21. 40. .52 \n\nHernia II us. .lakobus 51 induliriMicii\'s 37 \n\nHersehfd, Cai-oiine bucrelia 88 inraut schools 89 \n\nSir Willi:! Ill 8S insanity 128. 213 \n\nHiero 27 insects 216 \n\n\n\nIndex \n\n\n\n281 \n\n\n\nPAGE \n\nIsocrates 22 \n\nisochronism 53 \n\nItard, Dr 196 \n\nJacotot, Joseph 112 \n\nJahn 158 \n\nJames 1 55 \n\nJansen, Cornelius 56, 60. 68, 81 \n\nJanua LiiiKuanim 57 \n\nJapan, education in 46, 233, 245, 250 \n\nJeiferson, Thomas 90, 75 \n\nJesuits 39, 46, 49, 56, 60, 120 \n\n.Tews 49 \n\nJohnson, Ilerrick 268 \n\nSamuel 72, 85 \n\n(the lexicographer) 88. 93 \n\nWalter Rogers 143 \n\nWilliam Samuel 85 \n\nJohnson\'s Chancery Reports 104 \n\nJohonnot, James 221 \n\nJolly, William 131 \n\nJones, Bence 135 \n\nJournal of Pedagogy 272 \n\nJowett, Benjamin 204 \n\nJudson, Adoniram 130 \n\nAnn Hasseltice 130 \n\nJustin, the martyr 31 \n\njuvenile delinquents 115 \n\nKames, Lord 73 \n\nKane\'s arctic expedition 147 \n\nKant, Immanuel 84, 71, 103, 117, 132, 262 \n\nKeller, Helen 232 \n\nKent, James 104 \n\nKenyon, William C 219 \n\nKepler, John 53, 50, 64 \n\nKeulen. Ludolf von 49 \n\nKindergarten. ..89, 122, 170. 200, 237. 245, 263 \n\nMessenger 170 \n\nKingsbury, John 162 \n\nKingsley, Charles 210 \n\nK irkland Sam uel 89 \n\nKnox. John 44, 82 \n\nKoornhert 51 \n\nKosmos 110 \n\nKotelmann, Ludwig 252 \n\nKraus-Boelte, Mrs. Maria. , , . . , ,245 \n\n\n\nPAGE \n\nLafayette, Gen. 162 \n\nLagrange, Joseph Louis 86, 73, 97 \n\nLancaster, Joseph.. 119, 100, 128, 138, 142, 146 \n\nLange 245 \n\nlanguage 218 \n\nmethods 1 12 \n\nLansdowne, Lord 216 \n\nLaplace, Pierre Simon. Marquis de 97, 86 \n\nLaSalle, St. John Baptist de la 67, 138 \n\nLatin... 37, 41, 50, 71 \n\nimportance of 68 \n\nmethods 47, 57 \n\nLaurie, S. S 231, 56 \n\nLavater, Johann Kaspar 90 \n\nLavoisier, Antoine Laurent 91 \n\nlaw 56, 104, 215 \n\nlazarists 54 \n\nLeavenworth, Elias 168 \n\nlecturers 143, 210 \n\nLectures on School Keeping 107 \n\nLegendre, Adrien Marie, 97 \n\nlegislators 32, \n\n90, 111, 120, 140, 154, 171, 192, 209, 236, 251 \n\nLeonard, Albert 272 \n\nand Gertrude 94 \n\nLeibnitz, Gottfried Wilhelm 65 \n\nLeonardo of Pisa 33 \n\nLevana ..103 \n\nlever 27 \n\nLewis, Samuel 1.58 \n\nTayler 163 \n\nLeyser 98 \n\nLiancourt, Duke of 60 \n\nlibraries.. 37, 89, 90, 128, 134, 141, 1.54. 167. 267 \n\nLieber, Francis 161 \n\nlight 43, 86, 132 \n\nLily, William 34 \n\nLincoln, Almira 129, 140 \n\nline of swiftest descent 70 \n\nLinne, Carl von (Linnaeus) 76 \n\nlocal arithmetic 51 \n\nLocke, .John 62, 48,64,72,260 \n\nlogarithms 51 \n\nlogic... 25, 31, 37, 41, 84, 145, 174,175, 193, 205 \n\nlogical criterion 26 \n\nlollards 34 \n\nLondon institution 116 \n\n\n\n282 \n\n\n\nIndex \n\n\n\nPAGE \n\nLondon mechanics institution 116 \n\nLongfellow, Henry W 254 \n\nlongitude 126 \n\nLoomis, Elias 194 \n\nLoose Hints on Education 73 \n\nLord, Asa Dearborn 202 \n\nJohn 129 \n\nLouis XIV 61, 63 \n\n\xe2\x80\xa2 Napoleon Io5 \n\nPhilippe 96, 138 \n\nLove, Samuel G 213 \n\nLovell, John 77 \n\nLow, Seth 267, 206 \n\nLowell institute 151, 179, 231 \n\nLoyola, Ignatius de 39,46 \n\nLucretius 29 \n\nLucullus 30 \n\nLudolf number 49 \n\nlunar apogee 80 \n\nLuther, Martin 37, 35, 41 \n\nLyell, Si r Charles. 151 \n\nLyon, Mary 152, 130 \n\nMacaulay, Thomas Babbington 116 \n\nMcCosh, James 193 \n\nMoElligott, James N 197 \n\nMace, William H 268 \n\nMaclaurin, Colin 73 \n\nMacVicar, Malcolm 230 \n\nmagnetic equator 110 \n\nmagnesium 118 \n\nmagnetism 18, 135, 194 \n\nMalpighi, Marcello 55 \n\nManchester and Salford scheme 173 \n\nMandeville, Prof 163, 219 \n\nMann, Horace 147, \n\n..133, 139, 144, 150, 167, 171, 176, 187, 217 \n\nMrs 170 \n\nManning, James 87 \n\nmanual training 77, 83, 108. 113, 313 \n\nMarble, Albert Prescott 245 \n\nMarcus Aurelius 30, 31 \n\nMarcy, William L 194 \n\nMarsh, Othniel Chnrles 235 \n\nMartin, Geo. H 257 \n\nMaryland School Journal 220 \n\nMason, Lowell 139, 243 \n\n\n\nPAGE \n\nMassachusetts Teacher 192 \n\nmathematics. 18, 19, 27, 33, 43, 49, 51. 58, 60, \n65, 70, 71, 73, 76, 77. 80, 81, 86. 91, 96, 97, \n..127, 132, 141, 155, 156, 174, 200, 217, 242 \n\nMaupertuis, Pierre Louis Moreau de 80 \n\nMaurice, Frederick Denison 173, 188, 210 \n\nmaxima and minima 58 \n\nMaximus Planudes 18 \n\nMax-Miiller, Friedrich 218 \n\nMaxwell, William Henry 269 \n\nMay, Samuel Joseph 1.53 \n\nmechanics 27, 64 \n\ninstitutions 116 \n\nmedical jurisprudence 137, 199 \n\nmedicine 21, 31, 43, 55 \n\nMelauchthon, Philip 41 \n\nmetaphysics 25, 74, 138 \n\nmetempsychosis 19 \n\nmeteorology 194 \n\nmethod 58 \n\nof teaching 45 \n\nof variations 86 \n\nmetric system 80, 86, 97, 126 \n\nMichelet, Jules 1.55 \n\nMichigan Teacher 244 \n\nMill, James 175 \n\nJohn Stuart 175, 31 \n\nMiller, Hugh 165 \n\nMilton, John .58, 48, 56 \n\nMiner, Myrtilla 201, 228 \n\nmineralogy 108, 124, 137, 198, 238 \n\nmissionaries 46, 74, 78, 89. 130, 144 \n\nMistakes in Teaching 263 \n\nMitchell, Maria 206, 133 \n\nmodern languages 49, 218 \n\nmethods 112, 130 \n\nMoliere (.Jean Baptiste Po(iuelin) TO \n\nMolinos, Miguel 66 \n\nMonge, Gaspard 96 \n\nmonism 60 \n\nmonitorial system \n\n100, 115, 119, 128, 138, 142, 146, 1.56 \n\nMontaigne, Michel Eyqueni de 48, 56 \n\nmoon\'s motion 76, gO \n\nmorals, teaching of. . . .66, 82, 84, 106, 166, 205 \n\nMore, Hannah 93, 120 \n\nSir Thomas 39 \n\n\n\nIndex \n\n\n\n283 \n\n\n\nPAGE \n\nMoTley, John 251 \n\nMorse, Edward Sylvester 250 \n\nJedediah 136 \n\nSamuel F. B 136. 193 \n\nMortimer, Mary 202 \n\nMullany, Patrick John 265 \n\nMunson, J. E 217 \n\nMurray, David 233\' \n\nLindley 93 \n\nmusic 19, 37, 41, 88, 139, 243 \n\nmusical intervals 19 \n\nMy Schools and Schoolmasters 165 \n\nNapier, John 51 \n\nNapier\'s bones 51 \n\nNapoleon Bomiparte 96, 101 \n\nIll 132 \n\nNational academy of science 235 \n\neducational association. 215, 220, 222, \n\n232,240,241,244, 245, 254, 255, 257, \n\n259, 261, 269, 271. 272, 273 \n\nof Scotland 149 \n\nsociety 100 \n\nnatural history \n\n108, 110, 121, 179, 185, 213, 216, 250 \n\nNature of the Scholar 103 \n\nnautical almanac 127, 206. 242 \n\nnebular hypothesis 97 \n\nnegro, education of 153, 201, 228 \n\nNero 30 \n\nNewcomb. Simon 242 \n\nNewell, M. A 220 \n\nNewton, Sir Isaac 64, 73, 80, 97 \n\nNicole 61 \n\nNiemeyer, August Hermann 101 \n\nnitric oxide 86 \n\nnitrous oxide 118 \n\nnormal schools \n\n..143, 145. 156, 158, 173, 182, 187, 188, 201 \n\nNorth, Edward 212 \n\nSimeon 163 \n\nNott, Eliphalet 114 \n\nNovum Organon 52 \n\nobedience 67 \n\nOberlin, Jean Frederic 89 \n\nobject-teaching 94, 160. 220 \n\n\n\nPAGE \n\nOhio Educational Monthly 232 \n\nJournal of Education 202 \n\nOlmsted, Denison 132 \n\nomuiscience 148 \n\nOntario Teacher 255 \n\noratory 22, 24, 28, 114, 143, 1.56. 219 \n\nOrbis Pictus 57 \n\norbi ts .53. 70 \n\nordi nates 58 \n\norganization 41, 45. 51, 101 \n\noriental languages 102. 163 \n\nOrigin of Species 186 \n\nOrleans, Duke of 96 \n\nOrniuzd 17 \n\nornithology 121 \n\norphan education 54, 61, 67, \n\n69, 89, 100, 115, 124, 137, 142. 160, 165, 210 \n\nosteology 31 \n\nOutlines of Pedagogy 117 \n\nOwen, Richard 169 \n\noxygen discovered 86, 91 \n\nPage, David Perkins. 187 \n\npalaeontology 109, 169, 235 \n\nPalmer, Miss 170 \n\nPantagruel 38 \n\npantheism 63 \n\nparabolas 58 \n\nparallels 27 \n\nParis, University 33 \n\nParker, Francis Wayland 248,263 \n\nParmenides 19 \n\nparochial schools 120 \n\nparthenogenesis 169 \n\nPartridge, Capt 139 \n\nPascal, Blaise 60 \n\nJacqueline 60 \n\nPater, ^Valter 204 \n\nPattison. Mark 59 \n\nPaul , Jean 103 \n\nSt. Vincent de 54 \n\nPausanias 21 \n\nPayne, Joseph 180 \n\nWilliam H 244, 260 \n\nPeabody, Elizabeth Palmer 170, 157, 206 \n\nGeorge 147 \n\nPeet, Harvey Priudle 144 \n\n\n\n284 \n\n\n\nIndex \n\n\n\nPAGE \n\nPeirce, Cyrus 133,206 \n\npendulum 53 \n\nPenikese school 1T9, 263 \n\npenny postage 148 \n\nPennsylvania School Journal. ..172, 188, 225 \n\nperception 72 \n\nperipatetics 25 \n\nPereira 80 \n\nPerkins institute 162, 232 \n\nPersia 18 \n\nPestalo/.zi, Johann Heinrich. .94, 68, 103, \n\n..108, 113, 117. 124, 135, 139, 141, 142, 245 \n\nPhaedrus 17 \n\nPhelps, Mrs. Almira Lincoln.\' 140, 129 \n\nphilanthropin 83, 98, 113 \n\nPhilip of Macedon 22 \n\nPhili ppe, Frere 138 \n\nPhilosophical Review 270 \n\nphilosophy 17, 18, 19, 22, 23, 25, 26, 28, \n\n29, 33, 58, 62, 63, 65, 71, 72, 78, 82, 84, \n\n103, 117, 131, 132, 138, 175, 205, 211 \n\nphlogiston 86, 91 \n\nphonography 199, 217 \n\nphrenology 118, 131 \n\nphysical astronomy 53 \n\neducation 48, 49, 83, 181 \n\nphysics 41 , \n\n52, 64, 70, 75, 86, 134, 136, 193, 195, 210, 242 \n\nphysiognomy 90 \n\nphysiology \n\n. . . .76, 157, 160, 181, 199, 205, 210, 252, 256 \n\nPickering, John 171 \n\nPierpont, John ....118 \n\npietism 69 \n\nPisa leaning tower 53 \n\nPitman, Benn 217 \n\nIsaac 199, 217 \n\nplanetary mean motions 97 \n\nPlanudes, Maximus 18 \n\nPlato 23, 19,22,25,26, 132,204 \n\nPlatter, Thomas 42 \n\nPlessner, Frederick William, 237 \n\nPlutarch 19 \n\nPolemo 26 \n\npolitical economy 84, 161, 175, 177,227 \n\npolitics 25 \n\nPollock, Mrs. Louise 237 \n\n\n\nPAGE \n\nI\'olycarp 31 \n\npolytheism , 78 \n\nPompey 28 \n\n>\'ooler, Charles T 212 \n\nPorson, Richard 102 \n\nPort Royal 56,60,61, 120 \n\nPorter, Ebenezer 114 \n\npotassium 118 \n\nPotter, Alonzo 160, 170 \n\nPoucher, Isaac 253 \n\nMrs. Matilda Cooper 253 \n\npoverty 67 \n\nPractical Education 106 \n\nPratt, Daniel J 249 \n\npredestination 51, 56 \n\nPrescott, William 145 \n\nPreyer, Thierry William 256 \n\nPriestley, Joseph 86, 91 \n\nprobabilities 58, 60 \n\nproblem of the three bodies 80 \n\nprojectiles 97 \n\nproverbs 41 \n\nProvincial Letters 60 \n\nprudential wisdom 26, 84 \n\nPruyn, J. V. S. L 194 \n\npsychology 211, 260 \n\nPtolemy 27, 49 \n\nPythagoras 19, 18 \n\nquadrating parabolas 58 \n\nquadrupeds 121 \n\nQuarterly Journal of the American Edu- \ncational Society 133, 144 \n\nquestioning ... 22 \n\nQuick, Robert Henry 234,89 \n\nQuincy methods 245 \n\nRabdologia 51 \n\nragged schools 165, 180 \n\nRabelais, Franfois 38 \n\nRandall, Samuel S 183 \n\nRantoul, Robert, jr 171 \n\nradiant heat 210 \n\nRatich, Wolfgang 57 \n\nRatio Studiorum 49 \n\nRaumer, Friederich 124 \n\nKarl Georg von 124 \n\n\n\nIndex \n\n\n\n285 \n\n\n\nPAGE \n\ntreading, sentence method 222 \n\nrejilisni 138 \n\nRecord of a School 157, 170 \n\nreformatory ed\'n 20, 169, 176, 180,21.5 \n\nregents examinations 159 \n\nReid, Thomas 193 \n\nRein. William 264, 117 \n\nreligious dualism 17 \n\ninstruction 37, 73 \n\nRensselaer polytechnic 105 \n\nReynolds, Sir .Joshua 88, 93 \n\nRheinische Blatter 135 \n\nRheticus 36 \n\nrhetoric 22, 25,28,37, 107, 188,219 \n\nRice, Victor M 207, 183 \n\nRichelieu, Cardinal .56 \n\nRichter, Johann Paul Friederich 103 \n\nRickofr, Andrew Jackson 222,241 \n\nRoll in . Charles 68 \n\nLedru 196 \n\nRonge, Bertha 245 \n\nRoot, Georg;e F 243 \n\nRosmini 254 \n\nRoss, George William 2.55 \n\nRousseau, Jean .Jacques \n\n79,48.73. 78, 92. 103, 251 \n\nroyal road to learning 27 \n\nRoyal society of Edinburgh 73 \n\nRudolphine tables .53 \n\nRuskin John 209, 173 \n\nRussell, Lord John 116 \n\nWilliam 1.56 \n\nRyan, Patrick John 235 \n\nRyerson, Egerton 167 \n\nSaoy, Baron de 102 \n\nsafety lamp 118 \n\nSaint Aubin, Stephanie Felicite Ducrest \n\nde (Comtesse de Genlis) 96 \n\n\xe2\x96\xa0 Claude Henri, Comte de 96 \n\nCyran 56 \n\nSimon 1 96 \n\nsalaries 22, 42, 92 \n\nSalisbury. Bishop of 173 \n\nSanderson, Nicholas 71 \n\nSanford, Henry R 249 \n\nSanskrit 218 \n\n\n\nPAGE \n\nSarmiento, Domingo Faustino 192 \n\nSatan 17 \n\nSaunderson, Nicholas 71 \n\nSchaefFer, Nathan C 244 \n\nSchelling, F. W. J. von 138 \n\n, Schiller, Johann C. F. von 82 \n\nSchimmelpennick, Mary Anne 120 \n\nSchleierraacher, Friedrich Ernst Daniel. 132 \n\nscholasticism 33, 40 \n\nSchool and the Schoolmaster 107, 152, 160 \n\nhygiene 245 \n\nlaw 154,158 \n\nReview 270 \n\nSchopenhauer, Arthur 132 \n\nsciences. ..49. 51, 68. Ill, 115, 140, 224, 245, 263 \n\nScottish free schools 44 \n\nSchreber, D. G. M 181 \n\nSchurman, Jacob Gould 270 \n\nsecondary schools 45, 109 \n\nsectarian influences 99 \n\nteaching 131, 13.5, 160, 209 \n\nSeguin, Edward 196, 213 \n\nself-activity..^ 48, 135, 194 \n\nculture .. 185 \n\ngovernment 75, 246 \n\nSeneca 30 \n\nsensatory nerves 31 \n\nsenses trained 79 \n\nsentence method in reading 222 \n\nServetus 46 \n\nsesqulplicate ratio 53 \n\nseven wise men 18 \n\nSevigne, Mme. de 61 \n\nsexes of plants 76 \n\nSeymour, Horatio 168 \n\nShaler, Prof 263 \n\nSheldon, Edward Austin 220.253 \n\nShepard, Irwin , 259 \n\nSherwin, Thomas 141 \n\nSherriff, Emily A. E 200 \n\nShuttleworth, James Kay 167 \n\nSicard, Abbe 128 \n\nSilliman, Benjamin 198 \n\nSilvestre, .Vntoine Isaac (Baron de Sacy).]02 \n\nsines 76 \n\nSkinner, Charles R 261 \n\nSkrine, John Huntley 214 \n\n\n\n286 \n\n\n\nIndex \n\n\n\nPAGE \n\nslavery 128, 134,153,160 \n\nSmith, Adam 84 \n\nSmithsonian institution. ...161, 179, 189, 194 \n\nsocial development 7S \n\nscience 160 \n\nSociety for diffusion of useful knowl- \nedge 116, 134 \n\nSocrates 22, 23, 226 \n\nsodium 118 \n\nsolar system 97 \n\nsound 86 \n\nspectrum analysis 193 \n\nspelling reform 267 \n\nSpencer, Herbert 211, 84 \n\nSpinoza, Baruch 63 \n\nspiritualism 216 \n\nSpurzheim, Kaspar.. 118 \n\nsquaring the circle 49 \n\nStagirite, the 25 \n\nSteele, Joel Dorman 245 \n\nStevens, Thaddeus 140 \n\nStiles, Ezra 85 \n\nStilpo 26 \n\nstoics 26, 30. 31 \n\nStout. Isaac H 262 \n\nStow, David 142 \n\nStoy, Karl V 264 \n\nStowe, Calvin Ellis 163 \n\nHarriet Beecher 163, 201 \n\nSturm, Johann 45 \n\nStraight, Henry H 263 \n\nstrontium 118 \n\nStryker. Melanchthon Woolsey 268 \n\nsubjection tn authority 84 \n\nsubstance 60 \n\nsufflicient reason 132 \n\nsuicides 24, 29, 91, 165 \n\nSumner, Charles 192 \n\nsuperiniposure 27 \n\nsweetness and light 216 \n\nSwiss schools 46 \n\nSylvester, James Joseph 200 \n\ntangents 58 \n\nTappan, Henry Phillij) 172 \n\nTartaglia, Nicole 43 \n\n\n\nPAOE \n\nTaunton, Lord 224 \n\nTaylor, Samuel Harvey 178 \n\nteacher, ideal 40 \n\nTeachers Advocate 197 \n\nguild 231 \n\ntelegraph 92, 136, 177, 193 \n\nTelemaque 112 \n\ntelescopes 53, 64, 88 \n\ntemperance 128. 165, 253 \n\nThales 18 \n\nThayer, Gideon F 141 \n\nThe School and the Schoolmaster.107, 1.52, 160 \n\nThe Western 254 \n\nTheaetetus 27 \n\nTheatre of Education a96 \n\nThem istocles 21 \n\ntheology. 17, 20, 33, 34, 35, 37. 39, 41. 44, 46, \n\n49, 51, 56, 60, 61, 69, 74, 84, 149, 164, 227 \n\nthermometer 85 \n\nTheory and Practice of Teaching 187 \n\nThierry, Amedee Simon Dominique 155 \n\nthings before words 48 \n\nThompson, D\'Arcy W 231 \n\nthrift 75 \n\nThring, Edward 214 \n\nThyandegea 78 \n\nTillinghast, Nicholas 170 \n\nTobler, Johann Georg 108 \n\nTorrey, Jesse, jr 128 \n\nJohn 189 \n\ntraining schools 142, 154 \n\ntransubstantiation 34 \n\ntrigonometry 33 \n\nTrimmer, Mrs. Sarah Kirby 88 \n\nTruro, Lord 169 \n\nTuckerman. Joseph 180 \n\nTurner, Joseph Mallord William 209 \n\nTweed-Dale. Mr 146 \n\nTyndall, John 210,135 \n\nunconditioned 131 \n\nUnconscious Tuition 208 \n\nundulatory theory 132 \n\nuniform examinations 266 \n\nuniversity reform 185 \n\nUpson, Anson Judd 219 \n\n\n\nIndex \n\n\n\n287 \n\n\n\nPAGE \n\nUranus discovered 88 \n\nVan Rensselaer, Stephen 105 \n\nvariations, method of 86 \n\nvelocity of falling bodies 53 \n\nVermont School Journal 176 \n\nvernacular instruction 120 \n\nVerplanck.Gulian Crommelin 127 \n\nVerres 28 \n\nVerulam, Uaron 52 \n\nVarus 31 \n\nViete 49 \n\nVives, Giovanni Ludovico 39 \n\nvocal music 139 \n\nVocation of the Scholar 103 \n\nvolition 72 \n\nVoltaire, Fraa9ois Marie Arouet 60 \n\nVon Raumer, Friedrich 124 \n\nKarl Georg 124 \n\nWadsworth, James 107. 1,52, 160 \n\nWallace, Alfred Russel 216 \n\nWallenstein, Duke of .53 \n\nWashington, George 128 \n\nwater screw 27 \n\nWatkins, Albert Barnes 249 \n\nwaves, theory of 71, 73, 132 \n\nWayland, Francis 151, 130 \n\nWealth of Nations 84 \n\nWebster, Daniel 143, 171 \n\nNoah 77, 126 \n\nWehrli 113 \n\nWheelock, Fleazar 78,89 \n\nWhewell, William 148 \n\nWhite, Andrew Di.xon 236 \n\n\n\nPAGE \n\nWhite, Emerson Elbridge. 232 \n\nwhite cross movement 253 \n\nWickersham, James Pyle 225 \n\nWight, John Green 2.58 \n\nWilbur, Harvey Backus 213,196 \n\nWilderspin, Samuel 142 \n\nWillard, Emma 129,140 \n\nFrances E 253 \n\nWilliams, Samuel Gardiner 225 \n\nSherman 262 \n\nsecular school 131 \n\nWilson, Marcus 198.203 \n\nWines, Enoch Cobb 176, 215 \n\nWinsor, Justin 230 \n\nWitherspoon, John 82 \n\nWolff, Christian 71 \n\nwomen, ed\'n of. .35, 40, 79, 93, 124, 128, 129, \n\n..1.30, 134, 139, 146, 152, 162, 184, 200, 202 \n\nWoodbridge. W. C 139, 1.57 \n\nWoolsey, Theodore Dwight 161 \n\nWoolworth, Samuel Buell 159 \n\nWorcester, Joseph E 171 \n\nword method in number 249 \n\nWyclif, John 34 \n\n\n\nXavier, St. Francis. \nXenophon . . \n\n\n\n46 \n\n\n\nZeitschrift fiir Schulgesundheitspflege. .2.52 \n\nPhilosophic 264 \n\nZeno 26 \n\nZiller 264 \n\nzoology. . . .121, 155, 180, 186, 198, 216, 223, 250 \nZoroaster 17 \n\n\n\n// \n\n\n\n/ \n\n\n\nJ \'\xe2\x96\xa0:\xe2\x80\xa2 \n\n\n\nw \n\n\n\n15 \n\n\n\n89 \n\n\n\n\xe2\x96\xa0;1 f\'M \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nv^ \n\n\n\n\n\n\n/\\.\'J4::>wL \n\n\n\n\xe2\x80\xa2 \\^\' \n\n\n\n\n0" .1"^% \xc2\xb0 \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\xc2\xb0 " \xc2\xb0 * \'<*>. \' \' ,>\'^ .\xc2\xab\xe2\x80\xa2\'\xe2\x80\xa2\xc2\xab \'^ \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n***> \xc2\xab \n^0^ \n\n\n\n\n\'^bv*^ \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nc" \xe2\x99\xa6 \n\n\n\n> . \xe2\x80\xa2 \xe2\x80\xa2 \xe2\x80\xa2 . *>v r\xc2\xbbV Y \xe2\x80\xa2 \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\xe2\x80\xa2 " \' -l"^\' *^ \' \xe2\x80\xa2 \xe2\x80\xa2 \xe2\x80\xa2 \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nV c\xc2\xab"*-. \n\n\n\n. \xc2\xab - \xc2\xab \xe2\x80\xa2*<> \' \xc2\xbb , 1 \xe2\x80\xa2 \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n,\xc2\xab .\',5JSe^\'. -^^Z yM, u^^^^ \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nHECKMAN \n\nBINDERY INC. \n\n5^ 1989 \n\n\n\nN. MANCHESTER, \nINDIANA 46962 \n\n\n\n\n\n'