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3J 



JOURNAL OF ISAAC SENTER, 

PHYSICIAN AND SURGEON TO THE TROOPS DETACHED FROM 

THE AMERICAN ARINIY ENCAMPED AT 

CAMBRIDGE, MASS., 

ON A SECRET EXPEDITION AGAINST QUEBEC, 

UNEEK THE C0M3UND OF 



COL. BENEDICT ARNOLD, 



IN SEBT®BER, 1775. 



PHILAHELP^IA: 



PUBLISHED BY THE HllxORICAL SOCIETY OF 
PENNSYL^iNIA. 

1846 




■^'^K- 



NOTICE. 

The desire to possess the autographs and portraits of distinguished 
individuals has led to discoveries of great value to history and letters, and 
helped to preserve, particularly in a country where the past has had too 
little reverence, the materials of history itself. It is not known how, or 
why the original manuscript Journal of Dr. Senter was left in Philadelphia. 
nor how it came to the hands of its possessor — its existence hecame known 
in consequence of inquiries made by Dr. Lewis Roper, of this city, wlio 
wished to add to his collection of autographs a good specimen of the hand- 
writing of General Arnold. It was given to him, that he might extract 
from it an original note of that officer, which the reader will find printed 
at page 32. His perception of the value of the Journal induced him to 
communicate it to the Society by which it is published, with permission 
to print it. It is now given entire, and some few references have been 
added, to other collections, which form the scanty materials for a history 
of events, in which the troops of Permsylvania and Virginia maintained 
their well-earned reputation for endurance and valor. The circumstances 
connected with the ilesortion of the expedition by Colonel Eiios, and the 
return of most of the men of his command, are very little known, and 
light, of some importance, is shed on the subject, for the first time, it is 
believed. It is proper to add, that the words in brackets [ ] are not in the 
original manuscript, but have been added to complete the sense wherever 
omissions were palpable. 

Philadelphia, April, 1846. 



PREFACE. 

The following journal presents an interesting account of the sufferings and 
privations which were endured hy a detachment of troops under the com- 
mand of Arnold, on their march from ('ambridge to Quebec, in the autumn 
of the year 1775, by the route of the Kennebec and Chaudiere rivers. It is 
well known, that the object of the expedition was to co-operate with the 
army under the command of General Montgomery, which had previously 
entered Canada by the way of Lake Champlain, reduced St. John's and 
Montreal, and was preparing to march against Quebec. When it is recol- 
lected that the country through which this detachment then passed was 
almost entirely a wilderness, affording no resources to the troops, it may he 
safely asserted, that no portion of our' Revolutionary History presents more 
interesting features than the inciilerits of this expedition. The patient en- 
durance of this small body of men, under the pressure of extraodinary hard- 
ships, and the zeal manifested by those who persevered in the undertaking, 
entitle this part of our annals to a more conspicuous place in history than it 
has yet obtained. To perpetuate the remembrance of it is the motive which 
has induced this publication. Many of the facts related by the writer are cor- 
roborated in the interesting narrative of the late Judge Henry, of Lancaster, 
Pennsylvania, who bore a part in the expedition, and which was published by 
his family after his decease. Dr. Isaac Senter, was a native of Londonderry, 
in the State of Nevv Hampshire. He was descended from a respectable family, 
and was born in the year 17.5.3. He studied medicine at Newport, Rhode 
Island, with Dr. Thomas Moffat, a f^cotch physician of eminence. While pur- 
suing his studies, the news of the battle of Lexington arrived. He immediate- 
ly joined the Rhode Island troops, and accompanied them to the camp of the 
American army at Cambridge, in the capacity of surgeon. When the or- 
ganization of the army took place, his appointment was confirmed, and he 
was ordered to the detachment under Arnold. He retired from the army in 
the year 1779, and established himself as a physician in the town of Crans- 
ton, Rhode Island. About this time he was elected a Representative to the 
General .\ssemb!y from that town, and afterwards appointed .Surgeon and 
Physician Genera! to the State. Subsequently he removed to Newport, where 
he continned the practice of his profession under the most favorable circum- 
stances, as ;;lmost all of the old physicians had either died or emigrated 
during the war. Hy became eminent not only as an industrious and success- 
ful practitioner, but also as the author of several essays on professional 
subjects, which appeared in the medical publications of the day, and added 
greatly to his reputation at home and in iMirope. He was elected an hono- 
rary member of the Medical and Chirurgical Societies of lidinburgh and 
London, and an honorary member of the Masaacluisetts Medical Society. 
For several years he was President of the Society of Cincinnati of Rhode 
Lsland. In person he was tall and well proportioned, in aildress dignified 
and popular. In the height of his reputation and usefulness he was attacked 
with a disoiJer, caused by the severity of his professional labors, which 
terminated Ids life, to the great regret of his fellow citizens, on the 31st day 
of December, 1799, at the age of 46 years. 



A JOURNAL, (Vc. 

CumhriJgc, Tuesday, September 13, 1775. 

The detachment under the command oT Commandant Arnold 
had now been under marching; orders fromthc 11th,* duringwhich 
time most of the troops had quitted this place by different detached 
parties for the more convenient marching and lodging. 

At 5 o'clock, P. M., I left this in company with Mr. Greene 
(ray mate,) Mr. Barr, and Mr. .Tackson, when we marched, dis- 
tance from Cambridge, seven miles, on our way to Newbury Port. 
Came up with some part of the army at this place, and being 
|)retty well tired with seven miles foot-padding in two hours, we 
concluded to compose ourselves, though with very indiflerent 
fare. 

WciJiicsihn/, 14lh. — Fimlincj the (loas and other Tory insects 
not a little free with our ]Tro|)eity, we thought best to decamp 
very early this morn, and proceeded as far as Salem, where we 
dined ; from thence to Old Ipwich, whore we found very agree- 
able lodgings, ifcc. By this time our feet began to be very sen- 
sible of our undertaking, and threatened an immediate excoriation ; 
jioivever, being all in the same predicament, afforded a seeming 
alleviation. 

ThiintiUui, 13th. — We renewed our march this morning by 
sunrise, and continued it till half alter one, P. M., when we 
arrived in the town of Newbury, where I, with my company, 
took lodgings at Mr. Devenport's, an Innholder. The rear of 
the army was now coming up, while the transports were fitting 
with all possible despatch for our reception. This being a very 
agreeable place, I spent my time in a routine of pleasure ; how 
ever, our residence was only temporary, and all things being 
ready for our embarcation, we left a most beautiful town and its 
brave generous inhabitants the 19th. 

Titcxdaij, 19th. — Transports being now in readiness, we were 
ordered to embark this morning by 9 o'clock. Our fleet con- 
sisted of 1 1 sail of shipping, sloops and schooners, containing, 
upon an average, 100 troops, as our army consisted of 1100 
men, officers included.! < lot under way immediately, and all got 

♦ Hpury's Campiiign, p. 16. Mrig's Jouriuil, vol 2. Cofl. Mass. Hist. Son. 
p. 2'S[, (id scries.) 

I Henry's Campaign, p. 17. Ten coiiipunirs of niusliclmcii, and tfireo eotv:- 
pnnies of riflemen. Meigs's .iourn. vol. 2, (2if ser.) Coll. Moss. Hist. Soe. y. 
228. .^tlen's Jonrn., 1 vol. Coll. Maine Hist. Soc., vol. 1. p. 388, contains a 
statement of the oIKcers anil voUintcers of the expedition. Arnold's instructioni 
are lo be Ijund, 'W.isli. Writ. vul. 3, p. 86. 



safe over the bar, at the moutli of the river, except one of the 
transports, which was brought up on the shoals, and detained us 
till nigh three in the afternoon. Tide making in her favor, she 
got under way, and enabled us all to proceed to Cenebec R. 
The vessel I was desired to go on board of was the Broad Bay, a 
topsail schooner, in company of our colonel commandant, Mr. 
Spring, [the] Chaplain, and a numberofothergentlemen, several of 
which were volunteers of distinction. Our commandant nowbe- 
came Commodore of the Squadron, and after preparing signals, 
and distributing them to each captain of the respective transports, 
we pushed for Cenebec River. Nothing extraordinary occur- 
red during our passage; had that evening heavy wind with con- 
siderable rain, this bringing on a swell, occasioned most of the 
troops to disgorge themselves of their luxuries so plentifully laid 
in ere we embarked. 

Wedncsdiii/ 20. — This morning brought the mouth of the Ce- 
nebec River in sight half an hour after sunrise. The wind and 
rain continued exceeding hard, and with much difficulty we enter- 
ed the river; however, we finally got in and came to an anchor 
about a mile up the river. Went on shore with the gentlemen, 
got some fresh beef, &c. Here we waited till five in the afternoon 
for the other transports to arrive, but being separated the preced- 
ing night in the gale of wind, many fell much to leeward. We 
now proceeded up the river to Parker's flats, where we came to 
an anchor this night. 

Thursdni/ 31. — Several of the transports that were missing 
came up with us last night, and early this morning. Weighed 
and proceeded up the river, distance unknown. 

Fridai/ 22. — No extraordinarj'- occurrence this day, except our 
j)ilots running us on the shoals, which detained us a considera- 
ble time. Passed through a very narrow part of the river which 
was very rapid, called Hell Giaie. Passed Pownalborough ere 
we arrived at Gardner's Town, where a number of battoes were 
)n-eparing for our reception after the transports became useless. 
These were not quite linished. Came to an anchor, where we 
tarried till the remainder of the transports came up. Two of 
which were drove to leeward down to Sheeps-Gup River, so call- 
ed, and came up to us by w-ay of Townsend. The Broad Bay 
now weighed, and proceeded up to Fort Western, leaving a num- 
ber nf of men behind to bring up the batteaux. 

iSalnrda;/ 23. — Wind being unfavourable, we were not able to 
arrive at Fort Western last evening. This morn I quitted the 
B. Bay, and proceeded up the river by land. The distance being 
only five miles to F. W., though most of the way was destitute 
of any road. Arrived at F. Western at 10 o'clock in the morn- 
ing. We were now come to a Rapid in the river, beyond which 
our transports could not pass, nor could they all get up as lar as 



tliis. !Most of lliem wore li'ft at (iarJL'tfs Town, where the bal- 
teaux weru I uill, Mid the troops disembarked from them into the 
batteaux, except those who were obhg-ed to take land carriage. 
The batteaux were made of careen pine boards, which render- 
ed them somewhat heavy. The troops were now coining up to 
tiiis last, with the batteaux, provisions, &c. Head Quarters were 
at Esq. Howard's, an exceeding liospitable, opulent, polite, family. 

Sunday 34. — Early this morning- was called to attend a wound- 
ed soldier, who was shot through the body last night by a mali- 
cious drunken fellow belonging to the army. The hemorrhage 
was great inwardly, which soon occasioned his death. From the 
mouth of Cennebec river to F. Western 40 computed miles. 

j\foiiilay2o. — I'his morning search being made for the fellow who 
was imagined to be the murderer — found and condemned by a court 
martial to hang.* Tliis eveningCapt. Morgan marched uptheriver 
with a division of the riflemen. The rest of the army had now got 
very n'lah in readiness to march. The number of batteaux were 
about one hundred. To each of them a select number of batteaux 
men were ordered, in general about 5 per boat. In these all the 
provisions were put, tents and camp equipage, i!»:c., all excepting 
what was necessary for that party who went liy land. This 
number (as nigh as 1 could guess,) amounted to about 600. 
Among which watermen. I had the honor to command one 
batteaux, in care of all the medical stores, iV:c. My mate, Mr. 
(ireene, being sick of a dysentery, was obliged to leave him be- 
hind. 

Tnesilai/ 20. — This morning at 10, left F. Western in com- 
pany w-ith Lieut. Col. Greene, Mr. Burr, and several other gen- 
tlemen, and intrustedt by batteaux in the care of my hands. 
Lodged within five miles of Fort Halifax, at IMr. Hobby's ; noth- 
ing material transjiiring this day. All tlie army was in motion by 
land and water, though somewhat scattering, the better to faci- 
liate our march. 

Wc'liic.filnii '27 . — tiuit our lodLrinys at \0 in the morn, and ar- 
rived at Fort Halifaxat 13. Thisappeared a veiy pleasant prospect: 
some few iuliabitaiits, though not many, are settled round this 
j)'ace. Was invited bv Mr. Howard, an inhabitant who lived up 
a small river which emptied into Cennebec, close b\' the fort, 
formins- ajioint between the two rivers which the fort stood upon. 
According to invitation, went up the little river called Sabasticuck. 
distance from the fort, four miles. From Fort Western to Fort 
Halif^rx, 1-^ computed miles. At this time several of our annv 
were much troubled with the dysentery, diarrhea, &c. 

TInirsdaii 'Z'i. — This morning I returned to the fort from mv 

• S.-p Ani.il.rs I,rUi_T, ("i.U. \taiiir Hi^l. Soc, vol. 1. |>. 35,', lor an account 
of tills orriiricnce. 
\s-u; ong. 



lodgin£;s up the little river, but fmding- the rear of the armj^ not 
yet arrived, 1 betook myself back to my last night's lodging, where 
1 fared exceeding well. Col. Arnold was now in the rear of the 
army. 

Fridoij 29. — In search of the army, I again came down to 
the fort, but the rear not coming up, I returned again to my hos- 
pitable lodn-ings. During all this time the batleaux were coming 
up and going over the falls. These falls are called Tacunnick. 
The rapid water is the distance of about half a mile, past which 
all our batteaux, camp equipage, &c., was carried by hand. 
By this time several of our batteaux began to leak profusely, 
made of green pine, and that in the most slight manner. Water 
being shoal and rock.s jilenty, with a very swift current most of 
tlie way, soon ground out many of the bottoms. 

Sniiirdai/ 30. — Ere this, my batteau had arrived at the fort, 
in such a shattered condition, that I was obliijed to purchase 
another, or not proceed by water without destroying my medi- 
cines, stores, &c. I purchased a more portable well built one, 
seasoned, &c., iit for the business, for which I gave four dollars. 
This day I received orders to proceed, as the rear of the army 
had arrived at the fort. I accordingly engaged ft'lr. Howard's 
team, put my bark, freight, &c., on board his carl, and carried it 
from his house over across the land to Cenebec. 

Sinulati, Oct. 1. — I was now seven miles above Fort Halifax, 
and for the first time encamped upon the ground, the last evening. 
Morgan's division were still forward. Herein my little rural hut 
I received orders this morning to tarry till Col. Enos' division 
came up. Col. Greene commanded one battalion and Col. Enos 
the other, both Lieut. Cols. Boats were now continually passing 
by us when I impatiently waited the coming of the last division. 
My boat's crew consisted of three Englishmen, sailors, one old 
Swiss, and a young Scotchman, a deserter I'rom the British army 
at Boston ; as indeed all the rest were deserters from ihem 
at dilierent places. This day I spent in marching up and down 
the river to see the progress of the army passing the rapids. The 
river for about two miles was exceeding swift, water shoal, 
&c. Every batteaux crew were obliged to take to the water. 
Some to the painter, and others heaving at the stern. In these 
rapids the water was in general waistband liigh. With their 
united etlbrts, the stream was so violent as many times to drive 
them back after ten or twelve fruitless attempts in pulling and 
heaving with the wliole boats crew."' 

Moiulinj '2. — Yet was I in possession of my little hut. waiting 
for tlie rear division. "When an exjiress came from up the river 
about nine miles in quest of my going to see a sick soldier. 

'Heni'y's Cjinpaign, p. 31. 



Upon which I coiichided to f|'ut my habialion and proceed up 
iiloiig-. Kapids obliged us to I'al! short aho ut 4 miles, where we 
lodged at one McCrackts. 

Tiiefiiliii/ 3. — Procee ded early this morn ng up to my patient : 
found hiiuat one Mr. Ho ward's, where were numbers of the army 
The water now grew very rapid, three miles above was the falls 
called by the name of W'assarunskeig, ere we came to these falls. 
The river formed an elbow, across which there was a carrying 
j)lace. 

This I passed over, to view the falls, thoiiq-h did not move my 
baggage, &;c., till next day. 'I'he rear division was still behind. 

Wcilncsday 4. — As the rapids afforded but a tedious route of 
three miles by water round, I chose rather to take the advantage of 
the carrying places which was two and a half miles only, according- 
ly 1 had boat and baggage carried over by land to the foot of the 
falls, where we were obliged to put in and cross over the opposite 
side, ere we could carry by the falls. These were a very high waier 
fall, and exceeding difficult carrying by. After backing all the 
boats, jM'ovisions, camp eijuipage, &c., over, we again advanced 
up the river. Not far iiad we advanced ere we came to a fall 
called Scunkhegon. With a great deal of dilliculty we passed 
this, but not without coming very nigh losing one of my hands. 
After passing these, I [iroceeded about half a mile and tented. 

7'hursdoi/ .5. — We were now within about four and a halfmiles 
of Norriijewalk, where 1 left the charge of my batteaux to my 
lads, and ])roceeded up the river by land, till within about half a 
mile, where I contracted with a couple of savages who followed 
the army, to take charge of the boat, in conserpaence of the water 
growing exceeding rapid. They conducted her safe to the foot 
of the Norrigcwalk fall, where they were (tliat is the batteauxs) 
all liaul'd up. We had now a number of teams employed in con- 
veying the batteaux, provisions, camp eipiipage, &:c., over this 
carrying place. By tliis time, many of our batteaux were noth- 
ing but wrecks, some stove to pieces, cvc. The carpenters were 
emidoyed in repairing them, while the rest of the army were busy 
in carrying over the provisions, >&c. A (juantity of dry cod hsh, 
by this time was received, as likewise a number of barrels of dry 
bread. The fish lying loose in the batteaux, and being contin- 
ually washed with the fresh water running into the batteaux. 
The bread cask's not being water-proof, admitted the water in 
plenty, swelled the bread, burst the casks, as well as soured the 
whole-bread. The same fate attended a number of line casks of 
peas. These with the others were condeinn.?d. We were noiv 
curtailed of a very valuable and large part of our provisions, ere 
we liad entered the wilderness, or left the inhabitants. Our fare 
was now reduced to salt pork and flour. Beef we had once now 
and then, when we could purchase a fat creature, but that was 



10 

seldom. A few barrels of salt beef remained on liuiiu. but of so 
iudirl'eieiU quality, as s-carce to be eaten, being killed in tlie heat 
of summer, look much damage after siilting, that rendered it not 
only very un\vhole;ome, but very unpalatable. 

Fi-idai/, 6th. — Several of our army continued to be troubled 
with the dysentery, of which disease, Capt. Williams, a gentle- 
man from Connecticut, came niL;li to lose liis life. Continued 
getting over jirovisions, iVc. Weather mostly cloudy and con- 
siderable reign. 

Satiirddi/, 7th. — We were still at Norrigewalk, where was now 
most of the army. By a council of the olficers, it was thought 
advisable to send letters into Uuebec, informing some gentlemen 
of that city of our movements, &c. After the despatches were 
wrote it wns concluded to send one Mr. Jack(]uith, inhabitant of 
this river and native of Germany, who spoke the French language, 
ill company with two l\'nobscot Indians, by name Sabattis and 
Enneos,* who were well acquainted with the wilderness through, 
as well as the inhabitants of the country where they were going. 
Accordingly they v/ere dispatched in a bark canoe, taking a suf- 
ficient quantity of provisions for the purpose. 

Sniuhni, 8th. — (Jur [>ro visions were now all over, and had it 
not been for the inclemency of the weather, we should [have] de- 
caiupt. No occurrences of note this day. 

Monday, 9tli. — Early this morn wc were all in motion, and bid 
good bye to old Norrigewalk. I ordered my lads on board of the 
batteaux, and took foot bail. We proceeded up the river to the 
7 mde .stream, so called, which was about six miles from our last 
stace. Swift current — made but poor speed — exceeding load. 
After coming to the 7 rnile stream, I betook myself to my boat, 
and continued our progress about three miles further, where we 
eticami)ed. .Aluch indisposed this day. 

Tiiesdai/, lOlb. — We «'erc under way early this niorning. 
Sometimes was in my boat, at others on the land. Arrived at 
the very high waterfall called Caratuncah, between 2 and 3 o'clock, 
P. iM. Thirteen miles from Norrigewalk. Past these by land 
carriage; only about forty-six rood. I'hen came to our encamp- 
Mtent a mile above them. Rapid water all this day, with exceed- 
ing line soil and a beautiful growth of timber. 

Wtdnixda;/, lli\i. — Decamped at our usual time, viz., at the 
rising sun. Continued my march mostly by land this day. The 
water still continued very rapid. Our army were now scattered 
up and down the road at the distance of ten or twelve miles. At 
7 in the evening we quit the water and with the greatest difficulty 
))rocured a fire. Sprung our tents and made an exceeding lux- 
urious bed with the blue joint grass, which this river land pro- 
duces in great plenty, not less than five or six feet high. 
'Henry's Camiaigii, p. 32 to 35. 



11 

Thursdittj, 12th. — Our next stage we haJ in view was the Great 
Carrying Place, where witli the greatest diliicuhy we arrived liaK 
after four, P. JVl. The distance of this day's inarch we judged at 
twelve miles. The water mostly very rapid. Here I found most 
of the army, who had chielly crossed the carrying place. We 
were now three days march into the wilderness, from any im- 
provements whatsoever. I left iny lads in care of my boat, 
baggage, &c., and proceeded over the land in quest of our Com- 
mander. Came to the first pond or lake, and found he had crossed 
that. I then continued my course after hiin, when I found him 
encamped just over the lake, and found he had crossed that. I 
then continued my course after him, where 1 continued with him 
that night. 

Fridaij, irith. This morning returned immediately back to my 
boat and only got part of my baggage over. The pioneers, who 
had made the road as it was through the woods to the first pond, 
were now gone forward in their business. Brought over part of 
my things, where 1 took iij) my lodgings again at the same place 
as last night.' 

i>(itiir(hn/, 14th. — Returned r.qain to my boat, and continued 
carrying over the remainder with all possible speed. The armv 
was now much fatigued, being obliged to carry all the batteau.s. 
barrels of provisions, warlike stores, &c., over on their backs 
through a most terrible piece of woods conceivable. Sometimes 
in the mud knee deep, then over ledy-y hills, &c. The distance 
was three and three-quarter miles. Was obliged to encamp be- 
tween the river and pond, not being able to get quite over with 
the last load t 

Simddi/, loth. — This day I got over all my aliairs to the second 
portage, where I was obliged to tarry till the rear of the army 
came up. Many of us were now in a sad plight with the diarrhaa. 
(!)ur water was of the worst quality. The lake was low, sur- 
rounded with mountains, situate in a low morass. Water wai- 
quite yellow. With this we were obliged not only to do all our 
cooking, but use it as our constant drink. Nor would a little ol 
it sutfice, as we were obliged to eat our meat exceeding salt. 
This with our constant fatigue called for large quantities of drink". 
No sooner had it got down than it was puked up by many of the 
poor fellows. 

Monddij, 16th. — We now found it necessary to erect a build- 
ing for the reception of our sick, who had now increased to a very 
formidable number, A block house was erected and christened 

♦Arnold's Journ., p. -11; Knapp's Life of Burr. The letter is to be found, 
1 Maine Hist. Soc. Coll., p. 359. The person to whom it was addressed de- 
livered it to the Lieut. Governor, and the English had notice of the apppoach of 
the Anu'iii'ans. 

j Arnold's Journ., p. 21o Knnpp's Life of Uurr. 



12 

by tl'.e name of Arnold's HospitTi, and no iooijpr finislieil tlian 
filled. Not far from this was a .small bush hut provisionally con- 
.structed by Morgan's division of rillemen, who were gone forward. 
In this they left a young- gentleman b}^ name Irvin, a native of 
Pennsylvania, brought up a ])hysicianin that city,* and serving as 
an ensign in the company under Capt. Morgan. The case of 
ihis young gentleman was truly deplorable. In the first of our 
march fronr Cambridge, he was tormented with a disentery, for 
which he never paid any medical attention. When he came to 
wading in the water every day, then lodging on the ground at 
night, it kept him in a most violent rheumatism I ever saw, not 
able to help himself any more than a new born infant, every 
joint in his extremities infle.xible and swelled to an enormous 
size. Much in the same condition was Mr. .lackson of the same 
company, and .Mr. Greene, my mate. The last of whom was lel't 
at Fort Western. All these three gentlemen were afllicted with 
the .same disease during the beginning of our march, nor would 
arguments prevail on them to use any medicine. Flattered as 
they were that nature would relievo them, yet they for once were 
mistaken. 

Tiivsdaii, 17lh.— Ry this, tlie remainder oi the army had now 
come up, in consequence of which 1 (pi it my hospital business and 
proceeded with them where I left ])0or Ih'. Iivin, with all the 
necessaries of life I could impart to him. Me was allowed 4 
tnen of his company to ivait upon him, but as they'd nothing to 
do with, they could be of little service, except keeping him a good 
fire, turning him when weary, &c. His situation was most 
v\ retched, overrun with vermin, una hie tohelp[hiaiselfJ in the least 
thing, attended constantly with the most violent pain. And 
in fine, laboured under every inconvenience possible. 

Wcdncsdaii, 18lh. — In our course yesterday we had got to tlic 
third pond where we encamped, and early this morning we pur- 
sued the army and crossed the third and last pond. These abound 
with excellent large trout in great plenty, uf which we caught 
several, which was no small help to us. This day Major Bige- 
!ow with 27 men returned from an advanced party in tp.iest of 
provisions, and informed us that they were destitute in the front. 
Crossed this lake, leaving my boat, &c., behind. This was a 
very beautiful situation for the wilderness, a large mountain bor- 
dering boldly on the N. W., with more at a greater distance in 
the South, and S. W. Thecom[uited ilistance over this lake was 
four miles. 

IVtur.iihn/, 19th. — The rear of the airny were now busily en- 
2-aged in coming up.f and crossing this lake. Maj. liigelow re- 
turned to the front with obtaining only a euliiciency to reconcile 

• sir. out:. 

] Henry's Campaiijn. i'. 5j. 



13 

the foremost detachment, till the rear could tret up with them. 
At'lergettinjj my boat, bag2:ag-e, &c., to this great carrying place, 
which was late in the afternoon, I with my lads took a load and 
went over in search of a small rivulet which would conduct us to 
the Dead River. This river is so called from its almost seeming 
stagnant water. This carrying place was four miles, as comput- 
ed, two and a half miles of which ascending till we rose to a 
great height, then a sudden descent into a tedious spruce and 
cedar swamp, bog mire half knee high, which completed the other 
mile and half. Not being able to bring the whole of my ecjuip- 
ago over this day, I sent my lads back to the remainder and con- 
tinued at the small rivulet myself, making the harbor possible 
under the lee of my batteau, without any other covering: al- 
though a severe rain storm. This was a small serpentine, coming 
undoubtedly out of some heightli of land we had just passed, 
running a northerly course. Much deeper than wide, in most 
))laces the width did not exceed twelve feet. Surrounded with 
low meadow who.^e grass was very plenty. 

Friilaij, u'llth. — My lads with the remainder of the bagg.ige ar- 
rived early this morning. I crawled out from under my topsy- 
turned boat, ordered her launched, and boarded, proceeding down 
our water labyrinth into the Dead IJiver, which was distant from 
this about three quarters of a mile. l-!till continued to rain ex- 
ceeding hard. I had almost forgot to mention the sufferings of a 
Jioor ox, who had continued the march with us, through all our 
dilHculty, to this day. He was drove by two men whose business 
it was to get him along as fast as tlic army marched. That when- 
ever we came to a pond or lake he was drove round it. Rivers 
and small streams he swam and forded without any difficulty. 
Being in the front of the army, he was ordered to fall a victim 
two miles up the Dead River, and each man to receive a pound 
as ihev passed. This was a very agreeable repast, as we had 
been i)rincipallv upon sail for twelve days, anil that scanty. After 
drawmg the rations for myself and boats' crews, we proceeded 
up a small distance; sprung our tent upon the bank and went to 
cooking. As the storm of rain and wind continued to increase, 
and being forward of the main body ol' the army, I concluded to 
Six tliere lor the day. In the meantime we prepared our fishing 
a|iparatus and made search for the trout, which we found in plenty 
of a large size, and excellent quality. With these we made a 
most luxurious supper, having received a few potatoes and carrots 
which { procured of my benefactor, l\lr. Howard, up the little 
river .Sebasticuck aforesaid, and to complete the dish, I was ob- 
liged to draw forth my small butter box containing about half a 
dozen pounds, which I kept closely concealed in my medicine 
chest, anlici|jating in some measure the condition were coming to. 
Many of the army passed us this day. 



14 

Safiirihnj, 21si — Fount! it necpssnry lliis morniiig'lo decamp ns 
early as possible. Wind S. S. W. The storm had increased 
excessively, and had now raised the river to a quick running cur- 
rent.'' However, all made very yood way against it, and as the 
storm and stream argmented, we thought it best not to quit the 
boat for any repast till we put up for the night. Carried by one 
waterfall only this day. The wind increased to an almost imrri- 
cane the latter part of the day. The trees tumbling on all quar- 
ters that recdered our passage not only exceeding dillicult, but 
very dangerous. At sunset we arrived at the encampment of 
Col. Greene and his division, who were waiting for jjrovisions 
ore they could proceed. As the wind continued very heavy, the 
danger of encamping among the trees was thought great. How- 
ever, we selected the most open place we could lind, and then 
pitched our tent, and witli a great deal of diiliculty procured a 
lire by about [8] in the evening, which, however, was of little use 
to us, as not desiring to be in the tent on account of the continued 
fall of trees. Storm abated about 12 o'cloclc, and the weather 
became fair, after which I obtained a little lest, though in Bnl- 
Hcuiii Frig'uliim. 

Sundini, 22d. — We were in motion this morning by light. 
Several of our batteaux were now under water almost out of 
sight, in consequence of the rivers rising. From a Dead river it 
liad now become live enough. The rise of the water in this storm 
was computed at 10 feet. This sudJcu alteration in the river not 
only impeded our water carriage, but rendered the marching of 
the party by land of the utmost diiliculty, as the river was no 
longer confined to her banks, but extended in many low, flat 
places, a mile or more each way upon the upland. Added to 
this, all the small rivulets (and they were not few) were swelled 
to an enormous size, as obliged the land party to trace them up 
for many miles till a narrow part olfered, and then could only 
cross by felling large trees over them. This day for the first 
time I was obliged to come on half allowance, as the advanced 
party had been for several days. Our ]irogression was exceed- 
ing gradual on account of the rapidity of the waters, that in many 
places we could only advance by one lying on the bow of the boat, 
pulling with his hands by the small bushes, while others proceed- 
ed upon the bank, holding on by the painter. Lieut. Humph- 
reys with his whole boat's crew were overturned, lost ever_v 
thing except their lives, with which they escaped very unexpec- 
tedly. 

Dhnihii/, 03d. — The luunber of batteaux were now much de- 
creased. Some stove to jiieces against the banks, while others 
became so excessive leaky as obliged us to condemn tliem. This 

'.Arnolil's .iourniil. Knnini's ]Ak orBvur. \'. 215. 



15 

increased our number b)' load, as well as their burdens. In this 
iiluation we exerted every nerve to the best advantage possible, 
so as not to lose a minute of day-light. The bettor to faciliate 
this salutary measure, we wore ordered to cook our small pittance 
every night, to last us through the daj', and this in the most fru- 
gal manner by boiling only. Passed two water-falls where we 
were obliged to cut roads and carry by land, of about twenty roads 
each. Several of our men were excessively exhausted with the 
diarrhea. 

Tiicsdtnj. 1\l\\. — Approaching necessity now obliged us to dou- 
ble our diligence. Three miles only had we proceeded ere wo 
came to a troublesome water-fall in the river, distant half a mile. 
Not more than the lastmentioned distance before we were brought 
u|) by another, distance the same. As the number of falls in- 
creased, the water became ronseipienilv more rapid. The heights 
of land upon each side of the river which had hitherto been in- 
considerable, noAv became prodigiously mountainous, closing as' 
it were up the river with an aspect of an immense heighth. The 
river was now become very narrow, and such a horrid current 
as rendered it impossible to proceed in any other method than by 
hauling the batteaux up by the bushes, painters, &c. Here wo 
met several boats returning loaded with invalids, and lamentable 
.stories of the inaccessibleness of the river, and the impracticabi- 
lity of any further progress into the country. Among which was 
Mr. .Tackson before mentioned, complaining of the gout most 
severely, joined to all the terrors of approaching famine. I was 
now exhorted in the most pathetic terms to return, on pain of 
famishing upon contrary conduct, and the army were all return- 
ing except a few who were many miles forward with Col. Arnold. 
However his elocution did not prevail, I therefore bid him adieu 
and proceeded. Not far had 1 proceeded before I discovered 
several wrecks of batteaux belonging to the front division of 
rillernen, &c., with an increased velocity of the water. A dire- 
ful howling wilderness not describable. With much labour and 
dilliculty I arrived with the principal part of my baggage (leaving 
the batteaux made fast) to the eneampn^ent. Two miles from 
thence I met the informants Inst mentioned, where were Col. 
Cireene's division, &c., wailing for the remainder of the army to 
come up, that they might get some provisions, ere they advanced 
any further. Upon enquiry I found them almost destitute of any 
eatable whatever, except a few caiulhs, which were used for sup- 
]ier, and breakfast the next morning, by boiling them in water 
gru(d, (S:c. 

\Yedncsihi;i, 2."). — Every prospect of distress now came thun- 
dering on with a two fold rapidity. A storm of snow had covered 
the ground of nigh six inches deep, attended with very severe 
weather. ^\'e now waited in anxious expectation for Col. Enos' 



IG 

division to come up, in order that we might liavc n. rocruit of pro- 
visions ere we couh.l start oil' the ground.' An express was 
ordered both up and down tlie river, the one up the river in quest 
of Col. Arnold, that he might be informed of tlic state of the 
army, many of whom were now entirely destitue of any suste- 
nance. 'I'he Col. had left previous orders' for the two divisions, 
viz : Greene's and Enos' to come to an adjustment of the provi- 
sions — send back any who were indisposed, eitiier in body or 
mind, and pursue him with the otiiers immediately. The other 
express went down the river to desire Col. Enos and officers to 
attend in consultation. They according!}' came up before noon, 
when a council of war was ordered. Here sat a number of 
griniacers — melancliolv aspects who had been preaching to their 
men the doctrine of impenetrability and non-perseverance. Col. 
Enos in the chair. 'J'he matter was debated upon the expediency 
of proceeding on for Ciuebec. The party against going urging 
the impossibility, averring the whole provisions, when averagetl, 
would not support the army five days. 

'I'he arrangements of men and provisions being made at Fort 
Western, in such a manner as to proceed with the greater expedi- 
tion. For tliis end it was thought necessary that Capt. iMorgan's 
company with a I'ew pioneers should advance in the first division, 
Ool. Greene's in the second, and Enos, with Capt. Colbourn's 
company of artificers, to bring up the rear. The advantage of the 
arrangement was very conspicuous, as the rear division would 
not only have the roads cut, rivers cleared passible for boats, i.Vc., 
but stages or encampments formed and the bough huts remaining 
for the rear. The men being thus arranged, the provisions were 
distributed according to the supposed difficulty, or facility attend- 
ing the different dispositions. Many of the tlrst companies toolc 
only two or three barnds of llour with several of bread, most in a 
small proportion. A\ liile the companies in the last division had 
not less than fourteen ol llunr and ten of bread. The bread as 
mentioned before, was condemned in consequence of the leaky 
casks, therefore the proportion of bread being much greater in 
the first division, their loss was consequently the greater. These 
hints being premised, I now proceed to the determination of the 
council of war. After debating upon the state of the army with 
respect to provisions, there was found very little in the division 
then encamped at the falls (which 1 shall name Jfi/drophohin.) 
The other companies not being come up, either through fear that 
they should be obliged to come to a dividi'r, or to shew tlieir dis- 
approbation of proceeding any furlln-r. Tlie question being jjut 
whether all to return, or only part, the majority were for part only 
returning. Part only of the otiiccrs of those detachments were in 

♦ Arnoia".s Jimiaal, Ivnuj.i.'s Life of Burr. p. 2\T. Honr_\'s canipaisn. 



r 



this council. The number and opinions of those present were as 
follows : 

Fur pniceeilin^. Fur relurniii:^ . 

Lieut. Col. Greene, Capt. Williams. 

.Major Bigelow, McCobb, 

("'apt. Tophani, Scott, 

Thayer, Adjutant Hide, 

Ward, Lieut. Peters. 

Lieut. Col. Enos. 

According to Col. Arnold's recommendation the invalids were 
allowed to return, as also the timorous. One batteau only for 
each company to proceed, in order to carry the military stores, 
medicines, &c. Expresses returned, but no word from Coi. Ar- 
nold, as he was now in the advanced part of Morgan's division, 
equipped in the best manner to go in to the inhabitants as soon 
as possible. He carried no other stores except a small quantity 
of specie, attended with a good pilot in a British canoe, hands 
sufiicient to carry every thing over the various carrying places, 
and proceeded by water with. great expedition. But to return: the 
officers who were for going forward, requested a division of the 
provisions, and that it was necessary they should have the far 
irreater quantity in proportion to the number of men, as the sup- 
posed distance that they had to go ere they arrived into the in- 
habitants was greater than what they had come, after leaving the 
(Jenebec inhabitants. To this the returning party (being pre- 
determined) would not consent, alledging that they would either 
go back with what provisions they had, or if they must go forward 
they'd not impart any. Col. Enosthough [he] voted for proceeding, 
yet had undoubtedly preengaged to the contrary, as every action 
demonstrated. To compel them to a just division, we were not 
in a situation, as being the weakest party. Expostulations and 
entreaties had hitherto been fruitless. Col. Enos, who more im- 
mediately commanded the division of returners, was called upon 
to give positive orders for a small quantity, if no more. He re- 
plied that his men were out of his power, and that they had de- 
termined to keep their possessed quantity whether they went 
back or forward. They finally concluded to spare [us] 2h barrels of 
flour, if determined to pursue our destination ; adding that we 
never should be able to bring [in] any inhabitants. Thus circum- 
stanced, we were left the alternative of accepting their small 
pittance, and proceed or return. The former was adopted, with a 
determined resolution to go through or die. Received it, put it 
on board of our boats, quit the few tents we were in possession 
of, with all other camp equipage, took each man to his duds on 
his back, bid them adieu, and away — passed the river, passed over 
falls and encamped. 

Thiirsd<ui'i'i\\\. — We were now within 1.51 computed miles of 
3 



18 

the Canadian inhabitants, every man made the best of his way to 
the Chaudiere pond, the place of rendezvous for all the forward 
party except Col. Arnold. Passed three carrying places on the 
river. Passed over several rocky mountains, and monstrous pre- 
cipices, to appearance inaccessible, fired with more than Hanni- 
balian enthusiasm, American Alps, nor Pyrenees were obstacles. 
Passed a pond which the river ran through, lodged on a promon- 
tory of another. Only Jack Wright was in company. Came to 
us in the night Maj. < )gden, volunteer, who being lost, spied 
our fire, and came on shore in his boat in which were military 
stores, &c. 

Friday, 27th. — Our bill of fare for last night and this morning 
consisted of the jawbone of a swine destitute of any covering. 
This we boiled in a quantity of water, that with a little thickening 
constituted our sumptuous eating.* For covering, the atmos- 
phere only, except a blanket. Took the first advantage of the 
morning twilight, and proceeded over the pond in the boat with 
Mr. Ogden, and with much difficulty found the river where it 
emptied into this pond. It was now very small, serpentine and 
intricate, that it soon induced me to quit the boat for the land car- 
riage, which to my grief soon found more perplexing. The de- 
tachment who were before us had chiefly marched by land. I 
therefore concluded to take a course by the river which I thought 
would certainly bring me upon it. But alas, to no purpose. 
After wandering upon an easterly course for half the day, 1 took a 
VV. S. W. one, and in the afternoon accidentally hit upon the 
rack scarcely perceptible. Pursued this river till it was reduced 
to nothing more than a small brook, incapable of floating the bat- 
teaux any further in this, I came up with some of the advanced 
party who were making rendy to quit the stream, and carry over 
to the pond or small lake, N. VV. course. Passed over four ponds 
this day, the last of which was a beautiful one upon the height of 
land or Apallachian mountains, from where the Dead river takes 
its rise. This same Dead river is only a continuation of Cene- 
bec, or at least one branch of it. So that when we quit the 
Cenebec at the great carrying place, we left the river to the 
northward and eastward, crossing an elbow of land, and thereby 
missing about 18 miles of the river Cenebec, said to be but 
little else but continued falls and rapids, as undoubtedly is the 
case, as the land was an almost endless ascent during our whole 
march from lake to lake, till arrived to the fall which led us to 
I lie Dead river. I return to our camp. After crossing the last 
lake, we carried our baggage over a mountain of about Sj miles 
ascent; from this chain of moimtains proceeds the chief of the 
■itreams of any considerable note in New England, and falling 

'Henry's camp;iigii, p. 63. 



19 

into the Atlantic Ocean. All the streams rising from the westermost 
and the northermost side of these mountains fall into the river St. 
Lawrence, and lakes which empty themselves therein. The distance 
of our last carrying; place was 4 Smiles. Wo were now in quest of a 
small stream called the Seven Mile stream. This, from its course 
seemed to proceed from a chain of mountains just mentioned, a 
little to the southward of where we crossed them, and emptied 
itself into the Chaudiere or Aniaguntalake, after running about? 
miles from the place where we fell in with it. Our provisions 
were now a very inconsiderable part of our burthen, that we got 
over this portage much easier than when they were plenty. At 
4 o'clock, P. M. we arrived at this small but beautiful stream, 
whose course was about N. E. and by N. Here were waiting 
Capt. Morgan with all the advanced party, saving Col. Arnold, 
&c. This place was not a little delightsome, considering its 
situation in the midst of an amazing wilderness, unfrequented by 
any except the savages, and them rarely. This stream is environed 
all along for a very considerable distance on the south side by 
fine meadows. Joint grass, to a very great growth, seemed 
the natural and indeed the only production of the soil, except a 
very few large elms scattered up and down it. Here were also 
fine trout. 

Saturday, 28\.h. — Were now waiting for the rear of our little 
detachment to come up, in order to all proceed from this to- 
gether. Last night imagined that a smoke was discovered to 
the westward of us, in consequence of which a scouting parly 
were ordered out for examination, but no discovery could be made 
of any enemy. A letter per express from General Arnold, at 4 
o'clock, P. M., requesting as speedy a procedure as possible. 
That one of his expresses had returned (Tackquith,) from the 
Canadian inhabitants informing of their amicable disposition to- 
wards us, that he had received their pledge of friendship in a loaf 
of bread, &c. By this time our men were all arrived, embodied, 
and the glad tidings promulgated among them, to the unspeakable 
joy of the whole camp. In consequence of this news, we were 
ordered to be in motion immediately. The provisions were or- 
dered into one fund, in order that every man might be acquainted 
with what he had to depend upon to carry him into the inhabi- 
tants, computed at about a hundred miles. Upon a division of 
the provisions there five pints per man. Pork, though the only 
meat, was not properly divisible, as the whole amount would not 
have been an ounce per man. The officers in general were 
generous enough to dispense with [it] for the better satisfaction and 
encouragement of the soldiers. Decamped this evening and 
marched a mile and a half. 

Sujidai/, '29th. — Not less than 14 days had our detachment been 
upon half allowance ere yesterday's division took place. That 



20 

several of the men devoured the wliole of their flour the last eve- 
ning, determined (as they expressed it,) to have a full meal, letting 
the morrow look out for itself. The ground being overflowed 
with water before the little stream emptied into the Chaudiere, 
it was thought best by the majority to go to the southeast of the 
stream upon the higher land and so pass round the lake; however, 
there were three or four companies proceeded down the stream 
as far as they could, then leaving it to the southward, and taking 
the north-westerly shore round the lake. While Col. Greene and 
most of his oliicers including myself took our course N. E. and 
by E. for the Chaudiere. Deluded by a pretended pilot, wc 
i'ound our error ere night closed u])on us. 

From the first appearance of daylight this morn we picked u]) 
our small afl'airs and beat a march. Not long had we marched 
this course before we came into a spruce and cedar swamp, and 
arrived at a small pond at 11 o'clock, through the most execrable 
bogmire, impenetrable Pliixiis of shrubs, imaginable. This pond 
we pursued till coming to an outlet rivulet, we followed to a lake 
much larger than the first, and notwithstanding the most confident 
a.-sertions of our pilot, we pursued this pond the most of the day, 
but no Cha\idiere. We did not reach out of the spruce and cedar 
territory this day, but was obliged to encamp in the swamp, as 
we thought within half a mile of the Chaudiere River, (a river, so 
called from its making out of the great Chaudiere Lake,) which, 
according to Montezare's map, we were sure to find the way into 
the country without dilHculty, leading us directly to the river St. 
Lawrence. This day's march was coniputed at eighteen miles. 
Capt. Morgan's company, with seven batteaux, followed the 
7 mile stream, with a purpose of passing the south lake, 
which they etlected. These old woodsmen had resolutely per- 
.severed in carrying that number of boats over the mountains, 
with an intent to still preserve a certain quantity of the military 
stores, which by no other means could be conveyed any further 
than the Chaudiere. 

Mondiii), 30th. — Cooking being very much out of fashion, we 
had little else to do than march as quick as light permitted; half 
an hour only brought us to a water which we imagined to be a 
creek formed by the lake; laid our course more southwardly, 
endeavouring to go round it, but three miles march evinced our 
mistake ; our creek proved to be a river of four rods wide. The 
depth and width of this river rendered it unfordable, nor [was] it 
possible to form a bridge, as nothing of any bigness grew on its 
banks. It was now conjectured this river made out of the Allo- 
geny chain of mountains, which we had therefore the marching 
round it impracticable. We therefore concluded to proceed up it 
till it was i'ordable. We had not gone far before we came to a 
place about four feet deep, which we immediately forded, although 



21 

much frozen on each side. This Ijalnciim Frigidum served to 
exercise our motion in order to keep from freezing. Our 
main course was AV. N. W., and only varied to escape the bogs, 
mountains, small ponds, water streams, &c., of which we met 
with many. This was the third day we had been in search of 
the Chaudiere, who were only seven computed miles distant the 
2'5th inst. Nor were we possessed of any certainty that our 
course would bring us either to the lake or river, not knowing the 
jioint it lay from where we started. However we came to a 
resolution to continue it. In this state of uncertainty we wandered 
through hideous swamps and mountainous precipices, with the 
conjoint addition of cold, wet and hunger, not to mention our 
fatirjue — with the terrible apprehension of famishing in this 
desert. The pretended pilot was not less frightened than many 
of the rest; added to that the severe execrations he received from 
the front of the army to the rear, made his office not a little dis- 
agreeable. Several of the men towards evening were ready to 
give up any thoughts of ever arriving at the desired haven. 
Hunger and fatigue had so much the ascendancy over many ot 
the poor fellows, added to their despair of arrival, that some oi 
them were left in the river, nor were heard of afterwards. In 
turn with Col. Greene. I carried the compass the greater part oi 
this day. In this condition we proceeded with as little know- 
ledge of where we were, or where we should get to, as if we had 
been in the unknown interior of Africa, or the deserts of Arabia. 
Just as the sun was departing, we brought a pond or lake, which 
finally proved to be Chaudiere, and soon the small foot-path made 
by the other division of the army, whose choice turned to their 
account. Our arrival here was succeeded with three huzzas, 
and then came to our encampment. 

TiK'sdd)/, 31. — The appearance of daylight roused us as usual. 
and we had advanced with all possible speed till about 11 o'clock, 
ere we saw the Chaudiere river, which we last night imagined 
within a mile. Animated afresh with the sight of a stream, 
which we very well knew would conduct us into the inhabitants 
if our strength continued, we proceeded with renewed vigour. 
The emptying of the Chaudiere is beautiful, and formed a very 
agreeable ascent, though the stream is somewhat rapid. The 
land was now much descending, yet very difficult travelling. 
The spruce, cedar and hemlock were the chief growth of the 
earth, and these were in tolerable plenty, almost impenetrably so 
in many places. We now began to discover the wrecked bat- 
teaux of those who conducted the ammunition, &c. These were 
seven in number, who followed the seven mile stream into the 
Chaudiere lake, river. &c., and soon came to an encampment, 
where I found Capt. Morgan and most of the boatmen who were 
wrecked upon a fall in the river, losing every thing except their 
3* 



lives, which they all saved by swimming, except one of Morgan's 
riflemen. This was the first man drowned in all the dangers we 
were exposed to, and the third [lost] by casualties, except some lost 
ui the wilderness, the number unknown. At this encampment was 
Lieut. McCleland, of Morgan's company, almost expiring with a 
violent pcripneumonin. Necessaries were distributed as much as 
possible, with two lads of the company in charge of him." IVor 
was this poor fellow the only one left sick upon this river. Life 
depending upon a vigorous push for the inhabitants, and that did 
not admit of any stay for any person ; nor could the two lads have 
been prevailed upon had not provisions been dealt out sufficient 
10 conduct them to the inhabitants, with the promising to send them 
relief as soon as possible from the settlements. In this general 
wreck my medicine box suffered the fate of the rest, with a set 
of capital instruments, &c. Though little was to be feared from 
cither my chirurgical apparatus or physical portions, I had, how- 
ever, a few necessaries in that way in my knapsack, &c., with a 
lancet in my pocket, which enabled me at least to comply with 
the Sungradoine method. Continued our march about five miles 
further. 

Wi'dnesday, Nov. 1st. — Our greatest luxuries now consisted in 
a little water, stiffened with flour, in imitation of shoem.'ikers' paste, 
which was christened with the name of Lillipu. Instead of the 
diarrhoea, which tried our men most shockingly in the former 
part of our march, the reverse was now the complaint, which 
continued for many days. We had now arrived as we thought 
to almost the zenith of distress. Several had been entirely des- 
titute of either meat or bread for many days. These chiefly 
consisted of those who devoured their provision immediately, and 
a number who were in the boats. The voracious disposition 
many of us had now arrived at, rendered almost any thing ad- 
missible. Clean and unclean were forms now little in use. In 
company was a poor dog, [who had] hitherto lived through all the 
tribulations, became a prey for the sustenance of the assassinators. 
This poor animal was instantly devoured, without leaving any 
vestige of the sacrifice. Nor did the shaving soap, pomatum, and 
even the lip salve, leather of their shoes, cartridge boxes, &c., 
.share any better fate; passed several poor fellows, truly com- 
misserating [them.] 

Tiicsilay, 2d. — Long ere this necessity had oblJLied us to dis- 
mi>s all our encamping equipage, excepting a small light tin ket- 
tle among a number ; but nothing to cut our wood, t!s.:c. Accord- 
ing to our strength and spirits, we were scattered up and down 
the river at the distance of perhaps twenty miles. Not more 
liiaii eight miles had we marched, when a vision of horned cattle, 

•Hoi-.rv'b C.uiiiiai,'ii. p. TiS. 



33 

lour footed bcasls, ifcc. rode and diovo by animrils resemblmc 
Plato's two footed featherless ones. Upon a ninber approach 
our vision proved real ! Exclamations of jo_v. — Echoes of glad- 
ness resounded from front to rear ! with a te deum. Three horn- 
ed cattle, two horses, eighteen Canadians and one American. A 
heifer was chosen as victim to our wants; slain and divided ac- 
cordingly. Each man was restricted to one jiound of beef. Soon 
arrived two more Canadians in B. Canoes, ladened with a coarse 
kind of meal, mutton, tobacco, &c. Each man drew likewise a 
pint of this provender. The mutton was destined for the sick. 
They proceeded up the river in order to the rear's partaking ot 
the same benediction. We sat down, eat our rations, blessed our 
stars, and tliought it luxury. Upon a general compulation we 
marched froin '20 to 30 niilt-s per day. Twenty miles only from 
this to the settlements. Lodged at the great falls this night. 

Fridai/, 3d. — Last nighl's'lodging was nature's bed without 
any covering. Every moment expecting to bring the inhabitant.-- 
m view. Forded a very considerable river, emptying itself into 
the Chaudiere upon the S. W. side. Half after 10 o'clock, A. 
I\I. we arrived at the first town, principally inhabited by the Abo- 
rigines. Just ere we entered the town we came to another river 
much larger than any we'd crossed, whichenipiied into the Chau- 
diere in the first settlements. Here was an old native stationed 
tinder a hut built with blankets, in wait for us with his boiled po- 
tatoes, bread, &c., od'ering them for sale, he was also ferryman. 
We trafficked m some small amonnt with him, and hired his assis- 
tance with his little bark over the river, and bid him adieu. The 
j)oliteness and civility with which the poor Canadian peasants 
received us, added to our joy when we were conducted to the 
place of rendezvous, and served out firkin butter and hot bread, 
which we attacked with great spirit. 'I'his place is called Sarti- 
gan, naturally excellent soil, beautifully situated. Inhabited with 
part Canadian French, the other natives. Proceeded live miles. 

Sartifrau, Satui;liii), 4th. The five miles march last evening 
brought us to the Colonel's quarters, and this morning the savage? 
assembled in statu quo. and waited on the Colonel to know our 
reasons for coming among them in a hostile manner, pretending 
they were unacquainted with our inteiiiions, among which was the 
two expresses despatched from Norrigewalk with letters to Uue- 
bec. In the assembly the savages were prepared with an inter- 
preter. They addressed the colonel in great pomp, and one of 
tlieir chiefs delivered an oration with all the air and gesture of an 
accomplished orator. After this being explained or translated, 
the colonel returned the following answer. Friends and breth- 
ren: — '• 1 feel myself very happy in meeting with so many of 
my brethren from the different quarters of the great country, and 
more so as I find we meet as friends, and that we are equally con- 



24 

cerned in this expediticjii. Brethren, we are the children of those 
people who have now taken up the hatched against us. More 
than one liundred years ago, we were all as one family. We 
then dillered in our religion, and came over to this great country 
by consent of the king. Our falhersbought lands of the savages, 
and have grown a great people. Even as the stars in the sky. 
We have planted the ground, and by our labour grown rich. 
Now a new king and his wicked great men want to take our lands 
and money without our consent. This we think unjust, and all 
our great men from the river St. Lawrence to the Mississippi, 
met together at Philadelphia, were they all talked together, and 
sent a prayer to the king, that they would be brothers and fight 
tor him, but would not give up their lands and mone_v. The 
king would not hear our prayer, but sent a great army to Boston 
and endeavoured to set our brethren against us in Canada. The 
king's army at Boston came out into the fields and houses, killed 
a great many women and children, while they were peaceably 
at work. The Bostonians sent to their brethren in the country, 
and they came in unto their relief, and in si.x days laised an army 
of fifty thousand men and drove the king's troops on board their 
ships, killed and wounded fifteen hundred of their men. Since 
that they durst not come out of Boston. Now we hear the French 
and Indians in Canada have sent to us, that the king's troojis 
oppress them and make them pay a great price for their rum, 
&€.; press them to take up arms against the Bostonians, their 
brethren, who have done them no hurt. By the desire of the 
French and Indians, our brothers, we have come to their assis- 
tance, with an intent to drive out the king's soldiers; when drove 
otfwe will return to our own country, and leave this to the peace- 
able enjoyment of its proper inhabitants. Now if the Indians, 
our brethren, will join us, we will be very much obliged to them, 
and will give them one Portuguese per month, two dollars 
bounty, and find them their provisions, and they liberty to cliuse 
their own officers." 

This declaration had the desired eflect, about fifty of them em- 
bodied according to agreement, took their canoes and proceeded. 
From our last lodgings hired a peasant, and proceeded down the 
river in a canoe live miles to a victualling house or other place of 
rendezvous. This village, St. .Tosephs, made a further agreement, 
and continued down the river about four miles further, as we 
found nothing agreeable smee our arrival, except one quart of 
New England rum, (if that was to be allowed so) for which I 
paid one hard dollar. We were making enquiry at every likely 
stage, for this purpose visited an old peasant's house, where was 
a merry old woman at her loom, and two or three fine young 
girls. They were exceedingly rejoiced with our company. 
liought some eggs, rum, sugar, sweetmeats, ».^c., where we made 



ourselves very happy. Upon the old woman being acquainted 
from wlience we came, immediately ftdi singing and dancing 
" Yankee Doodle" with the greatest air of good humour. After 
making the old woman satisfied for her kickshaws, saluted her 
for her civilities, &c., marched. The distance computed from the 
Chaudiere Lake to the inhabitants, one hundred miles. From 
thence to Quebec, ninety. 

Sunday, 5th.— Our army was in a very scattered condition, ex- 
presses were sent to hurry them on as fast as possible. The 
colonel had an express arrived this day, informing of Mr. Rob- 
bisho's being taken prisoner, an express sent by colonel from 
Sartigan. Tliis put the people in a great panic, as they heard 
the English were determined to burn and destroy all the inhabi- 
tants in the vicinity of Uuebec, unless they came in and took up 
arms in defence of the garrison. Arrived at St. Mary's Chapel, 
where we had very good entertainment. Good roast turkev, 
Spanish wine, &c. 

Moiuhnj, Gth. — This morning orders were given for every tap- 
tain to get his company on as fast as possible, and not to leave a 
man behind unless unfit for duly. Had thirty computed miles 
yet to go ere we came to Point Levi. 

Tuesdtn/, 7th. — Water carriage now failing, was either obliged 
to foot pad it, or hire a horse — chose the latter. Chaplain Spring 
liired another in the same village, for which we were to pay three 
hard dollars. After being equipped in the Hudibrastic taste, 
fexcept a spur.) In lieu of a saddle, we had an old piece of 
cushion, across which was a rope, which served as stirrups. Ar- 
rived within four leagues of Uuebec. Terrible road, mud and 
mire to the horses' belly. 

Wedncsdai/, 8th. — Were within four leagues of Quebec this 
morning, all possible despatch was used to arrive ere tlie enemy 
got any reinforcements of either men or provisions. Arrived at 
Point Levi 11 o'clock A. M. Snow over shoes. In open sight 
of the enemy nought but the river divided us. Few of the army 
arrived this day. Provisions buying up. Canadian mechanick.s 
at work making scaling ladders, lannuts, &c., as many of the men 
being destitute of shoes, as fast as the beefs were killed, the hides 
were made into savage shoes. Nothing of great moment while 
we lay here. We were daily preparing to cross the river St. 
Lawrence. The enemy had destroyed all the boats canoes, &c.. 
for many miles up and down the river, upon the side we were 
ereour arrival. The confusion in tiuebec was very great. But 
if we had been in a situation to have crossed the river immediate- 
ly upon our arrival, they would have fallen an easy prey. Our 
army daily coming up, our preparations for crossing, the enemy's 
for repelling us, were the chief occurrences for this four davs 
])a.>t. 



26 

L^aturday, 1 1th. — Two of the enemy's vessels quit the harbour 
and went down the river this morning, imagined with valuable 
effects. I had forgot to mention the arrival of one Mr. Haulstead. 
into our camp the 9th inst. He was formerly from the Jerseys, fol- 
lowed merchandize in Quebec, had been suspected by the enemy 
of holding a correspondence with the Bostonians, and previous 
tn our arrival sent down the river about fourteen miles to the Isle 
d' (Jrleans. This gentleman could give us no fresh intelligence 
from the city, not having been there for several days. Our sit- 
uation was in view of the enemy, who were exerting all their 
))ower in furnishing iheir magazines for their support in the seige. 
Arrived to their relief this evening Colonel McClean and crew 
from Montreal in a vessel. We captured Mr. McKenzie, one of 
their midshipmen, who came ashore on the Point Levi side.* 
This was acted in sight of two of their ships of war, which oc- 
casioned heavy lire from one of iheni upon the party, but no 
damage. Log and bark canoes were daily carrying down the 
river Chaudiere, which emptied into the St. Lawrence but four 
miles above Point Levi. 

Sunday, 12th. — On the chapel door at Point Levi, I found the 
following pompous proclamation to ensnare the ignorant: 

"Conditions to be given to such soldiers as shall engage in the 
Royal Highland Emigrants. They are to engage during the pre- 
sent troubles in America only. Each soldier is to have 200 
acres of land in any province in North America he shall think 
proper. The king to pay the patent fees, secretary's fees and 
surveyor general, besides twenty years free of quit rent. Each 
married man gets fifty acres for his wife, and fifty for each child, 
on the same terms, and as a gratuity besides the above great 
terms, one guinea levy money. 

Allen McLean, Lt. Col. 

Quebec, Aug. 3, 177.5. Comniandt." 

Mondiaj, 13th. The report from the lower guard mentions 
three vessels passing down the river i'rom Uuebec, this morning 
early, supposed to be laden with more valuable efTects. Two sa- 
vages from the suburbs of Montreal, arrived with an express from 
General Montgomery, that he was on the point of entering the 
city. This gave us new spirits, being in hopes to have as good 
intelligence to communicate to the General. Things were now 
hurried with all possible speed. The enemy had advantageously 
posted two vessels of war in the river, in order to obstruct our 
passing the river to the Plains of Abraham, The mechanicks 
had now finished their works. Ladders, lannuts, &c., were in 
readiness for crossing, when we had orders to be ready at a 

* Meii^'s Journal. Coll. Mass. Hi.st. Soc. vol. 2, p. 23G, (2J scr.) Henry's 
raniii.jli^n, 81. 



27 

minute's warning. 2 o'clock at night, assembled at a certain 
place, where we had for shelter some mills, when the boats 
were to be drawn from the cave of the Chandiere to receive us. 
Mr. Haulstead, the gentleman before mentioned, served as Pilot. 
The canoes were but few in number; therefore were obliged 
to cross and return three times ere the army got over. The night 
being exceeding dark, every thing was conducted with the 
utmost secrecy, no lights, no noise. Captain Hatchett and com- 
pany were left as a guard at Point Levi, to some effects left be- 
hind there. It was proposed to cross immediately into Wolfe's 
Cove, the distance a league. I went in the first division, and in 
the Pilot boat, in which was General Arnold, Captain Morgan 
with some riflemen, and one boat load of savages, with others to 
the amount of six boats. Crossed between the two vessels, not- 
withstanding the armed barges were plying every hour from ship 
to ship. We had nigh come in contact with one of them in the 
midst of the stream, but luckily passed her undiscovered. Landed 
above the Cove, without being discovered, and contrary to our 
expectation where there were no sentinels. Guards were detach- 
ed immediately up and down the river as security, while the 
canoes returned for the remainder, till all completely made their 
landing, though in a very scattered condition, by reason of the 
darkness of the night, distance and rapid ebb tide, &c. However 
at daylia;ht we were all in the Cove, without any accident except 
one of the birch canoes bursting asunder in the midst of the St. 
Lawrence, but happily saved them all, by dragging them ashore, 
lost all their guns, &c. 

Theenemy were notyet[seen] — a]large tire was built in a house 
in Wolfe's Cove, where were the castaways a drying themselves, 
&c. Spies were sent down the river, on the Plains, &c., to dis- 
cover the movements of the enemy (if any.) The fire was spied 
by one of the patrolling barges, who came towards the shore, 
when fired upon by the riflemen, though contrary to orders. 
Wounded some of them, when they thought proper to put off. 
They did not yet believe that we had crossed, imagining it im- 
possible on account of their destroyins: the boats &c., nor were 
they alarmed in the city, as we could hear the watch very often. 
Captain Smith with a detachment were ordered to reconnoitre the 
enemies lines, but could discover no movements. The idea of 
storming the city was now inadmissible, our plight being so bad, 
and the enemy's much better after the arrival of Colonel 
McLean. The city gates were all closed, cannon in order, &c. 
We marched upon the Plains, took possession of Major Calc'- 
wcll's house at St. Foys, where we detected some teams loaded 
with beef, vegetables, &c., going into the city, we surrounded the 
house [and] took a servant of the Major's. 

Tuesdin/, 14th. Had a general alarm at 12 o'clock, by reason 



2S 

of their taking one of our advanced sentinels, with the report of 
their coming out to give us baltle. The army turned out, marched 
within fifty yards of the walls, gave them three cheers, upon 
which they gave us as many cannon shot.* Took several loads 
of provisions going into the enemy. Attempted to send in a flag 
of truce by Major Ogden, but they would not receive it. 

Wedncsdai/, 15th. Nothing of consequence transpired this 
day. Attempted sending by flag again, but was fired upon. 
Had a false alarm. 

Thursday, 16th. A brisk cannonade the most of the day upon 
a party of Captain Morgan's riflemen, who were stationed upon 
St. Charles River by the Nunnery. Wounded one Serjeant 
Dixon, that his leg was amputated.! No other harm. 

Friday, 17ih. No extraordinary occurrence this day. A 
Canadian in McLean's regiment came from the enemy, brought 
intelligence advantageous. 

Saturday, 18th. Another deserter front the city, by which we 
were informed they were preparing their field pieces in order to 
)iay us a visit. A council was called, an examination of our arms, 
ammunition, &c. The former were found much deficient in 
numbers, much in disorder. No bayonets, no field pieces and 
upon an average of the ammunition there amounted only to about 
four rounds per man. Under these circumstances it was thought 
proper to raise the siege, and proceed up the river St. Lawrence, 
S leagues to " Point Aux Tremble." In the mean time dispatched 
an express to General Montgomery, informing him of our situa- 
tion, &c. Orders were given accordingly, and at eight in the 
morn we decamped, leaving the old Abraham Plains to the 
Britons. Orders were likewise dispatched over the river to Point 
Levi, informing of our determination, and they marched tipon 
the south side. Arrived there the night ensuing. 

Sunday, 19th. The main of this day's occurrences under 
yesterday's head. Met with a large brig coming down from Mon- 
treal, in which was C4eneral Carleton, as we afterwards heard. 

Monday, 20th. The post arrived in our camp this morning, 
brings certain news of the City of Montreal being in the hands 
of General Montgomery, and that he was on his march down to 
our assistance. An express was sent back again to the General. 

Tuesday, 21st. Intelligence from Montreal informs of the cap- 
ture of 1 1 sail, 800 barrels of pork, a large quantity of flour, &c. 
Till now our army had been tolerably heallhy since our arrival 
over the river, but free eating, more than usually cold weather, 
&c., produced inflammations, &c. Nothing material from this to 

• Mciii's Journal, Coll. Mass. Hist. So. Vol. 2, ji. 2Jr. (2d Sor.) Henry's 
C:im]mimi, 87. 

f Henry's Camp. 92, 9o. 



29 

the 25lh. Some severe " Peripncumiaf," "Anginas," &c. 
Upon the 25th three up of the enemies ships of %s'ar came up the 
river, and lay off opposite us. Undoubtedly to intercept our ship- 
ping, as wo every day expected them from Montreal. 

Siindiii/, 2Gth. A jiroclamation came to hand issued by Gene- 
ral Carleton, commanding all the citizens of Ciuebec, that would 
not take arms to defend the city, to disappear within four days; 
that if found after that they would be treated as spies. In conse- 
juencc of this order several came out to our army. 

Momlat], 27th. As the General now approached, a detachment 
of (iO men were sent to escort him, while Captain Morgan and 
company was ordered down the river to the suburbs of Gluebec 
'.0 blockade the enemy. From this to the 1st of December no 
occurrences of note. The ministerial ships returned to the city. 

Fridaij, Dec. 1st. Still at Point Au.x Tremble. Arrived some 
of the ammunition from General Montgomery's army. At 13 
o'clock two of our ships appeared from Montreal with soldiers on 
board. Anchored oil" Point Le Chappie. On board the top sail 
schooner was the General." A division from our little army was 
ordered out to receive him. 

Saturday., 2d. Weather very rainy. This day and Sunday 
we were busily employed in making ready to proceed down the 
river to Ciuebec. A division of men, cannon, &c., were sent 
down the river. 

J/o«(Z«.i/> ^th. — General orders for all to decamp, and I hired ;i 
Frenchman with his charrioU, and proceeded to St. Foys, froni 
thence to St. Charles, and took lodgings at Mr. Burrough's. 

Tuesdmi, 5th. — I had now orders to take possession of the 
General Hospital for the reception of our sick and wounded. 
This was an elegant building situate upon St. Charles river, half 
a mile from St. Roque"s gate. A chapel, nunnery, and hospital, 
were all under one roof. This building was ever}' way fit for 
ihe purpose, a fine spacious ward, capable of containing fifty 
|)atients, with one fire i)lace. stoves, ice. The number of sick 
were not very considerable at this time, however they soon grew 
more numerous. The Hospital being in an advanced part of 
the army, I did not think it e.xpedient to assume a residence 
therein as yet. In consequence of which I was obliged to visit 
It daily in open view of the enemy's walls, who seldom failed to 
i:ive me a few shots every time. 

Wediii'sdoy, lith. — The disposition of our army was such now, 
as to environ the enemy as much as possible, thereby to prevent 
any further supplies arriving to them, with other necessary pre- 
parations as facines, gabions, &c. Nothing extraordinary from 

• Henry's Comraign. -'S. Mcis"s Journal, Mass. Hist. .Soc. Coll. Vol. 2 );. 
289. (2(1 Ser.) 



30 

this to the 9th, except two prisoners being caught and brought 
into camp from St. L. R., purchasing up provisions forthe enemy. 
They had 300 doHars in specie. 

Saturday, 9th.— General order for a number of fatigue men 
for erecting a battery on the heights of the plain, distant from 
the walls of the city 200 yards. This was all done in the night 
lime when the enemy were not apprised of it. In the meantime 
Captain Wool of ihe artillery was ordered to proceed into St. 
Roques in an advantageous place to heave bombs in the city. 
This was complied with, and I attended the aflair. The enemy 
immediately gave us a fire from the ramparts, whenever they 
could bring their cannons to bear upon us. What effect our fire 
had we were never able exactly to ascertain, but I believe noth- 
ing considerable, as the bombs were very small. The enemy's 
fire did us no harm, except killing an old Frenchwoman in her 
hrodel administering a spirituous potion to one of our lads. 

Sundaij, 10th. — 'I'he enemy spying our battery, opened abrisk 
cannonade of their heavy cannon, in order to demolish it, like- 
wise rushed out of St. John's gate in the cover of their cannons, 
burnt a number of houses, in one of which was a sick woman 
consumed. This was a distressing circumstance to the poor in- 
habitants, who were obliged to abandon their houses, notwith- 
standing the dire inclement season, and seek a shelter in the dif- 
ferent parts of the country, where the humanity of the people 
would admit them. The view of the enemy in this incineration 
was to prevent our troops making a lodgment in them, and faci- 
litating the operation of a general storm upon the city, which they 
had too much reason to apprehend. 

Monday, lHh. — Agreeable to prescription, fifty-five more of 
the fire pills were given to the Carletonians last evening. Ope- 
rated with manifest perturbation, as they were (as usual) alarmed. 
Bells beating, dogs barking, &c. Their cannonade still continued 
on the battery but to no advantage. Forty-five more pills as 
cathartic last night. 

Thursday. 14th. — The snow or ice battery was finished last 
night, it chiefly consisted of first, a laying of fascines, then snow, 
to fill the interstices. The gabions were filled with earth and 
snow, little, however, of the former, as it was almost impossible 
to procure any, as the ground was very hard frozen. After the 
fabric was sufficient in magnificence to cement firm, large quan- 
tities of water were poured thereon. This freezing, soon formed 
into a heterogeneous body, not, however, sufficient to repel the 
monstrous force of their 32s and 42s, as sad experience soon 
proved. While mounting the cannon this morn, a shot came 
througli the battery, killed and wounded i'we* of the train. !n 

* .Meig'd Journal, M ifs. Hist. Soc. Coll. vol. 2, p. ."41, (CJ ser.) 



all killed and wounded ten this day. Fourof whom were French- 
men. 

I'riddi/, 15th. — M the dawn of day our battery opened upon 
them, in which was moijnted five jjuns, none larger than 12s. 
The enemy soon followed suit, and the fire and refire was al- 
most incessant for several iiours. In the afternoon a Hag of 
truce attempted to go in, but was ordered back immediately, or 
bo fired upon. 

Stititrday, 10th. — Quit my old lodgings at Monsieur Dorrough's 
and took a room in the nunnery by consent of the Lady Superior, 
Monks, &c. The sacredness by which this place was esteemed 
even by Milion's heterogeneous banditti, seemed to put me out 
of the power of their shot much more than when I visited 
every day. However, I seldom failed to have a shot every time 
I went from this to any of the officers quarters. Cannonade from 
both sides, not so severe as yesterday. A brave soldier by the 
name of Morgan received a grape shot under the lower edge of 
the left scapula close to the u.\ila, and went obliquely through 
Loth lobes of the kings. Walked more than a mile, with the 
assistance of a messmate, into the Hospital. A superficial dres- 
sing was all that could be done, as violent henoptoi ensued; con- 
cluded his residence was not long. 

Sunday, 17th. — Had a very heavy snowstorm. Cannonade 
siot very heavy. From this to the 23d no occurrences of conse- 
quence, except the small po.\; broke out in the army, and on the 
l^th five were brought into the hospital. 

Salurdai/, '2M. — Xot only the small pox, but the pleurisy, 
peripneumonia, with the other species of pulmonic complaints, 
were now very prevalent in tho army. However, the issue of 
in all general favourable. 

Siind(ni,'2ilh. — By this time the artillery v.'ere pretty general- 
ly sick of their ice battery, which they fatally experienced to be 
too feeble for the purpose for which it was erected. The enemy's 
cannon being very heavy as well as numerous, and as nigh as 
necessary, our soldiers were obliged to quit the battery. From 
this time the enemy began their bombarding our barracks, mostly 
under the shelving precipices of St. Roque, out of the range of 
most of their cannon, but no considerable damage was done. 

Moiuhuj, 2.')th. — The enemy's bombardment still continuing 
day and night, that the glass of the Hospital was much damaged, 
but nothing considerable to the soldiery. Had the variloid mat- 
ter transfused into my arm this day. 

Wcdncsdai/, 2(ith. — Nothing extraordinary transpired this day. 
The enemy continuing their discharge of bombs, &c. 

Tluir.idai/, iilih. — Preparations were made in a manner as se- 
cret as possible for the storming the city in the night. After all 
things were arranged accordingly, the weather cleared away 



32 

terene and bright, which foiled our undertaking. For a mark of 
distinction each soklier was ordered to procure a fir sprig, andfi.v 
it in the front of their caps, whereby they might be discriminated. 
Of this the enemy were advised by some unaccountable incident. 
At tliis assemblage there were three captains of companies who 
were averse to storming, though urged by the general. Their men 
were willing, but they obstinately determined. Their names I 
have omitted in consequence of their better behaviour. Upon 
their declining, the general said he would not compel them, that 
he wanted no persons with him who went with reluctance. 
Several of the men signifying their earnest desire of going with 
the rest of their fellows who went through the woods. Upon 
which I wrote a billit to Colonel Arnold, desiring his ])ermission 
to head one of the companies which we then thought would tarry 
behind in consequence [o[ the absence] of their commander. 
Upon which I received this upon the opposite side, which I have 
preserved in " perpetuam rei niemoriam'' for future posterity : 

"Dear Sir: — I am much obliged to you for your ofier, and 
glad to see you so spirited, but cannot consent you should take 
up arms, as you will be wanted in the way of your profession. 
You will please to prepare dressings, &c., and repair to the main 
guardhouse at 2 o'clock in the niorniniT with an assistant. 
1 am in haste, yours, 

DocT. Center. B. Arnold, Col. 

27 Dec. 1775." 

The undertaking was postponed in hopes of a night by it's 
darkness more favourable. The enemy were daily cleaning out 
their ditch round the city walls, in order to obstruct our ascend- 
ing the fortification. From intelligence the enemy undoubtedly 
expected us every night, especially if thick and cloudy, for which 
we were now waiting. In this situation we held ourselves in 
readiness 'till Saturday the 3Ist, which was stormy, and increased 
towards evening. The troops from the advanced post were or- 
dered to Head-liluarters in the night. The storm increased most 
violently, wind northeast, what fell mostly consisted of hail in the 
night thouirh it snowed the ])receeding day. The disposition of 
the army being nnde, they were ordered to proceed at four in 
the morning. 

!^tiiulai/, 31st. Ilead-tluarters was at St. Foys. Here Gene- 
ra! Montgomery kept Colonel Arnold, with several more of the 
field officers. The arrangements of the army was as follows, 
viz.. General Montgomery on the right wing, with the majority 
of the troops from Montreal, &c. Colonel Arnold on the left, 
with his division of " Famine proof Veterans." Colonel Livines- 
lon's Canadian Regiment, to assault the walls at St. John's gate, 
with combustibles for lirin? the gate, and thereby to draw the 



33 

attention of the enemy that way, and at the same time attempt the 
walls a little distance with scaling ladders, &c. Tlie place where 
the General was to assault, was on the bank of the St. Lawrence, 
at the termination of the city walls, and where large piquets were 
substituted. For this purpose instruments were carried to make 
the breach. Arnold was to attack at the other extremity of the 
town, where he first expected to be opposed by some small bat- 
teries I efore he arrived in the lower town, where the two ex- 
tremes were to form a junction. To discriminate our troops from 
the enemy in action, they were ordered each officer and soldier 
to make fast a piece of white paper across their caps from the 
front 10 the acme of them. Thus matters being- arranged in the 
evening, upon their arms they lay 'till 4 o'clock in the morn, 
during which time the General was noticed to be extremely anxi- 
ous, as if anticipating the fatal catastrophe. 

Ruminating in this despondency, back and forth he traversed 
his room "till the limited time bade him go forth ! 

" The ilawn is overcast, the mornins: lowr's 
And houvily in clouds brings on the day. 
The ureat, the important day hig with tlic fate 
Of Montgomery, and his host." 

The decree being fixed, and the assailants determined, though 
gloomy the prospect in this tremendous storm — snow not less 
than six feet deep, while yet a heavy darkness pervaded the 
earth almost to be felt. Thus went they on, 

"Through winds and storms, and mountains of snow, 
Impatient for tiie battle. But, alas! 
Thinlv what anxious moments pass between 
The birlh of enterprises, and their last fatal periods. 
Oh ! ' tis a dreadful interval of time. 
Filled up with honor all, and big with death." 

No sooner had they crossed that bloody plain, American Pharsalia, 
than the fiery signal was given for the attack. Montgomery at 
the front of his division forced his way through the strong piquets 
upon the precipice of the river bank. 

'■Greatly unfortunate, he fought the cause. 
Of honor, virtue, liberty and his Country." 

But a little way had they entered ere a dire display from the 
whole extent of their lines illuminated the air, and shocked the 
environs of the city by the tremendous explosion. The discharge 
\ras kept up from the whole extent of the city walls incessantly. 
While fire balls where kepi out beyond where they supposed our 
troops were, thereby to discover them between the walls and 
their ball, which burnt notwithstanding the depth of snow with 
amazing advantage to the enemy. Not more than an hour had 
4* 



34 

the action continued before the wounded came tmnblinff in, tliat 
tlie grand ward was directly filled. They continued coming until 
the enemy rushed out at St. John's Gate and St. Roque's suburbs, 
and captured the horses and carriages, [the men escaping] which 
were employed in that service. Few of the wounded escaping 
from their hands, after the capture of the horses, &c., except 
those wounded slightly. Daylight had scarce made its appear- 
ance ere Colonel Arnold was brought in, supported by two soldiers, 
wounded in the leg, with a piece of a musket ball. The ball had 
probable come in contact with a cannon, rock, stone or the like, 
ere it entered the leg which had cleft oli'nigh a third. The other 
two-thirds entered the outer side of the leg. about midway, and in 
an oblique course passed between the tibia and tibula, lodged in 
the gastrccnnemea muscle at the rise of the tendon achilles, 
where upon examination I easily discovered and extracted it. 
Before the Colonel was done with. Major Ogden came in wound- 
ed through the left shoulder, which proved only a flesh wound. 
Tiio Major gave it as his opinion that we should not be success- 
ful. The fire and re-fire continued incessant. No news from the 
Cteueral and his party yet, which gave us doubtful apprehensions 
of their success. Not long had we remained in an anxious sus- 
pense ere an express came down from the plain informing of the 
fatal news of the death, and that the remainder of his division 
had retreated precipitately back to flead-fluarters. We were 
also immediately advised of the fall of Captain Cheesman, and 
Mr. McPherson, two gallant young officers, the former command- 
ing one of the New York Companies, the latter his Aid-de-Camp. 
To this melancholv news was immediately added the capture ot 
Ca])tain Darby and company, liy a sortie of the enemy from St. 
Roque's'Gate, and that the enemy were still without the walls 
advancing towards the Hospital. We soon perceived this to be 
true, in consequence of which all the invalids, stragglers and some 
few of the artillery that were lett behind were ordered to march 
immediately into St. Roque street with a couple of field pieces 
under command of Lieut. Captain Wool, who much distinguished 
himself on this occasion. He took the advantage of a turn in the 
street and gave the enemy so well directed a fire, as put them to 
flight immediately. Notwithstanding this, we were momentarily 
expectins: them out upon us, as we concluded Arnold's division, 
then under the command of Lieut. Col. Cireene, were all killed, 
captured, &c. Under these circumstances we entreated Colonel 
Arnold for his own safety to be carried back into the country 
where they would not readily find him when out, buttono purpose. 
He would neither be removed, nor suffer a man from the Hospi- 
tal to retreat. He ordered his pistols loaded, with a sword on 
his bed, (fee, adding that he was determined to kill as many as 
possible if they came into the room. We were now all soldiers, 



35 

even to the wouiitloiJ in their beds were ordered a gun by tlieit 
side. That if the)- did attack the Hospital to make the most vi- 
gorous defence possible. Orders were sent out into the villages 
round the city, to the Captains of the militia to immediately 
assemble to our assistance. The peasants, however friendly dis' 
posed, thought it too precarious a juncture to shew themselves 
m that capacity, and those nigh rather retreated back into the 
country, than give any assistance. The storm still continued 
tremendously. Colonel Livingston's Regiment who were em- 
ployed in firing St. John's Gate made the best of their way off 
soon after the heavy fire began. Orders were dispatched up to 
St. Foy's for assistance from the party who were retreated, who 
assisted but little. An express was sent off to Congress inform- 
ing of our situation, and requesting immediate assistance. No 
news from Greene's division to be depended on. The prospect 
W'as gloomy on everv side. The loss of the bravest of Generals, 
with other amiable otRcers smote the breasts of all around with 
inexpressible grief. " Oh, Liberty I Oh, virtue ! Oh, mv coun- 
try !" seemed the language of all. 

January 1, 1770. — All in obscurity; no intelligence from the 
troops in the lower town. Some suggesting they were all pri- 
soners, &c., while others imagined they were in possession of the 
lower town, and waiting for assistance to enter the upper town. 
While in this suspense, Mr. Duncan, a young gentleman volun- 
teer, desired the Colonel would give him liberty to attempt pass- 
ing into the lower town in quest of the little detachment ; received 
orders, went, but no return. 

Tuesday, 2d. Major Meigs came out of tlie city on parole, bv 
w-hom we obtained a history of the all'air. That tliey forced their 
way into the lower town, captured one captain and company. 
That for some time before they got into the city, their guns were 
so foul, b\- reason of the inclement weather, as scarcely one of 
them could be discharged. That they were obliged, for a consi- 
derable time, to fight their way almost entirely with their lannuts, 
gun breeches, &c. That, under every disadvantage, they kept 
the lower town till nigh 11 o'clock, A. M., in hopes of General 
Montgomery's assistance, but not finding [it] were obliged to 
capitulate, and surrender themselves prisoners of war, &c. Said 
further, they were used very well. Carried in the officer's cloth- 
ing, &c. Informed of Captain Hendrick«, Lieut. Humphreys, 
and sundry others being slain. Returned the same day.* 

Wcilncsdai/, 3d. Colonel Reine,a French gentleman, brevetted 
in commission by Arnold, and desired to go down the River St. 
Lawrence in order to bring in Canadians to our assistance, was 

• MiM^'.s .I.niriKil. Mass. Hi-t. Soc. Cjll., vjl. 2, p. 243 to 247. Henry '.s 
CaiiUMi-n, 111 to 123. 



36 

promised by the miliLia officers to come in as soon as possible 
Xo movements of the enemy this cla\'. 

Thursday, 4th. The enemy very still — nothing of moment 
transpiring relative to the troops on either side. Had a heavy 
rain, unknown almost to the country at this season. 

Friday, 5th. Thaw continuing. Snow si.K feet deep. No oc- 
currences of moment. 

Saturday Gth. The troops were stationed in the most advan- 
tageous position for preventing the enemy making any descent 
upon us. The number I cannot exactly ascertain, but imagine 
tliem to be about 4Ut). We had now relinquished the idea of 
t.iking the city by force till a reinforcement should arrive. Con- 
tented ourselves with barely keeping up the blockade, and found 
ourselves very happy and undisturbed. We were, however, 
alarmed often by their coming out into the suburbs, pillaging 
after tire-wood, &c. They took down any building they could 
come at for that purpose. This occasioned the Colonel to give 
orders to our troops to burn and destroy as many of the houses 
as they would be likely to obtain, in order to distress them, in 
hopes they would be obliged to capitulate for want of fire-wood, 
&c. We, however, came short in our expectations to reduce 
ihom in this way, notwithstanding every house was burnt in the 
city suburbs where our troops could come nigh enough. From 
this to the 18th of March nothing extraordinary happening. 
Burning the houses to prevent the enemy's getting them often 
occasioned slight skirmishing, with various success, but nothing 
capital. About this time arrived troops from Montreal to our 
assistance. Several deserters coming out, but never able to 
obtain a true state of their army. From this to April the 3d, no 
occurrences of moment. Troops coming up to our relief. A 
battery opened from Point Levi upon the city, but being scanty 
01 ammunition were allowanced only a few round per day, just 
to keep the enemy in a continual alarm. About this time an 
insurrection happened down the river St. Lawrence, about six 
leagues from Cluebcc, in consequence of some of the enemy's 
emissaries, joined to the envious instigations of some of their 
priests. They collected a number of Canadians, and were march- 
ing up in form to take possession of our troops at Point Levi. 
Of this the General obtained intelligence, and immediately de- 
tached Major Dubois, a very brave officer, with a number of men 
to oppose them. The major fell in with their party upon sur- 
prise, killed some, wounded others, (among the last was a priest) 
and captured a number more and brought them to Head Q,uar- 
ters. Arnold had some time since received a Brigadier's com- 
mission, but being a younger officer than General Wooster, then 
commanding at Montreal, the former was superseded by the 
latter. General Araokl had so far recovered of his wound ere 



Ciciieral Wooster's arrival, as to bo able to ride a horseback. 
This aspiring genius, so much disgusted at being superseded at a 
time when he had not only nearly recovered of his wound, but 
was in daily expectation of the enemies surrendering for lack of 
necessaries. His tarry after this was short. He repaired U< 
Montreal, and look the command there. The 23d of this month 
a battery opened from the bank of Charles river, by the name of 
Smith's battery. From this'was discharged red hot shot, in hopes 
of firing the town. They returned the tire exceeding heavy, but 
but no considerable harm from either side. Two of our artillery 
men were wounded very much, by the cartridges taking tire while 
ramming them home, but recovered again. The enemy con- 
tinued their cannonade and bombardment excessive heavy, while 
we were restricted to a certain number per day, in consequence 
of very little ammunition. There was very little damage from 
either cannon or bombs. Some wounded, but very few of our 
men killed. The reign of Wooster was but short, and about the 
.'jtTi of May he was superseded by C4en. Thomas. About this time 
a plot was formed to burn the shipping in the harbour. A fire 
ship was completed in charge of Adjutant xVnderson, a very 
brave officer, but proved abortive, by reason of the tide ebbing 
before he could get up to the shipping. The combustibles took 
fire before he intended, by which accident he was much burnt. 
He was, however, got on shore, and no lives lost. The small-pox 
still continued in the army. Numbers of the soldiers inoculated 
themselves, and indeed several officers, tho' contrary to orders 
at this time. Scarce any of the New England recruits had ever 
had the disorder, and coming into the army when it was very 
brief, gave apjirehensions of taking it in the natttral way, which 
many did. From this to the sixth of May, no momentous occur- 
rences from either side, except a report from down the river, 
brought us by some of the honest peasants, that a fleet was com- 
ing up. To this there was not sufficient credit given, imagining 
it impossible for any arrival so early in the spring. General 
Wooster being superseded gave him great distress, and General 
Thomas being an utter stranger in the country, and much terri- 
fied with the small-pox. Strongly neglecting the reports of the 
approach of the enemy's fleet, tho' repeatedly attested to by 
several of the good inhabitants, till the morningofthe sixth, when 
v.'e were alarmed by the discharc-e of cannon down the rirer. 
These were immediately answered from the city, and at half an 
hour by sun, four ships arrived in the harbour. Immediately 
upon landing their marines, soldiers, &c., they rushed out in 
parties, the one for Head Quarters upon the plains of Abraham, 
and the other for the Hospital General. 

The army was in such a scatteredcondition as rendered it im- 



38 

possible to collect them eitlier for a regular retreat, or to bring 
them into action. Inihis dilemma, orders were given to as many 
of the troops to retreat as the time would permit, and in the most 
irregular, heller shelter manner we raised the siege, leaving every 
thing. All the cam)) equipage, ammunition, and even our cloth- 
ing, except what little we happened to have on us. Two of their 
frigates proceeded immediately up the river, not only to annoy 
us in marching, but in quest of several vessels o'the fleet which 
General Montgomery brought from Montreal. Wind and tide 
favouring the enemy's frigates, they were very nigh within can- 
non shot of ours before they could get under way. They hauled 
upon our shipping so rapidly, as obliged the captains to run them 
ashore, and put fire to them. They still kept in chase of us up 
the river both by land and water, and in the most disorderly man- 
ner we were obliged to escape as we could. The detachment 
stationed at Point Levi, as well as those at Chairlebore, were not 
apprised of a retreat till they saw our troops quitting the ground, 
and then they were between the army of us and the enemy. 
That obliged them to escape through the woods a very great dis- 
tance before they fell in with the St. Lawrence. The most of 
our sick fell into their hands, with all hospital stores, iS:c. The 
first stand we endeavoured to make was at Point De Shombo, 
[Chambaud]45 miles from Q,uebec,butnot being able to collect pro- 
visions sufficient, were obliged to abandon it and proceed up along. 
The poor inhabitants seeing we were abandoning their countrj', 
were in the utmost dilemma, expecting as many as had been aid- 
ing us every way to be sacrificed to the barbarity of those whose 
severity they had long felt, though under the specious pretence 
of civil government, which, in fact, had been in essence nothing 
but an arrogant military one. No provisions could be obtained 
but by the force of arms. No conveniences for ferrying our 
troops over the rivers emptying in upon either side of the St. 
Lawrence, except a canoe or two, and these were rare. By rea- 
son of the spring flood which in this country is amazing in many 
low ]ilaces, the army were obliged to travel a great distance 
round them, as the river had overtlowed its banks in many places 
to the distance of several miles. In this perplexed situation we 
howeverarrived at Sorel about forty miles below Montreal, where 
we made a stand and collected our whole force, which was not 
very formidable. Notwithstanding several new recruits had by 
this time arrived. The small pox siill very rife in the army 
new troops few of them who had had it. I was ordered by Gen. 
Thomas who commanded, to repair to Montreal and erect an hos- 
pital for their reception, as well by the natural way as inocula- 
tion. 1 accordingly made application to General Arnold, then 
commanding in the city, and obtained a fine capacious house be- 



39 

longing to the East India Company. It was convenient for niirli 
six hundred. I generally inoculated a regiment at a class, who 
had it so favourable as to be able to do garrison duty during the 
whole time. About this time an action happened up above Mon- 
treal at the Cedars, nine miles from hence between, Major 
Shereburne and party, and a number of savages, with one com- 
]5any of regular troops. Shereburne and the chief of his party 
were taken, some few killed, &c. We were now betwixt the 
two armies of the foe under every embarrassment possible, no 
ijuantity of ammunition, no ])rovisions but obtained by force of 
arms. Sorel, a low, unhealthy place at the entrance of the river 
Chamblee into the St. Lawrence, flat and almost upon a water 
level. Land the highest some distance back of our fortifications. 
Works might easily be raised entirely overlooking ours. A num- 
ber of men about this time detached to attack the advanced guard 
at the "Three Rivers." These proved unsuccessful, and Cxen. 
Thompson with the chief of the division were killed and captured. 
Fortune and the country seemed jointly against us. Our prin- 
cipal fortiiications not tenable against an equal uumberif attacked 
by land. Our prospect was still gloomy. A committee from 
Congress had been in Montreal for some time with a view of 
giving the money currencj', but it answered no purpose. C4en. 
Thomas caught the natural small pox, sickened at Sorel, was car- 
ried to Chamblee and died. Soon after this Cleneral Sullivan 
arrived and took the command. Wooster went to Montreal, and 
Arnold to Chamblee. Enemy drawing upon us from every quar- 
ter, assimilating the savages. Our army, weakened by the small 
pox, and in fine every movement against the enemy unsuccess- 
ful, a retreat was ordered to St. .John's. The troops according- 
ly evacuated Montreal the 9th of .Tune. Soon after our arrival 
here, it was judged requisite to send the heavy artillery with all 
the sick and invalids, vie, over the lakes as soon as possible. I 
left St. Johns the 11th of June, and proceeded off over the lakes 
in an open row boat. The remainder of the army did not tarry 
long before they entirely evacuated the country, and though ne- 
cessitated under the circumstances we then were, yet, it seemed, 
upon reflection, a strange series of unaccountable misfortunes, the 
product of various causes, but from none more than an unpar- 
donable neglect either in our commanders, in not giving Congress 
a true representation of the state of the army from time to time, 
or if so represented by them, the fault may be sought for in the 
non-attention of the latter. Thus ended an expedition of nine 
months continuance, the ill success of which in any other cause 
■ would have induced us to have renounced the principles. Ahetero- 
L'^eneal concatenation of the mostpeculiar and unparalleled rebulTs 
,ind sufferings that are perhaps to be found in the annals of any 



nation, with so much magnanimity, intrepidity, &c., urged by the 
powerful motives of the expiring liberties of a once happy, but 
now convulsed and tottering country ! 



■ 'Tis not in mortals to ccmmanj success, 
3ut we've done more — we've deserved it." 



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