b'\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nV> \xc2\xb0 \n\n^ * i * * 4 ^ o 6 * * -\xc2\xbb <\xc2\xa3* \n\nc\xc2\xb0 ,\'W??^,\'. \xc2\xb0o ,-r \xe2\x99\xa6\xe2\x80\xa2<g\xc2\xa7ic\xc2\xab-. c\xc2\xb0,. \n\n\xc2\xb0 J. 0 \'V \xc2\xab5 \xe2\x80\x9d- \n\n\xe2\x80\xa2 .o *y a. \xe2\x80\xa2 \n\n\n\n\xe2\x80\xa2 > ^ \n\n\xe2\x96\xa0 >* A* - \n\n\xe2\x80\xa2 <\xc2\xa7> A * \n\nJ\' V * \n\n\n\n\xe2\x99\xa6 # %\xe2\x96\xa0 \xe2\x80\xa2 \n\n\n\n\n*r* " * <V \xc2\xb0^u \n\n> V 4* # -% c* \n\n\xe2\x80\xa2 v& ^ \n\n*, w \n\n* ^\'V \xe2\x80\x9co \n\n4 a v d>< \xc2\xbb _ \n\n.\xc2\xbb \\*1 \xc2\xbb. * \n\nG v *Vv?7\xc2\xa3\xc2\xbb> v o vfc^ \n\n\' \xe2\x80\x99: *s>v* \xe2\x80\xa2 \n\ni \xc2\xbb\xc2\xb0 \'V \xe2\x96\xa0. \n\n\n* VV** \xc2\xabCr ^ *<> \xe2\x80\xa2 * * \n\n$ **** * Qr \xe2\x80\xa2 *\xe2\x80\xa2 1 \xe2\x80\xa2 * \n\n\n\n# tpv \n\n\'. ^ 0 < ; \n\n: \xc2\xab* \xc2\xb0-<- * \n\n* o.r cv , __ \n\n- V"\xc2\xb0>\xc2\xb0 .\xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x80\xa2/% \n\n\xc2\xb0 **A V .\'S0M\xc2\xa7.% \n\n\n\n\' ^ * \n\n\n\n* A V \xc2\xbb \n\n**\xc2\xb0 / i \n\no ^ ,pA \\lVyr r \xc2\xab A ~V 4 . \xe2\x80\x9d3 \n\na -t> *\xe2\x80\xa2*\xe2\x80\xa2* A 0 *\xe2\x80\xa2 <\xe2\x80\x99\xe2\x80\xa2 \n\n\n\n\n^ o\'* .\' \n\n\n\n\' \n\nV < V*.T.\' \n\n* ^ V* \n\n4 ^ * \n\n\n\n* A* ** * \n\n4 V V* \xc2\xbb \n\n\n\n\xe2\x96\xba ** ^ ^ \xe2\x80\xa2/77**\\t6\' \n\n\n* > ^ ^ \n\n\na*\'\xe2\x99\xa6\xe2\x80\x9e\'% \n\n.V o\' \n\n\nA* \n\n\n\n^ , *> . \xe2\x80\x9e \xe2\x80\x9e, \nft* * ^ 4 \n\n. v O, "o , \xc2\xbb \xc2\xab A \n\nr 0^ t * V \' 9 \xe2\x80\xa2* V A?* c*V* \n\nW. Tx c \xc2\xb0 if* \' \n\n< *o\xc2\xab \xe2\x80\xa2alii?\'* \'"b v 5 - .\xc2\xab \n\nO iP V\\ \n\n\n\n^ ^ o .. \n\n\xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x80\xa2# ^ V \xe2\x80\xa2 \xe2\x80\xa2V!\'* o. \n\n\n\n\n\xe2\x80\xa2 o \n\n\n\n\xc2\xb0 * \n\n\n*. \n\n\xc2\xb0 \n\n\n\nr\\ \n\no 0 ^ * .~w* - , \n\n*0 ^5* * \xc2\xab \' \n\n. . A v f 1 1 1> \xc2\xbb ^ \n\n\xc2\xa3 .W/u*. \n\n<e7 * \n\n\n\nr.\xc2\xabV V\'^* <v Vw \n\nc\xc2\xb0 /1 /k^ * o ^ *_ r.\xc2\xb0 - \n\no\' . \n\n^\xc2\xb0\\ \xe2\x80\x99* \n\n\n\n\n* \xc2\xbb *a \n\n\n,. \xc2\xb0* \'\xe2\x99\xa6 ^ *\xe2\x80\xa2;-.,\xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x96\xa0 y -o*. \n\nM/<* c> ,Q\xc2\xbb * \xc2\xab * o, v> \\> 4 \xc2\xbbV*-. C* \n\n\'\xe2\x80\xa2 Va* :\'Jitk\\ \\#+ :Sbk\\ \n\n\n\n^ V \n\n\n\xe2\x80\xa2 V \n\n\n\n\n\n\n4 V 6 \n\ni"tv * \n\n\n\n\nf0 * sjmz?* 0 * ^ \xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x80\xa2*\xe2\x96\xa0-** \n*. ^ C .\xe2\x80\x98MU*\xe2\x80\x99- \xc2\xabfe / \xc2\xab\xe2\x96\xa0 \n\n.* *\xc2\xb0 ^ v \n\n* \xc2\xabx 1 \' <\xe2\x80\xa2 \xe2\x80\xa2 #: n *s2a-\' * A \n\n\nA\xc2\xb0* \n\n\n\n\n^V*-\' v \xc2\xb0 \'*.\xc2\xbb\xe2\x80\x9e\xe2\x80\x99\' A o v V**.,,\' \n\n\xc2\xbb o\xe2\x80\x9e A \xe2\x80\xa2 C* aO V \xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x80\xa2*\xe2\x80\xa2# \n\ns <9i. : \xc2\xb0j\xe2\x80\x98V\xe2\x80\x99 \xe2\x80\xa2 \xc2\xab\xc2\xa5i l i. W \n\n* \xe2\x80\x9cmil?; ^ v -%. A\'O, \n\n,7 4-Ci. a T</l[a\\>r* ,^V \n\n\n\n\n* \n\n0^ \xe2\x99\xa6 4 * * \xe2\x99\xa6 & \xc2\xae * \xc2\xae *\xc2\xbb o ? \xc2\xbb\xc2\xab 1 \' * * \n\nC *Vw7^ 9 . \xc2\xb0 c \xe2\x99\xa6 \n\n\n\n4 ^4^ * \xe2\x80\x98 \n\n* \xc2\xbbTo 0 a0 \n\n\n. \n\n\n^ .\'*&&*?* * \n\n\n\n\n4> *; \n\n\nA v # - *, ^ \n\n\n^ A 1 \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCHRONOLOGICAL, BIOGRAPHICAL, \nHISTORICAL, AND MISCELLANEOUS \n\nEXERCISES, \n\n0n a jSTi\xe2\x80\x99h) ^lan: \n\nDESIGNED FOR THE DAILY USE OF YOUNG LADIES. \n\n\nBy the late WILLIAM BUTLER, \n\n\nAUTHOR OF ARITHMETICAL QUESTIONS ; EXERCISES ON THE \nGLOBES; MISCELLANEOUS QUESTIONS ON ENGLISH HIS\xc2\xac \nTORY ; AND GEOGRAPHICAL EXERCISES ON \nTHE NEW TESTAMENT. \n\n\nNINTH EDITION, ENLARGED, BY HIS SON-IN-LAW, \n\nTHOMAS BOURN, \n\n\' * \n\nTEACHER OF WRITING, ARITHMETIC, AND GEOGRAPHY, \n\nIN LADIES\xe2\x80\x99 SCHOOLS. \n\n-\xe2\x80\x98 \xe2\x80\xa2* \' > \n\n\n\nLONDON: \n\nPRINTED FOR THE PROPRIETOR; \n\nAND SOLD BY \n\nSAMUEL LEIGH 18 , STRAND; J. HARRIS, ST. PAUL\xe2\x80\x99S CHURCHYARD; \nHARVEY AND DARTON, GRACECHURCH STREET; AND SIMPKIN \nAND MARSHALL, STATIONERS\xe2\x80\x99 COURT. \n\n\n1830 , \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nPRINTED BY G. SMALLFIELD, \n\n\nHACKNEY. \n\n\n\nPREFACE. \n\n\nWhile Chronology (which fixes the dates of the various \nevents recorded in History, and arranges them according \nto the several divisions of time, in the order in which they \nhappened) derives its principal light from History, it also, \nin return, serves History as an accurate and a faithful \nguide.* To read history with much pleasure, and yet be \nwithout some knowledge of Chronology, is impossible. To \nbe able to ascertain when an event happened, is that which \nalone, in many cases, stamps importance on the fact itself. \n\nThe present volume is partly Biographical. To the \nadmiration and gratitude of the rising generation are held \nup the names of several of our heroes, who, at sea or by \nland, have triumphed over the enemies of their native \nisle ;-j* of statesmen, whose wisdom maintained harmony \nin all the orders of the community ; of patriots, who were \nprodigal of their blood in the cause of their country;+ of \nphilanthropists, whose labours have been successfully ex- \n\n* Chronology and Geography are the eyes of History. The \nformer informs when a fact happened, the latter where . \n\nChesterfield\xe2\x80\x99s Letters. \n\nf \xe2\x96\xa0-\xe2\x80\x9c Hence Youth will be \n\nInduced to act their fathers o\xe2\x80\x99er again ; \n\nFir\xe2\x80\x99d, when they hear how Agincourt was strow\xe2\x80\x99d \n\' With Gallic corps, and Cressy swam in blood.\xe2\x80\x9d \n\n\xe2\x99\xa6 See Virgil\xe2\x80\x99s yEn. vi. 600. \n\nA 2 \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nIV \n\n\nPREFACE. \n\n\nerted for the benefit of mankind; of martyrs, who have \nexpired in the flames, when attesting the constancy of their \nresolution and sincerity of their faith; of divines and lay\xc2\xac \nmen, whose writings have allured to brighter worlds, \nwhile their unblemished lives and pious deaths pointed out \nthe way ; * and of authors, and men of genius of every \ndescription, who have extended the bounds of useful know\xc2\xac \nledge, and augmented the stock of public happiness. Nor \nare altogether forgotten those who, on the stage, endowed \nwith varied powers of imitation, have soothed the cares \nof life by the fleeting effusions of mimic gaiety ; those \nwho, in the creation of works of art, have been distin\xc2\xac \nguished by industry and success; or those who, in the \nwide region of poetry, have charmed by their harmonious \nnumbers and novel thoughts, by the felicity of their com\xc2\xac \nbinations and the sublimity of their images. Having thus, \nthough in a very limited degree, brought before my young \nfriends some of the most illustrious characters of ancient \nand modern times, it is hoped that these eminent exam\xc2\xac \nples will have a tendency to form their sentiments, or \nto fire their emulation. The few opposite characters that \nhave been introduced into this miscellany, will, it is hoped, \ninspire the juvenile reader with a just abhorrence of those \nfollies and vices which have led to disgrace and ruin. \nThus may Biography answer the most valuable purpose \nin education, as it communicates what comes home to \nourselves, and what we can actually turn to advantage. \nIn this point of view, Biography is, to persons in private \nstations, certainly of more use than History. This part of \n\n\n* Saints, who taught and led the way to heaven. \n\nTlC KELL. \n\n\n\nPREFACE. \n\n\nV \n\n\nthe work, it is admitted, is occasionally rather calculated \nto excite, than completely to gratify, curiosity; a cir\xc2\xac \ncumstance which, however, is less to be regretted, as many \nof the articles thus abbreviated may be found in an en\xc2\xac \nlarged state in Biographical Dictionaries.* \n\nAs the Sacred Scripture, especially the New Testament, \nhas our consolation and support in all the varying scenes \nof this transitory pilgrimage for its great design and aim, \nand our resurrection from the state of death, and happiness \nto all eternity, for its ultimate and most glorious object;\xe2\x80\x94 \nand as, in proportion to the degree of veneration in which \nits contents are held, the interests of virtue and holiness \nflourish, and the mind is formed to rational devotion, \ndiffusive benevolence, steady fortitude, and, in short, \n\xe2\x80\x9c made ready for every good word and work\xe2\x80\x94it is \nreasonable to imagine, that whatever tends to direct the \nattention of the rising generation to the records of that \n\nI \n\nDivine Book, must be of great importance to their present \nand future happiness. It is hoped, therefore, that the \nScripture Biography will be found a valuable portion of \nthe work; more especially if care be taken to make the \npupil thoroughly acquainted with the numerous passages of \nHoly Writ which are referred to in this and in other parts \nof the book. \n\nIn the Historical part of the publication, such facts have \nusually been selected as^ have a connexion, either indirect or \nimmediate, with the affairs of our own country ; and that \n\n* The Biographical work frequently consulted in these Exer\xc2\xac \ncises, is Jones\xe2\x80\x99s \xe2\x80\x9c New Biographical Dictionary an elegant \nand comprehensive pocket volume. \n\n\n\n\nVI \n\n\nPREFACE. \n\n\nevery well-educated female should be conversant with \n\n\xe2\x80\xa2r \n\nthem, is a principle in modern education which is univer\xc2\xac \nsally admitted. It is observed by Rollin, in his piece on \nEducation, that no study is more proper ,to adorn the \nminds of Young Ladies than History. This pleasing \ndepartment of literature, he adds, opens a vast field, in \nwhich they may be employed to great advantage, and \nwith the utmost satisfaction to themselves, during several \nyears. \n\nThough among those articles which may be termed \nMiscellaneous, there are, doubtless, some of inferior im\xc2\xac \nportance ; yet it is presumed, that even the least valuable, \nunder the direction of a judicious instructor, will furnish \nyoung readers with ideas, upon which they may reflect \nwhen alone, or converse when in company. And though \nmany of the subjects discussed in this volume may be \nfamiliar to the majority of adult readers, they will, to \nthose for whom it is chiefly designed, be in general new. \n\nAs the names of the days of the week, and months of \nthe year, are not explained in any mere school-book, the \naccount of their origin will, perhaps, be deemed a not \nuninteresting part of the performance. \n\nSince there is a necessary connexion between memora\xc2\xac \nble achievements, and the scenes or situations where they \nwere performed, the latter have commonly been pointed out \nwith exactness. For a similar reason, the birth-places of \neminent individuals are noticed. This mode of uniting \n\nto \n\nthem has also a further advantage: by the law of the \nassociation of ideas, when either is mentioned, the other \n\n\nPREFACE. \n\n\nVll \n\n\nwill naturally suggest itself to the recollection. To find \nthese places on a map will be a pleasing, as well as an \nimproving exercise for the scholar.* Who would not \nwish to know the spot which has acquired eminence by- \nhaving given birth to a Shakspeare, or a Milton, to a New\xc2\xac \nton, a Locke, or a Howard ; and, with an almost super\xc2\xac \nstitious reverence, \n\n\xe2\x80\x9c-to kiss with sacred joy the earth, \n\nThat gave a Hampden or a Russell birth\xe2\x80\x9d ? \n\nIt is evident from daily experience, says an elegant writer, \nthat the manners of the stronger sex receive their polish \nfrom the common intercourse of female society. It cannot, \ntherefore, but follow, that the friendship of women of \nsuperior character and accomplishments must have the \nsame effect upon the minds of men, and proportionably \nimprove and adorn them. Hence it becomes the indis\xc2\xac \npensable duty of those who are concerned in directing \nfemale education, if they are really well-wishers to the \namelioration of their species, not only to see that their \npupils acquire such a general knowledge as will fill up \ntheir time innocently and usefully, when they have con\xc2\xac \ncluded the course of school-education ; but to impart to \nthem a taste above fantastic levities; to render them agree\xc2\xac \nable acquaintance, amiable friends, and domestic charac\xc2\xac \nters ; to enable them to give a zest to \n\n\xe2\x80\x9c The circling pleasures of the evening fire, \n\nWhere friendship meets and love connubial smiles;\xe2\x80\x9d \n\nin a word, to make them good daughters, good wives, and \ngood mothers. \n\n\n* See the Preface to the late author\xe2\x80\x99s Arithmetical Questions. \n\n\n\n\n\nVlll \n\n\nPREFACE. \n\n\nBut as I have already, in the prefaces to my Arithmetical \nQuestions and Exercises on the Globes , explained at con\xc2\xac \nsiderable length my ideas of the benefits which may be \nexpected hereafter to result to society from the influence \nof well-educated females, it will be here sufficient for me \nto express my entire conviction, that if the present world \nis ever to become the terrestrial paradise which some mo\xc2\xac \ndern philosophers predict, the grand instruments of refor\xc2\xac \nmation will be women. \n\nAs this work is chiefly designed to be a medium of \ninstruction in Ladies\xe2\x80\x99 Schools, it may, perhaps, without \nimpropriety, be suggested what appears to its Author the \nbest mode of using it. Every day the pupil should be \nrequired to recite the chief particulars of the event or events \nwhich are registered as having occurred on that day. \nWhen there is an extensive school-library, such scholars \nas are capable should apply to books which treat more fully \non the subject. Of the events they should furnish a more \nample account; and, besides pointing out the places in an \nAtlas, briefly describe them by means of a well-selected \nGazetteer. The words in the Index might also be advan\xc2\xac \ntageously given as a school-task ; and the number of words \nso allotted be proportioned to the age of the pupils and \nthe rank of their class. At stated periods, perhaps once a \nweek, a repetition might be profitably made. That this \nvolume may be employed daily , and without intermission , \nis the great and novel advantage to which it presumes to \nlay claim ; and thus in the course of a single year, under \na preceptor of zeal and judgment, it is not perhaps too \nmuch to assert, that a vast accession of interesting and im\xc2\xac \nportant knowledge might be communicated and acquired. \n\n\nPREFACE. \n\n\nIX \n\n\nIn a compilation\xe2\x80\x94as the present, in a great measure, \nconfessedly is, and from its nature indeed must be\xe2\x80\x94the \nstyle will naturally be various; because, though it has \nsometimes sustained alteration, the several authors who \nsupplied the materials are more frequently left to speak \nfor themselves. Should, however, invidious disingenuity \naffect to extend the charge of transcription, from a con\xc2\xac \nsiderable part, to the whole of the undertaking, the Author \nwill readily console himself with Rollin\xe2\x80\x99s rational reflec\xc2\xac \ntion ; \xe2\x80\x9c Que n\xe2\x80\x99importe d\xe2\x80\x99ou il soit, pourvu qu\xe2\x80\x99il se trouve \nutile\xe2\x80\x9d\xe2\x80\x94If the things themselves be good, it is not material \nwhose they are. \n\n\nWILLIAM BUTLER. \n\n\nEDITOR\xe2\x80\x99S PREFACE. \n\n\nThe additions which were made to the last edition ot \nthe Chronological Exercises having met with the \napprobation of the public, the Editor has been induced to \nrender the present edition still more acceptable, by adding \nmuch important historical, biographical, and miscellaneous \ninformation. \n\nWhether the additions have been made with that \njudicious discrimination Which his late father-in-law \nevinced in his selection of appropriate subjects to excite \nattention and gratify curiosity, the Editor humbly submits \nto the candid judgment of the public. \n\nThe Editor has not to lament the loss of this judicious \nfriend before he had appreciated his worth or profited from \nhis experience, but feels a grateful recollection that by \nfollowing his advice, and by imitating his example, in \naddition to the precepts received in early life from his own \naffectionate parents, he has maintained an honourable \ncharacter, and his success has been commensurate with his \nexpectations. \n\nGrateful for the late Mr. Butler\xe2\x80\x99s kindness, and con\xc2\xac \nscious of the pleasure it would afford his sensitive heart \nto observe any co-operation in his plans for the benefit \nof the young, the Editor compiled a Gazetteer, and, as a \n\n\n\nXI \n\n\neditor\xe2\x80\x99s preface. \n\nsmall tribute of respect, dedicated the first edition, in 1807, \nto this revered father-in-law. This he frequently men\xc2\xac \ntioned as being the most gratifying offering he had ever \nreceived, and requested that in every succeeding edition \nit might be continued, as a memorial of the mutual esteem \nwhich subsisted between himself and the Editor, and of \nthat filial attention with which he had been invariably \nsolaced and cheered. \n\nThe Editor has expressed, at October 12, page 419, his \nopinion of this friend, of whose virtues he shall never cease \nto think but with affection, and whose loss he ever shall \ndeplore with unfeigned concern, consoling himself, how\xc2\xac \never, with the consciousness of having, while he was living , \ndeserved his esteem by actively and zealously assisting him \nfor more than 30 years in his arduous duties. \n\nRather let him whose proffer\xe2\x80\x99d love would claim \nThe festive honours of fair friendship\xe2\x80\x99s name, \n\nWhile life remains , each kind attention show, \n\nAnd, ere too late, what friendship asks, bestow. \n\nThough this work is principally intended for youth, and \nas an incitement to the perusal of more copious and me\xc2\xac \nthodical, historical, and biographical performances, yet it \nis presumed that the veteran in literature may be most use\xc2\xac \nfully reminded of much former knowledge, and led into \nmany new trains of thought, and that the judicious teacher \nmay impart every day a considerable portion of instruction, \nby communicating some additional information connected \nwith the event of the day. \n\n\nT. BOURN. \n\n\nERRATA. \n\n\nPage 15, line 36, for Pantalogia read \xe2\x80\x9c Pantologia.\xe2\x80\x9d \n67, Feb. 22, for 1721 read \xe2\x80\x9c 1371.\xe2\x80\x9d \n\n315, line 1, for pemanship read \xe2\x80\x9cpenmanship.\xe2\x80\x9d \n492, line 16, for January read \xe2\x80\x9c February.\xe2\x80\x9d \n\n\nINTRODUCTION. \n\n\nChronology* treats of time, the method of measuring \nits parts, and adapting these, when distinguished by proper \nmarks and characters, to past transactions, for the illustra\xc2\xac \ntion of history. This science, therefore, consists of two \nparts. The first treats of the proper measurement of time, \nand the adjustment of its several divisions; the second, of \nfixing the dates of the various events recorded in history, \nand ranging them according to the several divisions of time, \nin the order in which they happened. \n\n\nOF TIME. \n\n\nTime is a succession of phenomena in the universe, or a \nmode of duration marked by certain periods or measures, \nchiefly by the motion and revolution of the sun. The \ngeneral idea which time gives in every thing to which it is \napplied, is that of limited duration. \n\n\n\nTime\xe2\x80\x99s like a fashionable host, \n\nThat slightly shakes his parting guest by th\xe2\x80\x99 hand. \n\nShakspeare. \n\n\nTime, applied \n\nTo motion, measures all things durable \n\nBy present, past, and future. Milton. \n\nThe parts into which time is distinguished are, seconds \nor moments, minutes, hours, days, weeks, months, \nand years. \n\nA Moment (sixty of which make a minute) is an indi\xc2\xac \nvisible particle of time. \n\nWhile I a moment name, a moment\xe2\x80\x99s past; \n\nI\xe2\x80\x99m nearer death in this verse than the last; \n\nWhat then is to be done ? Be wise with speed; \n\nA fool at forty is a fool iudeed. \n\nYoung. \n\n\n* Chronology is derived from two Greek words: %povo$, time; \nand \\oyo$ f a discourse: i.e. a treatise on time. \n\nB \n\n\n\n\n2 \n\n\nINTRODUCTION. \n\n\n\nMoments seize; \n\nHeav\xe2\x80\x99n\xe2\x80\x99s on their wing; a moment we may wish. \n\nWhen worlds want wealth to buy. \n\nYoung. \n\n\nA Minute is the 60th part of an hour. \n\n\n\nSee the minutes how they run! \n\nHow many make the hour full complete! \n\nShakspeare. \n\n\nIt also means any small space of time. \n\nGods! that the world should turn \nOn minutes and on moments. Denham. \n\n\nAn Hour is the 24th part of a natural day, or the space \nof sixty minutes. \n\n\n\nHow many hours bring about the day ? \nHow many days will finish up the year? \n\n\nShakspeare. \n\n\nA Day is either natural or artificial. A natural day is \nthe time from noon to noon, or from midnight to midnight; \n.365 of these make a year. An artificial day is the time \nbetween the rising and setting of the sun. \n\n\n\nOf night impatient, we demand the day ; \n\nThe day arrives, then for the night we pray: \n\nThe night and day successive come and go \nOur lasting pains no interruption know. \n\nBlackmore. \n\n\nThe artificial days are always unequal to all persons that \nare not situated under the equator, except when the sun is \nin the equinoctial points Aries and Libra, which happens, \naccording to our way of reckoning, about the 21st of March \nand the 23d of September; at those times the sun rises at \nsix and sets at six *o all the inhabitants of the earth. These \ndays are therefore called the Equinoxes, or Equinoc\xc2\xac \ntial Days ; the first of which is called the Vernal \nEquinox, and the latter is denominated the Autumnal \nEquinox. \n\nA Week is a division of time comprising seven days. \nThe origin of this divison of weeks, or of computing time \nby sevenths, is greatly controverted. Some will have it to \ntake its rise from the four quarters or intervals of the moon, \nbetween her changes of phases, which, being about seven \ndays distant, gave occasion to the division. Be this as it \nmay, the division is certainly very ancient. The Syrians, \nEgyptians, and most of the oriental nations, appear to have \nused it from all antiquity; though it did not get footing in \n\n\nINTRODUCTION. \n\n\n3 \n\n\nthe West till Christianity brought it in: the Romans reck\xc2\xac \noned their days, not by sevenths, but by ninths; and the \nancient Greeks by decads, or tenths, a mode of calculation \nrecently adopted by the French, but soon relinquished. \n\nThe Jews divided their time by weeks, but it was upon a \ndifferent principle from the other Eastern nations: God \nhimself having appointed them to work six,days, and to \nrest the seventh, in order to keep up the sense and remem\xc2\xac \nbrance of the creation; which being effected in six days, he \nrested the seventh. \n\nSome authors suppose that the use of weeks among the \nother Eastern nations proceeded from the Jews; others \nmaintain, that the septenary division of days among the \nHeathens of the East, was a remain of the tradition of the \ncreation; and others again imagine it to have been derived \nfrom the Egyptians. \n\nThe days of the week were denominated by the Jews \nfrom the order of their succession from the Sabbath. Thus, \nthe next day after the Sabbath, they called the first of the \nSabbath; the next, the second of the Sabbath; and so of \nthe rest, except the sixth, which they call parascere , or \npreparation of the Sabbath. \n\nThe like method is still kept up by the Christian Arabs, \nPersians, Ethiopians, &c. The ancient Heathens deno\xc2\xac \nminated the days of the week from the seven planets; \nwhich names are still generally retained among the Chris\xc2\xac \ntians of the West. \n\nSunday, from sun and day, was thus denominated by \nour idolatrous ancestors, because set apart for the worship \nof the sun. It is now more properly called the Lord\xe2\x80\x99s-day, \nbecause kept as a feast in memory of our Lord\xe2\x80\x99s resurrec\xc2\xac \ntion on this day (see April 5, 33); and Sabbath-day, be\xc2\xac \ncause substituted under the new law in the place of the \nSabbath in the old law. Sabbath is a Hebrew word, signi\xc2\xac \nfying cessation or rest.* It was the seventh day of the \nweek, held as a feast among the Jews, in memory of God\xe2\x80\x99s \nresting on the seventhf day of the creation. It was ap- \n\n\n* Silent Sabbath of the grave. Charlotte Smith. \n\nPeaceful sleep out the Sabbath of the tomb, \n\nAnd wake to Raptures in a life to come. Pope. \n\nf It is very remarkable, that the Heathen nations, who can be \nsupposed to have had no knowledge of the law or history of \nMoses, accounted one day of the seven more sacred than the rest. \nHesiod styles the seventh dav, \xe2\x80\x98\xe2\x80\x98The illustrious light of the sun;\xe2\x80\x9d \n\nB 2 \n\n\n\n\n4 \n\n\nINTRODUCTION. \n\n\npointed from the beginning by God himself, (Gen. ii. 2, 3,7 \nand was set apart from works of labour, and to be employed \nin public worship and acts of charity. \n\nHere ev\xe2\x80\x99ry day was Sabbath : only free \nFrom hours of pray\xe2\x80\x99r, for hours of charity. \n\nSuch as the Jews from servile toil releas\xe2\x80\x99d, \n\nWhere works of mercy were a part of rest. \n\nDry den. \n\nThe Jews still observe Saturday, or the seventh day of \nthe week, as their Sabbath, being that appointed in the \nfourth commandment under the law,* * as do likewise the \nSabbatarians, or Seventh-day Baptists , a small sect of \nChristians, who are thus called because they still observe \nthe Jewish or Saturday-Sabbath, from a persuasion that it \nwas never abrogated in the New Testament by the institu\xc2\xac \ntion of any other. See Geo. Exer. on the New Testament. \n\nThe appointment of a Sabbath is a most wise designation \nof time for the recruiting of our strength, for maintaining a \nsense of the great benefits we have received from God, and \nfor inculcating a spiritual temper of mindr to prevent our \nbodies from being too much fatigued and wasted, and our \nminds too long engaged about the concerns of this transitory \nworld;\xe2\x80\x94one of the most blessed institutions of society; a \nday of rest to the weary, of instruction to the ignorant,* \n\n\nand Homer says, \xe2\x80\x9cThen came the seventh day, which is sacred \nor holy.\xe2\x80\x9d Almost all nations, too, who have any notions of re\xc2\xac \nligion, have appropriated one day in seven to the purposes of \npublic devotion; though they have differed with regard to the \nparticular day. The Jews perform their religious worship on \nSaturday; the Christians on Sunday; and the Mahometans on \nFriday, because the Hegira occurred on that day. See Hegira, \nIndex; and Exer . on theNeiv Test. art. Judaism, Christianity, and \nMahometanism. \n\n* We cannot forbear, on the present occasion, congratulating \nthe nation at large on the establishment of Sunday-Schools; \na benevolent measure, which, as the Dean of Lincoln justly \nobserves, appears to possess an invaluable antidote to the poison\xc2\xac \nous manners of this depraved age. The power and efficacy of \nthese institutions reach to such an extent of situation and of \nnumbers, as no other mode of improvement can possibly equal. \nHaving, continues the same venerable character, anxiously watch\xc2\xac \ned their infancy, and attended to their progress, I have thought \ntheir principles the most unequivocal, and their influence the \nmost extensive, that can be employed in the cause of general \nreformation. \n\nThe endowment of Sundav-Schools was beguu in 1785; from \n\n\n\nINTRODUCTION, 5 \n\nwild of devotion to the pious. Were it not for the happy \ninstitution of the Lord\xe2\x80\x99s-day, says Archbishop Sharpe, we \n\n\nwhich period to the year 1803, upwards of 200,000 children had \nbeen admitted into them! See Raikes, Index. \n\nThe due observance of the Sabbath is the first point inculcated \nby these institutions; and the mind is formed, in its earliest ap\xc2\xac \nprehension, thus to feel the just value of this great security and \nits future conduct; for among the chief causes which the unhap\xc2\xac \npy victims to the laws of their country allege for their ruin, the \nbreach of the Sabbath must ever be accounted the first step in \nguilt, as it takes place before they are capable of the crimes of \nmore mature age. He who will take the trouble to peruse the \naccounts of the lives, trials, and execution of the most notorious \nmalefactors in this kingdom, will find the confessions of culprits \nto this effect endless, protesting in their last moments, with an\xc2\xac \nguish of heart, that the violation of the Sabbath was the first \noffence in their iniquitous course. That, however the career of \ntheir villany terminated , it almost always began by a neglect of \nattending divine worship on a Sunday; by shortly after profaning \nit with gambling, tippling, and other excesses; and in the last \nstages of their profligacy, by often selecting it as best suited for \ntheir thefts, depredations, sacrileges, and murders. \n\nRemarkably illustrative of the happy effects of early instruction \non the lower classes of society, is the declaration of Mr. Howard, \nthat \xe2\x80\x9che found many of the prisons in Switzerland empty of cri\xc2\xac \nminal prisonersa circumstance which that celebrated philan\xc2\xac \nthropist ascribed solely to the great care that was taken in that \ncountry to give children, even the poorest , a moral and religious \neducation. A similar remark has been applied to Scotland. \n\nBut of all the institutions connected with the education, and \nconsequently the amelioration of the lower classes, that of the \nindefatigable and singularly ingenious Joseph Lancaster is pre\xc2\xac \neminently entitled to our unqualified admiration and regard. In \nthe various schools formed by this unrivalled benefactor of the \nrising generation, several thousand poor children are receiving \ndaily instruction iu various parts of the kiugdom; and by the \nliberal patronage of His Majesty and the Royal Family, many \nof the nobility and clergy, together with the philanthropic \naid of a British public, it is probable that his invaluable plans \nwill be extended through every populous district in the em\xc2\xac \npire: an auspicious measure, which will have an incalculable \ninfluence upon the morals and conduct of the lower orders of \nsociety; and thus, by diminishing the number of crimes, and \ncherishing and promoting virtuous dispositions among the great \nmass of the people, most materially contribute to the happiness \nand security of the state. In some places where these elementary \nschools have been established, by the Committees\xe2\x80\x99 dividing the \npupils into different bodies, and conducting them to the several \n\n\n\n6 \n\n\nINTRODUCTION. \n\n\nshould hardly see any face of religion among us, and in a \nlittle time should scarcely be distinguished from Heathens.* * \nIt is, however, greatly to be lamented, that, notwithstand\xc2\xac \ning the wisdom and benevolence of this injunction, there \nare too many \n\nWhose ardent labours for the toys they seek, \n\nJoin night to day, and Sunday to the week. \n\nYoung. \n\nMonday, the second day of the week, is so called, as \nbeing anciently sacred to the moon; q. d. moon-day. \n\nTuesday, the third day of the week, is by some said to \nbe derived from a Saxon word denoting the god Mars; \naccording to others, from Tuisco, or Tuisto, a celebrated \nperson or deified hero among the Saxons, mentioned by \nTacitus. He gave them laws, polished them, established \nreligious ceremonies among them, and obtained such a high \ndegree of reputation, that after his death they ranked him \namong the gods. See Orpheus and Ampliion, Eater. on the \nGlobes. \n\nWednesday, the fourth day of the week, was formerly \nconsecrated by the inhabitants of the northern nations to \nWoden or Odin, who being reputed the author of magic, \nand inventor of all the arts, was thought to answer to the \nMercury of the Greeks and Romans, in honour of whom \nthey called the same day dies Mercur \'ii. \n\nThursday, the fifth day of the week, is derived from \nThor, a deified hero worshipped by the ancient inhabitants \n\n\nplaces of worship, hundreds of children are taken in an orderly \nmanner to attend divine service, who had heretofore profaned \nthe Lord\xe2\x80\x99s-day by idle and vicious conduct in the streets. The \nimprovement in morals, and the habits of order, among the \nchildren who are educated on Mr. Lancaster\xe2\x80\x99s system, are of the \nmost gratifying nature. In the Borough School alone, several \nthousand children have been educated, whose parents were of the \npoorest description; and hitherto no instance has occurred of any \nof these being charged with a criminal offence in any court of jus\xc2\xac \ntice. See \xe2\x80\x9c An Account of the Progress of Joseph Lancaster\xe2\x80\x99s \nPlan for the Education of Poor Children, and the Training of \nMasters for Country Schools.\xe2\x80\x9d \n\n* Such of our readers as are desirous of seeing the sanctity of \nthe Sabbath ably vindicated\xe2\x80\x94the principal objections against its \nperpetuity fully answered\xe2\x80\x94and the manner in which it should be \nobserved by Christians judiciously enforced, may consult the late \nRev. Samuel Palmer\xe2\x80\x99s excellent little tract, entitled, \xe2\x80\x9cAn Apo\xc2\xac \nlogy for the Christian Sabbath.\xe2\x80\x9d \n\n\n\n\nINTRODUCTION. \n\n\n7 \n\n\nof the northern nations, particularly by the Scandinavians \nand Celts. The authority of this deity extended over the \nwinds and seasons, and especially over thunder and light\xc2\xac \nning. He is said to have been the most valiant of the sons \nof Odin. This day, which was consecrated to Thor, still \nretains his name in the Danish, Swedish, and Low-Dutch \nlanguages, as well as in the English. Thursday, or Thorsg- \nday, has been rendered into Latin by dies Jovis , or Ju\xc2\xac \npiter\xe2\x80\x99s day; for this deity, according to the ideas of the \nRomans, was the god of thunder. \n\nFriday, the sixth day of the week, is so named from \nFreya, or Friga, a goddess worshipped by the Saxons on \nthis day. \n\nFor Venus, like her day, will change her cheer, \n\nAnd seldom shall we see a Friday clear. \n\nDryden. \n\nFriga was the wife of Thor, and the goddess of peace, \nfertility and riches. Thor, Friga, and Odin, composed the \ncourt or supreme council of the gods, and were the princi\xc2\xac \npal objects of the worship and veneration of all the Scan\xc2\xac \ndinavians, or ancient inhabitants of Norway, Denmark, and \nSweden. \n\nFriday is a fast-day in the Church of England, in me\xc2\xac \nmory of our Saviour\xe2\x80\x99s crucifixion, (see April 3, 33,) unless \nChristmas-day, which is always a festival, happens to fall \non Friday. \n\nSaturday, the seventh or last day of the week, is so \ncalled, as some have supposed, from the idol Seater, wor\xc2\xac \nshipped on this day by the ancient Saxons; though others, \nwith more probability, assert that it is derived from the \nplanet Saturn, dies Satumi. Some indeed maintain, that \nthe Saturn of the Latins and the Seater of the Saxons are \nthe same. \n\nThe Sun still rules the Week\xe2\x80\x99s initial day, \n\nThe Moon o\xe2\x80\x99er Monday yet retains the sway; \n\nBut Tuesday, which to Mars was whilome given, \n\nIs Tuesco\xe2\x80\x99s subject in the northern heaven ; \n\nAnd Woden hath the charge of Wednesday, \n\nWhich did belong of old to Mercury; \n\nAnd Jove himself surrenders his own day \nTo Thor, a barbarous god of Saxon clay : \n\nFriday, who under Venus once did wield \nLove\xe2\x80\x99s balmy spells, must now to Friga yield; \n\nWJiile Saturn still holds fast his day, but loses \nThe Sabbath, which the central sun abuses. \n\nPerennial Calendar. \n\n\n8 \n\n\nINTRODUCTION. \n\n\nA Month is the twelfth part of the year, or a space of \ntime measured either by the sun or moon : the lunar month \nis the time between the change and change, or the time in \nwhich the moon, in her course round the earth, comes to \nthe same point: the solar month is the time in which the \nsun passes through a sign of the zodiac; the calendar \nmonths, by which we reckon time, are unequally of thirty \nor thirty-one days, except February, which is of twenty- \neight, and in leap-year of twenty-nine. The number of \ndays in each month may be known by the following lines: \n\nThirty days have September, \n\nJune, April, and November ; \n\nFebruary twenty-eight alone; \n\nAnd all the rest have thirty-one. \n\nThe ancient Hebrews had no particular names to express \ntheir months; they said, the first, second, third, and so \non; * as that very respectable class of people called Friends \ndo in the present day. \n\nThe names of the months were various in different parts \nof Greece. The Roman months were the same as those \nnow in use among most of the Europeans, viz. January, \nFebruary, March, April, May, June, July, August, \nSeptember, October, November, and December. \n\nA Year. A year, in the full extent of the word, is a \nsystem, or cycle of several months; usually twelve. Others \ndefine year, in the general, as a period, or space of time, \nmeasured by the revolution of some celestial body in its \norbit. Thus, the times wherein Jupiter, Saturn, the Sun, \nMoon, &c., finish their revolutions, and return to the same \npoint of the zodiac, are respectively called the years of Ju\xc2\xac \npiter and Saturn; and the solar, and the lunar years. \n\nYear, properly and by way of eminence so called, is the \nSolar Year; or the space of time wherein the sun moves \nthrough the twelve signs of the ecliptic. This, by the ob\xc2\xac \nservations of the most celebrated astronomers, contains 365 \ndays, 5 hours, and 49 minutes; which is the quantity of the \nyear assumed by the authors of the Gregorian calendar; \nthough some make it a few seconds, and others a whole \nminute, less. But, in the civil, or popular account, this \nyear only contains 365 days, except every fourth, which \ncomprehends 366. See September 2, 1/52, and Decem\xc2\xac \nber 15, 1582. \n\n\n* See Dr. Rees\xe2\x80\x99s New Cyclopcedia , and Cruden\xe2\x80\x99s Concordance , \nart. Month. \n\n\n\nINTRODUCTION. \n\n\n9 \n\n\nThe Egyptians are said to have been the first who fixed \nthe length of the year, making it to consist of 360 days, \nwhich they separated into 12 months, in order that it might \nagree with the course of the moon: five days more were \nafterwards added; and the same thing was done among the \nGreeks by Thales.* But the Jews, Syrians, Ethiopians, \nRomans, Persians, and Arabs, had all years of different \nlengths. The day on which the year commences, is also \ndifferent in different countries. William the Conqueror, \nhaving been crowned on the first of January,ff gave occa\xc2\xac \nsion, as Stow observes, to the English to begin their year \nat that time, in order to make it agree with the most re\xc2\xac \nmarkable period of their history. + The Mahometans begin \ntheir year on the day when the sun enters Aries; the Per\xc2\xac \nsians in the month which answers to our June; the Chinese \nand Indians with the first new moon which happens in \nMarch; and the Mexicans on the 23d of February, at which \ntime the verdure in that country first begins to appear. It \nmay not, perhaps, be improper to subjoin, that, notwith\xc2\xac \nstanding the day wherein the year commences has always \nbeen very different in different nations, yet in all has it been \nheld in great veneration. Among the Romans, the first and \nlast day of the year were consecrated to Janus. To them \nwe owe the ceremony of wishing a happy year y which ap\xc2\xac \npears to be very ancient. Before the first day was spent, \nthey visited and complimented each other. \n\nThe joyous morn appears, let all attend \nWith silence, and kind salutations send \nFrom house to house. \n\nM assey \xe2\x80\x99s Ovid\'s Fasti. \n\n\n* Thales was born at Miletus, in Asia Minor, about 641 years \n8. C. He was the first of the Greeks who laid the foundations of \nastronomy; he explained the causes of eclipses, and predicted \none; he taught that the earth was round, and divided it into five \nzones; he discovered the solstices and equinoxes, divided the \nyear into 365 days, and, according to Cicero, was the most illus\xc2\xac \ntrious of the Seven Wise Men. See Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gazetteer , art. \n\nMiletus. , . \n\nThe Seven Sages of Greece, as generally given, were Thales, \n-Solon, Chilo, Pittacus, Bias, Cleobulus, and Periander; though \nsome have substituted others. See Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gaz., art. Lechoeum. \n\nf See January 1, 1067. \n\nj Though the historical year began in England on the day of \nthe circumcision, i. e. the first of January (on which day the \nGerman and Italian year also begins), yet the civil or legal year \n\nb 3 \n\n\n\n\n\n\n10 \n\n\nINTRODUCTION. \n\n\nThey also presented Strenae,* * and offered vows to the gods \nfor the preservation of each other, as may be found in \nLucian, Ovid, and Pliny. \n\nSince the time of William the Conqueror, the King\xe2\x80\x99s \npatents, charters, proclamations, and the acts of Parliament, \nhave been generally dated by the year of the king\xe2\x80\x99s reign : \ne. g. any act passed in the year 1822 is entitled, \xe2\x80\x9cAn Act \n\nOF THE SECOND OF HIS PRESENT MAJESTY, GeORGE IV.\xe2\x80\x9d \n\n\ndid not commence till the day of Annunciation, i. e. on the 25th \nof March. The part of the year between those two terms was \nusually expressed both ways, as 1748-9 or 174f-. But by the Act \nfor altering the style, the civil year now begins with January 1. \n\n* Presents made on the first day of the year were called Stre- \nnse, as is thought, from the following circumstance: Tatius, King \nof the Sabines, who was appointed joint sovereign with Romulus, \nconsidered as a good omen a present he had received on the 6th \nday of the new year, of some branches of vervaine, gathered from \nthe wood of Strenua, the goddess of strength : at first, gifts \namong the Romans were confined to these Strenae ; but they soon \nextended to figs, dates, honey, &c., and, by degrees, to more \nvaluable things:\xe2\x80\x94 \n\nIn these three sweets , an omen does appear, \n\nThat things may sweetly run throughout the year. \n\n\n\n\nCHRONOLOGICAL EXERCISES. \n\n\nJANUARY. \n\nStern winter\xe2\x80\x99s icy breath, intensely keen, \n\nNow chills the blood, and withers every green; \n\n\\ Bright shines the azure sky, serenely fair, \n\nAnd driving snows obscure the turbid air.\xe2\x80\x9d \n\nJanuary, the first month of the year, received its name \nfrom Janus, one of the Roman divinities,* to whom it was, \namong that people, consecrated. \n\nThe first of all does Janus\xe2\x80\x99 month appear; \n\nHe\xe2\x80\x99s like the gate, or entrance of the year. \n\nMassey\xe2\x80\x99s Ovid\xe2\x80\x99s Fasti. \n\nJanus is painted with two faces, because, say some, on the \none side, the first day of January looked towards the new \nyear, and, on the other, towards the old one. According \nto others, the two faces of Janus signify Providence. Art\xc2\xac \nists represent January clad in white, the colour of the earth \nat this time, blowing his nails. The beauty of a country all \nclothed in new-fallen snow is delineated by Thomson in his \nusual happy manner: \n\n\xe2\x80\x99 The cherish\xe2\x80\x99d fields \n\nPut on their winter robe of purest white. \n\n\xe2\x80\x99Tis brightness all: save where the new snow melts \nAlong the mazy current. Low the woods \nBow their hoar head; and, ere the languid sun, \n\nFaint from the West, emits his evening ray, \n\nEarth\xe2\x80\x99s universal face, deep hid and chill, \n\nIs one wild dazzling waste, that buries wide \nThe works of men. \n\nJanuary and February were introduced into the year \nby Numa Pompilius, who was a little better acquainted \nwith the celestial motions than his predecessor. The year \nof Romulus began in March, and therefore had only ten \nmonths. \n\nWhile Rome\xe2\x80\x99s great Founder made the times his care. \n\nTen months he chose to constitute the year; \n\n\n* See Arith. Quest, art. Janus; Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gazetteer , Bethlehem, \nCures, and Janiculus. \n\n\n\n\n\n\n12 \n\n\nJANUARY. \n\n\nBut Numa, better skill\xe2\x80\x99d in astral lore. \n\nTo Romulus\xe2\x80\x99s months adjoin\xe2\x80\x99d two more. \n\n* # * \xe2\x99\xa6 * * \n\nAnd again: \n\nTwo months too short was anciently the year; \n\nNo pious February then was there; \n\nAnd that which now is made the first in fame. \n\nThe month from Janus, had receiv\xe2\x80\x99d no name. \n\nMassey\xe2\x80\x99s Ovid\'s Fasti. \n\nThe ancient Christians* fasted on the first day of Janu\xc2\xac \nary, by way of opposition to the practice of the Heathens, \nwho, in honour of Janus, observed this day with feastings, \ndancings, and masquerades. \n\nREMARKABLE EVENTS. \n\n1, 1067- William the Conquerer was crowned at West\xc2\xac \nminster. He was born at Falaise, died near Rouen, and \nwas buried at Caen, which are all in the north part of \nFrance, in the province of Normandy. With William \nbegan the Norman line of kings. It followed the Saxon \ndynasty, which terminated in the person of Harold. This \naera is known as that of \xe2\x80\x9cthe Conquest.\xe2\x80\x9d See Battle of \nHastings, September 9, 1087, October 14, 1066, and \nArith. Quest , by the late William Butler. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1308. Origin of Swiss Liberty. On this day that \nillustrious patriot, William Tell, joined his heroic com\xc2\xac \npanions to oppose their tyrannical oppressors, and effect \nthe freedom of their native country; which, after a glori\xc2\xac \nous struggle of more than 300 years, was declared free \nand independent by the treaty of Westphalia, A. D. 1648. \nSee Exercises on the Globes, art. Sagitta. The Swiss or \nHelvetic confederacy was dissolved by French influence \nin 1798; but it was restored, and its independence \nguaranteed, by the Congress of Sovereigns at Vienna, in \n1815. The Republic now consists of 22 cantons. Bern, \na town finely situated on the Aar, is its capital. See \nBourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gazetteer. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1515. Expired Louis XII., King of France, in the \n53rd year of his age, to the extreme regret of the French \nnation, who, sensible of his tender concern for their wel- \n\n\n* Christians were first so called at Antioch, in Syria, Acts \nxi. 26 ; Geog. Exer. on the New Test. 4th edit. \n\n\n\n\nJANUARY. \n\n\n13 \n\n\nfare, gave him, with one voice, the grateful and honour\xc2\xac \nable appellation of father of his people. He was econo\xc2\xac \nmical, and diminished the taxes, raised merit from ob\xc2\xac \nscurity, protected the peasants and artisans, watched \nthe administration of justice, and wished the law to be \nimpartially administered. Louis was born at Blois, in the \ndepartment of Loire and Cher, province of Orleannois. \nSee April 7, 1498, June 2/, 1462, and October 9, J514. \n\n1, 1630. Hobson\xe2\x80\x99s Death. On this day expired Thomas \nHobson, the celebrated carrier of Cambridge, on whom \nMilton, who was then studying at the University, wrote \ntwo whimsical epitaphs,* and thus rendered him \xe2\x80\x9c an im\xc2\xac \nmortal carrier .\xe2\x80\x9d Hobson\xe2\x80\x99s inn at London was the Bull \nin Bishopsgate Street, where his figure in fresco, with an \ninscription, was formerly to be seen.f Milton represents \nDeath in pursuit of him ; \n\nFor he had any time this ten years full, \n\nDodg\xe2\x80\x99d with him betwixt Cambridge and the Bull. \n\nOne of our most general proverbial expressions origi\xc2\xac \nnated with this benevolent carrier; who, to his employ\xc2\xac \nment in that capacity, added the profession of supplying \nthe students with horses; and having made it an unalter\xc2\xac \nable rule that every horse should have an equal portion of \nrest as well as labour, would never let one out of its turn; \nand hence the derivation of the saying, \xe2\x80\x9c Hobson\xe2\x80\x99s \nchoice : this or none.\xe2\x80\x9d \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1651. Charles II., son of Charles I., was crowned at \nScone in Perthshire, Scotland. See September 3, 1651. \n\nSo thanks to all at once, and to each one, \n\nWhom w T e invite to see us crowned at Scone. , \n\nShakspeare. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1801. Union of Ireland with Great Britain. \nThis grand political measure will, it is ardently hoped, \nraise, in the course of time, that long-suffering and dis\xc2\xac \ntracted country to the state of opulence and prosperity, \nof which her soil, numerous harbours, and geographical \nposition, render her so eminently capable, if properly \n\n\n* See Milton\xe2\x80\x99s Poems, with Notes by Wharton, p. 318. edit. 2. \n\nf Hobson having been a frugal, thriving man, was drawn with \na hundred-pound bag of money under his arm, with this inscrip\xc2\xac \ntion upon the bag: \n\nThe fruitful mother of a hundred more. \n\nSpectator, No. 509. \n\n\n\n\n14 JANUARY. \n\nsupported by the substantial and impartial blessing\'s of the \nBritish constitution. \n\n1, 1801. Ceres. On this day, M. Piazzi, astronomer at \nPalermo, in the island of Sicily, discovered a new primary \nplanet, to which he gave the appellation of Ceres, in allu\xc2\xac \nsion to the goddess of that name in fabulous history, who \nwas highly esteemed by the ancients of Sicily.*\xe2\x80\x94The \nnumber of primary planets is now eleven, viz. Mercury, \nVenus, the Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, the Georgium \nSidus, Ceres, Pallas, Juno, and Vesta.\xe2\x80\x94See Arithmetical \nQuestions, and Exercises on the Globes, art. Solar System. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1802. New Cyclopedia. On this day commenced \nthe publication of an enlarged edition of the Cyclopaedia.f \nThis truly national work was completed in 1820, in 45 \nvolumes quarto, and will remain a lasting monument of \nthe science, judgment, and industry of the learned and \nvenerable Editor, Dr. A. Rees. See May 15, 1740. \n\n2, 17- Death of Ovid and Livy. Ovid, a native of \n\nSulmo,! and one of the finest poets of that splendid era, \nthe Augustan age, expired at Tomi, near Varna, on the \nBlack Sea, whither he had been banished by the Emperor \nAugustus, but for what reason is not known. The sweet\xc2\xac \nness, elegance, and pathos of his verse, have placed him \namong the first of Roman poets; but some of his writings \nhave an immoral tendency. His most popular production \nis the \xe2\x80\x9c Metamorphoses,\xe2\x80\x9d in which he has depicted the \ningenious and elegant fictions of Heathen mythology. \nOvid\xe2\x80\x99s death is said to have happened on the same day \nwith that of Livy, the celebrated Roman historian, who \nwas born at Padua, in the north of Italy, 59 years B. C. \nSee April 23, 1616. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1727. General Wolfe was born at Westerbam, \neight miles from Sevenoaks, in Kent See Wolfe, Index, \nand Arithmetical Questions. \n\n\n* See Exer. on the Globes, art. Ceres. M. Piazzi, the ingeni\xc2\xac \nous discoverer of Ceres, and Professor at Malta and Palermo, was \nborn at Ponte, on the Adda, in the Valteline, kingdom of Vene\xc2\xac \ntian Lombardy. He visited Paris and London in the year 1787. \nAt the last city he purchased instruments for the then newly- \nerected observatory at Palermo, and obtained Lalande\xe2\x80\x99s prize \nmedal. See March 28, 1802, and July 22, 1826. \nf The word Cyclopaedia means a body or circle of sciences. \n\nX Sulmo was an ancient town of Italy, about 90 miles east of \nRome, in lat. 42 north. Wilkinson\xe2\x80\x99s Italia Antiqua , and Sul- \nmona, Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gazetteer. \n\n\n\nJANUARY. \n\n\n15 \n\n\n2, 1801. Expired, in the 60th year of his age, and at his \nnative place, Zurich, in the north of Switzerland, the \ncelebrated physiognomist, John Casper Lavater, whose \nworks have been long familiarized to England by very \nexpensive translations. A servant would, at one time, \nscarcely be hired till the descriptions and engravings of La\xc2\xac \nvater had been consulted, in careful comparison with the \nlines and features of the young man\xe2\x80\x99s or woman\xe2\x80\x99s coun\xc2\xac \ntenance. The physiognomical delirium of the weak, \nhowever, soon excited the derision of the witty and the \nwise; and the mania is now pretty much abated. Lavater, \nnotwithstanding his wild reveries on the subject of physi\xc2\xac \nognomy, is allowed to have been an amiable man, and a \nrespectable minister. He died in consequence of a wound \nwhich he had received from a French soldier a year \nbefore. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1827- John Mason Good, M. D., died at Shepperton, \na village of Middlesex, on the Thames. Dr. Good was \nthe author of several works, among which were \xe2\x80\x9c Physi\xc2\xac \nological System of Nosology,\xe2\x80\x9d \xe2\x80\x9c The Study of Medicine,\xe2\x80\x9d \nand \xe2\x80\x9c The Book of Nature.\xe2\x80\x9d He translated the Book \nof Job, and Lucretius on the Nature of Things. The \nlatter performance is in blank verse, and is illustrated by \nnumerous notes and observations, and by an astonishing \nvariety of quotations from writers in almost every polished \nlanguage, ancient as well as modern, elucidating his views \nof this Latin poet. The Book of Nature is a series of \nlectures on Natural Philosophy or Physics, and is a work \nof considerable merit. The versatile ability, the various \nknowledge and learning, and, above all, the pious and \nhutnble application of both, which are exhibited in the \nauthor\xe2\x80\x99s mind, cannot fail to excite the admiration of the \nattentive and candid reader. Dr. Good was also the co\xc2\xac \nadjutor of Dr. Olinthus Gregory and Mr. Newton Bos- \nworth in the compilation of a new Cyclopaedia, entitled \n\xe2\x80\x9c Pantalogia,\xe2\x80\x9d a work which in its execution evinced the \ncompetent ability of its authors. \n\n3, 107 B. C. Cicero, one of the greatest orators, states\xc2\xac \nmen, and philosophers of antiquity, was born at Arpi- \nnum, a town of ancient Latium, north of Aquinum, and \nsouth of Lake Fucinus.* See December 7, 43 B. C., and \nTullia, Index. \n\n\n* Cellarius\xe2\x80\x99s Map ; Italia Media sive Propria; and Wilkin\xc2\xac \nson\xe2\x80\x99s Class. Atlas. \n\n\n\nJANUARY. \n\n\n1C) \n\n3, 1670, A. D. Died General Monk, Duke of Albe\xc2\xac \nmarle, a principal instrument in restoring\' Charles II., \nafter he had been an exile almost nine years. General \nMonk was a native of Potheridge, Devonshire, where he \nwas born in 1608. Mr. Fox (Hist, of the Reign of James \nII.,) speaking of the Restoration, says, \xe2\x80\x9cAll depended \non the army, and that army had fallen into the hands of \none than whom a baser could not be found in its lowest \nranks. Personal courage appears to have been Monk\xe2\x80\x99s \nonly virtue; reserve and dissimulation made up the whole \nstock of his wisdom.\xe2\x80\x9d\xe2\x80\x94\xe2\x80\x9c Profit,\xe2\x80\x9d says Clarendon, \xe2\x80\x9c was \nalways the highest reason with Monk\xe2\x80\x94and of the inhu\xc2\xac \nmanity of his heart, a revolting instance is recorded in the \nLife of Colonel Hutchinson, He was also the vile be\xc2\xac \ntrayer of the illustrious Argyle, who was beheaded in \n1661. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1795. Died, at his seat at Etruria,* Staffordshire, in \nthe 64th year of his age, Josiah Wedgwood, to whose \ngreat ingenuity England is indebted for the establishment \nof a manufacture that has opened a new scene of traffic \nbefore unknown to this or any other country! By the \ngenius, taste, and skill of Mr. W., the pottery of Stafford\xc2\xac \nshire was extended and applied to a variety of curious \ncompositions, subservient not only to the ordinary pur\xc2\xac \nposes of life, but to the arts, antiquity, history, &c., and \nthereby rendered a very important branch of commerce, \nboth foreign and domestic. Before his time, England \nimported the finer earthenwares; but for many years she \nhas exported them to a very great amount, the whole of \nwhich is drawn from the earth, and from the industry of \nthe inhabitants; while the national taste has been improv\xc2\xac \ned, and its reputation raised in foreign countries. The \ndifference between Mr. Wedgwood\xe2\x80\x99s ware and that of \nothers is, chiefly, that the figures of the bas-reliefs have \nno glazing; the ground has it. The forms are very beau\xc2\xac \ntiful, all imitated from the antique, and in the* purest \ntaste. The figures are extremely well designed, especially \nthose raised on a blue ground. The tasteful proprietor \nprofited by Sir William Hamilton\xe2\x80\x99s beautiful collection of \nEtruscan vases. See Arith. Quest, art. Earthenware. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1805. Died Charles Townley, Esq., whose noble \n\n\n* Etruria was the ancient name of modern Tuscany, in Italy. \nIt was noted for its earthenware. Mr. Wedgwood, therefore, \nappropriately named his establishment after that ancient district. \n\n\n\nJANUARY. \n\n\n17 \n\n\ncollection of sculpture now decorates the British Mu\xc2\xac \nseum. He was supposed to be the best judge of sculp\xc2\xac \nture in Europe. In the first room of the department of \nAntiquities* and over the door, is a bust of this distin\xc2\xac \nguished amateur, by the classic chisel of Nollekens. \n\n4, 1568. Died Roger Ascham, who had been Latin \n\nsecretary and tutor in the learned languages to Queen \nElizabeth, by whom he was much lamented ; her Majesty \nhaving, it is said, declared that she would rather have \nlost ten thousand pounds than her tutor Ascham. Being \nremarkable for writing a fine hand, he was employed to \ninstruct several of the Royal Family in that useful art.* \nHe was born at Kirkby-Wiske, about seven miles S. from \nNorthallerton, in Yorkshire, in the year 1515, and was \nburied in St Sepulchre\xe2\x80\x99s church, London. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1712. Prince Eugene, of Savoy, arrived in England. \nOn his audience of leave, March 13, 1712, Queen Anne \npresented him with a sword, valued at 5000/. He had \nrendered eminent services to this country in conjunction \nwith the Duke of Marlborough; and was at one time so \ngreat a favourite with the English, that, according to \nHorace Walpole, an old maid bequeathed him 2500/., and \na gardener 100/. See Eugene, Index. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94- 1724. Philip V., King of Spain, resigned his crown \nto his son, and retired to his palace of St. Ildefonso, in \n\n\n* The Queen herself wrote an exceedingly fair hand ; witness \nthe beautiful little prayer-book, in five languages, which was sold \nat the late Duchess of Portland\xe2\x80\x99s sale for a hundred guineas. As \nan antidote to the vulgar notion, that execrable hand-writing is a \nmark of gentility and taste, we shall quote the following observa\xc2\xac \ntions of the eminently learned Dr. Parr, who, in his Characters \nof the Honourable Charles James Fox, says, \xe2\x80\x9c he hopes to put \nsome check upon the boyish heedlessness or petty vanity of those \nwho are disposed to slight good penmanship, as below the notice \nof a scholar, by reminding him, that in the art of writing, Mr. \nFox was eminently distinguished by the clearness and firmness, \nMr. Professor Porson by the correctness and elegance, and Sir \nWilliam Jones by the ease, beauty, and variety, of the characters \nwhich they respectively employed.\xe2\x80\x9d Admiral Lord Collingwood, \nin an admirable letter to his daughters respecting their writing, \nconcludes by informing them, that \xe2\x80\x9che thinks he can know the \ncharacter of a lady pretty nearly by her hand-writing: the dash \xc2\xac \ners all impudent, however they may conceal it from themselves \nor others : and the scribblers flatter themselves with the vain \nhope, that as their letter cannot be read it may be mistaken for \nsense.\xe2\x80\x9d See Sept. 26, 1750 j and Fox, Porson, and Jones, Index. \n\n\n\n18 \n\n\nJANUARY. \n\n\nNew Castile, Spain. It is somewhat remarkable, that in \nless than eighty years four sovereigns abdicated their \nthrones;* * * \xc2\xa7 namely, Christina, Queen of Sweden, in 1654; \nCasimir, King of Poland, in 160/ ; Philip, King of Spain, \nin 1724; and Amadeus, King of Sardinia, in 1730. See \nalso January 1G, 1556, and Dec. 19, 1683. \n\n5, 1477. Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, was \nkilled in his retreat after the battle of Nanci, province of \nLorraine, department of Meurthe, France. This prince \nand Louis XI. were engaged in constant war, and the \nlatter was taken prisoner by Charles, and compelled to \nsign an ignominious peace. See Peronne, Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gaz. \n\nThis restless duke invaded Switzerland, and treated the \ninhabitants with ruthless barbarity, but was at length de\xc2\xac \nfeated in the battles of Granson and Morat, and lost his \nlife by rashly invading the duchy of Lorraine. \n\n*\xe2\x80\x94 1589. Catharine de\xe2\x80\x99Medici, after being the wife \n\nof one king,f and the mother of three,;{; and occasioning \nduring many years the misery and devastation of France, \nexpired, aged 71, loaded with debts, at Blois, province of \nOrleannois, department of Loire and Cher. She was the \ndaughter of Lorenzo de\xe2\x80\x99Medici, Duke of Urbino, and \nniece of Pope Clement VII.,\xc2\xa7 and was born at Florence. \nSee Blois and Florence, Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gaz. \n\nCatharine was a woman of infinite address, and seldom \nfailed to overreach those whom it was her interest to de\xc2\xac \nceive or gain over to her purposes. But she was destitute \nof real wisdom, for she lost the confidence of all, and \ndied miserable and broken-hearted. Clever and cunning, \nbut short-sighted, skilful in extricating herself from a \nscrape, unscrupulous about the means she employed, ut\xc2\xac \nterly without principle, and regardless of truth, she at\xc2\xac \ntained her immediate objects, but left an indelible im\xc2\xac \npression of the fraud and artifice of her character. \n\nTrue (o no party ; but, to gain her end. \n\nPrompt to embrace her foe, desert her friend ; \n\nA slave to pleasure, to ambition more; \n\nImpious, though superstition\xe2\x80\x99s chain she wore ; \n\nWith every vice, in fine, in woman born, \n\nStript of the virtues which their mind adorn. \n\n\n* Take physic, pomp ! Lear. \n\ni* Henry II. \n\n+ See June 29, 1559 ; Dec. 5, 1560 ; and Aug. 1, 1589. \n\n\xc2\xa7 See the late William Butler\xe2\x80\x99s Mis. Quest., Sept. 25, 1534. \n\n\n\n\nJANUARY. \n\n\n19 \n\n\n, 5, 1757. Damiens attempted to assassinate Louis XV., \nwhile stepping into liis carriage, about six o\xe2\x80\x99clock in the \nevening, as he was going to supper and to sleep at Tri\xc2\xac \nanon. He was struck on the right side, but the wound \nwas not deep, and attended with 110 danger. The assassin \nwas confined in the same prison at Paris in which Ravaillac \nhad been confined, and after suffering the most shocking \ntortures, was executed March 28. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1783. Onore, a seaport of the peninsula of Hindoo- \nstan, about 400 miles S. by E. of Bombay, was taken by \nthe English with a most terrible carnage. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1793. Expired at Millieent, in the county of Kildare, \nIreland, Elizabeth Griffith, a novelist and dramatic \nwriter, and author of a work entitled, \xe2\x80\x9c The Morality of \nShakspeare\xe2\x80\x99s Drama illustrated,\xe2\x80\x9d \xe2\x80\x9c Essays addressed \nto young Married Women,\xe2\x80\x9d and \xe2\x80\x9c Letters of Henry and \nFrances.\xe2\x80\x9d \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1807. Died Isaac Reed, Esq., of London, his native \nplace ; a gentleman distinguished by his extensive ac\xc2\xac \nquaintance with old English literature, and by his alacrity \nin opening the stores of a valuable library, to facilitate \nthe literary pursuits of those who obtained an introduc\xc2\xac \ntion to him. Mr. Reed was for many years a proprietor \nand the Editor of the European Magazine, of which \n^bme of the most interesting contents, particularly in the \nbiographical and critical departments, were the products \nof liis pen. His peculiar talents as a commentator ori \nour great Bard, and the tenor of his own character, were \nthus happily and briefly sketched by an anonymous \nwriter: \n\n\xe2\x80\x9c Too pompons, labour\xe2\x80\x99d, confident, refin\xe2\x80\x99d, \n\nMost annotations on our Bard appear; \n\nThine trace with modest care his mighty mind, \n\nAnd, like thy life, are simple, just, and clear.\xe2\x80\x9d \n\nThe works which have passed through Mr. Reed\xe2\x80\x99s \nhands to the press are exceedingly numerous ; but he had \na rooted objection to affixing his name to any of them ; \nan objection which continued insuperable till iiis last edi\xc2\xac \ntion of Shakspeare was printed; when he yielded to the \nentreaties of his friends, and his name was given to the \nwork.\xe2\x80\x94By his judgment in the value of books, and his \nindustry in collecting, Mr. R. left behind him a library \nwhich, perhaps, had not cost him ^700, but which brought \nat an auction above \xc2\xab4\xe2\x80\x994000. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1827. His Royal Highness, Frederick, Duke of \n\n\n20 \n\n\nJANUARY. \n\n\nYork, died, in his 64th year, at the house of his Grace \nthe Duke of Rutland, in Arlington Street. He was Com\xc2\xac \nmander in Chief of all his Majesty\xe2\x80\x99s Forces in the United \nKingdom, to which honour he had been appointed in \n1795. In 1793, he was engaged in active service in \nFrance, and Valenciennes surrendered to a British army \nunder his command, but an attempt to take Dunkirk \nproved abortive. In May, 1794, the Duke, after several \nattacks by Pichegru,* near Tournay, was obliged to re\xc2\xac \ntire, and after a succession of disappointments experi\xc2\xac \nenced by the allies, against which the British commander \nhad perseveringly struggled, he returned to England. In \n1799, he again embarked on foreign service, landed near \nthe Helder in Holland, in which country, though the Bri\xc2\xac \ntish and Russians were for a time successful, from the \nstrong position taken by the French and Dutch command\xc2\xac \ners, the Duke was under the necessity of entering into an \nagreement with Generals Brune and Daendels, by which \nit was stipulated that the English and Russians should be \nallowed to evacuate Holland on condition that 8000 sea\xc2\xac \nmen, either Batavian or French, should be given up to \nthe French Government. His Royal Highness was \ngreatly beloved by the army, and was endeared to his \nfriends and domestics by his affability and kindness. \n\n6, Epiphany. This is commonly called Twelfth-day, being \nthe twelfth day after Christmas. The word is Greek, \nand signifies \xe2\x80\x9c an appearance of light; a manifestation.\xe2\x80\x9d \nIt is kept as a festival,f to celebrate the manifestation of \nJesus Christ to the Gentiles ; and has a particular refer- \n\n\n* See Arbois, Arnheim, Scheveling, and Sinnamari, Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s \n<Gaz. \n\n\xe2\x80\xa2f* Dr. Drake, in his valuable work, entitled, \xe2\x80\x9c Shakspeare \nand his Times,\xe2\x80\x9d gives a curious and entertaining account of this \nremarkable holiday.\xe2\x80\x94Twelfth Night, or wassailing, was once \nthe delight of the metropolis and various parts of England ; being \ndedicated to sports and hilarity. \n\nThe king doth wake to-night, and takes his rouse, \n\nKeeps wassail, and the svvagg\xe2\x80\x99ring upspring reels. \n\nShakspeare. \n\nWassail was a liquor made of apples, sugar, and ale, anciently \nsnitch used by the English goodfellows : hence the term wassailer \nimplied a toper or drunkard : \n\nI\xe2\x80\x99m loth to meet the rudeness and swill\xe2\x80\x99d insolence \nOf such late wassailers. Milton. \n\n\n\n\n\nJANUARY. \n\n\n21 \n\n\nence to the Eastern sages (supposed by some to have \nbeen kings) who came to adore and bring our Saviour \npresents at Bethlehem in Judea. In allusion to this \ncircumstance, the king offers annually by proxy in the \nChapel-Royal, St. James\xe2\x80\x99s, gold, frankincense, and myrrh. \nSee Geo. Exer. on the New Test, 4th edit. The origin \nof drawing for king and queen on this day is differently \naccounted for. Some maintain it to have been derived \nfrom the custom observed by the Roman children, who, \nat the end of their Saturnalia, drew lots with beans to \nsee who would be king; while others, with more apparent \nreason, consider it as allusive to the offerings made by \nthe Magi to the infant Jesus. \n\n6, 1366. Richard II. was born at Bourdeaux, in the de\xc2\xac \npartment of Gironde, France. He was son of Edward \nthe Black Prince. See Feb. 14, 1400; June 13, 1483. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1536. Queen Catharine of Arragon, in Spain, the \ndivorced wife of the tyrant Henry VIII., died at Kimbol- \nton, in Huntingdonshire, where she lived after her repu\xc2\xac \ndiation. While it was in agitation, she resided in a castle \nat Ampthill Park, Bedfordshire; now the seat of that \nelegant scholar and patriotic statesman, Lord Holland. \nDr. Johnson, in his remarks upon the tragedy of Henry \nVIII., says, that the meek sorrows and virtuous distresses \nof this queen have furnished some scenes which may be \njustly numbered among the greatest efforts of tragedy. \nBut the genius of Shakspeare, he subjoins, comes in \nand goes out with Catharine. She was interred at Peter\xc2\xac \nborough, in Northamptonshire, where also was buried \nMary, Queen of Scots. Mary\xe2\x80\x99s body was removed to \nWestminster Abbey by her son James I.\xe2\x80\x94 Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s Ga\xc2\xac \nzetteer. The divorce of Catharine is an important link in \nthe mighty series of human events. It forms an asra in \nEnglish history. The Pope\xe2\x80\x99s refusal to sanction the di\xc2\xac \nvorce, so irritated Henry, that he embraced, nominally at \nleast, the doctrines of Luther, which he had formerly op\xc2\xac \nposed, and against which he had written; and the Church \nof England was separated from the see of Rome! Thus \na measure, originating in folly and crime, was productive \nof a glorious good. \n\nFrom Catharine\xe2\x80\x99s wrongs a nation\xe2\x80\x99s blifes was spread. \n\nSee Ampthill, Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gazetteer; September 25, \n1534; and Miscel. Quest., by the late W. Butler. \n\n,\xe2\x80\x94 1540. Henry VIII. was married to Anne of Cleves, \nsister to William Duke of Cleves; a fine duchy in the circle \n\n\n00 \n\n\nJANUARY. \n\n\nof Westphalia, Germany. She was the fourth wife of the \ncapricious monarch, who in the following July divorced \nthis innocent woman because she was not personally \nattractive. See Chelsea and Hever, Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gazetteer. \n\n6, 1781. Death of Major Peirson. A body of French \ntroops having landed on the island of Jersey, in the En\xc2\xac \nglish Channel, surprised the Lieutenant-Governor, made \nhim prisoner, and obliged him to sign a capitulation; but \nMajor Peirson, the commander of the English troops, he\xc2\xac \nroically refusing his acquiescence in this compulsive trans\xc2\xac \naction, vigorously attacked the enemy in the town of St. \nHelier, and compelled them to surrender prisoners of \nwar; a gallant action, which, however, cost the Major his \nlife, being himself killed in the moment of victory. A \nbrief account of several heroes who have been killed in the \ninstant of success, is given in the Arithmetical Questions. \n\nA print, representing the death of Major Peirson, cost \nthe late Mr. Alderman Boydell (including the painting) \nthe amazing sum of ,\xe2\x82\xac5000. It was painted by Copley, \nand engraved by Heath; and both the painting and en\xc2\xac \ngraving rank among our best historical pieces. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1786. Loss of the Halsewell East-Indiaman. \nThis lamentable catastrophe took place at Seacombe, in the \nisle of Purbeck, near St. Aldhelm\xe2\x80\x99s Head, a famous sea \nmark, consisting of a bold cliff, rising to the height of \nnearly 300 feet, on the coast of Dorsetshire. The vessel \nwas commanded by Captain Pierce, a man of ability and \ncharacter. Among the passengers were two of his own \ndaughters, and five other ladies, equally distinguished by \ntheir personal charms and mental attainments. These, \ntogether with the venerable commander, most of his offi\xc2\xac \ncers, and the passengers, were all buried in the remorse\xc2\xac \nless deep ; and so complete was the wreck, that not an \natom of the ship was ever after discoverable. To recon\xc2\xac \ncile the mind to disastrous scenes like the present, melan\xc2\xac \ncholy in their operation, and unaccountable in the weak \nperceptions of human wisdom, we must not only believe \nthat they are the dispensations of the Supreme Being, \nwho \xe2\x80\x9crides in the whirlwind and directs the storm but \nthat his purposes are unquestionably wise, gracious, and \nultimately merciful. A ray of light is also shed on the \ndark caverns of the deep by the promise that \xe2\x80\x9c the sea \nshall give up her dead.\xe2\x80\x9d \n\n7, 1558. Calais, in the north part of France, surrendered \nto the French, after it had been in the possession of the \nEnglish above 210 years. See Miscel. Quest, in Eng. Hist. \n\n\nJANUARY. \n\n\n23 \n\n\n7, 1715. Fenelon, the celebrated Archbishop of Cam- \nbray, died and was buried on the 8th. In 1793 the body of \nthis venerable inan was exhumed, that the lead in which he \nhad been buried might be converted into cannon-balls. \nIn 1801 a re-interment took place, and an elegant monu\xc2\xac \nment has been erected in the cathedral of Cambray over \nhis remains. See August 6, 1651. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1785. Mr. Blanchard, accompanied by Dr. Jef\xc2\xac \nfries, went from Dover to the forest of Guines, near \nCalais, in France, in an air-balloon, in about two hours. \nThe width of the Straits of Dover is 26 miles. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1796. The late lamented Princess Charlotte was \nborn. See Nov. 6, 1817- \n\n8, 1642. Expired, near Florence, in Tuscany, the cele\xc2\xac \nbrated Galileo, who was born at Pisa, Italy, in 1564. \nHe was the author of several noble and useful discoveries \nin astronomy, geometry, and mechanics; and was the \nfirst person who improved telescopes* * * \xc2\xa7 so as to answer \nastronomical purposes. To him the subsequent lines \nallude: \n\nThe moon whose orb \n\nThrough optic glass the Tuscan artist views \nAt evening from the top of Fesol6,-f\' \n\nUr in Valdarno,t to descry new lands, \n\nRivers, or mountains, on her spotty globe.\xc2\xa7 \n\nMilton. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1701. Origin of the Prussian Monarchy. On \nthis day the Elector of Brandenburg, in Germany, as\xc2\xac \nsumed the crown under the title of Frederick the First, \nKing of Prussia; and on January the 8th, 1801, being \nthe centesimal anniversary of that memorable day, there \nwas a grand fete given at Berlin to commemorate the \nevent, which took place in the Great Church at Konigs- \nberg, a noble city on the Pregel, and capital of Prussia. \nThe Elector put the crown (an iron one) on his head \nwith his own hands, saying, \xe2\x80\x9c God has given it to me; \n\n* See Exercies on the Globes , 11th edit. The word telescope \ncomes from two Greek words : tvjXs, afar off, and (tmotveu, to \nview. Microscope comes from p/cpo?, small, and c tkottsw, to \nview. \n\nf Fesole, or Fiesole, was a city of Tuscany, in Italy, about 25 \nmiles from Pistoia, in a south-east direction, and three miles \nfrom Florence. See Nf.wton\xe2\x80\x99s Milton. \n\n+ Vaidarno is the vale of Arno. The Arno is a beautiful river \nwhich runs through Tuscany. \n\n\xc2\xa7 See Moon, Exercises on the Globes. \n\n\n\n\n24 JANUARY. \n\nwoe be to him who attempts to take it from me.\xe2\x80\x9d Fre\xc2\xac \nderick died in 1713. \n\n8, 1753. Died, in Lincoln\xe2\x80\x99s Inn Fields, Sir Thomas Bur\xc2\xac \nnet, third and youngest son of the celebrated Bishop of \nSalisbury. In his youth his dissipation gave his father \nmuch uneasiness ; but after his death he reformed, and in \n1741 was made one of the judges of the Common Pleas. \nIn 1745, when the Lord Chancellor, judges, and gentle\xc2\xac \nmen of the law, waited on his Majesty with their address \non occasion of the rebellion, he was knighted. He was \nan able, upright judge, and a great benefactor to the \npoor. See March 17, 1715. \n\n9, -On this day was celebrated by the Romans the \n\nFeast of Agonalia, in honour of Janus, and attended \nwith solemn exercises and combats. See Cures, Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s \nGazetteer , note. \n\n-\xe2\x80\x941514. Anne of Bretagne, wife of Charles VIII., king \nof Franee, an d after his death the wife of his successor, Louis \nXII., died at Blois. During Charles\xe2\x80\x99s expedition in Italy \nshe managed the atfairs of the nation with great prudence, \nexpressed great grief at his death, abstaining from food \ntwo days, and weeping incessantly; and wore black as \nmourning, whereas white had been previously worn by \nthe queens of France on the death of the kings. She \nwas amiable, prudent, and politic, a lover of literature, \nand possessed the confidence of her second consort, who \nsurvived her. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1766. Died, in consequence of a fall from his horse,* \nnear Hampstead, Dr. Thomas Birch, a distinguished \nhistorical and biographical writer, being the author of \nmany much-approved works, particularly \xe2\x80\x9c The General \nDictionary, Historical and Critical,\xe2\x80\x9d in 10 volumes, \nfolio. He was born in London, 1/05, and bore through \nlife the character of a very worthy man. \n\n10, 1645. Laud, Archbishop of Canterbury, was beheaded \non Tower^Hill, in the 71st year of his age, for high \ntreason, not actually proved against him; but he fell a \nsacrifice to party violence and liis own high-church senti\xc2\xac \nments, which induced him to attempt a general unifor\xc2\xac \nmity in religion, or rather to impose the doctrine, disci\xc2\xac \npline, and hierarchy of the Church of England on the three \nkingdoms.^ He was a native of Reading, in Berkshire. \n\n\n* See Day, Thomas, Index. \n\nf When Charles V. retired to St. Juste, he amused himself \nwith mechanics. One day he placed a number of watches before \nhim on a table which he had vainly endeavoured to make agree \n\n\n\nJANUARY. \n\n\n25 \n\n\n10, 1778. Death of Linnaeus. On this day expired the \n\xe2\x80\x9c Father of modern botany/\xe2\x80\x99 the celebrated Linnaeus, who \nwas born at Rasliult, a village of Smaland, in Sweden, in \n1707. At the age of 34, he was made professor of physic \nand botany in the University of Upsal; and in the year \n1757, he was ennobled by his sovereign. \n\nLinnaeus, in his profound adoration of the Divinity, re\xc2\xac \nsembled Newton, Locke, Jones, Haller, Euler, Boerhaave, \nand other dignified characters, whose respect for religion \nrender their knowledge still more estimable. The deeper \nhe penetrated into the secrets of Nature, the more he ad\xc2\xac \nmired the wisdom of her Creator; \n\nAnd look\xe2\x80\x99d through Nature up to Nature\xe2\x80\x99s God. \n\nHe praised this wisdom in his writings, recommended it \nby his speeches, and honoured it in his actions. When\xc2\xac \never he found an opportunity of expatiating on the great\xc2\xac \nness, the providence, and omnipotence of God, t which fre\xc2\xac \nquently happened in his lectures and botanical excur\xc2\xac \nsions, his heart glowed with a celestial fire, and his mouth \npoured forth torrents of admirable eloquence. This made \nhim one of the best inculcators of morality; he instilled, \nby so doing, a similar spirit of religion into the breasts of \nhis pupils.* * Over the door of the hall in which he gave \nhis lectures, was the following inscription : \xe2\x80\x9c Innocui \nVivite! Numen Adest!\xe2\x80\x9d\xe2\x80\x94\xe2\x80\x9cLive guiltless\xe2\x80\x94the Deity is \npresent l\xe2\x80\x9d See Prov. xv. 3, and Geo. Eocer. on the New \nTest., No. 140. This truly great man was interred in the \ncathedral of Upsal. See Nov. 1, 1783. \n\n11, 1698. Peter the Great, Czar of Muscovy or Russia, \ncame to England and remained incognito. He improved \nhimself at Deptford, in Kent, in the art of ship-building, \nand King William presented him with one of his royal \nyachts. \n\n\nexactly in their time. Having looked at them for some minutes, \nhe said, \xe2\x80\x9c How foolish was I to endeavour to make religious \nsects all agree in one doctrine ! 1 might as well expect this, as \n\nsuppose that these watches would all move with the same regu\xc2\xac \nlarity.\xe2\x80\x9d An excellent lesson this for Archbishop Laud, and for \nall bigoted zealots who insist upon there being only one entrance \ninto heaven, viz. through the door of their own opinions. \n\n* It has been justly remarked of science in general, that \nthough it will not create piety, it will feed it. Dr. Hooke, the \nnaturalist, it is said, never made a discovery, but he inserted an \nentry in his journal of \xe2\x80\x9c Glory to the Deity.\xe2\x80\x9d \n\nC \n\n\n\n\n26 \n\n\nJANUARY. \n\n\n11, 1753. Sir Hans Sloane, baronet, died at his house at \nChelsea, in the 93d year of his age. He was first physi\xc2\xac \ncian to George II., and many years president of the Royal \nSociety.* His immense collection of books, manuscripts, \nand curious productions of nature and art, now form a \nmost valuable part of the British Museum. His library \nconsisted of 50,000 vols .; and his catalogue contained a \ndescription of 69,352 curiosities; a treasure which he \nsaid was destined to magnify God and benefit mankind. \nThe beautiful botanical garden at Chelsea was left by him \nto the Company of Apothecaries. He was a liberal bene\xc2\xac \nfactor to the necessitous, and chose to distribute his cha\xc2\xac \nrities in his (ife-time, rather than defer them till after his \ndeath. Sir Hans Sloane was born at Killileagh, in Down- \nshire, in the north-east part of Ireland; and was buried \nin Chelsea churchyard, where liis tomb is still in tolerable \npreservation. It is surmounted by the mystic symbols of \nthe egg and the serpent in a good style of sculpture. See \nExercises on the Globes, art. Serpents. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1800. Died, in the 71st year of his age, at Dublin, to \nthe deep regret of all good men, the worthy and amiable \nArchbishop Newcome ; equally conspicuous for his \nbiblical knowledge, arduous labours, and unfeigned piety. \nHe was successively bishop of Dromore, Ossory, and \nWaterford; and in 1795, was elevated to the highest dig\xc2\xac \nnity in the Irish church, by being translated to the archi- \nepiscopal see of Armagh, the primacy of all Ireland. \nThis admirable prelate\xe2\x80\x99s works are numerous, and all tend \nto the advancement of sacred literature, the great object \nof his fondest ambition. He was a native of Abingdon, \nin Berkshire, where his father was the vicar of a parish. \n\n12, 1519. Expired Maximilian I., Emperor of Germany, \nwhose death, as it left vacant the first station among \nChristian princes, set the passions of men in agitation, \nand proved a kind of sera in the general system of Europe. \nCharles, King of Spain, grandson of the deceased em\xc2\xac \nperor, and Francis, King of France, immediately declared \nthemselves candidates for the Imperial crown, and em\xc2\xac \nployed every expedient of money or intrigue which pro\xc2\xac \nmised them success in so great a point of ambition. Our \nHenry VIII. also, was encouraged to advance his preten\xc2\xac \nsions, but he found the votes of the electors already en\xc2\xac \ngaged. Charles was, at length, the successful candidate. \n\n\n* See Society and Museum, Index. \n\n\n\n\nJANUARY. \n\n\n2 7 \n\n\nand thus became possessed of a greater and more exten\xc2\xac \nsive empire than any known in Europe since that of the \nRomans. Of this empire it has been said, that the sun \nnever set upon the dominions of Charles : they embraced \nthe Eastern and Western hemispheres. Maximilian\xe2\x80\x99s \ndeath, according to some authors, occurred at Inspruck ; \nothers say at Weis, near Lintz. \n\n12, 1807. Leyden, in Holland, was severely injured, \nabout four o\xe2\x80\x99clock in the afternoon, by the explosion of \na large quantity of gunpowder, which was on board a \nvessel that had come up a canal into the street called the \nRapenburg. One hundred and fifty dead bodies were \ntaken from the ruins occasioned by the explosion, and \nupwards of two thousand were wounded more or less \ndangerously. Hone\xe2\x80\x99s Every-Day Book , and Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s \nGazetteer , art. Leyden. \n\n13, St. Hilary or St. Hilartus. St. Hilary was born at \nPoitiers, in France, about the latter end of the third or \nbeginning of the fourth century, though the particular \nyear is no where mentioned. By an attentive perusal \nand study of the Holy Scriptures, after he had attained \nthe age of maturity, he was converted from Paganism to \nChristianity, and in 355 he was elected Bishop of the \nplace of his nativity, and was one of those pious and \nlearned men so justly held in veneration as Fathers of the \nChristian church; a title given to all those eminent Chris\xc2\xac \ntian theologists who wrote prior to the 13th century. He \ndied in 367, at about 80 years of age. (Claris Calendarm \nand Christian Observer , March 1825.) St. Hilary is re\xc2\xac \ncorded to have been the first who composed hymns to be \nsung in churches, and his name is given to one of the \nfour seasons of the year, when the courts of justice are \nopened and called Terms. Easter, Trinity, and Michael\xc2\xac \nmas, are the other three. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1700. Monastic Establishments were suppressed \nin France. Protestants have always been accustomed to \nconsider monastic institutions as the haunts of ignorance \nand superstition, where the proud priest and lazy monk \nfattened upon the riches of the land. It must, however, \nbe admitted, that though we have now reason enough to \nrejoice that they are fallen, they have, nevertheless, in \ntheir day, been made subservient to some useful purposes. \nSee Mrs. Barbauld\xe2\x80\x99s Works. \xe2\x80\x94Monastic establishments \nwere suppressed in England at the Reformation, in the \nreign of Henry VIII. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1800. Expired Dr. James Macknight, an eminent \n\nc 2 \n\n\n28 \n\n\nJANUARY. \n\n\nclergyman of the Church of Scotland. Of his various \nworks the most distinguished is \xe2\x80\x9c The Harmony of the \nGospels/\xe2\x80\x99 He was born at Irvine, in Ayrshire, in 1721. \n\n14, 1753. Death of Bishop Berkeley. This learned \nand ingenious man was bishop of Cloyne, in Ireland, \nand was born in that kingdom, at Kilerin, near Tho\xc2\xac \nmas Town, in the county of Kilkenny, the 12th of \nMarch, 1684. So very amiable and exemplary was this \ngreat man\xe2\x80\x99s general character, that Pope is scarcely \nthought to have said too much when he ascribes to \n\xe2\x80\x9cBerkeley every virtue under heaven.\xe2\x80\x9d He expired \nwithout a groan, as he was sitting in the midst of his \nfamily, and just after he had concluded a comment on \nthat most beautiful and consoling portion of Holy Writ, \nthe 15th chapter of the first of Corinthians. Thus was \nvouchsafed to this most illustrious bishop, that Euthanasia \nfor which Arbuthnot so tenderly sighed, and for which \nevery reflecting mind must devoutly wish and pray. See \nDarwin, Index. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1794. Died in London, in the 65th year of his age, Dr. \nEdward Harwood, an eminent Dissenting Minister and \nexcellent classical scholar, whose learned works are well \nknown, some of them having gone through many editions. \nHis \xe2\x80\x9cIntroduction to the Study of the New Testament\xe2\x80\x9d \nis a very valuable performance. Dr. Harwood was a na\xc2\xac \ntive of Lancashire. It was said, that he refused very \nliberal patronage offered to him, if he would join the \nChurch of England. \n\n15, 1559. Queen Elizabeth was crowned at Westmin\xc2\xac \nster. See March 24, 1603. Elizabeth was of the house \nof Tudor, and grand-daughter of Henry VII., the first of \nthat family who sat on the throne. See Penmynidd, \nBourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gazetteer. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1747- John Aikin, M. D., was born at Kibworth, in \nthe southern part of the county of Leicester. He was \nthe author of various works which evince the elegance of \nhis taste and the activity of his mind, but the most im\xc2\xac \nportant and interesting are, perhaps, his \xe2\x80\x9c Letters from a \nFather to a Son, on various topics relative to Literature \nand the Conduct of Life,\xe2\x80\x9d and his \xe2\x80\x9c Annals of the Reign \nof George the Third.\xe2\x80\x9d The candid, equitable, and inde\xc2\xac \npendent spirit which pervades these works, render them \nparticularly valuable. Dr. Aikin died on the 7th of De\xc2\xac \ncember, 1822, at Stoke Newington. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1 795. The Prince of Orange, William V., Stadt- \nholder of the United Provinces, and his family, in conse- \n\n\nJANUARY. \n\n\n29 \n\n\nquence of the successes of the French, were obliged to \nleave the Hague, and effect their escape to England, \nwhere they arrived on the 21st of the same month. They \nsailed from Scheveling, three miles from the Hague, and \nlanded at Harwich, in Essex. See Nov. 15, 1813. \n\n16, 1556. The Emperor Charles V., after along and \nturbulent reign, resigned, at Brussels, the crown of Spain \nand other dominions to his son Philip, reserving nothing \nfor himself but an annual pension of 100,000 crowns; \nand chose for the place of his retreat St. Juste, near Pla\xc2\xac \ncentia, in Spain. See Oct. 25, 1555, January 4, 1724, \nand Placentia, Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gazetteer. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1/80. Admiral (afterwards Lord) Rodney destroyed \nseveral Spanish ships, near St. Vincent\xe2\x80\x99s Cape, Portugal. \nThis celebrated naval commander, who immortalized his \nname by numerous public services, died in 1792, aged 74. \nAn elegant monument has been erected to his memory in \nSt. Paul\xe2\x80\x99s Cathedral. See April 12, 1782. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1794. Expired suddenly at his lodgings in St. James\xe2\x80\x99s \nStreet, Westminster, Edward Gibbon, Esq., author of a \ncelebrated work entitled \xe2\x80\x9cAn History of the Decline and \nFall of the Roman Empire,\xe2\x80\x9d which is generally allowed, \nthough containing strong insinuations against Christianity, \nto be one of the most valuable, elegant, interesting, and \ncomprehensive works ever communicated to the world by \nan individual. Great part of it was written at Lausanne, \na beautiful town on the Lake of Geneva, Switzerland. \nMr. Gibbon was born at Putney, in Surrey, 1737; and \nwas buried in Lord Sheffield\xe2\x80\x99s mausoleum, at Fletching, \nin Sussex. An inscription, by the learned Dr. Parr, re\xc2\xac \ncords his talents. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1809. Death of Sir John Moore, K. B. This celebrated \ngeneral died in the arms of victory, at Corunna, after \naccomplishing a safe retreat through a country in which \nhe found no co-operation, and before an enemy who was \nvastly superior to him in numbers. He was born at Glas\xc2\xac \ngow about the year 1762, and was the eldest son of the \nlate Dr. Moore, a gentleman well known by his numerous \nliterary productions. The monument in St. Paul\xe2\x80\x99s Ca\xc2\xac \nthedral to the memory of Sir John Moore, represents his \ninterment by the hands of Valour and Victory; the latter \nlowering him into the grave by a wreath of laurel! which, \nsays the Examiner , is an expressive and original action. \nSee Arith. Quest, art. Laurel. Corunna is a sea-port of \n-Galicia, in the north-west part of Spain, at the mouth of \n4he Groyne. See Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gazetteer. \n\n\n30 \n\n\nJANUARY. \n\n\n17, 1706. Dr. Franklin was born at Boston, the capital \nof Massachusetts, United States, America. He was the \nson of a tallow-chandler, and early in life shewed a strong \nlove of literature. He read many accounts of Voyages \nand Travels, but Defoe\xe2\x80\x99s Essay upon Projects seems to have \nbeen the bias which influenced the complexion of his \nfuture career. He became the most distinguished philo\xc2\xac \nsopher and politician of his time; and from his electrical \ndiscoveries and determined opposition to the mistaken \npolicy of Great Britain, it has been said, \n\n\xe2\x80\x9cEripuit coelo fulmen sceptrumque tyrannis.\xe2\x80\x9d \n\n\xe2\x80\x9c Cet homme audacieux, par ses efforts constans, \n\nRavit au ciel sa foudre, et leur sceptre aux tyrans.\xe2\x80\x9d \n\nSee Jan. 29, 1774; April 17, 1790; and Dec. 16, 1783. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1792. Died George Horne, bishop of Norwich, \nwhose \xe2\x80\x9cSermons\xe2\x80\x9d and \xe2\x80\x9cCommentary on the Psalms\xe2\x80\x9d are \nhighly esteemed, particularly the latter, which, as the in\xc2\xac \nscription on his tomb justly observes, \xe2\x80\x9c will continue to \nbe a companion to the closet, till the devotions of earth \nshall end in the hallelujahs of heaven \xe2\x80\x9d His Female Cha\xc2\xac \nracter , drawn with great ability in one of his Discourses, \nhas been much admired; for in that sketch he has paid an \naffectionate tribute of praise to the sex whose mild virtues \ncontribute so essentially to the happiness of mankind. \nBishop Horne was a native of Othain, in Kent, and was \nburied in the churchyard of Eltham, a small, but neat vil\xc2\xac \nlage, in the vicinity of Shooter\xe2\x80\x99s Hill, in the same county. \n\n18, 1719. Died Sir Samuel Garth, an excellent poet and \nphysician, and author of a most admirable satire, called \n\xe2\x80\x9cThe Dispensary.\xe2\x80\x9d He was born, according to some of \nhis biographers, in Yorkshire; according to others, at \nBolam, in Durham ; and interred at Harrow-on-the-Hill, \nin Middlesex. \n\n19, The sun enters into the constellation zz, Aquarius. \nSee Exer. on the Globes. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 * 1547. Henry, Earl of Surrey, eldest son of \nThomas Howard, third Duke of Norfolk, was beheaded \non Tower-hill on a charge of treason. He is celebrated \nby Drayton, Dryden, Fenton, and Pope; illustrated by \nhis own muse, and lamented for his unhappy and unme\xc2\xac \nrited end. He shone in all the accomplishments of the \n\n\n* Dr. Nott, in his edition of the Works of the Earl of Surrey, \nsays the 21st, but Rapin, Granger, and Lodge mention the 19th. \n\n\n\nJANUARY. \n\n\n31 \n\n\ntime in which he lived, and his name is renowned in its \ntournaments, and in his father\xe2\x80\x99s battles. With high per\xc2\xac \nsonal courage he united a politeness and urbanity of \nmanner then almost peculiar to himself: and his writings \ndisplay an elegance of composition little, if at all, inferior \nto that of some of our best poets in any succeeding period. \nHe was buried in the church of All-hallows, Barking, \nTower-street, but afterwards removed to Framlingham. \n\n19, 1728. Died William Congreve, a celebrated dramatic \nwriter and poet; author of several comedies and poems, \nand of the tragedy of \xe2\x80\x9c The Mourning Bride.\xe2\x80\x9d He was \ndescended from an ancient family in Staffordshire, and \nborn at Bardsey, near Leeds, in Yorkshire, 1669. Amidst \nthe fierce party contentions which divided almost all the \nother wits of his time, Congreve pursued a neutrality \nwhich gained him the compliments of both sides. Steele \ndedicated his Miscellanies to him, and Pope his Trans\xc2\xac \nlation of the Iliad. He was interred in Westminster \nAbbey. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1730. The Czar Peter II. died at Moscow, of the \nsmall-pox, in the 15th year of his age, and the third of \nhis reign. He was the grandson of Peter the Great. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1736. Was born at Greenock, Scotland, James Watt, \na philosopher, mechanician, and civil engineer. Among \nmany improvements in the arts, the one to which man\xc2\xac \nkind is most indebted, is that of the Steam Engine, whose \ngigantic powers, through his contrivances, are now dis\xc2\xac \nplayed not only in all our manufacturing towns, in the \nfinest and most delicate manufactures, but on the surface \nof the ocean and in the deepest recesses of the earth, in \npropelling and moving unwieldy masses. Though the \nMarquis of Worcester* and Captain Savery were the first \nwho imparted a knowledge of the power of steam as a me\xc2\xac \nchanical agent, yet the successive improvements of Watt \nentitle him to the claim of the Inventor of the Steam En\xc2\xac \ngine. Mr. Watt died at his house at Heathfield, August \n25, 1819, and was buried at Hands worth, near Birming\xc2\xac \nham. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1785. Expired, in the 72nd year of his age, the Rev. \nJonathan Toup, well known for his great knowledge \nand critical sagacity. He wrote annotations on Suidas, a \nGreek writer, and on Theocritus, the pastoral poet, and \npublished an edition of Longinus, the critic. He was a \n\n\n* See Ragland and Wednesbury, Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gazetteer. \n\n\n\n32 \n\n\nJANUARY. \n\n\nnative of St. Ives, in Cornwall, and was rector of St. \nMartin\xe2\x80\x99s parish, adjacent to Morval, in the same county, \nthirty-four years. \n\n20, 1327. Edward II. was deposed, and the Prince his \nson declared King - , by the title of Edward III. He was \ncrowned at Westminster on the 26th, in the fourteenth \nyear of his age. See Sept. 21, 1327, and Miscell. Quest, \nin Eng. Hist. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1779- Death of Garrick. On this day expired, at his \nhouse in the Adelphi,* London, David Garrick, Esq., \nwho greatly surpassed all his predecessors of this, and \nperhaps every other nation, in his genius for acting, in \nthe sweetness and variety of his tones, the irresistible \nmagic of his eye, the fire and vivacity of his action, the \nelegance of his attitude, and the whole pathos of expres\xc2\xac \nsion. By the death of Garrick , said Johnson, the gaiety \nof nations is eclipsed! He was often styled \xe2\x80\x98\xe2\x80\x98the \nEnglish Roscius,\xe2\x80\x9d in allusion to the Roman comedian of \nthat name who flourished about 50 years B. C., and was \ncontemporary with iEsop the actor, and Cicero the orator. \nGarrick was born in February, 1716, at the Angel Inn, in \nHereford, where his father, a captain in the army, was on \na recruiting party. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1790. The far-famed philanthropist Howard died at \nCherson, the capital of New Russia. He was a native of \nClapton, in the parish of Hackney,f where he was born \nin the year 1726. Admiral Priestman, a worthy Briton \nin the Russian service, who was Mr. Howard\xe2\x80\x99s intimate \nfriend, and attended him in his last moments, has erected \na monument over his remains. It is an obelisk of white \nstone, and, standing on an elevated spot, it forms an inte\xc2\xac \nresting and admonitory object. The monument to Mr. \nHoward, the first erected in St. Paul\xe2\x80\x99s Cathedral, was exe\xc2\xac \ncuted by Nollekens. It has an inscription from the pen \nof that inflexible patriot and eloquent orator Mr. Whit- \n\n\n* This magnificent range of buildings was called \xe2\x80\x9cAdelphi,\xe2\x80\x9d \nin honour of two brothers, its ingenious architects, the late \nMessrs. Adam; it being a Greek word denoting that relation. \nSee March 3, 1792. \n\nf It was from this populous village that the coaches which \nply in the streets obtained the appellation of Hackney Coaches; a \nname which has since diffused itself not only throughout Britain, \nbut also in Ireland. See Arith, Quest, art. Coaches, aud Hackney, \nIndex. \xe2\x80\xa2 \n\n\n\nJANUARY. 3o \n\nbread. A brief account of Mr. Howard is given in the \nauthor\xe2\x80\x99s Arithmetical Questions , 10th edit. \n\n20, 1810. Died at Naples, Charles IV., King of Spain, \nin the 71st year of his age. He was born in the same \ncity, Nov. 11, 1749. He had abdicated the throne of \nSpain in 1808, in favour of his son Ferdinand, the pre\xc2\xac \nsent sovereign, and had reigned about 28 years. \n\n21, 1733. Died at Hackney, Dr. Bernard Mandeville, \na Dutch physician, author of the Fable of the Bees, and \nother works more ingenious than useful. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1750. Died at his academy near the London Tavern, \nBishopsgate Street, that much-admired penman, John \nBland, whose memory is endeared to all who are capable \nof relishing the beauty, or of appreciating the utility, of \ngraceful and free writing. His running hand, in particu\xc2\xac \nlar, has received the highest commendation, being entirely \ndevoid of that shackled formality which, before his time, \npervaded the performances of the most eminent writing- \nmasters.* Mr Bland was born in Crutched Friars, Lon\xc2\xac \ndon, August 17, 1702, and was buried in St. Martin\xe2\x80\x99s \nOutwicli Church, at the end of Threadneedle Street. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1766. Expired at Bath, James Quin, a very celebrated \nactor, born in London, in 1693. He had the honour of \ninstructing his late Majesty George III., when Prince of \nWales, in the pronunciation of his mother tongue; and \nhis Majesty, on coming to the crown, generously settled \na pension on his old tutor for life. Quin, who was \nconvivial and too fond of his bottle, which rendered him \noften coarse and quarrelsome, was otherwise manly, \nsensible, and generous. His deliverance of the poet \nThomson, whom he knew only by character, from arrest, \nby a spontaneous gift of <\xc2\xa3100, will always be told to his \nhonour. Garrick, once his rival, and afterwards his \nfriend, wrote this epitaph on his monument in the Abbey \nChurch of Bath : \n\n\xe2\x80\x9c That tongue which set the table in a roar, \n\nAnd charm\xe2\x80\x99d the public ear is heard no more ; \n\nClos\xe2\x80\x99d are those eyes, the harbingers of wit, \n\nWhich spake before the tongue what Shakspeare writ: \nCold is that hand, which living was stretch\xe2\x80\x99d forth, \n\nAt friendship\xe2\x80\x99s call, to succour modest worth. \n\nHere lies James Quin : deign, reader, to be taught; \nWhate\xe2\x80\x99er thy strength of body, force of thought, \n\n\n* See his Essay on Writing, &c., &c., \nham\xe2\x80\x99s Universal Penman. \n\n\nc 3 \n\n\nand his pieces in Bicr \n\n\n\n\n34 \n\n\nJANUARY. \n\n\nIn nature\xe2\x80\x99s happiest mould, however cast, \n\nTo this complexion thou must come at last.\xe2\x80\x9d \n\n21, 1793. Louis XVI., King of the French, was guillo\xc2\xac \ntined at Paris. This unfortunate monarch was born in \n1754; succeeded his grandfather, Louis XV., in 1774, and \nwas crowned at Rheims in 1775. He was of the line of \nCapet. Hugh Capet, the founder of that dynasty, began \nto reign in 987. See July 3d. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1814. Bernardin de Saint Pierre died near Paris, \nin the 77th year of his age. He was born at Havre de \nGrace, in the department of Lower Seine, and was the \nauthor of the \xe2\x80\x9c Studies of Nature,\xe2\x80\x9d that delightful pasto\xc2\xac \nral \xe2\x80\x9c Paul and Virginia,\xe2\x80\x9d &c. \n\n22, 97. Timothy was killed at Ephesus, in Asia Minor, \nby the Pagans of that city, whom he offended by attempt\xc2\xac \ning to prevent their idolatrous superstitions. Timothy \nwas a disciple of Paul, and a native of Derbe, or rather \nof Lystra, both cities of Lycaonia.* His father was a \nGentile, and his mother a Jewess, remarkable for her \npiety. When Paul came to Lystra, he heard such an \nexcellent account of Timothy from the brethren, that he \ntook him along with him; and he became extremely use\xc2\xac \nful to the apostle in preaching the gospel. When Paul \nreturned from Rome, in 64, he left Timothy at Ephesus, \nto take care of that church, of which he was the first \nbishop. The apostle wrote to him from Macedonia the \nfirst of the two letters that are addressed to him. And \nafter Paul came to Rome, in 65, being now near his \ndeath, he wrote to him his second letter, which is full of \nmarks of kindness and tenderness, and is justly looked \nupon as the last will of Paul. He desires him to come to \nRome to him before winter, and to bring along with him \nseveral things that Paul had left at Troas.f If Timothy \nwent to Rome, as it is probable he did, he must have been \na witness there of the martyrdom of this eminent apostle.]; \nIt is thought that Timothy was succeeded in his bishop\xc2\xac \nric by Onesimus. See Onesimus and Philemon, Index. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1552. Edward Seymour, Duke of Somerset, and \nbrother of Jane Seymour, the third wife of Henry VIII., \nappointed Protector during the minority of Edward VI., \nwas beheaded on an accusation of raising a rebellion. He \n\n\n* See Acts xvi. 1, and Geo. Exer. on the New Testament. \nf 2 Tim. iv. 10, 13. + See June 29, 66. \n\n\n\n\nJANUARY. \n\n\n35 \n\n\nbuilt old Somerset House in the Strand, which was pulled \ndown in 1776, and the present magnificent building erect\xc2\xac \ned on its site, after a design by Sir William Chambers. \nSee June 4, 1776. \n\n22, 1560. Sir Francis Bacon, who brought philosophy \nfrom speculation to experience, was born at York House, \nin the Strand. He was the son of Sir Nicholas, and \nAnne Cooke, daughter of Sir Anthony Cooke, tutor to \nEdward VI. (See Rumford, Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gazetteer.\') When \nonly seven years of age he was admired by Queen Eliza\xc2\xac \nbeth for his sedate behaviour and his appropriate replies; \nfor, on her asking him his age, he answered, \xe2\x80\x9c He was \ntwo years younger than her Majesty\xe2\x80\x99s happy reign.\xe2\x80\x9d See \nApril 9, 1626. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1800. Died at Hampstead, a delightful village near \nLondon,* George Steevens, an ingenious critic and \nclassical scholar, who will be long rememberd as a dis\xc2\xac \ntinguished commentator on Shakspeare. He was born at \nStepney, near the eastern part of the metropolis, in 1735. \nSee February 16, 1754. \n\n23, 1516. Ferdinand, surnamed the Catholic, king of \nSpain, died. Being in a languid state some time previous \nto his death, he travelled from place to place, carefully, \navoiding a town called Madrigal, where, according to his \nhoroscope, he was to terminate his earthly career; but \nfrom the increase of his infirmities, being obliged to stop \nat the insignificant village of Madrigalejo, between Trux- \nillo and Guadaloupe, the name of which being similar to \nthe one at which it had been predicted he should die, he \n\n\n* Hampstead, says the Examiner, (June 7, 1812,) has some \ndelightful walks, and a set of fields and prospects which may not \nbe equalled, in point of simple elegance, in many parts of the \ncountry. Thomson, in his Summer , has a tribute to the \xe2\x80\x9c sister \nhills\xe2\x80\x9d of Hampstead and Highgate, which he enumerates among \nthe beauties of his \xe2\x80\x9c hour of walk.\xe2\x80\x9d Akenside, \xe2\x80\x9c the Bard of \nTyne,\xe2\x80\x9d was an inhabitant of Hampstead; and it was lately the \nresidence of Lord Erskine, the greatest advocate which a laud \nof orators and freemen has produced. It should be mentioned \nalso, that Sir Richard Steele had a cottage on the Hampstead \nRoad, and that Goldsmith is said to have written his Natural \nHistory at a farm-house in Kilburn. Richardson appears to \nhave been fond of this neighbourhood : his heroine in Sir Charles \nGrandison had an adventure at Lisson Green ; and Clarissa Har- \nlowe had lodgings at Hampstead. See Thomson, Akenside, \nSteele, and Richardson, Index $ also Hackney and Islington. \n\n\n\n36 \n\n\nJANUARY. \n\n\nconvened his ministers, gave them some advice respecting \nthe kingdom, and putting on the habit of St. Dominie* \nresigned himself to death. Ferdinand is the first that can \nproperly be called king of Spain, as he united the different \nparts of this kingdom. By birth he was king of Arragon \n\xe2\x80\x94by marriage king of Castile\xe2\x80\x94and by conquest king of \nGrenada and Navarre. He was called the wise and pru\xc2\xac \ndent in Spain; in Italy the pious; and in France and \nEngland the ambitious and perfidious. The title of Ca\xc2\xac \ntholic was conferred upon him by the infamous Pope \nAlexander VI., in consequence of the numerous battles \nhe had fought with the Moors. See Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gaz. Va\xc2\xac \nlencia. \n\n2.3, 1570. The Earl of Murray, regent of Scotland dur\xc2\xac \ning the minority of James VI., was shot at Linlithgow, by \nHamilton, of Bothwellhaugh, who, after the battle of \nLangside- Hill, in 156S, had been condemned to death as \na rebel, but, at the powerful intercession of Knox, the \nreformer, obtained a pardon. Part of his estate was, how\xc2\xac \never, bestowed upon one of the regent\xe2\x80\x99s favourites, who \nseized his house, and turned out his wife naked, in a cold \nnight, into the open fields, where, before the next morn\xc2\xac \ning, she became furiously mad. This injury made a deeper \nimpression on him than the benefit he had received, and \nfrom that moment he vowed to be revenged on the re\xc2\xac \ngent. The assassin escaped to France. \n\nHistorians are much divided concerning the character \nof Murray; but it is generally admitted, that his admi\xc2\xac \nnistration was extremely popular; and he was long and \naffectionately remembered among the commons, by the \nname of the good regent. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1/66. Expired, at Bethnal Green, near London, Wil\xc2\xac \nliam Caslon, universally esteemed a first-rate artist in \nthe art of letter-founding; his foundry in Chiswell Street \nhaving been one of the most capital in this, and equal to \nany in foreign countries. He was born in 1692, in that \npart of the town of Hales Owen which is situated in \nShropshire. \n\n\n* Many Spaniards of both sexes leave orders that they shall, \nafter death, be carried to the grave in the habit of some religious \norder. \n\nAnd to be sure of Paradise, \n\nDying put on the weeds of Dominic, \n\nOr in Franciscan think to pass disguised. \n\nParadise Lost, book iii. \n\n\n\n\n\nJANUARY. \n\n\n37 \n\n\n23, 1 SOU. Expired, at his house at Putney, Surrey, that \ncelebrated statesman, the Right lion. William\xe2\x80\x99 Pitt, \nsecond son of the illustrious Earl of Chatham, born at \nHayes, in Kent, May 28, 1/59. See Sept. 13, 1806, \nand May 11, 17/8. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1820. Died, at Sidmouth, in Devonshire, after a short \nillness, originating in a cold, his Royal Highness Ed\xc2\xac \nward Duke of Kent, fourth son of his late Majesty \nGeorge III. He was a most noble and patriotic prince. \nHe was an eloquent advocate for, and a beneficent patron \nof, the education of the poor, the distribution of the Holy \nScriptures, and the general welfare of mankind. \n\n24, 76- The Emperor Adrian was born at Rome. In \n\n\xe2\x80\xa2 a visit to Britain he built the famous wall which still bears \n\nhis name. It extended from the Solway Frith to the \nriver Tyne, where Newcastle now stands. The design of \nit was to secure the Romans from the incursions of the \nCaledonians. Adrian died at Baise,* in the 63rd year of \nhis age, having reigned 21 years. The Latin verses which \nhe addressed to his soul, have been translated by Pope. \nSee the Ena/. Brit. art. Adrian, and Pope\xe2\x80\x99s Works ,f \nalso Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gaz. art. Baia. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1712. Frederick the Second, sometimes called the \nThird, styled Frederick the Great, was born at Berlin. \nHe ascended the throne May 31, 1/40. Charles VI., \nEmperor of Germany, dying on the 20th of October fol\xc2\xac \nlowing, leaving an only daughter, Maria Theresa, Fre\xc2\xac \nderick, envying her the extensive territories left by her \nfather, pretended to have a claim on Silesia, and one \nmonth after the death of the emperor invaded that coun\xc2\xac \ntry. Various battles which ensued may be seen by con\xc2\xac \nsulting the index to Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gaz. See August 17, 1786. \n\n\n* Baiae was a city of Campania, near Naples, and adjacent to \nthe sea, and famous for its delightful situation and baths, where \nmany of the Roman senators had villas; it was the winter retreat \nof the old Romans, that being the proper season to enjoy the Ba- \njani Soles, and the Mollis Lucrinus; as, on the contrary, Tiber, \nTusculum, Preneste, Alba, Cajeta, and the like airy situations, \nwere their retirements during the heats of summer. Addison\xe2\x80\x99s \nTravels, 137. \n\nf Adrian deified and made a constellation of Antinous. See \nthe late William Butler\xe2\x80\x99s Exer. on the Globes .\xe2\x80\x94 The city of \nAdriauople, in Turkey in Europe, and the Adriatic Sea, or Gulf \nof Venice, which is between Italy and Turkey, both received their \nnames from this illustrious Emperor. \n\n\n\n\n\n38 \n\n\nJANUARY. \n\n\n24, 1781. Expired Edward Capell, a gentleman well \nknown as an enlightened editor of Shakspeare\xe2\x80\x99s works, \nin 10 vols. 8vo. He was born at Troston, near Bury, in \n\n- Suffolk, June 11, 1/13. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1793. The King of Prussia, Frederick William II., \ncontrary to all the principles of national justice, took pos\xc2\xac \nsession of the city of Thorn, on the Vistula. This was the \nbirth-place of that eminent astronomer Copernicus. Mr. \nWraxall had predicted, in the year 1778, that Thorn \nwould be swallowed up in the Prussian Monarchy; but, \nadds that pleasing writer, whatever may be its political \nfate, the name of Thorn will always recall to the mind \na man whose deep researches ascertained the principle, \nonly surmised by antiquity, upon which rests the Newto\xc2\xac \nnian system of philosophy. Nicholas Copernicus, or Ko- \npernic, has immortalized the place of his birth and resi\xc2\xac \ndence. The Copernican system may be briefly explained \nas that which makes the earth and the other planets revolve \nround the Sun, instead of the Sun revolving round the \nplanets. It is the system of reason instead of that of folly. \nSee Nov. 16, and Thorn, Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gazetteer. \n\n25, 36 or 37- Conversion of St. Paul. This miracu\xc2\xac \nlous event took place as Paul was travelling to Damascus, \nwhither he was going to bring all those to Jerusalem \nwhom he should find there believing in the name of \nChrist. After his conversion he became a most zealous \npreacher of Christianity, and the great apostle of the \nGentiles. He was a native of Tarsus, in Cilicia,* a Pha- \nriseef by profession, and a Roman citizen. Acts xxii. \n27, 28. See June 29, 66. \n\nLord Lyttelton\xe2\x80\x99s small, but celebrated tract, entitled, \n\xe2\x80\x9c Observations on the Conversion and Apostleship of St. \n\n\n* See Geo. Exer. on the New Testament. \n\nf The Pharisees were a famous sect among the Jews, so \ncalled from a Hebrew word which signifies to separate or set \napart, because they pretended to a greater degree of holiness and \npiety than the rest of the Jews. The admirable parable of the \nPharisee and Publican is levelled agaiust spiritual pride, and \nrecommends the virtue of humility. See Luke xviii. \n\nThe Publicans were receivers of public money, and collectors \nof such taxes as were imposed on the people; an office extremely \nhateful to the Jews, who always greatly valued themselves upon \ntheir liberty and independence. See John viii. 33, and Geo. \nExer. on the New Testament , by the late William Butlf.r, 4th \nedit. \n\n\n\nJANUARY. 39 \n\nPaul,\xe2\x80\x9d is generally allowed to contain an unanswerable \ndemonstration of the truth of Christianity. \n\n25, 1775. The American Congress ordered a monument to \nbe erected, with an inscription, sacred to the memory of \ntheir General, Richard Montgomery, expressive of his \namiable character and heroic achievements. See Dec. \n31, 177*5. A fine marble monument, with appropriate \nemblems, has also been raised to the memory of this \nAmerican hero, in the new city of Washington: the in\xc2\xac \nscription upon it concludes with the following couplet: \n\nMontgomery fell; let 110 fond breast repine, \n\nThe fate of Wolfe, * illustrious chief, was thine ! \n\n26, 1763. Charles John Bernadotte, the present King \nof Sweden and Norway, reigning under the title of Charles \nXIV., was born at Pau. He had been one of Napoleon\xe2\x80\x99s \ngenerals. See Abo, Cuddalore, Dennevitz, Gradisca, Ju- \nterboch, Laubach, Norway, Pau, and Sweden, Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s \nGazetteer. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1789. Expired Frances Brooke, a lady as remarkable \nfor her virtues as for her great literary accomplishments. \nHer principal works are, \xe2\x80\x9cJulia Mandeville\xe2\x80\x9d and \xe2\x80\x9cEmily \nMontague,\xe2\x80\x9d novels; the \xe2\x80\x9c Old Maid,\xe2\x80\x9d a series of periodi\xc2\xac \ncal papers, since collected into a volume; \xe2\x80\x9c Virginia\xe2\x80\x9d and \n\xe2\x80\x9c The Siege of Sinope,\xe2\x80\x9d tragedies ; two musical dramas, \nand several esteemed translations from the French. The \ndomestic happiness which subsisted between Mrs. Brooke \nand her husband (who was rector of Colney, in Norfolk, \nand of St. Augustine, in Norwich, and likewise chaplain \nto the garrison of Quebec) was of the most tender and \nlasting kind; and when death put a period to his exist\xc2\xac \nence, this most amiable woman survived him but five \ndays. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1820. Died at Royston, aged 76, Henry Andrews, \nwho had an extraordinary genius for astronomy, and who, \nin circumstances of life but little encouraging to talent, \nevinced considerable science. He was for more than \nforty years the able computer of the Nautical Ephemeris, \nand compiler of that far-famed production, Moore\xe2\x80\x99s Al\xc2\xac \nmanack, published by the Stationers\xe2\x80\x99 Company. The \nsale of the latter work rose, under Mr. Andrews\xe2\x80\x99 care to \n430,000, copies annually. This prodigious circulation of \nChaldcean mysteries f was owing to the astrological pre- \n\n* See September 13, 1759. \n\nf --neu Babvlonios \n\nTentaris, nuineros\xe2\x80\x94 \n\nDo not try Babylonian (or Chalusean J numbers. \n\n\n\n\n40 \n\n\nJANUARY. \n\n\ndictions with which the worthy calculator was required to \ntill it and with which it is allowed to be filled, though \nprinted for a public company, and revised and sanctioned \nat Lambeth Palace by the Archbishop of Canterbury ! \nJYJr. Andrews was much esteemed for his integrity and \ntalents by some of the most scientific men of his time; \nand was the coadjutor and correspondent of Drs Maske- \nlyne and Hutton. See Mon. Mag. Dec. 1820, also Exer. \non the Globes, p. 10, 11th edit. \n\n26, 1823. Expired, at Berkley, in Gloucestershire, his na\xc2\xac \ntive place. Dr. Edward Jenner, who in the dregs of a \nloathsome disease found a salutary medicine, and a saving \nangel in an humble quadruped He was in his /4th year. \nSee June 2, 1802, and August 11, 1809; also the late \nWilliam Butler\xe2\x80\x99s Miscel. Quest. 3rd edit. \n\n2/, 1795. A Proclamation was issued at the Hague, de\xc2\xac \nmanding an immediate supply of provisions and clothes \nfor the French troops, to the amount of a million sterling. \nSee January 15, 1795. \n\n28, 1547. Died, at Whitehall, after a life distinguished by \ncaprice, violence, and tyranny, the queen-murdering \nmonarch, Henry VIII. He had reigned 37 years and 9 \nmonths, and was interred at Windsor. He was of the \nHouse of Tudor, and was succeeded by \xe2\x80\x9c the good young \nKing\xe2\x80\x9d Edward VI. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1596. Expired, on board his ship, near Nombre de \nDios, in Terra Firina, Sir Francis Drake, who, as \nFuller quaintly expresses it, \xe2\x80\x9c lived bv the sea, died on \nit, and was buried in it.\xe2\x80\x9d This distinguished naval hero \nwas the son of Edmund Drake, a sailor, and born near \nTavistock, in Devonshire, about the year 1546. By his \ngreat abilities, his valour, and his enterprising spirit, \nDrake improved the art of navigation, opened the way \nto our commerce in the East, was the great author of our \nnavigation in the West, gave a shock to the whole power \nof Spain, and was the first Englishman * and the first com\xc2\xac \nmander that encompassed the globe.f \n\n\xe2\x80\x9c Live me Thersites\xe2\x80\x99 son, who bravely wields \nVulcanian armour in embattled fields, \n\nBefore Thersites of Achilles\xe2\x80\x99 line : \n\nDegenerate offspring of a sire divine !\xe2\x80\x9d \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1612. Expired Sir Thomas Bodley, from whom the \n\n\n* See Magellan Index ; also April 4, 1581. \n\nf See Hume, IIafin, Biog. Diet., and Granger\xe2\x80\x99s Biog. Hist. \n0 / England. \n\n\n\nJANUARY. \n\n\n41 \n\n\nBodleian library at Oxford, which is the largest in Europe, \ntakes its name. He was born at Exeter, March 2, 1544, \nand was employed in several embassies and negociations \nwith foreign powers, by Queen Elizabeth. See Nov. 8. \n\n28, 1641. John Duke of Braganza, was crowned King \nof Portugal, under the title of John IV. The acceptation \nof this office he had reluctantly taken upon him, at the \nsolicitation of the people and the urgent persuasion of his \nduchess. See Lisbon, Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gazetteer- \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1725. Peter the Great expired at Petersburg!], in \nthe 53rd year of his age, and the 29th of his reign. This \nmonarch gave a new face to the Russian empire; he ren\xc2\xac \ndered it at once formidable and flourishing, by disciplin\xc2\xac \ning his troops, by creating a powerful navy, by perfecting \nthe education of the young nobility, by establishing manu\xc2\xac \nfactures, giving vigour to commerce, and encouraging \narts and sciences; in short, he gave his empire an influ\xc2\xac \nence and importance which it never enjoyed before his \ntime His character is well delineated in Thomson\xe2\x80\x99s \n\xe2\x80\x9c Winter.\xe2\x80\x9d See Ar\'ith. Quest. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1802. Joseph Wall, Esq , formerly governor of Goree, \na small island near Cape Verd, Africa, was executed at \nthe Old Bailey London, for the murder of Serjeant Arm\xc2\xac \nstrong, who died in consequence of a punishment of 800 \nlashes being inflicted on him in the year 1782, in that is\xc2\xac \nland. If any circumstances could have transpired in the \neventful epoch of our history, calculated to disseminate a \ngeneral respect for our excellent laws and frame of govern\xc2\xac \nment, this is one. The people of Great Britain must per\xc2\xac \nceive, in this stroke of retributive justice, that no personal \ninterest, no family connexion, can snatch the guilty from \nlegal punishment; and that, even in our distant domi\xc2\xac \nnions, our fellow-subjects are secured, by the fair admi\xc2\xac \nnistration of justice, from the cruel exertion of authority \nand the wanton abuse of power.* \n\n29, 1743. Died, at Issy, near Paris, Cardinal de Fleury, \nat the age of 90. He became prime minister to Louis \nXV., at the age of 75. He left the reputation of an amia\xc2\xac \nble, but artful person, rather than a man of genius, and \nwas said to have known the intrigues of a court better \nthan the affairs of Europe. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1774. The merits of a petition presented by the cele\xc2\xac \nbrated Dr. Franklin on Amerian affairs, were heard \n\n\n* See May 5, 1760, and Arithmetical Quest, art. Equality. \n\n\n\n42 \n\n\nJANUARY. \n\n\nbefore the English privy council; when Counsellor Wed* \nderburn, afterwards Earl of Rosslyn, in a speech against \nthe petition, poured forth a torrent of virulent abuse on \nthe Doctor. The philosopher had, however, ample re\xc2\xac \nvenge on British ministers and courtiers, in the result of \nthe unhappy dispute between America and Britain. See \nVersailles, Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gazetteer. \n\n29, 1820. Died, at Windsor Castle, in the 82d year of his \nage, and the 60th of his reign. His Majesty George \n\nIII. , having held the sceptre of these realms a longer \nperiod than any other British sovereign. He was beloved \nand revered for his exemplary domestic virtues, tor his \npiety, and for his patronage of the arts and sciences. \nHe was succeeded by the Prince Regent, now George \n\nIV. * \n\n30, 1649. Decollation of Charles I. Passion for \npower, says Mrs. Macauley, was Charles\xe2\x80\x99s predominant \nvice; idolatry to his regal prerogatives his governing \nprinciple; the interests of his crown legitimated every \nmeasure, and sanctified in his eye the widest deviation \nfrom moral rule. Neither gratitude, clemency, humanity, \nequity, nor generosity, have place in the fair part of his \ncharacter. The want of integrity is manifest in every \npart of his conduct; and this was the vice for which, \nabove all others, he paid the tribute of his life. Charles, \nobserves Rapin, acted with so little sincerity in his en\xc2\xac \ngagements, that there was no dependence on his word, \nand this was one of the principal causes of his ruin. To. \nthe doctrine of king-killing we must, however, enter our \nmost hearty protest: for whilst our constitution says that \nthe king can do no wrong, and our laws proclaim that his \n\n\n* It is singular that Parliament has assembled on a Suuday, in \nconsequence of the death of the sovereign, no less than three \ntimes during the present and the three preceding reigns ; in \nGeorge I., on occasion of the death of Queen Anne ; in George \nIII., on occasion of the death of George II.; in George IV., on \nthe death of George III. It is also equally singular that the tirst \nthree Edwards should have occupied a space of time exceeding a \ncentury, and that the reigns of the first three Georges should also \nhave occupied a similar period : Edward I. ascended the throne \nNovember 16, 1272; Edward II. July 7, 1307; Edward III. Janu\xc2\xac \nary 25, 1327. These three monarchs ruled England 104 years, \n7 months, and 12 days. As the reign of the late king terminated \non Saturday the 20th of January, 1823, the time occupied by the \nreigns of the three Georges was 105 years, 5 mouths, and 29 \ndays. Evening Mail, December 30, 1825. . \n\n\n\n\nJANUARY. \n\n\n43 \n\n\nperson is inviolable, the punishment of death can never \nbe inflicted on a British monarch without a subversion \nof the law and constitution. That a tyrant may be de\xc2\xac \nposed, may be readily admitted ; but deposition and exe\xc2\xac \ncution are two very distinct thing\xe2\x80\x99s. The character of \nCharles was, in many respects, deserving of imitation. \nHe was sober, temperate, and chaste. He abhorred de\xc2\xac \nbauchery, and could not endure a profane or obscene \nword. In his devotions he was remarkably regular and \npunctual. At the place of execution (Whitehall, near \nCharing Cross) he shewed not the least sign of fear, but \nsuffered with such fortitude, that he appeared much \ngreater at his death than he had ever done in any one \nscene of his life. He was buried, by the appointment of \nthe Parliament, at Windsor, decently, yet without pomp. \nSee Charles I. and Dumferinline, Arith. Quest.; also \nNovember 19, 1600. \n\n30, 1766. Expired Susanna Maria Cibber, who, for \nseveral years, was reckoned not only the best actress in \nEngland, but supposed by many to excel the celebrated \nMademoiselle Clairon, of the French theatre. She was \nthe daughter of Mr. Arne, an eminent upholsterer in Co\xc2\xac \nvent Garden, also sister to Dr. Arne. See March 5, 1/78. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1790. The Life-Boat of South-Shields, on the Tyne, \nin the county of Durham, was first put to sea, and com\xc2\xac \npletely answered the intention of its generous patrons. \nThe appellation life-boat appears to have orignated with \nthe common people of Shields, who, witnessing the unpa\xc2\xac \nralleled success of the boat in the preservation of life, \ngave it that name in memorial of its pre-eminent utility ; \nand never was a name more appropriately bestowed; as \nthe number of persons saved at the mouth of the Tyne \nalone amounts to several hundreds. Mr. Greathead, \nits inventor, received 1200/. from the House of Commons, \nbesides remunerations from various societies. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1826. The Menai Suspension Bridge, which con\xc2\xac \nnects Anglesea with Caernarvon, was opened for general \nintercourse at half-past one in the morning, the Holyhead \nMail being the first carriage which passed over it. At \nnine o\xe2\x80\x99clock the same morning it was crossed by Sir H. \nParnell and Mr. Telford, the engineer, under whose direc\xc2\xac \ntion this stupendous work was constructed; and they \nwere succeeded during the day by an immense number of \nthe neighbouring gentry. The extreme length of the \nchains, from the fastenings in the rock, is about 1600 \nfeet. The roadway consists of two carriage ways, each \n\n\n44 \n\n\nJANUARY. \n\n\n12 feet in breadth, with a foot-path of 4 feet between \nthem. Its length between the points of suspension is \n560 feet, and its height from high-water line is 100 feet. \nThe whole is suspended from four lines ot iron cables, \nand the total weight between the points of suspension is \n489 tons. \n\n31, 1616. Cape Horn, the most southern part of Ame\xc2\xac \nrica, was doubled by Le Maire and Schouten, who had \nsailed from the Texel in Holland, on June 14, 1615. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1788. Expired of an apopletic lit, while sitting with \nsome other magistrates at Manchester, Sir Ashton \nLever. (See Deaths, sudden, Index.) He was a native \nof Alkington, near Manchester, and, being a curious col\xc2\xac \nlector, and extending his views to all branches of natural \nhistory, became possessed of one of the finest museums in \nthe world. This incomparable collection was disposed \nof by way of Lottery, in the year 1785. See Arith Quest. \nart. Museum.\xe2\x80\x94It may not, perhaps, be entirely useless. \nto remind our young readers, that the study of Nature is \na pleasing theme of wonder and delight. Not only the \ngrand and sublime, \xe2\x80\x9c the broad and majestic oak/\xe2\x80\x99 but \neven \xe2\x80\x9c the green blade that trembles in the sun,\xe2\x80\x9d com\xc2\xac \nmands our admiration, and \xe2\x80\x9c prompts with remembrance \nof a present God.\xe2\x80\x9d The inexhaustible variety and exqui\xc2\xac \nsite beauty of the minor portions of creation;\xe2\x80\x94beasts, \nbirds, fishes, insects, plants, fossils, &c., afford to an in\xc2\xac \ngenious and reflecting mind, a gratification vastly supe\xc2\xac \nrior to those dissipated, silly amusements which engage \nthe attention and occupy the time of the frivolous and \ngiddy part of the community. Hence to infuse an early \nrelish for rational entertainment, should be a leading point \nin a liberal education; as it often proves an antidote to \nlow gratifications and ignoble pursuits. See Museum, \nIndex ; and Eater, on the Globes, lltli edit, art Painting. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1788. Died at Florence, in Italy, Prince Charles \nEdward Stuart, son of the Old Pretender , and grand\xc2\xac \nson of James II. He is generally recognized as the ~ \nYoung Pretender , or the Chevalier St. George. He spent \nthe latter part of his life not only ingloriously but dis\xc2\xac \ngracefully, being abandoned to the lowest sensual indul\xc2\xac \ngences. See Feb. 4, 1716, note; also Culloden, Erisca, \nLochaber, Morlaix, Nazaire, St., and Skye, Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s \nGazetteer , 3rd edit. \n\n\n( 45 ) \n\n\nFEBRUARY. \n\n\nNow the glad earth her frozen zone unbinds, \n\nAnd o\xe2\x80\x99er her bosom breathe the western winds. \n\nMrs. Barbauld\xe2\x80\x99s Invitation. \n\n( Now shifting gales with milder influence blow. \n\nCloud o\xe2\x80\x99er the skies, and melt the falling snow : \n\nThe soften\xe2\x80\x99d earth with fertile moisture teems. \n\nAnd, forc\xe2\x80\x99d from icy bonds, down rush the swelling streams.\xe2\x80\x9d \n\nFebruary, tlie second month in the year, is so called \nfrom Februa , (derived from Februa, to purify,) a feast held \ntherein, by the Romans, in behalf of the Manes of the dead, \nwhen expiatory sacrifices were offered, and people carried \nsome little offering to the graves of the defunct. \n\nIn ancient times, purgations had the name \n\nOf Februa; various customs prove the same. \n\nIn which the tombs were also purify\xe2\x80\x99d \n\nOf such as had no dirges when they died. \n\nMassey\xe2\x80\x99s Ovid\'s Fasti. \n\nThus also Virgil says, that he will offer gifts to the shade of \nthe youthful Marcellus prematurely snatched from earth. \n\nLet me with fun\xe2\x80\x99ral flowers his body strovv; \n\nThis gift which Parents to their children owe. \n\nThis unavailing gift , at least, I can bestow. \n\nDryden\xe2\x80\x99s Virgil. \n\nThese sacrifices were either intended to render the infernal \ngods propitious to the deceased, or designed to appease the \ndeceased themselves, and presented immediately to them as \na sort of deities. \n\nThe weather in this month is generally subject to great \nchanges: though the cold begins in some degree to abate, \nfrost and snow usually return for a time : hence the pointed \nobservation of Shakspeare: \n\nYou have such a February face, \n\nSo full of frost, of storm, and cloudiness. \n\n\n46 \n\n\nFEBRUARY. \n\n\nREMARKABLE EVENTS. \n\n1, 1328. Charles IV. of France, styled Le Bel , died \n\nat Vincennes, aged 33, after a reign of six years. His \nreign was distinguished by no great event or enterprise, \nbut it was generally peaceful, and the people prospered. \nHe was the third son of Philip IV., or Le Bel, and suc\xc2\xac \nceeded to p the throne on the deaths of his brothers Louis \nX. and Philip V. His sister Isabella was the infamous \nconsort of Edward II. of England. See January 20, \nand September 21, 1327. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1702. Marshall Villeroy, general of the French \nand Spanish armies in Italy, was surprised in his bed at \nCremona, a town in Milan, and taken prisoner, by the \nImperialists under Prince Eugene. Marshal Broglio also \nexperienced a similar misfortune in 1734, at Quistello, \nnear Mantua. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1733. Frederick Augustus I., (frequently styled \nthe 2nd.*) King of Poland, died at Warsaw, according to \nWraxall, of a mortification occasioned by a blow he gave \nhimself on his foot, in stepping into his coach.f He was \nabout 63 years of age at his death, and had reigned over \nPoland, with the intermission of a few years, from the \ndeath of Sobieski in 1696. See June 17-\xe2\x80\x94He was one \nof the most illustrious examples of the different extremes \nof fortune. Three years after having been chosen King \nof Poland, he was driven from the throne by Charles \nXII. of Sweden, who gave the crown to Stanislaus Lec- \nzinski. On the defeat of that monarch at Pultowa, he \nwas restored to his throne, and continued to reign till his \ndeath. He was regarded by the Saxons as a father, and \nby the Poles with respect. Instances of his prodigious \nstrength are recorded which are almost incredible. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1792. Died, in his 92nd year, the Rev. Michaiah \nTowgood, author of a work highly esteemed by Protes\xc2\xac \ntant Dissenters, entitled, \xe2\x80\x9c A Dissent from the Church of \nEngland fully justified.\xe2\x80\x9d He left no good man his ene\xc2\xac \nmy; and his death was attended with that sincere and \nextensive regret which can follow those only who, occu\xc2\xac \npying useful stations, have acquitted themselves with zeal \nand fidelity. \n\n\n* Sigismund II., who died in 1753, was styled Augustus. \n\nt Probably in a state of inebriation. Russell\xe2\x80\x99s Modern Eu\xc2\xac \nrope. \n\n\n\n\nFEBRUARY. \n\n\n47 \n\n\n1, 1793. Died at Kew, in Surrey, William Aiton, au\xc2\xac \nthor of \xe2\x80\x9c Hortus Kewensis,\xe2\x80\x9d being a catalogue of the \nplants in the Royal Gardens at Kew. He was born near \nHamilton, in Lanarkshire, 1731. The Erica Aitoniana \nreceived its name in honour of Mr. Aiton. It is No. \n144, in Vol. II. of the \xe2\x80\x9cBotanical Cabinet;\xe2\x80\x9d an inge\xc2\xac \nnious and interesting work, now publishing in monthly \nnumbers, byThose skilful botanists, Messrs Loddiges, \nof Hackney. The plates are engraved by that admired \nartist, Mr. George Cooke. \n\n2, Candlemas-Day. The feast of the purification of the \nVirgin Mary, which was formerly celebrated with many \nlights in the churches. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1461. Battle of Mortimer\xe2\x80\x99s Cross, Hereford\xc2\xac \nshire. Jasper Tudor, Earl of Pembroke, commanding an \narmy of Lancastrians, was defeated by the Duke of York, \nson of Richard, slain at Wakefield. Owen, the father of \nJasper, and the ancestor of the Tudor Race , was taken \nprisoner and beheaded. See the late William Butler\xe2\x80\x99s \nMis. Quest., 3rd edit.. Reign of Henry VII. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1625. Charles I. was crowned at Westminster. He \nwas of the Stuart line, and succeeded his father James I. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1696. M T as born, at Pendeen, near St. Just, in Corn\xc2\xac \nwall, William Borlase, an ingenious and learned \nwriter, who has perpetuated his name by his researches \ninto the natural history of his native county. Dr. Bor\xc2\xac \nlase was the intimate friend of Pope, whom he furnished \nwith many of the materials which formed his grotto at \nTwickenham. He died August 31, 1772, and was in\xc2\xac \nterred at Ludgvan, a town near Penzance, Cornwall. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1799. Elizabeth Woodcock, an inhabitant of Imp- \nington, returning home from Cambridge market, lost her \nway, through the inclemency of the weather, and being \noverwhelmed in a snow drift, continued in that deplora\xc2\xac \nble situation nearly eight days and nights, but was at last \ndiscovered alive, and survived her confinement several \nmonths.* \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1824. About 20 min. past 8 p. m., the ship Fame, in \nwhich Sir Thomas Stamford Rallies had sailed, with his \n\n\n* Ignazio Somis, professor of physic in the university of Turin, \npublished an account of three women who were buried thirty- \nseven days in the ruins of a stable, by a heavy tall of solid snow \nfrom the mountains, at the village of Bergemoletto, Piedmont,, in \nItaly. The event occurred March 19, 1755 ; and a translation \nof Somis\xe2\x80\x99s book was published in London, in 1768. \n\n\n\n\n48 \n\n\nFEBRUARY. \n\n\nfamily, from Bencoolen at day-light, for England, was \ndiscovered to be on fire, and in less than half an hour she \nwas one grand mass of flame. The passengers and crew \nwere providentially saved in two small boats, though the \naccident happened twenty or thirty miles from Bencoolen \nin a S. W. direction. The loss sustained by Sir Thomas \nStamford Raffles was estimated by him at 30,000/., but \nhis papers, drawings, and collection of natural history, \noccasioned his greatest regret, and may be considered as \nan irreparable loss to science and literature. \n\n3, Bishop Blaize. On this day the journeymen wool- \ncombers, in several parts of England, have a grand pro\xc2\xac \ncession, in commemoration of this renowned bishop, who \nis reported to have discovered the art of combing wool. \nHe is said to have visited England ; and St. Blazy, a small \nvillage south-east of Grampound, in Cornwall, is cele\xc2\xac \nbrated for having been his landing-place, and from whom \nit derives its name. He was bishop of Sebastia, a city of \nArmenia, a district of Asia, adjacent to the south-east \npart of the Black Sea, and suffered martyrdom by decapi\xc2\xac \ntation in the Dioclesian persecution, in the year 289. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1738. Died Sir Thomas Lombe, proprietor of the \nfamous mill for silk-throwing, which, to denote its pre\xc2\xac \neminence, is usually called The Silk-Mill; being the first \nand largest of the kind ever constructed in England; and \nit had a great influence on the commerce of the country. \nA complete model of this complex machine is deposited \nin the Tower of London. The original, brought from \nItaly, was erected at Derby. Sir Thomas Lombe received \nthe sum of .\xc2\xa314,000 from Parliament for having thus con\xc2\xac \ntributed to the national prosperity. See Arith . Quest. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1761. Expired, in the 88th year of his age, at Bath, \nRichard Nash, Esq., a native of Swansea, a commercial \nport and bathing-place in Glamorganshire, South Wales. \nNash, in consequence of presiding over the amusements \nof Bath, was usually styled, \xe2\x80\x9c King of Bathand under \nhis auspices, that city not only rose suddenly to distinc\xc2\xac \ntion, but has ever since been advancing in elegance, \nsplendour, and taste. His own prosperity was of long \nduration; and, if a man who supported himself by gam\xc2\xac \nbling and intrigues can be said to deserve prosperity, it \nwas justly due to this celebrated character: but at length \nage and infirmities approached ; and though Horace says \nwe should preserve consistency to the last, it appeared \nridiculous to see grey hairs and decrepitude aping the \ngaiety and hilarity of youth. His admirers in consequence \n\n\nFEBRUARY. \n\n\n49 \n\n\nfell off; and he lived to be sensible of the folly of a life \ndevoted solely to pleasure, vanity, and pomp. He was \nburied at the expense of the Corporation, in the Abbey \nChurch of Bath, with much parade and solemnity. A bust, \nwith a Latin inscription, is placed to his memory. \n\n3, 1794. Sixteen Persons were crushed to death, in \nattempting 1 to obtain admission into the Little Theatre, in \nthe Haymarket, in which the Drury-Lane company then \nperformed. Among the unhappy sufferers in this melan\xc2\xac \ncholy catastrophe, were the amiable and accomplished \nSomerset Herald, Mr. Charles Brooke, and his friend \nPingo, York Herald. Affection for their Majesties, who \nthat evening visited the theatre, is said to have prompted \nthese gentlemen to incur the danger which brought them \nto an untimely end. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1795. Expired, in the 59th year of his age, William \nParsons, an English comic actor of the highest emi\xc2\xac \nnence. He was buried at Lee, a secluded village, near \nBlackheath, Kent; where lies also the celebrated astro\xc2\xac \nnomer, Edmund Halley, a native of Haggerstone, in \nthe parish of Shoreditch, London, who died in 1742, in \nthe 86th year of his age. See Halley, Index. \n\n4, 1194. Richrad I., who, on his return through Ger\xc2\xac \nmany, from a crusade in the Holy Land, had been detain\xc2\xac \ned as a prisoner by the Emperor, was released. His \nransom has been stated by some historians at 150,000 \nmarks;* by others, at 190,000. He was confined near \nOlmutz, in Moravia, Germany. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1555. Rogers, a Protestant divine, the first martyr in \nthe reign of the sanguinary Mary, was burnt in Smith- \nfield. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1716. The Pretender, the Earl of Mar, and some \nothers, embarked at Montrose, in Scotland, for France.f \nSee Dec. 26, 1715, and Arith. Quest. See also Pre\xc2\xac \ntender, Index. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1732. Dr. John Armstrong, a native of Castleton, in \nRoxburghshire, took his degree in physic at Edinburgh. \nHe was the author of many ingenious works; but his \n\xe2\x80\x9cArt of Preserving Health\xe2\x80\x9d is generally considered as his \n\n\n* A mark was worth 135. Ad. Arithmetical Tables. \n\n\xe2\x80\xa2f\' The person known in our history by the title of The Preten\xc2\xac \nder was the son of James II. The Young Pretender was the son \nof the former, and consequently the grandson of that misguided \nmonarch. See April 16, 1746, and miscellaneous Quest. \n\nD \n\n\n\n\n50 \n\n\nFEBRUARY. \n\n\nbest performance. This poem contains many useful hints \nrelative to air, diet, exercise, and the passions, and is de\xc2\xac \ncorated with a succession of images that agreeably affect \nthe imagination. \n\nArmstrong ! thy tones prescribe what health preserves. \nRevives the spirits, and repairs the nerves. \n\nPhilemon. \n\nDr. Armstrong died in 1779. \n\n4, 1746. Expired at Athelstaneford, in Haddingtonshire, \nScotland, the Rev. Robert Blair, author of The Grave, \nwhich, says Pinkerton, is worth a thousand common \npoems. The language is such as Shakspeare would have \nused; yet he nowhere imitates Shakspeare, or uses any \nexpression of his. It is artless and chaste; yet, upon \noccasion, highly poetical, without any appearance of re\xc2\xac \nsearch ; and it is said to be the best piece of blank verse \nwe have, save that of Milton. Blair was an accomplished \nscholar, as well as an elegant poet. He was born in Edin\xc2\xac \nburgh in 1699, and was ordained minister of Athelstane\xc2\xac \nford, January 5, 1731, where he passed the remainder of \nhis life. He was succeeded in his living by another poet, \nMr. John Home, the celebrated author of the tragedy of \nDouglas .*\xe2\x80\x94The Grave was a posthumous publication. \n\n5, Augustus had conferred on him, by the Senate and \nRoman people, the flattering title of Pater Patrias, \nFather of his Country; which appellation he is said to \nhave received with tears \n\n\xe2\x80\xa2 \n\nThe day in which, with one united voice, \n\nThe Senate and the People made the choice \nOf Father of thy Country , for thy name. \n\nMassey\'s Ovid\'s Fasti. \n\nGreat Prince, and Father of the state, receive \nThe noblest triumphs which thy Rome can give. \n\nFrancis\xe2\x80\x99 Horace. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 45 B. C. Cato, a celebrated Roman patriot and Stoic \nphilosopher, who considered Freedom as that which \nalone \xe2\x80\x9c sustains the name and dignity of man,\xe2\x80\x9d unable to \nsurvive the independency of his country, stabbed himself \n\n\n* In connexion with Mr. Home it may be mentioned as re\xc2\xac \nmarkable, that he wrote his tragedy of Douglas\xe2\x80\x94Dr. Hugh Blair \nwrote his Sermons\xe2\x80\x94and Dr. Robertson his History of Charles V., \nin the same cottage, which is a small white one in one of the \nparks of Burntsford Links, in Scotland. \n\n\n\n\nFEBRUARY. \n\n\n51 \n\n\nat Utica, near Tunis, in Africa.* By this rash act of \nsuicide, independent of all moral or religious considera\xc2\xac \ntions, Cato carried his patriotism to the highest degree of \npolitical frenzy; for Cato, dead, could be of no use to his \ncountry; but had he preserved his life, his counsels might \nhave moderated Caesar\xe2\x80\x99s ambition, and, as Montesquieu \nwell observes, have given a different turn to public affairs. \n\nWho kills himself, involves him in the guilt \nOf foulest murder. True, no written law \nCommands our strict forbearance ; but be sure \nThe laws of nature are the laws of God ; \n\nAnd he who said, Thou shalt not murder , made \nThis universal law that binds our hands \nFrom mischief to ourselves.\xe2\x80\x94\xe2\x80\x94\xe2\x80\x94 \n\nLook towards Calvary, + and learn from thence. \n\nThe noblest fortitude is still to bear \nAccumulated ills, and never faint. \n\nWe may avoid them, if we can with honour ; \n\nBut GOD requiring, let weak man submit. \n\nAnd drink the bitter draught, and not repine. \n\nHad Cato been a Christian , he had died \n\nBy inches, rather than have ta\xe2\x80\x99en the sword \n\nAnd fall\xe2\x80\x99n unlike his Master. Hurdis. \n\nSee also Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gazetteer , art. Utica. \n\n5, 1/82. Died, aged 78, Benjamin Martin, an inge\xc2\xac \n\nnious optician and globe-maker of Fleet Street, London, \noriginally a schoolmaster at Chichester, Sussex. He was \nthe publisher of a scientific magazine, the author of a phi\xc2\xac \nlosophical grammar\xe2\x80\x94Young Gentleman and Lady\xe2\x80\x99s Phi\xc2\xac \nlosophy, &c., &c., and at an early period of his life ac\xc2\xac \nquired considerable reputation as an itinerant lecturer in \nexperimental philosophy. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1783. The town of Scylla, in the south-west corner \nof Italy, was destroyed by a terrible earthquake. Nearly \nthree thousand of the inhabitants, who, to save themselves \nfrom the falling houses at night, repaired to the beach, \nwere in a moment swept into eternity by an inundation of \nthe sea. About forty thousand persons perished by re- \n\n\n* See Arith. Quest. Battle of Pharsalia. \n\nf Calvary was a small eminence or hill adjacent to Jerusalem \nappropriated to the execution of malefactors; and was the spot \nwhere Jesus Christ suffered the ignominious death of crucifixion \nbetween two thieves. See Luke xxiii, 33, and Geog. Exer. on \nthe New Test. 4th edit. \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n52 \n\n\nFEBRUARY. \n\n\npeated shocks in the southern parts of Italy, and in the \nneighbourhood of Messina, on the opposite coast of Sicily, \nin the months of February and March. See Arith. Quest . \nart. Scylla and Charybdis. \n\n5, 1/87. Died the Rev. Hugh Farmer, born in a small \nhamlet near Shrewsbury, called \xe2\x80\x9c The Isle,\xe2\x80\x9d (being al\xc2\xac \nmost surrounded by the river Severn,) in the year 1714 : \nlie finished his academical studies under Dr. Doddridge, \nat Northampton, and was interred in the churchyard at \nWalthamstow, Essex. By his death religion and learning- \nlost an able friend and advocate. His candour was ex\xc2\xac \ntensive and impartial, and few ever more happily united \nthe gentleman, the scholar, and the minister of the gospel. \nSee \xe2\x80\x9c Memoirs of the Life of the Reverend Hugh Farmer.\xe2\x80\x9d \nTo his vigour and acuteness, in his Dissertation on Mi\xc2\xac \nracles, we are indebted for a triumphant proof, that no \nreal miracles were wrought by the magicians in Egypt, \nor by the witch of Endor.\xe2\x80\x94 British Critic , Jan. 1827. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1799. Died at Bologna, in the north of Italy, Lewis \nGalvani, an Italian philosopher; from whom Galvanism, \nwhich has recently made so much noise in the philosophi\xc2\xac \ncal world, took its name. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1816. Died, at Richmond, in Surrey, Richard, Vis\xc2\xac \ncount Fitzwilliam, of Ireland. This illustrious noble\xc2\xac \nman left to the University of Cambridge (his Alma Mater) \nhis splendid library, pictures, drawings, and engravings, \ntogether with ^60,000 for the erection of a museum for \ntheir reception and exhibition. In this valuable collec\xc2\xac \ntion there are more than 10,000 proof prints by the first \nartists; a very extensive library of rare and costly works, \namong which are nearly 300 Roman Missals finely illumi\xc2\xac \nnated. There is also a very scarce and curious collection \nof the best ancient music, containing the original Vir\xc2\xac \nginal book of the 9th of Elizabeth, and many of the works \nof Handel, in the hand-writing of that great master; the \n\xe2\x96\xa0whole forms one of the most magnificent bequests ever \nmade by an individual to the public. \n\n6, 1665. Queen Anne, the daughter of James II., and \nAnne Hyde, daughter of Edward Hyde, Earl of Claren\xc2\xac \ndon, was born at St. James\xe2\x80\x99s. She ascended the throne \non the death of her brother-in-law. King William. See \nMarch 8, 1702. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1685. Charles II. died at Whitehall. He left no le\xc2\xac \ngitimate issue, but his natural children were numerous. \nHe was of the Stuart race, and was succeeded by his \nbrother James II., the third, and only surviving, son of \n\n\nFEBRUARY. \n\n\n53 \n\n\nCharles I. Charles II. was a profligate in private life; the \nbase betrayer of his country\xe2\x80\x99s honour to a foreign power; \nthe enemy of civil and religious liberty; and the legalized \nmurderer of innocent men. He had been in the school \nof adversity, but was too weak and corrupt to benefit by \nwhat has been aptly called wisdom \xe2\x80\x94 experience. \n\n6, 1804. Expired, in the 71st year of his age, at Northum\xc2\xac \nberland, Pennsylvania, North America, Joseph Priest\xc2\xac \nley, LL. D., F. R. S., and member of many foreign lite\xc2\xac \nrary societies. On his approaching dissolution, he ex\xc2\xac \npressed his thankfulness at being permitted to die quietly \nin his family, without pain, and with every convenience \nand comfort that lie could wish for; and dwelt upon the \npeculiarly happy situation in which it had pleased the \nDivine Being to place him in life, the great advantage he \nhad enjoyed in the acquaintance and friendship of some \nof the best and wisest men of the age in which he lived, \nand the satisfaction he derived from having led a useful \nlife. Desiring that John, chap, xi., might be read to him, \nhe stopped the reader at the 45th verse, and dwelt for \nsome time on the advantage he had derived from reading \nthe Scriptures daily, and recommended this practice, ob\xc2\xac \nserving, that it would prove a source of the purest plea\xc2\xac \nsure. He afterwards addressed himself to a friend with \ngreat animation, saying, \xe2\x80\x9cWe shall meet again in another \nand a better world;\xe2\x80\x9d and he breathed his last so easily, \nthat those who were sitting close to him did not immedi\xc2\xac \nately perceive it. In Dr. Priestley\xe2\x80\x99s mental constitution \nwere united ardour and vivacity of intellect, with placidity \nand mildness of temper. In the domestic relations of \nlife he was uniformly kind and affectionate. Not malice \nitself could ever fix a stain on his private conduct, or im\xc2\xac \npeach his integrity. Such was the man who has added one \nmore imperishable name to the illustrious dead of his \ncountry. He was born at Field-head, near Leeds, in \nYorkshire. See July 14, 1791. \n\n7, 1788. Sydney-Cove. On this day, Governor Philip \nassumed the powers of government delegated to him, by \npublishing, at this place, the royal commission which con\xc2\xac \nstituted him Captain-General and Governor of New South \nWales, in New Holland. Sydney-Cove is about nine \nmiles north of Botany-Bay, and in nearly 34 degrees of \nsouth lat. See Arith. Quest. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1826. Died at Bermondsey, in his 70th year, the Rev. \nJohn Townsend, a Dissenting Minister of considerable \ntalents and distinguished piety. He was the founder of \n\n\n54 \n\n\nFEBRUARY. \n\n\nthe Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb, in the Kent Road, \nand the promoter of many other useful charities, so that \nlie has been aptly styled \xe2\x80\x9cthe apostle of charity.\xe2\x80\x9d A \nmarble bust, presented by the duke of Gloucester and the \nCommittee of the asylum, perpetuates in the hall of this \nuseful and extensive institution the memory of him who \nfirst had compassion on its helpless and interesting in\xc2\xac \nmates. He was interred in Bunhill Fields, Feb. 16, 1826. \nA memoir of this philanthropist has been published, and \nis highly creditable to the pen and feeling of its au\xc2\xac \nthoress. \n\n8, 1515. Mary, the sanguinary, was born at Greenwich. \nShe was the daughter of Henry VIII. and his first wife, \nCatharine of Arragon, and ascended the throne on the \ndeath of Edward VI. See July 6, 1553, and Arithmetical \nTables , p. 27* \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1576. Was born at Lindley, in Leicestershire, Robert \nBurton, known to the world by the name of Democritus \nJunior, which he annexed to his admired work, \xe2\x80\x9cThe \nAnatomy of Melancholy,\xe2\x80\x9d a book that has had a very \nextensive sale; the ninth edition having been published in \n1800, under the superintendence of Mr. Stephen Jones. \n\xe2\x80\x9c Burton upon Melancholy,\xe2\x80\x9d says Archbishop Herring, \n\xe2\x80\x9c is an author the pleasantest, the most learned, and the \nmost full of sterling sense.\xe2\x80\x9d \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1587* Mary, Queen of Scots, was beheaded, in the \n45th year of her age, at Fotheringay-Castle, in North\xc2\xac \namptonshire, after an unjust and cruel captivity of almost \nnineteen years in England. She was buried in Peter\xc2\xac \nborough Cathedral; but her remains were removed on \nthe accession of her son, James I., to Westminster \nAbbey. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1671. Died Richard Pendrell, the preserver and \nconductor of Charles II., after his escape from the battle \nof Worcester. See Sept. 3, 1651, and Ewer, an the \nGlobes , art. Robur Caroli. Pendrell was buried in St. \nGiles in the Fields, London. \n\n9, 1555. Hooper, bishop of Gloucester, was burnt before \nthe door of his cathedral, sutfering with the greatest firm\xc2\xac \nness in confirmation of his attachment to the cause of \nProtestantism. On the same day Dr. Rowland Taylor \nwas burnt at Hadleigh, in Sutfolk, testifying the sincerity \nof his faith by his undaunted behaviour at the stake. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1649. On this day was interred at Windsor, Charles \nI., who was beheaded January 30. After his execution, \nthe body was removed to his room at Whitehall, and \n\n\nFEBRUARY. \n\n\n55 \n\n\nembalmed. It was conveyed to Windsor, and buried in \na vault near Henry VIII. and his wife, Jane Seymour; \nwith this inscription on a fillet of lead : King Charles, \n1649. A few years ago, the bodies of Charles and of \nHenry VIII. were discovered by some workmen em\xc2\xac \nployed in digging a vault at Windsor Chapel. That of \nCharles was found, on opening the coffin, to be in good \npreservation; in the features of his countenance could be \nrecognized the celebrated portrait of that monarch by \nVandyck ;\xe2\x80\x94but a yet more convincing proof of identity \nremained\xe2\x80\x94the head, on the body being lifted up, fell off! \nIt had been joined to it by means of a cement. His pre\xc2\xac \nsent Majesty, then Prince Regent, was one of the few \nspectators admitted on this occasion: a spectacle so in\xc2\xac \nstructive to the man, as an example of that mortality \nwhich equally awaits the prince and the peasant; and to \nthe monarch, as an admonition, that power, when \nabused, works its own destruction. \n\n9, 1700. Daniel Bernouilli, a celebrated philosopher \nand mathematician, was born at Groningen, in the north \npart of the United Provinces. He died in 1/82, at Basil, \na town on the Rhine, in the north of Switzerland. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1811. Expired, in the 79th year of his age, at Flam\xc2\xac \nsteed-House, in Greenvvicli-Park, near London, Dr. Mas- \nkelyne, who had been Astronomer-Royal of England \nfor the long period of 46 years. See Exer. on the Globes , \n11 tli edit. \n\n10, 1305. Comyn was stabbed by Bruce, in the church of \n\nDumfries. The former having been accused by the latter \nof having betrayed him, and reproaching him for his \ntreachery, Comyn exclaimed, \xe2\x80\x9c You lie !\xe2\x80\x9d Bruce imme\xc2\xac \ndiately gave the fatal blow, and instantly fled out of the \nchurch where their interview had taken place. Lindsay \nand Kirkpatrick, his attendants, seeing him pale and agi\xc2\xac \ntated, anxiously asked, \xe2\x80\x9c How is it with you ?\xe2\x80\x9d \xe2\x80\x9c Ill,\xe2\x80\x9d \n\nreplied Bruce; \xe2\x80\x9c I doubt I have slain Comyn.\xe2\x80\x9d \xe2\x80\x9c You \ndoubt!\xe2\x80\x9d cried Kirkpatrick; \xe2\x80\x9cI will secure him;\xe2\x80\x9d and \nrunning into the church, he plunged his dagger into \nComyn\xe2\x80\x99s heart. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1567. Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, who, on mar\xc2\xac \nrying Mary, Queen of Scots, had been, by her proclama\xc2\xac \ntion^ declared King of Scotland, was murdered. It is \ngenerally supposed that this tragical scene was acted by \nthe contrivance of Bothwell, and with the connivance of \nthe queen herself, since she soon after espoused her hus\xc2\xac \nband\xe2\x80\x99s murderer. The house where Darnley slept was \n\n\n56 \n\n\nFEBRUARY. \n\n\nblown up with gunpowder, so that it is uncertain whether \nhe was put to death first, or perished in the ruins. This \nexecrable deed was perpetrated in a lonely mansion, in \nthe neighbourhood of Edinburgh, about two o\xe2\x80\x99clock in \nthe morning. It has been the object of late eminent his\xc2\xac \ntorians either greatly to palliate the crimes, or wholly to \nrescue the memory of the unfortunate Mary from oblo\xc2\xac \nquy : Hume, Stuart, and Tytler, north of the Tweed; and \nthe elegant Whitaker on this side. But as long as the \nfate of Darnleyand the queen\xe2\x80\x99s connexions with Bothvvell \nare related, a shade will, we apprehend, be found to tinge \nher character, that neither art nor panegyric can effectu\xc2\xac \nally obliterate. See May 15, 1567- \n\n10, 1773. Died, at Edinburgh, Dr. John Gregory, \nprofessor of physic, a native of Aberdeen. He was the \nauthor of \xe2\x80\x9cA Father\xe2\x80\x99s Legacy to his Daughters,\xe2\x80\x9d and \nother moral works. \n\n11, 1763. Expired, at his much-admired residence, the \nLeasowes, near Hagley, in Worcestershire, William \nShenstone, a pastoral poet and miscellaneous writer. \n(See Hagley and Hales-Owen, Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gazetteer.) He \nwas distinguished rather for elegance and delicacy of sen\xc2\xac \ntiment than for the strength and fire of poetic genius. \nHis Schoolmistress is reckoned the happiest effort of his \nmuse. \xe2\x80\x9c It is,\xe2\x80\x9d says that judicious critic. Dr. Aikin,* \n\xe2\x80\x9c one of those poems which leave impressions not only \npleasing, but meliorating. I know few pieces which dis\xc2\xac \nplay more good sense, or a more benevolent heart.\xe2\x80\x9d \nShenstone was buried in Hales-Owen Church, Shrop\xc2\xac \nshire, where he was born in 1714. A plain urn, with \nsome verses by his friend, the Rev. Mr. Graves, of Claver- \nton, commemorates his talents and virtues. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 179S. Stanislaus Poniatowski, ci-devant King of \nPoland, died at Petersburg!!. He was born January 18, \n1732, elected king of Poland, Sept. 7, 1764, narrowly \nescaped assassination by some of his own subjects, in \n177U and was deposed by Catharine, Empress of Russia, \nin the year 1794. See Czestoehow, Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gazetteer. \n\n\n\xe2\x80\x9c Letters to a Young Lady on a Course of English Poetry,\xe2\x80\x9d \nby Dr. Aikin. The discrimination evinced in this work by its \njudicious author, renders it an interesting and faithful guide for \nfemales to the temple of the Muses. Few productions of a simi\xc2\xac \nlar kind are so well adapted to refine their taste and direct their \njudgment while perusing the British poets. It should have a \nplace in every female\xe2\x80\x99s library. \n\n\n\nFEBRUARY. \n\n\n57 \n\n\nDuring the whole of his reign he proved himself to be a \npatriotic monarch and an honest man. The revolution \neffected by him in 1791, by which he incurred the dis\xc2\xac \npleasure of the ambitious Czarina,* greatly improved the \ncondition of the Poles, and called forth a sublime eulo- \ngium from Burke. In 1795, Poland was completely \nsubjugated, and divided between Russia, Austria, and \nPrussia. \n\n\n-Thus was an ancient state \n\nStruck down by sceptres\xe2\x80\x94trampled on by kings: \n\nAnd fraud and rapine registered in blood, \n\nAs Europe\xe2\x80\x99s public law, e\xe2\x80\x99en on the authority \nOf thrones. Shee\xe2\x80\x99s Alasco, Act 1, Sc. 3 . \n\n\n11, 1821. Died at Richmond, in Surrey, aged 90, Adam \nWalker, Esq., a celebrated lecturer on natural and ex\xc2\xac \nperimental philosophy. \n\n12, 1542. Catharine Howard, after being Queen about \neighteen months, was beheaded on Tower Hill. She was \nthe fifth in Henry\xe2\x80\x99s connubial list. Lady Rochford, her \nconfidant, suffered at the same time for being privy to her \nimmoral conduct. The execution of this ungrateful \nwoman excited no commiseration, as she had been the \nprincipal instrument in the accusations against Anne Bo- \nleyn, her sister-in-law. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1554. Lady Jane Gray, or Grey, and her husband \nLord Guilford Dudley, fourth son of Dudley, Duke of \nNorthumberland, were beheaded in the Tower. Lady \nJane was executed an hour after lord Dudley. This il\xc2\xac \nlustrious lady fell a victim to the ambition of her father- \nin-law, who, on the demise of Edward VI., prevailed on \nher to suffer herself to be proclaimed Queen of England. \nThough only 17 years of age, she was eminent for piety \nand learning, being mistress of the Greek and Latin lan\xc2\xac \nguages. She was born at Bradgate, near Leicester. See \nBourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gazetteer; also Feb. 21, 1554, and August 22. \n\n13, 1662. Elizabeth, daughter of James I., the titular \nQueen of Bohemia, ended her unfortunate life at Leicester \nHouse, Leicester Square, London. The house was also \nthe residence of George II., when Prince of Wales. It \nafterwards contained the magnificent collection of natural \ncuriosities collected by Sir Ashton Lever, and was known \n\n\n* See \xe2\x80\x9c A History of Poland,\xe2\x80\x9d in one volume 8vo., by Ste- \nthen Jones, author of the \xe2\x80\x9c New Biographical Dictionary,\xe2\x80\x9d \n\xe2\x80\x9c Biographia Dramatica, &c., &c. \n\n\nd 3 \n\n\n\n\n58 \n\n\nFEBRUARY. \n\n\n| \n\n1 \n\n\nas the Leverian Museum. See Jan. 31, 1788, and the \nlate W. Butler\xe2\x80\x99s Arith. Quest. , No. 598. Elizabeth \nwas the wife of Frederick V., elector Palatinate, and king 1 \nof Bohemia. Her youngest daughter, Sophia, was the \nmother of George I., king of England. Miss Benger\xe2\x80\x99s \nMemoirs of the Queen of Bohemia . \n\n13, 1689. King William and Queen Mary were pro\xc2\xac \nclaimed; they were crowned April 11. This event is \nstyled in the British history, the Glorious Revolution; \nand King William is distinguished as the immortal de\xc2\xac \nliverer of England, Scotland, and Ireland, from Popery \nand arbitrary government. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1691. Massacre of Glencoe. Glencoe is a vale in \nArgyleshire, Scotland, and noted for the inhuman mas\xc2\xac \nsacre of its unsuspecting inhabitants. Eight and thirty \npersons suffered, the greater part of whom were surprised \nin their beds, and hurled into eternity, before they had \ntime to implore the Divine mercy. This horrid butchery \nwas, however, never sufficiently scrutinized: nor did the \nking severely punish those who had artfully made his au\xc2\xac \nthority subservient to their own base and cruel revenge. \n(See Smollett\xe2\x80\x99s Continuation of Hume.) Glencoe is \nalso famous as the birth-place of Ossian, as appears from \nseveral passages in the poems of that bard ; and many of \nthe places are accurately named and described. In the \nmiddle of the vale runs the stream of Cona; hence Ossian \nhas been styled the \xe2\x80\x9cBard of Cona.\xe2\x80\x9d S qq Arith. Quest . \nart. Ossian. \n\n\n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1728. Died, at his native place, Boston, in America, \nDr. Cotton Mather, distinguished by his learning, his \nnumerous publications, and benevolent exertions in re\xc2\xac \nforming the manners and composing the differences of \nmankind. See Index. \n\n14, Valentine\xe2\x80\x99s Day. Valentine, a Roman bishop, or, \naccording to others, only presbyter of the church, was \nbeheaded under Claudius II., A. D. 271. It is said, that \non this day the birds choose their mates; whence, proba\xc2\xac \nbly, came the custom of young people choosing Valen\xc2\xac \ntines, or particular friends, on this day. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1400. Richard II., a native of Bourdeaux, in France, \nwas basely murdered in Pontefract Castle, Yorkshire; \nbeing attacked by eight persons, as is generally related, \nof whom he slew four. This manner of his death has \nbeen controverted, and on good evidence; it is supposed \nthat the son of the victor at Cressy and Poitiers, and \ngrandson oi the renowned Edward III., died of hunger. \n\n\nFEBRUARY. \n\n\n59 \n\n\nthirst, and cold. See the late W. Butler\xe2\x80\x99s Mis. Quest., \n3d edit., p. 50. He was buried at Langley, but afterwards \nremoved to Westminster Abbey. See King\xe2\x80\x99s Langley, \nBourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gazetteer. \n\n14, 1779* The celebrated circumnavigator. Captain James \nCook, was killed at Owhyhee, one of the Sandwich \nIslands, in the Pacific Ocean. He was born at Marton, \nnear Whitby, in Yorkshire, October 27,1 728. See Index, \nand Arithmetical Questions. A monument on the top of \nEarby Moor has been erected by Robert Campion, Esq., \nof Whitby, and of Earby Hall, near Stokeley, as a token \nof respect for, and admiration of, the character and la\xc2\xac \nbours of that truly great man. The foundation-stone was \nlaid by him on the 12th of July, 1827, being the anniver\xc2\xac \nsary of the day on which Captain Cook commenced his \nlast voyage, and also of the birth of the founder. It was \nfinished on the 27th of October, 1827, being Captain \nCook\xe2\x80\x99s birth-day, and wanting only one year of a cente\xc2\xac \nnary. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1780. Died that illustrious lawyer. Sir William \nBlackstone, author of a celebrated work, entitled, \n\xe2\x80\x9c Commentaries on the Laws of England,\xe2\x80\x9d in which the \nunrivalled wisdom and equality of English jurisprudence \nare most ably delineated. He was born in Cheapside, \nLondon, July 10, 1723. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1797. Sir John Jervis, the late Earl St. Vincent, ob\xc2\xac \ntained a signal victory over the Spanish fleet, oft\' Cape St. \nVincent, Portugal. This distinguished officer died at \nRochetts, near Brentwood, Essex, in 1823, and was in\xc2\xac \nterred at Stone, in Staffordshire. See March 15, 1823; \nButler\xe2\x80\x99s Mis. Quest., 3d edit. \n\n15, 1637- Ferdinand II., Emperor of Germany, ended \nhis boisterous career at Vienna, after a reign of eighteen \nyears, always disturbed by intestine or foreign wars. By \nthe Roman Catholics he is regarded in the light of a saint \nadorned with every virtue, while the Protestants represent \nhim as a sanguinary despot, no less inimical to religious \ntoleration than to civil freedom. His bigotry and super\xc2\xac \nstition induced him to persecute with inquisitorial severity \nall who questioned the infallibility of the Roman pontiff, \nor preferred the evangelical simplicity of the primitive \nchurch to the idolatrous pomp of the Vatican, and incited \nhim to carry on a war the most disastrous of any that ever \ndesolated Europe. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1695. The day on which King William, on his return \n\n\n60 \n\n\nFEBRUARY. \n\n\nturn from Richmond, in Surrey, was to have been assas\xc2\xac \nsinated. See Smollett\xe2\x80\x99s Contin. of Hume. \n\n15, 1708. Died, at Hereford, where he was interred in the \nCathedral, John Philips, author of the \xe2\x80\x9c Splendid \nShilling,\xe2\x80\x9d \xe2\x80\x9c Cider,\xe2\x80\x9d* and other admired poems. He was \nborn at Bampton, in Oxfordshire, Dec. 30, 1676. See \nArith. Quest, art. Splendid Shilling. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1732. Died in exile at Paris, whither he was banished \nfor corresponding with the Pretender, Francis Atter- \nbury, Bishop of Rochester, a celebrated poet, controver\xc2\xac \nsial and political writer. He was born in 1662, at Mid\xc2\xac \ndleton, near Newport-Pagnel, in Buckinghamshire. His \nbody was brought to England, and interred in Westmin\xc2\xac \nster Abbey. See June 18, 1723. \n\n16, 1497. W as born at Bretten, in the palatinate of the \nRhine, Germany, Philip Melanctiion, a celebrated \ndivine, coadjutor with Luther in the Reformation,f and \none of the wisest and greatest men of his age. He ab\xc2\xac \nhorred party-spirit and violence, yet was a decided Re\xc2\xac \nformer. He composed the famous Confession of Augs\xc2\xac \nburg, which remains to this day a monument of his \njudgment and eloquence. He died April 19, 1560, and \nwas buried at Wittemberg, near his friend Luther. \nBourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gazetteer. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1754. Expired Dr. Richard Mead, a most distin\xc2\xac \nguished physician ; whose abilities and eminence in his \nprofession, united with his learning and fine taste for \n\n\n* Philips\xe2\x80\x99s \xe2\x80\x9c Cider,\xe2\x80\x9d is a didactic poem, describing the process \nof making cider. The poems legitimately didactic are those in \nwhich verse is gravely and methodically employed in teaching \nsome art or science. Virgil\xe2\x80\x99s \xe2\x80\x9c Georgies,\xe2\x80\x9d and Dyer\xe2\x80\x99s \xe2\x80\x9c Fleece, ,r \nare of this class. \n\nf To some of our young readers it may, perhaps, be useful to \nstate, that when the term Reformation is used in any absolute \nsense, and especially in reference to our own country, it means \nthe reformation of religion from Popery to Protestantism.\xe2\x80\x94So \nthe word Conquest , when employed in the same manner, means \nthe conquest of England by William the Conqueror.\xe2\x80\x94The Inter\xc2\xac \nregnum or Commonwealth , the period between the decollation of \nCharles I. and the reinstatement of Charles II.\xe2\x80\x94The Restoration , \nthe accession of Charles II. to the Crown.\xe2\x80\x94The Abdication , the \nresignation of James II.\xe2\x80\x94The Revolution, the happy change of \ngovernment which took place when William III., of glorious \nmemory, was, by the voice of the people, called to the throne of \nEngland, as successor of James II. \n\n\n\nFEBRUARY. \n\n\n61 \n\n\nthose arts which embellish and improve human life, long \nrendered him an ornament not only to his own profession, \nbut to the nation and age in which he lived. It was under \nthe auspices of Dr. Mead that Inoculation for the Small \nPox was first introduced into this country. The experi\xc2\xac \nment was successfully tried upon seven condemned crimi\xc2\xac \nnals in London, A. D. 1721. The admired author of the \n\xe2\x80\x9c Night Thoughts,\xe2\x80\x9d speaking of himself, has borne the \nfollowing flattering testimony to Dr. Mead\xe2\x80\x99s medical \nskill\xe2\x80\x94 \n\n\xe2\x80\x9c Alive by miracle ! or, wliat is next, \n\nAlive by Mead.\xe2\x80\x9d \n\nPope also highly esteemed and loved this worthy man, \nwhose unaffected humanity and benevolence stifled much \nof that envy which his eminence in his profession would \notherwise have drawn out. \n\nI\xe2\x80\x99ll do what Mead and Cheselden* advise, \n\nTo keep those limbs and to preserve those eyes. \n\nPope. \n\nIt was said of him after his death, that of all the phy\xc2\xac \nsicians who had ever lived, he had gained the most, spent \nthe most, and enjoyed the highest fame during his life\xc2\xac \ntime. Dr. Mead was the son of a celebrated Dissenting \nMinister of Stepney, where he was born August 11, 1673, \nand was buried in the Temple Church. See January \n22, 1800. \n\n16, 1706. Amboyna, a noted spice-island in the East In\xc2\xac \ndies, formerly belonging to the Dutch, capitulated to the \nEnglish, who relinquished it at the peace of Paris, in \n18i4. See Ariih. Quest. 10th edit. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1826. Died, at Holdgate, near York, Lindley Mur\xc2\xac \nray, author of a well-known Grammar. He was a native \nof America; and his father was a member of the respect\xc2\xac \nable Society of Friends, f He was induced to visit En\xc2\xac \ngland for the benefit of his health, the bracing air of \nYorkshire having been recommended for his complaint, \nand the tedium of his protracted illness was alleviated by \nthe composition of several instructive and valuable works. \n\n17, -Was observed at Rome the Feralia, a festival \n\nkept in honour of the dead. Presents were taken by the \n\n\n* See April 10, 1752. \n\nf For a succinct account of this religious sect, see the late \nWilliam Butler\xe2\x80\x99s Exer. on the New Testament, 4th edit. \n\n\n\n\n\nFEBRUARY. \n\n\n62 \n\n\nhand of affection and piety, to the graves of the deceased. \nOvid\xe2\x80\x99s account of this ceremony in the second book of \nthe Fasti, is very pleasing: \n\nTombs have their honours too : our parents crave \nSome slender present to adorn their grave. \n\nSlender the present which the ghosts we owe ; \n\nThose powers observe not what we give, but how ;* \n\nNo greedy souls disturb the happy seats below; \n\nThey only ask a tile with garlands crown\xe2\x80\x99d, \n\nAnd fruit and salt to scatter on the ground. \n\nThe day after the Feralia was the Charistia, or Fes\xc2\xac \ntival of Love, when all the relations in every family met \ntogether, and held a feast. \n\nNext day the social kindred feast is held, \n\nIn which relations join, Charistia called; \n\nFor as we in the tombs have made a stay, \n\n\xe2\x80\x99Tis some relief to rise to cheerful day ; \n\nAnd having been where death and darkness reign, \n\nWe\xe2\x80\x99re pleas\xe2\x80\x99d to see our living friends again. \n\n1/, 1461. The second Battle of St. Albans, was fought \non Bernard\xe2\x80\x99s Heath, when Queen Margaret defeated the \nEarl of Warwick, and freed her husband from captivity. \nSee March 4, 1461, and April 14, 14/1. In this engage\xc2\xac \nment Sir John Grey, whose widow was married by Ed\xc2\xac \nward IV., was slain. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1563. Died at Rome, the illustrious Michael An\xc2\xac \ngelo, a man of most extraordinary acquirements, since \nhe obtained superlative eminence in the several depart\xc2\xac \nments of painting, sculpture, and architecture. He esta\xc2\xac \nblished it as a principle, that to live in credit was enough, \nif life was virtuously and honourably employed for the \ngood of others and the benefit of posterity. He had a \ndetestation of worthless characters, and an equal con\xc2\xac \ntempt of riches. His maxim was, \n\nChe\xe2\x80\x99l tempo h breve e\xe2\x80\x99l necessario poco; \n\nwhich Goldsmith has thus neatly expressed in his Edwin \nand Angelina: \n\n\xe2\x80\x9c Man wants but little here below ; \n\nNor wants that little long.\xe2\x80\x9d \n\nIt appears also, that he was a pious character; for he \n\n\n\n* The original in this line is also well rendered by Massey: \n\nA little gift departed ghosts receive ; \n\nA pious mind is what they chiefly crave. \n\n\n\n\n\nFEBRUARY. \n\n\n63 \n\n\nundertook, purely from devotional feelings, the office of \nsuperintending the building of St. Peter\xe2\x80\x99s at Rome; which \nhe prosecuted with religious zeal for several years, gratu\xc2\xac \nitously. The following sonnet, written in his 83rd year, \nlikewise manifests his serious turn of mind: \n\n\n\nWell nigh the voyage now is overpast, \n\nAnd my frail bark, through troubled seas and rude, \nDraws near that common haven, where at last \nOf ev\xe2\x80\x99ry action, be it evil or good, \n\nMust due account be rendered. Well I know \nHow vain will then appear that favoured art, \n\nSole idol long and monarch of my heart;* \n\nFor all is vain that man desires below. \n\nAnd now remorseful thoughts the past upbraid, \n\nAnd fear of twofold death my soul alarms, \n\nThat which must come, and that beyond the grave. \nPicture and sculpture lose their feeble charms ,f \nAnd to that Love Divine I turn for aid. \n\nWho from the cross extends his arms to save. \n\n\nAt last, worn out by age, and disgusted by a series of \nill treatment, he was attacked with a slow fever, which \nterminated his mortal career in the 89th year of his age; \nhaving been born in the castle of Caprese, in Tuscany, \nMarch 6, 1474. See Duppa\xe2\x80\x99s Life of Michael Angelo. \nHe was buried with great pomp at Florence. See Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s \nGazetteer. \n\n17, 1571. An earthquake, in Herefordshire, removed Mar- \ncley Hill, S. E. of Hereford, to a considerable distance \nfrom where it stood. It continued in motion two or three \ndays, and either carried away or overturned every thing \nwhich impeded its progress. The ground thus moved \nwas about 26 acres. Speed and Camden. \n\nIn 1583, a similar prodigy happened in Dorsetshire. \nStow\xe2\x80\x99s C/iron. \n\nThe sylvan scene \n\nMigrates uplifted ; and, with all its soil, \n\nAlighting in some distant fields, finds out \nA new possessor. \n\nCowper. \n\n\n* When asked why he did not marry, he answered, that \n\xe2\x80\x9c Painting was his wife, and his works were his children.\xe2\x80\x9d See \nArilh. Quest, art. Epaminondas. \n\nf See bacon, John, Index. \n\n\n\n64 \n\n\nFEBRUARY. \n\n\nPhilips, in his \xe2\x80\x9c Cider,\xe2\x80\x9d thus notices the removal of \nMarcley Hill: \n\n1 nor advise nor reprehend the choice \nOf Marcley Hill; the apple no where finds \nA kinder mould : yet *tis unsafe to trust \nDeceitful ground : who knows but that once more \nThis mount may journey, and, his present site \nForsaking, to thy neighbour\xe2\x80\x99s bounds transfer \nThe goodly plants,* affording matter strange \nFor law debates ? If therefore thou incliue \nTo deck this rise with fruits of various tastes. \n\nFail not by frequent vows to implore success : \n\nThus piteous Heav\xe2\x80\x99n may fix the wand\xe2\x80\x99ring glebe. \n\n17/16/3. Died at Paris, the place of his nativity, Mo- \nliere, a famous comedian, and styled by Voltaire \xe2\x80\x9c the \nbest comic poet that ever lived in any nation.\xe2\x80\x9d He was \nseized with death in his 53rd year, whilst acting in the \ncharacter of a sick man, in \xe2\x80\x9c Le Malade Imaginaire,\xe2\x80\x9d \none of his own plays.f See August 2, 1/98. \n\n\n* And settle on a new freehold. \n\nAs Marcley Hill hath done of old. Hudibras. \n\nf The same part, it is said, proved fatal to the actor who suc\xc2\xac \nceeded him. It has beeu asserted, that fictitious sufferings some\xc2\xac \ntimes lead to real infirmities, and sometimes to death. Pliny \nrelates a story of a player who imitated the gout so naturally, as \nat length to bring the disorder upon him ! and Madame Clairon, \nthe famous French actress, accounted for her premature growing \nold in appearance, by the influence of her griefs and distresses \nwith which she had been constantly overwhelmed, year after \nyear, on the stage. This celebrated woman, however, had her \nlife protracted far beyond the usual period of existence ; and in \nthe 80th year of her age she delighted Mr. Kemble, who paid her \na complimentary visit, with a most energetic recitation of one \nof the scenes of Phaedra. She died at Paris shortly after Mr. K\xe2\x80\x99s \nvisit. \n\nMadame Clairon was always a favourite actress of our un\xc2\xac \nrivalled Garrick ; he saw her when she was in the dawn of her \nreputation, when he paid his first visit to Paris, in 1752 ; and he \nthen ventured to pronounce that she would excel all competitors. \nWhen he was last in that city, in 1765, she had, in the opinion \nof the public, fulfilled his prediction. The highly entertaining but \nfriendly contest between Mr. Garrick and Madame Clairon, in \ntheir professional character, in the year just mentioned, is related \nin Davies\xe2\x80\x99s Life of Garrick, Vol. II. chap. 35, edit. 1808. \n\nMr. Bond, translator of Buchanan\xe2\x80\x99s History, yielded himself \n\n\n\n\nFEBRUARY. \n\n\n65 \n\n\n17, 1720. Died John Hughes, an English poet, dramatic \nauthor and essayist, born at Marlborough, in Wiltshire, \nJan. 29, 1677- He wrote several papers in the Tatler, \nSpectator, and Guardian, several dramatic pieces, and \ntranslated that part of the Phenomena of Aratus, quoted \nby Paul, Acts xvii. 28. See Geo. Ever, on the New Tes\xc2\xac \ntament , 4th edit. \n\nHughes\xe2\x80\x99s last work was \xe2\x80\x9c The Siege of Damascus,\xe2\x80\x9d a \ntragedy, and it is a grave reflection on the vanity of hu\xc2\xac \nman pursuits, that the author expired on the very night \nthat his tragedy was performed with the most splendid \nsuccess. Lit. Gaz July, 1824; Jones\xe2\x80\x99s Biog. Dram. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1775. Mr. Forster, who went round the world with \nCaptain Cook, saw the aurora borealis in 58 degrees \nof south latitude, though it appeared with phsenomena \nsomewhat different from ours in the northern hemisphere. \nBefore the fact had been thus ascertained, it had been a \nlong time matter of doubt whether this meteor ever made \nits appearance in the southern hemisphere. See Exer\xc2\xac \ncises on the Globes. \n\n18, 1478. George, Duke of Clarence, brother to Ed\xc2\xac \nward IV., was drowned in the Tower. The only favour \ngranted to him by the king after his condemnation, was \nthe choice of his death ; and he chose to be privately im\xc2\xac \nmersed in a butt of Malmsey: a whimsical election, which, \nas Hume observes, implies that he had an extraordinary \npassion for that liquor. He was buried in the Abbey \nChurch of Tewkesbury, Gloucestershire. \n\n\xe2\x80\x941546. Expired, in the 63d year of his age, at Eisleben, \nhis birth-place, Martin Lijti-ier, the indefatigable Re\xc2\xac \nformer, by whose unwearied labours, aided by his great \nlearning, the absurdities and superstitions of the Romish \nChurch were completely exposed, and the Reformation \nintroduced into Germany. This excellent man was buried \nwith great funeral pomp at Wittemberg on the Elbe, in \nUpper Saxony. The other principal Reformers were \nWickliffe, Tyndale, Calvin, Melancthon, Erasmus, Zuin- \nglius, Huss, Jerome of Prague, Zisca, and Knox. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1645. Died, in the Fleet Prison, London, Sir Richard \n\n\nup so to the force and impetuosity of his imagination, when act\xc2\xac \ning the character of Lusignan, in Hill\xe2\x80\x99s Zara, that on the disco\xc2\xac \nvery of his daughter he fainted away, and soon closed his eyes \nfor ever. Jones\xe2\x80\x99s Biog. Dram. \n\n\n\n66 \n\n\nFEBRUARY. \n\n\nBaker, author of the \xe2\x80\x9c Chronicle of the Kings of En\xc2\xac \ngland.\xe2\x80\x9d He was horn at Sissinghurst, in the parish of \nCranbrook, south of Maidstone, in Kent.* \n\n18, 1653. A memorable naval engagement commenced \nbetween the English and Dutch oil Portland Island, Dor\xc2\xac \nsetshire. The battle continued for three days, and the \nEnglish destroyed eleven Dutch men of war, and thirty \nmerchantmen. Van Tromp was admiral of the Dutch, \nand Blake of the English. \n\n19, The sun enters into the constellation X, pisces. See \nExer. on the Globes. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1593. Prince Henry Frederic, son of James VI. of \nScotland, and afterwards Prince of Wales, was born at \nStirling. See Nov. 6, 1612. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1806. Died in London, the learned Elizabeth Car\xc2\xac \nter, a native of Deal, in Kent. See Dec. 17, 1717* \n\n\xe2\x80\x9820, 1712. The marriage of the Czar Peter and the cele\xc2\xac \nbrated Catharine was publicly solemnized, with great \npomp, at Petersburgh. Their union had before been \nsecretly performed at Jawerof, or Jaworow, near Lem\xc2\xac \nberg, in Poland. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1737. The devotional Mrs. Rowe, whose writings ex\xc2\xac \ncite to the practice of the most generous benevolence and \nheroic virtue, was found dead on her knees. This event \noccurred in the 63d year of her age, at Frome, in Somer\xc2\xac \nsetshire, her native county; having been born at Ilches- \nter, where her father, the Rev. Walter Singer, was a Dis\xc2\xac \nsenting minister. Having in early life published a small \nvolume of poetry, entitled, \xe2\x80\x9c Poems on several Occasions, \nby Philomela,\xe2\x80\x9d she has been frequently designated by the \nterm Philomela, or the British Philomel. \n\nBlest shade ! how pure a breath of praise was thine. \n\nWhose spotless life was faultless as tny line ; \n\nIn whom each worth and every grace conspire, \n\nThe Christian\xe2\x80\x99s meekness and the poet\xe2\x80\x99s fire. \n\nLearn\xe2\x80\x99d without pride, a woman without art; \n\nThe sweetest manners, and the gentlest heart. \n\nMrs. Barbauld. \n\nSee Ilchester, Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gazetteer. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1820. Died Arthur Young, Esq., an eminent writer \non subjects of rural economy, and a practical agricultur- \n\n\n* The word hyrst , herst, or hurst , formerly signified a wood, \nor grove. It forms the terminating syllable in the names of \nmany places in Kent and Sussex. \n\n\n\nFEBRUARY. 67 \n\nist. He was a native of Bradfield, near Bury St. Edmund\xe2\x80\x99s, \nin Suffolk. \n\n21, 1437- James the First of Scotland was traitorously \nslain at Perth, while at supper in the Dominican convent, \nthirteen years after his deliverance from England. His \nconsort, Joan Beaufort, eldest daughter of John, the first \nduke of Somerset, regardless of her own life, threw her\xc2\xac \nself between the king and the swords of his assassins, and \nreceived two wounds. James was the first of the Stuarts. \nSee note, Dec. 30, 1/65; and Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gazetteer , Flam- \nborough, Perth, and Rothsay. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1554. The Duke of Suffolk, Lady Jane Gray\xe2\x80\x99s \nfather, was beheaded. See Feb. 12, 1554. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1797. The island of Trinidad, the most southerly of \nthe West-India Islands, was taken by the English, who \nalso captured two and burnt three Spanish ships in the \nharbour. It is still in our possession. \n\n22, 1721. Died David the Second, king of Scotland, \nand was buried in the church of the Abbey of Holyrood. \nHe was a weak and capricious prince, violent in his re\xc2\xac \nsentments and habitually under the influence of unworthy \npersons; and though a veil is thrown over his faults by \ncontemporary historians, posterity will regard him as a \ndegenerate son of the great deliverer of the nation. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1723. Was born at Tynton, in Glamorganshire, South \nWales, the celebrated Dr. Richard Price. He was the \nson of the Rev. Rice Price, who was for many years pas\xc2\xac \ntor of a congregation of Dissenters at Bridgend, in the \nsame county. &ee April 19, 1791. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1756. Was born at Nottingham, that elegant and pro\xc2\xac \nfound scholar, Gilbert Wakefield. See September 9, \n1801. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1785. Died at North-Church, Herts, Peter, known by \nthe name of the Wild Boy, having been found wild in \nthe forest of Hertswold, near Hanover, in Germany, in \n1725, when he was thought to be about twelve years old. \nIn the following year he was brought to England, and the \nablest masters were provided for him ; but proving inca\xc2\xac \npable of speaking, or of receiving instruction, a comforta\xc2\xac \nble provision was made for him at a farm-house in the \nabove parish, where he continued to the end of his inof\xc2\xac \nfensive life. Some have imagined that he was an idiot, \npurposely put in the way of George I., in the forest where \nhe was discovered. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1806. Expired in London, the very day on which he \n\n\n68 \n\n\nFEBRUARY. \n\n\nhad completed his 65th year,* * * \xc2\xa7 James Barry, who has \nleft to the present and to the succeeding\' generations of \nBritish artists, a legacy of memorable examples of the \nwonderful effects of unremitting perseverance. His paint\xc2\xac \nings, which were executed with the sole view of proving \nwhat opportunities had been lost, and what Englishmen \nwere capable of achieving, display the sublimest effusions \nof the human mind, directed to the inculcation of sound \nmorals, so essential to the elevation and dignity of man. \nHis principal performances were a series of Epic paint\xc2\xac \nings, and of Attic conceptions, which depict the origin \nand progress of human culture, through its varied com\xc2\xac \nbinations, to the final retribution of beatitude or misery.f \nPlaced on the walls of the AdelphiJ Society for the En- \n\n\n* It is remarkable, that the same peculiar occurrence of dying \non the anniversary of his birth, happened also to one of the most \ncelebrated artists of former times, viz. to Raphael Sanzio, d\xe2\x80\x99Ur- \nbino, in the year 1520, at the early age of 37. \n\nSwift as the comet cleaves th\xe2\x80\x99 ethereal way, \n\nAs bright his lustre, and as brief his day, \n\nUrbino rising to the raptured eye, \n\nAppear\xe2\x80\x99d, and blazed, and vanish\xe2\x80\x99d from the sky. \n\nShee\xe2\x80\x99s Elements of Art, Canto iii. \n\nRaphael is by some styled the Prince of Painters. Urbino is \nsituated east of Florence, in Italy. King Attalus and Plato died \non the anniversary of their respective birth-days; and Pompey, \naccording to Plutarch, was murdered in the 50th year of his age, \nthe very next day after that of his birth; and Shakspeare died on \nhis natal day. \n\nf These fine pictures are designed to illustrate this maxim, \n\xe2\x80\x9c That the attainment of happiness, individual and public, de\xc2\xac \npends on the cultivation of the human faculties.\xe2\x80\x9d\xe2\x80\x94The first re\xc2\xac \npresents mankind in a savage state, with its attendant misery ;\xe2\x80\x94 \nthe second, a Grecian harvest-home, or a thanksgiving to Ceres \nand Bacchus;\xc2\xa7\xe2\x80\x94the third, the Victors at the Olympic Games ;\\\\\xe2\x80\x94 \nthe fourth, Navigation; \xe2\x80\x94the fifth, the Society of Arts, &c.;\xe2\x80\x94and \nthe last, Elysium,*\\ or the state of final retribution. \n\nX This elegant and commodious edifice is situated in John Street, \nin the Adelphi. The Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Ma\xc2\xac \nnufactures, and Commerce, was instituted in 1753. The idea was \nsuggested by Mr. William Shipley, an ingenious artist, and eagerly \n\n\n\xc2\xa7 See Exer. on the Globes. || See Arlth. Quest, art. Olives, \n\nf See Exer. on the Globes. \n\n\n\n\nFEBRUARY. \n\n\n69 \n\n\ncouragement of Arts, &c., they are in every respect ap\xc2\xac \npropriate to their situation; and they form a work which, \nfor its unique combination of mental and manual powers, \nwould have been recognized with unbounded approbation \nin the best ages of antiquity. To the credit of that Socie\xc2\xac \nty, to which lie had been an uncommon ornament, his re\xc2\xac \nmains were placed in their apartments in all the state of \nfuneral grandeur, surrounded by his immortal produc\xc2\xac \ntions ; a spectacle of the most impressive nature ! From \nthence the corpse was conveyed to St. Paul\xe2\x80\x99s Cathedral, \nand deposited between the remains of Sir Christopher \nW ren and Sir Joshua Reynolds. Barry was a native of \nCork, came from Dublin to London, and visited Rome \nunder the patronage and at the expense of the celebrated \nEdmund Burke. In 1777, he was elected Royal Acade\xc2\xac \nmician, and in 1786, appointed Professor of Painting to \nthe Royal Academy; but in 1799 1 , he was removed from \nhis office, and soon after expelled from that celebrated \nsociety, whose fame he had long supported by the elegant \nlabours of his pencil, and the animated language of his \nlectures ! \n\n23, 1725. Mason, an excellent poet, was born at Hull, and \ncelebrated his last birth-day in the following lines: \n\nIn the long course of seventy years and one. \n\nOft have I known, on this my natal day, \n\nHoar frost and sweeping snow prolong their sway, \n\nThe wild winds whistle, and the forests groan; \n\nBlit now Spring\xe2\x80\x99s smile has veiled stern Winter\xe2\x80\x99s frown; \nAnd now the birds, on every budding spray, \n\nChauut orison\'s, as to the morn of May. \n\nPerennial Calend ., p. 74. \n\nSee April 5, 1797- \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1792. Expired, at his house in Leicester Fields, Lon\xc2\xac \ndon, Sir Joshua Reynolds, a most eminent painter, and \nmany years President of the Royal Academy.* * He was \nthe founder and glory of the British School of Paint\xc2\xac \ning ; and was often styled the <! British Apelles.\xe2\x80\x9d \nIn portrait, says a modern writer, he was what Raphael \nwas in history\xe2\x80\x99\xe2\x80\x94the painter of grace, dignity, and cha\xc2\xac \nracter. \n\n\npatronized by the late Lord Folkstone, and the late Lord Romney. \nPremiums are given by the Society, to promote excellence in the \nseveral objects of the institution; and the transactions of the So^ \ndefy are published annually. \n\n* See June 4, 1776. \n\n\n\n70 \n\n\nFEBRUARY. \n\n\nReynolds ! consummate was thy skill ; \n\nWell pleased thy power we trace, \n\nEach portion of thy art to fill\xe2\x80\x94 \n\nResemblance, colouring, grace. \n\nMrs. H. More. \n\nOf his character and talents the following lines by Gold\xc2\xac \nsmith are briefly yet strongly expressive : \n\n\xe2\x80\x9c Here Reynolds is laid; and to tell you my mind, \n\nHe has not left a wiser or better behind : \n\nHis pencil was striking, resistless, and grand; \n\nHis manners were gentle, complying, and bland. \n\nStill born to improve us in every part; \n\nHis pencil our faces\xe2\x80\x94his manners our heart.\xe2\x80\x9d \n\nSir Joshua Reynolds was born at Plympton, a town \nfive miles from Plymouth, in Devonshire, July 16, 1723, \nand buried in St. Paul\xe2\x80\x99s Cathedral, where a statue is erect\xc2\xac \ned to his memory. Most of his exquisitely tasteful works \nwere displayed in the year 1813, at the British Gallery in \nPall Mall, to the high gratification of every lover of the \nart.* \n\n23, 1800. Expired, at Wickham, a town somewhat north of \nPortsmouth, Hants, Dr. Joseph Warton, a learned di- \n\n\n* The British Gallery, belonging to the British Institution, \nwas opened the 18th of January, 1806. This useful and public- \nspirited establishment is designed to promote the fine arts in the \nUnited Kingdom, by exhibiting the performances of eminent mas\xc2\xac \nters to the rising generation of painters, for their emulation and \nimitation. Take, for example, the year 1814, when upwards of \n200 pictures, by those celebrated artists, Hogarth, Gainsborough, \nWilson, and Zoffani, attracted the attention of an admiring public \nto the British Gallery. The directors of this Institution, moreover, \noffer premiums annually for the encouragement of young artists, \naud, occasionally, make handsome presents : Mr. Haydon, for \ninstance, received a hundred guineas, voted to him as a proof of \ntheir approbation of his charming picture of the Judgment of So\xc2\xac \nlomon. This extraordinary performance was purchased by two \nDevonshire gentlemen, who presented it to the magistrates of \nPlymouth, to be held by them and their successors as trustees \nfor the inhabitants, who may thus for centuries to come have the \npleasure of possessing and contemplating a work of genius exe\xc2\xac \ncuted by their townsman, which does very high honour to the \nBritish School.\xe2\x80\x94It is to be hoped, says the Examiner, that the \nplan of presenting fine Historical Pictures to Public Bodies, for \nthe purpose of national ornament, will be taken up, as it is the \none best calculated for improving the general taste, and for pro\xc2\xac \nducing great works of art. \n\n\n\nFEBRUARY. \n\n\n71 \n\n\nvine, and an ingenious poet; author of numerous poems, \nand \xe2\x80\x9c An Essay on the Genius and Writings of Pope.\xe2\x80\x9d \nHe also published an edition of Pope\xe2\x80\x99s works. He was \nborn at Dunsfold, in Surrey, about the year 1722. \n\nThomas Warton, poet-laureat,* and brother of the \npreceding, was a very celebrated biographer, annotator, \nantiquary, and poet, born at Basingstoke, Hants. His \nchef-d\'oeuvre was a \xe2\x80\x9c History of English Poetry.\xe2\x80\x9d He \ndied in 1 /DO, and was succeeded in the laureatship by \nHenry James Pye, Esq., descendant of the ever-memo- \nrable patriot John Hampden. Mr. Pye himself died in \n1813; and Dr. Southey, a poet of distinguished merit, \nnow wears the Laureate wreath. \n\n24, Feast of St. Matthias. This apostle was first in the \nrank of our Saviour\xe2\x80\x99s disciples, and one of those who con\xc2\xac \ntinued with him from his baptism to his ascension. It is \nvery probable that he was of the number of the seventy ; \nbut we have no authentic particulars of his youth or edu\xc2\xac \ncation. After the ascension of our Lord, he was chosen \nby the disciples at Jerusalem to fill up the place of the \ntraitor Judas, and was from that time associated with the \neleven apostles : see Acts i. 15\xe2\x80\x9426. The Greeks believe \nthat St. Matthias disseminated the gospel and died in \nColchis, near the eastern part of the Black Sea.f That \nhe travelled eastward, was a successful minister, and suf\xc2\xac \nfered martyrdom, is generally believed ; but the manner \nof his death is not certainly known, though it is supposed \nhe was stoned and then beheaded with a battle-axe; which \nwarlike instrument forms a concomitant emblem of this \ndisciple in graphic representations. It is said that he was \na native of Bethlehem. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1302 or 1303. Three battles were fought at Roslin, \nsix miles S. W. of Edinburgh, between the English and \nthe Scots, when the former were defeated. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1308. King Edward II. and his Queen Isabella \nwere crowned at Westminster. Edward was of the Plan- \ntagenet line. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1500. The celebrated Charles V., Emperor of Ger\xc2\xac \nmany, was born at Ghent, in the Netherlands. He was \nthe eldest son of Philip, Archduke of Austria, and of \nJoanna, Queen of Castile, only daughter of Ferdinand \nand Isabella. Charles succeeded his maternal grandfather \n\n\n* See Arith. Quest. 10th edition, and Laureat, Index, \nt See Exer. on the Globes, art. Aries, and Argo Navis. \n\n\n\n72 \n\n\nFEBRUARY. \n\n\non the throne of Spain in 1516,* and was elected Em\xc2\xac \nperor of Germany about two years afterwards on the \ndeath of his paternal grandfather, Maximilian I.f \n\n24, 1525. Was fought the celebrated battle of Pavia, in \nthe district of Milan, Italy, between the French and Im\xc2\xac \nperialists ; when the former were defeated, and their king, \nFrancis I., after fighting with heroic valour, and killing \nseven men with his own hand, was at last obliged to sur\xc2\xac \nrender himself prisoner. The unfortunate monarch wrote \nto his mother, Louisa of Savoy, Regent of the kingdom in \nhis absence, the melancholy news of his captivity, con\xc2\xac \nceived in these dignified and expressive terms : Tout est \nperdu, Madame, hormis Vhonneur.\\ He was detained a \nyear and twenty days. See March 18, 1526. \n\n25, 1601. Robert Devereux, Earl of Essex, who had been \nlong one of Queen Elizabeth\xe2\x80\x99s chief favourites, was be\xc2\xac \nheaded privately in the Tower, for treasonable practices, \nin the 34th year of his age. Some of his associates were \nshortly after executed at Tyburn, particularly Merrick, \nhis steward, and Cuff, his secretary, both men of great \nparts, especially the latter, who was a celebrated wit and \nexcellent scholar. The Earl was born at Nethenvood, \nnear Bromyard, in Herefordshire, E. from Leominster, \non the borders of Worcestershire. \n\n\xe2\x96\xa0\xe2\x80\x94 1723. Died, in the 91st year of his age, that most illus\xc2\xac \ntrious English architect, Sir Christopher Wren, who \nerected a greater number of magnificent buildings than \nwere ever produced by any other man. After the fire of \nLondon, he was appointed surveyor-general for rebuilding \nthe public edifices, and the Metropolis rose, under his \nauspices, like a Phoenix from the flames. \n\nThou in our wonder and astonishment \nHast built thyself a live-long monument. \n\nAmong these are St. Paul\xe2\x80\x99s Cathedral, the Monument, \nand St. Stephen\xe2\x80\x99s, Walbrook: this last is deemed his mas\xc2\xac \nter-piece, the inside being uncommonly beautiful. Sir \nC. Wren was born at Knoyle, a place situated near Hin- \n\n\n* See January 23. f January 12, 1519. \n\nX The famous King of Prussia adopted and repeated this noble \nsentiment, upon occasion of the memorable defeat of his troops \nat Schweidnitz, in Silesia, and the garrison being taken by Lau- \ndohn, the celebrated Austrian general, in 1757. See Dr. \n\'Powers\xe2\x80\x99s Life of the King of Prussia, and the Ann. Reg. for the \nyear 1761 ; also October 1, 1761. \n\n\n\nFEBRUARY. 73 \n\ndon, and to the west of Salisbury, in Wiltshire. He was \nburied in St. Paul\xe2\x80\x99s Cathedral. \n\n26, 1723. Died Thomas D\xe2\x80\x99Urfey, more generally spoken \nof by the familiar name of Tom. He wrote many drama\xc2\xac \ntic pieces, which were well received by the public; but \nhis greatest reputation was obtained by his songs, satires, \nand irregular odes. His wit and facetious manners caused \nhim to be familiarly noticed by Charles II.* He was born \nat Exeter, in 1628, and was buried in St. James\xe2\x80\x99s Church, \nWestminster, after having for several years been greatly \nembarrassed in his circumstances. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1802. Expired, at his house in the New Road, Padding\xc2\xac \nton, near London, the Rev. Alexander Geddes, LL.D., \na man of no common character; as those who had op\xc2\xac \nportunities of appreciating the qualities of his head and \nheart bear testimony, not only to his superior talents and \nhigh attainments, but to his amiable and manly virtues. \nHe officiated for many years as a priest among the Ca\xc2\xac \ntholics in his native country; but having acquired very \nearly a liberal turn of mind, he formed an intimacy with \nthe Protestants, for which he was at first reproved by his \nown bishop, and at length deposed from the pastoral \noffice; a circumstance that occasioned his removal to the \nMetropolis in 1780. Dr. Geddes was born in the year \n1737, of parents who derived their livelihood from a small \nfarm in the county of Banff, Scotland. He was buried, \naccording to his own wish, in Paddington churchyard. \nA list of his works may be seen in the Memoirs of Dr. \nGeddes, by Dr. Mason Good. \n\n27, 1706. Died, in the 86th year of his age, John Eve\xc2\xac \nlyn, Esq., one of the greatest natural philosophers that \nEngland ever produced. He was interred at his native \nplace, Wotton, two miles from Dorking, in Surrey. An \ninscription upon his tomb expresses, according to his own \nintention, that \xe2\x80\x9c living in an age of extraordinary events \nand revolutions, he had learned from thence this truth, \nwhich he desired might be communicated to posterity : \nThat all is vanity which is not\xe2\x96\xa0 honest; and that there is no \nsolid wisdom but in real piety.\xe2\x80\x9d \n\nVirtuous and wise old age would breathe its last \nIn wholesome counsel to yet unstay\xe2\x80\x99d youth. \n\nShakspeare\xe2\x80\x99s Aphorisms. \n\nOf all this gentleman\xe2\x80\x99s numerous writings, his \xe2\x80\x9c Sylva, \n\n\n* See the Guardian, Nos. 29, 67, and 82. \n\nE \n\n\n\n74 \n\n\nFEBRUARY. \n\n\nor, a Discourse of Forest Trees,\xe2\x80\x9d was, till lately, most \nknown ; but his Memoirs, recently published by W. Bray, \nEsq., and his Miscellaneous Works, by W. Upcott, Esq., \nhave been perused with pleasure, received high commen\xc2\xac \ndation, and are likely to retain a permanent station in our \nnational literature. \n\n2/, 1738. Died, at his native place, Taunton, Somerset\xc2\xac \nshire, Henry Grove, a Dissenting minister, eminent for \nhis learning and candour. He was the author of several \nexcellent theological treatises, sermons, &e. Nos. 558, \n601, 626, and 635, of the Spectator, Vol. VIII., were also \nwritten by him. He was born in 1683. See Amorv, \nJune 24, 1774. \n\n28, 1447. Humphrey Duke of Gloucester, Regent of \nEngland in the minority of Henry VI., was assassinated \nin\' the prison at St. Edmondsbury, in Suffolk, and was \nburied at St. Albans. (Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gazetteer .) He fell a \nvictim, principally, to the malice of Cardinal Beaufort, \nBishop of Winchester. (See Arith. Quest.) Humphrey \nwas the fourth and youngest son of Henry IV. and Mary \nde Bohun, his first wife. For his many rare and excel\xc2\xac \nlent qualities, he was styled the Good, and for his justice. \nFather of his Country. \n\nQueen Margaret of Anjou is supposed to have been \nconcerned in his sudden death, for which she afterwards \nsuffered severely. As Humphrey was the chief support \nof the Lancastrian cause, his death emboldened Richard, \nduke of York, to carry liis designs of dethroning Henrv \nVI. into execution, which his son accomplished; and \nMargaret, being taken prisoner, was ransomed, and re\xc2\xac \ntired to France, where she terminated her checquered \nlife. See March 4, 1461. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1582. Died, at Edinburgh, George Buchanan, an \neminent poet and historian. In his History of Scotland, \nwhich was written in Latin, he is said to have happily \nunited the force and brevity of Sallust with the perspi\xc2\xac \ncuity and elegance of Livy. The states of Scotland ap\xc2\xac \npointed him preceptor to the young king, James VI., \nafterwards James I. of England. Buchanan was born in \n1506, near Killearne, in Stirlingshire, Scotland. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1735. A most curious Statue of George II., by the \nfamous Rysbrack, carved out of a block of white marble \nthat weighed eleven tons, and formerly taken from the \nFrench by the gallant Sir George Rooke, was set up in \nthe great parade of the Royal Hospital at Greenwich, at \n\n\nFEBRUARY. 75 \n\nthe expense of Sir John Jennings, a brave admiral, and \nthe Governor of Greenwich Hospital. \n\n28, 1760. Thurot, an enterprising Frenchman, was \nkilled, and his small squadron captured, near the Isle of \nMan, in the Irish Sea, by Captain John Elliott, who, even \nin his early youth, had distinguished himself by extraor\xc2\xac \ndinary acts of valour. Thurot, in the course of the pre\xc2\xac \nceding year, had so signalized his courage in battle, and \nhis conduct in eluding the British cruisers, that his name \nbecame a terror to all the merchants and trading seaports \nof Great Britain and Ireland. The defeat of his puny \narmament was, therefore, celebrated with as hearty re\xc2\xac \njoicings as the most important victory could have pro\xc2\xac \nduced. In the year 1744, Thurot was taken in a Dun\xc2\xac \nkirk privateer, by the English, and imprisoned at Dover, \nwhence he escaped by throwing himself into an open \nboat, in which he contrived to reach Calais. \n\n29, 1692. Was born, at Newton, a village near Rugby, in \nWarwickshire, Edward Cave, celebrated for having \nplanned and brought to perfection \xe2\x80\x9c The Gentleman\xe2\x80\x99s \nMagazine,\xe2\x80\x9d which has now subsisted nearly a century, \nand has been and continues to be the means of diffusing \nmuch antiquarian, biographical, and topographical infor\xc2\xac \nmation. Cave died Jan. 10, 1754, and was interred in \nthe church of St. James\xe2\x80\x99s, Clerkemvell. \n\nIn the same church was buried in 1632, aged 56, John \nWeaver or Weever, author of \xe2\x80\x9cAncient Funeral Mo\xc2\xac \nnuments of Great Britain.\xe2\x80\x9d The following epitaph was \nwritten for himself: \n\nLancashire* gave me breath, Cambridge education ; \n\nMiddlesex gave me death, and this church humatiou. \n\nAnd Christ to me has given \nA place with him in heaven. \n\n\n* Born at Lancaster. See Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gazetteer. \n\n\n\n\n\n( 76 ) \n\n\nMARCH. \n\n\nAs yet the trembling year is unconfirm\xe2\x80\x99d, \n\nAnd Winter oft at eve resumes the breeze ; \n\nChills the pale morn, and bids his driving sleets \nDeform the day, delightless. \n\nThomson. \n\n\nMarch, the third month in the year, had its name from \nMars,* the God of War. Accordingly, March is drawn by \nartists in a tawny colour, with a fierce aspect, and a helmet \nupon his head, to shew that this month was dedicated to \nthat God. As it was Romulus who first divided the year \ninto months, so he gave to this, which was the first month \nin his calendar, the name of March, from that of Mars, his \nreputed father. \n\n\nAnd that thy honours always may appear, \n\nWe Romans will with thee begin the year; \n\nThence March from Mars the first of months was \ndeem\xe2\x80\x99d. \n\nMassey\xe2\x80\x99s Ovid\'s Fasti. \nThe first of months ascribing to his sire. \n\nOvid, however, observes, that the people of Italy had the \nmonth of March before the time of Romulus j but they \nplaced it very differently in the calendar. \n\n\nDo but on foreign Fasti cast your eye, \nSacred to Mars a month in them you\xe2\x80\x99ll spy. \n\n\nREMARKABLE EVENTS. \n\n1, St. David\xe2\x80\x99s Day. This day is annually commemo\xc2\xac \nrated by the Welsh, with a festivity congenial to the hos\xc2\xac \npitable feelings of that brave people, in honour of St. \nDavid, who, in the time of King Arthur, about the middle \nof the sixth century, was Archbishop of St. David\xe2\x80\x99s, a city \nof Pembrokeshire, on the most westerly promontory of \nWales. Tradition informs us, that St. David on his birth- \n\n\n* See Exercises on the Globes , Mars. \n\n\n\nMARCH. \n\n\n77 \n\n\nday, obtained a great victory over some Saxon invaders. \nThat his soldiers might be distinguished, he ordered each \nof them to fix a leek in his cap previous to the com\xc2\xac \nmencement of the battle. In memory of this circum\xc2\xac \nstance, the Welsh, wherever resident, still wear a leek in \ntheir hats on the first of March. In the time of Henry \nVIII., the princesses wore leeks on St. David\xe2\x80\x99s day. \n\n1, 29. Was born at Bilbilis, now Calatajud, in the pro\xc2\xac \nvince of Arragon, Spain, the celebrated Latin epigram\xc2\xac \nmatist, Marcus Valerius Martialis, who is generally \nallowed to have excelled all those, whether ancient or \nmodern, who have attempted the pointed epigram; the \nchief properties of which, according to the celebrated \ncritic, Scaliger, are \xe2\x80\x9c brevity and smartness.\xe2\x80\x9d Many of \nMartial\xe2\x80\x99s have, however, such an immoral tendency, that \nhis works should be read with great caution. After re\xc2\xac \nsiding at Rome from the 20th to the 54th year of his age, \nthis famous poet retired to his native city, where he died \nat the age of 75. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1711. Was published the first paper of that admirable \nwork the \xe2\x80\x9c Spectator,\xe2\x80\x9d written chiefly by Addison and \nSteele. See Addison and Steele, Index; and Arith. Quest. \n10th edit. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1/50. Dr. David Bogue, who, in conjunction with \nothers, founded the London Missionary Society, was born \nat Hallidown or Hallydown, in Berwickshire. For more \nthan 30 years he was engaged at Gosport, in the arduous \nduty of instructing young men for the ministry, in which \nhe was particularly successful, and was the author of \nseveral valuable works, among which his \xe2\x80\x9c Evidence of \nthe Divine Inspiration of the New Testament,\xe2\x80\x9d is a volume . \nof sterling merit See Ejcer. on the Globes , 11th edit. \nDr. Bogue died at Brighton, October 25, 1825. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1/92. Leopold II., emperor of Germany, died at \nVienna. He was the son of Francis I. and Maria Theresa, \nand succeeded his brother Joseph II., in 1790. While \ngrand duke of Tuscany, he patronized agriculture and \nthe arts, and encouraged commerce by removing all re\xc2\xac \nstrictions which tended to cramp it, saying, that \xe2\x80\x9c Com\xc2\xac \nmerce was like the course of rivers : if obstructed, there \nare stagnations or overflowings.\xe2\x80\x9d When he became em\xc2\xac \nperor, he united with England in curbing the conquests \nof Catharine II. of Russia, and was making preparation* \nfor war with France, when he was prevented from putting \nhis schemes in execution by his death, in the 45th year of \nhis age. He was succeeded by his son, Francis II. \n\n\n78 MARCH. \n\n1, 1802. The New Stock Exchange was opened in \nCapel-Court, Bartholomew-Lane; it is a spacious build\xc2\xac \ning, well adapted for the purpose. \n\nThe Stock-Exchange is the market-place for buying and \nselling the national pledges, bearing interest by way o t \nannuity, and called by the general term ** Stocks.\xe2\x80\x9d \nA stock-broker is one who buys or sells stock by commis\xc2\xac \nsion for another. The brokerage is half-a-crown on every \nhundred pounds of stock bought or sold. A stock-jobber \nis one who, having property of his own in the funds, sells \nit out, and buys it in again at a profit or loss, as the price \nof the market rises or falls. A gambler in the funds is \none who, possessing little, or perhaps no property in the \nstocks, enters into speculative bargains to sell or buy at \nfuture periods certain portions of stock, at a stated pre\xc2\xac \nsent price; his loss or gain is therefore confined to the \ndifferences of the prices. This species of stock-jobbing \nbeing, like other gambling transactions, expressly prohi\xc2\xac \nbited by law, no action for the recovery of the loss can \nbe maintained in any court of justice. An unfortunate \ndealer in this market who becomes a bankrupt, is desig\xc2\xac \nnated by the term lame duck, and his retreat is called \nmuddling out of the Alley. Formerly, the place of ren\xc2\xac \ndezvous for persons transacting business in the funds, \nwas Jonathan\xe2\x80\x99s Coffee-house, in \xe2\x80\x99Change-Alley, Cornhill. \nFrom this circumstance the \xe2\x80\x9cAlley\xe2\x80\x9d is to this day fami\xc2\xac \nliarly used as a cant phrase for the Stock-Exchange; and \na petty speculator in the funds is styled, \xe2\x80\x9c a dabbler in \nthe Alley.\xe2\x80\x9d \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1815 Bonaparte landed near Cannes, department of \nVar, province of Provence, from the island of Elba, where \nhe had embarked on the 28th of February. See Cannes \nand Elba, Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gazetteer. \n\n2 , 1711. Died Nicholas Boileau, a celebrated French \npoet, who was born at Paris, November 1, 1636. So \nliighly did he rank among French writers, that Bruyere, \nin a speech delivered in the French Academy, said, \xe2\x80\x9c Boi\xc2\xac \nleau excels Juvenal, comes up to Horace, seems to create \nthe thoughts of another, and to make whatever he handles \nhis own. His verses will be read, even when the lan\xc2\xac \nguage is obsolete, and will be the last ruins of it.\xe2\x80\x9d Dr. \nWarton also says, that Boileau\xe2\x80\x99s Art of Poetry is the best \ncomposition of that kind extant. \n\nIn the venal court of Louis XIV., though pensioned by \nthat monarch, he frequently dissented from his opinions; \ndefended his friend Racine from the unjust aspersions of \n\n\nMARCH. 7 9 \n\nhis enemies, and ridiculed the obsequious flattery of the \nhypocritical sycophants. \n\nThe pension\xe2\x80\x99d Boileau lash\xe2\x80\x99d in honest strain, \n\nFlatterers and bigots e\xe2\x80\x99en in Louis\xe2\x80\x99 reign. Pope. \n\n2, 1788. Died at his native place, Zurich, in the north \n\nof Switzerland, Solomon Gessner, author of \xe2\x80\x9c The \nDeath of Abel,\xe2\x80\x99* and many other elegant and admired \nworks. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1791. The Rev. John Wesley, an eminently pious \nleader of the sect called Methodists,* expired at London. \nHe was born at Epworth, a town in the north-west part \nof Lincolnshire, in 1703, and sustained through life the \ncharacter of a virtuous man, an accomplished scholar, and \nan eloquent preacher. One who knew him well thus \nspeaks of Mr. Wesley : \xe2\x80\x9c If usefulness be excellence, if \npublic good is the chief object of attention in public \ncharacters, Mr. John Wesley will long be remembered as \none of the best of men, as he was for more than fifty years \nthe most diligent and indefatigable.\xe2\x80\x9d It has been com\xc2\xac \nputed, that he travelled 8000 miles every year, and \npreached three or four times constantly every day, be\xc2\xac \nsides visiting the sick, and arranging the concerns of the \nSociety over which he presided. \n\nNow thro\xe2\x80\x99 the land his care of souls he stretch\xe2\x80\x99d, \n\nAnd like a primitive apostle preach\xe2\x80\x99d ; \n\nStill cheerful, ever constant to his call ; \n\nBy many follow\xe2\x80\x99d, lov\xe2\x80\x99d by most, admired by all. \n\nPope. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1797- Expired in Berkeley Square, in the 80th year of \nhis age, Horace Walpole, Earl of Orford, youngest \nson of the famous statesman, Sir Robert Walpole-T \nHe was the author of numerous publications, the most \ndistinguished of which are, \xe2\x80\x9c The Castle of Otranto,\xe2\x80\x9d a \ntragedy ; \xe2\x80\x9c A Catalogue of Royal and Noble Authors \n\xe2\x80\x9cA Catalogue of Engravers;\xe2\x80\x9d and also \xe2\x80\x9cMemoirs of \nthe last Ten Years of the Reign of George II.\xe2\x80\x9d This last \nwork is eminently calculated to render those who keep \n\n\n* See Methodists, Index, and Geo. Exer. on the New Test. \n\nt Sir Robert Walpole, Earl of Orford, was born at Hough\xc2\xac \nton, in Norfolk, in 1674. He was prime minister to George I. \nand George II., and enjoyed plenitude of power from 1725 to \n1742, when he was compelled to resign his places. He died in \n1745. \n\n\n\n80 \n\n\nMARCH. \n\n\n\xe2\x80\x9c the noiseless tenour of their way\xe2\x80\x9d in the still paths of \nprivate life, and in its plain, but useful stations, thankful \nfor a lot which exempts them from the temptations and \npassions that too often corrupt and agitate the higher and \nmore public ranks of society: they may here tind that \ndisinterested friendships, innocent amusements, and the \nimportant concerns of eternity, are preferable to selfish \nconnexions, vicious enjoyments, and worldly affections; \nthey may discern, with ancient Barzillai, who refused the \nhonours proffered by a king,* that the true \xe2\x80\x9c post of \nhonour is\xe2\x80\x9d often \xe2\x80\x9c a priyate station;\xe2\x80\x9d and that \xe2\x80\x9c to do \njustly, to love mercy, and to walk humbly with God\xe2\x80\x9d con\xc2\xac \nfers more substantial happiness than to live surrounded \nby the marshalled pomp of armies, or the splendour of \ncourts. \n\nThe beautiful villa, inhabited by Lord Orford, at Straw\xc2\xac \nberry Hill, near Twickenham, has been long admired for \nits elegant embellishments, and the choice collection of \npictures, sculptures, antiquities, and curiosities that adorn \nit; many of which were purchased from some of the first \ncabinets in Europe. Here, too, his Lordship, better \nknown to the world as Horace Walpole, had a printing- \npress, and Strawberry-Hill editions have, since the death \nof the noble typographer , realized a high price. \n\n2, 1802. Expired at Woburn, in Bedfordshire, at the \n\nearly age of thirty-seven years, Francis, Duke of Bed\xc2\xac \nford, whose name will long continue to be respected, as \nthe disinterested patriot, the promoter of useful science, \nthe benefactor of the industrious poor, the friend of man\xc2\xac \nkind, and the illustrious patron of agriculture ;f a science \nabove all others conducive to the national prosperity and \nhappiness.| \n\nO 1 why hath worth so short a date, \n\nWhile villains ripen gray with time ? \n\nMust thou, the noble, gen\xe2\x80\x99rous, great, \n\nFall in bold manhood\xe2\x80\x99s hardy prime ? Burns. \n\n\n* 2 Samuel xix. 31\xe2\x80\x9437. \n\nt In the beautiful and graceful allegorical statue of this digni\xc2\xac \nfied nobleman, erected in 1809, in Russell-Square, he is repre\xc2\xac \nsented by the ingenious artist, Westmacott, in this character ; \nholding in one hand a bunch of corn, and resting the other on a \nplough ; the two relievos describing the prominent incidents in \nhusbandry. \n\nX See Arith. Quest. \n\n\n\nMARCH. \n\n\n81 \n\n\nThat the life of a man should not be dated, however, \naccording to the vulgar calculation of the hours and days \nwhich he has existed ; but that it should be measured by \na nobler line\xe2\x80\x94by deeds \xe2\x80\x94not ijeurs \xe2\x80\x94is not only an evident \nbut a consolatory truth. Though sinking in decrepit and \nhoary age, he prematurely falls, whose memory records \nno benefit conferred by him on the human race; nor can \nhe who by his assiduity, his beneficence, and his talents, \nhas endeavoured to render his fellow-creatures bettter, \nwiser, and happier, be said to have lived a short time, \nhow contracted soever may have been the span of his \nexistence. \n\nThat life is long which answers life\xe2\x80\x99s great end, \n\nThe time that bears no fruit deserves no name ; \n\nThe man of wisdom is the man of years : \n\nIn hoary youth Methuselems may die.* \n\nYoung. f \n\nThe Duke of Bedford was interred among his ances\xc2\xac \ntors, at Chenies, a village to the east of Amersham, in \nBuckinghamshire. + \n\n3, 1792. Died Robert Adam, an eminent architect, \nborn at Kirkaldy, Fifeshire, in Scotland, 1728. He pro\xc2\xac \nduced a total change in the architecture of this country ; \nand his fertile genius in elegant ornament was not con\xc2\xac \nfined to the decoration of buildings, but has been diffused \ninto almost every branch of manufacture. Among the \nbest works of this gentleman may be classed the Adelphi, \nin the Strand (see Jan. 20, 1779); Lansdown House, a \nfine mansion in Berkeley Square; and Luton, in Bedford\xc2\xac \nshire : both these were erected for that celebrated favour\xc2\xac \nite the Earl of Bute. The former is now inhabited by the \nMarquis of Lansdown, and the latter is still a seat of the \nBute family. \n\n4, 1461. Edward IV. (son of Richard, Duke of York, \nwho was slain at the battle of Wakefield, in the West \n\n\n* \xe2\x80\x9c Methuselah, whose feet unlialting ran \nTo the last circle of the life of man,\xe2\x80\x9d \n\nwas the son of Enoch, and lived 969 years. \n\nf See Day, Thomas, Index. \n\n+ Should any of our readers \\vish for a particular account of \nthe amiable nobleman above-mentioned, we refer them to Mr. \nFox\xe2\x80\x99s eulogy on the Duke of Bedford, inserted in most of the \nMagazines for April, 1802. \n\ne 3 \n\n\n\n\n82 \n\n\nMARCH. \n\n\nRiding of Yorkshire, in 1460) was by the artful manage\xc2\xac \nment of the Earl of Warwick/ proclaimed king in the \nroom of Henry VI., who was afterwards murdered in the \nTower, in 1471. \n\n5, 1778. Died Dr. Thomas Augustine Arne, whose \nmusical compositions are well known and universally ad\xc2\xac \nmired. See January 30, 1766. \n\n6, 1623. Prince Charles (son of James I.) and the \nDuke of Buckingham, arrived at Madrid. The design of \ntheir journey was to conclude a treaty of marriage between \nthe Prince and the Infanta of Spain; which, however, \nthough the articles were agreed on, did not take place. \nOn his succession to the crown, in 1625, he married Hen\xc2\xac \nrietta of France, daughter of Henry IV. See Mis. Quest, \nin Eng. Hist. \n\n7, 1755. Died, in the ninety-third year of his age, Thomas \nWilson, the venerable Bishop of Sodorf and Man, an \nisland in the Irish Sea; having held the bishopric no less \nthan 58 years. This worthy prelate, by the goodness of \nhis life, and his mild, dignified, and apostolic manners, \nvery eminently contributed to the spreading of Christi\xc2\xac \nanity among the inhabitants. Previous to his arrival at \nthe Isle of Man, the natives, speaking generally, were \nprofoundly ignorant; and the duties of religion and mora\xc2\xac \nlity were little known, and less practised; but the pious \nlabours of the bishop, and his fervent endeavours to en\xc2\xac \nlighten and improve their minds, proved extremely suc\xc2\xac \ncessful ; and his memory is still respected and revered by \nevery class of its inhabitants. Bishop Wilson was born \n\n\n* This nobleman (who was slain in the battle of Barnet, in \n1471) was commonly called the King-Maker, on account of\xe2\x80\x99his \nhaving alternately deposed and proclaimed Edward IV. and \nHenry VI. \n\nf Sodor is a village in I-colm-kill, I-columbkiU, Iona, or Jona, \na small, but celebrated island, having been the seat of learning\xe2\x80\x99 \nwhile western Europe lay buried in ignorance and barbarity; or\xe2\x80\x99 \nas Dr. Johnson calls it, \xe2\x80\x9c the luminary of the Caledonian regions\xe2\x80\x99 \nwhence,\xe2\x80\x9d he adds, \xe2\x80\x9c savage clans and roving barbarians derived \nthe benefits of knowledge and the blessings of religion.\xe2\x80\x9d It is \nsituated near the south-west corner of Mull, one of the Hebrides! \nor western islands of Scotland/ \n\n\n+ the folio Atlas to Guthrii/s Geography , ox* W1 lri \nGeneral Atlas . \xe2\x80\x98 1 \n\n\n\n\n\n\nMARCH. \n\n\n83 \n\n\nat Burton, a small village adjacent to Great Neston,* a \ntown near the banks of the Dee, in Cheshire, and was \nburied in Kirk-Michael churchyard, Ramsey, Isle of Man. \n\n7, 1810. Lord Collingwood, the successor of the gal\xc2\xac \nlant Nelson, an admiral of consummate skill and perse\xc2\xac \nverance, died soon after his ship sailed from Port Mahon, \nMinorca, on his return to England. He had attained the \nage of 5.9 years and six months. His body was conveyed \nto England, and deposited in St. Paul\xe2\x80\x99s Cathedral by the \nside of his early and constant friend Lord Nelson.ff Hu\xc2\xac \nmanity and gentleness, inseparable companions of true \nvalour, were blended in all his actions. He was an active, \nintelligent, and brave officer, and a most amiable, gene\xc2\xac \nrous, and affectionate man in all the relations of husband, \nfather, and friend. His letters to his daughters, pub\xc2\xac \nlished since his death, prove his anxious desire of culti\xc2\xac \nvating in their minds benevolence, gentleness, and every \nfemale virtue. \n\n8, 1702. William III. expired at Kensington Palace, in \nthe 52nd year of his age, and the 14th of his reign. This \nPrince was the posthumous son of William Prince of \nOrange, by the Princess Mary, eldest daughter of King\' \nCharles I. He was the head, heart, and hand, of the con\xc2\xac \nfederacy\xe2\x80\x94the assertor of liberty\xe2\x80\x94the deliverer of nations \n\xe2\x80\x94the support of the empire\xe2\x80\x94the bulwark of Holland\xe2\x80\x94 \nthe preserver of Britain, and the terror of France. His \nthoughts were wise, deep, and secret: his words few and \nfaithful; his actions many and heroic. He was mag\xc2\xac \nnanimous, but without pride. His justice was without \nrigour, and his religion without superstition. By the ex\xc2\xac \nclusion of King James, and the elevation of King William \nto the throne, the liberties of Britain were asserted, con\xc2\xac \nfirmed, and established. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1803 Died in Cleveland Row, St. James\xe2\x80\x99s, the Duke \nof Bridgewater, styled \xe2\x80\x9c The Father of Canal Navi\xc2\xac \ngation\xe2\x80\x9d in this country, his grace being the first person \n\n\n* The inhabitants of Great Neston derive considerable advan\xc2\xac \ntages from the contiguity of Park Gate, which of late has become \na fashionable bathing-place; and is also celebrated as the station \nof the packet-boats for Ireland, which generally sail to that coun\xc2\xac \ntry four times a week. \n\nf Lord Collingwood was in the battle of the 1st of June off \nUshant, of the 14th of February off Cape St. Vincent, and in that \nof the 21st of October off Trafalgar, in all of which his brave \nassociate was present. \n\n\n\n84 \n\n\nMARCH. \n\n\nwho countenanced the plan and supported the expense of \ncutting\xe2\x80\x99 a navig\'able canal in England; a splendid under\xc2\xac \ntaking, which, in the year 1760, called into action the \ngreat abilities of James Brindley.* This original English \ncanal extended from Worsley to Manchester, in Lanca\xc2\xac \nshire, a distance of about seven miles. See Phillip\xe2\x80\x99s \nHistory of Inland Navigation. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1796. Sir William Chambers, the architect of Somer\xc2\xac \nset House,f expired. He was by birth a Swede, but brought \nover to England at two years of age. Somerset House is \non the site where formerly stood the palace of the Protec\xc2\xac \ntor Somerset. See January 22, 1552. \n\n9, 1566. Rizzio, who had obtained an extraordinary \n\ndegree of confidence and favour with the unfortunate \nMary, Queen of Scots, was assassinated in her presence. \n\nIn clattering hauberk J clad, through night\xe2\x80\x99s still gloom \nStern Ruthven fiercely stalks with haggard mien ; \n\nWith thundering tone proclaims the victim\xe2\x80\x99s doom, \n\nAnd tears her minion from a doating queeu : \n\nThrough the arch\xe2\x80\x99d courts, and storied chambers high, \n\nLoud shrieks of terror ring, and death\xe2\x80\x99s expiring cry 1 \n\nSergeant\xe2\x80\x99s Poem of the Mine. \n\nIn the palace of Holyrood House, at Edinburgh is \nstill shewn the chamber where the queen sat at supper \nwhen Rizzio was dragged from her side and murdered, \nand also the private staircase by which Ruthven entered \nwith the assassins to perpetrate the savage deed. Rizzio \nwas an Italian musician of Turin, capital of Piedmont, in \nthe north-west part of Italy, and arrived in Scotland about \nthree years before in the suite of the Piedmontese ambas\xc2\xac \nsador. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1770. Expired in London, William Guthrie, a very \nlaborious and voluminous writer on history, politics, and \nother subjects, born at Brechin, a town eight miles from \nMontrose, in Angus, or Forfarshire, Scotland, in 1701. \nHe was a writer by profession, and is said to have lent \nhis name to booksellers for publications in which he had \nno concern. Such is asserted to have been the case with \nrespect to the work called \xe2\x80\x9c Guthrie\xe2\x80\x99s Geographical \nGrammar.\xe2\x80\x9d See Knox, August 1, 1790. \n\n\n* See Brindley, Index. + See June 4, 1776. * , \n\n+ The hauberk was a texture of steel ringlets, or rings inter\xc2\xac \nwoven, forming a coat of mail, that sat close to the body, and \nadapted itself to every motion. \n\n\n\nMARCH. \n\n\n85 \n\n\n10, 1792. Expired John, Earl of Bute, a nobleman \nwho for some time directed the education of the late king; \nand, in 1763, was appointed prime minister of the state; \na situation which popular resentment soon compelled him \nto relinquish. Though withdrawn from the ostensible \nadministration of affairs, however, he was nevertheless \nconsidered as the clandestine director of the cabinet,* \nand, on that account, continued long to be the constant \nsubject of odium and invective in the patriotic publica\xc2\xac \ntions of that period.f He was an encourager of learning \nand learned men, and a patron of the arts; and at his \ndeath possessed a very fine collection of marine paintings. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1820. Died, at his house in Newman Street, Oxford \nStreet, in the 82nd year of his age, Benjamin West, an \nartist of the very first rank as an historical painter. Mr. \nWest was born in 1738, in the State of Pennsylvania, \nNorth America, of parents who belonged to the society \nusually denominated Quakers. He discovered an early \ndevotion to the sublime art; and coming to England, his \ngreat merit soon attracted the public attention, and more \nespecially the patronage of George III. By that monarch \nhe was employed to embellish Windsor Castle and Chapel, \nand he received from the princely munificence of his au\xc2\xac \ngust patron, for various subjects, upwards of ^*37,000. \nThe leading feature of this great artist\xe2\x80\x99s pencil was per\xc2\xac \nspicuity and propriety of composition. He accurately \nembodied some of the grandest events in sacred and pro\xc2\xac \nfane history. His \xe2\x80\x9c Christ healing the Sick,\xe2\x80\x9d and \xe2\x80\x9cThe \nDeath of General Wolfe,\xe2\x80\x9d]; are among his most cele\xc2\xac \nbrated efforts. The former has been engraved by Mr. \nHeath, and the latter by the famous Woollett. On the \ndeath of Sir Joshua Reynolds, Mr. West was elected Pre\xc2\xac \nsident of the Royal Academy. He was interred with \ngreat funeral ceremony in St. Paul\xe2\x80\x99s Cathedral, and his \nbody deposited near the kindred remains of Reynolds, \nBarry, and Opie. See August 29, 1797- \n\nNo modern painter had a greater claim to the praise \n\n\n* See Belsham\xe2\x80\x99s History of the reign of George III. \n\nf See Junius\xe2\x80\x99s Letters ; the North Briton, &c., &c. \n\n+ Mr. West executed some duplicates of this picture ; the ori\xc2\xac \nginal is in the splendid collection of Earl Grosvenor. Excellent \nengravings from which collection, with a descriptive catalogue, \nwere published by Mr. Young, Mezzotinto Engraver to his \nMajesty. \n\n\n\n\n86 \n\n\nMARCH. \n\n\nattached to a judicious, pure, and noble choice of subject, \nthan the late President of the Royal Academy, Mr. W est. \nHis elevated genius was for half a century actively exer\xc2\xac \ncised on themes which make the eye the medium of in\xc2\xac \nstruction to the understanding, and mend the heart; and \nnone more so than in his tine picture of Christ teaching \nthe great virtue of humility ; * the possession of which is \nnot only one of the brightest ornaments of our nature, \nbut perhaps more conducive than any other to its happi\xc2\xac \nness ; as it is certain that its opposite, pride , produces \nhalf its miseries. \n\nMany of our young readers will, doubtless, recollect \nwith pleasure their having seen this exquisite piece in \nthe exhibition of 1810. Long may its moral practically \nimpress their tender minds ! \n\nFrom purity of thought all pleasure springs, \n\nAnd from an humble spirit all our peace. \n\nYoung. \n\nIt is well worthy of our observation, remarks the pious \nDoddridge, that no one sentence of our Lord\xe2\x80\x99s is so fre\xc2\xac \nquently repeated as that which recommends humility; \nwhich occurs at least, says that learned and candid com\xc2\xac \nmentator, ten times in the Evangelists. Compare Matt, \nxviii. 4, xx. 26, 27, xxiii. 10, 11$ Mark ix. 35, x. 43, 44; \nLuke xiv. 11, xviii. 14, xxii. 26, and John xiii. 14. Fam. \nExpos. \n\n10, 1826. John VI., king of Portugal, died at Lisbon, \naged 60. When Bonaparte invaded Portugal, in 1807, \nhe retired with the Queen, his imbecile mother, to Brazil. \n\n\n* This charming work was painted in fifteen days, just after \nMr. West had recovered from a long illness, and finished hastily \nfrom a sense of duty, as he conceived that every member of the \nAcademy should contribute to the annual display. Mr. Davis, \nM. P. for Colchester, having, in conversation with Mr. West, as\xc2\xac \ncertained that the picture was not sold, and that he was not un\xc2\xac \nwilling to part with it, at once offered him a thousand guineas for \nit. Of the venerable President\xe2\x80\x99s chef-d\xe2\x80\x99oeuvre, \xe2\x80\x9cChrist heal\xc2\xac \ning the Sick in the Temple,\xe2\x80\x9d f which every person of taste, \nin or near London, has seen with admiration and astonishment, \nand which is to stand as the foundation-stone of the British \nGallery, it is sufficient here to record, that an enlightened so\xc2\xac \nciety, the patrous of art, have purchased it for three thousand \nguineas . \n\n\nSee Matt. xxi. 5, 11, 15 ; and Geo. Exer. on the\'JVew Test. No. 84. \n\n\n\n\nMARCH. \n\n\n87 \n\n\nHe succeeded her on the 20th of March, 1816, and was \ncrowned at Rio Janeiro, but returned to his capital in \n1821. His son Pedro, born Oct. 12, 1798, was proclaim\xc2\xac \ned emperor of Brazil, in 1822. \n\n11, 1544. Tasso, the famous poet who gave to Italy the \nrare honour of possessing- an epic poein, was born at \nSorrento, a small city on the bay of Naples. From the \nage of eight years he had been remarkable for his poetical \ntalents. See Sorrento, Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gaz., Note, and April \n25 in this work. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1809. Died, at her native place, Tiverton, a town \nnorth-east of Exeter, in Devonshire, in the 66th year of \nher age, Mrs. Hannah Cowley, a very ingenious dra\xc2\xac \nmatic writer, and a poet, indeed, in almost every branch \nof the art. In the different characters of daughter, wife, \nand mother, her conduct was most exemplary, and lite\xc2\xac \nrary fame appeared to be not at all essential to her hap\xc2\xac \npiness. \n\n12, 1689. King James II. landed at Kinsale, a seaport in \nthe south of Ireland, with 5000 French, and from thence \nwent to Dublin. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1/12. Queen Anne announced, in the Royal Gazette, \nher intention to touch publicly for the Evil. This was \nthe last of our sovereigns who exercised this miraculous \ngift. It must be rather mortifying to our national vanity \nand pride, to think that our ancestors for seven hundred \nyears firmly believed in the efficacy of the royal touch in \nscrofulous complaints. But while we reprobate or pity \ntheir stupid and miserable credulity, in this and other \ninstances, let us not forget that we ourselves are not with\xc2\xac \nout our errors and failings, and those no less inexcusable \nand degrading; witness our belief in the astrological \nnonsense annually circulated in one of our almanacks ;\xe2\x80\x94 \nin the artful promises emitted by the cunning professors \nof palmistry, and other gulling branches of fortune-tell\xc2\xac \ning ;\xe2\x80\x94in the Fasting Woman of Tutbury, together with \nthe unshaken faith of multitudes in the maniac Richard \nBrothers, and in the \xe2\x80\x9cWeird Sister\xe2\x80\x9d Johanna Southcott, \nand many other notorious quacks and impostors of diffe\xc2\xac \nrent descriptions; insomuch, that it may be justly ques\xc2\xac \ntioned, if there ever was a period when the inhabitants of \nthis country have been more credulous, more easily im\xc2\xac \nposed upon, or more generally duped, by the specious arts \nof daring deceivers, than in this very age. See Eaercises \non the Globes, 11th edit. art. Augurs and Oracle; and \nArith. Quest. 10th edit. art. Loretto. A detailed account \n\n\n88 \n\n\nMARCH. \n\n\nof the Royal Touch may be seen in the Monthly Mag. \n1810, Monthly Repos. *1813, and Christian Observer, \n1829. \n\n12, 1713. The first number of the Guardian, a well- \nknown periodical paper, was published under the direc\xc2\xac \ntion of Steele. \n\n13, 565. Died, after experiencing the severest trials of \nroyal ingratitude, Belisarius, a celebrated general, who \nin a degenerate and effeminate dge, in the reign of Justi\xc2\xac \nnian, emperor of Constantinople, renewed all the glorious \nvictories, battles, and triumphs, which had rendered the \nfirst Romans so distinguished in the time of their repub\xc2\xac \nlic. See Arith. Quest. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1/81. Herschel discovered a new planet, which he \ncalled, in compliment to the king, Georg\'ium Sidus, or \nthe Georgian Planet* For his important additions to \nthe stock of our national knowledge, he was elected a \nmember of the Royal Society, and received from the \nUniversity of Oxford the degree of a Doctor of Laws. \nDr. H. was born at Hanover, in the North of Germany ;f \ncame to London in 1/59; was appointed organist to a \nchurch in Halifax, and afterwards to the Octagon Chapel \nat Bath: he resided at Slough, near Windsor, and was \nmaterially assisted in his astronomical pursuits by his \nsister. Miss Caroline Herschel. See January 1, 1801. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1791. Died, in the sixth year of her age, Penelope \nBoothby, to whom a singularly beautiful monument is \nerected in the church at Ashbourne,]; in Derbyshire. \n\n\n* See Exercises on the Globes, art. Georgium Sidus. \n\nf Dr. Herschel, Mr. West, the celebrated painter, and his late \nMajesty George III., were all born in the year 1738. His Ma* \njesty died Jan. 29, and Mr. West March 10, in the same year \n(1820); Dr. Herschel died August 25, 1822. \n\nX In this church were interred the shattered remains of Mr. \nLangton, dean of Clogher, in Ireland. This gentleman being on \na visit to a family in the neighbourhood, a party was formed to \nmake an excursion to Dove-Dale, a spot remarkable for its ro\xc2\xac \nmantic scenery. As they were proceeding along the bottom of \nthe valley, Mr. L. presumptuously proposed to ascend, on horse\xc2\xac \nback, a very steep precipice, apparently between three and four \nhundred feet high ; and Miss La Roche, a young lady of the \nparty, unthinkingly agreed to accompany him on the same horse. \nWhen they had climbed the rocks to a considerable height, the \npoor animal, unable to sustain the fatigue of the arduous task \nthus wantonly and unfeelingly imposed on him, fell under his \n\n\n\nMARCH. \n\n\n89 \n\n\nSimplicity and elegance appear in the workmanship, ten\xc2\xac \nderness and innocence in the image. In short, it is gene\xc2\xac \nrally allowed to be one of the most interesting and pa\xc2\xac \nthetic objects of the kind in England: and the different \ninscriptions in Latin, Italian, French, and English, are in \nperfect unison with the sculpture. Beneath, on the pe\xc2\xac \ndestal, appears \n\n\nTo Penelope, \n\nOnly child of Sir Brooke and Dame Susannah Boothby, \nborn April 11, 1785; died March 13, 1791. \n\nShe was in form and intellect most exquisite. \n\nThe unfortunate parents ventured their all \n\nIu this frail bark, and the wreck was total. \n\nThe monument was executed by the classic chisel of \nBanks; and a neat engraving of it has been published, \nwith a volume of poems, by Sir Brooke Boothby, under \nthe title of \xe2\x80\x9c Sarroivs, sacred to Penelope\xe2\x80\x9d The work is \nsplendidly printed by Buhner. \n\n13, 1808. Christian VII., king of Denmark, died at \nRendsburgh in Holstein. See Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gazetteer. \n\n14, 1757- John Byng, an unfortunate English Admiral, \nwho had given many proofs of courage, was, on a very \ndubious sentence for neglect of duty, shot at Portsmouth. \nHe died with great resolution and composure, not shewing \nthe least sign of timidity. Though Voltaire affects to be \nwitty upon the fate of this unfortunate officer, observing \nthat he was shot \xe2\x80\x9cpour encourager les autres ,\xe2\x80\x9d the na\xc2\xac \ntion has long been satisfied that his life was sacrificed to \nthe political fervour of the times. The following inscrip\xc2\xac \ntion to his memory is in the church of Southill, Bedford\xc2\xac \nshire, the seat of the Torrington family: \n\n\xe2\x80\x9cTo the perpetual disgrace of public justice, the Hon. John \nByng, Vice-Admiral of the Blue, fell a martyr to political \n\n\nburden, and instantly rolled down the steep. The Dean was pre\xc2\xac \ncipitated to the bottom, and so biuised and mangled by the fall, \nthat he expired in a few days. The young lady, whose descent \nhad been fortunately retarded by her hair entangling in a bram\xc2\xac \nble-bush, slowly recovered; though, when taken up, she was \ninsensible, and continued so for the space of two days. The \nhorse, more lucky than his inconsiderate riders, was scarcely \ninjured. \n\n\n\n90 \n\n\nMARCH. \n\n\npersecution on March 14, 1757; when bravery and loyalty \nwere iusufficieut securities for the life and honour of a naval \nofficer.\xe2\x80\x9d \n\n14, 1799. Expired at Bath, in the 89th year of his age, that \nelegant scholar and polite writer, William Melmoth. \nBesides Pliny\xe2\x80\x99s Epistles, he translated some of Cicero\xe2\x80\x99s \nworks ; wrote \xe2\x80\x9c Fitzosborne\xe2\x80\x99s Lettersand \xe2\x80\x9c Memoirs \nof a late eminent Advocate and Member of the Honour\xc2\xac \nable Society of Lincoln\xe2\x80\x99s-Inn.\xe2\x80\x9d The excellent person \nwhose character is delineated in this last performance was \nMr. Melmoth\xe2\x80\x99s father, and author of an admirable work, \nentitled, \xe2\x80\x9cThe Great Importance of a Religious Life,\xe2\x80\x9d \nwhich has had a very extensive circulation. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1803. Died, in the 80th year of his age, at Hamburgh, \nin the north of Germany, Frederick. Klopstock, whom \nthe German literati place by the side of Homer and Mil- \nton. He was not only a sublime poet and a good scho\xc2\xac \nlar, but a very amiable and very pious man. In his ap\xc2\xac \nproaching dissolution he manifested great tranquillity of \nmind, and resignation to the will of God ; expressed \nwarm emotions of gratitude for the happiness he had en\xc2\xac \njoyed in life,* and declared his firm and joyful expecta\xc2\xac \ntion of future bliss, in a higher state of existence. Thus \ndid his strong feelings of religion shed a lustre over his \nlast moments, and enable him to display a noble example \nof what he had often sung in his divine poems. \n\nA solemn funeral, such as Germany had never witnessed \nfor any man of letters before, honoured his remains; and, \nagreeably to his own desire, he was interred at the village \nof Oltensen, by the side of his wife, and under a noble \nlime-tree, which he had planted on her grave forty years \nbefore. The remembrance of this charming woman, his \nbeloved Meta,f he cherished to the last hour of his life. \nAs he always found a melancholy pleasure in visiting her \ngrave, he occasionally soothed his grief by planting white \nlilies upon it; observing that the lily was the most exalted \nof flowers,]; and that she was the most exalted of women. \n\n\n* See Feb. 6, 1804. \n\nf Meta is Margaretta contracted ; her name having been Mar\xc2\xac \ngaret Muller. She died on the 28th of November, 1758, after \nhaving enjoyed four years of as perfect connubial happiness as \nthis sublunary state can afford. See March 27, 1762, and Aug. \n22, 1773. \n\n} Shakspeare styles the lily \xe2\x80\x9c the Mistress of the field and \n\n\n\nMARCH. \n\n\n91 \n\n\nFrederick Klopstock was born at Quedlinburgh, near \nHalberstadt, in Westphalia; studied at the college of his \nnative place, afterwards at the university of Jena, near \nWeimar, and finally at Leipsic, in Saxony. His \xe2\x80\x9c Mes\xc2\xac \nsiah,\xe2\x80\x9d an epic poem,* by which his name is chiefly im\xc2\xac \nmortalized, was published at Halle, in 1751. See an inte\xc2\xac \nresting work published in 1809, entitled, Memoirs of \nFrederick and Margaret Klopstock. \n\n15, Festival of Longinus, whom the Latins believe to \nbe the soldier that pierced our Saviour\xe2\x80\x99s side with his \nspear, at his crucifixion on Mount Calvary (John xix. \n34). Observing the miracles which happened at the death \nof Jesus, he became a convert, renounced a military life, \nand retired to Cappadocia, where he preached the gospel \nand lost his life. See Geo. Exer. on the New Test., 3d \nedit. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 43, B. C. Julius Caesar was assassinated in the se\xc2\xac \nnate-house at Rome. See Arith. Quest. \n\nIt is well observed, that those who style this wholesale \ndestroyer of the human race a hero, behold him \n\nIn a false glaring light, \n\nWhich conquest and success have thrown upon him ; \n\nDid they but view him right, they\xe2\x80\x99d see him black \n\nWith murder,, treason, sacrilege, and crimes \n\nThat strike the soul with horror but to name them. \n\nAddison. \n\nThis day was, by the decree of a fawning Senate, or\xc2\xac \ndered to be called Purricidium, or Patricidal, on account \nof the assassination of Ctesar. See Exer. on the Globes, \npages 61, &c., 11th edit., and Arith. Quest., 10th edit. \nNo. 26. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1/84. Expired Dr. Thomas Francklin, whose trans\xc2\xac \n\n\nom* Saviour observes, that even Solomon in all his glory was not \narrayed like one of these.f \n\nTake but the humblest lily of the field ; \n\nAnd if our pride will to our reason yield. \n\nIt must by sure comparison be shewn, \n\nThat on the regal seat great David\xe2\x80\x99s son, \n\nArrayed in all his robes and types of power. \n\nShines with less glory than that simple flovv\xe2\x80\x99r. \n\nPrior. \n\n* See Arith. Quest, art. Epic Poem. \n\n\nt See Matt. vi. 29 ; July 2, 1805 ; and June, Index. \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n92 \n\n\nMARCH. \n\n\nlations of Phalaris, Sophocles, and Lucian, equally evince \nlearning and genius. The principal of his own dramatic \ncompositions are the tragedies of the \xe2\x80\x9c Earl of Warwick\xe2\x80\x9d \nand \xe2\x80\x9c Matilda.\xe2\x80\x9d He was born in London about the year \n1720, and at his death was rector of Brasted, near Wes- \nterliam, in Kent. \n\n15, 1824. The first pile of the new London Bridge was \nsunk. See June 15, 1825. \n\n16, 1792. Gustavus III., King of Sweden, was assassi\xc2\xac \nnated at Stockholm, in consequence of a conspiracy \namong the discontented nobles, by Ankerstrom, at a mas\xc2\xac \nquerade, but did not expire till the 29th. The murderer \nsuffered death on the 18th of May following. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1817. Died at Kensington Gravel Pits, in the 71st year \nof his age, William Thomson, LL.D., the most active, \nlaborious, and indefatigable man of letters that appeared \nin the late reign, and who could boast that he had written \non a greater variety of subjects than any of his contempo\xc2\xac \nraries ; liis name, with an exception to poetry, being \nconnected with every species of composition. See a list \nof his works in the Annual Obituary for 1818. He was \nborn in an obscure cottage situated about six miles from \nPerth. \n\n17, 493. St. Patrick, the tutelar saint of Ireland, died at \nSaul-Abbey, in the county of Down, in that kingdom, in \nthe 120th year of his age; having been born in 373, at \nKilpatrick, or Kirk-patrick, near Dumbarton, in Scotland. \nHe was interred at Down, according to most accounts; \nbut respecting his burial-place there have been great dis\xc2\xac \nputes;* and it has been as warm a subject of debate with \nthe religious, as Homer\xe2\x80\x99s birth-place was formerly among \nthe cities of Greece. St. Patrick, having formed a design \nof converting the Irish to the Christian faith* travelled to \nthe continent, the better to qualify himself for the under\xc2\xac \ntaking, and continued abroad several years. Being at \nlength sent by Pope Celestine as a missionary to Ireland, \nhe landed at Waterford in 441, and began his arduous \nlabours. He afterwards founded the see of Armagh, in \nthe province of Ulster, and established several religious \nhouses and schools. His works were collected and print\xc2\xac \ned in 1656, by Sir James Ware. St. Patrick is often \nstyled the apostle of the Irish, and the father of the Hi- \n\n\n* Some maintain that he was buried at Glastonbury, in Somer\xc2\xac \nsetshire; others affirm that he was born and interred at Glasgow, \nin Scotland. * \n\n\n\n\nMARCH. \n\n\n93 \n\n\nbernian church. In the year 1783, George the Third \ninstituted a society in Ireland, called The Order of St. \nPatrick; when Prince Edward, afterwards Duke of Kent,* \nand several of the Irish nobility, were appointed knights \ncompanions of that order. \n\n17, 1775. The Rev. Mr. Newnham, one of the minor \ncanons of the Cathedral of Bristol, in company with an\xc2\xac \nother gentleman, his sister, and a lady who was the object \nof his fondest affection, went to explore the depth of Pen- \nPark-Hole, a tremendous abyss a few miles from Bris\xc2\xac \ntol. Mr. N. having lowered a line for this purpose, in \norder to support himself with more security, laid hold of \na twig shooting from the root of an adjacent ash; but at \nthis instant his foot slipping, the faithless scion gave way, \nand he was precipitated into the horrible gulf, in the sight \nof his astonished and agonized friends. Thirty-nine days \nafter, his body was found floating in the water. It is re\xc2\xac \nmarkable, that this unfortunate gentleman had officiated \nthat very morning at Clifton church, and read Psalm \nlxxxviii., in which are these words, so descriptive of his \nend: \xe2\x80\x9c Thou hast laid me in the lowest pit, in a place of \ndarkness and in the deep.\xe2\x80\x9d \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1800. The Queen Charlotte, a British ship of war \nof 110 guns, was blown up off the harbour of Leghorn, a \nnoted port in Tuscany, Italy, when the commander (Cap\xc2\xac \ntain Todd), and above 800 of the crew, perished by the \nexplosion. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1715. Died Gilbert Burnet, an eminent English \nprelate, and author of \xe2\x80\x9c The History of the Reformation \nof the Church of England.\xe2\x80\x9d This work is one of the \nmost valuable histories in our own or any other language, \nand for which Dr. Apthorpe called the writer the English \nEusebius. \n\nThe Bishop\xe2\x80\x99s youngest son in early life pursued a course \nof dissipation which occasioned great uneasiness to his \nfather. One day being unusually grave, his father asked \nhim what was the subject of his meditation: \xe2\x80\x9c A greater \nwork,\xe2\x80\x9d replied the son,\xe2\x80\x9d than your Lordship\xe2\x80\x99s History of \nthe Reformation.\xe2\x80\x9d \xe2\x80\x9cWhat is that, Tom?\xe2\x80\x9d \xe2\x80\x9c My own \nReformation, my Lord.\xe2\x80\x9d \xe2\x80\x9c I shall be heartily glad to see \nit,\xe2\x80\x9d said the Bishop, \xe2\x80\x9c but almost despair of it.\xe2\x80\x9d This, \nhowever, was happily accomplished, but not till the bi\xc2\xac \nshop\xe2\x80\x99s decease, when all the tears which repentance could \n\n\n* See January 23, 1820. \n\n\n\n94 \n\n\nMARCH. \n\n\nshed, could not recall the sorrows he had caused. See \nNov. 4, 1688, note, and Jan. 8, 1753. \n\n1/, 1828. Sir James Edward Smith, the first President \nof the Linnaean Society, died at Norwich, his native place. \nThis celebrated naturalist and botanist purchased in Swe\xc2\xac \nden the Herbarium of the great Linnaeus, augmented by \nhis son; the most precious relic of its most distinguished \nnative. Sir James was the author of several publications \non Natural History and Botany, and the last volume of \nhis English Botany, a work of great accuracy and merit, \nappeared in London on the very day that proved to its \nauthor the termination of his mortal career. \n\n18, 1526. Francis I., king of France, recovered his liberty. \nSee February 24, 1525, and May 31, 1520. Francis I. \ndied in 1547, in his palace at Rambouillet, now in the \ndepartment of Seine and Oise. See March 31. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1719. John Gesner, the celebrated Swiss botanist, \nand friend of Linnaeus, was born at Zurich, in the north \nof Switzerland. He died on the 6th of May, 1/90. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1768. Died Lawrence Sterne, an English divine, \nand a witty writer, of very original powers and genius: \nthough Dr. Ferriar, in his \xe2\x80\x9c Illustrations of Sterne,\xe2\x80\x9d has \ndetected him in drawing some of the best thoughts in his \nmost admired performances from \xe2\x80\x9cBurton\xe2\x80\x99s Anatomy \nof Melancholy.\xe2\x80\x9d* Sterne was born at Clonmel, in the \nsouth of Ireland, in 1713, and was interred in the new \nburying-ground belonging to St. George\xe2\x80\x99s parish, Ha- \nnover-square, Westminster. \n\nSterne died at his lodgings in Bond-street, with neither \nfriend nor relative by his side; a hired nurse was the \nsole companion of the man whose wit found admirers in \nevery street, but whose heart could not draw one by his \ndeath-bed. The monument to his memory was erected \nby strangers, and the inscription upon it has an erroneous \ndate. See Clonmel, Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gazetteer. \n\n19, -Was observed at Rome the feast of Minerva, \n\nwhich continued five days. It was during this solemnity \nthat the boys and girls used to pray to the Goddess for \nwisdom and learning, of which she had the patronage. \nAt the same time the youths carried their masters a fee, \nor present, termed Minerval; concerning both which \ncustoms those who have the \xe2\x80\x9c delightful task of rearing \n\n\n* See Feb. 8, 1576, and Exer. on Globes, 11th edit. art. De \nmocritus and Heraclitus. \n\n\n\nMARCH. \n\n\n95 \n\n\nthe tender thought\xe2\x80\x9d would say. May they last for ever; \nmay scholars pray for wisdom, for the attentive ear, and \nfor the teachable disposition, and may they liberally re\xc2\xac \nward their instructors! \n\n19, 720. B. C. Happened the first eclipse of the moon, of \nwhich we have any account upon record. See Ewer, on \nthe Globes, art. Eclipse of the Moon. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1285. Alexander III., king of Scotland, was killed \nby a fall from his horse near Kinghorn, Fifeshire. He \nwas 45 years old, and had reigned 37 years. He espoused \nMargaret, daughter of Henry III. of England, at York, \nin 1251. His only daughter, Margaret, was married to \nEric, king of Norway, in 1281, and his grand-daughter, \nMargaret, called the Maiden of Norway, became queen of \nScotland, but died on the Orkney Islands, in her way to \nthat country to take possession of the throne. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1668. Died, in London, Sir John Denham, an emi\xc2\xac \nnent poet, born in, Dublin in 1615. His most famous \nproduction is a poem called \xe2\x80\x9c Cooper\xe2\x80\x99s Hill;\xe2\x80\x9d of which \nDryden says, it will ever be the standard of good \nwriting for majesty of style. Pope, also, has celebrated \nthis poem in his \xe2\x80\x9c Windsor Forest;\xe2\x80\x9d and all men of taste \nhave agreed in their commendations of it. Dr. Johnson \ncalls Denham one of the writers that improved our taste \nand advanced our language. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1751. Captain Thomas Coram, the compassionate \ncontriver and patron of the Foundling Hospital, died at \nhis lodgings near Leicester Square. Of the numerous \nshocking spectacles he had often witnessed in his way to \nand from the merchant ship of which he was master, \nnone affected him more forcibly than the lamentable situ\xc2\xac \nation of exposed and deserted children, and he determined \nto erect an asylum for the succour and education of the \nneglected innocents. To the immortal honour of the \nfemale nobility of that time, they seconded his plan, and \nby the exertions which they made among the nobility and \ngentry, obtained a charter of foundation, and he had the \nhappiness of living to see his benevolent object accom\xc2\xac \nplished. Towards the latter part of his life he was sup\xc2\xac \nported by a pension of something more than ,\xc2\xa3 J 100 a year. \nIt may be remarked as a proof of his amiable disposition, \nthat when Dr. Brocklesby applied to this good old man to \nknow whether his setting on foot a subscription for his \nbenefit w 7 ould offend him, he thus nobly answered: \xe2\x80\x9c I \nhave not wasted the little wealth of which I was formerly \npossessed in self-indulgence or vain expenses, and am not \n\n\n96 \n\n\nMARCH. \n\n\nashamed to confess that in old age I am poor.\xe2\x80\x9d See No. \n566 Arith. Quest., by the late William Butler. \n\n20, 1413. Henry IV. died in the Jerusalem chamber at \nWestminster. He was buried at Canterbury, the capital \nof Kent, and was succeeded by his heroic son Henry V. \nSee Ecbatana, Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gazetteer. \n\n\xe2\x80\x941727- Expired Sir Isaac Newton, who was born at \nWoolstrope, near Grantham, in the county of Lincoln, \nDec. 25, 1642. He received the early part of his educa\xc2\xac \ntion at Grantham, and completed his studies at Cam\xc2\xac \nbridge, where the rapidity of his progress in mathematical \nknowledge was truly astonishing. He perceived the the\xc2\xac \norems and problems of Euclid, as it were, by intuition. \nAt the age of tw\'enty-four, he had laid the foundation of \nhis most important discoveries. He was the first who \ngave a rational account of the laws which regulate the \nmotion of the planets, on the principles of the attraction \nof gravitation: \n\nAll intellectual eye, our solar round \nFirst gazing thro\xe2\x80\x99, he, by the blended power \nOf gravitation and projection, saw \nThe whole in silent harmony revolve. \n\nThomson. \n\nNewton first discovered the heterogeneous mixture of \nlight, and the production of colours arising from it. \n\nEven light itself, which every thing displays, \n\nShone undiscover\xe2\x80\x99d, till his brighter mind \nUntwisted all the shining robe of day; \n\nAnd from the whitening, undistinguished blaze, \n\nCollecting every ray into his kind, \n\nTo the charm\xe2\x80\x99d eye educed the gorgeous train \nOf parent colours. \n\nThomson.* \n\nAs it is not within the plan of this epitome even to \nmention all the works of such a man as Newton, we shall \nconclude this brief sketch by observing, that, as a philoso\xc2\xac \npher and mathematician, he is generally allowed to have \nbeen one of the greatest geniuses that ever appeared in \nthe world; and that he not only enlightened mankind by \nhis talents, but bettered them by his amiable qualities: \n\n\n* We recommend to the perusal of young persous Thomson\xe2\x80\x99s \n\xe2\x80\x9c Poem on the Death of Newton,\xe2\x80\x9d as containing an enumeration \nof his principal philosophical labours, delivered in elegaut lan\xc2\xac \nguage and the most precise terms. \n\n\n\nMARCH. \n\n\n97 \n\n\nHe was as remarkable for Ids modesty, as for the supe\xc2\xac \nriority of Ids genius. He was interred in Westminster- \nAbbey, where a monument is erected to liis memory. \nThe following is a translation of the epitaph designed by \nPope for Sir Isaac Newton : \n\nNature and all her works lay hid in night: \n\nGod said, \xe2\x80\x9c Let Newton be !\xe2\x80\x9d and all was light. \n\n20, 1751. Expired at Leicester-House, London, in the \n44th year of his age, Frederick, Prince of Wales, \nuniversally regretted. He was the son of George II., and \nfather of his late Majesty George III. See Cliefden in \nBourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gazetteer. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1703. Expired William Murray, Earl of Mansfield, \nat Caen Wood, or Kenwood, between Hampstead and \nHigligate, born at Perth, in Scotland, March 2, 1705. \nHe held the office of Lord Chief Justice of the King\xe2\x80\x99s \nBench for upwards of thirty years, with a splendour and \nreputation unrivalled; and the benevolence and disinter\xc2\xac \nestedness of his private life were in perfect unison with \nthe excellence of his public character. Lord Mansfield \nwas highly distinguished for his varied intellectual accom\xc2\xac \nplishments. Early in life he cultivated the Muses. He \nwas the intimate friend of Pope, who laments that so fine \na genius should be lost to Parnassus : \n\nHow sweet an Ovid was in Murray lost! \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1804. Began the Spring Quarter, the sun having \nentered into the constellation <Y>, the ram,* at 3 minutes \npast 7 o\xe2\x80\x99clock in the evening.f \n\nCome, gentle Spring, ethereal mildness, come, \n\nAnd from the bosom of yon dropping cloud \n\nUpon our plains descend. \n\nThomson. \n\nThis period is usually called the Vernal Equinox, \nwhen day and night are of equal length all over the globe; \nor rather, when the sun is an equal time above, and below \nthe horizon. For the morning and evening twilight J \nmake apparent day considerably longer than night. See \nSeptember 23, 1830. \n\n\n* See Exercises on the Globes, art. Aries. \n\nf See White\xe2\x80\x99s Ephemeris: it began in the year 1822, at 3 mi\xc2\xac \nnutes past 4 in the morning, on the 21st of March ; and in the \ncurrent year, 1830, at 32 minutes past 2 in the morning. \n\nX See Exercises on the Globes, art. Twilight. \n\nf \n\n\n\n\n98 \n\n\nMARCH. \n\n\n21, 1556. Thomas Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury, \nwas burnt at Oxford for heresy,* in the 67th year of his \nage, in the reign of the sanguinary Mary. His learning \nand piety procured him universal respect; and the cou\xc2\xac \nrage of his martyrdom made him the hero of the Protes\xc2\xac \ntant party. He was born at Aslacton, near Nottingham. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1801. Battle of Alexandria. The English gained \na memorable victory over the French near Alexandria, in \nEgypt. See the 28th of this month, 1801. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1829. An Earthquake of a most awful description, \nattended with great loss of lives, took place in the pro\xc2\xac \nvince of Mercia, Spain. \n\n22, 1740. Porto Bello, on the isthmus of Darien, sur\xc2\xac \nrendered to Admiral Vernon. See November 2, 1502, and \nMisceL Quest \n\n23, 1801. The Emperor Paul, of Russia, was assassinated \nat Petersburgli by a band of conspirators, who strangled \nhim by means of a sash, one end of which was held by \nZubof, while another ruffian drew the other, till their vic\xc2\xac \ntim expired. It is scarcely credible that not one of the \nassassins of his father was punished but by banishment \nfrom Petersburgh by his son Alexander, who succeeded \nto the throne. (See December 1, 1825.) The eccentric- \nwildness of Paul\xe2\x80\x99s conduct, and the sudden changes of his \ntemper, can only be excused on the plea of insanity. The \nfrivolity of his disposition, as well as the weakness of his \nunderstanding, are strikingly exemplified in a publication, \nentitled, \xe2\x80\x9c Secret Memoirs of the Court of Petersburgh/\xe2\x80\x99 \n\n24, 1603. Queen Elizabeth died at Richmond, in Surrey, \nin the 70th year of her age, and the 45th of her reign. \nShe was the last of the Tudor race.\xe2\x80\x94A dark cloud over\xc2\xac \ncast the evening of her day. She fell into a profound \nmelancholy, which all the advantages of her high fortune, \nall the glories of her prosperous reign, were unable in any \ndegree to alleviate or assuage. Various reasons have been \nassigned for this depression of mind; but it seems most \nprobable to have been occasioned by some incidents hap\xc2\xac \npening which revived her tenderness for Essex, and filled \nher with the deepest sorrow for the consent which she \n\n\n* Heresy is an error in some essential point of Christian faith, \nmaintained with obstinacy and disingenuousness. This is the \nsense in which Protestants use the word; but when a Papist em\xc2\xac \nploys the term heretics, he generally means Protestants. Divines, \nlv>wever, have too often branded all those who differ from them\xc2\xac \nselves with the name of heretics. \n\n\n\nMARCH. \n\n\n99 \n\n\nhad unwarily given to his execution.* * * \xc2\xa7 She was born at \nGreenwich, in Kent, and was interred in Westminster \nAbbey. \n\n24, 1726. Died Daniel Whitby, a celebrated English \ndivine, author of more than forty works, full of good sense \nand learning; but the most considerable is his \xe2\x80\x9c Para\xc2\xac \nphrase and Commentary on the New Testament,\xe2\x80\x9d in 2 \nvols. folio. He was born in 1638, at Rushden, a village \nsituated one mile from Higham Ferrers, and to the east \nof Northampton. \n\n25, Annunciation. This word denotes the tidings brought \nby the angel Gabriel to the Virgin Mary, of the incar\xc2\xac \nnation of Christ.f It also implies a festival, kept by the \nEstablished Church on this day, in commemoration of \nthese tidings. Its origin is referred to the seventh cen\xc2\xac \ntury. In England, before the alteration of the style,J our \nnew year began on the 25th of March; and, in some ec\xc2\xac \nclesiastical computations, that order is still preserved; \nparticularly in reckoning the number of years from the \nincarnation of our Saviour. In Scotland, the 1st of Ja\xc2\xac \nnuary was ordered by proclamation (Nov. 27, 1599) to be \nthe beginning of the year there, instead of the 25th of \nMarch. The 25th of March, usually called Lady-Day, \nis moreover one of the four days in the year on which \nhouse-rent and interest on money are generally stipulated \nto be paid.\xc2\xa7 \n\n\n* See February 25, 1601. \n\nt See Luke i. 26\xe2\x80\x9428. The angel Gabriel\xe2\x80\x99s salutation of the \nVirgin is a formula of devotion very usual in the Romish Church: \nit was added to their prayers by order of Pope John XXII., in \nthe fourteenth century, and is termed Ave-Maria, or Ave-Mary, \nbecause it begins with these words, Ave, Maria, q. d. Hail, Mary. \nThe chaplets and rosaries of the Romanists are divided into so \nmany ave-mart/s, and so many pater-nosters : \\\\ and hence the \nbeads themselves, which indicate them, are also called aves, or \nave-marys. The chaplets and rosaries are bunches or strings of \nbeads used to keep an account of the number of paternosters and \nave-marys to be rehearsed at stated times, in honour of God \nand the Holy Virgin. \n\n+ See September 2, 1752. \n\n\xc2\xa7 The other three are, Midsummer-Day, or Feast of St. John \nthe Baptist (June 24), Michaelmas-Day (Sept. 29), and St. \nThomas\xe2\x80\x99s-Day (Dec. 21). \n\n\n\xc2\xbb Hhe Lord\'s Prayer ; from the Latin, pater, father, and noster, our. \n\nF 2 \n\n\n\n\n\n\n100 \n\n\nMARCH. \n\n\n25, 1306. Robert Bruce, grandson of Baliol\xe2\x80\x99s compe\xc2\xac \ntitor for the crown of Scotland, was crowned at Scone. \nThe crown was placed upon his head by Isabel, the sister \nof Macduff, Earl of Fife, who had married Comyn, Earl \nof Buchan. The countess was afterwards incarcerated \nby Edward I. in the castle of Berwick. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1688. Charity-Schools. In order to retain the \nlower class of people in the Protestant religion, Charity- \nSchools were first instituted for children in and about \nLondon. The first were opened at Norton-Falgate and \nSt. Margaret\xe2\x80\x99s, Westminster. No country in the world \ncan present so grand a spectacle as that which is annually * \nexhibited at St. Paul\xe2\x80\x99s Cathedral, when upwards of ten \nthousand children, rescued from vice and ignorance, as\xc2\xac \nsemble under one roof to sing anthems of praise to their \nCreator. Rome, in the most splendid sera of her \ngreatness, and with all nations at her feet, could not boast \nof a single Charity-School! \xe2\x80\x9cA charity boy, going to \nchurch on the Sabbath, with a Bible or a Prayer-Book \nunder his arm, is,\xe2\x80\x9d says Mr. Robinson, of Cambridge, \n\n\xe2\x80\x9c one of the noblest sights this world affords!\xe2\x80\x9d Such \nare thy triumphs, Christianity! \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1748. Afire broke out in Exchange Alley, Cornhill, \nwhich proved one of the most terrible that had happened \nsince the great fire. See Sept. 2, 1666. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1809. Died, in the 66tli year of her age, in the Epis\xc2\xac \ncopal Palace of Lichfield, in Staffordshire, Anna Seward, \nan excellent English poetess, whose works are distin\xc2\xac \nguished by beauty of imagery, strength of intellect, and \ndelicacy of taste. She wrote a beautiful elegy on Captain \nCook;\xe2\x80\x94a monody on her gallant and amiable friend \nMajor Andrd, whose fate was the subject of universal re\xc2\xac \ngret in this country;\xe2\x80\x94a Life of Dr. Darwin, and other \nesteemed works. Her Correspondence in 6 volumes has \nbeen lately published. (See Cook, Andrd, and Darwin, \nIndex ; and Lichfield, Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gaz .) Miss Seward was \nborn at Eyam, in the north part of Derbyshire. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 182/. The Ship Hecla, with Captain Parry on \nboard, sailed from Deptford on his fourth northern voyage. \nSee May 8, 1821. \n\n26, 1756. Died by a stroke of the palsy, at Wickham, \nnear Bromley, in Kent, Dr. Gilbktt West, a pious and \nlearned English gentleman, who wrote on revealed re\xc2\xac \nligion. His \xe2\x80\x9cObservations on the Resurrection,\xe2\x80\x9d and \nhis conversation, suggested to the celebrated Lord Lyttle- \nton such convincing evidences of the truth of the New \n\n\nMARCH. \n\n\n101 \n\n\nTestament, as produced that noble author\xe2\x80\x99s fine \xe2\x80\x9c Disser\xc2\xac \ntation on St. Paul.\xe2\x80\x9d* Dr. West also translated \xe2\x80\x9c Pindar\xe2\x80\x99s \nOdesof which translation Dr. Johnson says, \xe2\x80\x9cIt is the \nproduct of great labour and great abilities.\xe2\x80\x9d Of this \npleasing poet and pious Christian, the Doctor also said, \n\xe2\x80\x9c that he was one of the few poets to whom a death-bed \nwould not be terrible.\xe2\x80\x9d \n\n27, 1625. James I. expired at Theobalds, near Cheshunt, \nin Hertfordshire. This seat formerly belonged to the \ngreat Lord Burleigh, who often entertained Queen Eliza\xc2\xac \nbeth at this palace. James was the son of Mary, Queen \nof Scots, whom he succeeded in Scotland, as he did Eli\xc2\xac \nzabeth in England. He reigned over England twenty- \ntwo years and some days. His reign over Scotland was \nalmost of equal duration with his life ; and he died in the \n59th year of his age. See Aug. 20, 1589. Sully called \nhim the wisest fool in Christendom. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1767* Expired at Bristol-Wells, Mary Mason, aged \n28. She was the daughter of William Sherman, Esq., of \nKingston-upon-Hull, in Yorkshire, and was interred in \nBristol Cathedral. The following exquisite inscription \nfrom the pen of her affectionate husband, (see April 5, \n1 797,) is universally allowed to be one of the finest epi- \ntaphsf in the English language: \n\nTake, holy earth, all that my soul holds dear, \n\nTake that best gift, which Heav \xe2\x80\x9911 so lately gave : \n\nTo Bristol\xe2\x80\x99s fount I bore, with trembling care, \n\nHer faded form\xe2\x80\x94she bow\xe2\x80\x99d to taste the wave, \n\nAnd died ! Does youth, does beauty read the line ? \n\nDoes sympathetic fear their breast alarm ? \n\nSpeak, dead Maria ; breathe a strain divine\xe2\x80\x94 \n\nE\xe2\x80\x99en from the grave thou shalt have power to charm ! \n\nBid them be chaste, be innocent like thee; \n\nBid them in duty\xe2\x80\x99s sphere as meekly move, \n\nAnd if so fair, from vanity as free, \n\nAs firm in friendship, and as fond in love ! \n\nTell them, though \xe2\x80\x99tis an awful thing to die, \n\n(\xe2\x80\x99Twas e\xe2\x80\x99en to thee)\xe2\x80\x94yet the dread path once trod, \nHeav\xe2\x80\x99n lifts its everlasting portals high, \n\nAnd bids the pure in heart behold their God.+ \n\n\n* See August 22, 1773, and Exercises on the New Test ament, \n3rd edit, page 151. \n\nf See Arith. Quest, art. Epitaph j March 14, 1803, and Aug. \n22, 1773. \n\n+ See Matt. v. 8. The subsequent lines on an amiable and \n\n\n\n102 \n\n\nMARCH. \n\n\n27, 1802. Articles of Peace were signed between England \nand France, at Amiens, in the north part of France. See \nOctober 1, 1801. \n\n28, 1677. Expired in Westminster, in the 70th year of his \nage, Wentzel Hollar, an eminent and much-admired \nengraver, born at Prague,* * the capital of Bohemia. He \nwas brought to England by the earl of Arundel in 1636, \nwhere he engraved some of the choicest pieces of Titian/f- \nDurer,f Holbein,f Vandyck,f Teniers, and many others; \nalso the heads of the most eminent men in church and \nstate, in the army and navy, &c., besides landscapes, \nviews, &c., of the most capital places in Europe. It is \npainful to relate, that this illustrious and indefatigable \nartist, either through the want of economy, or more pro\xc2\xac \nbably from the illiberality of his employers, died in very \nindigent circumstances. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1757. Robert Damiens, a native of Arras, in the \nprovince of Artois, department of the Straits of Calais, \nwas executed at Paris, with torture, for having attempted \nto assassinate the king of France, by stabbing him in the \nright side with a knife. See Jan. 5, 1757, May 14, 1610, \nand August 28, 1794. The punishment inflicted on him \nwas of the most dreadful kind: his right hand was burnt\xe2\x80\x94 \nhe was torn with pincers\xe2\x80\x94melted lead was poured into \nhis wounds\xe2\x80\x94then drawn and quartered, and finally burnt, \nand his ashes scattered to the winds. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1766. A dreadful eruption of Mount Vesuvius hap\xc2\xac \npened. The first occurred in the year 79, when Pliny \nthe elder was suffocated. See Arith, Quest. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1801. Died the gallant Sir Ralph Abercrombie, \ncommander-in-chief of the British forces in Egypt. He \nreceived his death-wound on the 21st, in the moment of \nachieving a great victory over the French at Alexandria, \nwhich eventually led to the evacuation of Egypt by the \narmy of France. Sir Ralph was a native of Scotland, and \nwa\xe2\x80\x99s interred in the island of Malta. A beautiful monu- \n\n\nvirtuous female, of \xe2\x80\x9c form divine,\xe2\x80\x9d are not only pre-eminently \nbeautiful, but, like the concluding line in the above epitaph, \nhappily allusive to a grand consolatory declaration of sacred \nScripture ; see Luke xx. 36. \n\nRest, gentle shade ! and wait thy Maker\xe2\x80\x99s will: \n\nThen rise unchang\xe2\x80\x99d, and be an angel still. \n\n* See Oct. 14, 1601, and Prague, Index, \nt See Venice, Nuremberg, Basil, Antwerp, Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gaz. \n\n\n\n\nMARCH. \n\n\n103 \n\n\nmeiit to tlie memory of this brave officer has been erected \nin St. Paul\xe2\x80\x99s Cathedral. \n\n28, 1802. Dr. Olbers, of Bremen, a town on the river \nWeser, in the north-west part of Germany, discovered a \nnew primary planet, which he named Pallas.* For this \ndiscovery, together with succeeding observations on the \nsame planet, the National Institute of Paris decreed the \nprize-medal of Lalande, for the best annual work on \nastronomy, to Dr. Olbers. See Marcli 29, 1807- \n\n29, The Festival of Epaphroditus. This bishop, or, as \nSt. Paul calls him, apostle of Philippi; or, if we take the \nword apostolus literally, the messenger of the Philippians; \nwas sent by that church to carry money to the apostle, \nthen in bonds at Rome, and in their name to do him \nservice. He executed the commission with much zeal, \nand exposed himself to great risks, whereby he brought \non himself a dangerous illness, which obliged him to re\xc2\xac \nmain long at Rome. The year following, A. D. 62 or 63, \nhe returned with haste to Philippi, having heard that the \nPhilippians, on receiving information of his sickness, \nwere much afflicted. St. Paul sent a letter by him to \nthem. See the Epistle to the Philippians. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1461. Being Palm-Sunday, was fought the famous \nbattle of Towton, in the parish of Saxton, about 12 \nmiles south from York, between the deluded adherents of \nthe houses of York and Lancaster; which terminated in \nfavour of the Yorkists, after a slaughter of 36,000 human \nbeings. From the number of nobility and gentry, the \nmagnitude of the opposing armies, and the furious lead\xc2\xac \ners, Towton has been called the English Pharsalia. Ed\xc2\xac \nward IV. commanded the Yorkists. The Lancastrians \nwere under the command of the Duke of Somerset, the \nEarl of Northumberland, and Lord Clifford; but the \nlatter was shot in the throat before the engagement began. \n\nPalm-Sunday received its name from branches of the \npalm-tree being strewed before our Saviour on his trium\xc2\xac \nphal entry into Jerusalem. See Butler\xe2\x80\x99s Exer. on the \nNew. Test. No. 83, 4th edit. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1807. The planet Vesta was discovered by Dr. Ol\xc2\xac \nbers. See March 28, 1802. There are now eleven pri\xc2\xac \nmary and eighteen secondary planets belonging to the \nSolar System. See Exer. on the Globes , art. Vesta. \n\n\n* See Jan. 1, 1801, March 13, 1781, and Exer. on the Globes , \nart. Minerva, Pallas, and Vesta. \n\n\n\n104 \n\n\nMARCH. \n\n\n30, 1282. The Sicilian Vespers. The word \xe2\x80\x9c vespers\xe2\x80\x99\' \nin the Romish Church means evening song , answering to \nour evening prayers. Sicilian vespers denote a famous \nera in the French history; being a general massacre of all \nthe French in the island of Sicily, to which the first toll \nthat called to Vespers was the signal. The number de\xc2\xac \nstroyed was computed at 8000. See Matins, May 27, \n1600. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1726. Expired, piously and calmly, at Exeter, the Rev. \nJames Peirce, an eminent Dissenting divine, whose \ngreat learning, happily joined with a penetrating genius \nand solid judgment, seem to have left it doubtful whether \nhis excellent endowments of nature, or his acquired abi\xc2\xac \nlities, rendered him more conspicuous. He faithfully dis\xc2\xac \ncharged all the parts of his sacred office, and was equally \ncelebrated for his accurate sermons and learned writings. \nIn his private life he was consistently exemplary; having \nan habitual prevailing awe and reverence of God upon his \nmind, a sincere and ardent love of truth, and a steady, \nuniform regard to virtue. Yet, neither the distinguished \nerudition, the peaceable and inoffensive deportment, nor \nthe unaffected piety of this excellent man, could shield \nhim from reproach and obloquy. For, his opinions on \nsome abstract points of religion not being in unison with \nthe popular belief, a phalanx of intemperate zealots, who \nconsidered themselves as the standards of truth and ortho\xc2\xac \ndoxy, misrepresented his sentiments, called him odious \nnames, calumniated his character, and finished the career \nof their fury and malice by actually hunting him from the \npulpit. While thus recording a lamentable instance of \ninfuriated bigotry and unprovoked persecution, it is highly \ngratifying to reflect, that the present age displays a pros\xc2\xac \npect very different from the pitiable scenes exhibited in \nthe days of religious intolerance; and that most of the \nvarious sects and denominations of Christians now mani\xc2\xac \nfest a liberality of sentiment, and a spirit of religious to\xc2\xac \nleration, unparalleled in any former period. \n\nMr. Peirce was born in Wapping, London, in the year \n1673; received the early part of his education under pri\xc2\xac \nvate tutors, and afterwards completed his studies at the \nUniversity of Utrecht, in the United Provinces. His \nprincipal works are, \xe2\x80\x9c A Vindication of the Dissenters \nseveral \xe2\x80\x9c pamphlets\xe2\x80\x9d (occasioned by the violent disputes \namong the Dissenting Ministers in the West of England, \nconcerning some speculative doctrines of Christianity); \n\xe2\x80\x9c A Commentary on the Epistles of St. Paul to the Co- \n\n\nMARCH. \n\n\n105 \n\n\nlossians, Philippians, and Hebrews,\xe2\x80\x9d (after the manner of \nMr. Locke), to which are annexed, \xe2\x80\x9c Several Critical \nDissertations on particular Texts of Scriptureand a \nvolume of \xe2\x80\x9c Sermons,\xe2\x80\x9d to which is added, \xe2\x80\x9c A Scripture \nCatechism\xe2\x80\x9d in the words of the Bible. From this last, \nthe late Rev. Samuel Palmer, of Hackney, acknowledged \nto have taken the plan of his excellent \xe2\x80\x9c Scripture Cate\xc2\xac \nchism,\xe2\x80\x9d which has most deservedly gone through many \neditions. \n\n30, 1799. The gallant Sir Sidney Smith repulsed Bona\xc2\xac \nparte in a violent attack on the fort of St. John d\xe2\x80\x99Acre. \nThis once noble city, now only a heap of ruins, is situated \non the Levant, (the eastern part of the Mediterranean \nSea,) north-west of Jerusalem, and about 30 miles south \nof Tyre. It was several times taken and retaken by the \nInfidels and Christians in the holy wars; our valiant \nRichard I. was in possession of it in 1191; and it was \nhere that Edward I. (then prince) received a wound from \na poisoned dagger, which his amiable and heroic consort \ncured by sucking the venom out of it, at the risk of her \nown life.* St. John was the tutelary saint of Acre. \nChristianity was early established here; for it was at this \nplace, then known by the name of Ptolemais, that Paul \nvisited the saints in his way to Jerusalem, Acts xxi. 7* It \nhas been sometimes called Acra, Accho, Acca, and Ace. \nSee Eater, on the New Test. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1813. Was interred at Leicester, where he had resided \nthirty-nine years, the Rev. Thomas Robinson, who sus\xc2\xac \ntained the important office of a Christian Minister with \ngreat credit to our holy religion. He was, indeed, a bril\xc2\xac \nliant example of the true pastoral character\xe2\x80\x94zealous, be\xc2\xac \ncause sincere\xe2\x80\x94pious without fanaticism\xe2\x80\x94devoted to his \nprinciples without bigotry\xe2\x80\x94tolerant in the true spirit of \ncharity\xe2\x80\x94and unremittingly laborious; because to do good \nwas the governing affection of his soul. There is scarcely \nany beneficial establishment in Leicester that does not \nowe much of its prosperity to his indefatigable exertions; \nand of many of them he was the parent and patron.\xe2\x80\x94His \nvarious publications are popular, particularly his \xe2\x80\x9c Scrip\xc2\xac \nture Characters.\xe2\x80\x9d Mr. Robinson died, after an illness of \nonlv a few hours, on the 24th of March, in the 64th year \nof his age; and the inhabitants of Leicester have erected \na handsome monument to his memory. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1828. On Sunday, at half-past Seven o\xe2\x80\x99clock in the \n\n\n* See Exer. on the Globes , 11th edit., art. Crux. \n\nf 3 \n\n\n\n\n\n\n106 \n\n\nMARCH. \n\n\nmorning\xe2\x80\x99, Lima was visited with a very destructive shock \nof an earthquake. Its direction was from east to west; \nand although it did not last above 40 seconds, it left \nscarcely a building in the city uninjured. The massy \nwalls of the churches were torn from top to bottom ; the \nsteeples, and particularly the cupolas, were rent ; the \nornaments of brick and plaster thrown down. In private \nhouses the destruction was almost universal. Resides \nthose which fell at the moment, several fell afterwards. \nBetween thirty and forty lives were lost. The loss of \nproperty was estimated at 6,000,000 of dollars. At Callao \nthe shock was felt after the dust was seen to rise at Lima, \nso that it had proceeded from the mountains towards the \nsea. The sensation of it on ship-board was the same as \nwhen a ship thumps violently at the bottom. The sea, \nwhich was before calm, suddenly bubbled and boiled all \nround, became turbid with mud and sand, even in 25 \nfathoms\xe2\x80\x99 water, and continued to send up large air-bells \nfor a considerable time afterwards. \n\n31, 1518. Henry II. of France was born at St. Germain, \nand, on the same day, in 1547, came to the throne, on the \ndeath of his father, Francis I., who died at Rambouillet, \nin the province of the Isle of France, department of Seine \nand Oise, two months after his contemporary, Henry VIII. \nof England. See January 28. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1596. Was born, at La Haye, in Touraine,* Dks \nCartes, an eminent philosopher and mathematician. He \ndied in 1650, at Stockholm, to which city he had been in\xc2\xac \nvited by Christina, who wished to profit from his instruc\xc2\xac \ntions, and who received lessons from him in her library \nevery morning at 5 o\xe2\x80\x99clock. He was buried at Stockholm ; \nbut in 1667 his corpse was removed to France, and re-in\xc2\xac \nterred with great funeral pomp in the church of Saint \nGenevieve-du-Mont, at Paris. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1621. Philip III. died at Madrid. His death was oc\xc2\xac \ncasioned by his scrupulous attention to etiquette. Be\xc2\xac \ning extremely incommoded by the great heat of a stove \n\xc2\xabi an apartment in which he was holding a levee, and the \nofficer whose duty it was to attend to the fire being absent, \nand no one daring or condescending to extinguish the \nfire, the king, who had recently recovered from an illness. \n\n\n* Touraine now forms the department of Indre and Loire; \nHaye is seated on the River Creuse, 25 miles south of Tours. \nSee Wallis\xe2\x80\x99s Atlas of France, and Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gazetteer. \n\n\n\n\nMARCH. 10/ \n\nrelapsed and died soon after, in the 43rd year of his age, \nand the 22nd of his reign. \n\n31, 1654. Cock-fighting was prohibited by Cromwell. \nIt must appear astonishing to every reflecting mind, that \na mode of diversion so cruel and inhuman as that of cock- \nfighting should so generally prevail; that not only the \nancients, barbarians, Greeks, and Romans, should have \nadopted it; but that a practice so savage and Heathenish \nshould be continued in these better and more enlightened \ntimes of Christianity; a religion the purest, the tenderest, \nand most compassionate of all others. It is with great \npleasure we learn, that this and some other savage cus\xc2\xac \ntoms are at present on the decline among us. Cock- \nfighting, bear-baiting, badger-baiting, &c, have received \na severe blow, in many places, from a most laudable reso\xc2\xac \nlution of the justices not to grant licences to such publi\xc2\xac \ncans as encourage those cruel pastimes at their houses. \nThe vigilant exertions of the Society for the Suppres\xc2\xac \nsion of Vice, whose views extend to the prevention of \nevery species of cruelty to animals, will also greatly tend \nto extirpate those inhumanized amusements. See May \n24, 1802. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1783. Expired, at Petersburgh, Count Panin, one of \nthe principal chiefs of the conspiracy that placed Catha\xc2\xac \nrine II. on the throne of Russia. He died of grief and \nchagrin, a fatal malady to which discarded ministers of \nstate are very liable. From the moment when Potemkin* \nresisted him in the council, and deprived him of the ma\xc2\xac \nnagement of affairs, he began visibly to decline, and was \na stranger to all repose of mind but what he looked for \nin death. Prince Orloff, a much more culpable coad\xc2\xac \njutor in that sanguinary business, closed his term of life \nin a still more tremendous manner at Moscow, in April \nof the same year. The bleeding shade of Peter III f pur\xc2\xac \nsued him into every retreat; haunted his affrighted mind \nby day, and scared him in the visions of the night: he \nbeheld it incessantly aiming at him an avenging dart; and \nhe expired in despair, awfully verifying the remark, that \n\xe2\x80\x9cHorror gnaws, the guilty soul of dying sinners.\xe2\x80\x9d! \n\nWhat nothing earthly gives, or can destroy, \n\nThe soul\xe2\x80\x99s calm sun-shine, and the heartfelt joy, \n\nIs virtue\xe2\x80\x99s prize. Pope. \n\n* See October 15, 1791. f See July 9 and 17, 1762. \n\nX This subject is pursued at some length in the late author\xe2\x80\x99s \n\nArith, Quest, art. Death of Cardinal Beaufort. \n\n\n\n\n\n( 108 ) \n\n\nAPRIL. \n\nMindful of disasters past, \n\nAnd shrinking at the northern blast. \n\nThe sleety storm returning still. \n\nThe morning hoar, the evening chill; \n\nReluctant comes the timid Spring. \n\nWarton - . \n\nApril, the fourth month in the year, derived its name \nfrom Aprilis, of aperio , to open; because the earth in this \nmonth begins to open her bosom for the production of \nflowers and vegetables. \n\nThe name to Spring\xe2\x80\x99s soft op\xe2\x80\x99ning pow\xe2\x80\x99r they give ; \n\nSoon as the rugged blasts of Winter cease, \n\nThen genial spring, they say, yields her increase. \n\nMassey\xe2\x80\x99s Ovid\xe2\x80\x99s Fasti. \n\nOn this account, artists represent April by a young man \nin green, with a garland of myrtle and hawthorn-buds; in \none hand primroses aud violets, in the other the sign Tau\xc2\xac \nrus,* the constellation through part of which the sun travels \nin this month. \n\nWhen daisies pied, and violets blue, \n\nAnd lady-smocks all silver-white, \n\nAnd cuckoo-buds of yellow hue, \n\nDo paint the meadows with delight. \n\nShakspkare. \n\nAnother pleasing occurrence in this month is the various \nmelody with which the groves are filled, when, as \xe2\x80\x9c the \npoet of the Seasons\xe2\x80\x9d expresses it, every copse, and tree, \nand bush, is prodigal of harmony. Among these the return \nof \xe2\x80\x9c Sweet Philomel\xe2\x80\x9d deserves to be particularly noticed: \n\nNow the wise nightingale, that leaves her home, \nPursuing constantly the cheerful Spring, \n\nTo foreign groves does her old music bring. \n\nWaller. \n\nThis bird, the most famed of the feathered tribe for the \nvariety, length, and sweetness of its notes, visits England \nfrom the continent, crossing the sea, where it is narrowest. \n\n\n* See Exer. on the Globes. \n\n\nf \n\n\n\nAPRIL. 10.9 \n\nbetween Dover and Calais, in the beginning of April, and \nleaves us in August. \n\nV \n\nSweet poet of the woods\xe2\x80\x94a long adieu! \n\nFarewell, soft minstrel of the early year ! \n\nAh ! \xe2\x80\x99twill be long ere thou shah sing anew, \n\nAnd pour thy music on the \xe2\x80\x9c night\xe2\x80\x99s dull ear.\xe2\x80\x9d \n\nCharlotte Smith. \n\nDuring its continuance here, its range is confined to a \npart of this island : it is not found in Scotland,* Ireland, or \nNorth Wales, nor in any of the northern counties, except \nYorkshire: and it does not migrate so far to the west as \nDevonshire and Cornwall; being seldom found more than \n170 miles from Dover.f It begins its song in the evening, \nand continues it the whole night: \n\nPoor melancholy bird\xe2\x80\x94that all night long \nTell\xe2\x80\x99st to the moon thy tale of tender woe. \n\nCharlotte Smith. \n\nHence Milton, in his Paradise Lost, aptly terms the \nnightingale \xe2\x80\x9c the night-warbling bird and in his poem \nentitled \xe2\x80\x9c II Penseroso,\xe2\x80\x9d he thus speaks of this enchanting \nsongstress: \n\nSweet bird, that shun\xe2\x80\x99st the noise of folly, \n\nMost musical, most melancholy ! \n\nThee, chauntress, oft, the woods among, \n\nI woo to hear thy even song. \n\nAnd also in his fifth elegy, written on the arrival of Spring, \nthe imagery of which was afterwards transferred into his \nfirst sonnet: \n\nO Nightingale, that on yon bloomy spray \nWarblest at eve, when all the woods are still. \n\nMilton\xe2\x80\x99s beloved retreat was on Forest Hill, three miles \nfrom Oxford. The beauties of this spot are described in \nthat fine passage of his L\xe2\x80\x99Allegro\xe2\x80\x94\xe2\x80\x9c Sometime walking, \nnot unseen,\xe2\x80\x9d &c., &c. The groves near this enchanting \nvillage are said to be still famous for nightingales. \n\nAnother of the feathered race, \xe2\x80\x9c attendant on the spring,\xe2\x80\x9d \nthat renews his note at this charming season, is the cuckoo: \n\n\n* The nightingale is enumerated among the birds of Sweden, \nby Dr. Thomson. \n\nf See White\xe2\x80\x99s Nat. Hist, of Selbourne, and Exer. on the Globes, \nart. Migration. \n\n\n\n110 \n\n\nAPRIL. \n\n\nDelightful visitant; with thee \nI hail the time of flowers, \n\nWhen heaven is fill\xe2\x80\x99d with music sweet \nOf birds among the bowers. \n\nLogan. \n\nEarly in this month, too, that welcome guest and harbin\xc2\xac \nger of spring, the swallow, returns : \n\n\xe2\x80\x9c The swallow, for a moment seen, \n\nSkims in haste the village green.\xe2\x80\x9d* \n\nThe 24th of February is marked, in the old Roman \ncalendar, for the day in which swallows began to appear \nin Italy; but their appearance in England is not before \nApril. \n\nAm I deceived ? Dost not the swallow bring \n\nNow welcome news; forerunner of the Spring ? \n\nBut thou hast, Progne,f often cause to moan, \n\nFor coming back before the Winter\xe2\x80\x99s gone. \n\n***** \n\nThe swallow then forsakes her wint\xe2\x80\x99ry rest, \n\nAnd in the chimney chatt\xe2\x80\x99ring makes her nest. \n\nMassey\xe2\x80\x99s Ovicl\'s Fasti. \n\nA sarcastic remark of our great bard, which we trust will \nbe received with the allowance usually granted to poetic \nlicense, shall conclude our account of this month : \n\nMen are April when they woo, DecemberX when they wed : \nMaids are May when they are maids; but the sky changes when \nthey are wives. \n\nShakspeare. \n\n\n* The migration of various birds, though rather a curious than \nan important inquiry, is, nevertheless, one which must be highly \ngratifying to every mind that can admire the wisdom of the Great \nArchitect of Nature. The instinct of the swallow is indeed \nwonderful: it appears among us just at the time when insects \nbecome numerous; and it continues with us during the hot wea\xc2\xac \nther, in order to prevent them from multiplying too much. It \ndisappears when these insects are no longer troublesome. It is \nnever found in solitude; it is the friend of man, and always takes \nup its residence with us, that it may protect our houses aud our \nstreets from being annoyed with swarms of flies. See Exer. on \nthe Globes , art. Hirundo and Migration. \n\nt For Procne, or Progne, see Lempriere\xe2\x80\x99s Class. Diet. \n\nI See December. \n\n\n\nAPRIL. \n\n\nIll \n\n\nREMARKABLE EVENTS. \n\n1, Is vulgarly called April-Fool Day, from the practice \nof passing some joke or deception upon children or igno\xc2\xac \nrant persons. The French, who have a similar custom \non the first of April, term the object of this mockery un \npoisson d\xe2\x80\x99Avril , a name which they likewise give to the \nmackerel, a silly fish that is easily caught in vast multi\xc2\xac \ntudes during this season. We have, it is conjectured, \nborrowed the practice from our neighbours, changing the \nappellation from fish to fool. There is good reason for \nbelieving, that with us the custom is of no very great \nantiquity, as none of our old plays, nor any writer so old \nas the time of Queen Elizabeth, have any allusion to it. \nIn Scotland it is termed hunting the gowk, a term applied \nto some simpleton who is sent on sleeveless errands with \na letter in whichds written\xe2\x80\x94 \n\nOn the first day of April, \n\nHunt the gowk another mile. \n\nAnd he is thus made to waste his weary steps till the fraud \nis discovered. \n\nBut \xe2\x80\x99tis a thing to be disputed, \n\nWhich is the greatest fool reputed, \n\nThe man that innocently went. \n\nOr he that him design\xe2\x80\x99dly sent. \n\nWith respect to the origin of the custom among the \nFrench, nothing satisfactory has been offered, the subject \nhaving ineffectually exercised the skill of their own anti\xc2\xac \nquaries. \n\nThe first of April, some do say. \n\nIs set apart for All-fools\xe2\x80\x99 Day ; \n\nBut why the people call it so, \n\nNor I, nor they themselves do know. \n\nPoor Robin\'s Almanack. \n\nAmong the ancient Romans, a day is marked in their \ncalendar as consecrated to Fools \xe2\x80\x94 Dies\'JStultorum, or the \nFools\xe2\x80\x99 Day. Once every year a festival was held in honour \nof the Goddess Fornax, who taught the Romans the \nmystery of baking bread. On the day of celebration little \ntablets were suspended round the forum, directing the \ncity-wards to what temple they were to repair; and the \njoke or trick consisted in calling those persons fools who \ncould not read the labels, and whose ignorance therefore \n\n\n112 \n\n\nAPRIL. \n\n\nprevented them from resorting to the place of entertain\xc2\xac \nment till it was too late to share in the festivity. \n\nThe master of the city-wards proclaim\xe2\x80\x99d \nHer solemn feast, then Fornacalia nam\xe2\x80\x99d ; \n\nNo stated day the sacred fasti show, \n\nBut that the people might th\xe2\x80\x99 appointment know, \n\nThere round the forum little tablets hung, \n\nDeclaring to what fane what wards belong; \n\nBut such as could not read, and foolish were, \n\nAnd knew not to what temple to repair, \n\nBy ridiculing wags were made a jest, \n\nAnd only in the ev\xe2\x80\x99ning kept the feast. \n\nIndeed, we may readily believe that all nations have had, \nor ought to have, some particular period dedicated to \nFools , as the great mass of mankind can sympathize with \nits observance; for , as a fine modern writer says, ice \nhave all a touch of the same. \n\n1, 1405. Timour, or Tabierlane, a famous Asiatic con- \nquerer, died at Otrar in Western Tartary. See Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s \nGazetteer, art. Ak-Shehr, Angoura, Keseh, Kupele, \nOtrar, Zagatai. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1406. Robert III., king of Scotland, died of grief at \nRothsay. See Flamborough Head and Paisley, Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s \nGazetteer; also February 21, 1457- \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1771- At Flaxley, about ten miles from Gloucester, \nan accidental fire destroyed a magnificent abbey, which \nwas built in the reign of Henry I.* .An abbey is a mo\xc2\xac \nnastery or house of retirement for religious persons, \nwhether men or women. \n\nWith easy roads he came to Leicester ;f \nLodg\xe2\x80\x99d in the Abbey, where the reverend abbot, \n\nWith all his convent, honourably receiv\xe2\x80\x99d him. \n\nShakspeare. \n\nThe monasteries in England were destroyed by Henry \nVIII., the proud asserter of the Pope\xe2\x80\x99s supremacy, and \nits triumphant destroyer, about the year 1558.+ Monas\xc2\xac \ntic establishments were suppressed in France soon after \n\n\n* See December 1, 1135. f See November 28, 1530. \n\nX Dr. Johnson, having once recommended to two young gen\xc2\xac \ntlemen to read the History of England, asked them some months \nafterwards, if they could recollect who first destroyed the mo\xc2\xac \nnasteries in our Island. One modestly replied he did not know; \nthe other said, Jesus Christ. Mrs. Piozzi\xe2\x80\x99s Artec. \n\n\n\n\nAPRIL. 113 \n\nthe commencement of the Revolution. See January 13, \n1791. \n\n1, 1801, The passage of the Sound was effected (in spite \nof the fortresses hitherto deemed impregnable) by that \ngallant officer, Admiral Sir Hyde Parker, who died in \n1811, in the 89th year of his age. The Sound is a strait \nleading out of the Cattegat into the Baltic Sea, between \nthe island of Zealand and the south part of Sweden. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1810. Marriage of Bonaparte to Maria Louisa, \nArchduchess of Austria, daughter of Francis II. The \ncivil union took place at St. Cloud;* the public entry \ninto Paris, and the religious ceremony followed on the \nnext day ; the latter was performed in the chapel of the \nLouvre. Many days of revellings, rejoicings, illumina\xc2\xac \ntions, &c., succeeded this extraordinary event. \n\nThus he in acts of prowess eminent \nAnd great exploits, but of true virtue void ; \n\nWho having spilt much blood, and done much waste, \nSubduing nations, and achieved thereby \nFame in the world, high titles, and rich prey, \n\nHas changed his course to pleasure. Milton. \n\nThe issue of this marriage has been Napoleon Joseph, \nborn March 20, 1811, and immediately created King of \nRome, a title which has been discontinued since the de\xc2\xac \nposition of his father, and succeeded by that of Duke of \nReichstadt. Reichstadt is in Bohemia, has a castle and \na good estate, which is at nurse during the young Duke\xe2\x80\x99s \nminority. The Ex-Empress, Louisa, was, in 1814, de\xc2\xac \nclared Arch-Duchess of Parma, a fertile district in the \nnorth of Italy. \n\n2, 1512. Florida, a considerable country in the south \npart of North America, was re-discoveredf by Ponce de \nLeon, an able Spanish navigator, but who undertook this \nvoyage from the most absurd motive that can be well \nimagined; viz. the discovery of a fountain whose waters \nhad the property of restoring youth to all old men who \nhad tasted them. The Floridas, East and West, have \nbeen ceded by Spain to the United States of America. \nThe latter have thus acquired an arrondisement highly ad\xc2\xac \nvantageous to the integrity and compactness of their soil; \n\n\n* See Aug. 1, 1589, and Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gazetteer. \nf It was first discovered by Sebastian Cabot, in 1497. He was \na native of Bristol, but the son of a Venetian. \n\n\n\n114 \n\n\nAPRIL. \n\n\nand their territory is rendered more contiguous to the \nBritish West-India islands. St. Augustine, the capital of \nEast Florida, and Pensacola, the capital of West Florida, \nalso give to the United States a desirable port on the At\xc2\xac \nlantic, and on the Gulf of Mexico. \n\n2, 1755. Commodore James captured Severndroog Castle \n(on the Malabar Coast, six miles south of Bombay, in \nAsia), belonging to Angria, a noted pirate, formidable by \nhis power and depredations. To commemorate this \nheroic event, and to manifest her affectionate respect to \nthe memory of her deceased husband,* Lady James \nerected, in 1784, on the northern brow of Shooter\xe2\x80\x99s-Hill, \nKent, a triangular building, the summit of which is up\xc2\xac \nwards of 140 feet higher than the top of St. Paul\xe2\x80\x99s cu\xc2\xac \npola. The spot on which it is built possesses, indeed, \nso commanding an aspect, that it has been selected by \ngovernment for the site of a telegraph,f which commu\xc2\xac \nnicates on one side with the Admiralty, in London, and \non the other with the flag ship at the Nore, a noted place \nnear the mouth of the river Thames. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1801. Lord Nelson, after a very severe engagement, \ngained a complete victory over the Danes, off Copen\xc2\xac \nhagen, when 18 sail of ships were either captured or \ndestroyed. Our loss of men was considerable, besides \nthe death of Captains Moss and Riou, two very brave and \ngallant officers, to whose memory monuments have been \nerected in St. Paul\xe2\x80\x99s Cathedral. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1804. Was lost his Majesty\xe2\x80\x99s ship the Apollo, and \nforty of her convoy, on the coast of Portugal, three \nleagues north of Cape Mondego, when on her passage to \nthe West Indies. \n\n3, 33. Jesus Christ suffered a painful and ignominious \ndeath by crucifixion^ at Jerusalem, The ingenious Fer\xc2\xac \nguson, in his Astronomical Essays , has fully proved that \nthe darkness which then happened was supernatural. The \nevents which occurred during this shocking scene are \nwell expressed in the subsequent lines : \n\nWithin the volume of my time I\xe2\x80\x99ve seen \nHours dreadful and things strange; but that sore time \n\n\n* See Dec. 16, 1783. \nf See Arith. Quest, art. Telegraph. \n\nI See Exer. on the Globes , art. Crux, and Geo. Exer. on the \nNew Test. \n\n\n\nAPRIL. \n\n\n115 \n\n\nDid trifle former knowings; the high heavens, \n\nAs troubled at man\xe2\x80\x99s act, in hideous sort \nThreaten\xe2\x80\x99d this bloody stage; the cumb\xe2\x80\x99rous earth \nWas feverish ; and you, ye elements. \n\nForgot your use ; the sun was sick to death ; \n\nThe moon withdrew her light; and the fix\xe2\x80\x99d stars \nHid their faint beams; all nature stood appall\xe2\x80\x99d; \n\nMan, not e\xe2\x80\x99en man, dared look on what he\xe2\x80\x99d done. \n\nFor those, who late with hands injurious smote \nThe Son of Mary\xe2\x80\x99s breast, now smote their own \nIn dread astonishment. Gil bank. \n\n3, 1826. Reginald Heber, bishop of Calcutta, died at \nTrichinopoly, in Hindostan, in the 42d year of his age. \nIn 1803, his poem of Palestine gained the prize for English \nverse at Oxford. His father, who was present in the the\xc2\xac \natre, and had the felicity of witnessing the success of his \nson, when only 10 years of age, soon after died, as it is \nsupposed, from excess of joy. The bishop\xe2\x80\x99s death was \naccelerated by his exertions in endeavouring to extend \nthe benefits of the gospel in India. \n\nJoy is said to have caused the death of Sophocles, of \nPope Leo X.,* and of Oughtred the mathematician. \n\n4, 1581. Queen Elizabeth dined at Deptford, on board the \nPelican, the ship in which DRAKEf had circumnavigated \nthe globe, and after dinner conferred on him the honour \nof knighthood. This celebrated vessel was afterwards \nbroken up ; and a chair, made out of the relics, was pre\xc2\xac \nsented to the University of Oxford : upon which Cowley} \nwrote the following verses : \n\nTo this great ship which round the Globe has run. \n\nAnd match\xe2\x80\x99d in race the chariot of the Sun, \n\nThis Pythagorean\xc2\xa7 ship, (for it may claim, \n\nWithout presumption, so deserv\xe2\x80\x99d a name. \n\nBy knowledge once, and transformation now,) \n\nIn her new shape this sacred port allow. \n\nDrake and his ship could not have wish\xe2\x80\x99d, from fate, \n\nA more bless\'d station, or more bless\xe2\x80\x99d estate, \n\nFor lo ! a seat of endless rest is given \nTo her in Oxford, and to him in Heaven. \n\nThe chair is in the Bodleian library at Oxford. It must \n\n\n* Sec Magliana and Eton, Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gaz. \n\n\nt See January 28, 1596. \n\n\xc2\xa7 See Pythagoras, Index. \n\n\nSee July 28, 1667. \n\n\n\xe2\x80\xa2f* \n\n\n\n\n116 \n\n\nAPRIL. \n\n\nexcite the indignation of every true-born Englishman to \nlearn that the Resolution, the ship in which the immor\xc2\xac \ntal Cook sailed round the world, was transformed into a \nsmuggling whaler, under the colours of France. The \nResolution , like the Pelican , should have been preserved \nfor a national monument. The fact is asserted by Mr. \nBarrow, in his Voyage to Cochin China. \n\n4, 1774. Died Oliver Goldsmith, author of \xe2\x80\x9c The Vi\xc2\xac \ncar of Wakefield,\xe2\x80\x9d \xe2\x80\x9c The Citizen of the World,\xe2\x80\x9d and two \ncomedies; but more eminent, as a poet, by \xe2\x80\x9c The De\xc2\xac \nserted Village,\xe2\x80\x9d * and \xe2\x80\x9c The Traveller,\xe2\x80\x9d poems of extra\xc2\xac \nordinary merit. With great power of wit, and much \nlearning. Goldsmith could neither be called wise nor \nhappy. Simple, honest, humane, and generous in the \nextreme, he was also irritable, passionate, peevish, and \nsullen; indeed, never was a finer picture at full length \ngiven to the world, than the sketch by Garrick of this \nincomprehensible and heterogeneous character, in a fable \ncalled Jupiter and Mercury. See Davies\xe2\x80\x99s Life of Gar\xc2\xac \nrick- Goldsmith was born in Ireland, at Pallas, near \nRoscommon, Nov. 29, 1728 : he was privately interred in \nthe Temple burying-ground, and a monument erected to \nhis memory in the Poet\xe2\x80\x99s Corner, Westminster Abbey. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1789. Died at Tottenham,f a pleasant and respectable \n\n\n* Auburn Hamlet, the scene of this delightful poem, is in the \ncounty of West Meath, Ireland, about five miles from Athlone. \nHence Goldsmith is sometimes styled \xe2\x80\x9cThe Poet of Auburn.\xe2\x80\x9d Of \n\xe2\x80\x9c The Deserted Village,\xe2\x80\x9d Dr. Aikin says, \xe2\x80\x9c It is one of those \npoems which take possession of the heart and imagination with \nirresistible sway, and cannot satiate by repeated perusal.\xe2\x80\x9d Let\xc2\xac \nters on Eng. Poetry. Dr. Johnson said of Goldsmith\xe2\x80\x99s Traveller, \nthat there had not been so fine a poem since Pope\xe2\x80\x99s time. \n\nOn Alpine clift or Europe\xe2\x80\x99s travers\xe2\x80\x99d plain, \n\nEnchanting Goldsmith pens his moral strain : \n\nBids every land before our vision glide, \n\nCondemns its luxury, or scorns its pride : \n\nAt home, alas! on \xe2\x80\x9c Auburn\xe2\x80\x99s village green,\xe2\x80\x9d \n\nWeeping, describes the desolated scene : \n\nRest, then, sweet Moralist! thine Auburn may \n\xe2\x80\x9c Deserted\xe2\x80\x9d be, but never will thy lay. \n\nThe Bardiad. \n\nf One of the three alms-houses in this village was erected by a \nSpaniard named Zanches, who was confectioner to Philip II. of \nSpain, with whom he came over to England, and was the first \nthat exercised that art in this country.\xe2\x80\x94See Philip II., Index. \n\n\n\nAPRIL. \n\n\n117 \n\n\nvillage in Middlesex, and four miles north of London, \nJohn Ardesoif, Esq., a young man of large fortune, \nand in the splendour of his horses and carriages rivalled \nby few country gentlemen. His table was that of hospi\xc2\xac \ntality, where, it is said, he sacrificed too much to convi\xc2\xac \nviality. Mr. A. was fond of cock-fighting; and had a \nfavourite cock, upon which he had won many profitable \nmatches. The last bet he laid upon this cock he lost; \nwhich so enraged him, that in a fit of passion he thrust \nthe bird into the fire. A delirious fever was the result \nof his rage and inebriety, which in three days put an end \nto his own life.\xe2\x80\x94It is surely high time that cock-fighting, \nand all such savage amusements were exploded from \na civilized, a Christian, and a Protestant community. \nWhat can be that principle in human nature which is \ncapable of deriving delight from such shocking specta\xc2\xac \ncles?*\xe2\x80\x94The riotous joviality generally attendant upon \ncruel amusements, and the ludicrous coolness with which \ntheir participators describe circumstances which pain all \ndecently-educated minds, must tend to destroy all sym\xc2\xac \npathy even with the most shocking cases of wounds and \nslaughter, and are, perhaps, the not very remote cause \nof the brutality and murders which continue to disgrace \nthe country. \n\n4, 1802. Expired, in the 69th year of his age, Lord \nKenyon, many years Lord Chief Justice of the King\xe2\x80\x99s \nBench. He was born at Gredington, Flintshire, educated \nat Ruthin, a town nearly midway between Denbigh and \nLangollen, in North Wales, and died at Bath. Lord \nKenyon was a man of deep legal knowledge, inflexible \nintegrity, and sound constitutional sentiment. See Arith . \nQuest. 10th edit. \n\n-\xe2\x80\x94 182/. Captain Parry, in the Hecla, sailed from the Nore \nto attempt to reach the North Pole, and proceeded as far \nas 81\xc2\xb0. 5\'. 32".; but not finding any thing like a field of \nice, he stood back to the southward, and anchored his ship \nin a bay on the N. coast of Spitzbergen in 16\xc2\xb0. 45\'. E. \n79\xc2\xb0. 55 . N. In the Dutch charts it is called Treurenberg \nBay. This bay he afterwards quitted with part of his \ncrew in two boats, and after almost insurmountable diffi\xc2\xac \nculties reached the latitude of 82\xc2\xb0. 45\'. N., in long. 19\xc2\xb0. \n25\'. E. \n\n5, 33. The resurrection of Jesus Christ. \n\nThe rising again from the state of the dead, is an event, \n\n\n* See March 31, 1654, and May 24, 1802. \n\n\n\n\n118 \n\n\nAPRIL. \n\n\nthe belief of which constitutes one of the principal articles \nin the Christian creed. Our Lord, after proving his di\xc2\xac \nvine mission by the miracles which lie wrought, and by \nthe completion of ancient predictions in which he was \ndescribed, declared, that the doctrine of a resurrection \nwas one of those important truths which he came to an\xc2\xac \nnounce to mankind. And to shew that such an event was \npossible, he restored to life three persons, viz. the daugh\xc2\xac \nter of Jairus, a ruler of the Synagogue;\xe2\x80\x94a young man of \nNain, who was carried on his bier to be buried ; and his \nown much-beloved friend, Lazarus of Bethany, whose \nbody at the time was thought to have become the prey of \ncorruption. By thus raising others, and particularly by \nrising himself, from the dead, our Saviour fully demon\xc2\xac \nstrated that a resurrection from the dead is possible. And \nlie, moreover, declared to his followers that there is to be \na general resurrection both of the just and the un\xc2\xac \njust, instructing his disciples to propagate this doctrine \nthrough all nations; St. Paul also confessing, that if there \nbe no resurrection of the dead, preaching is vain, and our \nfaith is vain. This single text places the importance of \nthe Resurrection of our Blessed Saviour in the most \nstriking point of view. The hope of a future existence \nhas always been the buoyant principle of reflecting man ; \nand the distinguishing feature of the Christian reli\xc2\xac \ngion is, that it gives a power and weight to this doctrine \nwhich unassisted nature could not possibly obtain. It \nsupersedes speculative reasoning, by building our faith on \na fact, and by pointing to the Resurrection of its Great \nFounder as the forerunner of our own. And as this is \ncertainly the most important fact in the gospel history, \nso, in proportion to its importance, the credibility of it is, \nperhaps, when well considered, the greatest possible, as \nmany writers on this interesting subject have fully shewn, \nSee particularly Gilbert West\xe2\x80\x99s Treatise on the Resur\xc2\xac \nrection, and Dr. Priestley\xe2\x80\x99s Notes on all the Books of \nScripture . \n\nShall man be left abandon\xe2\x80\x99d in the dust, \n\nWhen fate, relenting, lets the flow\xe2\x80\x99r revive ? \n\nShall Nature\xe2\x80\x99s voice, to mau alone unjust, \n\nBid him. though doom\xe2\x80\x99d to perish, hope to live ? \n\nIs it for this fair virtue oft must strive \nWith disappointment, penury and pain ? \n\nNo ; Heav\xe2\x80\x99n\xe2\x80\x99s immortal Spring shall yet revive, \n\nAnd man\xe2\x80\x99s majestic beauty bloom again. \n\n\nBeattie. \n\n\nAPRIL. \n\n\n119 \n\n\n5, 1603. James the Sixth of Scotland and First of England, \nset out from Edinburgh to take possession of the English \ncrown,* in consequence of the death of Queen Elizabeth. \nSee March 24 and July 25, 1603. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1605. Expired, at the age of 80, in London, his native \ncity, that diligent collector of domestic antiquities, John \nStow. He was buried in the church of St. Andrew, \nUndershaft, St. Mary-Axe, near Leadenliall Street. His \n\xe2\x80\x9c Chronicles of England,\xe2\x80\x9d and his \xe2\x80\x9c Survey of London,\xe2\x80\x9d \nare useful works. It is a little extraordinary that Stow, \nand Speed, another well-known chronologist, historian, \nand antiquary, were originally both Tailors. The latter \nwas born at Farrington, Cheshire, 1555, and died in 1629. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1753. Origin of the British Museum. On this \nday the Parliament passed an act to pay 20,000/. to the \ndaughters of Sir Hans Sloane: the sum to be raised by a \nlottery. See Jan. 11, 1753; and Museum, Index. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1797. Died the Rev. William Mason, at Aston, about \neight miles S E. from Sheffield, W. Riding of Yorkshire. \nAs a writer, he chiefly distinguished himself by \xe2\x80\x9c Elfrida\xe2\x80\x9d \nand \xe2\x80\x9c Caractacus,\xe2\x80\x9d tragedies; \xe2\x80\x9c The English Garden,\xe2\x80\x9d \na poem; and \xe2\x80\x9c Memoirs of Gray, the poet,\xe2\x80\x9d in 4 vols. \n8vo. See March 27, 1767; and Gray, Index. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1804. Died, aged 80, at Boldre, near Lymington, and \nin the New Forest, Hants, William Gilpin, an English \ndivine, a biographer, and an inimitable investigator of \nthe charms of English sylvan scenery and of nature\xe2\x80\x99s \npicturesque beauties. His \xe2\x80\x9c Remarks on Forest Scenery\xe2\x80\x9d \nshould be the companion of all those who love to retire \nfrom the highly-embellished garden, or the artificial land\xc2\xac \nscape, and to contemplate nature in her wilder form as \nseen in the woodland haunt and forest glade. Mr. Gilpin \nwas brother to Mr. Sawrey Gilpin, R. A , a celebrated \npainter of wild animals and of horses, who died in 1807. \n\nMr. George Stubbs, who also excelled in that de\xc2\xac \npartment of the art, died in the same year. His most \nnoted picture is Phaeton being carriecl away by the \nhorses of the sun. He also painted Eclipse, the race\xc2\xac \nhorse, and it is deemed the best likeness of that cele\xc2\xac \nbrated performer. See Butler\xe2\x80\x99s Arith. Quest, art. \nHorse. \n\n\xe2\x80\x941811. Sunday-Schools. Died, in his native city, \nGloucester, Robert Raikes, the inventor, in 1780, of \nthe Sunday-School: and he enjoyed the happiness of \n\n\n* See Arith. Quest. art.Equest. Expedition. \n\n\n\n120 \n\n\nAPRIL. \n\n\nseeing his benevolent purposes advanced to an incalcu\xc2\xac \nlable extent, by the facilities subsequently afforded to the \neducation of the poor, and which have shed the light of \nuseful knowledge on the darkest abodes of ignorance. \nSee Introduction, page 4, and Lancasterian Education, \nIndex. \n\nRemembering the important law of Christianity, that no \nman liveth unto himself , Mr. Raikes sought for occasions \nof disinterested and productive exertion; and began his \nphilanthropic career by relieving, instructing, and em\xc2\xac \nploying some forlorn, miserable wretches who were \nimmured in the County Bridewell, for petty offences. \nPrevention of crimes by instruction or reproof, and com\xc2\xac \npassion for even justly-suffering criminals, were united in \nhis idea of Christian benevolence, which \n\n\xe2\x80\x9c To every want, and every woe, \n\nTo guilt itself when in distress, \n\nThe balm of pity will impart; \n\nAnd all relief that bounty can bestow.\xe2\x80\x9d* \n\nMr. Raikes was, at his decease, which occurred without \nany previous indisposition, in his /6th year. Thus lie \ncame to his grave in a full age, and might,,surely, have \nsolaced \xe2\x80\x9c life\xe2\x80\x99s yellow-leaf\xe2\x80\x9d with the promise of his great \nExemplar\xe2\x80\x94 Blessed art thou , for these cannot recompense \nthee; hut thou shult he recompensed at the resurrection of \nthe just. In the mean time, the name of Robert Raikes \nwill not soon be forgotten among those who have diffused \nlight over the dark places of the earth, full of the habita\xc2\xac \ntions of cruelty. Nor, comparing what he found with \nwhat he left, as to provision for the education of the indi\xc2\xac \ngent, will it be deemed extravagant if we apply to the In\xc2\xac \nventor of the Sunday-School, the line inscribed, in \nSt. Paul\xe2\x80\x99s Cathedral, to the memorv of its great archi- \ntect,f\xe2\x80\x94Si monumentum quaeris, cirumspice*\xe2\x80\x94If you \nwould see his monument, look around. A very interesting \nmemoir of Mr. Raikes is given in the 6th vol. of the \n\n\n* See Index, and Arith. Quest. 10th edit. art. Howard. \nf See Index, art. Wren. \n\n+ The epitaph of Masaccio, or Maso, an eminent Italian pain\xc2\xac \nter, in the Carmelite Church at Rome, which he painted in \nfresco, \n\nSe alcuno cercasse il marmo o il nome mio, \n\nLa Chiesa il marmo, &c., \n\nurnished the hint of Sir Christopher Wren\xe2\x80\x99s in St. Paul\xe2\x80\x99s. \n\n\n\n\n\n\nAPRIL. \n\n\n121 \n\n\nMonthly Repository; and a good likeness of this great \nbenefactor of mankind has lately been engraved and pub\xc2\xac \nlished from a picture by Romney. \n\n6, 1199. Richard I. died at Chains, near Limoges, in the \ndepartment of Upper Vienne, France, of a wound which \nhe received from an arrow shot by Bertrand de Gourdon, \nwhose father and two brothers that monarch had killed. \nSee Exercises on the Globes , art. Sagitta; and Richard I., \nIndex. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1348. Died calmly, serenely, and undismayed at the \napproach of the king of terrors, the beautiful Laura, il\xc2\xac \nlustrious by her own virtues, and immortalized in the \nverses of Petrarch. Modesty was the peculiar character\xc2\xac \nistic of this lovely woman; and it appears that she was \nnot puffed up either with her beauty, or the fame derived \nfrom the praises of Petrarch. She was extremely reserved \ntowards the men; yet she knew how to unite gaiety and \npoliteness with wisdom and the principles of religion. \nWhen she spoke, her eloquence and modesty enchanted \nevery heart. When she was silent, her looks charmed \nand instructed. Her voice was a source of continual en\xc2\xac \nchantment, soft, angelic, and divine:* it could appease \nthe wrath, dissipate the clouds, and calm the tempests of \nthe soul; and her sweetness of temper won upon every \nheart. She was buried, according to common report, in \nthe Cordeliers\xe2\x80\x99 Convent at Avignon, (her native place, \nthough some say she was born at Vaucluse, eight miles \nfrom Avignon,) in the south of France, and Francis I. \nwrote an epitaph at her tomb, of which the following is a \ntranslation: \n\nYou here behold, reduc\xe2\x80\x99d to narrow space, \n\nHer whose renown defies both time and place. \n\nIn eloquence her lover all surpass\xe2\x80\x99d, \n\nHis works to late posterity will last. \n\nO gentle shade ! of virtues rare possess\xe2\x80\x99d, \n\nSilence profound will ever praise thee best: \n\nWords are but wind, and little sense impart, \n\nWhen the grand theme transcends the speaker\xe2\x80\x99s art. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1590. Died, Sir Francis Walsingham, at his house in \nSeething Lane. He was one of the most profound of \nElizabeth\xe2\x80\x99s statesmen, and her frequent representative at \nforeign courts. See Chiselhurst, Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gaz. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1695. Died, at the age of eighty-nine. Dr. Richard \n\n\n* See Exercises on the Globes, 11th edit. art. Serpens. \n\nG \n\n\n\n122 \n\n\nAPRIL. \n\n\nBusby, Master of Westminster School, who, by his skill \nand diligence in the disharge of that important and labo\xc2\xac \nrious office, for the space of fifty-five years, bred up the \ngreatest number of eminent men in church and state that \never at one time adorned any age or nation. He was \nextremely severe in his school,* though he applauded and \nrewarded wit in his scholars, even when it reflected on \nhimself. He was born at Lutton, near Holbeach, in Lin\xc2\xac \ncolnshire, and was indebted to the constant habit of tem\xc2\xac \nperance for a very long life. A fine monument is erected \nto his memory in Westminster Abbey, with a suitable \nLatin inscription The celebrated Dr. Barrow, one of \nthe most illustrious of Busby\xe2\x80\x99s pupils, is interred near his \npreceptor. Thus the master and the disciple, who \xe2\x80\x9c were \nlovely for their pursuit of knowledge in life, are not divi\xc2\xac \nded in death.\xe2\x80\x9d \n\n6, 1752. Mary Blandy was hanged at Oxford for the \nmurder of her own father, by giving him white arsenic in \nhis gruel and tea.f This foul murder was undertaken \nwith the utmost deliberation; carried on with an unvaried \nperseverance of intention ; and at last accomplished by a \nfrequent repetition of the baneful dose, administered with \nher own hands : a crime so shocking in its own nature, \nand so aggravated in all its circumstances, as will render \nthis wretched woman infamous to the latest posteritv, \nand make our children\xe2\x80\x99s children, should they read the \nhorrid tale in her trial, blush to think that such an inhu\xc2\xac \nman creature ever had an existence. One Cranstoun, \na libertine captain in the army, was the execrable monster \nat whose instigation she undertook the unnatural deed ; \nhe hoping thereby to obtain her in marriage with a consi\xc2\xac \nderable fortune, though he had then a wife and children \nin a distant part of the country. From this unhappy \nlady\xe2\x80\x99s example, youth may see the dreadful consequences \n\n\n* At .Middle Raisin, a village in Lincolnshire, is a free gram\xc2\xac \nmar school, founded in the reign of Edward VI. The common \nseal yet used by the trustees of this foundation exhibits a man \nexercising the birch upon a sensitive part of a suppliant youth, * \nwhile other scholars are shewn at their forms. The motto : Qci \nparcit virgam, oDiT filium, 1552\xe2\x80\x94He who spares the rod, \nhates the child. Such appears also to have been Dr. Busby\xe2\x80\x99s \nopinion : it had the countenance likewise of Dr. Johnson : \xe2\x80\x9c A \nboy,\xe2\x80\x9d said the Doctor, \xe2\x80\x9c neglects to-day to learn his task\xe2\x80\x94he is \nflogged\xe2\x80\x94and to-morrow he learns it.\xe2\x80\x9d \n\nf See August 15, 1751. \n\n\n\nAPRIL. \n\n\n123 \n\n\nof disobedience to a parent. Had she listened to her \nfather\xe2\x80\x99s admonitions to dismiss from her acquaintance the \nwicked Cranstoun, this dreadful calamity had never be\xc2\xac \nfallen her. Let it morever be remembered, that innume\xc2\xac \nrable disasters and indelible disgrace are frequently en\xc2\xac \ntailed on young persons through life, by their pertinaci\xc2\xac \nously disregarding, neglecting, and despising the advice \nof their preceptors and guardians, the representatives of \nparents. May these, and similar considerations, fix in \nthe minds of our young readers that excellent maxim of \nresolutely resisting the first temptations to sin; for if \nonce they yield, though but ever so little, such is the pro\xc2\xac \ngressive nature of vice, it will not be in their power after\xc2\xac \nwards to prescribe limits to their deviations :* \n\n-Be obstinately just; \n\nIndulge no passion, and deceive no trust: \n\nLet never tnan be bold enough to say, \n\n\xe2\x80\x9c Thus, and no farther, shall iny passion stray;\xe2\x80\x9d \n\nThe first crime past, compels us into more, \n\nAnd guilt grows fate , that was but choice before. \n\nAaron Hill\xe2\x80\x99s Athelxvold. \n\n1803. Col. Montgomery was killed by Capt. Mac- \nnamara, in a duel at Chalk Farm, in the vicinity of Pan- \neras and Kentish Town, near London. In the reign of \nQueen Anne a duel still more fatal occurred between the \nDuke of Hamilton and Lord Moliun. Lord Moliun was \nkilled on the spot, and the Duke died of his wounds, as \nhis servants were carrying him to his coach. One of the \nseconds was also wounded in the affray. In 1613 a des\xc2\xac \nperate duel was fought in the vicinity of Bergen-op-Zoom, \nwhen Lord Edward Bruce was killed by Sir Edward Sack- \nville. It is greatly to be lamented, that society should be \ndeprived of men of courage and ability by this mode of \nvindicating their honour. Guardian, No. 133. \n\n7, 1498. Charles VIII., king of France, styled the Cour\xc2\xac \nteous and Affable, died at Amboise, in the 27th year of \nhis age, and 14th of his reign. He was succeeded by his \ncousin Louis XII. See January 1, 1515, and October 9, \n1514. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1710. Died, in his native island, Barbadoes, the most \neasterly of the Carribee Islands, in the West Indies, \nChristopher Codrington, a brave English officer, and \nnot less distinguished for his learning and benevolence. \n\n\n* See James i. 15, and Arith. Quest., art. Joseph. \n\ng 2 \n\n\n\n\n124 \n\n\nAPRIL. \n\n\nHis body was brought to England, and interred June 19, \n1716, at Oxford, in the chapel of All-Souls\xe2\x80\x99College, of \nwhich he had been a Fellow. To this seminary he left a \nnoble legacy, consisting of his books, worth 6000/.; and \n10,000/. sterling to be expended, 6000/. in building a \nlibrary, and 4000/. in furnishing it with books. His plan\xc2\xac \ntations in Barbadoes were bequeathed to the Society for \npropagating the Gospel in Foreign parts. See Society, \nIndex. \n\n7, 1779. As Miss Reay, an actress, was coming out of \nCovent Garden Theatre, in order to go home in her car\xc2\xac \nriage, a clergyman of the name of Hackman stepped up \nto her, and, without the smallest previous menace, or \naddress, instantly shot her dead with a pistol. The \nwretched culprit, who but a few years before had taken \norders, was, it is said, urged to the commission of this \nhorrid crime by jealousy and despair: he suffered death \non the 19th of the same month. He was born at Gosport \nin 1752, and was for some time an officer in the army. \nMiss Reay was the daughter of a labourer in the parish of \nElstree, about 11 miles N.N.W. from London, in Flert- \nfordshire. She was buried in the churchyard of that \nparish; as was also Mr. Weare, who was murdered by \nThurtell in Gill\xe2\x80\x99s Hill Lane, in the parish of Aldenham, \nOctober 24, 1823. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1807. Died at Paris, aged 75, the celebrated astrono\xc2\xac \nmer Lalande, whose works are known in every civilized \npart of the globe. He was born at Bourg, in the depart\xc2\xac \nment of L\xe2\x80\x99Ain, province of Bresse. His most celebrated \nwork is his History of Astronomy, which must always be \nregarded as a production of the first importance, and as \nhaving tended most materially to diffuse a knowledge of \nthe subject among his contemporaries. \n\n8, 1341. Petrarch on this day, being Easter-Sunday, \nwas crowned with laurel* at Rome, in the most pompous \n\n\n* According to poetic fiction, Daphne, the daughter of the river \nPeneus, was changed into a laurel by the gods, to shelter her \nfrom the pursuit of Apollo, who ran after her along the banks of \nthis river: \xe2\x80\x9c Since you cannot be my wife, then,\xe2\x80\x9d said he, \xe2\x80\x9c you \nshall at least be my laureland from this time the laurel tree \nwas consecrated to that God, who being himself the god of poetry, \nit afterwards became the custom to crown poets with it. See \nArith. Quest, art. Laurel. \n\nThe Peueus was a river of Thessaly, rising in Mount Pindus, \nand falling into the Thermean Gulf, after a wandering course, be\xc2\xac \ntween Ossa and Olympus, through the beautiful vale of Tempe. \n\n\n\nAPRIL. \n\n\n125 \n\n\nand magnificent manner. If glory belongs to the talents \nof the mind, as well as to military prowess, it is but just \nto adorn with laurel the brows of poets as well as the \nbrows of heroes. This tree, by its perpetual and beauti\xc2\xac \nful verdure, announces immortality both to the one and \nto the other. Petrarch\xe2\x80\x99s friends shed tears of joy; and \nthough he was himself in a sort of intoxication, he felt at \nthe bottom of his soul, that such honours were incapable \nof conferring true happiness, and far exceeded his desert. \n\xe2\x80\x9c I blushed,\xe2\x80\x9d says he, \xe2\x80\x9c at the applauses of the people, \nand the unmerited commendation with which I was over\xc2\xac \nwhelmed.\xe2\x80\x9d A sentiment becoming a man whose mind \nwas deeply imbued with religion; who had, on another \noccasion, said, \xe2\x80\x9c Let us read the historians, the poets, and \nthe philosophers; but let us have in our hearts the Gospel \nof Jesus Christ; in which alone is perfect wisdom and \nperfect happiness.\xe2\x80\x9d See Bacon, Index; and April 6, \n1348\xe2\x80\x94July 18, 1374. \n\n8, 1364. John, king of France, died in the Savoy Palace, \nStrand, London, and was succeeded by his son Charles \nV., surnamed the Wise. See Poictiers, Index, and Battle \nof Poictiers, Arith Quest. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1750. Anthony Blackwall, an eminent divine and \nschoolmaster, expired at Market-Bosworth, in Leicester\xc2\xac \nshire. He was born in Derbyshire, and is particularly \ncelebrated for his work, entitled, \xe2\x80\x9c The sacred Classics \ndefended and illustrated; or, an Essay humbly offered \ntowards proving the Purity, Propriety, and true Elo\xc2\xac \nquence, of the Writers\xc2\xabof the New Testament.\xe2\x80\x9d \n\n9, 1483. Expired at Westminster, Edward IV., in the \n42nd year of his age, and 23rd of his reign. He was a \nbad and vicious prince, destitute of all virtues; but brave, \ncapable of activity, and enterprising in great emergencies. \nHe was buried at Windsor, and was succeeded by his soil \nEdward V., who was only 12 years of age, and never \ncrowned; being soon after, together with his brother, \nprivately murdered in the Tower, by order, as is generally \nsupposed, of his uncle, the Duke of Gloucester, after\xc2\xac \nwards Richard III. Edward V. was of the house of York. \nSee June 20, 1483. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1492. Lorenzo de\xe2\x80\x99 Medici, expired at Florence, when \nhe had lived no more than 43 years. He was remarkable \nfor his depth of penetration, versatility of talent, and com\xc2\xac \nprehension of mind. He formed various schemes for the \nadvancement of learning and the arts, which he prose\xc2\xac \ncuted with a degree of energy and success which have \n\n\n/ \n\n\n126 APRIL. \n\ndeservedly procured him the title of Lorenzo the Mag\xc2\xac \nnificent. \n\n.9, 1626. Died, the famous Lord Bacon, in the 66th year \nof his age, at the Earl of Arundel\xe2\x80\x99s house, at Highgate. \n(See Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gazetteer .) He was buried privately in St. \nMichael\xe2\x80\x99s Church, at St. Alban\xe2\x80\x99s, Herts. The spot that \ncontains the remains of this great man lay obscure and \nundistinguished, till the gratitude of a private individual, \nformerly his secretary. ,*\xe2\x80\x94\xe2\x80\x9cliving, his attendant; dead, his \nadmirer,\xe2\x80\x9d\xe2\x80\x94erected a monument to his name and memory. \nLord Bacon was a splendid genius and a profound philo\xc2\xac \nsopher; perfection is not, however, the lot of human nature; \nhe was venal as a judge. Thus Pope has not unaptly cha\xc2\xac \nracterized him as \n\nThe wisest, brightest , meanest of mankind. \n\nSee January 22, 1560. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1/47- Simon Fraser, Lord Lovat, was decollated on \nTower Hill, in the 80th year of his age. He had been \nconvicted of high treason, having been engaged in the \nScotch rebellion of 1745. This nobleman, who was of \na*cliaracter infamously profligate; whose life had been a \nperpetual contradiction to all the decencies, moralities, \nand best principles of action, suffered death with great \ndignity and resolution. So much easier, it has been re\xc2\xac \nmarked, is it for a man to die well than to live well. See \nAugust 18, 1746. \n\n10, 1736. Prince Eugene, whose name had been long \nfamous throughout all Europe, died at Vienna, in the 73d \nyear of his age. He shared in the glories of the illustri\xc2\xac \nous Marlborough. See Index. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1752. Died, at Bath, William Cheselden, an emi\xc2\xac \nnent surgeon and anatomist, born at Somerby, a place \nnear Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire, in 1688. He was \nburied at Chelsea. So early as the age of 22 he read lec\xc2\xac \ntures publicly on anatomy; and in 1728 he immoratlized \nhimself by giving sight to a lad nearly fourteen years old, \nwho had been totally blind from his birth. See February \n16, 1754. \n\n1 1, Is the festival of Antipas, a faithful witness or martyr, \nmentioned Revelation ii. 13. It is said that he was one \nof our Saviour\xe2\x80\x99s first disciples, and that he suffered mar\xc2\xac \ntyrdom at Pergainus, of which place he was bishop. Per- \ngamus was a town of Mysia, in Asia, on the river Caycus. \n\n\n* See Arith. Quest., art. Grateful Servant, and Servant. \n\n\n\n\nAPRIL. 127 \n\nSee Geo. Exer. on the New. Test., and Arith Quest., art. \nParchment, and Galen. \n\nH, 1512. Was fought the famous battle of Ravenna, in \nthe north-east part of Italy, when that celebrated hero \nGaston de Foix was slain in the moment of victory, in \nthe 24th year of his age.* * * \xc2\xa7 Ravenna, though once a con\xc2\xac \nsiderable city, and often the residence of Roman Empe\xc2\xac \nrors, is now, says Dr. Meyers, (Voyage en Italie,) in a \ndesolate state. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1689. King William and Queen Mary were crowned \nat Westminster. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1814. Bonaparte abdicated the government of France, \nand Louis XVIII. was soon after recalled to occupy the \nthrone of his ancestors.^ \n\n12, 1 /OO. Died at London, in the 56th year of his age, \nJohn Seddon, an eminent writing master, who, in \nfancy, invention, and the ornamental parts of penman\xc2\xac \nship, greatly excelled all his contemporaries;+ more espe\xc2\xac \ncially in the variety of his flourished figures, for which lie \nhad a peculiar genius. Pencilled knots and figures, sprig\xc2\xac \nged letters, and most of the gewgaw decorations so much \nin vogue in Seddon\xe2\x80\x99s time, have long since been consigned \nif to the vault of the Capulets,\xe2\x80\x9d as repugnant to the natu\xc2\xac \nral province of the pen, and outraging the just principles \nof penmanship. Hence succeeding masters,\xc2\xa7 discarding \nthis useless and laborious trifling, have, by a just combi- \n\n\n* See Arith. Quest. 10th edit. \n\nf It is worthy of remark, that none of the Kings of France have \nbeen succeeded by their own sons for nearly two centuries : the \npresent King, Charles X., succeeded his brother Louis XVIII., \nwho succeeded his brother Louis XVI., who succeeded his grand\xc2\xac \nfather Louis XV., who likewise succeeded his grandfather Louis \nXIV., when about five years old; nor has the present king any \nson to succeed him in the event of his death. \n\n+ The most eminent of whom were, Snell, Ayres, Clarke, \nMore, Shelly, Ollyffe, and Snow. See August 10, 1575. \n\n\xc2\xa7 Of which number Mr. Champion deserves particular notice, \nfor his numerous, able, and well-known chirographic performances. \nHe was a native of Chatham, in Kent, where he was born in 1709; \nreceived the chief part of his education in Foster-Lane school, \nunder Mr.Snell, to whom he served an apprenticeship; and after\xc2\xac \nwards became a celebrated private teacher, and master of an \nacademy in Bedford Street, Bedford Row, where he resided in \n1761. We have endeavoured to discover the time and place of \nhis death, but in vain. \n\n\n\n128 \n\n\nAPRIL. \n\n\nnation and tasteful intermixture of the various hands, \nornamented with graceful and easy flourishes judiciously \ndisposed, produced performances in the caligraphic art, \nthat are calculated to yield a high gratification to every \nmind endowed with ability to perceive the beauties of \nproportion, form, and disposition, and to estimate the \nvalue of genuine writing: a species of ingenuity which, \nin the unrivalled hands of a Tomkins, fairly aspired to \nthe denomination of a polite art, founded on the nicest \ndiscrimination of true taste. See Tomkins, Index. \n\nMr. Seddon at his decease was master of Sir John John\xc2\xac \nson\xe2\x80\x99s free writing-school, in Foster Lane, Cheapside; in \nwhich he was succeeded by that indefatigable and elegant \npenman, Mr. Charles Snell, one of the first that prac\xc2\xac \ntised writing in a free, bold, and neat manner. He died \nin 1733, at his house in Sermon Lane, Doctors\xe2\x80\x99 Com\xc2\xac \nmons, as did also the late lamented Mr. Tomkins, who \nlong conducted the school in Foster Lane with distin\xc2\xac \nguished reputation to himself, and benefit to the rising \ngeneration. It is a little singular, that the same seminary \nshould have had the advantage of such talents as those \npossessed by Seddon, Snell, Champion, and Tomkins. \n\n12, 1765. Expired, at his living at Welwyn,* in Hertford- \nshire. Dr. Edward Young, a celebrated poet and divine, \nwho was born at Upham, near Winchester, in 1681. He \nwas the author of many works in prose and verse; but his \n\xe2\x80\x9c Night-Thoughts,\xe2\x80\x9d a species of poetry peculiarly his \nown, and in which he has far exceeded all those who have \nattempted to write in this manner, are esteemed his mas\xc2\xac \nter-piece. In this work, says the pious Hervey, energy \nof language, sublimity of sentiment, and the most exqui\xc2\xac \nsite beauties of poetry, are the least perfections to be ad\xc2\xac \nmired. Almost every line glows with devotion. These \n\xe2\x80\x9c Thoughts\xe2\x80\x9d give the highest entertainment to the fancy, \nand impart the noblest improvement to the mind: they \nnot only refine our taste, but prepare us for death, and \nripen us for glory. I never take up this admirable piece, \ncontinues Mr. Hervey, f but I am ready to cry out\xe2\x80\x94 \nTecum vivere amem, tecum obeam libens , i. e. \xe2\x80\x9c Inspire me \nwith such a spirit, and life shall be delightful, nor death \nitself unwelcome.\xe2\x80\x9d Dr. Young was not the mere specu\xc2\xac \nlative Christian and philosopher. He gave in his life-time \n\n\n* See Arlth. Quest. 10th edit. art. Embroidery, \nf For Hervey, see Dec. 25, 1758. \n\n\n\nAPRIL. \n\n\n129 \n\n\nto the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Fo\xc2\xac \nreign Parts the noble benefaction of 1000 guineas ! \n\n12, 1782. Admiral Rodney gained a splendid victory \nover the French fleet commanded by the Count de Grasse, \nbetween certain islands, situated near Guadaloupe, called \nthe Saints, and the Island of Dominique, in the West \nIndies. See Rodney, Index; Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gazetteer , art. \nGuadaloupe, and Exer. on Neiv Test. 4th edit. No. 97. \n\n13, 1748. Died, at his native place, Blandford, Dorsetshire, \naged 49, the amiable Christopher Pitt, an English \ndivine and poet, who translated Vida\xe2\x80\x99s* Art of Poetry, \nwherein he distinguished himself both by its general ele\xc2\xac \ngance, and by the skilful adaptation of his numbers to the \nimages expressed. But what chiefly raised his name was \nhis translation of Virgil\xe2\x80\x99s iEneid ; which, if we compare it \nwith that of Dryden, we shall find that Dryden leads the \nreader forward by his general vigour and sprightliness, \nand Pitt often stops him to contemplate the excellence of \na single couplet; that Pitt pleases the critics, and Dry\xc2\xac \nden the people; that Pitt is most quoted, and Dryden \nmost read. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1814. Died, in his apartments at Chelsea Hospital, \nCharles Burney, Mus. D. F. R. S., and Member of the \nNational Institute at Paris; whose \xe2\x80\x9c History of Music,\xe2\x80\x9d \nand other valuable works, are well known. Dr. B. was, \nat his death, in the 88th year of his age, having been born \nat Shrewsbury in 1726.f See May 26, 1784. \n\n\n* The \xe2\x80\x9cimmortal Vida\xe2\x80\x9d (styled by Eustace \xe2\x80\x9cThe Christian \nVirgil\xe2\x80\x9d) was thirty years bishop of Alba, iu Piedmont, Italy, and \none of the most excellent Latin poets that has appeared since the \nAugustan age; having been styled the Virgil of the second Augus\xc2\xac \ntan era, in which \xe2\x80\x9c a Raphael painted, and a Vida sang.\xe2\x80\x9d He \nwas born at Cremona, in 1470, and died in 1566, soon after being \nmade bishop of his native place. \n\nCremona now shall ever boast thy name, \n\nAs next in place to Mantua,* next in fame ! \n\nPoi\'E. \n\nf The late Admiral Burney, who died November 17, 1821, \nwas son of the subject of this article, and of course brother to \nMadame D\xe2\x80\x99Arblay, the celebrated novellist, and to the late Dr. \nC. Burney, the eminent Grecian. Admiral Burney accompanied \nCaptain Cook in his last two voyages round the world, and was \none of the most scientific and best geographers in our country. A \n\n\n* See October 15, 70 B. C. \n\nG 3 \n\n\n\n\n\n130 \n\n\nAPRIL. \n\n\n14, 1471. Was fought the battle of Barnet, in which Ne- \nvil, Earl of Warwick, commonly styled \xe2\x80\x9c the king\xc2\xac \nmaker,\xe2\x80\x9d was slain, and victory declared for Edward IV. \nAn obelisk has been erected at the north end of Barnet \nto commemorate this battle. See Miscel. Quest , 3d edit. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1685. Indigence, with its concomitants, sorrow and \ndespondency, brought to his grave, in the 34th year of \nhis age, that eminent English dramatic writer, Thomas \nOtway : \n\n-Kindred spirits, pitying, shall relate \n\nPoor Otway\xe2\x80\x99s sorrows, and lament his fate ! \n\nCharlotte Smith. \n\nIt is said, indeed, that in the rage of hunger, going \neagerly to devour a roll which charity had bestowed, this \nunfortunate poet was choked with the first mouthful, at \nan obscpre house in the Minories, London. \n\nBut what avail\xe2\x80\x99d the poet\xe2\x80\x99s tragic art \nTo please the fancy or to mend the heart ? \n\nIf loud applause by men of taste was given, \n\nThey kindly left him to the care of Heaven. \n****** \n\nCondemn\xe2\x80\x99d to penury, disease, and pain, \n\nHe dragged with weary steps life\xe2\x80\x99s heavy chain. \n\nAnd doomed, with aggravated grief, to find \nThe great regardless and the rich unkind! \n\nAt length the niggard poor relief supplied ; \n\nThe famished Bard but tasted, groaned, and died. \n\nEternal blot on Charles\xe2\x80\x99s vicious reign ! \n\nWhen genius languished in distress and pain ; \n\nWhile pamper\xe2\x80\x99d sycophants,\xe2\x80\x94a servile band, \n\nEnjoyed the favours of his lavish hand. \n\n\nbrighter constellation of genius and learning has seldom irradi\xc2\xac \nated one domestic circle than that which appeared in this family: \nnor was its intellectual brightness more evident than that sun\xc2\xac \nshine of the soul which gives the peace of heaven within, and \ndiffuses happiness on all around. Dr. Johnson, in a letter written \nby him to Mrs. Thrale, upon Captain Burney\xe2\x80\x99s promotion to the \ncommand of the Bristol, a 50-guu ship, in 1781, says, <e 1 am \nwilling, however, to hear, that there is happiness in the world, \nand delight to think on the pleasure diffused among the Burneys. \n1 question if any ship on the ocean goes out attended with more \ngood wishes than that which carries the fate of Burney. I love \nall of that breed whom I can be said to know; and one or two, \nwhom I hardly know, I love upon credit, aud love them because \nthey love each other.\xe2\x80\x9d \n\n\n\n\nAPRIL. \n\n\n131 \n\n\nHis comedies are too licentious to be tolerated at the pre\xc2\xac \nsent day; but his \xe2\x80\x9c Orphan,\xe2\x80\x9d and \xe2\x80\x9c Venice Preserved,\xe2\x80\x9d \ntragedies, contain some of the finest specimens of impas\xc2\xac \nsioned poetry to be found in our language. Otway was \nborn at Trotting, or Trotton, in Sussex.* * * \xc2\xa7 \n\n14, 1707. O. S. Was fought the fatal battle of Almanza,F \nbetween the confederate forces under the Earl of Galway, \nand the French and Spanish, commanded by the Duke \nof Berwick; when most of the English were killed or \nmade prisoners of war, having been abandoned by the \nPortuguese at the first charge. See Berwick, Index, and \nBourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gazetteer. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1711. Louis the Fourteenth\xe2\x80\x99s son, styled the Grand \nDauphin, died of the small-pox at Meudon, a few miles \nW. from Paris. See Aug. 17, 1720, note, and Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s \nGaz. Meudon. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1739. Expired, that great master of harmony, George \nFrederic Handel; and on the 20th he was interred \nin Westminster Abbey, where, by his own order, and at \nhis own expense, a monument was erected to his memory. \nHe was born February 24, 1684, at Halle, in Upper \nSaxony, Germany, and became one of the most eminent \nmasters and composers of music that ever existed: in\xc2\xac \ndeed, his compositions are admired throughout Europe. \nHe resided many years in this country, and met with en\xc2\xac \ncouragement equal to his vast abilities. See May 26, 1784. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1793. The island of Tobago, in the West-Indies was \ncaptured by the English.}; \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1809. Died in his 78th year, at the episcopal palace at \nFulham, in Middlesex, Beilby Porteus, Bishop of \nLondon. He was born at York, commenced his classical \neducation at Rippon School, and finished his studies at \nChrist\xe2\x80\x99s College, Cambridge, where, it is said, an unde\xc2\xac \nviating assiduity and laborious industry occupied and dis\xc2\xac \ntinguished almost every moment of his life. His poem \non \xe2\x80\x9c Death\xe2\x80\x9d gained the Seatonian prize \xc2\xa7 in 1759. The \n\n\n* William Pattison, another poet of genius, born iu Sussex, \ndied of want and the small-pox, at 20 years of age, in 1726. His \nimprudence had long rendered his life miserable. \n\nf Almanza is a small town in the province of Murcia, in about \n39 deg. of north lat. See Wilkinson\xe2\x80\x99s Gen. Atlas. \n\nX See Sept. 14, 1802, and Arith. Quest, art. Tobacco. \n\n\xc2\xa7 The Rev. Thomas Seaton, a native of Stamford, in Lincoln\xc2\xac \nshire, who died about 1750, left by his will an estate to the Uni- \n\n\n\n132 \n\n\nAPRIL. \n\n\nfollowing 1 lines seem so appropriate to the subject, and \nso congenial to the feelings of our common nature on the \napproach of that most awful event, that we cannot refrain \nfrom transcribing them: \n\n\xe2\x80\x9c At thy good time, \n\nLet Death approach ; I reck not\xe2\x80\x94let him but come \nIn genuine form, not with thy vengeance arm\xe2\x80\x99d, \n\nToo much for man to bear. O rather lend \nThy kindly aid to mitigate his stroke, \n\nAnd shed thy comforts o\xe2\x80\x99er me ; then put on \nThe gentlest of thy looks. But chiefly Thou \nWhom soft-eyed Pity once led down from Heav\xe2\x80\x99n, \n\nTo bleed for man, to teach him how to live, \n\nAnd oh ! still harder lesson ! how to die; \n\nDisdain not thou to smooth the restless bed \nOf sickness and of pain. Forgive the tear \nThat feeble Nature drops, calm all her fears, \n\nWake all her hopes, and animate her faith.\xe2\x80\x9d \n\nDr. Porteus was also a strenuous advocate for the abo\xc2\xac \nlition of that diabolical commerce, the slave-trade ;* and \nhe deserves great and unqualified praise for his encourage\xc2\xac \nment of the education of the Negroes upon Mr. Lancas\xc2\xac \nter\xe2\x80\x99s admirable plan.f His private character was unex\xc2\xac \nceptionable ; affable, amiable, easy of access; primitive in \nrespect to manner\'s, and unspotted in point of morals. \nThis venerable and apostolic prelate delivered and after\xc2\xac \nwards published a valuable course of Lectures on the \nGospel of St. Matthew. His remains were interred in a \nvault in the chapel at Sundridge, near Sevenoaks, in \nKent, built and endowed by himself expressly for this \npurpose. \n\n\nversify of Cambridge for ever ; the rents to be disposed of yearly, \nto that master of arts whose poem on a subject given shall be \nbest approved by the vice-chancellor, the master of Clare-Hall, \nand the Greek professor, or any two of them. The subject to be \none or other of the perfections or attributes of the Supreme \nBeing; death, judgment, heaven, hell, purity of heart, or what\xc2\xac \never else may be judged to be most conducive to the honour of \nGod and the recommendation of virtue. The poem to be always \niu English, and to be printed. See Muses Seatoniancc; a com\xc2\xac \nplete collection of the Cambridge prize poems. \n\n* See May 1, 1807. \n\nt See P a S e Introduction, and Arith, Quest. 10th edition, \nart. Century, and Education, Lancastrian. \n\n\n\nAPRIL. \n\n\n133 \n\n\n35, 1776. Fxpired tlie Rev. James Granger, a native of \nShaftesbury, in Dorsetshire. He was a learned and an \ningenious divine, and author of a very entertaining and \nhighly-valuable work in four volumes, Bvo., under the \ntitle of \xe2\x80\x98\xe2\x80\x98A Biographical History of England.\xe2\x80\x9d Being \nseized with a fit whilst administering the Sacrament on \nEaster-Sunday, he died the next day at his vicarage of \nShiplake, a few miles from Henley, in Oxfordshire.* * * \xc2\xa7 \n\nIn human hearts what bolder thoughts can rise \n\nThan man\xe2\x80\x99s presumption on to-morrow\xe2\x80\x99s dawn ? \n\nWhere is to-morrow? In another world. \n\nFor numbers this is certain ; the reverse \n\nIs sure to none.f Young. \n\n16, 1687* Expired, in neglect and obscurity, at an inn at \nKirby-Moorside, a village a little to the west of Scar\xc2\xac \nborough, in the North Riding of Yorkshire, George Vil- \nliers, Duke of Buckingham, the prodigal son of a most \nrapacious father, | who was visited with wealth, beauty, \nparts, dignity, place, and power, only to shew their \ninsignificancy, when unaccompanied with wisdom and \nvirtue. \n\nTo whom can riches give repute or trust, \n\nContent or pleasure, but the good or just ? \n\nJudges and senates have been bought with gold ; \n\nEsteem and love were never to be sold. Pope. \n\nHe took with him, says Oldmixon, a company of ruf\xc2\xac \nfians into Yorkshire, got money from the tenants by force, \nwas guilty of a riot at an inn, and died !! Pope\xe2\x80\x99s affecting \nlines on the death of Villiers are quoted in the Arith. \nQuest., where also are mentioned some particulars con\xc2\xac \ncerning this celebrated spendthrift. Bee art. Fatal Effects \nof Profligacy, No. 372. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1746. The Duke of Cumberland gained a complete \nvictory over the rebels at - Culloden, near Inverness, in \nScotland; an auspicious event, which terminated the re\xc2\xac \nbellion begun in 1745.\xc2\xa7 The cruelties practised by the \n\n\n* His death was similar to that of the Cardinal de Berulle, \nwho died in 1629. See October 2. \n\nf See Death, Sudden, Index; and Arith. Quest, art. Procras\xc2\xac \ntination. \n\n+ See Aug. 23, and November 19, 1628. \n\n\xc2\xa7 See Arith. Quest, art. Scotch Rebellions, and Miscell. Quest, \nin English Hist. \n\n\n\n\n134 \n\n\nAPRIL. \n\n\nDuke\xe2\x80\x99s army upon the defenceless inhabitants of the ad\xc2\xac \njacent districts, after the battle, are detailed in Smollett\xe2\x80\x99s \nHistory of England. In consequence of these barbarous, \nbecause unnecessary, severities, the Duke was many years \nafter designated by the title of \xe2\x80\x9cthe Butcher.\xe2\x80\x9d See \nHorace Walpole\xe2\x80\x99s Memoirs of the last Ten Years of the \nReign of George II. \n\n16, 1788. Died in France, in the 81st year of his age, the \nfar-famed Count de Buffon, a man of uncommon \ngenius and surprising eloquence, the most astonishing \ninterpreter of nature that perhaps ever existed, and often \nstyled the \xe2\x80\x9cFrench Pliny.\xe2\x80\x9d* He spent fourteen hours \nevery day in study; and when we examine the extent of \nhis knowledge and the number of his works, we wonder \nat his having executed so much even in that time. He \nwas born at Montbard, in the department of Cote d\xe2\x80\x99Or, \nProvince of Burgundy, at which place his remains were \ninterred. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1825. Died at the seat of the Countess of Guildford, \nPutney Hill, Surrey, Henry Fuseli, an eminent painter, \nborn at Zurich, in Switzerland. He and the famous La- \nvater studied together at Berlin, and on his quitting the \nphysiognomist for London, he received from him a slip \nof paper containing this monition, \xe2\x80\x9c Do the third part of \nwhat you can do.\xe2\x80\x9d In presenting this oracular prescript, \nhe said, \xe2\x80\x9c There, my dear friend, hang that up in your \nbed-chamber; keep the counsel constantly in mind, and I \nknow what will be the result.\xe2\x80\x9d The first employment of \nFuseli in England was that of a teacher and translator of \nlanguages; he afterwards became one of the most cele\xc2\xac \nbrated artists of his time, and President and keeper of the \nRoyal Academy. In domestic life he was a most affec\xc2\xac \ntionate husband, was distinguished by his activity and \ntemperance, and was a very early riser, generally rising \nwith and sometimes before the sun. His life was extended \nto more than 80 years. \n\n17, 1668. Expired Sir William Davenant, an eminent \npoet, born at Oxford in 1605. He acquired great repu\xc2\xac \ntation by writing poems and plays, and succeeded Ben \nJonson as poet-laureat,f in 1637- In the time of the \n\n\n* He was styled the French Pliny, because, like that ancient \nphilosopher, he studied Natural History. \n\nf The laureat\xe2\x80\x99s province is to write half-yearly laudatory \nverses ; a practice which, it is said, exists in England alone. The \n\n\n\n\nAPRIL. \n\n\n135 \n\n\ncommonwealth lie was imprisoned; but at the intercession \nof Milton, his life was saved, and he was set at liberty. \nAfter the restoration of Charles II. he revived the drama, \nand obtained a patent for a new theatre in Lincoln\xe2\x80\x99s-Inn- \nFields, where he died. \n\n17, 1711. Joseph I., Emperor of Germany, died at Vienna, \naged 33. His reign of only six years was employed in an \nunsuccessful attempt to secure the crown of Spain to his \nbrother, in which he was assisted by the English, and the \nbattles of Ratnellies, Oudenarde, Almanza, Malplaquet, \nBriheuga, and Villa Viciosa, were fought in his reign.\xe2\x80\x94 \nBourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gazetteer, and Butler\xe2\x80\x99s Min. Quest 3d edit. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1761. Expired, in the 85th year of his age, the cele\xc2\xac \nbrated Benjamin Hoadly, Bishop of Winchester, born \nin 167G, at Westerham, * * near Seven-Oaks, in Kent. \nHaving preached a sermon, March 31, 1717, on \xe2\x80\x9cThe \nNature of the Kingdom of Christ,\xe2\x80\x9d in which he asserted \nthe true dominion established by our Saviour, he drew on \nhimself the indignation of almost all the clergy, and oc\xc2\xac \ncasioned the famous Bangorian controversy; a contest \nwhich, as Steele observes, ended in the utter confusion \nof his enemies.f Hoadly\xe2\x80\x99s learning, ingenuity, and con\xc2\xac \ntroversial talents were admitted by his keenest opponents; \nand his good sense and candour operated more to concili- \n\n\ncelebrated Gibbon took the liberty of recommending its abolition, \nand, in order to render bis advice more palatable to the court, \nseasoned it with an elegant compliment. From \xe2\x80\x9c Augustus to \nLouis,\xe2\x80\x9d says be, \xe2\x80\x9cthe Muse has too often been false and venal; \nbut 1 much doubt whether any age or court cau produce a similar \nestablishment of a stipendiary poet, who, in every reign, and at \nall events, is bound to furnish twice a-year a measure of praise \nand verse, such as may be sung in the chapel, and, I believe, in \nthe presence of the sovereign. 1 speak the more freely, as the \nbest time for abolishing this ridiculous custom is, while the \nprince is a man of virtue, and the poet^ a man of genius.\xe2\x80\x9d \n\nGibbon\xe2\x80\x99s Decline , &c., chap. lxx. \n\n* See January 2, 1727. \nf See Steele\xe2\x80\x99s Letters, Vol. I. pp. 173, 180. \n\n\nt The poet at that time was Thomas Warton. The present iaureat \nis Dr. SouLhey, a gentleman of acknowledged merit, born at Bristol, \nand now residing amid the beautiful scenery of Keswick, in Cum\xc2\xac \nberland. See Feb. 23, 1800. See also, Arith. Quest, art. Laureat, for \nan account of the origin of this office. \n\n\n\n\n\n\n136 \n\n\nAPRIL. \n\n\nate the respect and affections of the community towards \nthe religious establishment of the country, than the con\xc2\xac \nduct of any of his contemporaries. \n\nEngland must long revere a Hoadly\xe2\x80\x99s name ; \n\nThy prelate Winchester, hath fix\xe2\x80\x99d his fame. \n\nMeek, unaspiring, virtuous, and sincere. \n\nFirm in opinion, in his tenets clear ; \n\nFearless, a literary war he wag\xe2\x80\x99d, \n\nAnd prejudice and error both engag\xe2\x80\x99d. \n\nHe wrote for Truth , and in her cause prevailed ; \n\nAnd, full of days and honour, liv\xe2\x80\x99d to see \n\nTh\xe2\x80\x99 eulightened realm by what lie taught more free. \n\nKeate. \n\nSee November 3, 1534. \n\n1/, 1/90. Died at Philadelphia, aged 84, Dr. Benjamin \nFranklin, the legislator of America, and the prime \nmover of every measure taken in that country, which \ncaused the separation from Great Britain; whose disco\xc2\xac \nveries in science have associated his name with that of \nNewton; whose political reflections have placed him by \nthe side of a Solon and a Lvcurgus; and the unremitting \nlabours of whose whole life were directed to public utility. \nHe was originally a printer, and a native of Boston, in \nAmerica. The account which he himself has left of his \nlife, as Dr. Price well remarks, shews, in a striking man\xc2\xac \nner, how a man, by talents, industry, and integrity, may \nrise from obscurity to the first eminence and consequence \nin the world. See Dec. 16, 1783. \n\n18, 1689. Died, in the Tower of London, from the united \neffects of terror and intemperance, deservedly execrated \nby mankind, the infamous Judge Jefferies, Baron \nWem.* He was, says Burnet, scandalously vicious, \ndrunk every day, and furiously passionate; and, when Lord \nChief Justice, he even betrayed the decencies of his post, \nby not affecting to appear impartial, as became a judge,f \nand by running upon all occasions into noisy declamation. \n\xe2\x80\x9cThe memory of the just is blessed, but the name of the \nwicked shall rot.\xe2\x80\x9d Prov. x. 7- His cruelties in the West \n\n\n* The town thus disgraced by having given a title to such a \nbrutal ruffian, is a few miles north of Shrewsbury, in Shropshire; \nand his birth-place was Acton, near Wrexham, in Denbighshire, \nWales. \n\nf See Arith. Quest, art. Kenyon. \n\n\n\nAPRIL. \n\n\n13/ \n\nof England, after the Monmouth rebellion, are noticed in \nthe Arith. Quest ., and in Mis. Quest, in English Hist. * \n18,1794. Died, that eminent lawyer and upright states\xc2\xac \nman, Charles Pratt, Earl Camden, who acquired im\xc2\xac \nmortal honour as a British magistrate, by granting John \nW ilkes a Habeas Corpus, and afterwards, on his being \nbrought before the Court of Common-Pleas, discharging \nhim from the Tower, where that celebrated political \nwriter had been confined by an illegal general warrant. \nHis wise, equitable, and intrepid conduct on this remark\xc2\xac \nable occasion, so interesting to every true-born Briton, \nwas so acceptable to the nation, that the city of London \npresented him with the freedom of their corporation in a \ngold box, and desired his picture, which was put up in \nGuildhall. \n\nWith hand impartial still prepared to wield \nThe sovereign\xe2\x80\x99s sword, or raise the people\xe2\x80\x99s shield, \nArray\xe2\x80\x99d in state, behold a Camden claim \nHis country\xe2\x80\x99s reverence and his virtue\xe2\x80\x99s fame; \n\nHis patriot aspect still the culprit awes, \n\nAnd speaks the firm assertor of the laws. \n\nShee\xe2\x80\x99s Commemoration of Sir J. Reynolds. \n\nThe cities of Dublin, Bath, Exeter, and Norwich, also \npresented him with the freedom of their respective corpo\xc2\xac \nrations. \n\nThe son of this distinguished nobleman, the present \nMarquess, to his immortal honour, performed a munifi\xc2\xac \ncent act of patriotism a few years ago in relinquishing a \nlucrative sinecure. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1802. Expired, at the Priory, near Derby, Erasmus \nDarwin, M. D. As a physician, he took every oppor\xc2\xac \ntunity to impress a dread of spirituous liquors on the \nminds of his patients ; and certainly the most eminent of \nthe faculty unanimously concur with him in declaring, \nthat the general effect of drinking ardent spirits, is an \ninflamed liver, leprous eruptions on the face, gout, dropsy, \nepilepsy, melancholy, and insanity.f \n\n\n* It is remarkable, that the late Countess of Pomfret met with \nvery rude insults from the populace on the western road, only \nbecause she was grand-daughter to the inhuman Jefferies. See \nBridgewater, and Taunton, in Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gazetteer. \n\nf Dr. Lettsoin published some years ago, on a half sheet of \npaper, a curious Scale of Health , entitled, \xe2\x80\x9c A Moral and Phy\xc2\xac \nsical Thermometer: or, a Scale of the Progress of Temperance \nand Intemperance.\xe2\x80\x9d The following is a brief abstract of this \n\n\n\n138 \n\n\nAPRIL. \n\n\nDuring liis whole life. Dr. D. was remarkable for \nhumanity of disposition, which was particularly conspi\xc2\xac \ncuous in the care he took even of the lowest animals. * \nHaving arrived at the age which the Psalmist assigns as \nthe usual limit of the life of man, his career of usefulness \nand benevolence was finished by a painless exit; for, after \na few hours\xe2\x80\x99 indisposition, he expired in an elbow-chair, \nwithout the least perceptible emotion whatever; a circum\xc2\xac \nstance the more remarkable, as he had frequently ex\xc2\xac \npressed a strong desire, that the termination of his exist\xc2\xac \nence might be without pain. Dr. Young has emitted a \nsimilar mind-soothing wish in the following affecting \nlines : \n\nAnd since all pain is terrible to man, \n\nThough transient terrible ; at thy good hour, \n\nGently, ah gently, lay me in my bed. \n\nMy clay- cold bed. \n\nSee April 14, 1809. \n\n\nsingular performance, which was taken, as the Doctor informs \nhis readers, from a publication of his friend the late Dr. Rush, in \nAmerica. The original was reprinted in the European Maga\xc2\xac \nzine for February and March, 1810. \n\nTEMPERANCE. \n\nWater, milk and water, small beer;\xe2\x80\x94Health, wealth, serenity \nof mind, reputation, long life, and happiness. \n\nCyder and perry, wine, porter, strong beer;-Cheerfulness, \n\nstrength and nourishment, when taken only at meals, \nand in moderate quantities. \n\nINTEMPERANCE. \n\nPunch, toddy, crank, grog, brandy and water, flip, shrub, bitters \ninfused in spirits, usquebaugh, gin, brandy, rum, whisky. \n\n-Vices ; idleness, peevishness, quarrelling, fighting, \n\nlying, swearing, obscenity, swindling, perjury, burglary, \n\nmurder, suicide.- Diseases; sickness, tremors of the \n\nhands, bloatedness, inflamed eyes, red nose and face, \nsore and swelled legs, jaundice, pains in the limbs, \ndropsy, epilepsy, melancholy, madness, palsy, apoplexy, \ndeath.- Punishments; debt, black-eyes, rags, hun\xc2\xac \n\nger, hospital, poor-house, jail, whipping, the hulks, \nBotany Bay, gallows. \n\n* An amiable quality which is strongly enforced in his \xe2\x80\x9c Plan \nfor Female Education.\xe2\x80\x9d See Sect. 17. See also, on this sub\xc2\xac \nject, art. Musca and Lepus, in the Exercises on the Globes, and \nArith. Quest. 10th edit. art. Horse. \n\n\n\n\n\n\nAPRIL. \n\n\n139 \n\n\nDr. Darwin was born at Elton, near Newark, in Not\xc2\xac \ntinghamshire, in 1731. His chief works are, \xe2\x80\x9c Zoono - \ninia, or the Laws of Organic Life;\xe2\x80\x9d \xe2\x80\x9cThe Botanic Gar\xc2\xac \nden;\xe2\x80\x9d \xe2\x80\x9cThe Temple of Nature\xe2\x80\x9d (a posthumous publica\xc2\xac \ntion); and \xe2\x80\x9cA Plan for the Conduct of Female Educa\xc2\xac \ntion in Boarding Schools,\xe2\x80\x9d a work containing many \nuseful hints to those who are entrusted with the care of \nFemales. \n\n19, The sun enters the constellation &, Taurus, the Bull. \nSee Exer on the Globes. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1390. Robert II., king of Scotland, the first of the \nStuarts, died in his castle of Dundonald, south of the \nriver Irvine, Airshire, and had reigned nineteen years. \nHe carried on war by his generals, and was generally suc\xc2\xac \ncessful. He administered justice diligently and impar\xc2\xac \ntially, severely restrained robbery, was steady in his con\xc2\xac \nduct, and faithful to his word. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1529. Origin of the Term Protestant. On this \nday a few of the electors and princes of Germany, joined \nby the inhabitants of Strasburgh, Nuremberg, Ulm, Con\xc2\xac \nstance, Hailbron, and seven other cities, published a Pro - \ntestation against a decree of the Diet, (the assembly of the \nStates of the German empire,) and petitioned the emperor \nto have it revoked. Hence the name of Protestants was \nat that period given to the reformers of religion in Ger\xc2\xac \nmany; and it has since become the general denomination \nof sects of every description, who, continuing to profess \nChristianity, abjure the errors of Popery, whose adherents \nare called Romanists, Catholics, Roman Catholics, or \nmore properly Papists, because of their subjection to the \nPope,* whom the greater part of them receive and honour \nas Christ\xe2\x80\x99s vicar, and universal bishop. \n\nThe Protestants in England are divided into confor\xc2\xac \nmists and non-conformists ; or, as they are commonly \ndenominated. Churchmen and Dissenters. The former \nare those who conform to that mode of worship and form \nof church government which are established and sup\xc2\xac \nported by the state; the latter are those who meet for \ndivine worship in places of their own.f The term Dis- \n\n\n* In Latin Papa , a name at first given to all bishops, but \nafterwards appropriated to the bishop ot Rome, when he usurped \nthe office of universal bishop. See July 8, 1174. \n\nf The first institution of this kind in England was a pres\xc2\xac \nbytery, established Nov. 20, 1572, at Wandsworth, a village \n\n\n\n140 \n\n\nAPRIL. \n\n\nsenter or Protestant Dissenter comprehends more espe\xc2\xac \ncially those of the three following 1 denominations, Presby\xc2\xac \nterians , Independents, and Baptists.* * See, on the sub\xc2\xac \nject of Protestant Dissenters, the Rev. Samuel Palmer\xe2\x80\x99s \nadmirable little work, entitled, \xe2\x80\x9c The Protestant Dis\xc2\xac \nsenter\xe2\x80\x99s Catechism.\xe2\x80\x9d \n\n19, 1739. Died Dr. Saunderson, professor of mathe\xc2\xac \nmatics at Cambridge. He had been blind from two years \nof age, and yet was a very learned man, and the greatest \nmathematician of his time; he formed an orrery himself, \nwith which he gave lectures to his pupils. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 17/3. Commenced a civil war between Great Britain \nand her American colonies. At Lexington, between \nBoston and Concord,f in North America, the first oppo\xc2\xac \nsition was made to the British troops on this memorable \nday. The chief origin of this contest was, the refusal of \nthe Anglo-American colonies to be taxed, unless they \nwere represented in the British Parliament. See Miscel\xc2\xac \nlaneous Quest., also Dr. Gordon\xe2\x80\x99s Mist, of the American \nIVar. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1791. Died at Hackney, in the sixty-ninth year of his \nage, the celebrated Dr. Richard Price, a Dissenting \nMinister, universally known for his numerous and valu\xc2\xac \nable writings, theological, moral, and scientific. He was \nthe friend of man, and though one of the most diffident,]; \n\n\nabout five miles from London, on the river Wandle, and adjacent \nto the banks of the Thames, in Surrey. \n\n* Protestant Christianity in general cannot be defended on \nany other principles than those on which Dissenters found their \nseparation, viz. The right of private judgment, liberty of con\xc2\xac \nscience, the acknowledgment of Christ alone as head of his \nchurch, and the sufficiency of the Holy Scriptures as the rule of \nfaith and practice. \n\nf This place, which is situated in a pleasant and healthful spot \nabout eighteen miles from Boston, owes its name to the peace\xc2\xac \nable manner in which it was obtained from the natives, in 1635, \nby the English settlers. It is famous in the history of the Ame\xc2\xac \nrican Revolution, as having been the seat of the Provisional \nCongress in 1774 ; and the general court has frequently held its \nsessions here when contagious diseases have prevailed in Boston. \nSee Dr. Morse\xe2\x80\x99s Amer. Gaz. \n\nJ In Mr. Morgan\xe2\x80\x99s concise, but pleasing Memoirs of Dr. R. \nPrice, a remarkable instance is recorded of the effect which was \nonce produced by his diffidence. Having detected au error of the \nfamous M. De Moivre, but doubting his own accuracy, he puzzled \n\n\n\n\n\nAPRIL. \n\n\n141 \n\n\nhe was one of the most intrepid assertors of his rights, \nand one of the most distinguished patriots and benefactors \nof nations. His private character exhibited fervent and \nexalted piety ; his charity was diffusive, for he gave away \na fifth of his income to the necessitous. In the midst of \nthe severest agony of pain he frequently exclaimed, that \n\xe2\x80\x9c the goodness of God was unquestionable.\xe2\x80\x9d \xe2\x80\x9c While \nlooking forward to death,\xe2\x80\x9d said this benevolent and vene\xc2\xac \nrable man, a short time before his decease, \xe2\x80\x9c there is \ncomfort in being able to reflect \xe2\x80\x94that we have not lived in \nvain, and that all the useful and virtuous shall meet in a \nbetter world beyond the grave.\xe2\x80\x9d* \' \\ \n\n-Oh how great to mingle interest \n\nWith all the sons of reason, scatter\xe2\x80\x99d wide \nThro\xe2\x80\x99 habitable space, wherever born ! \n\nTo call heav\xe2\x80\x99n\xe2\x80\x99s rich, unfathomable mines \n\nOur own ! to rise in science as in bliss ! Young. \n\n19, 1804. Between this day and the 14th of the following \nMay, 2,500 of the white inhabitants of St. Domingo were \nindiscriminately butchered by the ensanguined Negroes, \nencouraged by their infuriate commander. General \nDessalines : and the dreadful work of destruction then \nceased from necessity, for no more victims remained. \n\nSt. Domingo, the second in size, and, before its trou\xc2\xac \nbles, one of the most prolific of the West-India Islands, \nwas discovered by Columbus in 1492. He called it His- \n\n\nhimself so much in the correction of it, that the colour of his \nhair, which was naturally black, became changed in different \nparts of his head into spots of perfect white.\xe2\x80\x94It is related of \nGuarini, who first introduced Greek into Italy, that losing a box \nof manuscripts by shipwreck, it caused him so much grief, that \nhis hair became gray in a single night. He died in 1460. (Diet. \nUniv. Historique; Literary Gazette, Jan. 14, 1826.) Ludovico \nSforza\xe2\x80\x99s is said to have become gray from fear, \'l\'he same is \nasserted of Marie Antoinette\xe2\x80\x99s, the wife of Louis XVI., though \nnot in quite so short a period. To grief, and not to fear, this \nchange in hers was to be attributed. Lord Byron seems to \nhave had these instances in his mind when he wrote his Pri\xc2\xac \nsoner of Chiilon. \n\nMy hair is gray, but not with years ; \n\nNor grew it white \nIu a single night. \n\nAs men\xe2\x80\x99s have grown from sudden fears. \n\n* See Feb. 22, 1723 ; Feb. 6, 1804 ; and Oct. 14, 1601. \n\n\n\n\n142 \n\n\nAPRIL. \n\n\npaniola, or Little Spain: but a city which he founded \nthere in 1494, being dedicated to St. Dominic/ the entire \nisland was at length styled St. Domingo. The Spaniards \nare said to have destroyed in battle and in cold blood \nabove 3,000,000 of the aborigines (including women and \nchildren) before they achieved the conquest of the whole \ncountry. The French, in their late conflicts with the \nblacks, were guilty of the basest treachery, and the most \natrocious barbarities. The contest terminated, however, \nin the sovereignty of the African race over that extensive \nand fertile island, and they completely established them\xc2\xac \nselves as an independent state, in spite of the strenuous \nexertions of that most powerful nation. The new sove- \n\n\n* Dominic de Gusman, a Spanish priest, born in 1170, at Ca- \nlaroga, in Old Castile, was the founder of the famous monastic \norder (\xe2\x80\x98ailed Dominicans, whose power, authority, and influence, \nbecame universal. They had a monastery in Oxford, and another \nwith a commodious convent in London, on the banks of the \nThames, whence the place is still called Black-Friars, from the \nname by which the Dominicans were known in England. They \nwere perpetually employed in stigmatizing with the opprobrious \nterm heretic numbers of learned and pious men ; in encroaching \nupon the rights and properties of others, to augment their pos\xc2\xac \nsessions ; and in laying the most iniquitous snares and stratagems \nfor the destruction of their adversaries. They were the principal \ncounsellors, by whose instigation and advice Leo X. was deter\xc2\xac \nmined on the condemnation of Luther.* The papal see never \nhad more active and useful abettors than this order, and that of \nthe Jesuits, founded by Ignatius Loyola, who was born in Guipus- \ncoa, a province in the north-east part of Spain, in 1491, died at \nKoine in 1556, and was canonized in 1622. The intriguing \nJesuits were suppressed in 1773 ; but the late Pope, duly appre\xc2\xac \nciating the value of such powerful coadjutors, resuscitated that \nhateful and rapacious monster, ecclesiastical supremacy, and by \na bull or brief, dated August 7, 1814, completely re-established \nthis company of arch impostors. They were, however, banished \nfrom Spain and Russia in 1820. See May 24, 1814, and July 21, \n1814. \n\nThe kinds of friars are very numerous: Augustine\xe2\x80\x94Domini\xc2\xac \ncan, or black , or preaching friars\xe2\x80\x94Franciscan, or gray, or beg\xc2\xac \nging friars ; and Carmelites, or white friars.\xe2\x80\x94 Rees\xe2\x80\x99s Cyclop. \n\nDominic died at Bologua in 1211, or, according to other ac\xc2\xac \ncounts, in 1221. \n\n\n* See an account of the Dominicans in Burnet\xe2\x80\x99s Travels through \nFrance, &c. p. .11, or Moshkim\xe2\x80\x99s Eccl. Hist. Yol. III. p. 294, 8vo., and \nin Dr. Rees\xe2\x80\x99s New Cyclop, and Ency. Brit - \n\n\n\n\n\nAPRIL. \n\n\n143 \n\n\nreign of St. Domingo (Dessalines) restored to it the \nancient name Hayti, and declared himself Emperor, by \nthe style of James the First* \n\nBelievers in the moral government of a benign God, \ndo not hesitate to consider the late successes of our dark- \ncoloured brethren as symptoms which appear to develop \na providential plan for the relief of that much-injured \npeople, and the just punishment of their merciless op\xc2\xac \npressors. It has been calculated, that the voracity of \nEuropean avarice has been glutted with the murder of \n180,000,000 blacks, since the commencement of that \ngreatest opprobrium of the commercial Christian world, \n\xe2\x80\x9cThe Slave Trade!\xe2\x80\x9d See Arith. Quest, art. Sugar; \nand Ecver. on the Globes , art. Apis. See also May ], \n\n1S07- \n\n19, 1807. Expired John Opie, Professor of Painting to \nthe Royal Academy; and, in the eye of an applauding \npublic, one of the first painters in the English school. \n\nTo Opie\xe2\x80\x99s pencil liberal Nature gave \n\nHer fleeting forms with truth severe to save; \n\nTo paint emotion in its liveliest glow ; \n\nTo thrill with horror or to melt with woe. \n\nThese Nature all! Cottle. \n\nThe early productions of this self-taught genius obtain\xc2\xac \ned for him the title of the Painting Chatterton ;f but, \nthough he strongly resembled that wonderful poet in \nardour and perseverance, a just distinction is claimed in \nfavour of his moral character; as he had the happiness of \nseeing a mother and a sister as much benefited, as they \nmust have been delighted, by his prosperity. Mr. Opie \nwas born in May, 1761, near Truro, J in Cornwall, of \nreputable parents; his father and grandfather having been \nmaster carpenters in that neighbourhood, and his mother \nof a good family. His remains were deposited near those \nof Sir Joshua Reynolds,\xc2\xa7 in St. Paul\xe2\x80\x99s Cathedral; where \nhe had, at an early age, expressed a wish to be buried. \n\nThe lectures on Painting, which this powerful artist \ndelivered at the Royal Academy, have been published by \nhis widow, the authoress of several popular and amusing \n\n\n* See June 2, 1811. \n\nt See Chatterton, Index. J See Foote, Index. \n\n\xc2\xa7 See Reynolds and Barry, Index. \n\n\n\n\n144 \n\n\nAPRIL. \n\n\nworks, who lias prefixed to the lectures a Memoir of the \nAuthor\xe2\x80\x99s Talents and Character. \n\n19, 1824. Lord Byron died at Messolunglii, Misologio, \nor Missolonghi, Turkey in Europe. He was a poet of \nextraordinary fancy, but of licentious manners. His \nremains, with the exception of his heart left in Greece to \nbe placed in a mausoleum, were brought to England and \ninterred in the family vault at Hucknall, about 8 miles \nW. of Nottingham. He was 36 years of age. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1829. The Earl of Buchan died at Dryburg Abbey, \non the banks of the Tweed, in his 87th year. He was the \npatron of Burns and other literary characters, and was an \ninflexible patriot. \n\n20, 1534. Elizabeth Barton, commonly called \xe2\x80\x9cThe \nHoly Maid of Kent,\xe2\x80\x9d a religious impostor, was executed \nat Tyburn, London. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1653. Cromw t ell went to the House of Commons and \ndissolved the Parliament, desiring one of his soldiers to \ntake away that fool\xe2\x80\x99s bawble, the mace ! \n\nThe mace is an ensign of authority borne before ma\xc2\xac \ngistrates : \n\nHe mightily upheld that royal mace \n\nWhich now thou bearest. Spenser. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1657- The renowned Blake entirely destroyed sixteen \nSpanish ships, (secured with great nautical skill, and well \nprotected by a castle and forts on the shore,) in the har\xc2\xac \nbour of Santa Cruz,* in Teneriffe, one of the Canary \nIslands, near the north-west coast of Africa. This was \nthought, at the time, to be one of the greatest naval ex\xc2\xac \nploits that had ever been accomplished. It was, indeed, \nso miraculous, says the Earl of Clarendon, that all men \nwho knew the place wondered that any sober man, with \nwhat courage soever endowed, would ever have undertaken \nit; and the victors could hardly persuade themselves to be\xc2\xac \nlieve what they had done ; whilst the surviving Spaniards \ncomforted themselves with the belief that thev were devils, \nand not men, who had destroyed their ships in such a \nmanner. As this was the greatest, so it was the last ac\xc2\xac \ntion of this gallant man ; for, being at the time nearly \nconsumed by a dropsy and scurvy, he shortly after has\xc2\xac \ntened home, that he might yield his last breath in his \nnative country;\xe2\x80\x94and as lie came within sight of land, he \nexpired !f \n\n* See July 24, 1797. \n\nf See August 17, 1697, and September 4, 1657. \n\n\n\nAPRIL. \n\n\n145 \n\n\n20, 1689. Londonderry, in the north of Ireland, was \ninvested by a considerable army belonging to James II., \nwho for some time commanded it in person : but the \nheroic inhabitants and garrison, under the direction of \nMr. Walker, a clergyman, though reduced to the ex\xc2\xac \ntremity of famine, so valiantly defended the place, that \nthe siege was abandoned by the enemy, with the loss of \nabout 9,000 men. The inhuman cruelties practised by \nthe French General, Rosene, upon the defenceless Protes\xc2\xac \ntants, near Londonderry, are particularly related by \nSmollett. See June 30, 1689. \n\n21, 753, B. C. Romulus began to lay the foundation of \nthe city of Rome, on the banks of the Tiber, and at the \ndistance of about sixteen miles from the sea. The 21st \nof April was therefore called \xe2\x80\x9c Dies Natalis JJrbis Romas \xe2\x80\x9d \nor the Birth-day of the City of Rome. The festivals of \nPales were annually celebrated on this day, with great \nsolemnity, by the ancient Romans : and when Rome be\xc2\xac \ncame powerful, a from of worship was established to her \nas a Deity, and temples were raised to her honour. The \ngoddess Roma was represented, like Minerva, all armed, \nand sitting on a rock, holding a pike in her hand, her \nhead being covered with a helmet, and a trophy at her \nfeet. (See Eocer. on the Globes , art. Minerva, Lupus, and \nPales.)\xe2\x80\x94The Pantheon is the most perfect of the temples \nnow remaining at Rome; and St. Peter\xe2\x80\x99s Church, accord\xc2\xac \ning to Mr. Duppa, is the grandest display of architectural \nsplendour that ornaments the Christian world. See \nArith. Quest, art. St. Paul\xe2\x80\x99s Church, and Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gaz. \nart. Rome. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 323, B. C. Alexander the Great, a native of \nPella,* died in the 33rd year of his age, through intoxi\xc2\xac \ncation, at Babylon, on the Euphrates, a river which runs \ninto the Persian Gulf, in Asia,f and was interred at \n\n\n* Pella was a celebrated town of Macedonia, a country which \nwas situated between Thrace, Epirus, and Greece (in the modern \nTurkey in Europe). It became the capital of the country after \nthe ruin of Edessa. Philip, kiug of Macedonia, was educated \nthere; and in consequence of Alexander haviug been born there, \nhe is often styled Pellceus Juvenis, the Pellajan Youth, and some\xc2\xac \ntimes the \xe2\x80\x9c Pellsean Chief.\xe2\x80\x9d The tomb of the poet Euripides \nwas in the neighbourhood. See Cell auius\xe2\x80\x99s Geo. Ant., Tab. 11. \n\nPella is now called Janizza; it would be placed in modern \nmaps about 30 miles S. W. of Salonichi, the ancient Thessalo- \nnica. \n\nf See Cellar ius\xe2\x80\x99s Geo. Ant., Tab. 28. \n\nii \n\n\n\n146 \n\n\nAPRIL. \n\n\nAlexandria, in Egypt; a city which he had himself built. \nSee March 21, 1801, and Arith. Quest, art. Diana\xe2\x80\x99s \nTemple, and Wine, Schiras. \n\n21, 1142. Expired, near Chalons, in France, Peter Abe\xc2\xac \nlard, one of the most learned doctors of the twelfth \ncentury, born at Palais, a village four leagues from Nantz, \n(in the department of Lower Loire,) 1079, and famous \nfor his attachment to Heloise, a canon\xe2\x80\x99s niece at Paris. \nAbelard\xe2\x80\x99s body was sent to Heloise and deposited in the \nParaclete, at Troyes, and she was also buried in the same \nsepulchre, in 1163. Their remains after the French \nRevolution were removed to the Museum at Paris, and \nafterwards to the cemetery of Pere la Chaise. Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s \nGazetteer. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1807. Expired, while on a visit in London, the Rev. \nGeorge Walker, F. R. S., many years an eminent Dis\xc2\xac \nsenting Minister at Nottingham, and a mathematician of \nsingular accomplishment. His volumes of printed ser\xc2\xac \nmons are pregnant with the celestial fire of genius, and \nwith the vigour of noble sentiments. His Appeal to the \nPeople of England upon the subject of the Test Laws, \nwas, in the opinion of Mr. Fox and Mr. Wakefield, the \nbest pamphlet published on that occasion. Of a petition \nfor recognizing American independence, drawn up bv \nhim, Mr. Burke declared that he would rather have been \nthe author of that piece, than of all his own compositions. \nBut these qualifications, great and estimable as they are, \nconstitute but a mean part of his praise. He was an in\xc2\xac \ntrepid advocate in the cause of truth, liberty, and virtue; \nmanifesting on all occasions an undeviating rectitude of \nconduct\xe2\x80\x94a mind infinitely superior to every sensation of \nmalice and resentment\xe2\x80\x94a breast overflowing with the \nmilk of human kindness\xe2\x80\x94an ardour, an enthusiasm in \nlaudable pursuits\xe2\x80\x94and an unwearied assiduity, even to \nhis own hindrance, in public services.\xe2\x80\x94Mr. Walker was \nborn at Newcastle-upon-Tyne in the year 1735. \n\n22, 1509. Expired at his favourite palace at Richmond, \nin Surrey, Henry VII., a native of Pembroke, in South \nWales. He was magnificently buried in the Chapel \nbuilt by and named after him, in Westminster Abbey. \nHis ruling passion was a love of \xe2\x80\x9cfilthy lucre;\xe2\x80\x9d he \nleft behind him nearly two millions of money extorted \nfrom his subjects; but to atone for his avarice he con\xc2\xac \nverted the palace of Savoy into a Hospital, and built \nsome religious houses. The palace stood near the north \n\n\nAPRIL. 147 \n\nabutment of Waterloo bridge, Strand, Westminster. See \nMiscell. Quest, in Eng. Hist. \n\n22, 1663, is the date of the charter by which the Royal \nSociety of England became a corporation. This So\xc2\xac \nciety is a body of persons of eminent learning; instituted \nby King Charles II. for the promoting of natural know\xc2\xac \nledge. It had its origin in an assembly of ingenious men \nresiding in London, who, being inquisitive into natural \nand experimental philosophy, agreed, about the year \n1645, to meet weekly on a certain day, to discourse upon \nsuch subjects. The members of this Society annex to \ntheir names the letters F. R. S., which mean. Fellow of \nthe Royal Society. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1707. Was born, at Sharpham Park, a small distance \nfrom Glastonbury, in Somersetshire, Henry Fielding, \none of the most celebrated English writers, in the line of \nwit and humour, and styled by Sir Walter Scott the father \nof the English Novel. His \xe2\x80\x9c Joseph Andrews,\xe2\x80\x9d and \n\xe2\x80\x9c Tom Jones,\xe2\x80\x9d are familiar to all who have any relish for \ngenuine humour and characteristic incident, and have \nconferred immortality upon their author. His genius ap\xc2\xac \npears to most advantage in those strong, lively, and na\xc2\xac \ntural paintings of the characters of mankind, and the \nmovements of the human heart, which constitute the \nbasis of his novels. \xe2\x80\x9c Tom Jones\xe2\x80\x9d is considered as the \nmost perfect of his works. His marriage with a lady \npossessed of a fortune of <^1500, and an estate of ^200 \na year at his mother\xe2\x80\x99s death, and his great literary talents, \nmight have secured him an honourable support; but by \nindulging a ridiculous passion for appearing a man of \nlarge fortune, he reduced himself from a handsome com\xc2\xac \npetency to the unpleasant situation of having no fortune \nat all, and accepted the Office of an acting magistrate for \nMiddlesex. (See Sharpham Park, Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gazetteer.\') \nFielding died at Lisbon, whither he had gone for the re\xc2\xac \ncovery of his health, in 1754. The last gleams of his ge\xc2\xac \nnius were displayed in a small piece, entitled \xe2\x80\x9c A Journey \nto Lisbon.\xe2\x80\x9d The first sentence in it comes with a touching \neffect on those who are \xe2\x80\x9c saluted by a father\'s honoured \nname .\xe2\x80\x9d He was interred in the burying-ground of the \nEnglish Factory at Lisbon, where a monument was \nerected to his memory by his countrymen in that city, \non which was inscribed an elegant epitaph, from the pen \nof Le Chev. de Meyrionet, the French Consul, but there \nis no stone now to indicate where his remains lie. \n\n_ 1715 There was a famous eclipse of the sun, about \n\nh 2 \n\n\nJ 48 \n\n\nArRIL. \n\n\nnine o\xe2\x80\x99clock in the morning: the darkness was so great \nfor about three minutes and thirteen seconds, that the \nstars appeared and the birds and other animals seemed to \nbe in great consternation. A solar eclipse is an occulta* \ntion or hiding of the sun\xe2\x80\x99s body from our sight, occa\xc2\xac \nsioned by an interposition of the moon between the earth \nand sun. \n\n23, St. George\xe2\x80\x99s Day. St. George has been chosen by \nEngland and Portugal for their patron saint. He is ge\xc2\xac \nnerally represented on horseback, encountering with a \ndragon; and is highly venerated in all the countries \nwhich adhere to the rites of the Greek Church. Great \ndifficulties have, however, been raised about this saint \nor hero. Some have called his very existence in ques\xc2\xac \ntion ; others suppose him only a symbolical device of \nvictory; and, finally, Mr. Gibbon has sunk him into an \nArian* bishop of Alexandria in Egypt, and the rival of \nAthanasius, in the reigns of Constantius and Julian, and \nsays, at the close of the article, \xe2\x80\x9c The infamous George \nof Cappadocia ,f having assumed the mask of a martyr, \na saint, and a Christian hero, has been transformed into \nthe renowned St. George of England, the patron of arms, \nof chivalry, and the garter.\xe2\x80\x9d* The occasion and manner \nof his death, both as related by ecclesiastical writers and \nMr. Gibbon, with other particulars concerning him, may \nbe seen in the Ency. Brit. art. George, St. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1215. Louis IX., styled St. Louis, was born at Neu- \nville, near Beauvais, in the province of the Isle of France. \nHe was the son of Louis VIII., was a zealous crusader, a \nlover of justice, and a benevolent prince. See Aug. 25, \n12/0, and Tunis, Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gaz. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1616. William Shakspeare, the great poet of na\xc2\xac \nture, and the glory of the British nation, expired on the \n\n\n* See Geo. Exer. on the New Test. art. Arian. \n\nf Thus surnamed, according to our author, from his parents \nor education ; and was born at Epiphania, in Cilicia. Cappado\xc2\xac \ncia and Cilicia are districts in Asia. See Geo. Exer. on the New \nTest. \n\nJ The order of the garter, which was instituted April 23,1349, \nby Edward III., is the most noble and ancient of any lay-order in \nthe world. The knights companions are generally princes and \npeers ; and the King is the sovereign or chief. The college of \nthe order is seated in the castle of Windsor, within the chapel of \nSt. George, where the knights are always installed. \n\n\n\nAPRIL. H9 \n\nanniversary of his natal day, * at his native town of \nStratford-upon-Avon, in Warwickshire: \n\nThere sweetest Shakspeare, Fancy\xe2\x80\x99s child, \n\nWarbled his native wood-notes wild. \n\nMilton. \n\nAs a dramatic writer he was an absolute original, and \n-of such a peculiar cast as hath perpetually raised and \nconfounded the emulation of his successors ; a compound \nof such very singular blemishes, as well as beauties, that \nthese latter have not more mocked the toil of every as\xc2\xac \npiring undertaker to emulate them, than the former; as \nllaws intimately united to diamonds, have baffled every \nattempt of the ablest artists to take them out without \nspoiling the whole. \n\nLike Homer, Dante, Milton, Spenser, Young, \n\nThe Bard of Avon hath sublimely sung : \n\nWhat loftier praise can fondest judge confer ? \n\nYet must concede his warmest flatterer. \n\nThat deeper learning had improv\xe2\x80\x99d his taste, \n\nToo oft by low vulgarities debased. \n\nBurton\'s Bardiad. \n\nDr. Johnson\xe2\x80\x99s sublime lines on Shakspeare are admi\xc2\xac \nrably descriptive of his unrivalled powers, and are said \nto contain the noblest eulogy that ever was bestowed on \na poet : \n\nEach change of many-coloured life he drew : \n\nExhausted worlds, and then imagin\xe2\x80\x99d new. \n\nExistence saw him spuru her bounded reign. \n\nAnd pantiug Time toil\xe2\x80\x99d after him in vain. \n\nIn the beginning of King James\xe2\x80\x99s reign, he was one \nof the principal managers of the playhouse, till having \nacquired such a fortune as satisfied his moderate wishes \nand views in life, he quitted the stage and all other busi\xc2\xac \nness, and passed the remainder of his time in an honour\xc2\xac \nable ease. He was born in 1564, and was the eldest son \nof a. considerable wool-dealer at Stratford. \n\nThe ground on which Shakspeare\xe2\x80\x99s dwelling-house \nstood is now a garden ; and every Englishman will con\xc2\xac \ncur with Mr. Malone, in wishing that it may enjoy per\xc2\xac \npetual verdure and fertility ! \n\nIn this retreat our Sijakspeare\xe2\x80\x99s god like mind, \n\nWith matchless skill survey\xe2\x80\x99d all human kind. \n\n\n* See February 22, 1806. \n\n\n\n\n150 \n\n\nAPRIL. \n\n\nHere may each sweet that blest Arabia knows, \n\nFlowers of all hues, and without thoru the rose, \n\nTo latest time their balmy odours fling. \n\nAnd Nature here display eternal spring ! \n\nMalone. \n\n23, 1616. Died Michael Cervantes, a very celebrated \nSpanish writer of plays, novels, and poems; born at \nAlcala de Henares, in 1547. His name is immortalized \nby that admirable satire against knight-errantry and ro\xc2\xac \nmances, \xe2\x80\x9c Don Quixote.\xe2\x80\x9d With all his merit, however, \nand the celebrity of his name, Cervantes with some diffi\xc2\xac \nculty kept himself from starving. See Oct. 7\xc2\xbb 157L \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1702. It being St. George\xe2\x80\x99s-Day, Queen Anne was \ncrowned at Westminster. She was of the Stuart race, \nand daughter of James II. and of his consort, Anne Hyde, \neldest daughter of the celebrated Earl Clarendon. See \nMisceil. Quest, in Eng\'. Hist, and Dinton in Gazetteer. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1740. Died, at Bath, Thomas Tickell, an ingenious \npoet; one of the writers in the \xe2\x80\x9c Spectatorand the \nbeloved friend of Addison, whose death he lamented in \nan elegant elegy. This poem is remarkable for the just\xc2\xac \nness of its sentiments, and the serious dignity of its poe\xc2\xac \ntry. The picture of the funeral in Westminster Abbey, \ncan never be read without exciting deep sympathy. \nTickell was born at Bridekirk, near Carlisle, in Cumber\xc2\xac \nland, in 1686. His grandson, Richard Tickell, who \nthrew himself in a fit of despondency from the window of \nhis bed-chamber in Hampton-Court Palace, and was killed \nupon the spot, Nov. 4, 1793, was the author of some ad\xc2\xac \nmired poems and ingenious political pamphlets, among \nwhich may be mentioned as pre-eminent. Anticipation \nand the Wreath of Fashion. \n\n24, 1558. Mary, Queen of Scots, was married to the \nDauphin, afterwards Francis II. of France. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1799. Died William Seward, a gentleman of for\xc2\xac \ntune, learning, and leisure, who had a peculiar taste for \nmaking \xe2\x80\x9c Biographical Sketches of Eminent Characters \nin different Ages and Countries.\xe2\x80\x9d His \xe2\x80\x9c Anecdotes of \nDistinguished Persons,\xe2\x80\x9d 5 vols. 8vo., and his \xe2\x80\x9c Biogra- \nphiana,\xe2\x80\x9d 2 vols. 8vo., were very popular. He was born \nin London, 1747- \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1814. Louis XVIII., king of France, sailed from \nDover on his way to Paris, after being exiled from his \nnative country 22 years. He landed at Calais after a \npassage of less than two hours and a half. See April \n11, and September 16; also Calais, Gazetteer. \n\n\n\nAPRIL. \n\n\n151 \n\n\n-5, 68. As Saint Mark, says Calmet, was celebrating \nthe holy communion on this day, at Alexandria, in Egypt, \nthe Pagans, exasperated at his success as a minister of \nthe gospel, putting a rope about his neck, drew him \nalong from place to place, the whole day; in the evening \nconveyed him to prison; and on the morrow dragged \nhim again through the streets in the same manner, till he \nexpired. Some maintain, however, that he ended his life \nby fire: Calmet supposes that they might burn his body \nafter he was dead; but Jerome asserts, that he expired in \nthe eighth year of Nero, and was interred at Alexandria. \nFrom which we learn, says Dr. Harwood,* that he did \nnot suffer martyrdom. \n\nSt. Mark the Evangelist, according to the greater \nnumber of both ancients and moderns, was the disciple \nand interpreter of St. Peter; and several among the \nformer believed that St. Peter speaks of him in his First \nEpistle, v. 13, calling him his son in the spirit; probably \nbecause he had converted him. It is thought that he \nwas of the number of the seventy disciples ;f and some \nadd, that he was one of those who forsook our Saviour \n(John vi. 66): but after St. Peter had recovered him to \nthe faith, he continued steadfast in it, and went to Rome \nwith him ; where about the year 63 or 64, he wrote his \nGospel, at the request and for the benefit of the Christian \nchurch in that city, which was at that time the metro\xc2\xac \npolis of all civilized nations. He resided at Rome in the \ntime of Paul\xe2\x80\x99s imprisonment; that apostle reckons him \namong his fellow-labourers, and intended to send him to \nColosse; and it is affirmed, that he was present at the \ndeath of St. Peter and St. Paul.}; \n\nSome, among whom is the celebrated Dr. Lardner, \nhave not distinguished him from John Mark, mentioned \nActs xii. 12, 25, xv. 39, and by St. Paul, 2 Tim. iv. 11, \ncontending, that there is but one Mark in the New Tes\xc2\xac \ntament; but this notion is now, according to Calmet, \nalmost entirely relinquished. The evangelist Mark was \nthe son of Mary, a pious woman of Jerusalem, at whose \nhouse the disciples used to meet. See John Mark, \nIndex. \n\n\n* See his learned atid elegant Introduction to the Study of the \nNew Testament; also January 14, 1794. \n\nf Dr. Harwood says, that the assertion of Epiphauius to this \npurport cannot be relied on. \n\n} See June 29, 66. \n\n\n\n\n152 \n\n\nAPRIL. \n\n\n25, 1284. The unfortunate Edward II., son of Edward 1. \nand Eleanor, sister of Alphonso XI., king\xe2\x80\x99 of Castile, was \nborn at Caernarvon. See Butler\xe2\x80\x99s Mis. Quest, and \nArith. Tables; also Sept. 21, 1327. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1595. Expired at Rome, the illustrious poet Tor\xc2\xac \nquato Tasso, and his mortal remains repose in the \nchurch of St. Onofrio. He was born at Sorrento, in the \nkingdom of Naples, in 1544. (See March 11th.) His \nworks shew him to have been a philosopher, an orator, \na logician, a critic, and a poet, excellent in every kind of \ncomposition. His \xe2\x80\x9c Gierusalemme Liberata,\xe2\x80\x9d an epic \npoem,* has been styled by Balzac, a French writer, the \nrichest and most finished work since the age of Augustus. \nSeveral translations of this work have appeared, but a \nrecent one by Mr. Wiflfen combines both the spirit and \nelegance of the original. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1599. Was born, at Huntingdon, upon the Ouse, the \ncelebrated Oliver Cromwell. See Cromwell, Index. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1800. Expired, at East-Dereham, a few miles from \nNorwich, in Norfolk, William Cowper, the much- \nadmired bard, whose chaste and holy song will continue \nto delight, to charm, and to improve mankind, so long as \nvirtue, humanity, and patriotism, shall be esteemed on \nearth, and taste cultivated among men. Keen and saga\xc2\xac \ncious reflections on life and manners ; domestic pictures \nof the tender kind, and a warm admiration of the beau\xc2\xac \nties of nature, distinguish his poetry ; these are moreover \ndignified by the purest and most exalted sentiments of \n\npiety.f \n\nHear Cowper raise his bold and moral song. \n\nArm\xe2\x80\x99d with sweet tenderness, in virtue strong : \n\nTruth, while he sings, lets fall her honest tears, \n\nAnd mad Oppression startles while he hears ! \n\nDr. Linn\xe2\x80\x99s Powers of Genius. \n\nA considerable portion of the life of this mild, amia\xc2\xac \nble, and benevolent man was passed, however, under the \npressure of extreme despair ; his \xe2\x80\x9c morbid melancholy\xe2\x80\x9d \nhaving induced him to cherish the dreadful idea, that lie \nwas forsaken by his Creator; though he had lived in the \ncontinued practice of all the virtues: so \xe2\x80\x9c dark and in\xc2\xac \ntricate were the ways of Heaven\xe2\x80\x9d towards this excellent \nChristian! To him seems applicable what our Saviour \n\n\n* See Arith. Quest. 10th edit, \nt Aik in\xe2\x80\x99s Letters on English Poetry. \n\n\n\n\nAPRIL 15.1 \n\nsaid to Peter: \xe2\x80\x9c What I do, thou knowest not now, but \nhereafter thou slialt know it.\xe2\x80\x9d\xe2\x80\x94When the records of \neternity shall be exposed to our view, the most perplexed \nscenes which have been acted upon the stage of time \nwill be satisfactorily reconciled. It will then be clearly \ndiscerned, that \xe2\x80\x9c All things worked together for good to \nthem that loved God,\xe2\x80\x9d \xe2\x80\x94 that the most puzzling provi\xc2\xac \ndences, in which the truly virtuous were concerned, were, \nas the difficult passage through the wilderness was to Is\xc2\xac \nrael, \xe2\x80\x9c the right way to a city of habitation.\xe2\x80\x9d \n\nHe led their march far wand\xe2\x80\x99ring round ; \n\n\xe2\x80\x99Twas the right way to Canaan\xe2\x80\x99s ground. \n\nWatts. \n\nYe vainly wise ! ye blind presumptuous ! now, \nConfounded in the dust, adore that power \nAnd wisdom oft arraign\xe2\x80\x99d; see now the cause \nWhy unassuming worth in secret liv\xe2\x80\x99d, \n\nAnd died neglected : why the good man\'s share \nIn life was gall and bitterness of soul; \n\nWhy the lone widow and her orphan pin\xe2\x80\x99d \nIn starving solitude : while luxury, \n\nIn palaces, lay straining her low thought, \n\nTo form unreal wants.- \n\nYe good distrest! \n\nYe noble few! who here unbending stand \nBeneath life\xe2\x80\x99s pressure, yet bear up awhile, \n\nAnd what your bounded view, which only saw \nA little part, deem\xe2\x80\x99d evil, is no more : \n\nThe storms of wintry time will quickly pass, \n\nAnd one unbounded Spring encircle all. \n\nThomson. \n\nCowper was born in 1731, at Berkliampstead, Herts; \nresided many years near Olney,* north of Newport Fag- \nnell, on the Ouse, Bucks, (from whose contiguous scenery \nmany descriptions in his elegant poem of the \xe2\x80\x9cTask\xe2\x80\x9d \nwere taken,) and was buried at East-Dereham. Besides \niiis poems, now in every body\xe2\x80\x99s hands, Mr. C. published \na translation of Homer in blank verse, which is highly \nesteemed for its fidelity. \n\n26, 1521. Ferdinand Magellan, a celebrated Portuguese \nnavigator, in the service of the Emperor Charles V., was \nkilled in battle with the natives of the island of Matan, \none of the Philippines. \n\n\n* Hence he is often styled \xe2\x80\x9cThe Bard of Olney.\xe2\x80\x9d \n\nh 3 \n\n\n\n\n\n154 \n\n\nAPRIL. \n\n\nHere brave Magellan led bis hardy band, \n\nAnd perish\xe2\x80\x99d, fighting, by a savage hand ; \n\nThe first who sailed round each discover\xe2\x80\x99d shore, \n\nAnd seal\xe2\x80\x99d a truth but darkly guess\xe2\x80\x99d before. \n\nHervey\xe2\x80\x99s Australia. \n\nHis ship, which was the first that circumnavigated the \nglobe, arrived at Seville, in Spain, Sept. 7, 1622. Ma\xc2\xac \ngellan discovered and passed the Straits at the extremity \nof South America, which still bear his name; and he is \ndeservedly styled the first circumnavigator. See Bur\xc2\xac \nney\xe2\x80\x99s Discovery in S. Sea, and Miscell. Quest, in Eng. \nHist. \n\n26, 1/16. Died, that upright patriot. Lord Somers, Chan\xc2\xac \ncellor of England. He was ever unwearied in the appli\xc2\xac \ncation of his abilities for the service of his country. As a \nwriter, he greatly assisted the cause of Liberty in the days \nof its utmost peril, the period of the Glorious Revolu\xc2\xac \ntion., He was one of the counsel for the Seven Bishops, \n(see June 17, 1688,) and sustained the character of a \njudge, a senator, and a statesman, with the highest repu\xc2\xac \ntation. He was born in the ancient and pleasant city of \nWorcester, in the year 1650, and was interred in the church \nof North Mims, Herts, where a handsome monument is \nerected to his memory. Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gazetteer. \n\n27, 1742. Died, in poverty, at Twickenham, of a broken \nheart, occasioned by the neglect of those whom he had \nessentially served by his pen, Nicholas Amhurst, a \nwriter by profession. His principal literary undertaking \nwas a daily publication called the \xe2\x80\x9cCraftsman,\xe2\x80\x9d which \nwas carried on for a number of years with great spirit \nand success in controlling the power of administration, \nthen conducted by the renowned Sir Robert Walpole. \nAmhurst was a native of Marden, in Kent, was educated \nat Merchant-Taylor\xe2\x80\x99s School, London, and St.John\xe2\x80\x99s Col\xc2\xac \nlege, Oxford, and was buried at the charge of his printer, \nRichard Francklin. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1785 Maximilian Julius Leopold, duke of Bruns\xc2\xac \nwick, having gone upon the waters at Frankfort upon the \nOder, to relieve the inhabitants of a village which was \noverflowed, the boat overset, and he was unfortunately \ndrowned; thus dying, as he is said to have lived, in the \nhighest exertions of humanity, aged 63. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1794 Died, at the premature age of 48, Sir William \nJones, one of the English judges in the Supreme Court \nof Judicature at Calcutta, in Bengal; a man not less \ndistinguished by his zeal for science in general, than by \n\n\nAPRIL. \n\n\n155 \n\n\nhis own great pTe-eminencc in many important branches \nof it. In Oriental learning he perhaps exceeded every \nscholar in this or any other age. Unlike many other emi\xc2\xac \nnent literary characters, Sir William was a sincere and \ndevout Christian, and at all times, lent the Scriptures his \nutmost support. His opinion of the Bible was written \non the last leaf of one belonging to him in these strong \nterms: \xe2\x80\x9c I have regularly and attentively read these Holy \nScriptures ; and am of opinion, that this volume, inde\xc2\xac \npendently of its divine origin, contains more sublimity \nand beauty, more pure morality, more important history, \nand finer strains of poetry and eloquence, than can be \ncollected from all other books, in whatever age or lan\xc2\xac \nguage they may have been composed.\xe2\x80\x9d The following \nepitaph, written by and for himself, is equally admirable \nfor its truth and its eloquence : \n\nHere was deposited \nthe mortal part of a man \nwho feared God, but not death ; \nand maintained independence, \nbut sought not riches ; \nwho thought none below him \nbut the base and unjust; \nnone above him but the wise and virtuous ; \nwho loved his parents, kindred, friends, and country; \nand having devoted his life to their service, \nand the improvement of his mind, \nresigned it calmly, \ngiving glory to his Creator, \nwishing peace on earth \nand good-will to all his creatures, \non the day of \n\nin the year of our Blessed Redeemer. \n\nl> 7, 1/94. Expired, James Bruce, a celebrated traveller \ninto Abyssinia, in Africa; who, after having encountered \ninnumerable perils in distant regions, in search of the \nsource of the river Nile,* met an untimely death by a fall \n\n\n* This discovery was iti vain attempted by the Persians, Greeks, \nand Romans ; and how honourable they esteemed the enterprise \nmay be known from the speech put into Caesar\'s mouth by the \npoe< Lucan : \n\nLong has my curious soul, from early youth, \n\nToil\xe2\x80\x99d in the noble search of sacred truth: \n\n\n\n\n156 \n\n\nAPRIL. \n\n\ndown a staircaise at his seat at Kinnaird, near Falkirk, in \nStirlingshire, Scotland. He is often styled the \xe2\x80\x9c Abyssi\xc2\xac \nnian Traveller.\xe2\x80\x9d \n\n28, -Began at Rome, the Floralia, or feasts in ho\xc2\xac \n\nnour of Flora, the goddess of flowers and gardens. They \ncontinued some days, and were instituted to beg a blessing \non the grass, trees, and flowers. \n\nThe goddess Flora deck\xe2\x80\x99d with flow\xe2\x80\x99rs appears. \n\nOf all the Roman festivals this was the most licentious. \nIt was once checked by the presence of Cato, who went \nout of the theatre on account of some of its improprieties; \nand such was the power of self-conviction, that the com\xc2\xac \npany applauded him for his virtue. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1738. Shakspkare\xe2\x80\x99s tragedy of Julius Csesar was ex\xc2\xac \nhibited at the Theatre Royal, in Drury Lane, for the lau\xc2\xac \ndable purpose of raising money to erect a monument in \nWestminster Abbey to the memory of that immortal bard. \nIt was placed in that interesting spot called the \xe2\x80\x9c Poets\xe2\x80\x99 \nCorner;\xe2\x80\x9d and never could place be named with more \npropriety; for here are to be found the names of Chaucer, \nSpenser, Shakspeare, Jonson, Milton, Drvden, Butler, \nThomson, Gay, Goldsmith, Prior, Rowe, Gray, &c., &c. \nHere also are the tombs of Handel and Garrick. Some of \nthe more remarkable monuments in other parts of this \nsolemn depository of the illustrious dead, are those for \nDr. Watts, Sir Godfrey Kneller, Dr. Mead, Sir Isaac \nNewton, the Earl of Chatham, the Duke of Marlborough, \nSir Cloudesley Shovel, General Wolfe, Lady Nightingale, \nLord Mansfield, Duke of Argyle, &e., &c. Here, like\xc2\xac \nwise, many of our monarchs have been buried ; hence it \nhas been termed \xe2\x80\x9cThe Royal Mausoleum of Great Bri\xc2\xac \ntain.\xe2\x80\x9d (See Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gazetteer, art. Westminster.) These \nmultifarious interments occasioned Dr. Young aptly to \nremark, that Westminster Abbey is an \n\n\nYet still no views have urg\xe2\x80\x99d my ardour more. \n\nThan Nile\xe2\x80\x99s remotest fountain to explore. \n\nHowe\xe2\x80\x99s PharsaUa. \n\nJt is now ascertained, that the hitherto mysterious Nile rises \nin the Mountains of the Moon, in about ten degrees of north la\xc2\xac \ntitude. Some information concerning this river may be found in \nthe Arith. Quest., and Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gazetteer, art. Geesh, Goiular, \nand Nile. See also Exer. on the Globes, art. Antinous, and June \n15, and August 1, in this work. \n\n\n\nAPRIL. \n\n\n] r ** \n\nJo/ \n\n-ancient, sacred, and illustrious dome, \n\nWhere soon or late fair Albion\xe2\x80\x99s heroes come,* \n\nFrom camps and courts, tho\xe2\x80\x99 great, or wise, or just. \n\nTo feed the worm, and moulder into dust; \n\nThat solemn mansion of the royal dead, \n\nWhere passing slaves o\xe2\x80\x99er sleeping monarchs tread, \n\nNow populous o\xe2\x80\x99erfiows. \n\nThe Last Day , Book ii. \n\nIt has been often noticed, that the magnificence of its \nbuilding, the solemn beauty of its architecture, and the \nprofusion of its monumental sculptures, are admirably \ncalculated to inspire the contemplative visitor of the Ab\xc2\xac \nbey with devout thoughts. The pious Addison has the \nfollowing impressive observation on this subject: \xe2\x80\x9c When \nI look upon the tombs of the great, every emotion of envy \ndies within me; when I read the epitaphs of the beautiful, \nevery inordinate desire goes out; when I meet with the \ngrief of parents upon a tombstone, my heart melts with \ncompassion; when I see the tomb of the parents them\xc2\xac \nselves, 1 consider the vanity of grieving for those whom \nwe must quickly follow; when I see kings lying by those \nwho deposed them; when I consider rival wits placed side \nby side; or the holy men that divided the world with their \ncontests and disputes, I reflect with sorrow and astonish\xc2\xac \nment on the little competitions, factions, and debates of \nmankind. When I read the several dates of the tombs, of \nsome that died yesterday, and some six hundred years \nago, I consider that Great Day f when we shall all of us \nbe contemporaries, and make our appearance together \nSpectator, No. 26, \n\n28, 17/2. The Counts Struensee and Brandt, the for\xc2\xac \nmer the minister, and the latter the favourite of the King \nof Denmark, were beheaded at Copenhagen, having their \nright hands previously cut oflf. Struensee was accused of \n\n\n* The immortal Nelson\xe2\x80\x99s exclamation, on commencing the \nbattle of the Nile, was, \xe2\x80\x9cVictory or Westminster Abbey!\xe2\x80\x9d\xe2\x80\x94 \nThus Horace: \n\n-ho roe \n\nMomento cita mors venit, aut victoria laeta. \n\n-in a moment\'s flight \n\nDeath, or a joyful conquest, ends the fight. \n\nFiuncis. \n\nt Great Dav, for which all other days were made. \n\nYoung. \n\n\n\n\n\n\nAPRIL. \n\n\n158 \n\nhaving 1 had an intrigue with the queen, who was, in con\xc2\xac \nsequence, confined in the castle of Cronenburgh, near \nElsineur, and afterwards conducted to Zell, in Germany. \nSee May 10, 1775. \n\n28, 1789. Captain Bligh and nineteen of his men were \ncompelled, by the mutinous crew of the Bounty, to go \ninto an open boat near Annamooka, one of the Friendly \nIslands. They reached the Island of Timor, south of the \nMoluccas, in June, after a perilous voyage of 1200 leagues. \nSee Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gazetteer. \n\n29, The Greeks place the festival of Onesiphorus, who \nis mentioned honourably by St. Paul.* * * \xc2\xa7 He came to \nRome, A. D. 65, while this apostle was in prison in that \ncity,f and at a time when almost every one had forsaken \nhim. He arrived there from Asia, where he had already \nbeen serviceable to the church. Having found St. Paul \nin bonds, after long seeking him, he assisted him to the \nutmost of his power; on which account the apostle wishes \nall sorts of benedictions on himself and his family. Some \nsay that he was bishop of Colophon; others, of Csesarea, \nwithout distinguishing which Csesarea. He is placed \namong the seventy disciples; and the Roman martyrology \nasserts that he suffered martyrdom. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1779. Expired, in his fifty-fifth year, at Pershore, in \nWorcestershire, the Rev. John Ash, LL. D., an eminent \nDissenting Minister; author of a popular \xe2\x80\x9cEnglish Gram\xc2\xac \nmar ;\xe2\x80\x9d \xe2\x80\x9cThe Complete English Dictionary;\xe2\x80\x9d \xe2\x80\x9cSenti\xc2\xac \nments on Education;\xe2\x80\x9d and other useful publications. Dr. \nAsh\xe2\x80\x99s Dictionary is valuable because it has most of the \nscientific terms with their derivation, and also both the \npast and present participles of verbs.\xe2\x80\x94Pershore, the place \nof Dr. A.\xe2\x80\x99s death, is about nine miles north-east of Tewkes\xc2\xac \nbury, in Gloucestershire, and the same distance south-east \nof Worcester. It is upon the Avon. \n\n30, 66. Died at Rome, in the 27th year of his age, by phle\xc2\xac \nbotomy, at the instance of Nero, + Lucan, the Latin poet, \na native of Cordova,\xc2\xa7 in the south of Spain. His chief \nwork is his \xe2\x80\x9c Pharsalia,\xe2\x80\x9d in which he gives an account of \n\n\n* 2 Tim. i. 16. f 2 Tim. i. 16, 18. \n\nX Among the number of persons wantonly sacrificed by this \n\xe2\x80\x9c Imperial Monster,\xe2\x80\x9d were his own mother, wife, preceptor, \n\n(Seneca,) and the apostle Paul.\xe2\x80\x94See June 29, 66. \n\n\xc2\xa7 Cordova, or Corduba, gave birth also to Seneca, Maimonides, \nand Avenoes. \n\n\n\n\n\n\nAPRIL. \n\n\n159 \n\n\nthe civil wars between Pompey and Caesar.* This poem \nwas translated into English by Mr. May, (who wrote a \ncontinuation of it to the death of Julius Caesar, both in \nLatin and English,) and more recently by Mr. Rowe, who \ndid not live to witness its publication. See Pharsalia, \nnote, Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gazetteer. \n\n30, 1524. The Chevalier Bayard was buried near Gre\xc2\xac \nnoble. He was a distinguished French warrior, and \nFrancis the First chose to be knighted by his sword. \nBayard was mortally wounded in the retreat from Rebec. \nOrdering his squire to place him against a tree with his \nface to the enemy, on the Constable of Bourbon, then \nfighting against his country, coming up and expressing \nhis regret at seeing him in this situation, the dying Che\xc2\xac \nvalier exclaimed, \xe2\x80\x9c It is not I who am to be pitied, but \nyou, who arc bearing arms against your king, your coun\xc2\xac \ntry, and your oath.\xe2\x80\x9d He was about fifty years of age. \nSee Butler\xe2\x80\x99s Arith. Quest. No 502, note; also Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s \nGaz. Bresse, Grenoble, Mezieres, and Rebec. \nf- 1598, The edict of Nantes was approved, signed, and \n/ sealed by Henry IV. of France. It ordained an oblivion \nand amnesty of all that was past; the re-establishment \nof the Protestant religion and worship in all those places \nwhere it had been interrupted, and the restoration of its \nchurches, houses, and revenues; the quiet and undisturbed \nresidence of the Hugunots, or Reformed, in all parts of \nthe kingdom not specially prohibited. See Oct. 24, 1685, \nand Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gazetteer, art. Nantes. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1/45. Battle of Fontenoy, near Tournay, in the \nNetherlands, between the French, under Count Saxe, and \nthe English, Dutch, and Austrians, commanded by the \nDuke of Cumberland. The battle was fought with great \nobstinacy, and the carnage on both sides was very consi\xc2\xac \nderable. The allies lost about 12,000 men : the victory \ncost the French almost an equal number of lives; and no \nhonour was lost by the vanquished.f \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1/89. The renowned Washington was inaugurated \nPresident of the United States, in the city of New York, \namid the acclamations of thousands of spectators. This \nconsummate patriot, general, and statesman, after having \nby his sword obtained the independence of that vast con\xc2\xac \ntinent, and by his wisdom established her security, trade, \nand happiness, with a greatness of mind, without example \n\n* See Arith. Quest. Battle of Pharsalia. \nf See April 16, 1746, and Oct. 31, 1765. \n\n\n\n\n\n160 \n\n\nAPRIL. \n\n\nin modern times, voluntarily descended from the pinnacle \nof power to enjoy the otium cum dignitnte * in the bosom \nof his family, amid the peaceful and pleasing occupations \nof agriculture. He was born in Virginia, Feb. 11, 1732; \nand died Dec. 14, 1790, without a sigh or groan, at Mount \nVernon, his family seat, a few miles from Washington, \nthe metropolis of the United States. See Marshall\xe2\x80\x99s \nLife of Washington; also Arith. Quest., 10th edit. art. \nWashington and Agriculture. \n\nThe city of Washington obtained its name in honour \nof the saviour of America. It stands in the territory of \nColumbia, and is situated at the junction of the rivers \nPotomac and the Eastern Branch; a spot scarcely to be \nexceeded in point of salubrity and beauty by any in the \nworld. The plan of the city combines every thing grand \nand beautiful. \n\n30, 1795. Died in Paris, at the age of 80, Barthelemy, \nthe Nestor,f of French literature, and author of that justly \ncelebrated work, \xe2\x80\x9cThe Travels of Anacharsis in Greece.\xe2\x80\x9d \nHis mind seems to have been an immense treasure of \neverything that could purify the morals, perfect the taste, \nrender man more dear to man, and contribute to the \nsplendour of his country. See Cassis, Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gazetteer. \nThe death of Barthelemy affords a remarkable proof of \nthe spontaneous force of uninterrupted habits of study. \nHe had been slightly looking over the newspaper, when \nsuddenly he called for a Horace, opened the volume, \nfound the passage which he wished to consult, and on \nwhich he paused for a moment; and then, too feeble to \nspeak, made a sign to bring him Dacier\xe2\x80\x99s; but his hands \nwere already cold, the Horace fell\xe2\x80\x94and the classical and \n\n\n* Leisure and respect. He enjoys his otium cum dignitate \xe2\x80\x94 \nHe is withdrawn from business, and is honoured in his retreat. \n\nf Nestor was King of Pylos (now Navarino), a town on the \nsea-shore in Messenia, the western part of Peloponnesus, now \nthe JMorea, in Turkey in Europe. \n\nNestor, whom Pylos\xe2\x80\x99 sandy realms obey\xe2\x80\x99d. \n\nPope\xe2\x80\x99s Homer. \n\nHomer displays his character as the most perfect of all the \nGrecian heroes engaged in the siege of Troy; being distinguished \nfor eloquence, address, wisdom, justice, and an uncommon pru \xc2\xac \ndence of mind. He lived to a great age, from which circum\xc2\xac \nstance it was usual among the Greeks and the Latins, when they \nwished a long and a happy life to their friends, to wish them to \nsee the years of Nestor. He is often styled the \xe2\x80\x9c Pylian Sage.\xe2\x80\x9d \n\n\n\nAPRIL. \n\n\n161 \n\n\ndying mail of letters sunk into a fainting fit, from which \nhe never recovered. See D\xe2\x80\x99Israeli on Lit. Character; \nand July 18, 1374. \n\nBy one of his biographers it is said that he was reading \nthe 4th Epistle of the 1st Book of Horace, in which is the \nfollowing verse : \n\nBy hope inspir\xe2\x80\x99d, depress\xe2\x80\x99d with fear, \n\nBy passion warm\xe2\x80\x99d, perplex\xe2\x80\x99d with care. \n\nBelieve, that every morning\xe2\x80\x99s ray \nHath lighted up thy latest day ; \n\nThen, if to-morrow\xe2\x80\x99s sun be thine, \n\nWith double lustre shall it shine. \n\n30, 1827- The foundation stone of the London University, \nin Gower Street, was laid by his Royal Highness the \nDuke of Sussex. The mallet used on this occasion was \nthe same which was employed in laying the first stone of \nSt. Paul\xe2\x80\x99s Cathedral, and presented by its great architect. \nSir Christopher Wren, to the Masonic Lodge of Anti\xc2\xac \nquity, of which he was a member. \n\n\n( 162 ) \n\n\nMAY. \n\n\nAll things are now renew\xe2\x80\x99d ; a youthful dress \nAdorns the flow\xe2\x80\x99rs, and beautifies the trees ; \n\nNew swelling buds appear upon the vine, \n\nAnd apple blossoms round the orchards shine; \n\nBirds fill the air with the harmonious lay, \n\nAud lambkins in the meadows frisk and play. \n\nMassey\xe2\x80\x99s Ovid\'s Fasti. \n******* \n\n\xe2\x80\x99Tis Nature\xe2\x80\x99s revel; all her works rejoice ! \n\nGay laughs the landscape, all that lives is gay ; \n\nLight bound the flocks ! the birds exalt their voice; \n\nAnd all things shout, and bless delightful May ! \n\nFawcett. \n\n\xe2\x80\x9c Rosy-footed May,\xe2\x80\x9d the fifth month of the year, the \nconfine of Spring and Summer, received its name, say some, \nfrom Romulus, who gave it this appellation in respect to \nthe senators and nobles of his city, who were denominated \nmoj ores. \n\nThus from the word Majores, we believe, \n\nThis month the name of May did first receive. \n\nOthers supposed it was so called from Maia, the mother \nof Mercury, to whom they offered sacrifices on the first day \nof it. In this month the plants of the earth in general begin \nto flower. \n\nDay\xe2\x80\x99s harbinger,* \n\nComes dancing from the East, and leads with her \nThe flow\xe2\x80\x99ry May ; who from her green lap throws \nThe yellow cowslip and the pale primrose. \n\nMilton. \n\nThe orchards also in the cider counties now display their \nhighest beauty in the delicate bloom of the apple-blossoms ; \nexhibiting, as Thomson justly remarks. \n\nOne boundless blush, one white-empurpled shower \nOf mingled blossoms. \n\nAn unrivalled view of this kind is afforded from the sum\xc2\xac \nmit of Malvern-Hills, which are alike celebrated for the vir- \n\n\n* See Exer. oti the Globes, art. Aurora. \n\n\n\nMAY. \n\n\n163 \n\n\ntues of tlie waters,* the salubrity of the air, the enchanting \nscenery, and the extensive and variegated prospects which \nthey command.f They are situated in the several counties \nof Worcester, Gloucester, and Hereford, and from their \nsummit may be seen the three cathedrals of those districts. \nTheir highest point is about 1313 feet above the surface of \nthe river Severn at Hanley. \n\nExuberant Hereford ! whose favour\'d plains \nBoast their four harvests in the circling year. J \n\nDr. Booker\xe2\x80\x99s Malvern. \n\n\n* The copious and charming spring called Malvern-Wells is \nin the vicinity of the two villages. Great and Little Malvern, \nabout six miles from the city of Worcester. It rises on the \neastern side of the hill; and Dr. Wall, an eminent physician of \nWorcester, assures us, by many quotations from classical as welt \nas medical authors, that it furnishes water of the purest and \nmost medicinal qualities. It is one of the most health-restoring \ndraughts offered by the hand of Hygeia to invalids. \n\nf These beautiful and admired hills have been celebrated in \ntwo elegant and nervous poems : one of them written by Dr. \nBooker, the other by Mr. Cottle; the former is entitled Malvern , \nthe latter Malvern-Hills .\xe2\x80\x94Justly has it been observed, that no \nideas are more grateful and soothing to the mind, than those \nwhich are suggested by a retrospect on youthful scenes, and a \nrecollection of those enjoyments which are never to return. On \nthe mention of lVIalvern-Hills (a few miles from Worcester), a \npleasing remembrance of former times presents itself; for there \n\n\xe2\x80\x9c With frequent foot, \n\nPleas\xe2\x80\x99d have I, in my cheerful morn of life, \n\nWhen nurs\xe2\x80\x99d by careless solitude I liv\xe2\x80\x99d,\xe2\x80\x94 \n\nPleas\xe2\x80\x99d have I wander\xe2\x80\x99d thro\xe2\x80\x99 their rough domain." \n\nThe general partiality for our native soil will, I trust afford a \nsufficient apology for the introduction of the preceding, as well \nas the subsequent beautiful and pathetic lines on this interesting \nsubject: \n\nAh happy hills ! ah pleasing shade ! \n\nAh fields belov\xe2\x80\x99d in vain ! \n\nWhere once my careless childhood stray\xe2\x80\x99d, \n\nA stranger yet to pain ! \n\nJ The hay, the corn, the hop, and the fruit harvests : the lat\xc2\xac \nter for cider and perry. The natives also extol the wool, the \nwheat, the wood, and the water of this county, which is more\xc2\xac \nover famed for picturesque beauty : and Philips\xe2\x80\x99s didactic poem \nentitled, \xe2\x80\x9c Cider,\xe2\x80\x9d (which is generally allowed to be the best imi\xc2\xac \ntation of Virgil\xe2\x80\x99s Georgies in any language, and of Milton\xe2\x80\x99s style \nin our own,) has long rendered this fertile district classic ground. \nSee Arith. Quest ., 10th edit, art Cider, Pomona, and Wool. \n\n\n\n164 \n\n\nMAY. \n\n\nit is beyond the power of an antiquary, says Nash, in \nhis \xe2\x80\x9c Worcestershire,\xe2\x80\x9d to describe the beautiful prospects \nfrom this hill. If a distant view delights, here you may \nsee the counties of Monmouth, Hereford, Radnor, Breck\xc2\xac \nnock, Salop, Worcester, Gloucester, Stafford, Warwick, \n&c.; the three cathedrals of Worcester, Gloucester, and \nHereford, together with many market towns. If you are \npleased with a nearer view, the pear-trees of Worcester\xc2\xac \nshire, when in blossom, fprnish such a scene as the world \nbesides cannot equal; on the western side, the apple-trees \nof Herefordshire, with their purple hue, make an agreeable \nvariety; add to this the varied ground, the beautiful little \nhills, and the rich woods which improve the Herefordshire \nprospect. If to the beauty of the situation we add the salu\xc2\xac \nbrity and pureness of the air, we may venture to assert, \nthat, at least for summer months, Malvern is as desirable \na residence as any in England. \n\nMay, \xe2\x80\x9c the goddess of the Spring,\xe2\x80\x9d must be drawn, says \nPeacham, \xe2\x80\x9c with a sweet and amiable countenance, clad in \na robe of white and green, embroidered with daffodils, haw\xc2\xac \nthorns, and blue-bottles.\xe2\x80\x9d \n\nHail! beauteous May, that dost inspire \nMirth and youth, and warm desire ; \n\nWoods and groves are of thy dressing, \n\nHill aud dale do boast thy blessing. Milton. \n\nREMARKABLE EVENTS. \n\n1, May-day. The ancient Romans used to go in proces\xc2\xac \nsion to the grotto of Egeria * on May-day. May-day \nhas also been iminemorially observed in England as a \nrural festival; and high poles, denominated May-poles, \nare in many places profusely decorated with garlands \ncomposed in honour of the day. Round these the pea\xc2\xac \nsantry dance: \n\nAmid the area wide she took her stand, \n\nWhere the tall may-pole once o\'erlook\xe2\x80\x99d the strand. \n\nPope. \n\n* Egeria was a nymph who resided near Rome, in a grove \nwhere Diana was particularly worshipped, and was frequently \nvisited by Numa, the second King of Rome. To facilitate the \nintroduction of his new laws and regulations into the state, he \nsolemnly declared before the Roman people that they were previ\xc2\xac \nously sanctified and approved by the nymph Egeria, whom some \nmaintain to be the same as Diana.\xe2\x80\x94See Eater. on the Globes , art. \nDiana. \n\n\n\nMAY. \n\n\n165 \n\n\nGathering flowers on a May morning is called \xe2\x80\x9cMaying.\xe2\x80\x9d \n\nWhen merry May first early calls the morn. \n\nWith merry maids a maying they do go. \n\nSidney. \n\nZephyr with Aurora playing, \n\nAs he met her once a maying. Milton. \n\nThe celebration of May-day was, moreover, among the \nnumber of triumphal shows exhibited by our ancestors in \nLondon and its environs. It was not only a civic, but a \nroyal amusement; as the kings, queens, and their cour\xc2\xac \ntiers, as well as the citizens, went a maying. \n\nThe late benevolent Mrs. Montague gave, for many \nyears, on May-day, an entertainment at her house in \nPortman Square, to that unfortunate class of miserable \nobjects, the chimney-sweepers of the metropolis. They \nwere heartily regaled with the good old English fare of \nroast-beef and plum-pudding : a dance succeeded; and \nupon their departure, each joyous guest received the \ndonation of a shilling from the liberal mistress of the \nfeast, who, on all occasions, (to use an expression of her \nfavourite poet,*) \n\n\xe2\x96\xa0-had a tear for pity, and a hand \n\nOpen as day for melting charity. \n\nShakspeare. \n\nIt has been pretty generally reported, however incre\xc2\xac \ndible, that the annual entertainment just described, was \noriginally instituted to commemorate the circumstance of \nMrs. Montague\xe2\x80\x99s having once found a boy of her own, or \nthat of a relation, among the sooty tribe. In allusion to \nthis incident, perhaps, a story resembling the adventures \nof this lost child, but said to be an imperfect copy of the \nfact, is pathetically related by the ingenious Montgo\xc2\xac \nmery, in \xe2\x80\x9c The Chimney-Sweeper\xe2\x80\x99s Boy.\xe2\x80\x9d This affect\xc2\xac \ning poem supposes young Edwin to be stolen when about \nthree years old, by a gipsy, who sold him to a chimney\xc2\xac \nsweeper for five guineas While sweeping the chimneys \nof Alcander\xe2\x80\x99s house, his voice discovered him to his \nmother. \n\nNow from the chimney-top did Edwin peep, \n\nAnd, \xe2\x80\x99midst the howling tempest, shouted \xe2\x80\x9c Sweep 1\xe2\x80\x9d \n\nAs the pale moon burst through a parting cloud, \n\nAwhile the wind was hush\xe2\x80\x99d, again he shouted loud: \n\n\n* See Aug. 25, 1800. \n\n\n\n\n\n\n166 \n\n\nMAY. \n\n\nA fearful tremor shook Nerina\xe2\x80\x99s frame, \n\nAnd all the powers of reasoning overcame ; \n\nShe seiz\xe2\x80\x99d Alcander\xe2\x80\x99s arm, and with a grasp \nStrong and convulsive, seem\xe2\x80\x99d for breath to grasp: \n\n\xe2\x80\x9c Hark! hark! she cried\xe2\x80\x94the wind appear\xe2\x80\x99d to sleep. \nAgain poor Edwin shouted, \xe2\x80\x9c Sweep ! sweep! sweep!\xe2\x80\x9d \n\n\xe2\x80\x9c My child ! my child !\xe2\x80\x9d she cried with transports wild! \n\n\xe2\x80\x9c O heav\xe2\x80\x99n ! it is, it is my child, my child !\xe2\x80\x9d \n\nIt will afford pleasure to such of our humane readers \nas are unacquainted with the fact, to he informed, that \nthere is a society now established in London in favour \nof this unhappy tribe; to better their present situation, \nand ultimately to supersede the necessity of employing \nthem at all. Their number has been already lessened, \nand machines have been invented which bid fair, with \nsuch improvements as time and experience may point out, \nto become a good and sufficient substitute for climbing \nboys. \n\n1, St. Philip and St. James the Less. Philip the apos\xc2\xac \ntle, a native of Bethsaida in Galilee,* * * \xc2\xa7 was called to the \napostleship at the beginning of our Saviour\xe2\x80\x99s mission.f \nShortly after, finding Nathanael, Philip said to him, \xe2\x80\x9cWe \nhave found the Messiah Then he brought Nathanael to \nJesus; and they were with him at the marriage of Cana \nin Galilee. When our Saviour intended to feed 5000 \nmen, he asked Philip (only to prove him) whence bread \nmight be bought for such a multitude; the apostle an\xc2\xac \nswered, that 200 pennyworth would not be sufficient for \nevery one to take a little.^ Some Gentiles \xc2\xa7 having a \ncuriosity to see Jesus Christ a little before his passion, \nthey addressed themselves to Philip, who mentioned it to \n\n\n* See Geo. Exer. on the New Test. \n\nf John i. 43, &c.; Luke vi. 14 ; Matt. x. 3. \n\nX John vi. 5\xe2\x80\x947. \n\n\xc2\xa7 The term Gentile, or Heathen, denotes one unacquainted \nwith the true God, and the right way of worshipping. In the \nwritings of Paul, the Gentiles are usuallv termed Greeks : Rom. \ni. 14, 16, ii. 9, 10, iii. 9, 29 ; 1 Cor.\'i. 23, 24; Gal. iu. 28. \nLuke, in the Acts, expresses himself in the same manner: Acts \nvi. 1, xi. 20, xviii. 4, &c. Paul is commonly called the \xe2\x80\x9c Apos\xc2\xac \ntle of the Gentiles,\xe2\x80\x9d because he principally preached Jesus Christ \nto them ; whereas Peter, and the other apostles, preached gene\xc2\xac \nrally to the Jews, and are called the \xe2\x80\x9c Apostles of the Circum- \ncisiou.\xe2\x80\x9d Gal. ii. 8. \n\n\n\nMAY. \n\n\n167 \n\n\nAndrew, and these two together to Christ.* At the last \nsupper, Philip asked our Saviour, if he would please to \nshew them the Father, and that was all they desired. But \nJesus replied, that seeing the Son, they saw the Father \nalso.f This is all that we find of him in the Gospels. \n\nEusebius says, that St. Philip was a married man, and \nhad several daughters, and that he was buried at Hiera- \npolis,J in Phrygia, in which district he had preached. \n\nSt. James Minor, or the Less, surnamed the bro\xc2\xac \nther of our Lord, (Gal. i. 19,) was the son of Cleopas, \notherwise called Alpheus, and Mary, sister to the blessed \nVirgin; consequently cousin-german to Jesus Christ. He \nwas surnamed the Just, for the admirable holiness and \npurity of his life. Our Saviour appeared to James Minor \neight days after the resurrection, 1 Cor. xv. 7, and com\xc2\xac \nmunicated the gift of knowledge to him. He was consti\xc2\xac \ntuted bishop of Jerusalem, where he was considered as a \npillar of the church, when St. Paul first came thither after \nliis conversion. Gal i. 18, A. D. 51, (see Acts xv. 13, &c.,) \nand soon after suffered martyrdom in a tumult at the tem\xc2\xac \nple. The Epistle of St. James was written a little before \nhis death. \n\n1, 304. Diocletian, \xc2\xa7 a celebrated Roman emperor, pub\xc2\xac \nlicly abdicated the crown at Nicomedia, || after a reign of \ntwenty-two years in the greatest prosperity, and retired to \na private station at Salona, his native place,\xc2\xaef[ where he is \nsaid to have found more felicity from cultivating his little \ngarden, than he had formerly enjoyed in a palace, in the \nplenitude of power. \n\n\n* John xii. 20\xe2\x80\x9422. t Johu xiv. 8\xe2\x80\x9410. \n\nX See Geo. Exer. on the New Test. \n\n\xc2\xa7 See Dioclea, Salona, and Spalatro, Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gazetteer. \n\n|| Nicomedia was the capital of Bithynia, (a country of Asia \nMinor, south of the Euxine or Black Sea,j and, for its beauty \nand magnitude, has been compared to Rome, Antioch, and Alex\xc2\xac \nandria. It was the residence of the emperor Constantine, and \nmost of his imperial successors, and was delightfully situated \nadjacent to the eastern part of the Propontis (now the Sea of \nMarmora). See Geo. Exer. on the New Test. \n\n^ Salona was a town of Dalmatia, about ten miles from the \nAdriatic Sea, or Gulf of Venice, in 44 deg. of north lat. \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n168 \n\n\nMAY. \n\n\nIf any ask me what would satisfy \nTo make life easy, I would thus reply: \n\nAs much as keeps out hunger, thirst, and cold, \n\nOr what contented Socrates* of old, \n\nAs much as made wise EpicuRUsf blest, \n\nWho in small gardens spacious realms possess\xe2\x80\x99d. J \n\n\n* Socrates was unjustly put to death by poison at Athens, his \nnative place, about 400 years B. C., in the seventieth year of his \nage. See Arith. Quest. 10th ed. art. Socrates. \n\nf Epicurus was born of obscure parents, at Gargettium, or \nGargettus, in Attica, a country of Achaia, great part of which \nwas in the north part of the Peloponnesus, now the Morea. Its \nmost famous city was Athens. This eminent philosopher gene\xc2\xac \nrally addressed his hearers (who, in consequence of the amenity \nof his manners and his social virtues, were very numerous) in \nthose well-known gardens called after his own name; hence he \nis often styled \xe2\x80\x9cThe Garden Philosopher;\xe2\x80\x9d he is also called \n\xe2\x80\x9c The Gargettian,\xe2\x80\x9d from the place of his birth. He taught his \nfollowers, that the happiness of mankind consisted in pleasure; \nuot such as arises from sensual gratification, or from vice, but \nfrom the enjoyments of the mind, and the sweets of virtue. His \ndeath happened in the seventy-second year of his age, 270 vears \nB. C. \n\nIt has been well remarked, that the same love of elegance which \nmade the philosophers of Greece attend to their style, made them \nattend even to the places where their philosophy was taught. \nPlato delivered his lectures in a place shaded with groves, on the \nbanks of the river Ilissus, at a fine villa or pleasure-house about \na mile from Athens ; and which, at it once belonged to a person \ncalled Academus, was called, after his name, Academy; hence \nevery place sacred to learning has ever since beeu called Academia, \nor Academy. Aristotle chose another spot of a similar charac\xc2\xac \nter at Athens, adjacent to the same river, where there were trees \nand shades, a spot denominated the Lyceum ; and as he usually \nwalked while he instructed his pupils, they were called Peripate\xc2\xac \ntics. The Lyceum took its name front its having been originally \na temple of Apollo Lyceus ; or rather, a portico or gallery, built \nby Lyceus, son of Apollo. \n\nIt was in solitudes and sylvan shades \nThe ancient sages taught and tenanted. \n\nIt tvas in Academus\xe2\x80\x99 green retreats \nThat Socrates his sapient precepts gave, \n\nThat Plato\xe2\x80\x99s eloquence enchain\xe2\x80\x99d the throng, \n\nAnd by Ilissus\xe2\x80\x99 far-famed laureat stream, \n\n+ See Arith, Quest. 10th edit. art. Gardening. \n\n\n\nMAY. \n\n\n169 \n\n\nThis is what nature\xe2\x80\x99s wants may well suffice ;* \n\nHe that would more, is covetous, not wise. \n\nDry den\xe2\x80\x99s Juvenal. \n\nDiocletian lived nine years after his abdication, and \ndied in the 68th year of his age; having been the first \nsovereign who voluntarily resigned his power; a philoso\xc2\xac \nphical resolution, which, in later years, has been imitated \nby several other potentates.f Diocletian has been much \npraised for his military virtues, which raised him from a \ncommon soldier to the throne; but his cruelty to the \nChristians, in what is called their 10th persecution, has \nbeen deservedly branded with the appellation of un\xc2\xac \nbounded tyranny and insolent wantonness. \n\n1, 1308. Albert of Austria, the second emperor of this \nhouse, was assassinated near Bruck, in the Canton of \nBern, Switzerland. See the particulars in the Eeeer. on \nthe Globes , lltli edit. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1/00. Died, John Dryden, a man scarcely second to \nany among the English poets, born at Aldwincle, north\xc2\xac \neast of Northampton. He was educated at Westminster \nSchool, under Dr. Busby, and was sent thence to Trinity \nCollege, Cambridge. He translated the works of Virgil, \nJuvenal, and Persius, besides writing a great number of \npoems, chiefly satirical, and twenty-seven plays. Dryden \nwas undoubtedly a man of great genius; but being forced \nto write for bread, he could not take time enough to \nmake his performances always correct. His Ode for St. \nCecilia\xe2\x80\x99s Day, is, however, justly esteemed one of the \nmost perfect pieces in any language, and is usually placed \nat the head of that class of poetry called lyric- The cha\xc2\xac \n\n\nin murmurs soft adown the thymy vale. \n\nEcho\xe2\x80\x99d the magic of the muse\xe2\x80\x99s strain. \n\nMr. W. Fox\xe2\x80\x99s Bagatella. \n\nAristotle, the pupil of Plato, and the preceptor of Alexander \nthe Great, was born at Stagyra: hence he is often styled the \n\xe2\x80\x9c Stagyrite,\xe2\x80\x9d and the \xe2\x80\x9c Philosopher of Stagyra.\xe2\x80\x9d This town \nwas situated on the borders of Macedonia, near the bay into which \nthe river Strymon discharged itself into the gulf, (now called \nContessa,) south of Amphipolis, and east of Thessalonica (now \nSalonichi). Aristotle, according to most accounts, died at Athens, \n322 years B. C., aged 63. \n\n* See Angelo, Index. \n\nf See January 4, 1724; January 16, 1556; and June 4, 1802. \n\n1 \n\n\n\n170 MAY. \n\nracteristics of Dryden are richness and freedom, energ \nand animation.* \n\nPope, the most melodious of writers, has, with his usual \nprecision and elegance, described in the following lines \nthe harmony that is to be found in Dryden\xe2\x80\x99s beautiful \nverse: \n\nWaller was smooth ; but Dryden taught to join \nThe varying verse, the full resounding line, \n\nThe long majestic march, and energy divine. \n\n1, 1707. On this day commenced the Union of England \nand Scotland. See Arith. Quest, and Jan 1, 1801; also \nMiscell. Quest, in Eng. Hist. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1807. That horrid engine of iniquity, the Slave-Trade, \nwhich had so long been an opprobrium to our national \ncharacter, was proscribed with merited ignominy by the \nBritish Parliament during the Foxite administration \xe2\x80\x94 \none of the greatest works of charity ever performed by a \nChristian nation; the best boast of our country and of \nthe times we live in, and which cannot be contemplated \nby the friends of humanity without the liveliest emotions \nof exultation and gratitude. The abolition of this igno\xc2\xac \nminious commerce was, indeed, a most splendid victory, \nnot of force over force, but of philanthropy, conscience, \nreason, and religion, over bigotry, folly, avarice, barbarity, \nand impiety.\xe2\x80\x94Of late, however, it is grievous to say, this \nsystem of atrocity, extinct as it was supposed to be, has \nexhibited some symptoms of reviviscence. At the same \ntime it is gratifying to think, that much of what was done \nhas been effectually done ; and, under the favour of Pro\xc2\xac \nvidence, the ground which yet remains may, by dint of \nexertion, in the African Institution, J and other zealous \nAbolitionists, soon be regained. With this most laudable \n\n\n\n* See Cecilia, Index. \n\nt Mr. Fox not only advocated the cause of African emancipa\xc2\xac \ntion through the whole of his patriotic life, but it was \xe2\x80\x9c the hal\xc2\xac \nlowed wish of his dying hour;\xe2\x80\x9d and the achievement of this noble \nobject is of itself sufficient to disarm all criticism on that admi\xc2\xac \nnistration, and to cover it with immortal glory. \n\nX A brief account of this patriotic Institution, (which, by en\xc2\xac \ndeavouring to repair the ruin that we have greatly contributed to \nbring upon Africa, will in some measure exonerate Britain from \nan enormous load of guilt and disgrace,) may be seen in the Ever, \nm the Globes, 11th edit. \n\n\n\nMAY. \n\n\n171 \n\n\nview, Mr. Brougham, a counsellor, whose commanding \neloquence and pre-eminent ability will one day place him \nat the head of his profession, brought a bill into the House \nof Commons in 1811, to make the trading in slaves Felony, \nand, of course, to subject the unprincipled miscreants \nwho dare to traffic in human blood, to the pains and \npenalties of felony. (See Arith. Quest, art. Sugar; Exer. \non the Globes , art. Apis; Oct. 18, 1564, and April 19, \n1804.) A transaction so glorious in itself, so characteristic \nof the exaltation of moral feeling, and so pregnant with \nblessings to the whole African race, as the Abolition of the \nSlave-Trade, merits a magnificent record. Accordingly, \nMr. Bowyer has published an elegant work, entitled \n\xe2\x80\x9c Poems on the Abolition of the Slave-Tradewritten, \nby James Montgomery, James Graliame, and E. Benger. \nThe volume forms a fine specimen of typography, and, \nbesides other engravings, contains three portraits engraved \nfrom busts of the late Granville Sharp, Thomas Clarkson, \nand William Wilberforce, accompanied by short notices \nof these eminent philanthropists, whose Christian virtues \nshed lustre on an age of vice and selfishness. \n\n2, 1519. Leonardo Da Vinci, an illustrious Italian painter, \ndied in the arms of Francis I., at the palace of Fontain- \nbleau, which was built by that monarch. It is situated in \nthe province of the Isle of France, department of Seine \nand Marne. See Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gazetteer. \n\nLeonardo was surnamed Da Vinci from a castle of \nthat name near Florence, in Tuscany, where he was born, \nin 1452. He was not only a consummate painter, but a \nsculptor, an architect, and a musician. He displayed the \ngreatest invention and industry in his art: and his thoughts \nwere perpetually employed in searching out every prin\xc2\xac \nciple that could enable him to reach excellence. The \nmaster-piece of his pencil is \xe2\x80\x9c The Last Supper \xe2\x80\x9d which \nis in the church of the Dominicans at Milan, in Italy, \nand which will to the end of time display the elevated \ngenius of the painter. A print from this sublime picture \nhas been engraved by the celebrated Rafaelle Morghen. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1568. Mary Queen of Scots, who after the murder \nof her husband, and her marriage with Bothwell, had \nbeen confined by the confederate Lords, escaped from \nher imprisonment in a castle in Lochleven, a beautiful \nlake in Kinross-shire, about twelve miles in circumference. \nHer escape was effected by the assistance of George \nDouglas, a youth of eighteen, brother to the governor of \nthe castle, who, interested by her beauty, her misfortunes, \n\ni 2 \n\n\n172 \n\n\nMAY. \n\n\nand her courteous and insinuating address, had strongly \nengaged in her cause. See Levenloch, Gaz. \n\n2, 1729. Was born at Stettin, a to win of Pomerania, on \nthe river Oder, in the north of Germany, the empress \nCatharine II., who, even while arbitrary sovereign of \nthe vast Russian empire, still retained sentiments of affec\xc2\xac \ntion for the place of her nativity, and remitted presents \nto her former instructors, particularly to her French mis\xc2\xac \ntress and writing-master. See Tooke\xe2\x80\x99s Life of Catha\xc2\xac \nrine II. Vol. I. p. 125, edit. 2d, and Nov. 17, 1796. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1816. The late lamented Princess Charlotte was \nmarried to Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg. See Jan. 7, \n1796, and Nov. 6, 1817. \n\n3, 1481. Mahomet II., emperor of the Turks, died at or \nnear Nicomedia, (now Ismicli or Isnickinid,) in Natolia, \nAsia. Like most of the sovereigns of the East, he was \ncruel and vindictive. He is most memorable for being \nthe conqueror of Constantinople. See May 29. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1495. Columbus discovered the valuable island of \nJamaica, in the West Indies. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1655. Jamaica was taken from the Spaniards by the \nEnglish, who have remained in possession of it ever since; \nan acquisition which they owe to the enterprising spirit \nof Cromwell. It constitutes the most valuable of the \nEnglish West-Indian possessions, and is the third in size \nof the West-Indian islands. Penn and Venables were \nthe officers to whom it surrendered. See Miscell. Quest, \nin Eng\\ Hist, and Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gaz. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1747. Admiral Anson captured a French fleet oft\' \nCape Finisterre, in Spain ; a gallant action, for which he \nwas soon after ennobled. See Arith. Quest, and June \n6 , 1762 . \n\n3, 1751. W as held an Anniversary of the Sons of the \nClergy, at St. Paul\xe2\x80\x99s Cathedral. The ancient manner \nof ehaunting the Litany, usually called Tallis\'s Litany, \nbeing the composition of Dr. Tallis, music-master to \nHenry VIII., was revived by order of the Dean of St. Paul\xe2\x80\x99s. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1758. A wager was won by a young lady at New\xc2\xac \nmarket, who had undertaken to ride a thousand miles in \na thousand hours. She performed it in little more than \ntwo-thirds of the time. See Arith. Quest. \n\n4, 1471. The celebrated battle of Tewkesbury,, in \nGloucestershire, where Edward IV. gained a decisive victory \nover the Lancastrians. Queen Margaret, the consort \nof Henry VI., and her son, were taken prisoners. The \nqueen was conveyed to the Tower of London, where \n\n\nMAY. \n\n\n173 \n\n\nKing Henry (then in confinement) expired a few days \nafter this fatal engagement; being, as is generally sup\xc2\xac \nposed, murdered by the Duke of Gloucester, afterwards \nRichard III. The Queen was ransomed, in 1475, by the \nFrench King, Lewis XI., for 50,000 crowns. \n\n4, 1677- Expired, that great divine and eminent mathe\xc2\xac \nmatician, Dr. Isaac Barrow, born in London, 1630. \nDr. Barrow was appointed Master of Trinity College, \nCambridge, on which occasion the King said \xe2\x80\x9c that he \nhad given it to the most learned man in the kingdom.\xe2\x80\x9d \nThe sermons of this able theologist evince deep and ori\xc2\xac \nginal thought. The four on the disputed doctrine of Pre\xc2\xac \ndestination have completely exhausted the subject. A \ndiscourse, however, of more practical and useful ten\xc2\xac \ndency is his sermon on Contentment, in which he \nforcibly states the many reasons which man has not only \nto bear with patience \xe2\x80\x9c the ills that flesh is heir to,\xe2\x80\x9d but \nto be thankful for an existence in which happiness greatly \npreponderates over misery. \n\n*\xe2\x80\x94 1736. Died, by a voluntary submersion in the Thames, \nunder London Bridge, Eustace Budgell, a native of \nExeter, where he was born about the year 1685. He \nwas educated at Oxford, and was concerned with Steele \nand Addison in writing the Tatler, Spectator, and Guar\xc2\xac \ndian. In the Spectator, his papers are marked with an \nX., and in the Guardian, with an asterisk. He also wrote \nmany papers in the Craftsman. See April 27, 1742. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1758. Died, in the seventy-fourth year of his age, \nGeorge Bickham, the most eminent and indefatigable \nwriting-engraver of his time, to whose ingenious labours \nand spirited efforts in the advancement of English pen\xc2\xac \nmanship, the public are much indebted. His most ela\xc2\xac \nborate and comprehensive work was, \xe2\x80\x9cThe Universal \nPenman,\xe2\x80\x9d containing more than two hundred folio pages \nwritten by the ablest writing-masters of that period, and \nengraved and published by himself. He likewise engraved \na folio sheet of six eminent writing-masters. He was \nburied, without any monumental inscription, near the \nvestry-door in St. Luke\xe2\x80\x99s churchyard. Old Street. See \nAshby, Index. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1/99. Seringapatam, the capital of the Mysore Coun\xc2\xac \ntry, in the peninsula of Hindostan, Asia, was taken by \nstorm by the British army under General Harris. The \nbody of Tippo Sultaun was found under heaps of slain \nat one of its gates. Three millions of treasure, 2,200 \n\n\nMAY. \n\n\n174 \n\npieces of cannon, and immense booty, were found in the \ncity. See Miscell. Quest, in English Hist. \n\nThe fate of ail uncommonly brave man, though of in\xc2\xac \nferior rank, deserves to be mentioned on this occasion. \nSerjeant Graham, of the Bombay European regiment, \nthe leader of the forlorn hope , a self-devoted band, who \nbegan the attack in the dreadful storming of Seringapatam, \nhad, by clambering upon the rampart over the bodies of \nliis fallen comrades, planted the British ensign upon its \nwalls, and called out \xe2\x80\x9c Huzza!\xe2\x80\x9d when a shot mortally \nstruck him to the heart; and this intrepid fellow, after \nhaving been but one short moment, to his own feelings, \na geater man than his general, and an object of envy for \nan Alexander, dropped lifeless into the ditch of the fort! \nSee Arith. Quest. 10th edit. General Harris died at his \nseat, Belmont, Kent, in 1829, aged 82. \n\n4, 1804. Bonaparte was waited upon by the conserva\xc2\xac \ntive senate, expressing their desire that he would govern \nthe French Republic as Emperor. This request was \nmade by Cambac6r&s, who had been one of the most \nstrenuous advocates for the death of Louis XVI., in the \nname of the whole body. Garat, who on the 20th of \nJanuary, 1793, informed the unfortunate king of the \nConvention\xe2\x80\x99s determination that he should be executed \non the following day, was among the venal group that \noffered the crown to Bonaparte. On the 18th, Bonaparte \nwas declared Emperor at St. Cloud, under the title of \nNapoleon the First, but his coronation was not performed \ntill the 2nd of December, when he was anointed by Pope \nPius VII., who placed the crown upon his head in the \nchurch of Notre Dame at Paris. No emperor ever re\xc2\xac \nceived the diadem from such vile freemen; and, placed \nby such hands, it would have stained even the forehead of \na Titus or a Trajan. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1819. Captain Parry sailed from Deptford on his \nexpedition to discover a North -West Passage: from this \nvoyage he, however, returned unsuccessful. \n\n5, 1705. Leopold I., Emperor of Germany, died in the \n65th year of his age, and the 4/tk of his reign. In his \nwars against the Turks he was generally successful, though \nhis capital was besieged by them in 1683, and was saved \nfrom destruction by John Sobieski, king of Poland.* \n\n\n* See Vienna, Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gazetteer , and Ever, on Globes, art. \nScutum Sobieski. \n\n\n\nMAY. \n\n\n175 \n\n\nAgainst Louis XIV. he was unsuccessful, till assisted by \nthe English, under the Duke of Marlborough. (See Blen\xc2\xac \nheim, and April 17, 1711, Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gazetteer .) Leopold \nwas so passionately fond of music, that, it is said, when he \nhad performed the last offices with his confessor, he \nordered his musicians to be sent for, and died during \ntheir performance. \n\n5, 1760. Lawrence Shirley, Earl Ferrers, was executed \nat Tyburn, for the murder of Mr. Johnson, his steward, \nat his seat at Stanton Harold, Leicestershire. (Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s \nGazetteer.\') To this striking instance of the perfect \nequality of our excellent laws, we shall subjoin another \nin the person of the unfortunate Lord Dacre, who suffered \ndeath in 1542, at the age of twenty-four, for being an \naccomplice in the murder of Sir Nicholas Pelham\xe2\x80\x99s game- \nkeeper. A monument to his memory is erected in a \nchurch adjoining to the park of Hurstmonceaux-Castle, \nnear Pevensey, in Sussex. See January 28, 1802. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1785. Died Thomas Davies, who, for many years, \nwas a respectable performer on the London stage. Quit\xc2\xac \nting this profession, he commenced bookseller and author; \nand acquired considerable fame by his \xe2\x80\x9cLife of Garrick,\xe2\x80\x9d \n\xe2\x80\x9c Dramatic Miscellanies,\xe2\x80\x9d &c., &c. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1789. Expired Joseph Baretti, born at Turin in \nPiedmont, Italy, about the year 1716. He was a man of \ngreat talents and industry, and spent his time principally \nin teaching the Italian language in this country. By the \npublication of an Italian Dictionary, and of a Tour \nthrough Portugal and Spain, he made a considerable sum. \nIn 1769, he was tried at the Old Bailey for stabbing a \nman in the Havmarket, when Johnson, Burke, Garrick, \nGoldsmith, and Reynolds, appeared to bear testimony to \nhis character, and he was acquitted. In 1776, he quitted \nin disgust Mr. Thrale\xe2\x80\x99s house, where he had been intro\xc2\xac \nduced by Dr. Johnson, and had been domesticated by the \nfamily; and by this sudden start of whim or ill-humour, \ninvolved himself in many difficulties. Towards his latter \nend, an indolence that sometimes accompanies old age,* \nand a total negligence of financial concerns, brought him \nvery nigh to want; a pension of 80/ a year, given to him \nby the government, being his sole subsistence. \n\n\n* Nature, as it grows again toward earth, \n\nIs fashioned for the journey ; dull and heavy. \n\nShakspeare\xe2\x80\x99s Aphorisms . \n\n\n\n\n176 \n\n\nMAY. \n\n\n5, 1821. Died, at Longwood, a villa six miles from Janies \nTown, St. Helena, in the sixth year of his exile and fifty- \nsecond of his age, that celebrated personage, Napoleon \nBonaparte. He was buried in a romantic spot, near a \ncrystal spring of water, and beneath some beautiful willow- \ntrees. On the 4th, the island was swept by a tremendous \nstorm, which tore up all the trees by the roots about \nLongwood. The 5th was another day of tempests; and \nabout six in the evening, Napoleon, having pronounced \n\xe2\x80\x9c Tete d\xe2\x80\x99arnffie,\xe2\x80\x9d passed for ever from the dreams of \nbattle. Family Library. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1823. The First Stone of the London Orphan Asylum \nwas laid at Clapton, in the parish of Hackney, and the \nbuilding was opened on the 14th of June, 1825. \n\n6, Is the day chosen by the Greeks for the festival of Job, \ncelebrated for his patience, his constancy, his piety, and \nhis virtue, and who dwelt in the land of Uz.* \n\nThe ancient of Uzzean land. Eudosia. \n\nHe was a man of great probity and religion, and possessed \ngreat riches in cattle and slaves; which at that time were \nthe chief wealth, even of princes, in Arabia and its vicinity. \nThe time wherein this pious man lived is very much con\xc2\xac \ntested. His tomb also has been shewn in several places j \nthe most celebrated is that near the springs of the Jordan, \nwhere, for many ages, a pyramid has been believed to be \nJob\xe2\x80\x99s tomb. We meet with the name of Job in the an\xc2\xac \ncient martyrologies, with the title of prophet, saint, and \nmartyr. The worship of him is of great antiquity, and \nvery extensive among the Greeks and Latins : the latter \nkeep his festival May 10th. \n\nVarious conjectures have likewise been made by bib\xc2\xac \nlical critics, concerning the Book of Job. Some have \nimagined that Job himself wrote it at first in Syriac or in \nArabic, and that Moses translated it into Hebrew. It is \nwritten in verse; and it is affirmed, that in all antiquity \nthere is not a piece of poetry more copious, more lofty, \nmore magnificent, more diversified, more adorned, or \nmore affecting.f The history, as to the substance of it, \nis supposed to be true ; and the sentiments, reasons, and \n\n\n* The land of Uz, according to Dr. Wells, comprehended the \nenvirons of Damascus, and a considerable part of Arabia Petnea. \nSee Arith. Quest. 10th edit., and Geo. Exer. on the New Test. \n\nf See Arith. Quest, art. Moses, and Exod. xv. \n\n\n\n\n\nMAY. \n\n\n177 \n\narguments of the several persons faithfully expressed : but \nit is thought very probable, that the terms and turns of \nexpression are the poet\xe2\x80\x99s own; and this poet, it is the \ndecided opinion of Dr. Young,* was Moses. The excel\xc2\xac \nlent moral of the poem is well expressed in the following \nlines : \n\nThou canst accomplish all things, Lord of might ! \n\nAnd ev\xe2\x80\x99ry thought is naked to thy sight. \n\nBut oh ! thy ways are wonderful, and lie \n\nBeyond the deepest reach of mortal eye. \n\nO\xe2\x80\x99erwhelm\xe2\x80\x99d with shame, the Lord of life I see ; \n\nAbhor myself, and give my soul to thee. \n\nNor shall my weakness tempt thine anger more ; \n\nMan was not made to question , but adore. \n\nYoung. \n\nThe subject of the poem, in Dr. Good\xe2\x80\x99s view,f are the \ntrial and triumph of the integrity of Job. Scott, + in dif\xc2\xac \nferent parts of the notes to his tine poetical version of this \nbook, represents it as intended to vindicate the Divine \ngovernment. In fact, it combines both together. \n\n6, 1631. Sir Robert Cotton died at his house in West\xc2\xac \nminster. His death is supposed to have been occasioned \nby base calumnies which were circulated towards the \nclose of his meritorious life, and by the arbitrary proceed\xc2\xac \nings of the Privy Council, who excluded him from the \nuse of his valuable books and manuscripts, which now \nform the Cottonian Library at the British Museum. He \nwas born at Denton, in Huntingdonshire, in 1570. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1667. Died suddenly, while speaking in the Academy \nof Caen, of which place he was Protestant minister, Sa\xc2\xac \nmuel Bochart, eminent for his skill in the Oriental \nlanguages. He was born in 159.9, at Rouen, a town in \nthe province of Normandy, department of the Seine, \nFrance. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1757. Battle of Prague, in which the Austrians \nwere defeated by the king of Prussia, and their whole \ncamp taken. In this famous engagement the brave \nMarshal Schwerin, a Prussian general, was killed. He \nwas deeply lamented by the king, who immortalized \nthe circumstances of his death by erecting a statue to his \nmemory in one of the principal squares of Berlin. The \n\n\n* See Dr. Young\xe2\x80\x99s Paraphrase of Part of the Book of Job. \n\n\nf See his Translation of the Book of Job. \n\n\nI The Ilev. Thomas Scott, a Dissenting Minister at Ipswich. \n\n1 3 \n\n\n\nMAY. \n\n\n178 \n\ncelebrated Marshal Brown, the Austrian commander, also \ndied soon after of the wounds that he received in this \nbattle. See Oct. 14, 1758, and Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gazetteer, art. \nPrague note. \n\n7, 1767/was the natal day of the Princess Royal of \nPrussia, who was married to the Duke of York, at Ber\xc2\xac \nlin, on the 29th of Sept. 1791. This amiable and bene\xc2\xac \nvolent Princess died August G, 1820, and was buried, by \nher own desire, in Weybridge church, Surrey. \n\n8, 1429. The French, headed by the celebrated Joan \nd\xe2\x80\x99Arc, compelled the English to raise the siege of Or\xc2\xac \nleans, now the capital of the department of Loiret. \nJoan d\xe2\x80\x99Arc, commonly called the Maid of Orleans, was \nborn in 1402, at the village of Domremy, in the depart\xc2\xac \nment of the Vosges, province of Lorraine. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1743. The good Bishop of Worcester. By this \nglorious epithet was long and generally known that emi\xc2\xac \nnent and distinguished prelate. Dr. John Hough, bishop \nof this diocese, who closed on this day liis pious and ex\xc2\xac \nemplary life in-the ninety-third year of his age, and the \nfifty-third of his episcopate. History and biography have \nembalmed his memory, by recording the noble stand that \nhe made against the tools of tyranny, and the arbitrary \nmeasures of James II.; and the active part lie took in \npromoting the Glorious Revolution. He is com\xc2\xac \nmemorated by an exquisitely beautiful monument in \nWorcester Cathedral. The memory of a Hough, says a \njudicious topographer, seemed to require the hand of a \nRoubilliac,* to embrace the widely-extended honours of \nhis name, to hold, them forth to public veneration, and \npreserve the full benefit of his illustrious example to the \npresent and future ages; an important duty, of which \nthat accomplished artist has acquitted himself with infinite \nhonour to his eminent talents. The larger figures have \nan air of life, and seem to want nothing but the vital fluid \nand the Almighty\xe2\x80\x99s breath ; for mind and sentiment were \ncertainly never elicited from marble with more forcible \neffect than is found in this admirable production of \nmodern art. (Green\xe2\x80\x99s Hist, of Worcester. See June \n29, 1813.) When Canova was in England he visited the \ncity of Worcester for the purpose of viewing this monu\xc2\xac \nment, and expressed the highest admiration of this chef- \nd\xe2\x80\x99oeuvre. \n\n\n* See Sept. 21, 1327, note. \n\n\n\nMAY. \n\n\n1/9 \n\n\n8, 1811. Retributive Justice. The Honourable Ar\xc2\xac \nthur Hodge was hanged in Tortola, one of the Virgin \nIslands in the West Indies, for the murder of his slave; \nbut there were five other indictments in reserve, had it \nbeen found necessary, for the purposes of justice, to bring \nthem forward. This monster of barbarity had for years \nbeen in the habit of wantonly flogging, lacerating, muti\xc2\xac \nlating, and exterminating at pleasure, those miserable, \nunprotected victims of his cruelty. This agonizing, soul- \nsickening \xe2\x80\x9c tale of woe\xe2\x80\x9d is detailed in the fifth Report of \nthe \xe2\x80\x9cAfrican Institution,\xe2\x80\x9d* and also in an excellent pe\xc2\xac \nriodical work, the \xe2\x80\x9cChristian Observer,\xe2\x80\x9d for July \n1811. The same publications contain, moreover, a most \nhorrid relation of the unparalleled atrocities of one Hug\xc2\xac \ngins, another notorious sanguinary actor on the \xe2\x80\x9cblood\xc2\xac \nstained\xe2\x80\x9d West-India theatre. The scene of his savage \nconduct was the Island of Nevis, where he was at length \ntried for murder, but acquitted, to the surprise, grief, and \nindignation of every honest man; the most irrefragable \nproofs of his guilt having been clearly established on his \ntrial. Certain magistrates, however, who remained the \ntame and unconcerned spectators of some of his bloody \ndeeds publicly exhibited, were dismissed from their \nposts by order of the Prince Regent, now George \nIV .; a circumstance which, combined with the ignomini\xc2\xac \nous death of Hodge , will probably tend to meliorate the \nwretched condition of our oppressed dark-coloured bre\xc2\xac \nthren in the British Colonies. See May 1, 1807; April \n19, 1804; Oct. 18, 1756; Nov. 13, 1690; Arith. Quest, \nart. Sugar, and Exer. on the Globes , art. Apis. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1814. Exile of Elba. On this day Bonaparte , who \nhad been nearly ten years Emperor of the French, landed \nhere as an exile. Elba is a small island, between the \ncoast of Tuscany and the north part of the island of Cor\xc2\xac \nsica, and is celebrated for its iron mines. See May 5, \n1821, and Arith. Quest., 10th edit. art. Damask. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1821. Captain Parry left the Thames on a second \nvoyage for the discovery of a North-West passage to the \nPacific.f The three vessels under his command reached \nthe river again on the 18th of October, 1823, without \naccomplishing the object of their voyage. On the same \nday in 1824 he again left the Thames, and sailed on the \n\n\n* See Exer. on the Globes, 11th edit, \nf See May 4, IS 19. \n\n\n\n180 \n\n\nMAY. \n\n\n] 9tli; but returned in Oct. 1825, with the loss of one of \nhis ships, and without effecting the object of his voyage. \n\n9, 1502. Columbus sailed from Cadiz, in Spain, on his \nfourth voyage. \n\n10, 1671. Sir Edward Spragge destroyed twelve Al\xc2\xac \ngerine pirate ships at Bugea, a seaport in Algiers, Africa. \nThis brave English admiral was unfortunately drowned, \nAugust 11, 1673, in an engagement with the Dutch, in \nwhich he had behaved with the greatest gallantry. His \ndeath was much lamented by his valiant opponent Van \nTrotnp, son of the famous admiral of that name. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1 774. Louis XV., king of France, died at Versailles, \nof a second attack of the small-pox, in the 65th year of \nhis age, and 60th of his reign. {Diet. Univ. Historique .) \nHad he died at Metz in 1744, when his military zeal and \nactivity to expel the enemy from Alsace brought on him \na dangerous fever, and when in the paroxysm of their \ngrief his subjects pronounced him \xe2\x80\x9c the well-beloved,\xe2\x80\x9d \nhe would have been celebrated in history as one of the \nbest of kings. But he long outlived any reputation which \nhe had ever acquired, and became, finally, despised and \ndetested, both as a king and a man. Ranken\xe2\x80\x99s History \nof France, Vol. IX. 163. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1775. The unfortunate Carolina Matilda, Queen of \nDenmark, and youngest sister to his late Majesty, George \nIII, died at Zell, in his electoral dominions in Germany; \nto which place she had been brought at his Majesty\xe2\x80\x99s \nrequest. See April 28, 1772. The Queen was taken oft\' \nby a malignant fever in the twenty-fourth year of her age. \nShe was married to the King of Denmark, Christian VII., \nin 1766. The king died in 1808, and was succeeded by \nhis son, Frederick VI., who was born in 1768. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1796. Bonaparte gained one of his most splendid \nvictories at Lodi, near Parma, in the north of Italy. \n\n11, 1491, B. C. Pharaoh and his host were drowned in \nthe Red Sea. See Arith Quest, and Geo. Escer. on the \nNew Test. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94- 1778. Expired William Pitt, Earl of Chatham, a \nmost illustrious English statesman ; during whose adminis\xc2\xac \ntration as Prime Minister, Great Britain attained a height \nof prosperity and glory unknown to any former age. \nAdded to his character\'of an able statesman, a virtuous \nman, and a true patriot, he was also a most accomplished, \norator; the music and majesty of his voice, the persuasive \ngracefulness and irresistible force of his action, and his \npower of eye, carried conviction with his argument, and \n\n\nMAY. \n\n\nISi \n\n\nformed a perfect combination of excellence. He was \nborn at Stratford-House, near Old Sarum, in Wiltshire, \nNovember 15, 1708, according- to some biographers: \nothers say in St. James\xe2\x80\x99s parish, Westminster. \n\n11, 1/82. Died Richard Wilson, a landscape painter of \nmost distinguished merit; and who has been therefore \nstyled \xe2\x80\x9c The British Claude.\xe2\x80\x9d Mr. Wilson was born in \n1/14; and at first practised as a portrait painter; but \nvisiting the fine scenes of Italy, he painted a small land\xc2\xac \nscape, and shewed it to Zucharelli, who succeeded in pre\xc2\xac \nvailing on him to confine his attention to that branch of \nthe art; a department in which he gained the highest \npoint of eminence.* \n\n\xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x80\x94 1812. The Honourable Spencer Perceval, Chan\xc2\xac \n\ncellor of the Exchequer, was shot in the lobby of the \nHouse of Commons by an assassin named Beliingham, \nwho discharged a pistol at him, the bullet from which \nentered his breast and deprived him almost instantaneous\xc2\xac \nly of life. His virtues had made all the world his friends, \nand his death was bewailed with a more unanimous and \nsensible sorrow than is usually given to the fate of those, \nthe brightest and the best, who shine in times of political \nstruggle, and reach the goal of political ambition.-\xe2\x80\x94He \nwas buried at Charlton, near Woolwich. (See Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s \nGazetteer .) A very interesting account is given of his \nassassination in the National Portrait Gallery, and in the \nLiterary Gazette, Jan. 1830. \n\n12, 1641. The Earl of Strafford, a tyrannical minister \nin the time of Charles I., was beheaded The letter \nwritten by his Majesty, on the 21st of April in the same \nyear, to this nobleman, assuring him, on the word of a \nKing, that he should not suffer in life, honour, or fortune, \nis a proof, among many others, of the little reliance that \nwas to be placed on the royal word of that deluded sove\xc2\xac \nreign. The letter may be seen in the Stralford State \nPapers, or in Elegant Epistles. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1/91. Expired Francis Grose, F. S. A., the cele\xc2\xac \nbrated illustrator of the \xe2\x80\x9c Antiquities of England, Wales, \n\n\n* Two of this artist\xe2\x80\x99s landscapes, viz. \xe2\x80\x9c A View on the Arno, \nin Italy,\xe2\x80\x9d and \xe2\x80\x9c A View of Tabley House, in Cheshire,\xe2\x80\x9d were in \nSir J. Leicester\xe2\x80\x99s collection ; and \xe2\x80\x9c A View on the River Dee, \nnear Eaton Hall,\xe2\x80\x9d is in Earl Grosvenor\xe2\x80\x99s gallery. See Catalogues \nand Engravings of the Pictures in the Grosvenor and Leicester \ncollections, by the late J, Young, Esq., Mezzotinto Engraver to \nhis present Majesty. \n\n\n\n182 MAY. \n\nand Scotland,\xe2\x80\x9d in a series of views of monastic and other \nruins. \n\n13, 1213. The ignominious King John resigned his king\xc2\xac \ndom to Pandolf, the Pope\xe2\x80\x99s legate, at Dover. Thus we \nsee that Britain, following the whole Christian world, was \ngoverned, in respect to its faith, by a foreign sovereign, \nwho resided on the banks of the Tiber, but whose iron \nsceptre ruled both the Thames and the Tweed, and who \nindeed held the crown of England itself as lord para\xc2\xac \nmount , while a king was found so base, so cowardly, and \nso compliant, as to yield homage, and transmit a yearly \ntribute to the Holy See. See Pope, Index. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1619. Barneveldt, an able and patriotic Dutch states\xc2\xac \nman, who on many occasions had shewed his zeal and \nattachment to his country, was beheaded at the Hague. \nHe was accused of endeavouring to subvert the govern\xc2\xac \nment, and was doomed to death by the partisans of prince \nMaurice, whose arbitrary measures he had opposed. This \nvirtuous victim was more than 70 years old at his death. \n\n14, 33. The ascension of Jesus Christ from Mount \nOlivet,* near Jerusalem. See April 5, 33. \n\nThere he sprang \n\nFrom this gross earth, and claim\xe2\x80\x99d a purer air. \n\nAt the right hand of Majesty on high \nTo sit, with never-fading glory crown\xe2\x80\x99d ; \n\nHis name, throughout creation\xe2\x80\x99s ample range \nFar above ev\xe2\x80\x99ry other name extoll\xe2\x80\x99d, \n\nOf being that exists on earth\xe2\x80\x99s domain, \n\nOr through the fathomless abyss of heaven. \n\nTouch\xe2\x80\x99d with a feeling of infirmities \nSuch as deprav\xe2\x80\x99d humanity laments, \n\nWith ceaseless intercession there he pleads ; \n\nPerfects our wretched sacrifice of prayer \nAnd frail obedience ; \xe2\x80\x99fore the throne of God \nOfFring them up with the accepted claim \nOf his prevailing merits : gives our tears \nThe wondrous efficacy to blot out \nThe stains of guilt, indelible before ; \n\nAnd waits the round of time to judge the world, \n\nAnd introduce the honest penitent \n\nInto the ceaseless glory of his Lord. Hey. \n\n14, 1264. Was fouglit the famous Battle of Lewes, in \n\n\n* See Dr. Doddridge\xe2\x80\x99s Family Expositor, and Geo. E.rer. on \nthe New Testament. \n\n\n\n\nMAY, \n\n\n1S3 \n\n\nSussex, in which Henry III., his brother, and Prince \nEdward, (afterwards king,) were taken prisoners by the \nEarl of Leicester. See Aug. 4, 1265. \n\n14, 1610. Henry IV., King of France, justly styled \xe2\x80\x9cthe \nGreat,\xe2\x80\x9d was assassinated at Paris by the fanatical Ravail- \nlac. His heart and that of his queen were deposited in a \nchapel belonging to a college which was built by that \nmonarch at La Feche, Province of Anjou, department of \nSarte. It is seated on the river Loire, twenty-two miles \nnorth of Angers.* \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1643. Louis XIII., to whom flattery prostituted the \ntitle of Just, died at St. Germain-en-Laye.f He was the \nson of Henry IV., and of Mary de\xe2\x80\x99Medicis, and survived \nhis father exactly 33 years. He was timid, reserved, and \nunsocial, and suffered himself to be governed by the artful \nRichelieu. See Dec. 4, 1642. \n\n15, 1463. Battle of Hexham, in Northumberland; \nwhen the Yorkists gained a complete victory over the \nLancastrians. The fate of the unfortunate Royal Family, \nafter this defeat, was extremely singular and distressing. \nSee Hume\xe2\x80\x99s Hist, of England. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1567. Mary Queen of Scots was married to Both well. \nSee Feb. 10, 1567- \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1740. Expired Ephraim Chambers, author of that \nstupendous work, \xe2\x80\x9c The Cyclopaedia, J the design of \nwhich he formed while in his apprenticeship with Mr. \nSenex, the globe-maker. \n\nThe first copy of his Dictionary came out in 1728, in \n2 vols. folio, and the rapid sale of it, even in its early \neditions, is scarcely to be paralleled in the history of lite\xc2\xac \nrature. Dr. Hill and Mr. Scott continued it after Mr. \nChambers\xe2\x80\x99s death. The edition of Dr. Rees was, how\xc2\xac \never, the best; and the magnificent edition of it lately \npublished, (see Jan. 1, 1820,) under that learned editor\xe2\x80\x99s \nauspices, forms a work of national importance. The \nintellectual character of Mr. Chambers was sagacity and \nattention. His application was indefatigable; his tem\xc2\xac \nper cheerful, though somewhat impetuous; but neither \n\n\n* See Dec. 13, 1553; Dec. 29, 1594 ; and Dec. 21, 1641. \nf See Fontainbleau, Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gazetteer. \n\n+ The word Cyclopaedia comes from two Greek words\xe2\x80\x94 kvk\\o<;, \na circle; and vrccfistcc, learning or instruction, i. e. a circle of the \nsciences. \n\n\n\nMAY. \n\n\n184 \n\n\nin Ills religion nor in his politics was he a slave to party. \nHe was born at Kendal, in Westmoreland; died in 1740, \nand was buried in the cloisters of Westminster Abbey. \n\n16, 1568. Mary Queen of Scots landed at Workington, \nin Cumberland, after the defeat of her army at Langside \nHill, near Glasgow. She crossed Solway Frith from the \nAbbey of Dundrennan, in Galloway; a place which, \nthough full sixty Scottish miles from the disastrous scene \nof action, Mary\xe2\x80\x99s fears, it is said, impelled her to reach \nwithout closing her eyes. The battle was fought on the \n13th of May. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1689. King William dined on board Admiral Her\xc2\xac \nbert\xe2\x80\x99s ship at Portsmouth, where he knighted some of the \nofficers, and distributed rewards among the seamen for \ntheir gallant behaviour in an engagement with the French \nfleet in Bantry Bay, in the county of Cork, Ireland. \n\n*\xe2\x80\x94 1726. John Ward, of Hackney, was expelled the \nHouse of Commons for forgery. This notorious culprit, \nafter his expulsion, was consigned to the pillory; on \nwhich disgraceful engine he was publicly exhibited March \n17 , 1727, at a period when he was supposed to be worth \nat least <\xc2\xa3\'200,000. This circumstance occasioned Pope \nto observe, that riches are \n\nGiv\xe2\x80\x99n to the fool, the mad, the vain, the evil, \n\nTo Ward, to Waters, Chartres, and the Devil. \n\nChartres was a most abandoned wretch, notoriously \ninfamous for the unblushing practice of every human vil- \nlany; but by a constant attention to the vices, wants, and \nfollies of mankind, he acquired an immense fortune. Iiis \ncharacter is admirably drawn by Dr. Arbuthnot, who, \ntowards the conclusion, exclaims, \xe2\x80\x9c O indignant reader! \nthink not his life useless to mankind! Providence con\xc2\xac \nnived at his execrable designs, to give to after ages a con\xc2\xac \nspicuous proof and example, of how small estimation is \nexorbitant wealth in the sight of God, by his bestow\xc2\xac \ning it on the most unworthy of all mortals.\xe2\x80\x9d* Char\xc2\xac \ntres died in Scotland in 173*1, aged 62. The populace at \nhis funeral raised a great riot, almost tore the body out of \nthe coffin, and cast dead dogs, &c., &c., into the grave \n\n* See April 16, 1687. The Divine Redeemer himself, it has \nbeen admirably observed, chose the condition of poverty, to shew \nthe rich and proud of how little estimation are the trifles they \ndoat upon, in the eye of Him that made them, and who can de\xc2\xac \nstroy them at his pleasure. \n\n\n\nMAY. \n\n\n185 \n\n\nalong\xe2\x80\x99 with it.* The great fortune of Waters, the third \nof these worthies, was accumulated by the like diligent \nattendance on the necessities and distresses of others. \nThe commodious house which Ward erected for his resi\xc2\xac \ndence at Hackney, is situated at the northern extremity \nof Church Street. The spot is still popularly known by \nthe name of \xe2\x80\x9c Ward\xe2\x80\x99s Corner.\xe2\x80\x9d \n\n17, 1590. Anne of Denmark, wife of James VI. of Scot\xc2\xac \nland, was crowned in the Abbey of Holyrood House, near \nEdinburgh. She was a woman content with show and \npleasure, who had no credit with her husbnnd, nor appears \nto have aimed at or deserved any; being, it is said, un\xc2\xac \nprincipled, vindictive, and unfaithful to the king. See \nEncy. Brit., August 20, 1589, and Nov. 16, 1589. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1727. Expired, at Petersburgh, in about the 38th year \nof her age, that most extraordinary personage Catharine \nI. She was the illegitimate offspring of an obscure coun\xc2\xac \ntry girl: the place of her birth was Ringen, a small village \nnear Dorpt. (about 60 miles south of Narva,) in Livonia, \nof which district Riga is now the capital. Her being \ntaken prisoner at Marienburgh, when that place was cap\xc2\xac \ntured by the Russians, was the occasion of her becoming \nthe favourite, and at length the consort, of Peter the Great. \nUpon the demise of that monarch in 1725, Catharine was \nelevated to the throne, and declared Empress of Russia, \nchiefly through the intrigues of Prince Menzikoff.f By \nthe most unwearied assiduity and unremitting attention, \nby the softness and complacency of her disposition, by the \nmelody of her voice,} and by an extraordinary liveliness \nand gaiety of temper, Catharine acquired such a wonder\xc2\xac \nful ascendancy over the mind of Peter, that she seemed \nnecessary, not only to his comfort, but even to his very \nexistence; she was his inseparable companion on his \njourneys, and even in all his military expeditions. The \ngreat reason why the Czar was so fond of her, was, it is \nuniversally said, her possessing that \xe2\x80\x9c soul\xe2\x80\x99s refreshing \ngreen,\xe2\x80\x9d an exceeding good temper; she was never seen \n\n\n* See Jer. xvi. 4; and Solomon observes, that \xe2\x80\x9c when the \nwicked perish, there is shouting.\xe2\x80\x9d \n\nt See Nov. 2, 1729. Catharine had been crowned publicly at \nWarsaw, by Peter himself, in 1724. \n\n} There is no music like the voice \nOf those we love. Shakspeare\xe2\x80\x99s Aphorisms. \n\n\n\n136 \n\n\nMAY. \n\n\npeevish, nor out of humour. Being herself a \xe2\x80\x9c contented \nspirit,\xe2\x80\x9d her uniformly amiable and cheerful deportment \nexcited others to rejoice in, and to value the present \nmoment.* \n\nGood humour will prevail \n\nWhen airs, and flights, and screams, and scolding fail. \n\nBeauties in vain their pretty eyes may roll; \n\nCharms strike the sight, but merit wins the soul. \n\nPope. \n\n17, 1729.\' Died, Dr. Samuel Clarke, an eminent divine \nand philosopher, born at Norwich, October J1, 1675. At \ntwenty-two years of age he contributed greatly to the \nestablishment of the Newtonian philosophy, by his excel\xc2\xac \nlent translation and notes upon \xe2\x80\x9c Rohault\xe2\x80\x99sf Physics.\xe2\x80\x9d \nHe afterwards turned his thoughts to divinity, and became \ninvolved in several controversies, both theological and \nphilosophical. The character of Dr. Clarke may be sum\xc2\xac \nmed up in few words: he was a man of deep penetra\xc2\xac \ntion, a sincere lover of truth, of singular sincerity, piety, \nand benevolence ,* and a bright and amiable example of \nthe temper, studies, and practice becoming a Christian \ndivine. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1737. Libraries. The first stone of that superb struc\xc2\xac \nture, the Radclivian Library at Oxford, was laid; and, \nbeing completely finished in 1749, was opened on Thurs\xc2\xac \nday, April 13, in that year. The famous Bodleian Library \nat Oxford, which was opened in 1602, exceeds that of \nany University in Europe. The King\xe2\x80\x99s Library, formerly \nat Buckingham House, but now in the British Museum, \nwas founded by Henry, eldest son of James I.J The \nCottonian Library, and that of Sir Hans Slone, are kept \nin the British Museum. The other principal public Libra\xc2\xac \nries in London are, those of the College of Heralds, the \nCollege of Physicians, of Doctors\xe2\x80\x99 Commons, of Gray\xe2\x80\x99s \nInn, of Lincoln\xe2\x80\x99s Inn, Inner Temple, and Middle Tem\xc2\xac \nple ; that of Lambeth, that of the Royal Society, that of \nSt. Paul\xe2\x80\x99s, and that of Sion College; the Queen\xe2\x80\x99s Library, \nerected by Queen Caroline in 1 737; the College of Sur\xc2\xac \ngeons\xe2\x80\x99 Library, kept in their hall or theatre in Lincoln\xe2\x80\x99s \n\n* See Feb. 20, 1712, and April 6, 1348. \n\nt James Rohault was a French philosophical writer, born in \n1620, died in 1675. \n\nX See Nov. 6, 1612. \n\n+ s * l \n\n\n\n\nMAY. 187 \n\nInn Fields; and that of the London Institution, in \nMoorfields. \n\nDr. Daniel Williams, a Presbyterian divine, who \ndied in 1716, founded a Library in Red-Cross Street, \nwhich has since been enriched by many private benefac\xc2\xac \ntions. It contains about 20,000 volumes, and is con\xc2\xac \nducted by twenty-three trustess, of whom thirteen are \nDissenting Ministers, and the rest taken from the laity \namong the Dissenters. At this library the ministers of \nthe Three Denominations* meet occasionally, to consult \non affairs that concern the general interests of their re\xc2\xac \nspective societies ; and here the regular Dissenters, resid\xc2\xac \ning in or near the metropolis, usually register the births \nof their children j the expense of each certificate is only \none shilling. \n\n17, 1749. Was born at Berkeley, in Gloucestershire, Dr. \nEdward Jenner, the discoverer of Vaccination. See \nJune 2nd and Aug. 11th. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1768. Gave birth to the late Princess of Wales, \ndaughter of the Duke of Brunswick. She landed at Green\xc2\xac \nwich on the 5th of April, 1795, and was married to the \nPrince, now George IV., three days afterwards. See Jan. \n7, 1796, and Augi 7, 1821. \n\n18, 979. King Edward, eldest son of King Edgar, was \nmurdered near Corfe Castle, in Dorsetshire, by order of \nhis step-mother. Queen Elfrida. For his innocence and \nsupposed miracles he obtained the surname of Martyr. \nHe was buried first at Wareham, a place 10 miles from \nPoole, and afterwards at Shaftsbury, both of which are in \nDorsetshire. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1742. Lost his life, in the sixty-seventh year of his age, \nRichard Joy, who in King William\xe2\x80\x99s reign had such \nreputation for extraordinary strength of body, that he \nwas called \xe2\x80\x9c The English Samson,\xe2\x80\x9df and \xe2\x80\x9c The Strong \nMan of Kent,\xe2\x80\x9d and was taken notice of by the King and \nRoyal Family, and the courtiers, before whom he per\xc2\xac \nformed many of his feats. He afterwards followed the \npractice of smuggling, and was drowned. He was buried \nin St. Peter\xe2\x80\x99s churchyard, near Margate, in the Isle of \nThanet, Kent. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1797. The Duke (afterwards king) of Wirtemberq \nStutgard, in the circle of Suabia, Germany, was mar- \n\n\n* See Protestant, Index. \n\nt See Arith. Quest. 10th edit. art. Samson and Ox. \n\n\n\n\n1S8 \n\n\nMAY. \n\n\nried to the Princess Royal of England, who became a \nwidow in 1816, and died at Stutgard, on Oct. 6, 1828. \n\n19, 1536. Anne Boleyn, the innocent Queen of Henry \nVIII., was sacrificed to the cruelty of that tyrant, being \ndecollated at the Tower. She behaved with the greatest \nserenity and cheerfulness. \n\nAll worldly comfort\xe2\x80\x94that which virtue gives, \n\nUnhurt on wheels, and free in prison, lives; \n\nThe tyrant\xe2\x80\x99s malice and his axe defies, \n\nSpurns the low earth, and, mounting, climbs the skies. \n\nJacobinism. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1692. The English gained a splendid victory over the \nFrench, near Cape la Hogue, Normandy, department of \nthe Channel, France. The French lost twenty of their \nlargest men of war, and by this glorious defeat were pre\xc2\xac \nvented from making a descent upon England.* \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1744. Gave birth to Charlotte, Queen of England, \nconsort of George III. Her Majesty was the daughter of \nthe Duke of Mecklenburgh Strelitz, Lower Saxony, in \nthe north of Germany. See Nov. 17, 1818. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1788. Expired, the Rev. Samuel Badcock, an acute \nand ingenious critic and controversial writer, born at \nSouth Molton, a village 12 miles to the south of Barn\xc2\xac \nstaple, Devonshire, in 1750. At the early age of nine\xc2\xac \nteen, he was at the head of a very considerable Presby\xc2\xac \nterian congregation at Barnstaple, and was afterwards \nchosen minister of a Dissenting church at his native place. \nAbout three years before his death, he conformed to the \nEstablished Church, and laboured, like many other un\xc2\xac \nprincipled and despicable apostates, to prove the sincerity \nof his conversion by the outrage of malice on his first \nconnexions.\xe2\x80\x94See Mr. Wakefield\xe2\x80\x99s Memoirs , pp. 237, \n238, 1 st edit. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1795. James Boswell, a native of Edinburgh, ex\xc2\xac \npired in Great Portland Street, London, in the fifty-fifth \nyear of his age. His \xe2\x80\x9c Life of Dr. Johnson,\xe2\x80\x9d with whom \nhe lived in habits of the closest intimacy, has been received \n\n\n* Their object in this descent was not only to distress England, \nbut to aid the interests of the expatriated James II. Mr. West \nhas painted a fine picture descriptive of the battle of La Hogue: \nit is in Earl Grosveuor\xe2\x80\x99s Gallery, and has been engraved by the \ncelebrated Woollet. The principal figure directing the attack is \nSir George Rooke, the same officer who, in Queen Anne\xe2\x80\x99s reign, \ntook Gibraltar. The small figure in the distance is the unfortu\xc2\xac \nnate, because imprudent, King James II. \n\n\n\nMAY. \n\n\n189 \n\n\nby the world with the utmost avidity. It is a faithful \nhistory of the Great Moralist\xe2\x80\x99s life and opinions, and ex\xc2\xac \nhibits a most interesting- picture of his character deline\xc2\xac \nated with a masterly hand : and it may truly be said, that \nthe wisdom of Socrates, with the pleasantry and acuteness \nof Montaigne, characterize that most agreeable publica\xc2\xac \ntion. With some learning and much conversation-talent, \nhowever, Mr. Boswell had one failing, which must be \nmentioned, as it deducts greatly from the general merit of \nwhosoever possesses it ; it was the grossest egotism both \nin his speech and writings. Too often was he himself \n\xe2\x80\x9c the hero of each petty tale.\xe2\x80\x9d \n\n20, 1497. Americus Vesputius, a native of Florence, an \nelegant city on the Arno, in Tuscany, sailed from Cadiz, \nin Spain, on a voyage of discovery westwards ; and being \na man of much address, as well as possessed of considera\xc2\xac \nble literary talents, by publishing the first voyages on the \nsubject, and other artful means, he gave his name to the \nNew World, in prejudice to the illustrious Genoese, Co\xc2\xac \nlumbus, its real discoverer. The imposture, though long \nsince detected, has been sanctioned by time; and the \nfourth division of the globe, so long unknown to the inha\xc2\xac \nbitants of Europe, Asia, and Africa, still continues to be \ndistinguished by the name of America. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1506. Expired, at Valladolid, in the province of Leon, \nSpain, Christopher Columbus, the discoverer of the \nNew World. \xe2\x80\x9c He died,\xe2\x80\x9d says Dr. Robertson, \xe2\x80\x9c with a \ncomposure of mind suitable to the magnanimity which \ndistinguished his character, and with sentiments of piety \nbecoming that supreme respect for religion which he \nmanifested in every occurrence of his life.\xe2\x80\x9d Some au\xc2\xac \nthors say that he was buried at Seville;* and that his \ntomb is before the choir of the cathedral; others, how- \n\n\n* Seville is a large and populous city, on the banks of the Gua\xc2\xac \ndalquivir, in the province of Andalusia. It has a most magnifi\xc2\xac \ncent cathedral, to which belongs a library of 20,000 volumes, col\xc2\xac \nlected by Hernando, the son of Columbus, who was buried in the \ncathedral, called to this day the Columbine Library, but, to the \ndisgrace of the Spaniards, it has scarcely received any addition \nsince the death of the founder. The principal manufacture of \nSeville is snuff, of which they make an immense quantity, and \nalso of segars, which are little rolls of tobacco that the Spaniards \nsmoke witliout a pipe. The oranges usually, but vulgarly, called \ncivil oranges, came originally from Seville. See Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gazet\xc2\xac \nteer. \n\n\n\n190 \n\n\nMAY, \n\n\never, assert, that his body, after interment at Seville, was \nconveyed to St. Domingo, where it remained till 1796, \nwhen the island being ceded to the French, it was re\xc2\xac \nmoved to the Havannah, in the island of Cuba. (See \nDomingo and Havannah, Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gazetteer; Malte \nBrun\xe2\x80\x99s Geo. Vol. V. 582; and Twiss\xe2\x80\x99s Travels.) Co\xc2\xac \nlumbus was a subject of the republic of Genoa, but nei\xc2\xac \nther the time nor the place of his nativity is known with \ncertainty. To Genoa is usually ascribed the honour of \nhaving given him birth; but some have mentioned Con- \nconato, in Piedmont, as the place where he first drew \nbreath. \n\n20, 1553. The gallant Sir Hugh Willoughby took his \ndeparture from Radclitfe, in the Bona Esperanza, with \ntwo other ships, on his fatal voyage for discovering the \nnorth-east passage to China. He sailed with great pomp \nby Greenwich, where the court then resided. Mutual \nhonours were paid on both sides. The council and cour\xc2\xac \ntiers appeared at the windows, and the people covered the \nshores. The young king* alone lost the noble and novel \nsight, for he then lay on his death-bed; so that the princi\xc2\xac \npal object of the parade was disappointed. See Hack- \nluyt\xe2\x80\x99s Voyages , or Pennant\xe2\x80\x99s London, and July 6th. \n\nSir Hugh Willoughby was unfortunately entangled in \nthe ice with his own ship, and one of his companions and \nhimself, and the crews of both ships, were frozen to death \non the coast of Lapland; an event which is thus affeet- \ningly described by Thomsonf in his winter; \n\nIn these fell regions, in ArzinaJ caught. \n\nAnd to the stony deep his idle ship \nImmediate seal\xe2\x80\x99d, he with his hapless crew, \n\nEach full exerted at his several task. \n\nFroze into statues; to the cordage glued \nThe sailor, and the pilot to the helm. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1736. Singular Funeral. On this day the body of \nSamuel Baldwin, Esq., was, in compliance with an injunc\xc2\xac \ntion in his will, immersed, sans eeremonie in the sea at \n\n\n* Edward VI., who died July 6, 1553. \n\nf In all the editions of Thomson\xe2\x80\x99s Seasons which we have \nseen, it is stated that Sir Hugh Willoughby was sent out on this \nperilous voyage by Queen Elizabeth, who did not begin her reign \nuntil the year 1558. \n\nI A river of Russian Lapland, in whose bay Sir Hugh\xe2\x80\x99s own \nship and another vessel are said to have perished. \n\n\n\nMAY. \n\n\n191 \n\n\nLymington, Hants. His motive for this extraordinary \nmode of interment, was to prevent his wife from \xe2\x80\x9c danc\xc2\xac \ning over his grave,\xe2\x80\x9d which this modern Xantippe* had \nfrequently threatened to do, in case she survived him. \n\n20,1/99. Bonaparte raised the siege of Acre, after fail\xc2\xac \ning in a twelfth assault on it, made over the putrid, unbu\xc2\xac \nried bodies of his soldiers. He abandoned his train of \nartillery, and about 2000 of the worst of his wounded \nmen, having first massacred his Turkish prisoners in cold \nblood. See March 30, 1799. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 17P9. Died Joseph Towers, LL.D., a learned divine \namong the Protestant Dissenters, whose memory will be \never dear to the friends of rational liberty. Among his \nearly productions was a very interesting performance in \nseven volumes, entitled, \xe2\x80\x9c British Biography ;\xe2\x80\x9df and, in . \nconnexion, with his enlightened friend Dr. Kippis, he \nafterwards wrote in the new edition of the \xe2\x80\x9c Biographia \nBritannica,\xe2\x80\x9d between fifty and sixty lives, to which the \nsignature of T. is annexed. Of his \xe2\x80\x9c Memoirs of Frede\xc2\xac \nrick III., King of Prussia,\xe2\x80\x9d J a work highly discriminating, \nand rich in information, the first edition was published in \n\n2 vols. 8vo. in 17-88; and of his tracts a part were re\xc2\xac \nprinted in 1796, in 3 vols. 8vo. His observations on \nHume and on Dr. Johnson, which are included in this \ncollection, are particularly masterly and valuable. Dr. T. \nwas born in Southwark, in 1737- \n\n21, The sun enters into the constellation 11 , the Twins. \nSee Exercises on the Globes. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 216 B. C. Battle of Cannae, in which Hannibal, the \nrenowned Carthaginian general, defeated the Romans \nwith prodigious slaughter. (S eeArith. Quest. 10th edition.) \n\n\n* Xantippe, the wife of Socrates, was remarkable for her ill- \nhumour and peevish disposition, which are become proverbial. \nShe continually tormented him with her impertinence ; aud one \nday, not satisfied with using the most bitter invectives, she emp\xc2\xac \ntied a vessel of dirty water on his head; upon which the philo\xc2\xac \nsopher coolly observed, that after thunder there generally falls \nrain. \xe2\x80\x94See Arith. Quest, art Luxury, Roman. \n\nf A new and enlarged edition of this work, entitled the \xe2\x80\x9c Bri\xc2\xac \ntish Plutarch,\xe2\x80\x9d has been published by the Rev. Francis Wrangham, \nwhich the Monthly Reviewers recommend to the perusal of the \nyouth of both sexes, as likely to supply them with a rich store of \nexamples for imitation, of precepts for practice, and of amuse\xc2\xac \nment for the social or the solitary hour. M. R. July 1818. \n\nX See Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gazetteer, art. Potsdam, note. \n\n\n\n\n192 \n\n\nMAY. \n\n\nCannae was on the Aufidus, now the Ofanto, Naples, \nItaly. \n\n21, A. D. 1471* Prince Edward, only son of Henry VI., \nwas inhumanly assassinated at Tewkesbury, in Glouces\xc2\xac \ntershire, and was buried in the abbey church of that place. \nSee the 4th of this month. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 152/. Philif II. was born at Valladolid, Spain. See \nSept. 13, 1598. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1C62. The marriage between King Charles II. and \nthe Infanta Catharine of Portugal, was solemnized at \nPortsmouth. She was the daughter of John IV., and sister \nof Alfonso VI. See January 28, 1641. She had Tangier \nin Africa, Bombay in the East Indies, and about 300,000/. \nsterling for her dowry. This Princess survived her con\xc2\xac \nsort many years. After Charles\xe2\x80\x99s death she returned to \nher native country, where she died in 1705. See Arith. \nQuest., art. Infanta. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1814. The term British ajcd Foreign School \nSociety, was adopted instead of the Lancasterian , or \nRoyal British System of Education. It is well observed \nby the Committee of this most benevolent institution, that \nthe present times are big with events calculated to pro\xc2\xac \nmote the happiness of mankind. The imparting of \nknowledge must ever be viewed as the grand means of \nelevating the human character; and so for as the com\xc2\xac \nmunicating of instruction is directed to afford an univer\xc2\xac \nsal access to the volume of inspiration, it is placed \nupon principles which may unite Christians of every de\xc2\xac \nnomination in one firm and vigorous association, having \nfor its object the removal of ignorance from the earth. \nThe institution, therefore, gives no countenance to the \npeculiar doctrines of any sect; it recommends the read\xc2\xac \ning of the Bible, and in this it follows the direction of \nour Saviour : \xe2\x80\x9c Search the Scriptures, for they are they \nthat testify of me.\xe2\x80\x9d Being constituted on this simple \nand comprehensive principle, it does not exclude the aid \nof any persons professing to be Christians. Its object \nis, not only to establish schools in England, Scotland, \nand Ireland, for the education of the poor of all religious \npersuasions; but even to extend its benefits to North \nAmerica, India, and Africa. \n\nIt has been admirably remarked, that if there be any \none circumstance which has more than another contri\xc2\xac \nbuted to exalt this country to the high rank which she \nholds among the surrounding nations, it is the acknow\xc2\xac \nledged superiority which it enjoys in respect to the means \n\n\nMAY. \n\n\n193 \n\n\nof education. This is an advantage which invariably leads \nto the most beneficial results. A good education directly \ntends to raise the standard of morals, and to improve the \ncharacters of those who enjoy it; to excite and diffuse a \nspirit of useful exertion; to increase the energies of the \nmind, and to bring them to bear with more effect on all \nthe objects of human pursuit; to meliorate the condition \nof individuals and of society, and to promote the general \nhappiness of life. Hence every friend of humanity will \ndesire to see the benefits of education widely diffused, and \nwill co-operate with any rational plan by which that end \nis likely to be accomplished.\xe2\x80\x94Let it be remembered, \nsays Dr. Johnson, that the efficacy of ignorance has long \nbeen tried, and has not produced the consequence ex\xc2\xac \npected. Let knowledge, therefore, take its turn; and let \nthe patrons of privation stand awhile aside, and admit \nthe operation of positive principles. See Education, \nLancasterian, Index; also the same article in the Arith. \nQuest. 10th edit., and Geo. Ewer, on the Neto. Test. \n\n22, 334 B. C. The battle of the Granicus ; in which Alex\xc2\xac \nander the Great, with 30,000 Macedonians, defeated \n600,000 Persians. The Granicus was a river of Mysia, \nin Asia Minor. It discharged itself into the Propontis. \nSee Arith. Quest. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 A. D. 1455. The first battle of St. Alban\xe2\x80\x99s, in Hert\xc2\xac \nfordshire ; in which the Yorkists slew about 5,000 of the \nLancastrians, without suffering any material loss them\xc2\xac \nselves. See Miscell. Quest, in Eng. Hist. 3d edit. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1498. Vasco de Gama landed at Calicut, and was the \nfirst European who doubled the Cape of Good Hope. See \nJuly 9, and Dec. 24. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1773. Died at Stepney, John Entick, an English \ndivine, who published a \xe2\x80\x9c Spelling Dictionary,\xe2\x80\x9d that \nhas gone through many editions; a \xe2\x80\x9c History of the \nWar which terminated in 1763,\xe2\x80\x9d and a \xe2\x80\x9c History of \nLondon.\xe2\x80\x9d \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1782. Formosa, a fine large island, about 100 miles \nE. of Canton, in China, was overwhelmed and almost \ntotally destroyed by a furious hurricane and a dreadful \ninundation of the sea. See Arith. Quest. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1814. Died, aged sixty-three, at Oxford, the Rev. \nJoseph White, D. D., Regius Professor of Hebrew, \nand Laudian Professor of Arabic in that University. He \nwas born of humble parents, in Gloucestershire, and \nfollowed his father\xe2\x80\x99s employment, that of a weaver, till \nhis self-acquired attainments in knowledge attracted the \n\nK \n\n\n194 \n\n\nMAY. \n\n\nnotice of a gentleman in the neighbourhood, who gene\xc2\xac \nrously sent him to college, where he applied himself with \nsingular success to the study of Oriental literature. One \nof his learned publications was entitled, \xe2\x80\x9c Diatesseron,\xe2\x80\x9d \nor the History of our Saviour, in the original expressions \nof the Four Evangelists, collected and collated with each \nother, in the Greek language. This highly useful and \ninteresting work has given rise to two English Diates- \nserons; one by Mr. Tliirlwall, and another by Mr Warner. \nSee the Preface to the Geo. Eater, on the New Test. \n\n23, 1533. Sentence of divorce was pronounced by Arch\xc2\xac \nbishop Cranmer against Catharine of Arragon, in the \nPriory of Dunstable. See January 6 and June 3. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1617. Was born at Lichfield, in Staffordshire, the \nfamous herald and antiquary, Elias Ashmole, founder \nof the Ashmolean Museum at Oxford. He died in 1692, \nat Lambeth. Though learned himself, and a liberal pa\xc2\xac \ntron of learning, he was an implicit confider in astrolo\xc2\xac \ngical predictions, and in other respects lamentably tinc\xc2\xac \ntured with the superstitious credulity of the age.* \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1706. The Duke of Marlborough gained a famous \nvictory over the French at Ramillies, a place about ten \nmiles north of Namur, in the Netherlands. In this me\xc2\xac \nmorable engagement. Ensign Gardiner, then in the nine\xc2\xac \nteenth year of his age, received a shot in his mouth from \na musket-ball, which, without beating out any of his \nteeth, or touching the fore part of his tongue, went \nthrough his neck, and came out about an inch and a half \non the left side of the vertebrce. He felt no pain, but \ndropped soon after, and lay all night on the spot where \nhe had been wounded, among his dying companions; he \nhowever recovered in an almost miraculous manner, and \nbecame, from a most profligate youth, a character eminent \nfor piety. See Sept. 21, 1745. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1829. Captain Ross, in the Victory, a steam vessel, \ndeparted from Woolwich, to attempt once more the dis\xc2\xac \ncovery of a north-west passage. \n\n24, 1153. David I., king of Scotland, died after a reign \nof 29 years. He was contemporary with Stephen, king \nof England, and was regretted by his subjects as a father \nrather than the best of kings He was found dead in a \nposture of devotion. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1357* Edward the Black Prince made his public \n\n\n* See some admirable observations on this subject, Exer. on \nGlobes , 11th edit. \n\n\n\nMAY. \n\n\n195 \n\n\nentry from Southwark with his royal captive, John, king 1 \nof France, whom he had taken prisoner at the battle of \nPoictiers the preceding year. He had landed, according \nto different authors, at Sandwich, Plymouth, or Ports\xc2\xac \nmouth, on the 5th. See Arith. Quest., also April 8, 1364, \nand Sept. 19, 1356. \n\n24, 1543. Died, Nicholas Copernicus,* a celebrated \nmathematician, philosopher, and physician, born at Thorn, \nin Prussia, January 19, 1472. The chamber in which \nhe first drew breath is still religiously preserved. He \nwas buried in the most ancient church of Thorn. (See \nBourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gazetteer.\') His father was a stranger, from \nwhat part of Europe is not known; and the last of the \nfamily died on the 11th of August, 1601.f The genius \nof Copernicus led him to astronomy, and he travelled to \nteach his system at Rome, which was that of Pythagoras]; \nrevived. It is now universally received, as confirmed by \nphenomena, and to be accounted for by the principles \nof gravitation. The Copernican hypothesis makes the \nsun the centre of the system, and the earth to move not \nonly round the sun, but round its own axis also. See \nExer. on the Globes, and Arith. Quest, art Solar System. \n\n\n* Lalande, in his History of Astronomy for the year 1798, \nsays, \xe2\x80\x9c The date of the death of the great Copernicus, was, till \nlately, a problem. I resolved it in my tour. Copernicus died on \nthe 11th of June, 1543, although Gassendi and VVeidler date this \ncircumstance on the 24th of May, and Planche the 11th of July.\xe2\x80\x9d \nThe Ency. Brit. (art. Astronomy, page 421) states his death as \nhaving happened on the 23rd of May. \n\nf See Wraxall\xe2\x80\x99s Court of Berlin, Vol. II. p. 140. \n\n] Pythagoras, the celebrated philosopher, was, as is generally \nbelieved, a native of Samos, an island in the Archipelago ; hence \nhe is often styled the \xe2\x80\x9c Samian Sage.\xe2\x80\x9d The time and place of \nhis death are unknown ; yet some suppose that he perished in a \nsedition at Metapontum, a town of Lucania, west of Tarentum, \nin Italy, about 497 years before Christ. So great was the vene\xc2\xac \nration of the people of Magna Grsecia for this eminent philoso\xc2\xac \npher, that he received the same honours as were paid to the im\xc2\xac \nmortal gods, and his house became a sacred temple. See Exer. \non the Globes, 11th edit. art. Pythagoras. \n\nMagna Grsecia comprised Apulia, Lucania, and the country of \nthe Brutii. This district, which was situated in the southern part \nof Italy, was called Greece, because most of the cities on the coast \nwere Greek colonies. The inhabitants, according to Pliny, gave \nit the name of Great, uot as if it was larger than Greece, but \nmerely out of ostentation. \n\n\n\n196 MAY. \n\n24, 1689. The Act of Toleration was passed. See \nIndex. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1802. A bill brought into the House of Commons to \nabolish bull-baiting, was thrown out, chiefly in conse\xc2\xac \nquence of the late Mr. Windham having made a very \nsingular speech for the continuation of this savage cus\xc2\xac \ntom, so disgraceful to humanity; and which is practised \nprincipally by a motley assemblage of cruel, depraved, \ndrunken, idle, riotous, rif-raff ragamuffins.* It is asto\xc2\xac \nnishing that, under the silly pretence of stimulating the \ncourage of the common people, any one in a Christian \nnation should plead in behalf of cock-fighting, bull-bait\xc2\xac \ning, and other cruel practices, which are all abhorrent \nto the genuine spirit of civilization and Christianity. \nTrue bravery and heroism are very dissimilar from fero\xc2\xac \ncity, and derive their origin as well as their support from \nvery different principles and dispositions. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1814. The Pope restored. On this day the Pope, \nPius VII., made his grand public entrance into Rome, \namid the acclamations of the people. Advocates for the \nrapid advancement of human intellect have lately been \nromantic in the anticipation of a flood of light and know\xc2\xac \nledge which they thought was beginning to overspread \nEurope. Italy, Spain, and France, in particular, they ima\xc2\xac \ngined, were to be speedily emancipated from superstition \nand despotism, and the structure of the whole Christian \nworld to be ameliorated. But, alas! by the rapid and \nunexpected vicissitudes of human affairs, these brilliant \nvisions have been dissipated. The Pope has been restored \nto Rome; the sanguinary Inquisition re-established in \nSpain; and France has been re-consecrated to the Vir\xc2\xac \ngin Mary as its special patroness! Well has it been ob\xc2\xac \nserved, that while the virtuous and well-informed are \ngreatly out-numbered by the ignorant, worldly-minded \nand vicious. Truth will be oppressed rather than encou\xc2\xac \nraged, and Error will continue to be decorated with all \nthe badges of fashion and popularity. Pius died in 1823. \nSee Butler\xe2\x80\x99s Arith. Tables , p. 30. \n\n25, 121/. Louis, Dauphin of France, afterwards Louis \nVIII., was defeated at Lincoln by the barons, by whom he \nhad been invited to assist them against king John, and \nsoon afterwards returned to France. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1660. Charles II. arrived at Dover, in Kent, from \n\n\n* See March 31, 1654, and April 4, 1789. \n\n\n\nMAY. 197 \n\nhis exile, after an absence of nine years. See Jan. 3, \n\n1670 . \n\n25, 1805. Expired at Carlisle, in the 63rd year of his \nage. Dr. William Paley, whose name will be long \ndear to the Christian and the Philosopher. He was a \nlearned divine and an elegant writer on ethics, born at \nPeterborough, and educated at Cambridge. His \xe2\x80\x9c Moral \nand Political Philosophy\xe2\x80\x9d was prepared at the desire of \nhis friend. Bishop Law. In it he defines virtue to be \n\xe2\x80\x9c the doing of good to mankind, in obedience to the will \nof God, and for the sake of everlasting happiness. The \ntendency of any action to promote or diminish the gene\xc2\xac \nral happiness, is the fairest criterion for ascertaining the \nwill of God by the light of nature, because he wills the \nhappiness of his creatures.\xe2\x80\x9d\xe2\x80\x94His \xe2\x80\x9cView of the Evi\xc2\xac \ndences of Christianity\xe2\x80\x9d is unquestionably one of the ablest \ndefences of the Christian religion that has ever appeared; \nand it has been as popular as it is really excellent.\xe2\x80\x94 \nHis \xe2\x80\x9cNatural Theology,\xe2\x80\x9d the object of which is to de\xc2\xac \nmonstrate the existence and attributes of the Deity from \nthe appearances of Nature, is universally allowed to be \nthe best manual of Theism hitherto published: it forms \nan excellent companion to Dereham\xe2\x80\x99s \xe2\x80\x9c Physico-Theo- \nlogy.\xe2\x80\x9d\xe2\x80\x94The \xe2\x80\x9c Horse Paulinae,\xe2\x80\x9d (Pauline Hours,) or the . \nTruth of the Scripture History of St. Paul evinced, pos\xc2\xac \nsesses the combined merits of originality, acuteness, and \nsolid reasoning. The evening of this great and good \nman\xe2\x80\x99s life was clouded with no unpleasing recollections, \nno vain anxieties, no fond regrets : he had lived a virtu\xc2\xac \nous and a useful life; and he relied for future happiness \non the promises of that divine revelation, the trutli of \nwhich he had laboured so earnestly to defend. His last \nmoments were accordingly those of peace and consola\xc2\xac \ntion. Dr. Paley was Archdeacon of Carlisle, Sub-dean \nof Lincoln, and Rector of Bishop-Wearmouth, adjoining \nto Sunderland, and twelve miles from Durham. \n\n_ 1824. Mr. Harris and a Miss Stocks ascended in \n\na balloon from the garden of the Eagle Tavern, City \nRoad; when, after passing over London, the balloon \ndescended so rapidly in the neighbourhood of Beddington, \nSurrey, that the aeronauts were precipitated from a great \nheight with such force, that Mr. H. was killed on the \nspot, and Miss S. was severely bruised. \n\n26, Constant twilight commences in the latitude of Lon\xc2\xac \ndon, and continues till the 18th of July. See Eccer. on \nGlobes , art. Twilight. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1784. Commenced the commemoration of Handel, \n\n\n198 \n\n\nMAY. \n\n\nin Westminster-Abbey; a musical exhibition which con\xc2\xac \ntinued three days successively. It was the grandest of \nthe kind ever attempted in any nation, and afforded one \nof the most magnificent spectacles which the imagination \ncan delineate; their majesties, most of the first person\xc2\xac \nages in the kingdom, and between 3 and 4,000 of the \npublic in general, being present. The musical band \ncontained upwards of 500 performers. See Dr. Bur\xc2\xac \nney\xe2\x80\x99s History of Music, and April 13, 1814, and April \n14, 1759. \n\n26, 1824. Died at Moncallier, near Turin, Capel Lofft, \nEsq., the patron of the poet Bloomfield, and author of \nseveral valuable works, and of the philosophical poem \nEudosia, frequently quoted by the late author of the \npresent work, in his Exer. on the Globes , and from \nwhich numerous extracts have been made by the editor \nof that work in an Appendix to it. \n\n27, 1541. The venerable Margaret, Countess of Salis\xc2\xac \nbury, was beheaded in -the Tower. This illustrious \nwoman was daughter of George, Duke of Clarence, and \nof Isabella, daughter of Nevil, Earl of Warwick, called \nthe King-maker, and last of the royal line of Plantagenet \nThis seems to have been her only crime, except that of \nbeing mother to Cardinal Pole, to whom the tyrant, \nHenry VIII., bore the most inveterate hatred. When \nthe executioner directed her to lay her head on the \nblock, she refused to do it; telling him, that she knew \nof no guilt, and would not submit to die like a traitor. \nHe pursued her about the scaffold, aiming at her hoary \nhead, and at length took it off, after mangling the poor \nvictim of seventy years of age, in the most barbarous \nmanner. See Pennant\xe2\x80\x99s London, or IIijme; and Far\xc2\xac \nley, Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gazetteer. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1564. John Calvin, the celebrated Reformer, died \nat Geneva, in Switzerland. He was born at Noyon,* \nJuly 10, 1509. He was a man of eminent talents and \nextensive learning; but his extreme rigour, and his de\xc2\xac \nfence of the burning of heretics, not only raised him \nmany enemies, but greatly dishonoured his religious pro\xc2\xac \nfession. See Oct. 27, 1553. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1600. Matins of Moscow. The word \xe2\x80\x9cmatins\xe2\x80\x9d \nis derived from the Italian rnattina, or the French matins \nmorning, and means the first part in the daily service in \n\n\n* Noyon is situated east of Beauvais, aud near the river Oise, \nin the department of Oise, Fi ance. \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMAY. \n\n\n199 \n\n\nthe Romish Church. The matins of Moscow denote the \nassassinaton of Prince Demetrius, and all the Poles, his \nadherents, at Moscow, the ancient capital of Russia, at \nsix o\xe2\x80\x99clock in the morning. In like manner, French \nmatins imply the massacre of St. Bartholomew, in 15/2. \nSee Sicilian Vespers , March 30, 1282. \n\n2/, 1/99. Addison\xe2\x80\x99s Library. On this and the three \nfollowing days, the library of the illustrious Addison was \nsold publicly in London, by Messrs Leigh and Sotheby, \nfor the sum of 456/. 2s. 9 d. The books, &c., were re\xc2\xac \nmoved from Bilton, long the residence of the immortal \nAddison, about a mile from the banks of \xe2\x80\x9cAvon\xe2\x80\x99s classic \nstream,\xe2\x80\x9d and adjacent to Rugby, in Warwickshire A \nview and a particular account of Addison\xe2\x80\x99s dwelling- \nhouse are given in \xe2\x80\x9c Ireland\xe2\x80\x99s Picturesque Views on the \nUpper or Warwickshire Avon,\xe2\x80\x9d and also in an entertain\xc2\xac \ning work entitled, \xe2\x80\x9c Addisonia.\xe2\x80\x9d See June 17, 1719. \n\n28, 1546. Cardinal Beaton, the \xe2\x80\x9c Bonner of Scotland,\xe2\x80\x9d \nwas assassinated in the Castle of St. Andrews. The \nimmediate cause of this murder was his severity to the \nReformers, and particularly the barbarous and illegal \nexecution of the famous George Wishart, a pious \nand popular preacher, whom the Cardinal condemned to \nthe flames alive for heresy; and he exultingly beheld \nfrom his own window the dismal spectacle of Wishart\xe2\x80\x99s \nsufferings and death. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1672. Was fought, in the reign of Charles II., an ob\xc2\xac \nstinate naval engagement, in Southwold, or Solebay, \nin Suffolk, between the English and Dutch; the latter \nwere defeated : the former were commanded by the Duke \nof York, afterwards James II., whose personal example, \nand whose wise nautical regulations, when sovereign, \ngreatly benefited the English navy. See Miscell. Quest, \nin Eng-. Hist. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1828. In Upper Brook Street, died the Hon. Anne \nSeymour Damer, the celebrated amateur sculptress. \nHer elegant, tasteful, and classical productions are widely \nscattered. At the suggestion of her relative Sir Alexander \nJohnstone, with a view to aid the advancement of Eu\xc2\xac \nropean arts in India, she sent a bust of Nelson* fo the \nKing of Tanjore ; and she presented another bust of this \nhero to the Corporation of London, which is placed in \n\n\n* See August 1, 1798, and Oct. 21, 1805. \n\n\n\n\n200 \n\n\nMAY. \n\n\nthe Common Council Room at Guildhall. Her beautiful \nbust of Sir Joseph Banks* at the British Museum is well \nknown, but perhaps the most public of her works are \nthe colossal heads of the Thames and Isis on Henley \nBridge. \n\n28, 1829. Sir Humphrey Davy, whose valuable discoveries \nin chemistry have contributed to the improvement of \nvarious arts, died at Geneva. He was a native of Pen\xc2\xac \nzance, Cornwall. \n\n29, 1379. Henry II. of Castile, the illegitimate brother \nof Peter the Cruel, whom he killed with his own hand \nin 1369, expired, after having requested to be clothed in \nthe habit of St. Dominic.f He was one of the bravest \nprinces of his time, and beloved by his subjects for his \nmild and affable behaviour. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1453. Constantinople was taken by Mahomet II., \nEmperor of the Turks; and thus, after an existence of \nten centuries from its commencement under Constantine \nthe Great, ended the Greek empire. It had been bravely \ndefended by Constantine Paleologus, whose body was \nfound under a heap of slain, and was recognized by the \ngolden eagles embroidered on his shoes. The Greeks \nacknowledged, with tears, the head of their late emperor, \nand Mahomet bestowed on his rival the honours of a \ndecent funeral. The capture of this city is one of the \ngreatest events in the history of Modern Europe. It \nestablished the Turks in Europe: they originally came \nfrom Turcomania, a district near the Caspian Sea, in \nAsia. While it was thus productive of evil, it operated \nbeneficially on mankind, for it occasioned the revival of \nliterature in the 15th century, after a long night of dark\xc2\xac \nness, and opened to Europe the intellectual riches of the \nGreeks. See Ever, on the Globes , art. Ottoman. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1660. Charles II. was restored, being\' the anniversary \nof his birth-day. He was born in 1630, and was the son \nof Charles I. and Henrietta, daughter of Henry IV. of \nFrance. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1821. Died, by an untimely fate, Charles Alfred \nStothard, son of Thomas Stothard, Esq., R. A. \nThis ingenious son of an ingenious father was eminent \nfor his knowledge of ancient architecture and costume. \nHe published \xe2\x80\x9c Monumental Effigies of Great Britain ,\xe2\x80\x9d \n\n\n* See June 19, 1820. \n\n\nt See p. 36. \n\n\n\nMAY. \n\n\n201 \n\n\nand was deputed by the Antiquarian Society to take a \ncopy of the famous tapestry at Bayeux, in France. In this \njourney, which extended through Normandy and Bri- \ntanny, he was accompanied by Mrs. Stothard,* who com\xc2\xac \nmunicated the result to the public in \xe2\x80\x9c Letters from Nor - \nmandtf,\xe2\x80\x9d &c., which were illustrated by the fine drawings \nof Mr. S. Having been requested by the Rev. D. Lysons \nto make some sketches for an account of Devonshire in \nthe \xe2\x80\x9c Magna Britannia Mr. Stothard proceeded to that \ncounty; and while employed by means of a ladder in \nmaking tracings from fragments of stained glass in the \nwindow of Bere Ferris* church, the ladder gave way, and \nthe unfortunate artist was killed, it is supposed, by a \nconcussion of the brain received during his fall, while he \ncame in contact with the effigies of a knight in the chan\xc2\xac \ncel.\xe2\x80\x94If the hero who dies while sustaining the glories of \nhis country\xe2\x80\x94if the statesman whose expiring accents are \nheard in the senate vindicating\xe2\x80\x99 the great cause of truth \nand freedomf\xe2\x80\x94and if the philosopher whose ardent thirst \nof knowledge terminates his life, + excite sympathy and \nadmiration, surely the artist who falls a sacrifice to labours \nwhich delight and instruct mankind, may also claim the \ntender thought and gratitude of the present and future \ngenerations. \n\nMurillo\xe2\x80\x99s death, in 1685, was occasioned by a fall from \na scaffold which had been erected for him when engaged \non a painting in the Church of the Capuchins at Cadiz. \nHe was 70 years of age. \n\n30, 1431. Joan d\xe2\x80\x99Arc, whose heroic behaviour had reani\xc2\xac \nmated the expiring valour of the French nation, was burnt \nalive by the English, as a sorceress, at Rouen, department \nof the Lower Seine, France; a punishment equally bar\xc2\xac \nbarous, dishonourable, and impolitic. This admirable \nheroine, heading a sally made by the garrison of Com- \npiegne, was taken prisoner by the Burgundians. The \ncommon opinion was, that the French officers, finding the \nmerit of every action ascribed to her, had, in envy to her \nrenown, by which they themselves were so much eclipsed, \nwillingly exposed her to this fatal accident. The service \n\n\n* Bere Ferris is situated four miles north-west of Plymouth, \non the Tamar. Bourn\'s Gazetteer. \n\nf Lord Chatham. X Pliny. See August 23, \n\nk 3 \n\n\n\n202 \n\n\nMAY. \n\n\nof Te Deum* which has so often been profaned by- \nprinces, was publicly celebrated on this fortunate event \nat Paris, then in the hands of the English, who afterwards \npurchased the unhappy captive of the Burgundians. A \nstatue is erected to her memory on the spot where her \ncruel sentence was executed, and an inscription engraven \nbeneath it in her honour. Who would not die, demands \nMr. Wraxall, to merit two of the lines which compose it ? \n\n\xe2\x80\x9c-Exuit flammis quod mortale, \n\nSuperest gloria nunquam moritura 1\xe2\x80\x9d \n\nWhich may be thus paraphrased : \n\nAll that was mortal, of this martial maid. \n\nBy envy basely to her foes betray\xe2\x80\x99d, \n\nFire has consum\'d ; but, reader, heave no sigh ; \n\nThis heroine\xe2\x80\x99s valiant deeds shall never die. \n\n30, 1498. Columbus set sail from the port of St. Lucar, \nin Andalusia, Spain, with a squadron of six vessels, on his \nthird voyage of discovery. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1574. Charles IX., the infamous assassin of his own \nsubjects, died at Vincennes. Tutored by his mother, the \nrevengeful Catharine de\xe2\x80\x99Medici, and imbibing her wicked \n\' maxims, he became malicious, irritable, profane, and \nbigoted. In the shocking Parisian massacre, he fired from \na balcony on his own Protestant subjects, and afterwards \nasked some of his abandoned courtiers, with an air of \nexultation, \xe2\x80\x9c if he had not played bis part well.\xe2\x80\x9d Soon \nafter, shame and remorse succeeded to rage; and con\xc2\xac \nscience, with its tremendous voice. \n\n\n* Te Deum is a kind of hymn, or song of thanksgiving, used \nin the church ; beginning with the words Te Deum, laudumus, \nWe praise thee , 0 God. It is generally supposed to be the com\xc2\xac \nposition of Augustin and Ambrose, and is sung in the Romish \nchurch with extraordinary pomp and solemnity on some happy \nevent, such as the gainiug of a battle in which 15 or 20,000 \nhuman beings had been cut to pieces in one place ; an entire \ngarrison put to the sword in another; when here, the savage \nforces of a barbarous despot had made very dreadful carnage ; \nwhen there, a most glorious slaughter ensued ; when, in a word, \nappropriations, confiscations, exterminations, delacerations, fa\xc2\xac \nmine, despair, death, and agonizing sounds, have pervaded a \ndevoted country. \n\n\n\nMAY. \n\n\n203 \n\n\n\xe2\x80\x9c Which startles kings, and frights them on the throne,\xe2\x80\x9d \n\npreying on his spirits, his strength decayed, and lingering \nless than two years after the massacre, he died in the 25th \nyear of his age, after a reign of 14 years. See Aritfi. \nQuest. No. 101. \n\n30, 1640. Expired, at Antwerp, Sir Peter Paul Rubens, \nthe most eminent of the Flemish school* of painters, \nborn in 15/7; but whether at Antwerp or Cologne, it is \nnot easy to determine. He is allowed to have carried the \nart of colouring to its highest pitch; giving to his figures \nthe utmost harmony, and a prominence resembling real \nlife. He particularly excelled in allegorical and emble\xc2\xac \nmatical compositions; and of all his numerous works, the \npaintings in the palace of Luxemburg, at Paris, it is said, \nbest display his genius and his style. He painted some of \nthe apartments in Whitehall, for Charles I., by whom he \nwas created a knight; an honour which had been pre\xc2\xac \nviously conferred on him by the king of Spain : he more\xc2\xac \nover negociated a peace between these monarchs. Pos\xc2\xac \nsessing all the ornaments and advantages that render a \nman worthy to be esteemed or courted, Rubens was always \ntreated as a person of consequence. His figure was noble, \nhis manners engaging, his conversation lively, and his \nlearning universal; he spoke several languages perfectly, \nand was an excellent statesman. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1654. Christina, Queen of Sweden, daughter of \n\n\n* A school, in the fine arts, denominates a class of artists who \nhave learned their art from a certain master, either by receiving \nhis instructions, or by studying his works; and who of conse\xc2\xac \nquence discover more or less of his manner, from the desire of \nimitation, or from the habit of adopting his principles. All the \npaiuters which Europe has produced since the renovation of the \narts, are classed under the following schools : the school of Flo\xc2\xac \nrence, of Rome, of Venice; the Lombardf school, the French, \nthe German, the Flemish, the Dutch, and the English school. Of \nthis last, Sir Joshua Reynolds is acknowledged as its great foun\xc2\xac \nder, in the establishment of the Royal Academy in 1768, under \nthe auspices of the king. See June 4, 1776. The founders, &c., \nof the other schools may be seen in the Ency. Brit. art. Painting; \nor in a useful and entertaining work, entitled, \xe2\x80\x9c A Dictionary of \nPaiuters,\xe2\x80\x9d &c., &c. \n\n\n\xe2\x99\xa6 Lombardy formerly comprehended a considerable part of the \nnorth, and has been termed the garden, of Italy. \n\n\n\n\n204 \n\n\nMAY. \n\n\nGustavus Adolphus, whom she succeeded in 1633, re\xc2\xac \nsigned her crown, and the government of that kingdom, \nat Upsal. Upon her abdication, she caused a medal to \nbe struck, with this legend, \xe2\x80\x9cParnassus is worth more \nthan a throne.\xe2\x80\x9d She was a woman of considerable learn\xc2\xac \ning, and the generous patroness of learned men. Her \ndeath happened at Rome, in 1689, on the 19th of\'April, \nin the 63d year of her age. \n\n30, 1665. Origin of Literary Journals. On this day \nDennis de Sallo, ecclesiastical counsellor in the parlia\xc2\xac \nment of Paris, published the first number of his \xe2\x80\x9c Journal \ndes Sqavans a work which met with so favourable a \nreception, that it was not only soon imitated throughout \nEurope, but the author had the satisfaction of having, at \nthe same time, his own Journal translated into various \nlanguages. This was the origin of the present numerous \nLiterary Journals,f from whose valuable pages may be \nacquired a rich fund of critical observation, delicacy of \ntaste, refinement of judgment, and general information : \nthere \n\n-Th\xe2\x80\x99 unlearn\xe2\x80\x99d their wants may view; \n\nThe learn\xe2\x80\x99d reflect on what before they knew. \n\nHorace, by Pope. \n\nEvery friend to the dissemination of knowledge must, \ntherefore, wish for an universal diffusion of Reviews. \n\xe2\x80\x9c I cheerfully acknowledge,\xe2\x80\x9d says the learned and in\xc2\xac \ngenious Dr. Lettsom, \xe2\x80\x9c that the perusal of their pages \nhas afforded me more general information than any other \nvolumes within the compass of my reading.\xe2\x80\x9d \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1744. Expired, at Twickenham, Alexander Pope, \none of the first in rank among the English poets, for the \ndistinguished harmony of his numbers, and for the clear\xc2\xac \nness and splendour of his diction. His poems and trans\xc2\xac \nlations are too well known to require particular mention ; \nhis prose writings are little less harmonious than his \nverse, and his voice in common conversation was so natu\xc2\xac \nrally musical, that Southern used to call him the Little \n\n\n* The late King spoke of this publication to Dr. Johnson, in \nthe private interview with which lie was honoured by his Ma\xc2\xac \njesty in the library at the Queen\xe2\x80\x99s house, in the month of Febru\xc2\xac \nary, 1767. See BosioeWs Life of Johnson, Vol. I. pp. 291, &c \n4to edit. 1791. \n\nt See Curiosities of Literature, Vo!. I. p. 95, 2d edit. \n\n\n\n\nMAY. \n\n\n205 \n\n\nNightingale. Let it be remembered by my young read\xc2\xac \ners, that Filial Piety was a most distinguished trait in \nthe character of this very celebrated writer.* \n\nPope\xe2\x80\x99s filial piety excels \n\nWhatever Grecian story tells. Swift. \n\nMe let the tender office long engage, \n\nTo rock the cradle of declining age, \n\nExplore the thought, explain the asking eye, \n\nAnd keep awhile a parent from the sky. \n\nSo sang Pope himself with a filial enthusiasm for which \nhe will be ever honoured, as his actions corresponded \nwith his words ; it having been one of the greatest plea\xc2\xac \nsures of his life to promote the happiness of his aged \nmother; and surely, to a generous temper, nothing can be \nmore delightful than to sooth the declining years of \nthose by whom our infant days were sustained, our feeble \nchildhood supported, and our giddy youth moderated and \ndirected! f \n\nPope was born in London, in 1G88; died and was in\xc2\xac \nterred at Twickenham, a village in Middlesex, on the \nbanks of the Thames, where he had resided many years : \nhence he is sometimes styled, \xe2\x80\x9c The Bard of Twicken\xc2\xac \nham \n\nWe have noticed in the Arith. Quest, several places that \nhave been endeared to cultivated minds, in consequence \nof their having been the birth-place or residence of \ngenius : among these was Pope\xe2\x80\x99s villa at Twickenham, \nwhich was long the delight of every person of taste. \n\nCiel! avec quel transport j\xe2\x80\x99ai visits ce lieu \n\nDout Mendip est le maitre, et dont Poee est le dieu ! \n\nAbbe de Lille, Jardins, nr. \n\nOur young readers will learn with regret, that in the \npresent most polished and enlightened century, in less \n\n\n* See Bacon and Biddle, Index. \n\nt It may be worthy of remark, that one of Pope\xe2\x80\x99s most parti\xc2\xac \ncular friends, the very learned Bishop Warburton, was, like him\xc2\xac \nself, exemplary in his attentions to his mother. In a collection \nof \xe2\x80\x9c Letters to and from Dr. Doddridge,\xe2\x80\x9d may be seen some ad\xc2\xac \ndressed to that great and good man, by the bishop, in which lie \ndescribes himself as passing the evenings with his aged mother, \nin perusing the Family Expositor: a simple but impressive scene \nof great dignity and beauty. See Doddridge and Warburton, \nIndex. \n\n\n\n\n206 \n\n\nMAY. \n\n\nthan sixty years after Pope\xe2\x80\x99s death, at a time when his \nworks were in the hands of every child, and had been \ntranslated into every language, his house was levelled with \nthe ground, his grotto defaced, the trees planted by his \nown hand rooted up, and his whole retreat, the seat of \ngenius and the British muse, ravaged and stripped of the \nvery ornaments which endeared them to the public, be. \ncause they were the creation of the poet\xe2\x80\x99s fancy, and still \nseemed to bear the impression of his mind. Houses and \ngardens and grottos (as an elegant writer observes) are, it \nis true, the most perishable of monuments; yet the longer \neven these frail memorials are preserved, the better : the \nattention paid to their conservation is a tribute to genius, \nand an honourable proof of the prevalence of taste and \ninformation in a country. \n\n30, 1778. Expired, at the age of eighty-five, the celebrated \nVoltaire, who, as a man of letters, will stand in the first \nrank with posterity, for brilliancy of imagination, for \nastonishing ease, exquisite taste, versatility of talents, and \nextent of knowledge ; but whose memory will be held in \ndetestation by the wise and good, on account of his un\xc2\xac \ndisguised impiety, and the indecent and rancorous witti\xc2\xac \ncisms which he constantly emitted against the Holy \nScriptures. His last moments were, like those of the \ngenerality of impenitent scoffers at the Bible,* embittered \nbv rage, remorse, self-reproach, and blasphemy ! These \ncircumstances in the character of this arch-infidel, are al\xc2\xac \nluded to by the pious Covvper in the subsequent lines : \n\nThe Frenchman first in literary fame, \n\n(Mention him if you please\xe2\x80\x94 Voltaire ?\xe2\x80\x94the same,) \n\nWith spirit, genius, eloquence supplied, \n\nLiv\xe2\x80\x99d long, wrote much, laugh\xe2\x80\x99d heartily, and died ; \n\nThe Scripture was his jest-book, whence he drew \nHon -mots to gall the Christian and the Jetc. \n\nAn infidel in health : but what when sick ? \n\nOh then a text would touch him at the quick. \n\nReflecting on Voltaire\xe2\x80\x99s and similar deaths, who can \nrefrain from exclaiming, \xe2\x80\x9c Let me die the death of the \nrighteous, and let my last end be like his\xe2\x80\x9d ? Numb, xxiii. \n10. \xe2\x80\x9c Mark the perfect man, and behold the upright: for \n\nthe end of that man is peuce. \xe2\x80\x9df Psalm xxxvii. 37. \n\n\n* See Simpson\'s Plea for Religion ,\xc2\xbb&c., pp. 8, &c., 2d edit. \n\nf See Addison, Locke, Boerhaave, Cruden, Jones (Sir William), \nPorteus, Price, and Priestley, Index; and for a host of others, \n\n\n\n\nMAY. \n\n\n20 / \n\n\nVoltaire was born at Chatenai, near Paris, lived many \nyears in the latter part of his life at Ferney,* * died at his \nnative place, and was buried at Sellices, a Benedictine \nabbey between Nogent and Troyes, but was afterwards \nremoved to the Pantheon, now St. Genevieve, at Paris. \n\n31, 1520. Henry VIII. embarked at Dover, in Kent, to \nmeet Francis I. of France, at Ardres, a small town near \nCalais, in France. The nobility of both kingdoms here \ndisplayed their magnificence with such emulation and \nprofuse expense, as procured to tha place of interview \n(an open plain) the name of The Field of the Cloth of \nGold. Many of the kings\xe2\x80\x99 attendants involved themselves \nin great debts on this occasion, and were not able, by the \npenury of their whole lives, to repair the vain splendour \nof a few days!! A painting of the embarkation, and \nanother of the interview, which happened on the 4th of \nJune, are in Windsor Castle. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1533. The beauteous Anne Boleyn was crowned with \nthe greatest magnificence. See a curious account of the \nprocession in the Antiquarian Repertory . Vol. III. p. 202; \nand May 19, 1536. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1740. Frederick William I., King of Prussia, ex- \n\n\nmany of whom were the ornameuts of human nature, whether we \nconsider the wide range of their abilities, the great extent of \ntheir learning and knowledge, or the piety, integrity, and bene\xc2\xac \nficence of their lives. See Simpson\xe2\x80\x99s Plea. \n\n* Ferney is a village in France, situated on the borders of \nSwitzerland, within a league of Geneva. Voltaire is often styled, \n\xe2\x80\x9cThe Philosopher of Ferney,\xe2\x80\x9d and \xe2\x80\x9cThe Sage of Ferney.\xe2\x80\x9d Emi\xc2\xac \nnent literary characters, and other distinguished personages, are \nfrequently designated by allusive epithets : as, The Bard of Tyne \n\xe2\x80\x94of Twickenham\xe2\x80\x94of Amwell\xe2\x80\x94of Olney\xe2\x80\x94of Cona\xe2\x80\x94of Avon. \nThe Poet of Cremona; the Mantuan Swan, or Swain; Night\xe2\x80\x99s \nSeraphic Poet; the Poet of Auburn ; Pomona\xe2\x80\x99s Bard; the The\xc2\xac \nban Swan; the Theban Hero; the Theban Pair; the Syuopian \nCynic; the Samian Sage; the Sage of Syracuse ; the Stagirite; \nthe Gargettian, or Garden Philosopher; the Attic Bee; the Laugh\xc2\xac \ning and Crying Philosophers; the Father of History; the Father \nof Poetry; the Tuneful Teian ; the English Roscius ; the Bonner \nof Scotland ; the British Plutarch ; the British Apelles : the Abys\xc2\xac \nsinian Traveller; the Punic Chief; the Vicar of Bray ; the Lich\xc2\xac \nfield Moralist ; London\xe2\x80\x99s Generous Mayor; Marseilles\xe2\x80\x99 Good \nBishop ; the Man of Ross; the Patriot of the World ; the Ayr\xc2\xac \nshire Ploughman, &c., &c. \n\n\n\n208 \n\n\nMAY. \n\n\npired at Berlin. He was the father of Frederick the \nGreat, whom he treated with great harshness, on account \nof his love of letters, as he feared that his taste for music \nand poetry would draw off his attention from those studies \nwhich were necessary to make him a warlike king. He \ndespised both philosophers and poets; and on his son\xe2\x80\x99s \nattempting, in 1730, to leave the kingdom clandestinely, \nthat he might enjoy the society of literary men and im\xc2\xac \nprove himself by travelling, he incarcerated him in the \ncastle of Custrin, on the Oder, Germany. See Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s \nGazetteer. \n\nFrederick William was more anxious to govern his own \nkingdom properly than to encroach on his neighbours\xe2\x80\x99 \ndominions. He was cautious in his engagements, true to \nhis promises, austere in his manners, avaricious of money, \nand a rigorous disciplinarian. He was feared and de\xc2\xac \ntested, as well as esteemed, both in his family and in his \nkingdom. \n\n31, 1826. Died Monsieur Da Coster, who was the favour\xc2\xac \nite conductor of visitors of the field of Waterloo, where \nNapoleon was defeated by the Duke of Wellington. \n\n\n( 209 ) \n\n\nJUNE. \n\n\xe2\x80\x9c Now genial suns and gentle breezes reign, \n\nAnd summer\xe2\x80\x99s fairest splendours deck the plain ; \n\nExulting Flora* views her new-born rose,f \nAnd all the ground with short liv\xe2\x80\x99d beauty glows.\xe2\x80\x99\xe2\x80\x99 \n\nJune, the sixth month from January, had its name from \nthe Latin Junius , which some derive h Junone (from Juno). \nOvid, in his Fasti, introduces that Goddess as claiming the \nmonth. \n\nJune from Juno\xe2\x80\x99s name is surely made. \n\n\n* Flora was the goddess of flowers and gardens among the \nHomans, the same as the Chloris of the Greeks; she is repre\xc2\xac \nsented by artists as crowned with flowers, and holding in her \nhand the horn of plenty. Games, entitled Floralia, were insti\xc2\xac \ntuted at Rome in honour of Flora, about the age of Romulus ; \nthey were observed annually, and exhibited a scene of unbounded \nlicentiousness. See April 28. \n\n\'f\' This beautiful and fragrant flower has not been more highly \ncelebrated by the poets in modern times, than by those of anti\xc2\xac \nquity. The ancients were, indeed, particularly fond of the rose, \nwhich they considered as the favourite of the Spring, and one of \nthe most delicious ornaments of that gay season : the tender \nSappho styles it \xe2\x80\x9c The pride of plants, the queen of flowers \nand Anacreon is lavish in its praise. The following lines are part \nof his fifth ode, as translated by Fawkes : \n\nHail, lovely rose ! to thee I sing, \n\nThou sweetest daughter of the Spring ; \n\nAll mortals prize thy beauties bright; \n\nIn thee the pow\xe2\x80\x99rs above delight. \n\nThe roses of Damascus, in Syria, and those of Sharon, were \nheld in high estimation. See Arith. Quest, art. Damascus, and \nCant. ii. 1. There are two or three districts of Palestine known \nby the name of Saron or Sharon, an epithet which was almost \nproverbial, to express a place of extraordinary beauty and fruit\xc2\xac \nfulness. See Isaiah xxxiii. 9, xxxv. 2, lxv. 10 ; and 1 Chron. \nxxvii. 29. One of the valleys or plains so denominated was situ\xc2\xac \nated between Mount Tabor and the Sea of Tiberias ; and another \nwas near Lydda, and extended from Caesarea to Joppa. In this \nlast there were many villages whose inhabitants embraced the \ngospel. See Acts ix. 35. Modern travellers give the name of \nSharon to a plain adjacent to Tyre and Ptolemais. See the au\xc2\xac \nthor\xe2\x80\x99s Scripture Mapjs. \n\n\n\n\n210 \n\n\nJUNE. \n\n\nOthers rather derive it h junioribus, (from young 1 people,) \nthis being for young persons, as the month of May was for \nold. \n\nAnd from the junior people June we say. \n\nThe elders May, and June the younger claim. \n\nJune is drawn by artists in a mantle of dark .green. \nThis is the pleasing season when, as Thomson happily ex\xc2\xac \npresses it, \n\nHeaven descends \n\nTn universal bounty, shedding herbs, \n\nAnd fruits, and flowers, on Nature\xe2\x80\x99s ample lap. \n\nREMARKABLE EVENTS. \n\n1, 1666. Began a most memorable naval engagement be\xc2\xac \ntween the English and Dutch; which was fought for four \ndays with such desperate courage and obstinacy, that nei\xc2\xac \nther side had much reason to triumph, being both forced \nto retire to their respective harbours to refit. The En\xc2\xac \nglish, who first retreated, lost only nine ships, the Dutch \nfifteen. The latter were commanded by De Ruyter and \nthe younger Van Tromp;* the former by the duke of \nAlbemarle and Prince Rupert. De Witt,f who was on \nboard the Dutch fleet, is said, on this occasion, to have \ninvented chain-shot, which did great damage to the rigging \nof the English ships; but others say it had been used be\xc2\xac \nfore. A fine picture of this battle, by Vandervelde, is in \nthe Stafford Gallery. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1794. Howe\xe2\x80\x99s Victory. Lord HoweJ obtained a \nmost splendid victory over the French fleet, commanded \nby Villaret-Joyeuse, in the Atlantic Ocean, nearly 1,000 \nmiles from the N. W. coast of France; long, about 15^ \nW., lat. 47| N. This was the first of that series of glori\xc2\xac \nous triumphs which crushed the navy of France during \nthe late war. A monument has been erected in St. Paul\xe2\x80\x99s \nCathedral to perpetuate the fame of Lord Howe. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1803. Expired, Caroline Symmons, an amiable young \nlady and astonishing genius, who displayed, when she was \nonly eleven years old, a brilliancy of invention, and a har- \n\n\n* Sec August 25, 1653. t See Index. \n\n+ This nobleman died August 5, 1799, in the seventy-fourth \nyear of his age. \n\n\n\nJUNE. \n\n\n211 \n\n\ninony of numbers, \xe2\x80\x9c little less than miraculous,\xe2\x80\x9d and who \nmay fairly be classed among the prodigies of early genius; \nher meteor-like existence having been marked with sur\xc2\xac \nprising coruscations of elegant thought and reflection.* \nShe was the daughter of the Rev. Dr. Charles Symmons, \nand died at the premature age of fourteen years, of a \ndecline; a disease that has been aptly termed, \xe2\x80\x9c a giant \nmalady,\xe2\x80\x9d and which often selects for its hapless victims \nthe most amiable and most promising part of the com\xc2\xac \nmunity :f \n\nEarly, bright, transient, chaste as morning dew. \n\nShe sparkled, was exhaled, and went to heaven! \n\nYoung. \n\n-The wintry blast of Death \n\nKills not the buds of virtue !\xe2\x80\x94No, they spread \nBeneath the heav\xe2\x80\x99nly beam of brighter suns, \n\nThro\' endless ages, into higher powers. \n\nThomson. \n\n2, 1G53. The English, commanded by Monk, defeated the \nDutch under Van Tromp, taking and destroying twenty \nof their ships, and pursuing the enemy to their own har\xc2\xac \nbours. This engagement, which happened off the North \nForeland, in Kent, lasted two days. See Miscel. Quest, \nin Eng-. Hist. 2nd edit. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 17B0. Many thousand persons, agreeably to prior notice, \nmet in St. George\xe2\x80\x99s Fields to accompany Lord George \nGordon with a petition to repeal the law of the last session \nin favour of the Roman Catholics. After proceeding to \nthe House of Commons, and being informed that their \npetitions were rejected, some of the mob that evening \ndestroyed the two Catholic chapels in Duke Street and \nWarwick Street; and, proceeding to Newgate, released \nthe prisoners, destroying the keeper\xe2\x80\x99s furniture, and set\xc2\xac \nting fire to the whole. Their work of mischief continued \nnearly a week, when it was suppressed by the military \nbeing called in to the assistance of the civil power. See \nNovember, 17^3. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1802. The House of Commons voted a remuneration \nof ten thousand pounds to Dr. Jenner, for his invaluable \n\n\n* See a Memoir, interspersed with a few Poetical Productions, \nof the late Caroline Symmons, annexed to a poem, entitled, \xe2\x80\x9c The \nRising of Ja\'irus\xe2\x80\x99 Daughter ; by F. Wrangham.\xe2\x80\x9d \n\nf See White, Kirke ; and Smith, Elizabeth ; Index. \n\n\n\n212 \n\n\nJUNE. \n\n\ndiscovery of the Vaccine Inoculation ;* which, by saving \nmillions of victims from an untimely grave, will prove an \ninestimable blessing to the whole human race. Dr. Jen- \nner resided many years at his native place, Berkley, in \nGloucestershire, and died there, in 1823. When the \nnames of heroes and conquerors shall have sunk into for\xc2\xac \ntunate oblivion, or be only remembered in deep-toned \ncurses and execrations, his will be pronounced with grati\xc2\xac \ntude by myriads yet unborn, who will revere the tomb \nof Jenner more than the trophied urn of a destroyer of \nmillions. \n\n2, 1811. Christophe,\xe2\x96\xa0 f and Marie-Louise, his sable \nconsort, were crowned King and Queen of Hayti, with \ngreat pomp and ceremony. The new monarch ascended \nthe throne under the title of Henry the First. Hayti, or \nthe French part of St. Domingo, is occupied by the Afri\xc2\xac \ncan slaves, or their descendants, who formerly tilled its \nsoil, under the impulse of the lash, for French masters; \nbut who have been some years emancipated from bon\xc2\xac \ndage, and are now the proprietors of that very soil for\xc2\xac \nmerly watered with their blood and tears. Their number \nis estimated at about 600,000, consisting entirely of blacks \nand people of colour. \n\n3, 1509. Henry VIII. was married to Catharine of Arra- \ngon, at Greenwich. See Jan 6, 1536. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1647. Joyce, by the counsel of Cromwell, seized King \nCharles I. at Holdenby, a place 6 miles from Northamp\xc2\xac \nton, and conducted him to the army, then at variance with \nthe Parliament. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1665. The English fleet, commanded by the Duke of \nYork, was victorious over the Dutch off Harwich and \nLowestoff, taking eighteen ships, and destroying fourteen \nmore. Admiral Opdam and his whole crew were blown \nup. The English lost only one ship, but several persons \nof rank were killed in this action. Vandervelde, the noted \npainter, was present, and sailed about in a skiff\' to make a \npainting of the engagement. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1769. Transit of Venus. In consequence of a me\xc2\xac \nmorial which the Royal Society presented to the king in \n1768, setting forth the advantages that would be derived \nto science, if an accurate observation of the approaching \n\n\n* An additional sum of twenty thousand pounds was voted to \nDr. Jenner by Parliament, in 1807. \n\nf For Christophe\xe2\x80\x99s death, see Oct. 8, 1821. \n\n\n\n\n\n\nJUNE. \n\n\n213 \n\n\ntransit of Venus over the sun were taken in the South \nSea, a vessel, called \xe2\x80\x9c The Endeavour,\xe2\x80\x9d was prepared for \nthat purpose, and the command of her given to Lieu\xc2\xac \ntenant James Cook. The ship sailed in July, 1768, \ntouched at Madeira and Rio de Janeiro, doubled Cape \nHorn, and, after a prosperous voyage, reached Ota- \nheite,* the place of destination, in April, 1/69. \n\nBy a comparison of the observations made on this \ntransit, from the various parts of the globe, on which it \nwas viewed by men of science, the system of the universe \nhas, in some particulars, been better understood ; the dis\xc2\xac \ntance of the sun from the earth, as calculated by this, \nand the transit in 1/61, is now settled at 108,000,000 \nmiles instead of the commonly received computation of \n95,000,000. See Horrox, Index. \n\nThe grand object of the voyage having been accom\xc2\xac \nplished, Mr. Cook circumnavigated the globe, touching \nin his course at New Zealand, New Holland, Batavia, the \nCape of Good Hope, and St, Helena; and in June, 177L \nhe arrived in the Downs, after experiencing many disas\xc2\xac \ntrous events. See Cook, Index; and slrith. Quest. \n\n3, 1789. Expired, Paul Egede, author of an \xe2\x80\x9cAccount of \nGreenland,\xe2\x80\x9d and celebrated for his zeal for the conversion \nof the natives of that island to Christianity. See Ecver. \non the Globes , art. Cetus. \n\n4, 1453. Was beheaded, at Valladolid, with all possible \nignominy, Alvares de Luna, the favourite of John II., \nking of Castile, in Spain, over whom he had assumed, \nand for thirty years maintained, an absolute ascendancy, \nso that nothing could be done without his express orders; \nnay, it is even said, that the king himself could not change \nan officer or a servant, or even his clothes or diet, without \nthe approbation of Alvares. He was born in 1388. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1738. Gave birth to his late Majesty, George III. He \nwas the eldest son of Frederick, Prince of Wales,f and \ngrandson of George II., whom he succeeded on the throne, \nOctober 25, 1760. He was born at Norfolk House, the \nnoble residence of the Duke of Norfolk, in St. James\xe2\x80\x99s \nSquare. \n\n\n* This is one of a group of six islands, to which, on account \nof their contiguity, Cook gave the name of Society Islands. They \nare situated in about 150 degrees of W, long, and about 16 degrees \nof S. latitude. \n\nf Sec March 20, 1751. \n\n\n\n\n214 \n\n\nJUNE. \n\n\n4, 1776 . Was laid the first stone of the present magnifi\xc2\xac \ncent building, Somerset House, in the Strand, London. \nSee January 22, 1552. Here the Royal Society* and the \nSociety of Antiquaries f hold their meetings. Here also \nare annually exhibited the performances of the members \nof the Royal Academy. It contains moreover the Navy \nOffice, Stamp Office, and several others belonging to Go\xc2\xac \nvernment. \n\nThe Royal Academy of Arts was instituted in London \nfor the encouragement of designing, painting, sculpture, \n&c., in the year 1768. It is under the immediate patron\xc2\xac \nage of the king, and under the direction of forty artists of \nthe first rank in their several professions. The admission \nto this academy is free to all students, properly qualified \nto reap advantage from the studies cultivated in it; and \nthere is an annual exhibition of paintings, sculptures, and \ndesigns, open to all artists of distinguished merit. The \nmembers affix to their names the letters R. A., i. e. Royal \nAcademician. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1802. Charles Emanuel, King of Sardinia, volun\xc2\xac \ntarily abdicated his throne in favour of his brother, the \nDuke D\xe2\x80\x99Aost, who succeeded to the crown and dominions, \nunder the name Victor Emanuel, or Emanuel V. Charles \nEmanuel died in 1811, and Victor Emanuel in 1821, and \nwas succeeded by Charles Felix. See A nth. Tables, \np. 30. \n\n5, 754. Boniface was killed by the Pagans, in East Fries\xc2\xac \nland, in the United Provinces. The saint, as he is gene\xc2\xac \nrally termed, who, before he took the name of Boniface, \n\n\n* See April 22, 1663. \n\nt A Society of Antiquaries existed in the reign of Elizabeth ; \nbut they were not incorporated by charter till the year 1751. \nThis society is, at present, in a flourishing condition, consisting \nof many learned and ingenious men, of the nobility, gentry, \nclergy, and others, whose business, as members, is to discover the \nantiquities, or ancieut things, of their own, as well as those of \nother nations. \n\nWith sharpen\xe2\x80\x99d sight pale Antiquaries pore, \n\nTh\xe2\x80\x99 inscription value, but the rust adore. \n\nPope. \n\nThis society began to publish its discoveries, &c., in 1770, under \nthe title of Archjeologia ; i. e. Discourses of Antiquity. The \nmembers affix to their name the letters F. A. S., which mean, \nFellow of the Antiquarian Society. \n\n\n\n\n\nJUNE. \n\n\n215 \n\n\nwas called Winifred, was born at Crediton, in Devon- \nshire. He adopted the life of a missionary to disseminate \nthe gospel among the barbarous nations; and though he \nwas created archbishop of Mentz, in Germany, he soon \nafter resigned his office, and became an itinerant preacher \nin the country, where, as above stated, he was murdered \nby the ungrateful inhabitants. He obtained the appella\xc2\xac \ntion of the Apostle of the Germans. \n\n5, 1316. Louis X., styled Hutin, or the Quarrelsome, \nwithout sufficient reason for this title, died at Vincennes, \nafter a short reign of 19 months. His death by some his\xc2\xac \ntorians is imputed to poison, by others to drinking cold \nwater, or retiring to a damp grotto when excessively hot. \n\n6, 1487- Lambert Simnel, an impostor in the reign of \nHenry VII., was taken prisoner in the battle of Stoke, \nnear Newark, in Nottinghamshire. See Miscel. Quest. \nand Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gaz. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 16/5. Was born, at Dijon,* that eminent philanthro\xc2\xac \npist Languet, who holds a high rank among those wor\xc2\xac \nthies whom Providence mercifully raises up for the relief \nof the indigent and the solace of the wretched, for the \ngood of society, and for the glory of nations.f \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1762. Died, at Moor Park, near Rickmansworth, in \nHerts, George Lord Anson, who signalized himself by \nhis voyage round the globe, and whose merits as a naval \ncommander raised him to the peerage. He was born at \nShuckborough, an ancient seat of the Ansons, near Col- \nwick, in Staffordshire, A. D. 1700. See Arith. Quest. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1780. In the evening of this day the house of Lord \nMansfield, in Bloomsbury Square, was burnt to the \nground, with his fine library, manuscripts, and other in\xc2\xac \nvaluable effects, by the savage fury of a brutal mob. \nWhen the sufferers by those dreadful riots were to be re\xc2\xac \nimbursed by the public, his Lordship, in conjunction with \nthe late great and good Sir George Saville, nobly refused \nany compensation whatever. See March 20, 1793. \n\n7, 1329. Robert Bruce, \xe2\x80\x9c the Avenger of his Country\xe2\x80\x99s \nwrongs,\xe2\x80\x9d died at Cardross, in Dumbartonshire, after a \nreign of 23 years. See Cardross and Theba, Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s \nGazetteer , and December 30, 1774. \n\n\n* Dijon is a large city, now in the department of Cote d\'Or, \nseated in a delightful plain, which produces excellent wine. It \ngave birth also to Crebillon, Bossuet, and Rameau. \n\nf See Arith. Quest, art. Languet, Plague, and English Charity. \n\n\n\n\n216 \n\n\nJUNE. \n\n\n7, 1566. The foundation of the first Royal Exchange \nwas laid by Sir Thomas Gresham. The model was taken \nfrom the Exchange at Antwerp, in the Netherlands, at \nthat time one of the most commercial towns in Europe. \nSee October 23, 1667; Arith. Quest, and Miscell. Quest, \nin Eng. Hist. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1758. Died, Allan Ramsay, a Scotch poet, born in \n1686, at Leadhills, in the parish of Crawford, Lanark\xc2\xac \nshire. He was originally a barber at Edinburgh; but \npossessing a strong genius, he devoted himself to the \nmuses. His \xe2\x80\x9c Gentle Shepherd,\xe2\x80\x9d a pastoral comedy, is \nuniversally admired for its elegance and simplicity. See \nBurns, Index ; and Huckaback, Arith. Quest. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1779. Died, at his episcopal palace, in the eighty-first \nyear of his age, William Warburton, bishop of Glou\xc2\xac \ncester, a prelate of sublime genius and profound learning, \nborn at Newark-upon-Trent, in Nottinghamshire. This \n\xe2\x80\x9c literary phenomenon,\xe2\x80\x9d as he is often styled, was the \nauthor of several valuable works; but his supercilious \ntreatment of controversial adversaries often made his \nreaders his enemies, and excited against the advocate the \nwish of some who favoured the cause. The following \nobservation in one of the bishop\xe2\x80\x99s letters to Dr. Doddridge \nmerits the attention of our young readers: \xe2\x80\x9cTo be al\xc2\xac \nways lamenting the miseries of life, or always seeking \nafter the pleasures of it, equally takes us off from the work \nof our salvation. And though I am extremely cautious \nwhat sect I follow in religion, yet any in philosophy will \nserve my turn, and honest Sancho Panza\xe2\x80\x99s is as good as \nany; who, on his return from an important commission, \nwhen asked by his master whether he should mark the \nday with a white or a black stone,* replied, \xe2\x80\x98 Faith, Sir, \n\n\n* Alluding to the Latin terms dies faustus, a lucky day , and \ndies infaustus, an unlucky day; these being marked by the super\xc2\xac \nstitious Romans, the former with a white, and the latter with a \nblack stone. In our own ancient almanacks the unlucky days were \ndistinguished by a mark of reprobation; a custom to which Shaks- \npeare alludes in Macbeth: \n\nLet this pernicious hour \nStand aye accursed in the calendar. \n\nBlack and white stones were also used in popular judicatures, \nor in elections: the custom being to give the votes in either of \nthese by such stones ; the former being a token of condemnation \nor rejection, and the latter of absolution or approbation. A white \n\n\n\nJUNE. \n\n\n217 \n\nif you will be ruled by me, with neither, but with good \nbrown ochre!\' What this philosopher thought of his \ncommission, I think of human life in general, good brown \nochre is the complexion of it.\xe2\x80\x9d See May 30, 1744.\xe2\x80\x94 \n** The web of our life,\xe2\x80\x9d says Shakspeare, \xe2\x80\x9c is of a min\xc2\xac \ngled yarn, good and ill together.\xe2\x80\x9d (See Ewer, on the \nGlobes, art. Urater.) And Dean Kinvan has well ob\xc2\xac \nserved, \xe2\x80\x9c that the happiness which is attainable in this \nlife, must ever be of the mixed kind \xe2\x80\x9d See Oct. 27, 1805. \n\n7, 1761. Was born at Preston-Ivirk, in East Lothian, Scot\xc2\xac \nland, John Rennie, Esq., an eminent civil engineer. His \nprincipal works are the Breakwater at Plymouth, Rams\xc2\xac \ngate Harbour, the London Docks, the Bell-Rock-Light- \nHouse at the mouth .of the Tay, and Waterloo and South\xc2\xac \nwark Bridges; the two most beautiful bridges that adorn \nthe British metropolis.\xe2\x80\x94This distinguished and highly use\xc2\xac \nful ornament of society died in October, 1821, and was \ninterred with funeral solemnity in St. Paul\xe2\x80\x99s Cathedral. \n\n8, 1376. Edward, the celebrated Black Prince, died at \nWestminster, universally regretted, in the forty-sixth year \nof his age ; leaving a character illustrious for every emi\xc2\xac \nnent virtue, and from his earliest youth till the hour he \nexpired, unstained by any considerable blemish. His royal \nfather was inconsolable for the loss of his amiable son, \nwho was interred in Canterbury Cathedral. \n\nLike other tyrants, Death delights to smite \nWhat, smitten, most proclaims the pride of power \nAnd arbitrary nod. His joy supreme \nTo bid the wretch survive the fortunate ; \n\nThe feeble wrap th\xe2\x80\x99 athletic in his shroud ; \n\nAnd weeping fathers build their children\xe2\x80\x99s tomb.* \n\nYoung. \n\n9, The festival of Vesta, called Vestalia, was celebrated. \nSee March 29, 1807, and Exercises on the Globes , art. Vesta. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1705. Was born at Richmond, in Yorkshire, Francis \nBlackburne, Archdeacon of Cleveland, distinguished \nfor his zeal, industry, and acuteness, in pleading the cause \n\n\nstone was moreover gwen, with his name and the value of the \nprize, to the victor in the Agonistical games. To this custom \nthere is an allusion, Rev. ii. 17. See Burder\xe2\x80\x99s Oriental Customs , \nand Doddridge\xe2\x80\x99s Fam. Expos. \n\nIt may, perhaps, be necessary to inform our young readers, that \nSaneho Rauza is a character in Don Quixote. See April 23,1616; \nand Arith. Quest, art. Spanish Wines. \n\n\xc2\xbb See March 13, 1791, June 1, 1803, and July 31, 1C02. \n\nL \n\n\n\n218 \n\n\nJUNE. \n\n\nof ecclesiastical reform. Few works, it is generally said, \ndisplay more ability and ingenuity than that to which he \nprincipally owes his celebrity, \xe2\x80\x9c The Confessional\xe2\x80\x9d\xe2\x80\x94 \na performance which, it is asserted, has never yet received \na satisfactory answer. This venerable divine died in the \nsummer of 1787, in the eighty-third year of his age, con- \n\' tentedly closing the long scene of a studious, regular, and \nreligious life, with the sentiment of the amiable Erasmus, \nand the benevolent Jortin, \xe2\x80\x9c I have had enough of every \nthing in this world.\xe2\x80\x9d His Works and Life were published \nby his son. \n\n9, 1760. Expired, at Hernliut, Count Zinzendorf, a \nGerman, and chief of the religious sect called Hernhu- \nters,* which he introduced into England by the title of \nMoravians,f where several congregations of them still re\xc2\xac \nmain. One of their places of worship is in Fetter Lane, \nLondon. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1788. The Association for promoting the discovery \nof the interior regions of Africa was formed ; and this so\xc2\xac \nciety has since been so fortunate in collecting geographical \ninformation, as to leave little doubt but that, in a few \nyears, all the great features of this continent (within the \nreach of their inquiries) will be so well known and de\xc2\xac \nscribed, that the following sarcastic lines by Swift, on the \nnakedness of the land, and the absurdity of its map- \nmakers, will soon lose their force : \n\nGeographers, in Afric maps, \n\nWith savage pictures fill their gaps, \n\nAnd o\xe2\x80\x99er unhabitable downs, \n\nPlace elephants, for want of towns. \n\nThe eighteenth century, indeed, smiled propitiously on \nthe science of geography throughout the globe; and an \nEnglishman may be allowed to pride himself, that his \ncountrymen have had their full share of the glory attend\xc2\xac \ning this, and other researches calculated to increase the gene\xc2\xac \nral stock of knowledge. See Arith. Quest, art. Century. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1825. Died at his house in Artillery Place, Finsbury \nSquare, Dr. Abraham Rees, author of the New Cyclo\xc2\xac \npaedia, in 45 vols., in which work he received the assist\xc2\xac \nance of many able coadjutors, of whom he has made ho- \n\n\n* From a village of that name, on the estate of Count Zinzen\xc2\xac \ndorf, in Upper Lusatia, Germany. See Bouhn\xe2\x80\x99s Gazetteer. \n\nf Moravia is a district east of Bohemia, in Germany. The \nMoravians are also called United Brethren. See Geo. Exer. on \nthe New Testament. \n\n\n\nJUNE. \n\n\n219 \n\n\nnourable mention in the preface to this valuable work. \nHe was a Protestant Dissenter on deliberate and rational \nconviction, and was ever the firm and zealous friend of \nreligious liberty. See Jan. 1, 1802. \n\n10, 1190. Frederick, called Barbarossa, Emperor of \nGermany, was drowned in the river Cydnus, now Carasu, \nCaramania, Asia. He had, though in the 69th year of his \nage, engaged in a crusade with Richard of England and \nPhilip Augustus of France. He was eloquent, had a te\xc2\xac \nnacious memory, and his moral character was unble\xc2\xac \nmished, though his motto, or common saying, \xe2\x80\x9c Qui \nnescit dissimulare nescit regnare\xe2\x80\x9d\xe2\x80\x94 He who knows not \nhoic to dissemble knows not how to reign, implies, that de\xc2\xac \nception by him was considered no crime. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1667. The Dutch, under the command of De Ruyter \nand Van Gaunt, sailed up the river Medway as far as \nUpnor-Castle, near Chatham, and burnt several of our \nmen of war. They afterwards appeared, for some time, \nthe undisputed masters of the ocean, filled our coasts with \nalarm and confusion, and even struck terror and conster\xc2\xac \nnation into the capital itself. Thus did the ill-timed fru\xc2\xac \ngality of Charles II. in necessary expenses expose En\xc2\xac \ngland to one of the greatest affronts which it had ever re\xc2\xac \nceived; whilst immense sums were squandered away in \nhis illicit pleasures, or given to his worthless and depraved \nminions. See Miscell. Quest, in English Hist. 3rd edit. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1735. Expired, aged fifty-seven years, Thomas Hearne, \na celebrated antiquary, eminent for his writings and edi\xc2\xac \ntions of MSS. He was born at Little Waltham, a village \nnearly midway between Reading and Maidenhead, in \nBerks ; and even from a boy discovered a strong propen\xc2\xac \nsity to the study of antiquity. He did great services to \nthe Bodleian library at Oxford, and was buried at St. \nPeter\xe2\x80\x99s in the East, in that city. He wrote at the bottom \nof his will the 7th verse of the 32d chapter of Dent., and \nthe 8th, 9th, and 10th verses of the 8th chapter of Job. \n\n11, St. Barnabas\xe2\x80\x99s Day, a Christian festival. St. Barnabas \nwas born in Cyprus Island, and descended of the tribe of \nLevi, whose Jewish ancestors are thought to have retired \nthither to secure themselves from violence during the \ntroublesome times in Judea. His proper name was Joses; \nto which, after his conversion to Christianity, the apostles \nadded that of Barnabas , signifying either the son of pro\xc2\xac \nphecy, or the son of consolation ; the first respecting his \neminent prophetic gifts, the other his great charity in \nselling his estate for the comfort and relief of the poor \n\n\n220 \n\n\nJUNE. \n\n\nChristians.* He was educated at Jerusalem, under the \ngreat Jewish doctor Gamaliel; a circumstance that might \nprobably lay the foundation of that intimate friendship \nwhich was afterwards contracted between this apostle and \nSt. Paul, with whom he united in preaching the Gospel, \nin different parts, for nearly the space of fourteen years. \nThe time of his conversion is uncertain ; but he is gene\xc2\xac \nrally esteemed one of the seventy disciples chosen by our \nSaviour himself. \n\nAt Antioch, Paul and Barnabas had a contest, which \nended in their separation : but what followed it with re\xc2\xac \nspect to Barnabas, is not related in the Acts of the Apos\xc2\xac \ntles. Some say, that he went into Italy, and founded a \nchurch at Milan; others assert, that he spent the remain\xc2\xac \nder of his life in his native country, Cyprus ; subjoining, \nthat he suffered martyrdom at Salamis, in that island; \nsome Jews from Syria attacking him as he was discours\xc2\xac \ning in the synagogue, and stoning him to death. He was \nburied by his kinsman, Mark, whom he had taken with \nhim, in a cave near that city. See Geo. Exer. on the New \nTestament, art. Barnabas. \n\n11, 1184 B. C. Troy was taken by the Greeks, after a siege \nof ten years. See Arith. Quest., and Ewer, on the New \nTest. art. Troas. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1488 A. D. James III. of Scotland was murdered near \nKvlsithe or Bannockburn, in the 29th year of his reign \nand 86th of his age. He was a weak prince, and suffered \nhimself to be imposed upon by wicked courtiers and \nartful astrologers and fortune-tellers, which excited the \ncontempt of a turbulent aristocracy, that rebelled against \nhim. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 15/6. Died at Gidea Hall or Giddy Hall, near Rum- \nford, Essex, Sir Anthony Cooke, preceptor to Ed\xc2\xac \nward VI. He was no less distinguished for his learning \nthan for his goodness and piety. He left four daughters \neminently learned in the Greek and Latin languages. \nOne was married to Sir William Cecil, Baron Burleigh, \nanother to Sir Nicholas Bacon, Lord-keeper of the Great \nSeal, and a third to John, Lord Russell, son and heir of \nFrancis, Earl of Bedford. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1685. The Duke of Monmouth landed at Lyme, on \nthe western coast of Dorsetshire, where he published a \ndeclaration against the king, (James II.,) charging him \nwith introducing Popery and arbitrary power. \n\n\n* Acts iv. 36. \n\n\n\nJUNE. \n\n\n991 \n\nA \n\n21,1727, 0 S. George I. died in liis carriage a short \ndistance from Osnaburgh in Germany, in the sixty-eighth \nyear of his age, and the thirteenth of his reign.* His \nbody was conveyed to Hanover, and interred among his \nancestors. He was the first British sovereign of the house \nof Brunswick. See Arith. Tables. \n\n1 793. Died Dr. William Robertson, principal of \nthe University of Edinburgh, and historiographer\'!\' to his \nmajesty, for Scotland. He was born in 1721, and from \nhis earliest youth was indefatigable in his exertions to \nrender himself eminent in literature; and that he suc\xc2\xac \nceeded, will be acknowledged by the latest posterity. His \nHistories of America, of Scotland, and of Charles V., and \nhis Disquisition concerning India, are models of elegant \ncomposition. Dr. Robertson expired at Grange House, \nin the neighbourhood of Edinburgh, universally esteemed \nas a minister of the gospel, as a scholar, and as a man of \nvirtue. See October 14, 1601. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1798. Malta, an island strong by nature and by art, \nand called the Key of the Mediterranean, was taken by \nBonaparte; and in 1800 was captured by the English. \nThis island is supposed to be the ancient Melita, where \nthe viper fastened on the hand of the apostle Paul, when \nbe was wrecked on the coast. It produces corn, cotton, \nhoney, figs, melons, and fine oranges. Many of the \norange-trees bear the red kind of fruit, the juice of which \nis as red as blood, and of a fine flavour. See Geo. Ejcer. \non the Nevi Test. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1800. Expired, at London, Samuel Ireland, distin\xc2\xac \nguished for his \xe2\x80\x9cPicturesque Views on the Rivers Thames, \nMedway, Severn, and Avon,\xe2\x80\x9d and other elegant and \nesteemed works. \n\n12, 1381. Wat Tyler, at the head of a mutinous popu\xc2\xac \nlace, amounting to 100,000 men, appeared on Black- \nheath. The ostensible object of this insurrection was, \nthe abolition of slavery in England, which, with some \nother reasonable requests, they obtained; but on their \nleader being killed, at an interview with the young king \n(Richard II.) in Smithfield, the charters of enfranchise\xc2\xac \nment were revoked by parliament; the low people, as \nHume observes, were reduced to the same slavish condi- \n\n\n* See Arith. Quest. 10th edit. art. Melons. \n\nf Historiographer; from ta-Topia, history; and ypctcpa, to \nwrite or describe. Ash\xe2\x80\x99s Dictionary. \n\n\n\n222 \n\n\nJUNE. \n\ntion as before, and several of the ringleaders were severely \npunished for the late disorders. See Arith. Quest ., and \nMiscell. Quest in Eng. Hist. \n\n12, 1/34. The Duke of Berwick, while visiting the \ntrenches at the siege of Phijipsburgh, near Spire, in Ger\xc2\xac \nmany, was killed, standing between his two sons, by a \ncannon-ball. He was the illegitimate son of the Duke \nof York, afterwards James II., whom he accompanied in \nhis flight from England, in 1688. His mother was Ara\xc2\xac \nbella Churchill, Maid of Honour to the Duchess of York, \nand sister to the renowned Marlborough. The Duke, on \nquitting the country, entered into the service of France, \nand was engaged in several battles against the English or \ntheir allies in Ireland, the Netherlands, Portugal, and \nSpain. In 1/0/, he gained the battle of Almanza, so \nfatal to the English. See April 14, 1/07- The Duke \nwas, at his death, in the sixty-fourth year of his age. \nSee Almanza, Moulins, and Philipsburgh, Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gaz. \n\n13,1483. Earl Rivers, Lord Gray, Sir Thomas Vaughan, \nand Sir Richard Hawse, were executed, or rather mur\xc2\xac \ndered, at Pom fret, or Pontefract, in Yorkshire, by order \nof the Duke of Gloucester, then Protector of England, \nand afterwards Richard III. \n\nPomfret, fatal and ominous to noble Peers. \n\nLord Hastings was also seized at a Council held the same \nday in the Tower, and instantly beheaded on a timber- \nlog. His only crime was his fidelity to the young king, \nEdward V., and his brother, whom Richard caused to be \nmurdered in the ensuing month. \n\nEarl Rivers was uncle to the king, and brother to the \nqueen dowager. (See Ludlow, Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gazetteer.) Lord \nGray was the queen\xe2\x80\x99s son by her former husband. It \nhas been remarked, that Lord Hastings was beheaded on \nthe same day and hour that the above noblemen and gen\xc2\xac \ntlemen were decapitated ; to whose death he himself had \ntoo readily consented. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1625. The Princess Henrietta Maria, youngest \ndaughter of Henry IV. of France, landed at Dover, in \nKent, where she was met by Charles I., and conducted \nthe same day to Canterbury, where their marriage was \nsolemnized. She was a woman of great beauty and spirit. \n\n14, 1615. Le Maire and Schouten sailed from the \nTexel, to make discoveries in the south sea. See Eater, \non the Globes , lltli edit., and Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gazetteer art. \nTexel. \n\n\nJUNE. \n\n\n223 \n\n\n14, 1645. Was fought the battle of Naseby, a village 12 \nmiles from Northampton, in Northamptonshire, between \nCharles I. and the Parliament. This well-disputed action \nat length terminated in favour of Fairfax, the Parliament- \nGeneral, who, aided by the uncommon valour and rare \nwarlike talents of Cromwell, gained a complete victory. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1785. Mr. Rosier, the first aerial navigator, and his \ncompanion Romain, ascended in a balloon at Boulogue, \nwith an intention of crossing the English Channel; but \nwere unfortunately both killed, the balloon having taken \nfire in about 20 minutes after their ascent.* A dreadful \ncatastrophe happened to the aerialist Madame Blan\xc2\xac \nchard, on the 6th of July, 1819. That lady ascended \nfrom the Tivoli Gardens, in Paris, at night; and soon \nafter her ascent, the balloon took fire, and Madame Blan\xc2\xac \nchard was precipitated into the streets in a state too \nshocking for description. This last and unfortunate en\xc2\xac \nterprise was her 67th ascent. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1800. Battle of Marengo. In this ever-memo- \nrable engagement between the French and Austrians, \nthe latter commanded by Melas, lost in killed, wounded, \nand prisoners 15,000 men. Bonaparte was in the midst \nof this desperate conflict, and the amiable French General \nDesaix was killed in the moment of victory.f It is \nrather a singular coincidence of circumstances, that his \nbrave friend. General Kleber, whom he had recently left \nin Egypt, should be assassinated at Grand Cairo, within a \nquarter of an hour of his own death. \n\nMarengo is a village near Alessandria, in Italy, in about \n45 deg. of N. lat. and 9 deg. of E long. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1807* Battle of Friedland, or Fridland, (a town on \nthe left Bank of the Alle, about 30 miles from Konigs- \nberg, in Prussia,) in which Bonaparte defeated the Rus\xc2\xac \nsians with great slaughter. This defeat led to the Peace \nof Tilsit. \n\n15, Commences, in general, the overflowing of the Nile, \nin Africa, upon which the fertility of Egypt depends. \nDuring the inundation, which is caused by periodical \nrains, the little towns, standing upon eminences, look \nlike so many islands; and the inhabitants go from one \n\n\n* See 21st of November, 1783, and Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gazetteer , art. \nMetz and Wimille. \n\nf For a brief account of several other heroes who have fallen \nin the moment of victory, see Arith. Quest. 10th edit. art. \nWolfe, General. \n\n\n\n224 \n\n\nJUNE. \n\n\nto the other in boats. When the water withdraws, the \nlands are sown with rice, which delights in watery ground. \n\n15,1744. Commodore Anson, after his voyage round \nthe world, landed at Spithead, a naval station between \nPortsmouth and the isle of Wight, Hants. See Arith. \nQuest. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1768. Died, in his fifty-seventh year, at Newington- \nButts, near London, James Short, an eminent optician, \nwho, by his great skill and ingenuity, united to virtuous \nand amiable manners, though born in obscurity and in\xc2\xac \ndigence, raised himself into fame, and acquired by his \nprofession a fortune of 20,000/. His telescopes,* in par\xc2\xac \nticular, were highly esteemed. For one of these, which \nwas finished in the year 1752, for the King of Spain, he \nreceived 1,200/. This was the noblest instrument of the \nkind that had then been constructed ; and perhaps it has \nnever yet been surpassed, except by the astonishing re\xc2\xac \nflectors of Dr. Iierscliel.f Mr. Short was a native of \nEdinburgh. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1825. The first stone of the New London Bridge \nwas laid by John Garratt, Esq., the Lord Mayor, attended \nby the court of Aldermen, and many persons of distinc\xc2\xac \ntion \n\n16, 1693. Admiral Rooke, with twenty men of war and \nthe Turkey fleet under his convoy, was attacked by \nAdmiral Tourville, with a force vastly superior to his \nown, off Cape St. Vincent, in Portugal; when twelve \nEnglish and Dutch men of war, and eighty merchant\xc2\xac \nmen, were taken or destroyed by the French. See Feb. \n\n14, 1797. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1722. Expired, the celebrated Duke of Marlbo\xc2\xac \nrough, one of the most successful generals that, per\xc2\xac \nhaps, ever appeared in the world. Of him it has been \nsaid, that he never fought a battle which he did not gain, \nnor besieged a town which he (fid not take ; an eulogium \nwhich can be pronounced on few other commanders, \nancient or modern.]; He was born at Ashe, in Devon\xc2\xac \nshire, in 1650. His funeral procession, from Marlbo- \n\n\n* See Exer. on the Globes, llth edit. \n\nf See Index, and Exer. an the Globes , art. Herschel. \n\nX The same was said of Alexander.\xe2\x80\x94Alexander cum nullo hos- \ntium unquam congressus est, quern non vicerit: nuliam inborn \nobsedit, quam non expuguaverit. \n\n\n\nJUNE. \n\n\n225 \n\n\nrough-House* to Westminister-Abbey, was conducted \nwith the greatest solemnity and magnificence. He was \ninterred at the foot of Henry the Seventh\xe2\x80\x99s tomb. After \nthe death of his relict his body was removed and depo\xc2\xac \nsited with hers at Blenheim. \n\nThis eminent character degenerated into idiocy some \ntime previous to his decease; affording, like Swift, an \naffecting example of the evanescence of human intellect, \nof the vanity of all mortal acquirements ! \n\nFrom Marlborough\xe2\x80\x99s eyes the streams of dotage flow. \n\nAnd Swift expires a driv\xe2\x80\x99ler and a show. \n\nDr. Johnson. \n\n37, 1271. Prince Edward, afterwards Edward I., was \nwounded with a dagger by an assassin, in the Holy Land. \nThe venom was extracted by his Queen, who, by suck\xc2\xac \ning it, effected a cure, that could not be procured by \nmedicine. See March 30, 1799, and Exer. on the Globes , \n10th edit. art. Crux. \n\n\xe2\x96\xa0\xe2\x80\x94 1688. Seven Bishops were committed to the Tower \nfor presenting a very dutiful, prudent, and loyal petitionf \nto James II., but which that arbitrary bigot termed a \nseditious libel. They were brought to their trial on the 30th \nat Westminster-Hall, and acquitted. No cause was ever \nheard with more zeal and attention ; and when the wislied- \nfor verdict. Not Guilty , was pronounced, the intelligence \nwas echoed through the hall, was conveyed to crowds \nwithout, was carried into the city, and was propagated \nwith infinite joy throughout the kingdom. The names \nof these seven conscientious worthies are given in the \nlate W. Butler\xe2\x80\x99s Mis. Quest . 3d edit. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1696. Died, on the twenty-second anniversary of his \nsuccession to the throne, the heroic and magnanimous \nJohn Sobieski, King\' of Poland, the most renowned \nwarrior of his time; indeed, his victories obtained over \n\n\n* Near St. James\xe2\x80\x99s Palace. It was built in Queen Anne\xe2\x80\x99s reign, \nat the expense of the public ; a national compliment which cost \nnot less than i?40,000. See Pennant\xe2\x80\x99s London; and Aug. 2, 1704. \n\nt The petition was directed against a declaration published by \nthe King, which suspended and dispensed with the penal laws \nand tests, and even with the oaths of allegiance and supremacy \non admission into civil or military offices. These measures were \noriginally adopted as a guard against the Papists ; the Bishops \ntherefore, in praying for their continuance, had in view the se\xc2\xac \ncurity of the Protestant interest. \n\nl 3 \n\n\n\n2 26 \n\n\nJUNE. \n\n\nthe Tartars and Turks procured him the crown: he was \nalso an encourager of arts and sciences, and a liberal \npatron of learned men. He was born in 1630. See \nJones\xe2\x80\x99s History of Poland; also Eocer. on the Globes f \nart. Scutum Sobieski. \n\n17, 1719. Joseph Addison expired at Holland-House, \nnear Kensington. See Sept. 1, 1729. \n\n\xe2\x80\x9c His faith, in death unshaken, tower\xe2\x80\x99d on high, \n\nAnd sliew\xe2\x80\x99d succeeding Christians how to die.\xe2\x80\x9d* \n\nThis fine writer and excellent man was interred in the \nPoets\xe2\x80\x99 Corner, in Westminster Abbey, where an elegant \nmonument has been erected to him. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1775. Battle of Bunker\xe2\x80\x99s-Hill. On this emi\xc2\xac \nnence, which is situated near Boston, a desperate engage\xc2\xac \nment took place between the British troops and the \nAmericans ; when the latter were compelled to retreat. \nSee Dr. Gordon\xe2\x80\x99s Hist, of the American War. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1791. Expired the venerable Countess of Hunting\xc2\xac \ndon, memorable for her religious zeal and extensive \ncharities. See Arith. Quest. \n\n18, Idol Juggernaut. Idolatry, says Dr. South, is not \nonly an accounting or worshipping that for God which \nis not God, but it is also a worshipping the true God in \na way unsuitable to his nature; and particularly by the \nmediation of images and corporeal resemblance. \n\nThe idol Juggernaut is worshipped by immense num\xc2\xac \nbers, who make a pilgrimage at their various feasts to \nthe town of Juggernaut. O 11 the 18th of June, at twelve \no\xe2\x80\x99clock, the idol is brought forth on a car sixty feet in \nheight, amid the acclamations of hundreds of thousands \nof deluded worshippers, who have resorted thither from \nvarious parts of the British dominions in India; and so \ninfatuated are these people, that many of them think it \nan honour to sacrifice themselves to it. Numbers kill \nthemselves by falling under the idol\xe2\x80\x99s car; others lay \nthemselves flat on their backs for the very purpose of \nbeing crushed to death by it! See Geo. Eocer. on the \nNew Test y art. Paganism. \n\nJagarnaut, or Juggernaut is situated in Orissa, a pro\xc2\xac \nvince of Hindostan, west of the Bay of Bengal. See \nBourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gazetteer , 3d edit. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1525. On this day Cardinal Wolsey made the mag\xc2\xac \nnificent present of Hampton Court to King Henry \n\n\n* See Arith. Quest. \n\n\n\nJUNE. \n\n\n227 \n\n\nVIII. This was, perhaps, the most spendid offering ever \nmade by a subject to a sovereign. \n\n18, 1643. Hampden, the famous English patriot, was \nwounded in Chalgrave-Field, near Oxford. See June \n24, 1643. \n\nA patriot loves \n\nHis country\xe2\x80\x99s good with a respect more tender, \n\nMore holy and profound, than his own life \n\nShakspeare\xe2\x80\x99s Aphorisms. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1723. Francis Atterbury, bishop of Rochester, \nembarked for France on his exile. The prelate was \naccompanied by his son-in-law, Mr. Morrice, and by an \naffectionate daughter. On their arrival at Calais, the \nBishop met Lord Bolingbroke returning to England, his \nterm of banishment having expired; upon which Atter\xc2\xac \nbury observed that they were exchanged. The daughter, \nwhose filial love prompted her to share the exile of her \naged parent, died in 1729, at Toulouse, in the south of \nFrance, of a consumption. The letter of Bishop Atterbury \nto Mr. Pope, in a which he relates the circumstances of \ntheir last interview, is beautifully pathetic. See Elegant \nEpistles; also Feb. 15, 1732. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1805. Expired, at Knightsbridge, near London, in the \nseventy-eighth year of his age, Arthur Murphy, au\xc2\xac \nthor of several dramatic productions, and a translation \nof the great Latin historian Tacitus. As a man of po\xc2\xac \nlished manners, he lived respected ; and, as a believer in \nChristianity, he was long, say his friends, resigned to the \nwill of his Creator; often repeating from Pope the fol\xc2\xac \nlowing lines: \n\nHalf-taught by reason, half by mere decay, \n\nTo welcome death, aud calmly pass away.* \n\nMr. Murphy\xe2\x80\x99s father was a merchant in Dublin; but \nhis mother was on a visit at Clooniquin, where he was \nborn, in 1727* He was some time in a counting-house \n\n\n* When youth is flown, death only can assuage, \n\nAnd yield a refuge from the ills of age. \n\nMimnermus. \n\nTired with vain life, we close the willing eye; \n\n\xe2\x80\x99Tis the great birth-right of mankind to die.f \n\nThomson. \n\n\nt See April 5, 33. \n\n\n\n\n\n228 \n\n\nJUNE. \n\n\nat Cork,, and studied some years at St. Omers, in the \ndepartment of the Straits of Calais. \n\n18, 1814. Civic Feast. A most superb entertainment \nwas given at Guildhall, London, at which were present \nthe Prince Regent, now George IV., the late Emperor of \nRussia, and the King of Prussia, with many foreigners \nof distinction.* The procession was uncommonly splendid, \nand the illustrious visitors excited the curiosity of throng\xc2\xac \ning crowds, not only on account of their high rank and \nexalted station, but because they were also the pacificators \nof Europe ! \n\n\xe2\x80\x94\xe2\x80\xa2 1815. Battle of Waterloo. This bloody conflict \nwill be ever memorable in English history, as affording \none of the noblest proofs upon record, of British valour, \nand of the talents of our great national commander, the \nDuke of Wellington, as well as being in its effects \ndecisive of a most momentous contest, in which the peace \nof all Europe was at stake. With this battle, which con\xc2\xac \ntinued during more than seven hours\xe2\x80\x99 unintermitting fight\xc2\xac \ning, and in which the physical nerve and courage of Bri\xc2\xac \ntons performed prodigies not excelled by ancient heroes, \nterminated the power of Bonaparte, who subsequently \nwithdrew to Rochefort, on the western coast of Frauce, \nand, after some ineffectual attempts to escape to Ame\xc2\xac \nrica, threw himself upon British protection. He was \nshortly after conveyed as a state prisoner to St. Helena, \na small island in the South Atlantic. \n\nWaterloo is situated between Nivelles and Brussels, in \nthe Netherlands. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1817. Waterloo Bridge, in the Strand, London, \nwas opened for the use of the public. This bridge is \none of the great works executed by the late Mr. Rennie. \nSee June 7, 1761- \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1827. Sir John Fleming Leicester, Baron de \nTabley, died, aged 65, at Tabley House, two miles from \nKnutsford, Cheshire He was the greatest patron of the \nnative school of painting that our island ever enjoyed, and \npossessed an unrivalled collection of paintings by English \nartists, to which the public, with suitable recommenda\xc2\xac \ntion, were generously admitted. \n\n19. The Greek menologies place the festival of St. Jude, \nand declare that he was shot to death with arrows at \nArara : probably in Armenia, where are Mount Ararat,f \n\n\n* See Arith. Quest, art. Battle of Poictiers. \nt See Arith, Quest. 10th edit. \n\n\n\nJUNE. \n\n\n229 \n\n\nand the city of Ariaratha. The Armenians, by tradition, \nmaintained that he suffered martyrdom in their country; \nbut the Latin martyrologists inform us, that St. Jude suf\xc2\xac \nfered martyrdom, and was buried in Persia. His Epistle \nwas written after the death of St. Peter and St. Paul, and \nconsequently after A. D. 66 : some date it about the year \n90. \n\n19, 1215. Magna Charta, the Great Charter of the li\xc2\xac \nberties of Britain, and the basis of our excellent laws \nand distinguished privileges, was extorted from the ty\xc2\xac \nrannical King John.* It was signed at Runny-Mead, a \nmeadow on the banks of the Thames, between Staines \nand Windsor: \n\nHere was the Charter seal\xe2\x80\x99d, wherein the Crown \nAll marks of arbitrary power laid down : \n\nTyrant and Slave, those names of hate and fear, \n\nThe happier style of Prince and Subject bear ; \n\nHappy, when both to the same centre move, \n\nWhen Kings give liberty, and Subjects love. \n\nDenham. \n\nSee Langton and Wraysbury, Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gazetteer. \n\nThe original copy of this famous Charter, and the ori\xc2\xac \nginal of the articles agreed upon by the barons, prepara\xc2\xac \ntory to the signing of the great Charter, are preserved in \nthe British Museum. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1566. In a small room on the ground-floor, in the \nsouth-east corner of the castle at Edinburgh, the unfortu\xc2\xac \nnate Mary, Queen of Scotland, was delivered of a prince, \nin whose person the crowns of both kingdoms, of which \nthe British island consists, were afterwards united. See \nMarch 27, 1625. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1820. Expired, at his house in Soho Square, Sir \nJoseph Banks, President of the Royal Society. He was \nan eminent philosopher, and visited several regions for \nthe purpose of making\'researches in natural history. \nHe accompanied Captain Cook in his first voyage round \nthe world, and afterwards went to Iceland. The fruit \nof these expeditions was a choice and most valuable col\xc2\xac \nlection of natural curiosities drawn from the mineral, \nanimal, and vegetable kingdoms. This scientific adven\xc2\xac \nturer was born in 1743, and was distinguished for his \nhigh literary attainments. \n\n\n* See Arilh, Quest. \n\n\n\n230 \n\n\nJUNE. \n\n\n20, 1483. Richard, Duke of Gloucester, was proclaimed \nKing*, under the title of Richard III. He was the \nyoungest son of Richard, Duke of York, whose preten\xc2\xac \nsions to the crown occasioned the war of the Roses. See \nDec. 31, 1460, and Butler\xe2\x80\x99s Miscell. Quest. Reign of \nHenry VI. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1/43. Commodore Anson took the Manilla ship, \nbetween the island of that name and the isle of Samar, in \nAsia. See Arith. Quest. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1743. Anna L^titia Barbauld was born at Kib- \nworth, Leicestershire. She was the eldest child of Dr. \nJohn Aikin, a Dissenting Minister. The name of this \nlady will be respected as long as letters shall be cultivated \nin Britain, or wherever the English language is known. \nHer Lessons for Children from Two to Three Years old, \ncalled forth the praise of Johnson; and her various pub\xc2\xac \nlications, both in poetry and prose, have received the ap\xc2\xac \nprobation of numerous readers. After a long, useful, \nand innocent life, this accomplished lady died at Stoke \nNewington, Middlesex, March 9, 1825. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1751. John Shakeshanks and his wife established \ntheir right to a flitch of bacon, at Little Dunmow, in \nEssex, according to the ancient custom of that manor. \nThe ceremonial established for these occasions consisted \nin the claimants\xe2\x80\x99 kneeling on two sharp-pointed stones \nin the churchyard, and their making oath, that they had \nnot once repented of their marriage;\xe2\x80\x94had not had any \ndomestic hr aids or contentions; \xe2\x80\x94 or offended each other \nin word or deed , for the space of a year and a day after \ntheir union. There were computed to be 5000 people \npresent at the above ceremony; and the happy couple \nare said to have made upwards of 50/. by selling slices of \nthe bacon to the company. They are the last persons \nthat have benefited by this whimsical custom, which Mr. \nGough, in the Britannia, says, is abolished; but others \nassert, that it is only dormant through the want of claim\xc2\xac \nants, or from their negligence to enforce the demand. \nThe earliest delivery of the bacon on record, was in the \nyear 1445 ; since which period it has been obtained only \nfive or six times. \n\nThrice happy they whom love unites \nIn equal rapture and sincere delights. \n\nUnbroken by complaints or strife, \n\nE\xe2\x80\x99en to the latest hours of life. \n\n\nFrancis\xe2\x80\x99 Horace. \n\n\nJUNE. \n\n\n231 \n\n\n20, 1756. Black-Hole Prison. This was a horrid place \nof \xe2\x80\x9c durance vile\xe2\x80\x9d at Calcutta, Bengal, Asia, in which \none hundred and twenty-three captives, mostly English, \nperished in one night. A monument was erected to their \nmemory, by Mr. Holwell, one of the twenty-three sur\xc2\xac \nvivors of that dismal scene. (See Calcutta and Pinner, \nBourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gaz.) This gentleman shortly afterwards pub\xc2\xac \nlished an unadorned, but most affecting narrative of the \nmelancholy event, admirably calculated to prevent abso\xc2\xac \nlute despair under the most disastrous calamities of human \nlife. The severest and most incomprehensible dispensa\xc2\xac \ntions of a wise and benevolent Being, are no doubt in\xc2\xac \ntended as salutary lessons to mankind. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1814. Peace. The proclamation of Peace, with its \naccustomed formalities, took place in the British metro\xc2\xac \npolis. \n\n\xe2\x80\x9c The Dove* her resting-place hath found ; \n\nGlory to God\xe2\x80\x94deliverance to mankind !\xe2\x80\x9d \n\nS ee Arith. Quest. 10th edit, on the subject of War and \nPeace. \n\n21, 1377. Died Edward III., in the sixty-fifth year of his \nage, and fifty-first of his reign, surviving the melancholy \nloss of his heroic son only about a year. (See the 8th of \nthis month.) Edward was of the line of Plantagenet, and \nwas succeeded by his grandson Richard II., a native of \nBourdeaux, where his father, the Black Prince, resided \nmany years as Governor of Guienne. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1673. The Princess of Modena, near Mantua, in \nItaly, landed at Dover, where she was met by the Duke \nof York, afterwards James II., and married to him that \nevening. She was the daughter of Alphonzo d\xe2\x80\x99Este, \nDuke of Modena. At the Revolution of 1688, she re\xc2\xac \ntired with James to France, and died at St. Germain, in \n1718, having survived her consort 17 years. James\xe2\x80\x99s \nfirst wife, who died in 1761, was Anne Hyde, daughter \nof the celebrated Earl of Clarendon, who wrote the His\xc2\xac \ntory of the Rebellion , and who died in exile at Rouen, \nin 1674. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1675. Was laid the first stone of St. Paul\xe2\x80\x99s Cathe- \ndral.f This superb structure, which cost a million of \n\n\n* See E.ver. on the Globes , 11th edit. art. Columba Noachi. \nf See Arith. Quest. \n\n\n\n232 \n\n\nJUKE. \n\n\nmoney, was finished in 1711, under one architect, the \nfamous Sir Christopher Wren;* under one prelate, \nHenry Compton,f bishop of London; and under one \nmason, Mr. Strong. Bishop Compton preached the first \nsermon on the opening of the Cathedral. \n\n21, 1770. Expired, in the 65th year of his age, William \nBeckford, the patriotic Lord Mayor of London, in the \nyear of his second service of that high office. Convinced \nthat our liberties belong to posterity as well as to our\xc2\xac \nselves, he shewed himself at once the steadfast friend of \nhis king and his country ; and was the only man of his \ntime who with firmness (yet tempered with humility) \ndurst tell the monarch on his throne, surrounded by his \nflatterers, the plain and honest truth ; whereby he vindi\xc2\xac \ncated the loyalty, while he evinced the independent spirit, \nof the city of London. His memorable speech to the \nking, in vindication of the people\xe2\x80\x99s right to remonstrate \nto the throne, is inscribed under his statue in Guildhall.J \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1809. Died, in the 40th year of his age, at Stamford, \nin Lincolnshire, Daniel Lambert, a native of Leices\xc2\xac \nter, remarkable for having greatly exceeded the ordinary \ndimensions of mankind. He weighed nearly ten stone \nmore than the celebrated Bright, of Malden, in Essex. \xc2\xa7 \nSee Nov. 12, 1750, and Arith. Quest. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1813. ViTTOiiiA, in Biscay, Spain. At this town, Lord \n(now Duke of) Wellington gained a most brilliant \nvictory; the French having lost every thing,\xe2\x80\x94artillery, \nammunition, baggage, cattle, provisions, money; in short, \nall the essential requisites of the army. This was his \nLordship\xe2\x80\x99s seventh victory in the Peninsula. See Arith. \nQuest. 10th edit. art. Bourdeaux, and Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gazetteer , \n3rd edit. art. Vittoria. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1816. Died, at Highgate, near London, aged 52, the \n\n\n* See Feb. 25, 1723. + See July 7, 1713. \n\n4 This elegant statue was the performance of the celebrated \nartist Bacon, and is esteemed an admirable likeness. Mr. Beck- \nford is represented in the attitude in which he replied to his late \nMajesty\xe2\x80\x99s answer to an address of the Lord Mayor, &c., &c., of \nthe city of London, on the 23rd of May, 1770. On a black \nmarble table, in letters of gold, are the words of this eloquent, \ndignified reply, of which it is impossible to speak with too high \nencomiums. See Bacon, Index. \n\n5 Mr. Bright weighed 42 stone 12 lbs. ; Mr. Lambert 52 stone \n11 lbs. horseman\xe2\x80\x99s weight. See Arith. Tables. \n\n\n\n\nJUNE. \n\n\n23.3 \n\n\nRev. Jeremiah Joyce, a Unitarian minister, and the \ningenious author of many elementary works that bear his \nname, and the laborious compiler of others published \nanonymously. His Arithmetic, Scientific Dialogues, Dia\xc2\xac \nlogues on Chemistry, Letters on Natural Philosophy, and \nIntroduction to the Arts and Sciences, have all been fa\xc2\xac \nvourably received by the public. He also co-operated \nwith Messrs. Shepherd and Carpenter in a well-planned \nwork, called Systematic Education. Mr. Joyce was a \nself-taught man, and was indebted chiefly to his uncom\xc2\xac \nmon industry for his rise in life. The qualities of his \nmind are to be estimated by the variety and extent of his \nlabours; and in regard to those of his heart, his friends \nunanimously assert, that an honester or better man never \nlived. He was buried at Cheshunt, in Herts. \n\n21, 1830. Begins the Summer Quarter, the sun entering \ninto the constellation = 3 , the Crab, at 11 hours, 50 min. \nP. M. This period is usually called the Summer Sol\xc2\xac \nstice ; the sun seeming to describe the tropic of Cancer, \nwhen he makes the longest day in our northern hemi\xc2\xac \nsphere, and brings from the south solstitial summer\xe2\x80\x99s \nheat.\xe2\x80\x9d The solstices are two in each year; the summer \nsolstice, and the winter solstice. The word solstice comes \nfrom two Latin words, viz. sol, the sun, and sto, to stand; \nbecause, for a few days after the 21st of June and the \n21st of December, there is but little variation in the \nlength of the days, and therefore the sun seems to stand \nstill. See Dec. 21, and Eater, on the Globes, art. Sol\xc2\xac \nstices. \n\n22, 1476. The celebrated battle of Morat, orMuRTEN, \nwas fought. Jn this furious engagement, the heroic Swiss \nnearly destroyed the entire army of Charles the Bold, \nDuke of Burgundy. Not far from the town, and adjoin- \nto the high road, there were two pyramids formed with \nthe bones of the Burgundian soldiers who were slain at \nthe siege of the town and in the battle. This monument \nof Swiss bravery was destroyed by the French, in 1798. \n(See Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gazetteer.\') Morat is a rich, trading, and \nconsiderable town of Switzerland, a few miles west of \nBern ; it is situated on a lake of the same name, and has \nan enchanting prospect. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1535. John Fisher, Bishop of Rochester, one of the \nmost eminent prelates for learning and morals of the age \nin which he lived, and who had long enjoyed the highest \nfavour of the king, was beheaded. He was uufairly tried. \n\n\n234 \n\n\nJUNE. \n\n\nand tyrannically executed, for not acknowledging the su\xc2\xac \npremacy* of Henry VIII. See Jan. 28, 1547. \n\nThis celebrated prelate is characterized, by the learned \nErasmus, as a man of deep erudition, integrity, sweetness \nof temper, and grandeur of soul. He was born at Bever\xc2\xac \nley, in Yorkshire, and in the school of that town received \nthe early part of his education. See July 6, 1535. \n\n22, 17^1. Louis XVI., King of France, and his family, \nwho had the preceding day escaped from Paris, were ar\xc2\xac \nrested at Varennes, a small town in the department of the \nMeuse, and conducted back to the palace of the Thuil- \nleries. See Jan. 21, 1793. \n\n23, 303. Decollation of St. Alban. This pious man \nis said to have been the first person who suffered martyr\xc2\xac \ndom for Christianity in Britain; hence he is commonly \nstyled the protomartyr of this island. He was born at \nVerulam (now St. Alban\xe2\x80\x99s); and, travelling to Rome, em\xc2\xac \nbraced a military life, and served seven years as a soldier \nunder Diocletian. He afterwards returned to England, \nbecame a Christian, and was in consequence decapitated, \nas is generally stated, during the dreadful persecution \nraised by that celebrated emperor against the professors \nof Christianity.f Four or five hundred years after his \ndeath, Offa, king of Mercia, J built a stately monastery to \nliis memory; and the town of St. Alban\xe2\x80\x99s, Herts, takes \nits name from him. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1770. Died Dr. Mark Akenside, a celebrated phy\xc2\xac \nsician and poet, who was born in 1721, at Newcastle- \nupon-Tyne, and who is therefore often styled, \xe2\x80\x9c The \nBard of Tyne.\xe2\x80\x9d His father was a butcher. He was pos\xc2\xac \nsessed of a luxuriant fancy and highly cultivated mind, \nwhich he has eminently displayed in his admired work \non \xe2\x80\x9c The Pleasures of the Imagination,\xe2\x80\x9d \xe2\x80\x94 \xe2\x80\x9c a more \nsplendid poem, more replete with rich and lofty imagery. \n\n\n* Supremacy, in the English Church, is the superiority or sove\xc2\xac \nreignty of the king over the church, as well as the state, of En\xc2\xac \ngland, whereof he is made the head. It was first established by \nHenry VIIf., in 1534, after his breaking with the Pope. \n\n\xe2\x80\x9c When Henry the Eighth left the Pope in the lurch, \n\nThe Parliament made him the Head of the Church !\xe2\x80\x9d \n\nt See May 1, 304. \n\nJ Mercia, in the ancient geography of England, was the name \nof one of the seven kingdoms (usually denominated the Heptar\xc2\xac \nchy) founded by the Saxons. \n\n\n\nJUNE. \n\n\n235 \n\n\nwill not easily be found within the range of English com\xc2\xac \nposition. The design of it is, to investigate the source \nof those delights which the mind derives from a contem\xc2\xac \nplation of the objects presented to the senses by nature, \nand also those from imitations of them which are pro\xc2\xac \nduced by the arts of poetry, painting, and sculpture.\xe2\x80\x9d* * * \xc2\xa7 \nDr. Akenside was buried in St. James\xe2\x80\x99s church, West\xc2\xac \nminster. \n\n23, 1/91. Expired Catharine Macaulay Graham, a \ncelebrated English historian, and political and didactic \nwriter. She was born in 1/38 or 1739. \n\n24, St. John\xe2\x80\x99s Day, the name of a Christian festival, f \nkept in commemoration of the wonderful circumstances \nattending the birth of John the Baptist, the forerunner \nof our Saviour. He was the son of Zacharias and Eliza\xc2\xac \nbeth. Retiring into a desert, he lived on locusts^ and \nwild honey; and, about the year 29, began to preach re\xc2\xac \npentance, and to declare the coming of the Messiah. He \nbaptized his disciples, and the following year Christ him\xc2\xac \nself was baptized by him in the river Jordan. Some time \nafter, having reproved Herod Antipas, who had a criminal \nintercourse with Herodias, his brother Philip\xe2\x80\x99s wife, lie \nwas imprisoned in the castle of Machserus, where he was \ndecapitated.\xc2\xa7 His head was brought to Herodias; who, \naccording to St. Jerome, pierced his tongue with a bod- \n\n\n* Aikin\xe2\x80\x99s Letters on English Poetry, addressed to a Lady, \nt See Annunciation, and John the son of Zebedee. \n\nX Matt. iii. 4. Locusts are to this day eaten by the inhabitants \nof Ethiopia, Arabia, &c. At Mecca they make a kind of fricassee \nof them : to the unpolished Hottentots they sometimes afford a \nhigh treat; and in Barbary and Numidia the Moors make them a \npait of their food. They go to hunt them, fry them in oil and \nbutter, and sell them publicly at Tunis and other places. From \nthese accounts, which are extracted from Hasselquist, Sparrmau, \nand Poiret, and confirmed by other authors of undoubted vera\xc2\xac \ncity, || we may see the folly of that dispute among divines con\xc2\xac \ncerning the nature of St. John\xe2\x80\x99s food : some maintaining the \noriginal word to signify the fruits of certain trees ; others, a kind \nof birds, &c. See Geo. Exer. on the New Test. Nos. 5, 7, 11, 41, \nand Machaerus. \n\nLocusts are a kind of winged insect, of the same genus as the \ncricket and grasshopper. \n\n\xc2\xa7 See August 29, Decollation of John the Baptist. \n\n\n|| Dampier, Shaw, and Ives, as quoted by the Rev. S. Buruer, iu \nhis Oriental Customs, art. Locusts. \n\n\n\n\n\n\n236 JUNE. \n\nkin, to revenge herself after his death for the freedom of \nhis reproofs.* \n\nWe here see, says Bishop Porteus,f a fatal proof of the \nextreme barbarities to which that most diabolical senti\xc2\xac \nment of revenge will drive the natural tenderness even of \na female mind : what a close connexion there is between \ncrimes of apparently a very different complexion ; and \nhow frequently the uncontrolled indulgence of what are \ncalled the softer affections, leads ultimately to the most \nviolent excesses of malignant passions! \n\n24, 1340. Edward III. gained a signal naval victory over \nthe French, off Sluisse, or Sluys, a town in the Nether\xc2\xac \nlands, a few miles north of Bruges. By the superior \nabilities of the king, and the dexterity of his seamen, the \nEnglish gained the wind of the enemy, and had the sun \nin their backs; and with these advantages began the ac\xc2\xac \ntion. The battle was fierce and bloody: the English \narchers,| whose force and address were now much cele\xc2\xac \nbrated, were particularly active in galling the French on \ntheir approach. Two hundred and thirty French ships \nwere taken: thirty thousand Frenchmen were killed, \nwith two of their admirals: the loss of the English was \ninconsiderable. See the Naval Chron., or Hume\xe2\x80\x99s Hist, \nof England. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1494. Newfoundland, an island near North Ame\xc2\xac \nrica, was discovered by Cabot. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1643. Died at Tame, John Hampden, one of the most \npopular men, and one of the greatest patriots, in the time \nof Charles I, against whom he took up arms, and received \n\n\n* Fulvia, the wife and cruel coadjutor of Anthony, during the \nmassacres of the triumvirate,(| took the head of Cicero, and pla\xc2\xac \ncing it upon her lap, drew out the tongue and pierced it several \ntimes with her bodkin, uttering all the while the most oppro\xc2\xac \nbrious language against that celebrated orator. See Cicero, \nIndex. \n\nt Lecture the Fourteenth, which contains admirable com\xc2\xac \nments on the conduct of the several actors in this dreadful tra\xc2\xac \ngedy, and is replete with the most important instruction and \nadmonition, not only to the female sex, but to both sexes, to \npersons of all ages and conditions, to beware of giving way to \nany one evil propensity of their nature. See Blandv, Index, and \nApril 14, 1809. \n\nX See Ever, on the Globes , art. Sagitta. \n\n\n|| See Aritli. Quest, art. Triumvirate. \n\n\n\n\n\nJUNE. \n\n\n23 7 \n\n\na mortal wound in a skirmish with Prince Rupert,* a \nGerman general, nephew to the king, and often mention\xc2\xac \ned in this intestine war. Thomson, speaking of the great \nmen that Britain has produced, celebrates Hampden in \nthe glorious colours of a warm and active patriot: \n\nA Hampden too is thine, illustrious land, \n\nWise, strenuous, firm, of unsubmitting soul, \n\nWho stem in\xe2\x80\x99d the torrent of a downward age, \n\nTo slavery prone, and bade thee rise again, \n\nTo all thy native pomp of freedom bold. \n\nIn such respect is the memory of Hampden still held \nby his grateful countrymen, that some years ago, one of \nhis descendants being deficient in an account of public \nmoney, he was exonerated from the debt due to govern\xc2\xac \nment by an act of parliament, particularly expressing, \nthat it was for the services which his illustrious relation \nhad done to his country, that this mark of favour was \nshewn to him. Seward\xe2\x80\x99s Anecdotes of Distinguished \nPersons, f \n\n24, 1650. Was born at Ashe, in Devonshire, John \nChurchill, the great Duke of Marlborough. See \nJune 16, 1/22. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1/81. Died, in the forty-first year of her age, at ti e \nHot Wells of Bristol, Lady Miller, of Bath-Easton Villa, \nnear a village of the same name, delightfully situated \nabout two miles from Bath, on the London road. She \nwas author of \xe2\x80\x9cLetters from Italy in the Years 1770 and \n177U by an Englishwoman.\xe2\x80\x9d This lady also gave the \nworld a pleasing work, entitled, \xe2\x80\x9c Poetical Amusements \nat a Filla near Bath,\xe2\x80\x9d being the effusions, chiefly extem\xc2\xac \nporaneous, of several persons of rank and fashion. \n\nLady Miller gave a weekly entertainment to persons of \ndistinction in the city of Bath and its neighbourhood; \nand when the company were ushered in, and as each gen\xc2\xac \ntleman or lady passed a beautiful Etruscan vase brought \nby Lady Miller from Italy, and which for the occasion \nwas decorated with sprigs of laurel, an offering was made \nof some original composition in verse, at first merely of \nwhat the French term bouts rimes, or rhyming termina\xc2\xac \ntions, which had been filled up by the candidate for poeti\xc2\xac \ncal fame, but afterwards of short performances on parti\xc2\xac \ncular subjects, given out the preceding week. The com- \n\n\n* See June 18, 1C43. \n\n\nf See Seward, Index. \n\n\n\n238 \n\n\nJUNE. \n\n\npany having * 1 all contributed, the papers were drawn out \nof the vase and read aloud. A committee was then named \nto determine whose brows the wreath of Apollo should \ndecorate, and to adjudge the prizes; these retired into a \nroom, and fixed on the four best productions; and when \nthe authors had identified their property by naming their \nprivate signatures, they were presented by the liighpriestess \nof the temple, Lady Miller, with a fillet of myrtle, and \ncrowned amidst the plaudits of the company. A very \nsensible feature of the gala, a genteel collation, concluded \nthe business. Finis coronabat opus\xe2\x80\x94the end crowned the \nwork. Lady Miller was interred in the Abbey Church at \nBath, where a beautiful marble monument, having on it \nsome well-written stanzas, has been erected to her me\xc2\xac \nmory. \n\n24, 1782. Expired, Dr. John Blair, author of a valuable \npublication under the title of \xe2\x80\x9c The Chronology and His\xc2\xac \ntory of the World, from the Creation to the Year of Christ \n1733,\xe2\x80\x9d which was continued in subsequent editions; the \nlast of which, by Mr. Stephen Jones, brought it down \nto the proclamation of the Peace of Amiens, April 20, \n1802. \n\n25, 1314. Was fought the famous battle of Bannockburn, \nbetween the English, commanded by Edward II., and the \nScotch, under the renowned Robert Bruce; when the \narmy of the former, though vastly superior in numbers,* \nwas not only defeated, but chased otf the field, and pur\xc2\xac \nsued with great slaughter for the space of several miles. \nThe king himself narrowly escaped, by taking shelter in \nDunbar. Bannockburn is a manufacturing village, near \nStirling, f \n\n26, 1541. Francis Pizarro was assassinated at mid-day in \nhis palace at Liina,+ the capital of Peru, in South Ame- \n\n\n* Some historians state the English army to have been 100,000, \nand the Scotch army 30,000 ; but others say the English army \nconsisted of only 20,000 fighting men, and the Scotch of 2,000. \nSee Bannockburn, and Ninians, St., Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gazetteer. \n\nt The syllable burn, burne, or brun, means a river, ford, or \nbrook. The king posted his forces near the ford or brook of \nBannock. \n\nI Pizarro laid the foundation of this city, January 12, 1535; he \nalso built in Peru the commercial port-town of Truxillo ; giving \nit this name in consequence of his having been born at Truxillo, \nin Estramadura, Spain. Dr. Southey, the Laureate, has written \n\n\n\nJUNE. \n\n\n239 \n\n\nrica. This execrable Spaniard was the conqueror of Peru, \nin conjunction with Almagro, a Spanish navigator. They \nwere both guilty of unparalleled treachery and cruelty to \nthe natives, and at length fell just victims to their own \nambition, jealousy, and avarice. Amalgro revolting, was \ndefeated and beheaded by Pizarro, who was himself mur\xc2\xac \ndered by the son and friends of Almagro. \n\n26, 1691. Expired, almost suddenly, at Exeter, in the 64th \nyear of his age, John Flavel, a native of Worcester\xc2\xac \nshire. He was one of the ministers ejected by the Act of \nUniformity ;* * and his works, which make eight volumes \nin octavo, exhibit strong marks of unaffected and ardent \npiety. One of the most popular of his productions is, his \n\xe2\x80\x9c Mystery of Providencea small tract eminently cal\xc2\xac \nculated, by numerous citations from the Sacred Scrip\xc2\xac \ntures, to encourage Christians in a firm reliance on Divine \nProvidence, to reconcile them to its various dispensations, \nand \xe2\x80\x9c to justify the ways of God to man.\xe2\x80\x9d See the Rev. \nSamuel Palmer\xe2\x80\x99s Nonconformists\xe2\x80\x99 Memorial \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1/52. Died Julius Cardinal Alreroni, at Placentia, \nItaly, where he was born in 1664. He was the son of a \ngardener; from which low origin, by his good fortune, \nliis address and abilities, he rose to be first minister of \nstate to Philip V., king Of Spain. After having governed \nwith an almost absolute power for many years, he was at \nlast deprived of his dignity and banished from Spain. \n\n27, 363. Expired the famous Roman Emperor Julian \nstyled the Apostate , because he professed the Christian \nreligion before he ascended the throne, but afterwards \nopenly embraced Paganism, and endeavoured to abolish \nChristianity. No prince was ever more variously repre\xc2\xac \nsented by different authors; on which account it is not \neasy to form a true judgment of his real character. It is \ngenerally admitted, that he was learned, liberal, tempe\xc2\xac \nrate, brave, vigilant, and a lover of justice; but, on the \nother hand, he had apostatized to Paganism, was an enemy \nto the Christian religion, and was, in fact, a persecutor, \nthough not of the most sanguinary class. Julian was mor\xc2\xac \ntally "wounded in a battle with the Persians, and expired \n\n\nan inscription for a column at this last place, excellently calcu\xc2\xac \nlated to stigmatize cruelty, and to suppress inordinate ambition. \n\nSee Southey\xe2\x80\x99s Letters on Spain and Portugal; or Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gaz. \nart. Truxillo. \n\n* See Aug. 24, 1662, and Arith. Quest. 10th edit. \n\n\n\n\n240 \n\n\nJUNE. \n\n\nthe following night in the thirty-second year of his age. \nHis last moments were spent in conversing with Maximus, \nthe philosopher, concerning the immortality of the soul; \nand he died without expressing the least sorrow for his \nfate, or the suddenness of his death. He was buried at \nTarsus, in Cicilia, but was afterwards removed to Con\xc2\xac \nstantinople, his native city. See Tarsus, Index, and Geo. \nEccer. on the New Test. \n\n27, 1462. Louis XII., surnamed the Just , was born at \nBlois, Province of Orleanois, department of Lot and \nCher. See January 1, and October 9. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1550. Charles IX. was born at St. Germain. See \nMay 30, 1574. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1/ 77 - Was executed at Tyburn for the crime of for\xc2\xac \ngery, Dr. William Dodd, a very popular and celebrated \npreacher, and most zealous promoter of charitable insti\xc2\xac \ntutions. He published a large Commentary on the Bible, \nin three volumes folio, besides some poems, and several \nsermons and tracts of piety. But pride, and a habit of \nsumptuous living, counterbalanced his useful and laudable \nqualities, and led him to the commission of that act which \nbrought him to an ignominious end. He was born at \nBourn, in the western part of Lincolnshire, (of which \nplace his father was vicar,) in 1729. \n\n28, 1461. King Edward IV. was crowned at Westmin\xc2\xac \nster. He was of the Plantagenet line. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1797. Expired suddenly, at London, aged sixty-seven, \nGeorge Keate, F. R S., well known for his elegantly \nwritten account of the Pelew Islands, and several other \nentertaining works both in prose and verse. Of the latter, \nhis poem called \xe2\x80\x9c The Alps\xe2\x80\x9d is allowed to be entitled to \nthe highest praise, for truth of description, elegance of \nversification, and vigour of fancy. One of the most suc\xc2\xac \ncessful of his prose publications was his \xe2\x80\x9c Sketches from \nNature,\xe2\x80\x9d a work which contains many pleasing delinea\xc2\xac \ntions of life, many strokes of humour, and much neatness \nof composition. Mr. Keate, being a man of fortune, was \nhospitable and beneficent, and possessed the good-will of \nhis amis de table in an eminent degree He was interred \nin Isleworth* church, where a monument is erected to \nhis memory stating his death to have happened on the \nabove day; though his biographers assign the 27th as the \n\n\n* Isleworth is a pleasant village in Middlesex, situated on the \nbanks of the Thames, nine miles west of London, \n\n\n\n\nJUNE. \n\n\n241 \n\n\ndate of his decease. He was a native of Trowbridge, a \ntown in Wiltshire. See Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gazetteer. \n\n29, 66. St. Peter and St. Paul\xe2\x80\x99s Festival. St. Peter, \nthe Apostle, was born at Bethsaida, in Galilee,* and was \nbrother of St. Andrew. His first name was Simon or \nSimeon; but when our Saviour called him to the apostle- \nsliip, he changed it to Cephas, that is, in Syriac, a stone \nor rock; in Latin, petra , whence Peter. He was a mar\xc2\xac \nried man ; and had his house, his mother-in-law, and his \nwife, at Capernaum, upon the lake of Genesareth. This \napostle was firmly attached to his Divine Master, and was \none of the three selected by him to be witness of his glory \nand his humiliation. After Christ\xe2\x80\x99s ascension, Peter con\xc2\xac \ntinued very zealous and constant in his Lord\xe2\x80\x99s service, \ntill he himself was crowned with martyrdom, at Rome, \nby crucifixion. This happened in the Via Ostia, with his \nhead downwards, as he, out of humility, had desired of \nhis executioners. It is said, that his body was at first \nburied in the catacombs, f near Rome, whence it was \nafterwards transported to the Vatican. + He had been \n\n\n* See May 1. \n\n4* Catacombs are grottoes or subterraneous places for the burial \nof the dead. Anciently the word catacomb was only understood \nof the tombs of St. Peter and St. Paul. The vast assemblage of \nsubterraneous sepulchres about Rome are supposed to be the \nburial-places of martyrs, and are visited accordingly out of devo\xc2\xac \ntion, and relics are thence taken and dispersed through Catholic \ncountries. Though the catacombs of Rome have made the greatest \nnoise of any in the world, there are similar receptacles belonging \nto many other cities, particularly Naples : indeed, the method of \npreserving the dead in catacombs seems to have been common to \nmany of the ancient nations. The catacombs of Egypt are still \nextant about nine leagues from Grand Cairo. The bodies found \nin catacombs, especially those of Egypt, are called mummies; and, \nas the Egyptians excelled in the art of embalming and preserving \ntheir dead bodies, those found in their catacombs are in a better \nstate than the bodies found either in those of Italy, or any other \npart of the world. \n\nJ The Vatican is a magnificent palace in Rome, belonging to \nthe Pope, and containing one of the richest libraries in the world, \nboth in printed books and manuscripts. The Mons Vaticanus, \nwhere this palace stands, owes its name to the answers of the \nVotes , or prophets, that used to be given here; or to the god \nVaticanus. Lempriere\xe2\x80\x99s Class. Diet. \n\nM \n\n\n\n242 \n\n\nJUNE. \n\n\nbishop of Rome twenty-four years ; and at his death was \nabout seventy-five years old. Many learned men, how\xc2\xac \never, think it improbable that St. Peter ever visited Rome; \nand still more improbable, that he was established bishop \nof that city. See Geo. Exer. on the New Test. No. 156, \n3d edit. \n\nSt. Paul, formerly named Saul, was first a persecutor \nof the church, but afterwards a disciple of Jesus Christ, \nand the most zealous of Christian missionaries. His pa\xc2\xac \nrents sent him early to Jerusalem, where he studied the \nlaw at the feet of Gamaliel, a famous doctor. He is sup\xc2\xac \nposed to have been a convert to Christianity about the \nyear 36 or 37;* * * \xc2\xa7 and consummated his martyrdom by \ndecapitation, at a place called Aqius Salviw, the Salvian \nWaters , on the above day, by order of Nero,f whom he \nhad enraged by converting one of his favourite concu\xc2\xac \nbines. Some state the apostle\xe2\x80\x99s age at fifty-five, others \nat sixty-eight, at his death. See Geo. Exer. on the New \nTest. art. Tarsus. \n\n29, 1559. Montgomery, Count de Montgomery in Nor\xc2\xac \nmandy, remarkable for his valour and noble achieve\xc2\xac \nments, had the misfortune to extinguish an eye of Henry \nthe Second, of France, in a tournament;]; a disastrous \nevent which, in a few days, caused the king\xe2\x80\x99s death. The \nmonarch in his last moments nobly enjoined, that Mont\xc2\xac \ngomery should not be prosecuted or harassed, in any re\xc2\xac \nspect whatever, on account of his fatal accident. This \nunfortunate nobleman, however, fell a victim some years \nafterwards to the unjust revenge of the infamous Catharine \nde\xe2\x80\x99 Medici, and suffered death by decapitation, June 26, \n1574.\xc2\xa7 \n\nHenry the Second was succeeded by his son Francis, \n\n\n* See January 25. + See April 30, 66. \n\nJ Tournament is a martial sport or exercise which the ancient \n\ncavaliers used to perform, to shew their bravery and address. It \nis derived from the French word tourner, \xe2\x80\x9c to turn round,\xe2\x80\x9d be\xc2\xac \ncause, to be expert in these exercises, much agility, both of horse \nand man, was necessary. Tournaments made the principal exer\xc2\xac \ncises of the 13th and 14th centuries; but being at length pro\xc2\xac \nductive of mischievous consequences, the princes of Europe \ngradually concurred in discouraging and suppressing them. \n\n\xc2\xa7 See the Ency. Brit. art. Montgomery; and Arith. Quest. 10th \nedit, art, Equestrian Expedition. \n\n\n\nJUNE. 243 \n\nthe Dauphin,* * * \xc2\xa7 who thus became king of France, under \nthe title of Francis the Second. See April 24, 1558. \n\n29, 1761. The City Road from Islington to Old Street \nwas first opened for passengers and carriages. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1774. Expired, at Little Ealing, in Middlesex, Dr. \nPearce, Bishop of Rochester, an eminent prelate who \nhad distinguished himself in every part of his life, by \ngreat modesty and the virtues proper to his station. His \nliterary abilities, and application to sacred and philologi\xc2\xac \ncal learning, appear by his numerous works. His excel\xc2\xac \nlent edition of Longinus on the Sublime and Beautiful, is \nstill admired by the best critics; and his \xe2\x80\x9c Commentary \non the Four Evangelists, &c., &c., with Notes,\xe2\x80\x9d (a post\xc2\xac \nhumous publication,) is often quoted by divines. \n\nBishop Pearce was the son of a distiller in Holbom; \nand although of a delicate constitution, his life was ex\xc2\xac \ntended, by the blessing of Providence, beyond his eighty- \nfifth year. He has a monument in Westminster-Abbey, \nwhere he was interred \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1813. Died, at his house in St. Alban\xe2\x80\x99s Street, London, \nValentine Green, Esq., A. R. S., Keeper of the British \nInstitution ;f greatly respected for his superior talents as \na mezzotinto engraver, for the purity and universality of \nhis taste in works of art, for the general urbanity of his \nmanners, and for that invariable benignity of disposition, \nwhich, in popular language, is usually styled \xe2\x80\x9c goodness \nof heart.\xe2\x80\x9d He was born at Salford, near Chipping-Nor- \nton, in Oxfordshire, October 3, 1739. \n\nMr. Green, besides his distinguished merit as an artist, \nacquired considerable reputation as an author, by publish\xc2\xac \ning, in 1796, a valuable work, entitled, \xe2\x80\x9cThe History and \nAntiquities of the City and Suburbs of Worcester,\xe2\x80\x9d in \ntwo quarto volumes; a performance of great research and \nlabour. It is handsomely printed byBulmer, embellished \nwith numerous masterly engravings,} and dedicated by \npermission to his late Majesty.\xc2\xa7 \n\n\n* Dauphin was a title given to the eldest son of the king of \nFrance, and presumptive heir to the crown; on account of the \nprovince of Dauphiny, in that country, which in 1343 was given \nto Philip de Valois, ou this express condition. \n\nf See Feb. 23, 1792. \n\n+ One of those is an admirable likeness of the author, engraved \nby Fittler, historical engraver to the King. \n\n\xc2\xa7 The first edition of this book, then called \xe2\x80\x9c A Survey,\xe2\x80\x9d &c., \n\nm2 \n\n\n\n\n244 \n\n\nJUNE \n\n\n30, 1685. Archibald Campbell, Earl of Argyle, was un\xc2\xac \njustly beheaded at Edinburgh, in the bigoted reign of \nJames II. (See Dunstaffnage and Balling Heirig, Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s \nGazetteer.\') Though the sword of justice was displayed, \neven her semblance was not put on; and the forms of \nlaw were only preserved to sanctify, or rather aggravate, \nthe foul oppression. The earl exhibited great courage \nand undaunted constancy under his misfortunes; slept \nsoundly the night before his execution,* * and even on the \nvery day of his death not only ate his dinner cheerfully, \nbut, according to his custom, enjoyed his afternoon\xe2\x80\x99s nap. \nHe made a short, grave, and religious speech on the scaf\xc2\xac \nfold, and, after solemnly declaring that he forgave all his \nenemies, submitted to his fate with heroic firmness. Such \nwere the last hours, and such the final close, of this great \nman\xe2\x80\x99s life. May the like happy serenity in such dreadful \ncircumstances, and a death equally glorious, be the lot of \nall whom tyranny, of whatever denomination or descrip\xc2\xac \ntion, shall, in any age or in any country, call to expiate \ntheir virtues on the scaffold! \n\nArgyle\xe2\x80\x99s religion (says Mr. Fox) was of that genuine \nkind, which, by representing the performance of our duty \nto our neighbour as the most acceptable service to God, \nstrengthens all the charities of social life. Let him be \nweighed never so scrupulously, and in the nicest scales, \nhe will not be found, in a single instance, wanting in the \ncharity of a Christian, the firmness and benevolence of a \npatriot, or the integrity and fidelity of a man of honour. \nThe last scene of this amiable nobleman\xe2\x80\x99s life is most \nbeautifully described by Mr. Fox, in his \xe2\x80\x9c History of the \nReign of James II.,\xe2\x80\x9d ami it forms also one of the most \neloquently written parts of Hume\xe2\x80\x99s History. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1689. Rosene, marshal general of king James\xe2\x80\x99s forces \nin Ireland, was guilty of an act of barbarity scarcely to be \nparalleled in history. To induce the brave defenders of \n\n\nwas published in 1764, during the time of his apprenticeship in \nWorcester. \n\n* The venerable Socrates slept the evening before his death \nas quietly as at any other time ; passed the last day of his life \nin conversing cheerfully with his friends upon the immortality \nof the soul, took the fatal cup of poison without any emotion \nor change of countenance, and drank off the baneful draught \nwith an amazing tranquillity, and a serenity of aspect not to be \nexpressed, or hardly even conceived. Lord Russell also slept \nsoundly the night before his unjust execution. \n\n\n\nJUNE. \n\n\n245 \n\n\nLondonderry to give up that place, lie collected together \n4,000, some say 7,000, of the neighbouring Protestants \nof all ages and conditions, stript them entirely naked, \ndeprived them of food, and in that forlorn condition \ncaused the miserable objects to be driven under the walls \nof the city, where a considerable number of them actually \nperished through fatigue, grief, or the want of sustenance. \nSee April 20, 1689 \n\n30, 1825. Was accidentally drowned, at Stanwell, a village \nin Middlesex, about two miles from Staines, the Rev. \nHenry Kktt, author of \xe2\x80\x9c History the Interpreter of \nProphecy/\xe2\x80\x99 \xe2\x80\x9c Elements of General Knowledge,\xe2\x80\x9d &c., &e. \nThe former work received the commendations of Bishops \nTomline and Porteus. \n\n\n( 2 46 ) \n\n\nJULY. \n\nDeep to the root \n\nOf vegetation parch\xe2\x80\x99d, the cleaving fields \nAnd slipp\xe2\x80\x99ry lawn an arid hue disclose. \n\nEcho no more returns the cheerful sound \nOf sharp\xe2\x80\x99ning scythe ! the mower sinking, heaps \nO\xe2\x80\x99er him the humid hay, with flow\xe2\x80\x99rs perfum\xe2\x80\x99d. \n\nThomson. \n\nJuly is the seventh month of the year; the word is derived \nfrom the Latin Julius , the family name of C. Caesar, the \ndictator,* who was born in it. Mark Antony first gave this \nmonth the name of July , which before was called Quintilis, \nas being the fifth month in the year in the old Roman calen\xc2\xac \ndar established by Romulus, which, as we have before ob\xc2\xac \nserved, began in the month of March. For the same reason, \nAugust was called Seatilis; and September, October, No\xc2\xac \nvember, and December, still retain the name of their first \nrank. \n\nJuly is usually the hottest month in the year; when, as \n\xe2\x80\x9c the bard of Ednam\xe2\x80\x9d well remarks, the luxury of cooling \nshades is peculiarly grateful: \n\nWelcome, ye shades ! ye bow\xe2\x80\x99ry thickets, hail I \nYe lofty pines ! ye veuerable oaks ! \n\nYe ashes wild, resounding o\xe2\x80\x99er the steep ! \n\nDelicious is your shelter to the soul. \n\nAs to the hunted hart the sallying spring. \n\nThomson. \n\nArtists are recommended by Peachain to draw July in a \njacket of light yellow, eating cherries, with his face and \nbosom sun-burnt. \n\n\n* A dictator was a Roman magistrate, created by the senate \nor people in times of exigence and distress, and invested with \nabsolute authority for a certain time, usually for six months, \nthough the office was sometimes continued to twelve. Sylla was \nthe first perpetual dictator, and Caesar the next and last. \n\nJulius with honour tam\xe2\x80\x99d Rome\xe2\x80\x99s foreign foes ; \n\nBut patriots fell, ere the dictator rose. \n\n\nPrior. \n\n\n\nJULY. \n\n\n247 \n\n\nREMARKABLE EVENTS. \n\n1, 1312. Gaveston, a native of Gascony, the infamous \nminion of Edward II., was put to death on a small emi\xc2\xac \nnence, since called Gaveston-hill, near Warwick. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1690. The Battle of the Boyne. This important en\xc2\xac \ngagement, which gave a mortal wound to the interests of \nJames II., was fought between that monarch and Wil\xc2\xac \nliam HI., on the banks of the Boyne, a river of Ireland, \nwhich rises in Kildare, and empties itself into the sea at \nDrogheda, in the county of Louth. William commanded \nin person; the dastardly James was no more than a specta\xc2\xac \ntor of this most important conflict, and, even before his \narmy was completely routed, fled with the utmost precipi\xc2\xac \ntation to Dublin, and thence to Waterford, where he em\xc2\xac \nbarked for France. The Irish lost about 1,500 men in \nthis engagement, and the Protestants about one-third of \nthat number. The most remarkable person who lost his \nlife on this occasion was the gallant Duke Schoinberg, \nwho fell in the eighty-second year of his age, after having \nrivalled the best generals of the time in military reputa\xc2\xac \ntion.* This battle likewise proved fatal to the Rev. Mr. \nWalker, who, for his bravery at Londonderry, had received \nthe thanks of the House of Commons, and had been \ngraciously received by King William and rewarded with \n5,000/., and a promise of further favour; but, his military \ngenius still predominating, he attended his royal patron \nin this conflict: and being mortally wounded, died in a \nfew minutes.f He was born of English parents in the \n\n\n* Frederick de Schoinberg, marshal of France, was created by \nKing William, Duke Schomberg. He was son of Count Schom- \nberg, by Lord Dudley\xe2\x80\x99s daughter. The count was killed, with \nseveral sons, at the battle of Prague, 1620. The duke was a \nman of great calmness, application, and conduct; of true judg\xc2\xac \nment, exact probity, and humble, obliging temper; and, accord\xc2\xac \ning to De Foe, \xe2\x80\x9c the ablest soldier of the age.\xe2\x80\x9d The persecution \nof the Protestants induced him to leave France and enter into \nKing William\xe2\x80\x99s service. His son was mortally wounded at the \nof Marsaglia, Sept. 24, 1693. \n\nf One of the late Mr. West\xe2\x80\x99s most celebrated pictures was the \nBattle of the Boyne. It has been engraved by Hall, and the \npainting is in Earl Grosvenor\xe2\x80\x99s fine collection. In the centre of \nthe piece is King William on a grey horse, crossing the Boyne, \nand followed by his staff, amongst whom, immediately above the \n\n\n\n248 \n\n\nJULY. \n\n\ncounty of Tyrone, Ireland, and educated in the Univer\xc2\xac \nsity of Glasgow, Scotland. He was afterwards Rector \nof Donaghmore, near Londonderry. The University of \nOxford conferred the degree of D.D. on him in February \n1690, in which year he was unfortunately killed. \n\n1, 1691. Athlone, on the river Shannon, in the county of \nWestmeath, Ireland, was taken by storm by General Gin- \nkle; who, for his conduct, intrepidity, and success on \nthis occasion, was created Earl of Athlone by King Wil\xc2\xac \nliam. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1818. Sir Thomas Bernard died at Leamington, two \nmiles east of Warwick. He was particularly active in \npromoting and establishing various plans for the benefit \nof the poor; and the British Institution for promoting the \nFine Arts, since better known by the name of the British \nGallery, was founded at his suggestion. See note, Feb. 23. \n\n2, 1644. At Marston Moor, about six miles from the city \nof York, the Royalists, commanded by Prince Rupert, \nwere defeated by the Parliamentarians, under Lord Fair\xc2\xac \nfax. The victory was owing, in a great measure, to \nCromwell\xe2\x80\x99s valour and good conduct. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1784. Died, near Paris, Dionysius Diderot, a cele\xc2\xac \nbrated French poet, and one of the chief writers in the \nDictionnaire Encyclopedlque , a stupendous performance, \nwhich contains much valuable information in every de\xc2\xac \npartment of physical science; but, as Diderot, D\xe2\x80\x99Alem\xc2\xac \nbert, and Voltaire, the most active editors and supporters \nof that voluminous work, were sworn enemies to religion \nof every kind, it displays without restraint or shame the \nmost infamous dogmas of impiety, and a contempt for \nevery thing which can make mankind happy here or here\xc2\xac \nafter. Diderot was the son of a cutler at Langres, where \nhe was born in 1713. This town is situated on a moun\xc2\xac \ntain in Upper Marne, and is supposed to stand the highest \nof any in France; its cutlery wares are still in the highest \nesteem. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1805. Being the anniversary of Klopstock\xe2\x80\x99s birth-day, \nsome of his friends assembled at his grave and strewed \n\n\nhorsemen in front, Prince George of Denmark, (husband of the \nPrincess afterwards Queen Anne,) and the Duke of Ormond, are \nintroduced. On the right, supported by three officers, the Duke \nof Schomberg\xe2\x80\x94and the Rev. George Walker is seen in the back \nground. See JVir. Young\xe2\x80\x99s Catalogue, and Engravings of the \nGrosvenor Gallery. \n\n\n\n\nJULY. \n\n\n249 \n\n\nflowers over it; a mark of affection which they had before \nshewn him at his interment. See March 14, 1803 \n\nIt was a practice of high antiquity to plant herbs and \nflowers about the graves of the dead ; a custom which \nmight originate from the belief of the doctrine of the re\xc2\xac \nsurrection, or perhaps from a passage in Isaiah; see chap, \nxxvi. 19. The women in Egypt go weekly to pray and \nweep at the sepulchres of the dead; and it is then usual \nto throw a sort of herb (our sweet basil) upon the tombs ; \nwhich in Asia Minor, and Turkey in Europe, are also \nadorned either with the leaves of the palm-tree, boughs \nof myrtle, or cypresses planted at the head and feet.* * * \xc2\xa7 \nBetween some of the tombs is placed a chest of orna\xc2\xac \nmented stone, filled with earth, in which are planted herbs \nand aromatic flowers. These are regularly cultivated by \nfemales of the family, who assemble in groups for that \nduty. At Aleppo, there grow many myrtles, which they \ndiligently propagate, because they are beautiful and re\xc2\xac \nmain long green, to put about their graves. This account \nis extracted from tlie writings of Maillet, Chandler, and \nDallaway. See Burder\xe2\x80\x99s Oriental Customs; also July \n7, 1713. \n\n3, Commence, according to the almanacks, the Canicular \nor Dog-Days, which are a certain number of days pre\xc2\xac \nceding and following the heliacalf rising of Canicula, or \nthe Dog-Star, in the morning\'. Their beginning is usually \nfixed in the calendars on the 3rd of July, and their termi\xc2\xac \nnation on the 11th of August; but this is a palpable mis\xc2\xac \ntake, since the heliacal rising of this star does not now \ntake place, at least in our latitude, till near the latter end \nof August ;X and in five or six thousand years more, Ca\xc2\xac \nnicula inav chance to be charged with bringing frost and \nsnow, as it will then, owing to the precession of the equi\xc2\xac \nnoxes^ rise in November and December. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 987. Capet was crowned at Rheiins. He was the. \nfirst of a long race of kings who for eight hundred years \noccupied the throne of France. He died on Oct. 24, 997. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1423. Louis XI., son of Charles VII., was born at \nBourges. He was an unnatural son and a despotic king. \n\n\n* Our Saviour mentions the garnishing of the sepulchres, Matt, \nxxiii. 29. See also ver. 27, and Matt. viii. 28. \n\nf See Exer. on the Globes , art. Heliacal. \n\n+ See Ibid. art. Dies Caniculares. \n\n\xc2\xa7 See Ibid. art. Equinoxes, Precession of. \n\nM 3 \n\n\n\n250 \n\n\nJULY. \n\n\nyet he received from Pope Pius II. the title of Most Chris\xc2\xac \ntian, which became a permanent title to the kings of \nFrance. \n\n4, The Latins fix the festival of Haggai, the tenth of the \nminor prophets,* who is generally supposed to have been \na native of Babylon, and to have been interred at Jeru\xc2\xac \nsalem. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1533. John Fryth was burnt in Smithfield, on ac\xc2\xac \ncount of his having become a convert to Lutheranism. \nHe was born at Seven-Oaks, in Kent, and was educated \nat Cambridge. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1761. Died, Samuel Richardson an eminent En\xc2\xac \nglish printer, in Salisbury Court, Fleet Street, and inven\xc2\xac \ntor of a peculiar species of moral romance. Dr. Johnson \nstyles him \xe2\x80\x9c an author from whom the age has received \ngreat favours, who has enlarged the knowledge of human \nnature, and taught the passions to move at the command \nof virtue.\xe2\x80\x9d He was born in Derbyshire in 1689, and is \ninterred in St. Bride\xe2\x80\x99s church. Fleet Street; where also \nwas buried Lovelace, the poet, who died in 1658. His \npoems, which are extremely scarce, were printed under \nthe title of \xe2\x80\x9c Lucasta\xe2\x80\x9d \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1776. The Americans formally renounced all con\xc2\xac \nnexion with Britain, and declared themselves indepen\xc2\xac \ndent. This event is annually commemorated at Boston, \nand an oration pronounced on the occasion. See April \n19, 1775. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1816. Died, Richard Watson, Bishop of Llandaff, \na most liberal-minded prelate, who possessed many claims \nto public attention, as a theologian, a chemist, a legislator, \nan agriculturist, and a man of letters. Having vindicated \nthe principles of general liberty, and justified the Glo\xc2\xac \nrious Revolution of 1688, in two animated printed \ndiscourses, Dr. Watson next proceeded to justify Chris\xc2\xac \ntianity itself from the attacks of the late Mr. Gibbon. \n\n\n* The word prophet, in popular language, means one of the \nsacred writers empowered by God to display futurity. We have \nin the Old Testament the writings of sixteen prophets, i. e. of \nfour greater, and twelve lesser. The former are Isaiah, Jere\xc2\xac \nmiah, Ezekiel, and Daniel ; the latter are Hosea, Joel, Amos, \nObadiah, Micah, Jonah, Nahum, Habakkuk, Zephaniah, Haggai, \nZechariah, and Malachi. \n\nThe Jews do not place Daniel among the prophets, because \n(they say) he lived in the splendour of temporal dignities, and a \nkind of life different from other prophets. \n\n\n\nJULY. \n\n\n251 \n\n\nThis valuable work was entitled, \xe2\x80\x9c An Apology for Chris\xc2\xac \ntianity, in a Series of Letters, addressed to Edward Gib\xc2\xac \nbon, Esq.,\xe2\x80\x9d and it soon became a popular production; \nfor instead of commencing his attack with the violence of \nbigoted zeal, and bespattering his sceptical antagonist \nwith the usual quantum of \xe2\x80\x9c theological dirt,\xe2\x80\x9d Dr. Watson \ndisplayed all the mildness of a true Christian, and all the \ngood manners of a well-bred gentleman. In 1796, Bishop \nWatson published another admirable work, entitled, \xe2\x80\x9cAn \nApology for the Bible, in a Series of Letters addressed to \nThomas Paine;\xe2\x80\x9d written with the same gentleness and \nurbanity that he had manifested in his address to Mr. Gib\xc2\xac \nbon. And it is generally allowed, that in both instances \nlie rendered eminent service to the cause of Christianity, \nand proved himself an able defender of Revealed Religion. \n\nBishop Watson appears to have entertained very candid \nand enlightened views on religious subjects.* Speaking \nof the late Duke of Grafton, he observes, \xe2\x80\x9c I never at\xc2\xac \ntempted either to encourage or to discourage his profes\xc2\xac \nsion of Unitarian principles, for I was happy to see a \nperson of his rank professing, with intelligence and with \nsincerity, Christian principles. If any one thinks that a \nUnitarian is not a Christian, I plainly say, without being \nmyself a Unitarian, that I think otherwise.\xe2\x80\x9d (Anecdotes \nof the Life of Richard Watson t &c., Vol. I. p. 75.) It \nis worthy of remark also, that this learned prelate was no \nfriend to creeds in general, drawing his own theological \nsystem exclusively from the Sacred Volume: for, when \nhe obtained the first office for honour in the University\xe2\x80\x94 \nthat of Professor of Divinity, he determined to reduce the \nstudy of divinity into as narrow a compass as he could, \nand to study nothing but his Bible ; being much uncon\xc2\xac \ncerned about the opinions of councils, fathers, churches, \nbishops, and other men, as little inspired as himself. \nHolding the New Testament in his hand, he used to \n\n\n* The worthy dignitary was, however, greatly, and perhaps \njustly, afraid of Popery, because, as he observes, where it has the \npower it assumes the right of persecution; and whilst it believes \nthat in afflicting the body it saves the soul of a convert, he could \nnot see how it can abandon the idea of the utility of persecution. \nHe elsewhere says, \xe2\x80\x9c No man upon earth, I trust, can have more \nenlarged sentiments of toleration than I have ; but the Church of \nRome is a persecuting church, and it is our interest and our duty, \non every principle of religion and common sense, to guard our\xc2\xac \nselves against her machinations.\xe2\x80\x9d \n\n\n\n252 \n\n\nJULY. \n\n\nsay to his opponents in the divinity schools, \xe2\x80\x9c Here is the \nfountain of truth; why do you follow the streams derived \nfrom it by the sophistry, or polluted by the passions, of \nman ? Articles of churches are not of divine authority ; \nhave done with them; for they may be true, they may \nbe false; and appeal to the book itself.\xe2\x80\x9d The erudite \nChillingworth was accustomed to say, \xe2\x80\x9c The Bible , the \nBible, is the Religion of Protestants ;\xe2\x80\x9d and the immortal \nLocke being asked, \xe2\x80\x9c what was the shortest and surest \nway to attain a true knowledge of the Christian religion, \nin the full and just extent of it,\xe2\x80\x9d answered \xe2\x80\x9cStudy the \nHolv Scriptures, especially the New Testament. Therein \nare contained the words of eternal life. It has God for \nits author, salvation for its end, and truth, without any \nmixture of error, for its matter.\xe2\x80\x9d \n\nBishop Watson\xe2\x80\x99s friend, Mr. Luther, who died January \n13, 178G, most generously bequeathed him an estate in \nSussex, which he immediately sold for upwards of 20,000/., \nand the year following, by the advice of his physicians, \ntook leave of University business, and retired to his native \nair in Westmoreland. There, in the summer of 1789, \nhe laid the foundation of his house in a delightful situation \non the banks of the beautiful lake Winandermere: where, \nhe says, in the highly interesting Anecdotes of himself \nwhich were left for posthumous publication, he spent \nmore than twenty years, \xe2\x80\x9c partly in supporting the religion \nand constitution of his country by seasonable publications; \nbut principally, in building farm-houses, blasting rocks, \ninclosing wastes, making bad land good, planting larches, \nand also planting in the hearts of his children principles \nof piety, benevolence, and self-government. By such \noccupations, he much recovered his health, entirely pre\xc2\xac \nserved his independence, set an example of spirited hus\xc2\xac \nbandry to the county, and honourably provided for his \nfamily.\xe2\x80\x9d This great and good man was born at Hever- \nsnain, near Kendal, in 1737; and expired, in the 79th \nyear of his age, at his seat, called Calgarth Park; illus\xc2\xac \ntrating in death the truth of his favourite rule of conduct \nthrough life : \xe2\x80\x9c Keep innoceney, and take heed unto the \nthing that is right, for that shall bring a man peace at the \nlast.\xe2\x80\x9d \n\nA, 1826. The Jubilee or Fiftieth Anniversary of the de\xc2\xac \nclaration of Independence by the United States, \nwas celebrated throughout the whole of the Union with \nextraordinary enthusiasm. By a coincidence which may \nwell be termed remarkable, two of the most distinguished \n\n\nJULY. \n\n\n253 \n\n\nAmerican Patriots, members of the committee which \ndrew up that declaration in the year 1 7 / 6 , the venerable \nThomas Jefferson and John Adams, Ex-presidents of the \nUnited States, died on the day of celebrating 1 the Jubilee; \nthe former at Monticello in Virginia, the latter at Quincy, \nabout eight miles South from Boston. \n\n5, Being\' the first Friday of this month in the year 1811, \nthe fair of Fairlop was held, agreeably to a long-esta\xc2\xac \nblished annual custom. See Ewer. on the Globes , art. \nRobur Caroli. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1101). Jerusalem was taken by the crusaders, after a \nsiege of five weeks. Impelled by a mixture of military \nand religious rage, they put the numerous garrison and \nini abitants to the sword, without distinction. Neither \narms defended the valiant, nor submission the timorous: \nno age nor sex was spared: infants on the breast were \npierced by the same blow with their mothers who im\xc2\xac \nplored for mercy: even a multitude to the number of \n10,000 persons, who had surrendered themselves prison\xc2\xac \ners, and were promised quarter, were butchered in cool \nblood by those ferocious ruffians, who yet had the impious \neffrontery to style themselves Christians! ! See Arith . \nQuest art. Croisade. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1643. Battle of Lansdown, near Bath, in the civil wars \nof Charles I., in which the King\xe2\x80\x99s forces were victorious, \nbut lost the gallant Sir Bevil Grenville. A superb co\xc2\xac \nlumn was erected to the memory of Sir Bevil Grenville \non the north declivity of the hill where he fell, by the \nHon. George Granville Lord Lansdown. The south \ntablet of this monument contains an eulogiuin by the \ngreat Lord Clarendon. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1685. The Duke of Monmouth being defeated at \nSedgemore, a village near Bridgewater, in Somersetshire, \na rebellion which had been rashly undertaken, and feebly \nconducted, was thus finally concluded. Monmouth had \nbeen excited to make an invasion by Ford, Lord Gray, \nwho afterwards ruined his cause by his notorious cow\xc2\xac \nardice. Lord Gray\xe2\x80\x99s character was also stained with licen\xc2\xac \ntiousness, falsehood, and ingratitude. See June 11, 1685, \nand Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gazetteer , art. Ringwood and Sedgemore. \n\n6, 1189. Henry II. expired at Chinon, near Saumur, \nprovince of Touraine, department of Indre and Loire; \nand was interred at Fontevrault, department of Maine and \nLoire, province of Anjou, fie died of a broken heart, hav\xc2\xac \ning previously cursed the day in which he received his \n\n\n254 \n\n\nJULY. \n\n\nmiserable being,* and bestowed on his ungrateful and \nundutiful children a malediction which he could not be \nprevailed on to retract. He was at his death in the 58th \nyear of his age, and 35th of his reign ; the greatest prince \nof his time for wisdom, virtue, and abilities, and the most \npowerful in extent of dominion, of all that had ever filled \nthe throne of England. \n\n6, 1483. King Richard III., and his Queen, Anne, \n\nwere crowned at Westminster, Richard making use of \nthe preparations which had been designed for his nephew \nEdward V., whose reign thus terminated after a duration \nof twelve weeks. Edward and his brother were soon \nafter murdered in the Tower. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1415. John Huss was burnt alive for heresy, at Con\xc2\xac \nstance, a city on a lake of the same name, in the south \npart of Germany, by order of a Council of Divines held \nin that city, though the Emperor Sigismund had given \nhim a safe-conduct. He endured the dreadful punish\xc2\xac \nment with unparalleled magnanimity and resignation. \nThe same unhappy fate was borne with the same pious \nfortitude and constancy of mind by Jerome of Prague, \nthe intimate companion of Huss, who came to this coun\xc2\xac \ncil with the generous design of supporting and seconding \nhis persecuted friend. He suffered May 30, 1416. \nThe most scandalous violation of public faith, the cruelty \nand treachery which attended the punishment of these \nunhappy disciples of Wickliffe, our great Reformer, \nprove, says Hume, this melancholy truth, that toleration \nis none of the virtues of priests in any form of ecclesias\xc2\xac \ntical government. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1535. Sir Thomas More, Lord Chancellor in the \ntime of Henry VIII., was decollated for denying that \nmonarch\xe2\x80\x99s supremacy. He resided many years in a house \nnear the river-side at Chelsea, where the king used occa\xc2\xac \nsionally to visit him, and always treated him with the \ngreatest familiarity. See June 22, 1535, and note, Oct. \n29, 1618. \n\n\n* See Job, chap. iii. ver. 1, &c. &c., and Job, index. \n\nHe curst his fate. \n\nHis day of birth, its inauspicious light, \n\nHe wishes sunk in shades of endless night, \n\nAnd blotted from the year. Young. \n\n\n\n\nJULY. \n\n\n255 \n\n\n6, 1553. Expired at Greenwich, in the 16th year of his \nage,* and the seventh of his reign, Edward VI., a \nprince on whose excellent qualities all the English his\xc2\xac \ntorians dwell with extreme pleasure. He was learned, \npious, and charitable. \n\nO ! lost too early, blest beyond thine age, \n\nPriuce, patriot, saint, and statesman, child and sage ! \n\nOn the demise of this amiable youth, the sanguinary \nMary, his half-sister, succeeded to the crown. Edward \nwas of the Tudor line. He was buried in Westminster \nAbbey. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1700. Died, at Aix-la- Chapelle, in Germany, George \nAugustus Elliot, Lord Heathfield, the famous Go\xc2\xac \nvernor and Defender of the important fortress of Gibral\xc2\xac \ntar, during a formidable investment of three years by the \nSpaniards. His conduct during that memorable siege \nexalted him to the most elevated rank in the military \nannals of the age, and justly entitled him to the honours \nof the peerage. He was born at Stobbs, in Roxburgh\xc2\xac \nshire, in the year 1718, and was the most abstemious \nman of his time. During the siege of Gibraltar, his \nfood was vegetables, and his drink water. He indulged \nhimself in neither animal food nor wine,f and never \n\n\n* See Oct. 12, 1537. \n\nt The most valiant Trojan chief, Hector, appears from Homer \nto have practised a similar abstemiousness with respect to wine : \n\nFar hence be Bacchus\xe2\x80\x99 gifts (the chief rejoin\xe2\x80\x99d) ; \nInflaming wine, pernicious to mankind, \n\nUnnerves the limbs, and dulls the noble mind. \n\nPope\xe2\x80\x99s Homer. \n\nSome eminent physicians are said to agree with Homer in this \npoint: maintaining, that wine neither raises the spirits nor in\xc2\xac \ncreases strength. It has been remarked, that Samson, as well as \nHector, was a water-drinker, being a Nazarite by vow, and as \nsuch forbidden the use of wine. To this Milton alludes in his \nSamson Agonistes: \n\nWherever fountain or fresh current flow\xe2\x80\x99d \nAgainst the eastern ray, translucent, pure, \n\nI drank,\xe2\x80\x94nor envy\xe2\x80\x99d them the grape, \n\nWhose heads that turbulent liquor fills with fumes. \n\nTournefort mentions a Venetian consul that resided at Smyrna, \nwho lived to the age of one hundred and eighteen years, and never \ndrank any thing but water.\xe2\x80\x94See Arith. Quest., art. Water. \n\n\n\n256 JULY. \n\nslept more than four hours at a time. See July 22, \n1704. \n\n6, 1813. Expired, at Fulham, aged 79, Granville \nSharp, Esq., a man of varied learning and pre-eminent \nphilanthropy, whose life was most aetively and perseve- \nringly devoted to promote the best interests of his species, \nunder a deep sense of his responsibility to God! His \nmanners were singularly gentle, modest, and courteous ; \nbut, in a cause which he deemed important, involving the \nrights of his fellow-men, he was no less bold and intrepid. \nEvery one in Great Britain knows that if, in the present \nday, \xe2\x80\x9c Her soil is freedom to the feet of slaves or, as \nanother writer has happily expressed it, \xe2\x80\x9c Our air has \nbecome loo pure to be breathed by slaves it is to the \nconstancy and intrepidity of Granville Sharp, that we are \nindebted for this signal blessing. It was, moreover, to \nhis humanity and patriotism, that the glorious ** Society \nfor abolishing the Slave Trade,\xe2\x80\x9d owes its origin. Having \nlived a temperate and regular life, his declining age, like \nthe evening of a summer\xe2\x80\x99s day, was calm and clear; and \nhe will be ranked by an enlightened posterity with our \nHampdens, Marvels, Firmins, Howards, Hanways, and \nRaikeses. (See Index; also May 1, 1807; and Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s \nGazetteer, 3rd edit. art. Granville Town.) A very hand\xc2\xac \nsome monument has been erected in the Poets\xe2\x80\x99 Corner, \nWestminster Abbey, to the memory of Granville Sharp, \nand a bust of this patriot was placed, in 1826, in the \nCouncil-room at Guildhall. The following inscription is \non the slab: \n\n\xe2\x80\x9cGranville Sharp; to whom England owes the glorious \nverdict of her highest court of law, that the slave who sets \nhis foot on British ground becomes at that instant free.\xe2\x80\x9d \n\n7, 1307- Edward I. died at Burgli-upon-Sands, near Car\xc2\xac \nlisle, in Cumberland, in the 69th year of his age and 35th \nof his reign, and was succeeded by his son Edward II. \nHe was buried in Westminster Abbey. The wisdom and \nequity he manifested entitled him to the appellation of the \nJustinian of his country. Edward was one of the best \n\n\n* A popular poet has said, \n\nSlaves cannot breathe in England; when their lungs \nReceive our air, that moment they are free : \n\nThey touch our country, and their shackles fall. \nThat\xe2\x80\x99s noble, and bespeaks a nation proud \nAnd jealous of the blessing. \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nJULY. \n\n\n257 \n\n\nand most accomplished knights of Europe, and perhaps \nthe best leader of an army of his time. The high-minded \nPlantagenet was also one of the most ambitious and the \nleast scrupulous of men. \n\n7, 1713. Expired, at his palace at Fulham, aged 81, \nHenry Compton, bishop of London, a prelate eminent \nfor virtue and piety. He was interred in the churchyard, \naccording to his particular direction ; for he used to say, \nthat \xe2\x80\x9c the church is for the living, and the churchyard \nfor the dead .\xe2\x80\x9d The great Sir Matthew Hale was accus\xc2\xac \ntomed to use the same expression, and gave directions \nthat the place of his own interment should be the church\xc2\xac \nyard of Alderley, a village three miles from Wooton-under- \nEdge, and twenty-two south of Gloucester.* See Arith. \nQuest., St. Paul\xe2\x80\x99s Cathedral, and Ray, Index. \n\n\n* The ancients had not that indecent and unwholesome cus\xc2\xac \ntom which now prevails, of crowding all their dead in the midst \nof their towns and cities, within the narrow precincts of a place \nreputed sacred, much less of amassing them in the bosom of their \nfanes and temples. The burying places of the Greeks and Ro\xc2\xac \nmans were at a distance from their towns. The Romans had \ntheir burying-grounds near the highways, hence the propriety of \nthe inscription on tombs: Siste Viator,\xe2\x80\x94Stay, Traveller ;\xe2\x80\x94 \ntraveller, thou who art pursuing thy journey on the road of life \nwith such eagerness, stop and pause for a moment, and contem\xc2\xac \nplate that bourne to which, in common with thy fellow-mortals, \nthou art rapidly hastening! The Jews had their sepulchres in \ngardens, f in fields, and among rocks and mountains X The \ngraves in which they chose to be deposited, were commonly in \nsolitary and unfrequented places. The present practice was in\xc2\xac \ntroduced by the Romish clergy, who pretended that the defunct \nenjoyed great and peculiar privileges by having their remains \nplaced in consecrated ground. The burving-places of the Turks \nare handsome and agreeable, which is owing chiefly to the many \nfine plants that grow in them, and which they carefully place over \ntheir dead. Dr. Hasselquist, a Swedish physician and traveller, \nobserves, that these people are much more consistent than the \nChristians, in thus burying their dead without the town, and \nplanting over them such vegetables as, by their aromatic and bal\xc2\xac \nsamic smell, can drive away the fatal odours with which the air \nis impregnated in such places. 1 am persuaded, he adds, that by \nthis they escape many misfortunes which affect Christians, in \nconsequence of their wandering and dwelling continually among \nthe dead. No place, says the pious and philosophic Evelyn, can \nbe more fit to bury our dead in, than our gardens, groves, or \n\n\nt See Jolm xix. 41. \n\n\n* See Mark v. 5, and Matt, xxvii. 60. \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n258 \n\n\nJULY. \n\n\n7, 1791. Expired, at Edinburgh, in the 70th year of his \nage. Dr. Thomas Blacklock, an eminent Scottish poet \nand divine, whose talents, very respectable in themselves, \nwere rendered very extraordinary by the circumstance ol \nhis having been totally deprived of his sight by the small\xc2\xac \npox, at six months old. The writings of Dr. Blacklock \nconsist principally of poems. He is also said to have \ncontributed much to the second edition of the Encyclo\xc2\xac \npaedia Britannica , and to have been one of the principal \nguides of the proprietors. The Preface, the article \nBlind, and the notes to the article Music, in particular, \nare attributed to him. Dr. Blacklock was born at Annan, \nin the county of Dumfries, in the south of Scotland. See \nArith. Quest. 10th edit. art. Blind. \n\n\xe2\x96\xa0\xe2\x80\x94 1799. Died, at Chelsea, William Curtis, the cele\xc2\xac \nbrated botanist, author of Flora Londinensis , Botanical \nMagazine, and other valuable and much-esteemed works. \nHe formed an extensive botanical garden at Brompton, \n(a village near the western part of the metropolis,) which \nwas opened for the advantage of his pupils and the scien\xc2\xac \ntific, at a small annual subscription. He was born about \nthe year 1/46, at Alton, a place nearly sixteen miles \nnorth-east of Winchester, on the Wey, Hampshire. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1816. Died, at his house in Saviile Row, Westminster, \nRichard Brinsley Sheridan, one of the most accoin- \n\n\nairy fields, where our beds may be decked and carpeted with ver\xc2\xac \ndant and fragrant flowers, trees, and perennial plants, the most \nnatural and instructive hieroglyphics of our own resurrection and \nimmortality.* The Germans, says Dr. Render, in his Tour, have \nbegun to remove the burying-place a mile or two from every \ncity or town, and have substituted for the offensive cemetery an \nagreeable kind of garden, more calculated to inspire calm de\xc2\xac \nvotion than sentiments of horror. See March 14, 1803, and \nJuly 2, 1805. \n\nThere, no dark cypress casts a doleful gloom, \n\nNo blighting yew sheds poison o\xe2\x80\x99er the tomb ; \n\nBut, white and red with intermingling flowers, \n\nThe grave looks beautiful in sun and showers; \n\nGreen myrtles fence it, and beyond their bound \nRuns a clear rill with ever-murmuring sound ; \n\n\xe2\x80\x99Tis not a scene for grief to nourish care, \n\nIt breathes of hope, and moves the heart to prayer. \n\nMontgomery. \n\n\n* See some admirable observations on this subject in Eyelyn\xe2\x80\x99s \n\nSylva.. \n\n\n\n\n\nJULY. \n\n\n259 \n\n\nplished men ever known in this country; having evinced \ntalents of the most splendid kind in the multifarious \ncharacters of a poet, a prose-writer, a dramatist, an ora\xc2\xac \ntor, and a legislator. He was born in Dublin in 1751, \nbut received his education at Harrow School, near Lon\xc2\xac \ndon. He was interred in the Poets\xe2\x80\x99 Corner in West- \nminster-Abbey, near to Dr. Johnson, Garrick, and Cum\xc2\xac \nberland ; and bequeathed at his death \xe2\x80\x94 all he had to \nbequeath\xe2\x80\x94the fame of extraordinary wit, taste, and elo\xc2\xac \nquence, to his family (a widow and two sons); while to \nmankind he has left the instructive lesson, that even these \nare but little useful to the world, and pernicious to the \nowner, without tirmness, moderation, and prudence. \n\nThe School for Scandal, the Duenna, and the Critic , \nattest his superiority on the stage, and the praises of his \ncontemporaries bear witness to his matchless triumphs in \nthe senate. The vicissitudes, however, which he expe\xc2\xac \nrienced in the decline of life, render his history a lesson \nas useful in its warnings as ever genius and errors have \nbequeathed to mankind. He who was once the boon \ncompanion of princes, the ornament of the House of \nCommons, the light of private societies, \xe2\x80\x9c the observed \nof all observers,\xe2\x80\x9d wherever he appeared, was seen aban\xc2\xac \ndoned by almost every friend in the world, subjected to \nthe profanation of a prison, and even in liis dying hour \ndependent on the hand of charity for the scanty main\xc2\xac \ntenance which he required. \n\nMr. R. B. Sheridan was the son of Mr. Thomas She\xc2\xac \nridan, well known both as an actor and a lecturer on \nelocution : he also wrote several works connected with \neducation; the principal one is a Dictionary of the En\xc2\xac \nglish Language, in which all the words are properly ac\xc2\xac \ncented, according to his standard. He died at Margate \nin 1788. \n\n8, The festival of Aquila and Priscilla is placed in the \nRoman calendar. Aquila was a native of Pontus,* in \nAsia Minor, and was converted by St. Paul, together with \nhis wife Priscilla, or Prisca.f As Aquila was by trade a \ntent-maker, as well as St. Paul, the apostle lodged with \nhim at Corinth. The house of this excellent couple was \nso well regulated, that St. Paul calls it a church. Aquila \ncame thither, not long before, from Italy, being obliged \n\n\n* See Geo. Exer. on the New Test. \nf See Acts xviii. 1, 2, &c. \n\n\n\n\n\n\n260 \n\n\nJULY. \n\n\nto leave Rome by tbe edict of the emperor Claudius, who \nhad banished all the Jews from that city. When St. Paul \nleft Corinth, Aquila and Priscilla accompanied him to \nEphesus, where he left them to profit that church by their \ninstructions and example, while he himself went to Jeru\xc2\xac \nsalem. They did him great services in this city, and even \nexposed their own lives to preserve his.* They were re\xc2\xac \nturned to Rome when the apostle wrote his Epistle to the \nRomans, wherein he salutes them with great encomiums.+ \nLastly, they were come back to Ephesus again when he \nwrote his Second Epistle to Timothy, wherein he desires \nhim to salute them in his name.J What became of them \nafterwards is not known. The Greeks call Aquila bishop \nand apostle, and honour him July 12 or 14. See Sept. 3. \n\nS, 1174. Henry II., dreading the power of the Pope, did \npenance in Canterbury Cathedral, to make atonement to \nthe ashes of Becket, and tender his submission to a dead \nenemy. As soon as he came within sight of the church, \nhe dismounted, walked barefoot towards it, prostrated \nhimself before the shrine of the saint, remained in fasting \nand prayer during a whole day, watched all night the holy \nreliques, and, finally, presented his bare shoulders to be \nscourged by the lashes of a chapter of monks. The next \nday he received absolution. \n\nThat young persons may form an idea of the great \ndeference which was paid to the Roman Pontiff about this \nperiod, we shall transcribe the following anecdote from \nHume: \xe2\x80\x9cWhen Louis, king of France, and Henry II. of \nEngland, met Pope Alexander III. at the castle of Torci, \non the Loire, they both dismounted to receive him, and \nholding each of them one of the reins of his bridle, walked \non foot by his side, and conducted him in that submissive \nmanner into the castle !\xe2\x80\x9d\xc2\xa7 But, tempora mutantur\xe2\x80\x94the \ntimes are changed ,\xe2\x80\x94this pretended representative of \nJesus Christ having recently experienced the greatest \nmortifications. His bulls || and excommunications, once \n\n\n* See Romans xvi 4, written A. D. 58. \xe2\x96\xa0f\' Ibid. \n\nX See 2 Tim. iv. 19, written A. D. 65. \n\n\xc2\xa7 Henry once humiliated himself so far as to hold the stirrup \nof that haughty prelate Becket, while he mouuted. Hume. \n\n11 Laws or decrees made by the Pope are called bulls : a word \nderived from bulla , a seal, or from bailee, a sort of ornament \nworn round the neck by the young nobility of Rome. Those \n\n\n\nJULY. \n\n\n261 \n\n\nthe terror of Europe, * * have been laughed at; and his \npardonsf and indulgences, heretofore purchased with the \ngreatest avidity, are not now accepted even gratis. True \nit is, that the Pope has been unexpectedly restored, and \nhas introduced the despotism of old times into the govern\xc2\xac \nment of the church: but his efforts will be vain\xe2\x80\x94the un\xc2\xac \nlimited power of papal bulls is over; decrees to lock up \nthe intellect, or terrify into silence the spirit of freedom, \nwill be nugatory: \n\nBlest with freedom unconfined ; \n\nDungeons cannot hold the soul : \n\nWho can chain th\xe2\x80\x99 immortal mind ? \n\nNone but He who spans the pole. \n\nMontgomery. \n\n8, 1249. Alexander II., king of Scotland, died on the \nisland of Kerrera, near the coast of Argyleshire, in the \n\n\nbullae came afterwards to be hung to the diplomas of emperors \nand popes, from whence, according to Arbuthnot, they had the \nname of bulls. This pendent seal, which, properly speaking, is \nthe bull, is made of lead, and is impressed on one side with the \nheads of St. Peter and St. Paul, and on the other with the name \nof the Pope and the year of his pontificate. \n\n* Excommunication is an ecclesiastial anathema, censure, in\xc2\xac \nterdict, or exclusion from Christian fellowship. It was originally \ninstituted for preserving the purity of the church ; but ambitious \necclesiastics converted it by degrees into an engine for promoting \ntheir own power. Excommunicated persons forfeited all their \nnatural and legal rights aud privileges, and were excluded from \nall kinds of offices. . Thus was an excommnnicated king reduced \nto the condition of a private man. \n\nThou shalt stand curst and excommunicate ; \n\nAnd blessed shall he be, that doth revolt \nFrom his allegiance to an heretic. \n\nShakspeare. \n\nf Pardons and indulgences were grants from the Pope to indi\xc2\xac \nviduals, for the remission of all sins, past, present , or to come. \nThey were often carried about by persons styled pardoners, who \nsold them to the best bidder. A long list of indulgences, or fees \nof the Pope\xe2\x80\x99s chancery, may be seen in a book printed 150 years \nago, by the authority of the then Pope. It has been translated \ninto English, under the title of Rome a great Custom-House for \nSin: from which some extracts are given in Guthrie\xe2\x80\x99s Geog. \nGram. The price of a pardon for killing a father, mother wife, \nor sister, was ten shillings aud sixpence ! \n\n\n\n262 \n\n\nJULY. \n\n\nfifty-first year of his age, and the thirty-fifth of his \nreign, ancl was buried at Melrose. He was one of the \nbest and wisest monarchs that ever swayed the Scottish \nsceptre. Steady and magnanimous, brave, just, and pious, \nhe maintained the rights of the kingdom against foreign \naggression and internal feuds; he was the shield of the \nchurch, the protector of the people, and the refuge of the \nmiserable.\xe2\x80\x94 Stewart\xe2\x80\x99s Hist, of Scot. \n\n8, 1533. Died, at Ferrara, in the north-east part of Italy, \nthe celebrated Italian poet, Lewis Ariosto, whose prin\xc2\xac \ncipal work, entitled \xe2\x80\x9c Orlando Furioso,\xe2\x80\x9d has been honour\xc2\xac \ned with \xe2\x80\x9c numerous translations and commentaries.\xe2\x80\x9d \nAriosto\xe2\x80\x99s attachment to poetry, however, did not so far \nengage him, but that he was also employed in embassies \nand the management of public affairs in Italy. He was \nborn at the castle of Reggio, in Lombardy, in 1474. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1709. Was fought the memorable battle of Pultowa, \na strong town in the south part of Russia, in which \nCharles XII., King of Sweden, was entirely defeated by \nthe Czar of Muscovy, Peter the Great, and obliged to take \nrefuge at Bender, a town of Bessarabia, in the Turkish \ndominions. \n\nHide, blushing glory !\xe2\x80\x94hide Pultowa\xe2\x80\x99s day\xe2\x80\x94 \n\nThe vanquished hero leaves his broken bands, \n\nAnd shews his miseries in distant lands ; \n\nCondemn\xe2\x80\x99d a needy suppliant to wait, \n\nWhile ladies interpose, and slaves debate. \n\nJohnson\xe2\x80\x99s Imit. of Juvenal. \n\nThe vanquished monarch would himself have fallen into \nthe hands of the Czar after the engagement, had he not \nbeen saved by the personal exertions of the brave Count \nPoniatowski, a Polish nobleman.* This distinguished \npersonage died in his own country, about the year 1758, \nat an advanced age, in eminent reputation for his talents \nand virtues. The last king of Poland was liis second son. \nSee Feb. 11, 1791. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1797* Died, at Beaconsfield, in Buckinghamshire, \nEdmund Burke, a most eminent English orator and \npolitician. He was born in Dublin, Jan. 1, 1730, and \nreceived the early part of his education at Balytore, near \nCarlow. Coming over to England, and procuring a seat \nin parliament, he displayed most extraordinary mental \n\n\n* History of Charles XII. by Voltaire. \n\n\n\nJULY. \n\n\n263 \n\n\npowers, and was for many years considered as a firm \nfriend of the liberties, and most warm and eloquent de\xc2\xac \nfender of the rights, of the people: in the latter part of \nhis life, however, finding patriotism an unsubstantial \ngood, he preferred \xe2\x80\x9c solid pudding to empty praise,\xe2\x80\x99\xe2\x80\x99 \ndeserted his dearest political friends, became a pensioner \nof the crown, and an eager supporter of the very adminis\xc2\xac \ntration which he had so often condemned with the great\xc2\xac \nest severity and virulence! \n\nMr. Burke must, however, be considered as a man of \nmost splendid talents. His \xe2\x80\x9cEssay on the Sublime and \nBeautiful,\xe2\x80\x9d and his \xe2\x80\x9cTreatise on Civil Society,\xe2\x80\x9d a work \nwritten when his views of life were unsophisticated by \ncommerce with the world, manifest an intimate acquaint\xc2\xac \nance with philosophic truth, advocated by a mental \nstrength of the very first quality; and there are in his \npolitical writings a brilliant imagery, an impassioned \neloquence, and a classical illustration, which will render \nthem attractive, and secure for the writer a permanent \nniche in the Temple of Fame. This illustrious author \nwas one of that galaxy of genius and learning which \nwas dignified by the names of Johnson, Goldsmith, and \nReynolds; and he was a prime ornament of the \xe2\x80\x9cnodes \ncosnceque Deorum,\xe2\x80\x94the nights and the suppers of the \nGods,\xe2\x80\x9d in the mansion of our British Apelles. In fine, \nif the name of Burke does not descend to prosperity as \nthat of the most consistent character of his time, it will \nyet be regarded as that of a man who was one of the \nmost transcendent geniuses of his own or of any other age. \n\n9, 1386. Battle of Sempach. The heroic Swiss \ngained a celebrated victory at Sempach, in the canton of \nLucern, in which Leopold II., Duke of Austria, was \nslain. (Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gazetteer.) The anniversary of this \nbattle, which established the Swiss liberty, is still com\xc2\xac \nmemorated with great solemnity at Sempach, in a chapel \nbuilt expressly for the purpose of offering up their public \nthanksgivings. A solemn mass* is performed, an oration \n\n\n* Mass, in the Romish church, is the office or prayers used at \nthe celebration of the eucharist, and is in general believed to be a \nrepresentation of the passion of our Saviour. Hence every part \nof the service is supposed to allude to the particular circumstances \nof his passion and death. The general division of masses con\xc2\xac \nsist in high and low : the first is that sung by the choristers, and \ncelebrated with the assistance of a deacon and sub-deacon ; low \nmasses are those in which the prayers are barely rehearsed with\xc2\xac \nout singing. \n\n\n\n\n\n264 \n\n\nJULY. \n\n\nsuitable to the occasion is pronounced, the magistrates \nattend the service, and the republic of Lucern defrays the \nexpense. Festivals and games were instituted among \nthe Greeks to keep alive the heroic deeds of their ances\xc2\xac \ntors ; and, where the spirit of liberty is to be preserved, \nperhaps no means are more effectual than those of the \nperiodical commemoration of great events. \n\n9,* * * \xc2\xa7 149/. Vasco de Gama, a famous Portuguese admi\xc2\xac \nral, sailed from Belem near Lisbon on his voyage to the \nEast-Indies, by the Cape of Good Hope,f which he dou\xc2\xac \nbled on the 20th of November, landed at Calicut]; the \n22nd of May, 1498, and returned to Lisbon, September \n14, 1499, after performing a voyage, the most difficult, \nas well as the longest that had ever been made since the \nfirst invention of navigation; having been absent two \nyears, two months, and five days.\xc2\xa7 The discovery of a \n\n\n* Harris, in his Collection of Voyages, says it was on the 9th, \nthat Gama sailed ; and Mickle, in his introduction to the Lusiad , \nmentions the 8th, Dr. Vincent the 18th, and the poet himself, if \na little poetical license were not allowed to poets, would make us \nbelieve that it was still later in the month, as in the 5th Book \nhe says. \n\nFrom Leo now,|| the lordly star of day, \n\nIntensely blazing, shot his fiercest ray; \n\nWhen slowly gliding from our wishful eyes, \n\nThe Lusian mountains mingled with the skies ; \n\nTago\xe2\x80\x99s loved stream, and Cintra\xe2\x80\x99s mountains cold, \n\nDim fading now, we now no more hehold ; \n\nAnd still with yawning hearts our eyes explore, \n\nTill one dim speck of land appears no more. \n\nt Bartholomew Dias called this lofty promontory, which bounds \nAfrica to the South, (and which, in 1486, terminated his voyage \nsouthwards) Cabo Tormentoso , or the stormy cape ; but the King \nof Portugal, his master, as he now entertained no doubt of hav\xc2\xac \ning found the long-desired route to India, gave it a name more \ninviting, and of better omen, The Cape of Good Hope. See Sept. \n16, 1795. \n\n+ Calicut, Calecut, or Callicut, was then the capital of the Za- \nmorin, or emperor of that part of India, and the most flourishing \ncity on the Malabar coast, though it is now greatly decayed. It \nis from this place that calicoes take their name. \n\n\xc2\xa7 See December 24, 1525. \n\n\nII The sun enteis Leo, July 23d. See Exer. on the Globes, 11th edit, \np. 8. \n\n\n\n\n\nJULY. \n\n\n265 \n\n\npassage to the East by the Cape of Good Hope is one of \nthe most important events in modern history. It divert\xc2\xac \ned the tide of Eastern commerce from the Italian states \nto the more northern parts of Europe. Hence the de\xc2\xac \ncline of \\ r enice from her commercial and maritime gran\xc2\xac \ndeur. \n\n9, 1762. The Empress of Russia, Catharine II., effected a \nrevolution by entering Petersburgh with an armed force. \nPeter, her husband, renounced the crown the next day, \nand the unfortunate monarch died in prison just a week \nafter his resignation ; thus verifying the remark, that \xe2\x80\x9c the \ninterval is short between a kingly prison and a grave.\xe2\x80\x9d \nSee July 1/, 1/62. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1816. A declaration of independence was published at \nBuenos Ayres, in which the country of La Plata or Pa\xc2\xac \nraguay assumes the title of the United Provinces of South \nAmerica. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1829. W. T. Fitzgerald died at Dudley Grove, Pad\xc2\xac \ndington. He was one of the earliest and warmest sup\xc2\xac \nporters of the Literary Fund, founded by the late David \nWilliams, for the relief of distressed authors, their widows \nand children. For the long period of thirty-two years \nMr. Fitzgerald never omitted attending the anniversaries \nof this laudable society, and constantly favoured the com\xc2\xac \npany with a poem and recitation. \n\n10, 1212. A dreadful fire happened at both ends of Lon- \ndon-Bridge ; a disastrous event which caused the death \nof above 3000 persons. It is generally agreed that there \nwas a wooden bridge over the Thames at London as early \nas 1052, erected probably by the Danes, about 993. This \nbridge was washed away on the 16th of November, 1091. \nAnother was erected of wood in the reign of William \nRufus, and the first stone bridge by Peter of Colechurch, \nin 1176. \n\nLondon-Bridge had formerly several houses upon it that \nwere tenanted by shopkeepers. An order for their re\xc2\xac \nmoval, which was issued by the city in 1758, was executed \nwith great expedition, and the bridge repaired.. It having, \nhowever, rapidly decayed, a new one is now being erected \nabout 170 feet west of the present structure. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1472. On this day Charles the Bold, Duke of Bur\xc2\xac \ngundy, who had invested Beauvais with an army of 80,000 \nmen, was compelled to raise the siege. The women, un\xc2\xac \nder the conduct of Jeane Hachette, particularly signa\xc2\xac \nlized themselves in this famous siege: and, in memory of \ntheir noble exploits on that occasion, they walk first in a \n\nN \n\n\n266 \n\n\nJULY. \n\n\nprocession on the anniversary of their deliverance. Beau\xc2\xac \nvais is situated in the province of the Isle of France, de\xc2\xac \npartment of Oise, about forty miles north of Paris. The \ninhabitants make beautiful tapestry. \n\n10, 1659. Henry II. of France died at Paris, of a wound \nreceived in the right eye in a tournament, in the 41st year \nof his age and 13th of his reign.* He was esteemed by \nthose who had access to his person, and was generally \npolite and just, but believed it was his duty to persecute \nthe Calvinists. See June 29. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1.584. William I., Prince of Orange, f was treacher\xc2\xac \nously murdered at Delft,]; in the United Provinces, by a \nfanatic named Balthazar Gerrard, a Burgundian by birth, \nand a domestic in his highness\xe2\x80\x99s family* The Prince had \nbeen proscribed by the tyrant Philip II., King of Spain, \nwho had even promised a reward of 25,000 crowns to any \none who should bring him the Prince of Orange, dead or \nalive. William was succeeded by his son, Maurice de \nNassau, then only eighteen years of age, but his courage \nand abilities were greatly above his years. He was ap\xc2\xac \npointed Captain General, and afterwards Stadtholder of \nthe United Provinces: and by the indefatigable exertion \nof his splendid talents, he reared that edifice of liberty of \nwhich his father had laid the foundation. This Prince, at \nhis death, which happened in 1625, enjoyed the reputa\xc2\xac \ntion of the greatest warrior of his time. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1796. Expired, in his sixty-fourth year, David Rit- \ntenhouse, a celebrated American Philosopher, whose \ndiscoveries tended greatly to the general diffusion of sci\xc2\xac \nence in the western world. He succeeded the illustrious \nDr. Franklin in the office of President of the Philosophi\xc2\xac \ncal Society of Philadelphia. \n\n\n* Audomare, Audamarie, or Aymer de Valence, Earl of Pem\xc2\xac \nbroke, was killed in one of the fashionable barbarisms of that \nage, on the day that he was married to Maria, or Mary, daughter \nof Guido de Chatillon, Earl of St. Paul, of whom Fuller says, \nthat she was a maid, wife, and widow, all in a day. To this cir\xc2\xac \ncumstance our poet Gray alludes in his Ode for Music: \n\nAnd sad Chatillon, on her bridal morn \nThat wept her bleeding love. \n\nShe was the founder of Pembroke Hall, Cambridge, and died \nin 1377. \n\nt See Arith. Quest. 10th edit. \n\nX See Exer. on tlbe Globes, art. Canis Major. \n\n\n\nJULY. \n\n\n267 \n\n\n10, 1809. Our late venerable Monarch, George III., \ngave a hundred pounds, and on the 6th of November fol\xc2\xac \nlowing a similar sum, towards the support of Mr. Lan\xc2\xac \ncaster\xe2\x80\x99s schools for the education of the poor, the most \nnumerous class in the country, the sinews of its strength, \nor the rapid movers of its dissolution. It has been proved \nby the experience of ages, that education is the principle \nof good or evil in man ; and attention to the instruction of \nthe populace is, therefore, the only true ground of domes\xc2\xac \ntic policy: for a nation can only be lastingly great in \nproportion to its virtue; and its virtue is not comprised \nin that of a few individuals, but must comprehend the in\xc2\xac \ntegrity of the greater mass of the people at large. \n\n11, 1/08. The Duke of Marlborough and Prince Eu\xc2\xac \ngene obtained a great victory over the French, at Aude- \nnard, or Oudenarde, on the Scheld, Netherlands. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1/97- Died the Father of the English stage, Charles \nMacklin, at the age of ninety-seven, or as stated by Mr. \nKirkman, in his Memoirs of this veteran, in his hundred \nand seventh year. He was born in the North of Ireland, \nand, coming over to England at little more than twenty \nyears of age, he travelled in strolling parties of players in \nvarious counties: at length, in 1725, he came to London, \nwhere, with various interruptions and changes, he con\xc2\xac \ntinued to act till the 10th of January, 1790, being a period \nof sixty-five years. On that evening, while performing \nhis famous character of Shylock, his memory so entirely \nfailed him, that, making an apology to the audience, he \nfinally quitted the stage. \n\nOf no distemper, of no blast he died, \n\nBut fell like autumn fruit that mellow\xe2\x80\x99d long ; \n\nE\xe2\x80\x99en wonder\xe2\x80\x99d at because he dropp\xe2\x80\x99d no sooner. \n\nFate seemed to wind him up for fourscore years, \n\nYet freely run he on ten winters more; \n\nTill, like a clock worn out with calling time, \n\nThe wheels of weary life at last stood still. \n\nDryden\xe2\x80\x99s (Edipus. \n\nMacklin is buried in St. Paul\xe2\x80\x99s church, Covent-Gar- \n\n\xe2\x80\xa2 den, and a tablet, with some verses, is affixed to his \nmemory. \n\n_ 1804. General Hamilton, of New York, was killed \n\nin a duel with Mr. Burr, Vice-President of the United \nStates. The national regret long hung with fond, endur- \ning grief on the irreparable loss which America most \ndearly sustained by the death of this genuine patriot. \nHow much is it to be regretted, that the barbarous cus- \n\nn 2 \n\n\n268 \n\n\nJULY. \n\n\ntom of duelling should be endured in countries which \nboast of civilization and the blessings of religion! The \nprofessors of Christianity, at least, should adopt the glo\xc2\xac \nrious resolution of the brave Colonel Gardiner, on a simi\xc2\xac \nlar occasion,* and discountenance an irreligious practice \nwhich is unsanctioned by any principle of common sense. \n\nHe\xe2\x80\x99s truly valiant, that can wisely suffer \nThe worst that man can breathe, and make his wrongs \nHis outsides ; to wear them, like his raiment, carelessly. \nAnd ne\xe2\x80\x99er prefer his injuries to his heart, \n\nTo bring it into danger. \n\nShakspeare. \n\n11, 1807. The first stone of the Asylum for the Deaf \nand Dumb was laid in the Kent Road, by his Royal \nHighness William, Duke of Gloucester, when the Rev. \nDr. Yates read a suitable prayer, and the Rev. J. Towns\xc2\xac \nend delivered an admirable address to a numerous au\xc2\xac \nditory. See Feb. 7, and March 24. \n\nA heathen poet thought, that \n\nTo instruct the deaf, no art could ever reach, \n\nNo care improve them, and no wisdom teach. \n\nIt is now proved, however, that though the time is not \nyet arrived, so beautifully expressed by the Twickenham \nbard, when he who at his second coming \n\nTh\xe2\x80\x99 obstructed paths of sound shall clear, \n\nAnd bid new music charm th\xe2\x80\x99 unfading ear, \n\nthese afflicted objects, by the contributions of a sym\xc2\xac \npathizing public, and the judicious treatment of the late \nDr. Watson, are not only capable of being taught, but of \nconveying instruction to others. \n\n12, 1543. The nuptials of Henry VIII. and Catharine \nParr were solemnized at Hampton-Court. Catharine \nParr was the sixth and last wife of Henry. She survived \nhim. See Sept. 5, 1548, and Miscell. Quest, in Eng. \nHist. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1691. Battle of Aghrim. The British forces, under \nGeneral Ginkle,f defeated the Irish army, commanded \nby General St. Ruth, who was himself slain, together with \nseven thousand of his men, while the English lost only \nsix hundred. This engagement proved decisively fatal to \nthe interests of James II. in Ireland; and the anniversary \n\n\n* See September 21, 1745. \n\n\nt See July 1,1691, \n\n\n\nJULY. \n\n\n269 \n\n\nof the fortunate day is still observed at Dublin with great \ndemonstrations of joy. Aghrim is a small village near \nClonfert, in Galway, in the province of Connaught. \n\n12, 1810. Captain Barclay finished his walking 1000 \nmiles in 1000 successive hours at Newmarket. A Mr. \nPodgers walked fifty miles a day for eight succeeding \ndays. Lithgow, a native of Lanerk, in Scotland, spates, \nthat in the course of his travels on foot over Europe, \nAsia, and Africa, he walked upwards of 36,000 miles.* * * \xc2\xa7 \n\nThere were anciently messengers in the East, who \nsometimes ran on foot a hundred and fifty miles in less \nthan twenty-four hours; hence the propriety and energy \nof Job\xe2\x80\x99s observation, \xe2\x80\x9c My days are swifter than a post.\xe2\x80\x9d \nJob ix. 25. See Burder\xe2\x80\x99s Orient . Customs; Arith. \nQuest, art. Pedestrian Expedition, and Shoes: also May \n3, 1758. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1808. Sir Arthur Wellesley sailed from Cork with \na British army to commence operations in Portugal against \nthe French, who had invaded that country. He landed \nnear the Mondego river, and after a long and bloody con\xc2\xac \ntest, succeeded in driving the enemy from Portugal and \nSpain. For this and other military achievements he re\xc2\xac \nceived the title of Duke of Wellington. See August 21, \n1808, and July 28, 1809. \n\n13. Feast of St. Silas or Sylvanus. Silas was, according \nto St. Luke, one of the chief men among the brethren; f \nwhich gives room to judge, that he was one of the num\xc2\xac \nber of the seventy. He is believed to be the person men\xc2\xac \ntioned by the name of Sylvanus, in the two Epistles of St. \nPaul to the Thessalonians. St. Peter sent his first Epistle \nby him from Rome, wherein he styles him a faithful bro\xc2\xac \nther. Silas joined himself to St. Paul; and after Paul \nand Barnabas had parted, on account of John Mark,* \nSilas went with St. Paul to visit the churches of Syria and \nCilicia; thence they passed into Lycaonia, Phrygia, and \nGalatia; and lastly, they crossed the sea, and came into \nMacedonia. At Philippi they found a pagan servant maid \nwho was possessed with a spirit of Python, \xc2\xa7 from which \n\n\n* An account of this extraordinary man may be seen in Mor\xc2\xac \n\ngan\xe2\x80\x99s Phoenix Britannicus , and Bourn\'s Gazetteer , art. Lanerk. \n\nf Acts xv. 22. X Acts xv. 37\xe2\x80\x9441. \n\n\xc2\xa7 Acts xvi. 16. The Greeks, it is said, surnaraed Apollo \nPython, because he destroyed the monstrous serpent Python. \nOthers, however, imagine that the story of Python was a fable \ngrounded on Apollo killing one who for his cruelty was called \nPython, that is, serpent or dragon; whence Apollo had the \n\n\n\n\n\n270 \n\n\nJULY. \n\n\nSt. Paul dispossessed her. Hereupon her masters, who \nhad gained much by her fortune-telling, seized Paul and \nSilas, dragged them before the magistrates, and ac\xc2\xac \ncused them of introducing customs contrary to those of \nthe Romans. The magistrates ordered Paul and Silas to \nbe publicly whipped and imprisoned. In the night there \nwas a great earthquake; and the jailer was converted and \nreceived baptism with his whole family. The day follow\xc2\xac \ning, the magistrates sent orders to liberate Paul and Silas; \nbut Paul replied, that Roman citizens were not to be used \nthus with impunity, and that the magistrates themselves \nshould come and release them. These words of St. Paul \nafford room to conjecture that Silas was also a freeman of \nRome. From Philippi they went to Thessalonica and \nBerea. St. Paul proceeding to Athens, he sent for Silas \nthither, who, however, did not join him again till they \nmet at Corinth, A. D. 52: here they wrote the two Epis\xc2\xac \ntles to the Thessalonians. Silas was very useful to Paul \nin preaching the gospel.* * He died, it is said, in Mace\xc2\xac \ndonia, and also, it is hinted, by martyrdom. Some refer \nto Silas what St. Paul says to the Corinthians, 2 Cor. viii. \n18, 19. \n\n13, 1/93. That detestable monster in the human shape, \nMarat, the coadjutor of the blood-thirsty Robespierre, \nwas assassinated at Paris by Charlotte Cordd, for which \ncrime she was executed on the 17 th of the same month, \nand met her fate in the most heroic manner. Her last \nwords were, \xe2\x80\x9c \xe2\x80\x99Tis guilt makes shame, and not the scaf\xc2\xac \nfold.\xe2\x80\x99^ \n\n\nname of Python or Pythius. (See Exer. on Globes, 11th edit, page \n132, uote, art. Apollo and Oracles.) As Apollo was regarded as \nthe god of divination and oracles, those who were supposed to \nhave the gift of foretelling future events were said to be tilled \nwith the spirit of Python; an expression often used to signify \nfortune-tellers, magicians, and ventriloquists. The Latins called \nthese last ventriloqui, and the Greeks, engastrimythoi, i. e. people \nthat speak out of their bellies, or who have the art of throwing \nout the voice in an extraordinary manner, which has been prac\xc2\xac \ntised by some of late in our own country. See O\xe2\x80\x99Burne (James) \nin Jones\xe2\x80\x99s New Biog. Dict. y and Ency, Brit, art. Ventrilo\xc2\xac \nquism. \n\n* 2 Cor. i. 19. \n\nf Lord Chief Baron Gilbert once observed, \xe2\x80\x9c That it was \nnot the punishment, but the crime, that made a man infamous.\xe2\x80\x9d \nThis gentleman abridged Locke\xe2\x80\x99s fine Essay ou the Human Un\xc2\xac \nderstanding. \n\n\n\nJULY. \n\n\n271 \n\n\nIn reason it befits us to lament \n\nSuffering for guilt: not suffering undeserved. \n\nS Maks pea re\xe2\x80\x99s Aphorisms . \n\n14, 1223. Philip II. of France died at Mantes, aged 59. \nHe had reigned 43 years. His expulsion of the English, \nand his restoration of the crown to a high degree of re- \nspectability among the states of Europe, justly merited and \nconfirmed to him the title of Augustus. See Mantes, \nBourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gazetteer. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1748. Happened a famous Solar Eclipse. The quan\xc2\xac \ntity eclipsed was about 10 digits. A digit is a twelfth \npart of the Sun\xe2\x80\x99s diameter; so that, dividing that lumi\xc2\xac \nnary into twelve parts, ten of those parts must have ap\xc2\xac \npeared darkened by this eclipse. Its beginning was at \nthree minutes after nine in the morning, and it ended \nnine minutes after twelve. During that time, the planet \nVenus made a beautiful appearance through telescopes, in \nthe form of a crescent or new moon. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1766- The Grand Trunk, or Staffordshire Canal, \nwas begun under the direction of Mr. Brindley, in order \nto form a communication between the Mersey and Trent, \nand, of course, between the Irish Sea and the British \nOcean. Branches from this Canal likewise communicate \nwith Wolverhampton, Bewdley, Birmingham, Worcester, \n&c., and also with several other canals, more recently un\xc2\xac \ndertaken.* It may be observed of our canal navigation \nin general, that it is a public benefit to agriculture and \ntrade; that it reduces the price of carriage, and thereby \nenables-us to meet our commercial competitors at foreign \nmarkets upon much better terms; that it preserves the \npublic roads, and lessens the expense of keeping them in \nrepair; that it advances the wealth and strength of the \nnation, by increasing the quantity of our home products \nand of our exports, and by finding employment for a \ngreater number of vessels and seamen; that it diffuses a \nspirit of navigation through the very heart of the king\xc2\xac \ndom, and, by bringing many boys and youths from the in\xc2\xac \nland towns towards the sea-port towns, greatly augments \nthe number of our sailors; that it finds constant employ \nfor a vast number of people; and, lastly, that it has a ten\xc2\xac \ndency to prevent monopolies of the necessaries of life, \nby opening an extensive and cheap communication be- \n\n\n* See Phillips\xe2\x80\x99s General Hist, of Inland Navigation; also, \nCanals and Brindley, Index. \n\n\n\n\n272 \n\n\nJULY. \n\n\ntween the interior parts of the country and our manufac\xc2\xac \nturing towns, villages, and sea-ports. \n\n14, 1789. French Revolution. The Bastile, a most \nhorrid prison in Paris, \n\nte Where deeds were done \n\nUnfit for mortal ear- \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 \xe2\x80\x94 Where mercy never came, \n\n\xe2\x80\x9c Nor hope the wretch could fiud \n\nwas destroyed in a few hours by the undaunted citizens, \nthough it had been assailed in vain by Henry IV. and his \nveteran troops in the siege of Paris, during the intestine \nwar which desolated France between the years 1587 and \n1594. The destruction of the Bastile is considered as the \ncommencement of the French Revolution. \n\nThis Revolution sprung from no conspiracy, but was \nthe natural result of the measures pursued by the sove\xc2\xac \nreigns of that country, both in peace and war, for more \nthan a century. The profligate extravagance of the court, \nwhich was ably backed by that of the clergy and noblesse, \nhad entirely deranged the finance; the parliament had \nbeen alienated and rendered refractory by arbitrary inter\xc2\xac \nference ; the people, by excessive imposts, poverty, inse\xc2\xac \ncurity, and perpetual oppression. Undoubtedly, the dif\xc2\xac \nfusion of knowledge, principally promoted by the philo\xc2\xac \nsophers, contributed likewise to make the people more \nimpatient of servitude, and to hasten resistance. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1791. Commenced the Birmingham Riots, occasi\xc2\xac \noned by some gentlemen having met at a tavern to cele\xc2\xac \nbrate the anniversary of the French Revolution. Every \nfriend to regular government must look with a mixture \nof abomination and contempt on the transactions of this \nday, which degraded the national character of England; \nwhen neither the learning, the piety, the public spirit, \nnor the private virtue of a Priestley, whose name is \nrevered in every part of the globe where the light of sci\xc2\xac \nence has penetrated, could protect him from the savage \nfury of the vilest of an ignorant and bigoted rabble, be\xc2\xac \nfore whom the religion of the country was dishonoured, \nthe name of the Sovereign insulted, and all law and order \nlevelled in the dust, to the disgrace of the magistrates and \nthe spirit of the people, who were timid witnesses of the \nravage and destruction. Previous to the conflagration of \nDr. Priestley\xe2\x80\x99s house, and the destruction of his extensive \nphilosophical apparatus, the ruflian, the gossip, and the \ninformer, among whom were some whose profession en- \n\n\n\nJULY. \n\n\n273 \n\n\ntitled them to the appellation of gentlemen, ransacked his \npapers and read his letters, which they obtained by infa\xc2\xac \nmously invading that asylum which the laws had made \nsacred even from the intrusion of the magistrate.* * * \xc2\xa7 It is \nwell observed by the late learned Dr. Parr, that of the \npersons who suffered in these Riots, two or three were \nmen of exemplary lives, and the rest were quite irre\xc2\xac \nproachable: a circumstance which, he adds, deserves \nserious consideration from all good men, of all religions, \nand all political parties. See Feb. 6, 1804. \n\n14, 1824. Riho Riho, or Tamehameha II., king of the \nSandwich Islands, died in the Adelphi, Strand, Westmin\xc2\xac \nster. His queen died about a week before. Their bodies \nwere conveyed to the Sandwich Islands for interment. \n\nAn interesting account of their reception and their fatal \ndissolution is given in the Monthly Review, 1827, the \nLiterary Gazette, and Quarterly Review. \n\n15, Is the feast of Saint Swithin. St. Swithin lived in the \nninth century, and having been preceptor to king Ethel- \nwulph, was by him promoted to the see of Winchester. \nBy his advice, that monarch is said to have granted a \ncharter of tithes to the church, which, as Rapin justly \nobserves, was alone sufficient to give the bishop a saint- \nship. But besides this, he is reported to have wrought \nmany miracles, which, says Fox, the martyrologist,f \xe2\x80\x9c 1 \nleave to be read with the tales of Robin Hood.\xe2\x80\x9d The \nsilly tradition, that if it rains on St. Swithin, it will rain \nforty days following, is supposed to have a shadow of rea\xc2\xac \nson only from the circumstance of some particular con\xc2\xac \nstellations, which have the character of portending rain,}; \nrising cosmically about the time of St. Swithin\xe2\x80\x99s festival. \nAnother vulgar adage relative to the weather is properly \nridiculed in the following lines : \n\nLet cred\'lous boys and prattling nurses tell. \n\nHow, if the festival of Paul be clear. \n\nPlenty from lib\xe2\x80\x99ral horn\xc2\xa7 shall strow the year. \n\nGay. \n\n\n* See Arith. Quest, art. An Englishman\xe2\x80\x99s House is his Castle. \n\nf This pious man, a native of Boston, in Lincolnshire, closed \nhis zealous life on the 18th of April, 1587, in the 70th year of \nbis age. \n\nX See Exer. on the Globes , art. Orion, Capella, and Dies Cani- \nculares; also Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gazetteer , art. Winchester. \n\n\xc2\xa7 See Exer on the Globes , 11th edit, art. Cornucopia. \n\nn 3 \n\n\n\n\n274 \n\n\nJULY. \n\n\n15, 156/. At Carberry, near the fatal field of Pinkey, Mart \nQueen of Scots, unable to induce her army, by entreaties, \nreproaches, or threats, to fight the confederate lords and \ntheir followers, was under the necessity of surrendering \nherself into the hands of her rebellious subjects. See \nMay 2, 1568. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1685. James, Duke of Monmouth, was decapitated \non Tower-Hill, in the 36th year of his age, being born at \nRotterdam, in Holland, in the year 1649. His head was \nsevered from his body at the fifth stroke by a timid and \nunskilful executioner, who probably sympathized with \nthe weeping spectators. He was the illegitimate son of \nCharles II., by Lucy Walters, alias Brown low, and was the \ndarling of the English people, whose good-will followed \nhim in every fortune, and no one was ever attended to \nthe scatfold with a more plentiful effusion of tears.* \nThe illegal and brutal inhumanities to which the Duke\xe2\x80\x99s \nfollowers were subjected, may be seen in all our Histo\xc2\xac \nries of England. See also Arith . Quest, art. Jefferies. \nThe Duke of Monmouth was buried under the commu\xc2\xac \nnion-table in the Tower Chapel. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1802. Died, aged 26 years and 5 months, Thomas \nDermody, whose attainments and genius surpassed almost \nall that literary biography has recorded of early intel\xc2\xac \nlectual acquisition and talent. The memoirs of this un\xc2\xac \ncommon genius, by James Grant Raymond, while they \nexhibit a most brilliant and rare example of natural \nendowments, very forcibly inculcate a lesson of morality \nand prudence, which cannot be too seriously urged on \nthe attention of those, whether in the ardour of youth \nor the vigour of maturity, who think themselves pri\xc2\xac \nvileged, by superior intellectual qualifications, from the \nrestrictive proprieties and decorums of life. His educa\xc2\xac \ntion was attentively cultivated by his father, (a school\xc2\xac \nmaster, at Ennis, in Ireland,) from whose example, \nhowever, he in his early years contracted a fatal and \ndegrading attachment to drinking, which abundantly \nmore than counterbalanced the advantages that he had \nreceived from the bountiful Author of nature, and con\xc2\xac \nfined him to a state of abject dependence and wretched \npoverty through almost the whole of his subsequent life. \nIn his short career, his brilliant talents deservedly \n\n\n* His children were named Scott, he having married Lady \nAnn Scott, daughter of Francis, Earl Buccleugh. \n\n\n\nJULY. \n\n\nacquired him a series of benevolent and even splendid and \nmunificent patrons ; whose favour, in succession, his \nperverse and incorrigible misconduct as deservedly lost: \nand he suffered on different occasions (.the results entirely \nof his imprudence) distress scarcely inferior to any thing \nthat is told of Otway, of Chatterton, or of Boyse.* His \ndissipated life was at length closed in a wretched hovel \nat Sydenham, in Kent, by a disorder, the mere effect of \nincessant inebriation ; and he lies interred in the church\xc2\xac \nyard of Lewisham, with a monument erected over him, \non which is inscribed a poetical epitaph taken from his \nown works. \n\n15, 1815. Napoleon, Emperor of France, was received \non board the Bellerophon, commanded by Captain \nMaitland, and conveyed to England, whence he was con\xc2\xac \nveyed, without landing, to St. Helena, on board the Nor\xc2\xac \nthumberland. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1817- Died the Baroness de Stael, daughter of \nMonsieur Necker, the celebrated French financier. She \nwas a woman of extraordinary powers of mind, and was \nyet more distinguished for the filial devotion which she \nevinced towards her father. Her novels and political \nwritings evince a deep acquaintance with human life. \nHer remains were removed from Paris, in which city she \nexpired, to Coppet, where her father was buried in 1804. \nCoppet is about 10 miles north of Geneva, Switzerland. \nSee Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gazetteer. \n\n16, 622. The Hegira. The hegira in chronology is a \ncelebrated epochaf used by the Arabs and Mohammedans \nfor the computation of time. The word is Arabic, and \ndenotes to fly, quit one\'s country, family, friends, Sfc. \nThe event which gave rise to this epocha was Mohammed\xe2\x80\x99s \n\n\n* Samuel Boyse was alike remarkable for ingenuity and im\xc2\xac \nprudence. He delighted in mean company, indulged himself in \nall the grovelling habits of low life, died in an obscure lodging \nnear Shoe-Lane, London, and was buried at the expense of the \nparish ; a melancholy instance of the wretchedness, contempt, \nand disgrace to which the most ingenious persons may reduce \nthemselves by an abuse of those powers with which God has en\xc2\xac \ndowed them. He was born in Dublin in 1708, and died in 1749. \nHis most celebrated performance was a poem called the \xe2\x80\x9cDeity,\xe2\x80\x9d \nwhich is styled by Hervey, \xe2\x80\x9c a beautiful and instructive poem.\xe2\x80\x9d\xe2\x80\x94 \nSee Otway, Chatterton, Savage, Morland, and Burns, Index. \n\nf The principal epochas used in chronology are enumerated in \nthe Arith. Quest, art. Chronology. \n\n\n\n\n\n2/6 \n\n\nJULY. \n\n\nflight from Mecca.* The magistrates of that city, fearing \nthat his impostures might raise a sedition, resolved to \nexpel him : this, accordingly, they effected at the period \nabove stated. (See Prideaux\xe2\x80\x99s Life of Mahomet.\') Their \ncomputation of time began with the new moon of that \nperiod, which is the reason of the great regard for cres\xc2\xac \ncents in the East, where every mosque is adorned with \nthem. See Exer. on the Globes , art. Crescent. \n\nThe system of religion broached by this impostor is \ncalled Mohammedism.f Its principles are contained in \nthe Koran, a word of the same import with Bible; i. e. \nby way of eminence. The Book. The leading article \nof faith which this impostor preached is, as Mr. Gibbon \nremarks, compounded of an eternal truth and a neces\xc2\xac \nsary fiction ; namely. That there is only one God , and that \nMahomet is the apostle of God. Death, slavery, tribute, \nto unbelievers, were the glad tidings of the Arabian pro\xc2\xac \nphet. The essence of his religion was implicit faith and \nferocious energy. Hallam\xe2\x80\x99s Middle Ages, II. 167. \n\n16, 1377* The young King Richard II. was crowned at \nWestminster. He was of the Plantagenet line. See \nMiscell. Quest, in Eng. Hist; also June 21, and Arith. \n\nTables, p. 26. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1546. Anne Askew was burnt alive in Smithfield, \nin the 26th year of her age, after having been first racked \nwith the most savage cruelty in the Tower, for renouncing \nthe errors of Popery. One of her biographers, who wit\xc2\xac \nnessed the unexampled sufferings of this amiable martyr, \nand beheld the affecting close of her life, says, that such \na sweetness and serenity overspread her features at the \nmoment she was brought to execution, that she absolutely \nappeared like an angel, divine. Anne Askew was the \n\n\n* Mecca is one of the most ancient cities in the world. It is \nsituated in Arabia, about forty miles from the Red Sea, and is \ncelebrated for having given birth to Mohammed. He was interred \nat Medina, a place which the Mohammedans dignify with the title \nof \xe2\x80\x9c The City of the Prophet,\xe2\x80\x9d on account of the kind reception \nwhich Mohammed experienced there when he was driven from \nMecca. \n\n+ Among the various ways of writing the name of the Arabian, \nMahomet is the least proper; and it has been copied from the \nworst of all authorities in the spelling of foreign names, the \nFrench. But Mahomet\xc2\xab/iism is barbarous. Gibbon has more \nproperly Mahometism. Mohaminedism is perferable. Eel. Rev . \nMay 1st, 1829, p. 384. \n\n\n\nJULY. 277 \n\ndaughter of Sir William Askew, of Kelsey, in Lincoln\xc2\xac \nshire, at which place she was born, \nlfi, 1800. Died, at his seat near Southampton, aged 57, \nBryan Edwards a native of Westbury, in Wiltshire, \nand author of an elegant \xe2\x80\x9c History of the West Indies,\xe2\x80\x9d \nand other smaller productions connected with the islands \nin that part of the world. Mr. Edwards is interred in All- \nSaints* Church, Southampton; where also is buried Miss \nStanley, whose early death is affectingly commemorated \nby Thomson in his Seasons. See Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gaz- \n17, 1429. Charles VII., King of France, was crowned \nat Rheims, agreeably to the prediction of the Maid of Or\xc2\xac \nleans, who stood by his side in complete armour during \nthe ceremony. \n\n-She bore on high \n\nHer hallow\xe2\x80\x99d banner to the sacred pile. \n\nAnd fix\xe2\x80\x99d it on the altar, whilst her hand \nPour\xe2\x80\x99d on the monarch\xe2\x80\x99s head the mystic oil, \n\nWafted of yore by milk-white dove from heaven \n\n(So legends say) to Clovis, when he stood \n\nAt Rheims for baptism. Southey\xe2\x80\x99s Joan (TArc. \n\nCharles VII. ascended the throne on the death of his fa\xc2\xac \nther Charles VI., or the Silly , in 1422, but was not crowned \nat his accession, as Rheims, the usual coronation place, \nwas in the possession of the English. The reason of this \ncity having this honour may be seen in Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gazet\xc2\xac \nteer , art. Rheims. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1674. The bones of King Edward V. and his brother \nRichard, were discovered in the Tower. Charles II., \npitying their severe fate, ordered the remains of these \nunhappy princes, in 1678, to be laid among the monu\xc2\xac \nments of their predecessors in Westminster Abbey. They \nwere smothered in July, 1483. See Arith. Quest, art. \nRichard III. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1762. Peter III., husband of Catharine II., Empress \nof Russia, was deprived of his life while under an igno\xc2\xac \nminious confinement. Of the manner of the captive\xe2\x80\x99s \ndemise, various accounts have been in circulation. Some \nascribe it to an hemorrhoidal colic, a disease until then \nunknown to Russian physicians. Others affirm, that his \nremoval was effected by means similar to those which \ndeprived our unfortunate Edward II. of life. History too \nwell qualifies us to \n\n\xe2\x80\x9c Tell sad stories of the death of kings : \n\nHow some have been deposed ; some slain in war; \n\nSome poison\xe2\x80\x99d by their wives ; some sleeping kill\xe2\x80\x99d.\xe2\x80\x9d \n\n\n278 \n\n\nJULY. \n\n\nBut, in the present instance, who was instigator and who \nwere perpetrators of the bloody deed, we pretend not to \ndetermine. It is, however, generally supposed, that if \nthe deceased monarch\xe2\x80\x99s ghost had been evoked during \nthe Empress\xe2\x80\x99s life-time, she would not, with all her \xe2\x80\x9cun\xc2\xac \ndaunted spirit,\xe2\x80\x9d have ventured to address \xe2\x80\x9c the blood- \nbolter\xe2\x80\x99d\xe2\x80\x9d spectre, in the language of Macbeth\xe2\x80\x94 \n\n\xe2\x80\x9c Thou canst not say I did it : never shake \nThy gory locks at me.\xe2\x80\x9d* * \n\nWhen Paul came to the throne on the death of the Em\xc2\xac \npress his mother, he had his father\xe2\x80\x99s body re-interred, \nand made two of his murderers act as chief mourners. \nSee Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s -Gazetteer, art. Petersburg^, note. \n\n18, 13/4. Died, at Arqua, near Padua, in the north of \nItaly, Francis Petrarch, a very learned Italian writer \non poetry, history, and moral philosophy; but particu\xc2\xac \nlarly celebrated for his enchanting sonnets, which first \nexalted Italian poetry to classic fame.f The chief subject \nof these exquisite poems is the beautiful Laura, near \nwhom he resided many years at Vaucluse, a romantic and \nsequestered spot, fifteen miles from Avignon, in the south \nof France. \xc2\xa3 Fie was bom at Arezzo, in Tuscany, in \n1304, and was employed by Pope John XX. in several \naffairs of importance both at Rome and in France. The \nexcellency of his moral character may be inferred from \nthe subsequent well-attested anecdote. Cardinal Colonna, \nin whose palace Petrarch resided at the time, having a \nquarrel in his household, and wishing to know the bottom \nof the affair, assembled all his people, and obliged them \nto take an oath on the gospels, that they would declare \nthe truth. This was complied with, even by a bishop, the \ncardinal\xe2\x80\x99s own brother; but when Petrarch presented \nhimself to take the oath, the cardinal shut the book, and \nsaid, \xe2\x80\x9cOh! as to you, Petrarch, your word is sufficient\xe2\x80\x9d\xc2\xa7 \nThe Athenians behaved in the same manner to Xeno- \ncrates, the philosopher, whose integrity was so well \nknown, that when he appeared in the court as a witness, \nthe judges dispensed with his oath. || This illustrious \n\n* See July 9, 1762. \n\nf A view of Petrarch\xe2\x80\x99s House is given in the Landscape An\xc2\xac \nnual, 1830, from a beautiful picture by Samuel Prout, Esq. \n\n* See April 6, 1348. \n\n\xc2\xa7 See April 8, 1344, and Exer. on the Globes, art. Atticus. \nil Xenocrates was born at Chalcedon, a city of Asia, S. E. of \n\n\n\nJULY. \n\n\n279 \n\npoet, who has been styled the Reviver of Italian Litera\xc2\xac \nture, was found dead in his library with his hands on a \nbook, on the 70tli anniversary of his birth. \n\n19, the festival of Epaphras, who, it is said, was the first \nbishop of Colosse. He was converted by St. Paul. He \ncaine to Rome while that apostle was there in bonds, and \nwas imprisoned with him. St. Paul calls Epaphras his \ndear fellow-servant, and a faithful minister of Christ, Col. \ni. 7- Some suppose that he suffered martyrdom at his \nnative city of Colosse. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1333. Edward III. defeated the Scots with great \nslaughter at Halidown Hill, near Berwick-upon-Tweed, \nwhen Archibald Douglas, their commander, was slain. \nHe was the brother of Sir William, (by some called Sir \nJames,) to whom Bruce entrusted his heart to convey it \nto the sepulchre at Jerusalem. No person of note fell on \nthe side of England, or indeed fought in the engagement, \nthe victory being entirely the w\'ork of the English archers. \nSee Eater, on the Globes, 11th edit. art. Sagitta. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1554. Philip II., king of Spain, landed at South\xc2\xac \nhampton, and was married to the sanguinary Mary at Win\xc2\xac \nchester, on the 25th of the same month : an union to \nwhich a great part of the nation had with reason the ut\xc2\xac \nmost aversion. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1575. Began a most magnificent entertainment at \nKenilworth Castle, a superb structure belonging to \nthe Earl of Leicester, and situated nearly midway between \nWarwick and Coventry. See Arith. Quest., and Sept. \n\n21, 1327. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1588. The Spanish Armada arrived in the English \nChannel, but was so soon after compelled to retreat, that \nthe following laconic inscription on a medal which was \nstruck on the occasion is nearly an exact account of that \nhappy event: \xe2\x80\x9c Venit , vidit , fugit \xe2\x80\x9d\xe2\x80\x94\xe2\x80\x9c It came, saw, and \nfled.\xe2\x80\x9d* * The elements conspired its destruction .f \n\n\nByzantium, (now Constantinople,) educated in the school of \nPlato, and died 314 years B. C., aged 82. See Lempriere\xe2\x80\x99s \nDiet ., Eater, on the Globes , and Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gazetteer. \n\n* An apt allusion to Ciesar\xe2\x80\x99s \xe2\x80\x9c Veni, vidi, vici\xe2\x80\x9d\xe2\x80\x94\xe2\x80\x9cI came, \nsaw, and conquereda phrase which that general used first in \na letter, and subsequently as au inscription in a triumph, to \ndenote the celerity with which he had subdued Pharuaces, the \nson of Mithridates, near Zela, in Pontus, and thereby concluded \nthe war. \n\nt See the particulars in Arith. Quest, art. Arm^a \n\n\n\n280 \n\n\nJULY. \n\n\nNavies, that rule the ocean wide, \n\nAre vanquish\xe2\x80\x99d by God\xe2\x80\x99s breath ; \n\nAnd legions, arm\xe2\x80\x99d with pow\xe2\x80\x99r and pride, \n\nDesceud to wat\xe2\x80\x99ry death. Watts. \n\n19, 1/83. Expired, in the 66th year of his age, at Kidder\xc2\xac \nminster, the excellent Job Orton, an eminently useful \nand exemplary Dissenting Minister, well known in the \nreligious world by his admirable practical writings ; and \nhis life of Dr. Doddridge is allowed to be one of the best \nbooks of the kind in our language. He was interred at \nhis native place, Shrewsbury, where he had been many \nyears pastor of a numerous congregation* in connexion \nwith the Rev. Joseph Fownes. See Nov. 7, 1789. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1821. His Majesty, George IV., was crowned at West\xc2\xac \nminster. \n\n20, 1620. Commenced a general Massacre of the Pro\xc2\xac \ntestants in the Valteline, a fertile valley of Switzerland. \nIt began at Tirano, extended to all the towns of the dis\xc2\xac \ntrict, and lasted three days. See Massacre, Index. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1819. Died, at Edinburgh, John Playfair, professor \nin the University at that place. He was eminent as a \ngeologist, as a mathematician, and as a geographer. He \npublished a System of Geography, in 5 vols. \n\n21, 1403. Was fought the furious battle of Shrewsbury, \nbetween Henry IV. and his rebellious subjects. The \nPrince of Wales, whose military achievements were after\xc2\xac \nwards so renowned, here performed his noviciate in arms, \nand was wounded in the battle. The death of the gallant \nHotspur,\'|\' son of the Duke of Northumberland, decided \n\n\n* When indisposition disabled Mr. Orton from public service, \nhe closed his farewell sermon (which was on Eccles. vii. 2) with \nthe following anecdote:\xe2\x80\x94\xe2\x80\x9cThe celebrated Grotius,* one of the \nmost learned men the world ever knew, was in his last illness \nattended by a friend, who desired him, in his great wisdom and \nlearning, to give him a short direction how to lead his life to the \nbest advantage. To whom he only said \xe2\x80\x94Be serious. This, said \nMr. O. to his auditors, is my parting advice to you,\xe2\x80\x94 Be Seri\xc2\xac \nous.\xe2\x80\x9d\xe2\x80\x94 Superna quaerite\xe2\x80\x94esse quam videri\xe2\x80\x94gravis dum suavis\xe2\x80\x94 \ngraves disce mores. Seek heavenly things\xe2\x80\x94to be, rather than \nto seem to be\xe2\x80\x94serious, yet pleasant\xe2\x80\x94acquire sedate manners. \nSuch are the edifying mottos on the arms of a Worcestershire \nfamily. \n\nf Henry Percy, taken prisoner July 31, 1388, in the battle of \n\n\n* See Grotius, Index. \n\n\n\n\nJULY. \n\n\n281 \n\n\nthe victory in favour of the Royalists. In this desperate \nconflict there perished, on both sides, many persons of the \ngreatest distinction, and about 6,000 private men. \n\n21, 1683. The virtuous Lord Russell was beheaded in \nLiucoln\xe2\x80\x99s-Inn Fields. In an act of parliament which was \npassed in 1689, in the glorious reign of William III., the \nattainder of this illustrious nobleman was not only re\xc2\xac \nversed, but his death was deemed a murder. The patent \nconferring the dukedom upon Russell\xe2\x80\x99s virtuous father, \nwho had offered a large sum to save his son\xe2\x80\x99s life, states \nthe desire of their Majesties to record their sense of the \n\xe2\x80\x9c consummate virtue of that ornament of his age, whose \nname could never be forgot so long as men preserved any \nesteem for sanctity of manners, greatness of mind, and a \nlove of their country, constant even to deathand the \nnew honours are stated to be conferred, \xe2\x80\x9c to excite his \nson, the heir of such mighty hopes, to emulate and follow \nthe example of his illustrious father.\xe2\x80\x9d ( Edin . Rev. Sept. \n1826, p. 402.) Russell and Sydney are names that will, \nit is hoped, (says Mr. Fox,) be for ever dear to every \nEnglish heart. When their memory shall cease to be an \nobject of respect and veneration, it requires no spirit of \nprophecy to foretell that English liberty will be fast ap\xc2\xac \nproaching to its final consummation. See Dec. 7, 1683; \nSept. 29, 1729; and Arith. Quest, art. Russell. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1779. The wife of a Bramin, or Indian priest, burnt \nherself publicly near Calcutta, on the funeral pile of her \ndeparted husband, in conformity to a barbarous, super\xc2\xac \nstitious custom which prevails among the Gentoo* * women \nof rank and condition. \n\n\nOtterburn, when the heroic Douglas, the Scotch general, was \nslain. \n\n* Gentoos, in modern history, according to the common ac\xc2\xac \nceptation of the term, denote the professors of the religion of the \nBramins or Brachmans, who inhabit the country of Hindostan, \nin Asia. The doctrine of transmigration is one of the distin\xc2\xac \nguishing tenets of the Gentoos. On this subject, it is their opi\xc2\xac \nnion, that those souls which have attained a certain degree of \npurity are removed to regions of happiness proportioned to their \nrespective merits; but that others are condemned to undergo con\xc2\xac \ntinual punishments in the animation of successive animal forms for \na stated period. They imagine there are six different spheres above \nthis earth, the highest of which is the residence of Bhrima (God) \nand his particular favourites; and also the habitation of those \nmen who never uttered a falsehood, and of those women who have \n\n\n\n282 \n\n\nJULY. \n\n\nIn climes remote where Ganges rolls his wave. \n\nAt once the Indian\xe2\x80\x99s idol, and his grave ! f \nA custom reigns which harrows up the soul. \n\nAnd bends e\xe2\x80\x99en nature to its stern controul! \n\nWhen fate cuts short the Hindoo\xe2\x80\x99s thread of life. \n\nOne tomb engulphs the husband and the wife ; \n\nThe widow, warm in youth, must yield her breath. \n\nAnd self devoted seek her lord in death ! \n\nIn gay attire she mounts the awful pile, \n\n; Nor dares with tears the horrid rites defile ; \n\nHer heaving bosom must repress the sigh, \n\nAnd learn with Stoic apathy to die ; \n\nFor should she yield to nature\xe2\x80\x99s powerful sway, \n\nAnd not with smiles this Brahmin law obey ; \n\nShould she with horror shun the scorching flame, \n\nEternal infamy awaits her name ! \n\nFitzgerald. \n\nThe dignified heroine who is the subject of this article, \nwas about twenty-one years of age, tall, well made, and \nhandsome ; and went through the whole of the dreadful \nscene with astonishing fortitude and self-possession. See \nthe Ann. Register, 1783, p. 167. \n\n21, 1726. Expired Robert Burns, who, in the humble \nemployment of a ploughman, discovered a most extra\xc2\xac \nordinary genius for poetical composition : but this pupil \nof nature, this poet of inspiration, unfortunately possessed \nin the same degree the powers and the failings of genius. \n\n\nvoluntarily burned themselves ivith their husbands; the propriety \nof which practice is expressly enjoined in the code of the Gentoo \nlaws. Mr. Halhed, the translator of this code, observes, that few \nChristians have expressed themselves with a more becoming reve\xc2\xac \nrence of the grand and impartial designs of Providence in all its \nworks, or with a more extensive charity towards all their fellow- \ncreatures of every profession, than the Gentoos. It is indeed an \narticle of faith among the Bramins, that God\xe2\x80\x99s all-merciful power \nwould not have permitted such a number of different religions, if he \nhad not found a pleasure in beholding their varieties. See the Ency. \nBrit. art. Gentoos. \n\n\xe2\x80\xa2f Some of the Gentoos bury the body of the deceased ; others \nburn it; and such as can afford the expense, have their ashes col\xc2\xac \nlected together and put into an urn, which is soldered up and \nthrown into the Ganges, to the waters of which they attribute a \npeculiar sanctity. This river is visited annually by pilgrims from \nall parts of Hindostan, and it is customary with these people, \nwhen on the point of death, to be removed to its banks, or to \nsome creek which runs into it. \n\n\n\n\nJULY. \n\n\n283 \n\n\nHis talents were often obscured, and his constitution was \nat length impaired, by an excessive attachment to liquor; \nhence the attentions of his admirers were withdrawn; and \nat the early age of thirty-eight, he closed, at Dumfries, in \nthe south of Scotland, a chequered life, \xe2\x80\x9c lost between \ngood and ill,\xe2\x80\x9d in which virtue and passion had been at \nperpetual variance.* * * \xc2\xa7 He was born about two miles south \nof the town of Ayr; hence he is often styled the \xe2\x80\x9c Ayr\xc2\xac \nshire Ploughman.\xe2\x80\x9d \n\n22, Mary Magdalen is thought to have received her name \nfrom the town of Magdala, in Galilee. She has been \noften confounded with Mary, the sister of Lazarus ; while \nothers maintain that she is the sinner mentioned by Luke,f \nwhose name he does not tell us. But the celebrated Dr. \nLardner has shewn by a variety of learned remarks and \nquotations both from the Scriptures and the best com\xc2\xac \nmentators, that Mary Magdalen was not that person; but, \non the contrary, that she was a woman of distinction, and \nvery easy in her worldly circumstances. J For a while she \nhad* laboured under some bodily indisposition, which our \nLord miraculously healed, and for which benefit she was \nvery thankful. So far as we know, her conduct was \nalways regular and free from censure; \xc2\xa7 and we may \nreasonably believe, that after her acquaintance with our \nSaviour it was edifying and exemplary. She shewed him \ngreat respect in his life, at his death, and after it; and \nwas one of those to whom our Lord first appeared after \nhis resurrection, \n\nMary Magdalen followed Christ in the last journey that \nhe made from Galilee to Jerusalem, and was at the foot \nof the cross at his crucifixion.|| After this, she returned \nto Jerusalem to buy and prepare perfumes, that she might \nembalm him when the sabbath was over. All the sab- \n\n\n* See Dr. Currie\xe2\x80\x99s fascinating Life of Burns; and Currie, \nIndex. \n\nf Chap. vii. 36, 37, &c. \n\n\xe2\x99\xa6 See his letter to Jonas Hanway, on the subject of Magdaien \nHouse, published in 1758; also Arith. Quest, art. English Cha\xc2\xac \nrily; and Hanway, Index. \n\n\xc2\xa7 Hence (as is fully shewn in the letter just referred to) the \nmanifest impropriety of calling houses for the reception of Peni\xc2\xac \ntent Prostitutes , Magdalens. \n\n|| John xix. 25 ; Mark xv. 40, 47. \n\n\n\n\n284 \n\n\nJULY. \n\n\nbath-day she remained in the city; and the next day, \nearly in the morning, she went to the sepulchre, along \nwith Mary, the mother of James and Salome,* where she \nhad the happiness of first seeing her risen Lord.f \n\n22, 1298. Edward I. gained a memorable victory over \nthe Scots at Falkirk, in Scotland; when the whole Scot\xc2\xac \ntish army was broken, and chased off the field with great \nslaughter. The heroic Wallace commanded the Scotch \narmy on this disastrous occasion. See August 23, 1305; \nalso Miscell. Quest, in Eng. Hist. \n\n1461. Charles VII. of France died at Mehun-sur- \nYevre, in the 59th year of his age. His death was oc\xc2\xac \ncasioned by the anguish he felt at his son Louis\'s undu- \ntiful conduct, and from his refusing all sustenance from \nthe apprehension of being poisoned by him. He was \nstyled the Victorious , from having reconquered nearly all \nthe places of which the English had possessed themselves \nin the preceding reigns. He had reigned thirty-eight \nyears. See July 17. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1704. Gibraltar, a fortress in the south of Spain, \nand formerly deemed impregnable, was taken by Sir \nGeorge Rooke, and has ever since remained in the pos\xc2\xac \nsession of the English. It underwent an ever-memorable \nsiege from July 1779 to Feb. 1783, an excellent account \nof which has been written by Captain Drinkwater. The \nGovernor, General Elliot, whose defence was the admi\xc2\xac \nration of all Europe, was created, in 1787, a peer of \nGreat Britain, by the title of Baron Heathfield, of Gi\xc2\xac \nbraltar: an annuity of ^1200 was settled on himself and \ntwo lives; and in his arms he was allowed to bear those \nof Gibraltar. Heathfield, whence this brave officer took \nhis title, is situated a little to the north-west of Battle, \nSussex.\xe2\x80\x94One of the best portraits ever painted by Sir \nJoshua Reynolds was that of Lord Heathfield. It faith\xc2\xac \nfully represents the fine, manly figure of the General \nholding in his hand the keys of the fortress which he had \nso valiantly defended. This was one of the many instances \nin which our great English artist introduced with much \npropriety and effect into his portraits some leading cha\xc2\xac \nracteristic of the original. His taste was too correct, and \nfortunately the fashion of the times did not compel him. \n\n\n* Mark xvi. 1,2; Luke xxiv. 1, 2, &c. \nf See Matt, xxviii. 5, &c.; Mark xvi. 6, &c.; John xx. 11, 17. \n\n\n\nJULY. \n\n\n285 \n\n\nto lose the character of the man in the immensity of a \n\n22, 1721. Elisha Yale was buried. He was remarkable \nfor having introduced auctions into this country about \nthe year 1700. The sale consisted of some goods that \nwere brought home by him from Madras, in the East \nIndies, of which place he had been governor. A monu\xc2\xac \nment erected to his memory at Wrexham, in Denbigh\xc2\xac \nshire, exhibits the following lines : \n\nBorn in America, in Europe bred, \n\nIn Africa traveled, and in Asia wed, \n\nWhere long he liv\xe2\x80\x99d and thriv\xe2\x80\x99d, at London dead. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1812. Was fought the Battle of Salamanca, in \nwhich Marmont sustained a signal defeat from Lord, now \nDuke of, Wellington. The French commander lost his \narm in the battle, many of his officers were killed or \nwounded. The English commander soon after marched \nupon the capital, and the citizens of Madrid evinced great \njoy at the entrance of their liberators from the usurpation \nof Joseph Bonaparte. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1826. Died, at Naples, aged 80, Joseph Piazzi, presi\xc2\xac \ndent of the Royal Society in that city, and the discoverer \nof the planet Ceres. See Jan. 1, 1801. \n\n23, The sun enters into the constellation Si Leo, the Lion. \nSee Exer. on the Globes. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1588. Origin of Newspapers. It may gratify our \nnational pride, says Mr. Andrews,f to be told that we owe \nto the wisdom of Queen Elizabeth, and the prudence of \nBurleigh, the circulation of the first genuine newspaper, \nthe \xe2\x80\x9c English Mercuric,\xe2\x80\x9d! printed during the time of the \nSpanish Armada; the number, preserved in the British \nMuseum,\xc2\xa7 is dated July 23, 1588. \n\n\n* The full-bottomed wigs which unfortunately envelop and \ncloud some of the most distinguished portraits of former days, \nwere in fashion during the reigns of King William and Queen \nMary: Lord Bolingbroke was one of the first that tied them up, \nwith which the queen was much offended, and said to a by\xc2\xac \nstander, \xe2\x80\x9c He will soon come to court in his nightcap.\xe2\x80\x9d Soon \nafter, tie-wigs, instead of being an undress, became the high \ncourt dress. Nash\xe2\x80\x99s Hist, of Worcestershire , Vol. I. p. 561. \nf Contin. Henry\xe2\x80\x99s Hist, of Eng. Vol. I. p. 145. \n\n\\$ Mercury was a celebrated fabulous god of antiquity; the \nmessenger of the other Heathen deities, and of Jupiter in parti\xc2\xac \ncular. See Exer. on the Globes , 11th edition. \n\n\xc2\xa7 Museum denotes a repository of learned and other curiosities. \n\n\n\n286 \n\n\nJULY. \n\n\nIn addition to what we have advanced in the Arithme\xc2\xac \ntical Questions on the subject of Newspapers, as forming \none of the best securities of freedom, by diffusing know\xc2\xac \nledge among the people, we may here with equal truth \nobserve, that they are also not only an excellent means of \nshielding the \xe2\x80\x9c oppressed from the oppressor,\xe2\x80\x9d but of \nsubserving the purpose of morality, by preventing the \ncommission of many crimes, which, from their nature, \nmight pass, as Shakspeare emphatically expresses it, \n\xe2\x80\x9c unwhipped of justice.\xe2\x80\x9d \n\nEvery man\xe2\x80\x99s observation, says Dr. Moore, may suggest \nto him many kinds of injustice and oppression, which \nthe rich, the insidious, or the powerful, can commit in \nspite of law, or perhaps by the aid of law, against the \npoor, the unsuspecting, and the friendless. Many, who \ncan silence conscience and evade the law, tremble at the \nthought of their names being published; and nothing is, \nnothing can be, a greater check to the wantonness of \npower, than the privilege of unfolding private grievances \nat the bar of the public. For thus the cause of indivi\xc2\xac \nduals is made a public concern; and the general indigna\xc2\xac \ntion which their wrongs excite, forms at once one of the \nseverest punishments which can be inflicted on the op\xc2\xac \npressor, and one of the strongest bulwarks that can be \nraised in defence of the unprotected. \n\nMrs. Griffiths has excellently observed, that, as there \nare many vices in morals that are injurious to society, \nand which the laws have not stigmatized, or possibly \ncannot sufficiently provide against, public reprehension, \nunder proper restrictions, may be deemed a valuable sup\xc2\xac \nplement to legislation. The most worthless person would \nchoose to sin in secret, as not being able to endure the \nbeing rendered an object of public detestation or ridicule: \nthe fear of being pointed at has often laid a restraint on \n\n\nThe British Musem is deposited in Montague-House, Blooms\xc2\xac \nbury, and contains an amazing number of books, drawings, ma\xc2\xac \nnuscripts, prints, and rarities. The origin of this invaluable \ntreasure was the purchase of Sir Hans Sloane\xe2\x80\x99s library, &c. by \nthe public, for the national benefit; that gentleman leaving his \nnoble collection, which cost him ,\xc2\xa350,000, to the use of the \npublic, on condition that the parliament would pay \xc2\xa320,000 to \nhis executors. Several valuable additions have been since made \nto this Museum. See January 11, and April 5, 1753; and Ja\xc2\xac \nnuary 31, 1788. See also Arith, Quest. 10th edit. art. Museum. \n\n\n\n\nJULY. 287 \n\nvice ,\xe2\x80\xa2 in which sense the finger may be stronger than the \narm. Othello pathetically describes such a situation: \n\nBut, alas ! to make me \nA fixed figure for the hand of scorn \nTo point his slow, unmoving finger at. \n\n23, 1744. Were caught in the river Thurso, in the north \nof Scotland, at one haul of the net, 2560 salmon* of \nthe usual size; an event, however extraordinary, which \nis too vvell authenticated to be disputed. Gazetteer of \nScotland. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1/73. Died, aged 81, George Edwards, the father \nof Ornithologists, born at Stratford, in Essex. He was \nbrought up to trade, but his genius developed itself by \nthe perusal of books on natural history, and at the end \nof his apprenticeship he\' visited Holland and Norway. \nHe was chosen librarian of the College of Physicians, and \nbecame fellow of the Royal and Antiquarian Societies. \nHis valuable works, consisting of seven quarto volumes, \ncontain engravings and descriptions of 600 subjects in \nnatural history. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1816. Died, at Harrowgate, in the West-Riding of \nYorkshire, after a long illness, Mrs. Elizabeth Hamil\xc2\xac \nton, whose numerous works all tend to the advance\xc2\xac \nment of religion and morality. \n\n24, 1756. Died George Vertue, a celebrated engraver \nand antiquary, and a man to whom England is perhaps \nmore indebted for the number and variety of engraved \nportraits, than to any other artist. He was indefatigable \nin his art; and to his high professional merit added that \nof having in the morning of life supported a widowed \nmother and her numerous family by his talents. \xe2\x80\x9c I \nwas,\xe2\x80\x9d says this dutiful son and kind brother, \xe2\x80\x9c the eldest, \nand the only one that could help them, which added \ncircumspection in my affairs then, as well as industry to \nthe end of my life.\xe2\x80\x9d Vertue was born in London in \n1684, and buried in the cloisters of Westminster-Abbey : \n\nWith manners gentle, and a grateful heart, \n\nAnd all the genius of the Graphic art, \n\nHis fame shall each succeeding artist own. \n\nLonger far than monuments of stone. \n\n_ 1797. An unsuccessful attempt was made upon Santa \n\nCruz, in the island of Teneriffe, one of the Canaries, \n\n\n* See Arith. Quest. 10th edit. art. Salmon and Pilchards. \n\n\n\n\n288 \n\n\nJULY. \n\n\nunder the command of Admiral Nelson; in which \nseveral officers and 141 men were killed, and the gallant \nAdmiral lost his right arm. See April 20, 1657. \n\n25, St. James\xe2\x80\x99s Day. St. James the Greater* w r as the \nson of Zebedee,f and the brother of John the Evangelist, \nand was born at Betlisaida, in Galilee. These brothers \nwere called to the apostleship as they were mending their \nnets with their father, who was a fisherman; when Christ \ngave them the name of Boanerges, or Sons of Thunder. \nThey then followed Christ, were witnesses with St. Peter \nof the transfiguration on the Mount, and accompanied \nour Lord in the garden of Olives. It is supposed that St. \nJames first preached the gospel to the dispersed Jews; \nand afterwards at Jerusalem, where he w^as put to a cruel \ndeath, about the year 44, by order of Herod Agrippa. \nThus St. James was the first of the apostles who suffered \nmartyrdom J The Spaniards pretend that they had St. \nJames for their apostle, and boast of possessing his body, \nwhich, they say, was buried at Compostella in Gallicia ; a \ncircumstance that draws a great number of pilgrims from \nmany parts of Christendom : but Baronius, in liis Annals, \nrefutes their pretensions. \n\n26, 1581. The United State after long deliberation at \nthe Hague, published an edict, excluding King Philip \nfrom any sovereignty, right, or authority over the Nether\xc2\xac \nlands. The deputies from the provinces of Holland, Zea\xc2\xac \nland, Utrecht, Friesland, Groningen, Overyssel, and \nGuelderland, met at Utrecht, January 23, 1579, and \nsigned the alliance ever since known by the name of the \nUnion of Utrecht, the basis of that commonwealth here\xc2\xac \ntofore so renowned by the appellation of the United Pro\xc2\xac \nvinces. See July 10, 1584. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1680. Died at the High Lodge, Woodstock, John Wil- \nmot, Earl of Rochester, a celebrated wit in the profli\xc2\xac \ngate court of Charles the Second. An eager and violent \nlove of pleasure, and a disposition to extravagant mirth, \ninvolved him in the deepest sensuality, and led him into \nmany singular follies and adventures. By a licentious \ncourse of life, he wore out an excellent constitution, when \nlittle more than thirty years of age. In 1679, he re\xc2\xac \nquested a conference with Dr. Gilbert Burnet; the result \nof which was afterwards published by the Doctor, and \n\n\n* See James, Minor. \n\nX Acts xii. 2. \n\n\n\n\n\n\nf See Matt, iv. 21. \n\n\n\nJULY. \n\n\n289 \n\n\nfrom whom it appears, that, though Rochester lived the \nlife of a libertine and an Atheist, he died the death of a \nmost penitent Christian.* Of Dr. Burnet\xe2\x80\x99s publication \nDr. Johnson says, \xe2\x80\x9c The critic ought to read it for its \nelegance, the philosopher for its arguments, and the saint \nfor its piety.\xe2\x80\x9d \n\n26, 1813. Died at Worthing, in Sussex, the Rev. Hugh \nWorthington, in the 40th year of his pastoral office at \nSalters\xe2\x80\x99-Hall, London, and in the 61st year of his age. \nHe was justly considered as one of the most popular \npreachers among the Dissenters; his manner being sin\xc2\xac \ngularly striking, his enunciation remarkably distinct, and \nhis eloquence strong, unaffected, and from the heart. \nThe young and the aged, the opulent and indigent, were \nalike delighted by his ministration. He was born at Lei\xc2\xac \ncester, and interred in Bunhill-Fields. Several ministers \nof different religious denominations preached funeral ser\xc2\xac \nmons as a tribute of respect to his memory. \n\n27, 1565. The Queen of Scots married Henry Stuart, \nLord Darnley, whom she had lately made Duke of Al- \nbany.f From this union sprang but little happiness. \nDarnley had a weak mind and an irregular temper;\xe2\x80\x94 \nplausible manners and a graceful person were his only \nattractions. Mary, therefore, soon became disgusted with \nthe painted sepulchre. Females may hence learn how \nlittle felicity is likely to result from connexions of which \nexternal accomplishments and a pleasing person are the \nchief basis, and where they are unaccompanied by good \ntemper, a virtuous and pious heart, and a cultivated \nmind. \n\n-Hapless they \n\nT\xe2\x80\x99 whom thou uutry\xe2\x80\x99d seem\xe2\x80\x99st fair. \n\n\n* Laying his hand on the Bible, he used to say, \xe2\x80\x9cThis is true \nphilosophy; this is the wisdom that speaks to the heart; a bad \nlife is the only grand objection to this book.\xe2\x80\x9d Examine impious \nmen closely, said Madame de Geulis, and you will see that the \ntrue cause of their disgust with religion is the severity of its \nmorals. \n\nf Albany, or Braidalbin, is a district in the western part of \nPerthshire, Scotland. Darnley was the cousin-german of Mary. \nHis mother was the daughter of Margaret, eldest sister of Henry \nVIII., by the Earl of Angus, whom that princess married after \nthe death of her husband James IV. He was thus the next heir, \nafter Mary, to the English throne. Stewart\xe2\x80\x99s Hist, of Scotland , \n\no \n\n\n\n\nJULY. \n\n\n290 \n\n\n\n2 /, 16J[5. Turenne, a famous French commander, was \nkfITe9ri)y a cannon-ball, near the village of Saltzbach, N. \nof Radstadt, Suabia, Germany. He was giving orders for \nthe erection of a battery previous to an expected battle \nwith his great rival Montecuculli, when his active and glo\xc2\xac \nrious career was terminated, in his 64th year. (See Dec. \n29.) He was honoured with interment at St. Denys, and \na monument was erected to his memory at Saltzbach, by \nthe Cardinal de Rohan, in 1781. The Abbd d\xe2\x80\x99Eymar, \nVicar General of Strasbourg, has celebrated him in the \nfollowing lines : \n\n\nTuremie enseveli dans le tombeau des rois, \nDu roi qui l\xe2\x80\x99y plaqa fait ch6rir la memoire ; \nMais dans ce monument on cdlebre a la fois \nTurenne, ses vertus, son tr\xc2\xa3pas, et sa gloire. \n\n\n\xe2\x96\xa0\xe2\x80\x94 1/78. A Naval Engagement took place between the \nEnglish and French off Ushant, an island on the coast of \nFinisterre in the north-west part of France; when, after \nan indecisive action of three hours, the latter, under cover \nof the night, withdrew in a deceptive manner to the har\xc2\xac \nbour of Brest. The brave Admiral Keppel commanded \nthe English fleet; the Count D\xe2\x80\x99Orvilliers the French. \nThe failure of a complete victory was by many attributed \nto Sir Hugh Palliser\xe2\x80\x99s non-compliance with the Admi\xc2\xac \nral\xe2\x80\x99s signals. This gentleman, who was Vice-Admiral of \nthe blue, preferred articles of accusation against his com\xc2\xac \nmander, who was, in consequence, tried by a court-mar\xc2\xac \ntial, but acquitted in the most honourable manner; and \nthe charge against him declared by the court to be \xe2\x80\x9c ma\xc2\xac \nlicious and ill-founded.\xe2\x80\x9d See October 2, 1786. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1803. Caledonian Canal.* An act received the \nRoyal assent for making an inland navigation from the \nBritish Sea to the Atlantic Ocean, by Inverness and Fort- \nWilliam, through the counties of Inverness and Argyle; \na line of communication which the very finger of nature \nseemed to point out to man as a fit channel for such an \nundertaking.f By this magnificent undertaking, the nau\xc2\xac \ntical intercourse between the western ports of Great Bri\xc2\xac \ntain,} as well as those of Ireland,\xc2\xa7 to the North Sea and \nthe Baltic, are not only greatly shortened, but vessels of \n\n\n* See Arith. Quest, art. Caledonia. \n\n+ See a map of Scotland. } Liverpool, Glasgow, &c. \n\xc2\xa7 Belfast and other northern ports in particular. \n\n\n\nJULY. \n\n\n291 \n\n\nthe size of frigates receive new security, by being enabled \nto avoid the very perilous passage among the Hebrides \nand the Orkney islands, by which extensive losses have \nbeen annually sustained. This great national work was \ncompleted Oct. 30, 1822. But little use is made of it. \n\n28, 1540. Thomas Cromwell, Earl of Essex, was be\xc2\xac \nheaded. He had been raised from a low station (being \nthe son of a blacksmith at Putney) by Cardinal Wolsey; \nand when his unfortunate patron was disgraced, he de\xc2\xac \nfended him with such spirit, generosity, and courage, as \nacquired himself great honour, Cromwell was accused \nof heresy and treason; but the real cause of his losing \nthe favour of Henry VIII. was, his having been the in\xc2\xac \nstrument of that capricious tyrant\xe2\x80\x99s marriage with Anne \nof Cleves; a measure which he imagined would have \nsecured a continuance of his own greatness.\xe2\x80\x94Such is \noften the weakness of human policy, that, as Shakspeare \nobserves, \xe2\x80\x9c Vaulting ambition oft o\xe2\x80\x99erleaps itself.\xe2\x80\x9d \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1667. Abraham Cowley died at Chertsey, in Surrqy: \n\xe2\x80\x9c There the last numbers flow\xe2\x80\x99d from Cowley\xe2\x80\x99s tongue.\xe2\x80\x9d* \nHe was born in Fleet Street, London, in 1618. His \nmoral character appears, from every account of it, to \nhave been excellent, being generally represented as the \nmost amiable of mankind; and this posthumous praise \nmay be safely credited, since, as Dr. Johnson observes, \nit has never been contradicted by envy or faction. As a \npoet, the merits of Cowley have been variously estimated ; \nbut to his prose compositions very honourable testimo\xc2\xac \nnies have been borne by some of our best critics. They \n\n\n* Great part of Cowley\xe2\x80\x99s life having been a scene of tempest \nand tumult, he formed a resolution to pass the remainder of it \nin that situation which had ever been the object of his wishes, \na studious retirement; but one day in the heat of summer, stay\xc2\xac \ning too long in the fields, he caught a violent cold, which, for \nwant of timely care, occasioned his death. \xe2\x80\x9c Who,\xe2\x80\x9d says Dr. \nSpratt, \xe2\x80\x9c can forbear exclaiming on the weak hopes and frail con\xc2\xac \ndition of human uature ? For, as long as our friend was pursuing \nthe course of ambition in active life, which he scarce esteemed \nhis true life, he never wanted a coustant health and strength of \nbody; but as soon as he had found an opportunity of beginning \nindeed to live, and enjoy himself in security, his contentment was \nfirst broken by sickness, and at last his death was occasioned by \nhis very delight in the country and the fields, which he had long \nfancied above all other pleasures.\xe2\x80\x9d \n\no 2 \n\n\n\n2.92 \n\n\nJULY. \n\n\nare all calculated to promote sentiments of piety and phi\xc2\xac \nlanthropy. (See a beautiful stanza of his. Ewer, on the \nGlobes, 11 th edit. p. 448.) A selection of his works was \npublished in 1772, by Dr. Hurd, bishop of Worcester. \nDr. Hurd also published \xe2\x80\x9c The Life and Works of Bishop \nWarburton.\xe2\x80\x9d See June 7, 1779. \n\n28, 1790. Was opened the navigation of the Forth and \nClyde Canal ; which, by uniting these rivers, forms a \ncommunication betwen the eastern and western seas on \nthe coast of Scotland. This arduous undertaking was \nbegun on the 10th of July, 1708, under the direction of \nthe ingenious Smeaton. Scotland is almost divided into \ntwo parts by the rivers Forth and Clyde; the former fall\xc2\xac \ning into the British Ocean near Edinburgh, and the latter \ndischarging itself into the Atlantic Ocean below Green\xc2\xac \nock, in Renfrewshire; their union saves the long and dan\xc2\xac \ngerous navigation round the Land\xe2\x80\x99s End, or the more \nhazardous course through the Pentland Frith. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1809. Was fought the Battle of Talayera, when \nSir Arthur Wellesley, now Duke of Wellington, defeated \na French army, commanded by Marshal Victor. This \nvictory gave a decisive advantage to the allied army of \nEngland and Portugal. \n\n29, The feast of Martha and Mary. Martha is always \nnamed before Mary, probably because she was the elder \nsister. Jesus Christ had a particular affection for these \namiable women, and their brother Lazarus, and often \nretired to their house at Bethany, a village near Jerusa\xc2\xac \nlem. One day, perhaps the first time that he went thi\xc2\xac \nther, Martha exerted herself to prepare a handsome en\xc2\xac \ntertainment, while Mary continued at his feet, listening \nattentively to his conversation ;* whereupon Martha re\xc2\xac \nquested our Lord to order Mary to rise and assist her; \nbut Jesus took occasion to justify Mary\xe2\x80\x99s conduct, observ\xc2\xac \ning that she had chosen the better part, which should not \nbe taken from her. When Lazarus fell sick and died, he \nwas renovated by our Saviour, f who being some time \nafterwards invited to supper at Simon\xe2\x80\x99s the leper, at \nBethany, Martha attended; Lazarus was also one of the \nguests, and Mary poured a box of precious perfume on \nthe head and feet of Jesus. Judas Iscariot murmured at \n\n\n* Luke x. 38, 42. \n\nf See Geo, Exer. on the New Test. No. 67, 3rd edit. \n\n\n\n\nJULY. \n\n\n293 \n\n\nthis waste, as lie termed it; but Jesus undertook Mary\xe2\x80\x99s \ndefence, saying, that by this she had anticipated his em\xc2\xac \nbalmment, and, in a manner, had declared his death and \nburial to be at hand. From this time the Scripture does \nnot mention Martha and Mary. The ancient Latins and \nmodern Greeks believe, that they remained at Jerusalem \nand died there; and some assert that Lazarus retired to \nCitium, in the island of Cyprus, where, they say, he ended \nhis days. \n\n29, 1693. King William, owing chiefly to the cowardice \nof the Dutch horse, was defeated by the French, under \nthe command of Marshal Luxemburgh, at Landen, about \n18 miles N. E. of Namur, in the Netherlands. \n\n30, 1743. Died in London, Thomas Emlyn, an eminent \nNonconformist divine of distinguished parts, great learn\xc2\xac \ning, and abounding in all moral and religious graces. \nTo the shame and reproach of a Christian country, and \nthe eternal disgrace of his bigoted and intolerant Dissent\xc2\xac \ning brethren, his persecutors, this heavenly-minded man \nwas pursued even to bonds and imprisonment, and the \nspoiling of his goods, on account of his having departed \nfrom the commonly received opinion on a mysterious \npoint of religion. These cruel sufferings he endured with \nsuch patience and fortitude as left no room to doubt his \nsincerity. The excellent Dr. Samuel Clarke* was one \nof his most intimate friends, and his funeral sermon was \npreached by the candid and eloquent Dr. James Foster,f \nat the meeting-house in Barbican. Mr. Emlyn was born \nat Stamford, in Lincolnshire, May 27, 1663, and interred \nin Bunhill-Fields. His works were collected after his \ndeath, and printed with Memoirs of the Author, by his \nson, an eminent counsellor, who died in 1756. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1768. The famous circumnavigator James Cook, J \nsailed from Deptford on the first of his three celebrated \nvoyages. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 177L Died Thomas Gray, an admired English poet, \nand a man of extensive erudition and highly cultured \ntaste. Fie has immortalized his name by his \xe2\x80\x9c Ode on a \ndistant Prospect of Eton College,\xe2\x80\x9d \xe2\x80\x9c The Bard,\xe2\x80\x9d and \n\xe2\x80\x9cAn Elegy written in a Country Churchyard.\xe2\x80\x9d The \nuniversal applause given to this last production proves \nthe truth of Dr. Johnson\xe2\x80\x99s remark, \xe2\x80\x9cthat it comes home. \n\n\n* See Index. \n\n\nf See Index. \n\n\n\n294 \n\n\nJULY. \n\n\nto men\xe2\x80\x99s business and bosomsand it has received the \nfurther commendation of a modern critic, who says, that \nno performance of the elegiac kind can compare with it \neither in splendour or in dignity. Aikin\xe2\x80\x993 Letters on \nEnglish, Poetry. Gray was born in Cornhill,* died at \nCambridge, and was interred at Stoke-Pogeis, in Buck\xc2\xac \ninghamshire\xe2\x80\x94the scene of his admired Elegy. On a \nmonument raised to his memory, in Westminster Abbey, \nby his friend Mason, are the following expressive lines : \n\nNo more the Grecian Muse unrivall\xe2\x80\x99d reigns ; \n\nTo Britain let the nations homage pay : \n\nShe boasts a Homer\xe2\x80\x99s fire in Milton\xe2\x80\x99s strains, \n\nA Pindar\xe2\x80\x99s rapture in the lyre of Gray 1 \n\n31. The Greek church keeps the festival of Joseph of \nArimathea, a Jewish senator, and privately a disciple \nof Jesus Christ. He had not consented to the acts of \nthose who condemned our Lord; after whose death he \nwent boldly to Pilate, and begged to have the body, \nwhich he (Mark xv. 43, John xix. 38") interred in an \nhonourable manner, in a sepulchre newly made, in a \ngarden, on the same mount Calvary where Jesus had \nbeen crucified; and he closed the entrance of the cave \nwith a great stone. Matt, xxvii. 60; John xix. 40, 41. \nSee Nicodemus, Index; Arith. Quest. 10th edit. art. \nAloes ; and Geo . Exer. on the New Test. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1718. John Hewet and Sarah Drew, an industrious \nyoung man and virtuous maiden, being at harvest-work, \n(with several others,) were in one instant killed by light\xc2\xac \nning, at Stanton-Harcourt, near Blenheim and Wood- \nstock, in Oxfordshire. See Sept. 3, 1789. \n\n\n* The house which gave him birth was burnt in the well-known \nfire of 1748. The tenement which rose upon its site was, as ap\xc2\xac \npears by his will, occupied in 1774, by Mr. Natzell, a perfumer. \nIt is now (1830) inhabited by Mr. Barraud, watch and clock \nmaker, and numbered 41, a few doors from Birchin Laue. \nThe life and poems of Gray were published by Mason in 1775. \nThe late Gilbert Wakefield also published an edition of the \npoems. The genius of that elegant scholar warmly sympa\xc2\xac \nthised with the grandeur, pathos, and erudition of the poet, and \nhe has introduced some fine collateral passages from ancient and \nmodern literature to illustrate his author. The poems of Gray, \nwith notes and a life, were published in 1814, by the Rev. J. \nMitford. \n\n\n\nJULY. \n\n\n295 \n\n\nLive well, and fear no sudden fate: \n\nWhen God calls virtue to the grave, \n\nAlike \xe2\x80\x99tis justice, soon or late- \n\nMercy alike, to kill or save.* * * \xc2\xa7 Pope. \n\nThe surest way, says the pious Sturm, to guard against \nthe fear of thunder, or any other alarming phenomena of \nnature, is to endeavour to have a good conscience.f \nThe righteous, calm and composed, fear not the judg\xc2\xac \nments of heaven, knowing that they are under the pro\xc2\xac \ntection of the Most High. Thunder, indeed, as it purifies \nthe air, may be considered among\' his blessings to man\xc2\xac \nkind ;X and to shew how little chance there is of being \nstruck by lightning, it has been calculated, that out of \n750,000 persons, who died in the space of thirty years \nin London, there were but two of them killed by light\xc2\xac \nning^ \xe2\x80\xa2 \n\n31, 1/43. Expired, in the 45th year of his age, Richard \nSavage, a celebrated English poet, and perhaps one of \nthe most remarkable characters that is to be met with in \nall the records of biography. He was the son of the \nCountess of Macclesfield, by whom he was treated with \nthe most unnatural cruelty through life, so as to excite the \npity and assistance of many distinguished persons, of which \nhe was undeserving. \n\nThe wise and good I pity in misfortune; \n\nBut when ingratitude and folly suffers, \n\n\xe2\x80\x99Tis weakness to be touched. \n\nSir W. Scott\xe2\x80\x99s Mis. Works, Vol. TV. \n\nSavage was a man of excellent parts; but his haughti\xc2\xac \nness, intemperance, and ingratitude, defeated all the \nattempts of his friends to serve him ; insomuch that he con\xc2\xac \ncluded a life of penury and wretchedness in a jail at Bristol; \n\xe2\x80\x94an eminent instance of the uselessness and insignifi\xc2\xac \ncance of knowledge, wit, and genius, without prudence \nand a proper regard to the common maxims of the world. \n\n\n* The tragical fate of these lovers is made the subject of a \nbeautiful and pathetic episode in Thomson\xe2\x80\x99s Seasons. \n\nt L\xe2\x80\x99impie Caligula, a P ou\'ie de tonnerre, s\xe2\x80\x99 alloit cacher sous \nson lit. Drelincourt\xe2\x80\x99s Sonnets Chretiens. \n\n+ S eeArith. Quest. 10. edit. art. Volcano. \n\n\xc2\xa7 See fixer, on the Globes, 11th edit. art. Thunder and Light\xc2\xac \nning. \n\n\n\n\n296 JULY. \n\nHe was buried in the churchyard of St. Peter, at the ex- \n\n* * \n\npense of the jailer.* \n\n31, 1802. Expired, in Grove-Place, Hackney, aged six \nyears and nine months, Thomas Williams Malkin, \na most amiable child, whose juvenile proficiency in \nwriting, drawing, geography, and languages, combined \nwith the uncommon powers of his understanding, me\xc2\xac \nmory, and imagination, excited the utmost astonishment \nof his friends, and justly ranked him among the most \nextraordinary prodigies of early genius that had ever \nappeared in the world. An interesting account of Mas\xc2\xac \nter Malkin\xe2\x80\x99s short life was published by his afflicted father. \nDr. Malkin, author of \xe2\x80\x9cA Tour through South Wales,\xe2\x80\x9d \nand other able works. \n\n\n* See July 15, 1802. \n\n\n/ \n\n\n\n( 297 ) \n\n\nAUGUST. \n\nRipen\xe2\x80\x99d by autumnal skies, \n\nRicli the golden Harvests rise : \n\nWhile the loaded orchards gleam, \n\nRuddy to the mellowing beam. \n\nRichards. \n\nAugust, the eighth month of our year, was dedicated \nto the honour of Augustus Caesar, becase in the same month \nhe was created consul, or chief magistrate, thrice triumphed \nin Rome, subdued Egypt to the Roman empire, and made \nan end of the civil wars. It was before called Sextilis , or \nthe sixth from March. \n\nIn this month the heart of the English farmer is glad\xc2\xac \ndened by seeing the products of the earth safely housed, \nand beyond the reach of injury. \n\nInwardly smiling, the proud farmer views \nThe rising pyramids that grace his yard, \n\nAnd counts his large increase : his barns are stor\xe2\x80\x99d. \n\nAnd groaning staddles bend beneath their load. \n\nSomerville. \n\nThe jovial festival observed at this season cheers also the \nhearts of the laborious peasantry, who, as Dryden observes, \nwhen \n\nThe hay is mow\xe2\x80\x99d, and the corn is reap\xe2\x80\x99d \nThe barns are fill\xe2\x80\x99d, and the hovels heap\xe2\x80\x99d. \n\nDo merrily roar out harvest home.* \n\nAugust, says Peacham, should be drawn in the form of a \nyoung man of a choleric aspect, with a garland of wheatf \nand rye upon his head; or a basket of pears, plums, and \napples, upon his arm. \n\nREMARKABLE EVENTS. \n\n1, Lammas Day ; so called, as some will have it, because \nlambs then grow out of season, as being too big. Others \nderive it from a Saxon word signifying \xe2\x80\x9c loafmass,\xe2\x80\x9d \n\n\n* See December. \n\n\nf Summer in her wheaten garland crown\xe2\x80\x99d. \n\no 3 \n\n\nAddison. \n\n\n\nAUGUST. \n\n\niecause on that day our forefathers made an offering of \noread made with new wheat. On this day the tenants \nwho formerly held lands of the cathedral church in \nYork, were bound by their tenure to bring a lamb alive \ninto the church at high mass.* \n\n1, 1498. Columbus discovered the continent of Ame\xc2\xac \n\nrica. \n\n*\xe2\x80\x94 1589. Henry III., King of France, was murdered at \nSt. Cloud, near Paris, by Jaques Clement, a Dominican \nfriar.f The assassin was instantly put to death by the \ncourtiers. Henry was the last king of the race of Valois. \n\nSee Usson, Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gazetteer. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1714. Queen Anne, daughter of James II., expired \nat Kensington, in the 50th year of her age and the 13th \nof her reign. She was the last of the Stuart race that ; \nsat on the British throne. This family, from the acces- j 1 \nsion of James I., had swayed the sceptre of England 111 J \nyears. The queen was interred in Westminster Abbey. * \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1715. Dogget\xe2\x80\x99s Coat and Badge. This being the \nfirst anniversary of George I/s accession to the throne, \n\nThomas Dogget gave a waterman\xe2\x80\x99s coat and silver \nbadge to be rowed for by six young watermen in honour \nof the day. And to commemorate that happy event, he \nbequeathed at his death a sum of money, the interest of \nwhich was to be appropriated annually, for ever, to the \nsame patriotic purpose. The candidates start at a signal \ngiven, at that time of the tide when the current is strong\xc2\xac \nest against them, and row from the Old Swan, London \nBridge, to the White Swan, at Chelsea. Dogget was \nan actor of great and original merit belonging to Drury \nLane Theatre.J In his political principles Dogget was, \nin the words of Sir Richard Steele, a \xe2\x80\x9c Whig up to the \nhead and earsand so strictly was he attached to the \ninterests of the House of Hanover, that he never let slip \nany occasion that presented itself of demonstrating his \nsentiments in that respect. He died in 1721. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1759. Prince Ferdinand of Brunswick gained a \nfamous victory over the French, commanded by the Mar- \n\n\n* See Mass, Index. t See Dominicans, Index. \n\nX Dogget left a sum of money, the interest of which was to \nbe laid out in the purchase of a twelfth cake on the 6th of Ja\xc2\xac \nnuary, when the performers of Drury Lane Theatre assemble to \ndraw king and queen, and to drink to the memory of their bene\xc2\xac \nfactor. \n\n\n\n\nAUGUST. \n\n\n299 \n\n\n\'slial de Contades, at Minden, in Germany. The British \nand Hanoverian horse were commanded by Lord George \nSackville, who was, on his return to England, tried by a \ncourt-martial and found guilty of having disobeyed the \norders of Prince Ferdinand, and was judged unfit to serve \nhis majesty in any military capacity whatsoever. (Smol\xc2\xac \nlett\xe2\x80\x99s Cont. of Hume.\') An attempt has been lately made \nto prove Sackville to have been the author of Junius\xe2\x80\x99s \nLetters. See Literary Gazette , Sept. 1825, and Monthly \nReview, Vol. CV1I. \n\n2, 1/90. Died John Knox, many years a bookseller of \neminence in the Strand, who devoted the fortune he had \nacquired by his business to the improvement of his coun\xc2\xac \ntry, in planning a herring-fishery,* and the settlement \nof new towns on the coast of Scotland. He visited and \nexplored that kingdom sixteen times in twenty-three \nyears, beginning in 17 (H; and, in two volumes, gave a \nsystematic view of Scotland in general. He was also, \nit is conjectured, the original compiler of the work called \n\xe2\x80\x9cGuthrie\xe2\x80\x99s Geographical Grammarthe Introduction \nalone being the performance of that laborious writer. \nSee March 9, 1770. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1798. Nelson\xe2\x80\x99s Victory. A most important victory \nwas obtained by Sir Horatio Nelson over a French fleet, \nin Aboukir Bay, near Rosetta, considerably W. of the \nmouth of the celebrated river Nile, in the north-east part \nof Africa. Achievements no less splendid may have often \ngraced the naval triumphs of Great Britain ; but history, \nif we except the memorable overthrow of the Spanish \nArmada, does not furnish a parallel to this conquest, \neither in extent of execution or magnitude of advantage ; \nthe whole of the French line of battle ships, excepting \ntwo., having been either taken, burnt, or destroyed.f The \ngallant A-dmiral was afterwards created a peer of Great \nBritain by the title of Baron Nelson of the Nile. See \nNov. 29, 1798. \n\nThe practice of giving British Admirals titles derived \nfrom the scenes of their respective exploits, as in the \ncases of Earl of St. Vincent, + Lord Duncan of Camper- \ndown,\xc2\xa7 and Baron Nelson of the Nile, is highly proper; \n\n\n* See Arith. Quest, art. Herrings. \n\nf The two that escaped from the fight were afterwards taken; \none at Corfu, the other at Malta. \n\nX See Feb. 14, 1797. \n\n\n5 See Oct. 11, 1797. \n\n\n\n300 \n\n\nAUGUST. \n\n\nas it furnishes a distinctive, and in some degree an his\xc2\xac \ntorical, record of their services. The original idea, how\xc2\xac \never, belongs not to the present period. See July 1, \n1691. \n\n1, 1803. Died, in his 58th year, William Woodfall, \nremarkable for his retentive memory. He was the first \nwriter who undertook to detail at length in a newspaper, \nthe reports of the debates in parliament, the same night in \nwhich they occurred. This he performed for many years \nwith unexampled fidelity, without even taking a note to \nassist his recollection, or employing an amanuensis to \nrelieve his labour. He was born in London, and died in \nQueen Street, Westminster. See Aug. 10, 1804. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1807. Died, in London, in his 76th year, John Wal\xc2\xac \nker, an eminent writer on English Grammar and Elo\xc2\xac \ncution ; as a professor of which he had, for nearly forty \nyears, deservedly held the highest reputation. His \xe2\x80\x9c Pro\xc2\xac \nnouncing Dictionary of the English Language\xe2\x80\x9d is a monu\xc2\xac \nment of his skill and industry: but he had, besides this \nwork, published many others of acknowledged excellence \non philological subjects. \n\n\xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x80\x94 1822. Died, in the 74th year of his age, Mr. William \nButler, author of this work. He was born at St. John\xe2\x80\x99s, \nnear Worcester, Oct. 12, 1748, and received his education \nin that city. Having acquired considerable knowledge, \nand especially an excellent style of penmanship, he, in \n1765, repaired to the metropolis, and commenced his \ncareer as a Teacher of Writing and Geography. In these \nbranches of education he attained the highest repute on \naccount of the improvements which were introduced by \nhim in his mode of instruction. His copies were derived \nfrom the sources of geography, history, and biographical \nmemoirs. A yet more extensive and permanent benefit \nwas conferred upon young persons by the many useful \nand ingenious works which he published, a list of which \nis prefixed to this volume. They contain a mass of infor\xc2\xac \nmation both instructive and entertaining, rarely collected \nin one form, and are admirably adapted to promote the \ngreat design of their author\xe2\x80\x94the moral, intellectual, and \nreligious improvement of the rising generation; to this he \nconsecrated all his faculties, the stores of his memory, \nand the treasures of his knowledge. \n\nA strict probity, an inviolable regard to truth, an \nhonourable independence of mind, and a diffusive bene\xc2\xac \nvolence, adorned his moral character. How much he \nendeavoured to inculcate that which he deemed the foun- \n\n\nAUGUST. \n\n\n301 \n\n\ndation of every virtue\xe2\x80\x94the principle of religion, may be \nseen in this and all his works : to impress this principle on \nthe youthful heart and mind was considered by him as the \nhighest duty. His writings have instructed, and will long \ncontinue to instruct, the rising generation, and benefit \nmankind. His virtues will live and have a force beyond \nthe grave. \n\nMr. Butler died at Hackney, after a painful illness, \nwhich was borne with exemplary patience and pious re\xc2\xac \nsignation. He was one of the oldest inhabitants of that \nparish, and was interred there, by his own desire, in the \nburying-ground attached to the meeting-house of his \nfriend, the late Rev. Samuel Palmer.* \n\nWithin that ground in silent sleep \nThe virtuous Butler lies ; \n\nYe sorrowing friends, forbear to weep,\xe2\x80\x94 \n\nThe good man never dies. \n\n2, 338 B. C. Battle of Ch/eronea, in which Philip of \nMacedon defeated the confederate army of the Thebans \nand Athenians.f Chseronea was a city of Boeotia, a \ncountry of Greece, now forming a part of Livadia, in \nEuropean Turkey. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1100 A. D. William II. was accidentally shot in the \nNew Forest, Hants, by Walter Tyrrel, a French gentle\xc2\xac \nman, remarkable for his skill in archery. The king was \nburied, without any pomp or ceremony, at Winchester. \nIt was remarked in that age, that Richard, an elder bro\xc2\xac \nther of William\xe2\x80\x99s, perished by an accident in the New \nForest ; Richard, his nephew, natural son of Duke Robert, \nlost his life in the same place, after the same manner; \nand all men, upon the king\xe2\x80\x99s fate, exclaimed, that as the \nConqueror had been guilty of extreme violence in expel\xc2\xac \nling all the inhabitants of that large district to make room \nfor his game, the just vengeance of Heaven was signal\xc2\xac \nized, in the same place, by the slaughter of his posterity. \nWilliam was killed in the thirteenth year of his reign, and \nabout the fortieth of his age. The following inscription \nfor a monument in the New Forest, came from the pen \nof an elegant modern poet: \n\n\n* A Memoir of Mr. Butler appeared in the Monthly Reposi\xc2\xac \ntory, for September, and in the Monthly Magazine, and Gentle\xc2\xac \nman\xe2\x80\x99s Magazine, for October, 1822. \n\nf See Arith. Quest. \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAUGUST. \n\n\nThis is the place where William\xe2\x80\x99s kingly power \nDid from their poor aud peaceful homes expel, \nUnfriended, desolate, and shelterless, \n\nThe habitants of all the fertile track \nFar as these wilds extend.\xe2\x80\x94He levell\xe2\x80\x99d down \nTheir little cottages, he bade their fields \nLie barren, so that o\xe2\x80\x99er the forest waste \nHe might most royally pursue his sports ! \n\nIf that thine heart be human. Passenger ! \n\nSure it will swell within thee, and thy lips \nWill mutter curses on him.\xe2\x80\x94Think thou then \nWhat cities flame, what hosts unsepulchred \nPollute the passing wind, when raging Power \nDrives on his blood-hounds to the chase of man ; \n\nAnd as thy thoughts anticipate that day \nWhen God shall judge aright, in charity \nPray for the wicked rulers of mankind. \n\nSouthey. \n\n2, 1/04. The English and their confederates, under the \ncommand of the Duke of Marlborough and Prince Eu\xc2\xac \ngene, gained a most splendid and important victory over \nthe French and Bavarians at Blenheim, a village on the \nDanube, north of Augsburg, in the circle of Suabia, \nGermany. Twelve thousand French and Bavarians were \nslain in the field, or drowned in the Danube : \n\n\xe2\x80\x9c Deep groan\xe2\x80\x99d the water with the dying sound ; \n\nItepeated wounds the redd\xe2\x80\x99ning river dy\xe2\x80\x99d, \n\nAnd the warm purple circled on the tide.\xe2\x80\x9d \n\nThirteen thousand more were made prisoners of war, \namong whom was the French General, Marshal Tallard, \nwho was brought to England, where he remained seven \nyears in captivity, chiefly in Nottingham Castle. Blen\xc2\xac \nheim House, a noble and princely mansion at Woodstock, \nnear Oxford, was settled by Parliament on the Duke of \nMarlborough and his heirs, in consideration of the public \nservices performed by him. The tenure by which his \nGrace holds the manor of Woodstock is, the presenting \nat the Castle of Windsor annually, on the day in which \nthe battle of Blenheim was fought, a flag embroidered \nwith fleurs de lis ; * which flag is shewn to all strangers \n\n\n* See Exer. on the Globes , 11th edit., art. Fleur de Lis; Arit/i. \nQuest. Battle of Agincourt; and Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gaz. art. Blenheim. \n\nThe manor of Bedfords, in Essex, is said to have been held by \nthe romantic service of presenting the Queen of Edward IV. with \na red rose on the 24th of June. Neale\xe2\x80\x99s Views of Seats. \n\n\n\nAUGUST. \n\n\n303 \n\n\nwho visit the Castle. Dr. Mayor\xe2\x80\x99s Poem on Blenheim \nHouse, accompanied with a description of this justly- \ncelebrated place, may be considered as the Blenheim \nGuifie; and, as such, it cannot fail of being peculiarly \nacceptable to those who visit that noble and delightful \nscenery, and is the best succedaneum that we know, to \nthose who have never seen that superb seat. \n\n2, 1/38. Died Thomas Gainsborough, the celebrated \n\nportrait and landscape painter. He was born at Sudbury, \n\nin Suffolk, in the year 1727. The woods of Suffolk were \n\nthe school of this great artist; nature was his instructress, \n\nand he was her faithful pupil. Gainsborough, says a \n\nmodern critic, like the poet Goldsmith, had a feeling for \n\nunsophisticated life, and whatever he designed or painted, \n\nbears evidence of his taste and sensibility \xe2\x80\x9c If ever this \n\n\xe2\x80\xa2/ \n\nnation,\xe2\x80\x9d said the late Sir Joshua Reynolds, \xe2\x80\x9c should pro\xc2\xac \nduce genius sufficient to acquire to us the honourable \ndistinction of an English school, the fame of Gains\xc2\xac \nborough will be transmitted to posterity, in the history of \nthe art, among the very first of that rising name.\xe2\x80\x9d Gains\xc2\xac \nborough was interred in the chapel at Kew, in Surrey \nThere is a portrait of himself in the Council Room, at \nSomerset House.* \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1798. A very awful event took place on the Liverpool \nstage. Mr. John Palmer, well known and long admired \nby the frequenters of the London theatres, being suddenly \ntaken ill, whilst acting the character of the Stranger, in a \nplay of that name, dropped down, and instantly expired. \nIt was not a little remarkable, that almost immediately \nbefore he fell, lie had uttered the following words, which \noccurred in his part; \xe2\x80\x9cThere is another and a better \nworld 1\xe2\x80\x9d Mr. Cummins, a respectable veteran actor, fell \ndown and instantly expired, on the stage at Leeds, June \n20, 1817. See Feb. 17, 1673, note. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1803. Died, at Dorking, in Surrey, John Hoole, \nthe elegant translator of the works of Tasso, Ariosto, and \nMetastasio, eminent Italian poets. Mr. Hoole was a very \n\n\n* The pictures executed by this great master are among those \nwhich are most eagerly sought after by the admirers of the art. \nHis famous \xe2\x80\x9c Cottage Scene\xe2\x80\x9d was in the collection of that dis\xc2\xac \ntinguished patron of British artists, Sir John Leicester ; and after \nhis death was purchased by Lord Grosveuor, in whose splendid \nGallery is also \xe2\x80\x9c zV Sea Shore,\xe2\x80\x9d which receives additional value \nfrom the consideration that the artist employed his pencil only on \nfour subjects of that kind. \n\n\n\n\n\n304 \n\n\nAUGUST. \n\n\namiable character, and greatlv esteemed by Dr. Johnson, \nHe was born in London in 1727, and was a clerk in the \nIndia House from the year 1774 to 1785, when he resign\xc2\xac \ned his situation. \n\n3. The Roman martyrology commemorates Lydia, a woman \nof Thyatira, a seller of purple, who dwelt in the city of \nPhilippi, in Macedonia.* She was converted by St. \nPaul\xe2\x80\x99s preaching, and was baptized, she and her family. \nShe offered her house to St. Paul so earnestly, that he \nwas prevailed on by her entreaties. Lydia is perhaps the \nname of her country, and she might be commonly called \nthe Lydian Lydia. \n\n\xe2\x96\xa0\xe2\x80\x94 Nicodemus\xe2\x80\x99s Festival. Nicodemus, a disciple of \nJesus Christ, was by nation a Jew, and by sect a Phari- \nsee.f The gospel calls him a ruler of the Jews, and our \nSaviour entitles him master in Israel. When Jesus began \nto manifest himself by his miracles at Jerusalem, Nico- \ndeinus came to him by night for further information. He \naccompanied Joseph of Arimathea to pay the last duties \nto the crucified Saviour\xe2\x80\x99s body, which the disciples took \ndown from the cross, embalmed, and laid in the sepul\xc2\xac \nchre. | So far Scripture relates. It is said, that the Jews \nthen deposed Nicodemus from his dignity as a senator, \nexcommunicated him, and drove him from Jerusalem; \nthey would have put him to death, had he not been re\xc2\xac \nlated to Gamaliel, who conveyed him to his country- \nhouse, where he supported him, and, when he died, \nburied him honourably near St. Stephen. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1460. James II., of Scotland, was killed by the acciden\xc2\xac \ntal bursting of a cannon, at Roxburgh, in the 29th year \nof his age, and 23rd of his reign. The nation deeply de\xc2\xac \nplored the loss of this monarch, whose talents and virtues \npromised lasting benefits to his country. Though a deep \nstain has been thrown on his character by his murder of \nDouglas, eighth Earl of Douglas, at Stirling, 1452, the \nother acts of his reign prove him to have been of a mild, \nbenevolent, and placable disposition. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1492. Columbus sailed from Palos, a port in Andalu\xc2\xac \nsia, Spain, on his first voyage. \n\n\n* See Acts xvi. 14, 40. \n\nf See John in. 1, and Pharisees, Index. \n\nX See John xix. 39, and Arith. Quest, art. Nicodemus; also \nGeo. Exer. on the New Test. 3rd edit. No. 105. \n\n\n\n\n\nAUGUST. \n\n\n305 \' \n\n\n3, 1732. Bank of England. The Bank of England laid \nthe first stone of their new building in Threadneedle \nStreet, into which they removed June 5, 1/34. The con\xc2\xac \ncerns of the Bank originally commenced at Grocers\xe2\x80\x99 Hall, \nand were carried on there till the removal to Threadnee\xc2\xac \ndle Street. The plan of conducting the important busi\xc2\xac \nness of this institution, which is the greatest of the kind \nthat exists in any part of the world, was formed in the \nyear 1693, by Mr. William Paterson, an experienced \nmerchant of London. The names of the architects under \nwhom, in succession, the Bank buildings have been \nerected, are Mr. George Sampson, Sir Robert Taylor, \nand Mr. Soane, by whom the beautiful and appropriate \nadditions recently made have been erected. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1792. Expired, at Rock-House, Cromford, Derbyshire, \nSir Richard Arkwright, a distinguished character, \nwhose unconquerable perseverance, and admirable inven\xc2\xac \ntion of machinery for spinning cotton, raised him, from \none of the most humble occupations in society, to afflu\xc2\xac \nence and honour; and which, in its consequences, has \nbeen a source of individual and national wealth, unpa\xc2\xac \nralleled in the annals of the world. It is said, that the vari\xc2\xac \nous productions of the cotton manufactories of Great \nBritain (of which his discoveries are the foundation) are \nat present, in their finished state, of not less than the \nannual value of 30,000,000/. sterling! This illustrious be\xc2\xac \nnefactor to his country was born in 1/32, at Preston, in \nLancashire. \xe2\x80\x9c Seest thou a man industrious in his busi\xc2\xac \nness,\xe2\x80\x94he shall stand before kings.\xe2\x80\x9d Proverbs. See \nWedgwood, Boulton, and Boydell. \n\n4, 1265. Was fought the battle of Evesham, (a very rich \nand \xe2\x80\x99beautiful vale,) in Worcestershire, in which Simon de \nMontfort, Earl of Leicester, was slain, and his army \ntotally routed by prince Edward, afterwards Edward I. \nHenry III., who had been taken prisoner at Lewes, was \ninhumanly placed in the front of Leicester\xe2\x80\x99s army, arrayed \nin his armour. During the fight the king was wounded, \nand would have been killed had he not made himself \nknown by this simple expression, \xe2\x80\x9c Do not kill me. I \nam Henry of Winchester, your king.\xe2\x80\x9d See May 14, \n1264. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1347. Calais, a town in France, in the department of \nthe Straits of Calais, province of Picardy, was taken by \nEdward III., after a memorable siege; an event which has \ngiven rise to some historical as well as dramatic fiction. \nIn the year 1557, in the inglorious reign of the sangui- \n\n\n306 \n\n\nAUGUST. \n\n\nnary Mary, Calais was retaken by the French, and has \never since remained in the possession of that nation. \nSee Miscell. Quest, in Eng. Hist. \n\n4, 1598. Cecil, Lord Burleigh died in an advanced \nage. He was nearly forty years principal minister to Eli\xc2\xac \nzabeth, and, by a rare fortune, was equally regretted by \nhis sovereign and the people. He seems not to have pos\xc2\xac \nsessed any shining talents of address, eloquence, or imagi\xc2\xac \nnation ; and was chiefly distinguished by solidity of un\xc2\xac \nderstanding, probity of manners, and indefatigable appli\xc2\xac \ncation to business: virtues which, as Hume observes, if \nthey do not always enable a man to attain high stations, \ndo certainly qualify him best for filling them. So disin\xc2\xac \nterested was his conduct that he was prayed for by the \npoor, honoured by the rich, feared by the bad, and loved \nby the good. Of all the queen\xe2\x80\x99s ministers he alone left a \nconsiderable fortune to his posterity: a fortune not ac\xc2\xac \nquired by rapine or oppression, but gained by the regular \nprofits of his offices, and preserved by a becoming Fru\xc2\xac \ngality. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1804. Admiral Lord Duncan died suddenly on his way \nto Edinburgh. He was born at Dundee, in Forfarshire, \nScotland, July 1, 1731. It should be mentioned to his \ncredit, that, through life. Admiral Duncan was a man of \nunaffected piety, and felt it an honour to be a Christian; \nencouraging religion by his own practice, and constantly \nenforcing the observance of it where he held the com\xc2\xac \nmand. When the victory was decided which has fixed his \nnaval renown, he ordered the crew of his ship to be called \ntogether, and at their head, upon his bended knees, in the \npresence of De Winter, the captured Dutch admiral, (who \nwas greatly affected with the scene,) solemnly and pathe\xc2\xac \ntically offered up praise and thanksgiving to the God of \nbattles; strongly proving the truth of the assertion, that \npiety and courage should be inseparably allied, and that \nthe latter without the former loses its principal virtue.* \nSee October 11, 1797. \n\n\n* See Cornelius, Sidney, and Gardiner, Index ; and Arith. \nQuest. 10th edit, Hattie of Agiucourt. We have great satisfaction \nin stating, that it is affirmed by persons well-informed on the sub\xc2\xac \nject, that there are at present numbers of sincere, zealous, and \nexemplary Christians, in the ships and regiments of Britain, who \nare the ornament of her service, the admiration of their comrades, \nand the dependence of their officers. \n\n\n\nAUGUST. \n\n\n307 \n\n\n5. (Year uncertain.) Was born Tullia, the beloved daugh\xc2\xac \nter of Cicero. Her extreme delicacy, universal benevo\xc2\xac \nlence, distinguished piety, consummate prudence, singu\xc2\xac \nlar economy, indefatigable activity, profound learning, and \nexquisite beauty, are not merely supported by the partial \nevidence of parental fondness, but likewise transmitted to \nmemory by authors who cannot be suspected of those \nprepossessions. In the year of Rome 708, or 45 years \nB. C., depressed with her own, her family\xe2\x80\x99s, and her \ncountry\xe2\x80\x99s misfortunes, she was seized with a languishing \nindisposition, which caused that premature departure so \nlong and so pathetically lamented by her disconsolate \nfather, the incomparable Roman orator. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1100. Henry I. was crowned at Westminster. He \nwas surnamed Beauclerc , from his literary attainments, \nand was the third king of the Norman line. By his cou\xc2\xac \nrage and address he intruded himself into the vacant \nthrone, on the death of Rufus, to the exclusion of his \nbrother Robert, who was a second time deprived of his \nright to the succession. Henry was the youngest son af \nWilliam I., and was born at Selby, in Yorkshire. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1717* Prince Eugene gained a complete victory over \nthe Turks at Peterwaradin, a town of Sclavonia, seated on \nthe river Danube, about thirty-five miles N. W. of Bel\xc2\xac \ngrade, in Turkey in Europe. The Turks, being totally \ndefeated, lost all their tents, artillery, and baggage; and \nthe victors obtained an immense booty. Belgrade was \ntaken by Prince Eugene in the same year. \n\n6, The Transfiguration. This term, among divines, \nmeans the miraculous change of our Saviour\xe2\x80\x99s appearance \non Mount Tabor,* in the presence of Peter, James, and \nJohn, when he appeared in his glory, in company with \nMoses and Elias. The word is also applied to a feast held \nin the Romish church on the 6th of August, in comme\xc2\xac \nmoration of that miracle. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1637. Expired Benjamin Jonson, a celebrated En\xc2\xac \nglish poet, born in Westminster in 1574. He was bred a \nbricklayer, but went afterwards to St. John\xe2\x80\x99s College, \nCambridge. Over his grave in Westminster-Abbey is a \n\n\n* Mount Tabor is most delightfully situated; rising amid the \nplains of Galilee, and exhibiting to the enchanted eye a charming \nvariety of prospects. See Geo. Exer. on the New Test. art. Tabor, \nand No. 53. \n\n\n\n308 \n\n\nAUGUST. \n\n\ncommon pavement stone, on which are engraven these \nwords, \xe2\x80\x9c O rare Ben Jonson !\xe2\x80\x9d* \n\n6, 1G51. Fenelon, the celebrated archbishop of Cambray, \nwas born at the castle of Fenelon in Perigord, in the late \nprovince of Guienne, France. The annals of time do not, \nperhaps, contain a name more revered, by the best and \nwisest friends of the human race, than that of Felenon; \nand it is doubted whether any production of human genius \never was so effectual in enlightening mankind, and in ren\xc2\xac \ndering them benevolent and just, as the beautiful philoso\xc2\xac \nphic poem of Telemachus, which contains a greater \nportion of political and moral wisdom than is to be found \nin any preceding work. This most amiable man, after \nacquitting himself in all the duties of his station, and lead\xc2\xac \ning a most exemplary life, expired in 1715, in the 64th \nyear of his age. D\xe2\x80\x99Alembert, who remarks that there is \na long, dull epitaph on his monument, gives the follow\xc2\xac \ning: \xe2\x80\x9c Underneath this stone Fenelon reposes 1 Tra\xc2\xac \nveller, efface not by thy tears this epitaph\xe2\x80\x94that others \nmay read it and weep as well as thee.\xe2\x80\x9d \n\nFor the truly great aud good \nWell may we spare detail of praises on them ; \n\nTo know them, and to name them, is enough.f \n\nShakspeare\xe2\x80\x99s Aphorisms \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1657- Family Longevity. On this day were married \nat Haddington, in Scotland, Alexander Maitland and Ca\xc2\xac \ntharine Cunningham. The ages of nine of the children \nof this union amounted to 738 years. See Arith. Quest . \nart. Longevity. \n\n7, 1485. The Earl of Richmond, grandson of Owen \nTudor, and the queen dowager of Henry V., landed at \nMilford-Haven, in Pembrokeshire, South Wales, with \n2000 men. He was afterwards Henry VII. Lord Bacon \nrelates that Henry VI., during the wars of the Roses, be\xc2\xac \ning at dinner in\'the Tower, where the young earl of Rich- \n\n\n* In a work lately published entitled \xe2\x80\x9c Aubrey, or Letters from \nthe Originals in the Bodleian Library and Ashmolean Museum,\xe2\x80\x9d \nis the following sentence : \xe2\x80\x9c The inscription 0 rare Ben Jonson! \nwas donne at the chardge of Jack Young, (afterwards knighted,) \nwho, walking there when the grave was covering, gave the fellow \neighteen pence to cutt it.\xe2\x80\x9d \n\nf See Arith. Quest. 10th edit. art. Epitaph. The Epitaph of \nTasso : Torquati Tassi Ossa. See April 25, 1595. \n\n\n\nAUGUST. \n\n\n309 \n\n\nmond was in attendance, said, \xe2\x80\x9c That boy shall possess \nthe crown for which we are now struggling.\xe2\x80\x9d This pre\xc2\xac \ndiction has also been quoted by Shakspeare. Richard \nIII. says, \n\n\xe2\x80\x9c I do remember me, Henry the sixth \nDid prophesy that Richmond should be king. \n\nWhen Richmond was a little peevish boy.\xe2\x80\x9d \n\nSee August 22, 1485. \n\n7, 1789. Died William Edwards, a mason, eminent for \nhis skilful erection of Bridges. The Pont-y-Prydd, or \nNew Bridge, over the Tave, a mountain stream in Gla\xc2\xac \nmorganshire, South Wales, was erected by this self-taught \ngenius. It formed, at the time of its construction, with \nvery few exceptions, the largest arch in Europe. It con\xc2\xac \nsists of a single arch, 140 feet in the chord, and 35 feet in \nheight above the level of the river at low water. The \nappearance of this elegant structure, which stretches over \nthe bed of the Tave, and rises from its steep banks like a \nrainbow, is exceedingly beautiful and picturesque. Mr. \nEdwards was born in 1719, in the parish of Eglwysilan, \nnot far from this spot, and was buried in the churchyard \nof his native place.* See Aritfi. Quest, art. Bridges. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1799. Expired, in London, John Bacon, R. A., a cele\xc2\xac \nbrated sculptor, born in the borough of Southwark, No\xc2\xac \nvember 24, 1740. He was apprenticed to a painter of \nchina at Lambeth ; but observing the models of different \nsculptors which were sent to a neighbouring potter\xe2\x80\x99s to \n\n\n* The Swiss, and particularly the inhabitants of the canton of \nAppenzel, have always been celebrated for their skill in mechanics. \nA remarkable instance of their mechanical genius was furnished \nby Ulrich Grubenman. This man, who was a common carpenter, \nwas the inventor of that sort of wooden bridge which is in German \ncalled hcengwerk. \n\nIn consequence of the repeated washing away of the bridges of \nSchaffhausen, a committee was appointed to consider of a plan \nfor a new structure. Grubenman, in order to avoid the force of \nthe stream, proposed to erect a bridge which should consist of \na single arch. The idea of throwing an arch across a width of \n300 feet, was treated with ridicule, and the plan was about to be \ndismissed as the project of a visionary, when Grubenman, as the \nstory runs, answered the objections by jumping with his whole \nweight upon the miniature model of his intended work, which \nbore him up triumphantly, and his plan was in the end adopted. \n\xe2\x80\x94Diary of an Invalid , by H. Matthews, Esq. \n\n\n\n310 \n\n\nAUGUST. \n\n\nbe burnt, lie conceived a stong inclination to pursue the \nart of sculpture, and his progress was as rapid as the deci\xc2\xac \nsion was sudden. His works have been long marked with \na distinguished approbation : and they will be accompa\xc2\xac \nnied through future ages with the applause of a poet, the \nproductions of whose genius will probably be admired till \nthat period of which it will be said, \xe2\x80\x9c Time shall be no \nlonger.\xe2\x80\x9d Cowper,* * * \xc2\xa7 speaking of London, observes. \n\nThere, touch\xe2\x80\x99d by Reynolds,f a dull blank becomes \nA lucid mirror, in which nature sees \nAll her reflected features. Bacon there \nGives more than female beauty to a stone, \n\nAnd Chatham\xe2\x80\x99s eloquence to marble lips.J \n\nIn his private life Mr. Bacon exhibited the chief vir\xc2\xac \ntues that adorn our nature. His filial affection in particu\xc2\xac \nlar was remarkable : at the early age of sixteen he princi\xc2\xac \npally supported his parents by the produce of his labours, \neven to the abridging himself of the necessaries of life.\xc2\xa7 \nLet children learn, says his biographer, not only from \nGod\xe2\x80\x99s word, but also from facts like the present, how a \ndutiful and affectionate regard to their parents is marked \nby Him on whom all depends. It is sowing the seeds of \nfuture blessings. Honour thy father and mother, that it \nmay he well with thee. See No. 1, Geo. Ever. on the \nNew Test. \n\nMr. Bacon, being desirous of bearing a posthumous \nand public testimony to his belief of Christianity, ordered \nby his will the following inscription to be placed on a \nplain stone over his grave: \xe2\x80\x9c What I was as an artist, \nseemed to me of some importance while I lived : but \nwhat I really was as a believer in Christ Jesus, is the only \nthing of importance to me now.\xe2\x80\x9d|| Religious feelings. \n\n\n* See April 25. 1800. f See Feb. 23, 1792. \n\nX The best specimen of Mr. Bacon\xe2\x80\x99s chisel, and an admirable \n\nspecimen it is, the subject and grandeur of the monument com\xc2\xac \nmanding equal attention, was erected at the expense of the coun\xc2\xac \ntry to the memory of the great Earl of Chatham, in Westminster \nAbbey. See May 11, 1778. \n\n\xc2\xa7 See Pope, Swift, and Biddle, Index; also Arith. Quest. 10th \nedit. art. Virgil. \n\n|| Whatever our station or rank, our education or our circum\xc2\xac \nstances in life may be, let this, says Dr. Doddridge, be our con- \n\n\n\nAUGUST. \n\n\n31 i \n\n\nwhen judiciously expressed on monuments or grave-stones, \nare consolatory signets of immortality. He that dying, \nthinheth on heaven\'s bliss, must surely wish to have a sign \nof that hope marked on his tomb. Its absence seeins\'to \nimply, that when he died he made no sign. See Arith. \nQuest, 10th edit. Beaufort, Cardinal. \n\n7, 1804. The China fleet, commanded by Captain Dance, \narrived off the Isle of Wight, Hampshire. The news was \nreceived by the nation with an enthusiasm excited rather \nby the merit of the officers and crews, than the safety of \nan immense property, amounting to 8,000,000/. sterling : \nas they had given one of the most brilliant examples of \ncourage and knowledge of nautical tactics ever exhibited \nby the seamen of merchant vessels in any nation known \nto history. The gallant action to which we allude, was \nthe defeating of a French squadron of very superior force, \nby which they were attacked on the 15th of February, a \nfew days after they had left Canton. The Court of Di\xc2\xac \nrectors of the East India Company eagerly expressed their \nhigh sense of this heroic conduct, and immediately distri\xc2\xac \nbuted in money and pieces of plate, among the officers \nand crews of the fleet, a sum amounting to not less than \n60,000/. sterling. The committee of Subscribers to the \nnational fund at Lloyd\xe2\x80\x99s followed this liberal example, \nand voted elegant swords as presents to the several cap\xc2\xac \ntains. Captain Dance also received the compliment of \nknighthood from his Majesty. \xe2\x96\xa0 \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1806. Expired Elizabeth Smith, a lady of most \nextraordinary endowments; excelling in every thing that \nshe attempted\xe2\x80\x94music, dancing, drawing, perspective, \nmathematics, and various languages, botli ancient and \nmodern; \xe2\x80\x94 one of those characters which occasionally \nappear on earth, to manifest, as it were, the capacities of \nthe human mind, when vigorously applied to worthy ob\xc2\xac \njects. It is not, however, only in the intellectual excel- \n\n\ncern, that we may be in Christ and Christ in us; for on that \ndepends our everlasting all. \n\nArt and science, like thy wealth, will leave thee. \n\nAnd make thee twice a beggar at thy death ! Young. \n\nThe learned Selden, towards the close of his life, was so \nthoroughly convinced of the superior value of the Holy Scriptures \nas to declare, that the 11th, 12th, 13th, and 14th verses of the \n2d chapter of St. Paul\xe2\x80\x99s Epistle to Titus, afforded him more solid \nsatisfaction than all that he had ever read. \n\n\n\n\n312 \n\n\nAUGUST. \n\n\nlence of this accomplished young woman, that we can \nfind proper materials for panegyric. Under some of the \nseverest domestic calamities, and* the loss of family wealth,* \nshe conducted herself with that becoming resignation \nwhich proved that the profit of her studies was much \nmore than speculative. Indeed, the regulation of her \nheart seems to have been her constant employment; so \nthat her unfeigned piety, and her admirable exercise of \nthe social affections throughout all her intercourse with \nfriends and relatives, mutually supported and adorned \neach other. Favoured by nature with a person as en\xc2\xac \ngaging as her talents were unusual, she suffered not her \nzeal for knowledge to absorb too much of her mind, nor \nthe more serious duties of life to entrench on claims of \nminor consideration. In her character, that harmony of \nall its qualities appears to have existed, which blended \nand balanced the whole into something as near perfection \nas our nature admits to be realized at present. No part \nunduly preponderated; yet the gentleness and retiring \nmodesty of her disposition must assuredly have been her \ngreatest charm. To account for so many and such varied \nattainments, it must be observed, that Miss Smith was not \nonly possessed of uncommon abilities, but that her mind \nwas imbued with a deep sense of the value of every fleet\xc2\xac \ning moment. It was this noble principle, originating \nfrom the conviction of the continual watchfulness of the \nDeity over the actions of his creatures, that induced this \namiable being to devote the whole of her short life to pur\xc2\xac \nposes of improvement. The high praise here given is \nsufficiently warranted by the testimony of her works, \nwhich we recommend, particularly her \xe2\x80\x9cFragments,\xe2\x80\x9d to \nthe attentive perusal of young persons. \n\nMiss Smith was born at Burnhall, near Durham ; and \nin the 30th year of her age was deprived of life by that \nflattering and slowly destructive disorder, a decline.f See \nthe Monthly Review for January 1811, and the European \nMagazine for Nov. 1809; which last contains her por\xc2\xac \ntrait. \n\n7, 1821. Died, at Brandenburgh House, Hammersmith, \nafter a life of almost unexampled vicissitude. Queen \n\n\n* In the early part of life\' she was nursed in the lap of ease and \naffluence, amid the delightful scenery of Piercefield, then in pos\xc2\xac \nsession of her father. See Aug. 26, 1789. \n\nt See June 1, 1803. \n\n\n\n\nAUGUST. \n\n\n313 \n\n\nCaroline, Consort of his Majesty George IV., with \nwhom she was \xe2\x80\x9c matched , not paired\' \xe2\x80\x9d in April, 1795. \nShe was interred, by her own desire, among her illustrious \nancestors, at Brunswick, in Germany. This unfortunate \nPrincess was born in 1768. \n\nNothing extenuate, nor aught set down in malice. \n\nShakspeare. \n\n8, 1540. Henry VIII. married Catharine Howard, having- \njust been divorced from Anne of Cleves. She was the \nfifth of Henry\xe2\x80\x99s wives. Anne died in 1557, in the reign \nof Queen Mary. \n\n9, Prochorus, or Procorus, one of the seven deacons,* \nand who, according to some, was the first bishop of Ni- \ncomedia, suffered martyrdom at Antioch, after having \nmade himself famous by his miracles. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1783. Pelew Islands. Captain Wilson, of the An\xc2\xac \ntelope East-India Packet, was shipwrecked off the Pelew \nIslands, S. E. of the Philippines, in the Eastern Ocean. \nHe found the natives simple in their manners, delicate in \ntheir sentiments, friendly in their dispositions, and in fine, \na people that do honour to the human race. See Dec. \n27, 1784, and June 28, 1797- \n\nCaptain Wilson died in 1810, in Devonshire, whither \nhe had recently retired from the service of the East-India \nCompany. He had the honour to be second in command \nto Captain Dance, when Admiral Linois, in an eighty- \ngun ship, with several frigates, was baffled and discomfited \nby a fleet of East-Indiamen. See Aug. 7, 1804. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1804. Was found dead in his bed, at his vicarage of \nLowestoff, in Suffolk, Robert Potter, prebendary of \nNorwich cathedral, born in 1721. His translations into \n\n\n* Deacon, from the Greek, Diaconos, a minister or servant, \ndenotes, in church-language, one who assists either the bishop or \npriest in the service of the poor. For the institution of deacons, \nsee Acts vi. 1, &c. The seven deacons were Stephen, Philip, \nProchorus, Nicanor, Timon, Parinenos, and Nicolas : they were \npresented to the apostles, and ordained by prayer and imposition \nof hands. The qualifications of a deacon are mentioned by St. \nPaul, 1 Tim. iii. 8, 12. The apostle also speaks of Phoebe, \ndeaconess of the church of the port of Cenchrea,^ near Corinth. \nSee Romans, chap. xvi.; also Sept. 3. \n\n\nt See the author\xe2\x80\x99s map of the Travels and Voyages of St. Paul, in \nExer. on New Test. \n\n\nP \n\n\n\n\n314 \n\n\nAUGUST. \n\n\nEnglish of ASschylus, Euripides, and Sophocles, the three \ngreat writers of the Greek drama, are admired for their \nfidelity, as transfusing the loftiness, and yet preserving \nthe simplicity, of the originals. \n\n10, St. Lawrence\xe2\x80\x99s Day. This good man was one of the \nseven deacons under Sixtus, the bishop of Rome: all of \nwhom, together with the bishop himself, suffered martyr\xc2\xac \ndom under Valerian, about the year 260. The instrument \nof St. Lawrence\xe2\x80\x99s punishment was, as is generally suppos\xc2\xac \ned, a gridiron, upon which he was pressed down with \nforks and broiled to death. See the next article. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1557. The Spaniards, commanded by the Duke of \nSavoy and Count Egmont, assisted by the English, de\xc2\xac \nfeated the French, under the command of the Constable \nde Montmorenci, at St. Quintin, province of Picardy, \ndepartment of Aisne, France. In memory of this victory, \nPhilip II., in consequence of a vow emitted before the \nengagement, built a famous monastery at Escurial, a vil\xc2\xac \nlage fifteen miles from Madrid, which is called by the \nSpaniards the eighth wonder of the world. It consists of \nseveral courts and quadrangles, which altogether are dis\xc2\xac \nposed in the shape of a gridiron; and in the principal \nfront is a statue of St. Lawrence, (to whom the palace, \nchurch, and monastery, are dedicated,) with a gilt gridiron \nin his right hand. (See the last article.) The word Es\xc2\xac \ncurial is Arabic, meaning, \xe2\x80\x9ca place full of rocks,\xe2\x80\x9d an \nexact description of its situation, which is among barren \nand rugged mountains; and, as it has been well remarked, \ncoincides with the savage, morose character ascribed to \nits founder. See Sept. 13. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1575. Peter Bales, one of our earliest and most \neminent writing-masters, finished a performance which \ncontained the Lord\xe2\x80\x99s Prayer, the Creed, the Decalogue, \nwith two short prayers in Latin, his own name, motto, \nthe day of the month, year of our Lord, and reign of the \nqueen, (Elizabeth,) to whom he afterwards presented it \nat Hampton-Court, all within the circle of a single penny, \nenchased in a ring with borders of gold, and covered \nwith a crystal, so accurately wrought as to be plainly \nlegible, to the great admiration of her majesty, her mi\xc2\xac \nnisters, and several ambassadors at court. In 1590, \nBales kept a school at the upper end of the Old Bailey, \nand the same year published his \xe2\x80\x9c Writing School-Master!\xe2\x80\x9d \nIn 1595, he had a trial of skill in writing with a Mr. \nDaniel Johnson, for a golden pen of 20/ value, and won \nit. Upon this victory, his contemporary and rival in \n\n\n\nAUGUST. \n\n\n315 \n\n\npemanship, John Davies,* made a satirical, ill-natured \nepigram ; intimating that penury continually compelled \nBales to remove himself and his golden pen , to elude \nthe pursuit of his creditors. The particulars of the \ncontest for the pen; supposed to be written by Bales \nhimself, are in the British Museum, dated January 1, \n1596. \n\nMr. Bales was born in London in 1547; the time of \nhis death is uncertain : some state it to have happened in \n1600, others in 1610. See January 21, 1750, and April \n12 , 1700 . \n\n10, 1637. Was unfortunately drowned, in his twenty-fifth \nyear, Edward King, the subject of Milton\xe2\x80\x99s fine mo\xc2\xac \nnody, entitled \xe2\x80\x9cLycidas.\xe2\x80\x9d This deplorable catastrophe \nhappened as he was sailing from Chester to Ireland, on \na visit to his relations and friends in that country: when, \nin calm weather, not far from the English coast, the \nship, a very crazy vessel, \xe2\x80\x9c a fatal and perfidious bark,\xe2\x80\x9d \nstruck on a rock, and suddenly sunk to the bottom with \nall that were on board, not one escaping: \n\nSo Lycidas sunk below, but mounted high, \n\nThrough the dear might of Him that walk\xe2\x80\x99d the waves.f \n\n\n* This ingenious penman was a native of Hereford, where he \nobtained great reputation by his poetical compositions. He ap\xc2\xac \npears, however, by his book of Epigrams, to have had a consider\xc2\xac \nable portion of malignity in his natural temper; at least, his envy \nand spleen are manifest in what he wrote against Mr. Bales. It \nis not known in what year he came to London ; but in 1611, he \nwas settled in Fleet Street. He was engaged as writing-master \nto Henry, Prince of Wales, (son of James the First,) who is praised \nby Dr. BirchJ for his fair hand-writing, and the neatness of the \ncharacters in which he penned his epistles.\xc2\xa7 Davies died about \nthe year 1618, and was buried in the precincts of St. Giles\xe2\x80\x99s \nchurch, in the Fields, then near London. \n\nRichard Gething, another curious penman, was also born at \nHereford, and a scholar of Davies\xe2\x80\x99, whom he is said to have ex\xc2\xac \ncelled in all the branches of the art. In 1616, he resided at the \nHand and Pen, in Fetter Lane, London. Some of his engraved \nperformances are dedicated to Sir Francis Bacon. The time of \nGething\xe2\x80\x99s death is unknown. \n\nf A designation of our Saviour, by a miracle which bears an \nimmediate reference to the subject of this poem. See Geo. Exer. \non the New Test. No. 43. \n\n\n$ See Jan. 4, 1568. \n\n\nt See Jan. 9, 1766, and Nov. 6, 1612. \n\np 2 \n\n\n4 \n\n\n\n\n\n316 \n\n\nAUGUST. \n\n\nThis excellent youth was the son of Sir John King\xe2\x80\x99, \nknight, secretary for Ireland under Queen Elizabeth, \nJames the First, and Charles the First; and while at \nCambridge was distinguished for his amiable manners, \nfervent piety, and great attainments in polite literature. \nThat he was no mean proficient in poetry may be inferred \nfrom what Milton says of him : \n\n-Lycidas is dead, dead ere his prime. \n\nYoung Lycidas, and hath not left his peer : \n\nWho would not sing for Lycidas ? He knew \nHimself to sing , and build the lofty rhyme . \n\n10, 1675.* * * \xc2\xa7 The Royal Observatory in Greenwich Park \nwas begun to be erected by order of Charles II., at the \nsolicitation of Sir Jonas Moore and Sir Christopher Wren. \nAn observatory is a place destined for observing the \nheavenly bodies; being generally a building erected on \nsome eminence, covered with a terrace for making astro\xc2\xac \nnomical observations. The first astronomer-royal was \nMr. Flamsteed; hence the house adjoining is called \nFlamsteed House.f \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1773. The Honourable Captain Phipps,} who had \nbeen nine days environed with impenetrable barriers of \nice, in the Frozen Ocean, north of Spitzbergen, was \nprovidentially liberated from his perilous situation by a \nbrisk wind, which accomplished his deliverance, and \nfreed him and his crew from the dreadful prospect of \nperishing, like other adventurers, in the polar regions.\xc2\xa7 \nThe most northerly point of lat. that the Captain reached \nwas 80 deg. 30 min. \n\nHe was attempting to explore a North-East passage \nto the East Indies by the North Pole. The geographical \nproblem of a passage through Behring\xe2\x80\x99s Straits to the \nEast has lately excited deep interest, in consequence of \n\n\n* In a pamphlet which describes Greenwich Hospital, the date \n\nof the Observatory is 1679. Nothing can be finer than the situa\xc2\xac \ntion of this house : the view from it, and from One-tree Hill in \nits neighbourhood, presents a combination of some of the grandest \nobjects in the world. The view of Edinburgh from its castle and \nother surrounding elevations\xe2\x80\x94the Bay of Naples and the exterior \nof Constantinople, though eminently fine, are not superior in in\xc2\xac \nterest to the prospect from Flamsteed House. \n\nf See Flamsteed, Index. } The late Lord Mulgrave. \n\n\xc2\xa7 Sec May 20, 1553, and Dec. 27, 1605. \n\n\n\n\n\nAUGUST. \n\n\n317 \n\n\nan expedition which sailed on a voyage of discovery in \nthe circumpolar seas. (See May 4, 1819; 8, 1821.) This \narctic expedition proposed two distinct objects;\xe2\x80\x94to ad\xc2\xac \nvance towards the pole, and to explore a North-West pas\xc2\xac \nsage to China, or the East Indies. The Edinburgh \nReview (June 18, 1818) concluded a most elaborate \nand luminous article on this much-agitated subject, with \nthe following sensible remarks : \xe2\x80\x9c This retrospect of the \nvoyages undertaken to the North, sufficiently proves that \nthe Polar seas have remained in the same condition during \na series of ages. The great icy barrier may partially shift \nits position in different seasons ; but it soon returns to its \nancient limits, and for ever repels all approach of the \nnavigator. Whether some new application of human \ningenuity, joined to perseverance, shall at last surmount \nthat frozen rampart, is still in the womb of time. We \nmay indulge the hope, but can scarcely entertain any \njust expectation, of achieving such a triumph.\xe2\x80\x9d \n\nThe highest latitude ever attained of which we have \nany authentic account, is 842\xc2\xb0; and the most northern \ntown in the world is Hammerfest, in West Finmark, \nlatitude /Og 0 , longitude 24^\xc2\xb0 E. See Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gazet\xc2\xac \nteer, 3d edit. \n\n10, 1792. The Swiss Guards who attended the king at \nParis, were all butchered in a conflict with the mob, \nwhile defending the palace of the Tuilleries; thus giving \na noble proof of fidelity to their trust. \n\n11, 1778. Expired, at London, the Rev. Augustus Top- \nlady, a native of Farnham, in Surrey, where he was \nborn in 1740. He died of a slow consumption : induced, \nit is supposed, by intense application to study. He was \nan able writer in favour of Calvinism and the doctrine of \nPhilosophical Necessity; but his dogmatical, sarcastic, \nand uncandid pen created him many enemies.* He was \nburied in Tottenham-Court Chapel. \n\n\n* It is deeply to be lamented, that the professors of the meek \nand holy religion of Christ, which is designed and adapted to \npurify the passions and sanctify our whole nature, should so often \nhave manifested a supercilious, acrimonious, and rancorous tem\xc2\xac \nper in their theological controversies. It is at the same time gra\xc2\xac \ntifying to remark, that the religious world is so improved in the \npresent day, that no polemic disputant of the least respectability \nwould, we presume, now descend to any thing so scurrilous and \n\n\n\n318 \n\n\nAUGUST. \n\n\n11, 1803. The corporation of London presented to Edward \nJennkr, M. D., LL. D., F. R. S., &c., &c., the freedom \nof the city in a gold box of the value of 100 guineas; \n\xe2\x80\x9c As a token of their sense of his skill and perseverance \nin discovering and bringing into general use the Vaccine \nInoculation.\xe2\x80\x9d See June 2, 1802. \n\n12, 1715. Died Nahum Tate, a dramatic poet, born in \nDublin, in 1652; chiefly known at present for his version \nof the Psalms, in which he was joined with Dr. Brady. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1762. His Majesty, George IV., was born. On the \nsame day was taken by the English, Havannah, the ca\xc2\xac \npital of Cuba, an island in the West Indies. An immense \nbooty rewarded the captors. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1785. A Druid\xe2\x80\x99s Temple* was discovered on the \n6ummit of a rocky hill near the town of St. Helier, in \nJersey, f and was afterwards presented to General Con\xc2\xac \nway by the inhabitants of the island, as a testimony of the \nrespect and gratitude due to his vigilance as their go\xc2\xac \nvernor, and to his amiable qualities as a man. This sin\xc2\xac \ngular relic of British antiquity, which is highly deserving \nof preservation, as a vestige of the customs of remote \nages, was re-erected on a well-chosen eminence in the de\xc2\xac \nlightfully-ornamented grounds of Park-Place, adjacent \nto Henley-upon-Thames, Oxfordshire, then in the posses\xc2\xac \nsion of that able general. \n\n13, 1521. The infamous Cortez, who had been driven \nfrom Mexico, returned in greater force, and retook that \n\n\ning instance as a fair specimen: \xe2\x80\x9c Let not Wesley,\xe2\x80\x9d says Toplady, \n\xe2\x80\x9c fight by proxy : let his cobblers keep to their stalls,\xe2\x80\x9d alluding to \na shoemaker, named Olivers, who had left his awl to preach the \ngospel. \xe2\x80\x9cWho,\xe2\x80\x9d indignantly rejoins Olivers (referring to the \nobscurity and uncertainty of Mr. Toplady\xe2\x80\x99s birth), \xe2\x80\x9c is this man, \nthis great Melchisedec, without father or mother? Had he been \nborn under the legal dispensation, he would not have been suf\xc2\xac \nfered to hold an office in the church of God. See Deut. xxiii. 2: \n\xe2\x80\x98 A bastard shall not enter into the congregation of the Lord,\xe2\x80\x99 \xe2\x80\x9d \n&c., &c. Upon reading this retort courteous, an old Arininian \nMethodist quaintly remarked, that though Tommy Olivers had \nleft his awl, he still retained the art of piercing. \n\nThe numerous and daily increasing sects of Methodists are di\xc2\xac \nvided into Calvinistic and Arminian. See Calvin and Arminius, \nIndex; and Geo. Ewer, on the New Test. art. Calvinism, Arminian- \nism, and Methodists. \n\n* See Exer. on the Globes , 11th edit., art. Druids. \n\nf See January 6, 1781. \n\n\n\nAUGUST. \n\n\n319 \n\n\nopulent city; subjected the brave but unfortunate mo\xc2\xac \nnarch Guatimozin to the torture, and afterwards ordered \nhim to be hanged, with two caziques or noblemen of the \ngreatest eminence in the empire. See Ewer. on the \nGlobes, art. Indus. \n\n13, 1667- Expired, at Lisburn, Ireland, Jeremy Taylor, \nbishop of Down. Piety, humility, and charity were his \nleading characteristics. He was a voluminous writer on \nvarious subjects. One of the most remarkable of his \nworks is entitled \xe2\x80\x9c Theologica Electica, a Discourse of \nthe Liberty of Prophesying, shewing the Unreasonable\xc2\xac \nness of Persecution to other men\xe2\x80\x99s Faith, and the Iniquity \nof persecuting different Opinions.\xe2\x80\x99\xe2\x80\x99 The most generally \nknown and approved of his writings is his \xe2\x80\x9c Holy Living \nand Dying.\xe2\x80\x9d He was born at Cambridge in 1613, where \nhis father was a barber. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1783. Expired John Dunning, Lord Ashburton, one \nof the most distinguished pleaders at the English bar. \nWhile in practice as a barrister, he very frequently pleaded \nthe causes of the poor and oppressed without fee or \nreward; nor was he ever known to shew less ardour when \nretained for small fees than when his clients were more \nwealthy and liberal. He was born at Ashburton, in \nDevonshire, in which town his father was an attorney. \n\n14, 1433. John I., king of Portugal, died at Lisbon, aged \n76. He was the son of Pedro and Ines de Castro ; was \nraised to the throne in 1383, and received from his sub\xc2\xac \njects the honourable title of Father of his Country. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1457. First Printed Book. The first printed book \non record is the Book of Psalms, by Faust, and Schoeffer, \nhis son-in-law, which was published at the time here \nannexed. Several works were printed many years before \nby Guttemberg; but as the inventors wished to keep the \nsecret to themselves, they sold their first printed works as \nmanuscripts. This gave rise to an adventure that brought \ncalamity on Faust: he began, in 1450, an edition of the \nBible, which was finished in 1460. He carried several \nprinted copies of it to Paris, and offering them to sale as \nmanuscripts, he had the misfortune to be thrown into \nprison on suspicion that he dealt with the DmY\xe2\x80\x94for the \nFrench could not otherwise conceive how so many books \nshould so exactly agree in every letter and point, unless \nthe Devil (who, in those days of darkness, was thought to \nbe always ready at every person\xe2\x80\x99s elbow, to appear when \ncalled for, in propria persona , and offer his services) had \nlent him assistance. Faust, in order to prove that he was \n\n\n320 \n\n\nAUGUST. \n\n\nnot concerned with the infernal powers, and to obtain his \nliberty, was obliged to disclose his secret, and inform the \nministers how the work had been done 1 It is upon this \nadventure that are founded the many ludicrous dialogues \nwhich Faust (under the name of Dr. Faustus) holds with \nthe Devil, in our travelling puppet-shows.* \n\n14, 1649. Cromwell, having been made Lord Lieutenant \nof Ireland, went over to that kingdom, and on this day \ntook Drogheda, in the county of Louth, by storm, and \nput the whole of the garrison to the sword, consisting of \n3,000 men, most of them English, insomuch that only one \nlieutenant escaped. He also murdered every man, wo\xc2\xac \nman, and child, of the citizens that were Irish. Drogheda \nis situated on the celebrated river Boyne. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1787. Died, at the episcopal residence, Rose-Castle, \nin the 84th year of his age, Edmund Law, bishop of \nCarlisle. The life of this excellent man was a life of \nincessant reading and thought, almost entirely directed \nto metaphysical and religious subjects; but the tenet by \nwhich his name and writings are principally distinguished, \nis, \xe2\x80\x9cthat Jesus Christ, at his second coming, will, by \nan act of his power, restore to life and consciousness the \ndead of the human species, who, by their own nature, \nand without this interposition, would remain in the state \nof insensibility to which the death brought upon mankind \nby the sin of Adam had reduced them.\xe2\x80\x9d He interpreted \nliterally that saying of St. Paul, - 1 Cor. xv. 21, \xe2\x80\x9cAs by \nman came death, by man came also the resurrection of \nthe dead.\xe2\x80\x9d This doctrine, which is usually styled the \n\xe2\x80\x9c sleep of the soul,\xe2\x80\x9d had no other effect upon his own \nmind than to increase his reverence for Christianity, and \nfor its Divine Founder. He retained it, as he did his \nother speculative opinions, without laying an extravagant \nstress upon their importance, f He never quarrelled \n\n\n* The first printing-press in England was erected in the \nAlmonry, Westrninster-Abbey, by William Caxton ; and the first \nbook printed in this country was the Game and Play at Chesse r \ndated 1471. A print of the house in which Caxton resided may \nbe seen in Cooke\xe2\x80\x99s Views of London, &c., beautifully engraved \nfrom an exact Drawing by Samuel Prout, Esq. The first book \nprinted in the English tongue was, \xe2\x80\x9c The Recuyell of the History \nof Troy," and is dated Sept. 19, 1471, at Cologne. See Arith . \nQuest, art. Priming ; also July 23, 1588, and Sept. 30, 420. \n\nf As to the consequences of the present question, (says the \nbishop,) about which some well- meaning people seem to have \n\n\n\nAUGUST. \n\n\n321 \n\n\nwith any person for differing from him, or considered \nthat difference as a sufficient reason for questioning any \nman\xe2\x80\x99s sincerity, or judging meanly of his understanding. \nHe was zealously attached to religious liberty, because he \nthought that it led to truth. He was a man of great soft\xc2\xac \nness of manners, and of the mildest and most tranquil \ndisposition, never raising his voice above its ordinary \npitch. His countenance seemed never to have been \nruffled; it ever preserved the same kind and composed \naspect, truly indicating the calmness and benignity of his \ntemper. Dr. Law was born in Lancashire, and was buried \nin the cathedral church at Carlisle. * * \n\n14, 1794. Died George Colman, patentee of the Hay- \nmarket Theatre. He was born at Florence in 1732, and \nacquired the reputation of an eminent wit and elegant \nscholar: the former may be seen in his comedies, and in \na series of periodical papers called \xe2\x80\x9cThe Conoisseur;\xe2\x80\x9d \nthe latter in his translations of the comedies of Terence, \nand of Horace\xe2\x80\x99s art of Poetry. \n\n15, Assumption of the Virgin Mary; a festival in both \nthe Greek and Latin Churches, celebrated in honour of \nthe pretended miraculous ascent of the Virgin Mary into \nheaven. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1751. Mr. Blandy, an attorney at law, of Henley- \nupon-Thames, died of poison given to him by his daugh\xc2\xac \nter. See April 6, 1752. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1769. Napoleon Bonaparte, Emperor of France, \nwho for several years was the \xe2\x80\x9cfaithless, vain disturber \nof mankind,\xe2\x80\x9d and the scourge of Europe, was born at \nAjaccio, in Corsica: hence he has been styled the Corsi\xc2\xac \ncan Usurper, and the Corsican Tyrant. See Bonaparte, \nIndex, and Ajaccio, in Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gazetteer. \n\n16, The annual Fair of Falaise, the most famous in France, \nexcept that of Beauqaire, commences on this day. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1678. Expired, at London, in the 58th year of his age, \nAndrew Marvell, a native of Kingston-upon-Hull, a \n\n\nmighty apprehensions, it appears that, on the one side, there is \nnothing more than a temporary cessation of thought, which can \nhurt nobody, except the self-interested Papist, whose very gainful \nsystem is, indeed, by this means, most effectually overturned ; or \nthe self-sufficient Deist, whose high claim to an inherent principle \nof immortality, set up for him by some misjudging Christians to \ntheir own loss, is shewn to be no less vain and groundless. \n\n* Dr. Law was father to the late Lord Ellenborough, Chief \nJustice of the court of King\xe2\x80\x99s Bench. \n\np 3 \n\n\n\n322 \n\n\nAUGUST, \n\n\nplace which he represented nearly twenty years in suc\xc2\xac \ncessive parliaments, and invariably supported the rights \nand privileges of his fellow-subjects. By his undeviating \nsteadiness in a course of disinterested patriotism and in\xc2\xac \ncorruptible integrity, he became at once the ornament \nand example of the age; beloved by good men, feared by \nbad, admired by all, though imitated, alas ! by few, and \nscarcely paralleled by any. Being at his death in a state \nof virtuous indigence, he was interred at the expense of \nhis constituents, in the church of St. Giles in the Fields. * \nSee Arith. Quest, art. Marvell. \n\n16, 1679. Was born at London, Catharine Cockburne, \na most uncommon lady, of a remarkably philosophic \nturn, who, in her early years, and afterwards in the hours \nof relaxation from domestic employments, pursued to the \nutmost limits some of the deepest researches of which the \nhuman understanding is capable. She died in 1749, and \nher works were collected and published in 1751, in two \nvols. 8vo., with an account of her life prefixed. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1738. Died, in his fifty-fourth year, Joseph Miller, \na lively comedian ; but better known as Joe Miller, com\xc2\xac \npiler of a famous jest-book. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1825. Captain Franklin succeeded in reaching the \nsea by the Mackenzie River. It appeared entirely free \nfrom ice, and without any visible obstruction to its navi\xc2\xac \ngation. Captain Franklin hoisted on the beach a silk \nUnion flag, which had been made and presented to him \nby his wife, who died before his return, as a parting gift, \nunder the express injunction that it was not to be unfurled \nbefore the expedition reached the sea. See Sept. 29,1827- \n\n17, 1657- The renowned English Admiral Robert Blake, \ndied as the fleet which he commanded entered Plymouth \nSound. He was born August 15, 1599, at Bridgewater, \n\n\n* Here was executed, in the most barbarous manner, the \nfamous Sir John Oldcastle, Baron Cobham. His crime was that \nof adopting the tenets of the great Reformer Wickliffe. He was \nmisrepresented to our heroic Prince Henry V. by the bigoted \nclergy, as a heretic and traitor, who was actually at the head of \n30,000 Lollardsf in these fields. About 100 inoffensive people \nwere found there. Cobham escaped ; but was taken some time \nafter in Wales. He suffered death on this spot; being hung on \na gallows, by a chain fasteued round his body, and, thus sus\xc2\xac \npended, burnt alive in 1417. Pennant\xe2\x80\x99s London. \n\n\n+ So called from Walter Lollard, who was burnt for heresy, at Co\xc2\xac \nlogne, in Germany, in 1322. \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAUGUST. \n\n\n323 \n\n\nin Somersetshire. The very name of Blake struck terror \ninto the enemies of England. During a period of only \nnine years\xe2\x80\x99 actual service, he performed exploits that, for \nthe skill with which they were conducted, and the success \nthat attended them, were scarcely surpassed even in the \nlate war, when the splendid achievements of our naval \nheroes may be said to have fixed the trident of the seas \nin the hand of Britain. See April 20, 1657, and Sept. \n4, 1657. \n\n17, 1720. Died Madame Dacier, wife of Andrew Dacier, \na woman of extraordinary learning; having translated the \nworks of Anacreon, Sappho, Plautus, Terence, and Homer, \ninto her native tongue. At the early age of twenty-three \nshe translated Callimachus, the Greek poet. She was a \nlady of great virtue, as well as erudition, and remarkable \nfor firmness, generosity, good-nature, piety, and modesty. \nThe learned members of an academy at Padua chose her \nfor one of their body, in 1684 ; and she was employed as \none of the editors of the Delpliin Classics.* Some re\xc2\xac \nmarks were also drawn up by her on Scripture, but which \nshe could not be prevailed on to publish, quoting, as an \nexcuse, St. Paul\xe2\x80\x99s precept to a woman, of silence as a the\xc2\xac \nologian. She was born in 1651, at Saumur, department \nof Maine and Loire, and province of Anjou, where her \nfather. Monsieur Le Fevre, was professor of Greek. \n\nMonsieur Dacier, who rendered great services to litera\xc2\xac \nture, survived the loss of his beloved wife but a short time. \nHe was a native of Castres, department of Tarn, and pro- \n\n\n* The Delphin Classics are a collection of the Latin authors \noriginally made for the use of the Dauphin, son of Louis XIV. \nThey have in the title-page \xe2\x80\x9c In mum Serenissimi Delphini i. e. \nfor the use of his Serene Highness the Dauphin. Their publica\xc2\xac \ntion originated with the Due de Montausier, the young prince\xe2\x80\x99s \ngovernor, who proposed its execution to Huet, bishop of Avran- \nches, the Dauphin\xe2\x80\x99s preceptor; and he, with some other learned \npersons, including Madame Dacier, edited an edition of all the \nLatin Classics, with the exception of Lucan. Each author is illus\xc2\xac \ntrated by valuable notes, critical and explanatory; and what con\xc2\xac \nstitutes an inestimable treasure is, an index containing every \nword used in the work, and the different passages containing that \nword, in the same manner as a Concordance of the Scriptures. \nThe number of volumes published was sixty, all printed between \n1674 and 1691, with the exception of Ausonius, which did not \nappear till 1750. A new and magnificent edition of the Delphin \nClassics, with additional notes, &c., is now being published by \nMessrs. Valpy. \n\n\n\n\n324 \n\n\nAUGUST. \n\n\nvince of Languedoc, a place that also gave birth to Rapin, \nthe celebrated historian, and to Boyer, the author of a \nFrench grammar and dictionary, which still retain a consi\xc2\xac \nderable rank in our schools. Rapin died in 1725, aged \nsixty-four, and Boyer in 1729, aged sixty-five. \n\n17, 1786. Died, at Potsdam, Frederick the Great, \nKing of Prussia, in the 75th year of his age, and the 47th \nof his reign. He was the most efficient sovereign of his \nage, and was eminent in literature, in poetry, and in poli\xc2\xac \ntical knowledge; in the cabinet, and in the field. \n\n-Friend of letters and philosophy, \n\nUpon whose awfnl brow Minerva\xe2\x80\x99s wreath, \n\nTwin\xe2\x80\x99d with the brightest crown that Mars could give. \nBeams with superior radiance. \n\nEudosia. \n\nAs an author he was impious, and as a king despotic. \nHis sword and his pen, his reasonings and his actions, his \nliberal ideas and his arbitrary conduct, present astonishing \ncontrasts. \n\n\xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x80\x94 1796. A Dutch squadron was captured without resist\xc2\xac \nance, by Vice-Admiral Sir George Keith Elphin- \nstone, in Saldanha-Bay, on the coast of Africa, near the \nCape of Good Hope. Sir George was in consequence \nmade Lord Keith, and survived this honour till Febru\xc2\xac \nary 1823, when he died near Kincardine. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1809. Expired at his native town, Birmingham, in the \neighty-first year of his age, Matthew Boulton, a most \ningenious and enterprising mechanic and engineer. The \nunrivalled manufactory of Soho, near Birmingham, was \nerected by him ; and his long life was an uninterrupted \napplication to the advancement of the useful arts, and to \nthe promotion of the commercial interests of the country. \nHe was followed to the grave by 600 of his workmen, \nwho had each a silver medal presented to him, which had \nbeen struck for the occasion. See Arith. Quest. 10th \nedit. art. Steam-Engine, Twopenny Pieces, and Soho. \n\n18, St. Helena is commemorated in the Roman calendar. \nShe was of very obscure birth,* and filled an humble sta- \n\n\n* It has been said that she was born at Colchester, in Essex, \nand that she was the daughter of Coel, duke of that town, or, as \nhe is sometimes styled, King Coel, from whom the place is re\xc2\xac \nported to have received its name. The arms of Colchester are a \ncross engrailed between four crowns. Some authors say she \nwas an innkeeper\xe2\x80\x99s daughter of Drepanum. \n\n\n\nAUGUST. \n\n\n325 \n\n\ntion when Constantius became enamoured of her charms \nand married her,* * * \xc2\xa7 but divorced her to marry another \nwoman. When her son, Constantine the Great, the \nfounder of Constantinople, came to the throne, he re\xc2\xac \ncalled her to his court, which she adorned by her virtue \nand piety. At the age of eighty, she visited the Holy \nLand, where, it is traditionally said, she discovered the \ntrue cross deep in the ground on Mount Calvary.f Three \ncrosses were found; but that of our Saviour, according to \nthe legendary writers, was distinguished from those of the \nthieves by a sick woman being immediately healed upon \ntouching it! \n\nSt. Helena, says her biographers, died full of good \nworks about A. I). 328, soon after her visit to the Holy \nLand. \n\n18, 1502. St. Helena Island. On this day, (or as some \nsay on the 21st of May,) a small rocky island, situated in \nthe Atlantic Ocean, about 1000 miles from any other land, \nwas discovered by John de Nuova, a Portuguese naviga\xc2\xac \ntor, on his return from the East Indies. This discovery \nhappening on the anniversary of the festival of St. Helena, \nhe called the island by her name. It has been uninter\xc2\xac \nruptedly in the hands of the English ever since the year \n1674; and its situation, and supply of pure freshwater, \nhave gained for it the notice and patronage of the East \nIndia Company. St. Helena will attract particular notice \nto the end of time, as the sequestered spot to which the \nlate Emperor Napoleon was consigned as an exile. He \nsailed from Plymouth Sound August 8, arrived here Octo\xc2\xac \nber 13, 1815, and died in the island May 5, 1821. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1746. The repentant Earl of Kilmarnock,^ and the \nrough and fearless Lord Balmerino,\xc2\xa7 were decapitated \non Tower-Hill, having been engaged in the Scotch rebel\xc2\xac \nlion. || The uncommon firmness of mind which these un\xc2\xac \nfortunate noblemen exhibited, particularly Lord Balme- \nrino, on this awful occasion, is detailed at length in the \nBritish Chronologist. \n\n\n* See Catharine I., May 17, 1727. \n\nt See April 3, 33 ; and Geo. Eocer. on the New Test. \n\nJ Kilmarnock is a town in Ayrshire; its trade consists in car\xc2\xac \npets, serges, woollen cloths, saddlery, &c. \n\n\xc2\xa7 Balmerino is a town near the Tay in Fifeshire; it exports \ngrain, and has a salmon fishery. \n\n|1 See Aritlu Quest, art. Scotch Rebellions, \n\n\n\n3:26 \n\n\nAUGUST. \n\n\nSee gallant Arthur , whose undaunted soul \nNo dangers frighten, and no fears controul. \n\nWith unconcern the axe and block surveys. \n\nAnd smiles at all the dreadful scene displays ; \n\nWhile undisturb\xe2\x80\x99d his thoughts so steady keep, \n\nHe goes to death as others go to sleep. \n\nEnglish Anthology. \n\n18, 1803. Died, at Aberdeen, in the 68th year of his age, \nJames Beattie, LL. D., an ingenious poet and miscel\xc2\xac \nlaneous writer, born in the parish of Laurencekirk, N. W. \nfrom Montrose, Kincardineshire. His prose writings dis\xc2\xac \nplay good sense, extensive knowledge, and able reason\xc2\xac \ning ; and his versification is elegant. \xe2\x80\x9c The Minstrel\xe2\x80\x9d is \nhis greatest poetical production. His Essay on the Nature \nand Immutability of Truth gained the author the unsoli\xc2\xac \ncited good offices of Lord Lyttelton, Dr. Johnson, Bishop \nHurd, Percy, Bishop of Dromore, and many others. He \nhad also the honour of being admitted to a private and \nlong interview with their late Majesties. \n\n19, 14.* Augustus Cvesar died at Nola, in the 76th year \nof his age, and after he had held the sovereign power 44 \nyears. This emperor was extremely affable, and returned \nthe salutation of the meanest individual. One day a per\xc2\xac \nson presented him a petition, but with so much awe, that \nAugustus was displeased with his meanness. \xe2\x80\x9c What! \nfriend,\xe2\x80\x9d cried he, \xe2\x80\x9c you seem as if you were offering \nsomething to an elephant, and not to a man; be bolder.\xe2\x80\x9df \nLouis XVI. of France, Frederick the Great, of Prussia, \nand Joseph, Emperor of Germany, all, it is said, forbade \nkneeling to them. \n\nMock not flesh and blood \n\nWith solemn reverence.- \n\nAbstain from semblance of servility; \n\nLest thou surcease to honour thine own truth, \n\nAnd by thy body\xe2\x80\x99s action teach the mind \nA most inherent baseness. \n\nShakspeare. \n\nMr. Capel Lofft observes, that this maxim is drawn \nfrom the depths of human nature and moral philosophy; \nand expressed with the same sublimity as it was con\xc2\xac \nceived. \n\n\n* See Dr. Doddridge\xe2\x80\x99s Fam. Expos. \n\nf Dr. Goldsmith\xe2\x80\x99s Roman Hist, See also Arith. Quest. 10th \nedit. art. Battle of Actium. \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAUGUST. \n\n\n327 \n\nGenuflection and prostration are some of the slavish \nmodes of paying civil respect throughout the East. See \nGeo. Exer. on the New Test. No. 46. \n\n19, 1274. Edward I., surnamed Longshanks , from his tall \nstature, was crowned at Westminster. He was the son of \nHenry III., and was proclaimed king on the demise of \nhis father, but being in the Holy Land at that time, his \ncoronation was not performed till nearly two years after \nhis accession. See June 17, 1271, and Nov. 16, 1272. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1702. Began a memorable engagement near St. Mar\xc2\xac \ntha, N. E. of Carthagena, in South America, between a \nFrench squadron, commanded by Du Casse, and an En\xc2\xac \nglish one, under the brave, honest, and experienced Ben- \nbow ; whose wounds, co-operating with his grief at being \nbasely deserted by some of his captains, put a period to \nhis life on the 4th of November. Two of those infamous \ncowards, Kirby and Wade, were on their arrival at Ply\xc2\xac \nmouth, immediately shot, having been previously tried by \na court martial. Benbow was buried in Kingston church, \nJamaica. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1782. The Royal George, of 100 guns, sank off Spit- \nhead ; when Admiral Kempenfeldt, 400 seamen, and 200\xe2\x80\x98 \nwomen, unfortunately perished.* The admiral\xe2\x80\x99s father \nwas a native of Sweden, held the rank of Lieutenant Go\xc2\xac \nvernor of Jersey, during the reign of George I., and was \nthe original captain Sentry in the second number of the \nSpectator. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1799. Pope Pius VI. expired. He was made prisoner \nin Rome by the French in 1798, who immediately abo\xc2\xac \nlished the papal government. Those unprincipled de\xc2\xac \nspoilers not only confined his holiness to his own apart\xc2\xac \nments, but placed a seal of confiscation on his whole pro\xc2\xac \nperty, and finally expatriated him. He was first conveyed \nto Sienna, in Tuscany, then to a convent near Valence, in \nthe department of Drome, France. Here, oppressed with \nage, infirmities, and grief, he finished the scene of his \nhumiliation and sufferings. In the beginning of Decem\xc2\xac \nber a conclavef was held at Venice,* and on the 14th of \n\n\n* In 1817 the remains of this ship were visited by means of a \ndiving-bell, and it was found to be nothing but a mass of shape\xc2\xac \nless timber. \n\nf Conclave is a range of small cells in the hall of the Vatican, \nor palace of the Pope, at Rome, where the cardinals usually hold \ntheir meetings to elect a Pope. The word is also used for the \n\n\n\n328 \n\n\nAUGUST. \n\n\nMarch following, Cardinal* * * * \xc2\xa7 Chiaramonti was elected to \nthe papal chair, under the title of Pius VILf The piety \nand sincerity of his demeanour conciliated respect. \n\n20, 1389. James VI. of Scotland, afterwards James I. of \nEngland, was married to Anne, daughter of Frederick II., \nKing of Denmark, at Opsloe, now called Christiana, in \nthe south part of Norway.^ Our Charles I. was the fruit \nof this marriage. While James was in Denmark, he \nvisited the celebrated Tycho Brahe, at Uranienburg, the \nname given to that famous astronomer\xe2\x80\x99s observatory\xc2\xa7 in \nthe small island of Huen, north of Copenhagen. The \nking not only made him some noble presents, but wrote \na copy of Latin verses in his praise. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1672. The famous John de Witt and his brother \nCornelius, were torn in pieces at the Hague by a Dutch \nmob. De Witt was the zealous patron of the glory of his \nnative country; the greatest genius of his time; the ablest \npolitician in war as well as in peace; and the Atlas of the \ncommonwealth. The catastrophe of De Witt, the wisest, \nbest, and most truly patriotic minister that ever appeared \non the public stage, as it was an act of the most crying \ninjustice and ingratitude, so likewise it is, says Mr. Fox, \nthe most completely disencouraging example that history \naffords to the lovers of liberty. \n\n21, 1561. Mary, Queen of Scots, after an absence of \nthirteen years, arrived at Leith, in Scotland, from France, \na country which she quitted with extreme regret, looking \nmost affectionately towards it, as long as the vessel in \n\n\nassembly, or meeting of the cardinals shut up for the election of \na Pope; and the constitutions of the church allow the cardinals to \nmake choice of such a place for the conclave as they think most \nconvenient. \n\n* A cardinal is an ecclesiastical prince in the Romish Church, \nwho has a voice in the conclave at the election of a Pope. The \ncardinals also compose the Pope\xe2\x80\x99s council or senate. \n\nThe word cardinal, in a general sense, is an appellation given \nto things on account of their pre-eminence. Thus, justice, pru\xc2\xac \ndence, temperance, and fortitude, are called the cardinal virtues; \n\xe2\x80\x94East, West, North, South, the cardinal points ;\xe2\x80\x94Aries, Libra, \nCancer, and Capricorn, the cardinal signs ; one, two, three, &c., \ncardinal numbers, (being indeclinable,) in opposition to the \nordinal numbers, first, second, third, fourth, &c. \n\nf See July 8, 1174, December 2, 1804, and May 24, 1814. \n\n\xe2\x99\xa6 See November 1C, 1589. \n\n\xc2\xa7 See Observatory, and Brahe, Index. \n\n\n\n\n\nAUGUST. \n\n\n329 \n\n\nwhich she sailed from Calais kept within sight of the \nFrench coast.* The following lines are a free translation \nof a Latin sonnet which she penned on that trying occa\xc2\xac \nsion : \n\n\xe2\x80\x9c Stay, cruel breeze ! rude ocean, still thy roar, \n\nToo soon ye bear me from yon happy shore ! \n\nMust 1 the smiles, the hearts, that once were mine. \n\nMust I thy homage, gen\xe2\x80\x99rous France, resign ? \n\nYour Mary\xe2\x80\x99s festive, halcyonf days are o\xe2\x80\x99er; \n\nYour pride, your favourite, aud your queen, no more. \n\n\n* See Robertson\xe2\x80\x99s Hist, of Scotland. Elle se l\xc2\xa3ve sur son lit, \net se met a contempler la France, encore, tant qu\xe2\x80\x99 elle peut.\xe2\x80\x94 \nBrantome, (who sailed in the same galley,) Tom. II. p. liy. \n\nSo Scotia\xe2\x80\x99s queen, as slowly dawned the day, \n\nRose on her couch and gazed her soul away. \n\nRogers\xe2\x80\x99s Pleasures of Memory. \n\nt\xe2\x80\x9c Halcyon days, in antiquity, implied seven days before and \nas many after the winter solstice ; because the halcyon laid her \neggs at this time of the year, and the weather during her incu\xc2\xac \nbation was always calm. The phrase was afterwards employed \nto express any season of transient prosperity, or of brief tran\xc2\xac \nquillity : the septem placidi dies of human life. \n\nThe winter solstice just elapsed ; and now. \n\nSilent the season, sad Alcyone \n\nBuilds near the sleeping wave her tranquil nest. \n\nEudosia, \n\nWhen great Augustus made war\xe2\x80\x99s tempest cease. \n\nHis halcyon days brought forth the arts of peace. \n\nDryden. \n\nThe halcyon built her nest on the rocks adjacent to the brink \nof the ocean ; or, as some maintain, on the surface of the seu \nitself. \n\nAlcyone, compress\xe2\x80\x99d. \n\nSeven days sits brooding on her wat\xe2\x80\x99ry nest, \n\nA wintry queen ; her sire at length is kind, \n\nCalms every storm, and hushes every wind. \n\nOvid, by Dryden. \n\nIt is also said that, during the period of her incubation, she \nherself had absolute sway over the seas and the winds. \n\nMay Halcyons smooth the waves and calm the seas. \n\nAnd the rough south-east* sink into a breeze; \n\n\n* See Exer.on the Globes , 11th edit. art. Winds. \n\n\n\n\n\n330 \n\n\nAUGUST. \n\n\nTo other climes, to other hearts she goes, \n\nNor what to fear, but much to fear, she knows\xe2\x80\x94 \n\nFrance ! the radiance which thy friendly morning cast \nFades on thy sinking hills ; this look my last! \n\nThy misty mountain-forms no more I view; \n\nDear France ! belov\xe2\x80\x99d, retreating land, adieu !\xe2\x80\x9d \n\n21, 1762. Expired, Lady Mary Wortley Montague, \na woman of considerable talents, who accompanied her \nhusband in his embassy to Constantinople, about 1716; \nfrom which place she wrote \xe2\x80\x9c Letters\xe2\x80\x99\xe2\x80\x99 to Pope, Addison, \nand other eminent literati, which are very interesting 1 , and \ncontain many curious facts respecting the manners and \npolitics of the Turks. She is also memorable for having \ntirst introduced the practice of inoculation into this \ncountry.* Lady M. W. Montague was born at Thoresby, \nin Nottinghamshire. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1802. Monsieur Garnarin ascended with a balloon \nand parachute from the vicinity of Grosvenor Square; \nand having attained a great height, descended in the latter \nnear Pancras, to the admiration and astonishment of an \nimmense number of spectators; it being the first time \nany thing of the kind had ever been attempted in this \ncountry, and is considered as the chef-d\xe2\x80\x99ceuvre of aerial \nexploits. He died at Paris in August, 1823. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1808. Sir Arthur Wellesley, now Duke of Wel\xc2\xac \nlington, gained a signal victory over J unot, duke d\xe2\x80\x99Abran- \ntes, who had attacked the English and Portuguese at \nVimiera, a village near Alcobaqa, iiuEstramadura, Por\xc2\xac \ntugal. This success was the commencement of a series \n\n\nHalcyons of all the birds that haunt the main \nMost lov\xe2\x80\x99d and honour\xe2\x80\x99d by the Nereid-f* train. \n\nTheocritus, by Fawkes. \n\nAlcyone, or Halcyone, tvas the daughter of /Eolus, (king of \nstorms and winds,) and married to Ceyx, who was drowned in \ngoing to consult an oracle. The gods apprized Alcyone, in a \ndream, of her husband\xe2\x80\x99s fate; and when she discovered, on the \nmorrow, his body washed on shore, she precipitated herself into \nthe watery element, and was with her husband metamorphosed \ninto birds of a similar name, who, as before observed, keepthe \nwaters serene while they build and sit on their nests. r fhey \nfrequented the seas in the neighbourhood of Sicily. \n\n* See Mead and Jenner, Index; also Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gazetteer, art. \nMethlick and Thoresby. \n\n\n1 See Exer.on the Globes, art. Neriads. \n\n\n\n\nAUGUST. 331 \n\nof glorious victories over the French, which terminated in \ntheir expulsion from the Peninsula. \n\n21, 1810. Bernadotte, a celebrated French general, was \n\nelected Crown Prince of Sweden ; the late king (Charles \nXIII.), in consequence of age and infirmity, being unable \nto manage the affairs of government. Charles-John \n\nBernadotte was born at Pau, a place immortalized by the \nbirth of that great monarch, Henry IV. (See Dec. 13, \n1553.) His chateau, says Raymond, ( Trav. in the Py\xc2\xac \nrenees,) is still remaining, just as he left it; is respected \neven in its interior, is occupied by his old furniture, and \nornamented by the portraits of his family. \n\nCharles XIII. died on the 5th of February, 1818; aud \nthe Crown-Prince has been since prociaimed king of \nSweden, under the title of Charles-John. \n\n22, 1138. Was fought the furious battle of Northaller\xc2\xac \nton, in Yorkshire, between the English and Scots, usually \ncalled the Battle of the Standard, from a high crucifix \nerected by the English on a waggon, and carried along \nwith the army.* See Miscell. Quest, in Eng. Hist. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1350. Died, at Nogent le Roi, near Chartres, Philip \nde Valois. He was styled the Fortunate , probably \nfrom coming to the throne unexpectedly. He was the \nfirst of the Valois, and the sixth Philip that reigned in \nFrance. His death happened in the 57th year of his age, \nand the 23d of his reign. He was succeeded by his son \nJohn. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1485. Battle of Bosworth-Field, near Leicester; in \nwhich the \xe2\x80\x9c blood-stained\xe2\x80\x9d usurper Richard III. lost his \ncrown and life, fighting against Henry Earl of Richmond. \nHe was buried in the Grey Friars\xe2\x80\x99 church at Leicester. \nWith him ended the Plantagenet line. This battle was \nthe last of thirteen between the houses of York and Lan- \ncaster.f There is not, perhaps, an event recorded in our \nannals, more important in its consequences than this; it \ninvolves the fall of a bloody tyrant, the extinction of the \nlong and fatal feud of the Roses, + and the establishment \nof a new dynasty on the throne of England. \n\nRichard was the only English monarch since the con\xc2\xac \nquest that fell in battle, and the second that fought in \nhis crown. Henry V. appeared in his at Agincourt. \n\n\n* See Ewer. the Globes, art. Crux, \nf See Arith. Quest., and also Aug. 7, 1485. \nX See Arith. Quest., 10th edit. \n\n\n\n332 \n\n\nAUGUST. \n\n\nRichard\xe2\x80\x99s fell off in the engagement at Bosworth, was \ntaken up and secreted in a bush, where it was discovered \nby Sir Reginald Bray, and placed upon Henry\xe2\x80\x99s head. \nHence arises the device of a crown in a hawthorn bush \nat each end of Henry\xe2\x80\x99s toinb in Westminster Abbey. \n\n22, 1553. The Duke of Northumberland, father-in- \nlaw to Lady Jane Grey, was executed. He fell unla- \nmented by the spectators, who considered his punishment \nas a due atonement for his wicked ambition, and a just \nretribution for the ignominious death to which he had \nbrought his unhappy rival, the Protector Somerset, uncle \nto Edward VI. See February 12. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1752. Died, aged eighty-five, William Whiston, an \nEnglish divine and profound mathematician, of uncom\xc2\xac \nmon learning and the strictest integrity. He was born at \nNorton, in Leicestershire, and educated at Cambridge, \nwhere he became a Professor of Mathematics; but lost \nhis professorship, and was expelled the University, on \naccount of the zeal with which he propagated Arianism. \nHe died in London, and was buried at Lyndon, a place in \nRutlandshire, and five miles west of Stamford. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1773* Died, George Lord Lyttelton, the elegant \nauthor of \xe2\x80\x9c Persian Letters,\xe2\x80\x9d \xe2\x80\x9c Dialogues of the Dead,\xe2\x80\x9d \nand a \xe2\x80\x9c Life of King Henry the Second.\xe2\x80\x9d For some \ntime this great statesman entertained doubts of the truth \nof Christianity; but he no sooner applied himself se\xc2\xac \nriously to the study of the Scriptures, than he became \nconvinced that that religion was true: \n\nFrom purer manners, to sublimer faith, \n\nIs nature\xe2\x80\x99s unavoidable ascent: \n\nAn honest Deist, where the Gospel shines, \n\nMatur\xe2\x80\x99d to nobler, in the Christian ends. \n\nYoung. \n\nWhat he had learned, he endeavoured to teach, in 1747^ \nby \xe2\x80\x9c Observations on the Conversion and Apostleship of \nSt. Paul,\xe2\x80\x9d a treatise to which Infidelity has never been \nable to fabricate a specious answer. His lordship conse\xc2\xac \ncrated the memory of his wife in a monody, that will be \nremembered while conjugal affection and a taste for poetry \nexist in this country. The epitaph* on her tomb was also \na pathetic tribute of his ardent affection; we cannot with\xc2\xac \nstand the temptation of transcribing it: \n\nMade to engage all hearts and charm all eyes, \n\nTho\xe2\x80\x99 meek, magnanimous; tho\xe2\x80\x99 witty, wise ; \n\n\n* See March 27, 1767. \n\n\n\n\nAUGUST. \n\n\n333 \n\n\nPolite, as all her life in courts had been ; \n\nYet good, as she the world had never seen; \n\nThe noble fire of an exalted mind, \n\nWith gentlest female tenderness combin\xe2\x80\x99d: \n\nHer speech was the melodious voice of love,* \n\nHer song the warbling of the vernal grove ; \n\nHer eloquence was sweeter than her song, \n\nSoft as her heart, and as her reason strong; \n\nHer form each beauty of her mind express\xe2\x80\x99d, \n\nHer mind was Virtue by the Graces dress\xe2\x80\x99d. \n\nHe was born January 17, 1709, and was buried at \nHagley, in Worcestershire; a place not only celebrated \nfor its own picturesque scenes, but for the beautiful \ngrounds in its neighbourhood, called the Leasowes, so \ncharmingly described in Shenstone\xe2\x80\x99s Works. See Feb. \n11, 1763. \n\n22, 1779. Expired, in the thirty-eighth year of his age. \nCaptain Charles Clerke, a celebrated English circum\xc2\xac \nnavigator. He had been in several engagements, and \nsailed round the world with Commodore Byron, and af\xc2\xac \nterwards with Captain Cooke, on whose death he suc\xc2\xac \nceeded to the supreme command. He did not, however, \nlong enjoy his new dignity, as he died of a decline within \na few months.f This event occurred just as the ship \ncame in view of the coast of Kamtschatka,+ and he was \nburied at the town of St. Peter and Paul, in that Asiatic \npeninsula. \n\n23, The sun enters into the constellation rt\xc2\xa3 Virgo. See \nExercises on the Globes. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 79. Happened the first eruption of Mount Vesuvius \non record. This celebrated volcano \xc2\xa7 is situated a few \nmiles east of Naples, in Italy. The eruption was accom\xc2\xac \npanied by an earthquake which overturned several cities. || \n\n\n* See Laura, Index. + See Feb. 14, 1779. \n\nX See Exer. on the Globes, art. Pavo, or Augurs. \n\n\xc2\xa7 The other principal volcanoes in Europe are Mount Etna, in \nSicily, Mount Hecla, in Iceland, and Stromboli, the most northern \nof the Lipari Islands, north of Sicily. Of all the volcanoes re\xc2\xac \ncorded in history, Stromboli seems to be the only one that burns \nincessantly. Etna and Vesuvius are sometimes many months, and \neven years, without the least emission of fire ; but this is ever at \nwork, and for ages past has been considered as the light-house of \nthe Mediterranean Sea. \n\nJJ See Arith. Quest. \n\n\n\n334 \n\n\nAUGUST. \n\n\nPliny, the naturalist, being- too curious in observing the \neffects of this violent eruption, and staying too long in his \nfriend\xe2\x80\x99s house near it, was suffocated by the sulphureous \nsmoke. The particulars of his death are given in two \nletters written by his nephew, Pliny the Younger, to Ta\xc2\xac \ncitus.* \n\n23, 1305. Was unjustly executed, by order of Edward I., \nthe famous Scotch hero. Sir William Wallace, who \nthrough a course of many years had, with signal conduct, \nintrepidity, and perseverance, defended, against a public \nand oppressive enemy, the liberties of his native country. \nHe was hanged in Smithfield; his head then struck off, \nand his body divided into four quarters. His head was \nplaced on a pole on London Bridge ; his right arm above \nthe bridge at Newcastle; his left arm was sent to Ber\xc2\xac \nwick ; his right foot and limb to Perth ; and his left \nquarter to Aberdeen. Rapin; Tytler\xe2\x80\x99s Hist, of Scot\xc2\xac \nland. His character is well conceived and energetically \nexpressed in the subsequent lines : \n\nO glorious chief! renown\xe2\x80\x99d in ev\xe2\x80\x99ry fight, \n\nThou great defender of thy country\xe2\x80\x99s right! \n\nAlike in virtuous thought and action great, \n\nIn all a Roman, but in prosperous fate ! \n\nBold son of Liberty, whose mighty hand \nBurst, nobly burst, oppression\xe2\x80\x99s iron band ! \n\nAlone superior to thy fate\xe2\x80\x99s decree, \n\nAlone amidst a conquer\xe2\x80\x99d nation free. \n\nFane of the Druids. \n\n\n* Pliny the Elder, one of the most learned of the Roman writers, \nwas born at Verona, in Italy, about A.D. 23. A \xe2\x80\x9c Natural His\xc2\xac \ntory,\xe2\x80\x9d in thirty-seven books, is the only work remaining of this \ngreat man. His nephew was highly celebrated for his abilities at \nthe bar, in which profession his eloquence was greatly admired; \nand it is no less conspicuous in his \xe2\x80\x9c Epistles,\xe2\x80\x9d which are histo\xc2\xac \nrical, moral, and entertaining.f He is represented by his bio\xc2\xac \ngraphers as the friend of the poor, the patron of learning, great \nwithout arrogance, affable in his behaviour, and an example of \ngood breeding, sobriety, temperance, and modesty. Como, a few \nmiles north of Milan, and near the borders of Switzerland, had \nthe honour of giving birth to this amiable man. See Arith. Quest. \n10th edit.iirt. Laurel. \n\n\n+ They have been translated into English by Mr. Melmoth,* and also \nby Lord Orrery. \n\n\n$ See March 14, 1799. \n\n\n\n\nAUGUST. \n\n\n335 \n\n\nThis brave chief, \xe2\x80\x9cthe peerless Knight of Ellerslie,\xe2\x80\x9d was \nborn near Paisley, in Renfrewshire; and a colossal statue \nhas been dedicated to his memory on a rock at Dryburgh, \nby the late Earl of Buchan. The situation of this monu\xc2\xac \nmental statue is truly striking, and commands a lovely \nview. The simple and sublime inscription, from Thom\xc2\xac \nson\xe2\x80\x99s Autumn , is, \xe2\x80\x9c Great Patriot Hero 1 Ill-requited \n\xc2\xa3hief.\xe2\x80\x9d \n\n23, 1628. George Villiers, Duke of Buckingham, me\xc2\xac \nmorable in English story for having been the favourite of \ntwo kings, was assassinated at Portsmouth, by Felton, who \nhad served under his Grace in the station of lieutenant. \nA brief account of the Duke\xe2\x80\x99s son, the profligate Duke of \nBuckingham, is given in the Arith. Quest. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1754. Louis XVI. was born at Versailles. See Jan, 21, \n\n1793. \n\n24, 71. St. Bartholomew\xe2\x80\x99s Martyrdom. Bartholomew \nwas one of the twelve apostles,* and thought, by some, to \nbe the same with Nathanael, one of the first disciples who \ncame to Christ. He is supposed to have travelled into \nIndia and other parts of Asia, where he preached to the \npeople of Hierapolis, in Phrygia,f and lastly, at Albania, \na city on the Caspian Sea, where his endeavours to reclaim \nthe people were crowned with martyrdom ; he being, ac\xc2\xac \ncording to some writers, flayed alive, and crucified with \nhis head downwards. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1572. Parisian Massacre. The father of the illus\xc2\xac \ntrious Thuanus is said to have exclaimed from Statius, on \nthis direful event, \n\nO may that day, the scandal of the age. \n\nBe ever blotted from th\xe2\x80\x99 historic page ! \n\nMay the kind fates in night\xe2\x80\x99s obscurest veil \nCover each record of the horrid tale ; \n\nAnd hide, in mercy, from all distant times, \n\nOur nation\xe2\x80\x99s cruelty, our nation\xe2\x80\x99s crimes.J \n\n_ 1662. Two thousand Ministers were ejected from \n\nthe Established Church in England by the Act of Uni\xc2\xac \nformity. See Arith. Quest. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1814, The beautiful city of Washington \xc2\xa7 was cap\xc2\xac \ntured by British forces, commanded by General Ross,|| \n\n\n* Matt. x. 3. t See the Script. Maps. \n\n+ See the particulars in Arith. Quest, and Bourn\'s Gazetteer. \n\n\xc2\xa7 See April 30, 1789, and Dec. 24, 1814. \n\n|| This brave and skilful officer was unfortunately killed on \n\n\n\n\n\n336 \n\n\nAUGUST. \n\n\nand all its superb national structures consumed by con\xc2\xac \nflagration ! The destruction of buildings, not immediately \nconnected with the purposes of war, must be lamented by \nevery person of liberal feelings; but in this case, say the \nadvocates for this species of barbarian warfare, it is only \na justifiable retaliation for the wanton cruelty exercised \nsome time since by the Americans themselves, in destroy\xc2\xac \ning defenceless villages in Canada. \n\n25, The Greeks keep the feast of Titus. He was a disciple \nof Paul, a Gentile* by religion and birth, but converted \nby this apostle, who calls him his son,f and constituted \nhim bishop of Crete, where, as well as in the adjacent is\xc2\xac \nlands, and also in Dalmatia, he preached the gospel with \ngreat success. He died at the advanced age of ninety-four \nyears, and was buried in the island of Crete. St. Paul\xe2\x80\x99s \nEpistle to Titus was written about A. D. 64. \n\nTitus, surnamed Justus, was a native of Corinth, and \nhost to St. Paul in that city.} Some imagine that this \nTitus was the bishop of Crete to whom St. Paul addressed \nan epistle; but the contrary opinion, which distinguishes \nthese two persons, has generally prevailed. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 12/0. Louis IX. died off the coast of Tunis, whither \nhe had sailed with the hope of converting the king of that \ncountry, and inducing him to join in a crusade. He was \nfifty-four years old, and had reigned forty-three years. \nThis excellent prince was perhaps the most eminent pat\xc2\xac \ntern of unswerving probity, and Christian strictness of \nconscience, that ever held the sceptre in any eountrv. \nFor nearly half a century that he governed France, there \nis not the smallest want of moderation or disinterested\xc2\xac \nness in his actions; and yet he raised the influence of the \nmonarchy to a much higher point than the most ambiti\xc2\xac \nous of his predecessors. His superstition and bigotry \nalmost effaced the good effects of his virtues. Hallam\xe2\x80\x99s \nMiddle Ages, Vol. I. 40. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1346. Battle of Cressy. At this village, which is \nsituated in the Straits of Calais and province of Picardy, \nEdward III. obtained a most splendid victory over the \nFrench, commanded by Philip de Valois. (See August 22; \n\n\nthe 12th of Sept. 1814, by an American rifleman, a few miles \nfrom Baltimore. A monument has been recently erected to his \nmemory in St. Paul\xe2\x80\x99s Cathedral. \n\n* See Gentile, Index. \n\nX See Acts xviii. 7. \n\n\nf Gal. ii. 3 ; Titus i. 4. \n\n\n\n\n\nAUGUST. \n\n\n337 \n\nalso Arith. Quest.) Edward had marshalled his army with \ngreat judgment, and had retired with some troops to a \ndistance from the immediate scene of action, leaving his \nson, the Black Prince, then only sixteen years old, to \ncommand. In the heat of the battle, some English no\xc2\xac \nblemen, apprehensive that some danger might happen to \nthe prince from the heroic courage he displayed, and \nfrom the superior number of his opponents, sent word to \nthe king to come to his relief. -Far from being moved at \nthis message, Edward asked, whether his son was still \nalive, and being told he was not only alive but fighting \nwith astonishing valour, replied to the message, \xe2\x80\x9c Tell my \ngenerals, that as long as my son is alive, let them send no \nmore to me, for the honour of this day shall be his, and \nhe must now merit his spurs.* Cannon, it is said, were \nfirst used in this battle. Hume, Rapin. \n\n25, 1653. Was a day of solemn thanksgiving in England, \nfor a victory obtained on the 31st of July, over the Dutch, \nnear the Texel, on the coast of Holland. This was one \nof the most dreadful and fierce engagements hitherto re\xc2\xac \ncorded. The gallant Van Tromp, as he was delivering \nhis orders, was shot through the body, and instantly ex\xc2\xac \npired. His death so much checked the ardour of the \ncrews, that the Dutch fleet was thrown into the greatest \nconfusion and disorder, and immediately fled.f \n\n\n* On landing at La Hogue, in France, Edward knighted his \nson and some of his attendants. The knights wore gilt spurs , \nthe esquires silver. \n\nf Personal merit alone had raised Van Tromp to the highest \nprofessional dignity; and he was generally considered, at the \ntime of his death, as one of the ablest and most intrepid seamen \nthat had ever then appeared in the world; having been in fifty \nnaval engagements, and gained thirty-three victories. The Dutch \ngovernment caused medals to be struck to his honour, and la\xc2\xac \nmented him as one of the greatest heroes of their republic. He \nwas born of obscure parents at Briel, a maritime town in the \nisland of Voorn. \n\nDe Ruyter was another Dutch admiral, of almost, if not equal, \ncelebrity with Van Tromp. He had been originally a cabin-boy, \nand was advanced successively to the rank of mate, master, and \ncaptain, acquitting himself with ability and honour in each de\xc2\xac \npartment. He shared with Van Tromp the glory of this and se\xc2\xac \nveral sanguinary contests with the English, in which he always \ndisplayed the greatest skill and most undaunted courage. He \nafterwards commanded a fleet against the English in the battle of \n\nQ \n\n\n\n338 \n\n\nAUGUST. \n\n\n25, 17/0. Expired, in consequence of swallowing\' a dose \nof arsenic the preceding day, that truly wonderful and \nstarving child of genius, Thomas Chatterton, a poet, \nantiquary, and heraldic writer, born at Bristol, Nov. 20, \n1752. He was the son of the sexton of RedclifF church, \nand was educated at a charity-school, where nothing more \nwas taught than reading, writing, and accounts. At four\xc2\xac \nteen, he was articled clerk to an attorney at Bristol; but \nsoon becoming disgusted with his profession, he repaired \nto London, and wrote for several periodical publications. \nThese exertions of his genius, however, brought him so \nlittle profit, that he was shortly reduced to extreme indi\xc2\xac \ngence ; so that at last, oppressed with poverty and disease, \nin a fit of despair, he put an end to his miserable exist\xc2\xac \nence, and was buried in a shell, in a burying-ground of \nShoe-Lane workhouse, Holborn. The works of this un\xc2\xac \nhappy youth were collected and published after his death, \nfor the benefit of a surviving relative, under the editorship \nof Dr. Southey, the Poet-Laureate. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1776. Died, David Hume, a celebrated philosopher \nand historian, born in the South of Scotland, or, as others \nsay, at Edinburgh. His \xe2\x80\x9c Essays\xe2\x80\x9d are strongly tinctured \nwith infidelity, hut his \xe2\x80\x9c History of England\xe2\x80\x9d will endure \nas long as the country whose annals it records. Mr. Hume \ndied at Edinburgh, and was interred in the Calton burying- \nground of that city, where a monument is erected to his \nmemory. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1800. Expired Elizabeth Montague, a lady of very \nconsiderable literary attainments, of sound judgment and \nexquisite taste; of which she has given a public proof in \nher excellent \xe2\x80\x9c Essay on the Writings and Genius of \n\n\nSole-Bay, in 1672 ; and in three succeeding engagements against \nthe English and French, in which, if possible, his bravery was \nmore distinguished than ever. But he did not long enjoy the \ntriumphs which he had so honourably won. In 1676, in an en\xc2\xac \ngagement with the French fleet, near Agosta, north of Syracuse, \nin the island of Sicily, he lost the day, and received a mortal \nwound, which soon put an end to his life. His corpse was car\xc2\xac \nried to Amsterdam, where a magnificent monument was erected \nto his memory by the command of the States-General. De Ruy- \nter was born at Flushing, a seaport town in the isle of Walcheren, \nUnited Provinces, in 1607. The chief contemporary naval cha\xc2\xac \nracters of England were, Monk, Dean, Blake, Popiiam, Penn, \nBourne, Ayscue, Lawson, and Mildmay. See Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gaz. 3d \nedit. art. Agosta. \n\n\n\nAUGUST. \n\n\n339 \n\n\nShakspeare,\xe2\x80\x9d &c. She was born at Horton, in Kent, in \n1719. Her May-day festivals, in Portman-Square, will \nbe long remembered by the unhappy tribe of chimney\xc2\xac \nsweepers. See May 1. \n\n25, 1822. Died, at Slough, near Windsor, in the 85th year \nof his age, that illustrious philosopher. Sir William \nHerschel, \n\n-whose spirit soar\xe2\x80\x99d \n\nTo orbs celestial, and their course explor\xe2\x80\x99d. \n\nThis eminent astronomer was a self-taught genius; his \nextraordinary intellectual and scientific attainments hav\xc2\xac \ning been the result of intense application and persever\xc2\xac \nance, unassisted by a regular education; they present, \ntherefore, to youth, a bright and an encouraging example \nof what may be achieved by resolute industry. Sir Wil\xc2\xac \nliam Herschel was born at Hanover, in Germany, in the \nyear 1738; and came over to England in 1759. For some \nyears he followed the musical profession; but Urania \nclaimed him for her own; and under her inspiration he \nzealously devoted himself to astronomy. His constancy \nto that noble science was at length most bounteously re\xc2\xac \nwarded by the discovery of a new planet, the remotest in \nour system, and which had long been considered by phi\xc2\xac \nlosophers as a fixed star. To this Dr. Herschel gave the \nname of Georgium Sidus, in honour of his generous pa\xc2\xac \ntron, George III., but foreign astronomers have usually- \ntermed it Herschel.* In 1783, he discovered a volcanic \nmountain in the Moon, and in 1787, made further obser\xc2\xac \nvations on that planet, and found two others therein which \nemitted fire from their summits. In pursuing his inqui\xc2\xac \nries concerning his new planet, he discovered it to be sur\xc2\xac \nrounded, like Saturn, with rings, and to have six satellites. \nHe also confirmed, by his observations, the opinion of \nNewton concerning the number of the satellites of Saturn; \nand made many curious discoveries relative to nebulous \nand double stars. Dr. Herschel, like his great predeces\xc2\xac \nsor Sir Isaac Newton, was distinguished by that humility \nwhich, when it accompanies exalted genius, is one of its \nbrightest ornaments; \n\nAnd by example shews how amiable \n\nWisdom with goodness join\xe2\x80\x99d : patient and mild. \n\nHis manners were unassuming, and he was a free, in- \n\n\n* It is also known by the name of Uranus. \n\nq 2 \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n340 \n\n\nAUGUST. \n\n\nstructive, and pleasant companion. Of the numerous \nvisiters whom the celebrity of his name attracted, no one \never returned from his hospitable cottage without feeling \ngratified with the urbanity of the man, or being improved \nby the conversation of the philosopher. Sir William \nHerschel was buried at Upton, a village in Bucks, and \nnear Colnbrook. His fame rests upon an imperishable \nbasis, and will be coeval with the planetary system which \nhis discoveries illustrated.* \n\nHail, worthy of heroic praise, ye Sons \n\nOf Hermes and Astronomy ! beyond \n\nThe realms of change and death : therefore, secure,. \n\nYour names defy oblivion ; Glory waves \nHigh in the Heavens the sacred roll, and shews \nYour honour\xe2\x80\x99d record from her car of fire, \n\nTo the admiring Earth. Posterity \nShall see and reverence. \n\nEudosia. \n\n26, 55 B. C. Julius (Lesar, the celebrated Roman com\xc2\xac \nmander, landed near Dover, with an intention to subdue \nBritain. He landed again at the same place the following \nyear. See Henry\xe2\x80\x99s Hist, of Eng. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1541. Orellana, a Spanish officer, who had deserted \nhis commander Pizarro, arrived at the mouth of the Ma- \nragnon or Maranon, in South America, after a voyage of \n\n\n* In the grounds attached to Dr. Herschel\xe2\x80\x99s residence at Slough, \nwas fixed his great 40-feet telescope; which, with proper glasses, \nmagnifies 6000 times. An accurate description of it, with plates, \nis to be found in the Transactions of the Royal Society for 1705. \nThe discoveries which have immortalized this great astronomer \nwere not, however, made by means of this instrument, which is \nrather an object of curiosity than use. The fact is, no such large \npower is either necessary or advantageous. Dr. Herschel, and \nhis scientific sister when assisting him, occasionally used a 20- \nfeet telescope, and the greater part of their discoveries have been \nmade with reflectors of from 10 to 20 feet, and with powers of \nfrom CO to 300. The rapid rotation of the earth prevents the ap\xc2\xac \nplication of a higher power than 300 being generally useful. A \nscientific writer mentions the polar star as a proper test of the \nperfection of a telescope as to its light and distinctness, because \nit is easily found and always visible; and Dr. Herschel recom\xc2\xac \nmends a 20-feet telescope on account of the moderate weight of \nthe mirror and the proportionably long wooden tube, which, \nwith proper precautions, may be used iu any temperature. \n\n\n\nAUGUST. \n\n\n341 \n\n\nnearly seven months from Peru to the Atlantic, down \nthat noble river, the largest in the known world.* * On \nhis arrival in Spain, Orellana gave a marvellous account \nof the countries through which he had passed, and as\xc2\xac \nserted, that he had fallen in with a nation of women; \nwhence the name Amazonf was given to the river, and \nAmazonia to part of the adjacent country. It was, how\xc2\xac \never, afterwards found, that these women were not soldiers, \nbut were only, according to custom, carrying the arms of \ntheir husbands. \n\n26, 1777- Died Francis Fawkes, well known for many \ningenious poems of his own, but more so by his pleasing \ntranslations of the works of Anacreon, Sappho, Bion. and \nMoschus, and the Idylliums of Theocritus. He was born \nin Yorkshire about the year 1725, and at his death was \nrector of Hayes, in Kent. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1789. Expired in indigence, in the King\xe2\x80\x99s Bench \nprison\xe2\x80\x94neglected by those \xe2\x80\x9chis former bounty fed\xe2\x80\x9d\xe2\x80\x94 \nValentine Morris, a gentleman pre-eminently distin\xc2\xac \nguished for unbounded benevolence and magnificent hos\xc2\xac \npitality ; who profusely shared his \xe2\x80\x9c good things,\xe2\x80\x9d in the \nday of his fortune, with the friends of his prosperity ; and \ncheerfully divided the pittance that remained, in the hour \nof his distress and imprisonment, with the unfortunate \ncompanions of his adversity.]; The scene of his splen\xc2\xac \ndour was Piercefield, an enchanting spot, upon which \nnature has been peculiarly lavish of her favours, and which \nhas been spoken of by Mr. Wheatly, Mr. Gilpin, and \n\n\n* See an ingenious and useful work entitled \xe2\x80\x9c Potamology, \nor a Tabular Description of the Principal Rivers throughout the \nWorld\xe2\x80\x94their Rise, Course, the Cities or Towns on or near them, \ntheir Tributary Streams, Length, Navigation, and Outfall into \nOceans, Seas, or Lakes. 2nd edition, 1829. By G. Small- \nfield.\xe2\x80\x9d In this Description, the situation of each City or \nTown, and the termination of each Tributary, is accurately de\xc2\xac \nsignated as on the right or left bank of the Principal stream. \n\n\xe2\x80\xa2f* See Exercises on the Globes , art. Amazons. \n\n* The generous, open-hearted Morris was an instance of the \ntruth of the following remark : \xe2\x80\x9c That whatever our circumstances \nand possessions be, the stream of our bounty will soon be dried \nup, if it be not supplied from the fountain of a prudent frugality.\xe2\x80\x9d \nSee Arith. Quest. 10th edition, art. Economy the best Source of \nGenerosity. \n\n\n\n342 \n\n\nAUGUST. \n\n\nmany other writers, in the most flattering terms. It is \nsituated near Chepstow, in Monmouthshire. \n\n26, 1/95. Trincomale, a Dutch settlement in the island \nof Ceylon\', was captured by the English. \n\n27, 1748. Expired, at his favourite residence of Richmond, \nSurrey, James Thomson, the charming \xe2\x80\x9c Poet of the \nSeasons.\xe2\x80\x9d He was born Sept. 22, 1700, at Ednam, in \nRoxburghshire, Scotland: \n\n\xe2\x80\x9c---There \n\nHis infant feet first trod the virgin snow ; \n\nHimself as pure- \n\nAs a writer, his mode of thinking and of expressing \nhis thoughts is original. He thinks always as a man of \ngenius, looking round on nature and on life with the eye \nwhich nature bestows only on a poet, the eye that distin\xc2\xac \nguishes, in every thing represented to its view, whatever \nthere is on which imagination can delight to be detained, \nand with a mind that at once comprehends the vast and \nattends to the minute. His descriptions in \xe2\x80\x9cThe Sea\xc2\xac \nsons\xe2\x80\x9d*\' bring before us the whole magnificence of nature, \nwhether pleasing or dreadful. As a man, the qualities \nof his mind and heart are sufficiently conspicuous in his \nwritings; in them we see his love of mankind, of his \ncountry, and friends, his devotion to the Supreme Being, \nand his tenderness of heart even to the brute creation . \nHe is not, indeed, known to have given, through his \nwhole life, one moment\xe2\x80\x99s pain to any person, either by \nhis writings or his conduct. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1797. The Marquis de la Fayette, who will be \nlong remembered as the active and ardent friend of Ame\xc2\xac \nrican freedom, and who acted a conspicuous part in the \nearly scenes of the French Revolution, was liberated from \nOlmutz, in Moravia, where he had been rigorously im\xc2\xac \nprisoned by the Emperor of Germany, Francis II., as is \ngenerally said, contrary to the law of nations. See Ol\xc2\xac \nmutz, Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gazetteer. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1802. The New Docks at Blackwall, near London, \n\n\n* This work, says Dr. Aikin, can never cease to delight as long \nas nature is loved and studied, and so long as liberal and dignified \nsentiments find sympathetic breasts. No poetical performance \nmay be more confidently recommended to the juvenile reader, \nwhose fondness for it is one of the most unequivocal marks of a \npure and well-disposed mind. Letters on Eng . Poetry. \n\n\n\n\n\nAUGUST. \n\n\n343 \n\n\nwere opened in the presence of the principal officers of \nstate ; on which occasion the Henry Addington East In- \ndiaman entered, decorated with the colours of the different \nnations of Europe. \n\n28, 430. Expired St. Augustine, an illustrious father of \nthe church. He was born at Tagaste,* on the 13th of \nNovember, 354; and his mother, Monica, a woman of \ngreat virtue, instructed him in the principles of the Chris\xc2\xac \ntian religion. He completed his education at Carthage, \nwhere he afterwards taught rhetoric with great applause, \nas he did subsequently at Rome and at Milan, iii Italy. \nHe returned to Africa in 388, and, with eleven other \npersons, adopted the monastic way of life in the neigh\xc2\xac \nbourhood of Hippo,f exercising themselves, it is said, \nin fasting, prayer, study, and meditation, day and night, \nfor the space of three years; hence sprang up the Au\xc2\xac \ngustine Friars, being the first order of Mendicants.^ Au- \n\n\n* A town in the north part of Numidia, Africa. See Africa \nAntiqua, in Wilkinson\xe2\x80\x99s Atlas Classica; Cellarius\xe2\x80\x99s Geogra- \nphia Antiquay or Smith\xe2\x80\x99s Atlas Classica. \n\nt A town of Numidia, adjacent to the sea, in the same maps. \n\nX Mendicants, beggars, was a term applied to several orders of \nreligious, who lived on alms, and went a-begging from door to \ndoor; but this vagrant tribe was at length reduced to four , namely, \nthe Dominicans,* Franciscans,\xc2\xa7 Carmelites, j| and Augus- \ntines. The sanctimonious rabble affirmed, without a blush, that \nthe true method of obtaining salvation was revealed to them alone; \nproclaimed, with ostentation, the superior efficacy and virtue of \ntheir indulgences ;^f and vaunted, beyond measure, their interest \nat the court of heaveu, and their familiar connexion with the Su\xc2\xac \npreme Being, the Virgin Mary, and the saints in glory. By these \nimpious wiles, they so deluded and captivated the miserable and \nblinded multitude, that they would not intrust any other but the \nMendicants with the care of their souls. They, however, lost their \ncredit in the sixteenth century, by their rustic impudence, their \nridiculous superstitions, their ignorance, cruelty, and brutish man\xc2\xac \nners. They discovered the most barbarous aversion to the arts \n\n\n* See April 19, 1804. 5 See Oct. 4, 1226. \n\n|| The Carmelites, or White Friars, took their name and origin from \nCarmel, a mountain south-west of Mount Tabor, in the Holy Land, \nformerly inhabited by the prophets Elias and Elisha, and by the chil\xc2\xac \ndren of the prophets ; from whom this order pretend to descend in an \nuninterrupted succession ; but the manner in which they make out \ntheir antiquity has something in it too ridiculous to be rehearsed. \nSee Geo. Exer. on the New Test. art. Carmel. \n\nf See July 8, 1174. \n\n\n\n\n344 \n\n\nAUGUST. \n\n\ngustine was afterwards ordained bishop of Hippo, by Me- \ngalus, bishop of Calama,* then primate of Numidia. \n\n28, 1645. Died Hugo Grotius, born at Delft, in Hol\xc2\xac \nland, 1583, and one of the greatest men in Europe as a \nwriter on philosophy, divinity, civil law, and polite lite\xc2\xac \nrature. He pleaded at the bar before he was seventeen \nyears of age, and was not twenty-four when he was ap\xc2\xac \npointed Attorney-General. His \xe2\x80\x9c Treatise on the Truth \nof the Christian Religion,\xe2\x80\x9d and his \xe2\x80\x98\xe2\x80\x98Treatise on the \nRights of Peace and War,\xe2\x80\x9d have immortalized his name. \nHe was imprisoned in 1619, when his friend Barneveldt \nwas beheaded, but escaped from his incarceration by his \nwife\xe2\x80\x99s contrivance, and died at Rostock, in the north of \nGermany. Such a woman, says Bayle, deserved not only \na statue, but canonization, from the Republic of Letters; \nfor it is to her that posterity is indebted for all the excel\xc2\xac \nlent works which her husband published, and which, but \nfor her spirited conduct, would never have emerged from \nthe dark dungeon of Louvestein. See Hague and Louve- \nstein. Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gazetteer; also, for several examples of \nfemale affection, Butler\xe2\x80\x99s Exer. on the Globes, 11th edit. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1648. The garrison of Colchester, in Essex, having \nendured a siege of ten weeks, was compelled to surrender \nprisoners at discretion to general Fairfax : whereupon \nSir Charles Lucas and Sir George Lisle were immediately \nshot. They were interred in St. Giles\xe2\x80\x99s church, Colches\xc2\xac \nter. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1793. Toulon, a celebrated seaport in the south of \nFrance, surrendered to the British Admiral, Lord Hood. \nSee Dec. 19, 1793. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1794. The tyrannical demagogue Robespierre, a \nname which will be transmitted with infamy to the latest \nposterity, suffered death at Paris. Great numbers were \nsacrificed to his jealous and dastardly cruelty, during his \n\n\nand sciences, and expressed a like abhorrence of certain eminent \nand learned men, who recommended the culture of the mind, and \nattacked the barbarism of the age in their writings and discourse. \nTheir general character, together with other circumstances, con \xc2\xac \ncurred to render a reformationf desirable, and to accomplish this \nhappy and glorious event. See Mosheim\xe2\x80\x99s Eccl. Hist., or Dr. \nRees\xe2\x80\x99s New Cyclopedia. \n\n* A town in the interior part of Numidia. \n\n\nt See Feb. 16, 1497.- \n\n\n\n\nAUGUST. 345 \n\nsanguinary administration. He was a native of Arras, in \nthe department of the Straits of Calais. \n\n28, 1818. Was the third anniversary of the National \nBenevolent Institution, founded by Peter Herve , \nEsq., for the Relief of Distressed Persons in the Middle \nRanks of Life, of whatever country or religious persua\xc2\xac \nsion.* Its objects are two-fold; the first is to administer \nessential and permanent relief to those who in old age \nwant support, and who have heretofore lived respectably \neither in independence, in professions, or in the higher \ndepartments of trade ; but, by adverse circumstances or \ncalamitous events, are reduced to penury. The second \nobject is to advance small loans to persons, proportionate \nto their several necessities, to secure their credit, and ena\xc2\xac \nble them to persevere in the world. Since the formation \nof this beneficial establishment, many have been relieved \nby pensions or by loans, who but for this assistance must \nhave sought refuge in a poor-house. The principle of \nthis noble charity cannot be too warmly applauded, since \nit operates not only to relieve distress, but to reward \nvirtue\xe2\x80\x94for only the virtuous and deserving are allowed \nto participate in its bounty; the recipients being obliged \nto produce a well-attested declaration, that their poverty \nis not the result of vice, idleness, or extravagance. \n\nThe original patroness of this laudable institution was \nthe late lamented Princess Charlotte, who at this anni\xc2\xac \nversary was succeeded by the Duchess of Kent, sister to \nhis Royal Highness Prince Leopold. \n\nThe institution is supported by annual subscriptions of \nFive Shillings and upwards, and by donations and be\xc2\xac \nquests. The office is at No. 45, Great Russell Street, \nBloomsbury. \n\n29, Decollation of John the Baptist. See June 24. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1680. Death of Blood. On this day, says Mr. \n\nPennant, died peacefully and fearlessly in bis bed, and \nwithout any signs of penitence, totally hardened, and \nforsaken of Heaven, the miscreant Blood, notorious for \nhis" attempt to steal the crown. Never was a more de\xc2\xac \ntermined villain, \xe2\x80\x9c with a head to contrive, and a heart \n\n\n* This benevolent man. \n\nBy heaven inspired, who formed the great design \nTo rescue worthy objects from distress, \n\nFrom houseless want, distraction, and despair, \n\ndied in France in 1827. \n\nq 3 \n\n\n\n\n\n346 \n\n\nAUGUST. \n\n\nto execute any wickedness.\xe2\x80\x9d He had a pension of 500L \na year, and perpetually enjoyed the smiles of majesty \n(Charles II.) at court, where, it is said, he was retained by \na profligate set of men to overawe any who had integrity \nenough to resist their measures. Pennant\xe2\x80\x99s London . \n\n29, 1764. Died, at Clapham, in Surrey, in the 80th year of \nhis age. Sir John Barnard, to whose memory a statue \nwas afterwards erected in the Royal Exchange, by his \nfellow-citizens.* He was an eminent merchant. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1797. Expired, in the sixty-third year of his age, at \nDerby, the place of his nativity, Joseph Wright, an \nartist, who was one of the founders of the British School \nof Painting, and whose works occupy a very distinguished \nplace in various departments of the art, particularly in \nfire-light subjects.^ In moon-light, likewise, his pictures \nare allowed to hold the highest rank; and his judicious \ncombination of fire and moon-light has particularly at\xc2\xac \ntracted the admiration of connoisseurs. It is recorded of \nthis admirable artist, that in his works the attention is \never directed to the cause of virtue ; that his earliest his\xc2\xac \ntorical pictures consist of subjects either of rational o\'r \nmoral improvement, and that he has succeeded admirably \nin exciting the gentler feelings of humanity; for what eye \nor heart ever remained unmoved at the sight of Maria, \nSterne\xe2\x80\x99s Captive, or the Dead Soldier ? In his works, \n\xe2\x80\x9cnot one immoral, one corrupted thought,\xe2\x80\x9d occurs to \nwound the eye of delicacy; and his pictures, the reflection \nof his own delicate mind, will be ranked by posterity as \ntreasures worthy the imitation of succeeding generations. \n\n30, 70. Jerusalem was destroyed by Titus. (See Arith. \nQuest.) Some date its ruin on the 8th of September. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1483. Louis XI. died of palsy, in the 61st year of his \nage, and the 23rd of his reign. See July 3, 1423, and \nTours, Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gazetteer. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1804. Expired, at Manchester, Thomas Percival, \nM.D., who, to a high professional character, superadded \ndistinguished rank in literature. His earlier publications \nwere devoted to medical, philosophical, and scientific \nresearches: but the subjects which generally occupied \n\n\n* See Readiug and Wandsworth, in Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gaz., 3d edit. \n\nt One of these, a large picture of Mount Vesuvius, was sold \nto the late Empress of Russia for 300 guineas. The destruction \nof the floating batteries off Gibraltar is also a painting of this de\xc2\xac \nscription. See July 6, 1790, and July 22, 1704. \n\n\n\nAUGUST. \n\n\n347 \n\nhis pen in his later years, were, it is said, of a nature more \ncongenial to his feeling. His Father\'s Instructions and \nMoral Dissertations, were originally conceived with the \ndesign of exciting in the hearts of his own children a \ndesire of knowledge and a love of virtue; and certainly, \nwithin the range of human selection, there can be no \nobject of higher importance than that which the author \nconstantly held in view in executing those works\xe2\x80\x94the \nintellectual, moral, and religious improvement of the \nrising generation. Dr. Percival was educated a Dissenter, \nand steadily retained the principles of rational dissent, \nwithout descending to be a partisan. He was a native of \nWarrington, in Lancashire, where he was born. Sept. \n29, 1740. \n\n31, 1422. Henry V., the celebrated conqueror of France, \nexpired at Vincennes, near Paris, in that country, in the \nthirty-fifth year of his age, and the tenth of his reign. \nHis remains were conveyed to England, and interred in \nWestminster-Abbey, at the feet of Edward the Confessor. \nHenry was a native of Monmouth, which at that period \nbelonged to Wales: a country which also gave birth to \ntwo other kings of England, namely, Edward II. and \nHenry VII. The former was born at Caernarvon, the \nlatter at Pembroke. From the spirit of a letter written \nby Henry V. to his Chancellor, the bishop of Durham, \nand lately published in original letters edited by Mr. \nEllis, of the British Museum, the king appears to have \nbeen a strong-minded man and a shrewd statesman. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94> 1688. Died, in London, John Bunyan, the far-famed au\xc2\xac \nthor of the incomparable allegory entitled, the \xe2\x80\x9cPilgrim\xe2\x80\x99s \nProgress,\xe2\x80\x9d one of the most popular books in the English \nlanguage. This singular man was born at Elstow, within \na mile of Bedford, in 1628. His father was an itinerant \ntinker, and his mother of the like rank; and in the early \npart of life he abandoned himself to all manner of wicked\xc2\xac \nness. He was a soldier in the parliamentary army at the \nsiege of Leicester, in 1645. About the year 1665, he \nbecame a member of a Baptist congregation at Bedford, \nand was afterwards chosen their pastor, and attained un\xc2\xac \ncommon popularity as a preacher. From the time of his \nconversion, his conversation was modest, his behaviour \nexemplary, and his moral character unexceptionable ; \nand his conduct in his own neighbourhood procured him \nthe blessed title of a Peace-maker.* Bunyan was in- \n\n\n* See Hariner, Index. \n\n\n\n348 \n\n\nAUGUST. \n\n\nterred in a vault belonging to a friend in the Dissenters\xe2\x80\x99 \nburial-place, now called Bunhill-fields, near the Artillery \nGround, Moorfields, London. \n\n31, 1805. Expired James Currie, M.D., born at Kirk- \npatrick-Fleming, in Dumfries-shire, on May 31, 1756. \nHe settled in Liverpool as a physician in 1781, and soon \nrose into general esteem among the most distinguished \ncharacters of the place. His medical performances gained \nhim great reputation with his brethren; and his publica\xc2\xac \ntion of Burns\xe2\x80\x99s works, with an interesting life of that \nrustic son of genius, * * was a rich treat to the lovers of \npoetry and elegant literature; it being equally admired \nfor beauty of style, liberality of sentiment, and sagacity \nof remark. Repeated editions produced a balance of \nprofit which formed a little fortune for the poet\xe2\x80\x99s destitute \nfamily; and Dr. Currie might congratulate himself as \nhaving been one of the most effectual friends of departed \ngenius, that the annals of British poetry record. In Nov. \n1804, a pulmonary complaint obliged Dr. Currie to quit \nthe climate and business of Liverpool. He spent the \nwinter alternately at Clifton and Bath, and in March \ncommenced his professional practice in this city; but in \nAugust went, as a last resource, to Sidmouth, in Devon\xc2\xac \nshire, f where, after much suffering, which was borne \nwith manly fortitude and pious resignation, he died. His \n\n\n* See July 21, 1796. \n\n+ See Cary\xe2\x80\x99s Eng. Atlas. Sidmouth, a small but rapidly in\xc2\xac \ncreasing town, lies in the Channel, about midway betwixt Lyme \nand Exmouth. As a tv at ering-place, Sidmouth, in its natural ad\xc2\xac \nvantages, yields to none of the retreats of Hygeia.* An air mild \nand salubrious, a soil uncommonly fertile, the purest water con \xc2\xac \ntinually flowing, and a situation defended from every wind but \nthe south, give it a pre-eminence over most of those places on \nour coasts which are resorted to for the purposes of health or \namusement. See an interesting sketch, with an elegant view of \nSidmouth, in the late Rev. Edmund Butcher\xe2\x80\x99s \xe2\x80\x9c Excursion from \nSidmouth to Chester:\xe2\x80\x9d published in 1805. \n\n\n* Hygeia was the goddess of health and the daughter of Aescula\xc2\xac \npius ; she was held in great veneration among the ancients. \n\nWhatever goods the gods have sent, \n\nWhate\xe2\x80\x99er to sooth our sorrows lent, \n\nHygeia ! power divine ! \n\nTo make them flourish green and gay, \n\nAnd bear fresh blossoms every day, \n\nGoddess ! that gift is thine ! \n\nGreek Anthology. \n\n\n\n\nAUGUST. \n\n\n349 \n\n\nlife, though much too short to satisfy the wishes of his \nfriends and family, was long enough for signal usefulness \nand for lasting fame. See Dr. Aikin\xe2\x80\x99s Memoir of Dr. \nCurrie in the Monthly Mag. for October 1805. \n\n31, 1818. Died, in the 75th year of his age, Harry \nAshby, a celebrated writing engraver, whose incompa\xc2\xac \nrable performances exhibit the brilliancy, and display the \nspirit and freedom, of the most exquisite productions of \nthe pen. This distinguished artist moreover displayed \nsome of the most beautiful specimens of the graving art \nin the Terms of Schools, Cards of Address, Shop- \nBills, &c., &c., and especially in Bankers\xe2\x80\x99 Notes. \n\nMr. Ashby was born at Wotton-under-Edge, in Glou\xc2\xac \ncestershire, and died at Exning, in Suffolk, (within a mile \nof Newmarket,) whither he had retired to enjoy \xe2\x80\x9c a pause \nbetween the hurry of life and the day of death,\xe2\x80\x9d in the \ndelightful contemplation of the works of the Almighty, \nand in the joyful expectation of immortality in \xe2\x80\x9c another \nand a better world.\xe2\x80\x9d \n\n\xe2\x80\x9c Give me, indulgent Heav\xe2\x80\x99n ! with mind serene, \n\nAnd guiltless heart, to range the sylvan scene. \n\nThere pleasing objects useful thoughts suggest, \n\nThe sense is ravish\xe2\x80\x99d, and the soul is blest; \n\nOn every thorn delightful wisdom grows, \n\nTn every rill a sweet instruction flows. \n\n\xe2\x80\x9c 0 sacred solitude! divine retreat! \n\nChoice of the prudent ! envy of the great! \n\nBy thy pure stream, or in thy waving shade, \n\nWe court fair wisdom, that celestial maid : \n\nThere blest with health, with bus\xe2\x80\x99ness unperplext, \n\nThis life we relish, and insure the next.\xe2\x80\x9d \n\nSee No. 17, Geo. Ewer, on the New Test., 4th edit. \n\n\n( 350 ) \n\n\nSEPTEMBER. \n\n\xe2\x80\x9c Now soften\xe2\x80\x99d suns a mellow lustre shed. \n\nThe laden orchards glow with tempting red; \n\nOn hazel boughs the clusters hang embrown\xe2\x80\x99d,* \n\nAnd with the sportsman\xe2\x80\x99s war the new-shorn fields \nresound.\xe2\x80\x9d \n\n\xe2\x80\x9c Berries and pulpous fruits of various kinds, \n\nThe promise of the blooming Spring, now yield \nTheir rich and wholesome juices ; meant t\xe2\x80\x99 allay \nThe ferment of the bilious blood.\xe2\x80\x9d \n\n\nSeptember is the ninth month of the year reckoned \nfrom January, and the seventh from March, whence its \nname, viz. from Septimus , seventh . \n\nThe Roman senate would have given this month the \nname of Tiberius, but that emperor opposed it; the em\xc2\xac \nperor Domitian gave it his own name Germanicus; the \nsenate under Antoninus Pius gave it that of Antoninus; \nCommodus gave it his surname Herculeus, and the em\xc2\xac \nperor Tacitus his own name Tacitus. But these appel\xc2\xac \nlations are all gone into disuse. \n\nThis is, in general, a very pleasant month, the distin\xc2\xac \nguishing softness and serenity of Autumn prevailing \nthrough great part of it; accordingly Peacham says, \nSeptember is drawn with a merry and cheerful coun\xc2\xac \ntenance, in a purple robe. \n\nAbout the close of this month is the principal harvest \nof apples; when in Herefordshire, Worcestershire, So\xc2\xac \nmersetshire and Devonshire, they are gathered for the \ncider-making. \n\n-and British vats \n\nO\xe2\x80\x99erflow with gen\'rous cider.- \n\nAutumn paints \n\nAusonianf hills with grapes, whilst English plains \n\nBlush with pomaceous harvests, breathing sweets. \n\n\n* See Arith. Quest, art. Nuts. \n\nf Ausonia was one of the ancient names of Italy, which it re\xc2\xac \nceived from Auson, the son of Ulysses. \n\n\n\n\nSEPTEMBER. \n\n\n351 \n\n\nTo the utmost bounds of this \nWide universe Silurian* cider borne. \n\nShall please all tastes, and triumph o\xe2\x80\x99er the vine. \n\nPhilips. \n\nThe art of making- cider is a branch of rural occupation \nnot unpleasing* in its general aspect, and associated with \nmuch agreeable imagery. It is the English vintage; the \nproduct of a kind of culture perhaps not less grateful to the \nsenses in all its accompaniments than that of the grape. \nPomona is no mean rival to Bacchus, and a Herefordshire \nlandscape may vie with the scenery of Burgundian hills or \nAndalusian plains. Aikin. \n\n-Wine delectable, that far surmounts \n\nGallic or Latin grapes, or those that see \nThe setting suu near Calpe\xe2\x80\x99s tow\xe2\x80\x99ring height; \n\nNor let the Rhodian nor the Lesbian vines \n\nVaunt their rich must, nor let Tokay contend \n\nFor sov\xe2\x80\x99reignty : Phanaeus\xe2\x80\x99f self must bow \n\nTo th\xe2\x80\x99 Ariconian vales. Philips. \n\nREMARKABLE EVENTS. \n\nI, 5508 B. C. The World (according to Julius Africanus, \nas quoted by Gibbon,) was created. Most chronologers, \nhowever, mention the year 4004 B. C. as the period of \nits first existence. (See Arith. Quest.) The Jews cele\xc2\xac \nbrate the 19th of September as the day of the creation, \nand some suppose that it was created in Spring. \n\nGod has shewn himself in the Creation, not only a \nBeing infinitely wise and powerful, but most kind and \nbeneficent. How many real enjoyments and pleasing \nsensations does he grant to all the beneficiaries of his \nbounty, and particularly to man ! \n\nWherefore did nature pour her bounties forth. \n\nWith such a full and unwithdrawing hand, \n\nCovering the earth with odours, fruits, and flocks, \n\n\n* Siluria comprehended the counties of Hereford and Mon\xc2\xac \nmouth, together with the district now called South Wales. The \nSilures were a warlike, intrepid race, utterly averse to servitude, \nand famous for their valiant opposition to the Romans. Philips, \nin his Poem called \xe2\x80\x9c Cider,\xe2\x80\x9d has given a very lively picture of \nHerefordshire. See May. \nf A port in the isle of Chios was called Phanaeum. \n\n\n\n\n\n352 \n\n\nSEPTEMBER. \n\n\nThronging the seas with spawn innumerable, \n\nBut all to please, and sate the curious taste ? \n\nMilton. \n\nWith what magnificence has the Almighty adorned \nand embellished our planet! The verdant lawn, the \nshady grove, the variegated landscape, the boundless \nocean, and the starry firmament, are contemplated with \nextreme pleasure by every attentive beholder.* And, \nthough the cultivation of this grateful feeling be not com\xc2\xac \npatible with the necessary toils and active offices which \nProvidence has assigned to the multitude, yet there are \nfew to whom such portion of it may not be profitable; \nand if it were cherished by each individual in that degree \nonly which is actually consistent with the indispensable \nduties of his station, the felicity of human life would be \nconsiderably augmented. A taste for the beauties of nature \nnot only refines and humanizes, but dignifies and exalts \nthe affections. It elevates them to the admiration and \nlove of that Glorious Being who is the author of all that \nis fair, sublime, and good, in the world around us: and \nemotions of piety must spring up spontaneously in the \nbosom that is in unison with the whole of animated na\xc2\xac \nture. Actuated by this divine impulse, man finds a fane \nin every grove; and, glowing with devout fervour, he joins \nhis song to the universal chorus, or, with one of our best \npoets, muses the praise of the Almighty in more \xe2\x80\x9c ex\xc2\xac \npressive silence.\xe2\x80\x9d They \n\n\xe2\x80\x9c Whom Nature\xe2\x80\x99s works can charm, with God himself \nHold converse ; grow familiar, day by day, \n\nWith his conceptions ; act upon his plan ; \n\nAnd form to his, the relish of their souls.\xe2\x80\x9d \n\n1, St. Giles\xe2\x80\x99s Festival. St. Giles, it is said, was a na\xc2\xac \ntive of Athens, and came into France in 715, having first \ndisposed of his patrimony to charitable uses. He was \nafterwards made abbot of an abbeyf at Nismes, depart\xc2\xac \nment of Gard, province of Languedoc. \n\n\n* See Exer. on the Globes , art. Earth ; and Arith. Quest, art. \nSolar System, and Gardening. See also May 1, 304. Sturm\xe2\x80\x99s \nReflections contain some excellent papers on the works of \nCreation. \n\nt When in any society of religious persons, whether male or \nfemale, one abbot or abbess (so called from the Hebrew, Abba > \nwhich signifies father in English) presided, then that was called \n\n\n\nSEPTEMBER. \n\n\n353 \n\n\n1, 1159. Died Pope Adrian IV., the only Englishman \nthat ever obtained the tiara,* and whose arrogance was \nsuch, that he obliged Frederick I. to prostrate himself \nbefore him, kiss his foot, hold his stirrup, and lead the \nwhite palfrey on which he rode.f His name was Nico- \n\n\nan Abbey. This governor had the sole power over the convent. \nBut when the chief person in the monastery bore the name of \nPrior, that was styled a Priory. When a certain number of \nsecular canons assembled themselves under the government of a \nwarden, dean, or provost, they were called a College, ora Col\xc2\xac \nlegiate Church. When the society of religious persons con\xc2\xac \nsisted of men, it was called a Monastery ; when it consisted of \nwomen, it was styled a Nunnery, probably from the Latin \nNounce , Nuns or Vestals. Chauntries were chapels erected and \nendowed for the singing of masses for the souls of the deceased. \nHospitals were houses founded for the entertainment of all who \nperformed any religious pilgrimage. The word is derived from \nhospes , a guest; hence our word hospitality , or an entertainment \nof guests. Gilds were societies of lay brethren, who lived toge\xc2\xac \nther like monks, but were of no professed order: hence the mo\xc2\xac \ndern word gild, or fraternity of citizens ; and hence Guildhall, \nthe place where the Gilds assemble. \n\n* Tiara, or Tiar, is an ornament or habit wherewith the an\xc2\xac \ncient Persians covered their heads ; and with which the Arme\xc2\xac \nnians and kings of Pontus are represented ou medals ; these last, \nbecause they were descended from the Persians. It w r as worn \nin the form of a tower, and sometimes adorned with peacocks\xe2\x80\x99 \nfeathers. \n\nOf beaming sunny rays a golden tiar \n\nCircled his head. Milton. \n\nThe Jewish priests wore a kind of turbant, when ministering \nin the temple. It may also be remarked, that it was the custom \namong the Greeks and Romans, as well as the Jews, to appear \nin worshipping assemblies with the head covered. It seems, says \nDoddridge, that the Corinthian men wore a veil, out of regard to \nPharisaical tradition, and in imitation of the custom prevailing in \nthe synagogues; which, therefore, the apostle Paul disapproved. \nSee 1 Cor. xi. 4. \n\nTiara is also the name of the Pope\xe2\x80\x99s triple crown. The tiara \nand keys are the badges of the papal dignity ; the tiara, ot his \ncivil rank ; and the keys, of his jurisdiction : for as soon as the \nPope is dead, his arms are represented with the tiara aloue, with\xc2\xac \nout the keys. The ancient tiara was a round high cap. John \nXXIII. first encompassed it with a crown : Boniface VIII. added \na second crown; aud Benedict XII. a third. See Arith. Quest. \nart. Turbant. \n\nf See July 8, 1174, and Pope, Index. \n\n\n\n\n354 \n\n\nSEPTEMBER. \n\n\nlas Brekespeare, a native of Abbots-Langley, a village \nnear St. Alban\xe2\x80\x99s, Herts. He was elected to the Popedom \nin 1154. \n\n1, 1651. Robinson Crusoe, according to De Foe\xe2\x80\x99s story, \nbegan his disastrous voyage, by going on board a ship at \nHull, bound for London. (See Sept. 11, 1703.) The \ntrue history of this entertaining work, when divested of \nfabulous embellishment, is this : One Alexander Selkirk, \nbeing sailing-master of a vessel named the Cinque Ports \nGalley, which was navigating the Pacific Ocean, was put \nashore on the uninhabited island of Juan Fernandez* as a \npunishment for mutiny. In that solitude he remained four \nyears and four months; when he was relieved and brought \nto England by Captain Woodes Rogers, an account of \nwhose voyage round the world was printed in 1712, about \nseven years before the publication of Robinson Crusoe. \nThe celebrated Daniel De Foe formed the charming novel \nof Robinson Crusoe from this account, in which he has \ngiven an example of what the unassisted energies of an \nindividual of the human race can perform. De Foe was \nborn in London, 1663, was the son of a butcher, and died \nat Islington, 1.731. He was greatly admired for his inte\xc2\xac \ngrity, firmness of character, and nervous writings in de\xc2\xac \nfence of liberty. \n\n\xe2\x80\x9c For never Briton more disdain\xe2\x80\x99d a slave.\xe2\x80\x9d \n\nAlexander Selkirk was born at Largo, a parish of Fife- \nshire, in Scotland. The chest and musket which he had \nwith him in his solitary abode, are now in the possession \nof his grand-nephew, John Selkirk, weaver, in Largo. \nHe died on board the Weymouth, a king\xe2\x80\x99s ship, of which \nhe was mate, in 1723. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1715. Death of Louis XIV., King of France, who ex\xc2\xac \npired in the 77th year of his age, and the 73rd of his \nreign. He died at the palace of Versailles, which he him\xc2\xac \nself had built. The reign of Louis has been stvled the \nAugustan age of literature in France. Its early years \nwere also marked by high military glory. The ambition \nof the French monarch was, however, effectually curbed \nby the illustrious Marlborough, and the sun of Louis de\xc2\xac \nclined amidst the dark clouds of adversity. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94\xe2\x80\x94 the haughty king \n\nFar humbler thoughts now learns : despair and fear \n\n\n* A small island west of Chili, in South America. \n\n\n\n\n\n\nSEPTEMBER. \n\n\n355 \n\n\nNow first he feels; his laurels all at once \nTorn from his aged head in life\xe2\x80\x99s extreme, \n\nDistract his soul. \n\nPhilip\xe2\x80\x99s Blenheim. \n\nThe death of Louis XIV. occasioned universal joy among\xe2\x80\x99 \nthe French people. On the day of his funeral, tents were \nset up on the roads to St. Denis, where crowds passed the \nday, shouting whenever the procession appeared, and \ndrinking, laughing, and singing, on the happy occasion of \nthe death of their sovereign. Yet they were the same \npeople who, in 1686, had shed tears of alarm and anxiety \nduring the king\xe2\x80\x99s illness, and who, in 1690 and 1699, had \nburst forth in tumultuous joy at a report of the death of \nWilliam III. The misfortunes of the war, the misery of the \npeople, and the gloomy tyranny which the Jesuits had \nexercised during the last years of Louis, were the chief \ncauses of this revolution of popular feeling. It is reported \nthat when he was very young, his mother had said to him, \n\xe2\x80\x9c My son, resemble your grandfather, and not your \nfatherand the king asking the reason, \xe2\x80\x9c Because,\xe2\x80\x9d she \nanswered, \xe2\x80\x9c the people cried at the death of Henry IV., \nand luug\'hed at that of Louis the Thirteenth.\xe2\x80\x9d Lord J. \nRussell\xe2\x80\x99s Hist, of Europe. \n\n1, 1729. Died, Sir Richard Steele, at his seat, after\xc2\xac \nwards an Inn, but now known by the Cambrian appella\xc2\xac \ntion of Ty Gicn, or the White House of Llangunnor, near \nCaermarthen, in Wales. He was the author of several \nplays and many political tracts. Assisted by Addison \nand a few other celebrated writers,* he published the \nTatleii, Spectator, and Guardian; and it may be \nsaid, with the greatest truth and impartiality, that no wri\xc2\xac \nters of any age, in any country, ever contributed so much, \nor so eminently, to the intellectual improvement and \nmoral refinement of their contemporaries and posterity. \nSir Richard was born in Dublin, in 1671, or, according to \nBisset, in 1675, and was buried at Caermarthen. He has \nbeen styled " The Father of English Essay.\xe2\x80\x9d See May \n30, note, p. 207- \n\n\n* Dr. Drake, in the 3rd vol. of his \xe2\x80\x9c Essays on the Tatler, \nSpectator, and Guardian,\xe2\x80\x9d has enumerated forty-six individuals \nwho were the occasional correspondents of Steele and Addison ; \nthe principal of whom were, Budgell, Pope, Swift, Tickell, \nHughes, Berkeley, Gay, Parnell, Young, Phillips, Congreve, Fleet- \nwood, Watts, Rowe, Byrom, Eusden, and Grove. \n\n\n\n\n356 \n\n\nSEPTEMBER. \n\n\n1, 1804. London Stone. A fire happened in Cannon \nStreet, adjacent to London Stone. This stone is one of \nthe greatest pieces of antiquity in the metropolis, and is \nnow placed in a case in the south wall of St. Swithin\xe2\x80\x99s \nchurch. It is mentioned so early as the time of Atliel- \nstan. King of the West Saxons, and has been carefully \npreserved from age to age. Of the original cause of its \nerection, no memorial remains; but it is conjectured that, \nas London was a Roman city, this stone might be the \ncentre, and serve as an object whence the distance was \ncomputed to the other considerable cities or stations in \nthe province. It seems to have been regarded with a \nsuperstitious reverence as the Palladium of the city. \nWhen Jack Cade, at the head of his rebel army, entered \nLondon, he struck his sword on this stone, saying, \xe2\x80\x9c Now \nis Mortimer Lord of this city.\xe2\x80\x9d \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1804. The year 1804 was as remarkable as were the \nyears 1801 and 1802, since it presented us with the dis\xc2\xac \ncovery of a new planet. Mr. Harding, of Lilienthal, near \nBremen, in the north of Germany, on this day discovered \na new planet, to which it has been proposed to give the \nname of Juno. But the late famous astronomer Lalande \nsaid, that he would never call the planets recently disco\xc2\xac \nvered by any other names than Herschel, Piazza, Ol- \nbers, and Harding; contending that mythological names \nwere perfectly unmeaning. If we call the planets of the \nancients by the names by which they were known to them, \nthat is necessary for the purpose of understanding them, \nand the names indicate the attributes of the deity whose \nname was given to the planet. The most brilliant planet \nwas called Venus, because she was the most beautiful of \nthe Goddesses. Can it be said, that the planet Olbers \nwas called Pallas, because that planet is the emblem of \nwisdom and knowledge ? Why should that of Piazzi be \ncalled Ceres ? Has it any connexion with the harvest ? \nWith respect to the new planets, these names are insigni\xc2\xac \nficant and misplaced; and appear to have been derived \nfrom ancient fable only to deprive astronomers of the re- \ncompence of their labours, of the gratitude that is due to \nthem, and of the emulation which may thence result; it \nis, continues Lalande, a contemptible jealousy and offen\xc2\xac \nsive ingratitude. See March 13, 1/81; January 1, 1801; \nMarch 28, 1802; and Exer. on the Globes , 11th edition, \nart. Solar System. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1806. Irish Giant. Died, at his apartments upon the \n\n\nSEPTEMBER. \n\n\n357 \n\n\nHotwell-Road, Bristol, in the 46th year of his age, Mr. \nPatrick O\xe2\x80\x99Bryen,* usually denominated the Irish Giant. \nHe was eight feet five inches in height, and exhibited his \nperson for many years in this country as a species of gi\xc2\xac \ngantic phenomenon, by which he realized an independence \nsufficient to enable him to enjoy the comforts and conve\xc2\xac \nniences of life in retirement. He was born of obscure \nparents at Kinsale, in the south of Ireland. See Arith. \nQuest, art. Giants. \n\n2, 31 B. C. Battle of Actium. Actiurn was a small \ncity on the Ambracian gulf, north of the island of St. \nMaura or Leucadia, in Turkey in Europe. There the \nfleet of Octavius, afterwards Augustus Caesar, defeated \nthe conjoined fleets of Antony and Cleopatra. This vic\xc2\xac \ntory firmly established the supreme power of Octavius at \nRome. See Arith. Quest ., and Aug. 19, A.D. 14. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1666. Fire of London. See the particulars in the \nArith. Quest. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1/52. The New Style was adopted at London, by re\xc2\xac \ntrenching eleven days from the calendar; (the ensuing \nday, Sept. 3, being reckoned the 14th;) and to preserve it \nin the same regular course for the future, there are certain \nyears called leap-years, consisting of 366 days, introduced \nevery 4th year, to recover the six hours which the sun \nspends in his course each year, beyond the 365 days usu\xc2\xac \nally allowed for that purpose. Provision is also made for \nthe 44 minutes which the Bessextile or Leap Year adds \nmore than the sun spends in returning to the same point \nof the zodiac. See Dr. Rees\xe2\x80\x99s New Cyclopedia i art. \nCalendar, and Bissextile. \n\nStyle in chronology, is either old or new. The old \nstyle , called also the Julian, from its reformation by Julius \nCaesar, about 42 years B. C., agrees with the Julian year, \nwhich contains 365 days, 6 hours. \n\nThe Gregorian, or new style , corresponds with the true \nsolar year, which contains only 365 days, 5 hours, and 49 \nminutes. \n\nIn the year of Christ 200, there was no difference of \nstyles; but now there has arisen a difference of 11 days \nbetween the old and the new style, the latter being so \nmuch before-hand with the former: so that when a person \nusing the old style dates the 1st of May, those who employ \nthe new, reckon the 12th. From this variation in the \n\n\n* His real name, it is said, was Cotter. \n\n\n\n\n358 \n\n\nSEPTEMBER. \n\n\ncomputation of time, we may easily account for tlie differ\xc2\xac \nence of many dates concerning historical facts and bio\xc2\xac \ngraphical notices: e. g. some historians inform us, that \nHenry IV. of France was assassinated May 3d, others \nthe 14th; some biographers date the birth of Thomson on \nthe 11th, others on the 22d of September; and the British \nChronologist states the 24th May, 1738, as the birth-day \nof our late venerable George III., which every one \nknows was celebrated on the 4th of June. \n\n2, 1/92. Septemberizers. A dreadful massacre took \nplace in Paris. The different prisons were broken open, \nand all the state prisoners butchered in the most horrible \nmanner. Some accounts state the number of persons \nslain on this occasion at 1,200, others at 4,000. The \nagents in this dreadful slaughter of innocent victims were \nbranded with the title of Septemberizers. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1813. Died, the famous General Moreau, who had \nquitted France during Napoleon\xe2\x80\x99s government. He was \nmortally wounded near Dresden on the 27th of August. \nHe was born at Morlaix, in 1761, and buried at Peters\xc2\xac \nburg!]. See Anth. Quest., art. Turenne. \n\n3, The martyrologists mention Phebe, a deaconess of the \nchurch at Cenchrea, called the port of Corinth. St. Paul \nhad a particular esteem for this holy woman; at whose \nhouse some think that he lodged, at least occasionally.* \nIt is supposed that she carried to Rome the epistle which \nhe wrote to the Romans, wherein she is highly com\xc2\xac \nmended. (Rom. xvi. 1.) In quality of deaconess it is \nimagined that she was employed by the church in some \nministrations suitable to her sex and condition; such \nas to visit and instruct Christian women, to attend them \nin sickness, distribute alms to them, &c., &c. See No. \n142, Geo. Eater, on the New Testament , and Cenchrea, \nGeo. Index. \n\nPriscilla was another excellent woman, well known \nin the Acts and in St. Paul\xe2\x80\x99s epistles. She seems, in\xc2\xac \ndeed, to have been a person of great note, and pro\xc2\xac \nbably of distinguished genius and influence; which ap\xc2\xac \npears not only from the manner in which she is men\xc2\xac \ntioned by St. Paul, but also from the edification which \nthe eloquent Apollos received from her instructions, in \nconcurrence with those of her husband We feel a sin\xc2\xac \ngular gratification in transcribing the following illustra- \n\n\n* See Aquila aud Priscilla, July 8. \n\n\n\nSEPTEMBER. \n\n\n359 \n\n\ntive observations of a distinguished commentator : \xe2\x80\x9c We \nfind,\xe2\x80\x9d says Dr. Doddridge, \xe2\x80\x9c that some of the pious and \nmuch-esteemed friends of the apostle Paul were women, \nof whom he speaks with great regard, as of persons who \nhad been useful in the church; who had been helpers of \nmany, and particularly of himself. Eminently service\xc2\xac \nable,\xe2\x80\x9d continues the Doctor, \xe2\x80\x9c have many of them been. \nThe most valuable ministers have often been assisted by \nthem, in the success of their work; while their pious \ncare, under the restraint of the strictest decorum, has \nhappily and effectually influenced children,* servants, \nand young friends; yea, has been the means of sowing \nthe seeds of religion in tender minds, before they have \nbeen capable of coming under ministerial care.\xe2\x80\x9df Fam . \nExpos. \n\n3, 1189. Richard I. was crowned at Westminster; when \nthe mob falling upon the Jews, who came to offer their \npresents, murdered many of them, and plundered their \nhouses. This infamous conduct of the Londoners was \nfollowed in many parts of the country. Richard was of \nthe Plantagenet line. See Arith. Tables , p. 26. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1191. Richard I. obtained a signal victory over Sa- \nladin in the Holy Land. The king shortly after em\xc2\xac \nbarked for England; but was unfortunately shipwrecked \nnear Aquileia, in the north part of the Gulf of Venice, \nand, taking the road to Vienna, was seized by the Duke \nof Austria, who sent him prisoner to the Emperor, \nHenry VI. See Feb. 4, 1194, and Miscell. Quest, in \nEn<r. Hist. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1634. Died, at Stoke Pogeis, Bucks, Sir Edward \nCoke, Lord Chief Justice of England, and one of the \ngreatest lawyers this kingdom has produced. He was \nborn at Mileham, 5 miles north of East Dereham, Nor\xc2\xac \nfolk. In 1600 he prosecuted, as Attorney-General, the \nEarls of Essex and Southampton. Three years after he \nconducted the prosecution of Sir Walter Raleigh, and \n\n\n* To whom under God did the Jewish church owe a Samuel ? \nTo a wise and pious Hannah. To whom did the Christian \nchurch owe a Timothy? To Lois and Eunice. Religion, says \none of our most distinguished writers, may accept, without a \nblush, the services of the purest and most gentle portion of the \nhuman species. \n\nt Some of the greatest characters of ancient and modern \ntimes have been educated by women. See the Preface to the \nArith. Quest. 10th edit. See also Gardiner and Day, Index. \n\n\n\n\n\n360 \n\n\nSEPTEMBER. \n\n\ntreated him in a manner but little consistent with his \nassumed love of justice. His speeches at the trial of the \nconspirators in the Gunpowder Plot, are deemed his \nmaster-pieces. His \xe2\x80\x9c Institutes\' 1 \' are invaluable. \n\n3, 1650. Battle of Dunbar. Cromwell gained a com\xc2\xac \nplete victory over the Scotch army at Dunbar, in the shire \nof Haddington, Scotland. The Scots, though double in \nnumber to the English, were soon put to flight and pur\xc2\xac \nsued with great slaughter, 3,000 being slain, and 9,000 \ntaken prisoners. . . \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1651. Battle of Worcester. Cromwell gained a \ncelebrated victory over Charles II. at Worcester, the \nstreets of the city being strewed with the dead, and the \nwhole Scotch army being either killed or taken prisoners. \nThis famous battle, which permanently established Crom\xc2\xac \nwell\xe2\x80\x99s power, afforded him what he called his crowning \nmercy. Milton, in a sonnet addressed to him, says. \n\nWhile Darwen stream with blood of Scots imbrued, \n\nAnd Dunbar field resounds thy praises loud, \n\nAnd fVorcester\'s laureat wreath. \n\nAn account of Charles\xe2\x80\x99s escape, after this battle, to the \ncontinent, is given in the Ewer. on the Globes, lltli edit, \nart. Robur Caroli. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1653. Died, at the Spa, in Germany, Claudius Sal- \nmasius, a French historian and critic, of most uncommon \nabilities and immense erudition, born at Seinur, depart\xc2\xac \nment of Cote d\xe2\x80\x99Or, province of Burgundy, France, 1596. \nSee Dec. 9, 1608. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1658. Death of Cromwell. On this day, which he \nhad always considered as the most fortunate for him, ex\xc2\xac \npired Oliver Cromwell, in the 60th year of his age. A \nviolent tempest, which immediately succeeded his death, \nserved as a subject of discourse to the vulgar. His par- \ntizans, as well as his enemies, were fond of remarking \nthis event; and each of them endeavoured, by forced in\xc2\xac \nferences, to interpret it as a confirmation of their particu\xc2\xac \nlar prejudices. It may be here remarked, that it has been \ncommon to connect \xe2\x80\x9cprodigies and portents dire\xe2\x80\x9d with \nthe birth or death of extraordinary personages. (See But\xc2\xac \nler\xe2\x80\x99s Ewer, on New Testament , page 7, note.) Some of \nthe Heathens, for instance, had a notion that storms and \nearthquakes occasionally attend the death of extraordinary \npersons, peculiarly dear to the gods. Plutarch tells us, \nthat when Ptolemy crucified Cleomenes, while the body \nhung dead on the cross, a large serpent wound itself \n\n\nSEPTEMBER. \n\n\n361 \n\n\nround Itis face, and defended it from birds of prey; \nwhence the Egyptians concluded that he was a hero more \nthan mortal, and a son of the gods. And historians re\xc2\xac \nlate many prodigies as having preceded the death of Julius \nCaesar. Virgil has a fine digression concerning them in \nhis. first Georgic; and Ovid gives an account of them, \nwhich is thought to be an imitation of Virgil. Our great \nbard had, no doubt, these descriptions in his eye, when he \npenned the following equally hyperbolical and incredible, \nthough beautiful, passage on the same subject: \n\nA little ere the mightiest Julius fell. \n\nThe graves stood tenantless, and the sheeted dead \nDid squeak and gibber in the Roman streets; \n\nStars shone with trains of lire, dews of blood fell, \nDisasters veil\xe2\x80\x99d the sun ; and the moist star, \n\nUpon whose influence Neptune\xe2\x80\x99s empire stands, \n\nWas sick almost to doomsday with eclipse. \n\nThe vulgar ignorance of mistaking natural events for mi\xc2\xac \nracles, is, however, finely ridiculed by Shakspeare, in a \ndialogue between Glendovver and Hotspur in Henry IV. \nThe former having affirmed that \n\nAt his nativity, \n\nThe front of heaven was full of fiery shapes, \n\nThe frame and the foundation of the earth \nShook like a coward- \n\nthe rational and investigating Hotspur aptly replies. \n\nWhy, so it would have done, \n\nAt the same seasou, if your mother\xe2\x80\x99s cat \n\nHad kitten\xe2\x80\x99d, though yourself had ne\xe2\x80\x99er been born. \n\nAfter the Restoration, the body of Cromwell, which had \nbeen interred with the greatest magnificence in Westmin\xc2\xac \nster Abbey, was, by order of Charles II., together with \nthose of Ireton and Bradshaw, dragged from its grave, \nand treated with circumstances of indignity too horrible \nto relate. This act of mean revenge on the remains of \ndeparted greatness, was worthy of that profligate whose \nreign was marked throughout by a constant warfare with \nthe liberties of his subjects, and who closed his odious \ncareer with the blood of a Russell, of a Sidney, and of a \nVane. \n\n3, 1783. Died, Lady Pennington. Family misunder\xc2\xac \nstandings having separated this lady from her children, \nshe wrote for their use \xe2\x80\x9cAn unfortunate Mother\xe2\x80\x99s Advice \nto her absent Daughters j\xe2\x80\x9d a work of great merit, and \n\nIt \n\n\n\n362 \n\n\nSEPTEMBER. \n\n\nwhich all parents may advantageously put into the hands \nof their female offspring. Lady P. was the wife of Sir \nJoseph Pennington, of Water Hall, Yorkshire. \n\n3, 1789. William Cawsey, a farrier from London, was \nstruck dead by lightning while standing under a tree in \nthe Earl of Aylesford\xe2\x80\x99s Park, at Packington, a village to \nthe east of Birmingham, in Warwickshire.* To comme\xc2\xac \nmorate this awful event, as well as to warn others from \nexposing themselves to the same danger, by taking shelter \nin a thunder-storm under trees,\\ his Lordship caused a \nhandsome monument to be erected oil the spot; a distin\xc2\xac \nguished instance of the most laudable humanity associated \nwith the most elevated rank. Nobilitatis virtus , non stem- \nma character ; J Virtue , not pedigree , should characterize \nnobility .\xc2\xa7 \n\nLes homines sont \xc2\xa3gaux; ce n\xe2\x80\x99est point la naissance, \n\nC\xe2\x80\x99est la seule vertu qui fait la difference. \n\nVoltaire. \n\n4, 1566. Soliman the Magnificent, emperor of the \nTurks, died while besieging Sigeth, in Hungary. He was \ncontemporary with some of the greatest sovereigns of \nEurope, and none of them surpassed him in valour, pru\xc2\xac \ndence, and application to government. He had reigned \nforty-six years. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1657. Admiral Blake was interred with great magni\xc2\xac \nficence, in Westminster Abbey, at the expense of Crom\xc2\xac \nwell ;|| but an insult combining unexampled meanness \nand impotent malice was afterwards put upon his illustri\xc2\xac \nous corpse by Charles II., who, in 1661, ordered it to be \nremoved to St. Margaret\xe2\x80\x99s church-yard. Blake was an \neminent commander both by sea and land, and no officer \never more nobly illustrated the honour of the British \ncolours. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1819. Captain Parry, in the Hecla, at a quarter past \n\n\nin August 1807, a labourer, while standing under a tree, at \nBristington, in Derbyshire, was struck dead by lightning. \n\nAthenceum Mag \xe2\x80\xa2 Vol. II. p. 291. \n\nf See Exer. on the Globes, art. Lightning, and July 31, 1718. \n\n+ The motto of Earl Grosvenor. \n\n\xc2\xa7 See Prior, Index, and Arith. Quest, art. Nobility, true; and \nPotatoes. \n\n|| See August 17, 1657. \n\n\n\nSEPTEMBER. \n\n\n363 \n\n\nnine P. M., had the satisfaction of crossing the meridian \nof lit) W., from Greenwich, in the lat. of 74. 44; by \nwhich his ship and the Griper, his companion, became \nentitled to the sum of 5000/., being the reward offered by \nthe King\xe2\x80\x99s order in council to such of his Majesty\xe2\x80\x99s sub\xc2\xac \njects as might succeed in penetrating thus far to the west\xc2\xac \nward within the Arctic circle. See Eocer. on the Globes , \n11 th edit. \n\n4, 1825. Died, Frederick Howard, Earl of Carlisle, at \nhis seat, Castle Howard, 6 miles from Malton, and 15 from \nYork. In 1780 he was appointed Viceroy of Ireland, and \ncontinued in that high office till 1782. His Lordship, as \nwell as a statesman, was also a votary of the Muses, having \npublished some tragedies, many poetical effusions, parti\xc2\xac \ncularly \xe2\x80\x9c An Ode on the Death of Gray,\xe2\x80\x9d &c., &c , and a \ntranslation from Dante of the affecting death of Count \nUgolino. See Pisa, Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gazetteer. \n\n5, 1548. Expired, Catharine Parr. She was the eldest \ndaughter of Sir Thomas Parr, of Kendal, in Westmore\xc2\xac \nland; and was first married to John Nevil, Lord Laty- \nmer; after whose demise she so captivated her amorous \nsovereign, Henry VIII., that he raised her to the throne.* \nIn a short time after the king\xe2\x80\x99s death,f she was espoused \nto Sir Thomas Seymour, (afterwards Lord Sudley,) Lord \nAdmiral of England, and died in child-bed in Sudley \nCastle, which is situated thirteen miles from Gloucester, \nand eight from Cheltenham, in Gloucestershire, where \nher body was discovered October 14, 1786.| The histo\xc2\xac \nrians of the period in which she lived, generally insinuate \nthat she was poisoned by her husband, to make way for \nanother anticipated marriage with the princess, afterwards \nqueen, Elizabeth. \n\nThat Catharine Parr was beautiful is beyond a doubt: \nthat she was pious and learned is evident from her writ\xc2\xac \nings : and that her prudence and sagacity were not infe\xc2\xac \nrior to her other accomplishments, may be concluded \nfrom her holding up the passion of a capricious tyrant, as \na shield against her enemies; and that too, at the latter \nend of his days, when his passions were enfeebled by age, \nand his peevish austerity increased by disease. \n\n\n* See July 12, 1543. f See January 28, 1547. \n\nJ See the Archceologia , Vol. IX. p. 2; and the Monthly Mag. \nNov. 1804, p. 324. \n\n\n\n364 \n\n\nSEPTEMBER. \n\n\n5, 156.9. Died, Edmund Bonner, Bishop of London, \nborn at Hanley, south of Worcester, and famous (or \nrather infamous) for his cruel treatment of the Protes\xc2\xac \ntants in the reign of Queen Mary, whose right hand he \nwas in the unholy work of persecution. Nature seems to \nhave designed him for an executioner. He died in the \nMarshalsea prison, whither he had been committed for \nrefusing to take the oaths of allegiance to Queen Eliza\xc2\xac \nbeth, and was privately buried in St. George\xe2\x80\x99s church\xc2\xac \nyard, Southwark. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1638. Louis XIV. was born at St. Germains. See \nSeptember 1. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1786. Died, aged 74, Jonas Hanway, Esq., whose \nname will live while active piety shall distinguish the \nChristian, integrity and truth shall recommend the British \nmerchant,* * * \xc2\xa7 and universal kindness shall characterize the \ncitizen of the world. He was born at Portsmouth, in \nHampshire; was personally engaged in commercial avo\xc2\xac \ncations in Lisbon, in Petersburgli, in Persia, and in Lon\xc2\xac \ndon; and when he became a private gentleman, devoted \nthe last thirty years of his life almost exclusively to the \nservice of mankind;\xe2\x80\x94to acts of humanityf and private \nbenevolence; and to the promotion of schemes productive \nof national good. The Marine Society,]; the Magdalen,\xc2\xa7 \nand the Foundling charities, were among the paramount \nobjects of his assiduous care. \n\nMr. Hanway was interred at Hanwell, on the Uxbridge \n\n\n* See Arith. Quest. 10th edit. art. Merchant. \n\n+ Some of these were\xe2\x80\x94his animated exertions in favour of \nthe forlorn chimney-sweepers; see May-Day;\xe2\x80\x94his cordial sup. \nport of Sunday-Schools; see the Introduction; \xe2\x80\x94 and his kind \nattention even to the brute creation; see Arith. Quest. 10th edit, \nart. Horse. \n\nX The object of this excellent establishment is, to fit out land- \nmen volunteers, to serve as seamen on board the king\xe2\x80\x99s ships in \nthe time of war, and for equipping distressed hoys to serve at sea \nat all times. The office is in Bishopsgate-Street; and a vessel \ncalled the Thom, large enough to receive 100 boys, is moored \nbetween Deptford and Greenwich, with proper persons to in\xc2\xac \nstruct them in nautical and moral duties. \n\n\xc2\xa7 A brief account of the Magdalen and Foundling is given in \nthe Arith. Quest. See also Magdalen, Mary, Index. \n\n\n\nSEPTEMBER. \n\n\n365 \n\n\nroad, eight miles from London. The public regard for \nhis philanthropic virtues was evinced by a voluntary sub\xc2\xac \nscription for a monument to perpetuate his memory, \nwhich has been erected in Westminster Abbey. \n\n5, 1806. The London Gazette Extraordinary announced a \nvictory obtained on the 4th of July, by the English, com\xc2\xac \nmanded by Major-General Sir John Stuart, over nearly \ndouble the number of French, commanded by General \nRegnier. This brilliant achievement was accomplished on \nthe plains of Maida, a village in Calabria, in the southern \npart of Italy, a few miles from the Bay of St. Euphemia; \nlat. 39\xc2\xb0 North, long. 16\xc2\xa7\xc2\xb0 East. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1816. The public sustained an irreparable loss by the \ndeath of Thomas Tomkins, the matchless penman. Mr. \nTomkins, by a boldness, originality, and inexhaustible \nvariety of designing, united to uncommon brilliancy and \nfreedom in the execution of decorative and ornamental \nwriting, has given the utmost reputation to the art of \npenmanship of which it is susceptible, and beyond which \nit seems impossible for human genius to reach. An in\xc2\xac \nspection of his manuscript performances, some of which \nmay be seen in the Chamber of the City, Guildhall, Lon\xc2\xac \ndon, and of his engraved specimens in his \xe2\x80\x9c Beauties of \nPenmanship,\xe2\x80\x9d &c., &c., will amply confirm this opinion. \nA singularly elegant copy of Macklin\xe2\x80\x99s Bible, to which \nMr. T. prefixed titles to each book in plain and orna\xc2\xac \nmental writing, was bequeathed by him to the British \nMuseum, together with his bust in beautiful white mar\xc2\xac \nble, by that exquisite artist Chantrey. \n\nThe transcendent merit of some addresses, which were \nbeautifully written by Mr. Tomkins, and presented to his \nlate Majesty George III. and his queen, from the Royal \nAcademy, induced Sir Joshua Reynolds, then President, \nto paint Mr. Tomkins\xe2\x80\x99s portrait, which is not only con\xc2\xac \nsidered as one of the finest efforts of that great artist\xe2\x80\x99s \npencil, but is one of the last, we know indeed the very \nlast picture that Sir Joshua painted before the melancholy \nloss of his sight.* That the President\xe2\x80\x99s last touches were \n\n\n* Mr. Turner, the engraver, published a mezzotinto from this \nchef-d\'uiuvre of Sir Joshua, and, as it is a very happy imitation \nof the original, it is of course an excellent resemblance of Mr. \nTomkins. \n\nOft have I bless\xe2\x80\x99d the artists that can steal \nFrom absence half its bitterness ; reveal \n\n\n\n366 \n\n\nSEPTEMBER. \n\n\nreserved for a portrait of the late lamented Mr. Fox, is \nasserted upon an authority too respectable for us to con\xc2\xac \ntrovert. (See Testimonies to the Genius and Memory of \nSir Joshua Reynolds, and Feb. 23, 1792.) Mr. Tomkins \nbequeathed his portrait to the City; and it has been ap\xc2\xac \npropriately placed in the Chamber of the City, surrounded \nby nearly sixty of his own inimitable performances. \n\nMany of his smaller works, which are admirably adapt\xc2\xac \ned for the improvement of youth in fair writing, were \nalso engraved by the late Mr. Ashby, the most eminent \nengraver of his day.* \n\nMr.Tomkins also published an attractive work, entitled, \n\xe2\x80\x9cRays of Genius,\xe2\x80\x9d designed and adapted to excite in \n\n\nThe form of one belov\xe2\x80\x99d, and bless our eyes \nWith friends that long have wander\xe2\x80\x99d other skies.f \n\nHayley. \n\nAs it has been well observed by the Bard of Avon , that \n\n\xe2\x80\x9c The man that hath not music in himself, \n\nNor is not mov\xe2\x80\x99d with concord of sweet sounds. \n\nIs fit for treasons, stratagems, and spoils \n\nso may it be said of the man who has no taste for the sister art \nof painting. \n\nImmortal Art! nor sense of taste has he, \n\nNor glow of soul, who finds no charm in thee; \n\nHis heart is shut to Nature\xe2\x80\x94coarse and cold, \n\nA clumsy cast of her half-finish\xe2\x80\x99d mould. \n\nFor such in vain the beams of Beauty rise, \n\nAdorn the earth, or glitter in the skies : \n\nIn vain her charms th\xe2\x80\x99 enchantress Fancy strings. \n\nTo deck the rough reality of things ; \n\nTo lure from low delights of sense, and raise \nThe ambrosial relish of immortal praise. \n\nWell husk\xe2\x80\x99d, and hard to every touch of grace, \n\nThey live a sordid, sensual, selfish race; \n\nTheir passions grovelling and their pleasures gross. \n\nTheir very virtues, like their minds, morose : \n\nWith evil eye they view the gentler train \nOf peaceful joys, and pant for riot\xe2\x80\x99s reign ; \n\nFoment the civil feud\xe2\x80\x94the factious jar, \n\nHarsh heard in discord still and ripe for war. \n\nShee\xe2\x80\x99s Commemoration of Sir J. Reynolds. \n\n* See August 31, 1818. \n\n\n1 See Arith . Quest , art. Painting, and Exer.on the Globes , 11th edit. \n\n\n\n\nSEPTEMBER. \n\n\n36 / \n\n\nyouth a desire for literary pursuits, and to recommend \nthe cultivation of refined taste and virtuous affections. \nSee Exer on the Globes , 11th edit. art. Sculpture. \n\nHe died at his house in Sermon Lane, Doctors\xe2\x80\x99 Com\xc2\xac \nmons, in the 74tli year of his age. He was born in London, \nspent the early part of life in the village of Hackney, and \nwas interred at Chiswick Church, where a monument is \nerected to his memory, executed by Chantrey. The tab\xc2\xac \nlet contains a medallion of the deceased in that sculptor\xe2\x80\x99s \nhappiest manner, with emblems expressive of Mr. Tom\xc2\xac \nkins\xe2\x80\x99s professional powers, and an appropriate inscrip\xc2\xac \ntion. See April 12, 1700, and Nov. 29, 1798. \n\n6, 1492. On this day Columbus, being on his first voyage, \ndeparted from Gomera, one of the Canary Islands, in the \nAtlantic Ocean. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1709. Shakspeare\xe2\x80\x99s Jubilee.* On this and two \nsucceeding days, a jubilee, conducted by Mr. Garrick,f \nwas celebrated at Stratford-upon-Avon, in Warwickshire, \nin honour of our immortal bard; J a ceremony which \nvery much engaged the public attention. An entertain\xc2\xac \nment of the same name was performed the succeeding \nwinter at Drurv-Lane Theatre, ninety-two nights, with \ngreat applause, to very crowded audiences. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1769. A very beautiful Comet, moving with great \nswiftness, was seen in London; its tail stretched across \n\n\n* Jubilee, in a modern sense, denotes a grand church solem\xc2\xac \nnity or ceremony, celebrated occasionally at Rome, wherein the \nPope grants a plenary indulgence to all sinners; at least to as \nmany as visit the churches of St. Peter and St. Paul, at Rome. \n\nJubilee, among the Jews, denotes every 50th year; a period of \nuniversal joy and festivity, at which time all slaves were made \nfree, and all lands reverted to their ancient owners. The politi\xc2\xac \ncal design of this law was, to prevent the too great oppressions \nof the poor, as well as their being liable to perpetual slavery. By \nthis means a kind of equality was preserved through all the fa\xc2\xac \nmilies of Israel, and the distinction of tribes was also preserved, \nthat they might be able, when there was occasion, on the jubilee - \nyear, to prove their right to the inheritance of their ancestors. \nThe institution of these festivals is in Lev. xxv. 8, 17. They were \nnot regarded after the Babylonish captivity. The jubilee has been \nsupposed to be typical of the gospel state and dispensation, de\xc2\xac \nscribed bv Isaiah, in reference to this period, as the \xe2\x80\x9c acceptable \nyear of the Lord.\xe2\x80\x9d Chap. lxi. 1, 2. Biblical critics are greatly at \nvariance concerning the derivation of the word jubilee. \n\n\nf See January 20, 1779. \n\n\nI See April 23, 1616. \n\n\n\n368 \n\n\nSEPTEMBER \n\n\nthe heavens, like an immense luminous arch, thirty-six \nmillions of miles in length, and presented an inconceiv\xc2\xac \nably magnificent spectacle. The most brilliant pheno\xc2\xac \nmenon that accompanies a comet is the stream of light \nwhich we call its tail; and the computed length of that \nwhich appeared in 1811,. and was so- remarkably con\xc2\xac \nspicuous, was, on the 15th of October, according to the \nlate Dr. Herschel, upwards of 100 millions of miles, and \nits apparent greatest breadth, at the same time, 15 mil\xc2\xac \nlions of miles. Philos. Trans. Royal Society , for 1812. \n\nThese erratic bodies were formerly viewed with amaze\xc2\xac \nment and terror. \n\nHast thou not seen the comet\xe2\x80\x99s flaming flight ? \n\nThe illustrious stranger passing, terror sheds \nOn gazing nations from his fiery train, \n\nOf length enormous, takes his ample round \nThrough depths of ether. Young. \n\nThe friends of mental culture have remarked with great \nsatisfaction, that now, even by the least instructed of the \npeople, their appearance only excites admiration. Comets \nare, therefore, no longer regarded,, at least in this country, \nas signs of the Divine displeasure, or predicting the death \nof princesa gratifying proof that the boundaries of \ndarkness are carried further off, and that encroachments \nare continually making on the empire of superstition.* \n\n\n* Shakspeare makes Calphurnia observe, in her reply to Caesar\'s \nexpressing his determination to go to the senate notwithstanding \nthe appearance of comets and the predictions of his death. \n\nWhen beggars die, there are no comets seen ; \n\nThe heavens themselves blaze forth the death, of princes. \n\nSuetonius, in his Life of Julius Caesar, says, that during the \ngames which his heir Augustus gave in honour of his memory, a \ncomet blazed for seven days together, rising always about eleven* \no\xe2\x80\x99clock ; and it was supposed to be the soul of Caesar, now re\xc2\xac \nceived into heaven ; for which reason, too, a star was fixed upon \nthe crown of his statue. Horace says that it made a considerable- \nfigure in the heavens. \n\nAnd, like the moon, the feebler fires among, \n\nConspicuous shines the Julian star. \n\nBook I. Ode xii. Francis* \n\nTo this comet Virgil also alludes in his 9th Eclogue. \n\nWhy still consult for ancient signs, the skies ? \n\nDaphnis 1 behold the Julian star arise L \n\n\n\n\nSEPTEMBER. \n\n\n369 \n\n\nSee Exet. on the Globes, 11th edit.; Arith. Quest. 10th \nedit. art. Comets ; and Geo. Exer . on the New Testament , \n4th edit. p. 7* * \n\n1821. Expired, at Tunbridge, in Kent, Dr. Vicesimus \nKnox, a learned divine, and an elegant writer in the \nBelles Lettres. He was born in 1/52, at Newington \nGreen, near London, and was many years Master of Tun\xc2\xac \nbridge School. Dr. Knox\xe2\x80\x99s publications were numerous. \nHis most celebrated work was a treatise on \xe2\x80\x9cLiberal \nEducation,\xe2\x80\x9d in which the defects in the education of \nyouth in this country are judiciously pointed out: the re\xc2\xac \nmarks made in it may claim the high merit of having \nintroduced some improvements in the code of discipline \nat Oxford. As a pulpit orator Dr. Knox was eminent: \nhe was dignified and impressive; and he never withheld \nthe powerful aid of his ministerial eloquence whenever it \nwas solicited in Favour of the numerous charities which \nshed so bright a lustre on the present age. \n\n7, 1533. Queen Anne BoLeyn, wife of Henry VIII, \nwas delivered of a daughter at Greenwich, who received \nthe name of Elizabeth, and who afterwards became Queen \nof England. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1783. Expired, at Petersburgh, Leonard Euler, an \neminent writer on mathematics, born at Basil, in Switzer\xc2\xac \nland, in 1707. For the universality of his knowledge he \nwas perhaps unequalled by any person of his time. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1812. The Battle of the Borodino or Moskwa was \nfought between the French and Russians. The former \nwere commanded by Napoleon, and the latter by Koutou- \nsoff, who retreated to Moscow. See Sept. 14. \n\nWhen Alexander, Emperor of Russia, announced to \nthe brave KoutousofF his elevation to the rank of Prince \nof Smolensko, for his services during the campaign of \n1812, he sent with his letter a most valuable jewel, taken \nfrom the imperial crown, as a tribute to the valour of a \nman by whom it had been so ably defended. He directed \nthe vacancy thus occasioned to be filled up with a small \ngold plate, on which was inscribed KoutousofF.* Lite - \nrarj/ Gazette , February 11, 1826. \n\n8, 1656. Died Dr. Joseph Hall, at Heigham, thirteen \n\n\nWhose power the fields with copious corn shall fill, \nAnd clothe with richer grapes each sunny hill. \n\n* KoutousofF died in 1813. \n\nR 3 \n\n\nWarton \n\n\n\n370 \n\n\nSEPTEMBER. \n\n\nmiles from Norwich. This pious, learned, and amiable \nminister was chaplain to Prince Henry, James I/s son, \nwho had a great regard for him. He Was afterwards \nbishop of Norwich. His \xe2\x80\x9c Meditations\xe2\x80\x9d abound in fine \nthoughts, expressed in excellent language. He was born \nin 1574, at Ashby-de-la-Zouch, in Leicestershire. Being \nan enemy to burying in churches, he directed that his own \nbody should be interred in the churchyard. This request, \nhowever, was disregarded, as he was interred in the chan\xc2\xac \ncel of Heigham church, in which there is a monument to \nhis memory. British Critic , July 1827. \n\nHe was honourably characterized by his moderation and \ntolerant spirit. The style and matter of his compositions \nhave procured him the title of the Christian Seneca. \n\n8, 1727. Burwell Fire. About nine o\xe2\x80\x99clock in the \nevening of this day, a most dreadful fire broke out in a \nbarn at Burwell, near Newmarket, in Cambridgeshire, in \nwhich a number of persons were assembled to see a pup\xc2\xac \npet-show, seventy-six of whom perished instantly; and \ntwo more died of their wounds within two days. This \ndismal catastrophe was occasioned by the negligence of a \nservant, who placed a candle in or near a heap of straw \nwhich was in the barn. Among the unhappy sufferers \nwere several young ladies of fortune, and many children. \nSee the particulars in the Beauties of England, Vol. II. \np. 142. \n\n.9, 1087- Died William the Conqueror, at Hermen- \ntrude, a village near Rouen. He was buried at Caen, the \ncapital of Lower Normandy, in a church which he himself \nhad founded. (See January 1, 1067.) A costly tomb \nwas erected by his son, William Rufus. In 1522, an \narchbishop and a cardinal of Rome, then visiting Caen, \nbeing desirous of seeing the body of William, caused the \ntomb to be opened, when the Conqueror\xe2\x80\x99s remains were \nfound exactly in the same state in which they had been \ninterred. The Hugonots, in their wars, plundered and \ndestroyed the two fine monuments of William and his \nQueen Matilda: believing that the King\xe2\x80\x99s tomb contained \ntreasure, they broke it open, and found the bones within, \nenveloped in red silk, the colour being still apparent; \nthey were of an extraordinary size, and had every appear\xc2\xac \nance of being those of a very strong man.* \n\n\n* \xe2\x80\x9cA Tour through Normandy and Britanny,\xe2\x80\x9d by Mrs. Sto- \nthard, widow of the ingenious artist whose unfortunate death \nis noticed May 29, 1821. \n\n\n\nSEPTEMBER. \n\n\n3/1 \n\n\n9, 1513. Was fought the celebrated Battle of Floe den, \nor Flodden, a village in Northumberland; when the \nScotch king, James IV., and most of his chief nobles, \nwere slain, while the English lost only persons of small \nnote. The king, it is said, was buried at Sheen, now \nRichmond, in Surrey. The Earl of Surrey commanded \nthe English forces. Henry VIII. was at that time be\xc2\xac \nsieging, in person, Terouane, near St. Oiner, in Flanders. \nJames had married, in 1503, Margaret, the daughter of \nHenry VII., and thus laid the foundation of the union of \nEngland and Scotland. After her husband\xe2\x80\x99s death, she \nmarried Douglas, Earl of Angus, and their daughter was \nthe mother of Darnlev, son of the Earl of Lennox. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1801. Expired, at Hackney, that elegant writer, acute \ncritic, profound scholar, and excellent man, Gilbert \nWakefield : he was buried at Richmond, in Surrey. \n\nHere, may we say, a high, undaunted soul, \n\nThat spurned at palsied caution\xe2\x80\x99s chill controul, \n\nA mind by learning stored, by genius fired, \n\nIn freedom\xe2\x80\x99s cause with generous zeal inspired, \nSlumbers in dust: the fabric of his fame \nRests on the pillar of a spotless name ! \n\nMiss Aikin\xe2\x80\x99s Miscellaneous Poems, p. 125. \n\n\xe2\x80\xa2 See February 22, 1756. \n\n10, 1547. Battle of Pinkey. On this day was fought \nthe memorable battle of Pinkey, or Musselburgh, near \nEdinburgh, between the English and the Scots, when the \nlatter were totally defeated. Few victories have been \nmore decisive, or gained with smaller loss to the con\xc2\xac \nquerors. There fell not 200 of the English ; but accord\xc2\xac \ning to the most moderate computation, 10,000 of the \nScots perished. Above 1500 were taken prisoners. This \naction was called the battle of Pinkey, from a nobleman\xe2\x80\x99s \nseat of that name in the neighbourhood. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1797. Died Mary Wollstoncraft Godwin, a lady \nof very superior literary accomplishments ; but there were \ncertain peculiarities of system, both in her writings and \nin her conduct, against which every lover of religion or \nmorals must protest. She was born in 1768, at Beverley, \nin Yorkshire, and was buried in St. Pancras church-yard, \nnear London. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1802. Lunar Iris, or Rainbow by Moonlight. \nThe Iris Lunaris is so seldom seen, that Dr. Plot, in his \n\n\n3/2 \n\n\nSEPTEMBER. \n\n\nHistory of Oxfordshire,* asserts that he knew several \nlearned men and eminent observers who never saw one in \ntheir lives, and that Aristotle saw only two in the course \nof fifty years. Later times have been more fortunate. \nA very beautiful Lunar Rainbow was observed this even\xc2\xac \ning (Sept. 10) at Matlock, in Derbyshire, between the \nhours of eight and nine: its effect was singularly pleasing. \nThe colours of these phenomena are sometimes very well \ndefined; but they have a more tranquil tone than those \nwhich originate in the solar beams. They are not un\xc2\xac \nfrequent in the vicinity of Matlock, being mentioned by \nsome writers among the natural curiosities of that delight\xc2\xac \nful spot. Miss Williams saw a beautiful Lunar Rainbow \non the mountains of Glaris, in Switzerland.f And on \nSaturday evening, September 28, 1822, an extremely in\xc2\xac \nteresting Iris of this description was distinctly observed \nby many persons in the neighbourhood of Boston, in \nLincolnshire. It made its appearance nearly north, about \nhalf-past eight in the evening. This bow of the heavens \nwas every way complete, the curvature entire, though its \nspan was extensive, and the altitude of its apex seemed \nto be about 20 degrees. The darkness occasioned by \nsome clouds pregnant with rain, in the back ground of \nthis white arch of beauty, formed a striking contrast, \nwhile several stars in the constellation of Ursa Major, \n(the Great Bear,) which were for a time conspicuous, im\xc2\xac \nparted additional grandeur to the scene. \n\n10, 1816. Died, at Cheltenham, in his 81st year, the truly \nvenerable Richard Reynolds, of Bristol, a member of \nthe Society of Friends , or Quakers, J who, full of faith, \nof days, of riches, and of honour, was gathered to his \nfathers, \xe2\x80\x9c as a shock of corn fully ripe.\xe2\x80\x9d His genuine \nChristian benevolence was not confined to the numerous \ncharitable institutions of Bristol, nor even to those of the \nUnited Kingdom, but was co-extensive with the habitable \nglobe. His influential example has also given the tone to \nthe philanthropic exertions of his fellow-citizens, who \nwill long retain an emulation of his virtues. To promote \nthis most desirable end, a well-supported charitable in\xc2\xac \nstitution has been formed in Bristol, to perpetuate his \n\n\n* Natural History of Oxfordshire , by Robert Plot. Printed in \n1677. \n\nf Tour in Switzerland. See Arith. Quest, art. Rainbow. \n\nX See Geo. Exer. on the New Test. 3d edit. art. Friends, \n\n\n\nSEPTEMBER, 373 \n\nmemory, called \xe2\x80\x9c The Reynolds\xe2\x80\x99 Commemoration \nSociety.\xe2\x80\x9d \n\nMr. Reynolds was followed to the grave by more than \nseventy relatives; by above three hundred of the most \nrespectable inhabitants of Bristol and its vicinity, of va\xc2\xac \nrious religious denominations, all in mourning; by several \nClergymen and Dissenting Ministers of different persua\xc2\xac \nsions ; and by thousands of solemn spectators, among \nwhom were many of the poor and indigent, who, with \nfaces of unfeigned sorrow, bedewed with the \xe2\x80\x9c tear that \ngems the grateful eye,\xe2\x80\x9d were eager to pay a last tribute of \nrespect to their common benefactor. \n\nTo the above imperfect account of an extraordinary \nman among the Friends, may be subjoined a few par\xc2\xac \nticulars of a no less extraordinary female, belonging to \nthe same class of practical Christians, Mrs. Elizabeth \nFry, whom Providence seems to have raised up for the \nrelief of the wretched, for the good of society, and for \nthe glory of her sex. She has, for many years, been the \nzealous promoter of all the plans of education that tend \nto render our fellow-creatures useful members of society. \nShe obtained the first subscription towards the support of \nLancaster\xe2\x80\x99s Borough School, and by this early effort, at \na moment when that important undertaking was sinking \nfor want of aid, did this lady\xe2\x80\x99s anxiety for the instruction \nof the poor cherish an establishment, which shortly after \nwas considered worthy the patronage of Royalty,* and of \nmany of the most distinguished personages in the king- \n\n\n* See July 10, 1809. In consequence of the patronage which \nour late venerable Sovereign afforded to this invaluable institu\xc2\xac \ntion, it was called the Lancastericrn , or Royal British System of \nEducation, but on the 21st of May, 1814, the term British and \nForeign School Society was adopted in its stead. The late Mr. \nJoseph Fox, many years secretary to the Institution, deserves a \nhigh place among philanthropists: scarcely any humane project \nwas set on foot which had not his generous support: and the \nmembers of the committee bear the most indubitable testimony \nto the ardour of his disinterested benevolence, when they declare \nthat this institution must have perished if it had not been pre\xc2\xac \nserved by his unwearied toils and his great pecuniary sacrifices. \nHe, indeed, considered the society itself as of such inestimable \nimportance to the knowledge and consequent virtue and happiness \nof mankind, that he gave himself up to its support with a degree \nof self-devotion which has seldom been equalled in the annals of \nphilanthropy. He concluded his labours of love on the 11th of \nApril, 1816; and we trust that he is gone to his reward ! \n\n\n\n\n3/4 \n\n\nSEPTEMBER. \n\n\ndom. This angelic woman has, moreover, dived into \nthe gloomy depths of a prison, encountered the damp and \nnoxious vapours of a dungeon, and waved all the consi\xc2\xac \nderations of health and ease, to be an eye-witness of the \nwretchedness and misery of deluded and unhappy crea\xc2\xac \ntures of her own sex; to administer to their wants, to \ncorrect their vices, and to instruct them in the purifying \nand consolatory doctrines of the Christian religion. Mrs. \nFry, a few years ago, was induced to visit the jail of \nNewgate; she found the female prisoners in a most affect\xc2\xac \ning and disgusting situation. Our compassionate visitor \nheroically undertook the apparently hopeless task of re\xc2\xac \nducing this chaos of idleness, disorder, misery, and vice, \ninto a school of order, cleanliness, and reformation ; and \nher success has far exceeded the most sanguine expec\xc2\xac \ntations. \n\nMrs. Fry has also made an excursion of humanity to \nsome of the prisons in the north of England, and in Scot\xc2\xac \nland ; a spectacle which, without any overstrained hyper\xc2\xac \nbole, angels might regard with delight. What was said of \nHoward, may, indeed, be justly applied to this female \nphilanthropist :* \n\nThe spirits of the good who bend from high \nUpon this scene of earth a partial eye; \n\nWhen first array\xe2\x80\x99d in Virtue\xe2\x80\x99s purest robe, \n\nThey saw \xe2\x80\x9c Eliza\xe2\x80\x9d traversing the globe, \n\nMistook a mortal for an angel guest, \n\nAnd ask\xe2\x80\x99d what seraph step the earth impress\xe2\x80\x99d. \n\nMrs. Fry was born in the year 1780, and is the third \ndaughter of the late John Gurney, Esq., of Earlham-Hall, \nin Norfolk. Her person is tall and graceful, and her \ncountenance placid but intellectual; and to great gentle\xc2\xac \nness and sweetness of manners, she unites an unusual \nfirmness of mind. In the year 1800, she became the wife \nof Joseph Fry, Esq., banker, of St. Mildred\xe2\x80\x99s Court, Lon\xc2\xac \ndon, and is the mother of ten children. Long\' may they \narise up and call her blessed; and her husband also\'praise \nher! \n\n11, 1297- In a battle on the banks of the river Forth, near \nCambuskenneth, in Scotland, Crkssingham, one of the \ninstruments employed by Edward I. to maintain his do\xc2\xac \nminion over the Scots, being killed by the heroic Wallace, \nhis memory was so extremely odious to that brave people. \n\n\n* See January 20, 1790. and Arith, Quest. \n\n\n\n\n\n\nSEPTEMBER. \n\n\n3 75 \n\n\nthat they flayed his dead body, and made saddles and girts \nof his skin. See Arilh . Quest. 10th edit. art. Baldivia and \nCrassus. \n\n11, 1703. Alexander Selkirk sailed from Kinsale, Ire\xc2\xac \nland ; was left on the island of Juan Fernandez, in Octo\xc2\xac \nber, by Captain Stradling, and taken from the island on \nthe 1st of February, 1700, by Captain Woodes Rogers. \nSee September I. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1745. Died Mary Chandler, an English lady, distin\xc2\xac \nguished for her talents in poetry. Her poems inculcate \nin a pleasing manner the principles of religion and virtue; \nand for one in particular, upon the Bath, she had the \nhonour of being complimented by Pope. Mrs. Chandler \nwas born at Malmesbury, in Wiltshire, in 1687. \n\n12, 14.94. Francis I. was born at Cognac, and succeeded \nLouis XII. on the throne of France, January 1, 1515. See \nBourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gaz. art. Cognac, Pavia, and Rambouillet. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1683. The siege of Vienna, in Germany, was raised by \nJohn Sobieski. The Turks, it is said, had lost 70,000 \nmen before that city.* * * \xc2\xa7 \n\n13, The Greeks keep the festival of Cornelius, and, in \ntheir menologies, treat him as a martyr. Cornelius was a \ncenturionf of a cohort, belonging to the legion surnamed \nItalian. + He was a Gentile, but one that feared God ; of \nconstant devotion, and much charity. His whole family \nserved God ; he was miraculously favoured with an intro\xc2\xac \nduction to the knowledge of the gospel: and, finally, he \nand his family were added to the Christian church, as the \nfirst fruits of the Gentiles.\xc2\xa7 Some say, that he was after\xc2\xac \nwards bishop of Caesarea, in Palestine. St. Jerome affirms, \nthat the house of Cornelius was changed into a church, \nwhich was visited with great devotion by St. Paula,|| A. D. \n385. \n\n\n* See June 17, 1696. \n\nf A centurion was an officer who had the command of a hun\xc2\xac \ndred men. See September 21, 1745. \n\nX A Roman cohort was a company of soldiers, commanded by \na military tribune (much the same as our colonel), consisting ge\xc2\xac \nnerally of about a thousand. It is thought probable that this was \ncalled the Italian cohort, because most of the soldiers belonging \nto it were Italians. It might, perhaps, be the life-guard of the \nRoman governor, who generally resided in the celebrated city of \nCaesarea. See the author\xe2\x80\x99s Scripture Maps. \n\n\xc2\xa7 See Acts, chap. x. \n\nII See Geo. Exer. on the New Test. art. Bethlehem, \n\n\n\n376 \n\n\nSEPTEMBER. \n\n\n13, 1515 Was fought the celebrated battle of Marignan, \nnear Milan, in Italy, one of the most furious and best con\xc2\xac \ntested engagements that is to be met with in the history of \nthese latter ages. In this sanguinary conflict, which hap\xc2\xac \npened between the heroic Swiss and the French under \nFrancis I., upwards of 20,000 men were slain on both \nsides; and the former, after losing all their bravest troops, \nwere compelled to retire. An officer who had been pre\xc2\xac \nsent at eighteen pitched battles declared, that every en\xc2\xac \ngagement which he had yet seen was only the play of chil\xc2\xac \ndren ; the action of Marignan was a combat of heroes. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1598. Expired, in his palace of the Escurial, the bi\xc2\xac \ngoted, morose, vindictive, and inhuman Philip II. of \nSpain, aged 71* His reign of 42 years was a continual \nscene of warfare. He carried fire and sword into the ter\xc2\xac \nritories of his neighbours, and murdered his own subjects \nwith deliberate cruelty. He died of a most painful and \nloathsome disease, and was buried in the monastery of San \nLorenzo, which is about a mile from the village of Escu\xc2\xac \nrial. See Miseell. Quest, on English History , and Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s \nGazetteer , art. Escurial. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1759. Death of Wolfe. The heroic Wolfe was \nkilled, in the 33rd year of his age, at Quebec, in Canada, \nNorth America. This courageous young general has been \noften compared to Epaminondas: both were adorned with \nvirtue; both were victorious and triumphant, though mor\xc2\xac \ntally wounded in fighting for their country; both were \nequally \n\n\xe2\x80\x9c Brave in their life, and glorious in their fall.\xe2\x80\x9d* \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1806. Expired, at Chiswick-House, the seat of the \nDuke of Devonshire, near London, in the 58tlv year of his \nage, deeply lamented by the nation in general, the Right \nHon. Charles James Fox, an unrivalled orator, an illus\xc2\xac \ntrious statesman, an incorruptible patriot and universal \nphilanthropist; the pride, the glory, and the bulwark of \nhis country. See May 1, 1807. \n\nA patriot\xe2\x80\x99s even course he steer\xe2\x80\x99d, \n\n\xe2\x80\x99Mid faction\xe2\x80\x99s wildest forms unmov\xe2\x80\x99d ; \n\nBy all, who mark\xe2\x80\x99d his course, rever\xe2\x80\x99d, \n\nBy all, who knew his heart, belov\xe2\x80\x99d. \n\nRichard Fitzpatrick. \n\n\n* See Arilh. Quest, art. Battle of Mautinea, and Death of \nWolfe. \n\n\n\nSEPTEMBER. \n\n\n377 \n\n\nIt is lamentable to remark the mortality which at this \nperiod spread among our leading men, viz. Marquis Corn\xc2\xac \nwallis, Oct. 5, 1805; Lord Nelson, Oct. 21 j Mr. Pitt, \nJanuary 23, 1806; and Lord Thurlow, Sept. 12. Thus \nwere we deprived, in less than one year, of five men, by \nwhom the world estimated the wisdom and valour of En\xc2\xac \ngland. Thus, \n\n\xe2\x80\x9c Our good stars, that were our former guides, \n\nHave empty left their orbs, and shot their fires.\xe2\x80\x9d \n\n13, 1806. The London Gazette Extraordinary announced \nthe capture of Buenos Ayres by the English, on the 27th \nof June. \n\nBuenos Ayres (so called from its salubrity)* is the capi\xc2\xac \ntal of the vice-royalty of that name on the East coast of \nSouth America. It is seated on the South side of the \nestuary of the Rio de la Plata, (or the River of Silver,) \nand enjoyed a great share of commerce, on account of its \ncommunication with old Spain, and still more from the \ncontraband trade with the Portuguese in Brazil. The \ncircumjacent districts are very fertile, and especially \nabqund in horned cattle. The lat. of Buenos Ayres is \nabout 35\xc2\xb0 South, and the long. 60\xc2\xb0 West. It was recap\xc2\xac \ntured by the Spaniards on the 12th of August, 1806. \n\n14, Holy-Cross-Day, or Day of the Exaltation of the \nCross, a festival which was instituted about the year 615, \nfrom the following circumstance:\xe2\x80\x94Chosroes, King of \nPersia, having plundered Jerusalem, took away a great \npiece of the cross which St. Helena had left there, f \nHeraclius, the emperor, defeated him in battle, and re\xc2\xac \ncovered the cross, which he carried back in triumph to \nJerusalem. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1435. The Duke of Bedford, Regent of France, died \nat Rouen, in the department of the Lower Seine, province \nof Normandy. He was a nobleman of great abilities, and \nof many virtues, and whose memory, except from the bar\xc2\xac \nbarous execution of the Maid of Orleans,} was unsullied \nby any considerable blemish. The Duke was interred in \nthe Cathedral of Rouen.\xc2\xa7 \n\n\n* Bueuos Ayres are Spanish words denoting \xe2\x80\x9c good air.\xe2\x80\x9d \n\nt See August 18. + See May 30, 1431. \n\n\xc2\xa7 There also was interred Henry, brother of Richard I., and \nCoeur de Lion\xe2\x80\x99s heart, which was inclosed in a silver box, and \ndeposited near the high altar. This magnificent Cathedral, which \n\n\n\n378 \n\n\nSEPTEMBER. \n\n\n14, 1656. Was born at Lancliester, or Crook, in the county \nof Durham, Thomas Baker, a very ingenious and learned \nantiquary, who died at Cambridge, July 2, 1740, greatly \nesteemed and lamented. Twenty-three volumes of his \nmanuscripts are deposited in the British Museum. \n\n*\xe2\x80\x94 1812. Moscow, the ancient capital of the Russian em\xc2\xac \npire, and the place where its sovereigns were crowned, \nwas burnt by the Russians themselves, by the order of \nRostopchin, the governor, to prevent Napoleon and his \narmy wintering there. (See the 7th of Sept.) A purer \nor brighter flame was never kindled at the altar of patriot\xc2\xac \nism by any people. The fires of Numantia and Sangun- \ntum* * \xe2\x80\x9c pale their ineffectual light\xe2\x80\x9d before those of Mos\xc2\xac \ncow. The destruction of Moscow proved the salvation of \nEurope. Rostopchin died in 1826. \n\n15, 1596. Cadiz taken. Cadiz, a large, rich, and hand\xc2\xac \nsome town in the province of Andalusia, Spain, was taken \nand plundered, and the ships in the harbour destroyed, by \nthe Earl of Essex, Queen Elizabeth\xe2\x80\x99s celebrated favourite. \nSee Feb. 25, 1601. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1613. Sir Thomas Overbury was poisoned in the \nTower, by the contrivance of the Countess of Essex, and \nCar, afterwards Earl of Somerset, the despicable minion \nof James I. The under agents in this villanous business \nwere all apprehended, tried, and executed, about two \nyears after the murder had been committed. (See Roy- \nston. Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gazetteer.\') The Earl and his Countess \n(the infamous woman above-mentioned, now become his \nwife) were also both tried and condemned, but pardoned \nby the king, who moreover conferred on them a pension, \nwith which they retired, and languished out old age in in\xc2\xac \nfamy and obscurity. Their guilty loves were turned into \nthe most deadly hatred ; and they passed many years in \nthe same house, without any intercourse or correspon\xc2\xac \ndence with each other; strongly evincing the truth of our \nimmortal bard\xe2\x80\x99s remark, that \n\nThere is no greater punishment of vice, \n\nThan that it have its will.f \n\n\nis one of the finest specimens of Gothic architecture in Europe, \nwas, on the 15th of August, 1822, struck by lightning and sus\xc2\xac \ntained considerable damage. \n\n* See Arith. Quest. Numantia and Saguntum. \n\nt When wishes only weak the heart surprise, \n\nHeaven, in its mercy, the fond prayer denies; \n\n\n\nSEPTEMBER. \n\n\n3/9 \n\n\n15, 1/84. The first aerial voyage in England was performed \nby Vincent Lunardi, a native of Italy. He ascended \nfrom the Artillery Ground, Moorfields, at two o\xe2\x80\x99clock, \nand descended in a meadow near Ware, Herts, at ten \nminutes past four. \n\n16, 1380. Charles V. of France, surnamed the Wise, died \nat Vincennes, aged 42, after a reign of 16 years. If we \noverlook a little obliquity in the rupture of the peace of \nBretigny, it may be deemed one of the most honourable \nin French history. He retrieved the glory, restored the \ntranquillity, and revived the spirit of his country. See \nApril 8, 1364. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1519. Expired, Dr. John Colet, Dean of St. Paul\xe2\x80\x99s, \nborn at London in 1466, and bred at Oxford. He was a \nman of exemplary life, of great learning, and a munifi\xc2\xac \ncent contributor to the advancement of knowledge, as \nwas evinced by his founding and endowing St. Paul\xe2\x80\x99s \nSchool, in 1512. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1701. James II., who had been king of England, ex\xc2\xac \npired at St. Germain\xe2\x80\x99s, near Paris, in France. See Arith. \nQuest., and Miscellaneous Quest. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1773* Died, at his seat near Cirencester, in the 91st \nyear of his age, Earl Bathurst, a nobleman of distin\xc2\xac \nguished abilities, integrity, humanity, and generosity: and \nto these virtues were added good breeding, politeness, and \nelegance. His wit, taste, and learning, connected him \nwith all persons eminent in that way, as Pope, Swift, Addi\xc2\xac \nson, &c., &c. See Cirencester, Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gazetteer. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1795. The Cape of Good Hope was taken by the \nEnglish from the Dutch. It was confirmed to the crown \nof Great Britain at the peace of 1814. See July 9, 1497, \nand Arith. Quest, art. Constantia Wine. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1823. Louis XVIII. died at the palace of the Tuille- \nries, and was succeeded by his brother, the present king \nof France, Charles X., who was born October 9, 1757. \n\n17, 1556. Charles V., after spending some time in his \nnative city, Ghent, in the Netherlands, went to the pro\xc2\xac \nvince of Zealand, in Holland ; where, at Flushing, taking \nan affectionate and last farewell of his son Philip and his \nattendants, he embarked on this day for Spain, at Sud- \nbourgh, or Zuitburg. See October 25, 1555, and Sept. \n21, 1558; also Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gazetteer. \n\n\nBut when our wishes are both base and weak, \nHeaven, in its justice, gives us what we seek. \n\nCrabbe. \n\n\n\n\n\n380 \n\n\nSEPTEMBER. \n\n\nThe following 1 interesting anecdote is related by the \npious Saurin :* a captain, of whom historians have taken \nmore care to record the wisdom than the name, requested \nthe emperor to discharge him from his service. Charles \nasked the reason. The prudent soldier replied, Because \nthere ought to be a pause between the hurry of life and \nthe day of death. The observation struck the monarch, \nand confirmed him in the resolution of abdicating his \ncrown, f \n\nIt is asserted in the Mon. Repos. Vol. IX. p. 229, that \nthis officer\xe2\x80\x99s name was John Valdesso ; and that he \nwas a scholar and a theologian, as well as a soldier ; \nand one of Charles\xe2\x80\x99s favourite generals. See Charles V., \nIndex. \n\n17, 1665. Philip V. of Spain died at Madrid, and was \nburied at the Escurial. He possessed good natural abili\xc2\xac \nties, but, indulging in sensual gratifications, suffered his \nfavourite, Olivarez, to conduct the affairs of government. \nHe was affable, generous, and humane j he was neither \nloved nor respected by his subjects. See Butler\'s \nMis. Quest. 3d edit. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1802. Died, at his seat in Twickenham Meadows, \nRichard Cambridge, an elegant English poet and \nmiscellaneous writer, born in London, in 1717- He \nwrote 22 papers in that well-known periodical collection \nof essays called \xe2\x80\x9c The World.\xe2\x80\x9d A complete collection \nof his works was published in 1803, by his son. \n\nIS, 1180. Louis VII., King of France, died at Paris soon \nafter his return from a pilgrimage he had made to the \ntomb of Thomas h Becket, at Canterbury, to implore that \nsaint\xe2\x80\x99s intercession for his son\xe2\x80\x99s restoration to health. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1/09. Dr. Samuel Johnson, the \xe2\x80\x9c Great Moralist,\xe2\x80\x9d \nwas born at Lichfield, in Staffordshire. He was the \ngreatest literary character of his age. His principal \nworks are the Rambler, the Idler, Lives of the English \n\n\n* Sermon vii. Vol. IV. \n\nt The same sentiment was expressed by Sir Walter Scott in an \naddress delivered by the late John Kemble, on taking leave of the \nEdinburgh stage : \n\n\xe2\x80\x9c Higher duties crave \n\nSome space between the theatre and the grave; \n\nThat, like the Romau in the Capitol, \n\nI may adjust my mantle ere I fall.\xe2\x80\x9dJ \n\n\ni Sec Butler\xe2\x80\x99s Arith. Quest, No. 26 , Death of Caesar. \n\n\n\n\n\nSEPTEMBER. \n\n\n381 \n\n\nPoets, and an English Dictionary; which last will endure \nas long as the language it illustrates. Dr. Johnson died \nat his house in Bolt-Court, Fleet Street, December 13, \n1784, and was interred in Westminster Abbey, near his \nfriend Garrick. A statue, bearing an inscription by the \nlearned Dr. Parr, has been erected to the memory of \nthis illustrious \xe2\x80\x9c Leviathan of Literature,\xe2\x80\x9d in St. Paul\xe2\x80\x99s \nCathedral. \n\n18, 1721. Expired at Wimpole, nine miles S. W. from \nCambridge, Matthew Prior, an eminent English poet \nand statesman, born in London, or at Wimborne, in \nDorsetshire, 1664. He was at one period secretary of \nstate for Ireland ; and in the latter end of Queen Anne\xe2\x80\x99s \nreign was sent minister plenipotentiary to France, to ne- \ngociate a peace with that kingdom. For this negociation \nhe was afterwards impeached and imprisoned, but was \nliberated in 1717, and spent the remainder of his days in \ntranquillity and retirement. His poems are well known \nand much admired. He was buried in Westminster \nAbbey, and is said to have written the following epitaph \non himself: \n\nNobles and heralds, by your leave, \n\nHere lie the bones of Matthew Prior, \n\nThe son of Adam and of Eve : \n\nLet Bourbon* or Nassauf go higher. \n\n19, 1356. Edward the Black Prince defeated the French \nat Poitiers, department of Vienne, province of Poitou, \nFrance. The standard of France was overthrown, many \nof her most distinguished nobility were slain, and the \nking (John) and his youngest son were made prisoners. \nThe prince treated his royal captives with eminent cour\xc2\xac \ntesy. See Aritli. Quest, and May 24, 1357. \n\n,\xe2\x80\x94 1519. Magellan sailed from St. Lucar, a sea-port of \nAndalusia, Spain. See April 26, 1521. \n\n20, 1400. Owen Glyndwr caused himself to be pro\xc2\xac \nclaimed Prince of Wales in the first year of Henry IV. \nIn order to attach his countrymen more firmly to him, he \nused the powerful engine of magic, and asserted, perhaps \nbelieved, that the elements of nature were under his \nabsolute controul. \xe2\x80\x9c At my birth,\xe2\x80\x9d says he, according to \nShakspeare, \n\n* An ancient race of princes on the throne of France. \n\nf One of the family titles of the heroic ancestors of our im\xc2\xac \nmortal deliverer, William III. See July 10, 1584. \n\n\n\n382 \n\n\nSEPTEMBER. \n\n\nThe front of heaven was full of fiery shapes ; \n\nThe goats ran from the mountains, and the herds \nWere stangely clamorous to the frighted fields. \n\nThese signs have mark\xe2\x80\x99d me extraordinary; \n\nAnd all the courses of my life do shew, \n\nI am not in the roll of common men. \n\nAfter harassing Henry IV.\xe2\x80\x99s forces, by various tedious \nand indecisive expeditions, for a period of fourteen years, \nhe was compelled to retire to the house of his daughter \nin Herefordshire, where he died. See page 361. \n\n20, 1643. Was fought, with desperate and steady valour \non both sides, the battle of Newbury, in Berksliire, be\xc2\xac \ntween the army of Charles I., and that of the Parliament. \nAmong the numbers slain was Lucius Carey, Viscount \nFalkland, deeply regretted by every lover of talent \nand virtue throughout the kingdom. He had a fine \ngenius, a generous disposition, and an undaunted love of \nliberty. This excellent person was but thirty-four years \nof age when a period was thus put to his life. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1824. At Haworth, 5 miles south of Keighley, in the \nWest-Riding of York, and on the borders of Lancashire, \nabout 6 o\xe2\x80\x99clock in the evening, a part of the high lands \non the Stanbury-moor opened into a chasm and sunk to \nthe depth of 6 yards, in some places exhibiting a ragged \nappearance, and forming two principal cavities\xe2\x80\x94the one \nwas about 200 yards, and the other not less than 600 \nyards in circumference. From these hollows issued two \nimmense volumes of muddy water, and uniting at a dis\xc2\xac \ntance of 100 yards from their sources, constituted, for \nabout two hours, an overwhelming flood from 40 to 50 \n(sometimes 70) yards in width and seldom less than 4 \nyards in depth. This heavy and powerful stream broke \ndown one solid stone bridge, made breaches in two others, \nclogged up and stopped several mills destroyed several \nfields of corn, &c., &c., &c. \n\nThe above is supposed to have been occasioned by \nsome subterraneous commotion, the most considerable as \nto its results that has taken place in this kingdom for \nmany generations. The river Aire, at Leeds, presented \nthe effects of this phenomenon: the water that came \ndown the river was in such a polluted state, as to have \npoisoned great quantities of fish, and from it turbid state \nthe water became useless. Mon. Mag. Oct. 1824, Gent. \nMag. Sept. p. 268. See Feb. 1/ and Nov. 13. \n\n21. The Latin church celebrates the feast of Saint Mat\xc2\xac \nthew. This apostle and evangelist was the son of Al- \n\n\nSEPTEMBER. \n\n\n383 \n\n\nplieus, a Galilean by birth, a Jew by religion, and a \npublican by profession.* The other evangelists call \nhim only Levi, which was his Hebrew name; but he \nalways calls himself Matthew, which probably was his \nname as a publican. His usual abode was at Caper\xc2\xac \nnaum, and his office was out of the town, at the sea of \nTiberias, which was near. Here he was when called by \nJesus Christ to follow him.f St. Matthew soliciting \nour Saviour to eat at his house, he came with his disci\xc2\xac \nples ; and several publicans, with other persons of St. \nMatthew\xe2\x80\x99s acquaintance, sat down to partake of the en\xc2\xac \ntertainment. + From the time of his invitation to be \nChrist\xe2\x80\x99s follower and disciple, St. Matthew continued \nwith his Divine Master, distinguished with the honour \nof being one of his twelve apostles, a familiar attendant \non his person, a hearer of his discourses, a witness of \nhis holy life, and an evidence of his resurrection. After \nour Saviour\xe2\x80\x99s assumption^ he was with the apostles at \nJerusalem, and on the day of Pentecost|| was endowed \nwith spiritual gifts and miraculous powers. This is all \nthat the Scripture acquaints us with concerning St. \nMatthew. The most general opinion of both ancients \nand moderns is, that he preached and suffered martyrdom \nin Persia, or among the Parthians, or in Caramania, \nnow Kerman, which was then subject to the Parthians ; \n\n\n* Mark ii. 14; Luke v. 27. A publican among the Romans \nwas one who farmed the taxes and public revenues. See Geo . \nExer. on the New Test. \n\nf Matt. ix. 9 ; Mark ii. 14 ; Luke v. 27. \n\nX Matt. ix. 10, 11, &c. \xc2\xa7 See May 14, 33. \n\n|1 See Acts, chap. ii. Pentecost is a solemn festival of the \nJews, so called because it was celebrated 50 days after the feast \n\'of the Passover. Lev. xxiii. 15. It is called the feast of weeks, \nExod. xxxiv. 22, because it was kept seven weeks after the Pass- \nover. See Geo. E ver, on the New Test. \n\nThe Passover is a solemn festival of the Jews, instituted in \ncommemoration of their coming out of Egypt; because, the night \nbefore their departure, the destroying angel, who put to death \nthe first-born of the Egyptians, passed over the houses of the He\xc2\xac \nbrews without entering them ; they being marked with the blood \nof the lamb that was killed the evening before, and which for \nthis reason is called the Paschal Lamb, Exod. xii. See also Matt, \nxxvi. 17, &c.; Mark xiv. 12 ; Luke xxii. 7 ; and 1 Cor. x. 16. \nThe Passover was typically predictive of Christ. 1 Cor. v. 7. See \nGeo. Exer. on the New Test. \n\n\n\n384 \n\n\nSEPTEMBER. \n\n\nthough others maintain, that he preached and died in \nEthiopia by a natural death ; and that his body was trans\xc2\xac \nlated from thence to Bithynia, in Asia, and finally to \nSalernum, in Naples, A. D. 954, where it was found in \n1080. \n\n21, 1327. Death of Edward II. This unfortunate mo\xc2\xac \nnarch, who was born at Caernarvon,* * * \xc2\xa7 in Wales, in 1284, \nwas, after having been confined in Monmouth and Kenil\xc2\xac \nworth Castles, cruelly murdered in Berkeley Castle, \nGloucestershire, at the instigation of his adulterous Queen \nIsabella, whom Gray, in his \xe2\x80\x9c Bard,\xe2\x80\x9d so strongly stig\xc2\xac \nmatizes : \n\nShe-wolf of France,+ with unrelenting fangs, \n\nThat tear\xe2\x80\x99st the bowels of thy mangled mate.}: \n\nNone of the adjacent monasteries would receive the \nroyal corpse, excepting Gloucester, where it was interred. \nEdward III., his son and successor, determined to do \nhonour to this inglorious prince, by erecting" a tomb to \nhis memory in the cathedral. It now stands near the \nhigh altar, and is said to be the most ancient piece of \n.sculpture in England which exhibits such perfection of \nart. The artist is unknown, but is supposed by Rys- \nbraeck\xc2\xa7 (who visited this monument with professional \nveneration) to have been an Italian. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1558. Expired the celebrated Charles V. See Ja\xc2\xac \nnuary 16, and September 17, 1556. He had chosen for \nhis retreat the monastery of St. Juste, a few leagues from \nPlacentia, in Estramadura, Spain, which was situated in a \nhappy plimate, and amid the greatest beauties of nature.* \nHere he buried in solitude and silence his grandeur and his \n\n\n* See Arith. Quest, art. Birth of the first Pi;ince of Wales. \n\nf Isabella was the daughter of Philip IV. of France. She was \nmarried to Edward in 1307. \n\nX See Jan. 20, 1327. \n\n\xc2\xa7 This excellent sculptor died in 1770, aged 70. His contem\xc2\xac \nporary, the famous Roubilliac, whose chief works are in West\xc2\xac \nminster Abbey, died in 1762, aged 59. He was born at Berne, \nin Switzerland, or, as some say, at Lyons, in France. Lord \nChesterfield once observed, that \xe2\x80\x9c Roubilliac only was a statu\xc2\xac \nary, and all the rest were stone-cutters.\xe2\x80\x9d The statute of Sir \nIsaac Newton at Trinity College, Cambridge, is said by some \nto be the chef-d\xe2\x80\x99oeuvre of this artist; others give the preference \nto that of Bishop Hough in the cathedral at Worcester. See \nMay 8, 1743. \n\n\n\nSEPTEMBER. \n\n\n385 \n\n\nambition, together with all those vast projects which, \n(luring half a century, had alarmed and agitated Europe, \nfilling every kingdom in it, successively, with the terror \nof his arms, and the dread of being subjected to his \npower. Far from taking any part in the political trans\xc2\xac \nactions of the princes of Europe, he restrained his cu\xc2\xac \nriosity even from any inquiry concerning them; and he \nseemed to view the busy scene which he had abandoned, \nwith all the contempt and indifference arising from his \nthorough experience of its vanity, as well as from the \npleasing reflection of having disengaged himself from its \ncares. Here, possessing \n\n\xe2\x80\x9c An elegant sufficiency, \n\nRetirement, rural quiet, friendship, books,\xe2\x80\x9d \n\nhe enjoyed more complete satisfaction than all his former \ngreatness had ever yielded him. \n\n21, 1745. Death of Colonel Gardiner. This sin\xc2\xac \ngularly eminent character was born at Carriden, in Lin\xc2\xac \nlithgowshire, Scotland, on the 18th of January, 1688 ; \nthe memorable year of that Glorious Revolution \nwhich he always esteemed among the most happy events. \nAfter a few years\xe2\x80\x99 successful application to learning at \nthe school of Linlithgow, he embraced the military pro\xc2\xac \nfession, and was present in almost every engagement \nfought by the Duke of Marlborough. \n\nOn the conclusion of the war, the Colonel resumed the \npursuits of fashionable and splendid life, which in the \nmean time were often embittered, even at seasons of the \nmost refined enjoyment, by reflections on human mor\xc2\xac \ntality, and by the various other still more awful consider\xc2\xac \nations which had been so forcibly and feelingly impressed \non his mind in early life by a mother\xe2\x80\x99s exemplary care, \nand the good instructions and exhortations of a pious \naunt.* Becoming a sincere convert to Christianity, he \nconformed to all the obligations of the Christian pro\xc2\xac \nfession; and a total change in the distribution of his \ntime resulted of course. He rose every morning at four, \nand devoted two hours to secret exercises of devotion, \nmeditation and prayer, in which last he attained an un\xc2\xac \ncommon fervency of spirit. \n\n\n* The Colonel, says Dr. Doddridge, used to make this obser\xc2\xac \nvation, as an encouragement to parents, and other pious friends, \nto do their duty, and hope for those good consequences of it \nwhich may not immediately appear. \n\ns \n\n\n\n386 \n\n\nSEPTEMBER. \n\n\nHis mother died in 1725, after having 1 long received \nfrom him a liberal maintenance, out of that moderate \nincome on which he subsisted since his regiment had \nbeen disbanded.* In 1726, he married a daughter of the \nEarl of Buchan, by whom he had thirteen children, though \nonly five survived him. After his union with this lady, \nwho concurred in all his views, the Scriptures were re\xc2\xac \ngularly read to his entire house; and prayers and praises \n\xe2\x80\xa2were constantly offered there.f When promoted to high \nmilitary command, he led his troops every Sunday from \nthe parade to a Dissenting place of worship, without en\xc2\xac \nforcing the presence of the subalterns and privates, not of \nthe same persuasion. \n\nThough his fortune was never affluent, the retrench - \nment of superfluities enabled Colonel Gardiner to gratify \nhis inclination for eleemosynary donations. A short \ntime previous to the last insurrection in Scotland, Gar\xc2\xac \ndiner received a Colonel\'s commission over a regiment \nof dragoons. Early on the 21st of September, 1745, \nthe day on which the battle of Preston-PansJ was \nfought, he dismissed from his camp three of his four \ndomestics, with much Christian counsel and many marks \nof affection. Though twice wounded on the first onset \nof the rebels, he did not in the least relax from exhort\xc2\xac \ning and animating others, much less from those exertions \nof personal intrepidity which were so long habitual to \nhim. His new regiment, which, either from connate \nturpitude, or owing to the short time they had enjoyed \nthe honour of being under his command, had yet imbibed \nnone of his gallant spirit, soon deserted him. In spite, \nhowever, of their defection, and his own wounds, he con\xc2\xac \ntinued in the field determined against flight. Perceiving \na regiment of foot destitute of a commanding officer, he \n\n\n* See Pope, Bacon, Biddle, Beddoes, Swift, and Warburton, \nIndex. \n\nf The amiable Cornelius, though exposed to all the tempta\xc2\xac \ntions of a military life, maintained not only his virtue, hut his \npiety too ; and, like Joshua, (another soldier,) was an example \nof domestic as well as personal religion. See Acts, chap. x. vers. \n2, 7, 22, 30 ; and Joshua xxiv. 15. See also Sept. 13, Aug. 4, \n1804 ; and Oct. 16, 1586. \n\nt Preston-Pans is situated at the north-west angle of the \ncounty of Haddington, Scotland. It is noted for salt works. \nSee Scotland Delineated. \n\n\n\n\n\nSEPTEMBER. \n\n\n387 \n\n\nadvanced to supply the deficiency: while encouraging \nthis adopted regiment to continue their attack upon the \nenemy, he received a deep wound from a Highlander\xe2\x80\x99s \nscythe; and, dismounted by this savage instrument, aided \nby the force of other assailants, a blow on the head from \na broad sword or Lochaber axe* * * \xc2\xa7 put a period to his va\xc2\xac \nlour and his life, and deprived the world of one of its \nmost honourable members. See Dr. Doddridge\xe2\x80\x99s Life \nof Colonel Gardiner. \n\n22, 479, B. C. Was fought the memorable battle of My- \ncale, between the Greeks and Persians; being the \nidentical day on which Mardonius was defeated and slain, \nat Platea.f The Persians consisted of 100,000 men who \nhad just returned from an unsuccessful expedition of \nXerxes\xe2\x80\x99 in Greece.]; They were completely defeated, \nsome thousands of them slaughtered, their camp was \nburnt, and the Greeks triumphantly embarked their \ntroops and sailed back to Samos with an immense booty. \nMycale is a promontory of Asia, opposite to the Island of \nSamos, in the Archipelago. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1604. Ostend, a sea-port in Flanders, surrendered to \nthe Spanish arms, after one of the most memorable sieges \nthat modern history has recorded. The Spaniards are \nsaid to have lost nearly 80,000 men in the course of the \nsiege, which lasted upwards of three years; and not less \nthan 50,000 English and Dutch are supposed to have \nperished in the town during that period. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1662. Expired, in London, in consequence of impri\xc2\xac \nsonment on account of religious tenets, the Rev. John \nBiddle, born at Wotton-under-Edge, in Gloucestershire, \nin 1615, and usually styled the \xe2\x80\x9cFather of the English \nUnitarians.\xe2\x80\x9d\xc2\xa7 He is memorable in consequence of the \nsevere persecutions || that he sustained, and for the almost \n\n\n* The ancient arms of the Scotch Highlanders were a broad \nsword and target, Lochaber axes , (now only used by the town \nguard of Edinburgh,) a dirk, (short dagger,) and a pistol stuck in \nthe girdle. \n\nf See Arith. Quest. 10th edit. Nov. 12, 1715 ; Oct. 21, 1805; \nOct. 20,480 B. C., and Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gazetteer . \n\n+ See Arith. Quest, art. Xerxes. \n\n\xc2\xa7 See Exer. on the New Test. art. Unitarians. \n\nj| This pious and learned man was banished on account of his \nreligious principles, to one of the Scilly Isles, off the coast of \nCornwall. The inconveniences and wants of his forlorn situa- \n\n\n\n388 \n\n\nSEPTEMBER. \n\n\nunexampled resignation which he exemplified under \nthem ; clearly evincing that true piety is not peculiar to \nthose who embrace a particular creed, but the genuine \nfruit of principles which are common to all Christians. \nHe was a man of an irreproachable life; of great modesty, \ntemperance, charity, forbearance, and probity; and in \nearly years an amiable example of filial affection to his \nmother, to whom, on her becoming a widow by the death \nof his father, he with great diligence gave dutiful assist\xc2\xac \nance. He had early learned to be content with a little, \nand through life sought not more. \n\nRich in content, in Nature\xe2\x80\x99s bounty rich. \n\nNay, out of that little he would ever contribute some\xc2\xac \nthing to the necessities of others. His acquaintance \nwith the Sacred Writings was singularly comprehensive \nand exact, especially the New Testament; with which he \nwas so conversant, that he retained it all in his memory \nverbatim, not only in English but in Greek, as far as the \n4th chapter of Revelation.* He was a strict observer \n\n\ntion were, however, in some measure relieved by the kindness \nof the Protector Cromwell himself, who, after some time, al\xc2\xac \nlowed him in his exile 100 crowns per annum for his subsistence; \nwhich, as an act of pure geuerosity, shewn to a persecuted man \nwhose religious tenets could not be agreeable to Cromwell, re\xc2\xac \nflects great honour on his name. Mr. Biddle\xe2\x80\x99s exile lasted three \nyears. \n\n* Pious persons have, in all ages, been eminent in veneration \nfor the Holy Scriptures. Josephus attests the zeal with which \nhis countrymen initiated their children at the tenderest age in this \ndivine study ; a testimony strongly confirmed by the apostle Paul, \nwhere he commends Timothy, who had been educated a Jew, for \nhaving improved the acquaintance which his infancy had contracted \nwith the inspired writers. Tertullian is said to have devoted his \ndays and nights to meditation on them. Theodosius the Younger, \nemperor of the East, was able to repeat entire books of sacred \nwrit verbatim. Origen\xe2\x80\x99s repose was always preceded, as his re\xc2\xac \npast had been accompanied, by the same sacred lecture. Eusebius \ndeclares his having been present when a confessor, whose eyes \nhad been cauterized in Diocletian\xe2\x80\x99s persecution,* recited several \nparts of the Bible with the accuracy of a reader. Ancient church \nhistory records various instances of similar diligence; and in more \nmodern times, we read that Zuinglius transcribed all St. Paul\'s \nepistles, and committed them to memory. Beza tenaciously re\xc2\xac \ntained at 80 the familiarity which his youth had contracted with \n\n\n* See May 1, 304. \n\n\n\n\n\n\nSEPTEMBER. \n\n\n389 \n\n\nhimself, and a rigid exacter in others, of reverence in \nspeaking of God and Christ, and holy things; so that \nhe would by no means hear with indifference their names, \nor any sentence of the Bible, used vainly or lightly : and, \nthough cheerful and pleasant in common conversation, \nhe appeared even then to retain an awe of the Divine \npresence.* \n\n22, 1761. George III. and his Queen were crowned in \nthe Abbey Church of Westminster. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1791. The Earl of Buchan delivered an eulogy in \nhonour of Thomson, on Ednam Hill, when he crowned \nthe first edition of the Seasons with a wreath of bays.f \nSee Aug. 27, 1748. \n\n23, 1830. Began the Autumnal Quarter, the sun having \nentered the constellation Libras, the Balance,}; at l h \n\n\nthem in Greek. Cranmer and Ridley, those renowned martyrs, \nlearned the whole of the New Testament by heart; the former \nin his journey to Rome, the latter in the walks of Pembroke Hall, \nCambridge. The late Dr. Knox, in his admirable Treatise on \nEducation, attributes a part of the prevalence of irreligion in the \npresent day, to the growing neglect of the long-established method \nof teaching children to read by the Testament. No book, con\xc2\xac \ntinues that elegant writer, is so well adapted to this purpose. The \nlanguage is remarkably easy and familiar, and the matter enter\xc2\xac \ntaining to young minds. The early use of it may impress on the \nmemory many scriptural passages, which would never be properly \nattended to at another age. This last remark merits the serious \nconsideration of those who are concerned in the important charge \nof directing the studies of youth. \n\n* It is said of the amiable, pious, charitable, and profoundly \nlearned Lelghton, archbishop of Glasgow, that those who knew \nhim most and longest declared, that in the course of many years\xe2\x80\x99 \nacquaintance, they scarcely ever saw him out of that deeply se\xc2\xac \nrious frame, in which they themselves wished to be found in their \nlast minutes. He w 7 as born in London, and died at the Bell inn, \nWarwick Lane, in 1648. His works are greatly esteemed. \n\n\xe2\x80\xa2f See Arith. Quest. 10th edit. art. Laurel, and u Burn\xe2\x80\x99s Address \nto the Shade of Thomson on crowning his Bust with Bays.\xe2\x80\x9d \nCurrie\xe2\x80\x99s Life of Burns, Vol. II. p. 211, edit. 1798. \n\nX See Exer. on the Globes, art. Libra. Autumn is the season \nof the year between summer and winter, beginning astrono\xc2\xac \nmically at the equinox, and ending at the solstice; popularly, \nautumn comprises August, September, and October. \n\nAutumn, nodding o\xe2\x80\x99er Hie yellow plain, \n\nComes jovial on. \n\n\nThomson. \n\n\n\n\n\n390 \n\n\nSEPTEMBER. \n\n\n50 m in the afternoon. This period is generally called the \nAutumnal Equinox. The sun is then in such a posi\xc2\xac \ntion, that in the course of 24 hours every part ot the \nearth is visited by its rays, and every where except within \nthe polar circles the day and night are equal, each con\xc2\xac \nsisting of twelve hours. The north polar circle is now \nlosing sight of the sun ; the southern polar circle is \nemerging into light. See March 20, and June 21. \n\n23, 1738. Expired, Herman Boerhaave, one of the \nmost celebrated physicians that this, or perhaps any, age \nhas ever produced. He was born December 31, 1068, \nat Voorhout, a village near Leyden, and therefore was \ncalled the Batavian Hippocrates. Known over all Europe, \nhe received visits from three sovereigns,\xe2\x80\x94the Grand Duke \nof Tuscany, William III., and Peter the Great; the last of \nwhom slept in his barge all night before the house of the \nphysician, that he might enjoy two hours\xe2\x80\x99 conversation \nwith him early in the morning. His knowledge was pro\xc2\xac \ndigiously great, and his character as near to perfection, \nperhaps, as human nature can approach. He was an \nadmirable example of temperance, fortitude, humility, \nand devotion. His piety was the basis of all his virtues, \nand the principle of his whole conduct. As soon as he \narose in the morning, it was his daily practice to retire \nfor an hour to private prayer, meditation, and reading the \nBible:* this, he often told his friends, gave him spirit \nand vigour in the business of the day, and this he there\xc2\xac \nfore commended as the best rule of life; for nothing, he \nsaid, could support the soul, in all distresses, but a con\xc2\xac \nfidence in a Supreme Being, nor can a steady and \nrational magnanimity flow from any other source than a \nconsciousness of the Divine Favour. See Sept. 21, \n1745 ; and Arith. Quest. 10th edit. art. Boerhaave. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1828. Died in London, Richard Parker Bonning- \nton, at the premature age of 27. He was the son of a \ndrawing master of Arnold, a village near Nottingham. \nAt the age of three years he discovered a strong attach\xc2\xac \nment to the fine arts, which was principally evinced by \nhis sketching every object that presented itself to his \nobservation. At fifteen years of age he visited Paris, and \nsubsequently made a tour in Italy, from which country \n\n\n* Judge Hale observed, that if he did not honour God\xe2\x80\x99s word \nby reading a portion of it every morning, things went not well \nwith him all the day. See Dec. 25, 1676. \n\n\n\nSEPTEMBER. \n\n\n391 \n\n\nhe returned with splendid specimens of his abilities. His \nDucal Palace, exhibited at the British Gallery, in the \nyear of his death, was greatly admired. * His remains \nwere deposited in the vault of St. James\xe2\x80\x99s, PentonviUe. \n\n23, 1829. Died at Petersham, aged 78, Peter Hunt, \nEsq., who bequeathed 200,000/. to Guy\xe2\x80\x99s Hospital. For \nthis he binds the governors to build and fit up accommo\xc2\xac \ndations for 100 more patients than the original founder \nprovided for. He was buried on the 2d of October in the \nsame vault in which Mr. Guy, the founder of this bene\xc2\xac \nvolent institution, was interred. See Dec. 27, 1724. \n\n24, 1080. Died, Samuel Butler, the celebrated author \nof Hudibras, a poem which, as an example of satire and \nburlesque, is unrivalled. \xe2\x80\x9c If,\xe2\x80\x9d says an eminent critic, \n\xe2\x80\x9c inexhaustible wit could give perpetual pleasure, no \neye would ever leave half read this work of Butler. It \nis one of those compositions of which a nation may justly \nboast.\xe2\x80\x9d The design of the poem is to ridicule the party \nwhich overthrew the church and monarchy in Charles \nI.\xe2\x80\x99s reign, and which was composed of Presbyterians and \nIndependents. In the vicissitudes of his early years, \nButler placed himself in the family of one of Cromwell\xe2\x80\x99s \nofficers, and here he observed enough of the sectaries to \nenable him to plan the groundwork of his poem. The \nfirst part of it was published in 1663. It was universally \nadmired: \xe2\x80\x9c the king quoted, the courtiers studied, and \nall the royalists applauded it.\xe2\x80\x9d Here, however, the poet\xe2\x80\x99s \nmeed terminated; and he was a strong instance of the \ningratitude of kings and of great little men. \n\nHis merry king could all his wit repeat; \n\nBut in his mirth forgot that hards must eat. \n\nGratitude is, indeed, a plant which rarely thrives in the \nbreast of the sensualist; who cannot spare from selfish \nindulgence the mite which would comfort indigent merit. \nIt was the maxim of the profligate Charles II. and his \ndissolute companions, \xe2\x80\x9c Court your enemies, you are \nsure of your friends.\xe2\x80\x9d The illustrious poet, who by his \nwit and learning proved himself the friend of royalty, \nsuffered neglect, disappointment, and poverty\xe2\x80\x94he asked \nfor bread, and they gave him a stone. \n\n\n* The exquisite representations of palaces, bridges, &c. &c., \nin Italy, vvitlx which the public have been gratified for several \nyears, by Samuel Prout, Esq., place this indefatigable and \nskilful artist in this line of painting above all his contemporaries. \n\n\n\n392 \n\n\nSEPTEMBER. \n\n\nHappy the deathless song; the bard, alas I mi bless\'db \n\nButler was born in 1612, at Strenshara, near Pershore, \nin Worcestershire, his father being a respectable farmer. \nHe was buried at Covent Garden church, at the expense \nof his friend Mr. Longueville, who had in vain solicited a \nsubscription to inter him in Westminster Abbey. Many \nyears after his death a memorial was erected to him by \nAlderman Barber, a printer, on which are these lines : \n\n-Let all be taught from Butler\xe2\x80\x99s fate. \n\nWho hope to make their fortune by the Great, \n\nThat wit and pride are always dang\xe2\x80\x99rous things, \n\nAnd little faith is due to courts and kings. \n\n25. The Latins honour Cleopas ; but the Greeks on the \n13th or 30th of October. Cleopas, according to the \nancient fathers who speak of him, was brother to Joseph, \nand uncle to our Lord, in consequence of his marrying \nMary, sister to the Virgin. He was father of Simon, \nbishop of Jerusalem, of James the Less,* of Jude, and \nJoseph or Joses. Having beheld our Saviour expire on \nthe eross,f he lost all hope of seeing his kingdom esta\xc2\xac \nblished, and departed from Jerusalem the third day of \nthe crucifixion, i. e. on the day of the resurrection. Going \nto the adjacent village of Eminaus, with another disciple, \nand conversing on what had lately happened, our Saviour \njoined them as a traveller, and accepted of their invitation \nto supper. + Some say that Cleopas suffered martyrdom, \nand was buried in the same house where he entertained \nChrist, and that it was his usual abode; but others think \nit more probable that he was a Galilean, and dwelt in some \ncity of Galilee. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 Holy-Rood-Day, sometimes styled the festival of the \nExaltation of the Cross. The holy rood was an image of \nChrist on the cross, placed upon a loft made for that \npurpose, just over the passage out of the church into the \nchancel; or sometimes over the entrance into the church \nitself. This rood was not reckoned complete without the \nimages of the Virgin Mary and St. John. At Boxley \nAbbey, in Kent, there was a miraculous crucifix,\xc2\xa7 called \nthe Rood of Grace , which was one of the most famous \nimpostures, among the numerous frauds and juggling \ntricks employed by the Roman priests, to pick the pockets \n\n\n* See May 1. f John xix. 25 ; Luke xxiv. 13. \n\nX See Luke xxiv. 18. \xc2\xa7 See Exer. on the Globes , art. Crux. \n\n\n\n\nSEPTEMBER. \n\n\n395 \n\n\nof the superstitious multitude.* By the help of secret \nsprings it would roll the eyes, move the lips, and turn \nthe head, at the approach of its credulous and deluded \nvotaries. At the dissolution of the monasteries,f it was \npublicly exposed to the derision of the populace, and \nthen broken to pieces at St. Paul\xe2\x80\x99s Cross}; by Hilsey, \nBishop of Rochester. \n\n25, 1493. Columbus sailed from Cadiz, a noted seaport \nin Andalusia, Spain, on his second voyage to the West \nIndies. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1506. Philip I., king of Spain, surnamed the hand\xc2\xac \nsome, died at Burgos. He was the son of Maximilian, \nemperor of Germany, and having married Joanna, daugh\xc2\xac \nter of Ferdinand and Isabella, succeeded to the throne of \nCastile on the death of his mother-in-law. He was a bad \nprince and a faithless husband. His death was occasioned \nbv imprudently drinking, when very hot, a quantity of \nsherbet that had been cooled with ice. He expired after \nan illness of six days, in the 28th year of his age. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1534. Pope Clement VII. died at Rome. He joined \nthe kings of England and France against the emperor \nCharles the Vth, which confederacy vvas called the Holy \nLeague, from his Holiness being at the head of it. His \ncapital was besieged by the emperor\xe2\x80\x99s army in 1527, and \nhe was obliged : to submit to conditions imposed upon \nhim by the conqueror. This pope refused to sanction \nHenry VIII.\xe2\x80\x99s divorce, and excommunicated the con\xc2\xac \ntumacious monarch, who disregarded his threats. Cle\xc2\xac \nment was naturally diffident and irresolute, avaricious and \nperfidious. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1764. Died, at the house of his friend Mr. Spence, at \nDurham, Robert Dodsley, an eminent bookseller and \ningenious writer, born at Mansfield, in Nottinghamshire, \nin the year 1703. He was not indebted to education \nfor his literary fame, being originally a livery-servant; \n\n\n* See an extensive catalogue of these mummeries in Hume\xe2\x80\x99s \nHist, of Eng. \n\nf See Jan. 13, 1790, and April 1, 1771. \n\nX Before the ancient Cathedral of St. Paul\xe2\x80\x99s, was placed the \nfamous Paul\xe2\x80\x99s Cross. This was a pulpit formed of wood \nmounted on stone steps, and covered with lead, in which the \nmost eminent divines were appointed to preach every Sunday \nmorning. It was demolished in 1643, by order of the parliament. \nSee Pennant\xe2\x80\x99s London . \n\ns 3 \n\n\n\n394 \n\n\nSEPTEMBER* \n\n\nbut natural genius, and an early fondness for reading, \nsoon elevated him to a superior station. An elegant little \nsatirical farce, called \xe2\x80\x9cThe Toy-Shop,\xe2\x80\x9d which was acted \nwith applause in 1/35, recommended him to the patron\xc2\xac \nage and friendship of Mr. Pope. The following year he \nproduced another farce, called \xe2\x80\x9c The King and the Miller \nof Mansfield.\xe2\x80\x9d With the profits of these two pieces he \nwas enabled to commence bookseller, and by his industry \nand integrity he rose to great eminence in the trade. He \nwrote \xe2\x80\x9c Cleone,\xe2\x80\x9d a tragedy, and other dramatic pieces, \na poem on agriculture, and collected some valuable fugi\xc2\xac \ntive poems and scarce specimens of the early drama. \n\n26. Cyprianus, a principal father of the Christian church, \nwas born at Carthage, in Africa, at the latter end of the \nsecond or beginning of the third century. We know \nnothing more of his parents than that they were Heathens; \nand he himself continued such till the last twelve years of \nhis life. He applied himself early to the study of oratory, \nand taught rhetoric in his native city with the highest \napplause. His conversion is fixed to the year 246; and it \nhappened at Carthage, where, as St. Jerome observes, he \nhad often employed his eloquence in defence of Paganism. \nHe was made Presbyter in 247, and Bishop of Carthage \nin 248, and terminated his excellent life in 258, by mar\xc2\xac \ntyrdom, in the persecution of Valerian and Gallienus. \nThere is a fine edition of his works in English, with notes \nby Nathaniel Marshall. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94- 1777- Sir William Howe made his triumphal entry \ninto Philadelphia, the capital of Pennsylvania, North \nAmerica. See Oct. 14, 1644. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1822. Expired, at Ramsgate, the Rev. John Owen, to \nwhom the world is indebted for a luminous and authen\xc2\xac \ntic History of the Origin of the British and Foreign Bible \nSociety. His sound judgment in counsel, his prompti\xc2\xac \ntude and energy in action, his manly and splendid elo\xc2\xac \nquence, his happy faculty of attaching friends and conci\xc2\xac \nliating opponents, his personal piety and his ministerial \nusefulness, will be long remembered in connexion with \nthe labours of the mighty institution to which they were \nchiefly devoted, and to whose astonishing success they \npowerfully contributed. Mr. Owen was more than seven\xc2\xac \nteen years curate and lecturer of Fulham, by the express \nand unsolicited recommendation of the venerable Bishop \nPorteus. A list of his works is given in the Gent. Mag. \n1822. \n\n27, 1087. William II. was crowned at Westminster. He \n\n\nSEPTEMBER. 395 \n\nwas again crowned in 1088, at Lincoln. William was of \nthe Norman line, and succeeded his father William I. \n\n27. The Greek and Latin churches keep the festival of St. \nJohn Mark, who was cousin to St. Barnabas,* and his \ndisciple. His mother was a Christian woman named \nMary, who had a house in Jerusalem, where the faithful \nand apostles generally met.f Here they were at prayers \nin the night, when St. Peter, who was delivered out of \nprison by an angel, knocked at the door.} John Mark, \nwhom some very improperly confound with the evange\xc2\xac \nlist St. Mark,\xc2\xa7 adhered to Paul and Barnabas, and fol\xc2\xac \nlowed them to Antioch;|| he continued in their company \nand service till they came to Perga, in Pamphylia. But \nthen seeing that they were undertaking a long journey, \nhe left them, and returned to Jerusalem. This happened \nA. D. 45. Some years after, in A. D. 51, Paul and Bar\xc2\xac \nnabas preparing to return to Asia to visit the churches \nwhich they had founded there, these two apostles sepa\xc2\xac \nrated. Paul went to Asia, and Barnabas, with John Mark, \nto the isle of Cyprus. We find him at Rome A. D. 63, \nperforming signal services for Paul during his imprison\xc2\xac \nment. The apostle speaks advantageously of him in his \nEpistles to the Colossians and to Philemon. The last of \nthese was written A. D. 62, at which time John Mark was \nwith Paul at Rome. But A. D. 65, he was with Timothy in \nAsia ,* and Paul, writing to Timothy, desires him to bring \nhim to Rome; adding, that he was useful to him for the \nministry of the gospel. It is thought probable, that he \ndied at Ephesus, where his tomb was very much cele\xc2\xac \nbrated ; but the year of his death is unknown. He is \nsometimes called simply John or Mark. Some say that \nhe was bishop of Byblos, or Byblus, a famous city of \nPhoenicia, north of Sidon, at the foot of Libanus, upon \nthe Mediterranean. See St. John\xe2\x80\x99s Day, June 24, and \nJohn, the son of Zebedee, Dec. 27. \n\n\n* See June 11. \n\nf It is supposed, that in this very house our Saviour celebrated \nhis last passover with his disciples, condescended to wash their \nfeet, to teach them humility and kindness to each other, insti\xc2\xac \ntuted the commemorative memorial called the Eucharist, Sacra\xc2\xac \nment, or Lord\xe2\x80\x99s Supper, and preached his valedictory sermon. \n\nJ See Acts xii. 12, &c. \xc2\xa7 See April 24, 68. \n\n|| See Antioch, Perga, and Pamphylia, in the author\xe2\x80\x99s Scripture \nMaps. \n\n\n\n\n\n396 \n\n\nSEPTEMBER. \n\n\n27, 1601. Louis XIII. was born at Fontainbleau. From \nbis infancy he was surnamed the Just, because he was \nborn under Libra, or the sign of the Balance. Voltaire. \nSee May 14, 1643. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1730. Died at his rectory at Coningsby, in Lincoln\xc2\xac \nshire, Laurence Eusden, a native of Spofforth, four \nmiles from Knaresborough, in the W. R. of Yorkshire. \nHe was the author of many poetical pieces, wrote some \nof the papers in the Spectator, and in 1718, was preferred \nto thelaureateship.* \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1772. Died, at Turnhurst, in Staffordshire, James \nBrindley, an ingenious mechanic and conductor of in\xc2\xac \nland navigation, born at Tunsted, in Derbyshire, in 1716. \nHe was a man of no education, but of unbounded genius, \nto which rivers and mountains themselves became subser\xc2\xac \nvient.\' The Duke of Bridgewater\xe2\x80\x99s Canal in Lancashire, \nthe Grand Trunk Navigation in Staffordshire, &c., are \nlasting monuments of Mr. Brindley\xe2\x80\x99s fame.\'f It is re\xc2\xac \ncorded of him, that when any extraordinary difficulty oc\xc2\xac \ncurred to him in the execution of his works, he generally \nretired to bed, and has been known to lie there one, two, \nor three days, till he surmounted it. He would then get \nup and execute his design without any drawing or model, \nfor he had a prodigious memory, which served him on all \noccasions. \n\n28, 400 B. C. Was fought the celebrated battle of Mara\xc2\xac \nthon, a village near Athens. See Arith. Quest. 10th \nedit. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1763. Died at Manchester, in the 72nd year of his age, \nJohn Byrom, author of that admirable ballad in the 8th \nvol. of the Spectator, (No. 603,)\xe2\x80\x94\xe2\x80\x9c My time, O ye Mu\xc2\xac \nses, was happily spent,\xe2\x80\x9d} written when he was at Trinity \nCollege, Cambridge, in compliment to Joanna, daughter \nof the great Dr. Bentley, then master of that society. \nThis lady afterwards married Dr. Denison Cumberland, \nBishop of Kilmore, in the county of Cavan, Ireland, and \nwas mother of the late Mr. Cumberland, the poet and \ndramatist, who died in 1811, and was buried in Westmin\xc2\xac \nster Abbey. \n\n\n* See April 17, 1668, and Feb. 23, 1800 ; Arith. Quest. 10th \nedit. art. Poet-Laureate. \n\nt See Canals, Index. \n\nt It was remarkable in Byrom, that he had so accustomed \nhimself to the language of poetry, that he always found it the \neasiest way of expressing his sentiments upon every occasion. \n\n\n\n\nSEPTEMBER. \n\n\n397 \n\n\nBvrom supported himself for several years, in Man\xc2\xac \nchester and London, by teaching his new method of writ\xc2\xac \ning short-hand, till a family estate devolved to him by the \ndeath of an elder brother. He was born at Kersal, near \nManchester; and a collection of his poems was published \nin 1773, in 2 vols. 8vo. \n\n28, 1789. Expired, in the 41st year of his age, in conse\xc2\xac \nquence of a fall from his horse,* which, with his charac\xc2\xac \nteristic humanity, he was endeavouring to train by gentle \nmeans, the .enlightened, patriotic, and universally benevo\xc2\xac \nlent Thomas Day. \n\nIf pensive genius ever pour\xe2\x80\x99d the tear \nOf votive anguish o\xe2\x80\x99er the poet\xe2\x80\x99s bier; \n\nIf drooping Britain ever knew to mourn \nIn silent sorrow o\xe2\x80\x99er the patriot\xe2\x80\x99s urn; \n\nHere let them weep their Day\xe2\x80\x99s untimely doom \nAnd hang their fairest garlands o\xe2\x80\x99er his tomb ; \n\nFor never poet\xe2\x80\x99s hand did yet consign \nSo pure a wreath to Virtue\xe2\x80\x99s holy shrine ; \n\nFor never patriot tried before to raise \nHis country\xe2\x80\x99s welfare on so firm a base; \n\nGlory\xe2\x80\x99s bright form he taught her youth to see, \n\nAnd bade them merit freedom to be free. \n\nNo sculptur\xe2\x80\x99d marble need his worth proclaim. \n\nNo herald\xe2\x80\x99s sounding style record his name; \n\nFor long as sense and virtue fame can give, \n\nIn his own works his deathless name shall live. \n\nThomas Warton. \n\nHe was buried at Wargrave, near Henley, Oxfordshire. \n\nThe political writings of Mr. Day were distinguished \nby nervous eloquence and pure patriotism ; but his fame \nwill rest more durably upon works of greater usefulness. \nHis Sandford and Merton,\xe2\x80\x9d written with the design of \nforming the minds of youth to active and manly virtue, \nand even the story of \xe2\x80\x9c Little Jack,\xe2\x80\x9d will long be popu\xc2\xac \nlar. \xe2\x80\x9c Wherever,\xe2\x80\x9d says an able female writer, \xe2\x80\x9c children \nare to be found, these will continue interesting and useful \nfrom generation to generation. For the same reason. \n\n\n* See January 9, 1766. Polybius aud Cawthorn also died by \nsimilar accidents. Polybius was a famous Greek historian, born \nat Megalopolis, in Arcadia, in the Pelopounesus, and died at his \nnative place, in the 82nd year of his age, about 124 years-B. C. \nSee Leontari, Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gazetteer. James Cawthorn was a very \nagreeable poet, a native of Sheffield, and for many years master \nof Tunbridge-School. He was killed in 1761, and his poetical \ncompositions were collected and published in 1771. \n\n\n\n398 \n\n\nSEPTEMBER. \n\n\nbecause true to nature and to general feeling, his poem of \nthe \xe2\x80\x98 Dying Negro\xe2\x80\x99 will last as long as manly and benevo\xc2\xac \nlent hearts exist in England.\xe2\x80\x9d\xe2\x80\x94One who enjoyed with \nMr. Day a long and unbroken friendship, (the late Rich\xc2\xac \nard Lovell Edgeworth,) pronounces him to have been the \nmost virtuous human being he had ever known, and de\xc2\xac \nclares that he never knew him to swerve from the strictest \nmorality in word or deed. It is pleasing thus to connect \nthe names of two individuals, both of whom were emi\xc2\xac \nnent for benevolence and patriotism, and who both held \nthe lamp of knowledge to guide the footsteps of youth. \nThe names of Day and Edgeworth will descend to future \nages among those of the wisest and most useful benefactors \nof mankind. Mr. Edgeworth was a philosopher, and a \nman of science; he was a patriot in the genuine sense of \nthe word; for by his kindness, united with firmness and \nprudence, he raised the ignorant and miserable tenants on \nhis estate in Ireland to the elevations of knowledge and \nhappiness. As a magistrate and senator he was upright \nand enlightened. But it is as a writer on education that \nhe has the greatest claim to the gratitude and affection of \nposterity. Upon his \xe2\x80\x9c Practical and Professional Edu\xc2\xac \ncation,\xe2\x80\x9d the opinion of the present age has already fixed \nthe seal of approbation Time will ratify the decision. \nTo his instruction and conversation in the characters of \npreceptor and parent is the world moreover indebted for \nthat admirable daughter whose works have created a new \naera in the annals of education, and who, as an author, \nhas done more to render the rising age wise and good, \nthan any other writer of the present time. \n\nMr. Edgeworth was born at Bath in 1744, and died \nJune 13, 1817, at Edgeworth Town, in Longford, Ire\xc2\xac \nland. \n\n28, 1803. Died, in a very advanced age, at his house at \nTurnham Green, Middlesex, Ralph Griffiths, LL.D., \nproprietor and conductor of the Monthly Review, of which \nlie was himself the institutor in the year 1749. He was \noriginally a bookseller; but, on account of the extensive \nsale of the Review, was induced to relinquish his business \nand devote himself wholly to the superintendence of that \nwork, which has, in its progress, been materially instru\xc2\xac \nmental in promoting the interest of science, and diffusing \na taste for critical literature in this country. It is, indeed, \nscarcely possible to conceive an institution more useful to \nthe community than a literary journal, ably and impar\xc2\xac \ntially conducted. See May 30, 1665. A New Series, iin- \n\n\n-SEPTEMBER. 399 \n\nproved, of this valuable work commenced on the 1st of \nJanuary, 1826. \n\n29. Michaelmas-Day ;* or The Feast of SH. Michael and \nall Angels . The subject of angels is in itself very obscure, \nas this rank of beings is wholly above human inspection; \nand all that can be known of them is from incidental hints \nwhich are scattered in different parts of the Bible. In the \nnew edition of Calmet\xe2\x80\x99s Diet, there is, perhaps, all that \ncan be collected on the subject. St. Paul says, they are \nall ministering spirits sent forth to minister to the heirs of \nsalvation; and some have supposed that each good man \nhad his particular guardian angel. The scripture account \nof Michael is, that he was an archangel who presided over \nthe Jewish nation, as other angels did over the Gentile \nworld, as is evident of the kingdoms of Persia and Greece ;f \nthat he had an army of angels under his commandthat \nhe fought with the dragon, or Satan, and his angels ; and \nthat, contending with the devil, he disputed about the body \nof Moses.\xc2\xa7 \n\nMichael lias fought our battles ; Raphael sung \nOur triumphs ; Gabriel ou our errands flown, \n\nSent by the Sov\xe2\x80\x99reign. \n\nYoung. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1197. Henry VI., surnamed the Cruel , Emperor of \nGermany, died at Messina. The coronation of this em\xc2\xac \nperor was performed in 1191, at Rome, to which city he \n\n\n* Michaelmas-Day is one of the regular periods for settling \nrents, &c., in this country; and moreover, as Geese are esteemed \nto be in their greatest perfection in the autumnal season, it is a \ncustom with many families to make that bird a part of their re\xc2\xac \npast ou the festival of St. Michael. This custom is said, but erro\xc2\xac \nneously, to have originated with Queen Elizabeth, who, being at \nTilbury Fort on the 29th of September, 1588, is said to have dined \nwith Sir Neville Umfreville near that place, and to have partaken \nof a goose; that after dinner she drank a half-pint bumper of \nBurgundy to the destruction of the Spanish Armada, soon after \nwhich she received the joyful tidings that her wishes had been \nfulfilled; that, being delighted with the event, she commemorated \nthe same annually by having a goose for dinner, which custom \nbecame general throughout the kingdom. \xe2\x80\x9c But,\xe2\x80\x9d says Mr. Brady, \nin his Claris Calendaria, from which the above is taken, \xe2\x80\x9c the \ncustom is of much older date, and equally observed ou the Con\xc2\xac \ntinent as in England.\xe2\x80\x99* \n\n\xe2\x80\xa2f- Daniel x. 13. J Rev. xii. 7. \xc2\xa7 Jude 9. \n\n\n\n400 \n\n\nSEPTEMBER. \n\n\nhad repaired from Germany to be crowned. The Pope, \nCelestin III., after putting the crown on the head of the \nemperor, who had kneeled down and bowed very low to \nreceive it from his hands, kicked it off, upon which the \ncardinals present took it up and returned it to the Pope, \nwho again placed it on Henry\xe2\x80\x99s head and there left it. \n\nThis action his Holiness performed to shew that the \nPope could take away as well as confer the Imperial au\xc2\xac \nthority. See July 8, 1174. \n\n29, 1560. Died, at Stockholm, in the 70th year of his age, \nGustavus Vasa, King of Sweden, the deliverer of his \ncountry from the Danish yoke. He left the nation in a \ncondition to strike her enemies with terror and inspire \nher allies with confidence. His body was carried to \nUpsal, where he had been crowned, and which was the \ncentre of his conquests, and the place of his frequent \nresidence: there his funeral was solemnized with public \norations and panegyrics ; with the tears of all his subjects; \nand with the grateful remembrance of his great and glo\xc2\xac \nrious actions. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1613. New River. \xe2\x80\x9cNo one,\xe2\x80\x9d says Mr. Pennant, \n\xe2\x80\x9cought to be ignorant that this unspeakable benefit is owing \nto a Welshman,* Sir Hugh Middleton, of Denbigh, \nwho, on September 28, 1608, began, and on September \n29, 1613, completed, the great work. He brought the \nwater from Am well, in Hertfordshire, a distance of 20, \nbut, from the necessity of making a detour to avoid hills \nand valleys, it was increased to 38 miles 3 quarters and \n16 poles. Sir Hugh Middleton was ruined by the execu\xc2\xac \ntion of his project. So little was the benefit understood, \nthat for above thirty years the seventy-two, shares into \nwhich it was divided, netted only five pounds a-piece. \nEach of these shares was sold originally for a hundred \npounds, and lately some of them at ^10,000.\xe2\x80\x9d Pen\xc2\xac \nnant\xe2\x80\x99s London , published in 1791. \n\n\n* This exulting observation is doubtless owing to Mr. Pennant \nhimself being a Cambro-Britain. The name of Sir Hugh Middle- \nton deserves, however, to be transmitted with honour and grati\xc2\xac \ntude to posterity, as much as those of the builders of the famous \naqueducts in ancient Rome. A portrait of this public-spirited \nman is preserved in the hall belonging to the company of Gold\xc2\xac \nsmiths ; but when or where he died, is utterly unknown ; but as \na deed under the great seal, reconveying to Sir Hugh all Charles \nI.\xe2\x80\x99s right, &c., &c., in the New River, was passed on November \n18, 1636, it is probable he died soon afterwards. \n\n\n\nSEPTEMBER. \n\n\n401 \n\n\n29, 1723. Expired, in lier 87th year. Lady Russell, \nrevered almost as a saint, and venerated as the relict of \nthat martyr to liberty and the constitution, Lord Rus\xc2\xac \nsell, whom she survived above forty years.* When \nLord Russell was placed within the bar of the Old Bailey \nto take his trial for high treason, he inquired if he might \nhave somebody to write to help his memory, and on being \ninformed that any of his servants might assist him, he re\xc2\xac \nplied, that \xe2\x80\x9chis wife was here to do it.\xe2\x80\x9d f \n\n\xe2\x80\x9c Grant me but her !\xe2\x80\x9d the noble culprit cried ; \n\n\xe2\x80\x9c No friend, no advocate, I ask beside." \n\nSecure in conscious fortitude she rose, \n\nA present aid, and check\xe2\x80\x99d her gushing woes, \n\nAnd ruled her trembling hand, while all around \nA thrill of anguish ran, and mingling cries resound. \n\nMiss Aikin\xe2\x80\x99s Epistles on IVomen. \n\nHer letters have been much admired by persons of taste \nand sensibility, both for their thoughts and their diction. \n\n\n* See July 21, 1683; also Arith. Quest., No 508, and Cheuies \nin Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gaz. \n\nt It is not derogating from the noble devotedness of Lady \nRachel Russell to say, that she was neither the first English\xc2\xac \nwoman, nor one of few who, in the worst days of our judicial \nhistory, appeared at an ignominious bar, to share the bitterness \nof the hour of trial with a husband, parent, or kinsman, and to \ncheer, uphold, and help, and if it might be, save him. Sir \nThomas Gascoigne, who was prosecuted at the age of eighty-five, \nfor an alleged participation in the Popish Plot , was attended in \nthe court of King\xe2\x80\x99s Bench by his grand-daughter. The marchio\xc2\xac \nness of Winchester is said to have aided her father, Lord Staf\xc2\xac \nford, on his trial, by taking notes and preparing papers .X Bate\xc2\xac \nman, the last victim of the Rye-House conspiracy, who was \nbrought to the bar in an unsound state of mind, and whose son, \ntherefore, obtained the indulgence, at that time unprecedented, \nof conducting his father\xe2\x80\x99s cause, was also assisted, but in vain, \nby his daughter; and not to dwell on one or two less remarkable \ninstances, all readers of English history will remember the ini \xc2\xac \nquitous condemnation of Sir Thomas Armstrong, and the pas\xc2\xac \nsionate interposition of his daughter, who, after vainly striving \nto awaken justice or mercy in the breast of Jefferies, was carried \nfrom the court, invoking the judgment of the Almighty on her \nfather\xe2\x80\x99s murderer. \xe2\x80\x9c I thank God,\xe2\x80\x9d said the infatuated tyrant, \n\xe2\x80\x9c I am clamour-proof, and will never fear to do my duty.\xe2\x80\x9d\xe2\x80\x94 \nQuarterly Review , 1827, p. 522. \n\n\nX See December 29, 1G80. \n\n\n\n\n402 \n\n\nSEPTEMBER. \n\n\nPiety and conjugal affection, expressed in language, con\xc2\xac \nsidering the time of its composition, so pure and proper, \ncannot but afford a fine example to the female aspirants \nafter delicacy, virtue, taste, and whatever is excellent and \nlaudable in the wife, the widow, and the mother. \n\n29, 1758. Lord Nelson was born in the parsonage-house \nof Burnham Thorpe, in the county of Norfolk, of which \nparish his father was then rector. See Nelson, Index. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94- 1827. Captain Parry, from his Arctic, and Captain \nFranklin, from his North American expedition, arrived \nat the Admiralty within half an hour of each other. See \nParry, Index. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1828. Aurora Borealis. This meteoric phenomenon \nwas seen to great advantage in London and various parts \nof Great Britain from eight to ten o\xe2\x80\x99clock. About forty \ncolumns of light appeared, some of which reached an alti\xc2\xac \ntude of 35\xc2\xb0, were from 1\xc2\xb0 to 2~\xc2\xb0 broad, and varied in \ncolour from light yellow to light red. This light gradu\xc2\xac \nally increased, and at first intersected the Northern Crown, \npassing a few degrees under Polaris, and between Capella \nand Algol; afterwards it continued to rise and increase \nin breadth till it was nearly 20\xc2\xb0 above Polaris, and filled \nthe space between beta and gamma in the head of the \nDragon, when it pursued its course between Lyra and \nAquila, passing Cygnus, and after intersecting the Galaxy, \n(which it considerably surpassed in brightness,) proceeded \nthrough Andromeda to the Pleiades. This was the most \nbeautiful, luminous arc of the Aurora ever observed in \nthis latitude .*\xe2\x80\x94Annual Register , Literary Gazette. \n\n30, 420. Died, at 80, or, as some say, 91 years of age, \nSt. Jerome, a famous doctor of the church, and the \nmost learned of all the Latin fathers. He was the son of \nEusebius, and born at Stridon, or Sidrona, a city of the \nancient Pantionia.f He studied at Rome, went into Gaul, \nvisited Aquileia, and travelled into Thrace, Pontus, Bi- \nthynia, Galatia, and Cappadocia. In 372 he retired for \n\n\n* For the history of the constellations and stars mentioned in \nthe above account, see the late W. Butler\xe2\x80\x99s Ever, on the Globes , \n11th edit. \n\nf Pannonia was an extensive country of Europe, having the \nDanube on the North, and Dalmatia on the South; a great part \nof it is now called Hungary. Bithynia, Galatia, and Cappadocia, \nare in Asia Minor. See the author\xe2\x80\x99s Scripture Maps , and Geo. \nExer. on the New Test. General Index. \n\n\n\n\n\nSEPTEMBER. \n\n\n403 \n\n\nsome time into a desert in Syria, thence visited Jerusalem, \nConstantinople, and Rome; and finally returned to the \nmonastery at Bethlehem, where he employed himself in \nwriting against those whom he called heretics. His works \nConsist of eleven vols. folio. His Latin version of the \nOld-Testament Scriptures is distinguished by the name of \nthe Vulgate , and is the only one acknowledged by the v \nChurch of Rome to be authentic. This translation (says \nthe Claris Calendaria) has the honour of being the first \nwork that was printed ; and there were lately in preserva\xc2\xac \ntion three Bibles of that edition, bearing date 1450, one \nof which belonged to the King of Prussia, the second to \nthe Benedictine Convent near Mentz, and the third to the \ncollection left by the celebrated Cardinal Mazarin;* \nanother copy was printed in 1462. See Aug. 14, 1457- \n30, 16/4. Was buried in the Chapel of St. Peter\xe2\x80\x99s, in the \nTower, Talbot Edwards, Keeper of the Regalia when \nthe ruffian Blood made the desperate attempt to steal the \ncrown and other ornaments of majesty. (See Aug. 29, \n1680.) In the same Church or Chapel of St. Peter\xe2\x80\x99s, in \nthe Tower, that good and conscientious John Fisher, \nbishop of Rochester, beheaded on the 22d of June, 1535, \nwas buried. In front of the altar, repose the beauteous \nAnne Boleyn and the guilty Catharine Howard, two ill- \nfated wives of Henry VIII. (See May 19, 1536, and Feb. \n5, 1542.) Here likewise rests, amid the attainted group, \nthe mangled corse of the venerable and innocent Mar\xc2\xac \ngaret, Countess of Salisbury, the last of entire blood of \nthe royal line of Plantagenet. (See May 27, 1541.) \nCromwell too, that mighty pillar of the state, whom \nWolsey raised from the forge, and placed in the road to \nhonour and to greatness; whom Henry made his instru\xc2\xac \nment in the suppression of papal supremacy, and in the \ndissolution of religious houses; whom he loaded with the \nhighest offices and honours, and whom he finally cast \ndown, and bereft of life and dignity, lies buried here. \n(See July 28, 1540.) Within these walls were also de\xc2\xac \nposited the remains of Thomas Seymour, the turbulent \nBaron Sudley, Lord High Admiral of England, who was, \nof necessity, beheaded in 1549, under a warrant from his- \nown brother, Edward, Duke of Somerset, the Protector; \nby whom, within three years, he was followed to the \nscaffold and the grave. This good and lamented duke \n\n\n* See Nov. 19, 1703. \n\n\n\n\xe2\x80\xa2404 \n\n\nSEPTEMBER. \n\n\nwas buried in front of the altar between the unfortunate \nqueens above mentioned; and about eighteen months \nafterwards, John Dudley, Duke of Northumberland, his \nambitious rival, the procurer of his death, was laid head\xc2\xac \nless by his side. (See January 22, 1552, and August 22, \n1553.) Thomas Howard, Duke of Norfolk, beheaded for \naspiring to the bed of Mary, Queen of Scots ; his virtuous \nson Philip, Earl of Arundel, who languished and died \nwithin the dreary walls of a prison; and Robert Devereux, \nthe favourite Earl of Essex, whom his fond mistress re\xc2\xac \nluctantly gave to the block after a long struggle between \nfear and affection, were likewise buried here. (See Feb. \n25, 1601.) Under the communion table was interred \nJames, Duke of Monmouth, the handsome, profligate, and \nungrateful son of King Charles II. (See July 15, 1685.) \nUnder the gallery, at the western end of the chapel, were \ndeposited the headless bodies of the penitent Earl of Kil\xc2\xac \nmarnock, the undaunted Balmerino, and the infamous \nSimon Lovat, leaders in the memorable rebellion of 1745. \nThey were buried in the same grave. Pennant; Bay- \nley\xe2\x80\x99s Hist, of the Tower. \n\n30, 1800. Peace was concluded between France and \nAlgiers. This place is situated in the north part of \nAfrica and south of Minorca, an island in the Mediter\xc2\xac \nranean. The inhabitants are the most noted pirates on \nearth, as they make prizes of all ships belonging to \nChristian nations that do not procure their amity. The \nAlgerines, have, indeed, for ages, braved the resentment \nof the most powerful states in Christendom. The Em\xc2\xac \nperor Charles V. lost a fine fleet and army in an unsuc\xc2\xac \ncessful expedition against them in 1541. Our intrepid \nBlake, (see April 20, 1657,) however, in 1653, terrified \nthe Algerines, Tunisians, and Tripolitans, into pacific \nmeasures with England; but the Algerines have since \nrepulsed the most vigorous attacks of European powers, \nparticularly those of Spain, in the years 1773, 1733, and \n1784. Yet it has been asserted, that three English fifty- \ngun ships, manned with brave British tars, might batter \nAlgiers about the ears of its inhabitants from the harbour; \na prediction which was literally fufilled by Admiral Lord \nExmouth, on the 27th of August, 1816, who moreover \ncompelled these piratical ruffians to make a peace advan\xc2\xac \ntageous to England. \n\nThe prospect of the country and sea from Algiers is \nvery beautiful, that city being built on a declivity of a \nmountain. The natives are chiefly Mahometans. \n\n\nSEPTEMBER. \n\n\n405 \n\n\n30, 1812. The eagles and colours taken from the French \nin Spain were deposited in Whitehall chapel. Lord, now \nDuke of Wellington, with the brave officers and troops \nunder his command, had taken Cuidad Rodrigo by storm, \nmade themselves masters of Badajos, gained a great vic\xc2\xac \ntory over Marmont at Salamanca, and entered Valladolid \nand Madrid. From these places the eagles and colours \nhad been transmitted to England. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1826. A Powder Magazine, near Ostend, blew up \nwith a tremendous explosion. It contained 1300 barrels \nof gunpowder\xe2\x80\x94about sixty tons\xe2\x80\x99 weight. Many houses \nwere damaged by the concussion, seweral persons were \nkilled, and many severely wounded. \n\n\n( 406 ) \n\n\nOCTOBER. \n\n\xe2\x80\x9c The fading, many-colour\xe2\x80\x99d woods, \n\nShade deep\xe2\x80\x99ning over shade, the country round \nItnbrown ; a crowded umbrage, dusk and dun, \n\nOf every hue, from wan-declining green \nTo sooty dark.\xe2\x80\x9d \n\nOctober was the eighth* month of the year in Romu\xc2\xac \nlus\xe2\x80\x99s calendar, which the name implies; though the tenth \nin that of Numa, Julius Caesar, &c. October has still re\xc2\xac \ntained its first name, notwithstanding all the different appel\xc2\xac \nlations which the senate and Roman emperors would have \ngiven it. The senate ordered it to be called Faustinas, in \nhonour of Faustina, the wife of Antoninus the emperor; \nCommodus would have had it bear the name of Invictus; \nand Domitian caused it to be denominated Domitianus , \nafter his own name. October was sacred to Mars, and \nunder his protection, and to whom a horse, termed October \nEquits, was annually sacrificed in this month, either be\xc2\xac \ncause the horse is a warlike animal, f or to punish him for \nthe taking of Troy.f A race was run with chariots, drawn \nby two horses, previous to the sacrifice, and he that ran \nquickest was adjudged to be the victim. This month is pe\xc2\xac \nculiarly interesting to the man of taste and feeling. The \npainter finds in the richly varied foliage of the groves, an \ninteresting study for his pencil, while the genius of \xe2\x80\x9c phi\xc2\xac \nlosophic melancholy\xe2\x80\x9d derives from the falling leaf and \n\xe2\x80\x9c pale descending year\xe2\x80\x9d a train of grateful and soothing- \nsentiments. \n\nEarly in the month many of the birds which had repaired \nto our country as a summer residence, leave it to pass their \nwinter in more genial climes: among these the swallow is \nconspicuous: \n\n-into wanner climes convey\xe2\x80\x99d, \n\nWith other kindred birds of season, there \nHe twitters cheerful, till the vernal months \nInvite him welcome back. \n\n\n* From octo , eight. \n\nt See Arith. Quest, art. Horse, and Siege of Troy. \n\n\n\n\n\n\nOCTOBER. \n\n\n407 \n\n\nIn exchange for these, some birds take refuge in our more \ntemperate climate from the stern winter of the arctic regions. \nThe redwing, thrush, and the fieldfare, visit us; and the \nwoodcock, after spending the summer in Norway, Sweden, \nand other northern parts, appears this month on our eastern \ncoast, though the main body of them does not come till \nNovember or December. \n\n-He, of times \n\nIntelligent, the harsh Hyperborean ice \nShuns for our equal winters : when our suns \nCleave the chill\xe2\x80\x99d soil, he backward wings his way \nTo Scandinavian summers. \n\nIn this month is the vintage of the wine countries of Europe. \n\nOctober, says Peacham, is drawn in a garment of yellow \nand carnation; upon his head is a garland of oak leaves, in \nhis right hand the sign Scorpio,* and in his left a basket of \nservices. \n\n\nREMARKABLE EVENTS. \n\nI, Is the day, appointed by act of parliament for the com\xc2\xac \nmencement of the decoy business in Lincolnshire, whence \nthe London markets are chiefly supplied with wild ducks, \nteals, and widgeons. Ten decoys near Wainfleet have \nbeen known to send to the metropolis, in a single season, \n31,200 of these wild-fowl. See Pennant\xe2\x80\x99s Zoology , \nVol. II.; Dr. Rees\xe2\x80\x99s New Cyclop, or Ency. Brit. art. \nDecoy; and Aikin\xe2\x80\x99s Natural Hist, of the Year, for an \namusing account of the manner in which the birds are \nensnared. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1207* Was born, at Winchester, Henry III., son of \nKing John, and who, in 1216, succeeded to the crown. \nHe is sometimes styled Henry of Winchester; and since \nthe time of this monarch, princes\xe2\x80\x99 children have occasi\xc2\xac \nonally taken their names from their natal places, as Ed\xc2\xac \nward of Caernarvon, Henry of Monmouth, John of Gaunt, \nWilliam of Hatfield, &c., &c. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1554. Queen Mary, the Sanguinary, was crowned at \nWestminster. She was of the Tudor line, and succeeded \nEdward VI. \n\n_ 1761. Laudohn, a skilful Austrian commander, made \n\nhimself master, by a coup-de-main, of the strong fortress \n\n\n* See Exer. on the Globes , 11th edition \n\n\n\n\n\n408 \xe2\x96\xa0 \n\n\nOCTOBER. \n\n\nof Schweidnitz. Lieutenant-General Zastrow, the Go\xc2\xac \nvernor, and about 3000 men, were made prisoners. The \nking - of Prussia caused the Governor, who was a brave \nand able officer, to be imprisoned, and afterwards ba\xc2\xac \nnished him from his dominions. Soon after this capture, \nthe King of Prussia and the Emperor of Germany had \nan interview, when Laudohn was invited to their table, \nand going to seat himself opposite to the king, Frederick, \nmaking room for him by his side, said, \xe2\x80\x9c Venez vous \nmettre ici, M. de Laudohn; j\xe2\x80\x99aime mieux vous avoir a \ncot\xc2\xa3 de moi qu\xe2\x80\x99en face.\xe2\x80\x9d Laudohn died in 1790, aged 74. \nOn his tomb, which he erected during his life, was the \nfollowing inscription : Commemoratio mortis optima phi - \nlosophia \xe2\x80\x94The remembrance of death is the best philo\xc2\xac \nsophy. See Feb. 24, 1525, note. \n\n1, 1770. Died, at Newbury, about 40 miles from Boston, \n\nin North America, the Rev. George Whitefield, a \nnative of Gloucester; at the Bell Inn of which city, then \nkept by his mother, he was born in 1714. He was a \nminister in the Established Church, and a very celebrated \npreacher among the Methodists,* both in England and \nAmerica. He instituted the orphan-house at Georgia; \nand erected two extensive buildings for public worship in \nLondon; one of them in Tottenham-Court Road, and the \nother near Moorfields. He had many establishments of \nthe same kind in various parts of the kingdom. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1795. Died, on the spot where he first drew breath, \nat Dishley, in Leicestershire, Robert Bakewell, the \nmost successful farmer and improver of horses and cattle \nthat England ever knew. Many anecdotes are related of \nhis remarkable humanity to animals of every kind. This \nenterprising man was certainly much more deserving of \nthe gratitude of his country, than the warrior who slays \nhis thousands, or the statesman who drains the treasures \nor subverts the liberties of a nation. Mr. Bakewell was \nborn in 1726. \n\n\n* The Methodists are a very large, and, it is said, increasing \nbody of religionists: their tenets, discipline, and designs, are often \nmisunderstood, and of course misrepresented. \xe2\x80\x9c Our end,\xe2\x80\x9d says \nMr. Benson, in his Apology, \xe2\x80\x9c is not to form a sect, or to bring \npeople to this or the other speculative opinion, mode of worship, \nor form of church government, but simply to make them Chris\xc2\xac \ntians\xe2\x80\x94Christians in heart and life, in temper, word, and work\xe2\x80\x94 \nsuch as lived in the early days of Christianity, and such as we \nconceive may still live.\xe2\x80\x9d See Wesley, and Toplady, Index ; and \nGeo. Exer. on the Neiv Test. art. Methodists. \n\n\n\nOCTOBER. 409 \n\n1, 1801. Preliminaries of peace between England and \nFrance were signed at London. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1811. Died, aged 82, at Dromore, in Ireland, Dr. \nPercy, thirty years bishop of that see ; a man of refined \ntaste and extensive erudition, and one of the oldest mem\xc2\xac \nbers of the celebrated literary club established by Dr. \nJohnson. His publications, though numerous and useful, \nwere not offerings to theology.* He traced modern lite\xc2\xac \nrature from its rude commencement, and particularly in\xc2\xac \nvestigated the literary antiquities of northern nations. \nTo the successful prosecution of this subject he was prin\xc2\xac \ncipally indebted for the reputation which he acquired \namong the writers of his time. This work is entitled, \n\xe2\x80\x9c Reliques of Ancient English Poetry,\xe2\x80\x9d &c., &c.\xe2\x80\x94Of \noriginal poety, the muse of Percy, it is said, produced \nonly \xe2\x80\x9c The Hermit of Warkworth,\xe2\x80\x9d and the beautiful, \nwell-known song, \xe2\x80\x9c O Nannie , wilt thou gang with me ?\xe2\x80\x9d \nwhich is to be found in Vol. VI. of Dodsley\xe2\x80\x99s Collection. \n\nDr. Percy was born at Bridgenorth, in Shropshire, and \nwas descended from the ancient line of Percy, of the \nhouse of Northumberland. \n\n2, 1629. Died, at the age of 55, while performing massf \nat the altar, Peter Berulle, a celebrated cardinal,! \ndistinguished for his piety, moral virtues, and learning. \nHe was born at Troyes, department of Aube, province of \nChampagne, France. See April 15, 17/6, and Sudden \nDeaths, Index. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1767- Dr- John Evans, author of the \xe2\x80\x9c Sketch of the \nDenominations of the Christian World,\xe2\x80\x9d and numerous \nother works, was born at Usk, Monmouthshire. His \nSketch, the copy-right of which he sold for 10/., passed \nduring his life through 14 editions; and he was frequently \nconsoled by his friends, for this inadequate remuneration, \nby being reminded, that the Hymns of Watts and the \n\n\n* One of his performances was, however, connected immedi\xc2\xac \nately with his clerical profession ; this was \xe2\x80\x9c A Key to the New \nTestament; giving an Account of the several Books, their Con\xc2\xac \ntents, their Authors, and of the Times, Places, and Occasions on \nwhich they were respectively written.\xe2\x80\x9d This justly popular little \nwork has passed through several editions, and has been adopted \nin the universities.\xe2\x80\x94It should be, moreover, noticed, that Dr. \nPercy has the reputation of having performed his episcopal duties \nwith vigilance and assiduity. See the Mon. Repos. Vol. VII. pp. \n1\xe2\x80\x948, and 65\xe2\x80\x9472, 1812. \n\nf See Index. \n\n\nT \n\n\nJ See Index. \n\n\n\n\n410 \n\n\nOCTOBER. \n\n\nParadise Lost of Milton were sold for nearly the same \nsum. See Butler\xe2\x80\x99s Arith. Quest. No. 388. \n\n2, 1/80. Major Andre, Adjutant-General to the British \narmy in America, a rising- young* officer of great merit, \nwas hanged as a spy, at Tappan, in New York province. \nHis case was referred to a board of fourteen general offi\xc2\xac \ncers, who unanimously declared that, agreeably to the \nlaw and usage of nations, he ought to suffer death. The \naccomplished and gallant Andr6, \xe2\x80\x9c buoyed,\xe2\x80\x9d as he him\xc2\xac \nself expressed it, \xe2\x80\x9c above the fears of death by a life well \nspent,\xe2\x80\x9d met his fate with a composure that excited the \nadmiration and melted the hearts of all the spectators. \nMajor Andr6 was buried near the spot at which he suf\xc2\xac \nfered; but his remains were, in 1822, at the request of \nhis relatives, disinterred, conveyed to England, and, by \npermission of his Majesty, deposited beneath a tablet, \nwhich, soon after his death, was erected in Westminster \nAbbey, to commemorate his virtues and unfortunate end. \nSee Dr. Gordon\xe2\x80\x99s History of the American War , and \nMarshall\xe2\x80\x99s Life of General Washington. \xe2\x80\x94Arnold, \nthe American General, who had offered to betray West \nPoint to Sir Henry Clinton, and in the negociation of \nwhich Major Andre was detected, on the apprehension of \nthat unfortunate young officer, came over to the English. \nSoon after the American war, at a royal levee, he was in\xc2\xac \ntroduced to an English lord as the American General \nArnold. \xe2\x80\x9c What! the traitor Arnold !\xe2\x80\x9d exclaimed the \nnobleman, turning on his heel in disgust. A challenge \nwas given by the general, accepted by his antagonist, \nwho received his fire and discharged his own pistol in the \nair. \xe2\x80\x9c Why do you not return the fire ?\xe2\x80\x9d exclaimed the \ngeneral. \xe2\x80\x9c Because I am not an executioner ,\xe2\x80\x9d replied \nthe nobleman. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1786. Died Lord Keppel, who, on various occasions, \nhad greatly distinguished himself in the naval service \nof his country. Having ever been the friend of the me\xc2\xac \nritorious and the seamen\xe2\x80\x99s protector, no officer possessed \nthe love of the navy in a higher degree. See July 27, \n1778. \n\n3, 1690. Died, at Urie, in Kincardineshire, Robert Bar\xc2\xac \nclay, an eminent writer among the people called Quakers. \nHe was the son of Colonel David Barclay, and born at \nEdinburgh, 1648. His principal work is an \xe2\x80\x9cApology \nfor the Quakers,\xe2\x80\x9d the dedication of which to King \nCharles II. is very remarkable for the uncommon frank\xc2\xac \nness and simplicity with which it is written. This work \n\n\nOCTOBER. \n\n\n411 \n\n\nis esteemed tlie standard of the doctrines of the Quakers, \nand rendered great service to that very respectable class \nof society all over Europe, having been published in \nmany languages. See Fox, George, Index. \n\n3, 1691. Limerick, on the Shannon, in Ireland, surren\xc2\xac \ndered to King William\xe2\x80\x99s forces; which terminated the \nwar in that country. See July 1, 1690. \n\n4, 1226. Died Francis of Assisi,* a great saint of the \nRomish church, and founder of the Franciscans, or Grey \nFriars. The monks of this order having the exclusive \nprivelege in Peru of selling shrouds, acquire a very large \nincome from the sale, as no one wishes that a corpse \nshould be buried without the sacred habit of St. Francis. \nSee Jan. 23, 1516, and Aug. 28, 430. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1/04. Selkirk was left on the island of Juan Fer\xc2\xac \nnandez by Captain Stradling. See Sept. 1 and 11. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1814. Samuel Jackson Pratt, Esq., who commenced \nhis literary life under the name of Courteney Melmoth, \nclosed his earthly career at Birmingham. He was a pro\xc2\xac \nlific writer ; and all his works tend to promote the inte\xc2\xac \nrests of virtue. Mr. Pratt was descended from a respect\xc2\xac \nable family in Huntingdonshire. \n\n5, 1767- Were inclosed at one shooting out of the nets \nin St. Ives\xe2\x80\x99s Bay, Cornwall, as many Pilchards as filled \n7000 hogsheads, each of which was estimated to contain \n35,000 fish, bringing the whole to the astonishing number \nof 245,000,000. See July 23, 1744, and Arith. Quest. \n10th edition, art. Pilchards and Herrings. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1821. Mr. Rich, the learned and indefatigable ex\xc2\xac \nplorer of the ruins of Babylon, fell a victim to the ardour \nof his pursuit of science, at Schiras, in Persia. His ma\xc2\xac \nnuscripts, coins, gems, &c., were purchased by govern\xc2\xac \nment for the benefit of the public for 7,500/., and are now \nin the British Museum. \n\n6, 1285. Philip III. of France, surnamed the Bold, died at \nPerpignan. He was succeeded by his son Philip the Fair. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1783. Peace was proclaimed with America. See \nApril 19, 1775. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1815. Migration of Swallows. An assemblage of \nthese birds sailed (so to speak) from Rotherham in York- \n\n\n* Assisi, or Assisio, is an episcopal town of Italy, about 70 \nmiles north of Rome, built on the side of a very high mountain. \nThe cathedral of St. Francis is very magnificent, and composed of \nthree churches one above another. \n\nt 2 \n\n\n\n412 \n\n\nOCTOBER. \n\n\nshire, with as much order, discipline, and regularity, as \never a fleet left the British Channel. See a pamphlet en\xc2\xac \ntitled, \xe2\x80\x9c The Swallows,-\xe2\x80\x9d and Exer. on the Globes , lltli \nedit. art. Hirando. \n\n7, 1571. Battle of Lepanto. On this day was fought \na celebrated naval engagement between the Turks and \nVenetians, the latter being assisted by the Germans and \nSpaniards. It took place in the Gulf of Lepanto, in LI- \nvadia, Turkey in Europe. The Turks, after a long, obsti\xc2\xac \nnate, and sanguinary conflict, were utterly defeated, with \nthe loss of 30,000 men. All their great commanders were \nslain, and 200 of their galleys taken, burnt, or sunk. \nThis is represented as the greatest overthrow experienced \nby the Turks since the victory obtained by Tamerlane \nover Bajazet; and it quieted the fears of Christian Europe \nrespecting the increasing power of the Infidels. Great \nrejoicings were, therefore, made on account of this useful \nvictory at Rome, Spain, Naples, and England. The com\xc2\xac \nbined fleet was commanded by Don John of Austria, one \nof the greatest captains of the 16tli century. He was the \nillegitimate son of the Emperor Charles V., and, after a \nshort but brilliant military career, died in his camp at \nNamur in 1578, in the 32nd year of his age.* \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1748. The famous Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, a hand\xc2\xac \nsome town in Germany, was concluded between the King \nof Great Britain and his allies on one side, and the Kings \nof France and Spain on the other. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1 785. Died, at Deptford, in Kent, where he had been \nthirty-one years pastor of a Dissenting congregation, the \nRev. John Olding, whose conduct as a Christiam Minis\xc2\xac \nter was uniformly marked by fervent piety and godly sin\xc2\xac \ncerity. He published an excellent sermon on \xe2\x80\x9c Ejacula\xc2\xac \ntory Prayer Mr. Olding was born at Dartmouth in \nDevonshire, and received his education under Dr. Dod- \n\n\n* In this engagement, Spurantio, a noble Venetian, rather than \nfall into the Infidels\xe2\x80\x99 hands, blew himself and his galley up. \nCervantes, the immortal author of Don Quixote, followed, in his \nyouthful days, the profession of a soldier, and was in the battle \nof Lepanto, in which he either lost his left hand, or had it so \nmaimed that he never recovered its use. This accident obliged \nhim to renounce the military service, and to return towards his \nown country; but his ship being taken by the Algerines in his \npassage home, he was detained nearly nine years in slavery. Of \nthis period of his life many particulars are interwoven in his \nnovel, \xe2\x80\x9c The Captive. See April 23, 1616. \n\n\n\nOCTOBER. \n\n\n413 \n\n\ndridge, at Northampton. The author of this work, the late \nMr. Butler, married his daughter. \n\n7, 1795. Expired, at Hanover, Dr. John George Zim- \nmermann, first physician to his Britannic Majesty for \nHanover, but more eminent as a philosopher. His valu\xc2\xac \nable publications have been translated into English, and \nare highly esteemed, particularly his dissertation on \xe2\x80\x9c So\xc2\xac \nlitude.\xe2\x80\x9d He was born in 1728, at Brugg, a small town \nsituated on the borders of the river Aar, in the late Can\xc2\xac \nton of Berne, but now in the Canton of Aargau, Switzer\xc2\xac \nland. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1796. Died Dr. Thomas Reid, professor of moral \nphilosophy in the university of Glasgow, and distin\xc2\xac \nguished as a mathematician and metaphysician; born in \n1709. \n\n8, The Roman martyrology places the feast of Simeon, a \nholy man at Jerusalem, who expected the redemption of \nIsrael ;* having been assured that he should not die before \nhe had seen Christ the Lord. He therefore came into the \ntemple, moved by an extraordinary impulse, just at the \ntime that Joseph and Mary presented Jesus there, in obe\xc2\xac \ndience to the law. Then Simeon took the child in his \narms, and gave thanks to God in the words recorded in \nLuke ii. 25, &c. See Zara, in Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gazetteer, 3rd \nedition. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1744. Admiral Balchen, in the Victory man of war, \nof 110 guns and 1100 men, was lost near Alderney, a \nsmall island in the English Channel, near Cape La Hogue, \nin France.f George II. settled 500/. per annum on the \n\n\n* Luke ii. 25. Israel was the name given by the angel to Jacob, \nwhen he wrestled with him. Gen. xxxii. 28, and xxxv. 10. Is\xc2\xac \nraelites are the descendants of Israel. They were first called He\xc2\xac \nbrews from their progenitor Heber;\xc2\xa3 afterwards Israelites; and, \nlastly, Jews, from the tribe of Judah, the most considerable of \nall the Jewish tribes. \n\n+ The strait between this island and the coast of France is \ntermed the Race of Alderney, which is sometimes, especially in . \nstormy weather, a very dangerous passage. It proved fatal to the \nson of Henry I., who was drowned there Nov. 26, 1120, with \nabove a hundred and forty young noblemen of the principal fami- \n\n\nj Gen. xi. 14. Some, however, maintain, that Abraham and his de\xc2\xac \nscendants were called Hebrews from the word heber, which signilie* \nbeyond, because they came from beyond the Euphrates. \n\n\n\n\n\n414 \n\n\nOCTOBER. \n\n\nadmiral\xe2\x80\x99s widow. The unhappy fate of this brave officer \nis alluded to by Dr. Young in the following lines : \n\nOcean ! thou dreadful and tumultuous home \nOf dangers, at eternal war with man ! \n\nDeath\xe2\x80\x99s capital, where most he domineers, \n\nWith all his chosen terrors frowning round. \n\nAnd lately feasted high at Albion\xe2\x80\x99s cost. \n\n8, 1795. Expired, in Westminster, Andrew Kippis, \nDoctor of Divinity, a very celebrated English biographer,\' \nand the principal author and conductor of the second edi\xc2\xac \ntion of that great national work, the Biographia Britan- \nnica. Dr. Kippis was also greatly distinguished for the \nvirtues and accomplishments which form the chief orna\xc2\xac \nments of private life. As a minister, he was not less \neminent for his profound acquaintance with every branch \nof theology, than for the happy manner in which he ap\xc2\xac \nplied it to the improvement of those who attended his \nministry. His sermons are remarkable for perspicuity, \nelegance, and energy. This great and good man was \nborn at Nottingham, in 1725; and was interred in Bun- \nhill-Fields, London. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1820. Died, in the 53rd year of his age, at his palace \nof Sans-souci, in the island of Hayti, (late St. Domingo,) \nChristophe, King of that island by the title of Henry L \nA conspiracy was formed against him by seven of the Chiefs, \nwho marched a body of troops to dethrone him. Being \ndeserted by the army which he sent to oppose the insur\xc2\xac \ngents, Christophe shot himself through the heart. He \nwas a child of the Revolution, during which he was the \nringleader of revolts. At the death of Dessalines, he \ngrasped at the supreme authority, and assuming the title \nof Henry I., he and his consort, Marie Louise, were \ncrowned with great solemnity.* * The power which Chris\xc2\xac \ntophe acquired by intrigue and the sword was maintained \nby rigour and despotism : that severity at length excited \nthe rebellion by which he lost his crown and life. His \n\n\nlies in England and Normandy. The king, on hearing of the \ncalamity, fainted away, and was never seen to smile from that \nmoment to the day of his death. Through it, however, part of \nthe French fleet made their escape after the battle of La Hogue.t \n\n* See June 2, 1811. \n\n\nt See May la, 1092. \n\n\n\n\nOCTOBER. \n\n\n415 \n\n\ngovernment was, however, in some respects paternal. He \nestablished in almost every town in his dominions a school \non the system of Lancaster, where the children were in\xc2\xac \nstructed in the English and French languages, and in the \nuseful branches of education; and one of his favourite \nobjects was to establish the English tongue, as that of his \nsubjects. Christophe was a native of the island of St. \nChristopher, one of the Windward Islands. Hayti is now \ngoverned by a President, and has been recognized as an \nindependent republic by the government of France. \n\n9, 1326. Sir Hugh Spencer, one of Edward II.\xe2\x80\x99s fa\xc2\xac \nvourites, was executed at Bristol, which city had been \ntaken by Queen Isabella, on St. Denys\xe2\x80\x99s Day. \n\nDenys, or Dionysius the Areopagite, was converted to \nthe Faith at Athens, by St. Paul, when preaching before \nthe supreme court of the judges of life and death, insti\xc2\xac \ntuted by Solon, of which Dionysius was a member; and \nfrom thence has ever after been distinguished by the addi\xc2\xac \ntion Areopagite, a title given to these judges from the \nplace in which they usually assembled, which was called \nAreopagus, or the Hill of Mars. Clavis Calenduria. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1514. On this day Louis XII. was married, at Abbe\xc2\xac \nville, in the department of the Somme, province of Picar\xc2\xac \ndy, France, to the Princess Mary, sister of our king Henry \nVIII. The French monarch was in the 53rd year of his \nage; the princess in her 16th. See Jan 1, 1515. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1759. The store vessel came into Plymouth from her \nmoorings at the Eddystone, about fourteen miles from \nthat place, with all the workmen on board; the light\xc2\xac \nhouse there being entirely completed, under the direction \nof that excellent mechanic and engineer, Mr. John Smea- \nton. See October 28, 1792. \n\n10, 1794. The heroic Kosciusko, the Polish general, was \ndefeated, covered with wounds, and taken prisoner by the \nRussians, a few leagues from Warsaw.* When the troops \nof the Empress Catharine of Russia invaded Poland, and \nacted with a ferocity that would have disgraced the most \nsavage nation, an avenger seemed to start up in the per\xc2\xac \nson of the brave Kosciusko, whose brilliant actions afforded \na short gleam of comfort to his miserable countrymen \nbut it was found impossible to save a nation in which the \npeasants had been depressed by bondage, and the nobles \nhad degenerated into the worst of tyrants, by means of an \nusurped authority. \n\n\n* See Maeieyovitch, Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gazetteer. \n\n\n\n\n416 \n\n\nOCTOBER. \n\n\n/ What constitutes a state ? \n\nNot high-rais\'d battlements, or labour\xe2\x80\x99d mound,. \n\nThick wall, or moated gate ; \n\nNot cities proud, with spires and turrets crown\xe2\x80\x99d ; \n\nNot bays, and broad-arm\'d ports, \n\nWhere laughing at the storm, rich navies ride ; \n\nNot starr\xe2\x80\x99d and spangled courts. \n\nWhere low-brow\xe2\x80\x99d baseness wafts perfume to pride j \n\nNo; MEN, HIGH-MINDED MEN; \n\nMen, who their duties know, \n\nBut know their rights, and, knowing. \n\nDare maintain ; \n\nThese constitute a state. \n\nSir William Jones. \n\nKosciusko remained some time as a prisoner at Peters\xc2\xac \nburg, which he was permitted to leave in 1817, and after \nvisiting Sweden, England, America, and France, he re\xc2\xac \ntired to Switzerland, in which country he died; but his \nbody was conveyed to Poland, and was buried in the \ncathedral of Cracow, next to those of Sobieski and Ponia- \ntowski. \n\nAmid the brave, the generous, and the pure. \n\nThy name, O Kosciusko I shall endure. \n\nCottle. \n\nSee June 17, 1696; July 8, 1709; and Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gaz. \nart. Soleure and Cracow. \n\n11, The Greeks celebrate Philip the Deacon, who was so \ncalled because he was chosen to that office by the apostles \nafter our Saviour\xe2\x80\x99s resurrection.* He preached the Gos\xc2\xac \npel in Samaria, where he performed many miracles, and \nmade several converts to Christianity.f He was after\xc2\xac \nwards ordered by the angel of the Lord to meet the gran\xc2\xac \ndee or officer belonging to Candace, queen of Ethiopia, \nwhom he likewise induced to become a disciple of our \nLord.}; After baptizing this convert at Gaza, Philip was \nmiraculously conveyed away to Azotus. This happened \nA. D. 33, and the Scripture does not inform us what became \nof this holy deacon afterwards. Some say that he went \nto Tralles,\xc2\xa7 where he founded a church, of which he was \n\n\n* Acts vi. 5. See also Deacon, Index, \nf Acts viii. 1. X Acts viii. 26. \n\n\xc2\xa7 Tralles was a city of Lydia, in Asia Minor, East of Ephesus. \nSamaria, Ethiopia, Gaza, Azotus, and Ctesarea, are in the author\xe2\x80\x99s \nScripture Maps. See Geo. Exer. on the New Test. \n\n\n\nOCTOBER. \n\n\n417 \n\n\nthe apostle and bishop : others affirm, that he died in \npeace at Caesarea, (his supposed natal place,) and that \nthree of his daughters were buried with him. It is certain \nthat his daughters lived in that city. * \n\nII, 1531. Zuinglius, (Ulricus,) a zealous Swiss reformer, \nwho, as the leader of a party, displayed great firmness \nand presence of mind, was slain in a battle with his Ca\xc2\xac \ntholic opponents; the disputants not being able to settle \ntheir religious controversies without having recourse to \narms. Zuinglius studied the learned languages at Basil \nand Berne, and philosophy at Vienna; acquired great \npopularity as a preacher at Glaris and Zurich, and was \nkilled in the 44th year of his age, at Cappel, near Zug. \nHe was chaplain to the army. \xe2\x80\x9c Whatever may have \nbeen thy faith,\xe2\x80\x9d said one of his adversaries on viewing \nhis dead body, \xe2\x80\x9c I am sure that thou wast always sincere, \nand that thou lovedst thy country: may God take thy \nsoul to his mercy.\xe2\x80\x9d\xe2\x80\x94An active charity, a patriarchal \nsimplicity, and manners still more powerful than laws, \nformed the noble legacy bequeathed by Zuinglius to his \ncountry. Hess\xe2\x80\x99s Life of Zuingle , translated by Miss \nLucy Aikin. The principal reformers are mentioned \nunder the article Luther, February 18, 1546. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1705. Died, Monsieur Amontons, a native of Nor\xc2\xac \nmandy, and the reputed inventor of the Telegraph,f an \ninstrument by which information may be almost instan\xc2\xac \ntaneously conveyed to a considerable distance. See April \n2, 1755, and Arith . Quest, art. Century. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1721. Expired, in the 85th year of his age, at Mort- \nlake, in Surrey, Edward Colston, a native of Bristol, \nand ever-memorable for his numerous benefactions and \ncharities, which are recorded on a monument erected to \nhis memory in the church of All Saints, the place of his \ninterment, in that city. This monument derives addi\xc2\xac \ntional interest from its bearing a statue of the philanthro\xc2\xac \npist, by Rysbraeck. It is still a custom to place a tuft \nof such flowers as the season affords in the bosom of \nColston\xe2\x80\x99s statue every Sunday; a mark of respectful at\xc2\xac \ntention which is more eloquent in his praise than the most \nstudied eulogium. \n\n\n* Acts xxi. 8, 9. \n\nf The word Telegraph comes from two Greek words, viz. \nrsjAf, far off, and ypacpa, to write. \n\nT 3 \n\n\n\n418 \n\n\nOCTOBER. \n\n\nOnly the actions of the Just, \n\nSmell sweet, and blossom in the dust. \n\nSee Arith. Quest . 10th edit. \n\n11, 1727. George II. and his Queen, Caroline, were \ncrowned at Westminster. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1797. Duncan\xe2\x80\x99s Victory. Admiral Duncan defeated \nthe Dutch fleet off Camperdown, somewhat south of the \nIsland of Texel, on the coast of Holland. In conse\xc2\xac \nquence of this most splendid victory, which covered with \nlaurels the brave Admiral, he was created Lord Viscount \nDuncan, of Camperdown; to which honour a pension of \n2000 1. per annum was annexed. See August 4, 1804. \n\n12, 1492. Columbus discovered Guanahani, or St. Sal\xc2\xac \nvador, one of the Bahama Islands, in the West Indies. \nThis was the first land he saw in the New World. \n\nHere first his drooping sails Columbus furl\xe2\x80\x99d, \n\nAnd sweetly rested in another world. \n\nThe wondering islanders supposed that the ships com\xc2\xac \nmanded by Columbus had risen from the crystal firma\xc2\xac \nment which bounded their horizon, or that they had \ndescended from above on their ample wings, and that the \nmarvellous beings who landed from them were inhabitants \nof the skies. \n\nSo great was the ignorance and prejudice which pre\xc2\xac \nvailed when Columbus purposed to undertake a voyage \nto the Indies, by sailing westward, that his application for \nassistance was treated with contempt and derision by \nthe republic of Genoa, and the kings of Portugal and \nEngland. \n\nThere were who jeered, \n\nAnd laughed to scorn his visionary scheme; \n\nThey thought the glorious sun\xe2\x80\x99s resplendent beams \nSo brlghty cheered \n\nAnd vivified alone the spot of earth [their birth. \n\nWhere they, like worms, had lived and grovelled from \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1537. Edward VI., the only son of Henry VIII. and \nJane Seymour, was born at Hampton-Court: his mother \nexpired the succeeding day. See July 6, 1553. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1576. Maximilian II., styled the German Titus, the \ndelight of mankind, died at Ratisbon, after a reign of 12 \nyears. He w r as the son of Ferdinand I., and w-as born at \nVienna, in 1527. During his reign the Dutch provinces \nrevolted from Philip II. of Spain. On that monarch\xe2\x80\x99s \napplication to him for assistance, to reduce his rebellious \n\n\nOCTOBER. \n\n\n419 \n\n\nsubjects, he sent his brother Charles to endeavour to \nappease the bigot\xe2\x80\x99s wrath, observing, that it was not by \nstaining the altars with the blood of heretics that the \nFather of the whole human race was to be honoured. \n\n12, 1/02. Sir George Rooke, with the English and Dutch \nfleet, attacked the French fleet and the Spanish galleons, \nin the port of Vigo, in Gallicia, Spain; when several men \nof war and galleons were taken, and many destroyed, and \nabundance of plate and other valuable effects fell into the \nhands of the conquerors. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1748. Was born at St. John\xe2\x80\x99s, near Worcester, Mr. \nWilliam Butler, author of this work. He was a good \nhusband, a most affectionate father, a friend both in \nprosperity and adversity, and a generous contributor to \nthe sons and daughters of affliction. Such was his feel\xc2\xac \ning disposition, that a distressing story would often draw \ntears from his eyes; and he was exceedingly shocked at \nany act of cruelty to man or beast, mercy to both being \nalways inculcated by him. The editor of this work has \nthe gratifying, though melancholy, pleasure of testifying \nthat the life of this kind companion and this faithful guide, \nfor the last thirty years, was one continued series of \nlabour, patience, charity, generosity, temperance, piety, \nand goodness. See, for a brief account of this excellent \nman, August 1, 1822. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1768. Catharine II., Empress of Russia, was inocu\xc2\xac \nlated for the small-pox, by Dr. Ditnsdale, of London, \nwhom she most liberally rewarded for his attendance at \nPetersburgh, by presenting him with 10,000/. sterling, \nsettling upon him an annual pension of 500/., and creating \nhim a Baron of the Russian empire. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1798. Sir John Borlase Warren obtained a vic\xc2\xac \ntory over a French squadron of ships off Tory Island, \nadjacent to the north-west part of Ireland.* \n\n1.3, The Latins commemorate Carpus, who resided at \nTroas, at whose house the apostle Paul lodged and left a \ncloak, or as some commentators explain it, a bag to hold \nwritings, or books written on parchment; believed, in \nthis instance, to have contained the Scriptures, and which \nhe requests Timothy to bring to him. The Greeks say \nthat Carpus was one of the seventy disciples; became \nbishop of Berea, and died there in peace. \n\n\n* This gallant officer died in 1822, at Greenwich Hospital, \nwhile on a visit to Sir Richard Keates, the Governor. \n\n\n\n420 \n\n\nOCTOBER. \n\n\n13, 1399. Henry IV. was crowned, the very day on which \nthe year before he had been banished. Richard II., \ngrandson of Edward III., being deposed, the Duke of \nLancaster was proclaimed king by the title of Henry IV., \nin prejudice to the Duke of York, the right heir to the \ncrown; whence sprang animosities which filled the king\xc2\xac \ndom with civil commotions, and deluged it with blood. \nSee June 21, 13/7; also Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gazetteer , Towton, \nWakefield, Hexham, Albans, Tewkesbury, Barnet, and \nBosworth Field; and Arith. Quest. 10th edit. art. Roses. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1815. Napoleon Bonaparte, who lately \xe2\x80\x9c bestrode \nthe majestic world like a Colossus,\xe2\x80\x9d arrived at St. Helena, \n\xe2\x80\x9c an exile prisoner;\xe2\x80\x9d affording a striking instance that if \n\xe2\x80\x9c vaulting ambition\xe2\x80\x9d can raise a man from the lowest \nstation, it can also prostrate him from the highest. A \ndeclaration ascribed to this captive chief is full of wisdom, \nand offers a salutary lesson to ** the wicked rulers of man\xc2\xac \nkind :\xe2\x80\x9d \xe2\x80\x9c I have sinned against the liberal ideas of the \nage, and I have fallen.\xe2\x80\x9d (See Bonaparte, Index.) On \nthe same day that the exiled emperor landed from the \nNorthumberland man of war at St. Helena, Murat, whom \nhe had raised to the throne of Naples, was shot, at four \no\xe2\x80\x99clock in the afternoon, in the fortress of Pizzo, Cala\xc2\xac \nbria, Italy. \n\n14, 1066. Battle of Hastings. On this day was fought \nthe memorable battle of Hastings, which transferred the \ncrown of England to the Duke of Normandy; and Oc\xc2\xac \ntober 14 was the day of the birth, as well as of the defeat \nand death, of Harold II. \n\nHarold and his two brothers, who were also slain in \nthis engagement, were interred in Waltham Abbey Church, \nEssex. A plain stone, of grey marble, was, it is said, \nerected over the king, with this expressive epitaph, \n\xe2\x80\x9c Haroldus Infelix.\xe2\x80\x9d \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1601. Died, at Prague, in Bohemia, the illustrious as\xc2\xac \ntronomer Tycho Brahe, repeating several times, I have \nnot lived in vain* He was born in 1546, at Knudstorp, \n\n\n* See April 19, 1791. Dr. Robertson, the historian, in one of \n\nhis last conversations with Dr. Erskine, expressed his joy in re\xc2\xac \nflecting that his life on earth had not been altogether in vain. \nEpicurus, a few hours only previous to his dissolution, speaking \nof the torments of his disorder to a friend, told him, that the \njoy he then felt in his mind in the review of his public instructions, \nstood, as it were, in battle array betwixt him and the agonies \n\n\n\n\n\nOCTOBER. \n\n\n421 \n\n\nin Schonen, Sweden, a district which at that period be\xc2\xac \nlonged to Denmark; hence he is styled the \xe2\x80\x9c Danish \nAstronomer.\xe2\x80\x9d He made several important discoveries, \nenriched astronomy with many facts; and was the first \nwho determined the effect of refraction, whereby we see \nthe sun or any star above the horizon before it is so in \nreality; as we see the bottom of a vessel when filled with \nwater, which, in the same position, we do not perceive \nwhen empty. The labours of Tycho attracted the atten\xc2\xac \ntion of Europe. The learned went to consult him, and \nthe noble to see him. See August 20, 1589. \n\n14, 1644. William Penn, the son of Admiral Sir Wil\xc2\xac \nliam Penn, was born on Tower Hill, in London. Me\xc2\xac \nmoirs of this illustrious character have been published \nby Thomas Clarkson,* M. A.; and if departed spirits \nare conscious of what is passing in this lower world, Penn \nhimself must be delighted on having found so congenial a \nbiographer.\xe2\x80\x94Such a publication as this, say the Monthly \nReviewers, is worth a thousand common memoirs. It \naffords a picture on which the philosophic Christian can \ndwell with pleasure; and which, in spite of surrounding \nbaseness and profligacy, encourages a hope of the moral \namelioration of the world. Indeed, the noble example \nhere displayed ought not only to teach us the high moral \ncapabilities of the human mind, but it ought to be so \n\n\nwhich he endured.f I shall be happy, says the pious Sturm, if, \nat the close of life, I carry with me to the grave the merit of \nhaving been useful to society. Of persons whose studies and \npursuits are accommodated to general utility, it may be truly \naffirmed, that they live to some purpose; which can never be said \nof those, how uncommon soever their abilities and attainments, \nwho spend life in abstract speculation, and produce nothing of \nreal use and service to their fellow-creatures. \n\nThe soul-cheering expression, l have not lived in vain, was \nnever more appropriately used than by Lord Grenville, when \nhe brought the Slave-Trade Felony Bill into the House of Lords, \nMay 7, 1811. His Lordship then observed, that it had been his \ngood fortune to introduce that Act into the House, which was \nfirst passed for the Abolition of the Slave-Trade.\xc2\xa3 He considered \nit, he said, as the most honourable act of his public life ; and \nmight say at the close of that life\xe2\x80\x94 I have not lived in vain. \xe2\x80\x94The \nlast words which the immortal Nelson uttered were, \xe2\x80\x9c Thank \nGod ! I have done my duty.\xe2\x80\x9d Southey\xe2\x80\x99s Life of Nelson. \n\n* See May 1, 1807. \n\n\nt See May 1 , 304. \n\n\nX See May li 1807, \n\n\n\n\n422 \n\n\nOCTOBER. \n\n\nemblazoned as to inspire, if possible, all classes of society \nwith a conviction of the excellence of virtue. Every op\xc2\xac \nportunity should be embraced for exhibiting Man as he \ncan be, and Man as he ought to be. Fallen or degraded \nas is the state of man, some luminous spots now and then \nappear as glorious proofs of the possibility of mental \ncultivation, on which we ought to fix our regards; and \nif some instances convince us of the mean and vicious \nstate to which human beings can be debased, let others \ninstruct us to what an elevation of intellect and virtue \nthey may be exalted. As a private Christian, and a \npreacher of that which he regarded as the light and truth \nof Divine inspiration, William Penn is a very impressive \nexample; and when we ascend one step higher, and view \nhim as a public character, as a statesman, and the head of \na civil community, he merits the attention of the world, \nas demonstrating the practicability of Christian princi\xc2\xac \nples in the government of states, and the superiority of a \npublic conduct founded on justice and humanity over \nthat which rests on political expediency or cunning. \n\nPenn suffered severe persecution, merely for preaching \nto a quiet society of Quakers* in Gracechurch Street. \nHe was lodged in Newgate, and brought to trial at the \nOld Bailey, as a criminal of the worst description; and \nsuch was the treatment of the prisoner on his trial, and of \nthe honest jury who acquitted him, that every English\xc2\xac \nman who peruses the detail will blush for his country, \nand thank God that it is delivered from the tyranny and \nlawless violence which then prevailed even in courts of \nlaw. \n\nWhen Penn obtained from Charles II. a grant of land \nin America, in lieu of a debt due by government to his \nfather, the admiral, though he went to Pennsylvaniaf with \nthe royal charter in his pocket, he did not regard himself \nas fully entitled to the land which this charter specified, \nwithout the concurrence of the aboriginal inhabitants. \nHe therefore invited the Indians to a conference, which \n\n\n* See Fox, George, and Barclay, Index; and Geo. Exer. on \nthe New Test. art. Friends. \n\nf Pennsylvania was thus named by Charles II., as a respect to \nPenn\xe2\x80\x99s father, whom the king often mentioned with great praise. \nIt was Penn\xe2\x80\x99s wish to have had it called New Wales; and when \nthis was opposed, he suggested Syivania, on account of its woods, \nbut they would add Penn to it. Sylva is the Latin for wood. \n\n\n\nOCTOBER. \n\n\n423 \n\n\nhe and his followers attended unarmed, and made his \ncelebrated treaty* with them ;\xe2\x80\x94a treaty which all concur \nin considering\xe2\x80\x99 as the most glorious of any in the annals \nof the world;\xe2\x80\x94the only treaty, as Voltaire says, which \nwas not ratified by an oath, and which was not violated. \nIndeed, a more complete effect was produced on these \nIndian tribes by the kind and beneficent treatment of \nPenn, than, either before or since, was ever obtained by \nforce. Having settled his bargain and treaty of eternal \nfriendship with the Indians, he fixed on the site and gave \nthe plan of his new city, which was to be called Philadel\xc2\xac \nphia, the city of brothers. See Adelphi, Index. \n\nThe exertions of Penn in his provincial kingship, place \nhis character in the first class of statesmen ; and we \nlament, continue the Reviewers, the numerous obstruc\xc2\xac \ntions by which his wise and benevolent projects were \ncounteracted. Good as he was at heart, he was destined \nto have his virtue and piety subjected to the proof by \ncontinual trials ; and, as he once pleasantly remarked, \n\xe2\x80\x9c he had gone against wind and tide through the whole \nof his life.\xe2\x80\x9df After a gradual decay both of body and \nmind, this venerable man expired at Ruscomb, near \nReading, in Berkshire, July 1718, in the 74tli year of his \nage. \n\n14, 1758. Battle of Hochkirchen. This is a village \nnear Bautzen, in Lusatia, and 45 miles N. E. of Dresden, \n\n\n* The late Alderman Boydell, in 1775, published a beautiful \nprint of this Treaty, engraved by Hall from a painting by \nWest. Its companion, The Death of General Wolfe, engraved \nby Woollett, was published the ensuing year. This great his\xc2\xac \ntorical and landscape engraver was born at Maidstone, in Kent, \n1735, died in 1785, and was buried in Pancras churchyard, near \nLondon. \n\nf During some of his severest troubles he lost a wife to whom \nhe was most tenderly attached. He has thus drawn her cha\xc2\xac \nracter : \xe2\x80\x9c I hope 1 may say she was a public as well as a private \nloss; for she was not only an excellent wife and mother, but an \nentire and constant friend, of a more than common capacity, \nand greater modesty and humility ; yet most equal and undaunted \nin danger ; religious as well as ingenious, without affectation ; an \neasy mistress, and good neighbour, especially to the poor ; neither \nlavish nor penurious ; but an example of industry, as well as of \nother virtues : therefore our great loss, though her own eternal \ngain.\xe2\x80\x9d See Queen Mary, (Consort of King William,) and Rus\xc2\xac \nsell, Lady, Index. \n\n\n\n424 \n\n\nOCTOBER. \n\n\nin Germany. Here the King- of Prussia was surprised in \nhis camp and defeated by the Austrians, commanded by \nCount Daun; and that able General, Field-Marshal Keith, \na Scotsman in the service of Prussia, was killed in the \nchurchyard. Daun and Lacy, the Austrian Generals, \nshed tears on seeing the corpse, and ordered it to be in\xc2\xac \nterred with every possible mark of military honour. This \nvictory procured for Daun the most honourable testimo\xc2\xac \nnies of gratitude and admiration. The city of Vienna \nerected a statue to him; Maria Theresa wrote to him in \nthe most flattering terms; the Empress of Russia sent \nhim a beautiful sabre; and Pope Clement XIII. presented \nhim with a cap and a consecrated sword. \n\n14, 1806. A dreadful engagement took place near Jena,* \nbetween the French and the Prussians, which proved \nextremely disastrous to the latter. This is sometimes \ncalled the battle of Auerstadt, from an adjacent village. \nThe Emperor Napoleon and the King of Prussia com\xc2\xac \nmanded their respective forces. Both armies displayed \nthe greatest bravery. \n\n15, 70 B. C. Virgil, the greatest of Latin poets, was born \nat Andes, a village near Mantua: hence he is often styled \nthe \xe2\x80\x9cMantuan Swain,\xe2\x80\x9d the \xe2\x80\x9cBard of Mantua,\xe2\x80\x9d &c.f \nHe was taken ill at Megara, a town between Corinth and \nAthens; died at Brundusium, and was interred near \nNaples.]; Discovering early marks of a fine genius, \nVirgil was sent at the age of twelve to study at Cremona, \nwhence he removed to Milan, and afterwards to Naples. \n\n\n* Jena, which has been long famous for its University, is \nsituated in Upper Saxony, Germany, and in the neighbourhood \nof Weimar, lat. 51 N., long. 12 E. \n\n\xe2\x80\xa2f See Exercises on the Globes , 11th edit. art. Cygnus. \n\nJ Virgil\xe2\x80\x99s tomb, says a late celebrated Tourist, ought to be \n. consecrated to genius and meditation. Few places are in them\xc2\xac \nselves more picturesque, and, from the recollection inseparably \ninterwoven with it, no spot is more interesting. In truth, the \nhill or mountain of Pausilippo, on which the sepulchre stands, is \nbeautiful in the extreme, and is justly honoured with its appel\xc2\xac \nlation, for no scene is better calculated to banish melancholy and \nexhilarate the mind. Pausilippo took its name from a villa of \nVediu Pollio, erected in the time of Augustus, and called Pausi- \nlypum , from the effect which its beauty was supposed to produce \nin suspending sorrow and anxiety. See Eustace\xe2\x80\x99s Classical \nTour. \n\n\n\nOCTOBER. \n\n\n425 \n\n\nCaptivated with the beauty and sweetness of Theocritus,* * * \xc2\xa7 \nhe introduced pastoral poetry among his countrymen and \ncomposed ten eclogues. In his 34th year, at the solicita\xc2\xac \ntion of Mecaenas,f he wrote his \xe2\x80\x9c Georgies,\xe2\x80\x9d divided into \nfour books. He is supposed to have begun the \xe2\x80\x9cHEneid\xe2\x80\x9d \nin his 45th year, which epic poem still remains in twelve \nbooks, though not with all the perfection which the author \nintended. This immortal work was written with the \ndesign of reconciling the Romans to monarchical govern\xc2\xac \nment. Virgil died September the 22nd, in his 52nd year. \nThe versions of and commentaries upon this author\xe2\x80\x99s \nworks are innumerable. Those into English by Ogilby, \nDryden, Trapp, and Pitt, are well known ; but Warton\xe2\x80\x99s \nedition in Latin and English is said to be preferable to all \nothers, not only on account of the translation, but because \nthe Latin text is correctly printed with it. \n\n15, 1791. Died, at the age of 52, near Yassy or Jassy, in \nMoldavia, Turkey in Europe, on his way to the town of \nNicolai or Nicolaef, that illustrious favourite of fortune. \nPrince Potemkin, Field-Marshal of Russia. His funeral \nwas performed with great pomp and magnificence at \nJassy; but his body was afterwards conveyed to Cherson,J \nand inhumed in the principal church of that town.\xc2\xa7 The \nEmpress (Catharine II.) allotted 100,000 rubles for the \nerection of a mausoleum|| to his memory. Prince Potem\xc2\xac \nkin was one of the most extraordinary men of his time: \n\n\n* Theocritus was an ancient Greek pastoral poet, who flou\xc2\xac \nrished about 2C0 years B. C. \n\nTheocritus, whose polish\xe2\x80\x99d sense \nShines in simple eleganc?, \n\nWhile he paints in valleys green \nJoys that wait the rural scene. \n\nReview of Poetry, by Lady M. \n\nHe was a native of Syracuse, in Sicily. The compositions of this \nadmired poet are distinguished among the ancients by the name \nof \xe2\x80\x9c Idylliums,\xe2\x80\x9d in order to express the smallness and variety \nof their natures; they would now be called \xe2\x80\x9c Miscellanies, or \nPoems on several Occasions.\xe2\x80\x9d \n\nf See Index. \n\nJ See Jan. 20, 1790. \n\n\xc2\xa7 His body has since been thrown into a neighbouring ditch. \nSee Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gazetteer , 3d edit. \n\ntl See Arith. Quest, art. Mausolus. \n\n\n\n426 \n\n\nOCTOBER. \n\n\nhe was at one period the lover of the empress\xe2\x80\x94at another \nhe presented her with new favourites ; became her confi\xc2\xac \ndant, her friend, her general, and her minister. See \nMarch 31, 1783. \n\n16, 1555. The renowned martyrs, Ridley, Bishop of \nLondon, and Latimer, formerly Bishop of Worcester, * \nwere burnt at Oxford. (See Arith. Quest.) Ridleyt was \nborn in 1500, at Wilmontswick, Tvnedale, in Northum\xc2\xac \nberland; and Latimer in 1470, at Thurcaston, a sequester, \ned village a little north-east of Leicester. His portrait is \nstill preserved in the rectorial house. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1586. Death of Sidney. Sir Philip Sidney, who had \nbeen wounded at the battle of Zutphen, died at Arnheim, \nN. of Nimeguen, in the United Provinces. This amiable \nyoung man had been equally the delight of Elizabeth\xe2\x80\x99s \ncourt and army, as his person and endowments were only \nequalled by his valour and humanity. After his thigh\xc2\xac \nbone had been broken by a musket-shot, in the agony of \nhis wound he called for water. Some was brought to \nhim, but, as he was lifting it to his lips, the ghastly looks \n\n\n* Latimer resigned his bishopric in 1539, on the passing of the \n\xe2\x80\x9c Bloody Act,\xe2\x80\x9d and retired to his friend Cramner\xe2\x80\x99s dwelling. On \nthe accession of Edward VI. he was not restored to the bishop\xc2\xac \nric, but was appointed preacher to the court. In this situation \nhe acquitted himself with incredible intrepidity, sparing neither \nthe profligate minister, the partial judge, the indolent priest, nor \neven the misguided infant king. A remarkable instance is re\xc2\xac \ncorded of his boldness when he was bishop of Worcester. Instead \nof the usual new-year\xe2\x80\x99s gift of gold, &c., he presented Henry \nVIII. with a New Testament, enclosed in a napkin, and the 13th \nchap, and 4th verse of thd* Hebrews referred to, \xe2\x80\x9cWhoremongers \nand adulterers God will judge.\xe2\x80\x9d \n\nt A sermon preached by Bishop Ridley before the king at \nWestminster, in which he enforced the claims of the poor and \nignorant on the wealthy and enlightened, had the enviable feli\xc2\xac \ncity of being followed by the noblest of practical comments. The \nresult of the discourse was, the erection of St. Thomas, St. Bar\xc2\xac \ntholomew, Bridewell, and Christ\xe2\x80\x99s Hospitals. This last great \nestablishment, which, from a reference to the costume of the \nchildren, is generally known by the name of the Blue-Coat School, \nowes its foundation to the piety, virtue, and love of knowledge \nwhich graced that ornament of the British throne, \xe2\x80\x9c the good \nyoung king\xe2\x80\x9d Edward VI. There are generally from 1000 to \n1200 boys and girls receiving their education, besides being \nclothed and boarded, in this princely institution.\xe2\x80\x94 Leigh\xe2\x80\x99s Pic\xc2\xac \nture of London. \n\n\n\nOCTOBER. \n\n\n427 \n\n\nof a dying- soldier struck his eye. \xe2\x80\x9c Take this,\xe2\x80\x9d said he, \nholding the water to him ; \xe2\x80\x9c thy necessity is yet greater \nthan ?nine.\xe2\x80\x9d He died with the resignation of a saint;* \nand so general was the grief for his loss, that it was looked \nupon \xe2\x80\x9cas a sin\xe2\x80\x9d to appear in gay clothes for several \nmonths after. Elizabeth lamented his death, and James \nof Scotland, it is said, wrote an epitaph for him. Pen\xc2\xac \nnant, however, asserts, that his remains were interred in \nSt. Paul\xe2\x80\x99s Cathedral with great funeral pomp, but without \neither monument or inscription. As a writer, Sidney \nappears rather a man of great literature than of bright \ngenius. His \xe2\x80\x9c Arcadia,\xe2\x80\x9d so highly admired in its age, is \nnow little esteemed. He was born at Penshurst, in Kent, \nNov. 29, 1554. See Excr. on the Globes, art. Robur \nCaroli. \n\n16, 1608. Was born at Faenza, in Italy, Torricelli, the \ninventor of the Barometer, an instrument for measuring: \nthe weight or pressure of the atmosphere; and, by the \nascent or descent of mercury in a glass tube, the varia\xc2\xac \ntions in the state of the air, foretelling the changes in the \nweather, and measuring heights or depths, &c., &c.f \n\nThus up exhausted tubes bright currents flow, \n\nOf liquid silver from the lake below ; \n\nWeigh the long column of incumbent skies, \n\nAnd with the changeful moment fall or rise. \n\n\n* Courage separated from piety is not courage, but madness. \nA complete hero has not only that patriotism, and that imperious \nsense of duty, before which danger vanishes, but that reverential \nfear of God which excludes from the heart every other fear};\xe2\x80\x94 \nthat testimony of a good conscience which strips death of his \nterrors\xc2\xa7\xe2\x80\x94that faith which looks to a brighter recompense than \nsovereigns can bestow. Such a warrior might fall, but he would \nfall in glory ; and were the drops of heaven the ouly tears that \nbedewed his unburied head, his immortal spirit is safe with his \nRedeemer in Paradise.|| Dr. Brichan\xe2\x80\x99s 8th Sermon. \n\nThe man immortal, rationally brave, \n\nDares rush on death\xe2\x80\x94because he cannot die. \n\nYoung. \n\nf See Butler\xe2\x80\x99s Exer. on the Globes , 11th edit. p. 334. \n\n\nt See Arith. Quest, art. Turenne. \n\n$ The motto of Arminius is remarkable: \xe2\x80\x9c A good conscience is a \nparadise." See Arminius, Index. \n\ny See Cornelias, Duncan, and Gardiner, Index. \n\n\n\n\n\n428 \n\n\nOCTOBER. \n\n\n16, 1651. Charles II., after being exposed to most im\xc2\xac \nminent perils in consequence of his defeat at Worcester, \narrived safely at Fecamp, in the department of Lower \nSeine, province of Normandy, France. He sailed from \nBrighthelmstone the preceding day, having slept at the \nGeorge Inn, in West Street, the house now bearing the \nname of King Charles\xe2\x80\x99s Head. See Exer. on the Globes, \nart. Robur Caroli. \n\n*\xe2\x80\x94 1767- Died, at Riga, in Russia, aged 84, Count \nMunich, the favourite of the Czarina Ann ; and he was \nconcerned in all the events of her reign. Being appointed \ngeneral of her armies, he gained great advantages over \nthe Crim Tartars, defeated the Turks in 1739, in an en\xc2\xac \ngagement near Choczim, and took that city, together with \nJassy, the capital of Moldavia. He was afterwards prime \nminister; but being accused of employing his power to \ngratify his ambition and private resentment, on Eliza\xc2\xac \nbeth\xe2\x80\x99s being raised to the throne, he was, in 1742, con\xc2\xac \ndemned to lose his life. This sentence, however, was \nmitigated to banishment into Siberia,f whither many of \nthe victims of his authority had been exiled. He was \nrecalled by Peter III. in 1762, and declared field-marshal. \nUpon the death of this prince,J the Empress Catharine \nII. appointed him director-general of the Russian ports in \nthe Baltic. Munich was born near Oldenburg, in West\xc2\xac \nphalia, Germany, and served under the Duke of Marl\xc2\xac \nborough and Prince Eugene. (See Oldenburg, Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s \nGazetteer.\') Twenty years passed in the frightful wastes \nof Siberia, did not depress his firm and generous soul; \xe2\x80\x94 \nat the head of armies\xe2\x80\x94condemned to death\xe2\x80\x94in frozen \ndeserts, Munich was every where the same: he ever pre\xc2\xac \nserved that unalterable serenity, that energy of character, \nwhich falls to the lot of so few. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1774. Died Robert Ferguson, a very ingenious, \nthough unfortunate Scottish poet, born at Edinburgh in \n1750. His social qualifications were so fascinating, that \n\n\n* Tooke\xe2\x80\x99s Life of Catharine. The Ency. Brit, states his death \nas having happened on the 8th of October. \n\n+ Siberia is a large country, comprehending the most northern \npart of the Russian empire in Asia. Tobolsk is the principal \ntown, where the viceroy resides; and to the northern part of \nSiberia are usually consigned such of the Russian state criminals \nas are sent into banishment. See Nov. 2, 1729. \n\nX See March 31, 1783, and July 9 and 17, 1762. \n\n\n\n++ \n\n\nOCTOBER. \n\n\n429 \n\n\nthey led him into a course of dissipation and imprudence, \nwhich is too often the ruin of men of genius. Burns (his \nbrother poet and enthusiastic admirer) erected a neat \nmonument to his memory in the Cannongate church\xc2\xac \nyard. \n\n16, 1784. Mr. Blanchard, accompanied by Mr. Shel\xc2\xac \ndon, Professor of Anatomy to the Royal Academy, (the \nfirst Englishman who made an aerial excursion,) ascended \nat Chelsea in a balloon. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1/93. Decollation op the Queen of France. \nThis unhappy princess might have said, in the language \nof Shakspeare, \n\nI was born high,* \n\nOur airyt buildeth on the cedar\xe2\x80\x99s top, \n\nAnd dallies with the wind, and scorns the sun; \n\nfor she was daughter of an Empress, the sister of Empe\xc2\xac \nrors, and the wife of a King long considered as the most \npowerful in Europe. She was not only a Queen, but a \nwoman whose consummate beauty \xe2\x80\x9ctaught the torches to \nburn brightshe was therefore not only accustomed to \nthe interested and ostentatious submission that attends \npower, but that more pleasing attention and obedience \nwhich are ever paid to beauty. Fortune accompanied her \nfriendship, and happiness her smiles. She found her \nwishes anticipated, and saw her looks obeyed. The sud\xc2\xac \nden fall of the king}; and herself from \xe2\x80\x9c the full meridian \n\n\n* Verily, \xe2\x80\x99tis better to be lowly born, \n\nAnd range with humble livers in content. \n\nShakspeare. \n\n\nOften shall we find \nThe sharded beetle in a safer hold, \n\nThan is the full-winged eagle. \n\nShakspeare\xe2\x80\x99s Aphorisms. \n\n\nf Airy, or Aery, among sportsmen, is a term expressing the \nnest of a hawk or eagle. \n\nThere the eagle and the stork \nOn cliffs and cedar-tops their eyries build.\xc2\xa7 \n\nMilton. \n\n\nSee January 21, 1793. \n\n\n$ See Job xxxix. 27, 28, and Exer . on the Globes , 11th edit. art. \nAquila. \n\n\n\n\n430 \n\n\nOCTOBER. \n\n\nof their glory,\xe2\x80\x9d is, perhaps, one of the most memorable \ninstances on record of the instability of human grandeur; \nawfully verifying the reflection of the poet, that \n\n\xe2\x80\x9c The mightiest monarchs of the peopled earth \nAre still the subjects of capricious fortune ; \n\nAnd, when she frowns, the height on which they sit \nMakes but their fall more dreadful and conspicuous.\xe2\x80\x9d \n\nThe Queen was in the thirty-ninth year of her age. \nClery\xe2\x80\x99s \xe2\x80\x9cJournal of Occurrences in the Temple,\xe2\x80\x9d dis\xc2\xac \ncloses circumstances of wanton severity and cruel insult \ntowards the much-injured monarch of France and his \nfamily, which cannot be read without abhorrence and \nindignation. \n\n16, 1793. Died, in London, John Hunter, generally \ndeemed one of the first anatomical surgeons in the world, \nboth in theory and practice. He was born in 1725, at \nLong (Jalderwood, in Lanarkshire, Scotland. \n\nDr. William Hunter, brother to the above, who died \nin London, in 1783, was a celebrated physician and ana\xc2\xac \ntomist. His Anatomical Museum was the most complete \nof all the private ones in Europe, and cost him upwards \nof ^20,000 in collecting. \n\n17, 1346. Was fought the battle of Nevill\xe2\x80\x99s-Cross, near \nDurham, in which fifteen or twenty thousand Scots were \nslain, and their king, David Bruce, taken prisoner. He \nremained eleven years prisoner in England. See Miscell. \nQuest. 3d edit., and Arith. Quest. 10th edit. art. Poitiers. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1777. Burgoyne\xe2\x80\x99s Surrender. General Burgoyne \nsurrendered himself, and the British army under his com\xc2\xac \nmand, to General Gates, the American commander, at \nSaratoga, on Hudson\xe2\x80\x99s River, in about lat. 43 N. and \nlong. 73 W. General Burgoyne was an elegant writer, \nand author of four dramatic pieces, viz. The Maid of the \nOaks,* The Lord of the Manor, The Heiress, and Richard \nCoeur de Lion. He died August 4, 1792, and was in\xc2\xac \nterred in Westminster Abbey. \n\n18, St. Luke\xe2\x80\x99s Festival. St. Luke, called also Lucas, \nLucius, or Lucanus, was a Syrian, a native of Antioch, \nby profession a physician, and for the most part a com- \n\n\n* The Oaks, on Banstead Downs, Surrey, is an elegant seat \nbelonging to the Earl of Derby, who purchased it of his son-in- \nlaw, General Burgoyne. There was a fete champetre here in \n1774, which gave rise to Burgoyne\xe2\x80\x99s musical entertainment of \n\xe2\x80\x9c The Maid of the Oaks.\xe2\x80\x9d \n\n\n\n\nOCTOBER. \n\n\n431 \n\n\npanion of St. Paul. From his attending this apostle in \nhis travels, and from the testimony of some of the an\xc2\xac \ncients, many have been induced to conclude that this \nevangelist was a Jew; and several learned men, both \namong the ancients and moderns, have been of opinion \nthat he was one of the seventy. The first time that he \nis mentioned in the New Testament is in his own history \nof the Acts, or Actions of the Apostles.* * * \xc2\xa7 We find him \nwith St. Paul at Troas. He attended this apostle to \nJerusalem, continued with him during his troubles in \nJudea, sailed in the same ship with him when he was sent \nprisoner from Csesarea to Rome, and stayed with him in \nthe imperial city during his two years\xe2\x80\x99 confinement there. \nIn St. Paul\xe2\x80\x99s epistles written during his imprisonment, he \nis mentioned by name, and, in one of those letters, styled \nthe beloved physician. The ancients have not mentioned \nhis suffering martydom; it is probable, therefore, says Dr. \nHarwood, that he died a natural death. Some suppose \nthat this event took place in the 84th year of his age, \nabout A. D. 70, at Patras. (Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gazetteer.) His \nHistory of the Acts was published in the regions of Achaia \nand Boeotia, about the year 63, which was also the date of \nhis Gospel, according to Dr. Lardner, who has examined \nthese subjects with great accuracy and critical judgment. \nIt may be proper to add, that although St. Luke was not \nactually an apostle, yet he was the inseparable companion \nof the apostle Paul, and committed to writing the gospel \npreached by him. Being himself a scholar, his writings, \nas Grotius and Dr. Harwood remark, abound with expres\xc2\xac \nsions that are of classical purity, and which remind the \nlearned reader of Xenophon, f on whom the Athenians \nsaid that the nine Parnassian sisters]; had shed their \nchoicest influence, and whose language all the Graces \xc2\xa7 \nhad combined to form and embellish. \n\n\n* Dr. Doddridge says, that when Luke first mentions himself \nin his own history, it is very remarkable that he does it only in \nan oblique manner ; nor does he, indeed, throughout the whole \nhistory, once mention his own name, or relate any one thing \nwhich he said or did for the service of Christianity: though Paul \nspeaks of him in the most honourable terms, Col. iv. 14 ; 2 Tim. \niv. 11; and probably 2 Cor. viii. 18- See also Philemon 23, 24. \n\nf See Arith. Quest. \n\nX See Exer. on the Globes, art. Muses. \n\n\xc2\xa7 See Arith. Quest. \n\n\n\n\n432 \n\n\nOCTOBER. \n\n\n18, 1529. Henry VIII., being determined on the ruin of \nhis ancient favourite and haughty minister. Cardinal \nWolsey, sent the Dukes of Norfolk and Suffolk to require \nthe great seal from him, which was delivered by the king \nto Sir Thomas More, a man who united with the orna\xc2\xac \nments of elegant literature, the highest virtue and capacity. \nIn less than six years the vindictive monarch, unable to \nattain, either by bribes or menaces, this conscientious \nman\xe2\x80\x99s approbation of his marriage with Anne Boleyn, \ndetermined to destroy him. (See May 19, 1536.) He \nwas first attainted for misprison of treason in the case of \nthe Maid of Kent,* and when this accusation w r as unsuc\xc2\xac \ncessful, he was enjoined to take the oath of supremacy, \nand on his refusal was committed to the Tower for fifteen \nmonths, and then brought to trial and sentenced to suffer \ndeath. \n\n-A steady INI ore, \n\nWho with a generous though mistaken zeal, \n\nWithstood a brutal tyrant\xe2\x80\x99s useful rage. \n\nLike Cato firm, like Aristides just, \n\nLike rigid Cincinuatus nobly poor, \n\nA dauntless soul erect, who smil\xe2\x80\x99d on death. \n\nThomson. \n\nSee July 6, 1535, and October 29, 1618, note. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1564. Captain, afterwards Sir John Hawkins, the \nfirst Englishman that gave countenance to the Slave \nTrade, sailed from Plymouth (his native place) for Cape \nVerd, on the coast of Africa; being the first ostensible \nvoyage in that most iniquitous commerce. The Negroes \nwere sold to the Spaniards in Hispaniola,f in the West \nIndies. \xe2\x80\x9c Here,\xe2\x80\x9d says Hill, in his Naval History, \xe2\x80\x9c began \nthe horrid practice of forcing the Africans into slavery; \nan injustice and barbarity which, so sure as there is \nvengeance in heaven for the worst of crimes, will some \ntime be the destruction of all who encourage it.\xe2\x80\x9d To \navert this justly-to-be-apprehended judgment, that en\xc2\xac \nlightened patriot Mr. Fox, on the 10th of June, 1806, \nwith a steady adherence to those principles which he \nalways avowed, had the glory to carry a resolution in the \nHouse of Commons, which went to the entire abolition of \nthis nefarious trade, so long the opprobrium of Christians \n\n\n* See Adlington, Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gazetteer. \nt See April 19, 1804. \n\n\n\n\nOCTOBER. \n\n\n433 \n\n\nin general, and of Englishmen in particular. In the \ncourse of the debate, the Solicitor-General stated from \nauthentic documents then before the House, that since \nthe year 1792, upwards of 3,500,000* of the natives of \nAfrica had been torn from their country by Europeans, \nand had either miserably perished on the passage, or had \nbeen sold in the IVest Indies ! \n\n18, 1663. Prince Eugene, the distinguished Imperial \ncommander, was born at Paris. He quitted France in \ndisgust, and entered into the service of Leopold, Emperor \nof Germany, for whom, in 1697, he gained the battle of \nZenta. He lived under two succeeding emperors, \nJoseph I. and Charles VI., for whom he performed signal \nservices.f Of these emperors he used to say, that the \nfirst had been his Father , because he had promoted his \nfortune, as he would have done his own son\xe2\x80\x99s\xe2\x80\x94the \nsecond his Brother , because he had loved him as a bro\xc2\xac \nther\xe2\x80\x94and the third his Master , because he had recom\xc2\xac \npensed him like a king. Eugene admired and protected \nliterature and the arts. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1813. Battle of Leipsic. On this day was fought \nthe ever-memorable battle of Leipsic, between the French \nunder Bonaparte, and the allied armies of Russia, Aus\xc2\xac \ntria and Prussia. The strength of Napoleon was esti\xc2\xac \nmated at 180,000 men, that of the allies was not very \nshort of 300,000 men, reinforced by patriotic Germans, \nwho, forming themselves into societies, rose en masse \nto achieve the deliverance of the country. After a long \nand awful contest, during which Bonaparte narrowly \nescaped being taken prisoner, the Gallic army sustained \na signal and dreadful defeat; they lost upwards of 80,000 \nmen, including prisoners, 150 pieces of cannon, and an \nimmense quantity of baggage. The surrender of Leipsic, \nwhich was entered by the Emperor of Russia, the king of \nPrussia, and Bernadotte, now king of Sweden, by three \ndifferent gates, and of all the French fortresses in Ger\xc2\xac \nmany, and the final expulsion of Napoleon from that \ncountry, were the glorious fruits of the victory achieved \nby the allies. \n\n19, 1216. King John, in the midst of troubles which his \n\n\n* That is, on an average, 250,000 annually. Mr. Pitt some \nyears ago stated the number of wretched beings thus stolen or \nkidnapped yearly, at 80,000 only. See Exer. on the Globes , art. \nApis, and Arith. Quest, art. Sugar; also April 19, 1804. \nf See Eugene, index; also Bourn\'s Gazetteer , Index. \n\nu \n\n\n\n434 \n\n\nOCTOBER. \n\n\nown folly and baseness had excited, died at Newark, in \nNottinghamshire, in the 49th year of Ids age, and the \n18th of his reign. He was buried at Worcester; and a \nstone coffin containing his body was discovered in the \ncathedral church of that city in 1779. John was an un\xc2\xac \nnatural son, an unkind brother, a cruel uncle, a jealous \nand inconstant husband; dissembling, cowardly, and \ncruel; without faith, honour or honesty; paying no re\xc2\xac \ngard to law, justice, or mercy. No virtue whatever, not \na single good action, ever atoned for the uninterrupted \nseries of crimes of all sorts which stained the life of this \ninfamous prince, whose character was a monstrous com\xc2\xac \npound of all kinds of vice. Yet, perhaps, it was the com\xc2\xac \nbination of such evil qualities that urged the people to \ninsist upon an enlargement of their liberties, which they \nwould not have solicited from a better, nor have extorted \nfrom an abler prince. See Index, and Magna Charta, Arith. \nQuest. 10th edition, and Miscell. Quest, in Eng. Hist. ,* \nalso Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gazetteer, Newark and Runnymead. \n\n19, 1609. Died, at Leyden, in Holland, James Armi- \nnius, a famous Protestant divine, from whom the religi\xc2\xac \nous sect of Arminians take their name. He was born \nin 1560, at Oudewater, in Holland, and is said to have \nattracted, through life, the esteem and applause even of \nenemies by his acknowledged candour, penetration, and \npiety. \n\nThe disputes between the Arminians and Calvinists, \nconcerning free-will, predestination, &c., became so vio\xc2\xac \nlent soon after the death of Arminius, as to threaten the \nUnited Provinces with civil discord. The Calvinists ap\xc2\xac \npealed to a general synod, which was accordingly con\xc2\xac \nvened at Dort, or Dordrecht,* in 1618; when the Armi\xc2\xac \nnians, being excluded from the assembly, and, of course, \nnot allowed to defend their opinions, were pronounced \nguilty of pestilential errors, and condemned as corrupters \nof the true faith. In consequence of this harsh decision, \nthey were treated with great severity; being deprived of \nall their posts and employments, their ministers were \nbanished or silenced, and their congregations suppressed ; \nbut in 1625, the Arminian exiles were restored to their \nformer reputation and tranquillity; and, under the tolera\xc2\xac \ntion of the state, they erected churches and founded a \ncollege at Amsterdam; appointing the celebrated Epis- \n\n\n* See Arith, Quest, art. Inundation, and Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gazetteer, \nart. Dort. \n\n\n\nOCTOBER. \n\n\n435 \n\n\ncopius, a man of uncommon talents and learning, to be \nthe first theological professor. He was born at Amster\xc2\xac \ndam in 1583, and died in 1643. See the Ency. Brit. art. \nArminians; and Geo. Exer. on the New Test. art. Armi- \nnianism and Calvinism. \n\n19, 1680. Was born at Coleraine, in the north of Ireland, \nJohn Abernethy, an eminent Dissenting minister. \nHe preached for nearly twenty years at Antrim, but \nafterwards at Dublin. He died in 1740. His Sermons, \nparticularly those on the \xe2\x80\x9c Divine Attributes,\xe2\x80\x9d have been \ngreatly admired. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1723. Died Sir Godfrey Kneller, an eminent \npainter, who had the remarkable honour of drawing ten \ncrowned heads,\xe2\x80\x94four kings of England, and three queens, \nPeter the Great, Charles III. of Spain, when he was in \nEngland, and Louis XIV. \n\nThou, Kneller, long, with noble pride, \n\nThe foremost of thy art, hast vied \nWith Nature in a generous strife, \n\nAnd touch\xe2\x80\x99d the canvas into life. \n\nThy pencil has, by monarchs sough\'t. \n\nFrom reign to reign in ermine wrought, \n\nAnd, in the robes of state array\'d. \n\nThe kings of half an age display\xe2\x80\x99d. Addison. \n\nKneller was a native of Lubeck, in Holstein, in the \nnorth of Germany, where he was born in 1648. He \nwas created a Baronet by George I. Pope\xe2\x80\x99s concluding \ncouplet of his epitaph upon Sir Godfrey Kneller,\xe2\x80\x94 \n\nLiving, great Nature fear\xe2\x80\x99d he might outvie \nHer works ; and dying, fears herself may die,\xe2\x80\x94 \n\nwas much admired as a comprehensive encomium, how\xc2\xac \never its propriety might be questioned:* but it was ob\xc2\xac \nserved, that the thought was stolen from Cardinal Bem- \nbo\xe2\x80\x99s celebrated Latin distich on Raphael: \n\nRaphael, timuit, quo sospite,. vinci. \n\nRerum magna parens, et morieute, mori. \n\nPope\xe2\x80\x99s lines are, indeed, nothing more than a tranlation \nof the preceding, which were much better versified by \nMr. Harrison, a friend of Swift: \n\nHere Raphael lies, by whose untimely end,f \nNature hath lost a rival and a friend. \n\n\n* See Pope\xe2\x80\x99s epitaph designed for Sir Isaac Newton, p. 96. \nf Raphael died in his 37th year. See page 63 note. \n\nu 2 \n\n\n\n436 OCTOBER. \n\nSir Godfrey Kneller was interred at Twickenham, near \nRichmond. \n\n19, 1769. A dreadful eruption of Mount Vesuvius took \nplace. It is very probable that Mount Vesuvius, near \nNaples, and Mount iEtna, in Sicily, form but different \nportions of one chain of mountains that passes under the \nsea and the isle of Lipari; for whenever one of these \nvolcanoes has had a great eruption, it was observed that \nthe other, and the volcano in the isle of Lipari, threw \nout more flames than ordinary. This remark was made \nby Huet.* \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 *1781. Surrender of Cornwallis. Lord Corn\xc2\xac \nwallis and his army surrendered themselves prisoners of \nwar to General Washington, at York Town, in \\ ir- \nginia.f This event terminated the contest between Bri\xc2\xac \ntain and the American colonies. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1806. Died, at Cambridge, Henry Kirke White, \nwho, in the course of twenty-one years, (the span of his \nbrief but illustrious career,) by indefatigable persever- \n\n\n* Peter Daniel Huet was bishop of Avranches, in France, and \na celebrated philosophical, historical, and commercial writer. He \nwas born in 1630, and died in 1721. \n\nf Lord Cornwallis was, however, well received on his return \nto England, and, a few years after, was nominated to the impor\xc2\xac \ntant situation of Governor-General of Bengal. In 1792, he \nobliged Tippoo Sultaun to cede half his dominions to the English \nand their Allies.}; On his return home he was made a Marquis ; \nand in 1798, a period of general alarm, he was invested with the \nvice-regal powers of Ireland, amidst the acclamations of both \nkingdoms. His administration was successful. He gained the \nhearts while he disarmed the hands of the insurgents, and cap\xc2\xac \ntured an invading enemy. In 1801, his Lordship resigned his \nhigh office, and afterwards negociated the Definitive Treaty of \nPeace at Amiens.\xc2\xa7 In 1805, he repaired to India a second time, \nas Governor-General, &c., but his constitution had by this time \nbeen greatly undermined by bodily disease and mental exertions ; \nand nature, at length, became so completely exhausted, that \nhe had scarcely exhibited the olive-branch of peace, and begun \nto sway the sceptre of justice in that vast continent, before he \nsunk under the weight of his patriotic labour and anxiety; \nlamented by us at home, and mourned with tears of anguish bv \nour unhappy fellow-subjects of various nations and religious in \nthe eastern world. This melancholy event took place on Satur- \n\n\nt See May 4, 1790. \n\n\n$ See March 27, 1802. \n\n\n\n\n\nOCTOBER. \n\n\n437 \n\n\nance in study, unquenchable ardour of genius, and sin\xc2\xac \ncere piety, distinguished himself as a scholar, a poet, \nand a Christian; whose reliques will long continue to \nexcite public interest, and whose story, though mourn\xc2\xac \nful, will nevertheless be held in remembrance, as a cheer\xc2\xac \ning example to youthful genius, when struggling with \npoverty or assailed by temptation. \n\nIn addition to the exhausting labours of an attorney\xe2\x80\x99s \nclerk, this extraordinary youth employed his leisure \nhours in acquiring a knowledge of the Greek, Latin, \nFrench, Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese languages; in \neach of which he made considerable progress. Che\xc2\xac \nmistry, astronomy, and electricity, were also numbered \namong his amusements. If time be computed by its \noccupation, he made a minute of every moment of his \nleisure, and every day added sensibly to his stock of \nknowledge.* He had also a turn for mechanics, and \nmost of the furniture of his little study was the work\xc2\xac \nmanship of his own hands; but his most delightful re\xc2\xac \nlaxation was the exercise of his powers of composition, \nboth in prose and verse; and his works exhibit evidence \nof superior talent and great moral worth. \n\nWhen, by the kindness of friends, Mr. White was \nplaced at college, he continued his studies with such \nintense application, that in his first term he was pro\xc2\xac \nnounced the first man of his year. Never, perhaps, had \nany young man, in so short a time, excited such ex\xc2\xac \npectations; every university honour was thought to be \nwithin his reach; he was set down as a medallist, and \nexpected to take a senior wrangler\xe2\x80\x99s degree; but these \nexpectations were poison to him ; they goaded him to \nfresh exertions, by which his physical and mental strength \nwas exhausted, and by which he was prematurely brought \nto the grave! \n\nThe moral qualities of Henry Kirke White, his good \nsense and feeling, were as admirable as his industry and \n\n\nday, the 5th of October, 1805, in the 67th year of his age, at \nGliazepoor, in the province of Benares. He was buried with \ngreat pomp, a general mourning was adopted, and a mausoleum \nhas been erected over the place of his interment at Ghazepoor on \nthe Ganges, N. E. of Benares. An interesting monument, by \nRossi, has been also erected to his memory at the public expense \nin St. Paul\xe2\x80\x99s Cathedral. \n\n* See Ever, on the Globes, 11th edit. art. Apelles, \n\n\n\n\n438 \n\n\nOCTOBER. \n\n\ngenius. He was amiable in all the relations of life. Of \nhis fervent piety, his letters, prayers, and hymns, afford \ninteresting proofs. Religion was in him a living prin\xc2\xac \nciple of goodness, which sanctified all his hopes and \naffections, which made him keep watch over his heart, \nand enabled him to correct the few symptoms which it \never displayed of human imperfection.* * * \xc2\xa7 This interesting \ncharacter was a native of Nottingham .f His father was \na butcher,;]; and his mother kept a boarding-school for \nyoung ladies. He was interred at Cambridge, and a \nmonument has been erected to his memory at the ex\xc2\xac \npense of an American gentleman, Mr. Francis Boot, of \nBoston. See Exer. on the Globes, art. White. \n\n20, 480 B. C. Battle of Salamis. On this day The- \nmistocles, with only 380 sail, dispersed, and in a great \nmeasure destroyed, the fleet of Xerxes, when that cele\xc2\xac \nbrated marauder invaded Greece.\xc2\xa7 Salamis, or Salamin, \nwas an island situated adjacent to Athens ; it is now \ncalled Coluri. Themistocles was born at Acharna, near \nAthens, and died in the 65th year of his age, about 449 \nyears B. C., at Magnesia, on the river Meander, about \nfifteen miles from Ephesus, in Asia Minor. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1422. Expired at Paris, aged 54, Charles VI., after \na reign of forty-two years. About the twenty-fifth year \nof his age, he was seized with a derangement of intellect, \nwhich continued, through a series of recoveries and re\xc2\xac \nlapses, to his death. He passed thirty years in a pitiable \nstate of suffering, neglected by his family, particularly \nby the most infamous of women, Isabel of Bavaria, his \nqueen, to a degree which is hardly credible. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1687- Lima, the capital of Peru, in South America, \nwas destroyed by a most dreadful earthquake: an event \nwhich was annually noticed in that city after it was \nrebuilt, until it met with a similar catastrophe in 1746. \nSee the 28th of this month. \n\n\n* See Smith, Elizabeth, Index. \n\n+ See Kippis and Wakefield, Index; and Nottingham, in \nBourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gazetteer. \n\nX Dr. Moore, archbishop of Canterbury, was the son of a \nbutcher, as were likewise Cardinal Wolsey aud Akenside the \npoet. See Gloucester, Ispwich, and Newcastle, Bourn\'s Gaz ., \nand Index. \n\n\xc2\xa7 See Arith. Quest. 10th edit. art. Battle of Thermopylae, and \nSept. 22, 479 B. C. \n\n\n\n\n\nOCTOBER. \n\n\n439 \n\n\n20,1714. George I. was crowned at Westminster. He \nwas the son of Ernest Augustus, Duke of Hanover, and \nElector of Brunswick,* and of the Princess Sophia. The \nprincess was the surviving child of Frederic V., Elector \nPalatine, and of the Princess Elizabeth, daughter of James \nI., king of England. From Elizabeth, George derived \nhis title, by desccnt y to these kingdoms. On the abdica\xc2\xac \ntion of James II., his two daughters, Mary and Anne, \nsuccessively held the British sceptre; but, they dying \nwithout issue, it devolved on George I., an Act of Parlia\xc2\xac \nment in 1701 having settled the regal dignity, in failure \nof such issue, on the Princess Sophia, his mother, who \ndied in 1714, a few weeks before the death of Queen \nAnne. (See Herenhausen, Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gazetteer.\') The \nfamily of Brunswick is, therefore, descended on the ma\xc2\xac \nternal side from the Stuart line. It wears the British \ncrown, however, not in right of lineal descent, but in con\xc2\xac \nsequence of a solemn compact between that house and \nthe nation, from whom the crown was a gift, with the \nsacred agreement that the monarch should respect the \nrights and liberties of the subject. The British throne, \ntherefore, rests on the surest, because the only really legi\xc2\xac \ntimate foundation,\xe2\x80\x94the choice and consent of the people. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1740. Expired at Vienna, aged 55, Charles VI., em\xc2\xac \nperor of Germany. He was the 16th and last prince of \nthe ancient and illustrious House of Austria, and was suc\xc2\xac \nceeded in his hereditary dominions by his eldest daughter, \nMaria Theresa, married to Francis I., grand duke of Tus\xc2\xac \ncany. Charles was proclaimed, at Vienna, king of Spain, \nin 1703, soon after the death of Charles II.,f under the \ntitle of Charles III., but relinquished his right to the \nthrone of Spain in favour of Philip V., on the death of his \nbrother Joseph I., in 1711, whom he succeeded as em\xc2\xac \nperor. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1805. Ulm, a strong town on the Danube, Swabia, \n\n\n* The dukedom of Brunswick and Hanover was raised, in 1692, \nto the electoral dignity, in the person of Ernest Augustus, and it \nwas raised, in 1814, from an electorate to a kingdom , in the per\xc2\xac \nson of our late sovereign George III. His present Majesty is, \ntherefore, King of Hanover; and he deputes a viceroy as his \xe2\x80\x9c \nrepresentative. The person who now fills that high office is his \nMajesty\xe2\x80\x99s youngest brother, his Royal Highuess the Duke of Cam\xc2\xac \nbridge. \n\nf See Nov. 1, 1700 ; also Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gazetteer , Escurial, note, \nand Versailles, note. \n\n\n\n440 \n\n\nOCTOBER. \n\n\nGermany, was surrendered with 30,000 men almost un\xc2\xac \nconditionally to Bonaparte, by general Mack, the Austrian \ncommander. This conquest, so beneficial for France, was \ncounterbalanced by the naval victory obtained by the En\xc2\xac \nglish ; for the same sun which shone on the French eagles \nat the Danube, displayed the humiliation of the standards \nof France off Cape Trafalgar. \n\n2k, 1687- Expired, at Beaconsfield,* Edmund Waller, \nan eminent poet and political writer; but memorable \nchiefly, at present, for his address in improving and refin\xc2\xac \ning the English tongue. He was the nephew of the great \nHampden,f and his conduct in the early part of his poli\xc2\xac \ntical career appears to have been formed on his uncle\xe2\x80\x99s \nprinciples, though he afterwards changed his opinion. \nDuring the Protectorate he wrote a panegyric on Crom\xc2\xac \nwell, and at the Restoration employed \xe2\x80\x9c his imagination, \nhis elegance, and his melody, with equal alacrity for \nCharles II.\xe2\x80\x9d\xe2\x80\x94\xe2\x80\x9c He that has flattery,\xe2\x80\x9d says Dr. Johnson, \n\xe2\x80\x9c ready for all whom the vicissitudes of the world happen \nto exalt, must be scorned as a prostituted mind, that may \nretain the glitter of wit, but has lost the dignity of virtue.\xe2\x80\x9d \nHe was born at Coleshill, Herts, in a part of the country \nwhich is insulated by Bucks, not far from Beaconsfield. \nIn the churchyard of this last town there is a handsome \nmonument of white marble erected to his memory. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1771. Expired, near Leghorn, in Italy, Dr. Tobias \nSmollett, a physician, but chiefly noted as an historian \nand novel writer. His most considerable work is an \xe2\x80\x9c His\xc2\xac \ntory of England.\xe2\x80\x9d His novels afford very just represen\xc2\xac \ntations of life. He was born on the banks of the river \nLeven, (which he celebrated in a heautiful ode,) in Dum\xc2\xac \nbartonshire, Scotland, in 1720. An elegant monument is \nerected to him near his birth-place, by his cousin, James \nSmollett, Esq. He has also a tomb in a most romantic \nspot on the banks of the Arno, between Leghorn and \nPisa, erected by his widow, to which Dr. Armstrong, \nhis constant and faithful friend, supplied a spirited in\xc2\xac \nscription. It is covered with laurel, which grows wild in \nall parts of Tuscany; and the homage of friends has \nplanted manv a slip on the tomb of departed genius. See \nApril 8, 1341. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1777. Died, after a few hours\xe2\x80\x99 illness, at the Ship Inn, \nDover, that celebrated son of wit and whim, Samuel \n\n\nI \n\n\n* See July 8, 1797. \n\n\nf See June 18 and 24, 1643. \n\n\n\nOCTOBER. \n\n\n441 \n\n\n\xe2\x80\xa2Foote, author of above twenty comedies and farces. \nHis merit as a wit and a dramatist has gained him the \nappellation of \xe2\x80\x9c The English Aristophanes.\xe2\x80\x9d He was re\xc2\xac \nmarkably pleasant in company, and generally took the \nlead in conversation, and was frequently the only per\xc2\xac \nformer. But he was one of those wretches who could be \ncivil to your face, and then, as payment for his civility, \nmade you an object of ridicule the moment you left his \ncompany. Let young persons who may possess captiva\xc2\xac \nting and brilliant talents for convivial society, remember, \nthat wit, humour, mimicry, and buffoonery, are only the \nsport of social hours, and lead inperceptibly to that thought\xc2\xac \nless extravagance and dissipation which will assuredly ruin \ntheir morals and fortunes, and divert them from the paths \nof virtue and religion. \n\nToo late the froward youth shall find \n\nThat jokes are oft-times paid in kind; \n\nOr if they canker in the breast, \n\nHe makes a foe that makes a jest. \n\nFoote was born in 1721, at Truro, in Cornwall, and was \ninterred in Westminster Abbey. \n\n21, 1805. Battle of Trafalgar, between the English \nand the combined fleets of France and Spain.* In this \ndreadful engagement, which lasted four hours, twenty \nsail of the enemy were sunk or destroyed, and the French \ncommander-in-chief (Admiral Villeneuve) and two Span\xc2\xac \nish admirals were made prisoners.f The British force \nconsisted of twenty-seven, and that of the enemy of thirty- \nthree sail of the line (eighteen French and fifteen Spanish). \nThe gallant Nelson was wounded about the middle of \nthe action, and died nearly at its close. Thus terminated \nthe brilliant career of our peerless Naval Hero, who \nwas, beyond dispute, pre-eminent in courage, in a depart\xc2\xac \nment of the British service where all our countrymen are \nproverbially courageous: who, to unrivalled courage, uni\xc2\xac \nted skill, equally conspicuous and extraordinary; and \nwhose name was a tower of strength to England, and a \nterror to her foes. Cape Trafalgar is situated in Anda\xc2\xac \nlusia, Spain, between Cadiz and the Straits of Gibraltar. \n\n\n* It is a little singular, that this and the celebrated battle of \nSalamis (see October 20, 480 B. C.) should have occurred in the \nsame month, and on the same day but one of that month, at the \ndistance of 2285 years ! \n\nt Villeneuve soon after the battle killed himself at Rennes. \n\nu 3 \n\n\n\n442 \n\n\nOCTOBER. \n\n\nHer e gallant Nelson, fame and death in view, \n\nTo wonted victory led his ardent crew; \n\nIn England\xe2\x80\x99s name enforced, with loftiest tone,* * * \xc2\xa7 \n\nTheir duty,\xe2\x80\x94and too well fulfilled his own. \n\nMrs. Barbauld\xe2\x80\x99s Eighteen Hundred and Eleven. \n\nHis body was brought to England on board the Victory \nman of war, which arrived at Portsmouth on the 4th of \nDecember, whence it was conveyed to Greenwich, where \nit lay in state in the painted Hall on the 5th, 6th, and 7th \nof January. On the 8th it was removed to the Admiralty, \nand was interred in St. Paul\xe2\x80\x99s, with unexampled ceremony \nand splendour, on the 9th. His remains occupy a very \nbeautiful sarcophagus, exactly under the centre of the \ndome, which was executed at Rome, by Wolsey\xe2\x80\x99s order, \nbut did not arrive in time to be used for the cardinal, and \nhad lain neglected during all the intervening period. See \nNelson, Index, and Trafalgar, Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gazetteer. \n\n22, Is, in the Latin martyrologies, the feast of Salome, \nthe wife of Zebedee, an(l mother of James Majorf and \nJohn the Evangelist and one of those holy women who \nused always to attend upon our Saviour in his journeys, \nand minister unto him.\xc2\xa7 She followed him to Calvary, \nand did not forsake him, even at the cross. || She was \nalso one of those pious females who brought perfumes to \n\n\n* \xe2\x80\x9c England expects every man to do his duty,\xe2\x80\x9d was the tele\xc2\xac \ngraphic despatch conveyed from him to the fleet, previous to the \nengagement. \n\nFour of the important victories obtained by the freemen of \nBritain over the slaves of despots, have been admirably noticed \nby Martin Archer Shee, Esq., a poet of considerable merit, and a \ndistinguished painter, who, as Johnson half a century ago said of \nReynolds, employs his art in diffusing friendship, in reviving ten\xc2\xac \nderness, in quickening the affections of the absent, and continuing \nthe absence of the dead. \n\n\xe2\x80\x99Twas Freedom\'s hand that grasp\xe2\x80\x99d each laurel crown \nAt Cape St. Vincent won, and Camperdown : \n\n\xe2\x80\x99Twas Freedom\xe2\x80\x99s sword, Aboukir\xe2\x80\x99s doom that seal\'d, \n\nAnd fought and conquer\xe2\x80\x99d in Trafalgar\xe2\x80\x99s^ field. \n\nt See July 25. * See Dec. 27. \n\n\xc2\xa7 Matt, xxvii. 56; Mark xvi. 1. \n\nH Matt, xxvii. 55, 56 ; Mark xv. 40. \n\n\n51 This word, the author believes, is now, in compliance with the \nSpanish pionunciation, accented differently. \n\n\n\n\nOCTOBER. \n\n\n443 \n\n\nembalm him, and who came for this purpose to the sepul\xc2\xac \nchre on Sunday morning early.* Entering into the tomb, \nthey there saw an angel, who informed them that Jesus \nChrist was risen. Returning to Jerusalem, Jesus appeared \nto them on the way, and said to them, \xe2\x80\x9c Be not afraid; \ngo tell my brethren that they go into Galilee, and there \nthey shall see me.\xe2\x80\x9d (Matt, xxviii. 10.) Some say that \nSalome died at Jerusalem; others assert that she expired \nin Provence, in the south of France. \n\n22, 1/07. Sir Cloudesley Shovel, on his return with \nhis fleet from the siege of Toulon, in Provence, depart\xc2\xac \nment of Var, France, perished by shipwreck, with the \nwhole of his own ship\xe2\x80\x99s crew, on the Scilly Islands, near \nthe Land\xe2\x80\x99s End, in Cornwall. Sir Cloudesley\xe2\x80\x99s body, \nbeing found, was conveyed to London, and buried in \nWestminster Abbey, where a tasteless monument was \nerected to his memory.f He was born in Norfolk, of \nmean parents, and raised to eminence by his great profes\xc2\xac \nsional talents : being, long before this unfortunate catas\xc2\xac \ntrophe, considered as one of the ablest and bravest com\xc2\xac \nmanders of the age. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1802. Died, in the sixty-third year of his age, Dr. \nSamuel Arnold, an excellent composer of music. He \nwas buried in Westminster Abbey, between the monu\xc2\xac \nments of Purcell and Croft, two eminent musicians. \n\n23. The sun enters into the constellation trt, the Scorpion. \nSee Eater. on the Globes. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 Irish Massacre. This is a day set apart by the Ro\xc2\xac \nmish Church for the commemoration of St. Ignatius \nand this day, in the year 1641, was selected by the Papists \nin Ireland to massacre their Protestant brethren, 100,000 \nof whom were most cruelly murdered in a few days in the \n\n\n* Mark xvi. 1, 2. \n\nt This monument has given great offence to men of taste, par\xc2\xac \nticularly to Mr. Addison, who complains that instead of the brave, \nrough English admiral, which was the distinguished character of \nthis plain, gallant man, he is here represented dressed like a \nbeau, reposing himself upon velvet cushions, under a canopy of \nstate. He excepts against the inscription likewise, which, in\xc2\xac \nstead of celebrating the many remarkable actions performed in \nthe service of his country, acquaints us only with the manner of \nhis death, in which it was impossible for him to reap any honour. \nSee Fleur de Lis, Exer. on the Globes, 11th edit. \n\nJ Ignatius Loyola. See April 19, 1804. \n\n\n\n444 OCTOBER. \n\ndifferent provinces. See Arith. Quest, art. Massacre, \nIrish. \n\n23, 1642. Was fought the battle of Edge-Hill, in W ar\xc2\xac \nwickshire, being the first general engagement between the \nRoyalists and the forces of the Parliament.* Charles I. \nwas personally present. About 5000 men are said to have \nbeen found dead on the field of battle, but neither party \ncould fairly claim a victory. Prince Rupert commanded \nthe Royalists, and the Earl of Essex the Parliamentarians. \nRobert Bertie, Earl of Lindsey, Charles\xe2\x80\x99s general of the \nfoot soldiers, was mortally wounded and taken prisoner. \nSee Miscelt. Quest, in Eng. Hist. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 166/. Charles II. laid the first stone of the first pillar \nof the present Royal Exchange. See Arith. Quest. 10th \nedit. \n\n24, 1685. The famous Edict of NantzC was revoked. \nIt was published in 1598 by Henry IV., to secure to his \nold friends the Protestants the free exercise of their reli\xc2\xac \ngion, and was the purest and most effulgent gem in Henry\xe2\x80\x99s \ncrown. The impolitic and unjust revocation of it by \nLouis XIV., with the subsequent brutal dragooning of the \nProtestants,} obliged them to take shelter in England, \nHolland, and different parts of Germany, where they esta\xc2\xac \nblished the silk and other manufactures, to the great pre\xc2\xac \njudice of their own country. \n\n25, 1154. King Stephen died at Dover, in the 50th year \nof his age, and the 19th year of his reign, and was buried \nat Feversliam Abbey, in Kent. He was a prince of acti\xc2\xac \nvity and courage, and endowed with an affability which \ngained and secured him the people\xe2\x80\x99s affections, and though \noften betrayed by some of his party, he never gave way to \ncruelty or revenge. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1400. Died Geoffrey Chaucer, one of the earliest \nEnglish poets, born in London in 1328. Having obtained \nthe patronage of John of Gaunt, he was introduced by \nhim to the court of Edward III., and was successively \npage, gentleman of the privy-chamber, and shield-bearer \n\n\n* The first encounter in this war was at Powick-Bridge, near \nWorcester, between Prince Rupert, the king\xe2\x80\x99s nephew, and Colo\xc2\xac \nnel Sandys, who was defeated and slain. Kimber. See Index. \n\nf Nantz, or Nantes, is situated on the Loire, in the depart\xc2\xac \nment of Lower Loire, province of Bretagne, and is one of the \nmost commercial places in France. \n\n} See Ency , Brit. art. Dragooning. \n\n\n\n\n\n\nOCTOBER. \n\n\n445 \n\n\nto that monarch. His works are numerous, and very \nhighly esteemed by the literati. Dryden says of him, \n" As the father of English poetry, I hold him in the same \ndegree of venerationas the Grecians held Homer, or the \nRomans Virgil. He is a perpetual fountain of good sense, \nlearned in all sciences, and therefore speaks properly on \nall subjects.\xe2\x80\x9d \n\nThou first great spirit, of the Muses lov\xe2\x80\x99d. \n\nThat o\xe2\x80\x99er the night of Saxon darkness mov\xe2\x80\x99d, \n\nLonely, as great! till mightier Spenser wrote, \n\nFrom every bard two hundred years remote. \n\nBurton\xe2\x80\x99s Burdiad. \n\n25, 1415. Battle of Agincourt. Henry V. gained a \nsignal victory over the French at Agincourt, a village in \nthe Frenoh Netherlands, department of the Straits of \nCalais. See Arith. Quest. 10th edition. \n\nThe 25th of October, on which this battle was fought, \nis St. Crispin\xe2\x80\x99s Day, a circumstance noticed by our great \nbard in the following passage, so full of nature and truth : \n\nHe that outlives this hour, and comes safe home. \n\nShall stand on tiptoe when this day is nam\xe2\x80\x99d, \n\nAnd rouse him at the name of Crispian : \n\nHe that outlives this day, and sees old age, \n\nWill yearly on the vigil feast his neighbours, \n\nAnd say, To-morrow is St. Crispian. \n\nCrispin and Crispianus were two legendary saints, \nborn at Rome, from whence, it is said, they travelled to \nSoissons, in France, about the year 303, to propagate \nthe Christian religion; and because they would not be \nchargeable to others for their maintenance, they ex\xc2\xac \nercised the trade of shoemakers; but the governor of \nthe town, discovering them to be Christians, ordered \nthem to be decollated. On this account the shoemakers \nsince that period have made choice of them for their \ntutelar saints. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1555. Charles V., emperor of Germany and king of \nSpain, in a splendid assembly of the states at Brussels, \nresigned to his son Philip the sovereignty of the Nether\xc2\xac \nlands. Charles, rising from his chair of state, and lean\xc2\xac \ning on the shoulders of the Prince of Orange, addressed \nhimself to the audience, and recounted all that he had \nundertaken and performed since the commencement of \nhis administration. He observed, that from the 17th \nyear of his age, he had dedicated all his thoughts and \nattention to the objects of public concern, reserving no \n\n\n446 \n\n\nOCTOBER. \n\n\nportion of his time for the indulgence of ease, and very \nlittle for the enjoyment of pleasure: that, either in a \npacific or hostile manner, he had visited Germany nine \ntimes, Italy seven times, the Netherlands ten times, Spain \nsiv times, France four times, England twice , and had \nmade eleven voyages. His infirmities, he said, now ad\xc2\xac \nmonished him that it was time to retire; and if in the \ncourse of his long and complicated administration he \nhad neglected or injured any of his subjects, he implored \ntheir forgiveness. Addressing his son Philip, he recom\xc2\xac \nmended him to let the laws of his country be sacred in \nhis eyes, and not to encroach on the rights of the people.* \nSome time after, in an assembly equally splendid, Charles \nresigned to his son the crown of Spain, with all its de\xc2\xac \npendent territories in the Old and New World. See \nJan. 16, 1556, and Sept. 21, 1558; also Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s Ga\xc2\xac \nzetteer, Brussels, Zuitburg, Laredo, and Placentia. \n\n25, 1739. Was laid the first stone of the Mansion-House ; \na residence for the Lord Mayors of London, whose allow\xc2\xac \nance from the city is \xc2\xabj\xc2\xa37>50Q a-year. See Arith. Quest. \n10th edition. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1757. Died, at his Abbey of Senones, province of \nLorraine, in France, the learned Benedictine father, Au\xc2\xac \ngustus Calmet, aged 84. He published nearly sixty \nvolumes. His great work is a Dictionary of the Bible. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1760. George II. expired suddenly at Kensington,f \nin the 77th year of his age, and the 34th of his reign ; \nhonoured, beloved, and regretted, for his eminent virtues. \nHe was of the Brunswick line. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1764. Died, in Leicester Square, William Hogarth, \nwho has immortalized his name as a humourist painter. \nHe was born in London about 1698, and was bound an \napprentice to an engraver of arms on plate; but before \nhis time was expired he felt the impulse of genius, which \ndirected him to painting. His designs for HudibrasJ \nfirst signalized him in the burlesque style. He soon \nbecame more conspicuous by his Harlot\xe2\x80\x99s Progress, \n\n\n* Charles seems to have forgotten how he himself had en\xc2\xac \ncroached on the dearest privileges of his subjects, in forcing their \nconsciences and persecuting the Protestants. See April 19, 1529, \nand Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gazetteer , art. Spire. \n\nf See Kensington, Index. \n\nX See Sept. 24, 1680, \n\n\n\nOCTOBER. \n\n\n447 \n\nRake\xe2\x80\x99s Progress,* Marriage A-la-Mode, London Appren\xc2\xac \ntices, and innumerable productions of that kind; tracing \nthe progress of human folly and vice from their source \nto their despicable or tragic end: lienee he has been \ntermed a Phoenixf in the art, which probably never before \nappeared in any nation; he was in painting a moral sa\xc2\xac \ntirist, and endeavoured to convey to the mind sublime \nmoral truths;\xe2\x80\x94he painted for the instruction of every \nage and every country. In fact, superior genius in poetry \nand painting is engaged suitably to its dignity, only when \nit becomes the handmaid to virtue,}; impresses on the \nmind her invaluable lessons, and inspires the spectator \nwith the resolution to \xe2\x80\x9c live o\xe2\x80\x99er each scene, and be \nwhat he beholds.\xe2\x80\x9d\xc2\xa7 Thus may \n\nPictur\xe2\x80\x99d morals charm the mind, \n\nAnd thro\xe2\x80\x99 the eye correct the heart. || \n\nGarrick\xe2\x80\x99s Epitaph on Hogarth. \n\nHogarth also appeared as an author, and, in \xe2\x80\x9c An \nAnalysis of Beauty,\xe2\x80\x9d shewed a curve to be the line of \nbeauty, and round swelling figures to be most pleasing to \nthe eye. His paintings were numerous; and as he en\xc2\xac \ngraved from them all himself, his designs are universally \nknown. Political acrimony is thought to have been the \ndeath of this extraordinary genius. He was buried in \nChiswick churchyard, where a monument is erected to \nhis memory, with an excellent epitaph by Garrick. See \nNov. 5, 1764. \n\n25, 1788. Died, at Wheatley, about 5 miles south-east from \nOxford, William Julius Mickle, the well-known \ntranslator of the Lusiad.\xc2\xaef[ He was born about the year \n\n\n* The fourteen original paintings were consumed when Font- \nhill, a seat about fifteen miles from Salisbury, then in the pos\xc2\xac \nsession of Alderman Beckford, was consumed by fire. \n\nLives of British Painters , by A. Cunningham. \n\nf See Exer. on the Globes , 11th edition. \n\n+ Wright and West, Index. \xc2\xa7 See Arith. Quest, art. Painting. \n\n|| Goethe was of the same opinion. His object in procuring \nfine copies of the chefs-d\xe2\x80\x99ceuvres of antiquity, was not merely the \npleasure which is felt from the sight of fine statues and pictures ; . \nhe thought both the genius and the soul are affected by it. \xe2\x80\x9c I \n, should be a better man,\xe2\x80\x9d said he, \xe2\x80\x9c if I had always under my \neyes the head of the Olympian Jupiter, which was so much ad\xc2\xac \nmired by the ancients.\xe2\x80\x9d Stael\xe2\x80\x99s Germany , Vol. II. p. 396. \n\n^ The Lusiad is a poem which celebrates the establishment of \n\n\n\n448 \n\n\nOCTOBER. \n\n\n1/35, at Langholm, in Dumfries-shire, Scotland. His \npoetry possesses much beauty, harmony of numbers, and \nvigour of imagination $ but his translation of the Lusiad \nis more elegant than faithful. \xe2\x80\x9cThe English reader,\xe2\x80\x9d \nsays an able critic, \xe2\x80\x9c who desires to see the plan and \ncharacter of that poem, must still have recourse to the \ntranslation of Fanshawe.\xe2\x80\x9d Sir R. Fanshawe was a gal\xc2\xac \nlant and loyal soldier in the service of Charles I.; and \nwas created a Baronet by that monarch at the siege of \nOxford. \n\n25, 1800. Died Thomas Macklin, a print-seller in Fleet \nStreet, London, to whose spirited and enterprising exer\xc2\xac \ntions the possessors of historical painting and engraving \nin this country were indebted for many brilliant oppor\xc2\xac \ntunities of displaying and improving their talents in the \nExhibition of \xe2\x80\x9c The Poets\xe2\x80\x99 Gallery.\xe2\x80\x9d His splendid \nedition of the Bible is an unrivalled monument of the \ntaste and energy of the individual who planned and car- \n\n\nthe Portuguese empire in India. It was written by Camoens,\xe2\x80\x94 \nthe glory and the reproach of Portugal. He was born at Lisbon, \nand died there in 1579, after a life chequered by perilous adven\xc2\xac \ntures, both by sea and land. In his last days he was reduced to \nthe greatest extremity of want; being chiefly maintained by an \nold black servant whp had long been the faithful companion of \nhis distresses. This poor Malay, Antonio by name, he had \nbrought from India; and one of the services he performed was \nthat of begging from door to door for the bread which was to \nsave his master from perishing by hunger. . Camoens died in a \nhospital, in the 55th year of his age : the winding-sheet in which \nhe was wrapped was, in fact, obtained by alms. He was buried \nin the church of the convent of St. Anna, a Franciscan nunnery. \n\nCamoens was a man of tried courage, and supported his mis\xc2\xac \nfortunes with great firmness of mind. When shipwrecked on the \ncoast of Cambodia, it is said that he swam to shore, stemming \nthe waves with one hand, aud securing his Lusiad with the other. \nSee Meco, Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gazetteer. \n\nWhen Europe, long in mental slumbers bound, \n\nWoke from Cimmerian darkness, at the sound \nOf Gama\xe2\x80\x99s Indian world, the golden scheme \nCalled forth a Camoens to the splendid theme : \nShipwreck\xe2\x80\x99d on China\xe2\x80\x99s coast, with single hand. \n\nHe stemm\xe2\x80\x99d the cruel surge, and reach\xe2\x80\x99d the land ; \n\nWhile straining high his left, secure he bore \nHis \xe2\x80\x9c Lusiad,\xe2\x80\x9d Lisbon\xe2\x80\x99s glory, to the shore. \n\nBurton\xe2\x80\x99s Bardiad , p. 20. \n\n\n\nOCTOBER. 449 \n\nried into execution so magnificent an undertaking. See \nTomkins, Index. \n\n26, 1751. Expired, at Lisbon, whither he went for the re\xc2\xac \ncovery of his health, the learned and pious Dr. Philip \nDoddridge, an eminent Dissenting Minister at Nor\xc2\xac \nthampton, born in London, 1702. His most celebrated \nwork is, \xe2\x80\x9c The Family Expositor: containing a Version \nand Paraphrase of the New Testament, with Critical \nNotes, and a Practical Improvement of each Section,\xe2\x80\x9d in \n6 vols. quarto, which has been translated and well re\xc2\xac \nceived abroad. Dr. Doddridge was interred in the bury- \ning-ground of the English factory at Lisbon. See Orton, \nIndex; and Arithmetical Questions, 10th edition, art. \nDoddridge. \n\n27, 1553. Was burnt alive, at Geneva, for his avowal of \nanti-trinitarian sentiments, Michael Servetus, an acute \nand learned Spanish physician, born at Villaneuva, in \nArragon, or at Tudella, in Navarre, in 1509, and edu\xc2\xac \ncated at Toulouse, in the South of France. The sentence \nof death was passed against Servetus by the magistrates \nof Geneva, with the approbation of several magistrates \nand ministers of Switzerland; yet it is the opinion of \nmost historians, that this dreadful sentence was imposed \nat the instigation of Calvin, owing to a polemical hatred. \nThis act of severity for holding a speculative opinion, \nhowever erroneous and absurd, especially on a subject \nconfessedly incomprehensible, has left a stain on the cha\xc2\xac \nracter of this illustrious Reformer, which will ever dim \nthe lustre of his name. This intolerant spirit of Calvin \ngave the Papists a favourable opportunity to accuse the \nProtestants of inconsistency in their principles. How \ncould the magistrates, said they, who acknowledged no \ninfallible interpretation of the Scriptures, condemn Ser\xc2\xac \nvetus to death because he explained them differently from \nCalvin ; since every man has the privilege to expound \nthe Scripture according to his own judgment, without \nhaving recourse to the church ? It was a great injustice, \nthey remarked, to condemn a man because he would not \nsubmit to the judgment of an enthusiast, who might be \nwrong as well as himself.* \n\n\n* See May 27, 1564. The particulars of Calvin\xe2\x80\x99s treatment of \nServetus may be seen in Dr. Benson\xe2\x80\x99s Tract on Persecution. \nThis very candid and distinguished Dissenting Minister was \nborn at Great Salkeld, in Cumberland, 1699, and died in London, \n\n\n\n450 \n\n\nOCTOBER. \n\n\n27, 1783. D\xe2\x80\x99Alembert, one of the ablest mathematicians \nof the age, died at Paris. See July 2, 1784. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1802. Died, at Bristol Hot-Wells, whither he went for \nthe recovery of his health. Dr. Henry Hunter, an emi\xc2\xac \nnent Presbyterian divine, greatly admired in the metro\xc2\xac \npolis for his pulpit eloquence, and much beloved for his \nsocial qualities. His works are numerous, consisting \nchiefly of translations from the French ; and six volumes \nof sermons, entitled \xe2\x80\x9c Sacred Biography.\xe2\x80\x9d He was born \nat Culross, in Perthshire, 1741, and was buried in Bun- \nliill-Fields, London. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1805. Died the Rev. Walter Blake Kirwan, Dean \nof Killaloe, in the county of Clare, Ireland, a preferment \nwhich he owed to the Marquis of Cornwallis, who was \nLord Lieutenant of Ireland, in the year 1800. \n\nDean Kirwan has been styled the most celebrated pul\xc2\xac \npit orator of our times. Whenever he preached, it was \nnecessary to defend the entrance of the church by means \nof guards and pallisadoes. His power was irresistible. \nEntire purses were emptied into the plate; and rings, \njewels, and watches added, as pledges of further benefac\xc2\xac \ntions. Even in seasons of national calamity and distress, \nhe has repeatedly been known to draw forth, by a single \nsermon, a collection exceeding a thousand or twelve hun\xc2\xac \ndred pounds. His death, it is related, was signally pious \nand resigned: and, in addition to his celebrity as a \npreacher, he left behind him a high reputation for integ\xc2\xac \nrity, generosity, kindness, and domestic virtue. He was \ngreatly, if not wholly, engaged in preaching charity ser\xc2\xac \nmons. For polemical divinity he had no taste; nor did \nhe ever, it is said, even in his most confidential commu\xc2\xac \nnications, breathe a syllable of contempt or reproach \nagainst any religious persuasion whatever. \n\nDean Kirwan was born in the county of Galway, Ire\xc2\xac \nland, and was educated at St. Omer\xe2\x80\x99s, among the Catho\xc2\xac \nlics; but, in 1787, quitted their communion, and joined \nthe Established Church. He died at his house in Mount \nPleasant, near Dublin. A volume of posthumous Ser\xc2\xac \nmons has been published for the benefit of his family. \n\n28. St. Simon and St. Jude. Simon was, perhaps, a na\xc2\xac \ntive of Cana, in Galilee; hence, as some suppose, he is \n\n\n1763. He was for some time colleague with Dr. Lardner at \nCrutched-Friars, and after that great man\xe2\x80\x99s death had the sole \npastorship entrusted to him. \n\n\n\n\nOCTOBER. \n\n\n451 \n\n\ncalled the Canaanite. Bishop Newton says, there is some \nprobability that the gospel was preached in Britain by \nSt Simon. \n\nJude* was the brother of Christ. Nothing particular \nis related of this apostle in the four evangelists, except \nthe question which he addressed to his Divine Master, \nJohn xiv. 21. Nor is there any certain account in what \ncountries he preached the gospel, or whether he suffered \nmartyrdom or died a natural death. See June 19. \n\n28, 900. Died, Alfred the Great, King of England, the \nmost illustrious monarch that ever filled the British throne. \nHe was born at Wantage, in Berkshire, A. D. 849, being \nthe youngest son of iEthelwolf, King of the West Saxons. \nHe was a prince of great learning and courage, and of a \nmost amiable disposition. The various vicissitudes of \nfortune that he experienced form a very interesting part \nof the English history. At length, however, he totally \nrepulsed the Danes, and firmly established himself on the \nthrone of England.f He first divided the kingdom into \ncounties, hundreds, and tithings; and it is to him that we \nowe the inestimable privilege of Trial by Jury. He was \nburied at Winchester. See Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gazetteer, Athelney, \nEddington, Farringdon, Kenwith, Wantage, White-Horse \nVale, and Winchester. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1216. Henry III., son of King John, was crowned at \nGloucester, in the 9th year of his age. He was of the \nPlantagenet line. See Oct. 1, 120/. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 146/. Erasmus, the most learned man of the age in \nwhich he lived, was born at Rotterdam, in Holland. \nAfter spending a long and laborious life in opposing ig\xc2\xac \nnorance and superstition^ and in promoting literature and \ntrue piety, he died on the 12th of July 1536, at Basil, in \nSwitzerland, a city which for many years had greatly de\xc2\xac \nlighted him,J and which he therefore selected for the re\xc2\xac \ntreat of his declining age. The house in which he ex- \n\n\n* Jude is called Judas, Thaddeus, and Lebbeus. The traitor \nhas always Iscariot, or some epithet, subjoined to his name, to \ndistinguish him from this faithful apostle. \n\nf His martial exploits have not so much contributed to eter\xc2\xac \nnize his fame as his civil institutions. He is said to have founded \nthe University of Oxford ; but it is not disputed, that at least he \nrestored that University, endowed it with revenues, and placed in \nit famous professors. \n\nI See fixer, on the Globes , 11th edit. art. Switzerland. \n\n\n\n452 \n\n\nOCTOBER. \n\n\npired is still shewn; and the place where the professors \nof divinity read their winter lectures, is called the College \nof Erasmus. The city of Rotterdam also made proper \nreturns of gratitude to a name by which she was so much \nennobled ; and perpetuated her acknowledgments by in\xc2\xac \nscriptions, medals, and statues. It should ever be recol\xc2\xac \nlected, to the honour of Erasmus, that he was the first to \npublish a printed edition of the Greek Testament. \n\nErasmus visited several parts of Europe, but was par\xc2\xac \nticularly pleased with England, and extolled the humanity, \npoliteness, and learning of the English: declaring that \nno country had furnished him with so many learned and \ngenerous benefactors, as even the single city of London. \nErasmus was buried in the Cathedral of Basil. \n\n28, 1597. Died, at Rome, the younger Aldus, the third \nand last in the succession of an illustrious family of \nlearned and ingenious Printers, whose names and publi\xc2\xac \ncations are stili the glory of the typographical art. The \nfirst Aldus was born at Bassano, in the north of Italy, and \nthence is sometimes called Bassianus. He was the first \nwho printed Greek neatly and correctly; and he acquired \nso much reputation in his art, that whatever was finely \nprinted, was proverbially said to have come from the \npress of Aldus. He lived at Venice. \n\n28, 1704. Expired John Locke, one of the greatest phi\xc2\xac \nlosophers, and one of the most successful adversaries of \nsuperstition and tyranny, that England ever produced. \nHe was born at Wrington, near Bristol, in 1632, and has \nimmortalized his name by several political and other \nworks; the principal of which, \xe2\x80\x9cLetters upon Tolera\xc2\xac \ntion,\xe2\x80\x9d \xe2\x80\x9c Essays concerning Human Understanding,\xe2\x80\x99 , \n\xe2\x80\x9cTreatises on Government,\xe2\x80\x9d \xe2\x80\x9cParaphrase and Notes on \nthe Epistles of St. Paul,\xe2\x80\x9d &c., have attained universal \nesteem, and will preserve it as long as good sense and \nvirtue are left in the world.* In his private conduct, Mr. \nLocke considered civility not only as a duty of humanity, \nbut of Christianity ;f he was exact to his word; regularly \nperformed whatever he promised ; \\ was very scrupulous \n\n\n* Mr. Fox calls Mr. Locke the chiefest glory of the University \nof Oxford. Life of James II. p. 54. \n\nf The Stoics classed politeness among the moral virtues. \n\nJ Dr. Johnson has represented the Duke of Devonshire, great\xc2\xac \ngrandfather of the present representative of that noble family, as \nso strictly faithful to his word, that \xe2\x80\x9c if he had promised you an \n\n\n\n\nOCTOBER. \n\n\n453 \n\n\nof giving recommendations of persons whom he did not \nwell know, and would never commend those whom he \nthought not deserving of praise. These may seem trivial \nnotices in the character of so great a man; but young \npersons should know that they are of infinite importance \nin the duties of social life. \xe2\x80\x9cThe last scene of Mr. \nLocke\xe2\x80\x99s life,\xe2\x80\x9d says Lady Masham, " was no less admirable \nthan any thing else in him. All the faculties of his mind \nwere perfect to the last; but his weakness, of which only \nhe died, made such gradual and visible advances, that few \npeople do so sensibly see death approach them, as he did. \nDuring all which time no one could observe the least \nalteration in his humour; always cheerful, conversable, \ncivil to the last day, thoughtful of all the concerns of his \nfriends, and omitting no fit occasion of giving Christian \nadvice to all about him. In short, his death was like his \nlife, truly pious, yet natural, easy and unaffected; nor can \ntime, I think,\xe2\x80\x9d continues her Ladyship, \xe2\x80\x9c ever produce a \nmore eminent example of reason and religion than he \nwas, living and dying.\xe2\x80\x9d* The day before his death, this \namiable woman being alone with him, and sitting by his \nbed-side, he exhorted her to regard this world only as a \nstate of preparation for a better; adding, \xe2\x80\x9c that he had \nlived long enough, and thanked God for having passed \nhis life so happily; but that this life appeared to him mere \nvanity.\xe2\x80\x9d He left also a letter to be delivered, after his \ndeath, to his friend, Anthony Collins, concluding, \xe2\x80\x9c that \n\n\nacorn, and none had grown that year in his woods, he would not \nhave contented himself with that excuse ; he would have sent to \nDenmark for it. So unconditional was he in his word; so high \nas to the point of honour.\xe2\x80\x9d This (says Boswell) was a liberal \ntestimony from the Toryf Johnson to the virtue of a great Whig \nnobleman. See Arith. Quest . 10th edit. art. Revolution-House. \n\n* Letter from Lady Masham to Mr. Laughton, dated Nov. 8, \n1704, from Oates, the seat of Sir Francis Masham, where Mr. \nLocke died, in the 73d year of his age, and his remains were in\xc2\xac \nterred in the churchyard of Oates, a village east of Harlow, in \nEssex, about 23 miles from London. Lady Masham was the \ndaughter of the learned Dr. Cudworth, (author of the Intellectual \nSystem of the Universe,) and wrote a Discourse concerning the\' \nLove of God, and Occasional Thoughts in reference to a Virtuous \nand Christian Life. Lady M. died in 1708, aged 50, and was \nburied in the Abbey Church at Bath. \n\n\n1 See Tory and Whig, Index; and Arith. Quest. \n\n\n\n\n454 \n\n\nOCTOBER. \n\n\nthis life is a scene of vanity, which soon passes away, and \naffords no solid satisfaction, but in the consciousness of \ndoing\' well, and the hopes af another.\xe2\x80\x9d See February 27, \n1706. \n\n28, 1708. Died, at Kensington, His Royal Higness Prince \nGeorge of Denmark, Queen Anne\xe2\x80\x99s consort. He was \nborn at Copenhagen, in 1653; married the Princess Anne \nin 1683, and was an illustrious instance of conjugal affec\xc2\xac \ntion among the great. The prince was buried in West\xc2\xac \nminster Abbey. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1716. Died, at Chiswick, universally regretted, in the \n90th year of his age. Sir Stephen Fox, grandfather to \nthe celebrated patriot. He was a man of superior abili\xc2\xac \nties and accomplished manners; but what will endear his \nmemory to the latest posterity is, his having been the first \nprojector of the noble design of Chelsea Hospital. See \nArith. Quest. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1746. Lima was utterly destroyed by an earthquake, \nas was likewise the adjacent port of Callao. The sea, \nreceding to a considerable distance, returned in moun\xc2\xac \ntainous waves, foaming with the violence of the agitation, \nand converted Callao into a sea; nothing remaining, ex\xc2\xac \ncept a piece of the wall of the fort, as a memorial of this \nterrible devastation. At that moment twenty-three ships \nwere riding in the harbour, nineteen of which were abso\xc2\xac \nlutely sunk, and the other four were carried, by the irre\xc2\xac \nsistible force of the waves, a considerable way up the \ncountry. Near 4000 persons perished at Callao. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1792. Expired, to the regret of a numerous circle of \nfriends and acquaintance, John Smeaton, F. R. S., one \nof the most eminent engineers which this country ever \nproduced. Among the numerous works completed by \nthis ingenious artist, Ramsgate Pier and the present Eddy- \nstone Lighthouse* hold a distinguished place. Of this \nwork he gave an ample description in a folio volume, with \nplates, published in 1791; a performance in which the \noriginality of his genius is fully displayed, as well as his \nactivity, industry, and perseverance. Mr. Smeaton pos\xc2\xac \nsessed other qualities besides soundness of judgment and \nvariety of invention ; he was endowed with an uncommon \nsimplicity of manners, great modesty, and a rare mode\xc2\xac \nration in pecuniary ambition; to his family he was affec\xc2\xac \ntionate ; and he laudably controlled, by the power of his \n\n\n* See Oct. 9, 1759 ; and Nov. 26, 1703. \n\n\n\nOCTOBER. \n\n\n455 \n\n\nreason, a temper which was constitutionally warm. He \nwas, in short, another addition to the list of those (and the \nlist is comparatively but small) who have been both wise \nand good. \n\n28 1806. Charlotte Smith, author of Sonnets, Novels, \nand other celebrated Works, expired at Tilford, near \nFarnham, Surrey, after a lingering and painful illness, \nwhich she bore with the utmost fortitude. Mrs. S. was \nborn and buried at Stoke, near Guildford, in Surrey. \n\n29, 1526. Lewis II., king of Hungary, was defeated by \nSoliman, emperor of the Turks, whom he had impru\xc2\xac \ndently attacked near Mohatz, in Lower Hungary. The \nking in his flight was thrown from his horse, and suffo\xc2\xac \ncated in a marsh. His body was found fixed in the mud, \nin an upright position. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1618. Death of Raleigh. On this day the renowned \nEnglish admiral and worthy patriot Sir Walter Raleigh, \nwas decapitated in Old Palace Yard, Westminster, and \nburied the same day in St. Margaret\xe2\x80\x99s church adjoining, \nin the 66th year of his age. His behaviour on the scaf\xc2\xac \nfold was manly, unaffected, cheerful, and easy. Being \nasked by the executioner which way he should lay his \nhead, he answered, \xe2\x80\x9cSo the heart be right, it is no matter \nwhich way the head lies.\xe2\x80\x9d* He was a man of admirable \nparts, extensive knowledge, undaunted resolution, and \nstrict honour and honesty, and the author of numerous \nworks. This great man was sacrificed to the resentment \nof the court of Spain, by that pusillanimous prince James \nI., upon an ill-grounded charge of treason; and no \nmeasure of James\xe2\x80\x99s reign was attended with more public \ndissatisfaction than this instance of his meanness, cruelty, \nand injustice. \n\nWere ev\xe2\x80\x99ry other act forgot, that gives \nTo detestation and contempt thy name; \n\nYet know, that Raleigh\xe2\x80\x99s murder, wretched king. \n\nAlone would brand thee with eternal shame. \n\nPoetical Chronology . \n\n\n* Sir Thomas More\xe2\x80\x99s habitual serenity did not forsake him in \nthe last trying scene of his life. Ascending the scaffold, which \nseemed so weak that it was ready to fall, he said, \xe2\x80\x9c I pray see \nme safe up, and for my coming down let me shift for myself.\xe2\x80\x9d \nHis prayers being ended, he turned to the executioner, and with \na cheerful countenance said, \xe2\x80\x9c Pluck up thy spirits, man, and be \nnot afraid to do thy office.\xe2\x80\x9d Then laying his head upon the \nblock, he bade him stay till he had put aside his beard, observing. \n\n\n\n456 \n\n\nOCTOBER. \n\n\nSir Walter was a native of Devonshire; and was born \nat Haye\xe2\x80\x99s Farm, in the parish of Budleigh, near Exmouth. \nSee Arith. Quest. 10th edit. art. Potatoes. \n\n29, 1804. Expired, in a place of confinement for debt, at \nLondon, his native city, in the fortieth year of his age, \nGeorge Morland, an admirable painter, particularly of \nrural scenes ; a man on whom the bounty of Heaven had \nbestowed taste, with all its sensibilities ; genius, with all its \nvivacity; industry, with every opportunity of assuring its \nutmost rewards, combined with much of that celebrity \nwhich gratifies the very soul of an artist, and, while he \nlabours to weariness, renders him insensible to toil. His \ngreat talents were, however, degraded by such disgusting \neccentricities, gross licentiousness, and vicious indulgen\xc2\xac \nces, that (although he could with ease earn four guineas \na day) he died in the extreme of wretchedness, penury, \nand distress; a striking instance, that genius itself, or all \nthe high qualities found in a consummate artist, will never \nshield the possessor from misery, unless accompanied by \nthat prudence, temperance, and integrity, which can \nalone ensure respect, esteem, and admiration. See July \n15, 1802. \n\n30, 1485. Henry VII. was crowned at Westminster, on \nwhich day he first instituted the Yeomen of the Guards. \nWith him began the Tudor line. See Butler\xe2\x80\x99s Arith. \nTables, and Miscell. Quest. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1736. Don Ulloa, a captain in the Spanish army, left \nQuito, in South America, where he had been assisting \nsome French mathematicians in measuring a degree of \nthe meridian near the equator, in order to determine the \ntrue figure of the earth. He was a native of Seville, and \ndied in the Isle of Leon, near Cadiz, in 1795. See Exer. \non the Globes , art. Degree; also Arith. Quest, art. Annual \nRevolution of the Earth. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1757. Died Admiral Vernon, a brave naval com\xc2\xac \nmander, who took Porto Bello* * with six ships only, a \nforce which was generally thought very unequal to the \nundertaking. He afterwards made an attempt upon Car- \nthagena, (in the north-west part of South-America,) \nwhich proved unsuccessful, owing, in a great measure, to \n\n\nthat \xe2\x80\x9cThat had never committed any treason.\xe2\x80\x9d See July 6, \n1535, Oct. 18, and Dec. 7, 1683. \n\n* See March 22, 1740. \n\n\n\nOCTOBER. 457 \n\na pestilential disease and a dreadful mortality among his \nships\xe2\x80\x99 crews. \n\nAt Carthagena gallant Vernon saw \nA miserable scene ; he pitying saw \nTo infant weakness suuk the warrior\xe2\x80\x99s arm ; \n\nSaw the deep-racking pang, the ghastly form, \n\nThe lip pale-quivering, and the beamless eye. \n\nNo more with ardour bright: he heard the groans \nOf agonizing ships from shore to shore : \n\nHeard nightly plung\xe2\x80\x99d amid the sullen waves \nThe frequent corse, while on each other fix\xe2\x80\x99d, \n\nIn sad presage, the blank assistants seem\xe2\x80\x99d. \n\nSilent, to ask whom Fate* would next demand.\'!\' \n\nThomson. \n\n30, 1760. Was laid the first stone of Blackfriars\xe2\x80\x99Bridge. \nSee Arith. Quest, art. Bridges. \n\n31, The Feast of St. Stachys, who was a disciple mention\xc2\xac \ned by Paul, in his epistle to the Romans, chap. xvi. 9. \nThe Greeks give him the title of an apostle, and put him \namong the seventy disciples. Some assert that he was \nBishop of Byzantium, afterwards Constantinople. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 Is the day on which Narcissus is inserted in the Roman \nmartyrology. The Greeks say that he was Bishop of \nAthens, and a martyr, give him the title of an apostle, and \nplace him in the number of the seventy disciples. He is \nmentioned by Paul, Roin. xvi. 11. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1732. Victor Amadeus II., duke of Savoy, and the \nfirst king of Sardinia, died at Montcallier, about two \nyears after his abdication of the throne. See Rivoli, \nBourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gazetteer. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1765. William Augustus, Duke of Cumberland, \ndied suddenly of an apoplexy in the 45th year of his age, \nas he was preparing to assist at a council on state affairs. \nHe was the third son of George II. and his amiable queen \nCaroline. He attended his father at the battle of Dettin- \ngen, and received a shot through the calf of his leg. At \n\n\n* Exercises on the Globes , art. Parcse. \n\nf Dr. Blair, in his Letters on Rhetoric, highly commends these \nlines. The imagination, he says, is deeply impressed by the sin\xc2\xac \ngle circumstance of dead bodies being thrown overboard ; of the \nconstant sound of their falling into the waters ; and of the Ad\xc2\xac \nmiral listening to this melancholy sound, so often striking to his \near. Vol. III. Lect. xi. \n\n\nx \n\n\n\n\n45 & \n\n\nOCTOBER. \n\n\nFontenoy he was defeated by Count Saxe, and at Cul- \nloden he gained a victory over the Pretender, but at \nCloster-Seven his laurels were tarnished by a humiliating \nconvention, in 1757, which was followed by his resig\xc2\xac \nnation of all his military commands. He was buried in \nWestminster Abbey, in a vault which George II. had \nbuilt for his beloved Caroline, himself and family. See \nBourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gazetteer , Westminster, note, and Nov. 20, \n\n1737. \n\n\n\n\n( 459 ) \n\n\nNOVEMBER. \n\n\n\xe2\x80\x9c Now the leaf \n\nIncessant rustles from the mournful grove : \n\nOft startling such as, studious, walk below ; \n\nAnd slowly circles thro\xe2\x80\x99 the waving air.\xe2\x80\x9d \n\nThe pale-descending year, yet pleasing still I \n\nNovember is the eleventh month in the Julian year, but \nIn the year of Romulus, the ninth; whence its name from \nnovem, the Latin word for nine. The Roman senators (for \nwhose mean servilities Tiberias, it is said, often blushed) \n\n\xe2\x80\xa2 wished to call this month, in which he was born, by his \nname, in imitation of Julius Caesar and Augustus;* but this \nthe emperor absolutely refused, saying*, \xe2\x80\x9c What will you do, \nConscript Fathers,f if you have thirteen Caesars ?\xe2\x80\x9d \n\nNovember, says Peacham, is drawn in a garment of \nchangeable green, with black upon his head, and bunches of \nparsnips and turnips in his right hand. This month being \ndistinguished by its dreary appearance and the fall of the \nleaf, has acquired, in the Spectator, the epithet of th e gloomy \nmonth of November. The rapid succession of springing and \nfalling leaves has been thus beautifully applied by Homer: \n\nLike leaves on trees the race of man is found. \n\nNow green in youth, now withering on the ground : \nAnother race the following Spring supplies, \n\nThey fall successive, and successive rise : \n\nSo generations in their course decay, \n\nSo flourish these, when those are passed away. \n\nPope\xe2\x80\x99s Homer. \n\nREMARKABLE EVENTS. \n\n1, 1483. Henry Stafford, Duke of Buckingham, the \nvile instrument of Richard III.\xe2\x80\x99s usurpation, was beheaded \n\n\n* See July, p. 246, and August, p. 297. \n\nf Conscript Fathers \xe2\x80\x94Patres Conscripti, was a term used in \nspeaking of the Roman senators, because their names were writ\xc2\xac \nten in the register of the senate. \n\nx 2 \n\n\n\n\n\n460 \n\n\nNOVEMBER. \n\n\nat Shrewsbury without any legal process, but by the \nking\xe2\x80\x99s order only. Having, as he supposed, been but ill \nrequited for his services, he concerted measures with \nMorton, bishop of Ely, his prisoner, to dethrone the \nusurper, whom he had lately set up. Fearing the ven\xc2\xac \ngeance of the tyrant, who had heard of his defection, and \nwho had offered ,\xc2\xa31000 for his apprehension, he concealed \nhimself in the house of Banister, an old steward, on whom \nhe had previously conferred many favours. The tyrant\xe2\x80\x99s \nbribe overcame the servant\xe2\x80\x99s fidelity, and he basely be\xc2\xac \ntrayed his master and his benefactor. \n\n], 1700. Charles II., king of Spain, expired at Madrid, \nhaving, after much indecision between the houses of \nAustria and Bourbon, executed a will m favour of one of \nthe grandsons of Louis XIV. He was a feeble prince, \ndestitute of those qualities requisite to the government of \na kingdom, and the last of the posterity of the emperor \nCharles V., whose crown and sceptre were now trans\xc2\xac \nferred to the house of Bourbon. Philip, duke of Anjou, \nascended the throne of Spain under the title of Philip V. \nSee Oct. 20, 1740. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1714. Died Dr. John Radcliffe, the most eminent \nphysician of his time: he left <\xc2\xa340,000 to the university \nof Oxford for the augmentation of its library, besides \nmany other large and beneficial donations. He was a \nnative of Wakefield, in Yorkshire, where he was born in \n1650. He came to London in 1684, and in less than a \nyear obtained some of the prime business of the metro\xc2\xac \npolis. This uncommon success is generally ascribed more \nto his ready wit and vivacity, than to any extraordinary \nacquisitions in learning, or profound knowledge of physic. \nDr. Mead has, however, asserted, that \xe2\x80\x9c Radcliffe was \ndeservedly at the head of his profession, on account of his \ngreat medical penetration and experience.\xe2\x80\x9d He died at \nCarshalton, near Croydon, in Surrey, where he had a \nhouse to which lie confined himself through fear of assas\xc2\xac \nsination, with which he had been threatened, in conse\xc2\xac \nquence of his enemies having imputed the death of queen \nAnne to his absence from the last consultation which was \nheld by her physicians. He was buried in St. Mary\xe2\x80\x99s \nchurch, Oxford. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1724. Expired Dr. Humphrey Prideaux, a cele\xc2\xac \nbrated English divine, historian, and critic, born at Pad- \nstow, in Cornwall, in 1648. His largest work, \xe2\x80\x9cThe \nConnexion of the History of the Old and New Testa\xc2\xac \nment,\xe2\x80\x9d a body of universal history, is a most valuable \n\n\nNOVEMBER. 461 \n\nwork. Dr. Humphrey Prideaux was dean of Norwich, \nand was buried in that city. \n\n1, 1755. Lisbon, the capital of Portugal, suffered dread\xc2\xac \nfully by an earthquake;* no less than 70,000 persons, \naccording to the most moderate calculation, being de\xc2\xac \nstroyed by this dreadful wreck of nature. By an act of \ngenerosity and humanity which conferred the highest \nhonour on the British parliament and nation, the sum of \n^100,000 was voted for the use of the distressed inhabi\xc2\xac \ntants of that metropolis ; and supplies to this amount in \ncorn, flour, rice and other necessaries, were shipped with\xc2\xac \nout delay for Portugal, and proved a most welcome and \nseasonable relief. Amid the thousands and millions \nexpended for the puposes of devastation and destruction, \na vote of this description (says Mr. Belsham) seems as a \nparadise blooming in the wild. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1770. Died Alexander Cruden, born at Aberdeen, \nin 1701. In 1728 he settled in London, and took a \nbookseller\xe2\x80\x99s shop under the Royal Exchange; but his \nprincipal subsistence arose from his conducting several \nlearned works, then in the press. In 1737 he published \nhis \xe2\x80\x9c Concordance of the Holy Scriptures of the Old and \nNew Testament,\xe2\x80\x9d one of the best books of the kind, \nand a singular instance of indefatigable labour and per- \n\n\n* At the time of this calamitous event the waters of Loch- \nLomond and Loch-Ness, beautiful lakes in Scotland, were agi\xc2\xac \ntated in an uticommon manner. This last continued ebbing and \nflowing for the space of an hour, when a wave much greater than \nthe others terminated the commotion, by overflowing the North \nbank of the lake to the extent of 30 feet.f At the same period \na singular phenomenon happened to the hot-well at Bristol : the \nwater suddenly became as red as blood, and so very turbid that \nit could not be drunk. The water, also, of a common well, which \nhad been remarkably clear, at once turned as black as ink, and \ncontinued unfit for use nearly a fortnight. The tide, likewise, in \nthe river Avon flowed back, contrary to its natural course ; and \nvarious other effects of some unknown convulsion in the bowels \nof the earth, were perceived in different places. But all conjec\xc2\xac \nture as to the cause of these extraordinary circumstances was \nvain, till the news arrived of the earthquake at Lisbon having \nhappened on the same day, which gave a satisfactory solution to \nthe several phenomena. \n\n\nt Loch-Tay, says Mr. Gilpin, suffered an agitation still more re\xc2\xac \nmarkable in 1784, because no earthquake, nor any probable cause, \ncould be assigned for it. Tour,Yol. II. p. 38. \n\n\n\n\n462 \n\n\nNOVEMBER. \n\n\nseverance in the most useful employment. He was \nvery learned man ; and was found dead on his knees, \napparently in a posture of prayer, at his lodgings in \nIslington ;f\xe2\x80\x94thus happily experiencing, as Milton finely \nexpresses it, \n\nA gentle wafting to immortal life. \n\n1, 1/B3. Expired, in consequence of an apoplectic stroke, \nCharles Linnaeus, born at Fahlun, the capital of \n\n\n* See Feb. 20, 1737. \n\nt Iseldon, or Islington, is a place of high antiquity, and fre\xc2\xac \nquently mentioned with respect in ancient records. \n\nOld Iseldon, tho\xe2\x80\x99 scarce, in modern song, \n\nNam\xe2\x80\x99d but in scorn, may boast of honour\xe2\x80\x99d days j \n\nFor many a darling child of science there \n\nHath trimm\xe2\x80\x99d his lamp, and wove his laurel-crown. \n\nLa Bagatella. \n\nSir Walter Raleigh, it is affirmed, resided in this pleasant vil\xc2\xac \nlage.J Samuel Clarke, a learned orientalist, and one of the edi\xc2\xac \ntors of the Polyglot Bible,\xc2\xa7 was a school-master at Islington, in \n1650. Ezekiel Tongue, author of several tracts against the Pa\xc2\xac \npists, and some treatises in natural history, kept an academy at \nIslington, about the year 1660. Colonel Okey, an officer of emi\xc2\xac \nnence in Cromwell\xe2\x80\x99s army, and one of the judges of King Charles \nI., is said to have been originally a drayman in a brewhouse at \nthis place. Joseph Collyer, author of some historical and geo\xc2\xac \ngraphical works, died there in 1776. Mrs. Collyer, who trans\xc2\xac \nlated the Death of Abel, resided at Islington, as did likewise \nAddison, in the summer season, and Daniel De Foe.|j \n\nCanonbury-House, in the vicinity of Islington, has moreover \nbeen the temporary residence of several persons of eminence in \nthe literary world. Samuel Humphreys, who wrote a poem called \nCanons, and translated \xe2\x80\x9c Le Spectacle de la Nature,\xe2\x80\x9d and \nother works, died there in January 1737 : as did Ephraim Cham\xc2\xac \nbers,If the well-known author of the Cyclopaedia, in 1740. Dr. \nGoldsmith^ had lodgings there, and the late John Newbery, au\xc2\xac \nthor of several useful books for the amusement of children. \n\n\nt See Arith. Quest, loth edit, and Oct. 29, 1618. \n\n\xc2\xa7 The term Polyglot is derived from two Greek words denoting \nmany languages. The Bible here alluded to was printed in 1657, in \nsix volumes, called Walton\xe2\x80\x99s Polyglot, from the author of the edi\xc2\xac \ntion, Dr. Bryan Walton, afterwards bishop of Winchester. The first \nPolyglot Bible was that of Cardinal Ximenes, printed in Spain, in. \n1515* \n\nII See Sept. 1,1651, and Arith . Quest . \n\n\nSee Index. \n\n\nce * * * \xc2\xa7 \n\n\n\n\nNOVEMBER. \n\n\n463 \n\n\nDalecarlia, in Sweden, Jan. 20, 1741. He was interred \nin the Cathedral of Upsal close to the remains of his \nvenerable father, whom he succeeded as professor of \nbotany in the university of that city. He was the delight \nof his friends, and his premature death eclipsed many \ntine and brilliant hopes. The Erica Linnreana, (No. \n102,) in Loddiges\xe2\x80\x99 Botanical Cabinet, was named \nafter the elder Linnaeus. See Jan. 10, 1778. \n\n1, 1793. Died Lord George Gordon, son of the Duke \nof Gordon. He obtained a seat in the House of Com\xc2\xac \nmons ; and after taking a very violent part against a bill \nfor the relief of Papists from certain penalties and disabi\xc2\xac \nlities, he headed a popular association to oppose the \nmeasure; which transaction gave rise to the dreadful riots \nin 1780. For this he was tried on a charge of high- \ntreason, but acquitted. His whole life after was spent \nunder legal censures and imprisonment for libels, con\xc2\xac \ntempts of court, &c., and he died in Newgate, having \npreviously embraced the Jewish religion. See June 6, 1780. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1810. Died, at Kentish-Town, near London, in his 94th \nyear, Charles Grignion, who flourished in this coun\xc2\xac \ntry, as an historical engraver, upwards of half a century. \nHis best works possess, in an eminent degree, whatever \nconstitutes character and expression; and it may be \ntruly said, that he first planted the seed of the elegant \nart of English engraving, which has arisen to such luxu\xc2\xac \nriance and maturity under the more accomplished hands \nof our chief engravers. Thus, as this venerable artist \nadvanced in life, his own pure, old-fashioned style was \nsuperseded by a more imposing, a more finished, but \na less intelligent manner. This revolution in engraving \nthrew him into obscurity, and reduced him to poverty; \nbut a few artists and lovers of art, to whom his virtues \nand his talents were equally dear, by a prompt and effi\xc2\xac \ncient subscription, smoothed the path of his declining \nyears, and enabled him to close his days in the bosom of \nhis family, with a contented and a grateful mind. He \nresigned his life without any pain or struggle, and rather \nlike one falling into a soft sleep, than by the unerring- \nhand of \xe2\x80\x9c the King of Terrors.\xe2\x80\x9d The vital oil which \nsupplied the lamp of life was exhausted merely by old \nage. His death exactly realized those beautiful lines of \nDonne: Thus \n\n-Virtuous men pass mildly away, \n\nAnd whisper to their souls to go : \n\nWhile some of their sad friends do say, \n\nThe breath goes now ; and some say, No. \n\n\n\n464 \n\n\nNOVEMBER. \n\n\n2, 1502. Columbus entered the harbour on the Isthmus \nof Darien, to which, on account of its extent, depth, se\xc2\xac \ncurity, and beautiful situation, he gave the appellation of \nPorto Bello, or the Fine Harbour.* \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1729. Expired, in exile, oppressed by accumulated \nmisfortunes, Alexander Menzikoff, usually styled Prince \nMenzikoff. He was originally an apprentice to a \npastry-cook near the palace of Moscow; but by a fortu\xc2\xac \nnate circumstance was drawn from that situation in early \nlife, and placed in the household of Peter the Great. \nHaving made himself master of several languages, and \nbeing formed for war and for business, he first rendered \nhimself agreeable, and afterwards became necessary, to \nhis royal master, whom he assisted in all his projects; \nand was rewarded for his services with the rank of \nprince, and the title of major-general. On the death of \nthe Czar, in 1725, f he was active in bringing different \nparties in Petersburgh to agree to the succession of the \nCzarina Catharine,} by whom he was shortly raised to \nthe summit of his elevation : but this was only the prelude \nto his fall; for, at the commencement of the next reign, \n(that of Peter II.,) his enemies procured his banishment \ninto Siberia,\xc2\xa7 whither he and his family, all dressed in \nthe habit of peasants, were conveyed in covered waggons. \nAs his origin was low, and his fall accelerated by impru\xc2\xac \ndence and ostentation, he has been sometimes paralleled \nwith our Cardinal Wolsey.[| Menzikoff\xe2\x80\x99s banishment \nwas occasioned by his alleged ambition and avarice. It \nis not a little remarkable, that, when young Menzikoff \nand his sister were recalled to Moscow by the Czarina \nAnn, they left the chief persecutor of their family \n(Dolgorouki) in possession of their humble cottage at \nBerezow, on the river Oby, near Tobolsk ; he having, in \nhis turn, fallen a sacrifice to the intrigues of the court. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1810. Died the amiable Princess Amelia, youngest \ndaughter of our late venerable monarch George III., a \ndomestic calamity which is supposed to have been pro\xc2\xac \nductive of a change in the government. The Princess, \nafter enduring a tedious illness, and expecting, in vain, \nthe renovation of her health, conceived a wish to present \nher royal father with a token of filial affection, previous to \n\n\n* See March 22, 1740, and Oct. 30, 1757. \nf See Jan. 28, 1725. } See May 17, 1727. \n\n\xc2\xa7 See Oct. 16, 1767. _ [[ See Index. \n\n\n\nNOVEMBER. \n\n\n465 \n\n\nthat awful change which she conceived to be fast approach\xc2\xac \ning. Accordingly, in an interview with his Majesty, she \nplaced on his finger a ring, which had been expressly \nmade for the purpose, accompanying the affecting* action \nwith the impressive words \xe2\x80\x9c Remember me\xe2\x80\x9d This ten\xc2\xac \nder scene proved too much for the agitated monarch, \nwho was soon after attacked by the mental malady under \nwhich he had before laboured, and it became necessary \nto supply the deficiency in the executive branch of govern\xc2\xac \nment by a Regency. \n\nThe Princess Amelia was interred in the royal vault at \nWindsor. \n\n2, 1815. Expired, in London, in the 72nd year of his \nage, Dr. John Coakley Lettsom, an eminent physi\xc2\xac \ncian and a philanthropic man. By his demise charity \nlost one of her most zealous and successful advocates; \nour literary and medical societies an enlightened mem\xc2\xac \nber and a generous benefactor, and the sick poor a phy\xc2\xac \nsician, whose humanity was ever ready to administer to \ntheir wants. Dr. Lettsorn was born in the little island \nof Van Dyke, near to Tortola, in the West Indies. He \ncommenced his professional career under the auspices \nof the celebrated Dr. Fothergill, and attained the highest \nreputation and success in his profession. His writings, \nwhich are numerous, embrace a variety of interesting to\xc2\xac \npics. His table of health is given in this work. (See \nApril 18, 1802.) Dr. Lettsom belonged to that respect\xc2\xac \nable class of society called Quakers, and was interred in \ntheir burial-ground, in little Coleman Street, Bunhill \nRow. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1-818. Sir Samuel Romilly expired at his house, in \nRussell Square, London, in a delirium, brought on by \ngrief for the loss of an excellent wife, who died a few \ndays before, at Cowes, in the Isle of Wight, which \narmed his own hand against himself, and thus, in a fatal \nmoment, deprived the world of one of its brightest or\xc2\xac \nnaments. Sir Samuel Romilly was by profession a \nlawyer, and practised in the Court of Chancery. By \nhis profound legal knowledge he attained a practice and \nan eminence superior to that of any other pleader of his . \ntime. As an orator he was persuasive and impressive; \nas a scholar, learned; as a reformer, zealous, yet judici\xc2\xac \nous ; and skilful as a politician. His parliamentary efforts \nwere chiefly directed to the amelioration of our criminal \ncode; he wished it to be written, not like the laws of \nDraco, in blood, but in \xe2\x80\x9c the milk of human kindness.\xe2\x80\x9d \n\nx 3 \n\n\n466 NOVEMBER. \n\nIn all the duties of private life this excellent man was \nexemplary. \n\nSir Samuel Romilly and his beloved wife were interred \nwith great solemnity in the family vault of her Ladyship\xe2\x80\x99s \nfather, at Knill, in Herefordshire, near Presteign, in \nRadnorshire. \n\n3, 1534. Henry VIII. had the title of Supreme Head of \nthe Church of England conferred on him; a distinction \nwhich our kings have ever since enjoyed. The title was \nconferred on him by the Pope, in consequence of his \nhaving written a book against Luther. But Bishop \nHoadly* sets aside the notion of a visible head: Christ \nalone, according to that eminent and worthy prelate, is \nthe Head of the Church; which position he maintained \nwith great address, in a celebrated sermon before George \nI., on these words. My kingdom is not of this world; and \nin the several vindications of that able discourse. \n\nLet the unerring gospel be your guide ; \n\nRegard not man, in Christ, alone confide. \n\nMarriott\'s Essay on Female Conduct . \n\nHoadly being at that time bishop of Bangor in Wales, \nthe disputes occasioned by the above sermon were called \nthe \xe2\x80\x9c Bangorian Controversy.\xe2\x80\x9d Some eminent characters \nsuffered death for denying the supremacy of Henry VIII. \nSee June 22, and July 6, 1535. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1580. Captain Francis Drake returned from his \nvoyage round the globe, having been twelve days less \nthan three years in performing it. See April 4, 1581. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 178/- Died Dr. Robert Lowth, bishop of London, \nborn at Winchester, in 1/10, and well known for his \n\xe2\x80\x9c First Institutes of Grammar,\xe2\x80\x9d and his \xe2\x80\x9c Translation \nof Isaiah,\xe2\x80\x9d the sublimest poetry in the world. Dr. \nLowth was buried in Fulham churchyard. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1/97- Expired, at Norwich, to the deep regret of a \nlarge circle of friends, and the irreparable loss of a most \naffectionate family, the Rev. William Enfield, LL. D., \nminister of the Octagon Dissenting Congregation in that \ncity, and a literary character of eminence. Perhaps, at \nthe time of his decease, there was not in England, says \nLis biographer,f a more perfect master of what is called \nthe middle style in writing, combining the qualities of \nease, elegance, perspicuity, and correctness, entirely free \nfrom affectation and singularity, and fitted for any sub- \n\n\n* See April 17, 1761. \n\n\nt Mon. Mag, Vol, IV. \n\n\n\n\nNOVEMBER. \n\n\n46/ \n\n\nject. As a minister, he paid the most unremitting atten\xc2\xac \ntion to the perfection of his pulpit compositions. Of the \nmoral qualities of Dr. Enfield, moderation, compliance, \nand gentleness, were eminently conspicuous; and the \ngradual approach of an incurable disorder gave him oppor\xc2\xac \ntunity to display all the tenderness, and more than the \nfirmness, of his nature. He died amid the kind offices of \nmourning friends, and his last hours were peace! Dr. \nEnfield was born at Sudbury,* * in 1741. \n\n4, 1688. William, the brave Prince of Orange, is said \nto In.ve landed at Torbay, in Devonshire, and effected the \nGlorious Re volution. f A century\xe2\x80\x99s enjoyment having\' \ntaught us the value of those rights which were then defined \nand secured, the hundredth anniversary of this happy \nevent, in 1788, was celebrated with great magnificence at \nWittington, Revolution-House, J Chesterfield, and through\xc2\xac \nout the kingdom in general.\xc2\xa7 \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1671. Colley Cibber, an actor of great celebrity and \na dramatic writer of considerable talents, was born in \nSouthampton Street, London. \xe2\x80\x9c The Careless Husband\xe2\x80\x9d \nhas ever been considered as his best dramatic piece. Even \nPope acknowledged its merit. Cibber having by some \nmeans offended Pope, that irritable genius pursued him \nthrough life with unceasing hostilities, seizing every op\xc2\xac \nportunity to annoy him with his irresistible satire. On \nhis appointment to the Laureatship, by George II., Pope \ndethroned Theobald from his empire over dulness in the \nDunciad, and inaugurated Cibber in his place. Cibber \nbeing a good-humoured man, one of those rare beings \nwhose disposition Hume describes \xe2\x80\x9c as preferable to an \n\n\n* See August 2, 1788. f See Arith. Quest. \n\nX See Arith . Quest. \n\n\xe2\x80\xa2 \xc2\xa7 The Almanack-makers and other clironologers say, that King \nWilliam landed on the fourth of November; but Dr. (afterwards \nBishop) Burnet, who was himself with the prince, says ex\xc2\xac \npressly, that it was the fifth ; and so says Archdeacon Echard, in \nhis History of the Revolution (p. 160). They both observe, also, \nthat the fourth was the birth-day of the prince, and also the day \nof his marriage. The former event took place at the Hague, - \nin 1650, and the latter in London, in 1677. See December 28, \n1694. \n\nGilbert Burnet, bishop of Salisbury, was born at Edinburgh, \nin 1643, died in 1715, and was buried in St. James\xe2\x80\x99s Church, \nClerkenwell, London. He was the author of many esteemed \nworks. See July 26, 1680. \n\n\n\n468 \n\n\nNOVEMBER. \n\n\ninheritance of 10,000/. a year,\xe2\x80\x9d for many years endured \nthese reiterated attacks with great forbearance; at length, \nroused from the natural moderation of his temper, he re\xc2\xac \ntaliated on his antagonist by publishing two letters ad\xc2\xac \ndressed to Mr. Pope, with a frontispiece in which the \nwasp of Twickenham was represented in a most ludicrous \nsituation. This publication threw Pope into agonies of \npassion, and is supposed in a great measure to have acce\xc2\xac \nlerated his death. The life of Cibber was prolonged in \nhealth and activity to his 86th year. On the 12th of \nDecember, 1757, his servant, who had been conversing \nwith him at six o\xe2\x80\x99clock in the morning, when he appeared \nin good health, returned to him at nine, and found him \ndead, with his head reclining on his pillow. This event \ntook place at Canonbury, Islington. \n\n4, 1794. The Missionary Society held their first meet\xc2\xac \ning to consult on the best means of disseminating Chris\xc2\xac \ntianity in Heathen countries. Their subsequent success \nhas not only greatly exceeded the most sanguine expecta\xc2\xac \ntions of their friends, but completely subverted the un\xc2\xac \nfavourable predictions of their adversaries. It has been \nwell observed, that the prosperity which the Providence \nof Heaven bestows on such exertions as those employed \nin favour of this, and some other beneficent institutions \nrecently established,* is a voice from the Father of \n\n\n* Particularly the Sunday-School,f the British and Foreign \nSchool, X and the British and Foreign Bible Societies. \xc2\xa7 The \nAssociations in Dublin, London, and Edinburgh, for promoting \nthe education of the poor in Ireland, are also, it is said, prose\xc2\xac \ncuting their grand object with great zeal and spirit. Nature, it \nis well known, has been very liberal to Ireland. The soil is fer\xc2\xac \ntile, and the climate mild; yet, through the almost incredible \ndeficiency of education, the character of the native inhabitants is \nlow, their circumstances wretched in the extreme, and the nume\xc2\xac \nrous natural advantages which they enjoy, are in a great measure \nlost. Their intellectual energies are cramped, their moral cha\xc2\xac \nracter depressed, their personal happiness obstructed, and the \nwelfare of the state materially injured. Under these unpropi- \ntious circumstances, the most forcible considerations that can be \naddressed to the mind of man\xe2\x80\x94humanity, justice, sound policy, \npatriotism, Christianity\xe2\x80\x94all concur in calling loudly on Briton* \n\n\nt See the Introduction, and Raikes, Index. t See May 21, 1814. \n\n$ See Geo. Exer. on the JSiew Test., Conclusion of the Exposition of \nReligious Tenets. \n\n\n\n\n\n\nNOVEMBER. \n\n\n4G9 \n\n\nMercies, which says to every lingering 1 vestige of hostile \nfeeling\xe2\x80\x94in the gentle accents with which his beloved Son \ncharmed the contending elements \xe2\x80\x94 Peace\xe2\x80\x94be still! See \nGeo. Exer. on the New Test. No. 36. \n\nMr. Montgomery aptly compares the Missionary work \nto the colours displayed and harmonized in the rainbow, \nforming an arch of glory\xe2\x80\x94ascending, on the one hand, \nfrom earth to heaven, and on the other descending from \nheaven to earth\xe2\x80\x94a bow of promise;* a covenant of peace; \na sign that the storm is passing away, and the Sun of \nRighteousness, with healing in his wings, breaking forth \non all nations. \n\n4, 1814. Union of Norway and Sweden. The King \nof Sweden, Charles XIII., was unanimously elected and \nproclaimed King of Norway, by the National Diet assem\xc2\xac \nbled at Christiania, a commercial city in the south of \nNorway. ^See August 20, 1589.) The two countries \nhave been since termed the Scandinavian Peninsula. See \nAugust 21, 1810. \n\n5, The Latins honour Zacharias as a prophet, and the \nGreeks, September 5, as a priest, prophet, and martyr. \nThe Roman martyrology joins Elizabeth with him. He \nwas the father of John the Baptist, and husband to Eliza\xc2\xac \nbeth. See Luke i. 5, 12, &c.; also June 24. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1605. The Gunpowder Plot was discovered. It was \nan attempt to blow up James I. and the Parliament, with \nthe view of establishing the Roman Catholic religion. \nSee No. 104, Arith. Quest., and Holbeack, Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s \nGazetteer. \n\n-\xe2\x80\x94 1725. Grateful Epitaph. To the memory of Mary \nBeach, who died November 5, 1725, aged 78; Alex. \nPope, whom she nursed in his infancy, and constantly \nattended for thirty-eight years, in gratitude to a faithful \nservant erected this stone. See No. 542, Arith. Quest., \nart. Praise of Servants the highest Panegyric; also May \n\n\nto consider the state of the lower classes in Ireland, and to assist \nin the design of ameliorating their condition, by furnishing them \nwith the necessary means of moral and religious instruction; the \nbenefits of which have been long exhibited in a part of the Bri\xc2\xac \ntish empire\xe2\x80\x94 Scotland; \xe2\x80\x94where, in consequence of this inesti\xc2\xac \nmable advantage, the lower classes have attained a measure of \nknowledge, of moral cultivation, and of intelligent industry, \nwhich is not found in the same rank of society in any other \ncountry in the world. \n\n* See Gen. ix. 13 j Arith. Quest, art. Rainbow; and Exer. on \nthe Globes, art. Iris. \n\n\n\n470 NOVEMBER. \n\n30, 1/44, December 16, 1/98, and Twickenham, Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s \nGazetteer. \n\n6, 1753. Died, at London, Dr. James Foster, an emi\xc2\xac \nnent Dissenting 1 Minister, born at Exeter, September 16, \n1697. His natural abilities were superior to most; and \nhe possessed a quick apprehension, a solid judgment, a \nhappy memory, and a free, commanding elocution. His \ntalent for preaching was, indeed, so rare and extraordi\xc2\xac \nnary, that nobody ever went beyond him for popularity \nin this respect. His Sunday-Evening Lecture in the Old \nJewry, which he carried on above twenty years, was fre\xc2\xac \nquented by persons of every rank and station ; and Pope \npraised him for this quality in the subsequent lines : \n\nLet modest Foster, if lie will, excel \nTen Metropolitans in preaching well. \n\nDr Foster was not only a great, but a good man, in the \nbest sense of the word. His humanity was remarkable; \nand his generous sentiments and compassionate sympa\xc2\xac \nthies were admired by all. He was perfectly free from \nevery thing gross and worldly. His benevolence and cha\xc2\xac \nrities were so extraordinary, that he never reserved any \nthing for his own future use ; and had it not been for two \nthousand subscribers to his \xe2\x80\x9c Discourses on Natural \nReligion and Social Virtue,\xe2\x80\x9d he would have died ex\xc2\xac \ntremely poor. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1764. Charles Churchill, an English poet and cele\xc2\xac \nbrated satirist, died at Boulogne, whither he went to visit \nhis friend, the celebrated John Wilkes. He was buried \nat Dover. The satires of Churchill are distinguished for \ntheir sterling sense and morality. His epistle to Hogarth \nis supposed to have shortened the days of that eminent \nartist. The sportive satirist survived his victim only nine \ndays. \n\n--Scarce had the friendly tear \n\nFor Hogarth shed, escaped the generous eye \nOf feeling Pity, when again it flow\xe2\x80\x99d \nFor Churchill\xe2\x80\x99s fate. \n\nSee Oct. 25. \n\n1792. Battle of Gemappe. The French, commanded \nby Dumourier, obtained a victory over the Austrians at \nGemappe, a village near Mons, in the Netherlands. The \ncarnage on both sides was so great, that three coal-pits \nadjacent to the scene of action were filled up with the \nbodies of dead men and horses. \n\n1807* Died, at Rome, Angelica Kauffman, an emi\xc2\xac \nnent paintress, and Royal Academician in London, born at \n\n\n\nNOVEMBER. \n\n\n471 \n\nCoire, the capital of the Orisons, in Switzerland, in 1740. \nShe has been styled \xe2\x80\x9c The Paintress of the Soulim\xc2\xac \nbued with sentiment, with tender and earnest passion, not \nmerely the hand, but the heart* and the imagination ap\xc2\xac \npeared in her works. Her mental acquirements and \nmoral conduct were no less distinguished than her talents \nas an artist. The funeral obsequies of this ornament of \nher sex were performed with great solemnity, and were \nhighly picturesque. Several of the nobility, more than \none hundred ecclesiastics in the habits of their different \norders, and the members of the different literary societies \nat Rome, attended. Her pall was supported by young \nladies dressed in white, and immediately after her body \nsome of her best pictures were borne upon the shoulders \nof the mourners. \n\n6, St. Leonard. This benevolent man, having procured \nthe liberation of some persons who were immured on ac\xc2\xac \ncount of their religion, has been long invoked by prisoners \nin general, as their tutelar saint. He was educated at \nRheims, department of Marne, province of Champagne, \nFrance, and died in the year 500. Were it at all allow\xc2\xac \nable for captives to implore a patron saint, Mr. Audley is \nof opinion, that Saint Howard should have the precedency \nof Saint Leonard. See Jan. 20, 1700, and Arith. Quest. \n10th edition, art. Howard. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1612. Expired, in the 19th year of his age, Henry, \nPrince of Wales, eldest son of our King James I, and one \nof the most accomplished, learned, and pious princes of \nthe age in which he lived; the glory of the nation, the \nadmiration of strangers, and the darling of mankind. He \nmanifested from his infancy courage, intrepidity, and a \nmartial turn of mind; and excelled in all manly and gym- \nnastical exercises. His sentiments of piety were fervent \nand habitual, and he was firmly attached to the Protestant \nfaith from a conviction of its truth. In his household, \nwhich was very numerous, he took the utmost care to \npreserve decency and regularity. Having a particular \naversion to the odious and disgusting vice of swearing, \nand the impious or even thoughtless profanation of the \nname of God, he levied pecuniary fines on such of his de\xc2\xac \npendents as were found culpable in those respects; and \n\n\n* Those painters cunning want to grace their art\xe2\x80\x94 \n\nWho draw but what they see, know not the heart. \n\nShakspeare. \n\n\n\n472 \n\n\nNOVEMBER. \n\n\nthe mulcts thus incurred were distributed to the poor.* \nHis own conduct, however, was so truly amiable and ex\xc2\xac \nemplary, that it infused harmony into his whole family, \nwhich, according to Mr. Joseph Hall,f was the most lov\xc2\xac \ning and entire fellowship that ever met in the court of \nany prince. To his other eminent virtues Prince Henry \nadded that of frugality without avarice, and generosity \nwithout extravagance: and he was styled \xe2\x80\x9c The Mecaenas \nof all the learned.\xe2\x80\x9d \n\n6, 1632. Death of Gustavus Adolphus. Gustavus \nAdolphus, King of Sweden, the most illustrious hero of \nhis time, and the great supporter of the Protestant inter\xc2\xac \nest in Germany, defeated the Imperialists at Lutzen, \nnear Leipsic, in\xe2\x80\x99that country; but> like Epaminondas and \nWolfe,| perished in the midst of a complete victory, \n\n\xe2\x80\x9c And suuk lamented to an early tomb,\xe2\x80\x9d \n\nbeing only in the 38th year of his age. The death of the \naccomplished Gustavus effaced all the splendour of the \nvictory; and a mournful silence, interrupted only by \nsighs, prevailed throughout the camp. On the spot where \nthis hero fell in opposing Wallenstein, a number of un\xc2\xac \nhewn stones are placed horizontally on the earth in the \nform of a cross,\xc2\xa7 and on one of them is rudely carved in \nGerman, \xe2\x80\x9c Gustavus Adolphus, King of Sweden, fell here \nfor liberty of conscience.\xe2\x80\x9d Never was a king more es\xc2\xac \nteemed, more beloved, or more deplored. The Swedes \nand Protestants of Germany, England, France, Poland, \nDenmark, Switzerland, and Holland, equally bewailed \nhim. None but the Emperor, the elector of Bavaria, and \nthe King of Spain, rejoiced at his death; and they caused \nTe Deum to be sung at Vienna, Ratisbon, and Madrid. \nSee Arith. Quest, art. Battle of Agincourt. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1656. John IV., styled the Fortunate, king of Portugal, \ndied at Lisbon. He was raised to the throne, in 1640, by \na revolution which deprived Philip IV. of Spain of the \ncountry of Portugal, over which his ancestors had reigned \nabout sixty years. He was affable, generous, and pacific, \nand so unambitious, that but for the aspiring spirit of his \n\n\n* See September 21, 1745. f See September 8, 1656. \n\nZ See Arith. Quest, art. Death of Wolfe, and Battle of Mantinea. \n\n\xc2\xa7 Crosses were formerly erected on various occasions. See \nExer. on the Globes, 11th edit. art. Crux. \n\n\n\nNOVEMBER. 473 \n\nwife he would have died Duke of Braganza. See Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s \nGazetteer , Lisbon. \n\n6, 1817. Death of the Princess Charlotte. This \nafflictive event smote the nation with sudden gloom, like \nthe visitation of darkness. It was an abrupt check given \nto all one\xe2\x80\x99s ideas of youth, hope, and prosperity. The \nPrincess Charlotte was so young, was so apparently \nhealthy and happy, that for human nature\xe2\x80\x99s sake alone, \nevery body, who had any sympathy with his species, not \nonly wished she might long so continue to enjoy herself, \nbut had made up his mind that such would infallibly be \nthe case. It was, however, the will of an all-wise but \ninscrutable Providence, to dash with bitterness those \njoyful feelings and flattering anticipations, and, at the \nearly age of twenty-two, to snatch from the present world \nthis most accomplished Princess, \xe2\x80\x9c the expectancy and \nrose of the fair state,\xe2\x80\x9d who, to the rarest personal attrac\xc2\xac \ntions, added the more valuable qualities of the mind and \nheart. She had read much and with great discrimination, \nhad sedulously cultivated religious habits, and was a strict \nobserver of the Sabbath, as was likewise her illustrious \nand amiable consort, Prince Leopold. She was a most \naffectionate child; and, as a wife, was a model for her \nsex. She was fond of her husband, and looked up to him \nwith the most perfect affection and respect; and he de\xc2\xac \nserved it all. His influence over her was unbounded, \nthough the exercise of it was of the gentlest kind. This \nyouthful pair, in their private life, presented an image of \nconjugal felicity, of domestic comfort, of dignified retire\xc2\xac \nment, which inspired all beholders with unbounded de\xc2\xac \nlight. \n\nThe exemplary conduct, the endearing sweetness of \ndisposition, of fascinating condescension, the distinguished \nbenevolence, and the extensive charities of the Princess \nCharlotte, will be venerated as long as those virtues \nshall continue to be dear to English hearts. \n\n\xe2\x80\x9c Lamented Princess, round thy funeral urn, \n\nWith genuine sorrow shall sad Britain mourn : \n\nIn deep affliction, weep thy swift decline. \n\nTill ev\xe2\x80\x99ry eye be seal\xe2\x80\x99d in sleep like thine.\xe2\x80\x9d \n\nClaremont, the residence of His Serene Highness \nPrince Leopold, is a delightful spot not far from Kdngs- \nton-upon-Thames, in Surrey. It is eulogized by Thom\xc2\xac \nson, in his delineation of Richmond Hill, where Clare- \n\n\n474 \n\n\nNOVEMBER. \n\n\nmont and Esher are mentioned together. See November \n1.9, 1817, and Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gazetteer. \n\n7, 1620. Was fought the famous battle of Prague,* in \nwhich Frederic, Elector Palatine, f son-in-law to our \nJames I., and recently elected King of Bohemia, was \ntotally routed by the Imperialists and Bavarians, and \nforced to flee with his queen and children into Holland; \nleaving all his baggage and money behind him. He was \nafterwards deprived of his hereditary dominions, and the \nProtestant interest was ruined in Bohemia; all owing to \nthe pusillanimity and inactivity of King James, who \nseemed totally insensible to the voice of his people, the \ncondition of his children, and the state of Protestantism, \nboth at home and abroad. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1665. The first Gazette in England was published at \nOxford; the court being there at that time, on account \nof the plague.]; On the removal of the court to London, \nthe title was changed to the London Gazette. The \nOxford Gazette was published on Tuesdays, the London \non Saturdays. The latter is now published on Friday. \nThe word Gazette originally meant a newspaper, or \nprinted account of the transactions of all the countries in \nthe known world, in a loose sheet or half sheet; but the \nname with us is confined to that paper of news now pub\xc2\xac \nlished by authority. It derived its name from Gazetta, a \nkind of small coin formerly current at Venice, which was \nthe usual price of the first newspaper printed there. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1781. Inquisition. The last person who suffered \npublicly by the sentence of this infernal tribunal was a \nwoman, who was burnt alive at Seville on the above day. \nSince that time the inquisition has gone to work more \ncunningly. Men are no longer publicly devoted to the \nflames, but they die unperceived in concealment. Llo- \nrente calculates, that the Inquisition alone, in the Spa\xc2\xac \nnish peninsula, under the uninterrupted dominion of \nforty-five grand Inquisitors, sacrificed 241,000 indivi\xc2\xac \nduals. To appreciate the misery occasioned by this, it \nmust be borne in mind, that every condemnation was \naccompanied by confiscation of property, and the. dis\xc2\xac \nhonour of the whole family. \n\n\n* See July 1, 1690, and Prague, Index. \n\nT See Arith. Quest, art. Palatinate. \n\nJ See Arith. Quest. 10th edit. art. Plague. \n\n\n\nNOVEMBER. \n\n\n4/5 \n\n\nIt appears from Llorente\xe2\x80\x99s History of the Inquisi\xc2\xac \ntion, that the marriage of Charles II. and the niece of \nLouis XIV., was solemnized by an Auto-da-fe, in which \nthe shrieks and the smoke of 118 human being\'s ascended \nto heaven, to propitiate the God of mercy and of love!! \n\n7, 1/89. Expired, in the 75th year of his age, the Rev. \nJoseph Fownes, a native of Andover, a place north\xc2\xac \nwest of Winchester, in Hampshire. He united in him\xc2\xac \nself, in an eminent degree, the gentleman, the scholar, \nand the Christian minister. He was many years pastor \nof the Dissentiug\' congregation in the High-Street, Shrews\xc2\xac \nbury, in connexion with the excellent Job Orton. (See \nJuly 19, 1783.) In 1772, when the body of Protestant \nDissenting ministers united in an application to Parlia\xc2\xac \nment for an enlargement of the Toleration Act,* Mr. \nFownes directed his thoughts to that subject, and wrote \n\n\n* Among the blessings which endear the memory of King Wil\xc2\xac \nliam III., it should never be forgotten, that to him is due the \nfirst act of Toleration known in the history of this country; \nand the Dissenters have ever since enjoyed the benefits of it \nwithout interruption, though their liberties were greatly endan\xc2\xac \ngered in the latter end of Queen Anne\xe2\x80\x99s reign. The Tory-fi \nparty, having at that period gained great strength and influence \nat court, passed an iniquitous act called the Schism-Bill, which \nsuffered no Dissenters to educate their own children. The death \nof the queen, the very day\\ on which the infamous act was to have \ntaken place, prevented the Dissenters from being again enslaved. \nGeorge I., a firm friend to civil and religious liberty, procured \na repeal of the odious Schism-Bill in the fifth year of his reign. \nA sacred respect to religious liberty was maintained, in like \nmanner, throughout the next reign. When, about the year 1730, \nsome bigots were taking steps towards the prosecution of Dr. \nDoddridge, in the ecclesiastical court, for keeping a seminary in \nwhich he educated Dissenting Ministers, information of the \ndesign was no sooner communicated to George II., than he \nordered the proceedings to be stopped, declaring that he would \nnot allow of any prosecution for conscience\xe2\x80\x99 sake\xe2\x80\x94a declaration \nwhich he is said to have bequeathed as a legacy to his successor, \nour late venerable monarch George III., by whom it was \nmost honourably welcomed and fulfilled. The repeal of the dis\xc2\xac \nabling and penal statutes against Auti-trinitariaus, by the Prince \n\n\n+ Whig and Tory are popular terms of uncertain derivation. By the \nformer is generally understood a friend to civil and religious liberty ; \nby the latter, the reverse. See Arith. Quest . \n\nX See August 1, 1714. \n\n\n\n\n476 \n\n\nNOVEMBER. \n\n\nhis celebrated \xe2\x80\x9c Inquiry into the Principles of Tolera\xc2\xac \ntion.\xe2\x80\x9d This tract places the author\xe2\x80\x99s abilities and cha\xc2\xac \nracter in a very favourable point of view; for, while clear \nand conclusive reasoning are urging their powerful claims \nto the reader\xe2\x80\x99s assent, his approbation is insensibly won \nby the concomitant attractions of moderation and can\xc2\xac \ndour. Thus should religious controversies ever be con\xc2\xac \nducted; and thus have a Locke and a Hoadly* * conducted \nthem. It is not only the most becoming method in itself, \nbut the one which best promotes the cause of truth and \nthe happiness of mankind. Occasions may indeed arise, \nwhen bigotry and intolerance, assuming a daring aspect, \nrequire to be repressed with some severity and repre\xc2\xac \nhension. \n\n7, 1/90. Expired, John Thornton, Esq., of Clapham, \nSurrey, who had been long the greatest merchant in \nEurope, Mr. Hope, of Amsterdam, only excepted. His \nannual gains were of course immense; and the half of \nthese, it is asserted, was generally expended in acts of \ngenuine benevolence; in wiping away the tear from the \neye of the unfortunate, in cherishing the victim of poverty \nand oppression, in diminishing, as far as possible, the \nsum of human woes, and in forwarding what must be the \nultimate intention of Divine Providence, the happi\xc2\xac \nness and prosperity of the whole human race. His cha\xc2\xac \nrities, indeed, almost transcend belief; they reached to \nthe remotest parts of the habitable globe, and cheered the \nwretched of both hemisplieres.f In the vicinity of the \nmetropolis in particular, his beneficence prompted him \noften to anticipate by minute personal inquiry the wishes \nof the distressed : \n\n\xe2\x80\x9c He lov\xe2\x80\x99d to seek the humble cot, \n\nTo scatter comfort\xe2\x80\x99s balms around, \n\nAnd heal pale poverty\xe2\x80\x99s deep wound; \n\n\nRegent\xe2\x80\x99s ministers, has not only enlarged the boundaries, but \nconfirmed the empire of religious liberty in Britain ; a bless\xc2\xac \ning which, under the Providence of God, we owe to the mild \nsway of all the princes of the House of Brunswick. See Penn, \nIndex; and No. 141, Geo. Exer. on the New Test. \n\n* See April 17, 1761, Oct. 28, 1704, and Nov. 3, 1534. See \nalso Toplady, Arminius, &c. Index. \n\nf Mr. Thornton was one of the principal promoters of the \nGospel in foreign parts, and expended yearly upwards of ,\xc2\xa32,000 \nin the distribution of religious books. See Arxth. Quest. 10th \nedition. \n\n\n\nNOVEMBER. \n\n\n4/7 \n\n/ \n\nDrive sickness from the languid bed. \n\nRaise the lorn widow\xe2\x80\x99s drooping head." \n\nIn Ins moral character, Mr. Thornton constantly ex\xc2\xac \nhibited the virtues which do honour to humanity. He \nwas a fond husband, a tender father, a sincere friend, and \na devout Christian. \n\n8, A commemoration speech is annually made at Oxford \nin praise of Sir Thomas Bodley, a great patron of \nlearning, and the founder of the Bodleian Library in that \ncity. He was born at Exeter,* * * \xc2\xa7 in 1544, died in 1612, \nand was buried in the choir of Merton College, Oxford. \nThe original collection of books was, we believe, com\xc2\xac \nmenced by Humphrey, the good Duke of Gloucester. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1226. Louis VIII., surnamed the Lion, died at Mont- \npensier, province of Auvergne, department of Puy de \nDome. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1517- Ximenes, a famous Spanish statesman and car\xc2\xac \ndinal under Ferdinand and Isabella, died at Roa, on the \nDuero, Old Castile, and was buried at Alcala, where he \nhad founded an university, and at which he had caused \nthe first Polyglot Bible to be printed.f It is sometimes \ncalled the Compliitensinn Bible, Alcala being once called \nComplutum. He was a liberal patron of literature, and \na munificent contributor to charitable institutions. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1656. Was born at Haggerston, in the parish of Shore\xc2\xac \nditch, near London, Edmund Halley, a most eminent \nastronomer, who co-operated with Flamsteed in com\xc2\xac \nposing his new catalogue of the stars. In 1676, at the \nage of twenty, he was deputed to Saint Helena, J to take a \ncatalogue of the fixed stars which do not rise above our \nhorizon.\xc2\xa7 Under King William he was sent on several \n\n\n* This city has beeu the birth-place of several eminent and \nlearned men. John Hooker, the celebrated antiquary, and Sir \nWilliam Petre, privy-counsellor to Henry VIII., were natives of \nExeter; as were likewise Thomas Yalden, a divine and poet; \nJohn Barcham, a divine and antiquary; Simon Ockley, an emi\xc2\xac \nnent orientalist; and William Jackson, a musical composer of \nvery considerable talents, and author of several ingenious literary \nproductions in prose and verse. He died in his native city, July- \n12, 1803, in the 74th year of his age. \n\nt See Nov. 1, note \xc2\xa7, p. 462. \n\nX See August 18, 1502, and Exer. on the Globes , art. JNlaske- \nlyne. \n\n\xc2\xa7 See Exer. on the Globes, 11th edit. art. Robur Caroli. \n\n\n\n478 \n\n\nNOVEMBER. \n\n\nvoyages, to observe the variations of the compass, and for \nother scientific purposes: \n\nImmortal Halley, thy unwearied soul \nOn wisdom\xe2\x80\x99s pinion flew from pole to pole. \n\nTh\xe2\x80\x99 uncertain compass to its task restor\xe2\x80\x99d, \n\nEach ocean fathom\xe2\x80\x99d, and each wind explor\xe2\x80\x99d : \nCommanded trade with ev\xe2\x80\x99ry breeze to fly, \n\nAnd gave to Britain half the Zemblian sky. \n\nCawthorn.* * * \xc2\xa7 \n\nHalley was the first person who made an accurate ob\xc2\xac \nservation of the transit of Mercury over the sun\xe2\x80\x99s disk. \nHe succeeded Flamsteedf at the Royal Observatory, in \n1719, died in 1742, and was buried at Lee, a village near \nBlackheath, in Kent. \n\n8, 1794. Warsaw, the capital of Poland, was taken by \nthe Russians, and the struggling liberty of the brave \nPoles utterly annihilated. The action which preceded the \nsurrender was extremely bloody: of 26,000 men, only \n2,000, it is said, escaped the savage fury of the brutal \nRussians, 14,000 being killed, and 10,000 taken prisoners. \nThe sanguinary Suwarroff,+ the Russian general, acting \nlike an exterminating angel, afterwards put no less than \n20,000 men, women, and children, to the sword in Praga, \none of the. suburbs of Warsaw. \n\n9, Lord Mayor\xe2\x80\x99s Day, or the inauguration of the chief \nmagistrate of the city of London, the most remarkable \nof our civic shows, which, as it has been long annually \ncontinued, needs no description. This procession, until \nthe year 1453, in the reign of Henry VI., was unamphi - \nbious ; but at that period. Sir John Norman, willing, \nlike Cimon the Athenian, to triumph \xe2\x80\x9cboth on land and \nwave,\xe2\x80\x9d\xc2\xa7 caused a barge to be made at his own expense; \n\n\n* See Index. \n\nf See December 31, 1719. \n\nI Smvarroff died May 18, 1800. \n\n\xc2\xa7 Receiving intelligence that the whole Persian fleet was an\xc2\xac \nchored at the mouth of the river Eurymedon, Cimon sailed thi\xc2\xac \nther, and pursuing the enemy up the stream, where they endea\xc2\xac \nvoured to take shelter, he destroyed all their ships ; and his men \njumping on shore in pursuit of the Persian mariners, who had \nabandoned their vessels, they soon put them to flight, thus ob\xc2\xac \ntaining a complete victory both by sea and land on the same \noccasion. This severe blow compelled the Persians to agree to a \npeace, the terms of which were as mortifying to them, as they \n\n\n\nNOVEMBER. \n\n\n479 \n\n\nin consequence of which, the twelve companies had their \nseveral barges magnificently decked and trimmed, to at\xc2\xac \ntend upon him. The first mention of Mayor is in the \nreign of Henry II., A. D. 1189, and in 1215 John \ngranted the citizens a charter to elect a Mayor themselves. \nThe title was borrowed from the Norman Maire as well \nas the office. Henry Fitzalwyn was the first elected to \nthat trust. He had been before Mayor, but only by the \nnomination of his prince. The title of Lord was annexed \nto that of Mayor in the time of Richard II. See But\xc2\xac \nler\xe2\x80\x99s Aritli. Quest. No. 263. \n\n9, 1624. Died at Chiselhurst, Kent, William Camden, \nan eminent antiquary, born in London, in 1551. His \nmost celebrated work is \xe2\x80\x9cBritannia; or, an History of \nthe Ancient Inhabitants of Britain; their Origin, Man\xc2\xac \nners, and Laws.\xe2\x80\x9d But he was no less illustrious for his \nvirtues than for his learning. In his writings he was \ncandid and modest; in his conversation easy and innocent: \nand in his whole life exemplary. Learning is said to have \nbeen his only care and learned men the only comfort of \nhis life. He was buried in the soutli aisle of Westminster \nAbbey, where his effigies are placed in white marble, and \nin his hand a book with \xe2\x80\x9c Britannia\xe2\x80\x9d inscribed on the \nleaves. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1677- Died, at Lambeth, in the 80th year of his age, \narchbishop Sheldon. He was presented to the vicar\xc2\xac \nage of Hackney, by Charles I., and was raised to the \nprimacy on the death of archbishop Juxon. The Theatre \nof Oxford was built at his sole expense from the designs \nof Wren, and was the first public building erected by \nthat able architect. It was opened July 9, 1669, but \nwas never seen by its munificent founder. This prelate \nappears to have been more attached to the duties of mo- \n\n\nwere honourable to the Grecians. The treasures taken in this \nexpedition, Cimon laid out in beautifying his native city; and \nthe Athenians gave examples in the art of architecture, that \ncontinue to be admired to this very day. He died while be\xc2\xac \nsieging Citium, in the island of Cyprus, 449 years B. C., in the \n51st year of his age. He was the son of Miltiades, whose \nhonourable interment he most dutifully procured, by borrowing \nmoney to pay the enormous mulct which the ungrateful Athe\xc2\xac \nnians had laid upon that immortal hero. See Dr Goldsmith\xe2\x80\x99s \nHistory of Greece , and Aritli. Quest. \n\nThe Eurymedon is a river in Pamphylia, Asia Minor. See \nGeo. Exer. on the New Test. art. Pamphylia. \n\n\n\n\n\n480 \n\n\nNOVEMBER. \n\n\nrality, than to the profession of any particular doctrine \nof religion: to young men of rank his advice was this, \n\xe2\x80\x9c Let it be your principal aim to become honest men, \nand afterwards be as devout and religious as you please. \nNo piety will be of advantage to yourselves or others, \nunless you are honest and moral men . ,y \xe2\x80\x94This generous \nand charitable archbishop was buried at Croydon. \n\n10, The Greeks honour Erastus, who was St. Paul\xe2\x80\x99s dis\xc2\xac \nciple, and chamberlain of the city of Corinth, where the \napostle was at that time.* * * \xc2\xa7 He resigned his employment, \nand followed Paul to Ephesus, where he was A. D. 56, \nwhence he sent him to Macedon with Timothy. They \nwere both with Paul at Corinth, A. D. 58, when he \nwrote his epistle to the Romans, whom he salutes in each \nof their names.f Some say that Paul left Erastus in \nMacedonia, and made him bishop there; and that he \nsuffered martyrdom at Philippi: others make him bishop \nof Paneus,} near the sources of the Jordan, give him the \ntitle of apostle, place him in the number of the seventy \ndisciples, and say he died in peace. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 The Greeks keep the feast of Tertius, whom they make \nsuccessor to Sosipater in the bishopric of Iconium.\xc2\xa7 He \nwas St. Paul\xe2\x80\x99s amanuensis, when he wrote his epistle to \nthe Romans, A. D. 58.|| It is conjectured that he is the \nsame as Silas, who accompanied St. Paul in some of his \njourneys; Silas in Hebrew signifying the same as Tertius \nin Latin. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 The Roman martvrology places the feast of Tryphena \nand Tryphosa, Christian women whom St. Paul men\xc2\xac \ntions, Rom. xvi. 12. It is said that they went to Rome \nto be serviceable to the saints, and to obtain a crown of \nmartyrdom; but returned into the East, where their \nblood was spilt for Jesus Christ. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1506. Pope Julius II., after besieging and taking \nBologna, in Italy, made his triumphant entry into that \n\n\n* See Rom. xvi. 23. f Rom. xvi. 21, 23. \n\nX So denominated by Gentile writers from the adjoining spring \n\nPaneum, or Panion ; but in the Scriptures it is called Laish, \nLeshem, Lashah, and Dan. It was usually accounted the utmost \nnorthern border of the land of Israel, as Beersheba was the \nsouthern; whence the expression \xe2\x80\x9c From Dan to Beersheba,\xe2\x80\x9d \ndenoting the whole length of the Holy Land from North to South; \nand proverbially the extremities of any other district. See Canaan, \nin Wilkinson\xe2\x80\x99s Atlas Classica , or Leigh\xe2\x80\x99s Scripture Atlas. \n\n\xc2\xa7 See Geo. Exer. on the New Test. || See Rom. xvi. 22. \n\n\n\nNOVEMBER. \n\n\n481 \n\n\ncity in a manner so very pompous and magnificent, that \nErasmus, upon considering Julius as Christ\xe2\x80\x99s vicegerent, \nand comparing his entry into Bologna with Christ\xe2\x80\x99s entry \ninto Jerusalem, could not behold it without the utmost \nindignation. Erasmus was also at Rome when the same \npontiff made his entry into that city after the conquest \nof Bologna; and his entry offended him as much as that \nat Bologna had done: for he could not conceive, that \nthe triumphs of the church, as they were called, were \nto consist in vain pomp and worldly splendour, but \nrather in subduing all mankind to the faith and practice \nof the Christian religion. \n\n11, Martinmas Day; derived, says Dr. Johnson, from \nMartin and Mass ; the feast of St. Martin, who lived in \nthe fourth century, and was bishop of Tours, department \nof Indre and Loire, province of Touraine, France. Lard- \nner calls him a wise and good man. \n\nThe subsequent observation on this day is quoted from \nan ancient calendar of the Church of Rome: \xe2\x80\x9c The \nMartina I\'m, a genial feast. Wines are tasted of and \ndrawn from the lees. The Vinalia , a feast of the an\xc2\xac \ncients, removed to this day. Bacchus in the figure of \nMartin.\xe2\x80\x9d That the early Christians either observed many \nof the Heathen festivals, or instituted others instead of \nthem, we have fully shewn in the Eoser. on the Globes, \nart. Bacchus. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1572. Tycho Brahe perceived a new star in Cassi\xc2\xac \nopeia, which continued without changing its place till \nthe Spring of 1574, equal in spendour to Jupiter or \nVenus. At last it changed colour, and entirely disap\xc2\xac \npeared.* Nothing similar to this had been observed \nfrom the time of Hipparchus, who, in consequence of \nthe appearance of a new star, was induced to compose \nhis catalogue of stars, for the instruction of future ob\xc2\xac \nservers. He was born at Rhodes, and flourished at Alex\xc2\xac \nandria, between 160 and 125 years B. C., and was the \nfirst person who reduced astronomy to a system. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1636. Cassini, the astronomer, observed the transit \nof Mercury over the sun\xe2\x80\x99s disk, at Thury, a village S. of \nCaen, at forty-three minutes after ten in the morning. \nOn Nov. 5, 1822, there was a transit of that planet at \nsixteen minutes past one in the morning, consequently it \nwas not visible to our part of the world ; but it was visi- \n\n\n* See Exer.on the Globes, pp. 164, 464, and 478, 11th edit. \n\nY \n\n\n\n\n482 \n\n\nNOVEMBER. \n\n\nble at Botany Bay at 20 minutes after 11 o\xe2\x80\x99clock in the \nmorning; for when it is night with us, it is noon, or \nnearly so, at Botany Bay. \n\n11, 1820. Died, at Felpham, near Arundel, in Sussex, \nWilliam Hayley, Esq., a poet and miscellaneous \nwriter. He was born at Chichester, in 1/45. His most \nvaluable poem is \xe2\x80\x98\xe2\x80\x98Serena, or the Triumphs of Temper.\xe2\x80\x99 \nMr. Hayley was the intimate friend and correspondent \nof the celebrated Cowper, and it was entirely by his \nexertions, through the medium of Earl Spencer, that a \nroyal pension of <^300 per annum was obtained for the \nunhappy poet.* He was also for many years the patron \nof Romney the painter.f Hay ley\xe2\x80\x99s Life of Cowper \ncontains many of the poet\xe2\x80\x99s letters, and perhaps a more \ndelightful collection is not to be found in the English \nlanguage; unstudied, and alike redundant of fancy, feel\xc2\xac \ning, and thought. \n\n12, 1615. Was born at Rowton, near Shrewsbury, in Shrop\xc2\xac \nshire, Richard Baxter, a famous Nonconformist Divine, \n\xe2\x80\x9c whose praise is in all the churches.\xe2\x80\x9d His long resi\xc2\xac \ndence and ministerial services at Kidderminster, in \nWorcestershire, not only conferred a distinction upon \nthat town, but redeemed it from a state of gross ignorance \nand moral depravity. He was minister at that place from \n1642 to 1660, and found the people ignorant, dissolute, \nand irreligious; but they became, by the force of his \nlabours and example, decent and pious. His industry as \na divine was amazing: he wrote both in polemical and \npractical theology more than any writer of his age. It is \nsaid that his works amount to the number of 145 hooks, \nand that above60 were written against him. Dr. Barrow \nhas given this eulogium of his works, that his practical \nwritings were never mended, and his controversial ones \nnever refuted; and bishop Wilkins said of him, that if he \nhad lived in the primitive times, he would have been one \nof the fathers of the church. Baxter, however, in his \nown review of his life, candidly regrets that he mis\xc2\xac \napplied so much of his time in controversial writings. \nThe character of his mind was in every respect as extra\xc2\xac \nordinary as his industry, zeal, and piety : he was firm \nand disinterested. Mr. Bovle justly said of him, that he \nfeared no man\xe2\x80\x99s displeasure, nor hoped for any man\xe2\x80\x99s \npreferment. He avowed his attachment to monarchy. \n\n\n* See April 25, 1800. \n\n\n+ See Nov, 15, 1802. \n\n\n\nNOVEMBER. \n\n\n483 \n\n\neven to Cromwell in his highest elevation, and refused \nthe bishopric of Hereford from Charles II., whose resto\xc2\xac \nration he had promoted. Honoured with the esteem of \nthe best and most learned men of that age, than which \nno one has produced a greater number of great and ex\xc2\xac \ncellent men, having enjoyed the honourable intimacy of \nBarrow, Boyle, Tillotson, Judge Hale, Sir John May\xc2\xac \nnard, bishops Wilkins, Patrick, and Burnet, and endured \nwith fortitude and patient dignity the brutality of Judge \nJefferies, he died in peace and universal veneration, at \nLondon, in 1691, and was interred in Christ Church, \nNewgate Street, London, whither his corpse was attended \nby a numerous company of persons of different ranks, \nand many clergymen of the Established Church. \n\n12, 1/15. The Scotch Insurgents, commanded by the \nEarl of Mar, were defeated at Sheriffmuir, near Dum- \nblane, in Perthshire; being the very day on which the \nrebel forces, in the same cause, were defeated at Preston, \nin Lancashire, and several persons of distinction taken \nprisoners. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1750. Edward Bright, noted for having been one \nof the most corpulent men that ever existed, was buried \nat Malden, in Essex. See Arith . Quest. 10th edit, and \nJune 21, 1809. \n\n13, 354. Was born at Banchor, now Bangor, in North \nWales, Pelagius, who received a learned education in \nthe monastery of his native place, to the government of \nwhich he was advanced in 404. He was long esteemed \nby St. Jerome and St. Augustine, till they discovered his \nheretical pravity, after which they wrote against him \nwith the sharpest acrimony ; as they did also against his \nfriend and pupil Celestius, a learned Scotsman, who de\xc2\xac \nfended his master\xe2\x80\x99s opinions with uncommon zeal. Both \nPelagius and Celestius were great travellers ; having visited \nmany different countries of Asia and Africa, as well as \nEurope, with a view to elude the persecutions of their \nenemies, and to propagate their sentiments. See Geo. \nEver, on the New Test., art. Pelagians. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1093. Malcolm III., king of Scotland, was killed at \nthe siege of Alnwick castle, in Northumberland. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1312. Edward III. was born at Windsor. His reign \ncommenced, on the deposition of his father, in January \n1327, which had been effected by the machinations of \nthe intriguing Isabella, wife of Edward II., and her chief \ncounsellor, Roger Mortimer. The young king soon after \nhis accession, becoming acquainted with their infamous \n\ny 2 \n\n\n484 \n\n\nNOVEMBER. \n\n\nconduct, hanged Mortimer and imprisoned his mother. \nSee Nov. 29, 1330. Edward was valiant, and munificent, \nbut his wars in France, purely the result of his ambition, \nwere unjust and unprofitable, though they have contri\xc2\xac \nbuted to his fame. \n\n13, 1463. Prince Henry, the fifth son of John I., king \nof Portugal, died at Sagrez, about a league and a half from \nCape St. Vincent, in his 6/th year. He was the first en- \ncourager of remote navigation, and by his incitement, \npatronage, and example, distant nations have been made \nacquainted with each other, unknown countries have been \nbrought into general view, and the power of Europe has \nbeen extended to the remotest parts of the world. His \nknowledge, prudence, and courage, secured the esteem of \nhis contemporaries and the admiration of succeeding \ngenerations. His tomb is still seen, near his father\xe2\x80\x99s, in the \nchurch of Batalha, in Estramadura. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1553. Lady Jane Grey, Lord Guildford Dudley, \nher husband, Archbishop Cranmer, and the Lords am- \nbrose and Henry Dudley, were taken from the Tower \nand arraigned for high treason,, at the Guild-hall, \xe2\x80\x9c for \nhaving levied war against the queen, and conspired to \nset up another in her room,\xe2\x80\x9d to which charge they all \npleaded guilty, and the sentence in consequence passed \nupon them was subsequently confirmed by attainder in \nparliament. \n\nLady Jane appeared before her judges in all her wonted \nloveliness; her fortitude and composure never forsook \nher; nor did the throng and bustle of the court, the \nawful appearance of the seat of judgment, or the passing \nof the solemn sentence of the law, seem to disturb her \nmind: of their native bloom her cheeks were never \nrobbed, nor did her voice seem once to faulter: on the beau\xc2\xac \nteous traitress every eye was fixed: and the grief that \nreigned throughout the whole assembly bespoke a general \ninterest in her fate : indeed. \n\nHer very judges wrung their hands for pity: \n\nTheir old hearts melted in \xe2\x80\x99em as she spoke. \n\nAnd tears ran down upon their silver beards. \n\nE\xe2\x80\x99en her enemies were moved, and for a moment \nFelt wrath suspended in their doubtful breasts, \n\nAnd questioned if the voice they heard were mortal. \n\nBayley\xe2\x80\x99s Hist, of the Tower. \n\nSee Feb. 12, 1554. , \' \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1690. Died, George Fox, the founder of Quaker- \n\n\nNOVEMBER. \n\n\n485 \n\n\nism,* * * \xc2\xa7 which has been defined to be an attempt, under \nthe Divine influence, at practical Christianity, as far as \nit can be carried ; the professors of it considering them\xc2\xac \nselves bound to regulate their opinions, words, actions, \nand even outward demeanour, by Christianity, and by \nChristianity alone. And it is certainly true, that the \nwhole society, as a body, have for a hundred and fifty \nyears maintained the high character of a very moral and \nkind people ; and many of them have been bright exam\xc2\xac \nples of the dove-like religion which they profess. \n\nGeorge Fox was born at Fenny Drayton, near Hinck\xc2\xac \nley, Leicestershire, in the year 1624. To propagate his \nsystem, he journeyed over England, Scotland, and Wales; \nwas in Ireland; visited the [British West Indies and \nAmerica; and extended his travels to Holland and part \nof Germany. In his manner of living he was temperate, \neating sparingly; avoiding, except medicinally, all strong \ndrink ; and allowing himself but little sleep. In his out\xc2\xac \nward demeanour he was modest, affable, and courteous; in \nhis disposition, meek and compassionate; kind to the \npoor, without any exception, and universiallv benevolent. \nWith respect to his word, he was known to have held it \nso sacred,f that the Judges frequently dismissed him \nwithout bail, on his bare promise that he would be forth\xc2\xac \ncoming on a given day, to take his trial for the charges \nbrought against him by his persecutors. It is thought \nprobable, that he was the first person who publicly de\xc2\xac \nclared against the iniquity of the Slave Traded and his \nfollowers have been long unanimous upon this subject. \nIn his last moments he evinced great tranquillity and hap\xc2\xac \npiness of mind; affording an instance of the truth of \nthese words of the Psalmist, \xe2\x80\x9c Behold the upright, for \nthe end of that man is peace.\xe2\x80\x9d See Penn, Index. \n\nJ3,\xc2\xa7 17/1. Solway-Moss, a very extensive morass, burst \n\n\n* Justice Bennet, of Derby, gave the society the name of \nQuakers in 1650, because Fox admonished him, and those pre\xc2\xac \nsent with him, to tremble at the word of the Lord. They are \nknown to each other by the name of Friends,\xe2\x80\x94a beautiful appel\xc2\xac \nlation, and characteristic of the relation which man, under the \nChristian dispensation, ought uniformly to bear to man- Clark\xc2\xac \nson\xe2\x80\x99s Portaiture of Quakerism; Butler\xe2\x80\x99s E,ver. on New Test. 4th \nedit. \n\nf See July 18, 1374, and October 28, 1704. \n\nI See May 1, 1807, and May 8, 1811. \n\n\xc2\xa7 This is the date in the Beaut, of Eng. and in the Gazetteer \nof Scotland; Walker\xe2\x80\x99s Gaz. says Dec. 176*9, but the Ency. Brit. \n\n\n\n486 \n\n\nNOVEMBER. \n\n\nits dark confines, and by a dreadful inundation over\xc2\xac \nspread a considerable portion of the adjacent district. \nThe eruptive deluge consisted of a black mossy tincture, \nwhich, issuing from its subterraneous abode like a cata\xc2\xac \nract of feculent thick ink, continued in streams of the \nsame appearance, intermixed with large fragments of \npeat, till it had covered an area of five hundred acres, \ndestroying in its awful passage several houses, numbers of \ncattle, and reducing twenty-eight industrious families to a \nstate of complete indigence. \n\nThe vast morass, \n\nDissolv\xe2\x80\x99d by floods, and swoln with mighty rains. \n\nPour\xe2\x80\x99d its black deluge o\xe2\x80\x99er the neighbouring plains. \n\nAh, see ! through yonder beauteous vale it spreads, \nWhelming at once a hundred fertile meads ; \n\nThen, bearing onward with resistless force. \n\nSweeps herds and houses in its dreadful course ; \n\nTill Esk\xe2\x80\x99s fair tide its loathsome billows stain. \n\nAnd roll with added fury to the main. \n\nMaurice. \n\nSolway Moss was situated near the river Esk, at the \nhead of Solway-Frith, between Dumfriesshire, in Scot\xc2\xac \nland, and Cumberland, in England. The plain that was \ncovered by the Stygian torrent has been since reclaimed, \nand again waves with the yellow harvest. This was ac\xc2\xac \ncomplished by the exertions of an illiterate Yorkshircinan, \nnamed Wilson, whose self-taught genius at once con\xc2\xac \nceived the plan, and directed its execution. The parti\xc2\xac \nculars are related by Gilpin in his Essays on Picturesque \nBeauty, from which an extract is given in the Beauties of \nEngland, Vol. III. pp. 107, &c. \n\n14, 1532. Henry VIII. was privately married to Anne \nBoleyn. See May 19, 1536. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 163*8. Catharine, daughter of John IV. of Portugal, \nand wife of Charles II. of England, was born at Villa \nViciosa, in the province of Alentejo, Portugal. See Jan. \n28, 1641, and May 21, 1662. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1785. Their late Majesties visited Hurley, or Lady- \nPlace, in Berkshire. During the reigns of Charles II. \nand his successor, some of the chief nobility held Re\xc2\xac \n\n\nstates it to have happened on Saturday, the 16th of November, \n1771 ; and this, after minute investigation, we have reason to be\xc2\xac \nlieve is the day on which it actually occurred. See Gent. Mag. \nMay, 1779. \n\n\n\nNOVEMBER. \n\n\n487 \n\n\nquent meetings in a subterraneous cavern beneath this \nhouse, for the patriotic purpose of ascertaining the mea\xc2\xac \nsures necessary to be pursued for re-establishing the \nliberties of the kingdom, which the insidious hypocrisy of \none monarch, \xe2\x80\x9cthe worst of a bad race,\xe2\x80\x9d and the more \navowed despotism of the other, had completely under\xc2\xac \nmined and destroyed. It is reported also, that the prin\xc2\xac \ncipal papers which produced the Glorious Revolution \nof 1688, were signed in the dark recess at the end of this \nvault.* These interesting circumstances occasioned the \nPrince of Orange, after he had obtained the crown, to \nvisit this ever-to-be-venerated spot; as they did likewise the \nbrave General Paoli,f in the year 1780, and our late \nmonarch as above stated. \n\n14, 1804. Expired, in his 89th year, at Cvpenham, near \nWindsor, Jacob Bryant, a very learned writer on an\xc2\xac \ncient history and mythology; whose studies were chiefly \ndirected to remove the doubts of the sceptic, and to \nsoften the heart of the infidel; to substantiate the authen\xc2\xac \nticity of the Scriptures, and to demonstrate the truth of \nthe Christian religion. Pie was a native of Plymouth. \n\n15, 1315. Was fought the ever-memorable battle of Mor- \ngarten, so glorious in the annals of Switzerland; when \n1300 Swiss heroes, full of confidence in the protection \nwhich Heaven would yield to the justice of their cause, \nand resolved to sell their lives at a dear rate, bravelv en- \ngaged 20,000 Austrian invaders, commanded by Duke \nLeopold I.,. whom they completely defeated. The heights \nof Morgarten (commanding the defile through which the \nenemy was to enter the territories from Zug) were for- \n\n\n* It must not, however, be forgotten, that many private con\xc2\xac \nsultations were held on the same interesting subject, at Whitting\xc2\xac \nton, a village in Derbyshire, in a cottage which has been ever \nsince denominated the Revolution-House. See Arith. Quest, art. \nRevolution, and Nov. 4, 1688. \n\n-f- Pascal Paoli was an heroic Corsican, who for some time \nsupported his intrepid countrymen against the pernicious gold of \nthe Genoese and the powerful arms of France; but at length the \nlatter prevailed ; and in June 1769, he abandoned his native coun\xc2\xac \ntry to its fate, embarked in an English ship for Leghorn, and soon \nafter repaired to London, where he found ample protection and \nsupport from the British ministry. He died in the metropolis, \nFeb. 5, 1807, aged 82 years; and a bust, which, it is said, strongly \nresembles him, is placed in Westminster Abbey, with a suitable \ninscription. \n\n\n\n\n488 \n\n\nNOVEMBER. \n\n\ntunately seized upon by the advice of Rodolfh Reding, \nof Schwitz, an experienced soldier, weakened indeed by \nage, but whose wisdom, patriotism, and skill, merited the \nconfidence of his countrymen; and the issue of the con\xc2\xac \ntest proved that their reliance was not misplaced. As \nthis signal victory was gained in the canton of Schwitz, \nand the natives of that district particularly signalized \nthemselves in the action, the two other cantons of the \nconfederation (Uri and Underwalden) were from that \ntime joined to it by the common name of Switzers; an \nappellation that has since been extended to all the other \ncantons and their allies, on their being received into the \nunion. See June 22, 1476, July 9, 1386, Sept. 13, 1515, \nand Excr. on the Globes, 11th edit. art. Sagitta. \n\n15, 1577- Drake sailed from Plymouth on his voyage \nround the world, but a violent gale injuring some of his \nships, they put into Falmouth, and sailed hence on Dec. \n13. See April 4, 1581, and Burney\xe2\x80\x99s Discoveries in the \nSouth Sea, Vol. I. p. 305. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1635. Died Thomas Parr, or Old Parr, a remark\xc2\xac \nable Englishman, who lived in the reigns of ten kings and \n\xe2\x99\xa6jueens * He was born in 1483, at Winnington, eight \nmiles from Shrewsbury, in Shropshire. Though he at\xc2\xac \ntained the vast age of 152 years and nine months, yet the \ntenor of his life admitted but of little variety. He was a \nhusbandman, laboured hard, partook of coarse fare, and \nenjoyed good health, till he was sent for to London by \n\n\n* Viz. Edward IV., Edward V., Richard III., Henry VII , \nHenry VIII., Edward VI., Queen Mary, Elizabeth, James I., and \nCharles I. \n\nIn St. Michael\xe2\x80\x99s churchyard, at Litchfield, an ancient tomb\xc2\xac \nstone was lately discovered, which had been buried in the earth \na great number of years. Upon it are deeply cut the following \ninscriptions:\xe2\x80\x94 \n\n\nHere \n\nlyes the Body \n\n\nof WILLIAM CLARKE \nwho was Clarke of \nthis Church 51 years, \nand buried Match 25th, \n1525, and aged 96. \n\n\nHere \n\nlyes the Body of \nWILLIAM CLARKE, Clarke \nof this Church 71 \nyears, who died \nSeptem. 26, 1562, \nand aged 86. \n\n\nThe father lived in the reigns of six different kings, viz. Henry \nVI., Edwards IV. and V., Richard III., and Hetirys VII. and VIII. \nThe son in seven reigns, viz. from Edward IV. to Mary I. \n\nMorning Chronicle , Oct. 8, 1822. \n\n\n\nNOVEMBER. \n\n\n489 \n\n\nthe Earl of Arundel. This journey proved fatal to him ; \nfor, being 1 blind and decrepit, owing to the alteration in \nhis diet, to the change of air, and to his new mode of life, \nhe lived but a short time after his arrival, and presenta\xc2\xac \ntion to the king (Charles I.). He was buried in West\xc2\xac \nminster Abbey. The simple inscription of \xe2\x80\x9cOld Parr\xe2\x80\x9d \nis on his grave. See Jenkins, Index; and Arith. Quest. \n10th edit. \n\n15, 1715. Died, of a cancer in his face, at Battersea, \nhis birth-place, Henry St. John, Viscount Bolingbroke. \nHe was secretary of state in the reign of queen Anne, \nand had the principal concern in settling the peace of \nUtrecht. At the accession of George I., he was deprived \nof his office, and his papers seized; in consequence of \nwhich he went to France, where he became secretary to \nthe Pretender. Upon this an act of attainder was passed \nagainst him. In 1723 he received the king\xe2\x80\x99s pardon, but \nwithout a reversal of the act of attainder, so that he re\xc2\xac \nmained excluded from the House of Lords. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1802. Expired, at Kendal, in Westmoreland, George \nRomney, so eminent a painter as to have been once \nconsidered the rival of Sir Joshua Reynolds ; and he was \nthe subject of the late Mr. Hayley\xe2\x80\x99s first poetical pub\xc2\xac \nlication, \xe2\x80\x9c A Poetical Epistle to an Eminent Painter.\xe2\x80\x9d \nRomney was born at Dalton, in Furness, Lancashire, \nDec. 15, 1734, and was originally bred to his father\xe2\x80\x99s \nbusiness of a cabinet-maker.* He was buried in the \nchurchyard of his native town, but has a monumental in\xc2\xac \nscription in Kendal church. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1813. Counter-Revolution in Holland occurred; \nwhen, amid the loudest acclamations of Orange Boven , \nor Up with Orange, the Dutch people dismissed their \nhateful oppressors, the French, and sent to England for \na prince of their old House to govern the nation. Wil\xc2\xac \nliam, prince of Orange, made his public entry at the \nHague on the 3rd of December. His present title is \nWilliam I., King of the Netherlands (Holland and Bel\xc2\xac \ngium). See Jan. 15, 1795. \n\n16, 1272. He nry III. expired at St. Edmundsbury, in \nSuffolk, according to Hume\xe2\x80\x94at Westminster, according \nto Rapin, in the 64th year of his age and 56th of his \nreign. Henry was of the Plantagenet line. He reigned \n\n\n* See Memoirs of him by the late Mr. Cumberland, in Europ. \nMag. Vol. XLIII. p. 417. \n\ny 3 \n\n\n\n490 \n\n\nNOVEMBER. \n\n\na longer period than any other British sovereign, except \nhis late Majesty George III. He was interred in West\xc2\xac \nminster Abbey. He was meek, humane, and pious, but \nhis capricious temper and his desire of arbitrary power \noccasioned him much trouble during his reign. \n\n16, 1589. James VI. of Scotland attended divine worship \nat Tonsberg, south of Christiana, in Norway ; a circum\xc2\xac \nstance which the inhabitants of that town thought it worth \ntheir while to record on a plate of brass, in the church \nwhere the service was performed. See May 17, 1590, \nand Aug. 20, 1589. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1745. Died, at Bath, William Broome, an English \ndivine and poet, born in Cheshire, but in what year is not \nknown. He materially assisted Mr. Pope in the transla\xc2\xac \ntion of Homer\xe2\x80\x99s Odyssey \\ having executed the 2nd, 6th, \n8th, 11th, 12th, 16th, 18th, and 23rd books, besides writ\xc2\xac \ning all the notes. He also translated some of the Odes of \nAnacreon, and published a Miscellany of Poems. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1773. Died Dr. John Haw kesworth, a writer of a \nvery soft and pleasing cast, born in 1715. He published, \nin 1752, 3, and 4, his well-known periodical Essays, under \nthe title of the \xe2\x80\x9c Adventurer,\xe2\x80\x9d in which he was occasion\xc2\xac \nally assisted by the Rev. Joseph Warton,* and others. \nHe also published an edition of Swift\xe2\x80\x99s Works, and an \nelegant translation of \xe2\x80\x9c Telemaclius.\xe2\x80\x9d The last work he \nwas employed in was, to digest the Southern Voyages, of \nCommodore Byron, and Captains Wallis, Cartaret, and \nCook. The profits of this work being resigned to him by \ngovernment, in satisfaction for his trouble, he sold the \nproperty for the extraordinary sum of 6,000/., but died in \na few months after the publication; as it is supposed, of \nchagrin at the ill reception of his narrative, for he was a \nman of the keenest sensibility. On a handsome marble \nmonument to his memory, at Bromley, in Kent, the place \nof his nativity, is an inscription, which, besides the usual \nparticulars, contains the following affecting monitory lines \ntaken from the last number of \xe2\x80\x9c The Adventurer \n\n\xe2\x80\x9c The hour is hasting, in which whatever praise or censure \nI have acquired will be remembered with equal indifference.\xe2\x80\x94 \nTime, who is impatient to date my last paper, will shortly \nmoulder the hand which is now writing it in the dust, and still \nthe breast that now throbs at the reflection. But let not this \nbe read as something that relates only to another; for a few \n\n\n* See Feburary 23, 1800. \n\n\n\nNOVEMBER. 491 \n\nyears only can divide the eye that is now reading from the \nhand that lias written.\xe2\x80\x9d \n\nWhat tho\xe2\x80\x99 we wade in health, or soar in fame, \n\nEarth\xe2\x80\x99s highest station ends in \xe2\x80\x9c here he lies;\xe2\x80\x9d \n\nAnd \xe2\x80\x9c dust to dust\xe2\x80\x9d concludes her noblest song. \n\nYoung. \n\n16,17/6. Died, in London, James Ferguson, an extra\xc2\xac \nordinary phsenomenon of the self-instructed kind, parti\xc2\xac \ncularly in the astronomical and mechanical branches of \nscience. This \xe2\x80\x9c heaven-taught\xe2\x80\x9d philosopher was born in \n1/10, near Keith, in Bamffshire, Scotland; his parents \nbeing in low circumstances, he followed the occupation \nof a shepherd for a considerable time. \n\n\xe2\x96\xa0-honour\xe2\x80\x99d Shepherd of our later days ! \n\nWhom from our flocks, while thy untutor\xe2\x80\x99d soul, \n\nMature in childhood, traced the starry course, \n\nAstronomy, enamour\xe2\x80\x99d, gently led \nThrough all the splendid labyrinths of Heaven ; \n\nAnd taught thee her stupendous laws. \n\nEudosia. \n\nAbout the year 1744 he came to London, and had the \nhonour of being elected Fellow of the Royal Society, \nwithout paying for admission (a favour scarcely ever con\xc2\xac \nferred on a native); and had a pension of 50/. per annum \ngiven him, unsolicited, by the king, at his accession, who \nhad heard lectures from him, and frequently sent for and \nconversed with him on curious topics. He was a man of \nthe clearest judgment, and the most unwearied applica\xc2\xac \ntion to study; benevolent, meek, and innocent in his \nmanners as a child; humble courteous, and communica\xc2\xac \ntive; instead of pedantry, philosophy seemed to produce \nin him only diffidence and urbanity, a love for mankind \nand for his Maker; his whole life was, indeed, an exam\xc2\xac \nple of resignation and Christian piety. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1797- Died Frederick William II., nephew of the \nGreat Frederick, whom he succeeded in 1786. In 1792 \nhe put himself at the head of the coalition of princes \nagainst France, and invaded that country, but was the \nfirst to make peace with the revolutionists. In 1793 he \nagreed with the empress Catharine to make a division of \nPoland. He was a weak and voluptuous prince, and by \nhis extravagance exhausted the treasures amassed by his \npredecessor. \n\n1/, 1307. The founders of the Helvetic Liberty met at \nGrutli, or Rutli, on the evening of this day to concert \n\n\n\n492 \n\n\nNOVEMBER. \n\n\nmeasures to carry into execution their project of eman\xc2\xac \ncipating their country from the domination of Austria. \n\n17, 1558. Died the sanguinary and tyrannical Queen Mary, \nin the 43rd year of her age, and the 6th of her reign. She \nwas the daughter of Henry VIII., by Catharine of Arra- \ngon. Possessed of a bad temper and a narrow under\xc2\xac \nstanding, she proved during her short reign a violent, \nmalignant, revengeful bigot. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1632. Expired Frederick V., elector Palatine. The \nProtestants of Bohemia had elected him their king in \n1619, but Ferdinand of Austria, to whom the kingdom \nhad been previously given, raised an army against him, \nand totally defeated him in the battle of Prague. He was \ndriven from his kingdom and from his electorate, and \ndied at Mentz, a few days after hearing of the death of \nGustavus Adolphus, at Lutzen. See January 13, 1662; \nNovember 7, 1620; and November 6, 1632. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1796. Death of the Empress of Russia. On this \nday expired, at Petersburgh, Catharine II., Empress of \nRussia, in the 68th year of her age, and 34th of her reign.* - \nThis extraordinary personage has been justly considered \nas one of the most consummate tyrants in female form \nthat ever threatened the liberties of mankind. Actuated \nby no principle of virtue, ambitious of an unlimited power, \ncrafty, and resolute in her policy, she affected to consider \nthe oppression of surrounding nations as a duty that she \nowed to her own empire; the aggrandisement of which \nwas attended with wanton tyranny and refined barbarities; \nand rivers of human blood were made to flow from that \nhorrible spirit of revenge which was ever conspicuous in \nthe councils of Catharine. Painful indeed must be the \nfeelings of the historian who details with fidelity the mas\xc2\xac \nsacres at Ismael and at Praga, for there are certain degrees \nof human depravity, creative of sensations which no tongue \ncan express and no language describe. \n\n\n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1818. Expired at Kew Palace, in the 75th year of her \n\xe2\x80\x99 age. Queen Charlotte, consort of our late venerable \n\nsovereign George III. Her Majesty was born 1744, at \nMecklenburgh Strelitz, in the north of Germany; married \nin 1761, and enjoyed a conjugal felicity of more than half \na century. She was interred in the new royal cemetery at \nWindsor. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1823. Died at Almondell, near Edinburgh, Thomas \n\n\n* See May 2, 1729. \n\n\n\n\n\nNOVEMBER. \n\n\n493 \n\n\nLord Erskine, aged 75. At the age of 14 lie be\xc2\xac \ncame a midshipman in the navy, but soon quitted the \nnaval service and entered into the army as an ensign. \nThis service he also quitted in about six years, and com\xc2\xac \nmenced the study of the law. In this profession he arrived \nat the greatest eminence, and for his unrivalled eloquence \nhas been styled the English Cicero.* He was the fearless \nadvocate of Trial by Jury and of the Liberty of the \nPress. \n\n\nAnd long as liberty the soul delights, \n\nAnd Britons cherish and maintain their rights, \n\nLong as they love their country\xe2\x80\x99s sacred cause. \n\nAnd prize the safest bulwark of their laws, \n\nSo long shall be with freedom\xe2\x80\x99s loud acclaim, \n\n\xe2\x80\x9c Trial by Jury\xe2\x80\x9d linked with Erskine\xe2\x80\x99s name. \n\nThe Bar; a Poem. \n\n18, 1518. Cortez sailed from the island of Cuba, in the \nWest Indies, to conquer Mexico. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1647- The celebrated Peter Bayle was born at the \nvillage of Carla, department of Arriege, and south of \nToulouse, in the department of Upper Garonne, France. \nHis extensive erudition and depth of thought clothed, in \na most elegantly-polished diction, excite general praise. \nHe published many works: among others, an excellent \ntreatise on toleration, in which he exclaims against the \ngross intolerance and virulent spirit of persecution in the \nChurch of Rome. But the work which would alone \nhave rendered him immortal is his \xe2\x80\x9c Historical and Criti\xc2\xac \ncal Dictionary.\xe2\x80\x9d Few writers have contributed more to \nremove ancient prejudices and enlighten mankind than \nBayle. He died at Rotterdam, in 1706. Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s Ga\xc2\xac \nzetteer. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1824. On this and several successive days an almost \nunprecedented hurricane did considerable damage on the \ncoast of England, and in various places inland. In Russia, \nthe river Neva rose to an unusual height, overflowing its \nbanks and occasioning considerable injury to the city of \nPetersburgh. \n\n19, 1600. Charles I. was born at Dumfermline, Scotland. \nSee Jan. 30, 1649, and Feb. 9, 1649. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1703. Expired, in the Bastile at Paris, after an impri\xc2\xac \nsonment of 24 years, a remarkable personage, universally \n\n\n* See Arith. Quest. No. 285. \n\n\n\n\n494 \n\n\nNOVEMBER. \n\n\nknown by the appellation of The Iron Masque (Masque \nDe Fer), or Man ivith the Iron Masque * He was so \ndenominated because it was at first believed, that the mask \nwhich he was compelled, on pain of instant death, to wear \nconstantly, was made entirely of iron. The Masque was \nmade of black velvet strengthened with whalebone, and \nfastened behind the head with a padlock. He was con\xc2\xac \nfined for imperious reasons of state, from the year 1661, \ntill the time of his death, but was always treated with the \nutmost deference and respect. The first place of his \n\xe2\x80\x9cdurance vile\xe2\x80\x9d was Pignerol, a few miles from Turin; the \nsecond was in the Isle of St. Marguerite, near the coast of \nProvence; and lastly, he was conveyed, in the year 1698, \nto the Bastile. The extraordinary circumstances of this \nunfortunate person form an historical problem which has \noccasioned much inquiry, given rise to numerous conjec\xc2\xac \ntures, and at various times excited in a particular manner \nthe curiosity of the public. The most ingenious and plau\xc2\xac \nsible reasoning appears in favour of his having been either \na twin-brother of Louis XIV., or a son of Cardinal Maza- * \nrine by Anne of Austria (the dowager queen of Louis \nXIII. and mother of Louis XIV.), to whom it is conjec\xc2\xac \ntured the cardinal was privately married. The substance \nof all that we have seen published on this mysterious sub\xc2\xac \nject is judiciously condensed under the article \xe2\x80\x9c Mask\xe2\x80\x9d \nin the Ency. Brit. In the Diary of an Invalid, published \nsince the article in the Ency. Brit, above referred to, it is \nconjectured, that Foucquet, a statesman in the time of \nLouis XIV., was the Masque De Fer; and in a recent \npublication by J. Delort, ably abridged in the New Series \nof the Monthly Review, a Count Matthioli, secretary of \nstate to Charles III., duke of Mantua, is supposed to have \nbeen the victim. Agar Ellis, Esq., has also published an \ninteresting narrative proving Matthioli to have been the \nprisoner. \n\n19, 1789. The junction was completed between the Severn \nand the Thames; a vessel having passed from the former \n\n\n* A Novel entitled the Royal Captive, founded on this story, \nwas published by Mrs. Yearsley, the celebrated Bristol Milk\xc2\xac \nwoman. This self- instructed votary of the muses died at Melk- \nsham, in Wiltshire, on the 8th of May, 1806. She possessed an \nextraordinary degree of genius, united to abilities and information \nrarely found in the obscure path of life in which she originally \nmoved ; and her poems breathe the genuine spirit of poetry. \n\n\n\nNOVEMBER. \n\n\n495 \n\n\nto the latter river, in the presence of an immense con\xc2\xac \ncourse of spectators, who came from all the circumjacent \nparts of the country on the occasion. This navigable \ncanal, which begins near Stroud and proceeds to Lechlade \nin Gloucestershire, where the union takes place, forms a \nline of communication, by means of other canals, between \nseveral of the midland counties and the metropolis, which \nis of the greatest importance to the commerce of the \ncountry. See July 14, 1766. \n\n1.9, 1817. The Princess Charlotte* was consigned to \nthe tomb\xe2\x80\x94a heart-rending, irreparable event, which called \nforth a manifestation of genuine, general, and spontane\xc2\xac \nous lamentation, unparalleled in the history of this country. \nScarcely was there an individual who did not appear in \ndeep mourning; all business was suspended; the shops \nwere shut up; public offices were closed; and in nume\xc2\xac \nrous churches, chapels, and Dissenting meeting-houses, \ndiscourses suitable to the melancholy and lamentable \noccurrence, were delivered to crowded audiences, whose \ndejected countenances strongly depicted their intense \nsorrow. \n\nThe nation shewed by its acute grief upon this occasion, \nthat it is capable of the highest and most disinterested \naffection for the family of its rulers; but it is not for the \ntrappings of royalty that they have this veneration; this \ntribute is reserved for virtue. It is well known that the \nPrincess, exclusive of her private virtues, was sincerely \nattached to the constitutional liberties of the country. \n\nThe remains of the Princess Charlotte were depo\xc2\xac \nsited in the Royal Dormitory adjoining to the east end of \nSt. George\xe2\x80\x99s Chapel, Windsor. This mausoleum contains \nalso the bodies of the Princess Amelia, (see Nov. 2, \n1810,) and of the Duchess of Brunswick, mother of \nthe late Queen Caroline, consort of his present Majesty. \nThe Duchess died in 1813. His late Majesty George III. \nand his Queen Charlotte were also interred here. See \nNov. 17, 1818, and Jan. 29, 1820. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1817- Passiflora Princeps. \xe2\x80\x9c It has rarely fallen \nto our lot,\xe2\x80\x9d say the authors of the Botanical Cabinet , \xe2\x80\x9c to \npresent our friends with a more elegant subject than this; \ninteresting also as being the first time of its flowering in \nthis country, to which it has very lately been brought from \nRio Janeiro. The plant from which we made our drawing \n\n\n* See November 6, 1817. \n\n\n\n496 \n\n\nNOVEMBER. \n\n\nwas in the highest perfection on the very day when the \nlate amiable Princess, the hope of her country, was con\xc2\xac \nsigned to the tomb. Her Royal Highness was an admirer \nof the beauties of nature; and the peaceful and happy \ncourse of life she so wisely chose, must have had a ten\xc2\xac \ndency to cherish such a taste. We feel a sort of mourn\xc2\xac \nful pleasure in paying this tribute of our unfeigned respect \nby dedicating a magnificent plant to her memory.\xe2\x80\x9d \n\nThe Passiflora Princeps is No. 84 in the Botanical \nCabinet, an ingenious work published monthly by \nMessrs. Loddiges and Sons, whose names are known and \ntheir skill acknowledged in every part of the civilized \nworld.* Their horticultural establishment at Hackney is \nenriched with a delightful assemblage of curious and scarce \nplants from the remotest regions of the globe: and with \nflowers so numerous, so diversified, and so rich, as to form \nan eternal spring, a terrestrial paradise, affording a balmy \nentertainment for the senses, cheering the soul, and in\xc2\xac \nspiring the heart with \xe2\x80\x9c vernal delight and joy.\xe2\x80\x9d See \nSept. 1, 5508 B. C. \n\nUnconscious of a less propitious clime, \n\nThere blooms exotic beauty, warm and snug, \n\nWhile the winds whistle, and the snows descend. \n\n-foreigners from many lands, \n\nThey form one social shade, as if conven\xe2\x80\x99d \nBy magic summons of th\xe2\x80\x99 Orphean lyre. \n\nThe sight is pleas\xe2\x80\x99d, \n\nThe scent regal\xe2\x80\x99d, each odorif\xe2\x80\x99rous leaf, \n\nEach op\xe2\x80\x99ning blossom, freely breathes abroad \nIts gratitude, and thanks them with its sweets. \n\nCOWPER. \n\n20, 870. St. Edmund, King of East Anglia, (comprehend\xc2\xac \ning Norfolk, Suffolk, and part of Cambridgeshire,) was \nmurdered by the Danes, who had him fastened to a tree \nand shot to death with arrows. His remains were interred \nat St. Edmund\xe2\x80\x99s-Bury, (usually called Bury,) which was \nso denominated from this circumstance. See Ewer, on the \nGlobes, 11th edit. art. Sagitta, and Arith. Quest. 10th edit, \nart. Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester. \n\n\n* Mr. Loddiges died on the 13th of March, 1826, aged 88. \nHe was a native of Germany. (See Herzberg, Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gazet\xc2\xac \nteer.) He pursued his botanical researches with unremitting \nzeal, and was affectionately and ably assisted by his sons from \ntheir childhood. He was buried in Hackney Churchyard. \n\n\n\n\n\n\nNOVEMBER. \n\n\n497 \n\n\n20, 1497. The Cape of Good Hope was doubled by Vasco \nde Gama. See July 9, 1497; Dec. 24, 1525, and Sept. \n16, 1795. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1500. Columbus arrived at Cadiz from his third voy\xc2\xac \nage to the New World. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1737- Expired, Queen Caroline,* the pious con\xc2\xac \nsort of George II., in the 55th year of her age, deeply \nregretted as a princess of uncommon sagacity, a pattern \nof conjugal virtue, and an eminent instance that \n\n\xe2\x80\x9c Mental fragrance still will last. \n\nWhen youth and youthful charms are past.\xe2\x80\x9d \n\nIt is well remarked by Pope, that one of the best post\xc2\xac \nhumous testimonies of the Queen\xe2\x80\x99s amiable character \nwas given by her domestic servants\xe2\x80\x94that of unfeigned \ntears and.it appears from a recent publication, the \nCorrespondence of the Countesses of Hartford and Pom- \nfret, who were ladies of the bedchamber to the Queen, \nthat they were much attached to their royal mistress, \nwhose death they both speak of in their letters in terms of \nsincere regret. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1759. Hawke\xe2\x80\x99s Victory. The renowned admiral \nHawke gained a complete victory over the French, in \nthe Bay of Quiberon, near Belleisle, on the western coast \nof France. This most perilous and important action \ndefeated a projected invasion of Great Britain. Sir Ed\xc2\xac \nward soon after was granted a pension, and the great merit \nhe had so long displayed in the service of his country was \nfinally rewarded by a peerage under, the title of Baron \nHawke, of Towton, in Yorkshire. He was buried at \nStoneham, near Southampton. \n\n21, 1579. Died of apoplexy. Sir Thomas Gresham, at \nhis mansion in Bishopsgate Street, and was buried in the \nchurch of Great St. Helen\xe2\x80\x99s. He bequeathed his house \nto be converted into a college on the demise of his wife, \nendowed with a revenue for the support of seven pro\xc2\xac \nfessors. This house has been levelled with the ground, \nand the Excise Office erected on the site. The building \nof the first Royal Exchange was planned and executed \n\n\n* The first edition of that admirable and useful work, Cru- \nden\xe2\x80\x99s Concordance of the Holy Scriptures, was dedicated to \nQueen Caroline, and was presented to her majesty on the 3d day \nof the month in which she died. \n\nf See Arith, Quest, art. Servants. \n\n\n\n\n498 \n\n\nNOVEMBER. \n\n\nby this munificent citizen. See Ar\'ith. Quest. 10th edit. \nNo. 3J4, and Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gazetteer, art. Holt. \n\n21, 1640. On this day, John, Duke of Braganza, was \nproclaimed King of Portugal. He recovered the inde\xc2\xac \npendence of that kingdom, which had been annexed to \nSpain by Philip II., in 1580. The present royal family \nof Portugal derives its origin from the above Duke. Bra\xc2\xac \nganza is in the province of Tralos Montes, and on the \nriver Sador. Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gazetteer , 3d edit. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1783. The Marquis d\xe2\x80\x99Arlandes and M. Pilatrk \nRosier made the first unconfined aerial voyage to Paris, \nin a machine called a Montgolfier , in honour of the in\xc2\xac \nventors, and to distinguish it from balloons filled with \ninflammable air. The two brothers, Montgolfier, who \ndiscovered the use of rarefied air in floating balloons, \nwere paper-makers at Annonay, in the department of \nArdeche. This discovery was made in 1782. See June \n14, 1785. \n\n22, The Sun enters the constellation $ , Sagittarius, the \nArcher. See Exer. on the Globes. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 Is the day on which the martyrologies mention the \nname of Philemon, a rich citizen of Colosse, in Phry\xc2\xac \ngia. He was, it is conjectured, converted to the Chris\xc2\xac \ntian faith, with Apphia his wife, by Epaphras, a disciple \nof St. Paul\xe2\x80\x99s; for this apostle himself did not preach at \nColosse. Perhaps we should have known nothing of \nPhilemon, had it not been on account of his slave One- \nsimus, who, having robbed him, and absconded to Rome, \nthere found St. Paul, to whom he was very serviceable, \nand by whom he was converted, baptized, and sent, back \nto Philemon, with a most admirable epistle.* Philemon \nhad made a church of his house, and his domestics, as \nwell as himself, were of the household of faith. His cha\xc2\xac \nrity, liberality, and compassion, were a refuge to all in \ndistress. Some say, that Paul made him Bishop of \nColosse; others insinuate, that he went to Gaza, in Pa\xc2\xac \nlestine, of which he was the apostle and first bishop. \nFrom thence, it is said, he returned to Colosse, where he \nsuffered martyrdom, with Apphia his pious consort, in \nthe time of Nero. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 St. Cecilia is honoured as a martyr. She is said to \n\n\n* Dr. Doddridge calls it a master-piece of the kind ; combining \nat once delicacy of sentiment, consummate address, and genuine \npoliteness. See Arith. Quest, art. Servants. \n\n\n\n\nNOVEMBER. \n\n\n499 \n\n\nhave excelled so eminently in music, that an angel was \nenticed from the celestial regions by the fascinating \ncharms of her melody;* and this hyperbolical tradition \nhas been deemed sufficient authority to make her the \npatroness of music and musicians. The legend of St. \nCecilia has, moreover, afforded occasions to painters and \nsculptors to exercise their genius in representations of \nher, playing on the organ, and sometimes on the harp. \nRaphael has painted her singing, with a regal (a musical \ninstrument) in her hands. Sir Joshua Reynolds\xe2\x80\x99s well- \nknown St. Cecilia at the harpsichord, is a portrait of the \nlate beautiful Mrs. Sheridan,f accompanied by her two \nsisters, the Misses Linley. The story of St. Cecilia, as \nrelated by the writers of the Romish Church, and from \nthem transcribed into the Golden Legend,;}; says, that she \nwas a Roman lady, born of noble parents about the year \n225 ; and that, being converted to Christianity, she died \na martyr to her religion, rather than continue her sacri\xc2\xac \nficial offerings to the Pagan deities in that city. Some \naffirm that she was thrown into a cauldron of boiling \nwater, and scalded to death; others assert, that she was \nstifled in a dry bath, i. e. an inclosure, from which the \nair was excluded, having a slow fire underneath it; a \nkind of death that was occasionally inflicted by the Ro\xc2\xac \nmans upon women of quality who were criminals. See \nDryden, Index. \n\n22, 1/74. Died, suddenly, Robert Lord Clive, an emi\xc2\xac \nnent East-India Governor, and a striking instance of the \ninsufficiency of wealth or external honours alone to con\xc2\xac \nfer happiness. He was born at Morton-Say, near Dray\xc2\xac \nton, in Shropshire, about seventeen miles from Shrews\xc2\xac \nbury; and while he was a colonel in the service of the \nEast-India Company, retook Calcutta from the Nabob \nSurajah Dowlah, defeated that execrable tyrant\xe2\x80\x99s im\xc2\xac \nmense army in the Plains of Plassy, and thereby laid the \nfoundation of the present extensive British empire in \nHindostan. See Arith. Quest. art. Calcutta ; and Miscell. \nQuest . in Eng \xe2\x80\xa2. Hist. \n\n\n* See Exer. on the Globes, 11th edit. art. Lyra. \n\nf This accomplished lady was remarkable for her fine musical \ntalents ; and the celebrated John Wilkes once said, that she was \n\xe2\x80\x9c the most modest, pleasing, and delicate flower he had ever \nseen.\xe2\x80\x9d She was married to the late Mr. Sheridan in 1773, and \ndied in 17112. See July 7, 1816. \n\nX A legend is a chronicle or register of the lives of the saints. \n\n\n\n\n500 \n\n\nNOVEMBER. \n\n\nPlassy Plains, in Bengal, are about thirty miles from \nMoorshedabad, and seventy from Calcutta. See Rajah- \nMahal and Muxadavad, Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gazetteer , \n\n23, The Latin martyrologies set down the festival of Cle\xc2\xac \nment, mentioned by St. Paul as having his name in the \nbook of life,* and placed by some among those saints \nwho sacrificed their lives for Jesus Christ. Some ima\xc2\xac \ngine, that he succeeded Peter as Bishop of Rome ; others \nmaintain, that he was a priest of the church of Philippi, \nand a fellow-traveller of St. Paul. His letter to the \nCorinthians, which was much esteemed by the ancients, \nand often read in the early Christian Churches, is still \nextant. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1499. Perkin Warbeck was hanged at Tyburn, after \nhaving occasioned Henry VII. considerable trouble, by \npersonating the Duke of York, who had been murdered \nin the Tower in the preceding reign. He attempted first \nto land at Deal, but was deterred by some of his men \nbeing opposed, defeated, and slain : he afterwards landed \nat Whitsand Bay. See Miscell. Quest, and Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s \nGazetteer, Beaulieu, Deal, and Whitsand Bay. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1804. Expired, in a green old age,f Richard Graves, \nfifty-two years Rector of Claverton, near Bath, born in \n1715, at Mickleton, in the north-east part of Gloucester\xc2\xac \nshire. He was the author of several books ; and a few \nmonths before his death, when nearly ninety years of \nage, he published \xe2\x80\x9c The Invalid, with the obvious Means \nof enjoying Life, by a Nonagenarian.\xe2\x80\x9d Mr. Graves was \nthe intimate friend of the poet Shenstone, and wrote the \nverses inscribed on his tomb. See Feb. 11, 1763. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1805. Died John Olding, banker, in Freeman\xe2\x80\x99s \nCourt, Cornhill, London. His character, though shaded \nby his habits of retirement, and in itself not marked by \nthose qualities which lead to general fame and distinction, \nwas yet pre-eminent in the circle of his connexions for \nevery thing which renders a man estimable in his family \nand in society. In the one, he was the centre of domestic \norder, affection, and happiness; in the other, his memory \nwill be long cherished with high respect and pleasure by \nthe few who enjoyed his friendship, and with a grateful \n\n\n* See Philipp, iv. 3. \n\nf He look\xe2\x80\x99d in years, yet in years were seen \nA youthful vigour, and autumnal green. \n\nDrvden\xe2\x80\x99s Virgil. \n\n\n\n\nNOVEMBER. \n\n\n501 \n\n\nrecollection by the many who partook of his bounty: for \nmany were the persons whom his care delivered from \nwant; many were the hearts which were freed from pain, \nand the faces which were cleared from sorrow, by his \nliberality. Jn business he was punctual, frank, consci\xc2\xac \nentious, and rigidly honest; in a word, his entire conduct \nbeing formed upon the model of the Gospel, was con\xc2\xac \nsistent and exemplary. He possessed considerable \npowers ot conversation, and eminently excelled in the \nart of giving to it a profitable direction, without wounding \nthe feelings or awakening the prejudices of those who \nwere not prepared for such a bias. We deem such a \ncharacter as this peculiarly worthy of being exhibited to \nsurvivors; because it is not, like many others which are \nheld up to the admiration of mankind, too far removed \nfrom the common sphere to admit of imitation. Mr. \nOlding was the son of the Rev. John Olding, of Deptford. \nSee October 7, 1/83. \n\n24, 15/2. Expired, at Edinburgh, aged 67, John Knox, \nthe famous Scotch Reformer. The earl of Morton, who \nwas present at his funeral, pronounced his eulogium in \na few words, the more honourable for Knox, as they \ncame from one whom he had often censured with pecu\xc2\xac \nliar severity: \xe2\x80\x9c Here lies he who never feared the face \nof man.\xe2\x80\x9d He was born at GifFard, near Haddington. \n(See Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gazetteer .) A monument to his memory \nhas been erected in the Merchant\xe2\x80\x99s Park, Glasgow, and \nis spoken of as a great ornament to that city. Literary \nGazette , Feb. 25,1826. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1639. Transit of Venus. The first transit of Venus \nover the sun\xe2\x80\x99s disk ever observed, was seen by Jere\xc2\xac \nmiah Horrox, at Hool, an obscure village fifteen miles \nnorth of Liverpool; and at the same time, according \nto his directions, by his friend William Crabtree, at \nManchester. Horrox died in 1641, in the 23d year of \nhis age. \n\nHim to the earth scarce shewn, inclement Fate \n\nWithdrew, as meriting a higher sphere. \n\nEodosia. \n\nHe wrote an account of his observations, which was pub\xc2\xac \nlished several years after his death, under the title of \nVenus in Sole visa , or Venus seen in the Sun, by Heve- \nlius, an astronomer of Dantzic; and his other writings, \nby Flamsteed, in the Philosophical Transactions, 1675. \n\n\n502 NOVEMBER. \n\nSee Eccer. on the Globes, 11th edit. p. 361, and June 3, \n1769. \n\n24, 1694. Expired, at Lambeth Palace, near London, in \nthe 65th year of his age, Dr. John Tillotson, Arch\xc2\xac \nbishop of Canterbury, born at Sowerby, in the West \nRiding of Yorkshire, where his father was a clothier. As \na preacher, he was extremely popular: and his sermon \ndelivered at St. Paul\xe2\x80\x99s in 1663, and published the ensuing \nyear, \xe2\x80\x9c On the Wisdom of being Religious,\xe2\x80\x9d is judged to \nbe one of the most elegant, perspicuous, and convincing \ndefences of religion, in either the English or any other \nlanguage. During the reigns of Charles II. and James \nII., he directed all his efforts against Atheism and Popery. \nKing William, by whom he was greatly beloved, and who \ndeclared him to be the best man he ever knew, and the \ndearest friend he ever had, promoted him to the see of \nCanterbury, which he held with a brilliant reputation, \nthough continually assailed by Nonjurors* and Catholics \nuntil his death. His works have been often printed, and \nare still much read, notwithstanding the vast change in \nthe public opinion respecting their eloquence.f This \ndistinguished prelate was buried in the church of St. Law\xc2\xac \nrence Jewry, near Guildhall. His funeral sermon was \npreached by the celebrated Dr. Gilbert Burnet. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1751. Died, in London, George Graham, who was \nnot only the most eminent clock and watch maker, but \nthe best mechanic of his time; and whose wonderful \nmanual dexterity enabled him to construct \xe2\x80\x99astronomical \ninstruments with greater precision and accuracy than any \nof his contemporaries. He was born at Gratwick, in \nCumberland, and was many years a member of the Royal \nSociety. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1759. Happened one of the most violent eruptions of \nMount Vesuvius ever known. It took place suddenly, \nwithout any of the usual preceding symptoms. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1790. Expired Dr. Robert Henry, minister of one \nof the churches in Edinburgh, and author of \xe2\x80\x9cThe His\xc2\xac \ntory of Great Britain, on a new Plan.\xe2\x80\x9d He was a native \nof St. Ninian\xe2\x80\x99s, a town in Stirlingshire, Scotland. \n\n\n* Non-jurors were persons who, conceiving James II. to have \nbeen unjustly deposed, refused to swear allegiance to those who \nsucceeded that bigoted tyrant. \n\nt See Arith. Quest. 10th edit. art. Tillotson. \n\n\n\nNOVEMBER. \n\n\n503 \n\n\n25, 1542.* The Scotch army, under the command of \nOliver Sinclair, received a shameful defeat from a \nsmall number of English, in the vicinity of Solway-Moss.f \nSinclair was the minion and favourite of James V; and \nbeing proclaimed general on the field, the appointment \ngave so much offence to the Scottish nobility, that they \npreferred an immediate surrender to a handful of enemies, \nrather than fight in the cause of a monarch who had \ntreated them with such contempt. The whole Scotch \narmy was either taken or dispersed; a disastrous event \nwhich, it is said, brought the king to his grave. See \nBourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gazetteer, 3d edit. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1/48. Died, in his 75th year. Dr. Isaac Watts, a \nlearned and most eminent Dissenting minister, born at \nSouthampton. It may be questioned whether any author \nbefore him ever appeared with equal reputation on such a \nvariety of subjects, both in prose and verse, as he did. \nAs a philosopher, as a logician, and as a divine, his works \nare in the highest esteem; and as a poet, he displays in \nhis \xe2\x80\x9cLyrics\xe2\x80\x9d a skilful ear and active fancy, a mind well \nstored with knowledge, and a heart full of piety and good\xc2\xac \nness. His \xe2\x80\x9c Version of David\xe2\x80\x99s Psalms,\xe2\x80\x9d adapted to the \nlanguage of the New Testament, is too well known to \nrequire comment. \n\nIn his natural temper, Dr. Watts was quick of resent\xc2\xac \nment ; but, by his established and habitual practice, he \nwas gentle, modest, and inoffensive. His tenderness ap\xc2\xac \npeared in his attention to children and to the poor. To \nthe poor, while he lived in the family of his friend. Sir \nT. Abney, he allowed the third part of his annual reve\xc2\xac \nnue ; though the whole was not a hundred pounds a-vear: \nand for children, he condescended to lay aside the \nscholar, the philosopher, and the wit, to write little poems \nof devotion, and systems of instruction, adapted to their \nwants and capacities, from the dawn of reason through its \ngradations of advance in the morning of life. In his \ntheological works, the meekness of his opposition, and \nthe mildness of his censures, were admired by Dr. John\xc2\xac \nson, who concludes his sketch of his life, by observing, \nthat few men have left behind such purity of character, \nor such monuments of laborious piety : and, that he is one \n\n\n* Rapin. Some writers state this event to have taken place \nNovember 23, 1540 ; others, on the same day in 1543. \n\nt See November 13, 1771. \n\n\n\n504 \n\n\nNOVEMBER. \n\n\nof the few with whom youth and ignorance may be safely \npleased; and happy, he adds, will be that reader whose \nmind is disposed by his verses or his prose to copy his \nbenevolence to man, and his reverence to God.\xe2\x80\x94Dr. \nWatts died in Church Street, Stoke Newington, at the \nhouse of his worthy friend Sir Thomas Abney, with whom \nhe had resided upwards of thirty years. He was interred \nin Bunhill Fields, which, from the number of eminent \nNonconformist divines whose remains it contains, may be \ncalled the Westminster Abbey of Dissenting Ministers. \n\n25, 1774. Died, aged 70 years, Henry Baker, F. R.S., \nauthor of \xe2\x80\x9cThe Microscope made easy,\xe2\x80\x9d \xe2\x80\x9cThe Uni\xc2\xac \nverse,\xe2\x80\x9d and many other admired poems. He married the \nyoungest daughter of Daniel De Foe. See Sept. 1, 1651. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1785. Died Richard Glover, an eminent English \nmerchant, an able and steady patriot, and a celebrated \npoet. He wrote an epic poem of considerable merit, \nentitled \xe2\x80\x9c Leonidas ,\xe2\x80\x9d detailing the gallant actions of that \ngreat general, his heroic defence of, and fall at, the pass \nof Thermopylee. The whole history of mankind, says \nDr. Southey, furnishes no other subject so animating or \nso ennobling.* He wrote also \xe2\x80\x9cBoadicea,\xe2\x80\x9d and \xe2\x80\x9cMe\xc2\xac \ndea,\xe2\x80\x9d tragedies. Mr. Glover was born in 1711. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1795. Stanislaus, King of Poland, resigned his crown \nat Grodno, and his kingdom was partitioned between \nAustria, Russia, and Prussia. See Feb. 11, 1798. \n\n26, 1120. Prince William, son of Henry I., was ship\xc2\xac \nwrecked near Barfleur. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1504. Isabella, Queen of Castile, the munificent \npatroness of Columbus, died at Medina del Campo, in \nLeon, Spain. On her marriage with Ferdinand V., King \nof Arragon, they took the title of king and queen of \nSpain. The title of Catholic was bestowed upon them by \nInnocent VIII., and confirmed to their successors by \nAlexander VI. This title was conferred upon them on \naccount of their zeal for the Catholic religion and their \nestablishment of the Inquisition in Spain. Ferdinand \ndied in 1516. See Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gazetteer , art. Spain, note. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1703. Began what is usually called \xe2\x80\x9cThe Great \nStorm,\xe2\x80\x9d being the most terrible tempest that ever hap\xc2\xac \npened in England. The loss sustained in London alone \nwas calculated at a million sterling. The number of those \ndrowned in the floods of the Severn and Thames, and of \n\n\n* Specimens of Later English Poets, in 3 vols. \n\n\n\nNOVEMBER. 505 \n\nthose who were lost on the coast of Holland, and in ships \nblown from their anchors and never heard of afterwards, \nis thought within compass to have been 8,000. Trees \nwere torn up by the roots. A person affirmed, that he \ncounted 1 7,000 of this description in Kent. Eddystone- \nlighthouse was destroyed,* and in it the ingenious con\xc2\xac \ntriver of it, Winstanley, and the people who were with \nhim. Bishop Kidder and his lady were killed at Wells, \nin Somersetshire. Multitudes of cattle were also lost: \nin one level, 15,000 sheep were drowned. In short, this \nwas one of the most violent tempests recorded in history \nsince the general deluge, f \n\nTo preserve in the minds of serious people, and to \nawaken in the breasts of the inconsiderate, a proper sense \nof the hand of God, as it was displayed in this most tre\xc2\xac \nmendous storm, a Mr. Tayler instituted a yearly reli\xc2\xac \ngious service at the meeting-house in Little Wild Street, \nLincoln\xe2\x80\x99s-Inn-Fields, where a sermon is still preached on \nthe 2/tli of November, to commemorate the direful \nevent. \n\n27, 1788. Expired, at Watfield, or Watchfield, near Bury, \nin Suffolk, the Rev. Thomas Harmer, a Dissenting \nMinister, distinguished for his great attainments in Orien\xc2\xac \ntal literature, and for his skill in the study of antiquities. \nHis most valuable performance was \xe2\x80\x9cObservations on \ndivers Passages of Scripture, 5 \xe2\x80\x99 in 4 vols. 8vo. This highly \nentertaining and useful work treats professedly on a sub\xc2\xac \nject of the first importance, which had before been \ntouched upon only incidentally; and which, by shewing \nat large the conformity between the ancient and modern \ncustoms in the East, has not only thrown considerable \nlight upon many obscure passages in the Bible, but has \nopened new and fruitful sources of information for the \nuse of future expositors, J by proving how well the Scrip- \n\n\n* See October 9, 1759 ; and Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gazetteer , art. Eddy- \nstone. \n\nf An ample relation of its direful effects by sea and land is \ngiven in the City Remembrancer, Vol. II. pp. 43\xe2\x80\x94187. \n\n% In mentioning Mr. Harmer, say the editors of Calmet\xe2\x80\x99s Dic\xc2\xac \ntionary of the Bible,\xc2\xa7 we embrace the opportunity of paying a \ntribute of respect to that gentleman\xe2\x80\x99s memory ; he has done much \ntoward turning the attention of the public into a right channel; \n\n\nk See October 25, 1757. \nZ \n\n\n\n\n506 \n\n\nNOVEMBER. \n\n\ntures might be illustrated by the accounts of travellers. \nIt would, however, be doing\' great injustice to Mr. Har- \nmer, to confine our attention to the fruits of his learning \nalone. As the whole purpose of his studies was to eluci\xc2\xac \ndate the Sacred Volume, so it was his constant endeavour \nto practise those duties which are therein enjoined upon \nthe true Christian. He was a man of unaffected piety: \nequally kind as a master, parent, and husband; meek and \nmodest in his deportment; and invariably averse from \nevery degree of intemperance and excess. All these vir\xc2\xac \ntues, which he so pre-eminently possessed, were still \nheightened by the character of a peace-maker, insomuch \nthat the usual language of every injured person in his \nneighbourhood was, \xe2\x80\x9c / will apply to Mr. Hartner.\xe2\x80\x9d \n\nPeace to the mem\xe2\x80\x99ry of a man of worth, \n\nA man of letters, and of manners too\xe2\x80\x94 \n\nOf manners sweet as virtue always wears. \n\nWhen gay good-nature dresses her in smiles. \n\nCowper.* * \n\n\nwe desire to be understood as very, very sensible of his merits, \nand under obligations to him. \n\n* The great object of Christianity is, to diffuse among men \nlove and harmony. Such a conduct will render us truly useful \non earth, and form the best preparation for the happiness of \neternity. The excellent Gilbert West, a steady Churchman,\xe2\x80\x99!\' \nobserves, in a letter to Dr. Doddridge, that the appellation of \npeace-maker is infinitely more honourable than that of pastor, \narchbishop, bishop, patriarch, cardinal, or pope, and attended \nwith a recompense infinitely surpassing the richest revenues of \nthe highest ecclesiastical dignities. \n\nDr. Cotton Mather established a society of peace-makers at \nBoston, whose professed business it was to compose differences \nand prevent law-suits. See February 13, 1728, and December \n25, 1676. \n\nThe above laudable institution was, no doubt, founded in imi\xc2\xac \ntation of that excellent, pacific body of Moralists, called Friends, \nor Quakers, who, ever since the time of their founder, George \nFox, have settled their differences by the interposition of persons \nbelonging to their own society, without an appeal to the law. \nSee November 13, 1690, and Clarkson\xe2\x80\x99s Portraiture of Qua\xc2\xac \nkerism. \n\nIt is said of Ferrari, the celebrated historiographer of Milan, \nin Italy, that he was so remarkable for the sweetness, serenity, \nand affability of his temper, and had so happy a way of concili- \n\n\n+ See March 26, 1756. \n\n\n\n\nNOVEMBER. \n\n\n507 \n\n\n28. The Latins honour Sosthenes as a disciple of St. Paul; \nthe Greeks keep his feast December 8, and call him an \napostle, as being, they say, one of the Seventy. They \nalso make him the first bishop of Colophon.* He was \nthe chief of the synagogue at Corinth when the Jews \ncarried Paul before the tribunal of Gallio, the proconsul,f \nand, according to some, is the same Sosthenes whose \nname is read with that of St. Paul, 1 Cor. i. 1, written \nfrom Ephesus, A. D. 56, three years after this scuffle at \nCorinth. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1530. Expired, in Leicester Abbey, \xe2\x80\x9c broken by the \nstorms of statef that \xe2\x80\x9cgreat child of honour,\xe2\x80\x9d Cardinal \nWolsey, prime minister to Henry VIII. His distin\xc2\xac \nguished abilities, aided by fortunate circumstances, raised \nhim from an obscure situation to the highest offices in \nChurch and State; and he had for a long time the dis\xc2\xac \nposal of the most lucrative situations, both political and \necclesiastical. \n\nTo him the church, the realm, their pow\xe2\x80\x99rs consign ; \n\nThrough him the rays of regal bounty shine. \n\nDr. Johnson. \n\n\nating persons who were exasperated against each other, that he \nacquired the title of \xe2\x80\x9cThe Reconciler, or Pacificator;\xe2\x80\x9d a glorious \nepithet, which had been long before applied to Atticus, a Roman \nknight .X Mr. Kyrle, the Man of Ross, has been eulogized by \nTwickenham\xe2\x80\x99s Bard for possessing the same conciliating dispo\xc2\xac \nsition. \n\nWas there a variance ? Enter but his door, \n\nBalk\xe2\x80\x99d were the courts, aud contest was no more. \n\nPope. \n\n* Colophon was a town of Ionia, in Asia Minor, near Ephesus, \nat a small distance from the sea, and was one of the seven cities \nwhich disputed for the honour of having given birth to Homer. \nSee Arith. Quest, art. Homer, Printing, and Troy. The Colo\xc2\xac \nphonians were remarkable for their poetical fame.. \n\nIonia has been always celebrated for the salubrity of the cli\xc2\xac \nmate, the fruitfulness of the soil, and the genius of its inhabitants. \nOf this number were Homer, Mimnermus, Nicander, and Xeno- \nphanes. See Lempriere\xe2\x80\x99s Diet.; also Exer. on the Globes, art. \nMiletus, p. 1, for several others. \n\nf See Acts xviii. 17. \n\n\nt See Bunyan, Index; and Exer . on the Globes, lltH edition, art." \nAtticus ; also Arith. Quest, art. Man of Ross. \n\nz 2 \n\n\n\n\n\n508 \n\n\nNOVEMBER. \n\n\n\xe2\x80\x9c He touched the highest point of greatness but liis \npuerile and extravagant ambition to be Pope ;* his in\xc2\xac \nsufferable pride; \xe2\x80\x9c the world of wealth which he had \ndrawn together for his own ends;\xe2\x80\x9d his political delay of \nHenry\xe2\x80\x99s divorce; and the wiles of his enemies, occasioned \nhis disgrace; he was stripped of all his employments, \nbanished from the royal presence, and apprehended for \nhigh treason. Having \xe2\x80\x9cat last, with easy roads, come to \nLeicester,\xe2\x80\x9d on his way from York to London, death \n-saved him from farther humiliation, and he \xe2\x80\x9c slept in \n\xe2\x96\xa0peace\xe2\x80\x9d In his last agony he regretted that he had not \nserved God as diligently as he had served the king, sub\xc2\xac \njoining, that \xe2\x80\x98\xe2\x80\x98He would not have forsaken him in his \ngrey hairs.\xe2\x80\x9d \n\nWith age, with cares, with maladies oppress\xe2\x80\x99d, \n\nHe seeks the refuge of monastic rest: \n\nGrief aids disease, remember\xe2\x80\x99d folly stings. \n\nAnd his last sighs reproach the faith of kings.*f* \n\nWolsey, with all his faults, was a magnificent character. \nThe revenues derived from his places are said to have \nequalled those of the sovereign; and he expended them in \na manner not less magnificent; \xe2\x80\x9cfor in bestowing he was \nmost princely\xe2\x80\x9d His suite consisted of 800 persons, in\xc2\xac \ncluding in it several gentlemen, and even persons of noble \nblood. He built the palace of Hampton Court, and York \nPlace, afterwards called Whitehall. He was not only a \nscholar himself, \xe2\x80\x9c a ripe and good one,\xe2\x80\x9d but he was the \nmunificent patron of learning; \n\n-witness for him \n\nThose twins of learning that he rais\xe2\x80\x99d in you, \n\nIpswich and Oxford. J \n\n\n* Love and meekness \n\nBecome a Churchman better than ambition. \n\nShakspeare\xe2\x80\x99s Aphorisms. \n\nf Somewhat similar to this w r as the indignant remark of \nStrafford, Earl of Wentworth, when informed of his impending \ndoom : \xe2\x80\x9c He started up,\xe2\x80\x9d says Hume* \xe2\x80\x9cand exclaimed, in the \nwords of Scripture, Put not your trust in princes, nor in the sons \nof men ; for in them there is no salvation.\xe2\x80\x9d See May 12, 1641. \n\nt Cardinal Wolsey founded a college at his native place, Ips\xc2\xac \nwich, which, however, \xe2\x80\x9c fell with himand that splendid col\xc2\xac \nlegiate establishment Christ Church at Oxford owes its origin to \nthis celebrated minister. \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nNOVEMBER. \n\n\n509 \n\n\n28, 1813. The Rev. Samuel Palmer died at Hackney, \nin the 73d year of his age, and the 51st of the exercise \nof his ministry in that populous and respectable village. \nHaving himself been a cordial lover of good men of every \ndenomination,\xe2\x80\x94an affectionate friend, and a beneficent \nneighbour,\xe2\x80\x94his death was consequently attended by the \ngenuine regret of a great number of Christian churches, \nthe unfeigned tears of a numerous circle of friends, and \nthe respectful remembrance of an extensive neighbour\xc2\xac \nhood. He was distinguished through life by a clear un\xc2\xac \nderstanding, a solid judgment, and a sound, discriminating \ntalent. Hence his treatment of sacred subjects was re\xc2\xac \nmarkably perspicuous; his discourses being ever charac\xc2\xac \nterized by a vein of instructive, serious, scriptural good \nsense. They were, indeed, the addresses of a wise and \npious pastor, seriously conversing with his surrounding \nfiock, and reasoning teeth them out of the Scriptures. His \ntheological sentiments were distant from all extremes; \naccording, for the most part, with those of the excellent \nDr. Doddridge, whose character and memory he highly \nrevered. Benevolence, sincerity, and diligence, were \nmoreover prominent features in Mr. Palmer\xe2\x80\x99s character. \nHis heart was always disposed to commiserate, and his \nhand was ever ready to relieve the distresses of the indi\xc2\xac \ngent. His integrity was not less conspicuous than his \nbenevolence: being an Israelite indeed , in whom was no \nguile. His numerous publications,* in addition to his \nministerial labours, fully demonstrate his industry. Nor \nwere his exertions confined to his study, his pen, or his \npulpit; he was chosen, in several instances, as a trustee \nto institutions of general importance; as a distributor of \npublic charities, and as the almoner of the bounty of \nothers. He was also the father of the Sunday-Schoolsf \nestablished in Hackney, and the zealous friend of others \n\n\n* Mr. Palmer was a Master in Dissenting Israel. His \xe2\x80\x9c Pro\xc2\xac \ntestant Dissenters\xe2\x80\x99 Catechism\xe2\x80\x9d is a valuable little work, calcu\xc2\xac \nlated to ground young persons in the principles of Dissent; it \nforms a good precursor to the Rev. Micaiah Towgood\xe2\x80\x99s able \nproduction entitled, \xe2\x80\x9cA Dissent from the Church of England \nfully justified.\xe2\x80\x9d Mr. Palmer also edited an edition of Calamy\xe2\x80\x99s \nNonconformists\xe2\x80\x99 Memorial. A volume of Mr. Palmer\xe2\x80\x99s Sermons \nwas published after his death. All his works have one leading \ncharacter\xe2\x80\x94a tendency to usefulness. \n\nf See Raikes, Index. \n\n\n\n510 \n\n\nNOVEMBER. \n\n\nof a similar tendency. Mr. Palmer was a native of Bed\xc2\xac \nford, and was interred at Hackney, in the burying-ground \nadjacent to his meeting-house, and formed out of his own \ngarden. See the Rev. T. N. Toller\xe2\x80\x99s Funeral Sermon \nfor Mr. Palmer; and the Oration delivered at his inter\xc2\xac \nment, by his highly respected successor, the Rev. Henry \nFoster Burder, M. A. \n\n29, 1330. Mortimer, Earl of March, was hanged on a \ngibbet at the Elms, in the neighbourhood of London. \nHe had a criminal intercourse with Isabella, the consort of \nEdward II., an infamous woman, who first deserted, next \ninvaded, then dethroned, and lastly caused that unfortu\xc2\xac \nnate monarch to be inhumanly murdered in Berkeley \nCastle, Gloucestershire: * a complicated scene of guilt, \nin which Mortimer had been a principal actor. Edward \nIII., in the 18th year of his age, had this insolent minion \nseized in Nottingham Castle, (into which the king\xe2\x80\x99s asso\xc2\xac \nciates were admitted by a subterraneous passage,) and \nconducted to London, where he was immediately con\xc2\xac \ndemned to death by the Parliament. The Queen Dowager \nwas confined for the remainder of her life, which was \ntwenty-eight years, to her own house at Castle Rising, \nnear Lynn, in Norfolk. See Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gazetteer , 3d \nedit.. Mis. Quest, in Eng. Hist., and Nov. 13, 1312. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1489. Was born Margaret, the eldest daughter of \nHenry VII. She was married, in 1502, to James IV. of \nScotland, who received from Henry, as her dowry, 30,000 \nnobles.f James VI., the great grandson of this marriage, \nunited the British crowns one hundred years after, al\xc2\xac \nthough Henry VIII., Margaret\xe2\x80\x99s brother, by his will ex\xc2\xac \ncluded her descendants from the succession to the throne \nof England. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1628. Was born, at Black Notley, near Braintree, in \nEssex, the Rev. John Ray, whose father pursued the \nhumble occupation of a blacksmith but perceiving that \nhis son possessed genius, he sent him to school at Brain\xc2\xac \ntree, and thence to Cambridge, where he became distin\xc2\xac \nguished for his great skill in natural history, and particu\xc2\xac \nlarly in botany; which grew into a favourite study, and \nwas pursued with particular avidity, from his example. \n\n\n* See Arith. Quest. \n\nf A noble is equal to 6s. 8 d. Butler\xe2\x80\x99s Arith. Tables, p. 5. \n\nI See July 28, 1540, and Arith. Quest. 10th edit. art. Demos\xc2\xac \nthenes. \n\n\n\nNOVEMBER. \n\n\n511 \n\n\nHe died at his native place in 1706, in his 78th year, and \nwas buried in the churchyard, where a monument was \nerected to his memory, at the expense of Henry Comp\xc2\xac \nton, Bishop of London.* The following lines are ex\xc2\xac \ntracted from his epitaph: \n\nA high descent lent nothing to his fame ; \n\nVirtue, not birth, distinguish\xe2\x80\x99d his great name. \n\nOf every Science, ev\xe2\x80\x99ry part he kuevv ; \n\nRead in all arts, divine and human too ; \n\nLike Solomon, and Solomon alone \nWe as a greater king of knowledge own. \n\nOur modern sage dark nature\xe2\x80\x99s secrets read, \n\nFrom the tall cedar to the hyssop\xe2\x80\x99s bed;f \nFrom the unwieldiest beast of laud or deep, \n\nTo the least insect that has power to creep. \n\nMr. Ray was the author of many esteemed works ; the \nmost popular is, \xe2\x80\x9c The Wisdom of God manifested in \nthe Works of the Creation.\xe2\x80\x9d \n\n29, 1780. Died, at Vienna, the celebrated empress of Ger\xc2\xac \nmany, and Queen of Hungary and Bohemia, Maria \nTheresa. She was born in 1717, married Francis of \nLorraine, Duke of Tuscany, in 1736, and ascended the \nthrone on the death of her father, Charles VI., in 1740. \nOn her elevation she was assailed by the king of Prussia \nand the elector of Bavaria, but after many hard-fought \nbattles, and with the assistance of England, she triumphed \nover her enemies. In the coalition which began in 1756, \nPrussia was assisted by Great Britain. She was the great\xc2\xac \nest princess and the most amiable woman of her time, and \npaid a particular regard to the rules of justice even in \npolitics, if her participation in the first infamous partition \nof Poland be excepted. Her affection for her husband \nwas manifested by her conduct after his death, and her \ncare of her children was the theme of universal panegyric. \n(See Inspruc and Vienna, Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gazetteer.\') The \nempress was interred in the imperial vault of the Con\xc2\xac \nvent of the Capuchins at Vienna, where her father, \nCharles VI., her husband, Francis I., and the emperors \nLeopold I., Joseph I., and Leopold II., are also interred. \nReichard\xe2\x80\x99s Itinerary of Germany. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1798. Was a day of thanksgiving for Lord Nelson\xe2\x80\x99s \nvictory of the Nile. (See August 1, 1798.) The tablet \nof the sculptor, the marble of the statuary, may , and the \n\n\n* See July 7, 1713. \n\n\nf See 1 Kings iv. 33. \n\n\n\n\n512 \n\n\nNOVEMBER. \n\n\npen of the historian certainly will, record the general \nresult of Admiral Nelson\xe2\x80\x99s victory, a victory which filled \nevery British bosom with exultation ; but the simplicity, \nthe unadorned eloquence, the candour and piety of the \ngallant hero, may be forgotten. It is, therefore, gratify\xc2\xac \ning to know, that three of the most ingenious men in \ntheir respective arts, that ever existed in this or any other \ncountry, united their talents, not only to commemorate \nthe splendid achievement, but to perpetuate those par\xc2\xac \nticular parts of the Admiral\xe2\x80\x99s official dispatch which have \nbeen so generally and so justly admired.\xe2\x80\x94\xe2\x80\x9c My Lord,\xe2\x80\x94 \nAlmighty God has blessed his Majesty\xe2\x80\x99s arms by a great \nvictory,\xe2\x80\x9d &c.* * * \xc2\xa7 The beautiful composition alluded to, is \na fine piece of Ornamental Penmanship, by Tom- \nKiNsf engraved by Ashby, J in his best manner; in the \ndisposing of which is introduced a beautiful Design and \nEngraving by Bartolozzi\xc2\xa7 \xe2\x80\x94 History recording the Glo\xc2\xac \nrious Achievement. The whole forming a combination \nof excellence; an honour to the arts, and a just tribute \n\n\n* As every instance even of evanescent piety in this great man \nis peculiarly interesting, we extract with heart-felt pleasure a \ncommunication for which the editor of \xe2\x80\x9c The British Flag Tri\xc2\xac \numphant\xe2\x80\x9d says he is indebted to the condescension of the pre\xc2\xac \nsent Earl Nelson. It is an entry in the Hero\xe2\x80\x99s diary, Oct. 21, \n1805 :\xe2\x80\x94that memorable day I \n\n\xe2\x80\x9c At the day-light saw the enemy\xe2\x80\x99s combined fleet from E. to \nE. S. E.\xe2\x80\x94bore away\xe2\x80\x94made the signal for order of sailing, and \nto prepare for battle,\xe2\x80\x94the enemy with their heads to the south\xc2\xac \nward\xe2\x80\x94at seven the enemy wearing in succession. \n\n\xe2\x80\x9c May the great God whom I worship grant to my country, \nand for the benefit of Europe in general, a great and glorious vic\xc2\xac \ntory 1\xe2\x80\x94and may no misconduct in any one tarnish it I\xe2\x80\x94and may \nhumanity after victory be the predominant feature in the charac\xc2\xac \nter of the British Fleet 1 For myself, individually, I commit my \nlife to him who made me, and may his blessing light upon my \nendeavours for serving my king and country faithfully ! To him \nI resign myself, and the just cause which is intrusted to me to- \ndefend. Amen, Amen, Amen I\xe2\x80\x9d* \n\nt See Sept. 5, 1816. X See Aug. 31, 1818.. \n\n\xc2\xa7 See Bartolozzi, Index. \n\n\n* The word Amen is often made use of in the Scriptures. In He\xc2\xac \nbrew it means true, faithful, certain. Employed in devotion, at the \nend of a prayer, it implies, so be it ; at the termination of a creed, so \nit is. It has been generally used, both in the Jewish and Christian \nchurches, at the conclusion of prayer. \n\n\n\n\n\n\nNOVEMBER. 513 \n\nto the martial genius of the British nation. See Nelson, \nIndex. \n\n30,. The Greek and Latin martyrologies celebrate the fes\xc2\xac \ntival of St. Andrew, who was a native of Bethsaida, \nPeter\xe2\x80\x99s brother,* and an apostle of Jesus Christ. He \nwas once a disciple of John the Baptist, whom he left to \nfollow our Saviour, f being the first that was received \ninto his society: Andrew introduced his brother Simon, \nand they accompanied Jesus to the marriage at Cana, \nand afterwards returned to their usual occupation, not \nexpecting, perhaps, to be further employed in his service : \nbut some months after, Jesus, meeting them while fishing \ntogether, called them to a regular attendance on his own \nperson. J The acts of his martyrdom inform us that he \nsuffered martyrdom at Patras, in Achaia, where he was \ncrucified and interred, but his body was afterwards re\xc2\xac \nmoved to Constantinople; or, as some imagine, to Scot\xc2\xac \nland, by Regulus, a pious Grecian monk, in the year 368. \nSt. Andrew\xe2\x80\x99s, in Fifeshire, is said to have obtained its \nname from this circumstance, and the Scotch chose him \nfor their tutelar saint. See March 17, 493, and April 23. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1292. Baliol was crowned at Scone. He was com\xc2\xac \npetitor for the crown of Scotland with Robert Bruce, \ngrandfather of the famous king of that name, and was \npreferred by Edward I. of England, who had been chosen \narbitrator to settle the disputed succession on the death \nof Alexander III. (See March 19, 1285, and Kinghorn, \nBourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gazetteer.\') Baliol did not hold the sceptre \nlong; for, remonstrating against the power assumed by \nEdward over Scotland, he was summoned to his tribunal \nas a vassal, and being provoked at this, he entered into \na treaty with France ; and upon his troops being defeated \nat Dunbar, in 1296, by Earl Warenne, he surrendered \nhimself into the hands of Edward, who confined him in \nthe Tower of London, from which he was released by the \nintercession of the Pope. He retired to France, and \ndied in that country, 1314. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1654. Expired, in London, John Selden, born at \nSalvington, a village near Worthing, in Sussex, in 1584. \nHe was a man of most extensive knowledge and prodi\xc2\xac \ngious erudition, being usually styled \xe2\x80\x9c The great dictator \nof learning to the English nationGrotius calls him \n\n\n* See May 1, and June 29, 66. f See John i. 40. \n\nX. See Matt. iv. 19. \n\nz 3 \n\n\n\n\n\n514 \n\n\nNOVEMBER. \n\n\n\xe2\x80\x9c The glory of England and Baxter says, that he was a \nresolved serious Christian. (See Aug. 7> 1799.) Seldeti \nwas interred with great solemnity in the Temple Church, \nLondon, and on this occasion the learned Usher pro\xc2\xac \nnounced a funeral discourse. The nature of his sub\xc2\xac \njects, (being those of the early history of Britain, of the \norigin and progress of English Law, of Titles of Honour, \n&c. &c. &c.) and a harsh and difficult style, have thrown \nhis works out of the ordinary course of reading, though \nthey are acknowledged by competent judges deserving of \nthe highest commendation. \n\nWho studies ancient laws and rites, \n\nTongues, arts, and arms and history, \n\nMust drudge, like Selden, days and nights, \n\nAnd in the endless labour die. \n\nDr. R. Bentley. \n\n30, 1667. Was born that celebrated wit and powerful po\xc2\xac \nlitical writer, Dr. Jonathan Swift, Dean of St. Patrick\xe2\x80\x99s, \nin Dublin, where his influence was for many years almost \nboundless. The place of his birth was a small house, \nnow called No. 7>Hoey\xe2\x80\x99s Court, Dublin. In 1809 it was \noccupied by Mrs. Jackson, a dealer in earthenware. He \nwas the posthumous son of Jonathan Swift, and being \nbred up as an object of charity, he early adopted the cus\xc2\xac \ntom of observing his birth-day as a term, not of joy, but \nof sorrow, and of reading, when it recurred, the striking \npassage of scripture, in which Job laments and execrates \nthe day upon which it was said in his father\xe2\x80\x99s house, that \na man child was born. His works are of a miscellaneous \nkind. They consist of manly, political discussions, good \nsermons, able letters, ingenious romances, excellent \npoems, and indelicate^Vw# d\xe2\x80\x99esprits. In verse he is the \ngreat master of familiar poetry. The diction of Swift, \nsays Dr. Aikin, is the most complete example of collo\xc2\xac \nquial ease that verse affords.\xe2\x80\x94His household was under \nthe management of Miss Johnson, a person whose ex\xc2\xac \ntraordinary history is interwoven with that of his own life, \nand whom he celebrates under the name of Stella, a \nwoman whom he privately married, but whom lie never \ntreated as a wife, and whose death he is supposed to have \nhastened.* After her death the austerity of his temper \n\n\n* Auother accomplished female, Miss Hester Vanhomrigh, \nknown by the poetical name of Vanessa, with whom Swift be\xc2\xac \ncame acquainted in London, in 1712, upon heariug of his mar- \n\n\n\nNOVEMBER. \n\n\n515 \n\n\nincreased, and frequent returns of periodical illness un\xc2\xac \ndermined his health and faculties, and he become utterly \nincapable of conversation. In this deplorable situation \nhe lingered till 1745, when he died, leaving the bulk of \nhis fortune, amounting to i\xc2\xa3l 1,000, to erect and endow \nan hospital for idiots and lunatics. (See June 16, 1722.) \nSwift had, with man*- faults, some virtues: of this num\xc2\xac \nber was his charity and his filial piety. He always treated \nhis mother with great duty and affection. How much the \ncharacter of his \xe2\x80\x9c Poems to Stella\xe2\x80\x9d is superior to the \nfrivolous gallantry of amatory verse in general, is testified \nby these lines, and at the same time shew that the actions \nof a writer are not always in accordance with his sen\xc2\xac \ntiments. \n\nSay, Stella, feel you no content \nReflecting on a life well spent ? \n\nYour skilful hand employ\xe2\x80\x99d to save \nDespairing wretches from the grave, \n\nAnd then supporting with your store \nThose whom you dragg\xe2\x80\x99d from death before ? \n\nYour generous boldness to defend \nAn innocent and absent friend ; \n\nThat courage which can make you just \nTo merit humbled in the dust; \n\nThe detestation you express \nFor vice in all its glittering dress ; \n\nThat patience under tort\xe2\x80\x99ring pain \nWhere stubborn Stoics would complain ? \n\n30, 1700. Battle of Narva. At Narva, a town near \nthe Gulf of Finland, in Russia, Peter the Great was \ntotally defeated by Charles XII. of Sweden, though \nthe army of the former is said to have contained 100,000 \nmen, and that of the latter only 20,000. (See July 8, \n1709.) In 1704, Peter took Narva by storm, and trans\xc2\xac \nported the inhabitants to Astracan, near the north part of \nthe Caspian Sea. \n\n\nriage with Stella, never recovered the shock, but died fourteen \nmonths afterwards. Thus loving and beloved by two of the \nmost beautiful and interesting women of the time, he was doomed \nto form a happy union with neither, and saw them sink succes\xc2\xac \nsively to the grave, under the consciousness that their mortal \ndisease had its source in disappointed hopes and ill-requited \naffection. \n\nSir W. Scott\xe2\x80\x99s Mis. Works. \n\n\n\n\n\n\n( 516 ) \n\n\nDECEMBER. \n\n\n--Winter, ruler of th\xe2\x80\x99 inverted year, \n\nThy scatter\xe2\x80\x99d hair, with sleet like ashes fill\xe2\x80\x99d, \n\n. Thy breath congeal\xe2\x80\x99d upon fhy lips, thy cheeks \nFring\xe2\x80\x99d with a beard, made white with other snows \nThan those of age, thy forehead wrapt in clouds, \n\nA leafless branch thy sceptre, and thy throne \nA sliding car, indebted to uo wheels, \n\nBut urg\xe2\x80\x99d by storms along thy slipp\xe2\x80\x99ry way. \n\nCowper. \n\nDecember is the last month in the year, but named \nDecember , or the tenth month, from decern * \xe2\x80\x9c ten be\xc2\xac \ncause the Romans, as we have had occasion to observe \nbefore, began their year in March, in the time of Romulus. \nThe month of December was under the protection of Vesta, f \nRomulus assigned it 30 days, Numa reduced it to 29, which \nJulius Caesar increased to 31. \n\n\n* Hence decempeda, a ten-feet rod, an instrument used by the \nancients in measuring; and Decemviri, ten magistrates of abso\xc2\xac \nlute authority among the Romans. \n\nf Vesta, the daughter of Saturn and Rhea, was worshipped by \nthe Romans as the patroness of the vestal virgins and the goddess \nof fire. /Eneas introduced her mysteries into Italy, and Numa \nbuilt her a temple into which uo males were permitted to go, \nand in which a fire was continually kept lighted by a certain num\xc2\xac \nber of virgins, who had dedicated themselves to the goddess. She \nwas represented in a long flowing robe, with a veil on her head, \nholding in one hand a lamp, or two-eared vessel, and in the \nother a javelin, or sometimes a miniature Palladium, \xe2\x80\x94a cele\xc2\xac \nbrated statue of Pallas ,X concerning which the opinions of ancient \nauthors are utterly discordant: some assert that it fell from hea\xc2\xac \nven near the tent of Ilus, as he was building the citadel of Ilium ; \nand it is universally agreed, that on its preservation depended \nthe safety of Troy ;\xc2\xa7 which the oracle of Apollo declared should \nnever be taken so long as this palladium was found within its \nwalls.|| This fatality being made known to the Greeks, they con- \n\n\nt See Exer.on the Globes, 11th edit., and March 28, 1802. \n\nS See Arith. Quest. 10th edit. \n\ny See Exer. on the Globes , 11th edit. art. Apollo and Oracle. \n\n\n\n\nDECEMBER. \n\n\n517 \n\n\nUnder the reign of Commodus, this month was called, \nby way of flattery, Amazonius, in honour of a courtesan \nwhom that prince passionately loved, and had got painted \nlike an Amazon;* but it only kept the name during\xe2\x80\x99that \nemperor\xe2\x80\x99s life. At the latter end of this month the Ro\xc2\xac \nmans had the juveniles ludi, or youthf ul sports; and the \ncountry people kept the feast of the goddess Vacunaf in \n\n\ntrived to steal it away during the Trojan war; though some \nmaintain, that it was only a statue of similar size and shape that \nwas thus sacrilegiously obtained ; the real palladium being con\xc2\xac \nveyed safely from Troy to Italy by .Tineas, and preserved by the \nRomans with the greatest secrecy and veneration, in the temple \nof Vesta ,X and esteemed the safeguard of Rome. The term pal\xc2\xac \nladium, therefore, continues to denote either a real or supposed \ndefence or support. The Navy of England, for instance, is styled \nthe palladium of its liberty, and the Bank the palladium of its \ncommerce. Junius calls the liberty of the press the palladium of \nliberty. Protogenes, the celebrated painter, has been termed the \npalladium of Rhodes. \n\nAnd Rhodes, rejoicing in her rescu\xe2\x80\x99d towers, \n\nBeheld her best palladium in his powers. \n\nShee\xe2\x80\x99s Elements of Art. \n\n(See Geog. Ever, on the New Test., and Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gazetteer, \nart. Rhodes.) \n\nThe famous chair in which the kings of Scotland were crowned \nat Scone, in Perthshire, was called the national palladium ; a \nCaledonian Apollo having oraeulously invested it with a protec\xc2\xac \ntive power. This popular belief, how ridiculous soever, induced \nour Edward I., in the year 1297, to carry it off, greatly to the \nmortification of the credulous Scots, whom he had previously de\xc2\xac \nfeated in several battles. This celebrated Scotch guardian, on \nits arrival in London, was carefully deposited in Westminster \nAbbey, and is one of the two chairs used at the coronation of out- \nkings ; the other was made for the amiable Queen Mary II. See \nDec. 28, 1694. \n\n* See Exer. on the Globes, art. Caput Medusae. \n\nf Vacuna presided over repose and leisure, as the word ( ya- \ncure) indicates. At these annual periods of leisure and convivial \nenjoyment, mirth and hilarity, if the participators realized the \nRoman poet\xe2\x80\x99s description, appeared on every countenance: \n\nIn genial winter, swains enjoy their store ; \n\nForget their hardships, and recruit for more ; \n\n\nt See March 29, 1807, and June 9; also Exer. on the Globes, 11th \nedit. art. Vesta. \n\n\n\n\n518 \n\n\nDECEMBER. \n\n\nthe fields, having then, gathered in their fruits and sown \ntheir corn; whence seems to be derived our popular fes\xc2\xac \ntival, called harvest-home. In our climate December is, \nhowever, one of the most unpleasant months in the whole \nyear. \n\nNo mark of vegetable life is seen, \n\nNo bird to bird repeats his tuneful call, \n\nSave the dark leaves of some rude evergreen, \n\nSave the lone red-breast ou the moss-grown wall. \n\nScott. \n\nShakspeare thus notices the gloominess of this month : \n\nWhat should we speak of \nWhen we are old as you ? when w r e shall hear \nThe rain and wind beat dark December ? \n\nThe gloom of out-door scenes is, however, compensated \nby the exhilarating ray of fire-side enjoyments. The Dii \nPenates (the household gods) are now objects, of increased \nlove and veneration; and the tender charities of social \nlife derive from their concentration round the domestic \nhearth new vigour and interest. Thus, though the sun \n\xe2\x80\x9c shortens his journey between noon and night \xe2\x80\x9d we find the \nwinter evenings \n\n-kindly still \n\nCompensating his loss with added hours \nOf social converse and instructive ease. \n\nAnd gath\xe2\x80\x99ring, at short notice, in one group, \n\nThe family dispers\xe2\x80\x99d, and fixing thought, \n\nNot less dispers\xe2\x80\x99d by day-light and its cares. \n\nFire-side enjoyments, home-born happiness. \n\nAnd all the comforts that the lowly roof \nOf undisturb\xe2\x80\x99d retirement, and the hours \nOf long, uninterrupted ev\xe2\x80\x99uing, knows. \n\nCowper. \n\nThe ancient rites of hospitality, still observed at this sea\xc2\xac \nson, also occur opportunely to brighten the setting hours of \nthe expiring year, and to gild the rising daw T n of the new \none with joyful hope. \n\nAnd after him came next the chill December ; \n\nYet he, through merry feasting that he made \nAnd great bonfires, did not the cold remember. \n\nHis Saviour\xe2\x80\x99s birth so much his mind did glad. \n\nSpenser. \n\n\nThe farmer to full bowls invites his friends, \n\nAnd what he got with pains, with pleasure spends. \n\nDry den\xe2\x80\x99s Virgil. \n\n\n\n\nDECEMBER. \n\nREMARKABLE EVENTS. \n\n\n519 \n\n\n1, 1135. Henry I. expired at St. Dennis le Forinent, \nnear Rouen,* in France, from eating- too plentifully of \nlampreys; a food which, it is said, always agreed better \nwith his palate than his constitution. He died in the 67th \nyear of his age, and the 35th of his reign, leaving, by \nwill, his daughter Matilda heir to his dominions; but \nStephen, the third son of Stephen Earl of Blois, by \nAdela, the fourth daughter of William the Conqueror, \ntaking advantage of Maud\xe2\x80\x99s absence, ascended the throne, \nby the assistance of his brother Henry, bishop of Win\xc2\xac \nchester, which occasioned a civil war. Henry was \nburied at Reading, in Berks. Henry was wise and valiant, \nand ranks among the most accomplished princes that \nhave filled the English throne; but his unjust and inhu\xc2\xac \nman treatment of his brother, and his exorbitant and \nfrequent taxation of his subjects, have sullied his reign. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1521. Leo X., an artful pope, but a great patron of \nliterature, died suddenly at Magliana, near the Tiber, \nItaly. It was the general opinion at that time, and has \nbeen confirmed by the suffrages of succeeding histori\xc2\xac \nans, that his death was occasioned by the excess of his \njoy on hearing of the success of his arms over the French; \nbut some have supposed that the pontiff was poisoned. \nSee Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gazetteer. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1640. Portugal, of which Philip II. of Spain had \nmade himself master in 1580, became an independent \nkingdom by a revolution, which placed John Duke of \nBraganza on the throne. See Jan. 28, 1641, May 21, 1662, \nNov. 14, 1638, and Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gazetteer , art. Lisbon and \nBraganza. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1692. Was born, at Wantage, Berks, Isaac Kimber, \na learned Protestant Dissenting Minister, esteemed for \npurity of style and impartiality in his literary publica\xc2\xac \ntions. Among others works, he was the compiler of an \n\xe2\x80\x9c History of England.\xe2\x80\x9d He died in 1755. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1822. Pedro, son of John VI., king of Portugal, who \ndied in 1826, was crowned emperor of Brazil. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1825. Alexander, emperor of Russia, died at Tagan\xc2\xac \nrog, at the mouth of the Mims, which falls into the sea \nof Asoph. He had reigned nearly 24 years and was 48 \nyears old. (See March 23, 1801.) The efforts of Alex- \n\n\n* See August 31, 1422, and September 9, 1087. \n\n\n\n520 \n\n\nDECEMBER. \n\n\nander to improve Russia were ceaseless and most exten\xc2\xac \nsive, and he has the highest claims to the gratitude of her \nnatives. In his politics he was artful and wavering ; at one \ntime being the most determined enemy of Napoleon, at \nanother his greatest admirer and warmest friend, and \nfinally the chief instrument in driving him from France. \n(See Tilset, Erfurth, and Paris, Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gazetteer.\') \nAlexander was succeeded by his brother Nicholas, his \nelder brother, Constantine, having resigned in his favour. \n\n2, 1554. Died, at a village near Seville, in the South of \nSpain, Ferdinand Cortez, a Spanish general, famous \nfor the conquest of Mexico, but infamous for the cruel\xc2\xac \nties he eommited upon the vanquished, without regard \nto rank, age, or sex. He was born in 1491, at Medelin, \nin Estramadura. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 179b. Mungo Park departed from Pisania, about \n200 miles from the mouth of the Gambia, in the western \npart of Africa, to explore the interior part of that coun\xc2\xac \ntry, which he accomplished to the extent of eleven hun\xc2\xac \ndred miles in the space of eighteen months. This in\xc2\xac \ntrepid and intelligent traveller is supposed to have perished \nin a journey of discovery in the same quarter of the \nglobe. See June 9, 1/88, and Arith. Quest. 10th edit, \nart. Butter, vegetable. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1804. In the cathedral church of Notre Dame, at \nParis, Napoleon Bonaparte was anointed and crown\xc2\xac \ned Emperor of the French, by Pope Pius VII.; at the \nsame time, Madame Bonaparte was inaugurated empress, \nand both were formally enthroned. See Mav 8, and \n24, 1814. \n\n*\xe2\x80\x94 1805. Was fought the battle of Austerlitz, between \nthe French and Austro-Russian armies. Three emperors \nwere present at this engagement, viz. Alexander of \nRussia, Francis II. of Austria and Germany, and Napo\xc2\xac \nleon of France. This conflict, which was as sanguinary \nas any in the annals of civilized nations, terminated in \nfavour of the French, and dissolved the confederacy of \nthe princes who had united to check the ambition of \nBonaparte. \n\nAusterlitz is a village somewhat East of Brin, in Mo\xc2\xac \nravia: long. 17 deg. E., lat.49 deg. N. See Germany, in \nGuthrie\xe2\x80\x99s fol. Atlas. \n\n3, 1809. Intelligence was brought to London, that \nZante, Ithaca, and Cerigo, adjacent to Turkey in Europe, \nhad submitted to the British forces. These, with a few \nother small islands, are now styled The Ionian Isles ; \n\n\nDECEMBER. \n\n\n521 \n\n\nand, by the peace of 1815, are placed under our protec\xc2\xac \ntion. They form an independent state, with the benefits \nof a constitutional charter; and the executive government \nis vested in his Britannic Majesty, who is represented \nby a lord high commissioner. The population amounts \nto about 200,000 persons, who carry on a very consider\xc2\xac \nable commerce. See Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gazetteer , art. Seven \nIslands; and Arith. Quest, art. Currants. \n\n3, 1823. Belzoni, a traveller, celebrated for his investi\xc2\xac \ngations and discoveries relative to the antiquities of Egypt, \ndied at Gato on his way to Housa and Timbuctoo from \nBenin. He was a native of Padua. In 1820 he published \na y Narrative of the Operations and recent Discoveries \nwithin the Pyramids, Temples, Tombs, &e., &c., in \nEgypt and Nubia.\xe2\x80\x9d \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1827- Expired John Flaxman, Esq., professor of \nsculpture at the Royal Academy. He was an excellent \nscholar, and executed many designs from the ancient \nclassic authors, and contributed several articles to Dr. \nRees\xe2\x80\x99s Cyclopaedia. His wife was a lady of distinguished \nliterary attainments, and he is said to have derived much \nassistance in the composition of many of his works, from \nher classical taste and knowledge. This famous sculptor \nwas born at York, in 1/55, and was interred at Pancras. \n\n4, 1214. William of Scotland, surnamed the Lion, \ndied at Stirling. He was a prince of more energy than \njudgment; in the field he was active and courageous; \nin adminstering justice, steady and severe. His confe\xc2\xac \nderacy with prince Henry against his father was impolitic \nand immoral, and his inconsiderate valour at the siege \nof Alnwick brought misfortunes on himself and disgrace \nupon his people. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1642. Expired Cardinal Richelieu, prime minister \nto Louis XIII. He was a man of great capacity and \nboundless ambition. His ministry forms an sera in the \nFrench government; that in which the power of the \ngreat lords was humbled, the Protestant party reduced to \nsubmission, and every other authority laid at the feet of \nthe crown. Cardinal Richelieu prepared the way for the \npower and grandeur of Louis XIV. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1745. The Young Pretender, grandson of James \nII., entered Derby, which was the nearest approach that \ninfatuated youth made to London. See April 16, 1746, \nFeb. 4, 1716, and Derby, Index. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 17.92. Died, in London, Sir William Fordyce, an \neminent physician, and a very benevolent man, born at \n\n\n522 \n\n\nDECEMBER. \n\n\nAberdeen.* The Rev. James Fordyce, D. D., brother \nto Sir William, was born at the same place, in 1720. \nHe preached first at Brechin, in Angusshire, afterwards \nat Aloa, near Stirling; and finally accepted of an invita\xc2\xac \ntion from a Society of Protestant Dissenters, who had \ntheir place of worship in Monkwell Street, London. \nHere he preached for many years, with great powers of \neloquence and fervour of piety, to an audience always \ncrowded and often overflowing; his fame as a pulpit- \norator being unrivalled by any of his contemporaries. \nHis theological sentiments were in no extreme, but \nliberal, rational, and manly. He died at Bath, in 1796, \nleaving behind him some excellent moral and religious \npublications, particularly \xe2\x80\x9c Sermons to Young Women,\xe2\x80\x9d \nand \xe2\x80\x9c Addresses to Young Men.\xe2\x80\x9d \n\nDavid Fordyce, a learned and elegant writer, bro\xc2\xac \nther of the preceding, was shipwrecked off the coast of \nHolland, in 1751, \n\n5, 1560. Died, of an abscess in his ear, in his 18th year, \nand the 2nd of his reign, Francis II., the French king, \nwho had lately married Mary, Queen of Scots.f Francis \nwas succeeded by his younger brother, Charles IX., \nCatharine d\xe2\x80\x99Medici, his mother, taking upon her the \nadministration during his minority. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1788. Admiral Greig was interred at Revel, a large, \nrich, and strong town of the Russian empire, 133 miles \nW. by S. of Petersburgh. This brave naval commander \nwas a native of Inverkeithing, in Fifeshire, Scotland, \nand had the command of the Russian fleet which, on the \n6th of July, 1770, destroyed that of the Turks near \nChesme, or Tscheshme, a seaport of Natolia, and adjacent \nto the island of Scio, in the Archipelago. At the con\xc2\xac \nclusion of the war between the Russians and the Turks, \nin 1774, the Empress advanced him to the rank of Vice- \nAdmiral, and appointed him commandant of Cronstadt, \na famous town and fortress near Petersburgh, and the \nstation of the Russian Fleet. Nor did the distinction \n\n\n* George Jamison, the Painter, usually called the Vandyke of \nScotland, was born at Aberdeen, and died at Edinburgh, in 1644. \nAndrew Baxter, a celebrated writer on metaphysics and natural \nphilosophy, who died in 1750, was a native of this city ; as was \nalso Dr. George Fordyce, an eminent physician and medical \nwriter, who died in London, in 1802. See Nov, 1, 1770. \n\nf See April 24, 1558. \n\n\n\nDECEMBER. \n\n\n523 \n\n\nand honour paid to him end with his life. His funeral \nwas, by the express orders of the Empress, celebrated \nwith great pomp, being attended by those appropriate \nnaval and military honours which the martial nations of \nEurope have assigned as the last tribute to the memory \nof the brave. \n\n5, 1795. John Bewick expired, of a consumption, at \nhis native place, Ovingham, on the banks of the Tyne, a \nfew miles west of Newcastle. He was eminent for his \nsingular skill in engraving on wood. The last efforts \nof this ingenious artist were the embellishments for a \nbeautiful edition of Somerville\xe2\x80\x99s poem of the Chase; the \nsubjects of which, being entirely composed of landscape \nscenery and animals, are adapted above all others to \ndisplay the beauties of wood engraving. Mr. Thomas \nBewick, brother to the preceding, and an artist of equal \nmerit, is still living. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1808. Died, at his house in Spital Square, London, \nDr. William Hawes, an English physician, who has \nimmortalized his name by establishing with Dr. Cogan the \nRoyal Humane Society for the recovery of persons appa\xc2\xac \nrently dead by drowning, suffocation, or strangulation. \nDr. H awes was a truly amiable and benevolent man; \nand his name will be recorded among the benefactors of \nhis country, for the establishment of an institution which \nhas been a source of renewed happiness to thousands \nwho might otherwise have sunk into wretchedness, arising \nfrom the untimely loss of their dearest relations. He \nwas born at Islington in 173b, and buried there. A \ntablet is affixed in Islington church to his memory. See \nIslington, Index; also Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gazetteer , Islington, \nRowell, and Walthamstow. \n\n6, Is the festival of St. Nicolas, who was a native of Patara, \nthe capital of Lysia, in Asia Minor, and by his exemplary \nconduct obtained the patronage of Constantine the Great. \nThe relics of this saint are said to have been preserved at \nTolentino, 30 miles S. S. W. of Ancona, Italy. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1421. Henry .VI. was born at Windsor, and his birth\xc2\xac \nday being the anniversary of St. Nicolas, occasioned that \nmonarch to dedicate King\xe2\x80\x99s College, Cambridge, to this \nsaint and the Virgin Mary. See Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gazetteer , art. \nPatara. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1670. Was interred in Bolton churchyard, a few miles \neast of York, Henry Jenkins, a person of obscure birth, \nbut of life truly memorable, for he was enriched with the \ngoods of nature, if not of fortune; and happy in the dura- \n\n\n524 \n\n\nDECEMBER. \n\n\nt-ion, if not in the variety, of his enjoyments : and though \nthe partial world might have despised and disregarded his \nlow and humble state, the equal eye of Providence beheld \nand blessed it with a patriarch\xe2\x80\x99s health and length of days! \nto teach mistaken man, that these blessings are entailed on \ntemperance , a life of labour , and a mind at ease.* * * \xc2\xa7 The \nadvantages of sober conduct and industry are well exhi\xc2\xac \nbited in the following lines : \n\nOh happy ! and, in my account, denied \nThat sensibility of pain with which \nRefinement is endued, thrice happy thou. \n\nThy frame, vobust and hardy, feels indeed \nThe piercing cold, but feels it unimpair\xe2\x80\x99d ; \n\nThe learned finger never need explore \nThy vig\xe2\x80\x99rous pulse : and the unhealthful East, \n\nThat breathes the spleen, and searches ev\xe2\x80\x99ry bone \nOf the infirm, is wholesome air to thee. \n\nCome hither, ye that press your beds of down \nAnd sleep uot;+ see him sweating o\xe2\x80\x99er his bread \nBefore he eats it.\xe2\x80\x94Tis the primal curse,J \nBut soften\xe2\x80\x99d into mercy ; made the pledge \nOf cheerful days, and nights without a groan. \n\nCOWPER. \n\nJenkins lived to the amazing age of one hundred and \n\n\n* The celebrated Dr. Fothergill\xc2\xa7 observes, that \xe2\x80\x9c the due \nregulation of the passions, perhaps contributes more to health \nand longevity than any of the other non-naturalsand it has \nbeen often remarked, that the cheerful and contented generally \nenjoy better health, and live longer, than persons of irritable and \nfretful dispositions; whatever, therefore, tends to promote good \nhumour and innocent hilarity, must have a beneficial influence \nin these respects. The Chinese erect triumphal or honorary \narches to the memory of those who have lived a century, think\xc2\xac \ning, that, without a sober and virtuous life, it is impossible to \nattain so great an age. \n\nSilver hairs \n\nWill purchase us a good opinion, \n\nAnd buy men\xe2\x80\x99s voices to commend our deeds. \n\nShakspeare\xe2\x80\x99s Aphorisms. \n\nf-Weariness \xe2\x80\xa2 \n\nCan snore upon the flint, when resty sloth \nFinds the down pillow hard. \n\nShakspeare. \n\n+ See Cen iii. 19. \n\n\n\xc2\xa7 See Index. \n\n\n\n\n\nDECEMBER. 525 \n\nsixty-nine. He was originally a fisherman, but in the \nlatter part of his life a peasant. See Nov. 15, 1635. \n\n6, 1688. Fallen Majesty. Mr. Pennant, in describing \nLambeth church, takes occasion to mention an instance \nof fallen majesty in the person of Mary d\xe2\x80\x99Este, the un\xc2\xac \nhappy queen of James II., who, fleeing with her infant \nprince from the ruin impending over their house, crossed \nthe Thames from the abdicated Whitehall, and took shel\xc2\xac \nter beneath the walls of this ancient edifice a whole hour \nfrom the rain, the night being very inclement. Here she \nwaited with aggravated misery, till a common coach, pro\xc2\xac \ncured from the next inn, arrived, and conveyed her to \nGravesend; whence, bidding an eternal adieu to these \nkingdoms, she sailed to France. See Jan. 21, and Oct. \n16, 17^3, and James II., Index. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1776. Rhode Island, an island of North America, in \nthe state of the same name, was taken from the Ameri\xc2\xac \ncans by the British forces. This island is a noted resort \nof invalids from the southern climate, being extremely \npleasant and healthful. It is also celebrated for fine \nwomen; and travellers call it, with propriety, \xe2\x80\x9cThe Eden \nof America.\xe2\x80\x9d \n\n7, 43 B. C. Was basely assassinated, near his Formian \nVilla, adjacent to Cajeta in Latium,* Italy, the ever-famous \norator, statesman, and philosopher, Marcus Tullius \nCicero. He declaimed in his youth so openly against \nSylla\xe2\x80\x99s father, that it became necessary for him to retire \ninto Greece, where he heard the Athenian orators and \nphilosophers, and greatly improved both in eloquence \nand knowledge. He then came back to Rome, was made \nquaestor,f and subsequently aedile,+ when he prosecuted \n\n\n* See Wilkinson\xe2\x80\x99s or Smith\xe2\x80\x99s Atlas Classica. Some, how\xc2\xac \never, place it in Campania. It received its name from Cajeta, the \nnurse of /Eneas, who was buried there : \n\nAnd thou, O matron of immortal fame! \n\nHere dying, to the shore hast left thy name: \n\nCajeta still the place is call\xe2\x80\x99d from thee, \n\nThe nurse of great /Eneas\xe2\x80\x99 infancy. \n\nDryden\xe2\x80\x99s Virgil. \n\nf Quaestor, in Roman antiquity, was an officer who had the ma\xc2\xac \nnagement of the public treasure. The quaestorsldp was the first \noffice any one could bear in the commonwealth, and gave a right \nto sit in the senate. At first there were only two; but afterwards \nthe number was greatly increased. \n\nJ /Edile was a magistrate whose chief business was to superin- \n\n\n\n\n526 \n\n\nDECEMBER. \n\n\nVerres for his cruel extortions in his province. He was \nafterwards made consul,* * * * \xc2\xa7 and discovered and defeated \nCatiline\xe2\x80\x99s conspiracy: yet Clodius and his abettors ba\xc2\xac \nnished him, till he was recalled by Pompey, to whom he \nafterwards adhered in the civil wars. Antony, after the \ntriumviratef was formed, had him massacred, in revenge \nfor his philippics; ^ and the murderer was Popilius, a man \nfor whom Cicero had formerly pleaded, and who actually \ncut off the head and hands of his defender.\xc2\xa7 The works \nof Cicero will ever remain the standard of sound philo\xc2\xac \nsophy and true eloquence. See Jan. 3, 107 B. C., and \nAug. 5. \n\n7, 1683. Algernon Sydney, or Sidney, a celebrated \nlover of his country, and an eminent political writer, was \nbeheaded on Tower-Hill. \n\n\xe2\x80\x9c The boldest son of public weal, \n\nSee Sidney leaning o\xe2\x80\x99er the block ! His mien, \n\nHis voice, his hand, unshaken, clear, serene.|| \nUnconquer\xe2\x80\x99d patriot! form\xe2\x80\x99d by ancient lore \nThe love of ancient freedom to restore ; \n\nWho nobly acted what he boldly wrote, \n\nAnd seal\xe2\x80\x99d by death the lessons that he taught.\xe2\x80\x9d \n\nHe ascended the scaffold with a firm, undaunted mien, \nworthy of the man who set up Marcus Brutus for his \nmodel. He gave a paper, containing a manly vindication \nof his innocence, to the sheriffs; observing, that \xe2\x80\x9c he had \nmade his peace with God, and had nothing more to say \n\n\ntend buildings of all kinds, but more especially public ones; to \nwhom also belonged the care of the highways, public places, \nweights and measures, &c., &c. \n\n* Consul was the chief magistrate of the Roman commonwealth, \ninvested with regal authority for the space of one year. They were \ntwo in number, and chosen annually: the first were elected in \nthe year of Rome 244, after the expulsion of the Tarquins. The \nbadge of their office was the prcetexta, a robe fringed with purple, \nafterwards exchanged for the toga picta or palmata. See Arith. \nQuest. 10th edit. art. Lucretius, Wine (Palm), Cloth Measure, \nCiucinnatus, and Horse. See Dictator, Index. \n\n+ See Arith. Quest. 10th edit. \n\ni Philippics are invective declamations; so called from the \nbitter invectives which Demosthenes emitted against Philip of \nMacedon. See Arith. Quest, art. Demosthenes and Battle (Ch\xc2\xbb- \nronea). \n\n\xc2\xa7 See June 24, St. John\xe2\x80\x99s Day. \n\n\n|| See Oct. 29, 1618. \n\n\n\nDECEMBER. \n\n\n527 \n\n\nto men.\xe2\x80\x9d He then pulled off his hat, coat, and doublet, \nsaying, \xe2\x80\x9c he was ready to die, and would give them no \nfurther trouble.\xe2\x80\x9d He gave three guineas to the execu\xc2\xac \ntioner ; and perceiving the fellow murmur, as if the sum \nwas inadequate, desired a servant to give him a guinea or \ntwo more.* He then kneeled down, and after a solemn \npause of a few moments, calmly laid his head upon the \nblock. Being asked by the executioner if he should rise \nagain, he replied intrepidly, \xe2\x80\x98\xe2\x80\x98 Not till the general resur\xc2\xac \nrection\xe2\x80\x94strike on.\xe2\x80\x9d The executioner obeyed the man\xc2\xac \ndate, and severed his head from his body at a blow. \nMead ley\xe2\x80\x99s Mem. of Algernon Sydney. \n\nThis invincible patriot was condemned on a false charge \n(not even supported by the appearance of legal evidence) \nof being concerned in the Rye-House Plot ;f and his ex- \n\n\n* Much feeling is certainly not to be expected from an execu\xc2\xac \ntioner ; yet there are not many instances, we believe, of such an \nutter absence of all sensibility, and such a gross display of avarice, \nas were exhibited by this ruffian. See Arith. Quest. 10th edit, \nart. Howard. \n\nt Rye-House is situated two miles from Hoddesdon, Herts. \nThis building has acquired celebrity from its having been tenanted \nby one of the persons engaged in the real or more probable pre\xc2\xac \ntended conspiracy to assassinate Charles II. and the Duke of York, \nat this place, on their return from London to Newmarket. See \nStanstead, Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gazetteer. The oppressive measures of the \nroyal brothers about this time, greatly agitated the nation; and \nmeetings were held by the supporters of liberty, on true consti\xc2\xac \ntutional principles, to consider of the most eligible method of \nopposing the further encroachments of despotism and bigotry.}; \nOf the absolute necessity of these conferences no other proof can \nbe requisite, than a reference to the conduct of the Duke of York \nwhen king; and which conduct, most happily for the nation, pro\xc2\xac \nduced the Glorious Revolution^ While the patriots were thus \nemployed, the intemperate zeal of some inferior persons was ex\xc2\xac \nercised in talking over plans of violence and assassination: yet \neven bv them no overt act was committed ; and Hume, the apo\xc2\xac \nlogist of the Stuarts, himself admits, that the whole was little \nmore than loose discourse, the overflowings of zeal and rancour. \nHist, of Eng. \n\n\nt See Nov. 14, 1785. \n\n\xc2\xa7 See Nov. 4, 1688, and Arith. Quest, art. Revolution, James II. \nJefferies (Judge], and Russell (Lord;. \n\n\n\n\n\n528 \n\n\nDECEMBER. \n\n\nedition is generally regarded as one of the greatest blem\xc2\xac \nishes of Charles II.\xe2\x96\xa0\xe2\x80\x99s profligate reign. His \xe2\x80\x9c Discourses \nupon Government\xe2\x80\x9d were formerly held in the highest \nrepute in England, and have been frequently reprinted ; \nbut the most correct and elegant edition of his works was \npublished by the late Thomas Hollis, who, among other \ninstances of charity, beneficence, and patriotism, too nu\xc2\xac \nmerous to be barely mentioned here, frequently reprinted, \nat his own expense, the writings of the immortal British \npatriots, who not only wrote, but died for the cause of \ncivil and religious liberty. Mr. Hollis was born in 1728, \nand died in 1774. Algernon Sydney was the second son \nof Robert Earl of Leicester, by Dorothy, eldest daughter \nof Henry Percy, Earl of Northumberland; and was born \nabout the year 1617- \n\n8, The Greeks celebrate the feast of St. Tychicus, and give \nhim the title of one of the seventy disciples, and Bishop \nof Colophon.* Some martyrologists mark his feast at \nPaphos, in Cyprus, April 19, and give him only the title \nof deacon.f He was a disciple of St. Paul\xe2\x80\x99s, and em\xc2\xac \nployed by that apostle to carry his letters to several \nchurches. He was of the province of Asia, and accom\xc2\xac \npanied St. Paul, A. D. 58, in his journey from Corinth to \nJerusalem.J He carried the Epistle to the Colossians, \nwritten A. D. Gl ; that to the Ephesians, written A. D. \n65 ; and the first to Timothy, written A. D. 64. St. Paul \ndid not send him merely to carry his letters, but to learn \nthe state of the churches. Hence he calls him his dear \nbrother, a faithful minister of the Lord, and his compa\xc2\xac \nnion in the service of God.\xc2\xa7 He had thought also of \nsending him into Crete, to preside there in the absence of \nTitus.|| It is thought also, that he was deputed to Ephe\xc2\xac \nsus while Timothy should be at Rome, when he carried a \nletter to the Ephesians from this apostle \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 65 B. C. Quintus Flaccus Horatius was born at \nVenusium,^! a town of Apulia, or of Lucania: the poet \nhimself leaving the matter undecided : \n\n\n* See Nov. 28. + See Deacon, Index. + Acts xx. 4. \n\n\xc2\xa7 Ephes. vi. 21, 22; Coloss. iv. 7, 8. || Tit. iii. 12. \n\nH Venosa, in Naples, is supposed by Salmon to be the ancient \nVenusium. It is seated on a fertile plain at the foot of the Ap- \npenines, and 72 miles N. E. of Naples. Long. 16 E., lat. 41 N. \n\n\n\n\nDECEMBER. \n\n\n529 \n\n\nFor whether I my birth t\xe2\x80\x99 Apulia* * * \xc2\xa7 owe, \n\nOr to Lucania,f faith \xe2\x80\x99tis hard to know. \n\nSince we Fermians live between these two. \n\nCreech. \n\n\xe2\x9c\x93 \n\nAt ten years of age he was removed to Rome for the \npurpose of education, and that his father might have an \nopportunity of setting before him the examples of all sorts \nof persons, and shewing him what behaviour he should \nimitate, and what he should avoid; exciting him to this \nimitation by pointing out the good effects of virtue, and \nthe ill consequences of vice. Meantime, Horace did not \nwant for the best masters that Rome could afford; and, \nwhen he was about eighteen, was sent to Athens, where \nhe completed what his father had so well begun, and ac\xc2\xac \nquired all the accomplishments that polite learning and a \nliberal education could give. Returning to Rome after \nthe famous battle of Philippi, in which he manifested the \nmost shameful cowardice,} his poetical talents soon made \nhim known to some of the greatest wits of the age. Vir\xc2\xac \ngin recommended him to Mec8enas,|| who grew so fond \nof him, that he became a suitor for him to the Emperor \nAugustus, and got his estate (which had been forfeited by \nhis engaging in the interests of Brutus) restored to him. \nAugustus was highly taken with his merit and address, \nadmitted him into a close familiarity with him in his pri\xc2\xac \nvate hours, and afterwards made him no small offers of \n\n\n* Apulia, a district of Italy, was part of Magna Grecia, and \nfamous for its fine wools. Some suppose that it was named after \nApulus, an ancient king of the country before the Trojan war. \nSee Arith. Quest, art. Wool. \n\nf Lucania was much celebrated by the ancients for its exqui\xc2\xac \nsite grapes It was situated south of Apulia.^f They now form \npart of the kingdom of Naples. \n\n+ See Arith. Quest. 10th edit. art. Battle of Philippi. \n\n\xc2\xa7 See Oct. 15, 70 B. C. \n\n|| Mecaenas was the great friend and counseller of Augustus \nCaesar, and himself a very polite scholar, but chiefly memorable \nfor having been the patron and protector of n*en of letters. All \nthe patrons of learning since his time, have been usually called \nMecaenases. \n\n\nGibbon has observed, that Venusia, in Lucania, is a place on \nwhich the birth of Horace has conferred fame. Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gazetteer t \nart. Venosa, \n\n2 A \n\n\n\n\n\n530 \n\n\nDECEMBER. \n\n\npreferment. The poet had the greatness of mind to re\xc2\xac \nfuse them all: the life which he preferred was the very \nreverse of a court life ; a life of retirement and study, free \nfrom the noise and hurry of ambition. \n\nI, constant to myself, part griev\xe2\x80\x99d from home, \n\nWhen hated business forces me to Rome. \n\nCreech. \n\nHe spent the summer in the country, and the winter at \nTarentum, which is situated in the warmest climate of all \nItaly. While thus enjoying the sweets of retirement, his \nbeloved friend and patron Mecaenas died, and this inci\xc2\xac \ndent is supposed to have touched him so sensibly, that he \ndid not survive it long enough to lament him in an elegy. \nMacaenas died the beginning of November, and Horace \nthe 2/th of the same month, about six years B. C. \n\nBeing confident of immortal fame from his works, he \nhad thus expressed his indifference as to any magnificent \nfuneral rites, or fruitless sorrow for his death: \n\nSay not I died, nor shed a tear, \n\nNor round ray ashes mourn, \n\nNor of my needless obsequies take care; \n\nAll pomp and state are lost upon an empty urn. \n\nOldsworth. \n\nThe admirable writings of Horace consist chiefly of \nsatirical and preceptive odes and epistles. The learned \nworld have been much divided in their opinion concern\xc2\xac \ning the works of this eminent poet and those of Juvenal. \nThe grave and serious like the solemn indignation of Juve\xc2\xac \nnal, and the gay and courtly, the witty smiles of Horace. \nThe latter constantly diverts, the former strikes more \nhome, and makes more impression on the mind.* \n\nJuvenal with gen\xe2\x80\x99rous rage \nLash\xe2\x80\x99d the vices of his age. \n\n8, 1542. Was born in the palace of Linlithgow, Scotland, \nthe unfortunate Queen Mary : her father, James V., \nthen dying of a broken heart for his misfortunes at Sol- \n\n\n* Juvenal was born at Aquinum, a town of Latium, on the \nborders of the Samnites, now called Aquino, in the kingdom of \nNaples. He lived in the time of the monsters Nero and Domi- \ntian, and died at a very advanced age, in the reign of Trajan, \nA. D. 128. He is by some styled the last of the Roman poets. \nAfter him, they subjoin, poetry decayed, and nothing more claims \nour attention as a perfect poetical composition. \n\n\n\nDECEMBER. \n\n\n531 \n\n\nway-Moss,* predicted the miseries which hung over her \nand Scotland. At Linlithgow is still pointed out to stran\xc2\xac \ngers the house from which the regent Murray was shot. \nSee Jan. 23, 1570. \n\n9, 1608. The illustrious English poet, John Milton, was \nborn in Bread Street, Cheapside, London. He received \nthe rudiments of a learned education at St. Paul\xe2\x80\x99s School, \nand afterwards studied at Cambridge. Milton was emi\xc2\xac \nnently skilled in the Latin tongue, and is said to have \nbeen the first Englishman who, after the revival of letters, \nwrote Latin verses with classical elegance. He was also \nwell acquainted with all the languages which are consi\xc2\xac \ndered as either learned or polite. He began his travels in \n1638, and passed fifteen months in visiting Paris, Florence, \nRome, Lucca, Venice, and Geneva. On his return home, \nhis allowance from his father not being ample, he took a \nhouse in Aldersgate Street for the reception of scholars,f \nthus supplying his deficiencies by an honest and useful \nemployment: and it is said, that in the art of education he \nperformed wonders.]; \n\nIn the year 1641, he began to engage in the controver\xc2\xac \nsies of the times, and wrote several tracts against episeo- \n\n\n* See Nov. 25, and Dec. 14, 1542. \n\nt The learned Dr. Burney, speaking of the office of a school\xc2\xac \nmaster, an occupation which lie himself, for many years, so emi\xc2\xac \nnently filled, enjoins his brethren to recollect, amidst watchful\xc2\xac \nness which must enfeeble the stoutest frame, and amidst exertions \nwhich must enervate the most vigorous understanding, that no \noccupation can he more eminently useful than that in which they \nare engaged. Let them also feel with conscious pride that the real \ndignity of every profession rests solely on its utility. Preface to \nthe Abridgment of Bishop Pearson s Exposition of the Creed, by \nCharles Burney, D. D. This respectable divine, and very emi\xc2\xac \nnent scholar, died Dec. 28, 1817 ; an event which produced no \nsmall degree of grief and sorrow on the part of all those con\xc2\xac \nnected with the republic of letters, of which he was a distin\xc2\xac \nguished ornament. He was the son of Dr. Burney, noticed \nApril 13, 1814. \n\n\xe2\x99\xa6 One part of Milton\xe2\x80\x99s mode of education, as Dr. Johnson well \nremarks, deserves general imitation. He was careful to instruct \nhis scholars in religion. Every Sunday was spent upon theology. \nHe moreover set his pupils an example of early rising, hard study, \nand spare diet; and he drank little strong drink of any kind. \nSee July 6, 1790, and Arith. Quest, art. Milton, Early Rising, \nand Roman Luxury. \n\n\n2 a 2 \n\n\n\n532 \n\n\nDECEMBER. \n\n\npacy and monarchy. When Charles II. took shelter in \nHolland, he employed Salmasius, professor of polite learn\xc2\xac \ning - at Leyden, to write a defence of his father and ot \nmonarchy. To this performance Milton, in 1651, was \nrequired to pen a sufficient answer, for which he received \n1000/., and his book was much read. This success is said \nto have shortened the life of Salmasius.* \n\nPerceiving\xe2\x80\x99 the king\xe2\x80\x99s restoration unavoidable, Milton \nfelt anxious for his own safety, and by the exertion of \nfriends was included in the general amnesty. About the \nsame time he removed to a housef in the Artillery Walk, \nleading to Bunhill Fields, and declined the offers of em\xc2\xac \nployment rftade him by the court. His immortal poem, \nentitled \xe2\x80\x9c Paradise Lost,\xe2\x80\x9d the copy-right of which he \nsold for only 15/., was published in 1667. In 1749, Bishop \nNewton published an edition of it in quarto, with notes of \nvarious authors. Milton died in 1674, and was interred \nnear his father, in the chancel of St. Giles\xe2\x80\x99s, Cripplegate; \nwhere a handsome monument was erected to his memory \nby the late Mr. Whitbread\xe2\x80\x99s father. In 1737, a decent \none was erected by Mr. Benson, in Westminster Abbey. \nMilton was married three times. His second wife was \nthe daughter of Capt. Woodcock, of Hackney \\ \n\n\n* See Sept. 3, 1653, and Arith. Quest, art. Salmasius. \n\n+ Dr. Johnson observes, that he cannot but remark a kind of \nrespect paid to this great man by bis biographers: every house in \nwhich he resided is historically mentioned, as if it were an injury \nto neglect any place that he honoured with his presence. See \nArith. Quest. 10th edit. art. Birth-place of Genius. \n\nI As the birth-place or residence of genius is always interesting \nto the cultivated mind, we embrace the present opportunity of \ninforming our young readers, that the ancient, convenient, popu\xc2\xac \nlous, healthy, and opulent village of Hackney, has been the \nabode of many persons illustrious by birth and diguified by ta\xc2\xac \nlents. Its church contains the monuments of several noble fami\xc2\xac \nlies who were formerly inhabitants of this parish; and in more \nmodern times it has been the residence of a Sheldon, a Henry,\xc2\xa7 \na Sutton, a Price, a Priestley, a Wakefield, and a Palmer. See \nIndex.\xe2\x80\x94Hackney gave birth to the philanthropic Howard, (see \nJan. 20, 1790,) and to the celebrated Dr. South. \n\n\n1 Matthew Henry, author of an excellent Commentary on the Bi\xc2\xac \nble, in 5 vols. fol. He was many years pastor of a Dissenting Con\xc2\xac \ngregation at Chester, and afterwards at Hackney. He died in 1714, \nat Nantwich, upon a journey, and was interred at Trinity Church, in \nChester. \n\n\n\n\nDECEMBER. \n\n\n5.33 \n\n\n9, 1730. Was born, in Carey Street, Lincoln\xe2\x80\x99s-Inn Fields, \nThomas Mortimer, grandson of an eminent writer on \nHusbandry, of that name. He died at Somers Town, near \nLondon, in March 1810, very soon after the publication \nof his General Dictionary of Commerce. His other \nworks are numerous and useful. \n\n10, 1801. Died, at Islington, Jonathan Battishill, an \neminent musical composer, and a man of great taste and \nfine imagination. His \xe2\x80\x9c Kate of Aberdeen\xe2\x80\x9d will be cele\xc2\xac \nbrated as long as pure melody shall be admired in this \ncountry. He was born in London, in 1738. \n\n11, Commences the fishing for Salmon in the Tay, a noble \nScotch river, which runs through Perth, and, it is said, \npours into the ocean a greater quantity of water than any \nother river in Britain. The annual rents of the Tay are \nestimated at 7000/. sterling. The fishing season termi\xc2\xac \nnates on the 26th of August. See Arith. Quest, art. \nSalmon. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1282. Llewellyn, the last of the Welsh princes, was \nslain at Llandweyr, in Radnorshire, not far from Bualth. \nHe received his death-wound from the spear of one Ste\xc2\xac \nphen de Frankton, a common soldier. It was some time \nbefore his body was distinguished from his brave coun\xc2\xac \ntrymen who had fallen by his side, for he had entered the \nfield without armour and on foot, and there was no pecu\xc2\xac \nliarity in his dress or appearance to indicate his rank. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1718. The Death of Charles XII., who was shot \nin the trenches of Frederickshall, a famous frontier town \nin the southern part of Norway, which he was then be\xc2\xac \nsieging. It has been generally said, that this \xe2\x80\x9cillustrious \nmadman,\xe2\x80\x9d as he has been aptly styled, was killed by a \ncannon-shot from the walls of the town; but it is now \nsupposed, that a pistol from some nearer hand, from one \nof those about him, gave the decisive blow which finished \nthe career of this celebrated monarch. This opinion is \nsaid to be very prevalent among the best informed persons \nin Sweden. (See Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s Guzetteer, art. Frederick\xc2\xac \nshall.) And it appears that the Swedes were tired of a \nprince under whom they had lost their richest provinces, \ntheir bravest troops, and their national riches; and who \nyet, untamed by adversity, pursued an unsuccessful and \npernicious war, nor would have ever listened to the voice \nof peace, or consulted the true interests of his country. \nVarious, however, are the conjectures, even at this day, \nconcerning the fall of this rash hero: \xe2\x80\x9c we must, there\xc2\xac \nfore,\xe2\x80\x9d as Mr. Wraxall observes, \xe2\x80\x9c draw a veil over the \n\n\n534 \n\n\nDECEMBER. \n\n\nambiguous and dark transaction, and rest contented with \nthat ignorance and uncertainty which so often wait on \nthe deaths of sovereigns.\xe2\x80\x9d Dr. Johnson justly says of \nCharles XII. \n\n\xe2\x80\x9c His fall was destined to a barren strand, \n\nA petty fortress, and a dubious hand \xe2\x80\xa2 \n\nHe left the name at which the world grew pale, \n\nTo point a moral or adorn a tale.\xe2\x80\x9d \n\n11, 1732. Expired, John Gay, a celebrated poet, born at \nBarnstable, Devonshire, in 1688. His genius and amia\xc2\xac \nble manners recommended him to several eminent persons, \nand among others to Swift and Pope; the last of whom \nhe affirmed, that he \xe2\x80\x9c loved as his own soul.\xe2\x80\x9d* His \n\xe2\x80\x9c Beggar\xe2\x80\x99s Opera\xe2\x80\x9d had a run unparalleled on the stage; \nand his \xe2\x80\x9c Fables\xe2\x80\x9d will be read and admired so long as any \ntaste for that kind of writing shall exist. In his poem of \nthe \xe2\x80\x9c Fan,\xe2\x80\x9d written perhaps to please his fair friends, he \nlias exerted elegance and delicacy of invention. Gay is \nan original author, who drew his images and sentiments \nfrom the store of his own observation. Few poets seem \nto have possessed a quicker and more observing eye. He \nwas buried in Westminster Abbey, with this epitaph (writ\xc2\xac \nten by himself) engraved on his tomb : \n\n\xe2\x80\x9c Life is a jest, and all things show it; \n\nI thought so once, but now I know it.\xe2\x80\x9d \n\nA monument was erected to his memory by his gene\xc2\xac \nrous patrons the Duke and Duchess of Queensberry, with \nan epitaph by Pope. \n\n\n* Gay was also the favourite of Pope, and was received into his \nutmost confidence; a friendship was formed between them \nwhich, says Johnson, lasted to their separation by death. In \nhis \xe2\x80\x9c Farewell to London,\xe2\x80\x9d Pope thus speaks of Gay : \n\nAdieu to all but Gay alone, \n\nWhose soul, sincere and free, \n\nLoves all mankind, but flatters none, \n\nAnd so may starve with me. \n\nHe mentions him again in his Prologue to the \xe2\x80\x9c Satires,\xe2\x80\x9d \nwith all the pathetic seusibility of the tenderest friendship, in \nstrains of supreme excellence : \n\n- They left me Gay ; \n\nLeft me to see neglected Genius bloom, \n\nNeglected die, and tell it on his tomb; \n\nOf all thy blameless life the sole return \nMy verse, and Queensb\xe2\x80\x99ry weeping o\xe2\x80\x99er thy urn. \n\n\n\n\n\nDECEMBER. \n\n\n535 \n\n\n11, 1756. Expired, in St. Anne\xe2\x80\x99s Parish, Westminster, \nTheodore,* King- of Corsica. He had for many years \nbeen confined in the King\xe2\x80\x99s Bench and other prisons for \ndebt, where he subsisted on the benevolence of private \ntriends. Being released by an Act of Insolvency in 1756, \nhe gave, in a schedule, the kingdom of Corsica as an \nestate to his creditors, and died the same year, at his \nlodgings in Chapel Street, Soho, aged 60. \n\nIn the churchyard of St. Anne\xe2\x80\x99s is a marble monument \nerected near the grave of this remarkable personage. The \ntablet was placed, and the following epitaph written, by \nthe Honourable Horace Walpole, late Earl of Orford: \n\nThe grave, great teacher ! to a level brings \nHeroes and beggars, galley-slaves and kings. \n\nBut Theodore this moral learn\xe2\x80\x99d ere dead: \n\nFate pour\xe2\x80\x99d its lesson on his living head, \n\nBestow\xe2\x80\x99d a kingdom, and deuied him bread. \n\nPennant\xe2\x80\x99s London , p. 127. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1781. Expired, in the twenty-fourth year of her age, in \nconsequence of her clothes taking fire the preceding \nevening, Elizabeth Picket, the amiable daughter of \nAlderman Picket, of London. On her monument, in \nthe churchyard of Stoke Newington, Middlesex, are the \nfollowing monitory lines :\xe2\x80\x94\xe2\x80\x9c Reader, if ever you should \nwitness such an affecting scene, recollect, that the only \nmethod to extinguish the flame is, to stifle it by an im\xc2\xac \nmediate covering.\xe2\x80\x9d \n\n12, 1611. Expired, at Hackney, aged 79, Thomas Sut\xc2\xac \nton, the patriotic founder of the Charter-House Charity \nin London. This magnificent endowment supports forty- \nfour boys, and eighty decayed gentlemen, besides several \nstudents at the universities. Mr. Sutton was born at \nKnaith, a place on the Trent, three miles south of Gains- \n\n\n* Theodore Newhoff was borti of a noble family at Metz, in \nFrance, in 1669. Having a turn for political intrigue, he was \nemployed in many secret commissions by Cardinal Alberoni, &c. \nIn 1733, after certain stipulations between him and the Corsican \nmalcontents, he agreed to become their king, and arriving in Cor\xc2\xac \nsica, he was elected its monarch, and crowned April 15, 1736. \n(See Alleria, Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gazetteer.) Not being, however, properly \nsupported by his subjects, he became a wanderer in most parts of \nEurope ; and soon after his arrival in England was arrested for \ndebt, and detained some years a prisoner, till released by an Act \nof Insolvency. \n\n\n\n536 \n\n\nDECEMBER. \n\n\nborough, in Lincolnshire; and he became an eminent \nmerchant in the reign of Elizabeth. His wealth was \ngreat; but he was more distinguished by his integrity, \ngenerosity, and charity, than by his riches, which were \ngained by fair trade, by honourable posts under govern\xc2\xac \nment, and even by deeds of arms. In a letter of marque \nhe took a Spanish prize worth ^20,000; and he com\xc2\xac \nmanded a bark called the Sutton, as a volunteer against \nthe Spanish armada. On the death of his wife, in 1602, \nhe retired from the world, and spent the remainder of his \ndays in a private manner. He was interred in the chapel \nof his own hospital, where a costly monument was erected \nby his executors. A pleasant row of houses, recently \nerected near Hackney churchyard, has been denominated \n\xe2\x80\x9cSutton Place\xe2\x80\x9d \xe2\x80\x94His name on earth shall long re\xc2\xac \nmain. See Psalm cxii. 6. \n\n12, 1718. Died Nicholas Rowe, an English dramatic \npoet, born at Little Berkford, in Bedfordshire, in 16/3. \nHe wrote eight plays, and published an edition of Shak- \nspeare\xe2\x80\x99s works: but the most considerable of Rowe\xe2\x80\x99s \nperformances was, a translation of Lucan\xe2\x80\x99s Pharsalia into \nEnglish verse. Rowe succeeded Nahum Tate as Poet \nLaureate, and was buried in Westminster Abbey. See \nArith. Quest, art. Pharsalia. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1777. Albert Van Haller terminated his bright \ncareer, revered by men of literature, honoured by sove\xc2\xac \nreigns, and esteemed by all Europe; being not less distin\xc2\xac \nguished as a physician and a philosopher, than beloved \nas a man; nor more eminent in his skill for medical \nscience, than for his piety to God and benevolence to all \nmankind. He was nominated by George II. to a pro\xc2\xac \nfessorship in the university of Gottingen, in Lower Sax\xc2\xac \nony, Germany, where he continued seventeen years; but \nin the decline of life retired to his native city, Bern, in \nSwitzerland, where he died, in the 75th year of his age. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1804. Expired, in the 86th year of his age, John \nBoydell, an alderman of London, and a most distin\xc2\xac \nguished encourager of the arts of painting and engraving. \nHe collected, at a vast expense, the paintings that formed \nthe well-known \xe2\x80\x9c Shakspeare Gallery,\xe2\x80\x9d which, in the \nSpring of 1804, was disposed of by lottery; and he had \nthe satisfaction of living to see every ticket sold, but died \nbefore the decision of the wheel. Mr. Boydell was born \nat Dorrington, in Shropshire. See Arith. Quest. 10th \nedit., and Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gazetteer, Dorrington and Stanton. \n\n13, 1553. Henry IV., King of France, was born at Pau, \n\n\nDECEMBER. \n\n\n537 \n\n\nprovince of Bearn, department of the Lower Pyrenees, \nFrance * A tortoise-shell, which served as a cradle for \nthis excellect monarch, is still preserved in the castle. \nSee August 21, 1810, and Exer . on the Globes , 11th edit, \nart. Lyra. \n\nNothing can he more delightful than the environs of \nPau, enlivened as they are by vineyards, by undulating \ngrounds, and by the meanderings of the river Gave. See \nArith. Quest . art. Bourdeaux. \n\n13, 1577* Drake sailed from Plymouth on his voyage \nround the globe. He crossed the Pacific Ocean, passed \nthe straits of Magellan, visited the Moluccas, touched at \nJava, and doubling the Cape of Good Hope, arrived at \nthe sea-port from which lie had sailed, after an absence of \nnearly three years, exhibiting to the wondering eyes of \nhis countrymen the first English ship , and the second in \nthe world, that had circumnavigated the globe. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1788. Died Charles III., king of Spain, who ascend\xc2\xac \ned the throne on the death of his brother Ferdinand VI., \nin 1759. Though not so much lamented by his subjects \nas his brother, who, from his just, humane, and pacific \ndisposition, acquired the enviable surname of Sage, he \nwas not destitute of abilities; but his policy has been \njustly arraigned for endangering the Spanish empire in \nAmerica, by supporting the independence of the British \ncolonies. Charles was succeeded by his son Charles IV. \nSee Jan. 20, 1819. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1807. Jeffrey, a seaman, was most inhumanly left \non the barren, uninhabited island or rock of Sombrera,f \nhalf naked, and with neither victuals nor drink, where he \ncontinued eight days and a half. By waving a large straw \nhat which he wore, he, after many fruitless efforts on \nvarious ships, caught the notice of an American vessel \nthat landed him at Marble-Head,];\xe2\x80\x94and had he not suc\xc2\xac \nceeded in this last attempt, he must, from extreme \ndebility, have perished! When this poor sufferer had \nindulged his last hope, and his heart was sinking within \n\n\n* See May 14, 1610, June 13, 1625, and Dec. 21, 1641. \n\nt Sombrera is situated adjacent to the Virgin Islands, in the \nWest Indies, a few leagues N. W. of Anguilla, lat. about 18 N. \nlong 63 West. Its resemblauce to a hat occasioned it to be thus \nnamed by the Spaniards. \n\n\xe2\x99\xa6 Marble-Head is a town of Massachusetts, in New England, \nfour miles north of Salem. \n\n\n2 a 3 \n\n\n\n538 \n\n\nDECEMBER. \n\n\nhim, how feelingly might he have addressed the author of \nhis calamity, the Honourable Captain Lake, in the lan\xc2\xac \nguage of Job, chap. xxx. 20, 21 ! But the good Provi\xc2\xac \ndence of God watched over him, and the victim of cruelty \nwas delivered. He returned to England in 1810, and \nreceived the sum of ^600 from his persecutor, as a com\xc2\xac \npensation for the horrid barbarity of his unexampled \nsufferings.* This remuneration was entirely owing to \nthe humane and patriotic conduct of Sir Francis Bur- \ndett, who had nobly advocated his cause in the House of \nCommons, in 1809. \n\n14, 1542. James V., of Scotland, died of a broken heart \nat his palace of Falkland, in the 31st year of his age, and \nthe 30th of his reign. James\xe2\x80\x99s mind was powerful, but \nuncultivated. He was violent, arbitrary, and implacable, \nbut was warm in his friendships, devoted to the welfare \nof his people, and so condescending and affable to the \nlowest of his subjects, that he has been distinguished by \nthe most honourable appellation which a monarch can \nreceive,\xe2\x80\x94the King of the Poor. See December 8, 1542, \nand Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gazetteer , Falkland, Linlithgow, and Sol\xc2\xac \nway. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1785. Died John Baptist Cipriani, a famous Italian \npainter, settled in England. His numerous productions, \nspread over all Europe by the graver of Francis Barto- \nLozzi,f breathe grace and beauty; and the great variety \nof his designs, the expression of his figures, the delicacy \nof his heads, and the exquisite neatness of his contours, \ncaused him to be regarded as a very capital master. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1799. Died that consummate patriot, general, and \nstatesman, George Washington. The United States \nowe to him the conquest of their liberties, the settlement \nof their tranquillity, and the establishment of their happy \nconstitution, and he may safely be pronounced to have \nleft the purest and brightest fame that history has ever \n\n\n* See Sept. 1, 1651, and Arith. Quest. 10th edit. art. Selkirk. \n\nf This celebrated artist was born at Florence, in 1730. He ex\xc2\xac \nercised his rare talents at Venice, Florence, and Milan, and came \nto London in 1764. He went to Lisbon in 1802, and continued \nto employ his unabated, splendid, and unrivalled abilities in that \ncity till his death, in 1815. He was one of the few artists to \nwhom his own times have rendered justice, and whose merit has \nbeen remunerated by the high price of his works, which amount\xc2\xac \ned, it is said, to the amazing number of 2054 1 \n\n\n\n\nDECEMBER. \n\n\n539 \n\n\nawarded to citizen, general, or statesman. From the \ncautious conduct of this commander during the seven \nyears\xe2\x80\x99contest with England, he received the title of the \nAmerican Fabius. See April 30, 1789, August 24, and \nDec. 24, 1814. \n\n15. The Greeks celebrate the feast of Onesimus, a Phry\xc2\xac \ngian by nation, a slave to Philemon, and a disciple of \nthe apostle Paul. Having robbed his master, and also \nabsconded from him, he went to Rome about A. D. 61, \nwhile St. Paul was there in prison. As Onesimus knew \nhim by repute, (his master Philemon being a Christian,) \nhe sought him out, and acquainted him with what he had \ndone. St. Paul brought him to a sense of his crime, and \nsent him back to his master with a conciliatory letter.* \nReturning again to that apostle, he was afterwards em\xc2\xac \nployed in the ministry of the Gospel. Some say that \nPaul made him bishop of Berea, in Macedonia; others, \nthat he appointed him to discharge that office at Ephesus, \nas the successor of Timothy. The martyrologies call him \nan apostle, and say that he ended his life by martyrdom. \nSee January 22, 97. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1582. Gregorian Style adopted at Paris. See Sept. \n2, 1752. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1810. Died, at Brentford, in Middlesex, aged 69, Mrs. \nSarah Trimmer, well known by her various publications \nduring a period of nearly thirty years. They are almost \nentirely confined to subjects connected with the education \nof children, laudably including in that description the too \nlong neglected offspring of the poor. \n\nMrs. Trimmer paid great attention to the instruction \nof a numerous family, and in the maternal character \nappears to have been very exemplary. She was peculiarly \nfavoured in the circumstances of her dissolution. While \nsitting in her chair, perusing the letters of a deceased \nfriend, she sunk, as it were, into a peaceful slumber. She \nwas buried at Ealing, a parish in which the Sunday- \nschools (instituted in 1786, by the Rev. Charles Sturges) \nhave been particularly efficacious, chiefly through her \npersevering attention. Mrs. Trimmer was born at Ips\xc2\xac \nwich, in Suffolk. \n\n16, 1653. Cromwell was ceremoniously inaugurated \nLord Protector of England, in the Chancery Court at \nWestminster. \n\n\n* See November 22, art. Philemon. \n\n\n\n\n540 \n\n\nDECEMBER. \n\n\n16, 1783. Expired, of an apoplexy, in his 63d year. Sir \nWilliam James, Bart., a native of Milford-Haven, in \nWales, who followed the humble occupation of a plough- \nboy till he was twelve years old, when he became a \nsailor. Tn a course of years, by his good conduct and \nsuperior talents, he obtained the command of a ship, \nand at length was appointed commander-in-chief of the \nEast-India Company\xe2\x80\x99s marine forces in Asia. In this \ncapacity he distinguished himself by taking Severn- \nDroog, and Gheriah, with all its dependencies.* Having \nreturned home with a considerable fortune, he became a \nMember of Parliament, an East-India Director, Chairman \nto the East-India Company, Deputy-Master of the Trinity \nHouse, Governor of Greenwich Hospital, and had the \nhonour of a Baronetage conferred upon him by his \nMajesty. It is much to the credit of Sir William, that he \nwas never ashamed of his origin ; being totally void of \nthat false pride generally attendant on sudden elevation, \nwhich often induces both families and individuals to throw \na veil over their birth. And yet, when this subject is \nsoberly canvassed, surely nothing can be more ridiculous; \nfor is it not more honourable to be the origin, rather than \nthe mere continuator, of an opulent and respectable race \n\xe2\x80\x94the root, in preference to the branch, of an aspiring \nprogeny? The prejudices of mankind are, however, in \nthis instance, as in many others, at variance with reason ; \nand we seldom find men coming forward like the venera\xc2\xac \nble Franklin, who candidly owned, during his embassy \nfrom America to the French court, that he was the son \nof a tallow-chandler ; and commenced his will, some time \nprevious to his decease, with the recognition of his being \na printer, and minister plenipotentiary.f The want of \nthis manly boldness has overshadowed the early life of \nmany celebrated men, and concealed a variety of interest\xc2\xac \ning and instructive circumstances from the public eye. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1798. Expired, in his 73d year, at Downing, his natal \nplace and seat, in Flintshire, Thomas Pennant, who \nhappily intermingled activity abroad with industry in the \ncloset, and who employed that leisure which an inde\xc2\xac \npendent fortune bestowed upon him, in cultivating the \ncharacter, and meriting the reputation, of an enlightened \nantiquary, and of an indefatigable naturalist. By his \naccurate and elaborate works on British and Indian Zoo- \n\n\n* See April 2, 1755. \n\n\nf See April 17, 1790. \n\n\n\nDECEMBER. \n\n\n5-41 \n\n\nlogy, lie distinguished himself still more than by the \nminute, and frequently curious, information contained \nin his account of London, and his Tours in England, in \nScotland, and in Wales. He will long be remembered \nwith gratitude by the lovers of nature and of science. \nMr. Pennant\xe2\x80\x99s literary character has been displayed by \nhimself in a pleasing publication,* from which may also \nbe collected matters yet more interesting to society. In \nthis performance we view him in the light of an honest \nand useful magistrate, of a free spirit, among his Welsh \nneighbours ; and we see the kind master to dependents, \nwhose services and merits are acknowledged with just \nliberality. The grateful affection expressed in a monu\xc2\xac \nmental inscription over Lewis Gold, an old servant, at\xc2\xac \ntracts particular notice, when combined with the style \nin which he mentions other confidential servants then \nliving; as we understand from the whole, that Mr. Pen\xc2\xac \nnant was not one who withheld his generous attentions \ntill the objects of his regard were unable to receive the \nbenefit of them. A good master will retain none but \ngood servants ; and when these characters meet, they \nnaturally find out the value of each other. See Nov. 5, \n1725, and Arith. Quest, art. Servants. \n\n17, 1154. Henry II. was crowned at Westminster. He \nwas the first of the Plantagenet line.f \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1688. The Prince of Orange\xe2\x80\x99s forces took posses\xc2\xac \nsion of all the posts about Whitehall and St. James\xe2\x80\x99s; \nand James II. was ordered to depart for Ham,J a seat \n\n\n* The Literary Life of the late Thomas Pennant, Esq., by Him\xc2\xac \nself. Published in 1 793. \n\nf Antiquaries are much at a loss to account for the origin of \nthis appellation ; the best derivation is, that Fulk, the first Earl \nof Anjou of that name, being stung with remorse for some wicked \naction, went on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem as an atonement; \nwhere being soundly scourged with broom twigs, which grew \nplentifully on the spot, he ever after took the name of Planta\xc2\xac \ngenet, or broomstalk, which was retained by his noble posterity. \nEncy. Brit. art. Plantagenet. \n\n+ Ham-House is situated on the banks of the Thames, near \nRichmond, in Surrey. It has been celebrated by Thomson. Ad\xc2\xac \njacent to this beautiful village resided Timothy Bennet, a true \npatriotic Briton, who, by a vigorous application of the laws of his \ncountry in the cause of liberty, obtained a free passage through \nBushy Park, which had many years been withheld from the peo\xc2\xac \nple. See Arith. Quest, 10th edition. \n\n\n\n542 \n\n\nDECEMBER. \n\n\nof the duchess of Lauderdale ; but he desired permission \nto retire to Rochester, whither he was conducted by a \nDutch guard, and whence, a few days after, he made his \nescape to France. \n\n17 , 1717 - Was born at Deal, in Kent, Elizabeth Car\xc2\xac \nter, (daughter of the Rev. Nicholas Carter, D. D.,) a \nlady who enjoyed the singular good fortune of being re\xc2\xac \nspected on account of her talents during the greater part \nof a century; and also of preserving, or rather increas\xc2\xac \ning, her reputation from youth until the verge of ninety.* \nShe was well acquainted with many ancient and modern \nlanguages ; but it was with Greek that she solaced her \nlearned leisure, and delighted the hours of retirement. \nAnd it was the translation of the works of Epictetusf \nthat principally conferred credit on her talents, and gave \ncurrency to her reputation as a learned woman. This \nestimable lady died in 1806. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1788. The Russians, under Prince Potemkin,]; took \nOczakow, a town and fortress lately of Turkey in Europe, \nbut now included in New Russia, or the government of \nCatherinenslaf. It is seated at the mouth of the river \nDnieper, W. of Cherson. The town was given up to \nplunder; and the victors abandoned themselves, as usual, \nto all the horrors of debauchery and rapine. The scenes \nof riot and slaughter lasted three whole days, and cost the \n\n\n* See November 23, 1804. \n\nf Epictetus was an ancient Stoic philosopher, born near the \nend of Nero\xe2\x80\x99s reign, as is commonly supposed, at Hierapolis, in \nPhrygia.\xc2\xa7 He was the slave of Epaphroditus, the freedmau of \nNero ; but when, or by what means, he obtained his liberty, does \nnot appear. When Domitiau banished the philosophers from \nRome, he left that city, but returned to it on the death of the \ntyrant, and gained the esteem of Adrian and Marcus Aurelius. \nHe preferred poverty to riches, and resided in a cottage which \nhad no furniture but an earthen lamp, which was sold after his \ndeath for 3,000 drachmas.|| His Enchiridion, or Compendium \nof the Stoic Philosophy, abounds with the purest maxims of \nmorality, expressed with great energy and plainness. Epictetus \ndied at an advauced age, but it is uncertain when that event \noccurred. \n\n] See Index, and Arith. Quest, art. Jewel. \n\n\n\\ See Geo.Exer. on the New Testament . \n\nil See Arith . Quest, art. Earthenware, Stoics, and Zeno. \n\n\n\n\n\nDECEMBER. 543 \n\nlives of more than 25,000 Turks. In making the assault \nthe Russians lost 12,000 men. \n\n18, 1688. The Prince of Orange arrived at St. James\xe2\x80\x99s, \nwhere he received the congratulations of the nobility and \npersons of quality. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1771* Died, in the 81st year of his age, the great bo\xc2\xac \ntanist, Philip Miller, a native of Scotland, and author \nof the celebrated \xe2\x80\x9c Gardener\xe2\x80\x99s Dictionary \xe2\x80\x9d He was \nnearly fifty years gardener to the Apothecaries\xe2\x80\x99 Company, \nat their physic-garden at Chelsea,* where he was visited \nby the famous Linneeus.f Pie was succeeded in this \nsituation by his pupil, William Forsyth, F. A. S., who \ncontinued here till 1784; when he was appointed by his \nmajesty chief superintendent of the royal gardens at \nKensington and St. James\xe2\x80\x99s, which he held till his death, \nin 1804. \n\nThe Linnaean and Horticultural Societies of London \nerected, in 1815, a handsome monument to the memory \nof Philip Miller, in Chelsea churchyard, where he was \ninterred. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1781. Died, Soame Jenyns, well known in the lite\xc2\xac \nrary world as the author of \xe2\x80\x9cThe Internal Evidence \nof the Christian Religion an \xe2\x80\x9c Essay on the Origin of \nEviland various poetical pieces. He was born in \nLondon, in 1705, and was many years M. P. for the \ntown of Cambridge. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1809. Died, the Rev. Alexander Adam, LL. D., \nborn at Ratford, in Elgin, or Murrayshire, 1741. This \nexcellent and useful man was engaged for forty years in \nteaching the Rector\xe2\x80\x99s class of the High School, in Edin\xc2\xac \nburgh ; and combined, in an eminent degree, those quali\xc2\xac \nties which rendered him an object of his scholars\xe2\x80\x99affec\xc2\xac \ntionate attachment, with those which commanded their \nrespect and enforced their assiduous application to the \nbusiness of study. We have never, observes a popular \nwriter, met with any thing more beautifully characte\xc2\xac \nristic than the manner of his death. He lingered five \ndays under his last disease.\xe2\x80\x94\xe2\x80\x9c Amidst the wanderings \nof his mind that accompanied it, lie was constantly re\xc2\xac \nverting to the business of the class, and addressing the \nboys. In the last hour of his life, as he fancied himself \nexamining on the lesson of the day, he stopped short, \nand said, \xe2\x80\x98But it grows dark\xe2\x80\x94 You may go!\'\xe2\x80\x9d He \n\n\n* See Jan. 11, 1753. \n\n\nt See Jan. 10, 1778. \n\n\n\n544 \n\n\nDECEMBER. \n\n\nalmost immediately expired. There is a pathos in the \nsuitableness of these words which we think no poetical \nconception has ever surpassed. Never did the final cur\xc2\xac \ntain fall with more simple grace. An expiring teacher \nof youth, thus waving a dismissal to what he most loved \nand regarded in the world, as the effacing hand of death \nfell heavily upon his senses, is an image which the mind \ncontemplates as sublime, and by which the sympathies \nof his fellow-mortals are influenced to a melancholy \ntenderness. If it be an instance of the ruling passion \nstrong in death, it is of the ruling duty become a pas\xc2\xac \nsion.\xe2\x80\x94But it grows dark\xe2\x80\x94you may go! This, con\xc2\xac \ntinues our author, puts one in mind of Shakspeare\xe2\x80\x99s \nluckiest inventions.* \n\nDr. Adam was the author of those very useful works, \nA Summary of Geography and History, both Ancient \nand Modern ; Roman Antiquities; Classical Biography, \n&c., &e. \n\n19, 1683. Was born at Versailles, Philip duke of Anjou, \nwho on the death of Charles II., in 1700, became king \nof Spain, under the title of Philip V., and was the first \nof the Bourbons that reigned in that kingdom. He was \nextremely hypochondriac, and at times, without any ap\xc2\xac \nparent illness, would continue in bed for six months, \nwithout changing his linen, or permitting a razor to \ntouch his face, at the same time preserving a melan\xc2\xac \ncholy silence. In 1724,f he resigned his crown to his \neldest son, Louis, and retired to St. Ildefonso with his \nconsort; but, his son dying soon afterwards, he was \nobliged to resume the cares of government, and con\xc2\xac \ntinued to reign with great attention to the improvement \nof the commerce and advantage of his kingdom till his \ndeath, which occurred July 9th, 1746. He was suc\xc2\xac \nceeded by his son Ferdinand VI., called the Sage, who \ndied in 1759. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94. 1793. Toulon was recaptured by the French.;*; The \nonly thing, says an ingenious traveller, which the English \nhave to console them under the loss of Toulon is, that. \n\n\n* An aged minister, known to the compiler of the present \nwork, used to express a wish, that his last words might be the \nprayer of the Publican and Stephen conjoined. See December \n25, 1758, and Arith. Quest, art. Beaufort, Cardinal. \n\nt See Jan. 4. \n\n\nX See Aug. 28, 1793. \n\n\n\n\nDECEMBER. \n\n\n545 \n\n\nupon the best calculation, it cost, while in their posses\xc2\xac \nsion, from <\xe2\x82\xac20,000 to \xe2\x82\xac25,000 per day. \n\n20, 1697. Died, in Lombard Street, London, that \xe2\x80\x9c God\xc2\xac \nlike man,\xe2\x80\x9d Thomas Firmin, whose chief delight it \nwas to scatter the blessings of benevolence over the \nhabitation of distress; to raise the drooping head of pining \nworth ; to promote the industry of the poor; to bestow \nrewards on the children of labour; and to search into the \ncause that he knew not :* * \n\n\xe2\x80\x9c In misery\xe2\x80\x99s darkest cavern known, \n\nHis useful care was ever nigh. \n\nWhere hopeless anguish pour\xe2\x80\x99d his groan, \n\nAnd lonely want retir\xe2\x80\x99d to die.\xe2\x80\x9d \n\nMr. Firmin\xe2\x80\x99s virtues, though of the most exalted \nkind, were such as all may, at least in some degree, \nimitate. It was not by the help of extraordinary know\xc2\xac \nledge in any art or science, that he attracted high esteem \nfrom numbers of his contemporaries of great note and \neminence (for many of his most intimate friends were \namong the very highest classes of society); but he gained \nhonourable fame by a diligent application to business , \na prevailing inclination to do good, and a serious attention \nto the incomparable precepts of our most holy religion. \nHe was born at Ipswich, in Suffolk, in 1632, and was \nburied, according to his desire, in the cloisters of Christ \nChurch Hospital, where a very plain tablet records his \nvirtues. Some further particulars concerning this great \nand good man may be seen in the Arith. Quest. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1810. New Picture Gallery at Dulwich. On \nthis day Sir Francis Bourgeois bequeathed his fine \ncollection of pictures to Dulwich College, in the county \nof Surrey, to be there kept and preserved for the inspec\xc2\xac \ntion of the public. The members of the college entered \ninto the liberal views of the donor with great spirit, and, \nfinding their old picture gallery wholly unfit for the \npurpose, determined to erect an entirely new building, \nworthy of the magnificent collection which was to be \n\n\n* See Job xxix. 16. A sentiment of noble import, and a de\xc2\xac \npartment of moral conduct which, it has been remarked, is less \nfrequently filled than some others, and might be happily enforced \nby religious instructors. \n\nAbove all duties let the rich man search \nInto the cause he knoweth not. \n\n* The Sabbatii, a Poem. \n\n\n\n\n546 \n\n\nDECEMBER. \n\n\nthere placed; and accordingly they employed Mr. Soane, \nwhose abilities as an architect, and zeal in promoting \nand protecting the fine arts of the kingdom, are well \nknown, to design and erect an edifice, at once suitable \nto the place and to the munificent donation. The new \nbuilding was begun in 1811, and finished in 1814; it \ndisplays great taste and science. \n\nThe collection consists of three hundred and seventy- \none pictures, many of which are works of high merit. \nThey are, principally, paintings by the old masters, the \ngreater part being of the Flemish and Dutch schools, \nthough there are some very fine productions of other \nnations. There are two catalogues of this superb col\xc2\xac \nlection in existence; one in the first volume of the \nAnnals of the Fine Arts, which is both explanatory \nand critical; and another sold at the Gallery, with mere \ntitles and names, without any remarks. \n\nIf we admit with Pope, and the pages of history bear \nwitness to the truth of his remark, that \n\n\xe2\x80\x9c Freedom and arts together fall,\xe2\x80\x9d \n\nwe must surely allow, that the improvement of the arts \nis favourable to the extension of liberty. The truth is, \nthat the fine arts can never be generally encouraged in \nany country without producing a correspondent expan\xc2\xac \nsion of the public mind ; and the knowledge and feelings \nwhich attend the cultivation of the intellectual faculties, \nare as completely inimical to the sway of despotism , as \nthey are to the dogmas of superstition. When the an\xc2\xac \ncients placed Minerva at the head of the arts, it was \ntheir meaning that pure wisdom was essential to study; \nand that perfection would only be attained by the union \nof a vigorous intellect with an enlightened taste and cor\xc2\xac \nrect judgment. The man who possesses a justly-culti\xc2\xac \nvated understanding, enjoys a thousand pleasures unknown \nto the vulgar. \n\n-Whate\xe2\x80\x99er adorns \n\nThe princely dome, the column, and the arch. \n\nThe breathing marbles, and the sculptur\xe2\x80\x99d gold. \n\nBeyond the proud possessor\xe2\x80\x99s narrow claim \nHis tuneful breast enjoys.\xe2\x80\x94 \n\nAkenside. \n\nSir Francis Bourgeois was born in London, in 1756, \ndied in 1811, and was buried in Dulwich College. See \nAnnals of the Fine Arts , Vol. I. p. 370, and Vol. III. pp. \n39, &c. \n\n\n\nDECEMBER. \n\n\n547 \n\n\n21, Is the festival of St. Thomas the apostle, otherwise \ncalled Didymus, i. e. in Greek, a twin. There is no \ndoubt hut he was a Galilean, as well as the other apostles; \nbut the place of his birth and the circumstances of his \nvocation are unknown. He was appointed an apostle \nA. D. 31,* and continued to follow our Lord during the \nthree years of his preaching. We know no particulars \nof his life till A. D. 32, when he encouraged the apostles \nto accompany Christ to the grave of Lazarus ;f but he \nafterwards gave a remarkable proof of incredulity in re\xc2\xac \nfusing to believe that his Divine Master was risen from \nthe dead.]; This unbelief was, however, shortly after \ncured by our Lord\xe2\x80\x99s condescension in giving him an \nopportunity of satisfying himself in the way he desired,\xc2\xa7 \nand at a subsequent period he dined with him and some \nother apostles near the sea of Galilee. || We have no \ncertain history of St. Thomas or his preaching; but \ntradition says, that in the distribution of the apostles to \nthe several parts of the world to propagate the gospel, \nthe country of the Parthians^T was allotted to him. It is \nalso added that he preached in Media,\xc2\xae!! - Persia,^ - the \nIndies, and China. There are, it is said, Christians who \ndwell in a peninsula of the Indus, and in other parts \nof the Indies, who go by the name of St. Thomas.* \xc2\xa7 ** Some \nsay that this holy man suffered martyrdom ; others, that \nhe died by the hands of infidels, and was buried at Goa; \nwhile others affirm, that his body was conveyed to Edessa, \nin Mesopotamia,ff where he was always highly honoured. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1641. Expired, Maximilian de Bethune, Duke of \nSully, a marshal of France, prime minister to Henry \nIV., one of the ablest and most honest statesmen that \nFrance ever had. His \xe2\x80\x9c Memoirs,\xe2\x80\x9d which have always \nbeen ranked among the best books of French history, \ncontain a minute account of what passed from the peace \nin 1570 to the murder of his royal master in 1610,]]; \nwhen he withdrew from court, and spent the remainder \n\n\n* Luke vi. 13\xe2\x80\x9415. + John xi. 16. ] John xx. 25. \n\n\xc2\xa7 John xx. 26\xe2\x80\x9429. || John xxi. 1, &c., &c. \n\n*[ See Geo. Ever. on the Neic Testament. \n\n** See Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gaz. art. Thome, \nft See Geo. Ever, on the Neiv Testament. \n\n]] See December 29, 1594, and May 14, 1610. \n\n\n\n548 \n\n\nDECEMBER. \n\n\nof his days in dignified and virtuous retirement. He was \nborn in 1559, at Rosni, near Mantes. \n\n21, 1804. Began the Winter Quarter, the sun having \nentered into the constellation yf, the Goat,* at twenty- \nseventy minutes past eleven at night.f \n\nAfter Summer evermore succeeds \nThe barren Winter with the nipping cold. \n\nShakspeare. \n\nDay and night, \n\nSeed-time and harvest, heat and hoary frost, \n\nShall hold their course,4 till fire purge all things new, \n\nBoth heav\xe2\x80\x99n and earth wherein the just shall dwell.\xc2\xa7 \n\nMilton. \n\nThis period is usually called the Winter Solstice, or \nshortest day, in the northern hemisphere, while in the \nsouthern one it is the longest The sun is something less \nthan eight hours above the horizon, even in the southern \nparts of our island. \n\nHung o\xe2\x80\x99er the farthest verge of heav\xe2\x80\x99n, the sun \nScarce spreads thro\xe2\x80\x99 ether the dejected day. \n\nFaint are his gleams, and ineffectual shoot \nHis struggling rays, in horizontal lines, \n\nThro\xe2\x80\x99 the thick air; as cloth\xe2\x80\x99d in cloudy storm, \n\nWeak, wan, and broad, he skirts the southern sky; \n\nAnd, soon descending, to the long dark night. \n\nThomson. \n\nWinter now reigns over the northern hemisphere; while \nthe southern one enjoys the luxuriance of Summer. \n\n22, 1738. Was born at Lambeth, in Surrey, Thomas \nBanks, an eminent sculptor, whose admirable works are \ntoo numerous to be here detailed. We shall, therefore, \nonly mention the monument of Sir Eyre Coote, in West\xc2\xac \nminster Abbey. This renowned commander of the East- \nIndia Company\xe2\x80\x99s forces in India, died at Madras, in 1783. \nMr. Banks expired in 1805. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1788. Expired, in his 76th year, at his native city, \nLondon, Percival Pott, F. R. S., who was surgeon to \nBartholomew\xe2\x80\x99s Hospital nearly half a century, and who, \nby an active mind and unremitting attention, arrived at \n\n\n* See Exer. on the Globes , art. Caprieornus. \n\n+ In 1822, the sun eutered Caprieornus at 40 minutes past 8 \nin the morning, and in 1830, at 8 minutes past 7. \n\nX See Gen. viii. 22. \xc2\xa7 See 2 Peter iii. 12, 13. \n\n\n\nDECEMBER. \n\n\n549 \n\n\nthe summit of his profession. His numerous publications, \nevince strong\xe2\x80\x99 marks of genius, display sound judgment, \nand are highly useful The day before his decease, he \nsaid, \xe2\x80\x9c My lamp is almost extinguished; I hope it has \nburned for the good of others\xe2\x80\x9d See Oct. 14, 1601. \n\n22, 1790. Ismael, a strong town of Bessarabia, in Tur\xc2\xac \nkey in Europe, was taken by storm by the Russians. \nThese merciless ruffians, deaf to the cries of age or in\xc2\xac \nnocence, and utterly callous to the \xe2\x80\x9c compunctious vi- \nsitings of nature,\xe2\x80\x99\xe2\x80\x99 massacred the garrison, consisting of \n30,000 men, (whose bravery merited, and would have \nreceived from any but a brutal foe, the highest honour,) \nin cold blood. The place itself was also abandoned to \nthe ferocious soldiery. See Praga, November 8, 1794. \n\n23,1588. Henry of Lorraine, Duke of Guise, an impe\xc2\xac \nrious, turbulent and seditious subject of Henry III. of \nFrance, was assassinated at Blois, in the department of \nLoire and Cher, province of Orleannois, by order of that \nmonarch, and in his presence, at eight o\xe2\x80\x99clock in the \nmorning. \n\nBlindly the scornful prince provok\xe2\x80\x99d his fate, \n\nAnd fell beneath the injur\xe2\x80\x99d monarch\xe2\x80\x99s hate : \n\nValois stood witness of th\xe2\x80\x99 unkingly deed ; \n\nGor\xe2\x80\x99d with dishonest wounds, he saw him bleed. \n\nTrans, of the Henriade. \n\nHis brother, the Cardinal, shared the same fate the next \nday. Both these vile deeds were perpetrated by the \nroval command. The duke was in the 38th year of his \nage, and one of the handsomest, wdttiest, most coura\xc2\xac \ngeous, and eloquent men of his time. He was in the \nbattle of Jarnac and that of Chateau Thierry. In this \nlast he was severely wounded in the face, and was \nafterwards called by the distinctive epithet Balafre. Blois \nwas the natal place of the amiable Louis XII. See Jan. 1, \n1515. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1688. James II. escaped from Rochester, and arrived \nsafely at Ambleteuse, in the department of the Straits of \nCalais, province of Picardy, France, whence he hastened \nto St. Germain\xe2\x80\x99s, where he was received by Louis XIV. \nwith the highest generosity, sympathy, and regard. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1798. News arrived in London of our having captured \nthe island of Minorca, in the Mediterranean. This island \nand Majorca were called by the Greeks Balearides, and \nby the Latins Baleares , from the dexterity of the inhabi- \n\n\n550 \n\n\nDECEMBER. \n\n\ntants at slinging 1 . Port Mahon,* * * \xc2\xa7 in Minorca, is esteemed \none of the most commodious harbours in Europe. It is \ndefended by the castle of St. Philip.f \n\n23, 1825. Died at his house in Mecklenburgh Square, \nSamuel Parkes, Esq., author of several interesting \npublications on Chemistry. He was no less distinguished \nfor his beneficence than for his ardour, diligence, and \nperseverance, in the pursuit of science. \n\n24, Is the festival of Nahum, the seventh of the twelve \nminor prophets, who, according to some accounts, was \na native of Bethabara beyond Jordan.]; Opinions are \ndivided as to the period in whidh he delivered his pro\xc2\xac \nphecy. It consists of three chapters only, making but \none discourse, containing a fine description of the de\xc2\xac \nstruction of Nineveh,\xc2\xa7 related in so lively and pathetic a \nmanner, that he seems to have been on the very spot. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1247- Died, at Kirklees, between Halifax and Wake\xc2\xac \nfield, in Yorkshire, the famous Robin Hood, captain of a \nnotorious band of robbers, who infested the forest of Sher\xc2\xac \nwood, in Nottinghamshire, and thence made excursions \nto many parts of England in search of booty, but never \nproceeded to acts of cruelty, except in his own defence. \nHis kindness and charity to the poor, and many acts of \ngenerosity, have produced a sort of friendly feeling to\xc2\xac \nwards him, notwithstanding the irregularity of his life. \nCamden calls him the gentlest thief that ever was. || \n\nFrom wealthy Abbots\xe2\x80\x99 chests, and churles\xe2\x80\x99 abundant store, \nWhat often times he took, he shared among the poor : \n\n\n* Mahon gives the title of Viscount to the Earl of Stanhope. \nWhen the island was captured by the English, in 1708, the fleet \nwas commanded by Sir John Leake, and the army by Lieutenant \nGeneral Stanhope. See July 1, 1691, and August 1, 1798. \n\nt It was for not relieving this fortress in 1756, that the ill- \nfated Admiral Byng suffered death. See March 14, 1757. \n\n+ See Geo. Exer. on the New Testament. \n\n\xc2\xa7 See Geo. Exer. on the New Testament. \n\n|1 Robin Hood\xe2\x80\x99s chief companion was Little John. A paper, \nin Ashmqle\xe2\x80\x99s hand-writing in the Oxford Museum, says, the \nfamous Little John (Robin Hood\xe2\x80\x99s companion) lies buried in \nHethersedge churchyard, in the Peak of Derbyshire ; one stone \nat his head, another at his feet; and part of his bow hangs up in \nthe church. \n\n\n\nDECEMBER. \n\n\n551 \n\n\nNo lordly bishop came in Robin\xe2\x80\x99s way. \n\nTo him, before he went, his pass must pay : \n\nThe widow in distress he graciously relieved ; \n\nAnd remedied the wrongs of many a virgin grieved. \n\n24, 1525. Expired, at Cochin,* Vasco de Gama, a Por\xc2\xac \ntuguese admiral, celebrated for his discovery of the way \nto the East Indies by the Cape of Good Hope. He was \nsent to India by King Emanuel in 1497,f and after visit\xc2\xac \ning several parts of that country, returned to Portugal \nin 1502, and sailed thither again with thirteen vessels \nrichly laden ; having been made viceroy of the Indies by \n.John III. Gama was a native of Sines, in the south\xc2\xac \nwest part of Portugal, and of noble birth; possessed of \nvirtue, prudence, and courage, equal to the important sta\xc2\xac \ntions in which he was placed by his sovereigns. The ambi\xc2\xac \ntious tyrant Philip II., King of Spain, annexing Portugal, \nin 1578, to his own dominions by force of arms, put a \nstop to all further discoveries of the Portuguese; and \nthe Dutch afterwards became masters of some of their \nmost valuable acquisitions. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1808. Expired, in his 49th year, at Clifton, near Bris\xc2\xac \ntol, Thomas Beddoes, M. D., whose character, whe\xc2\xac \nther contemplated as a member of society, filling the \nrelations of husband, father, and friend; or as a phy\xc2\xac \nsician and man of science, affords much to admire and \nto commend. He was correct in his general conduct, \nand exemplary in the discharge of all domestic and \nsocial duties ; and notwithstanding the superiority of his \nmental attainments, and the rank to which his talents \nhad elevated him, it is remarked by his able biographer, \nthat he never appeared to greater advantage than in the \ncompany of his Mother; towards whom he uniformly \nconducted himself with mingled respect and attention to \nthe close of his life.;}; As a medical writer, his descrip\xc2\xac \ntions of diseases will be always interesting for the lively \npictures which they contain; and his powerful declama\xc2\xac \ntory eloquence is admirably adapted for impressing the \nminds of the uninformed, and for exciting the attention \nof the indolent. His principal work was entitled \xe2\x80\x9cHy- \n\n\n* Cochin is a seaport of Hindostan, on the Malabar coast, \n120 miles S. by E. of Calicut. \n\n\xe2\x80\xa2p See July 9, 1497, and Sept. 16, 1795. \n\n\xe2\x99\xa6 See Biddle, Bacon, Pope, and Warburton, Index. \n\n\n\n\n552 \n\n\nDECEMBER. \n\n\ngeia.\xe2\x80\x9d* Dr. Beddoes was born, in 1760, at Shiffnal,f in \nShropshire. Dr. Stock\xe2\x80\x99s Memoirs of Dr. Beddoes. \n\n24, 1814. Peace between England and America. The \npreliminaries of peace between these states were signed \nat Ghent, and afterwards ratified. The United States \nand Great Britain being in reality the only two free \nnations in the world, Providence seems to have formed \nthem for a close alliance; and the friends of freedom \nmust sincerely hope, that they may ever continue a joint \nexample and lesson to the world of the necessary con\xc2\xac \nnexion between liberty, civil and religious, and national \nprosperity and greatness. \n\n25, The Nativity. This word denotes the day of one\xe2\x80\x99s \nbirth, but it is chiefly used in speaking of saints ; and \nwhen we say emphatically, \xe2\x80\x9c the Nativity,\xe2\x80\x9d that of Jesus \nChrist, or the feast of Christmas, is understood. Several \nlearned commentators have, however, contended that our \nSaviour could not have been born in the month of De\xc2\xac \ncember; as it is not probable, they maintain, that the \nflocks should have been exposed to the coldness of winter \nnights in the climate of Judea, where, as Dr. Shaw has \nshewn, they were so very unwholesome.J Indeed, there \nis strong reason to consider the common calculation re\xc2\xac \nspecting the time of Christ\xe2\x80\x99s nativity to be erroneous. \nBut as the precise time of the year wherein our Saviour \nwas born is not a matter of great importance, it is no \nwhere mentioned in the New Testament, which was \nwritten to bring men to the fear and worship of one God, \nand the practice of righteousness, and not to satisfy their \ncuriosity in matters of little significance. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 496. Clovis, the first Christian king of France, was \ncrowned at Rheims. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 16/6. Died, Sir Matthew Hale, a most learned and \nupright lawyer, and Chief Justice of the King\xe2\x80\x99s Bench, \nborn at Alderly, south of Wotton-under-Edge, in Glou\xc2\xac \ncestershire, Nov. 1, 1609. Whilst educating at Oxford, \nhe fell into many levities and extravagances; but at length \nresolved upon the study of the law, and was admitted of \nLincoln\xe2\x80\x99s-Inn, where he became as grave as he had be\xc2\xac \nfore been gay. He studied at the rate of sixteen hours \na-day, and his attainments were wonderful: for he had, \nbesides his peculiar profession, a considerable knowledge \nin the civil law, in the mathematics, physic, and surgery; \n\n\n* See Index. \n\n\nf See Index. \n\n\nI Travels, p. 379, \n\n\n\nDECEMBER. \n\n\n553 \n\n\nthe various branches of philosophical learning\xe2\x80\x99; but above \nall, divinity seems to have been his chief study. His \nprincipal works are on law, morality, divinity, and physic. \nIt is incredible, says Burnet, that one man, in no great \ncompass of years, should have acquired such a variety of \nknowledge, and that in sciences which require much \nleisure and application; but he rose always betimes in \nthe morning; was never idle; scarcely ever held any dis\xc2\xac \ncourse about news ;* entered into no correspondence by \nletters, except about necessary business, or matters of \nlearning, and spent very little time in eating and drink\xc2\xac \ning ; observing, in this respect, not only great plainness \nand moderation, but living so philosophically, that he \nalways ended his meal with an appetite, and was conse\xc2\xac \nquently fit for any exercise of the mind immediately \nafter. By these means he gained a great deal of time. \n\n\n* Dr. Cotton Mather (who was a man of uncommon de\xc2\xac \nspatch and activity in the management of his numerous affairs, \nand improved every minute of his time), that he might not suffer \nby silly, impertinent, and tedious visitors, wrote over his study- \ndoor, in large letters, Be short. See February 13, 1728, and \nNovember 13, 1690. \n\nUksinus, a professor in the university of Heidelburgh,f and a \ndiligent scholar, to prevent gossips and idlers from interrupting \nhim in his hours of study, wrote over the door of his library the \nfollowing lines; \n\nAmice, quisquis, hue venis, \xc2\xab \n\nAut agito paucis, aut abi. \n\n\xe2\x80\x9c Friend, whoever thou art that comest hither, either briefly de\xc2\xac \nspatch thy business, or be gone.\xe2\x80\x9d Zachary Ursinus was born at \nBreslau, in Silesia, in 1534, and died in 1583. \n\nThe learned Scaliger placed the following sentence over the \nentrance into his study : \xe2\x80\x9c Tempus meum est ager meus\xe2\x80\x9d\xe2\x80\x94\xe2\x80\x9c My \ntime is my field or estate and it is frequently the only valuable \nfield which the labourer in body or mind possesses. \n\nEver hold time too precious to be spent \nWith babblers. \n\nShakspeare\xe2\x80\x99s Aphorisms. \n\n\'fhe society even of our friends must be enjoyed with caution.\xe2\x80\x94 \n\xe2\x80\x9c Amici fures temporis,\xe2\x80\x9d says Lord Bacon : \xe2\x80\x9cFriends are robbers \nof our time.\xe2\x80\x9d The right use of time is powerfully advocated in \n\xe2\x80\x9c The Bioscope,\xe2\x80\x9d by Granville Penn, Esq., a gentleman of known \nlearning and piety. \n\n\nt See Arith. Quest. 10th edit. art. Wine, German. \n\n2 B \n\n\n\n\n\n554 \n\n\nDECEMBER. \n\n\nwhich others, for the most part, waste unprofitably. As \nhe never went to public feasts, so he gave no entertain\xc2\xac \nments but to the poor,* on whom he moreover bestowed \nthe tenth penny of all he earned.f He was interred by \nhis own desire in the churchyard of his native place. See \nJuly 7, 1713. \n\n25, 1720. Was born at Chichester, William Collins, \none of the greatest masters of the British lyre. While \nat Magdalen College, Oxford, he published four Persian \n(or, as they have since been termed. Oriental) Eclogues , \nwhich have not been equalled by any Pastorals in the \nEnglish language. He published also the beautiful Ode \non the Passions , and some other poems ; the sale of which \nbeing by no means successful, he burnt the remaining \ncopies in indignation. Being of a liberal spirit, and \nhaving small resources, expectation, dissipation, and \ndistress, threw him into a nervous disorder, and impaired \nhis understanding; so that when an uncle left him a con\xc2\xac \nsiderable fortune, the opportunity of enjoying it was \nover; a striking instance that man is not born for hap\xc2\xac \npiness. Collins, who, while he studied to live , felt no \nevil but poverty, no sooner lived to study , than his life \nwas assailed by more dreadful calamities\xe2\x80\x94disease and \ninsanity. To disperse the clouds which he perceived \ngathering on his intellects, he passed into France ; but \nfound himself constrained to yield to his malady, and \nreturned. Dr. Johnson then paid him a visit at Isling\xc2\xac \nton, and found nothing of disorder discernible in his \nmind to any but himself; but he had withdrawn from \nstudy, and travelled with no other book than an English \nTestament, such as children carry to school. When his \nfriend took it into his hand, out of curiosity to see what \ncompanion a man of letters had chosen, I have but one \nbook , says Collins, but that is the best. He was for some \ntime confined in a house for lunatics, and afterwards \n\n\n* Entertainments of this kind (if they proceed from a real \nprinciple of piety and faith) will, besides all the pleasure a ge\xc2\xac \nnerous heart finds in the exercise of such bounties, be abundantly \nrecompensed at the resurrection of the just. See Luke xiv. 13, 14, \nand Dr. Doddridge\xe2\x80\x99s excellent remarks on the subject, Fam. \nExpos. \n\nf Many benevolent persons have made similar donations ; and \nsome have given more. Dr. Price devoted the fifth part of his \nincome to charitable uses. See Index, and Dec. 25, 1758. \n\n\n\nDECEMBER. \n\n\n555 \n\n\nretired to the care of his sister at Chichester, where death, \nin 1759, came to his relief. \n\nOn the monument erected to his memory in Chichester \nCathedral, and executed with great taste by Flaxman, \nthe poet is represented as taking refuge from his mis\xc2\xac \nfortunes in the consolation of the Gospel, while his lyre, \nand one of the first of his poems, lie neglected on the \nground. Above are two elegant figures of Love and \nPiety, entwined in each other\xe2\x80\x99s arms, and beneath, an \nelegant epitaph by the late Mr. Hayley, which is quoted \nentire in Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gazetteer , art. Chichester. The follow\xc2\xac \ning are the concluding lines of this impressive tribute of \nrespect to his memory: \n\nHe join\xe2\x80\x99d pure faith to strong poetic powers. \n\nAnd, in reviving Reason\xe2\x80\x99s lucid hours, \n\nSought on one book his troubled mind to rest, \n\nAnd rightly deem\xe2\x80\x99d the book of Gon the best. \n\n25, 1758. Died, at his living of Weston-Favell, in North\xc2\xac \namptonshire, James Hervey, a divine of exemplary \nvirtue, great learning, and sincere piety, born at Har- \ndingstone, in the same county, in 1714. The beneficence \nof Mr. Hervey was remarkable. The whole of the vast \nprofits upon his popular and excellent \xe2\x80\x9c Meditations\xe2\x80\x9d* \nhe gave in charity ; saying, that as Providence had \nblessed his attempt, lie thought himself bound to relieve \nhis fellow-creatures with it. It was always his desire \nto die just even with the world, and to lie (as he called \nit) his own executor. His fund almost expired with \nhis life: what little remained he desired might be given \nin warm clothing to the poor in that severe season \n(Christmas). \n\nThe concluding scene of this most excellent man\xe2\x80\x99s \nlife was truly affecting. Though his strength was ex\xc2\xac \nhausted, and his body extremely emaciated, and so tender \nas hardly to bear the gentlest hand to touch him, yet he \nstill continued blessing the Divine goodness, and thank\xc2\xac \ning God for enduing him with patience. Though in the \npangs of death, he repeated with great serenity of coun\xc2\xac \ntenance the last words of good old Simeon,f\xe2\x80\x94Precious \nSalvation!\xe2\x80\x94Here, said he to his medical friend, is my \ncordial; what are all the cordials given to support the \n\n\n* See April 12, 1765. \n\nf See Luke ii. 29, and Simeon, Index. \n2 b 2 \n\n\n\n55G \n\n\nDECEMBER. \n\n\ndying, in comparison of that which arises from the \npromises of salvation by Christ ? His last words were. \nPrecious Salvation ! \n\nDuring the last hour he said nothing, but leaned his \nhead against the side of an easv chair,* * * \xc2\xa7 and without a \nsigh, groan, or the least emotion,\xe2\x80\x94\xe2\x80\x9c He clos\xe2\x80\x99d his eyes, \nand saw his God.\xe2\x80\x9df Watts. \xe2\x80\x94 See the Life of Hervey, \nprefixed to his Meditations, published in 1796, by Hep- \ntinstall, in 2 vols. 8vo. \n\n25, 1759. Was born at East Ruston, a place twelve miles \nnorth-east of Norwich, in Norfolk, Richard Porson, \nprofessor of the Greek language in the university of \nCambridge, and said to have been the best Greek scholar \nin the kingdom. Toward the latter end of his life he was \nappointed chief librarian to the London Institution,^ in \nthe Old Jewry, where he died on the 25th of September, \n1808. Professor Porson was buried in the chapel of \nTrinity College, Cambridge, near the remains of that \ncelebrated scholar. Dr. Bentley. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1761, O. S., or 5th Jan. 1762, N. S.\xc2\xa7 Died Elizabeth \nPetrovna, Empress of Russia. She was the daughter \nof Peter the Great and the handsome Catherine. At the \ncommencement of her reign she made a vow never to \npunish a malefactor with death; but never were more \ntongues cut out, and more wretches sent to Siberia, than \nunder the reign of this princess, whose clemency has been \nhighly, but unjustly, extolled. Her conduct was most \ninfamously immoral; and after a long illness and excru\xc2\xac \nciating pain she died, in the 52nd year of her age, and \n22nd of her reign. She was succeeded by her nephew \nPeter III. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1801. Died, at Hadley, near Chipping-Barnet, in \nMiddlesex, Hester Chapone, born in Northampton\xc2\xac \nshire, about the year 1726. Her elegant pen was always \ndirected to moral purposes ; and virtue, far from shewing \nrepulsive austerity in her representations, was distinguish- \n\n\n* Mr. Hervey\xe2\x80\x99s death, with his brother and sister standing \nnear him, was the subject of one of Mr. VVestall\xe2\x80\x99s pictures ex\xc2\xac \nhibited at the New Gallery, Pall-Mall, in 1814. \n\nf See Berkeley, Bishop; Cruden ; and Rowe, Mrs., Index. \n\nX See Arith. Quest, art. Museum. The London Institution is \nnow removed to a new and elegant building in Moorfields. \n\n\xc2\xa7 See 2d Sept. 1752. \n\n\n\nDECEMBER. \n\n\n557 \n\n\ned by endearing graces. Mrs. Chapone\xe2\x80\x99s \xe2\x80\x9cLetters on \nthe Improvement of the Mind, addressed to a Young \nLady,\xe2\x80\x9d and her \xe2\x80\x9cMiscellanies in Prose and Verse,\xe2\x80\x9d en\xc2\xac \ntitle her to a distinguished place on the rolls of litera\xc2\xac \nture.* \n\n26, Is the festival of St. Stephen, one of the seven \nDeacons, and the first martyr to the Christian faith. \nSome think that he was of the number of the seventy \ndisciples, but this is not certain. He possessed great \nholiness, ability, and zeal. His adversaries, unable to \nresist the wisdom and spirit with which he spoke, sub\xc2\xac \norned false witnesses, who deposed that they heard him \nutter blasphemous words against God, and against Moses; \nupon which he was brought before the Sanhedrimf at \nJerusalem. He made an elaborate defence, and, finally, \ncharging the Jews with the murder of Jesus Christ, they \ninstantly drew him out of the city and stoned him to \ndeath. He was interred by some pious persons, who ac\xc2\xac \ncompanied his funeral with great mourning. See the 7th \nand 8th chapters of the Acts. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1135. It being St. Stephen\xe2\x80\x99s Day, King Stephen was \n\n\n* The late Rev. J. S. Buckminster, of Boston, in America, \nwho was alike admired for his vigorous and accomplished mind, \nhis correct taste and discriminating judgment, has thus portrayed \nthe various talents of our most distinguished females. He extols \nthe severe accomplishments of the venerable Mrs. Carter (see \nDec. 17, 1717) ; the curious learning of that modest prodigy, \nElizabeth Smith (see Aug. 7, 1806,) ;\xe2\x80\x94the sound philosophy \nof Elizabeth Hamilton (see July 23, 1816) ;\xe2\x80\x94the exquisite \nelegance and hallowed fancy of Mrs. Barbauld ; \xe2\x80\x94the exuberant \ndiction and evangelical morality of Hannah More; \xe2\x80\x94the well- \nattempered maxims of the sensible Chapone ; \xe2\x80\x94and the practical \nsagacity and miraculous invention of Maria Edgeworth. It \nis our glory, he subjoins, to belong to the age which they have \nillustrated by their genius ; and our happiness to believe that \nthey will light the way for our children to glory, honour, and \nimmortality. \n\n+ Sanhedrim is a corrupted word from the Greek Synedrion , \nwhich signifies an assembly. Among the Jews it meant a council \nof seventy, or, as some say, seventy-three senators, who assem\xc2\xac \nbled in a hall of the Temple of Jerusalem, and there determined \nthe most important affairs of the nation. They date this esta\xc2\xac \nblishment from Numbers xi. 16. Some suppose that the \xe2\x80\x9celders \nof the people,\xe2\x80\x9d mentioned Matt. xxi. 23, and Luke xx. 1, were \nthe members of the grand Sanhedrim, to whom that title most \neminently and properly belonged.\xe2\x80\x94 Fam. Expos. \n\n\n\n558 \n\n\nDECEMBER. \n\n\ncrowned at Westminster. In 1148, he was again crowned \nat Lincoln. Stephen was of the Norman line. \n\n26, 1715. The Pretender landed at Peterhead, in Aber\xc2\xac \ndeenshire, (or, as some say, at Montrose, in Forfar or \nAngusshire,) Scotland. See Feb. 4, 1716, and Arith. \nQuest, art. Scotch Rebellions. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1780. Died John Fothergill, at his house in Harpur \nStreet, an eminent Quaker physician, born at Carr End, \nin the parish of Aysgarth, nine miles west from Middle- \nliam, North Riding of Yorkshire, in 1712. He studied \nphysic at Edinburgh, where he took his doctor\xe2\x80\x99s degree. \nIn 1762, he established an extensive and curious botanic \ngarden at Upton, in Essex, his occasional and delightful \nretreat at the close of his daily and professional engage\xc2\xac \nments. Dr. Fothergill died worth <\xe2\x82\xac80,000. His public \nbenefactions, his encouragement to science, the instances \nof his attention to the health, the police, the convenience \nof the metropolis, &c., are too numerous to specify ; and \nhis great medical skill was too well known to require \nremark. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1800. Expired, at Englefield Green, near Windsor, \nBerks, the celebrated Mary Robinson, an elegant \npoetess and novelist, who was born at Bristol in 1758. \nThis singular woman passed through a great variety of \nstrange scenes. Hence her Memoirs not only greatly \ninterest our sensibility, but hold forth momentous lessons \nof the most salutary instruction to the female world; as \nthey exhibit indubitable proofs, that neither talents the \nmost brilliant, nor charms the most fascinating, can, with\xc2\xac \nout prudence, and a just sense of decorum, ensure happi\xc2\xac \nness,\xe2\x80\x94and that virtuous conduct is the only certain parent \nof rational peace and pure felicity : \n\nOne blessing on ourselves we may bestow, \n\n\xe2\x80\x99Tis peace; and virtue is our peace below. \n\nWakefield\xe2\x80\x99s Juvenal. \n\n27, Is the feast of St. John the Evangelist, brother of \nSt. James the Great,* and son of Zebedee. He quitted \nthe business of fishing to follow Jesus, and was his \nbeloved disciple.f He was witness to the actions and \nmiracles of his Master; was present at his transfiguration \non Mount Tabor U and was with him in the garden of \n\n\n* See July 25, and May 1. f John xiii. 25, and xxi. 20. \nX See Matt. xvii. 1, &c., and August 6. \n\n\n\n\n\nDECEMBER. \n\n\n559 \n\n\nOlives. He was the only apostle who followed him to the \ncross; and to him Jesus left the care of his mother.* He \nwas also the first apostle who knew Jesus again after his \nresurrection. He preached the faith in Asia, and prin\xc2\xac \ncipally resided at Ephesus, where he maintained the \nmother of our Lord. He is said to have founded the \nchurches of Smyrna, Pergamus, Thyatira, Sardis, Phila\xc2\xac \ndelphia, and Laodicea.f He is also said to have preached \nthe gospel among the Partliians, and to have addressed \nhis first epistle to that people. It is related, that when at \nRome, the emperor Domitian caused him to be thrown \ninto a caldron of boiling oil, whence he came out unhurt; \non which he was banished to the Isle of Patinos, in the \nArchipelago, where he wrote his Apocalypse. After the \ndeath of Domitian, he returned to Ephesus, where he \ncomposed his Gospel, in the year 96, and died there, in \nthe reign of Trajan, about the year 100, aged 94. \n\n27, 1571. Was born at Weil, near Wirtemberg, in Swabia, \nGermany, John Kepler, one of the greatest philoso\xc2\xac \nphers that ever lived, and whom some regard as the dis\xc2\xac \ncoverer of the true system of the world. He died in \npoverty, November 15, 1631, at Ratisbon, whither he had \ngone to solicit the arrears of his pension, which had been \nvery ill paid. Thus did this eminently great and good \nman leave nothing to his wife and children, but the re\xc2\xac \nmembrance of his talents and virtues. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94r 1605. Was slain in a desperate fight with some Ja\xc2\xac \npanese, near the coast of Malacca, in Asia, John Davis, \na famous navigator, born at Sandridge, near Dartmouth, \nin Devonshire. He distinguished himself by making \nthree voyages to the most northern parts of America, in \norder to find a North-West passage to the East Indies ;X \nand discovered the Straits which bear his name. He \nafterwards performed five voyages to the East Indies, in \nthe last of which he was killed. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1724. Died Thomas Guy, founder of the hospital \nwhich bears his name in Southwark, his native borough, \nwhere (at Horsleydown) he was born in 1643. He kept \na bookseller\xe2\x80\x99s shop in a house on the site of that which \nnow forms the angle between Cornhill and Lombard \nStreet; and at his decease had dedicated to charitable \n\n\n* See John xix. 26, 27. \nt See Geo. Exer. on the New Test . \nJ See August 10, 1773. \n\n\n\n\n560 \n\n\nDECEMBER. \n\n\npurposes mere money (upwards of ^240,000) than any \none private man upon record in this, and doubtless, in any \nother kingdom. He was buried in the vault ot St. J homas\xe2\x80\x99s \nchurch, from whence he was removed to to the chapei \nof his own foundation on the 4th of September, 1780. \nSee Sept. 23, 1829. \n\n27, 1/84. On this day expired Prince Lee Boo, a most \namiable character, combining sweetness of manners, de\xc2\xac \nlicacy of sentiment, fortitude, an ardent curiosity, steady \napplication, retentive memory, sound judgment, and \nenlarged patriotic views. In short, from the account \ngiven of this accomplished youth by Mr. Keate,* it is \nscarcely possible to conceive a more amiable human \nbeing than Lee Boo, the second son of Abbe Thulle, \nKing of the Pelew Islands.f His father committed him \nto Captain Wilson\xe2\x80\x99s care,+ with the noblest confidence \nthat in a few years his son would be restored to him \nfraught with that useful knowledge which lie was con\xc2\xac \nvinced the Europeans possessed, and which might enable \nhim to render the most beneficial services to his country\xc2\xac \nmen. Lee Boo arrived in England, made a rapid progress \nin the elementary parts of learning, and was daily in\xc2\xac \ncreasing his stock of general knowledge, in which ho\xc2\xac \nnourable career he received every assistance and encou\xc2\xac \nragement from his attentive and generous guardian. This \nengaging youth, loving and being beloved by every one, \nwas suddenly brought to a premature death by the small\xc2\xac \npox. The disease was uncommonly malignant, and his \nconflict in dying very great; but composure and fortitude \nnever forsook him. ^The East-India Company ordered \nhim to be buried in Rotherhithe churchyard, with every \npossible mark of respect; and soon after caused a tomb\xc2\xac \nstone to be erected with an appropriate inscription, con\xc2\xac \ncluding with the following lines : \n\n\n* See June 28, 1797. \n\nf Coorooraa is the proper name of the island, of which Pelew \nis the capital town. See Crutwell\xe2\x80\x99s Universal Gazetteer. This \nindefatigable writer was born at Wokingham, in Berkshire, and \ndied almost suddenly, in his both year, at Froxfield, in Somerset\xc2\xac \nshire, on the 5th of Sept. 1808. Mr. C. published an edition of \nthe excellent \xe2\x80\x9c Bishop Wilson s Bible and Works,\xe2\x80\x9d and also \xe2\x80\x9cA \nConcordance of ParallelTexts of Scripture a most laborious \nperformance. See Cruden and Wilson (Bishop), Index. \n\nX See August 9, 1783. \n\n\n\n\nDECEMBER. \n\n\n56\xe2\x80\x99 I \n\n\nStop, Reader, stop ! Let Nature claim a tear; \n\nA Prince of mine, Lee Boo, lies buried here. \n\n27, 1/97- Expired, at his daughter\xe2\x80\x99s house in Grosvenor \nSquare, John Wilkes; a man who, with all his faults, \npossessed something more than the vapour of patriotism. \nHe could face poverty and banishment, despise a jail, re\xc2\xac \nsist corruption, attack and overcome tyranny. Had his \nexistence, however, ceased at the close of the American \nwar, his memory would have been more respected; for he \noutlived his reputation, and at his demise was nearly for\xc2\xac \ngotten ; yet his name will be connected with our history, \nand if he does not occupy the chief place, a niche, at least, \nwill be tenanted by him in the Temple of Fame. He was \nborn in Clerkenwell, London, 1726. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1800. Died, at his natal place, Edinburgh, Hugh \nBlair, D. D., a celebrated divine, whose printed sermons \nmet with unparalleled applause, and obtained him a pen\xc2\xac \nsion of 200/. a-year. His Lectures on Rhetoric and the \nBelles Lettres, are also eminently distinguished by labori\xc2\xac \nous investigation, sound sense, and refined taste. He was \namiable in private life, universally respected as a scholar \nand an elegant writer, and carried with him to the grave \nthe regret of every Briton who venerates piety, virtue, and \nbenevolence. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1814. Joanna Southcott, the noted impostor, for\xc2\xac \nmerly of Exeter, died in London. Her deluded adherents \namounted to several thousands ; a circumstance not at all \nsurprising, as there will always be found silly enthusiasts \namong the vulgar and illiterate, whose credulity will be \nsubservient to any new doctrine, be it ever so preposte\xc2\xac \nrous.* And it is highly probable, that the same blind \ninfatuation and drivelling folly which led them to enrol \nthemselves in the list of her followers, will make them fit \ndupes of the first impudent pretender to supernatural re\xc2\xac \nvelation who may assume the same confident tone. Few, \nit seems, but the grossly ignorant were among the train of \nJoanna\xe2\x80\x99s votaries: and, seeing this, who can have the per\xc2\xac \nversity to contend, that our eleemosynary schools of in\xc2\xac \nstruction, which now abound throughout the kingdom, are \nnot entitled to the most anxious solicitude for their pros\xc2\xac \nperity and increase ?f Education, says Locke, makes \n\n\n* See March 12, 1712 ; and Geo. Exer. on the New Test. art. \nJoanua Southcott. \n\nt See May 21, 1814; Nov. 4, 1794 ; and Introduction, p. 4, \nnotef. \n\n2 b 3 \n\n\n\n562 \n\n\nDECEMBER. \n\n\nthe great difference in mankind. Of all the men we meet \nwith, continues this immortal author, nine parts out of \nten are wholly what they are, good or evil, useful or not, \nby their Education. \n\nAll the pious duties which we owe \nOur parents, friends, our country, and our God, \n\nThe seeds of every virtue here below, \n\nFrom discipline and early culture grow ! \n\nWest. \n\n28, Childermas-Day. This is also called Innocents\xe2\x80\x99 Day, \nan anniversary feast of the church, held in memory of the \nchildren massacred by order of Herod, at Bethlehem. \n\nThere Herod\xe2\x80\x99s vengeful arm in infant blood \nDrench\xe2\x80\x99d his wide-wasting sword : with rueful shriek \nThe childless parent wander\xe2\x80\x99d Rama\xe2\x80\x99s streets. \n\nZoUCH. \n\nThe present scene not being a state of retribution,* it \nwould be highly irrational to expect that the Supreme \nBeing should animadvert on all the excesses of makind; \nyet that he sometimes takes vindicatory notice of human \nenormities is evidently discernible, particularly in the \npunishment of tyrants and persecutors; a sentiment emi\xc2\xac \nnently illustrated in the terrible death of the execrable \ntyrant Herod, who died in exquisite torments, eaten of \nworms; so remarkably did Cod make this brutal infanti\xc2\xac \ncide a terror to himself \\ as well as to all about him.f \n\xe2\x80\x94 1694. Queen Mary, eldest daughter of James II., and \nconsort of William III., died of the small-pox, at Ken\xc2\xac \nsington, in the 33rd year of her age, and the 6th of her \nreign. In her, the arts lost a protectress, and the unfor- \ntuuate a mother. Bishop Burnet says, that she was a \nperfect pattern of conjugal love, chastity, and obedience. \nShe had no relish for those indolent diversions which are \nthe too common consumers of most people\xe2\x80\x99s time, and \nwhich make as great wastes on their minds as they do on \ntheir fortunes. By her example, it became as much a \nfashion among ladies of quality to work,}: as it had for- \n\n\n* See April 25, 1800. \n\nt See Geo. Ever, on the New Test. No. 130. That \xe2\x80\x9c foul prac\xc2\xac \ntices\xe2\x80\x9d occasionally \xe2\x80\x9c turn on their authors,\xe2\x80\x9d cannot be doubted. \nSee Overbury, Sir Thomas, Index ; Geo. Exer, on the New Test. \nNo. 41, and art. Lystra. \n\nX See Arith. Quest, art. Embroidery. It has been excellently \n\n\nDECEMBER. \n\n\n563 \n\n\ninerly to be idle. She had read the best books in English, \nFrench, and Dutch, which were almost equally familiar \nto her; but gave the most of her retired hours to the \nreading of the Scriptures, and books relating to them. \nKing William greatly lamented her death, declaring to \nArchbishop Tennison, that \xe2\x80\x9c he could not but grieve, \nsince he had lost a wife, who , in seventeen years , had never \nbeen guilty of an indiscretion\xe2\x80\x9d See Nov. 6 and 19, 1817. \n\n29, 1171. Thomas a Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury, \nmemorable for his pride, insolence, and ingratitude to \nHenry II., was murdered in the Cathedral at Canterbury. \nSee July 8, 1174, and MiscelL Quest, in Eng. Hist. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1594. Was put to death by torture at Paris, John \nChastel, a fanatical youth, who at the instigation of the \nJesuits,* attempted to assassinate Henry IV. of France. \nSee May 14, 1610. \n\n*\xe2\x80\x94 1680. Lord Stafford, who had been convicted of \nhigh treason as a conspirator in the Popish Plot, was be\xc2\xac \nheaded. He made, on the scaffold, the most earnest asse\xc2\xac \nverations and protestations of his innocence. This plot is \nsaid to have been contrived by the Catholics to assassinate \nCharles II.; concerning which, even modern historians \nhave affirmed, that some circumstances were true, though \nsome were added, and others much magnified. Rapin \nsays, that the Popish Plot united in one conspiracy three \nparticular designs : to kill the King; to subvert the Go\xc2\xac \nvernment ; and to extirpate the Protestant religion. This \nnobleman\xe2\x80\x99s blood was the last which was shed on account \nof this Plot. An incident which, for the credit of the \nnation, says Hume, it were better to bury in eternal obli\xc2\xac \nvion, but which it is necessary to perpetuate, as well to \nmaintain the truth of history, as to warn, if possible, their \nposterity and all mankind never again to fall into so \nshameful, so barbarous a delusion. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1674. The celebrated Turenne, a renowned Marshal \n\n\nremarked, that the tasteful industry of Lady C. Long (whose beau\xc2\xac \ntiful views were an ornament to the Exhibition of the year lbll ) \nforms a soothing contrast to the herd of fashionable female triflers, \nwhose taste rises no higher than painting a face, or arranging the \npuerile affairs of a grand gala; of those silly creatures of wealth \nand of a court, whose history is fully comprised in the few follow\xc2\xac \ning words :\xe2\x80\x94born, slept, rose, ate, dressed, smiled, danced, sang, \nyawned, sickened, died. \n\n* See April 19, 1804, and Oct. 23, St. Ignatius. \n\n\n\n\n\n56 4 \n\n\nDECEMBER. \n\n\nin the service of Louis XIV., gained a great victory over \nthe German forces at Mulhausen, a town of France, in the \ndepartment of Upper Rhine. Turenne was born at Sedan, \nin 1611. Reading the historians of former days, particu\xc2\xac \nlarly Curtius, his youthful mind became enamoured of a \nmilitary life. He was no less celebrated for his splendid \ntalents as a great captain, than for his fine moral qualities. \nPope calls him \xe2\x80\x9c the god-like Turenne;\xe2\x80\x9d and Flechier, \nthe French orator, in a funeral sermon, says, that he tri\xc2\xac \numphed over the enemies of the state by his valour; over \nthe passions of the soul by his wisdom; and over the \nerrors and vanities of the age by his piety; and that he \ncreated a sort of military moral, (une espece de morale \nmilitaire,) which was peculiarly his own. See July 27, \n1675. \n\n30, 1691. Died Robert Boyle, a celebrated philosopher \nand chemist, and a zealous Christian,* born at Lismore, \nWaterford, in the south of Ireland, Jan. 25, 1627. He \nwas the seventh son and fourteenth child of Richard \nBoyle, Earl of Cork. To this great man we owe the im\xc2\xac \nprovement of the air-pump,f and innumerable useful dis\xc2\xac \ncoveries in experimental philosophy; and many works of \nhis on that subject are published, which will always be \nheld in the highest esteem. King Charles II., King \nJames, and King William, used to converse with him in \nthe greatest familiarity. His discourse ** Of the high \nVeneration Man\xe2\x80\x99s Intellect owes to God,\xe2\x80\x9d is the most \nesteemed of his theological tracts.\xe2\x80\x94This great philoso\xc2\xac \npher, speaking of the Scriptures, said, \xe2\x80\x9c I prefer a sprig \nof the tree of life to a whole wood of bays.\xe2\x80\x9d\xe2\x80\x94Archbishop \nLeighton exhorted his pupils never to suffer a day to pass \nwithout reading some part of the Sacred Records; adding, \nit is not possible to express how much sweeter you will \nfind the Inspired Writings than those of any profane orator, \npoet, or philosopher. See Leighton, Index. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1730. Died, at the Hague, in Holland, James Saurin, \nan eminent divine, theological and controversial writer, \nborn in 1677, at Nismes, province of Languedoc, depart\xc2\xac \nment of Gard, in the south of France. Mr. Saurin was a \nFrench refugee, who, with thousands of his countrymen, \ntook shelter in Holland from the persecutions in France. \nHe received his early education at Geneva, and became an \n\n\n* See Arith. Quest. 10th edit. art. Boyle, \n\nf See Exer. on the Globes , lith edition. \n\n\n\nDECEMBER. \n\n\n565 \n\n\nadmirable scholar; but his highest encomiums as a Chris\xc2\xac \ntian minister were, that he had an unconquerable aversion \nto sin, a supreme love to God and to the souls of men, \nand lived a holy life. His sermons have united men of \nvery dissimilar tastes and opinions in one common senti\xc2\xac \nment of admiration. Six volumes of these excellent dis\xc2\xac \ncourses have been long before the English public. Four \nof the volumes were translated by Mr. Robinson,* * * \xc2\xa7 an \neminent Dissenting Minister at Cambridge; and two by \nDr. Hunter,f of London; and a seventh has been added \nby Mr. Sutcliffe, of Halifax, in Yorkshire. \n\n30, 1765 The old Pretender, James Francis Edward, \nson of King James II., died at Rome, aged 73. By his \nconsort, Maria, daughter of Prince Sobieski, he left two \nsons; the adventurer of 1745, usually called the young \nPretender; and Henry Cardinal York. The Old Preten\xc2\xac \nder was interred in the church of the Holy Sepulchre at \nRome, with all the insignia of royalty. The Cardinal, \nYork, officiated as chief mourner. Prince Charles, the \nyoung Pretender, died in 1788, and the Cardinal has since \npaid the debt of nature, dying at Rome, his native city, in \n1807, aged 82. \n\nThere is not, perhaps, a family to be met with in the \nHistory of any country, whose misfortunes afford so strik\xc2\xac \ning a proof of the sad vicissitude of earthly affairs, as does \nthat of the ancient Stuart race.]; James I. (of Scotland), \nafter being twenty years prisoner in England, was assassi\xc2\xac \nnated by his subjects ;\xc2\xa7 James II., his son, was killed in \nhis 29th year, at the siege of Roxburgh, in 1460, by the \naccidental bursting of a cannon; James III., put in prison \nby his people, was murdered, after being thrown from his \nhorse in a precipitate flight from a battle against his sub- \n\n\n* Mr. Robinson was born at Swaffham, in Norfolk, in 1735, \nand died suddenly at Birmingham, in 1790, while on a visit to his \nfriend Dr. Priestley, whose religious sentiments he had adopted. \n\nf See October 27, 1802. \n\n+ The origin of this family may be seen in the Ency. Brit. \nVol. XVI. p. 773. \n\n\xc2\xa7 He was captured by the English in 1404, near Flamborough- \nhead, in Yorkshire, in his passage to France, whither he was \ngoing for education. Being released in 1424, he was crowned at \nScone the same year, and was murdered in a convent near Perth, \nin 1437. See page 67. \n\n\n\n\n566 \n\n\nDECEMBER. \n\n\njects;* * * \xc2\xa7 James IV. perished in an engagement with the \nEnglish at Flodden ;f James V. died of a broken heart \nMary his daughter was beheaded ;\xc2\xa7 Charles I., grandson \nof Mary, lost his head on a scaffold ;|| and James II., his \nson, was driven from his kingdom, and died in exile.1T \nSee Roxburgh, Flodden, &c\\, Gazetteer. \n\n30, 1774. Expired, at Twickenham, Paul Whitehead, a \ncelebrated poet, who, as a testimonial of affectionate gra\xc2\xac \ntitude, bequeathed his heart to Lord Le Despencer, who \nhad patronized, and been the means of procuring him an \nincome of 800/. a-year. This singular legacy, so remark\xc2\xac \nably expressive of the ingenious bard\xe2\x80\x99s deep sense of obli\xc2\xac \ngation, is contained in a small urn of variegated marble, \nand placed on an elegant marble pedestal in one of the \nrecesses of a magnificent mausoleum at his lordship\xe2\x80\x99s seat, \nat West Wycombe, in Buckinghamshire, with the follow\xc2\xac \ning epitaph : \n\nUnhallowed hands, this Urn forbear ; \n\nNo gems nor orient spoil \nLie here conceal\xe2\x80\x99d, but, what\xe2\x80\x99s more rare, \n\nA Heart that knows no guile. \n\nThe present was deposited on this spot by Lord Le \nDespencer, with great solemnity. The whole of the \nBuckinghamshire militia attended, and the urn was con\xc2\xac \nveyed in mournful procession; minute guns were fired; \nand an incantation, set to music by Dr. Arnold, was sung \nby vocal performers who were engaged for the purpose. \nA particular account of the ceremonial may be found in \nthe Annual Register for 1775. See also Beauties of En\xc2\xac \ngland, Vol. I. p. 368. \n\nBruce having killed Comyn in a church at Dumfries, \nand in his last hours feeling compunction for the violation \nof that sanctuary, requested Lord Douglas to carry his \nheart to Jerusalem, to be deposited in the holy sepulchre, \nin testimony of his penitence. \n\nRobert Bruce died June 7, 1329; and it is said that Sir \nJames (or Lord) Douglas was slain in battle near the castle \n\n\n* This happened in 1437, near the celebrated village of Ban\xc2\xac \n\nnockburn. See June 25, 1314. \n\nf See Sept. 9, 1513. \n\n\xc2\xa7 See Feb. 8, 1587. \n\n\xc2\xabT See Sept. 16, 1701. \n\n\nX See Nov. 25, 1542. \nII See Jan. 30, 1649. \n\n\n\nDECEMBER. \n\n\n567 \n\n\nof Theba, in Andalusia, in Spain, 1330, and lost the casket \nwhich contained the heart of his sovereign. It was reco\xc2\xac \nvered afterwards and conveyed to Scotland. See Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s \nGazetteer , 3rd edit. art. Theba and Cardross. \n\n31, 1460. Was fought the important battle of Wakefield, \nin Yorkshire, in which 3000 Yorkists, and the Duke of \nYork, were slain. See Miscell. Quest, in Eng. Hist. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1600. The East India Company was established by \na Charter from Queen Elizabeth. This charter was \ngranted to George, Earl of Cumberland, and 215 knights, \naldermen, and merchants, constituting them a body politic \nand corporate, under the title of the Governor and Com\xc2\xac \npany of Merchants of London trading to the East Indies. \nThe original capital was 72,000/., divided into shares of 50/. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1719. Died, at Greenwich, John Flamsteed, born at \nDenby, eight miles from Derby, in 1646. This eminent \nastronomer formed a new catalogue of the fixed stars,* \ncontaining about 3000. He made his observations first \nin private, and afterwards in the Royal Observatory,f to \nwhich there is a dwelling-house annexed, still called \n\xe2\x80\x9c Flamsteed-House.\xe2\x80\x9d See Nov. 8, 1656. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1775. General Montgomery was slain in attempt\xc2\xac \ning to take Quebec by a coup de main. In 1818, New \nYork, his adopted State, removed his remains from Que\xc2\xac \nbec to her own metropolis, where a monument had been \nerected, and near that they repose. See Jan. 25, 1776, \nand Sept. 13, 1759. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1799. Expired, the celebrated French writer, Mar- \nmontel, author of \xe2\x80\x9c Moral Tales,\xe2\x80\x9d \xe2\x80\x9c Belisarius,\xe2\x80\x9d| &c., \n&c. He died in great retirement and in a state border\xc2\xac \ning on want, at the little village of Abboville, in the de\xc2\xac \npartment of Lower Seine, France. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1826. Died, at his house, St. James Street, Bucking\xc2\xac \nham Gate, William Gifford, Esq., aged 70. He was \nborn at Ashburton in Devonshire. At 13 years of age \nhe was left an orphan, without a relation or friend. After \nstruggling though various trying scenes, he became one \nof the most distinguished literary characters of his time. \nHis translation of Juvenal exhibits the Roman satirist far \nmore correctly, and even more harmoniously, than \n\n\n* See Arith. Quest. 10th edit, and Ever, on the Globes. \n\n+ See August 10, 1675. \n\nX See Index ; and Arith. Quest. 10th edit, art Farthing, and \nExer. on the Globes, Uth edit. art. Sagitta. \n\n\n\n\n\n568 \n\n\nDECEMBER. \n\n\nDryden\xe2\x80\x99s version ; and the same spirit of vigorous concep\xc2\xac \ntion and elegance of numbers is observed in his transla\xc2\xac \ntion of Persius. His poem entitled \xe2\x80\x9c The Baviad,\xe2\x80\x9d \nwhich appeared in 1 7D4, was a satire on a knot of ode- \nwriters and sonneteers, who, assuming the names of \nDella Crusca, Anna Matilda, &c., were complimenting \neach other in a newspaper called the World. As some \ndanger was to be apprehended that these effusions might \nproduce a depravation of public taste, Mr. Gifford deter\xc2\xac \nmined to correct the evil by ridicule, and thus arose \xe2\x80\x9c The \nBaviad.\xe2\x80\x9d His triumph was complete, and he had the \nsatisfaction in a short time to see the whole Della \nCruscan tribe sink into obscurity, and Pope and Milton \nregain their superiority. Mr. Gifford also wrote the \n\xe2\x80\x9c Maeviad,\xe2\x80\x9d being an imitation of Horace, levelled at the \ncorrupters of dramatic poetry, and was the editor, till \nwithin a year of his death, of the Quarterly Review. In \nprivate life no man was more amiable, modest, and unas\xc2\xac \nsuming, than Mr. Gifford. His morals were correct and \nhis manners gentlemanly; and perhaps no better proof \ncould be adduced of his liberal and affectionate disposi\xc2\xac \ntion than by subjoining the following inscription on a \ntombstone in the burying-ground of Grosvenor Chapel, \nSouth Audley Street. \n\nHere lies the Body of \nAnn Davies, \n\n(for more than XX years) \n\nServant to William Gifford. \n\nShe died Feb. 6, 1815, in the 39th year of her age, \nof a tedious and painful malady, \nwhich she bore \n\nwith exemplary and patient resignation. \n\nHer deeply afflicted Master erected this stone to her memory, \nas a painful testimony of her uncommon worth and his per\xc2\xac \npetual gratitude, respect, and affection, for her long services. \n\nThough here unknown, dear Ann, thy ashes rest, \n\nStill lives thy memory in one grateful breast, \n\nThat trac\xe2\x80\x99d thy course through many a painful year. \n\nAnd mark\xe2\x80\x99d thy humble hope, thy pious fear. \n\nO! when this frame, which yet while life remained \nThy duteous love, with trembling hand, sustained \nDissolves, (as soon it must,) may that blessed Power \nWho beamed on thine, illume my parting hour; \n\nSo shall I greet thee, where no ills annoy, \n\nAnd what was sown in grief, is reaped in joy ; \n\nWhere worth, obscured below, bursts into day. \n\nAnd those are paid, whom earth could never pay. \n\n\nDECEMBER. \n\n\n569 \n\n\n31, 1830. Knowledge is Power. Lord Bacon. The \nemployment of the faculities of man in making the ele\xc2\xac \nments subservient to his use, and for public convenience, \nis in agreement with the magna-charta granted to him \nat his creation.* The stream-engine is allowed to be the \nmost valuable present that the arts of life have ever re\xc2\xac \nceived from the philosopher. And steam has been re\xc2\xac \ncently applied to passage-boats and to the draft of wag\xc2\xac \ngons ; but little was it thought that it would become \nserviceable to that which is the preserver of all arts and \nsciences\xe2\x80\x94 Printing : printing-presses are, however, now \nput in action by steam, which not only supersedes the \nlabour of the pressmen, but greatly expedites the opera\xc2\xac \ntion of taking off impressions. \n\nIt has been admirably remarked, that science note \nfinds, its highest glory in improving the condition, or \nallaying the miseries, of humanity; and, that the power \nof scientific benevolence is far greater than that of all \nothers, to the welfare of society. He, in whatever situa\xc2\xac \ntion he may be, who, in the study of science, has dis\xc2\xac \ncovered a new means of allevating* pain, or of remedying \ndisease; who has described a wiser method of preventing \npoverty, or of shielding misfortune ; who has suggested \nadditional means of increasing or improving* the bene\xc2\xac \nficent productions of nature, has left a memorial of him\xc2\xac \nself which can never be forgotten; which will commu\xc2\xac \nnicate happiness to ages yet unborn; and which, in the \nemphatic language of Scripture, renders him a \xe2\x80\x9c fellow- \nworker\xe2\x80\x9d with God himself, in the improvement of his \ncreation. (See Jenner, Hawes, and Brahe, Index; and \nArith. Quest, art. Machinery, its advantages.)\xe2\x80\x94We \nshall conclude with the mention of the late Count Rum- \nford. Few men, we believe, are more deserving of \nposthumous respect. His benevolent plans provided the \npoor, at a trifling expense, with wholesome, agreeable, \nand nourishing food; and his scientific exertions in the \nstructure of chimneys, stoves, &c., &c., have been the \nmeans of increasing the heat, and at the same time greatly \ndiminishing the consumption of fuel;\xe2\x80\x94a discovery \nwhich has been beneficial to every class of the commu\xc2\xac \nnity.\xe2\x80\x94Count Rumford\xe2\x80\x99s name was Thompson; he was \n\n\n* See the first two chapters of Genesis ; Mr. Frend\xe2\x80\x99s Evening \nAmusements for 1819, p. 40; Aritlx. Quest, art. Century and \nSteam-Engine. \n\n\n\n\n570 \n\n\nDECEMBER. \n\n\na native of Rumford, a town in the state of Massachusetts, \nNorth America. See Bourn\xe2\x80\x99s Gazetteer , 3d edit. art. \nRumford. \n\nConclusion of the circling Year. \n\nWhile thus revolving Seasons roll, \n\nObsequious to God\xe2\x80\x99s wise controul, \n\nObedient to his plan ; \n\nWith silent eloquence they preach. \n\nThe most important lessons teach, \n\nTo cold, unthinking Man. \n\nBehold thyself reflected here ! \n\nThe Spring proclaims thy infant year, \n\nGay life the Summer\xe2\x80\x99s bloom ; \n\nMild Autumn speaks maturer age, \n\nConfirms thee fool, or hails thee sage : \n\nWhile Winter shews the tomb. \n\nCunningham. \n\n\n\nINDEX \n\n\nA. \n\n, Page \n\nAbbeville. 415 \n\nAbbey .112, 352 \n\nAbbot\xe2\x80\x99s Langley. 354 \n\nAbboville. 567 \n\nAbdication, the. 60 \n\n\nof Amadeus .. 18 \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 Casimir .... id. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 Charles V... 29 \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 Christina .. 18 \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 Philip II. .. ib. \n\n\nAbelard . 146 \n\nAbercrombie, Sir. R. 102 \n\nAberdeen ..56, 326, 461, 522 \n\nAbernethy, John. 435 \n\nAbingdon. 26 \n\nAbney, Sir Thomas. 504 \n\nAboukir Bay . 299 \n\nAbrantes, Duke of. 330 \n\nAcademy. 168 \n\nAcharna. 438 \n\nAcre.105, 191 \n\nActium. 357 \n\nAct of Lhiiformity. 335 \n\nActon . 136 \n\nAdam, Dr. A. 542 \n\n-, R., the architect.. 81 \n\n-, the architects .... 32 \n\nAdams, John. 253 \n\nAddison, ..77, 150, 157, 199, \n226, 355, 462 \n\nAdelphi.32, 68 \n\nAdolphus, Gustavus. See \nGustavus. \n\nAdrian. 37 \n\n- IV. 353 \n\nAdrianople. . 37 \n\nAdriatic sea. ib. \n\nAdventurer. 490 \n\n\nPage \n\niEdile. 525 \n\nyEtieas.517, ib. \n\nAfrican Association .... 218 \n\n-Institution. 170 \n\nAghriin . 268 \n\nAgincourt . 445 \n\nAgonalia. 24 \n\nAgosta. 338 \n\nAikin, Dr.28, 56 \n\nAir Pump . 564 \n\nAiton . 47 \n\nAix-la-Chapelle ....255, 412 \n\nAjaccio .. 321 \n\nAkenside, Dr. .. 35, 234, 438 \n\nAlba. 129 \n\nAlban, St.234 \n\nAlban\xe2\x80\x99s, St. See St. Al\xc2\xac \nban\xe2\x80\x99s. \n\nAlbany. 289 \n\nAlbermarle, Duke of .... 210 \n\nAlberoni, Cardinal. 239 \n\nAlbert. 169 \n\nAlcala de Henares .. 150, 477 \n\nAlcoran, or Koran. 276 \n\nAlcyone . 330 \n\nAlderley .257, 552 \n\nAlderney. 413 \n\nAldus . 452 \n\nAldvvincle . 169 \n\n\nAlexander ....145, 193, 224 \n\n-, Emperor 369, 519, \n\n520 \n\n-II. of Scotland.. 261 \n\n-III. of Scotland 95 \n\n-III., Pope .... 260 \n\nAlexandria, 98, 102, 146, 151 \n\n\nAlfred. 451 \n\nAlgiers. 404 \n\nAlkington . 44 \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n572 \n\n\nINDEX \n\n\n\xc2\xbb \n\n\nPage \n\nAlley, the. 78 \n\nAlmagro. 239 \n\nAlmanac, Moore\xe2\x80\x99s. 39 \n\nAlmanza.131, 222 \n\nAlmondell . 492 \n\nAlnwick . 521 \n\n-Castle. 483 \n\nAlpheus . 167, 382 \n\nAlton . 258 \n\nAlvares de Luna. 213 \n\nAmadeus. 18 \n\nAmazon . 341 \n\nAmazouius. 517 \n\nAmbleteuse. 549 \n\nAuiboise. 123 \n\nAmboy na. 61 \n\nAmbrose, Lord. 484 \n\nAmelia, Princess....464, 495 \n\nAmen . 512 \n\nAmerica . 189, 298 \n\nAmerican Independence.. 252 \n\n--war. 140, 250 \n\nAmericus Vesputius. See \n\nVesputius. \n\nAmhurst. 154 \n\nAmiens . 102 \n\nAmontons, Monsieur.... 417 \n\nAmpthill Park. 21 \n\nAmsterdam. 435 \n\nAm well .. 400 \n\nAndes. 424 \n\n\nAndover \n\n\n475 \n\n\nAndr6, Major. 410 \n\nAndrew, St.167, 513 \n\nAndrew\xe2\x80\x99s, St.199, ib. \n\nAndrews, Henry. 39 \n\nAngelo, Michael. 62 \n\nAngria. 114 \n\nAnjou, Fulk, Earl of.... 541 \nAnkerstrom. 92 \n\n\nAnnamooka. 158 \n\nAnnan. 258 \n\nAnna, St. 448 \n\nAun, Czarina .428, 464 \n\nAnu of Cleves .21, 313 \n\nAnne of Bretagne . 24 \n\n\n-, Queen of Richard.. 254 \n\n-, Queen 52, 87, 150, 298, \n\n454 \n\n\nPage \n\n\nAnne of Austria. 494 \n\nAnne of Denmark.... 185, 328 \n\nAnnonay. 498 \n\nAnnunciation. 99 \n\nAnson .... 172, 215, 224, 230 \n\nAntinous. 37 \n\nAntioch ... 12, 220, 313, 430 \n\nAntipas . 126 \n\nAntiquaries. 214 \n\nAntonio . 448 \n\nAntony. 357 \n\nAntrim . 435 . \n\nAntwerp .203, 216 \n\nApocalypse. 559 \n\nApollo. 124, 269 \n\nApollo, loss of the. 114 \n\nApothecaries\xe2\x80\x99Company.. 543 \n\nApril . 108 \n\nApril-Fool Day . Ill \n\nApulia. 529 \n\nAquae Salviae . 242 \n\nAquarius. 30 \n\nAquila. 259 \n\nAquileia. 359 \n\nAquinum. 530 \n\nAnna . 228 \n\nArchaeologia . 214 \n\nArdesoif. 117 \n\nArdres. 207 \n\nAreopagus . 415 \n\nArezzo. 262 \n\nArgyle, Earl of. 244 \n\nAries . 97 \n\nAriosto. 262 \n\nAristotle. 168 \n\nArkwright, Sir R. 305 \n\nArmada, Spanish . 279 \n\nArminius.427, 434 \n\nArmstrong, Dr. 49 \n\n-, Sergeant.... 41 \n\nArne, Dr.43, 82 \n\n_ Mi- 4^ \n\nArnheim. 426 \n\nArnold, Dr. 443 \n\n-, General. 410 \n\nArpinum. 15 \n\nArqua. 278 \n\nArragon. 21 \n\nArras . 102, 345 \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nINDEX \n\n\n573 \n\n\nPnge \n\n\nArundel, Philip, Earl of.. 404 \n\nArzina. 190 \n\nAscension . 182 \n\nAscham . 17 \n\nAsh, Dr. 158 \n\nAshbourne. 88 \n\nAshburton .. 319 \n\nAshby de la Zouch. 370 \n\n-, the engraver 349, 366 \n\n512 \n\nAshe.224, 237 \n\nAshmole. 194 \n\nAskew, Ann . 276 \n\nAslacton. 98 \n\nAssisi . 411 \n\nAssumption. 321 \n\nAstracan. 515 \n\nAsylum, Deaf and Dumb . 268 \n\n-, London Orphan 176 \n\nAthelstaneford . 50 \n\nAthens. 168, 169, 352 \n\nAthlone . 248 \n\nAttalus. 68 \n\nAtterbury, Bishop.. .. 60, 227 \n\nAuburn . 116 \n\nAuctions. 285 \n\nAuerstadt . 424 \n\nAugust. 297 \n\nAugustine Friars. 343 \n\n\nPage \n\n\nBacon, Lord.35, 126 \n\n- , flitch of . 230 \n\nBadcock, Rev. Samuel .. 188 \n\nBairn. 37 \n\nBaker, Sir R. 66 \n\n-, the antiquary . .. 378 \n\n-, Henry. 504 \n\nBakewell, Robert . 408 \n\nRalchen, Admiral. 413 \n\nBaldwin . 190 \n\nBaleares. 549 \n\nBales . 314 \n\nBaliol. 513 \n\nBalmerino, Lord.... 325, 404 \n\nBampton. 60 \n\nBangor. 483 \n\nBaugorian controversy 135, 466 \n\nBank of England. 305 \n\nBanks, Sir Joseph. 229 \n\n-, the sculptor .. 89, 548 \n\nBannockburn .. 220, 238, 566 \n\nBaptists . 140 \n\nBarbadoes . 123 \n\nBarbarossa. 219 \n\nBarbauld, Mrs.230, 557 \n\nBarber. 392 \n\nBarcham, John . 477 \n\nBarclay, Robert.410 \n\n-, Captain . 269 \n\n\n-, St.202, 343 \n\n-, St. (Florida).. 113 \n\nAugustus Ceesar 50, 297, 326, \n\n357, 529 \n\nAurora Borealis. 65, 402 \n\nAusonia. 350 \n\nAusterlitz . 520 \n\nAutumn .350, 389 \n\nAve-Maria . 99 \n\nAverroes. 158 \n\nAvignon. 121 \n\nAylesford, Lord. 362 \n\nAvmer de Valence. 266 \n\nAyr. 283 \n\nAyres . 127 \n\nB. \n\nBabylon . 145, 250 \n\nBacon, John . 309 \n\n\nBard of Cona. 58 \n\n-ofEdnam .. .342, 389 \n\n-of Mantua. 424 \n\n-of Olney. 153 \n\n-of Twickenham.... 205 \n\n-of Tyne. 234 \n\nBardsey . 31 \n\nBaretti. 175 \n\nBarfleur . 504 \n\nBarnabas, St. 219 \n\nBarnard, Sir John.346 \n\nBarnet. 130 \n\nBarneveldt. 182 \n\nBarnstaple. 534 \n\nBarometer. 427 \n\nBarrow, Dr.122, 173 \n\nBarry, the painter. 68 \n\nBarthelemy. 160 \n\nBartholomew, St. .. 199, 335 \n\nBartolozzi .512, 538 \n\nBarton, Elizabeth. 144 \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n574 \n\n\nINDEX \n\n\nPage \n\nBasil or Bale.. ..55, 369, 451 \n\n\nBasingstoke. 71 \n\nBassano.452 \n\nBastile. 272, 493 \n\nBath.. ..33, 48, 90, 117, 126, \n150,237,398,453,490, 522 \n\nBath Easton . 237 \n\nBathurst, Earl. 379 \n\nBattersea . 489 \n\nBattishill, the composer.. 533 \n\nBaxter, Andrew. 522 \n\n-, Richard. 482 \n\nBayard. 159 \n\nBayle, Peter . 493 \n\nBeach, Mary . 469 \n\nBeaconsfield.262, 440 \n\nBeaton, Cardinal . 199 \n\nBeattie, Dr. 326 \n\nBeaufort, Cardinal. 74 \n\nBeauvais . 265 \n\nBeckford, Lord Mayor .. 232 \n\nBeddoes, Dr.551 \n\nBedford, Duke of . 80 \n\n-, Regent. 377 \n\n-, town of.... 347, 510 \n\nBedfords. 302 \n\nBeersheba . 480 \n\nBelem. 264 \n\nBelzoni . 521 \n\nBelisarius . 88 \n\nBenbow . 327 \n\nBender. 262 \n\nBennet, Justice. 485 \n\n-, Timothy . 541 \n\nBenson, Dr.. .... 449 \n\nBentley, Miss. 396 \n\nBerea. 419 \n\nBere Ferris. 201 \n\nBerkeley (Glouc.) ..187,212 \n\n-, Bishop. 28 \n\n-, Castle .. 384 \n\nBerkford, Little. 536 \n\nBerkhampstead. 153 \n\nBerlin...37, 177 \n\nBermondsey . 53 \n\nBern...12, 384, 536 \n\nBernadotte.39, 330 \n\nBernard, Sir Thos. 248 \n\nBernouilli . 55 \n\nBertie. 444 \n\n\nPage \n\nBertrand de Gourdon.... 121 \n\n\nBerulle. 133, 409 \n\nBerwick, Duke of .. 131, 222 \n\nBethabara . 550 \n\nBethany . 292 \n\nBethlehem.21, 71 \n\nBethnal Green . 36 \n\nBethsaida.. 166,241,288, 513 \n\nBeverley .234, 371 \n\nBewick, the wood engraver 523 \n\nBible_ 155, 192, 252, 289, \n\n389, 564 \n\nBickham. 173 \n\nBiddle, Rev. John. 387 \n\nBilbilis. 77 \n\nBilton. 199 \n\nBirch, Dr. Thomas. 24 \n\nBirmingham 272,324,411, 565 \n\nBishops, Seven . 225 \n\nBlackburne, Archdeacon .217 \n\nBlack Friars . 142 \n\nBlackfriars\xe2\x80\x99 Bridge...... 457 \n\nBlackheath. 221 \n\nBlack Hole. 231 \n\nBlacklock . 258 \n\nBlack Notley. 510 \n\nBlackstoue, Sir W. 59 \n\nBlackwall, Anthony .... 125 \n\nBlair, Hugh .. ..50, 561 \n\n-, John. 238 \n\n-, Robert. . . 50 \n\nBlake, Admiral.. 66, 144, 322, \n\n362 \n\nBlanchard.23, 223, 429 \n\nBland . 33 \n\nBlandford . 129 \n\nBlandy, Mr.321 \n\n-, Mary. 122 \n\nBlaize, Bishop. 48 \n\nBlazy, St. ib. \n\nBlenheim. 302 \n\nBligh, Capt. 158 \n\nBlois. 18, 240, 549 \n\nBlood .. 345 \n\nBlue-Coat School . 426 \n\nBochart . 177 \n\nBodley, Sir Thos.40, 477 \n\nBoerhaave . 390 \n\nBogue, Dr. 77 \n\nBoileau . 78 \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nINDEX. 575 \n\n\nPage \n\nBolam. 30 \n\nBold re. 119 \n\nBoleyn, Anne .. 188, 207, 369, \n\n403, 486 \n\nBolingbroke, Lord .. 227, 285 \n\nBologna.52, 142, 481 \n\nBolton. 523 \n\nBonaparte.. 78, 105, 113, 127, \n174,176,179, 180, 191, 221, \n223,228,275, 325,369, 420, \n433, 440, 520 \n\n\nBonaparte, Joseph. 285 \n\nBond . 64 \n\nBoniface. 214 \n\nBonner, Bishop. 364 \n\nBonningtou. 390 \n\nBook, first printed. 319 \n\nBooth by. 88 \n\nBorlace, Dr. 47 \n\nBorodino. 369 \n\nBoston (America) 30, 58, 136, \n\n140 \n\nBoswell .. 188 \n\nBosworth Field. 331 \n\nBotanical Cabinet 47,463, 495 \n\nBoth well .55, 183 \n\nBoulogne.223, 470 \n\nBoulton, Matthew. 324 \n\nBourbon. 381 \n\nBourdeaux.21, 58 \n\nBourg. 124 \n\nBourn. 240 \n\nBourgeois, Sir F. 546 \n\nBourges . 249 \n\nBoxley Abbey. 392 \n\nBoydell, Alderman.. 22, 423, \n\n536 \n\nBoyer .. 324 \n\nBoyle, Robert. 564 \n\nBoyne. 247 \n\nBoyse . 275 \n\nBradfield. 67 \n\nBradgate .. 57 \n\nBraganza, John, Duke of.. 41 \n\n498, 519 \n\nBrahe, Tycho.. 328, 420, 481 \n\nBramin. 281 \n\nBrandenburgh House.. .. 312 \nBrandt.. 157 \n\n\nPage \n\nBrastead. 92 \n\nBrechin . 84 \n\nBrekespeare, Nicholas .. 354 \n\nBremen. 103 \n\nBrentford. 539 \n\nBreslaw . 553 \n\nBretten. 60 \n\nBridekirk. 150 \n\nBridge.... 92, 224, 309, 457 \n\n-, Menai .. 43 \n\nBridgend.... 67 \n\nBridgenorth. 409 \n\nBridgewater. 322 \n\n-, Duke of, 83, 396 \n\nBriel. 337 \n\nBright. 232, 483 \n\nBrighton. 77, 428 \n\nBrindley. 84, 271, 396\' \n\nBristington. 362 \n\n\nBristol.. 295, 338, 372, 415, \n\n417, 558 \n\n-Hot Wells.. 101, 237, \n\n\n357, 450, 461 \nBritish and Foreign School \n\nSociety . 192, 373 \n\nBritish Gallery. 70, 248 \n\n-Museum. 119 \n\nBroglio, Marshal. 46 \n\nBromley. 490 \n\nBrompton. 258 \n\nBrooke, Charles. 49 \n\n-, Frances. 39 \n\nBroome, William . 490 \n\nBrougham . 171 \n\nBrown, Marshal. 178 \n\nBruce, David .\xe2\x80\xa2. 430 \n\n-, Lord Edward .... 123 \n\n-, James. 155 \n\n-, Robert, 100, 215, 238, \n\n566 \n\nBruck, or Brugg.... 169, 413 \n\nBruudusium. 424 \n\nBrunswick. 313 \n\n*-, Duchess of.. 495 \n\n-, Family of .. 439 \n\nBrussels. 445 \n\nBryant, Jacob. 487 \n\nBuchan, Earl of. 144 \n\nBuchanan.. 74 \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n576 \n\n\nINDEX. \n\n\nPage I \n\nBuckingham, Duke of 82, 133, ! \n\n335 \n\nBuckminster, Rev. J. 557 \n\nBudgell. 173 \n\nBudlejgh. 456 \n\nBuenos Ayres. 265, 377 \n\nBuffon. 134 \n\nBugea. 180 \n\nBull-baiting. 196 \n\nBulls (of the Pope) .... 260 \nBunhill Fields.. 54, 293, 348, \n\n450, 504 \n\nBunker\xe2\x80\x99s Hill. 226 \n\nBunvan, John. 347 \n\nBurdett, Sir F. 538 \n\n\nBurgh-upon-Sands. 256 \n\nBurgoyne, General. 430 \n\nBurke. 262 \n\nBurleigh, Cecil, Lord, 101, 306 \nBui net, Bishop.. 93, 289, 467 \n\n-, Thomas. 24 \n\nBurney, Admiral. 129 \n\n-, Dr. ib. \n\n--, Dr. Charles .... 531 \n\nBurnhall. .312 \n\nBurnham Thorpe . 402 \n\nBurns, Robert. 282, 429 \n\nBurntford Links. 50 \n\nBurr .. 267 \n\nBurton. 83 \n\n-, Robert. 54 \n\nBurwell . 370 \n\nBurying-places. 257 \n\nBusby, Dr. 122 \n\nBute, Earl of.81, 85 \n\nButler, Samuel . 391 \n\n-, William ... 310, 419 \n\nByblos, or Byblus. 395 \n\nBytig, Admiral. 89, 550 \n\nBvrom, Dr. 396 \n\nByron, Lord . 144 \n\nByzantium .279, 457 \n\n\nC. \n\nCabot, Sebastian .. 113, 236 \nCadiz, 180,189, 201,378,393, \n\n497 \n\n12, 177, 370 \n\n\nPage \n\nCaermarthen . 355 \n\nCaernarvon.... 152, 347, 384 \nCaesar, Julius.. 91, 155, 246, \n\n279, 340 \n\nCaesarea . 416 \n\nCajeta. 525 \n\nCalais.. 22, 109, 150, 305, 329 \n\nCalaroga. 142 \n\nCalatajud . 77 \n\nCalcuita. 154, 231, 281 \n\nCaledonian Canal . 290 \n\nCalgarth Park. 252 \n\nCalicut. 193, 264 \n\nCaligula . 295 \n\nCallao. 454 \n\nCalmet. 446 \n\nCalvary.51, 91 \n\nCalvin. 198, 449 \n\nCainbacer 6 s. 174 \n\nCambridge, 13, 294, 378, 436, \n\n438, 556 \n\n-, Richard .... 380 \n\nCambuskenneth. 374 \n\nCamden, the antiquary .. 479 \n\n--, Earl. 137 \n\nCamoens. 448 \n\nCampbell, Archibald .... 244 \n\nCamperdown. 418 \n\nCampion. 59 \n\nCana. 513 \n\nCanal, Forih and Clyde.. 292 \n\n-, 83, 271, 290, 292, 494 \n\nCandlemas-Day. 47 \n\nCanicula. 249 \n\nCannae. 191 \n\nCannes. 78 \n\nCannon. 337 \n\nCauonbury . 468 \n\n\xe2\x80\xa2-House. 462 \n\nCanterbury.... 96, 217, 222, \n\n260, 563 \n\nCapell. 38 \n\nCape Horn. 44 \n\n-of Good Hope 193, 265, \n\n379, 497 \n\nCapernaum. 241 \n\nCapet . 249 \n\nCappadocia. 148 \n\nCappel. 417 \n\n\nCaen \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nINDEX \n\n\n577 \n\n\nPage \n\nCaprese . 63 \n\nCapricoruus. 548 \n\nCardinal. 32\'8 \n\nCardross. 215 \n\nCarla. 493 \n\nCarlisle. 197, 320 \n\nCarlisle, Frederick How\xc2\xac \nard, Earl of. 363 \n\nCarmel, Mount. 343 \n\nCarmelites. ib. \n\nCarolina Matilda. 180 \n\nCaroline, Queen of George \n\nII.418, 497 \n\nCaroline, Queen of George \n\nIV. 312 \n\nCarpus . 419 \n\nCarrideu. 385 \n\nCarr, Edward. 558 \n\nCarshalton...... 460 \n\nCarter, Elizabeth, 66, 542, 557 \n\nCarthage. 343, 394 \n\nCarthagena. 456 \n\nCasimir. 18 \n\nCaslon. 36 \n\nCassini . 481 \n\nCastle Howard ...,. 363 \n\n-Rising.510 \n\nCastleton. 49 \n\nCastres. 323 \n\nCatacombs. 241 \n\nCathedral, St. Paul\xe2\x80\x99s .... 231 \nCatharine 1.66, 185 \n\n\nII... 172, 265, 277, \n419, 425, 492 \nde\xe2\x80\x99Medici.. 18, 522 \nof Arragon.. 21, 54, \n194, 212 \nwife of Charles \n\n\nII. 192, 486 \n\nCatholics. 139, 504 \n\nCato. 50, 156 \n\nCave, Edward. 75 \n\nCawsey .. 362 \n\nCawthorn, the poet .... 397 \nCaxton, the printer .... 320 \nCecil, Lord Burleigh .... 306 \n\nCecilia, St. 498 \n\nCelestin III.... 400 \n\n2 C \n\n\nPage \n\nCelestius.483 \n\nCenchrea. 358 \n\nCenturion . 375 \n\nCeres . 14 \n\nCervantes . 150, 412 \n\nChaeronea . 301 \n\nChalcedon . 278 \n\nChalgrove Field. 227 \n\nChalk Farm. 123 \n\nChalons . 146 \n\nChalus. 121 \n\nChambers, E. 183, 462 \n\n-, Sir W. 84 \n\nChampion. 127 \n\nChandler, Mary. 375 \n\nChapoue, Mrs. 556 \n\nCharistia. 62 \n\nCharity Schools. 100 \n\n\nCharles I. 42, 47, 54, 82, 212, \n222, 328, 444, 493 \n\n-II. .. 13, 16, 52, 147, \n\n192, 196,219,360,362,428, \n444, 527 \n\nCharles II. of Spain.. 460, 475 \n\n-III. of Spain. ... 537 \n\n-IV. of Spain,. 33, 537 \n\n-IV. of France.... 46 \n\n-V. of France, 125, 379 \n\n\xe2\x80\x94\xe2\x80\x94VI. of France.... 438 \n\n-V. Emperor of \n\nGermany, 24, 29, 71, 379, \n384, 445 \n\n-VI. Emperor of \n\nGermany, 37, 433, 439, 511 \n\n-VII. of France, 249, \n\n277, 284 \n\n-VIII. 123 \n\n-IX.202, 240, 522 \n\n-X. 127, 379 \n\n-XII. of Sweden, 46, \n\n262, 515, 533 \n\n-XIII. 331, 469 \n\n-XIV. 39, 331 \n\n-the Bold, of Bur\xc2\xac \ngundy . 233, 265 \n\n-Emanuel of Sar\xc2\xac \ndinia. 214 \n\n-Felix . ib. \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n578 \n\n\nINDEX \n\n\nV" \n\n\nPage \n\nCharles John of Sweden.. 331 \nCharlotte, Princess.. 21,172, \n\n474, 495 \n\n--, Queen, the, 93, 495 \n\n--, Queen .. 188^492 \n\n\nCharter House . 535 \n\nChartres. 184 \n\nChastel, John. 563 \n\nChateau Thierry. 549 \n\nChatham. 127 \n\n--, Earl of. See \n\nPitt. \n\nChatter ton. 338 \n\nChaucer . 444 \n\nChauntries . 353 \n\nChelsea.... 26, 126, 254, 258, \n429, 454, 543 \n\nCheltenham. 372 \n\nChenies . 81 \n\nCherson. 32, 425 \n\nChertsey. 291 \n\nCheselden. 61, 126 \n\nCheshunt. 233 \n\nChesme . 522 \n\nChester. 315, 532 \n\nChiaramonti . 328 \n\nChichester .... 51, 482, 554 \n\nChildermas Day. 562 \n\nChimney Sweepers. 165 \n\nChinon. 253 \n\nChiswick. 367, 376, 447 \n\nChoczim. 428 \n\nChosroes. 377 \n\nChrist. See Jesus Christ. \n\n-\xe2\x80\x99s Hospital. 426 \n\nChristian VII. 89, 180 \n\nChristiana. 328, 469 \n\nChristianity, its object .. 506 \n\nChristians . 12 \n\nChristina. 18, 106, 203 \n\nChristmas. 552 \n\nChristophe. 212, 414 \n\nChristopher, St.. 415 \n\nChronology. 1 \n\nChurchill, the poet. 470 \n\n-, Arabella .... 222 \n\nCibber, Colley. 467 \n\n-, Mrs. 43 \n\n\n\nPage \n\nCicero. 15, \n\n, 307, 525 \n\nCider. \n\n. 60, 350 \n\nCilicia. \n\n.... 148 \n\nCimon. \n\n.. . 478 \n\nCipriani, the painter \n\n.... 538 \n\nCirencester . \n\n.... 379 \n\nCitium. \n\n293, 479 \n\nCity Road. \n\n.... 243 \n\nClairon, Madame .. \n\n.... 64 \n\nClapham. \n\n346, 476 \n\nClapton .... \n\n.32, 176 \n\nClaremont . \n\n.... 473 \n\nClarence, Duke of .. \n\n.... 65 \n\nClarendon, Earl of.. \n\n.... 231 \n\nClarke, the orientalist .. 462 \n\n-, the penman \n\n.... 127 \n\n-, Dr. S. \n\n186, 293 \n\n-, William .... \n\n.... 488 \n\nClement VII. \n\n.... 393 \n\n-, Jaques.... \n\n.... 298 \n\n-, St. \n\n.... 500 \n\nCleopas . \n\n167, 392 \n\nClergy, sons of the.. \n\n.... 172 \n\nClerke, Captain .... \n\n.... 333 \n\nClifford, Lord. \n\n.... 103 \n\nClifton. \n\n.... 551 \n\nClive, Lord. \n\n.... 499 \n\nClonmel. \n\n.... 94 \n\nClooniquiti. \n\n.... 227 \n\nCloster-Seven. \n\n\nClovis . \n\n.. .. 552 \n\nCloy lie. \n\n.... 28 \n\nCoaches, Hackney .. \n\n.... 32 \n\nCobham, Lord .... \n\n.. .. 322 \n\nCochin. \n\n.... 551 \n\nCockburne . \n\n.. .. 322 \n\nCock-fighting. \n\n107, 117 \n\nCodrington. \n\n.... 123 \n\nCoel. \n\n.... 324 \n\nCogan, Dr. \n\n\nCognac. \n\n.... 375 \n\nCohort. \n\n\nCoire . \n\n.... 471 \n\nCoke, Sir E. \n\n.. .. 359 \n\nColchester. \n\n324, 344 \n\nColchis. \n\n\nColeraine.. \n\n\nColeshill. \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nINDEX \n\n\n579 \n\n\nPage \n\nOolet, Dr. 379 \n\nCollege. 353 \n\nCollins, the poet. 554 \n\nCollingvvood . 83 \n\nCoUyer, Joseph. 462 \n\n-, Mrs. ib. \n\nColman, George. 321 \n\nCologne. 203, 322 \n\nColonna, Cardinal. 278 \n\nColophon. 507 \n\nColosse . 279, 498 \n\nColston, Edward. 417 \n\nColumbus, 141, 172, 180, 189, \n202, 298, 304, 367, 393, \n418, 464, 497 \n\nColuri. 438 \n\nComet . 367 \n\nCommonwealth, the .... 60 \n\nComo . 334 \n\nCompostella . 288 \n\nCompton, Bishop .. 232, 257 \n\nComyn. 55, 566 \n\nCona, stream of. 58 \n\nConclave .. 327 \n\nConconato . 190 \n\nConcord. 140 \n\nConformist. 139 \n\nCongreve. 31 \n\nConingsby . 396 \n\nConquest, the. 12, 60 \n\nConstance. 254 \n\nConstantine the Great .. 325 \n\nConstantinople, 200, 240, 330, \n\n513 \n\nConsul. 526 \n\nContades, Marshal de .. 299 \n\nContentment. 173 \n\nConway, General . 318 \n\nCook, Captain, 59, 116, 213, \n\n229, 293 \n\nCooke, Sir A. 220 \n\nCoorooraa . 560 \n\nCoote, Sir Eyre. 548 \n\nCopenhagen .. 114, 157, 454 \n\nCopernicus . 38, 195 \n\nCopley. 22 \n\nCoppet. 275 \n\nCoram. 95 \n\nCord6, Charlotte. 270 \n\n\nPage \n\nCordova. 158 \n\nCorfe Castle . 187 \n\nCork. 69 \n\nCornelius . 375, 386 \n\nCornwallis, Marquis, 377, 436 \n\nCortez.318, 493, 520 \n\nCorunna. 29 \n\nCotton, Sir R. 177 \n\nCowes. 465 \n\nCowley . 115, 291 \n\n-, Hannah. 87 \n\nCowper. 152, 482 \n\nCrabtree, W. 501 \n\nCracow. 416 \n\nCranraer, Archbp, 98, 194, 484 \n\nCranstoun . 122 \n\nCreation, the. 351 \n\nCrediton. 215 \n\nCremona. 46, 129 \n\nCressingham . 374 \n\nCressy. 336 \n\nCrete, island of. ib. \n\nCrispianus . 445 \n\nCrispin, St. ib. \n\nCroft . 443 \n\nCromford. 305 \n\nCromwell, 107, 144, 152, 223, \n320, 360, 391, 539 \n\n-,Thomas.. 291, 403 \n\nCronenburgh,. 158 \n\nCronstadt . 522 \n\nCrook. 378 \n\nCruden, Alexander. 461 \n\nCrusoe, Robinson . 354 \n\nCrutwell. 560 \n\nCuba. 493 \n\nCuckoo. 109 \n\nCudworth. 453 \n\nCuff. 72 \n\nCulloden. 133, 458 \n\nCulross. 450 \n\nCumberland, the poet .. 396 \n\n-, Duke of, 133, 159 \n\n457 \n\nCummins. 303 \n\nCunningham . 308 \n\nCurrie, Dr. 348 \n\nCurtis, the botanist. 258 \n\nCustrin. 208 \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n580 INDEX. \n\n\nPage \n\nCyclopaedia. 14, 183 \n\nCydnus. 219 \n\nCypenham . 487 \n\nCyprianus . 394 \n\nCyprus. 219 \n\nD. \n\nDacier, Madame. 323 \n\nDacre, Lord. 175 \n\nD\xe2\x80\x99Alembert. 450 \n\nDalton. 489 \n\nDamascus. 38, 209 \n\nDamer. 199 \n\nDamiens . 19, 102 \n\nDan. 480 \n\nDance, Captain . 311 \n\nDanube . 302 \n\nDaphne . 124 \n\nD\xe2\x80\x99Arlandes, Marquis .... 498 \n\nDarnley, Lord. 55, 289 \n\nDartmouth. 412 \n\nDarwin, Dr. 137 \n\nDaun, Count . 424 \n\nDauphin. 243 \n\n- ,the Grand .... 131 \n\nDavenant. 134 \n\nDavid 1. 194 \n\n- II. 67 \n\n-, St... 76 \n\nDavies, the actor . 175 \n\n-, the penman .... 315 \n\nDavis, John. 559 \n\nDavy... 200 \n\nDay. 2 \n\n-, Thomas .. 397 \n\n-, lucky and unlucky .. 216 \n\nDeacon..... 313 \n\nDeaf and Dumb. 268 \n\nDeal. 66, 542 \n\nDeaths, sudden, 64, 177, 303, \n\n306, 409 \n\nDecember. 516 \n\nDecemviri . ib . \n\nDecoy. 407 \n\nDe Foe . 354, 462 \n\nDelft .. 266, 344 \n\nDelphine Classics . 323 \n\nDemetrius, Prince. 199 \n\n\nPage \n\nDemocritus Junior. 54 \n\nDemosthenes. 526 \n\nDenbigh. .. 400 \n\nDenham. 95 \n\nDenmark, Queen of, 157, 180 \nDennis le Forment, St... 519 \n\nDenys, St. 415 \n\nDeptford.. 25, 115, 293, 412 \n\nDerbe. 34 \n\nDerby 48, 137, 346, 521, 567 \n\nDereham. 152 \n\nDermody. 274 \n\nDeRuyter.... 210,219,337 \n\nDesaix. 223 \n\nDes Cartes. 106 \n\nDeserted Village........ 116 \n\nDespencer, Lord. 566 \n\nDessalines .... . 141 \n\nDettingen........ \xe2\x80\x9e,.. .. 457 \n\nDevonshire, Duke of .... 452 \n\nDe Witt . 210, 328 \n\nDiana ... 164 \n\nDias, Bartholomew .... 264 \n\nDictator .. 246 \n\nDiderot. 248 \n\nDidymus.. 547 \n\nDijon ... 215 \n\nDimsdale, Dr. 419 \n\nDiocletian . 169 \n\nDionysius, the Areopagite 415 \n\nDishley... 408 \n\nDissenter. 140 \n\nDissenters\xe2\x80\x99 Library. 187 \n\nDocks, new. 342 \n\nDodd, Dr. .. .... 240 \n\nDoddridge, Dr. 385, 449 \n\nDodsley, Robert. 393 \n\nDog Days. 249 \n\nDogget. 298 \n\nDolgorouki. 464 \n\nDominic, St........ 36, 142 \n\n-de Gusman.... 142 \n\nDomingo, St... 141,190,414 \n\nDominicans. 142, 343 \n\nDomremy.... 178 \n\nDon John, of Austria.... 412 \n\nDorking . 303 \n\nDorrington. 536 \n\nDort. 434 \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nINDEX \n\n\n581 \n\n\nPage \n\n\nD\xe2\x80\x99Orvilliers, Count .... 290 \n\nDouglas . 171 \n\n-, Archibald. 279 \n\n-, Lord. 566 \n\nDove Dale . 88 \n\nDover, 23, 109, 150, 182, 196, \n207,222,231,340,444, 470 \n\nDown . 92 \n\nDowning. 540 \n\nDrake, Sir F., 40, 115, 466, \n\n488, 537 \n\nDrepanum . 324 \n\nDresden . 358 \n\nDrew, Sarah . 294 \n\nDrogheda. 320 \n\nDromore. 409 \n\nDruids\xe2\x80\x99 Temple. 318 \n\nDryden. 129, 169 \n\nDublin, 26, 95, 259, 262, 275, \n\n355 \n\nDu Casse. 327 \n\nDudley, Lord .. 57, 404, 484 \n\n-, Lord Henry .... ib. \n\nDulwich . 545 \n\nDumfermline. 493 \n\nDumfries . 283, 566 \n\nDumourier, General .... 470 \n\nDunbar. 238, 360, 513 \n\nDuncan, Lord. 306, 418 \n\nDundee . 306 \n\nDundrennan, Abbey of .. 184 \n\nDunmow. 230 \n\nDunning, Lord Ashburton, 319 \n\nDunsfold . 71 \n\nDunstable. 194 \n\nD\xe2\x80\x99Urfey the poet. 73 \n\nDurham . 393 \n\nDuty, filial. 205 \n\nE. \n\nEagles, French . 405 \n\nEaling, Little. 243, 539 \n\nEarthquake, 51, 63, 98, 438, \n\n454, 461 \n\nEast Dereham. 152 \n\nEclipse (Moon). 95 \n\n-Solar. 147, 271 \n\nEddystone .... 415, 454, 505 \n\n\nPage \n\n\nEdessa. 547 \n\nEdge-Hill. 444 \n\nEdgeworth, Richard, L... 398 \n\n\xe2\x80\x94\xe2\x80\x94\xe2\x80\x94, Miss. 557 \n\n-Town. 398 \n\nEdict of Nantz. 444 \n\n\nEdinburgh .. 50, 56, 74, 188, \n221,229,244,258,280,338, \n410, 428, 467, 501 \nEdmundsbury .. 74, 489, 496 \n\nEdmund, St. ib. \n\nEdnam Hill . 347, 389 \n\nEducation.. 5, 192, 267, 468, \n\n531, 561 \n\nEdward I...42, 105, 183, 225, \n256, 284, 327, 513 \n\n-II. 32,42,71,152,238, \n\n347, 384, 510 \n\n-III. 32, 42, 148, 231, \n\n236,279,305, 336,384,483, \n\n510 \n\n-IV. 81, 125, 172, 240 \n\n-V. 125, 254, 277 \n\n-VI. 255, 418, 426 \n\n-, Prince . 192 \n\n-the Black Prince, 194, \n\n217, 337, 381 \n\n\n-, son of Edgar.... 187 \n\nEdwards, Bryan. 277 \n\n-, George. 287 \n\n-, Talbot. 403 \n\n-, William. 309 \n\nEgede . 213 \n\nEgeria. 164 \n\nEglwysilan . 309 \n\nEgmont, Count. 314 \n\nElba. 179 \n\nElfrida. 187 \n\nElizabeth, 17, 28,98,.115,369, \n\n399 \n\n- - \xe2\x80\x94 , Queen of Bohe\xc2\xac \nmia . 57 \n\n-of Russia. 556 \n\nElliott, Capt. John. 75 \n\n-, General .. 255, 284 \n\nElphinstone, Admiral ... 324 \n\nElstow. 347 \n\nElstree. 124 \n\nEltham . 30 \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n582 \n\n\nINDEX \n\n\nPage \n\nElton . 139 \n\nEmanuel V. 214 \n\nEmlyn. 293 \n\nEtnmaus. 392 \n\nEnfield, Dr. 466 \n\nEnglefield Green. 558 \n\nEntick. 193 \n\nEpaminoridas.. .;.. 376, 472 \n\nEpaphras. 279 \n\nEpaphroditus. 103 \n\nEphesus . 34, 395, 559 \n\nEpictetus. 542 \n\nEpicurus. 168, 420 \n\nEpiphania. 148 \n\nEpiphany. 20 \n\nEpiseopius . 434 \n\nEpitaph. 469 \n\nEpithets, designating.. .. 207 \n\nEp worth. 79 \n\nEquinoxes . 2 \n\nErasmus. 451 \n\nErastus . 480 \n\nErskine, Lord .35, 493 \n\nEscurial .314, 376 \n\nEssex, Countess of. 378 \n\n-, Devereux, Earl of 72, \n\n378, 404 \n\n-, Thomas, Earl of.. 291 \n\nEthelwulph. 273 \n\nEtna.333, 436 \n\nEtruria. 16 \n\n\nEugene, Prince ..17, 46, 126, \n267, 302, 307, 433 \nEuler, the mathematician 369 \n\n\nEuripides.\xe2\x80\x9e. 145 \n\nEurymedon. 478 \n\nEusden.,,. 396 \n\nEvans . 409 \n\nEvelyn, John . 73 \n\nEvesham. 305 \n\nEvil, King\xe2\x80\x99s. 87 \n\nExchange. See lloyal Ex\xc2\xac \nchange. \n\nExcommunication. 261 \n\nExeter. .41, 73, 104, 173, 239, \n\n470, 477 \n\nExmouth, Lord. 404 \n\nExiling... 349 \n\nEyam .. 100 \n\n\nF. \n\n\nPage \n\nFabius, American. 539 \n\nFaenza... 427 \n\nFahlun. 462 \n\nFairfax.223, 248 \n\nFairlop. 253 \n\nFalaise .12, 321 \n\nFalkirk. 284 \n\nFalkland, Lord . 382 \n\n-Palace. 538 \n\nFallen Majesty . 525 \n\nFame . 47 \n\nFamily Longevity . 308 \n\nFanshavve . 448 \n\nFarmer, Rev. H. 52 \n\nFarnham. 317 \n\nFarrington. 119 \n\nFaust . 319 \n\nFawkes, the translator .. 341 \nFayette, Marquis de la .. 342 \n\nFeast, Civic. 228 \n\nFebrua. 45 \n\nFebruary. ib. \n\nFelphain. 482 \n\nFelton. 335 \n\nFemales, eminent. 557 \n\nFenelon.23, 308 \n\nFenny Drayton . 485 \n\nFeralia. 61 \n\nFerdiuand, Priuce. 298 \n\n-II. of Germany 59 \n\n-V. of Spain .. 35 \n\n-VI.537, 544 \n\nFerguson, James.. ..114, 491 \n\n-, Robert. 428 \n\nFerney. 207 \n\nFerrara . 262 \n\nFerrari. 506 \n\nFerrers, Earl. 175 \n\nFecamp . 428 \n\nFesol6. 23 \n\nFeversham Abbey. 444 \n\nField Head. 53 \n\nFielding . 147 \n\nFinisterre . 172 \n\nFires. 100, 112, 265, 357, 370 \nFirmin, Thomas. 545 \n\n\nFisher, Bishop .... 233, 403 \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nINDEX \n\n\n5S3 \n\n\nPage \n\nFitzgerald . 265 \n\nFitzwilliam, Viscount.... 52 \n\nFlamborough Head .... 565 \nFlamsteed .. ..316, 478, 567 \n\n- House. 55 \n\nFlavel . 239 \n\nFlaxley. 112 \n\nFlaxman.521, 555 \n\nFleury. 41 \n\nFlodden .371, 566 \n\nFletching. 29 \n\nFlora. 156, 209 \n\nFloralia. ib. ib. \n\nFlorence.23, 44 \n\nFlorida. 113 \n\nFlushing .338, 379 \n\nFoix, Gaston de. 127 \n\nFolkstoue, Lord. 69 \n\nFontainbleau ...... 171, 396 \n\nFontenoy. 159, 458 \n\nFontevrault. 253 \n\nFoote, the comedian .... 441 \n\nFord, Lord Gray. 253 \n\nFordyce, Dr. James .... 522 \n\n-, David . ib. \n\n-, George. ib. \n\n-, Sir W.521, ib. \n\nForeland, North. 211 \n\nForest Hill. 109 \n\nFormian Villa. 525 \n\nFormosa. 193 \n\nFornax. Ill \n\nForster. 65 \n\nForsyth, William . 543 \n\nForth and Clyde Canal .. 292 \nFoster, Dr. James ..293, 470 \n\nFoster Lane. 128 \n\nFothergill, Dr.524, 558 \n\nFotheringay Castle. 54 \n\nFovvues, Rev. J.280, 475 \n\nFox, Charles James 170, 376, \n\n432 \n\n-, George . 485 \n\n-, Joseph . 373 \n\n-, Martyrologist. 273 \n\n-, Sir Stephen . 454 \n\nFrance, Queen of. 429 \n\n\nFrancis I. of France .. 72, 94, \n106, 121, 171,207, 375 \n\n\nPage \n\nFrancis II. of France 150, 243, \n\n522 \n\n-II. of Germany.. 342, \n\n\n520 \n\n-I. of Tuscany 439, 511 \n\n-, St. 411 \n\nFranciscans . 343 \n\nFraucklin. 91 \n\nFrankfort on the Oder .. 154 \n\nFranklin, Capt. 322 \n\nFranklin, Dr. 30, 41, 136, 540 \n\nFraser. 126 \n\nFrederick 1.23, 353 \n\n\nAugustus I. .. 46 \n\nWilliam 1. ... 207 \n\n-II. 38, 491 \n\n, King of Bohe\xc2\xac \n\n\nmia .474, 492 \n\nFrederick, Princeof Wales 97 \n\n-the Great ..37, 72, \n\n324, 424 \n\n-VI . 180 \n\nFrederickshall . 533 \n\nFriday. 7 \n\nFriedlaud. 223 \n\nFriends .8, 485, 506 \n\nFrome. 66 \n\nFroxfield. 560 \n\nFry, Mrs. 373 \n\nFryth, John. 250 \n\nFulham .. 131, 256, 257, 466 \n\nFulvia. 236 \n\nFuneral, singular . 190 \n\nFuseli. 134 \n\nG. \n\nGabriel . 99 \n\nGainsborough. 303 \n\nGalileo. 23 \n\nGallery, British. 70 \n\nGalvan i . 52 \n\nGalway, Earl of. 131 \n\nGama. See Vasco deGama. \n\nGanges, River. 282 \n\nGarat . 174 \n\nGarden Philosopher . 168 \n\n\nGardiner, Col... 194, 268, 385 \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n584 INDEX. \n\n\n\n\nPage \n\nGargettium. 168 \n\nGarneriu, Monsieur .... 330 \n\nGarratt, John.224 \n\nGarrick .32, 64, 367 \n\nGarter, Order of the .... 148 \n\nGarth . 30 \n\nGaston de Foix. 127 \n\nGates, General .430 \n\nGaveston. 247 \n\nGay, the poet ...534 \n\nGazette .474 \n\nGeddes, Rev. A. 73 \n\nGeese .399 \n\nGemappe.470 \n\nGemini . 191 \n\nGeneva.198, 449 \n\nGenoa. 190 \n\nGentile . 166 \n\nGentoos .281 \n\nGeorge 1.221, 439, 475 \n\n-\xe2\x80\x94 II.418, 446, 475 \n\n--, Statue of .... 74 \n\n-III...42, 85, 204, 213, \n\n267, 3^464, 475, 495 \n\nGeorge IV.42, 280, 318 \n\n-Prince of Denmark 454 \n\n\nSaint .. 148 \n\n\nGeorgium Sidus. \n\n\xe2\x80\xa2 \n\noo \n\nCO \n\n339 \n\nGermains, St... 106, \n\n183, \n\n231, \n\n240, \n\n364, \n\n379 \n\nGerrard . \n\n\n266 \n\nGesner, the botanist \n\n\xe2\x80\xa2 \xe2\x80\xa2 \xe2\x80\xa2 \xe2\x80\xa2 \n\n94 \n\nGessner, Solomon .. \n\n\n79 \n\nGething . \n\n\n315 \n\nGhazepoor . \n\n\n437 \n\nGhent... 71, \n\n379, \n\n552 \n\nGiant, Irish. \n\n\n357 \n\nGibbon . \n\n.29, \n\n135 \n\nGibraltar .. \n\n255, \n\n284 \n\nGidea, or Giddy Hall \n\n\xe2\x80\xa2 \xe2\x80\xa2 \xc2\xab \xe2\x80\xa2 \n\n220 \n\nGiffard. \n\n\n501 \n\nGilds . \n\n\n353 \n\nGiles\xe2\x80\x99s, St., Festival \n\n\xe2\x80\xa2 \xe2\x80\xa2 \xe2\x80\xa2 \xe2\x80\xa2 \n\n352 \n\nGilpin, S. \n\n\n119 \n\n- , William .... \n\n\ntb. \n\nGinkle, General .... \n\n248, \n\n268 \n\nGlasgow.29 \n\n,92, \n\n501 \n\nGlastonbury . \n\n\n92 \n\nGlencoe, massacre of \n\n\xe2\x80\xa2 \xe2\x80\xa2 \xe2\x80\xa2 \xc2\xab \n\n58 \n\n\nPage \n\nGlendower, or Glyudwr ..361, \n\n\n381 \n\nGloucester 54, 119, 384, 408, \n\n451 \n\n-, Duke of. 74 \n\nGlover, Richard.504 \n\nGoa. 547 \n\nGoat .548 \n\nGodwin, Mary W.371 \n\nGoethe. 447 \n\nGoldsmith,Dr. ..35, 116, 462 \n\nGomera . 367 \n\nGood Hope, Cape of. See \nCape. \n\nGood, Mason.15, 73 \n\n-Regent. 36 \n\nGordon, Lord George 211, 463 \n\nGoree. 41 \n\nGosport . 124 \n\nGottingen . 536 \n\nGourdon, Bertrand de .. 121 \nGraham, Catharine Ma- \n\ncauley. 235 \n\nGraham, George. 502 \n\n-, Serjeant. 174 \n\nGrand Cairo . 223 \n\nGranger, Rev. James .... 133 \n\nGranicus. 193 \n\nGrasse, Count de . 129 \n\nGratwick . 502 \n\nGrave, The. 50 \n\nGraves.249, 275 \n\n-, Richard.500 \n\nGravesend . 525 \n\nGray, Lord.222 \n\n-, the poet. 293 \n\nGreat Britain. 13 \n\nGreathead .. 43 \n\nGreat Storm . 504 \n\nGredington. 117 \n\nGreen, Valentine . 243 \n\nGreenock. 31 \n\nGreenwich..54, 99, 187, 255, \n316, 369, 419, 567 \n\nGregory, Dr. 56 \n\nGreig, Admiral ........ 522 \n\nGrenville, Sir Bevil .... 253 \n\n-, Lord.421 \n\nGresham, Sir Thos. 216, 497 \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nINDEX \n\n\n585 \n\n\nPage \n\n\nGrey, Lady Jane ....57, 484 \n\nGriffith, Elizabeth. 19 \n\nGriffiths, Dr.398 \n\nGrignion, the engraver .. 463 \n\nGrodno . 504 \n\nGroningen . 55 \n\nGrose . 181 \n\nGrotius.280, 344 \n\nGrove. 74 \n\n-Place . 296 \n\nGrubenman. 309 \n\nGrutli . 491 \n\nGuanahani. 418 \n\nGuardian . 88 \n\nGuarini . 141 \n\nGuatimozin. 319 \n\nGuines, Forest of. 23 \n\nGuipuscoa . 142 \n\nGuise, Duke of . 549 \n\nGunpowder Plot. 469 \n\nGustavus Adolphus . .204, 472 \n\n-Ill. 92 \n\n-Vasa. 400 \n\nGuthrie . 84 \n\nGuy, Thomas. 559 \n\n\nH. \n\n\nHachette, Jeane. 265 \n\nHack m au . 124 \n\nHackney 32, 33, 47, 140, 184, \n296,300,371,496,509,532, \n\n535 \n\nHaddington. 308 \n\nHadleigh. 54 \n\nHadley. 556 \n\nHaggai. 250 \n\nHaggerstone.49, 477 \n\nHagley. 333 \n\nHague .... 40, 328, 467, 564 \n\nHalcyon . 329 \n\nHale, Sir M. ...257, 390, 552 \n\nHales-Owen.36, 56 \n\nHalidown Hill. 279 \n\nHall, Bishop. 369 \n\nHalle. 131 \n\nHaller, Albert Van. 536 \n\nHalley, Edmund.49, 477 \n\n\nHallidown . 77 \n\nHalsewell. 22 \n\nHam House. 541 \n\nHamburgh . 90 \n\nHamilton . 47 \n\n\n-, Duke of. 123 \n\n-, Elizabeth 287, 557 \n\n-, General. 267 \n\nI \xe2\x80\x94\xe2\x80\x94\xe2\x80\x94\xe2\x80\x94\xe2\x80\x94 of Bothwellhaugh 36 \n\nHammerfest. 317 \n\nHampden .71, 227, 236 \n\nHampstead .24, 35 \n\nHampton Court.226,268, 418 \n\nHandel.131, 197 \n\nHandsworth. . 31 \n\nHanley. 364 \n\nHannibal. 191 \n\n\nHanover... 88, 221, 339, 413, \n\n439 \n\n\nHanway, Jonas . 364 \n\nHan well . ib. \n\nHarding, the astronomer . 356 \n\nHardingstone. 555 \n\nHarmer, Rev. Thos.505 \n\nHarold. 420 \n\nHarris, General. 173 \n\n-, the aeronaut .... 197 \n\nHarrow-on-the-Hill. 30 \n\nHarrowgate. 287 \n\nHarvest Home. 297, 518 \n\nHarwich. 212 \n\nHarwood, Dr. 28 \n\nHastings, battle of. 420 \n\n-, Lord. 222 \n\nHauberk. 84 \n\nHavannah.190, 318 \n\nHavre de Grace. 34 \n\nHawes, Dr. 523 \n\nHawke, Admiral. 497 \n\nHawkesworth, Dr. 490 \n\nHawkins, Sir John. 432 \n\nHaworth. 382 \n\nHawse, Sir Richard. 222 \n\nHaydon. 70 \n\nHayes .... w .37, 341 \n\n\n- Farm. 456 \n\nHayley, William. 482 \n\nHay market Theatre ..... 49. \n\nHayti.. 143, 414 \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n586 \n\n\nINDEX \n\n\nPage \n\nHealth, scale of ........ 137 \n\nHearne, the antiquary ... 219 \n\nHeathen . 166 \n\nHeathfield.31, 284 \n\n-, Lord.. ..255, 284 \n\nHeber. 115 \n\nHebrews.8, 413 \n\nHecla. 333 \n\n-, ship. 100 \n\nHector. 255 \n\nHegira. 275 \n\nHelena, Island of St. 176,324, \n\n420 \n\nHelier, St.22, 318 \n\nHeloise. 146 \n\nHelvetic Liberty. 491 \n\nHenrietta Maria .... 82, 222 \n\nHenry, Matthew. 532 \n\n- , brother of Rich. 1. 377 \n\n-- , Dr. 502 \n\n\n-Frederick, Prince.. 66 \n\n- , son of James 1. 186,471 \n\n- I. of England, 307, 413, \n\n519 \n\n- I. of Hayti.... 212, 414 \n\n- II. of England, 253, 260, \n\n541 \n\n- II. of Castile. 200 \n\n- II. of France, 106, 242, \n\n266 \n\n- III. of England, 183,407, \n\n451, 489 \n\n-of France. 298 \n\n- IV. of England, 96, 280, \n\n420 \n\n- - \xe2\x80\x94 of France, 159, 183, \n\n331,444, 536 \n\n- V. of England, 347, 445 \n\n-VI. 82, 172, 523 \n\n-of Germany, 359, 399 \n\n- VII. of England, 146, \n\n308, 347, 456 \n\n- VIII... 21, 40, 54, 55, \n\n112,207, 212,226,234,268, \n313, 371,393,418,432,466, \n\n486 \n\n-, Prince of Portugal, 484 \n\n\nHeraclius. 377 \n\nHerbert, Admiral . 184 \n\n\nPage \n\nHereford. 32, 60, 315 \n\nHeresy. 98 \n\nHermentrude. 370 \n\nHernando. 189 \n\nHerod. 562 \n\nHerodias. 235 \n\nHernhuters. 218 \n\nHerschel, Sir W. .., 88, 339 \n\nHertswold . 67 \n\nHerve, Peter . 345 \n\nHervey, James .... 128, 555 \n\nHethersedge. 550 \n\nHevelius. 501 \n\nHeversham. 252 \n\nHewet, John . 294 \n\nHexham. 183 \n\nHierapolis. 167, 542 \n\nHighgate. 126, 232 \n\nHilary or Hilarius, St. .. 27 \n\nHilsey. 393 \n\nHipparchus. 481 \n\nHippo. 343 \n\nHispaniola. 141,432 \n\nHistoriographer. 221 \n\nHoadly, Bishop .... 135, 466 \n\nHobson . 13 \n\nHochkirchen . 423 \n\nHodge, Arthur. 179 \n\nHogarth . 446 \n\nHogue, Cape la. 188 \n\nHoldenby. 212 \n\nHoldgate. 61 \n\nHolland House. 226 \n\nHollar, the engraver .... 102 \n\nHollis . 528 \n\nHolwell . 231 \n\nHoly-Cross Day. 377 \n\nHoly Maid of Kent.. 144, 432 \n\nHoly-Rood Day. 392 \n\nHoly-Rood House .. 84, 185 \n\nHome, Rev. John. 50 \n\nHood, Admiral. 344 \n\n-, Robin . 550 \n\nHooke, Dr. 25 \n\nHooker, the antiquary .. 477 \n\nHool. 501 \n\nHoole. 303 \n\nHooper, Bishop. 54 \n\nHoratius (Horace). 528 \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nINDEX \n\n\n587 \n\n\nPage \n\nHorn, Cape. 44 \n\nHorne, Bishop. 30 \n\nHorrox, Jeremiah. 501 \n\nHorton. 339 \n\nHospitals. 353 \n\nHotspur. 280, 361 \n\nHough, Bishop. 178 \n\nHoughton. 79 \n\nHour. 2 \n\nHoward, John. 32, 532 \n\n-, Catharine, 57, 313, \n\n403 \n\n-, Earl of Carlisle, 363 \n\nHowe, Lord. 210 \n\n-, Sir W. 394 \n\nHucknall. 144 \n\nHuet, Bishop. 436 \n\nHuggius . 179 \n\nHughes. 65 \n\nHull. 69, 321, 354 \n\nHumane Society. 523 \n\nHume. 338 \n\nHumphrey, Duke.... 74, 477 \n\n-, Samuel. 462 \n\nHunt, Peter. 391 \n\nHunter, Dr. Henry, 450, 565 \n\n-, Dr. William .... 430 \n\n-, John. ib. \n\nHuntingdon. 152 \n\n-, Countess of.. 226 \n\nHurd . 292 \n\nHurley. 486 \n\nHurricane. 493 \n\nHuss, John. 254 \n\nHyde, Anne. 52, 231 \n\nHygeia. 348 \n\nI. \n\nI-colm-kill. 82 \n\nIdol Juggernaut. 226 \n\nIgnatius Loyola. 142 \n\n--, St. 443 \n\nIlchester. 66 \n\nlldefonso, St.17, 544 \n\nMissus. 168 \n\nImpington. 47 \n\nIndependents. 140 \n\nIndies, East. 567 \n\n\nPage \n\n\nIndulgences. 261 \n\nInnocents\xe2\x80\x99 Day. 562 \n\nInoculation ....61,212,330 \n\nInquisition. 474 \n\nIntemperance. 138 \n\nInterregnum. 60 \n\nInverkeithing. 522 \n\nIona. 82 \n\nIonia. 507 \n\nIonian Isles. 520 \n\nIpswich.508, 539, 545 \n\nIreland. 13 \n\n-, Samuel. 221 \n\n-, ITuion of. 13 \n\nIrish Giant. 356 \n\nIron Masque. 494 \n\nIrviue. 28 \n\nIsabel . 100 \n\nIsabella, consort of Ed\xc2\xac \nward II... 46, 71, 384, 415, \n483, 510 \n\nIsabella of Castile. 504 \n\nIsle, the . 52 \n\nIsleben. 65 \n\nIsleworth. 240 \n\nIslington, s 354, 462, 523, 533 \n\nIsmael. 549 \n\nIsrael. 413 \n\nIves, St. 32 \n\n\nJ. \n\nJackson, the composer .. 477 \n\n\nJairus. 118 \n\nJamaica. 172 \n\n\nJames I. of England 101, 119, \n\n328 \n\n-I. of St. Domingo.. 143 \n\n-I. of Scotland.. 67, 565 \n\n-II. of England .. 52, 87, \n\n145, 199,247,379,541,549, \n\n566 \n\nJames II. of Scotland 304, 565 \n\n\nIII . 220, 565 \n\nIV .371, 510, 566 \n\n\nV. ..503,530,538, 565 \n\nVI. ..74, 119, 185, 328, \n\n490 \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n588 \n\n\nINDEX \n\n\nPage \n\nJames, Commodore. .114, 540 \n\n-, Duke of York 199, 212, \n\n222, 231 \n\n\xe2\x80\x94\xe2\x80\x94, St, the Greater .. 283 \n\n\n\xe2\x96\xa0-, the Less. 166 \n\nJamison, the painter .... 522 \n\nJanizza. 145 \n\nJanuary. 11 \n\nJanus. ib. \n\nJarnac. 549 \n\nJassy.425, 428 \n\nJavverof. 66 \n\nJefferson ... . 253 \n\nJeffries, Judge. 136 \n\nJeffrey, the seaman. 537 \n\n-, Dr. 23 \n\nJena. 424 \n\nJenkins, Henry . 523 \n\nJenner, Dr. 40, 187, 211, 318 \n\nJennings, Sir J. 75 \n\nJenyns, Soaine. 543 \n\nJerome of Prague. 254 \n\n-, Saint. 402 \n\nJersey, Isle of.......... 22 \n\nJerusalem 114, 250, 253, 346, \n413, 443, 566 \n\nJervis, Sir John. 59 \n\nJesuits. 142 \n\nJesus Christ 51, 114, 117, 166, \n182, 392, 552 \n\nJews..9, 413 \n\nJoan D\xe2\x80\x99Arc .... 178, 201, 277 \nJob . 176 \n\n\nJohn, King of England.. 182, \n\n229, 433 \n\n-, King of France .. 125, \n\n195, 381 \n\n-I. of Portugal. 319 \n\n-II. of Castile. 213 \n\n-IV.41, 472 \n\n-VI. 86 \n\n-the Baptist.... 235, 345 \n\n-the Evangelist.. 105,442, \n\n558 \n\n-, Little. 550 \n\n-Mark, St. See Mark. \n\nJohnson, Dr. .. 112, 130, 204, \n380, 452, 554 \n-, Mr. 175 \n\n\nPage \n\nJohnson, Sir John. 128 \n\nJones, Sir William. 154 \n\n-, Stephen ..54, 57, 238 \n\nJonson, Ben.307 \n\nJoseph 1.433, 439, 511 \n\n-of Arimathea .... 294 \n\nJoshua. 386 \n\nJournals, Literary. 204 \n\nJoy, Richard . 187 \n\nJoyce. 212 \n\n-, Jeremiah. 233 \n\nJuan Fernandez ....354, 411 \n\nJubilee. 252, 367 \n\nJude, St.228, 450 \n\nJuggernaut. 226 \n\nJulian . 239 \n\nJulius Caesar. See Caesar. \n\n-II. 480 \n\nJuly. .... 246 \n\nJune. 209 \n\nJuno. ib. \n\n-(planet). 356 \n\nJunot . 330 \n\nJury. 451 \n\nJuste, St.24, 29, 384 \n\nJustice, retributive. 179 \n\nJuvenal.530, 567 \n\nK. \n\nKamtschatka. 333 \n\nKate of Aberdeen . 533 \n\nKauffman, Augeiica. 470 \n\nKeate, George. 240 \n\nKeith. 491 \n\n-, Lord. 324 \n\n-, Marshal. 424 \n\nKelsey. 277 \n\nKemble, John. 380 \n\nKempenfeldt, Admiral .. 327 \n\nKendal.184, 489 \n\nKenilworth Castle. 279 \n\nKensington.. 83, 92, 298, 446, \n\n454, 562 \n\nKent, Duke of. 37 \n\nKentish Town. 463 \n\nKenyon. 117 \n\nKepler. 559 \n\n\ni \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nINDEX \n\n\n589 \n\n\nPage \n\nKeppel, Admiral.... 290, 410 \n\nKersal. 397 \n\nKett, Rev. H. 245 \n\nKevv.47, 303, 492 \n\nKibworth .28, 230 \n\nKidder, Bishop . 505 \n\nKidderminster. 280 \n\nKilerin. 28 \n\nKillaloe. 450 \n\nKillearne. 74 \n\nKillileagh. 26 \n\nKilmarnock, Earl of .... 325, \n\n404 \n\nKilpatrick. 92 \n\nKimber, Isaac. 519 \n\nKimbolton. 21 \n\nKing, Edward. 315 \n\n-, Sir John . 316 \n\nKinghorn. 95 \n\nKing Maker .81, 130 \n\nKings, Resignation of.... 18 \n\nKingston-upon-Hull. See \nHull. \n\nKin naird. 156 \n\nKinsale.87, 357, 375 \n\nKippis, Dr. 414 \n\nKirby . 327 \n\n-Moorside. 133 \n\n-Wiske. 17 \n\nKirkaldy. 81 \n\nKirklees . 550 \n\nKirkpatrick. 55 \n\n-, Fleming.... 348 \n\nKirvvan, Dean. 450 \n\nKleber, General. 223 \n\nKlopstock .90, 248 \n\nKnaith. 535 \n\nKneller, Sir G. 435 \n\nKnightsbridge. 227 \n\nKnill. 466 \n\nKnowledge is Power .... 569 \n\nKnox, Dr.369 \n\n-, John, Bookseller.. 299 \n\n-, the Reformer 501 \n\nKnoyle.. 72 \n\nKnudstorp . 420 \n\nKonigsberg. 23 \n\nKoran . 276 \n\nKosciusko . 415 \n\nKoutousoff, General .... 369 \n\n2 D \n\n\nPage \n\nKylsithe . 220 \n\nKyrle, Mr. 507 \n\n\nL. \n\nLady Day. 99 \n\nLady Place. 486 \n\nLa Fleche. 183 \n\nLa Haye . 106 \n\nLa Hogue. 188 \n\nLa Roche, Miss. 88 \n\nLaish. 480 \n\nLake, Captain. 538 \n\nLalande. 124, 195, 356 \n\nLambert. 232 \n\nLambeth .. 194, 479, 525, 548 \n\n-Palace. 502 \n\nLammas Day . 297 \n\nLancaster. 75 \n\n-, Joseph.5, 267 \n\nLanchester.378 \n\nLanden. 293 \n\nLangholm.... 448 \n\nLangley. 59 \n\nLangres. 248 \n\nLangside Hill. 184 \n\nLangton . 88 \n\nLanguet . 215 \n\nLansdovvn, Lord. 253 \n\n-House . 81 \n\nLardner, Dr. 450 \n\nLargo . 354 \n\nLatimer, Bishop.426 \n\nLaud.. ..... 24 \n\nLaudohn, Marshal.... 72, 407 \n\nLaura.121, 278 \n\nLaurel. 124 \n\nLawrence-kirk. 326 \n\nLausanne. 29 \n\nLaureate. 134 \n\nLavater.15, 134 \n\nLaw, Edmund. 320 \n\nLawrence, St.314 \n\nLazarus. 293 \n\nLeadhills. 216 \n\nLeague, Holy. 393 \n\nLeake, Sir J. 550 \n\nLeamington. 248 \n\nLeasovves.56, 333 \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n590 \n\n\nINDEX \n\n\nPage \n\nLechlade. 495 \n\nLeczinski, Stanislaus .... 46 \n\nLee.49, 478 \n\nLeeds . 303 \n\nLeeks . 77 \n\nLee Boo, Prince. 560 \n\nLegend. 499 \n\nLeghorn.93, 440 \n\nLeicester, town of .. 105, 232, \n\n289, 331 \n\n-Abbey. 507 \n\n-, Earl of ..183, 279, \n\n305 \n\n-, Sir J. F... 228, 303 \n\n\nLeighton, Archbishop ... 389 \n\n\nLeipsic. 433 \n\nLeith. 328 \n\nLe Maire.44, 222 \n\nLeo . 285 \n\nLeo X.142, 519 \n\nLeonard, St. 471 \n\nLeonardo da Vinci. 171 \n\nLeonidas. 504 \n\nLeopold I. Emperor of \nGermany . . . 174, 433, 511 \n\nLeopold II.. . 77 \n\nLeopold I. Duke of Austria 487 \n\n- II.263 \n\n- \xe2\x80\x94 of Saxe Cobourg.. 172, \n\n473 \n\nLepanto . 412 \n\nLettsom, Dr. 137, 465 \n\nLever, Sir Ashton. 44 \n\nLewes. 182 \n\nLewis II. of Hungary .... 455 \n\nLewisham . 275 \n\nLeyden .27, 434 \n\nLexington . 140 \n\nLibra . 389 \n\nLibraries ... 186 \n\nLichfield.. 100, 194, 380, 488 \n\nLife Boat. 43 \n\nLight . 96 \n\nLily. 90 \n\nLima.238,438, 454 \n\nLimerick. 411 \n\nLincoln\xe2\x80\x99s-Inn Fields .... 281 \n\nLindley. 54 \n\nLindsay. 55 \n\nLindsey, Earl.444 \n\n\nPage \n\nI Lin ley, Misses. 499 \n\nLinlithgow.......... 36, 530 \n\nLinnaeus the Elder. 25 \n\n-, Charles.462 \n\nLinois, Admiral. 313 \n\nLisbon .. 147, 264, 448, 449, \n\n461, 538 \n\nLisle, Sir George . 344 \n\nLis more . 564 \n\nLiterary Journals, origin of 204 \n\nLithgow.. 269 \n\nLittle Dunmow .. 230 \n\nLiverpool. 303 \n\nLivy. 14 \n\nLlangunnor. 355 \n\nLlewellyn.. .... 533 \n\nLoch Leven. 171 \n\n-Lomond.461 \n\n-Ness. ib. \n\n-Tay. ib. \n\nLocke. 452 \n\nLocusts. 235 \n\nLoddiges, Messrs. 47, 463, 496 \n\nLodi. 180 \n\nLofft, Capel. 198 \n\nLollards . 322 \n\nLombai\'dy. 203 \n\n\nLombe, Sir Thomas .... 48 \n\nLondon 19,28,59, 65, 67, 69, \n79,92,95, 97, 119, 121, 127, \n146, 150, 173,188,205, 243, \n300, 304,309,315,317,321, \n322,332,348,354,357, 367, \n379,380,381,387,389,409, \n414,444,448,450,456,467, \n468,470,479,483,487, 502, \n514,522,531,533,543,545, \n\n548, 561 \n\nLondon Bridge, New .92, 224 \n\n-, Old_ 265 \n\n-Gazette . 474 \n\n-Institution. 556 \n\n-Orphan Asylum.. 176 \n\n-Stone. 356 \n\nLondonderry. 145, 245 \n\nLong, Lady. 563 \n\nLongevity.. . 308, 488 \n\nLong Calderwood. 430 \n\nLonginus. 91 \n\nLord-Mayor\xe2\x80\x99s Day ...... 478 \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nINDEX \n\n\n591 \n\n\nPage \n\nLorenzi de\xe2\x80\x99Medici. 125 \n\nLovat, Lord.126, 404 \n\nLovelace. 250 \n\nLouis VII. .. 380 \n\nLouis VIII. .. ,_ 196, 477 \n\nLouis IX., or St. Louis .. 148, \n\n336 \n\n-X. 215 \n\n-XI. 173, 249, 346 \n\n-XII... 12, 123, 240, 415, \n\n549 \n\n-XIII.183, 396 \n\n-XIV. 127, 354, 364, 444 \n\n-XV.127, 180 \n\n-XVI. 34, 127, 234, 335 \n\n-XVIII. 127, 150, 379 \n\nLowestoff. 313 \n\nLovvth, Bishop. 466 \n\nLoyola. 142 \n\nLubec. 435 \n\nLucan . .... 158 \n\nLucania . 529 \n\nLucar, St. 381 \n\nLucas, Sir C. 344 \n\nLudgvan. 47 \n\nLuke, St. 430 \n\nLunardi . 379 \n\nLusiad. 447 \n\nLuther.60, 65 \n\n-, Mr. 252 \n\nLuton . 81 \n\nLutton .. 122 \n\nLutzen...472 \n\nLuxemburgh, Marshal .. 293 \n\nLyceum. 168 \n\nLycidas. 315 \n\nLydia. 304 \n\nLyme. 220 \n\nLymiugton. 191 \n\nLyndon. 332 \n\nLyons . 384 \n\nLystra. 34 \n\nLyttelton, Lord.38, 332 \n\nM. \n\nMacauley, Graham. 235 \n\nMace, the. 144 \n\n\nPage \n\nMachaerus. 235 \n\nMack, General. 440 \n\nMacklin, the actor. 267 \n\nMacklin\xe2\x80\x99s Bible.265, 448 \n\nMacklin, Thomas. ib. \n\nMacknight. 27 \n\nMacnamara, Captain .... 123 \n\nMadras. 547 \n\nMadrid .82, 106, 460 \n\nMaeviad. 568 \n\nMagdala. 283 \n\nMagdalen, Mary. ib. \n\nMagellan .. 153, 381 \n\nMagliana. 519 \n\nMagna Charta. 229 \n\nMagna Graecia. 195 \n\nMagnesia. 438 \n\nMahomet or Mohammed . 276 \n\n-II. 172, 200 \n\nMahon. 550 \n\nMaia..... 162 \n\nMaida. 365 \n\nMaiden of Norway. 95 \n\nMaidstone. 423 \n\nMaimonides. 158 \n\nMaitland. 308 \n\nMajesty, Fallen. 525 \n\nMalcolm III. 483 \n\nMalden. ib. \n\nMalkin...... 296 \n\nMalmesbury. 375 \n\nMalta. 102, 221 \n\nMalvern Hills. 163 \n\nMan, Isle of. 82 \n\nManchester . 44, 84, 346, 393, \n\n396, 501 \n\nMandeville. 33 \n\n\nManes. 45 \n\nMansfield, Earl of.. ..97, 215 \n\nMansion House . 446 \n\nMantes. 271 \n\nMantua. 424 \n\nMar, Earl of . 483 \n\nMarat. 270 \n\nMarathon. 396 \n\nMarble Head. 537 \n\nMarch. 76 \n\nMarcley Hill. 63 \n\nMaiden. 154 \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n592 \n\n\nINDEX \n\n\nPage \n\nMarengo. 223 \n\nMargaret ( Countess of \n\nSalisbury).198, 403 \n\nMargaret, daughter of \n\nEric. 95 \n\nMargaret, daughter of, \n\nHenry III. ib. \n\nMargaret, daughter of \n\nHenry VII. 510 \n\nMargaret, Queen. 172 \n\nMargate. 259 \n\nMaria Antoinette. 429 \n\n-Louisa of Austria . 113 \n\nMaria Theresa.439, 511 \n\nMarie Louise of Hayti .. 212 \n\nMarienburgh . 185 \n\nMarignan. 376 \n\nMark, St. 151 \n\n-, St.John.151, 395 \n\nMarket Bosworth . 125 \n\nMarlborough, Duke of. .. 194, \n224, 237, 267, 302 \n\n\nMarlborough House .... 224 \n\n*-, town of.... 65 \n\nMarmontel. 567 \n\nMars. 76 \n\nMarsaglia. 247 \n\nMarston Moor. 248 \n\nMartha. 292 \n\n-, St., a town .... 327 \n\nMartialis. 77 \n\nMartin, St. 481 \n\n-, the optician .... 51 \n\nMartinmas. 481 \n\nMarton. 59 \n\nMarvell, Andrew. 321 \n\nMary d\xe2\x80\x99Este. 525 \n\nMary, Queen of James II. 525 \n\n\n-, Queen of Scots.. 21, 54, \n\n55, 84, 150, 171, 183, 184, \n229,274,289, 328, 530, 566 \nMary, Queen of William .. 58, \n\n127, 562 \n\n-, sister of Henry VIII. 415 \n\n-, sister of Martha .. 292 \n\n-, sister of the Virgin . 167 \n\n-, the Sanguinary 54, 255, \n\n279, 407, 492 \n-de\xe2\x80\x99 Medici. 183 \n\n\nPage \n\nMasaccio. 120 \n\nMasham, Lady. 453 \n\nMask, Iron. 494 \n\nMaskelyne, Dr. 55 \n\nMason, Mary. 101 \n\n-, William ....69, 119 \n\nMass. 263 \n\nMassacre of Glencoe .... 58 \n\n-, Irish. 443 \n\n-, Parisian. 335 \n\n-, Protestant ... 280 \n\nMatan. 153 \n\nMather, Cotton..58, 506, 553 \n\nMatius . 198 \n\nMatlock . 372 \n\nMatthew, St.382 \n\nMatthias, St. 71 \n\nMatthioli. 494 \n\nMaurice de Nassau. 266 \n\nMaximilian.. 26, 72 \n\n\xe2\x96\xa0-II. .. 418 \n\n--JuliusLeopold 154 \n\nMay. 162 \n\nMay-Day. 164 \n\nMayor.446, 479 \n\nMead, Dr. 61 \n\nMecaenas.425, 529 \n\nMecca. 276 \n\nMecklenburgh Strelitz .. 492 \n\nMedelin. 520 \n\nMedina. 276 \n\nMedina del Campo. 504 \n\nMedway, River . 219 \n\nMegalopolis. 397 \n\nMegalus . 344 \n\nMegara. 424 \n\nMehun-sur-Yevre . 284 \n\nMelaucthon... 60 \n\nMelita. 221 \n\nMelksham . 494 \n\nMel moth. 90 \n\nMeuai Bridge. 43 \n\nMendicants. 343 \n\nMenzikoff, Prince .. 185, 464 \n\nMercia. 234 \n\nMercury_7, 285,478, 481 \n\nMerrick. 72 \n\nMessina.52, 399 \n\nMeta. 90 \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nINDEX. \n\n\n593 \n\n\nPage \n\nMetapontum. 195 \n\nMethodists.79, 408 \n\nMethuselah. 81 \n\nMetz. 535 \n\nMeudon . 131 \n\nMexico. 318 \n\nMichael . 399 \n\nMichaelmas-Day .... 99, 399 \n\nMickle. 447 \n\nMickleton. 500 \n\nMicroscope. 23 \n\nMiddle Raisin. 122 \n\nMiddleton (Bucks). 60 \n\n*-, Sir Hugh_ 400 \n\nMidsummer-Day. 99 \n\nMigration. 110,406, 411 \n\nMileham. 359 \n\nMiletus. 9 \n\nMilford Haven.308, 540 \n\nMill, Silk. 48 \n\nMiller, Joe. 322 \n\n-,-Lady. 237 \n\n-, Philip. 543 \n\nMilliceut. 19 \n\nMiltiades. 479 \n\nMilton.13, 316, 531 \n\nMinden. 299 \n\nMinerva, feast of. 94 \n\nMinisters, ejected. 335 \n\nMinorca. 549 \n\nMinute. 2 \n\nMissionary Society. 468 \n\nMissolonghi . 144 \n\nModena, Princess of .... 231 \n\nMohammed. 276 \n\nMohun, Lord. 123 \n\nMoliere. 64 \n\nMoment . 1 \n\nMonarchy, Prussian .... 23 \n\nMonasteries .27, 112 \n\nMonastery . 353 \n\nMoncailier . 198, 457 \n\nMonday. 6 \n\nMondego, Cape. 114 \n\nMonk, General.16, 211 \n\nMonmouth. 347 \n\n-, Duke of 220, 253, \n\n274, 404 \n\nMontague, Elizabeth 165, 338 \n\n2 d 2 \n\n\nPage \n\nMontague, Lady Mary W. 330 \n\nMont\xe2\x80\x99oard. 134 \n\nMontgolfier. 498 \n\nMontgomery, Colonel .. 123 \n\n-, Count .... 242 \n\n-, General 39, 567 \n\nMonth. 8 \n\nMonthly Review. 398 \n\nMontmorenci. 314 \n\nMontpensier. 477 \n\nMontrose.49, 558 \n\nMoon, eclipse of. 95 \n\nMoor Park. 215 \n\nMoore, Archbishop. 438 \n\n-, Sir John. 29 \n\nMoore\xe2\x80\x99s Almanack.. 39 \n\nMorat. 233 \n\nMoravia... 218 \n\nMoravians. ib. \n\nMore, Hannah. 557 \n\n-, Sir Thomas.. 254, 432, \n\n455 \n\n-, the penman. 127 \n\nMoreau, General. 358 \n\nMoreton-Say . 499 \n\nMorgarten . 487 \n\nMorlaix. 358 \n\nMorland, the painter .... 456 \n\nMorris, Valentine. 341 \n\nMortimer\xe2\x80\x99s Cross . 47 \n\nMortimer, Earl of March 510 \n\n-, Thomas. 533 \n\nMortlake. 417 \n\nMorton, Earl of. 501 \n\nMorval. 32 \n\nMoscow . ..31, 107, 198, 378 \n\nMoss, Captain. 114 \n\nMost Christian. 250 \n\nMulhausen. 564 \n\nMull. 82 \n\nMuller, Margaret . 90 \n\nMunich, Count . 428 \n\nMurillo. 201 \n\nMurphy, Arthur. 227 \n\nMurray, Earl of. 97 \n\n.-, Lindley. 61 \n\n-, Regent.36, 531 \n\nMuseum, Anatomical.... 430 \n\n\n, British 26, 119, 285 \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n594 \n\n\nINDEX \n\n\nPage \n\nMusic.. 175 \n\nMusselburgh . 371 \n\nMycale. 387 \n\nN. \n\nNahum. 550 \n\nNamur.194, 412 \n\nNantes, Edict of. 159 \n\nNantwich. 532 \n\nNantz or Nantes .... 159, 444 \n\nNaples.33, 424 \n\nNapoleon. See Bonaparte. \n\n-, young. 113 \n\nNarcissus. 457 \n\nNarva. 515 \n\nNaseby. 223 \n\nNash, R. 48 \n\nNassau. 381 \n\nNathanael. 16*6 \n\nNational Benevolent Insti\xc2\xac \ntution . 345 \n\nNativity. 552 \n\nNature, study of. 44 \n\nNavarino. 16\xe2\x80\x980 \n\nNelson, Lord .. 83, 114, 157, \n288,299,377,402,421,441, \n\n511 \n\nNero. 158, 242 \n\nNeston, Great. 83 \n\nNestor. 160 \n\nNether wood. 72 \n\nNeuville . 148 \n\nNevil, Earl of Warwick .. 130 \n\nNevill\'s Cross. 430 \n\nNevis. 179 \n\nNewark.216, 434 \n\nNewbery, John . 462 \n\nNewbury.382, 408 \n\nNewcastle-upon-Tyne 37, 146, \n\n234 \n\nNewcome, Archbishop .. 26 \n\nNew Forest. 301 \n\nNewfoundland. 236 \n\nNewington Butts. 224 \n\n\xe2\x80\x94--Green .. .... 369 \n\nNewnham, Rev. Mr. 93 \n\nNew River . 400 \n\n\n\nPage \n\nNewspapers. \n\n. 285 \n\nNewton, Sir Isaac . \n\n. 96 \n\n-, village of . \n\n. 75 \n\nNew York. \n\n. 159, 267 \n\nNicholas, Emperor. \n\n. 520 \n\nNicodemus. \n\n. 304 \n\nNicolai. \n\n. 425 \n\nNicolas, St. \n\n..... 523 \n\nNicomedia . \n\n. 167 \n\nNightingale.. \n\n. 3 08 \n\nNile. 155, 223 \n\n, 299, 511 \n\nNineveh . \n\n. 550 \n\nNiuians, St.. \n\n. 502 \n\nNismes. \n\n. 564 \n\nNogeut-le-Roi.. \n\n. 331 \n\nNombre de Dios ... \n\n. 40 \n\nNonconformist.... \n\n\nNon-jurors.. \n\n. 502 \n\nNorfolk, Howard, \n\nDuke \n\nof.. . \n\n.404, 432 \n\nNorman, Sir John ., \n\n\nNorthallerton. \n\n. 331 \n\nNorth Church.. \n\n. 67 \n\n-Foreland .. .. \n\n. 211 \n\n-Mims. \n\n\nNorthumberland, Duke of. 332 \n\n( i \n\n\ni i cmi- \n\nsylvania) . \n\n\nNorton. \n\n\nNorwich. 186, 461, 466 \n\nNottingham 67, 146, \n\n,414, 438, \n\n\n510 \n\nNovember. \n\n\nNoyon. \n\n\nNuma Pompilius ... \n\n. 11, 164 \n\nNunnery. \n\n_ 353 \n\nNuova, John de .... \n\n.... 325 \n\nO. \n\n\nOaks, the, a seat .. \n\n.... 430 \n\nOates . \n\n\nO\xe2\x80\x99Bryen . \n\n\nObservatory, Royal.. \n\n\nOcklev, Simon. \n\n\nOctavius. \n\n\nOctober . \n\n\nOczakow.. \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nINDEX. 595 \n\n\nOdin. See Woden. \n\nOffa, King . 234 \n\nOkey, Colonel. 462 \n\nOlbers, Dr. 103 \n\nOldcastle. 322 \n\nOldenburg . 428 \n\nOlding, John. 500 \n\n-,Rev. J. 412 \n\nOlivet, Mount. 182 \n\nOllyffe. 127 \n\nOlmutz. 49, 342 \n\nOlney. 153 \n\nOnesimus. 539 \n\nOnesiphorus . 158 \n\nOnore. 19 \n\nOpie. 143 \n\nOpdam, Admiral. 212 \n\nOsploe. 328 \n\nOrange, William V., Prince \n\nof._. 28, 541 \n\n-, William I., Stadt- \n\nholder.\xe2\x80\x9e. 266 \n\nOrellana. 340 \n\nOrigin of Journals. 204 \n\nOrleans . 178 \n\nOrloff, Prince. 107 \n\nOrphan, London, Asylum 176 \n\nOrton, Job... 280 \n\nOrvilliers. 290 \n\nOsnaburgh. 221 \n\nOssian. 58 \n\nOstend. 387 \n\nOtaheite. 213 \n\nOtham. 30 \n\nOtrar . 112 \n\nOtteusen. 90 \n\nOtway. 131 \n\nOudenarde. 267 \n\nOude Water. 434 \n\nOverbury, Sir Thomas .. 378 \n\nOvid. 14 \n\nOvingham . 523 \n\nOwen, Rev. John . 394 \n\nOwyhee . 59 \n\nOxford, 41, 98, 115, 122, 124, \n\n\n134, 193,219,426,451,460, \n474, 477, 479, 508 \n\n\nP. \n\n\nPage \n\n\nPackington. 362 \n\nPad stow. 460 \n\nPadua..\' 14 \n\nPainting. 366 \n\nPaisley. 335 \n\nPalais . 146 \n\nPalermo . 14 \n\nPales. 145 \n\nPaley, Dr. 197 \n\nPalladium . 356, 516 \n\nPallas . 103, ib. \n\nPallas (village) . 116 \n\nPalliser, Sir H. 290 \n\nPalm Sunday. 103 \n\nPalmer, John. 303 \n\n-, Rev. S. 105, 140, 509, \n\n532 \n\n\nPalos ... .. 304 \n\nPandolf . 182 \n\nPaneus. 480 \n\nPanin, Count. 107 \n\nPannonia. 402 \n\nPantheon. 145 \n\nPaoli. 487 \n\nPapists. 139 \n\nParaclete. 146 \n\nParadise Lost. 532 \n\nPardons . 261 \n\nParis, 34, 60, 64,78, 102, 124, \n160, 207, 248, 266, 275, \n330,347,358,433,450, 520 \n\nPark Gate . 83 \n\n-, Mungo. 520 \n\n-Place. 318 \n\nParker, Sir Hyde. 113 \n\nParkes, Samuel. 550 \n\nParliament. 42 \n\nParnell, Sir H. 43 \n\nParr, Old. 488 \n\nParr, Catharine_ 268, 363 \n\nParry, Captain, 100, 117, 174, \n179, 362, 402 \n\nParsons, William. 49 \n\nPassiflora Princeps. 495 \n\nPassover. 383 \n\nPatara. 523 \n\nPaternoster. 99 \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n596 \n\n\nINDEX \n\n\nPage \n\nPaterson, William. 305 \n\nPatmos. 559 \n\nPatras. 431, 513 \n\nPatrick, St. 92 \n\nPattison, William . 131 \n\nPau . 39, 331, 536 \n\nPaul, Emperor. 98 \n\n-, St. 34, 38, 158, 220, 241 \n\nPaul\xe2\x80\x99s Cathedral. 231 \n\n-, St., Cross. 393 \n\n--, School .... 379 \n\nPausilippo . 424 \n\nPavia, Battle of. 72 \n\nPeace, 102, 231,404,409,411, \n\n412, 552 \n\n\nPeacemakers. 347, 506 \n\nPearce, Dr. 243 \n\nPedro of Brazil.519 \n\nPeirce, Rev. James. 104 \n\nPeirson . 22 \n\nPelagius . 483 \n\nPelew Islands. 313, 560 \n\nPelican, Ship. 116 \n\nPella. 145 \n\nPelltean Chief. ib. \n\nPembroke. 146, 347 \n\n\xe2\x96\xa0-, Aymer de Va\xc2\xac \nlence, Earl of. 266 \n\nPendeen. 47 \n\n\nPendrell . 54 \n\nPeneus. 124 \n\nPenmanship, .. 127, 315, 365, \n\n512 \n\nPenn, Admiral . 172 \n\n-, William. 421 \n\nPennsylvania. 422 \n\nPennant, Thomas .. 400, 540 \n\nPennington. 361 \n\nPen-Park Hole . 93 \n\nPensacola. 114 \n\nPenshurst. 427 \n\nPentecost. 383 \n\nPerceval . 181 \n\nPercival, Dr. 346 \n\nPercy, Dr. 409 \n\nPergamus. 126 \n\nPeripatetics. 168 \n\nPerpignan. 411 \n\nPershore. 158 \n\n\nPage \n\nPersius. 568 \n\nPerth. 67, 92, 97, 565 \n\nPeterborough .. 21,54, 197 \n\nPeterhead . 558 \n\nPeter the Cruel . 200 \n\n-Great.. 25, 41, 66, \n\n185, 262, 515 \n\n-- II. 31 \n\n-Ill. 107, 265, 277 \n\n-- St. 241 \n\n-the Wild Boy. 67 \n\nPeter\xe2\x80\x99s, St. (village) .... 187 \nPetersburgh, 41, 56, 98, 107, \n185, 358, 369, 416, 492 \n\nPeterwaradiu. 307 \n\nPetrarch. 121, 124, 278 \n\nPetre, Sir W. 477 \n\nPetroona, Elizabeth .... 556 \n\nPhanseum. 351 \n\nPharaoh . 180 \n\nPharisees. 38 \n\nPharsalia. 158 \n\nPhebe. 358 \n\nPhiladelphia .. 136, 394, 423 \n\nPhilemon. 498 \n\nPhilip, Governor. 53 \n\nPhilip, St. 166 \n\n-St., Fort of. 550 \n\n-the Deacon. 416 \n\n-of Macedon.. 145, 301 \n\n-1. of Spain . 393 \n\n-II. of France .... 271 \n\n-II. of Spain.. 192, 266, \n\n279, 314, 376, 519, 551 \n\n-III. of France ... 411 \n\n-III. of Spain .... 106 \n\n-IV. of France.... 46 \n\n-V. of Spain .. 17, 380, \n\n460, 544 \n\n-VI., or de Valois, 331, \n\n336 \n\nPhilippi .. 103, 304, 480. 529 \n\nPhilippics. 526 \n\nPhilipsburgh . 222 \n\nPhilips, John. 60 \n\nPhilomel. 108 \n\nPhipps, Captain ... 316 \n\nPhysic Garden. 543 \n\nPiazzi . 14, 285 \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nINDEX \n\n\n597 \n\n\nPage \n\nPicket, Elizabeth. 535 \n\nPicture Gallery . 545 \n\nPierce, Captain . 22 \n\nPiercefield . 341 \n\nPierre, St. 34 \n\nPiety, Filial. 205 \n\nPilchards. 411 \n\nPingo. 49 \n\nPiukey. 371 \n\nPisa. 23 \n\nPisania. 520 \n\nPisces . 66 \n\nPitt, the poet. 129 \n\n-, Earl of Chatham, 180, 310 \n\n-, William . 37, 377 \n\nPius VI. 327 \n\n- VII. 196, 328, 526 \n\nPizarro. 238 \n\nPlacentia. 239 \n\nPlanet, new. 356 \n\nPlanets. 14, 103 \n\nPlantagenet. 541 \n\nPlassy Plains . 500 \n\nPlato... 68, 168 \n\nPlayfair . 280 \n\nPleasant, Mount. 450 \n\nPliny, the elder .... 102, 334 \n\n-, the younger. ib. \n\nPlot, Gunpowder . 469 \n\nPlutarch . 68 \n\nPlymouth, 70, 322, 325, 327, \n\n432, 487, 488 \n\nPlympton. 70 \n\nPodgers . 269 \n\nPoems, Didactic. 60 \n\nPoets\xe2\x80\x99 Corner. 156 \n\nPoitiers. 27, 381 \n\nPoland. 56 \n\nPolybius. 397 \n\nPolyglot . 462 \n\nPom fret, or Pontefract .. 222 \n\n-, Countess of.... 137 \n\nPompey . 68 \n\nPonce de Leon . 113 \n\nPoniatowski . 262 \n\n-, Stanislaus.. 56 \n\nPontefract Castle . 58 \n\nPont-y-Pridd. 309 \n\nPontus. 259 \n\n\nPage \n\nPope, 170, 204, 435, 467, 469, \n\n534 \n\n-, the, 139, 195, 234, 241, \n\n260, 353, 400 \n\n\nPopery. 251 \n\nPopilius . 526 \n\nPopish Plot. 563 \n\nPoison, Richard. 556 \n\nPorteus . 131, 236 \n\nPortland Island. 66 \n\nPortsmouth 89, 192, 335, 364 \nPorto-Bello.... 98, 456, 464 \nPortugal, Infanta of .... 192 \n\nPotamology. 341 \n\nPotemkin, Prince .. 107, 425, \n\n542 \n\nPotheridge . 16 \n\nPotsdam . 324 \n\nPott, Percival.548 \n\nPotter, Robert. 313 \n\nPoverty . 184 \n\nPovvick Bridge . 444 \n\nPraga . 478 \n\nPrague 102, 177, 247, 420, 474 \nPratt, Earl Camden .... 137 \nPratt, Samuel Jackson .. 411 \n\nPresbyterians. 140 \n\nPresents.10, 61 \n\nPreston . 305, 483 \n\n-Kirk. 217 \n\n-Pans . 386 \n\n\nPretender, the.. 49, 558, 565 \n\n-, the Young, 44, 49, \n\n521, 565 \n\nPrice, Dr. Richard ..67, 140, \n\n532, 554 \n\nPrideaux, Dr. 460 \n\nPriestley, Dr...., 59, 272, 532 \n\nPrinting .319, 569 \n\nPrior, Matthew. 38i \n\nPriory. 353 \n\nPriscilla .259, 358 \n\nProclamation at the Hague 40 \n\nProchorus . 313 \n\nProphet . 250 \n\nProtestant. 139 \n\nProtogeues. 517 \n\nProut . 320, 391 \n\nPrussia, King of. 38 \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n598 \n\n\nINDEX \n\n\n\nPage \n\nPrussia, Princess of \n\n.... 178 \n\nPrussian Monarchy.. \n\n.... 23 \n\nPtolemais. \n\n.... 105 \n\nPublicans. \n\n, 38, 383 \n\nPultowa . \n\n.... 262 \n\nPurcell. \n\n.... 443 \n\nPutney ..29, 37, 134 \n\nPye, the poet. \n\n.... 71 \n\nPvlos. \n\n.... 160 \n\nPythagoras . \n\n\nPython . \n\n\nQ. \n\n\nQuaestor. \n\n\nQuakers . \n\n485, 506 \n\nQuarter, Autumnal.. \n\n.... 389 \n\n-, Spring- \n\n.... 97 \n\n-, Summer .. \n\n.... 233 \n\n-, Winter .... \n\n.... 548 \n\nQuebec. \n\n376, 567 \n\nQuedlinburgh. \n\n\nQueensbury, duke of \n\n.... 534 \n\nQuiberon Bay. \n\n\nQuin. \n\n\nQuintin, St. \n\n\nQuistello. \n\n\nQuito . \n\n\nR. \n\n\nRadcliff . \n\n.... 190 \n\nRadclilfe, Dr. \n\n\nRaffles, Sir T. S. .. \n\n.... 47 \n\nRafford. \n\n.... 543 \n\nRaikes. \n\n\nRainbow, Lunar .... \n\n.... 371 \n\nRaleigh, Sir W. \n\n455, 462 \n\nRam, the. \n\n.... 97 \n\nRambouillet. \n\n.94, 106 \n\nRamillies. \n\n.... 194 \n\nRamsay, Allan. \n\n.... 216 \n\nRamsgate. \n\n394, 454 \n\nRaphael . \n\n,.68, 435 \n\nRapin, the historian \n\n.... 324 \n\nRashult.. \n\n\nRatisbon . \n\n418, 559 \n\nRavaillac. \n\n.... 183 \n\n\nPage \n\n\nRavenna . 127 \n\nRay, Rev. John . 510 \n\nReading.24, 519 \n\nReay, Miss. 124 \n\nReding. 488 \n\nReed. 19 \n\nRees, Dr. A. 218 \n\nReformation . 60 \n\nReformers . 65 \n\nReggio. 262 \n\nReichstadt . 113 \n\nRegnier, General. 365 \n\nReid, Dr. Thomas. 413 \n\nRendsburgh. 89 \n\nRennes. 441 \n\nRennie, John . 217 \n\nResolution, the . 116 \n\nRestoration, the. 60 \n\nResurrection . 117 \n\nRevel . 522 \n\nReview, Quarterly. 568 \n\nReviews . 204 \n\n\nRevolution, the Glorious ..58, \n\n60, 467 \n\n-, French.272 \n\n-in Holland ... 489 \n\nReynolds, Sir Joshua . 69, 203 \n\n-, Richard. 372 \n\nRheims. . ..34, 249, 277, 552 \n\nRhode Island. 525 \n\nRhodes. 481 \n\nRich, the traveller. 411 \n\nRichard 1.49, 121, 359 \n\n- 11.21,58,231,276,420 \n\n-\xe2\x80\x94 III. 125,173, 222, 230, \n\n254, 309, 331 \n\xe2\x80\x94 : -, Duke of York .. 81 \n\n\nRichardson.35, 250 \n\nRichelieu, Cardinal. 521 \n\nRichmond (Surrey) ...52, 57, \n60, 98, 146, 342, 371 \n\nRichmond, (York). 217 \n\n--, Earl of. 308 \n\nRidley, Bishop. 426 \n\nRiga. 428 \n\nRiho Iliho . 273 \n\nRitigen. 185 \n\nRiots, Birmingham. 272 \n\n-, London. 211 \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nINDEX \n\n\n599 \n\n\nPage \n\n\nRiou, Captain... 114 \n\nRittenhouse. 266 \n\nRiver, new. 400 \n\nRivers, Earl. 222 \n\nRizzio. 84 \n\nRoa.. 477 \n\nRobert II. of Scotlaud ... 139 \n\n-III. of Scotland .. 112 \n\nRobertson, Dr. ..50, 221, 420 \n\nRobespierre.270, 344 \n\nRobin Hood. 550 \n\nRobinson, Mary. 558 \n\n--, Rev. Robert .. 565 \n\n- Thomas.. 105 \n\nRochester. 549 \n\n-, Earl of_ 288 \n\nRochetts. 59 \n\nRochford, Lady. 57 \n\nRodney, Lord.29, 129 \n\nRogers, Captain. 354 \n\n-, a Divine . 49 \n\nRohault . 186 \n\nRomain . 223 \n\nRome, 34, 37,61,91, 124, 142, \n145, 152, 158,196,203,241, \n\n\n452, 471, 565 \nRomilly Sir Samuel .... 465 \n\n\nRomney, Lord. 69 \n\n-, the painter .... 489 \n\nRomulus .... 11, 76, 145, 162 \n\nRood of Grace. 392 \n\nRooke, Sir G., 74, 224, 284, \n\n419 \n\nRoscius . 32 \n\nRoscommon . 116 \n\nRose Castle. 320 \n\nRosene, General .... 145, 244 \n\nRoses . 209 \n\nRoses, battles. 331 \n\nRosier Pilatre. 223, 498 \n\nRoslin, battles at . 71 \n\nRosni . 548 \n\nRoss, Captain. 194 \n\nRoss, General...... 335 \n\nRostock . 344 \n\nRostopchin .. 378 \n\nRotherham. 411 \n\nRotherhithe. 560 \n\nRothsay . 112 \n\n\nPage \n\nRotterdam .... 274,451, 493 \n\n\nRoubilliac . 384 \n\nRouen, 12, 177, 201,231, 377 \n\nRowe, Nicholas.536 \n\n-, Mrs. 66 \n\nRowton . 482 \n\nRoxburgh.304, 565 \n\nRoyal Academy. 214 \n\n-Exchange 216, 444, 497 \n\n-George. 397 \n\n-Observatory. 316 \n\n-Society. 147 \n\n-Touch . 87 \n\nRoyston . 39 \n\nRubens. 203 \xe2\x80\x99 \n\nRumford, Count. 569 \n\n-, North America 570 \n\nRunny Mead . 229 \n\nRupert, Prince, 210, 236, 248, \n\n444 \n\nRuscomb. 423 \n\nRushden. 99 \n\nRussell, Lady. 401 \n\n-, Lord.. 244,281, ib. \n\nRuston, East. 556 \n\nRuthin. 117 \n\nRuth, St. 268 \n\nRuthven. 84 \n\nRutli. 491 \n\nRuyter. See De Ruyter. \n\nRye-House Plot. 527 \n\nRysbraeck. 74, 384 \n\nS. \n\nSabbatarians . 4 \n\nSabbath . 3 \n\nSackville, Lord George .. 299 \n\n-, Sir Edward ... 123 \n\nSagittarius. 498 \n\nSaint Alban\xe2\x80\x99s, 62, 74,126, 193, \n\n234 \n\nSagrez. 484 \n\nSaint Cloud.113, 298 \n\n-David\xe2\x80\x99s . 76 \n\n-Ives\xe2\x80\x99s Bay. 411 \n\n-John D\xe2\x80\x99Acre.105 \n\n-John\xe2\x80\x99s Day. 235 \n\n-Paul\xe2\x80\x99s. 231 \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n600 \n\n\nINDEX \n\n\nPage \n\nSaint Peter and Paul .... 241 \n\n\n.-town \n\nof. 333 \n\nSaint Peter\xe2\x80\x99s . 145 \n\n-Ruth, General .... 268 \n\n-Thomas\xe2\x80\x99s Day .... 99 \n\nSaladin. 359 \n\nSalamis.438, 441 \n\nSalamis, in Cyprus. 220 \n\nSaldanha Bay .324 \n\nSalernum. 384 \n\nSalford. 243 \n\nSalisbury, Countess of .. 198 \n\nSalkeld, Great.449 \n\nSallo, Denis de. 204 \n\nSaltnasius.360, 532 \n\nSalmon.287, 533 \n\nSalome. 442 \n\nSalona. 167 \n\nSaltsbach. 290 \n\nSalvador, Saint. 418 \n\nSalvington . 513 \n\nSamos. 195 \n\nSamson. 255 \n\nSandridge. 559 \n\nSandys, Colonel. 444 \n\nSanhedrim ...... .... 557 \n\nSan Lorenzo. 376 \n\nSanta Cruz . 144, 287 \n\nSaratoga. 430 \n\nSaturday. 7 \n\nSaturn. ib. \n\nSavage, the poet.295 \n\nSaville, Sir George. 215 \n\nSavoy Palace ...... 125, 146 \n\nSaul Abbey. 92 \n\nSaumur . 323 \n\nSaunderson, Dr. 140 \n\nSaurin, the divine. 564 \n\nSaxe, Count. 159, 458 \n\nScale of Health .. 137 \n\nScaliger . 553 \n\nSchaffhausen . 309 \n\nScheveling . 29 \n\nSchiras. 411 \n\nSchism Bill. 475 \n\nSchoeffer. 319 \n\nSchomberg, Count. 247 \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 - \xe2\x80\x94, Duke . ib. \n\n\n\nPage \n\nSchool. \n\n. 203 \n\nSchoolmaster .. \n\n\nSchouten. \n\n.... 44, 222 \n\nSchweidnitz.... \n\n.... 72, 408 \n\nSchwerin, Marshal. 177 \n\nScilly Islands .. \n\n.... 387, 443 \n\nScone .... 13, \n\n108, 513, 565 \n\nScorpion. \n\n. 443 \n\nScriptures .... \n\n155, 388, 564 \n\nScylla. \n\n. 51 \n\nSeacombe. \n\n. 22 \n\nSeasons . \n\n. 570 \n\nSeater. \n\n. 7 \n\nSeaton. \n\n. 131 \n\nSebastia . \n\n. 48 \n\nSedan . \n\n. 564 \n\nSeddon. \n\n. 127 \n\nSedgemore .... \n\n. 253 \n\nSelby . \n\n. 307 \n\nSelden. \n\n.... 311, 513 \n\nSelkirk, Alexander, 354, 375, \n\n\n411 \n\nSellices . \n\n. 206 \n\nSempach. \n\n. 263 \n\nSemur. \n\n. 360 \n\nSeneca . \n\n. 158 \n\nSenones . \n\n.446 \n\nSeptember .... \n\n. 350 \n\nSeptemberizers \n\n. 368 \n\nSeringapatam .. \n\n.. 173 \n\nServetus . \n\n. 449 \n\nSeven Bishops.. \n\n. 225 \n\n-Oaks .... \n\n. 250 \n\nSevern . \n\n. 494 \n\nSeverndroog.... \n\n.. . 114, 540 \n\nSeville.... 154, \n\n189, 474, 520 \n\nSeward, Miss ,. \n\n. 100 \n\nWi llinm \n\nlsn \n\n, . , . . \n\nSeymour, Edward, Duke \n\nof Somerset.. \n\n. 34 \n\n\n418 \n\n-, Sir Thomas .. 363 \n\nShaftesbury.... \n\n.... 133, 187 \n\nShakeshanks .. \n\n. 230 \n\nShakspeare .... \n\n148, 156, 367 \n\n-Gallery. 536 \n\nSharon. \n\n. 209 \n\nSharp, Granville \n\n. 256 \n\nSharpham Park \n\n. 147 \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nINDEX \n\n\n601 \n\n\nPage \n\nShee.57, 366, 442 \n\nSheen. 371 \n\nSheffield . 397 \n\nSheldon, Archbishop ... 479 \n\n-, Mr. 429 \n\nShelly. 127 \n\nShenstone . 56 \n\nSheridan, Mrs.499 \n\n-, R B. 258, ib. \n\n-, Thomas.259 \n\nSheriffmuir . 483 \n\nShields, South. 43 | \n\nShiffnal . 552 i \n\nShiplake. 133 | \n\nShipley. 68 \n\nShooter\xe2\x80\x99s Hill. 114 \n\nShort . 224 \n\nShovel, Sir C. 443 \n\nShrewsbury. 129, 280 \n\nShuckborough. 215 \n\nSiberia. 428 \n\nSicilian Vespers. 104 \n\nSidney, Algernon .. 281, 526 \n\n-Sir Philip. 426 \n\nSidmouth. 37, 348 \n\nSidrona . 402 \n\nSigismund II. 46 \n\nSignets of Immortality .. 311 \n\nSilas, St. 269, 480 \n\nSilk Mill. 48 \n\nSiluria... 351 \n\nSimeon. 413 \n\nSimnel, Lambert. 215 \n\nSimon, Saint. 450 \n\nSimon de Montfort ... 305 \n\nSinclair, Oliver. 503 \n\nSines. 551 \n\nSissinghurst. 66 \n\nSixtus, bishop of Rome.. 314 \nSlave Trade ... 143, 170, 256, \n421, 432, 485 \n\nSloane .26, 186, 286 \n\nSlough.88, 339 \n\nSluys. 236 \n\nSmeaton.292, 415, 454 \n\nSmith, Charlotte. 455 \n\n-, Elizabeth.. . .311, 557 \n\n\xe2\x80\x94\xe2\x80\x94, SirJ.E. 94 \n\n-, Sir Sidney . 105 \n\n2 E \n\n\nPage \n\nSmithfield . 276 \n\nSmollett, Dr. 440 \n\nSnell.127, 128 \n\nSnow . 127 \n\nSoane . 546 \n\nSobieski .. 174, 225, 375, 565 \nSociety, Antiquarian .... 214 \n\n-. British & Foreign \n\nSchool. 192, 373 \n\nSociety, Marine. 364 \n\n-, Missionary .... 468 \n\n-of Arts . 68 \n\n-, Royal.147, 214 \n\nSocrates . 168, 191, 244 \n\nSodor and Man . 82 \n\nSoho. 324 \n\nSoissons. 445 \n\nSoldiers, pious.. ... 306 \n\nSolebay. 199 \n\nSoliman . 362 \n\nSolstice, Summer . 233 \n\n-, Winter. 548 \n\nSolway Moss ..485, 503, 531 \n\nSombrera. 537 \n\nSomerby. 126 \n\nSomers, Lord. 154 \n\n-Town. 533 \n\nSomerset, Car, Earl of .. 378 \n\n-, Seymour, Duke \n\nof, Protector.34, 403 \n\nSomerset House ..35, 84, 214 \n\nSomis, Ignazio. 47 \n\nSorrento.87, 152 \n\nSosthenes. 507 \n\nSoul, sleep of the. 320 \n\nSound, the .. 113 \n\nSouth, Dr. 532 \n\nSouthampton ..277, 279, 503 \nSouthcott, Joanna.... 87, 561 \n\nSouthev, Dr.71, 135, 238 \n\nSouthill . 89 \n\nSouth Moulton . 188 \n\nSouthwark 191, 195, 309, 364 \n\nSouth wold Bay. 199 \n\nSowerby. 502 \n\nSpa . 360 \n\nSpectator. 77 \n\nSpeed . 119 \n\nSpencer, Sir Hugh. 415 \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n602 \n\n\nINDEX \n\n\nPage \n\nSpithead. 224 \n\nSpitzbergen . 316 \n\nSpofforth. 396 \n\nSpragge, Sir E. 180 \n\nSpring. 570 \n\nSpring Quarter . 97 \n\nSpurantio.412 \n\nStachys, St. 457 \n\nStael, Baroness de. 275 \n\nStafford, Duke. 459 \n\n-, Lord. 563 \n\nStagira. 169 \n\nStamford. 131, 232, 293 \n\nStanbury-moor .382 \n\nStandard, battle of. 550 \n\nStanhope, Earl of.... 56, 504 \nStanislaus, Leczinski.... 46 \n\n-, Poniatowski . 56 \n\n-, of Poland.. .. 502 \n\nStanley, Miss. 277 \n\nStanton Harcourt. 294 \n\n-, Harold. 175 \n\nStanwell. \xc2\xbb... 245 \n\nStar, Julian. 368 \n\nSteam Engine.31, 569 \n\nSteele, Sir Richard 77, 88, 355 \n\nSteevens. 35 \n\nStella . 514 \n\nStephen, King..444, 519, 557 \n\n-, Saint. 557 \n\nStepney .35,61, 193 \n\nSterne, Lawrence . 94 \n\nStettin. 172 \n\nStirling.66, 304, \n\nStobbs. 255 \n\nStock Exchange, New ... 78 \n\nStockholm.92, 106, 400 \n\nStocks, Miss . 197 \n\n-, the. 73 \n\nStoke (Notts). 215 \n\n-(Surrey) . 455 \n\n\xe2\x80\x94\xe2\x80\x94 Newington 28, 230,503, \n\n535 \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 Pogeis.294, 359 \n\nStone, Black . 216 \n\n-, White. ib. \n\n-(Staff.). 59 \n\nStoneham. 497 \n\nStorm, Great. 504 \n\n\nPage \n\nStothard, C. A. 201 \n\n\nStow, John. 119 \n\nStradling, Capt. 411 \n\nStrafford, Earl of.... 181, 508 \nStratford-upon-Avon 149, 367 \n\nStratford House. 181 \n\n\xe2\x80\x94-(Essex) . 287 \n\nStrawberry Hill. 80 \n\nStrenas. 10 \n\nStrensham . 392 \n\nStridon .. 402 \n\nStromboli . 333 \n\nStrong. 232 \n\nStruensee. 157 \n\nStuart, Lord Darnley. See \nDarnley. \n\nStuart Race, unfortunate . 565 \n\n-, Sir John.365 \n\nStubbs. 119 \n\nSturm. 421 \n\nStyle.357, 539 \n\nSudbourgh .379 \n\nSudbuiy . .303, 467 \n\nSudley, Baron..403 \n\n-- Castle.363 \n\nSuffolk, Duke of. 67 \n\nSully.547 \n\nSulmo. 14 \n\nSummer . 570 \n\nSummer Quarter.233 \n\nSunday . 3 \n\n-Schools .4, 119 \n\nSundridge. 132 \n\nSupremacy. 234 \n\nSurrey, Henry, Earl of .. 30 \n\nSutcliff. 565 \n\nSutton, Thomas ....532, 535 \n\nSuwarroff, General.478 \n\nS waff ham. 565 \n\nSwallow .100, 411 \n\nSwansea. 48 \n\nSwift, Dean.225, 514 \n\nSwiss Guards.317 \n\n-Liberty. 12 \n\n-Valour .. 233, 263, 376 \n\nSwithin, Saint. 273 \n\nSydenham . 275 \n\nSydney Cove . 53 \n\nSylla. 246 \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nINDEX. 603 \n\n\nPage \n\nSylvanus. 269 \n\nSymmons, Caroline .... 210 \nSyracuse. 425 \n\n\nT. \n\n\nTabor, Mount.307, \n\nTaganrog. \n\nTagaste. \n\nTalis, Dr. \n\nTallard, Marshal. \n\nTame . \n\nTamehameha. \n\nTamerlane. See Timour. \n\nTap pan. \n\nTare n turn. \n\n\nTarsus.38, \n\nTasso.87, \n\nTate. \n\nTatius. \n\n\nTaunton \n\n\n558 \n\n519 \n\n343 \n\n172 \n\n302 \n\n236 \n\n273 \n\n410 \n\n530 \n\n240 \n\n152 \n\n318 \n\n10 \n\n74 \n\n\nTavistock..... \n\nTay, River . \n\nTayler. \n\nfay lor. Dr. .J. .... \n\n\nTe Deum . \n\nTelegraph.114, \n\nTelemachus. \n\nTelescope. \n\n-, Herchel\xe2\x80\x99s .... \n\nTelford, Mr. \n\nTell, William. \n\nTempe. \n\nTemperance. \n\nTerms. \n\nTerouane. \n\nTertius. \n\nTewkesbury ....65, 172, \n\nTexel . ...222, \n\nThales. \n\nThames . \n\nTheba. \n\nThemistocles .......... \n\nTheobalds . \n\nTheocritus . \n\nTheodore of Corsica .... \nThomas a Becket... .260, \n\n\n40 \n\n533 \n\n505 \n\n319 \n\n54 \n\n202 \n\n417 \n\n308 \n\n23 \n\n340 \n\n43 \n\n12 \n\n124 \n\n138 \n\n27 \n\n371 \n\n480 \n\n192 \n\n337 \n\n9 \n\n494 \n\n567 \n\n438 \n\n101 \n\n425 \n\n535 \n\n563 \n\n\nPage \n\nThomas, Saint.99, 547 \n\nThomson... .342, 389 \n\n-, Dr. 92 \n\nThor. 7 \n\nThoresby.330 \n\nThorn, town of.38, 195 \n\nThornton, John.476 \n\nThurcaston. 426 \n\nThurlow, Lord . 377 \n\nThurot. 74 \n\nThursday... 6 \n\nThurso, River. 287 \n\nThurtell . 124 \n\nThury. 481 \n\nThyatira . 304 \n\nTiara . 353 \n\nTickell, Richard. 150 \n\n-, Thomas. ib. \n\nTilford. 455 \n\n\nTillotson, Archbishop . .. \n\nTime.1, \n\nTimor. \n\nTimothy. \n\nTimour, or Tamerlane .. \n\nTippo Sultaun.173, \n\nTirano. \n\nTitus.336, \n\nTiverton . \n\nTobago. \n\nTobolsk . \n\nTodd, Capt. \n\nToleration Act.196, \n\nTo mi. \n\nTomkins. 128, 365, \n\nTo-morrow . \n\n\n502 \n\n553 \n\n158 \n\n34 \n\n112 \n\n436 \n\n280 \n\n346 \n\n87 \n\n131 \n\n428 \n\n93 \n\n475 \n\n14 \n\n512 \n\n161 \n\n\nTongue, Ezekiel. 462 \n\nTousberg. 490 \n\nToplady, Rev. A. 317 \n\nTorbay. 467 \n\nTorricelli. 427 \n\nTortola. 179 \n\nTory. 475 \n\n-Island. 419 \n\nTottenham. 116 \n\n\nToulon .344, 544 \n\nToup, Rev. Jonathan .... 31 \n\nTouraine. 106 \n\nTournament. 242 \n\nTourville, Admiral. 224 \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n604 \n\n\nINDEX \n\n\nPage \n\n67 \n\n301 \n\n\nPage \n\nTower.. 57,125, 136,137, 188, \n198,225,378, 403, 432, 513 \nTower Hill..24, 57, 274, 325, \n\n421, 524 \n\n\nTowers, Dr. 191 \n\nTowgood... 46 \n\nTo wuley. 16 \n\nTownsend, Rev. John . 53, 268 \n\nTowtoti. 103 \n\nTrafalgar. 441 \n\nTralles. 416 \n\nTransfiguration. 307 \n\nTrimmer, Mrs. 539 \n\nTrincomale. 342 \n\nTrinidad. 67 \n\nTroas. 419 \n\nTroston. 38 \n\nTrotting, or Trotton .... 131 \n\nTrowbridge. 241 \n\nTroy.220, 516 \n\nTroyes. 409 \n\nTruro.143, 441 \n\nTruxillo . 238 \n\nTryphena. 480 \n\nTrvphosa. ib. \n\nTschesme. 522 \n\nTudella. 449 \n\nTudor, Jasper. 47 \n\n-, Owen. ib. \n\nTuesday . 6 \n\nTuisco, or Tuisto. ib. \n\nTullia. 307 \n\nTunbridge. 369 \n\nTunsted. 396 \n\n\nTynton. \n\nTyrrel, Walter \n\n\nU. \n\n\nUlloa, Don. 456 \n\nUlm.. 439 \n\nUmfreville, Sir N. 399 \n\nUniformity, Acts of .... 335 \nUnion of England, Ireland, \n\nand Scotland.13, 170 \n\nUnion of Norway and \n\nSweden. 469 \n\nUnited States. 288 \n\nUniversity, London. 161 \n\nUpliam. 128 \n\nUpnor Castle. 219 \n\nUpsal.25, 204, 400, 463 \n\nUpton (Bucks). 340 \n\n-(Essex). 558 \n\nUranienburg. 328 \n\nUrbino. 68 \n\nUrie. 410 \n\nUrsinus. 553 \n\nUshant. 290 \n\nUsher. 514 \n\nUtica. 50 \n\nUtrecht. 288 \n\nUz. 176 \n\n\nV. \n\n\nTurenne, Marshal ..290, 563 \n\nTurin.84, 175 \n\nTuruham Green. 398 \n\nTurnhurst. 396 \n\nTwelfth Day. 20 \n\nTwickenham .. 154, 204, 380, \n\n436, 566 \n\n--, Bard & Wasp \n\nof. 207 \n\nTwilight. 197 \n\nTwins . 191 \n\nTvburn. 144, 175, 240, \n\n500 \n\nTychicus, Saint. 528 \n\nfyndale. 426 \n\n\nVaccine Inoculation.18\xe2\x80\x9c, \n\n213, 318 \n\nVacuna,. 517 \n\nValdarno. 23 \n\nValdesso. 380 \n\nValence. 327 \n\nValentine\xe2\x80\x99s Day. 58 \n\nValois. 331 \n\nValladolid. 189, 192, 213 \n\nVandervelde. t. 212 \n\nVan Dyke, island of .... 465 \n\nVanessa. 514 \n\nVan Gaunt. 219 \n\nVanhomrigh.514 \n\nVan Tromp.66, 211, 337 \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nINDEX \n\n\n605 \n\n\nPage \n\nVati Tromp, the younger .180, \n\n\n210 \n\nVarennes. 234 \n\nVasa, Gustavus . 400 \n\nVasco de Gama. 193, 264, 497, \n\n551 \n\nVatican, the.241, 327 \n\nVaucluse.121, 278 \n\nVaughan, Sir T. 222 \n\nVenables. 172 \n\nVenice. 327 \n\nVentriloquist. 270 \n\nVenus, transit of.. .. 212, 501 \n\nVenusium. 528 \n\nVernal Equinox. 97 \n\nVernon, Admiral .... 98, 456 \n\n-, Mount. 160 \n\nVerona. 334 \n\nVersailles.. 180, 335, 354, 544 \n\nVirtue,George. 287 \n\nVerulum. 234 \n\nVespers. 104 \n\nVesputius. 189 \n\nVesta.103, 217, 516 \n\nVestalia. 217 \n\nVesuvius ..102, 333, 436, 502 \n\nVictor Amadeus II. 457 \n\n-, Marshal. 292 \n\nVictory Man of War .... 413 \n\nVida. 129 \n\nVienna.. .. 126, 375, 439, 511 \n\nVigo. 419 \n\nVillaneuva. 449 \n\nVillaret-Joyeuse. 210 \n\nVilla Viciosa. 486 \n\nVilleneuve, Admiral .... 441 \n\nVilleroy, Marshal. 46 \n\nVilliers. See Buckingham. \n\nVimiera . 330 \n\nVincennes.46, 202, 347 \n\nVincent, Cape St...29,59, 224 \n\n-, Earl St. See Jervis. \n\nVirgil.424, 529 \n\nVirgin Mary ..... 47, 99, 321 \n\nVirgo. 333 \n\nVittoria. 232 \n\nVolcano . 333 \n\nVoltaire. 206 \n\nVoorhout. 390 \n\nVulgate. 403 \n\n\nW. \n\nPage \n\n\nWade. 322 \n\nWainfleet. 407 \n\nWakefield.460, 567 \n\n-, Gilbert....67, 371 \n\nWales, Princess of. 187 \n\nWalker, Adam. 57 \n\n-, George, F.R.S... 146 \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 , John .......... 300 \n\n-, Rev. Mr. ... 145, 247 \n\nWall, Joseph . 41 \n\nWallace .284, 334, 374 \n\nWaller, the poet. 440 \n\nWalpole, Horace........ 79 \n\nWaipole, Sir Robert .. . ib. \n\nWalsingham. 121 \n\nWaltham Abbey Church.. 420 \n\n-, Little. 219 \n\nWalthamstow. 52 \n\nWalton, Dr. 462 \n\nWandsworth . 139 \n\nWantage. 451, 517 \n\nWapping. 104 \n\nWarbeck, Perkin.500 \n\nWarburton, Bishop.. 205, 216 \n\nWard . 184 \n\nWare . 379 \n\nWarenne, Earl . 513 \n\nWarhain. 187 \n\nWarren, Sir J. B. 419 \n\nWarrington. 347 \n\nWarsaw .. 46, 185, 415, 478 \n\nWarton, Dr. 70 \n\n-, Thomas.... 71, 135 \n\nWarwick, Earl of .. 82, 130 \n\n\nWashington, city of.. 39, 160, \n\n335, 436 \n\n-, General, 159, 436, \n\n\n539 \n\nWassail. 20 \n\nWaterloo. 228 \n\n-Bridge .. 147, 228 \n\nWaters. 184 \n\nWatfield. 505 \n\nWatson, Bishop. 250 \n\nWatt, James . 31 \n\nWatts, Dr.503 \n\nWat Tyler. 221 \n\nWeare. 124 \n\nWeaver, John. 75 \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n606 \n\n\nINDEX \n\n\nPage \n\nWedderburn. 42 \n\nWednesday. 6 \n\nWedgwood. 16 \n\nWeek. 2 \n\nWeil. 559 \n\nWellesley. See Wellington. \nWellington, Duke of, 228, 232 \n269, 292, 330 \n\nWells . 505 \n\nWelwyn . 128 \n\nWem . 136 \n\nWentworth. 508 \n\nWesley, John. 79 \n\nWest, the painter.... 85, 347 \n\n-, Dr. 100, 506 \n\nWestall. 556 \n\nWestbury. 2 77 \n\nWesterham.14, 135 \n\nWestmacott. 80 \n\nWestminster, 12, 28, 29, 32, \n47, 54, 59, 60, 71, 94, 96, \n102, 127, 131, 147, 156, 184, \n198,217,225,226,240, 243, \n255,258, 259, 276,280, 287, \n298,300,307,327,347, 362, \n365,381,389,394,441,443, \n455,456,458,479,490, 535, \n541, 557 \n\nWeston Favell. 555 \n\nWest Wycombe . 566 \n\nWeybridge . 178 \n\nWheatley. 447 \n\nWhig. 475 \n\nWhiston. 332 \n\nWhitby, the commentator 99 \n\nWhite Friars . 343 \n\n-, Dr. 193 \n\n-, Henry Kirke .... 436 \n\nWhitehall. 52 \n\nWhitfield, Rev. G. 408 \n\nWhitehead, Paul. 566 \n\nWhitsand Bay. 500 \n\nWhittington. 487 \n\nWickham (Hants). 70 \n\n- (Kent) . 100 \n\n- (West) . 566 \n\nWild Boy. 67 \n\nWilkes, John. 137, 561 \n\nWilliam I. of the Nether\xc2\xac \nlands. 489 \n\n\nPage \n\nWilliam the Conqueror .. 12, \n\n370, 420 \n\n- II. 301, 394 \n\n- III... 58, 59, 83, 127, \n\n184,247, 293, 475, 543 \n\n-1., Prince of Orange 266 \n\n- V., Prince of \n\nOrange. 28, 487 \n\n-, son of Henry I. 413, \n\n504 \n\n- the Lion . 521 \n\nWilliams, Dr. 187 \n\nWilloughby, Sir H. 190 \n\nWilmot, Earl of Rochester 288 \n\nWilson. 486 \n\n-, Bishop. 82 \n\n-, Captain ... 313, 560 \n\n-, the painter. 181 \n\nWimborne . 381 \n\nWinchester 279, 301, 407, 451, \n\n466 \n\nWindsor, 40,43, 54, 148,465, \n492, 495, 525 \n\n\nWinifred. 215 \n\nWinnington. 488 \n\nWinstanley. 505 \n\nWinter. 570 \n\nWinter Quarter. 548 \n\nWirtemberg, Duke of.... 187 \nWise Men, the Seven.... 9 \n\nWishart. 199 \n\nWittemberg. 60, 66 \n\nWoburn . 80 \n\nWodin or Odin . 7 \n\nWokingham. 560 \n\nWolfe, General.14, 376 \n\nWolstoncraft . 371 \n\nWolsey, Cardinal .. 226, 432, \n\n438, 507 \n\nWomen.358, 359 \n\nWoodcock, Captain. 532 \n\n-, Elizabeth.... 47 \n\nWood fall. 300 \n\nWoodstock. 288 \n\nWoollett, the engraver .. 423 \n\nWoolstrope. 96 \n\nWorcester, 154, 243, 300,360, \n\n419, 434 \n\nWorkington. 194 \n\n\nWorld, creation of the .. \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nINDEX \n\n\n607 \n\n\nPage \n\nVVorsley . 84 \n\nWorthiug. 289 \n\nWorthington, Rev. H. .. ib. \n\nWotton. 73 \n\nWotton-under-Edge, 349, 387 \nWren, Sir C.... 72, 162 232 \n\nWrexham. 285 \n\nWright, the painter .... 346 \n\nWrington . 452 \n\nWriting.17, 127 \n\n\nPage \n\n\nYearsley, Mrs.494 \n\nYork, Cardinal . 565 \n\n-, Duchess of . 178 \n\n-, Duke of. ib. \n\n-, afterwards \n\nJames II. 212 \n\nYork, Richard, Duke of.. 567 \n\n-, New. ib. \n\n-, Town.131, 436 \n\nYoung, Arthur. 66 \n\n-, Dr. 128 \n\n\nX. \n\n\nXantippe. 191 \n\nXenocrates. 278 \n\nXenophon. 431 \n\nXerxes. 438 \n\nXimenes, Cardinal. 477 \n\nY. \n\nYale. 285 \n\nYalden, Thomas. 477 \n\nYassy . 425 \n\nYates, Dr. 268 \n\nYear.8, 570 \n\n\nZ. \n\n\nZacharias. \n\n\n469 \n\nZanches . \n\n\n116 \n\nZastrow, General. \n\n\n408 \n\nZela. \n\n\n279 \n\nZell . \n\n\xe2\x80\xa2 \n\n\xe2\x80\xa2 \n\nC* \n\nCO \n\n180 \n\nZimmermann .. .. \n\n\n413 \n\nZinzendorf, Count \n\n\n218 \n\nZubof . \n\n\n98 \n\nZuinglius. \n\n\n417 \n\nZuilburg. \n\n\n379 \n\nZurich .. \n\n15, 79, \n\n94 \n\nZutphen . \n\n\n426 \n\n\nEND. \n\n\nI \n\n\nG. SMALLFIEI.D, PRINTER, HACKNEY \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n. .: Vt \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1 S& \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nl** vV * \'\xe2\x96\xa0 \n\n\xe2\x80\xa2>\xc2\xbb \'Vv \xe2\x80\xa2- \n\n\n* ,\xe2\x84\xa2 nxv) - , \n\nv ,\xe2\x80\xa2* \n\n\xe2\x99\xa6 % A* \'\xe2\x96\xa0 \n\n1 \'\'\xe2\x80\xa2>\'\xc2\xbb\' v ,\' y* \n\n, *s3i\xe2\x80\x94 es* \xc2\xbb .V.*. *? \xe2\x96\xa0\xe2\x80\xa2 \n\n** % \n\nC> \xe2\x96\xa0<*\',\xc2\xbb\' <> V ^ * A\' \n\n\xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x99\xa6 ^o 4*^* ^ C\xc2\xb0 \xe2\x80\x98 ,M \n\n, $\xc2\xa3 > ^ ~ ^h\xc2\xbb r$ \xc2\xb0 \n\n\xe2\x96\xa0 1 \xe2\x96\xa0\'\xe2\x96\xa0 * \n\n\n\n\n\n\xe2\x80\xa2 # 1 \n\n\n\xe2\x80\xa2 \xe2\x80\x99 J> V \'\xe2\x80\xa2 \n. 0 ^ >\xe2\x80\xa2" % +> \n\n\n\n\xc2\xab p<> \n\n/ ^ *r*^T*\xe2\x80\x99 n v I \n\nA\xc2\xbb O. * 9 \xc2\xa7 %* aP \n\n\\V ^ rv\xc2\xbb .\xc2\xbb \xe2\x80\xa2 \n\n\n\n\xe2\x80\xa2 ^ i% \n\n\xc2\xab* %\xc2\xa3* <^ * \nVi>** \n\n\no \n\n\xe2\x80\xa2 A V -^ *\xe2\x80\x9c \n\n. * 9 \xc2\xab ..,. .\xc2\xbb\xc2\xbb,.* . V *\xc2\xab \n\n<f> *0 \xc2\xbb t, * .0 T \n\n\n\n\n\xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x80\x98 <?> \n\n\xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x80\xa2\' ^\xe2\x80\x99.....\'V\' "y % \'*" v\'V. \n\n*, v ,VWa\xe2\x80\x99\xc2\xbb ^ /?\xe2\x96\xa0 * tSUSSl \xe2\x80\xa2 ti. ^ \xe2\x80\xa2 \xe2\x80\x9c* \n\n-HeUI* \'^>v > .JjlrSfe- v-0^ ; \n\nb^VV AV y. oH/CllsAr* ^ \xe2\x80\x99^-> \xe2\x80\xa2 \n\n% vfvf* a *\xc2\xab.*<-\xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x80\xa2* a\xc2\xb0 ; \xe2\x80\x98 \n\n0 \xe2\x80\xa2 * * ,V , v\'* 4 ^ \xe2\x80\x9e0 V 0 0 " \xe2\x80\xa2 \xe2\x99\xa6 O \n\n** "S, ^ % *^s5vV^ # . O \n\n\n\n\xe2\x80\x99\xe2\x80\xa2/\xe2\x96\xa0\'* aP \xc2\xab> * \n\n<<T 4\xc2\xbb *1% "> \n\n\n\n\n\no <j5 ^ , \n\n^ \xe2\x80\xa2\'^VIVYCS^P \' V ~ \' \n\n^ ofr \xc2\xb0o \n\n\xe2\x80\xa2 " \xc2\xb0 Vv _. \n\n\xe2\x80\xa2 ^ A^ 0 \xe2\x80\x98\xe2\x80\x98 \n\n* V & \' \n\n\n* \\/ \xe2\x80\x99\xe2\x80\x99\xe2\x96\xa0\' \n\n/? vf* \n\n* <f? \' J ^> \xe2\x99\xa6 \n\n\' y V* \n\nq|v e o * \xe2\x80\xa2 ^ r ^ Deacidified using the Bookkeeper proceJ \nC V ~ Neutralizing agent: Magnesium Oxide \n\n* Treatment Date: APR 200: \n\n\n* <0 \n\nO . \n\n* \xc2\xab.K o . \n\n\xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x80\xa2-\xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x80\x9c y .. <V. * \n\n\n\n; PreservationTechnologie \n\n\n\n\n% * A WORLD LEADER IN PAPER PRESERVATII \n\n\xc2\xbb , \\ * A v 111 Thomson Park Drive \n\n0 * Cranberry Township. PA 16066 \n\n(724) 779-2111 \n\n\n\n\nc <y \xc2\xab\xc2\xab*\xe2\x99\xa6. % \n\no o 5 ^ *\xc2\xb0 ^ \n\n* CL* O * t <s/M\xe2\x80\x98^\\* ! O A * -.- \n\n\xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x80\xa2>* \xc2\xb0* *\'\xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x80\x99\xe2\x80\xa2 f\xc2\xb0 V\'*.i.- .*\xe2\x96\xa0 \n\nV _*L 9 *0 cv ,0 *\xc2\xbb*\xe2\x80\xa2\'\xe2\x99\xa6 *!> V s . \n\nA v *J$\\W/}h 0 <\xc2\xa3 *VS|feSf* <\xc2\xa3, \xc2\xbb-\' \n\n\xe2\x96\xa0* ^ Y^v/^^vww % ,.^> vP \n\n\n\n*</> \n\n\xe2\x96\xba \xc2\xab/\\ \n\n\n^ -NB 5 *V * \n\n* - \xe2\x80\xa2 * **b A V . t\xc2\xbb# \xe2\x80\x9e \n\n% \xc2\xb0 a* .* - \n* *b v 4 .\' \n\n\n\no\'ty* <\xc2\xa3? \xe2\x80\xa2 $ 4 / \n\n<v> *\xc2\xb0\xe2\x80\xa2 *\xe2\x96\xa0 * A Cv ** \n\nt.\xc2\xb0 m * * ^c \n0 \xe2\x80\xa2 v> \n\n*> \n\n\nip VV \n\n^o 4 tt. - \n# \xc2\xab <0 <#* * \n\n* > * * A \' \n\n\n\n\n\xe2\x96\xa0\\A \'<v*^ T, V \n\nv *:/\xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x80\xa2 c* ,o ** \n\n\xe2\x80\xa2% *& 4 Va\xe2\x80\x99\' %. A A \n\n\n* w ^ * \n\n* \xc2\xabV 9^ - \n\n\n\n\nA - <>, **\xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x80\xa2 \xe2\x80\xa2 % A \n\nr CT o^lf* ^O .A % .*\'*4 ^ \n\n\xe2\x99\xa67 0 *\xc2\xabkSS55w% o d *\xe2\x96\xba SaF\'jrfc** **L \n\n**o\xc2\xab *\'<Sra "ok J \n\n\n> \xc2\xbb \xc2\xa9 \n\n\n\n\n\xe2\x80\xa2* A % / \\ % w y \n\n. ** % c / \xc2\xbb\xc2\xa3fr\xe2\x80\x99 ^ A* /*< \n\n~ *\' \xe2\x80\xa2 8 * <> \xe2\x80\x99\'o*** A 0 * ^o *, \n\n*V \xc2\xab\xc2\xbb\xe2\x80\xa2\'*- <\xc2\xa3. O" a \xc2\xa9 * * \xe2\x99\xa6 V> \n\n\n\n* Cp \xe2\x80\x9d r\\ \n\n* \xe2\x80\xa2 \n\ny* * \n\n\n\nV v\xc2\xbb ..... jr \n\n<.<? .>v*. v a* , k <*. \n\n\n\n\n\n'